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Asie! } “Pal ng ni iy vy ’ ye Wibo al ba ty “- | ety ibs ’ P bias iy pit Me itt Me recy aay eh He aie: it ty ie yt mat we ine Why ba Ra telnet AB Mi ne he Hila Ann Ry AM hi iA AM sen ie Dies i : Pt La Ye Ob tk hold) a) »hra ae by 5 ee ait ee Ata Ma inh ella! viel | oe pare Wii's Pita itn | ies ; 4 ites oe hy iat al ah ; ro {; due y\ Ni Lh an a My fb if Pie lay ig hea i Hit bd i Wi if vay Su ty Nei a ee Dt ESAT a nee eau Hin Tyla tay v te of tae OE iy Ail t Hoa ply aay : Sit nt { ir tH : wits ne Intl Pl Mw bla 4) tH, Oat ea rhe OF A ath Vy i Nit With is pit Bisa ky an han Ap i ey aL: my hte Phe if e/a a " Hh jae he I lb Fi i ra Ts ay ts a bed s th apt yi ab Me AN ni Ese RM) ent 1 UA TAO OA HE Re pat ae ae ie ee Ae ela ee i ‘ a . if cy? Alb uiven fi BALD $i) ie ‘ane uf i i ihe ih i i er via Wey bes bn ahh he ie oe nana (Bea Hitlers ap ivy At 1 i ein Caen ee uit ae he i ! iif oh ih fe a Mn Aiea dehy etfs iH ‘Ah apie u ey: # bh ie ie a at held did e hy 4, Mid ie ila aes aa a eae COME he a era @ Lihat ak Hig si o ‘Ay Ayia i emits 1! ee ts He ey L bs Hah i if t ii eee Lhd Pale Hh He Rar a) qi ; ri ui" aia y vi ft hi rit aa a At Dy ey Hk we Uk, ie) Balad We x apy Fy ae dateakie $Me ey is 4 Ve ie yy f au an 'y, 1 i ae me aoe rath 1h eal An st hide Rae cra li ee ya i Pinata (a Ait} ei ity ya Lesh tite PROCEEDINGS OF THE GROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1901—1902. Thirty-second Annual Muevting, Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 21st, 1902. James Epps, Jun., F.L.S., in the chair. The Statement of the Accounts for 1901 was approved. The following gentlemen were elected the Officers of the Society for the ensuing year, this being the first election under the New Rules :— President.—Jas. Epps, Jun., F.L.§S. Vice- Presidents. —Expwarp Lovett; Henry T, Mennett, F.L.8.; Wir Wuairaxer, B.A., F.RB.S., F.G.S. Hon. Curator of Museun.—N. F. Rozarts, F.G.S. Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Baupocx, F.C.S. Hon. Librarian.—Aurrep Roops. Hon. Treasurer.—F. J. Townend, 11, Park Hill Rise, Croydon. Council.—W. Bruce BanNneRMAN, F.S.A., F.G.S.; J. Hpmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Se., F.G.S. ; H. D. Gower; J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc.; EB. A. Marzin, F.G.S.; J. Watson Snack ; W. W. Torrey. ' Hon. Secretary.—Guorex W. Moore, 1d, Dornton Road, South g. Croydon. : Ixxvili ' Proceedings. Anthropological & Archeological Committee——H. C. CouLuyEr, Breakhurst, Beddington; J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road ; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; EK. Loverr, West Burton, Outram Road; J.O. Petron, 26, Friends’ Road; N. F. Roparts, F.G.S., 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; J. Watson Sack, 27, Bird- hurst Road; G. Cxincu, F.G.S. (Secretary), 22, Nicholson Road. Botanical Committee.—J. EpMuND Cuark, B.A., B.Sce., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; A. FirrzGuraup, 93, Addiscombe Road ; W. Murron Houmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; Miss Kuaassen (Secretary), Aberfeldy, Campden Road; H. T. Mennext, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.8., Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons, Park Hill Rise; C. E. Saumon, Clevelands, Wray, Reigate ; E. Srraxer, Wallington. Geological Committee—W. Bruck Bannerman, F.S.A., F.G.8., Sydenham Road; G. J. Hinpz, Ph. D., F.B.S., F.G.S., Avondale Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; W. Murron Houtmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Rosarts, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood ; W. W. Torey, 3, Marlborough Road, South Croydon; THos. WALKER, C.E., Warrington Road; W. Wurraxer, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road. Meteorological Committee. — F. Camppre~u-BayarpD, LL.M., F.R. Met. Soc. (Secretary), Cotswold, Wallington; J. Epmunp Cxuark, B.A., B.Se., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; THos. Cusuine, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Batpwin Latuam, M.1.C.E., Duppas House. Microscopical Committee. — Rev. R. K. Corsnmr, 27, Park Hill Road; T. A. Duxss, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; EH. Lovert, West Burton, Outram Road; W. Murron Hotmss, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road. Museum Committee.—J. M. Hopson, M.D., B.Se., Morland Road ; E. Lovert, West Burton, Outram Road; H. T. Mennett, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Rosparrs, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Nor- wood; F. THompson, Lynton, Haling Park Road; W. WurrTakeEr, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.5., Freda, Campden Road. Photographic Committee. —J. H. Batpocx, F.C.S. (Lanternist and Recorder), Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower (Portfolio Secretary), 55, Benson Road; R. F. Grunpy, 8, Havelock Road; A. Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; A. J. Weicurman, Endsleigh, 11, Chepstow Road; C. L. Faunrnorps (Secretary), 25, Derby Road. Zoological Committee.—J. H. Bannock, F.C.S., Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; J. C. Crowiery, 16, Chatsworth Road; R. A. Crow ey, 4, High Street; H. D. Gowrr, 55, Benson Road; HE. A. Martin, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Campbell Road; AnFrrep Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; C. THorpsr, Selborne, Chatsworth Road. Proceedings. lxxix Address of the President, James Epps, Jun. Liapires AND GENTLEMEN, Tt has been the custom, I believe, in past years for the President to give a résumé of the work of the Club during the past year. I will not take upon myself the responsibility of entirely breaking this old custom, but will, in the briefest possible way, run through the past year’s work, after which I will, with your permission, read my paper, entitled “ The Life of Thomas Edward; the Great Scotch Naturalist.’ I now realize the difficulties of a President on such an occasion as this. It appears to me that he must not confine his remarks to any one subject, or he may be looked upon as favouring his special and pet subject at the expense of others ; so to get over this difficulty I think the best way is to take a general subject, which I hope will be of interest to the majority. We all started the year, I am sure, with the very best in- tentions—when is the time when we do not? What those good intentions have led us to accomplish, you will be better able to judge for yourselves a little later in the evening. At our first meeting, in January, your late and able President, Mr. Whitaker, retired, which I am sure we all regretted—not without first, thanks to him, clearing up the house and putting everything into shape. On February 19th I had the honour of taking the Presidential chair. On the same evening Mr. J. P. Johnson read a paper on neolithic stones found on the North Downs near Sutton. From his paper one could see he had been a most enthusiastic and successful hunter after these prizes. He exhibited numerous specimens. Mr. Bayard, as Secretary of the Meteorological Section, read his Annual Report (see Transactions, p. 1), followed by the Report of the Secretary of the Botanical Section, read by Dr. - Parsons in the absence of Mr. Mennell. The Report appears later in our Proceedings. On March 19th Professor Garwood, M.A., F.G.S., read a most interesting and instructive paper, entitled «« A Trip round Kanchenjinga.”’ The lecture was illustrated by a most beautiful series of photographic and telephotographic slides. The clear b 2 xxx Proceedings. and detailed description given by the lecturer, as the slides passed slowly in panoramic order through the lantern, of the exquisite ranges of snow-clad peaks, ranging from 20,000 to 28,000 ft. above sea-level, the awful avalanches, the wonderful virgin forest covering the lower slopes, and passes with their mountain torrents wearing their way through them as if anxious to arrive at the lower lands, was most fascinating, and made us almost feel we were part of his touring party. Those members who failed to attend lost more than they were aware of. Prof. Garwood was accompanied on the tour by Signor Sella, whose photos cannot be too highly praised. At the monthly meeting on April 13th, Professor Haddon, M.A., B.Se., gave the members a most interesting paper entitled ‘‘Pagan Survivals in Modern Britain,” illustrated by a fine series of lantern slides. Owing to what Professor Haddon termed the glaciation of England and parts of Scotland by the Anglo-Saxon race, with more prosaic and less imaginative natures than the Celtic peoples, it is necessary to look for the relics of Paganism in the folk-lore or learning of the lower order of people of the British Isles, and chiefly in Ireland. There are different grades of mankind, which for the purposes of his lecture Professor Haddon termed savages, barbarians, and civilized; and amongst the last the lowest orders, at least in primitive places, are analogous to the savages, and are termed ‘folk.’ Many of the customs still found prevalent among them and their lore or learning are simply survivals of old pagan customs and legends which, though Christian meanings have in some instances become associated with them, naturally retain much of their original forms and significations. This is owing to the fact that, whereas Christianity has existed nearly two thousand years, the much longer prevalence of pagan cus- toms, prior to the introduction of Christianity and under forms of comparatively high civilization, has necessarily influenced the minds and characters of the people. Examples in many forms and from many countries rendered the subject very in- teresting ; and the lecture was well illustrated by lantern slides. At the ordinary monthly meeting held on May 21st, before the paper of the evening was read, the Secretary stated that a petition, signed by over two hundred burgesses of Croydon, chiefly in the Norwood Ward, had been presented to the Croydon Town Council, requesting them to consider the Club’s suggestions for making a Public Museum in the mansion standing in the newly purchased estate at Grange Wood, and that following the . presentation of the petition a deputation, consisting of the President, Mr. Whitaker, Dr. Parsons, Dr. Hobson, and Mr. Proceedings. lxxxi Moore, had waited on the Roads Committee, who had this matter before them, and had placed their wishes before them. They had been very graciously received, and had been promised by the chairman that the suggestions of the Club should have their careful consideration. The President then suggested that the Secretaries of the respective sections should approach the members of their sec- tions with the object of ascertaining what objects would be forthcoming for the Museum should they obtain the rooms asked for, and in order that a rough estimate might be made of the cost of the necessary cases. Mr. L. A. G. Filon, M.A., then read his paper, entitled ‘“‘ Astronomy without a Telescope, with special reference to the _ study of Meteors and Shooting Stars.’’ The lecturer deplored the fact that the want of telescopes and appliances discouraged so many who would otherwise become eager students of astronomy. A large field, however, still remained for naked eye observations. Thus the study of magnitudes, which in many cases can be and is pursued with the naked eye, has led in recent years to some of the most startling discoveries in stellar astronomy. Passing next to the investigation of meteors, which are almost entirely studied with the naked eye, the principal characteristics of their appearance were pointed out, and a classification into shooting stars, fireballs, and aérolites was attempted. The radiant point corresponding to each shower was defined, and the peculiarities of some of the best known yearly showers were pointed out. Some of the applications of meteor observations—such as the testing of certain nebular theories, the influence of the dis- tribution of meteor orbits on the meteor theory of the sun’s heat, and the determination of the height of the atmosphere by simultaneous observations of a meteor at different places— were then discussed. The lecture was a very interesting one, and was illustrated by a few lantern slides, and concluded with a description of the practical method of recording observations which has been used by the lecturer in his work at Cambridge Observatory. The first meeting of the Autumn and Winter Session of the Club was held on Tuesday, September 17th. A very fair number of exhibits was shown. As usual on this occasion, no paper was read. At the monthly meeting held on the 15th October the new Rules of the Club were presented by the Council to the members for their acceptance, but as it was thought that sufficient time could not be spared for a full discussion of them, it was proposed Ixxxil Proceedings. by Dr. Hinde, and seconded by Mr. Holmes, and resolved that a Special Meeting be called for that day week for the purpose. Mr. J. Edmund Clark then read his paper entitled ‘“ The Ancient British Village near Glastonbury, called the Avalon Village.” In order to explain the conditions existing when this lake village was built, Mr. Clark gave a short sketch of the geology of the surrounding country. The greater part of the whole region is less than twenty feet above the sea, part being actually under high water mark. The village of Avalon is about one mile from Glastonbury, between that town and Godney. Attention was first called to it in 1892 by Mr. Arthur Bulleid, who noticed some mounds rising from the low tract of land, which on examination proved to be the site of the ancient British village, comprising sixty to seventy hut circles surrounded by a palisade. The land was, by the generosity of the owner, given to the Glastonbury Antiquarian Society, who undertook the interesting work of excavation. Mr. Clark described in detail the construc- tion of the foundations, and showed by numerous photographs the wood piles, in situ, upon which the village was formed, and he suggested what the upper portion most probably resembled. He also showed, by means of lantern slides, numerous objects discovered, including bronze bowls, plain and ornamented ; pottery with designs that indicate Belgic origin ; implements of iron, as weapons, billhooks, files, saws, and gouges; spindle whorls and bone combs for weaving, many of which were ornamented. Glassware, in beads and rings, amber and jet ornaments, were also found. These objects are now to be seen in the Museum at Glastonbury. There were but few human bones, the bones found being principally those of wild and domestic animals. A hearty vote of thanks was given to Mr. Clark for his very interesting paper. At the adjourned ordinary meeting held on October 22nd, a very fair number of members were present, and the Rules were fully discussed, and notice was given that they would be presented for acceptance at the November meeting. At the November ordinary meeting held on the 19th, the new and revised Rules of the Club were formally approved of and passed, and notice was given that they would take effect on the 1st January, 1902. Dr. Hobson then read his paper entitled “Is Photography a Fine Art?” Dr. Hobson claimed for photo- graphy that it was not an art dependent on mechanical process, but that the photographer could so identify himself with his work that the result could be ranked amongst high artistic Proceedings. Ixxxili productions, and that by delicacy of manipulation, careful and artistic choice of views and other subjects, there is in photo- graphy as much of the essentials of a fine art as in a drawing or painting, which depends on the delicacy and accuracy of the eye and hand of the draughtsman or painter, and upon his perception and observation and sense of beauty. Dr. Hobson had some very beautiful lantern slides thrown on the screen to illustrate his subject, and pointed out the artistic merits of the various pictures. A discussion followed, led by Mr. Baldock and several other members, the general consensus of opinion being that photo- graphy should rank as a mechanical rather than a fine art, however good the results obtained. Dr. Hobson replied to the effect that, notwithstanding the generally expressed adverse opinion, he considered that he had made out his case in the affirmative. On Tuesday, December 17th, Dr. Hobson presented to Masters Kpps and Croft the prizes given by him for the best pictures in the Juvenile Photographic Competition. Mr. Edward Lovett then exhibited and described a collection of objects from a settlement of the late Stone age, on the north coast of Ireland, which was very much appreciated by all the members present. The four sections showing the greatest activity during the last twelve months were the Photographic, the Geological, the Botanical, and the Meteorological; these have all done good work. I very much regret to find that the’ other sections are dormant at the present time; it may be that this is the winter of their discontent, and we must trust that this discontent may soon be made glorious summer by the rising of some fresh and active members. The Reports of our Sectional Committees will be found in the forthcoming Transactions of the Society. Three local occurrences have taken place this year which interest the Society—first, the purchase of Croham Hurst; second, the purchase of Grange Wood Park by the Croydon _ Corporation, the latter having been opened to the public as a recreation ground; and third, the discovery at Thornton Heath Railway Station, by Mr. Towse, the contractor’s engineer, of a fine collection of mammalian remains, consisting of bones and teeth of the Elephas antiquus, E. primigenius (mammoth), and horse, Hquus caballus. The find is remarkable, as being the first time that any remains of EHlephas antiquus are recorded to have been discovered in the neighbourhood of Croydon. Returning for a moment to the subject of Grange Wood Park, Ixxxiv Proceedings. as you are all doubtless aware, in the grounds of this beautiful estate stands a fine mansion, and I was in hopes that before this a Public Museum would have been formed there under the superintendence of our Society; but I regret to say that those hopes, now I hear that the Corporation of Croydon is unable to find the small sum of two hundred pounds for cases, have been blighted, and I fear this scheme is therefore at an end. There is no doubt that the time has arrived when this Society must rouse itself. It has slept too long. Without its own Lecture Hall and Museum it is severely handicapped. My opinion is our Society is unable to offer sufficient attrac- tions and comforts to encourage would-be members. The Club at the present time numbers only two hundred and twenty members, and I regret to say that we seldom see more than sixty or seventy of these at our monthly meetings, and I am sure—I am very sorry to have to say it—that there are not more than thirty members who work hard for the Society, and they do it because they love Natural Science, and would do their utmost, I know, to make such a Society as this successful. I have a scheme in my mind which, on a future occasion, if I receive any supporters, I shall be pleased to put before you. I think our members have too long been satisfied with our out- of-date surroundings, and should severely reproach themselves for having allowed the most valuable and beautiful collection of our late friend Mr. Philip Crowley to have been lost to them. I have in my mind not the slightest doubt that had we had a suitable museum our late friend would have passed part, if not all, of his collection to us. We have been justly punished, and I ask, are we going to be wise and take a lesson by this reprimand, and take some immediate steps to be prepared in the future for any collections that may be within our reach ? Again, what an incentive it would be to members to have something to work for. I can quite understand a man not offering his valuable collection to a Society that had no suitable museum, and he is perfectly justified in not doing so. If we love our Natural Science, we should be prepared to make a sacrifice of either time or money for it. ; I trust you will seriously consider this matter, which is urgent, and decide whether it is to be, or not to be. Excursions during the summer months were made, as in previous years, and were on the whole well attended. I am pleased to say that the Council was this year in a position to hold a Soirée, and I personally hope that it may in future be held regularly, as not only has it a great tendency to bring about a friendly and sociable feeling amongst its members, but it allows the Borough of Croydon to know that this long Proceedings. lxxxv established Natural History and Scientific Society exists, and is willing to enrol new members. Our Balance Sheet, which our Hon. Treasurer has put before us, is in a way satisfactory—t. e. the debit balance of the past ten years has been changed into a credit balance, which, if small, leaves us in a sound position. Our members this year number 206; we have, I regret to say, lost by death 5, resigned 14, and 6 struck off. On the other hand, 24 new members were elected. : Tas Lire or Tuomas Epwarp. As members and fellow-workers of a Natural History Society, I think a very fair and reasonable question to ask one’s self ig—To whom are we to be grateful for the immense amount of knowledge of Natural History that has been handed down to us and published at different periods? Who have those great workers been who have spent their lives in research and study ? These are some of the great men—Edward, White, St. John, Ray. How thankfnl ought we to be as business men, whom cir- cumstances have thrown into a different channel of life,—a life far too civilized and far too unnatural to be in a position to study Nature’s ways for ourselves. How deep in darkness should we be at the present time had it not been for these great workers! For instance, what is the average routine life of a City man of the present day? This is about it:—Rise at 9, breakfast on reaching the dining-room, with newspaper in front of him. 9.15, just three minutes to catch the train. Newspaper to town office at 10. Leave at 6, train home, dinner, evening paper, smoke, and then to bed. ‘To-morrow, and week after week, the same. What a comparison to the life of a White, an Edward, or a St. John. What a charming, quiet, and ideal life is that of the naturalist compared to that of the rushing life of the citizen. Of course, it would never do for all men to think alike, or for all men to be naturalists; but at the same time City men might cease to live at this high pressure system as at present, and they might interest themselves more about the natural laws that are paramount on this planet. There is no doubt that the people of the present day have far greater opportunities for studying Natural History in all its branches than the people of fifty years ago. Look for a moment at the large numbers of fine museums, both in this and other countries; but I fear it is excitement only that interests the masses of to-day. It was my intention to entitle this paper ‘‘ The Lives of our Great Naturalists,” but I soon found time would prevent my Ixxxvi Proceedings. doing more than to deal with the life of one of these great men. I have therefore chosen Thomas Edward, as the least well known. A naturalist is not made, but born. The naturalist may be ‘a man in the humblest station of life, or he may be in the highest. Thomas Edward was of the former class. He was born in the year 1814, of parents not wealthy, his father before marriage being in the militia; after marriage he became a handloom cotton-weaver. Edward at a very early age commenced to show the latent love for animals which was to be the ruling passion of the man’s life. Where animal life existed, there Edward was in his glory. In his infantile days he was found catching flies, after- wards making the acquaintance of all the cocks, hens, and pigs in the village. His great delight, as he advanced in age, was roaming away, by way of Dee-side, Ferryside, and the Inches, in search of tadpoles, horse-leeches, rats, or any other living thing; the prizes obtained on such occasions being carefully conveyed to his parents’ house, which often brought him into trouble with his parents or their neighbours. Although I admire Edward to the highest degree, I must allow he was not an obedient child; it may have been owing to the want of proper parental influence, or to the too frequent failing of parents in relying too much on corporal punishment. Edward appears to have led for many years of his boyhood an absolutely wild life; off early in the morning and home late at night, none saw him in the interim; very often he was alone, sometimes with other boys, bird-nesting, rat-catching, crab- hunting, but on his return always laden with many trophies. His mother endeavoured to check his ardour by throwing his animals and birds’ nests away, and he was strictly forbidden to bring any more home. His failing to comply with these in- structions often brought him into contact with his father, who was not backward at punishing his son with the strap. Flogging failing to cool the ardour of their son, locking him up was tried ; this to young Edward was a much greater punishment, but he even then often evaded his parent’s efforts, and on one occasion he even went off with only a piece of his mother’s skirt tied round him, his own clothes having been taken away from him. I am sorry to hear the boy was found to be thoroughly incorrigible; he was self-willed and stubborn, and one might call him a young ne’ er-do-well. An amusing little incident, showing the determined character of the lad, I should like to mention. One day, whilst Edward was out on one of his excursions with some other lads, one of the party sighted a ‘‘byke” (a wasps’ nest) ona tree. A byke was looked upon as a great trophy. Young Edward mounted a Si | > aaa - ¥ Proceedings. Ixxxvil the tree (on being left by his companions, who had run away on being attacked by the wasps); he soon reached the nest, but he was now puzzled as to how he could remove this great prize without damaging it. A thought at last struck him, that his shirt was available; so he soon disrobed himself, and again approached the nest. He soon removed the byke, not without first being badly stung, and, haying placed it in his shirt and securely tied it up, made for home. He smuggled it into the house, and went to bed; his brother, however, noticing his nudity on getting into bed, gave him away by calling the atten- tion of his mother to Tom’s loss of his shirt. This brought his father forward, who bid him say what had become of his shirt, and made him produce it with the wasps’ nest carefully tied up in it. Tom for his trouble got the strap, and the bykes’ nest was destroyed. At last, at the age of four years, Edward was sent to school ; this, however, did not prevent him from continuing his country rambles, and he was constantly playing truant ; sometimes he would carry his birds, rats, and leeches with him to school ; these during the morning often escaped, and caused much distraction from lessons, so that he was constantly being flogged, and he was expelled for the same reason from three schools. One day on one of his excursions he picked up a live adder, taking it for an eel, and conveyed it home, having on his way to strip and wade across a stream, with his clothes in one hand and the adder in the other. On arriving home he caused great consternation, and was advised by an elder to take it up to Dr. Fergusson, who was also a chemist and collector. This he did, and the beast was put into a bottle of spirit, and Edward received a small remuneration. $ “After his expulsion from his third and last school, he went to work at a tobacco spinner’s; he got on fairly well with his employer, he being of a similar turn of mind to Edward, and giving his attention to bird-breeding. Edward kept him well supplied with nests and young and old birds; in return for these favours he was allowed to: keep rabbits. Tom remained in this situation for about two years, and was then anxious to better his position, his wages here being only four-pence a week. He next went to a factory at Grandholm, about two miles from Aberdeen. Edward was charmed with the surroundings of his new situation ; it stood in a beautiful valley teeming with nature and natural objects, and contained such quantities of birds, insects, and plants. He appears to have been very much struck with the wonderful note of the sedge warbler—also called the English mocking-bird and the Scottish nightingale—and wondered how such a wee thing could imitate so closely almost any bird. Ixxxviii Proceedings. At the sight of his first Kingfisher, how charmed he was. He says :-—‘ What a beautiful bird, what a sparkling gem of Nature, resplendent in plumage and gorgeous in colour, from the bright turquoise-blue to the deepest green and darker shades of copper and gold! I was greatly taken with its extraordinary beauty, and much excited by seeing it dive into the stream. I thought it would drown itself, and that its feathers would eventually become so clogged with water that it would not be able to fly. Had this happened, which of course it did not, my intention was to have plunged into the rescue, when, as a matter of course, I would have claimed the prize as my reward.” How feeling and how boylike! After two years his father apprenticed his elder brother to a baker, and Tom to a shoemaker. Tom’s life during his appren- ticeship was an unhappy one. He in his spare time collected butterflies, eggs, &c., and, if at any time his master came across any of Tom’s collection, he threw them away. His master being a drunkard, and having no sympathy with Tom’s ambition, he even went so far as to cruelly ill-use the lad. Tom at last ran away; he was anxious to go to sea, but he could not obtain his parents’ consent ; so he made a determined tramp to reach the Kettle, which is about one hundred miles from Aberdeen, to find his uncle. The reception he met on arriving there did not at all meet his expectations. The boy soon found he was not welcome, and felt anxious to return home. In 1831 Edward enlisted in the Aberdeenshire Militia. His Natural History enthusiasm led him into a most awkward and dangerous position, for he was one day, whilst drilling, led to follow a brown fritillary butterfly that at the time was passing. This naturally was a great breach of discipline, and had not some lady friends of the captain, who were present, interceded, he would doubtless have been severely punished. At the age of twenty-three years he married, and took up his quarters at Banff. He had a happy home, and a good wife, who was in no way .opposed to his Natural History work, but who rather encouraged him, and he determined to make a collection. Now, to his sorrow, did he feel the loss of a sound education ; he possessed no works on Natural History, and was consequently severely handicapped. He made regular nocturnal excursions with his gun, bottles, and botanical book, and was taken by his neighbours to be mad. For about fifteen years Edward con- tinued these nocturnal excursions, covering a large area of ground. During the long winter nights he made cases, and arranged his objects. After four years he had collected some nine hundred insects, and, on visiting his collection one day, he found his cases were all empty. His wife, on seeing the empty cases, asked him what Proceedings. ]xxxix he was to do next. ‘‘ Well,” said he, ‘‘ it’s an awful disappoint- ment; but I think the best thing is to set to work and fill them again.” That statement was, I consider, philosophical, and shows a man with a most wonderful power of perseverance and determination. How many men out of a dozen would have made such a noble statement, and carried it into effect ? After a lapse of eight years his collection of Natural History objects had become considerable; he had some three hundred cases, all made by himself, and filled with birds, quadrupeds, insects, &c., and the next thing was, what was to be done with them ? He was never satisfied with his business, and he was anxious to raise money, in order that he might further his researches in Natural History. About that time a fair was held annually at Brandon, and Edward determined to publicly exhibit his col- lection. His first exhibit was in May, 1845. This exhibition turned out a success, and encouraged him to exhibit the follow- ing year. Led on by success, he deemed his collection sufficiently large and complete to remove it to a more important place, and he chose the City of Aberdeen. He set about and overhauled his cases, and, where necessary, made additions ; and, to please the public taste, arranged a few dramatic effects, such as ‘‘ The Death of Cock Robin,” ‘‘ The Babes in the Wood,” «‘ Pussy from Home,” &c. When the collection was deemed complete, he set out with a light and cheerful heart for the City of Aberdeen with the brightest expectations. His collection was now such a large one that it took six carrier’s carts to convey it. With it he took his wife and five children. Edward chose the finest street in Aberdeen, and the man, when he had got all ready, must have proudly looked upon his exhibition as one the public would visit and admire. What a disappointment was in store for the poor fellow ; how innocent he must have been of the life of the citizen! When the exhibition opened there was no rush; the few who called were more interested in selling specimens to Edward than in admiring his collection; some came to consult him about their pets, as if he were a veterinary surgeon; the remaining few knew nothing of Natural History; and as to the metamorphosis of the caterpillar, few understood or cared. The only consolation Edward got was a few kind words from Dr. Macgillivray; he was very much pleased with the collection, but truly said, ‘‘ The people of Aberdeen were not yet prepared for an exhibition of this kind.’”’ Edward, finding the attendance very small, thought it possible the admission was too high, so he reduced it to a penny; but the million never came. Things were coming to a crisis. The rent of the shop had to xe Proceedings. be paid, but he had no money to meet it. After three weeks he was deep in debt, and knowing this was agonizing to him. By the end of the fourth week he had completely lost hope; no one came to his collection ; what could he do? No man could ever have been in greater trouble. He had his four weeks’ rent to pay, his wife and five children to support, and nowhere to remove his collection to. To take his life was the thought that struck him—a cruel one, too, as it meant only the transmission of the trouble on to others—and he made for the sea. On reaching the beach he even went so far as to remove his hat and coat, and was on the point of making the fatal plunge, when a flocks of sanderlings lit upon the sands near him. This took his attention, and he was struck by seeing a larger and darker plumaged bird of different habits to the others. His curiosity was at once aroused, and he for the moment ceased to think of the reason of his visit to that spot. The bird rose, and he followed, stopped at last by reaching the mouth of the Don. The birds disappeared, and he became a sane man, and no longer had a wish to carry out his purpose. He retraced his steps, and wended his way homeward. Only one course remained open to him, and that was to sell his collection for what it would fetch. It was another big blow for the poor fellow, and he had at last to part with his fine collection for £20 10s. I cannot do better than quote from the ‘ Life of Thomas Edward,’ the following :—‘‘Kdward had left Banff on the 31st of July, full of hope; after six weeks he returned to it full of despair. He had gone to Aberdeen with his collection, accompanied by his wife and family ; he returned from it alone and on foot, without a single specimen of his collection, and without a penny in his pocket.’”’ What must that poor fellow’s feelings have been ? Time heals our troubles, and so it did Edward’s; and after a short time we see him once again at Banff under a roof with his wife and bairns. It was not long before his ruling passion again reigned supreme, and we find him again starting on his nocturnal excursions. His wife must have understood her husband’s nature exactly, and, instead of opposing him as many wives might well have done, and been excused for so doing when a large family of bairns are dependent upon a husband, she ap- pears to have been his greatest help, and went so far as to spend her earnings in buying bottles for his insects, and powder and shot for his gun. This system, that had grown on him, of stopping out all night in all weathers, at last told its tale, and Edward was subjected to attacks of cold and rheumatism. During one of his outings with his gun he had a very serious Proceedings. tel fall over a precipitous rock, and, falling on his gun, smashed it to pieces ; this, although unfortunate, may have saved his life. This fall incapacitated him for a few weeks, and compelled him to sell a considerable portion of his newly formed collection. His old and esteemed friend, the Rev. J. Smith, at this time came forward with some good advice, telling Edward to note down facts which came under his observation, in order that they might be published, and so might benefit others, at the same time giving him some works on Natural History. The good advice of his friend was after a time carried out, and he sent his observations to the ‘Banffshire Journal.’ Edward, being an uneducated man, no doubt felt backward at writing articles to the scientific journals, as his friend advised him; but after a time he consented to his observations being sent to ‘ The Zoologist,’ on their first.being looked over and corrected by his friend. Edward, at the instigation of his friend the Rev. W. Boyd, afterwards published ‘‘ The Birds of Strathbeg.”” This was pub- lished in the ‘ Naturalist,’ and was one of the first papers to which Edward attached his name. In 1855 Edward had again to sell his collection of birds, being again pressed for money to meet the growing demands made upon him by his family; but three years afterwards we again hear of his having accumulated another fine collection. He was now forty-four years of age, but, instead of being in the prime of his life, these nocturnal habits, and serious falls which at times he had sustained, were telling their tale on his system, and his health at last gave way, and he had an attack of rheumatic fever, which caused him to take to his bed for many weeks. The doctor had to be called in, and he censured him, and impressed upon him the fact that if he did not give up those night excursions he would not hold himself responsible for the result. Doctors, like lawyers, come expensive, and again Edward had to sell forty cases of birds and plants to cover the expenses of his illness. This illness made him more careful respecting his health, and he now gave his attention to the Natural History of the sea- shore. It was in this branch of science that he gathered his most distinguished laurels. Edward was severely handicapped at first, for he had no boat and no dredges; but he found means of making traps, which he sunk along the coast, and which he periodically visited ; he also found that the large fish were the best of fishers, and, by obtaining the stomachs of the cod and other large fish, he was able to procure the rarest of the testaceans and crustaceans. His daughters assisted him in this work by daily visiting the neighbouring fishing village, and twice a week they went to Macduff; one daughter was sent to Gardenstown, x¢cil Proceedings. where she lived, and sent per carrier the cods’ stomachs twice a week. Edward now had a large family, consisting of his wife and eleven children, and as science had not done, and appeared un- likely to do, anything for him, he determined to return to his cobbler’s stool. Time will not allow of my touching on numerous other in- cidents connected with this great naturalist’s life that I should very much liked to have done, but must sum up my remarks by saying, Edward was a poor, sober, industrious, determined, and enthusiastic lover of nature. The love of nature was so en- grounded into his soul that he was compelled to study her ways at all costs. Like many great men that have lived, he did not receive a fair share of praise or reward for the immense amount of work that he did—I fear, chiefly because he was a poor man ; and, secondly, for the reason that he lacked a sound education, which prevented him from corresponding freely with those in a higher position in life; who, had they known of this indefatigable worker, might have pecuniarily assisted him; or it may have been that Scotch people are very reticent. They rarely speak of love or affection; it is all understood. It is said that a Scotch- man will never tell his wife that he loves her until he is dying ; therefore it may be that the Scotchman would not tell Edward that he loved and admired his life’s work until he died. I regret to find Edward did not think that his labours had been properly recognized, and this vexed him. I entirely agree and sympathize with him. In conclusion, I will give his few last touching remarks from Smiles’s ‘ Life of Edward.’ He says:—‘‘I had often been promised aid in the shape of books, but no such aid ever came. All my honours have come from a distance. I have kept the museum of the Banff Institution for about twenty-one years for I may say almost nothing (it was, I think, £2 a year), and, ‘though the Linnean Society thought me worthy of being elected an Associate, the people here did not think me worthy of being ~ an honorary member of their Society ; so finally (1875) I betook myself to my old and time-honoured friend—a friend of fifty years’ standing, who has never yet forsaken me, or refused help to my body when weary, nor rest to my limbs when tired—my: well-worn cobbler’s stool.” Not only was Edward’s life a most interesting one, showing his ardent love for Natural History, and his great power of determination and perseverance ; but he also added materially to our knowledge of the British sessile-eyed crustaceans. He collected over one hundred and fifty species in the Moray Firth, twenty of these being new species; and it is only necessary for those interested to read Bate and Westwood’s ‘ History of the Proceedings. xcili British Sessile-eyed Crustacea’ to see what practical and im- portant help was given by Edward. In the Linnean Society’s ‘Journal,’ vol. ix. pp. 143-7, will be found ‘‘ Stray Notes on some of the smaller Crustaceans,” by Edward; he also sent many articles to ‘The Zoologist’ on various subjects from time to time. Edward also completed “The Birds of Strathbeg,’”’ which appeared in the ‘ Naturalist’ at the instigation of his friend Mr. Boyd. Several new species found by Edward have, in honour to the great naturalist, been named after him. On the 5th of April, 1866, Edward was unanimously elected an Associate of the Linnean Society, at the suggestion of Mr. Couch and Mr. Spence Bate, as an appreciation of the great help he had given them. Soon after Edward was made a member of the Aberdeen Natural History Society, and the following year he was presented with a diploma of the Glasgow Natural History Society. He died on the 27th of April, 1886, in the seventy-second year of his age. Summary of Proceedings, extracted from the Minutes. Ar the meeting held 19th March, 1901, it was resolved that the Honorary Lanternist and Recorder be ew officio a member of the Council. It was further resolved that the thanks of the Society be tendered to the Mayor and County Council of Croydon for their action in purchasing, and thus preserving to the public, Croham Hurst. At the meeting of the 15th October a draft of the proposed new Rules of the Club was submitted, but its full consideration was postponed to an adjourned meeting to be held 22nd October. At the adjourned meeting, 22nd October, the new Rules were fully discussed and approved, and notice given that they would be formally submitted to the meeting in November. At the meeting held on the 19th November they were formally _ approved and adopted, and notice given that they would take effect on the 1st January, 1902. The title of the Society, known originally as the ‘‘ Croydon Microscopical Club”? when it was founded in March, 1870, was subsequently changed to that of the ‘ Croydon Microscopical and Natural History Club,” and it has now been altered to that of the ‘‘ Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society,” the alteration to take effect, as stated above, from the 1st January, 1902. The new rules, which were framed with the desire of making c XC1V Proceedings. the work of the Society as comprehensive as possible, will be found appended (Proc. p. evil). At the meeting held 17th December, notice was given that the Annual Meeting would take place on the 21st January. Messrs. Corcoran and Weightman were appointed auditors of the accounts for the past year. Hxeursions. The following Excursions have taken place during the year, viz. >— April 13th. — Visit to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, of which Mr. G. W. Moore furnishes the following report :—- ‘‘A good number of members and a few friends met on Saturday afternoon, 13th April, with the object of seeing the Zoological Galleries and Whale House. Dr. Bowdler Sharp was unable to conduct the party, as had been arranged, but was represented by Mr. W. Pyecraft, to whom the Club is much indebted for the interesting manner in which he conducted the party through the galleries, explaining the arrangement of the specimens, and the objects for they were exhibited. “ Attention was first directed to the cases in the Central Hall, illustrating the theory of evolution, of mimicry, and change of colour in animals due to season and habitat. ‘‘The whale-house was next visited, and attention called in passing to a model designed to illustrate the colouring of marine animals and fishes, 7.e. dark on the back, and light, or almost white, on the ventral portions of their bodies. The whale-house contains a splendid exhibition of. the Cetacea, from the common porpoise (fam. Delphinide) to the cachalot or sperm whale, and the whalebone whale (Balena mysticetus). The different struc- tures were carefully indicated, and attention specially drawn to the atrophied rudiments representing the lower limbs in the terrestrial Mammalia, also to the number of the bones in the paddles corresponding to that in the human arm and hand. “Mr, Pyeeraft then conducted the party through the Bird Gallery, arranged to illustrate as exactly as it is possible to do the habits of the birds under natural conditions.” April 2%th.—Excursion to Grove Park and Chislehurst, in con- nection with the Geologists’ Association, to examine the sections in the Lower London Tertiaries opened up on the widening of this portion of the South Eastern Railway. Conductor, Mr. William Whitaker. May 11th. — Rock Pit, Klmstead Lane, Chislehurst. Con- Proceedings. XCV - ductor, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, who sends the following notes of the excursion :— «‘ On May 11th an excursion took place, under the guidance of Dr. Parsons, to Sundridge Park and Chislehurst. This was mainly of geological interest. The party, some of whom went by train and others cycled, met at the Rock Pit, Elmstead Lane. This is a large excavation in the beds of the Oldhaven series ; here consisting of current-bedded layers of sand and pebble- gravel, with masses of shelly conglomerate. Fossils are numer- ous, especially the large oyster (Ostrea bellovacina), the shells of which are well preserved, those of other species being mostly so perished that they can scarcely be removed from the matrix. Some good photographs of the section were obtained. « About a quarter of a mile distant a heap of sandy material was examined, which had been brought up by a shaft from the new tunnel of the South Eastern Railway. In this material, coming from a greater depth, and probably from beneath a pro- tective capping of London Clay, the fossils were better preserved than those at the Rock Pit, especially the shell Pectunculus plum- steadiensis, which was extremely abundant, and often in perfect condition, with the two valves in place. Specimens were not unfrequent which were perforated by a round hole made by some whelk or similar predatory gasteropod. ‘“ From Elmstead the party went on to Chislehurst, and visited the ‘caves’ near the station. These caves are branching galleries driven into the hill-side in the chalk inlier, which here appears in the valley. They were doubtless made in former times for the purpose of getting chalk. The thin roof of chalk has in places given way, allowing the looser superjacent Thanet sand to fall into the tunnel beneath. When the fall is only partial, the result is a conical mound of débris on the floor of the tunnel, beneath a lofty dome-shaped roof formed by the Thanet sand ; but ultimately the overlying mass completely falls in and blocks “up the tunnel, the site of the fall being marked by a deep conical pit in the ground above. The wood over the caves is full of such pits. Tea at the ‘Bickley Arms’ concluded the day’s proceedings.”’ May 27th (Whit-Monday).—Hever to Tonbridge. Conductor, the President. (See Report of the Botanical Committee.) June 8th.—Cheam and Epsom, in connection with the Geolo- gists’ Association. The route taken was first to the Cheam Brick Works, where sections of the Woolwich and Reading beds are seen; thence through Nonsuch Park, passing the scanty remains of Nonsuch Palace, built by King Henry VIII. as a rival to Wolsey’s Palace at Hampton Court, to the brickfields of c2 XCvi Proceedings. Messrs. Stone’s at Ewell, where there are interesting sections in the Thanet Sands and Woolwich and Reading beds; continuing the walk past the springs of the Hog’s Mill Brook, a large brick- field north-east of Epsom, showing Woolwich and Reading beds, was visited. June 15th. — Excursion in connection with the Geologists’ Association to Orpington for further examination of the Tertiary beds exposed in the widening of the South Kastern Railway. June 22nd.— Excursion to Woldingham and Oxted. Con- ductors: Mr. H. T. Mennell (Botanical); Mr. N. F. Robarts (Geological). For botanical notes of the excursion, see Report of the Botanical Committee. Geological.—Sections of clay with flints were seen between Woldingham Station and the chalk escarpment. Above Oxted chalk-pits is an outlier of Blackheath pebbles at a height of 868 ft. above Ordnance Datum. The walk was continued along the escarpment to the top of Titsey Hill, where ‘‘ Plateau imple- ments’’ have been found at 860 ft. above Ord. Dat. Retracing the road, Oxted chalk-pits (Lower Chalk) were visited, and the route thence passed over the firestone (Upper Greensand) and gault to Oxted. July 6th.—Excursion to Keston Common and Holwood Park. Conductor, Dr. H. F. Parsons. (See Report of Botanical Com- mittee. ) dugust 5th (Bank Holiday). — Excursion to Guildford and neighbourhood. Conductor, Mr. Baldock. ‘This being a Bank Holiday, and a whole-day excursion, com- bined with lovely weather, a good muster of members, including several ladies, put in an appearance. The route followed was in exact accordance with Walker Miles’s little book, Series 8, p. 267, which provided a truly beautiful walk of between seven and eight miles. ‘Qn arriving at Guildford the party had dinner, which had been ordered beforehand, and then proceeded to view the old Castle and grounds; continuing, high ground was reached, from which a view was obtained of Hindhead and Blackdown, together with the Charterhouse Schools. Presently the Pilgrim’s Way was reached, which leads up to the little chapel of St. Martha’s at the summit of the hill, and from here a most beautiful pano- ramic view is obtained over the valley of Chilworth in front, and of Holmbury and Leith Hill on the right, and the North Downs on the left. Continuing on, a view of the clump of beeches is Proceedings. xevii observed, indicating the situation of the well-known view point, Newland Corner ; and alittle later the Irvingite church of Albury is passed, and the path followed direct to Shere, where tea was obtained at the well-known ‘White Horse.’ From there to the station was the only bit of high road traversed; all the rest was through paths, lanes, fields, and woods, making altogether as charming a walk as anyone could wish for.” September 14th.—Fungus hunt to Croham Hurst. Conductor, Dr. H. F. Parsons. (See Report of Botanical Committee.) Reports of Sections for 1901. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCH®OLOGICAL CoMMITTEE. During the year 1901 there were four meetings of| the Committee and four meetings of the Section. The following gentlemen have exhibited objects at the meeting: Messrs. H. C. Collyer, A. J. Hogg, HK. Lovett, N. F. Robarts, and G. Clinch (Hon. Sec.). A successful excursion to Croham Hurst, in order to inspect the sites of Neolithic dwellings there, was made on Saturday, March 16th, under the guidance of Mr. Clinch, and about forty members attended. In addition to the ordinary exhibition and discussion of objects illustrative of local anthropology and archeology at the evening meetings, the chief piece of work which has been attempted during the year is the compilation of a list of all local discoveries bearing on the subjects with which the Committee deals. Little more than pre- liminary work has been accomplished at present, but it is proposed to continue the task as quickly as may be found compatible with that accuracy and precision of detail which alone will make the list permanently valuable. The assistance of any member of the Society who may be able to give precise facts of unrecorded discoveries will be gratefully welcomed. The Council has kindly made a small grant for the purchase of maps, upon which it is proposed to mark it sites of the various discoveries, and the periods to which they elong. Now that the scope of the Committee has been so widened as to include the subject of archeology, it is hoped that the attendances at our sectional meetings and general interest in our work will appreci- ably increase.—Grorce Cuincu, Hon. Sec. BoranicaL ComMittEe. During 1901 the Botanical Committee have continued the investiga- tion of the flora of the commons and wild tracts in the neighbourhood of Croydon, and the number of species recorded has greatly increased. The commons under investigation are (the figures refer to the number of species recorded for 1900 and 1901) :— x¢vill Proceedings. 1900. | 1901. Recorders. Shirley Hills .... 166 (J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Sc., and Croham Hurst .. 213 226 | H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. Mitcham Common 107 461 Arthur Bennett, F.L.S. Riddlesdown .... 129 | 167 16: Bg Hayes and West Wickham | 125 281 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. Commons Keston Common.. 100 231 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. Duppas Hill .... 69 W. Murton Holmes. Among the excursions of the Club of botanical interest may be mentioned those of :— May 27th (Whit-Monday). To Hever and Tonbridge. Conductor, the President. June 22nd. To Woldingham and Oxted. Botanical conductor, Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. July 6th. To Keston Common and Holwood Park. Conductor, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. Sept. 14th. To Croham Hurst; fungus foray. Conductor, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. Botanical notes on these excursions will be found under the heading. ‘‘Eixcursions”’ (Trans., p. _). Evening botanical rambles have been made on :— May 16th. To Croham Hurst. Conductors, Mr. J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Se., and Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. June 20th. To Hayes Common. Conductor, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. July 18th. ‘To Riddlesdown. Conductor, Mr. C. E. Salmon. Notes on the Club Eacursion on May 27th, to Hever, Penshurst, and Tonbridge. (By Dr. H. Franxuin Parsons.)—The first part of the walk from Hever to Penshurst lay mostly over the Wadhurst clay, and the flora, though rich in species, presented few special features. In one hedge the two forms of Pyrus Malus were observed, viz. acerba, the wild crab, smooth, with small leaves and spreading, almost spiny branches; and mitis, an escape from the cultivated apple, with larger and paler green leaves, downy underneath, as are also the young branches. Other plants observed were Carex pendula and Sedum Velephiwm and reflecwm; the two last on the Tunbridge Wells sandstone. From Penshurst to Tonbridge the route lay for a good part of the way through alluvial meadows and damp copses by the river Medway, and here several interesting plants were found. ‘The bitter-cress, Cardanine amara, found last year at Cowden, was plentiful in many wet places, and Hottonia palustris, the ‘‘ water violet,’"—really more nearly allied to the primrose,—was found in several pools. This plant has a habit of growth shared among British plants only by the bladder-wort (Utricularia); the stem bears at its upper part a whorl of branches spreading like the spokes of a wheel; these float in the water and form a kind of raft supporting the peduncle, which rises from the centre of the whorl high out of the water. Unlike many submerged aquatic plants, both Hottonia and Utricularia have showy Proceedings. XIX flowers, adapted for insect fertilization, and this mode of growth carries the flowers well above the surface of the water, so that flying insects can gain access to them. Willows were plentiful by the margin of the river and ditches, among them being observed the male of the common tree willow, the erack willow (Salix fragilis). Even without the catkins, the male of the crack willow is easily distinguished by its foliage, the leaves being much broader than those of the female, darker green and shining}; it is, however, readily recognizable as belonging to the same species by the twigs, when bent, snapping off with a straight fracture where they join the parent branch, a character peculiar to this species of willow. The male of this willow and of the allied species, Salix alba, is much less common than the female; the long rows of pollard willow trees by the sides of streams and watercourses which form so prominent a feature in the landscape in many low-lying districts generally con- sisting of female trees. Hence the ripe fruit and cottony seeds are more rarely seen on these willows than on other species, as the sallows, Salix cinerea and caprea (in which the male catkins, the well-known ‘‘ palms,” are of frequent occurrence), or on the osiers and the creeping willow, Salix repens. Orchis Morio, Scirpus sylvaticus, Ranunculus hederaceus, and the yellow water lily were also found. Notes on the Club Hacursion on June 22nd to Woldingham and Oxted. (By Mr. H. T. Mennett, F.L.S.)—This excursion was well attended, being attractive to both geologists and botanists: the former, under the leadership of Mr. Robarts, and the botanists under that of Mr. Mennell. Many plants of interest were gathered, includ- ing all the usual representatives of the chalk flora. Orchises were, of course, abundant, including the bee (Ophrys apifera), the butterfly (Habenaria chloroleuca), the large helleborine (Cephalanthera grandt- flora), Orchis pyramidalis, O. maculata, and Listera ovata, Atropa . Belladonna (the deadly nightshade), Chlora perfoliata, Erythrea Cen- taurvum, Verbascum nigrum, Cynoglossum officinale, Scrophularia aquatica, Hchiwm vulgare, may also be mentioned; but the most inte- resting plants gathered were Myosotis sylvatica and the rare Euphorbia 'Hsula, which has been previously recorded from the same locality. Hecursion on July 6th to Keston Common and Holwood Park, conducted by Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, who reports :—‘‘ By the kind permission of the Hari of Derby, the party—unfortunately not a very large one—had an opportunity of seeing parts of this beautiful and historic park not ordinarily open to the public. The park is undulating and well wooded, and the fine velvety turf contains a varied assort- ment of wild plants, among them being noticed some species, such as the rock rose and the bee orchis, more usually met with upon chalk downs than on gravelly soils, such as that in Holwood Park. Several notable trees were seen, as Wilberforce’s Oak, an ancient oak, under which, as the philanthropist records in a passage of his journal, which is engraved on a neighbouring stone seat, he formed the intention to move for the abolition of the slave trade; another fine oak, called Pitt’s Oak; and a large beech tree, called the Twelve Apostles, with twelve stems joined at the base. But the most remarkable of all is a tree formed of a yew and an oak, of which the trunks have completely coalesced, each, however, sending out its own branches, those of the ¢ Proceedings. yew spreading wide, and those of the oak rising high above them. In a deep wooded valley a chain of ponds has been formed, which are full of interesting aquatic plants, while ferns and a variety of exotic shrubs crow luxuriantly around their borders.” Fungus Foray on Sept. 14th to Croham Hurst, conducted by Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, who reports :—‘‘ At the fungus hunt at Croham Hurst on Sept. 14th some twenty-six species of fungi were observed, chiefly of common kinds. Specimens were more numerous than they have been in the dry seasons of several preceding years. The fungi collected were exhibited and described at the meeting of the Club on Sept. 17th.” [‘‘ Later in the autumn, owing to the rain which fell in October, fungi became much more abundant until checked by the frosts of November. Mushrooms were exceptionally plentiful. A specimen of Agaricus arvensis more than a foot in diameter grew in the garden of Mr. EB. A. Martin at West Croydon, and a gigantic specimen, 2% ft. high, of what seems to have been the same species found at Beddington Lane is shown in an illustration by Mr. W. M. Duckworth in ‘ Country Life’ of Noy. 9th, 1901.” The ramble to Croham Hurst on May 16th, under the leadership of Mr. J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Sc., and Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S., and favoured by a beautiful evening, was largely attended and much enjoyed by all present. A very large number of plants (about one hundred and fifty in all) were observed and recorded, though none of special interest or rarity. The whortleberry is, as is known, abundant, and the lily of the valley also, but the latter very rarely flowers on Croham Hurst. On June 20th an evening ramble on Hayes Common was made under the leadership of Dr. Parsons, the part explored being the northern border of the common nearest the village. Some seventy species of plants were recorded. On a piece of sandy ground covered with short turf near the approach from the railway station were found a number of dwarf annual plants, among them being Trifolium striatum and Festuca ambigua. In a shallow pond, among the aquatics, was Peplis Portula. In a large disused gravel-pit Sedum acre and Geraniwm pyrenaicum were found, and rubbish-heaps in other pits yielded a number of casuals and weeds of cultivation, as Papaver somniferum, Dipsacus sylvestris, Hesperis matronalis, and Coronopus Ruellit. On July 18th an evening ramble on Riddlesdown was made under the leadership of Mr. C. E. Salmon, who reports that the most in- teresting plants noticed were Torilis nodosa, Marrubiwm vulgare, Festuca rigida, and Hordeum secalinum. Among plants of special interest recorded during 1901 are :— Lactuca Scariola found at Greenhithe. Dipsacus pilosus » 3, Bedlestead, near Chelsham. Euphorbia Lathyris ,, ,, Copse at Keston. Mentha Pulegium » 9, Harlswood Common. Senecio viscosus » 5, Gravel-pit near Hayes Station. Owing to the severe frosts in November, which were very destructive to garden flowers, especially to the summer blooming kinds, the Proceedings. ci number of species and varieties of flowers shown at the Club’s Soirée on November 27th was less than in any previous year, being only thirty-two, whereas in previous years the number has ranged from forty-four in 1881 (the first year in which a collection was shown), to one hundred and seventy in the mild autumn of 1897. The contrast between the late autumn of 1901 and 1900 in its climatic conditions has been most marked. On October 20th Mr. Mennell records ninety species and varieties of plants and flowers in his garden, but a very large number of these were cut off by the sharp night frost of October 24th, and the still more severe one of Nov. Ist completed the destruction, so that the gardens during November and December have been almost completely denuded of flowers. On Christmas Day Mr. Mennell only noted the common primrose in his garden, as compared with over twenty species in the previous year. Of wild flowers on Christmas Day only three or four species were noted: Lamiwm album, Calluna vulgaris, groundsel, and chickweed. The Committee would again call the attention of the members to the collection of Surrey plants in the Club’s possession. An excellent beginning was made with this collection, but it has not beer much used or kept up to date during the past two or three years. If one of our members with sufficient leisure would constitute himself curator, and really look after it, large additions could be made to the collection, and several of our botanical members would contribute liberally, if they knew the collection was properly looked after. We fear, how- ever, it may have to wait until the dream of a museum with an efficient curator is realised.—E. F. Kaassen, Hon. Sec. GxronocicaL ComMMITTEE. The Committee of the Geological Section beg to report that during the year there have been held eight Committee meetings, eight sectional meetings, and three excursions. The average attendance at the Com- mittees has been five, and at sectional meetings nine, including visitors. The album containing photographs of interesting sections has been kept up. Entries have been made upon the six-inch Ordnance Map of Croydon belonging to the Club of all sections which have been recorded in the book kept for that purpose. The Committee have co-operated with the Honorary Secretary of the University Extension Lectures in obtaining subscribers to Mr. F. W. Rudler’s lectures upon the scenery of the British Isles. 'Yhe following excursions have been organised by the Committee :— June 11th.—To the pits worked in the middle beds of the London Clay at Thornton Heath brickfields. Conductor, W. Whitaker, Esq., F.R.S., &c. Although there were found numerous septaria, no fossils were discovered, but selenite crystals were fairly abundant. The cutting at Thornton Heath station, showing the junction of the London Clay with the sands of the Oldhaven beds, was also visited. The sands peewee slight current-bedding with a few pebbles at the junction with the clay. nie. 29th.—To Swanscombe. Conductor, N. F. Robarts, Esq., F.E.8. The Upper Terrace gravels were examined, and a consider- able number of palolithic implements secured. The party were cil Proceedings. conducted over the pits by Mr. A. C. Hinton, who explained that the gravel shown lying upon the Chalk was that known as the high Terrace of the Thames valley, being 90 to 100 ft. above O.D. The implements found or obtained from the workmen were almost all sharp and unrolled. In the sands and gravel of an adjoining pit forming part of the same terrace, a large number of Neritina flwvia- tilis and Corbicula flwminalis, with other shells, were found. October 12th.—l'o Thornton Heath railway cutting. Conductor, W. Whitaker, Esq., F.R.S., &. The party, numbering about fifteen, met at 5, Buleanak Road, where Mr. Towse showed mammalian remains found in gravel in the cutting about one hundred and fifty yards north of Brigstock Road, and at a depth of about 20 ft. The remains consisted of molars, some rolled and some unrolled, of Elephas antiquus, E. primigenius, bones of Elephas, and a tooth of Equus caballus. The gravel abuts on the London Clay escarpment, and, following the line to the north, gradually rises to the surface, being in some places interstratified with, and in others covered by a wash of clay in which are tertiary pebbles. The Committee have to report that an interesting section has been opened at Thornton Heath, and further discoveries of mammalian bones have taken place there since the visit of the Section. The following‘four photographs of sections have been sent to the British Association Committee on geological photographs :—Elmstead Pit, Sandridge Park (two), by Mr. E. Pierce; Elmstead Pit, Sandridge Park (two), by Mr. J. H. Baldock.—N. F. Rogarts, Hon. Sec. PHotToGRAPHic COMMITTEE. The Photographic Section have held their usual weekly meetings during the past year. There has been no sign of any falling off in the number of members attending the meetings. Among the principal lectures, &¢., given before the members of the section during the past year have been :— Two very interesting lectures by Mr. Baldock explaining the use of the many different kinds of printing papers recently introduced. These two papers have been fully reported in the photographic press. A lecture by Mr. Baldock on the making of lantern-slides. A lecture on the work of the late Mr. Rejlander, the pioneer of artistic photography. A lecture on hand camera work, and one on lantern-slide making, by Mr. A. Horsley Hinton. A lecture on English Gothic architecture by Mr. Mann. Sets of lantern-slides illustrating the scenery of Canada and of Pennsylvania have been shown. An exhibition of prints and lantern-slides by members of the Club was held in February, and a very good collection of pictures by members was shown at the Soirée in November. A competition was held, at the suggestion of the President, for the selection of three pictures to be reproduced in the Society’s ‘ Transac- tions.’ The prizes were awarded to Miss A. EH. Whitley for a “‘ Cottage at Selworthy, Somerset’; to Dr. Hobson for ‘‘The Mole, from Betchworth Bridge’’; and to our President for an ‘‘ Interior of Wells Cathedral.” These have been reproduced in ‘half tone,” and will be found in the ‘ Transactions.’ LHSMAWOS ‘XHLUOMIAS ‘ADVILOO Vv AATLIHMA “HV SSIIN HLUOMHOLEA Woud AION AHL apaiid fe Z =) Ler] n oy a D a < = CATHEDRAL WELLS Proceedings. cili Another competition has been held amongst junior members for two prizes given by Dr. Hobson. A completely fitted enlarging apparatus, with an 8} inch condenser, has been fitted up in the dark room, and can now be used by any member who wishes to make enlargements from his negatives. The want of an enlarging apparatus of this kind has been much felt by the Section in the past, and I am very glad to be able to report that by the kindness of Mr. Epps, who has presented the condenser to the Section, the want no longer exists. The thanks of the Section are due to Mr. Epps for his kindness in thus providing it with a valuable condenser, and for his offer to defray the expense of reproduction of the three best pictures of the year in the ‘Transactions’ of the Society. Thanks are also due to Mr. Baldock for his lectures and for his admirable management of the lantern during the past year.—EH. Pierce, Hon. Sec. Musrum Committers. The Museum Committee beg to report to the Council that’ they have met twice during the year. As instructed by the Council, the Committee have been in com- munication with the Croydon County Council respecting the formation of a Municipal Museum at Grange Wood, but the Roads Committee, not having adopted the proposal of the Council to fit up a room and supply a caretaker, conditionally ‘upon the Club undertaking the seientific management of a-local collection, and bearing the cost of arrangement and any necessary salary to a paid assistant curator for, at all events, the first year, and to further assist the County Council if it commenced the nucleus of a general collection, the proposal has so . far fallen through. The Committee have to report that the number of specimens in the Loan Museum at the Town Hall has grown steadily during the year, about fifty additional specimens having been temporarily lent or given to the Club. The Committee have principally to thank the members - of the Geological Section for furnishing contributions,-and would particularly point out the need of increased loans of archeological and zoological objects. The constant opening and shutting of the drawers of the case is - causing considerable wear, and it may be necessary to make the drawers run on metal slides if the wear continues. The objects exhibited still attract much attention from visitors to the Library, and the Museum therefore seems to be fulfilling its purpose. Arrangements have been made to specially display objects which would from time to time be of particular interest to geological students attending the University Extension lectures. oe The Committee have to offer their thanks to the following members of the Club :—Messrs. F. Churchill, J. E. Clark, F.G.S., George Clinch, F.G.S., H. C. Collier, E. A. Martin, F.G.S., H. F. Parsons, M.D., F.G.8., N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., W. Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.; and to Miss Johnston, Messrs. J. P. Johnson, Garraway Rice, F.S.A., and H. Perry (who are not members), for loans and donations; also to those members and others whose loans have been previously asknowledged, who have allowed their specimens to remain on view during the current year. civ Proceedings. ZoorocicaL ComMMItrEE. During the past year a start has been made towards the resuscitation of this Section, which had unfortunately languished for so long. The honorary secretaryship has been temporarily filled by Mr. HE. A. Martin, F.G.S., and it is hoped that during the eeming year members of the Society will render all the assistance to this branch that is in their power. It has been arranged that future meetings will be held on the fourth Tuesday in each month. Members Elected, 1901. February 19th.—Miss Alice Livingston, Miss Emma Livingston, Mr. J. H. Gulianette, Mr. Robert Gilling, Mr. L. N. G. Filon, M.A. Juniors—Miss Dorothy Walker, Miss Norah Thompson. March 19th.—Mrs.. Linton Neligan, Dr. Joseph Neligan, Mr. O. G. C. Drury, Mr. G. Phare. Juniors—Miss B. M. Epps, Master James Epps, Master Francis James Linton. April 16th.—Master Carlton Topley. May 21st.—None. September 17th.—Major-General Bedford, R.E., Mr. W. J. Day, Mr. Alfred Thompson. October 15th.—Mr. Edwin Freshfield, LL.D., Mr. Frank Churchill, Mr. J. Cyril Crowley. November 19th.—Miss Edith Waterall. December 17th.—Dr. Edward H. Willock. Janwary 21st, 1902.—Mr. Reginald A. Crowley. Donations to the Library, 1901. From Individuals.—Guide to the Geology of London; Nature Notes—Mr. W. Whitaker. Miller’s Elements of Chemistry—Mr. Baldock. Notes on Limoniwm lychnidifoliwm—Mr. C. E. Salmon. The Naturalist’s Directory—Mr. EH. A. Martin. Upper Chalk Radio- laria from Coulsdon—Mr. Murton Holmes. Knowledge—Mr. Roods. From Societies.—The Rochester Naturalist; Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society ; Transactions of the Eastbourne Natural History Society; History of the Berwickshire Natural History Club, and the Session Book of Bunkle and Preston; Report of the British Association (Bradford) Meeting, 1900; Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; Journal of the Belgian Microscopical Society; Proceedings of the Reading Literary and Scientific Society ; Meteorological Report of the Fernley Observatory, Southport; Journal of the Northampton- shire Natural History Society; Proceedings of the Société Royale Malacologique of Belgium ; Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society; Journal of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala; The Twelfth Report of the Missouri Botanical Gardens; Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club; Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society; Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Cincinnati; The South Eastern Naturalist. From Publishers. — The British Journal of Photography, The Amateur Photographer; Photography; The Photographic News ; The Magic Lantern Journal. o oo NN OOSCS Ota BHSCOND Oo H CslF ~ INO O oD ri ANS is re oO Ownr ve) iol cE a Os | ocoontnaoe L VG st I & LG OT F 0 OT 9 OF Nos ame ‘ZOBL ‘dequieoeg 4s1¢9 aulpue Jeo, ou 10} yooys-eourjeg— Harog wywygs que anys et uogiiory ns *s F te. see “+ souupeg es mae ft see sonnyeay ae oe “+ AqejeINeG yURISISSYy a ep SOHO R COMBE aide MOU) UAeyseq-yINog 0} uoTydraosqug sos ** qunoooy AremoTye4q pus o8ujs0g §,Jomsvory, puw s Are 01009 oat vs Ayerqry oqng Of ques B700g SuIpulq-oy Jo 4sop ; ste So[My AON ab sawtedet suyumg pus ‘Aru017849 exe Sesvysog ‘ae}}ITIMIOH [volUBjog ‘on ‘sesvysog ‘90},IUIULOD [BOIS0[0e4) “* SUOlJOBSUBIT, MO pus ‘oules HO O F G&lF sosvysog ‘srepnoarg ATyUOy, suryurag 9-6-5 ae "* syoog 04 saredory a0F Ayoroog ‘asojoy.g TeXoxy 09 *drazosqng [POUND jo stoquteyy U0ay suoTyeUOG "Om ‘g95RqSOq ‘SoINoory LOF SBx) 090 she sae SUOTJOVSUBIT, JO solBg srr see sO 99 fgaB'BISOg ‘OT[O}IOG 0 ST ST re SHUTJOOT TOF SULOOYY JO O.ATFT 03¢ 0 ‘09 ser a: AA t094yng 4 see ce *** TOON Yarvq jo yuery O-adad “bsqy ‘yyrutsumorg “4 “7, ep —oo}j1mMMI0D o1ydersojoyg 0¢o0 ie “* TaMog “bh "Iq ae TOGT ‘AON ©} ‘OOGT “29 ‘StANyory 00 ¢ ‘bs ‘ureyyery UrApreg = [LeyUrery SuLyULAg—"441UAUAOH *[or094 07 6 0 g ‘bso ‘hopTMorp g JO *SIOXTT o eT ety Ayun0D preg—oowvansuy oatyy 00 8g “* -Dsg ‘pavkeg-"9 *\q—suoneuog aa ae “** SUOTPOBVSUBAT, SUTIFUIIG 9 LI SIT ons “+ sSuroop Lof SULOOY Jo OALFT 0 ¢ TOL TO6T 4 ‘TO6T re = oe =) LOO UG Ona eh 9 GI 9 OOGT UI peatodert ‘TOT S wea, Tolaaoen qJomMsvory, onp oourleg Lg 009 $j“ 006T PU 668T ‘suondrzosqng *T Arenuee Ds "8 EN Sy ee Tg Toquieseg “squamidugk “106 “sptraza RE ‘IO6T sh ig eS Ae i en a ‘"NVALHDICM “V “A "ZO6T ‘Arenuel Uy, ‘NVuOOUOD NVAUA ‘yoog ss¥q $,toyUVg oY} PUB STOTONOA OT} OF SUIp1O00B 4001109 are Loy yeu Apq100 Aqoroy ‘oyor0Y} SUTPVIOA SAOTIONO A otf} PUB SJUNODDV Aroq’ oy} POUTUTEXO SULAvY ‘pouststopun oy} ‘OA, ¢ 8 IsF G 8 Ie 00 fF QOUBAPR UL poareood ‘ZOGT tof SuoTydrzosqng Gung nom as oes see qunoo0y [eroedg 6“ Cro Bee rae < ee ree s yuBg 98 eouvleg 0) Sn Lee spe “ss quNODOY [Vlauex) JO oouvleq Ce *T Avenue a Me ‘T Srenuee ; “B06T ‘B06T ‘LHHHS AONV Iva 9 0 I8F 9 0 T&F ¢¢ 93 Sor hee ps0 B50 ste oounpeg (heard ety ome any os “* go0yg UL0JUBT IOJ selog O-0n Gates UlUBT SUIsrelUy oIydeasojoyg Jo 4s0p Ales ‘lowe ite 2 Hot a ee Jaqureydag a 0 ZL0 “eee eee eee eee eTAysopon 04 saredary PT. see eee eee tee see Aug “cc fie ie I aoe eee see SyOOrT BI}XO pues ser, jo 4809 PI woe see eee see nee [udy 6c 9 Z 0 aoe wee eee oes aoe wee asey P 57 I aoe ove eee see wee Arvenue ¢ ‘puepraty UTMesnf, WO soUBINsUT Oy SOTFO oat AYUNOD OMenGaee = ae = ee gies : eoueleg Piso §. en ‘Tg Taquie.eq OO te ‘Ty Avenuse “TO6T “TO6T “STOSNOO ‘PO °86 981 “LNQOOOVY GNA IVIOXdS ( evii ) RULES OF THE Cropron Hatural History and Scientific Society. TirtLE AND OxssEct. 1.—The Croydon Microscopical and Natural History Club shall in future be called ‘‘THe Croypon Naturau History aND SCIENTIFIC Socrety,” and shall have for its objects the study of Science, and especially of the Natural History of the neighbourhood of Croydon and of the County of Surrey, and the practice of Microscopy and Photography. = ManaGEMENT AND OFFICERS. 2.—The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President, Vice- Presidents, Honorary Treasurer, Secretary, Librarian, Lanternist, and Museum Curator. The business of the Society shall be con- ducted by a Council consisting of the Officers of the Society, who shall be ex officto members thereof, and of seven ordinary members. 3.—At all meetings of the Council four members shall form a quorum. E.ecrion or OFFIcERs. 4.—The Officers of the Society and other Members of the Council shall be elected at the Annual Meeting. The President shall not hold office more than two years in succession. The Vice-Presidents shall not exceed three in number. Two of the retiring ordinary members shall not be eligible for re-election. Such members shall be (a) the one who has attended the smallest number of Council Meetings during the past year; (b) the one who has served upon the Council the longest. If two or more ordinary members have attended an equal number of Council Meetings, that member shall be eligible who has served the longest. If two or more members have served an equal length of time, that member shall be ineligible who has attended the Council least during the past year. In the event of any vacancy occurring in the Council during the year, the election to fill the vacancy shall take place at the next ordinary meeting but one, the election being conducted in the same manner as at the annual meeting. GVili Rules. MemBERSHIP. 5.—Both Ladies and Gentlemen shall be eligible for membership. Junior Mrempers. 6.—Persons under 18 years of age may be elected, in the usual manner, Junior Members of the Society, and shall be entitled to all the privileges of Members, except that they shall not be entitled to vote on any question. They will become Full Members, without further election, on the Ist January of the year after that in which they have become 18 years of age, subject to the payment of the usual subscription. CANDIDATES. 7.—Every candidate for membership shall be proposed by two or more members, who shall sign a certificate of reeommendation. One, at least, of the proposers shall have a personal knowledge of the candidate. The certificate shall be read from the chair at an ordinary meeting, and the candidate recommended shall be ballotted for at the following ordinary meeting. One black ball in five to exclude. If two or more candidates are ballotted for together, and any black ball be found in the box, the ballot shall be taken for each candidate separately. Susscrietions. — Lire Mrempers. 8.—The Annual Subscription for members shall be 10s., and for Junior members 2s. 6d. Such subscription shall be payable in advance on the 1st January (or on election, if previous to December), and no person, whose subscription is unpaid, shall be entitled to the privileges of the Society. Any member desirous of compounding for his or her future subscription may do so at any time by payment of ten pounds; all such sums shall be duly invested in such manner as the Council shall think fit. Hon. Memsers. 9.—Distinguished persons may be elected Honorary Members of the Society, but such Honorary Members shall have no vote in its affairs. RESIGNATION. 10.—No member shall be considered to have withdrawn from the Society until that member shall have paid up all arrears and have given a written notice to the Secretary of his or her intention to resign ; and any member more than one year in arrear may be removed from the list of members by the Council. Expusion. 11.—If it shall be thought desirable to expel any member from the Society, and a resolution of the Council be passed to that effect, the same shall be read at the next ordinary meeting; and at the following Rules. cix meeting a ballot shall take place with respect to the proposition, when, if two-thirds of the members present shall confirm such resolution, the same shall thereupon take effect. VISITORS. 12.—Any member may introduce two Visitors at an ordinary “meeting. Such Visitors shall write their names, and that of the mem- ber by whom they are introduced, in a book kept for that purpose. Orpinary MEETINGS. 13.—The ordinary meetings of the Society shall be held on the third Tuesday in every month, except in the months of June, July, and August; the chair shall be taken at Hight p.m., or at such other time as the Council may appoint. The room shall be open for the - reception and inspection of objects of interest at 7 p.m. 14,—The ordinary course of proceeding shall be as follows :— 1.—The Minutes of the previous meeting shall be read and submitted for confirmation. 2.—Donations to the Library and Museum shall be announced. 3.—The certificates of Candidates for membership shall be read, the ballot for election of Members shall take place, and any other business shall be transacted. 4.—The exhibits shall be explained and scientific communica- tions shall be read and discussed. 15.—At any meeting, in the absence of the President, or Vice- Presidents, the members present shall elect a Chairman for that meeting. ParErs. 16.—No paper shall be read which has not received the sanction of the Council; and whenever it is possible, early notice of the subjects of the papers to be read shall be given by the Secretary to the mem- bers. The papers shall be deposited with the Hon. Secretary for publication at the discretion of the Council. Accounts. 17.—The Accounts of the Society shall be audited by two members appointed at the ordinary meeting in December. No member of the Council shall be eligible as an auditor. AnnuaLt Merrtine. 18.—At the ordinary meeting in December, notice of the Annual Meeting in January shall be given from the chair. _ cx Rules. : Procrerepines at AnnuaL MEETING. 19.—The Annual Meeting of the Society shall be held after the ordinary meeting, in January, when the election of the Council and Committees for the year ensuing shall take place, and the Balance Sheet for the past year, duly signed by the Auditors, shall be read by the Treasurer, after which the President shall deliver his address. APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS. 20.—The Officers of the Society and other members of the Council shall be nominated in writing, and such nominations shall be sent to the Hon. Secretary at least seven clear days before the Annual Meeting. In the event of the number of nominations exceeding the number of officers or members of the Council respectively to be elected, a printed list of the nominations shall be circulated at the Annual Meeting, and the members present shall vote by striking out the names of those for whom they do not desire to vote, and placing the lists in an urn upon the table. Scrutineers shall be appointed at the meeting, and the votes shall be counted during the course of the evening. SrectTionaL CoMMITTEEs. 21.—At the Annual Meeting Sectional Committees shall be ap- pointed for Anthropology, Archeology, Botany, Geology, Meteorology, Microscopy, Photography, and Zoology, or such of these or other subjects as may at any time seem desirable; also a Museum Committee, which shall have the general management of the Society’s Museum. 22.—Each Committee shall appoint its own Chairman and Secretary. SrectionaL CommittrEE MEETINGS. 23.—Each Sectional Committee shall present a report to the Council by the 31st December of each year, informing the Council what work has been done by the Section during the year. The meetings of the Committees shall be held on such dates and at such times as the Committees shall appoint. Exrraorpinary MErtine. 24.—An Extraordinary Meeting of the Society may be called at any time by the Council, or at the written request of ten or more members. Such request shall be delivered to the Council, who shall summon such meeting to be held within 28 days of the receipt of such notice. Seven days’ notice of any extraordinary meeting, with particulars of the business to be transacted, shall be given to each member by circular. ALTERATION IN RULEs. 25.—No permanent alteration of these rules shall be made except at one of the ordinary meetings of the Society, and notice of any proposed permanent alteration or addition must be given in writing Rules. cxi at or before the preceding ordinary meeting, and read aloud, and included in the circular convening the meeting, at which it shall be brought forward for consideration. LIBRARY. 1.—Application for the loan of bocks or lantern or microscopical slides in the custody of the Hon. Librarian shall be made to him, the borrower to sign a receipt, which will be cancelled on the return of the book or slides borrowed. 2.—No member may borrow more than one book or set of slides at one time. : 3.—No book or set of slides may be retained longer than one month, but the same may be again borrowed provided there be no other applicant for it. Any member not complying with this rule will incur a fine of 1s. for each month after the first that the object is retained. 4.—The borrower shall make good all damage which any book, &c., may receive while under his or her charge: such damage to be assessed by the Council. 5.—Books marked “R”’ (reference), and unbound pamphlets are not to be removed from the reading room. 6.—No member shall be entitled to the privileges of the Library who has not paid such fines as he or she may have incurred. 7.—The Society’s books in the charge of the Librarian at the Town Hall may be borrowed upon the same terms as those in the charge of the Hon. Librarian. The applicant shall, if so required by the Librarian, produce the receipt for the current year’s subscription as evidence of membership. + te Wisi Pek aie ge eer 1d75 , a RN a Pre Fisk i? aalll — TRANSACTIONS THE CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1901—1902. 1.—Report oF THE METEOROLOGICAL Committrrer, 1901. Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis CAMPBELL-BayarpD, F.R.Met.Soce. Tue same arrangements, under which the daily rainfall of the district around Croydon has been observed and tabulated, have been continued throughout the year 1901. On entering into the first year of the second decade, according to the rules of the Royal Meteorological Society, of the Society’s operations, it is perhaps unnecessary to emphasize the great value of continuing the same plan as laid down originally, for in all statistical observations the value of continuity is considered of first-rate importance. The number of stations in the printed list is 88, and there are two additional stations—vz. Redhill (Linkfield Road), and Benhilton, the records of which are practically complete for the whole year, and which will be found at the end of this Report.. “These 85 stations are under the superintendence of 66 observers. The only change during the year in the observers is at Beckenham, which change was mentioned in the March sheet. The Committee desire to congratulate the Society on the absence of any further change. Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers, with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient number have from month to month been pulled for the use of the Society. 2 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the These printed tables contain the records of all observers, with the exceptions already mentioned, reporting to the Committee. Appendix II. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1-00 in. and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix I. It will be noticed that there is only one fall exceeding 2-00 in.— viz. 2:07 on October 1st at Harp’s Oak Cottage—and that there are no less than eleven days on which there were falls of 1:00 in. and upwards, as against only six days in the previous years. The year’s rainfall must be described as a short one. In order, if possible, to find out the deficiency, the year’s rainfall has been compared with the 10 years’ averages given in last year’s report. In that report the averages for 48 stations were given, and of these stations 45 may be considered as continuous. Of course, it must be recollected that a 10 years’ average is not an absolute one, in fact, some of the greatest rainfall authorities TABLE A. Rarratt Dericits 1n 1901 as coMPARED WITH THE AVERAGES 1891-1900. Height Height STATIONS, ab. sea-|DEFICIT. STATIONS. ab. sea-|DEFICIT, * level. level. FT. IN. FT. IN. Sevenoaks .......+++ 380 | 7:23 |\Croydon(DuppasH.)..| 158 | 2-76 Richmond ........-. 109 | 5:80 ||Addington(ParkFarm)) 268 | 2-74 Raynes Park ........ 47 | 5-77 |\Dorking (Denbies)....| 610 | 2°72 D’Abernon Chase ....| 280 | 5:38 |[Nunhead .......... 176) ane Wimbledon Hill* ....} 162 | 5:30 |/Orpington .......... 220 | 2°53 IKGNPSLON Wetec wes s 25 | 5:24 |\Banstead..........-. 488 | 2°34 SUD ULOM a jerese tev teloree 25 | 5°10 |i\Caterham .......... 610 | 2°31 Knockholt .......... 785 | 4:79 |\Croydon (Brim. Bn.)..| 130 | 2°25 New Maldon ........ 45 | 4:72 ,, (Waddon N. Rd.) 146 | 2:09 Wimbledon (Sew.Wks.)} 58 | 4:56 ||Addington (Pump sia, 331 | 2:03 Oxshott ............ 212 | 4°35 |/Wallington.......... 140 | 2°01 Abinger (The Hall) ..| 320 | 4:26 ||Bickley ............ 295 | 1°91 Forest Hill (Newf. Ho.)| 220 | 3°50 |\Deptford............ 20 |} 1:91 » (S.&V.W.C.)| 344 | 3°39 |iGreenwich .......... 155 | 1:90 W. Norwood ........ 220))|| SBS al Sidcupi cic . 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Falls of 1:00 in. and upwards. Fesruary 4ra.—Banstead 1:29 in.; Morden 1:23 in.; Dorking (Denbies) 1:20 in.; Abinger (The Rectory) 1:05 in.; Buckland 1:03 in. ; Abinger (The Hall) 1-01 in. May 9ru.—West Wickham 1:28 in.; Caterham 1:26 in.; Bick- ley 1:25 in.; Warlingham and Addington Hills 1:24 in.; Sander- stead 1:22 in.; Kenley 1:18 in.; Croydon (Ashburton Road) 1:16 in.; Merstham 1:15 in.; Bromley Common 1:12 in.; Ad-_ dington (Park Farm) 1:11 in.; Addington (Pumping Station) 1:10 in.; Chaldon 1:09; Croydon (Park Hill) 1:08 in.; South Norwood 1:02 in.; Nutfield (new gauge) 1-01 in. Juty 257H.—Battersea 1°78 in.; Sutton 1:28 in.; Morden 1:16 in.; Dorking (Denbies) 1:04 in. Jury 267Ts.—Westerham (Hill Estate) 1:35 in.; Chislehurst 1:01 in; Streatham 1:00 in. Juty 277ra.—Brixton 1:29 in.; Kingston 1:25 in. SepremBer 16raH.—Abinger (The Hall) 1:18 in.; Chaldon 1-16 in.; Caterham 1:15 in.; Abinger (The Rectory) and Nutfield (new gauge) 1:10 in.; Buckland, Upper Gatton and Merstham 1:09 in. ; Redhill, Nutfield (old gauge), and Chipstead 1-07 in. ; Dorking (Denbies), and Harp’s Oak Cottage 1-00. Ocrozer 1st.—Harp’s Oak Cottage 2°07 in.; Nutfield (old gauge) 1:47 in.; Chaldon 1:28 in.; Upper Gatton 1-22 in.; Kenley 1:18 in.; Nutfield (new gauge) 1:05 in.; Morden I-00 in. Octoper 2nv.—Chaldon 1°15 in.; Addington Hills 1-09 in. Decemprer 121rH.—Dorking (Denbies) 1:82 in.; Leatherhead 1:78 in.; Banstead 1:67 in.; Chevening Park and Farnborough 1-65 in.; Orpington 1°61 in.; Warlingham 1:55 in.; Sanderstead and Addington (Pumping Station) 1:53 in. ; Buckland 1:52 in. ; Kenley 1:50 in.; Abinger (The Hall) and Chipstead 1:48 in.; West Wickham 1°45 in.; Westerham (Hill Estate) 1-44 in.; Redhill 1:43 in.; Caterham 1:42 in.; Harp’s Oak Cottage 1:40 in.; Reigate Hill 1:39 in.; Wallington 1:38 in.; Upper Gatton 1:37 in.; Abinger (The Rectory) 1:35 in.; Addington Hills 1-34 in. ; Croydon (Whitgift) 1°33 in.; Merstham and D’Abernon Chase 1:32 in.; Farningham Hill 1°31 in.; Chaldon, Addington (Park Farm), and Southfleet 1:30 in. ; Nutfield (new gauge) 1-29 in. ; Croydon (Ashburton Road) 1-26 in. ; Croydon (Woburn Road) 6 Appendia II. 1-25 in.; Croydon (Duppas House) 1°24 in.; Beddington 1:23 in. ; Westerham (The Town), Sevenoaks, and Sutton 1:21 in.; Croy- don (Waddon New Road) 1:20 in.; Bickley 1:16 in.; Croydon (Windmill Road) 1:15 in.; Oxshott 1-14 in.; Nutfield (old gauge) and Croydon (Brimstone Barn) 1:13 in.; Carshalton and Sideup 1:10 in.; Bromley Common 1:09 in.; Worcester Park 1:08 in. ; Bromley 1:08 in. ; Chislehurst 1-00 in. Decemper 247TH.—Chaldon 1:14 in.; Abinger (The Rectory) 1:08 in. December 28rH.—Dorking (Denbies) 1:03 in.; Abinger (The Rectory) 1:00 in. » 12 SEP 1902 eee ET ee settee een nneee as ee ogical saxsigeeuieeaaak ee EOP OL % a ea ten, Mer sreesaeaanes Sndecigeane seat eee 1901 .. weteretes serteeeee Pare Teer ewaneeee eens i weeeee Chen ae - Pree re tee Or see Prepared by the », F.R. Met.Soe. Ty EAB eno 1 < a ee ak M pee MD, ; J. Warson Stack; W. W. Torney. y—Gn0. We es gts Dornton Bic a mee oe ss A PROCEEDINGS OF THE CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1902-1903. Thirty-third Annual Meeting, Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 20th, 1903. The President, James Errs, Jun., F.L.S., in the chair. The Statement of the Accounts for 1902 was approved. The following gentlemen were elected Officers of the Society for the ensuing year :— _ President.—F. Campsetu-BayarD, LL.M., F.R.Met.Soc. - Vice-Presidents.—Jas. Eres, Jun., F.U.8.; Henry T. Mennext, F.L.S.; Witum Wartarer, B.A., F.B.S., F.G.S. Hon. Curator of Museum.—N. F. Rozarts, F.G.S. _ Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Baupoc, F.C.8. Hon. Librarian.—Aurrep Roops. Hon. Treasurer.—F. J. Townenn, 11, Park Hill Rise. — Council—J. Epuunp Cxarx, B. As Bibel .G.8.3 Cee : Fauntuorrse ; W. Murton Houmzs; EH. A. Martin, F.G.S. ; + H. D. Gower; E. Loverr; W. W. Torrey. Hon, Secretary.— Grorce W. Moorz, 15, Dornton Road, South Croydon, to whom all communications should be addressed. b Cxiv Proceedings. Anthropological & Archeological Committee.—H. C. CouuyeEr, Breakhurst, Beddington; J. M. Hozson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road ; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; H. Lovert, West Burton, Outram Road; N. F. Rozarts, F.G.S., 28, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; J. Watson Suack, 27, Birdhurst Road; G. Cuincu, F.G.S. (Secretary), 22, Nicholson Road; A. Tarver, 7, Stuart Road, Thorn- ton Heath. Botanical Committee.—J. EpMuND Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; Miss E. N. Gwatxr1n, Grove Cottage, Addiscombe Grove; W. Murton Ho.tmss, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road ; Miss KuaasseEn (Secretary), Aberfeldy, Campden Road; H. T. MENNELL, F.L.S., 31, Park Hill Rise; H. Franxnin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., 4, Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons, Park Hill Rise; C. E. Satmon, Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate; E. Straxer, Park Lane Mansions. Geological Committee.—W. Bruck Bannerman, F.S.A., F.G.S., Sydenham Road; G. J. Hinpz, Ph. D., F.R.S., F.G.8., Avondale Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; W. Murron Houmegs, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road; T. K. F. Pacr, 9, Rosemount, Wallington; H. FRANKLIN Parsons, M.D., F.G.8., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Rozarts, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; W. W. Top.Ley, Friends Road; Tuos. WALKER, C.E., Warrington Road; W. WHITAKER, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.8., Freda, Campden Road. Meteorological Committee. — F. Camppett-Bayarp, LL.M., F.R. Met.Soc. (Secretary), Cotswold, Wallington; J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; THos. Cusuine, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Batpwin Latuam, M.1.C.E., Duppas House. Microscopical Committee. — Rev. R. K. Corsmr, 57, Park Hill Road; T. A. Duxss, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; Mrs. H. Hatz, Colleendene, Addiscombe Grove; E. Loverr, West Burton, Outram Road; W. Murtron Houmes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; L. Reep, F.C.S., Hyrst Hof, South Park Hill; Miss C. Warp (Secretary), 42, Temple Road. Musewm Committee.—J. M. Hoxsson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road ; E. Lovett, West Burton, Outram Road; H. T. Mennett, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Roparts, F.G.S8. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Nor- wood; F. THompson, Lynton, Haling Park Road; W. WuirakeEr, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road. Photographic Committee. —J. H. Baupocx, F.C.S. (Lanternist and Recorder), Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower (Portfolio Secretary), 55, Benson Road; R. F. Grunpy, 8, Havelock Road; A. Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; A. J. WricutTman, Endsleigh, 11, Chepstow Road; C. L. FaunrHorre (Secretary), 60, Selsdon Road. Zoological Committee.—J. H. Batpocr, F.C.S., Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; R. A. Crowiey, 4, High Street; H. D. Gower, 55, Benson Road; W. Murton Houtmgs, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; E. A. Martin, F.G.S., 23, Campbell Road; AuLFrep Roops, 67, me Road; A. Tarver (Secretary), 7, Stuart Road, Thornton eath. i Pur Be Proceedings. CXV The President’s Address. Lapies AND GENTLEMEN, It is once again a pleasure reserved to me to take a perspective view of the work accomplished by our Society during the last twelve months. Owing to my absence from the country in February and March, I regret that I missed the first two papers of this year. Mr. Marriott of the Meteorological Society, I understand, on February 18th, addressed the Society on ‘ Rainfall.” His re- marks on the atmospheric conditions necessary for the formation of rain, and its modified distribution over our island depending on the altitude or peculiarities of localities, were very interesting. Mr. Marriott exhibited a numerous and instructive series of lantern-slides illustrating his address. At our meeting on March 18th, Dr. Vaughan Cornish, F.RB.S8., being unfortunately, through illness, unable to give his paper, entitled ‘‘ Waves in Water, Sand and Snow,” Mr. Fawcett kindly volunteered and gave the members an exhibition of lantern- slides of Alpine scenery. On April 15th Mr. Pelton read an exceedingly entertaining paper entitled “‘The Japanese Sword-blade, its History and Legends.” After treating of the history and legends, Mr. Pelton drew attention to the care taken in the manufacture; he stated that both iron and steel were used, one blade being formed of bars of iron and steel alternately welded so as to produce a hard _ cutting edge and a softer tough back. In very ancient times the sword was straight, but later a curved blade was used, in each _ case, however, with a single edge. Since about 1877 the wearing of swords generally by the nobility has been abolished, and _ consequently many were acquired by curio hunters, but much _ @are and experience were necessary to recognize a good blade. Mr. Pelton exhibited a case of excellent specimens, one of which - dated back to the thirteenth century. Amongst them wasa lady’s _ dagger, also a dummy in wood sometimes worn as a substitute. On May 27th Mr. W. Murton Holmes read a very interesting paper on ‘‘ Foraminifera from the Gault at Merstham,” illustrated _ by some beautifully prepared lantern-slides by Mr. Baldock from drawings made by Mr. Holmes. Mr. Holmes went into details on the distribution of the multitudinous varieties of b2 exvi Proceedings. Foraminifera and the best means for their extraction from their surroundings. The first meeting of the autumn and winter session of the Society was held on Tuesday, Sept. 16th. A very creditable number of exhibits were shown; as usual on this occasion no paper was read. At our monthly meeting held on the 21st of October, Mr. Clinch read his very interesting paper entitled ‘‘ The Recent Discoveries at Waddon.” At the ordinary meeting on November 8th, Mr. W. F. Stanley gave a paper entitled ‘‘ Examples of perfect Flint Implements of the First Dynasty of Egypt’’; and also drew attention to two early mirrors in copper found in recent excavations at Abydos. Some beautifully fine and perfect specimens of flint implements were shown. On a spear-head shown by Mr. Stanley there were fine sharp cutting teeth equally spaced along the edges of only the fiftieth of an inch apart, and the blade of flint of seven inches in length was only one-sixth of an inch in thickness at its centre. Mr. Stanley described one mirror as being made from native copper, presumably before the art of casting this metal was known, and this had been set in a handle of fossil hippopotamus tooth, so that, being imperishable, the handle was perfectly preserved. Another mirror was also shown, but less ancient, found on the breast of a mummy, upon which the mummy- cloth was preserved by being saturated with the corroded copper. Dr. Parsons was then called upon to give his two short papers, entitled respectively ‘‘ The Flora of Hayes Common”’ and ‘‘ Some Notes on the Flora of the Hastern Border of Dartmoor’; the former being a most valuable record of the plants of Hayes Common. On December 16th I gave a paper entitled ‘‘ A Trip to the West Indies,” being a short account of the enjoyable holiday I had had last winter to the West Indies; it was illustrated by lantern- slides and specimens. The following evening, December 17th, Mr. Speyer kindly gave the Society a grand treat with his most interesting lecture entitled ‘‘Round about the Matterhorn.” The Large Hall was engaged on this occasion, and the public invited to attend. The lecturer cannot be too highly praised for his grand series of slides, which are direct from nature, and have in no way been ‘‘ faked,”’ and are his own work. Mr. Speyer is proud of being Proceedings. exvil an amateur, and, as an amateur, one must be excused for being envious of him. Mr. Alderman Page, by desire, kindly acted as chairman on this occasion. On January 13th, Dr. Tempest Anderson gave the Society, in the Small Public Hall, a most interesting paper on the recent volcanic eruption in the West Indies. He dealt, firstly, with the eruptions in the island of St. Vincent, giving a fine series of lantern-slides showing very clearly the great devastation caused over the northern part of the island. He drew attention to the fact that on the leeward side of Mount Souffriére the negroes, being warned by the reports and dense smoke issuing from the crater, had time to make good their escape, but on the windward they were overcome by the burning ashes and sulphurous acid fumes, and on trying to flee from the spot were completely cut off by a river of boiling water from the mountain. In places the laval dust was lying to a depth of 80 feet, under which for weeks was smouldering the once luxuriant vegetation. The doctor then drew attention to the French island of Martinique, showing a fine series of photographs of Mount Pelée and the ruined city of St. Pierre, of which only a few bare walls remained. The exact number of lives lost can never be known, but it is estimated that two to three thousand perished in St. Vincent, and perhaps forty thousand in Martinique. It was indeed a woeful day, and only those that were in the islands on that day can realize the awfulness of it. Our members now number 218,—197 seniors and 16 juniors. I regret to say that we have lost one member by death this year. We have had 13 members resign, 12 seniors and 1 junior; and 5 seniors struck off for non-payment of subscriptions. Against this loss we have during the twelve months elected 16 senior and 5 junior members. The Balance Sheet which our Honorary Treasurer has placed before us this evening is in no way satisfactory, showing, as it does, a deficit of £1 5s. 8d. This is explained away by our Treasurer by the fact that about eight pounds worth of subscrip- tions for 1902 are still outstanding. I find on comparison with the Balance Sheet of ten years ago that our finance does not do us credit. This is all the more to be deplored after the increased activity of the Council in pro- viding this year three special and capital papers and a Soirée. Members are greatly to blame for this ; there is not the activity and enthusiasm amongst them that there should be to make it _a@ flourishing society. I do implore members to take more CXxVili Proceedings. interest in their Society, and the least they can do is that, when a special paper is given, they should influence their friends to take tickets, and often they might persuade them to become members. Mr. Lovett, at the end of 1892, on his retiring from his Presidency, left a satisfactory balance of £51 11s. 4d. At the end of the following year (1893), after Dr. Parsons’s first year of Presidency, the Club had a balance of £59 10s. 3d. At the end of 1894, Dr. Parsons’s second year of Presidency, the Club had a balance of £30 2s. 4d. In 1895, during Mr. Murton Holmes’s Presidency, the Club had a balance of £10 19s. 10d. In 1896, during Mr. Holmes’s second year, the Club had a balance of £6 0s. 9d. In 1897, during Dr. Hobson’s first year of office, the Club at the end of the year showed a deficiency of £10 17s. 5d. In 1898, during Dr. Hobson’s second year, the Club at the end of the year had a deficiency of £9 8s. In 1899, during Mr. Whitaker’s first year of Presidency, the deficiency was £17 1s. 2d. In 1900, during Mr. Whitaker’s second year, the Club was short by £10 6s. 4d. In 1901, the first year of my Presidency, we had the very small balance of £1 3s.; and last year, 1902, we had again, I very much regret to say, a deficiency of £1 5s. 8d. By these figures it will be seen that for the last nine years the Society financially has had a downward tendency, and the various Councils during that period I contend have not taken the active steps to remedy it that they should have done. There is no doubt that the balance sheet of a society or businéss is like a. barometer ; it is the indicator of its surrounding conditions. An old society or business wants very careful attention, and whenever a falling off in its receipts is noticed, measures should at once be taken to check it. There is no whipping up a dead horse, and therefore we must not let the horse die. I would suggest that the Council request the Honorary Treasurer to place before it, at each meeting, a statement of account. I am pleased to say that the work done by the Sections, during the past twelve months, has been good. The Geological Section has been most pleasingly active, and I think is entitled to be placed first; then comes the Photo- graphic, also very active and doing good and useful work. The Scientific Portfolio, I am pleased to say, is now placed before the respective Sectional Committees, and any picture of local interest is reserved and placed before the Council for its final consideration as to its worth for reproduction in the ‘Transactions.’ This is as it should be, and I hope the Council Proceedings. cxix will see its way to reproduce many valuable records which at the present time are overlooked. It will also add considerably to the interest taken in the ‘ Transactions.’ The Anthropological Section has also been holding most interesting conversational meetings, which have been fairly well attended. The Zoological Section has, I am pleased to say, made a start, and it is holding its meetings regularly, and Mr. Gower has very kindly presented a case of local butterflies, moths, &c., and will shortly present the Society with a second case. I hope this good example will be followed by other members. These cases form a nice nucleus for a larger collection. If all members would work for the Society in this spirit, we should soon have a Society which would be a credit to Croydon. The Botanical Section has been fairly active, more especially so during the summer months. The afternoon and evening botanical rambles in the neighbourhood during the summer months were very successful, and I hope will be renewed during the coming summer. The Meteorological Section, owing to the unflagging energy of Mr. Campbell-Bayard, has kept well up to date. Our only weak Section now is the Microscopical, and perhaps, under the circumstances, it is as well that the title of our Society has been altered, or we should have soon been the laughing-stock of the town. Our summer excursions were all well attended, and very enjoyable days were spent. Particulars of these will be found in the ‘ Transactions.’ Many of our lectures are now dependent on our lantern, and I think the Society is very much indebted to Mr. Baldock for his kindness, readiness, and skill in handling the lantern for us, which during twelve months entails a great deal of work and responsibility. A most interesting local discovery has been made this year, namely, three subterranean caves, on the Waddon House estate. Many may not know that this estate, up to within two years ago, was held by our most respected member, the late Mr. Philip Crowley, and had he during his occupation known that such relics were there he would have been delighted to have had them thoroughly opened up and investigated. Your Society, however, lost no time in thoroughly searching these caves, but unfor- tunately treasures were scarce, and only a few bones, not human, and a number of flint flakes and cores made of green-coated flints were found, but nothing to make it possible to put any definite date on the caves. Some pieces of.Roman pottery were found not far from the caves, also an old English spur about Elizabeth’s time, and a silver half groat coin; but these finds CXX Proceedings. were of course only supplementary, and in no way assisted in settling the age of the caves. Mr. Clinch thoroughly studied and examined this interesting find, and his interesting paper, entitled ‘‘ Recent Discoveries at Waddon,’’ was read at our ordinary meeting in October, and will be found published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ Since our last annual meeting, a Society has been formed in Croydon with a title of ‘‘ The Photographic Survey and Record of Surrey.” This Society is in no way antagonistic to ours; at the same time I personally am of opinion that, had our Society been active and doing its duty in Surrey, and had it been collecting and recording everything of interest, as it should have been doing, such a survey would not have been called for. Now that the Survey has been formed, I am in no way opposed to it; at the same time, considering so many of our members have joined it, I fear it shows that at the present time there is an amount of restlessness even with our own members, and a desire to fly to something new. I must say that I think our Society should have been quite capable of doing all that the Surrey Survey and Record is prepared to do. Noman can serve two masters, and if our members who have joined the Surrey Survey and Record are working for it, they cannot be working for the Natural History and Scientific Society, as a man has but a limited time for recreation. One other matter I should like to draw attention to—that is, our ‘ Transactions.’ I must allow I was exceedingly disappointed with our last year’s volume. It, I regret to find, contained not a single paper read during the twelve months at the Society’s meetings. Had it not been for the Meteorological Section, which supplied two-thirds of its contents, it would have indeed been a pitiable volume. As far as I can see, there is no reason for this, and if the Society goes to the expense of spending £24 on its ‘ Transactions,’ independently of the Meteorological Section’s printed matter, it should have the benefit of having all the papers read at its meetings placed before it. This wants the Council’s careful consideration. I think also that the members should not be kept waiting six months before receiving their copies. Having roughly outlined the work of the Society for the past year, I should like to take this opportunity of drawing the attention more especially of newly elected members to the past history of our Society. The Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society has now been established thirty-two years. It was in 1870 that the Croydon Microscopical Club originated in this way :— A gentleman, who I am pleased to say still resides in the Proceedings. Cxxi town, and who is yet a member of the Society, Mr. Henry Long, of 182, High Street, was in 1870 a member of the Quekett Microscopical Club, and, finding so much time was occupied in going to town to attend meetings of that Society at Gower Street, conceived it possible that a similar Club might be formed in Croydon. He therefore inserted an advertisement in the ‘ Croy- don Chronicle,’ addressed to microscopists and others, requesting gentlemen who were desirous of joining such a Club to send in their names to him at his residence. The response exceeded the most sanguine expectations, and as so large a number intimated their wish to enrol, it was felt that steps should at once be taken to form the Club. Knowing that Mr. Henry Lee, of The Waldrons, was a member of the Royal Microscopical Society, and greatly in- terested in scientific and natural history work, Mr. Long wrote him asking him for his support, which, after going into particu- lars, he readily gave, and further promised to do all in his power to advance the welfare of the Club. Subsequently a preliminary meeting was held at Mr. Lee’s house, to draw up the rules and appoint the Officers and Com- mittee, with the result that Mr. Lee was unanimously elected the first President, Mr. John Wakham Flower and Mr. H. Long being appointed Treasurer and Hon. Secretary respectively. The Inaugural Meeting was held at the Public Hall on April 6th, 1870; and it is perhaps not too much to say that never has a provincial society received at its outset such support and en- couragement as did ours on that occasion. There were present, amongst others, the Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S. (President of the Royal Microscopic Society), Dr. Bowerbank, F.R.S. (one of the founders and an early President of that Society), James Glaisher, Esq., F.R.S., Professor Rolleston, F.R.S., Frank Buckland, Esq. (Her Majesty's Inspector of Fisheries), Robt. Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., Rev. Thos. Wiltshire, F.L.S., Dr. Millar, F.L.8., and Captain Tyler. Mr. Lee occupied the chair, and gave an outline of the foundation’ and aims of the Club. He stated that it commenced with upwards of eighty members, including several fellows of the leading scientific societies—three of the Royal, four of the Linnean, three of the Geological, several of the Royal Microscopical, besides members of the ‘‘ Quekett,”’ and he con- sidered it one of the most gratifying honours to have been elected first President of this hopeful band of workers. On the 23rd November, 1870, the first Soirée of the Club was held at the Public Hall. This brilliantly successful affair was attended by the principal families of Croydon and by several persons of distinction, including the Japanese Ambassador, members of the Royal and Linnean Societies, Quekett Club, and ‘‘ Old Change Microscopic Society.’’ On this occasion tables OXxil Proceedings. were reserved for makers of optical instruments, of whom a large number greatly contributed to the success of the Soirée by the exhibition of about seventy-five microscopes. Mr. Lee, in re- ferring to this event at the first Annual General Meeting, said :—‘‘Our Soirée on the 28rd November last was, as the Committee has reported to you, a great success, as showing what our Club could do for itself, and the sympathy it enjoyed of older societies and scientific friends in London. It met with universal commendation, and raised the Club greatly in public estimation ’’; and, as you know, this function has ever since been regarded as one of the most important and interesting fixtures of the Club. As will be seen from the following, it steadily grew in public esteem :—In 1874, 172 microscopes were exhibited, and 625 persons were present. In 1876, there were 168 microscopes shown, and 788 persons present, 281 tickets being sold. In 1878, the ninth Soirée, the members still in- creased, 173 microscopes were exhibited, and 795 visitors being present. During the next eight years (1877 to 1886) the number of visitors was still maintained, the largest on record being 893 in 1885, when 187 microscopes were displayed. Since 1886, the numbers, both of microscopes and visitors, have shown a decrease, although for the succeeding seven years the number of visitors varied between 567 and 690. There can be but one opinion, that much of the early success of the Club was due to the very efficient manner in which Mr. Lee filled the presidential chair, the unflagging zeal he mani- fested in its welfare and the tact he displayed, coupled with the fact of his intimate acquaintance with eminent men of science, whom he made use of to further the interests of the Club. At the same time, we must not forget that fashion has great weight in the public mind, and at the time our Society was formed the microscope was popular, and was to numbers a sort of scientific play-toy, in the same way that the camera and the phonogram are holding the field of to-day. Drawbacks it had, and these, after a few years, exerted themselves to such an extent that, as a popular toy, the decline soon set in. Firstly, it was an expensive toy, and, secondly, it was one that could afford pleasure to only a limited number at one time, then only under certain conditions. At the present time the microscope is used only where microscopic research and delicate examinations have to be made. It was chiefly owing to the popularity of the microscope at that time that our Society was founded. In those early days, at our monthly meetings, eight or ten microscopes were con- stantly to be seen, and at our popular November Soirées 150 to 175 were to be found. Where are they now? It cannot be said that Nature’s work has become so coarse and Proceedings. exxili uninteresting and so thoroughly well known that it is no longer interesting to study her beauties. Look for one moment at the most charming, I think, of all beauties, the Volvow globator, and watch the easy and graceful movements of these little gems of nature as they force their way through their watery surroundings, and that idea is soon expelled. How these charming little globes of matter gliding about call to one’s mind the planets in the ethereal space ! This change is owing, I fear, to man’s fickle, unstable, and changeable nature. Look at the worlds of life and exquisite beauty revealed to us by the microscope. Look at the work that is before man and woman if they are prepared to investigate and learn. Look at the beautiful results, at present very little known, that can be arrived at under the head of micro-photography,.by which these beauties can be permanently recorded. There is no doubt a truly scientific man and lover of nature leads a double life; he sees beauty in everything, he admires everything, and his seeing leads him on a road without an end. The unscientific man simply kicks these object of beauty with his foot from his path, and seeks only the artificial life of his race. Again, these scientific and unscientific natures have their respective influ- ences on the rising generation, either for good, which favours all forms of life beneath them, or for bad, which is detrimental to all forms of life below them. What can be sadder than to see boys cruelly torturing or ill-treating animals, pulling down and damaging trees, robbing birds’ nests; this is all brought about for the reason that their parents, owing to their ignorance of natural history, have never been able to interest the young ones in the welfare of all forms of life. I feel sure that were the Board Schools, in fact all schools, to teach children to love and admire all living things around them, and to teach them re- specting their individual lives, we should see far less cruelty and destructiveness. That admirable society, ‘‘the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,’ has done wonderfully good work, and deserves all credit ; at the same time it has had to do it by force of the law, instead of by the education of the masses to respect and love all living things. I personally fear the advances of science have been, within the last twenty years, far too rapid; invention has followed invention like the thunder peals follow one another during a storm. The children of the present day become so hardened to these continued new inventions and discoveries that they do not even trouble themselves about them, and are not taught any- thing of the science of the invention. Look back only thirty-two years, the age of our Society, and CXXiV _ Proceedings. we have since that time the Réntgen rays; how few know more about them than that by means of their rays you can see the bones in a human being, or some coins in a box or purse? Look at the absurd comments and suggestions that were made when they were first publicly shown, ‘‘that it would before long be possible to see through a nine-inch brick-wall,’’ and other equally absurd observations. The masses do not trouble to ask them- selves why it is so, or what it is. Look, again, at the telephone, or, more wonderful still perhaps, the phonograph: what would the world have said thirty years ago had anyone been bold enough to prophesy such an inven- tion? Think of the wonderful results achieved by Professor Dewar in the liquefaction of the gases; also the discovery of the new elements helium and argon by Lord Rayleigh. Consider the scientific knowledge required to carry a bridge across the Firth of Forth. Look at the strides made in advance- ment of our knowledge of electricity, both as a means of light and motive power. This boon to civilization could only be thoroughly appreciated by us by its being removed from us for a short time that we might judge by comparison. Look at the advances made in astromony. Then lately we have the Marconi wireless telegraphy, which is still in its infancy. If in the future I could only see it effectually ridding us of the most horrible of horribles—I mean the unsightly telegraph-poles that at the pre- sent time disfigure every beautiful English country road and village—I could not speak too highly in its praise. So time brings about changes, and those very rapidly ; and it behoves those who do not wish to be left in the background to commence running. A Society like our own is to the masses at large a great benefit, and it is truly puzzling why so few persons avail them- selves of the benefits afforded. For a city man has but little time to spare, and he wants in that time to combine outdoor exercise with a certain scientific knowledge. In a Society like our own he is not forced to study any one subject. At the present our science is covered by seven sections, and even these before long may have to be increased, for we have no astronomi- cal or chemical sections. But to conclude. I should like to say that in these days even men of science love comfort. A man is in his happiest frame of mind when his surroundings are comfortable, and it is then he is prepared to do his best work. A Society like ours should have a suitable suite of rooms; and where a Society has a number of sections, it is to my mind eat ae necessary that each should have its own room for work. Our Society, like many others, has had to ride out many Proceedings. CXXV storms, and she is now having to fight a heavy sea ; and it will not do to disguise the fact; but it is my sincerest hope that she will keep some good pilot at her helm, and active officers to support him; they must be bold without being rash, they must drive the good ship forward, and not allow her head to turn _ away from the harbour she is fighting for. We want new and comfortable premises; also we must in- crease our members; this would follow as a result. Every business man and woman must know that a Society cannot be carried on without money, and the question then arises, Are there two hundred members in our Society, having, I presume, joined with the object of studying science, who are so lukewarm in their scientific enthusiasm that they will not find the funds necessary to carry out a scheme that they must see is absolutely necessary for the existence of their Society ? I personally cannot think that is so. If I am mistaken, I see our end cannot be long delayed. This would indeed be a misfortune after such a long and honourable career as our Society has had, and I can only hope that, if such a sad fate awaits us, I shall not be one of the responsible officers of the Society. I should like to take this opportunity of passing my heartiest thanks to Mr. Moore for his great assistance during my two years of office. A more earnest and hard-working Secretary I think our Society has never before had, and I hope for our Society’s sake he will continue long to hold the office of Hon. Secretary. I also tender my thanks to all the individual members of Council for the kind and sympathetic way they have always met me. I have now only one duty to perform, and that is to vacate this chair, and to call upon our new President, Mr. Bayard, to accept it. Summary of Proceedings. Excursions. April 19th.—This excursion was well attended. Five ladies and nine gentlemen met at South Croydon station, and walked over the top of Croham Hurst to Selsdon Road and by the foot- path to Sanderstead Church, where some good photographs were obtained. Walked by the disputed footpath (since closed) over Purley Downs to Purley Oaks, where, by the kind permission of Mr. Chandler, we were allowed to photograph some of the fine old pollard oaks. May 10th.—To Leatherhead, Fetcham, via Norbury Park and Mickleham, to Burford Bridge. Only three members attended. CXxvi Proceedings. The route was almost entirely by footpaths as set out in one of Walker Miles’s series, and was much enjoyed by those present. It was not very successful photographically, owing to the weather. May 31st.—To Keston. For an account of this excursion, see Anthropological Section. June 14th.—To join the Geologists’ Association to the Valley of the Mole, Brockham, Reigate, and Redhill. June 26th.—To Ashdown Forest. As it was expected that this day would be a holiday, on account of the Coronation, a whole- day excursion was arranged for the western part of Ashdown Forest. Twenty-six members and their friends went in all, two or three cycling to Hast Grinstead. Unfortunately five or six were not with the main party, which had to take an earlier train than expected, on very short warning, from the dislocation of the usual time-table, due to the expected Coronation. We alighted at West Hoathly, intending to work round to Forest Row, and thence on to take tea at the Railway Hotel, Kast Grinstead. The day proved gloriously fine, an east wind tempering the sun’s power. Proceeding eastwards to the cross-roads, a mile from Wych Cross, nearly all the party made a detour southwards across the common, past the house being erected by Major Darwin. Here a deep but waterless well in the Hastings sands was inspected. Proceeding on, a visit was made to Divall’s Farm in Birchgrove. In the well there, is a beautiful growth of ferns, including Lastrea Filia-mas, L.dilatata, Asplenium Trichomanes, A. Adiantum-nigrum, and Scolopendrium vulgare, with var. multifidum. The other ferns found during the day are included in the subjoined list, nine in all. Lastrea spinulosa, also, was obtained this year close to the route followed, and also Lycopodium Selago. The latter was searched for unsuccessfully, the young shoots of heather render- ing it very inconspicuous. L. clavatwn was seen growing more luxuriantly than any of us had previously seen it in the southern counties, covering several yards of ground. For the subjoined list we are indebted mainly to Dr. Franklin Parsons. Perhaps the most interesting occurrence is that of Wahlenbergia hederacea, the ivy-leaved campanula, though with flower-buds unopened. Mr. Harry D. Gower has also supplied the following list of insects of special interest :— Odonata or Dragonflies :—P. depressa, C. virgo, A. puella, A. mer: cwriale (captured by Mr. Nash and handed to me), P. minimum, P. vulgatum. Butterflies :—A. selene, E. cardamines. Working our way past Press Ridge Warren (part of the extensive property of D. W. Freshfield, Esq., to whom we were Proceedings. CXXVii indebted for special and free permission to explore where we wished), we had an acceptable halt for lunch under the Scotch fir clump, between the road-fork at Wych Cross. After this the Forest Row road was followed a short way to the fine quarry (Hastings sand) in the Hindleap Warren estate, said to produce the finest building stone in Sussex. A long and charming ramble through this and the Kidbrooke estate brought us near _ Forest Row. Most branched off here to Brambletye Hall, the __ ruins of an early seventeenth century castellated building. The chief part left is the fine gateway. This party walked on to East Grinstead, having traversed some eleven miles in all. Here twenty-four of us took tea together. Afterwards the interesting timbered buildings of the town were inspected, and the fine old college, also of the seventeenth century. Close by here the Cowden road passes through a picturesque cutting in the Tunbridge Wells sandstones. Our train finally brought us back to Croydon soon after eight, or nearly twelve hours from the time we had left in the morning.—J. Epmunp Cuarx. Plants observed at West Hoathly, Ashdown Forest, Bramble- tye, and East Grinstead, June 26th, 1902. (Dr. Franklin Parsons’s list, with one or two additions) :— Ranunculus peltatus, R. Lenormand, RK. sardous = hirsutus, Nymphea lutea, Polygala depressa? = serpyllacea, Hypericum hu- mifusum, H. elodes, Genista anglica, Lathyrus Nissoha, Rubus pli- catus, Galiwm Withering, Hieracitwm murorum, Wahlenbergia hederacea, Symphytum officinale, Saliaw ambigua = repens x awrita, Habenaria bifolia, Allium ursinum, Carex vulpina, C. flava, C. fulva, C. vesicaria, Polypodium vulgare, Lomaria spicant, Asplenium Tr1- chomanes, A. Adiantum-nigrum, Athyrium Filia-feenuna, Scolopen- driwm vulgare, Lastrea Filix-mas, L. Oreopteris, L. dilatata, Equi- setum limosum, Lycopodium clavatum, Agaricus on Sphagnum, Boletus elegans, Polyporus betulinus, Acidiwm Tragopogonis. Noted in district last April :—Lastrea spinulosa, Lycopodium Selago. July 5th.—The party went by the 2.36 train from Hast Croydon to Betchworth, and in the enforced absence of Mr. Salmon, who was to have been the conductor, the lead was taken by Mr. Whitaker, who happened to have brought the six-inch map. A change was made in the proposed route, and the walk was taken along the foot of the great Chalk escarpment. About a quarter of a mile northward of Betchworth station a pit was seen in the bottom beds of the Chalk through to the Upper Greensand, the firestone of the latter being worked in a gallery ; but the junction of the two formations was not seen. . North-eastward the pit at Buckland Lime Works was seen, with the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk. The chief botanical occurrences noted were the frequence of the bee-orchis along the foot of the Buckland Hills, and the CXXVili Proceedings. plentiful growth of the wild strawberry, giving rise to an industry not before noticed. Some little girls were seen gathering the fruit, and they told us that they came out regularly (from a neighbouring farm) to get it for cooking. A quarry at the foot of Colley Hill, showing small faults in the Upper Greensand, was seen, and then Reigate was reached, and a welcome tea consumed. After this, on the way to the station, a walk was taken through the Castle grounds, and the rich flower-beds of this beautiful public garden were much admired. July 18th.—To Caterham, Haliloo Valley, and Worms Heath. For account of this excursion, see Botanical Committee Report. July 19th.—To Oxted and Barrow Green. Sept. 18th.—Fungus foray to Limpsfield, Squerries Park, and Westerham. (See Botanical Committee Report.) Eventnc Mrertines. Feb. 18th.— Mr. W. Marriott, of the Royal Meteorological Society, gave an address on ‘ Rainfall.” March 18th.—On this evening Dr. Vaughan Cornish, D.8c., F.G.§., F.C.8., F.R.G.8., was to have given a lecture on ‘‘ Waves in Water, Snow and Sand,’’ but was prevented by illness. Mr. Fawcett gave an account of Rambles in the Alps, illustrated by numerous lantern-slides. April 15th.—Mr. J. O. Pelton, Member of the Japan Society, read a paper on ‘‘ The Japanese Sword-blade, its History and its Legends,” illustrated by a large collection of specimens. (See Trans., Art. 2.) May 27th.—Mr. W. Murton Holmes read a paper on the ‘‘ Foraminifera of the Gault at Merstham,”’ illustrated by lantern- slides. (See Trans., Art. 3.) Sept. 16th.—This evening was devoted to accounts by members of excursions made during the recess, and exhibition of speci- mens, with descriptions. Oct. 21st—Mr. G. Clinch, F.G.8., read a paper on ‘‘ The Recent Discoveries at Waddon,”’ illustrated by lantern-slides. (See Trans., Art. 4.) Nov. 18th.—Mr. W. F. Stanley, F.G.S., &c., contributed a paper on ‘‘ Kxamples of perfect Flint Implements of the First Dynasty of Egypt’’; and two early mirrors in copper found in recent excavations at Abydos. (See Trans., Art. 5.) Proceedings. CXXix Dr. Parsons read papers on ‘‘ The Flora of Hayes Common” (see Trans., Art. 6), and ‘‘Some Notes on the Flora of the Eastern Border of Dartmoor’’ (see Trans., Art. 7). Dec. 16th.—The President, Mr. James Epps, Jun., F.L.S8., gave a popular lecture entitled ‘‘A Trip to the West Indies,”’ illu- strated by numerous slides and specimens. (See Trans., Art. 8.) On Noy. 25th the President, Mr. James Epps, Jun., gave a Soirée at the Pembroke Hall, the following account of which is taken from the ‘ Croydon Chronicle’ :— ‘*A large company assembled at the Pembroke Hall, on Tuesday last, in response to the invitation of the Society for their Annual Soirée—an event which is always anticipated with keenest interest. The customary exhibits were, this year, of a rather more comprehen- sive nature than was the case last year, when the main idea was to localise the interest to Croydon and district; though, on this occasion, the latter feature was by no means overlooked. Hence, at the very entrance door, was an exhibit by Dr. F. H. Parsons, consisting of cut flowers, numbering no less than one hundred and thirty-four species and varieties gathered during the day, in the open air, and in the neighbourhood of Addiscombe. Again, special interest centered round the relics from the recently discovered Waddon Caves, consisting of several cores and chips of green-coated flints, together with fragments _ of Romano*‘British pottery and mammalian bones. Dr. Hogg also showed a fine range of flint implements (axes, scrapers, and hammers) _ discovered in Croydon district. The Microscopic Section was again very strong—the membership of Mr. W. F. Stanley, of London Bridge _ Approach, doubtless influencing the endeavour to attain front rank in _ this department. Mr. J. O. Pelton exhibited a case of small, but very ; beautifully carved Japanese ‘ Netsuke’ ivory figures, chiefly emble- - matic and illustrative of native legend; whilst Mr. Jas. Epps, Jun. (President of the Society), amongst other things, contributed Japanese miniature growing trees (not exceeding two feet high), but upwards of thirty or forty years old. Mr. W. Murton Holmes showed a very _ interesting exhibit, including a splendidly complete range of Spirifera of the Upper Silurian and Carboniferous ages. Mr. N. F. Robarts’s collection of stone, arrow, and spear-heads and pottery antiquities from old London excited much interest. A very cosmopolitan and Much appreciated collection was that of Dr. Male, including a speci- “men of flying fox from Queensland, young alligators and eggs from Florida, and edible birds’ nests from China. Mr. H. C. Collyer dis- played some interesting examples of African native beadwork, and Some especially clever specimens of Eskimo handicraft; and Mr. EH. Lovett, a model Alpine garden. “A great feature of these annual soirées is the lantern entertain- ment by Mr. Baldock, from selected slides prepared by members of the Photographic Section of the Society. These slides are always of “special excellence; but a new departure was made this year, in that some specimens were shown of colour photography, by the Lumiére N. A. Co., with astonishingly beautiful result. _ The musical portion of the programme was efficiently carried out under the direction of Mr. A. M. Reeves, L.R.A.M.” c CXXX Proceedings. Reports of Sections for 1902. ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL CoMMITTER. During the past year there have been six meetings of the Committee and six meetings of the Section. There was also a special informal meeting of the Committee on July 8th for the purpose of discussing and comparing notes as to the important discovery of underground chambers at Waddon. This matter has been of considerable interest to this Section, as well as to the Society generally, and has had the effect of stimulating research in the special work of the Section. A paper on the subject, illustrated by lantern-slides and specimens, was read before the Society in October last, and a large audience assembled to hear it. This paper appears in the present part of the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’ An excursion under the direction of this Section was made in May last to Keston and the neighbourhood, when the members inspected Roman masonry at War Bank, and some of Saxon or early Norman workmanship at Keston Church. A good many neolithic implements were collected by some of the members from the surface of the fields. The following gentlemen have exhibited objects at the sectional meetings :—Messrs. Collyer, Gower, Hogg, Lovett, Moore, Robarts, Slack, Tarver, Voss, and Clinch. It is highly satisfactory to be able to report a substantial increase in the number of members attending the meetings, as well as an equally important improvement in the number and character of the exhibits. It has been arranged that a special subject shall be selected a month in advance for each meeting, and recently the subject has been announced in the monthly circular. This plan has been found very useful, because it enables all the members to focus their efforts upon a particular subject on the same evening, and the result is that many objects are brought for exhibition which assist very materially in illustrating the particular subject agreed upon. The following are some of the subjects which have been discussed in this way :—Scrapers of the Stone age and their modern representatives; hammerstones ; neolithic hoes and other agricultural tools ; primitive pottery. Substantial progress has been made with the work of marking the archeological map of Surrey. The chief paleolithic, neolithic, and bronze age discoveries have been marked, and it is proposed to proceed with the Roman and Anglo-Saxon remains early in the New Year.— GrorGE Cuincy, Hon. Sec. BoranicaL ComMITTEE. The Botanical Committee have to’ report that progress has been made in the investigation of the flora of some of the commons near Croydon, though the observers who have undertaken the enumeration of the plants of other of these commons have been unable for one reason or another to make any further additions to the figures recorded in our last report. The numbers now stand:—Shirley Hills, 174; Croham Hurst, 253; Mitcham Common, 461; Riddlesdown, 167; Proceedings. CXXXi Hayes and West Wickham Commons, 321; Keston Common, 265; Duppas Hill, 69; Worms Heath, 43. A preliminary report on the flora of Hayes Common was read by Dr. Parsons at the general meeting of the Society on Tuesday, Nov. 18th, 1902, at which meeting a paper was also read by the same author, “On the Flora of the Eastern Border of Dartmoor” (see Trans., Articles 6 and 7). Among the general excursions of the Society, those which possessed especial botanical interest were the following :— June 26th (Thursday, Coronation Day). All-day excursion to Ash- down Forest. Conductor, Mr. J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Sc. July 12th (Saturday). Caterham, Haliloo Valley, and Worms Heath. Conductor, Mr. H. T. Mennell, F.L.S. ‘Sept. 13th (Saturday). Fungus foray. Limpsfield and Squerries Park, Westerham. Conductors, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons and Mr. G. W. Moore. Botanical Excursion on July 12th to Caterham, Haliloo Valley, Warlingham. (Leader, Henry T. Mennett, F.L.S.)—The party of seventeen detrained at Caterham, and walked by the road across the fields to Haliloo Valley. In the woods above the valley the large helleborine (Cephalanthera grandiflora) was gathered. The bee orchis (Ophrys apifera) was abundant on the banks below the wood, though somewhat past its best: no other orchises were observed. The small bushes of sweet briar in full bloom were numerous, and the special rarity of the valley, Lathyrus hirsutus, was gathered in beautiful condition. Another Surrey rarity, Phytewma orbiculare, _ was found in some plenty. Other plants gathered were Hypericum _ hirsutum and perforatwm, Echium vulgare, Calamintha Acinos. ; Tea was provided at Warlingham, after which most of the party returned to Croydon by train. Two members walked back to Croydon by way of Farleigh Green, where Veronica longifolia was found growing on the margin of a small enclosed pond in full bloom. It is of course not a British plant, but seemed well established. The well- known locality of the Surrey rarity, Tewcriwm Botrys, was visited. The plant was found in great profusion. Mr. Mennell, who has known the locality well since its first discovery by Mr. John Flower, has never seen it in such plenty. An interesting rose of the Rwbiginosa (sweet iar) section, named by Mr. A. Bennett Rosa micrantha variety ‘Aystriz, was also found in the hedge in the same field. _ The last excursion of the season was the annual fungus hunt, which took place on Sept. 13th under the leadership of Dr. Parsons and Mr. G. W. Moore. The day was very fine though cold, and there was a good attendance. The route taken was a very picturesque one—from Oxted station by Limpsfield, across Limpsfield and Chart Commons, and through Chart Woods and Squerries Park to Westerham, return- ng thence in conveyances. Permission to visit Squerries Park had been kindly given by Col. Warde. Owing to the cool, rainy season, vegetation still retained its full verdure, and there was little sign of autumn in the landscape. For the same reason the woodland kinds of fungi were plentiful compared with what they have been in the dry Seasons experienced during several past years, though the species 7 c2 CXXXli Proceedings. frequenting open pastures had not yet, for the most part, made their appearance. Among flowering plants, the following were the more noteworthy species observed :— Jasione montana (sheepsbit), sand-pit at Limpsfield. Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), + Mentha Pulegium (pennyroyal), dry pond on Limpsfiela Common. M. sativa (wild mint), 7 M. hirsuta > a in Squerries Park. Bidens cernua (bur-marigold), 45 Scutellaria galericulata (lar ger skulleap), , fe Of fungi, about thirty-two species were observed, among which may be mentioned Polyporus fraxineus, on old ash trees at Limpsfield and Squerries Park; P. giganteus and P. sulfwrews, on dead beech trees in Squerries Park—the former growing in large brown imbricated masses ; Agaricus murimaceus ; and Hydnum repandum. A selection of the specimens found was exhibited at the ordinary meeting on Sept. 16th. In addition to the general excursions, three evening rambles of the Botanical Section were held as follows. (Reports are by the leaders) :— The first took place on Thursday, May 15th, under the guidance of Dr. Parsons, and was well attended, notwithstanding the damp and gloomy weather. The route taken was from Purley Station by Reed- ham to Wellcombe Woods, Coulsdon, returning by Hayes Lane and Kenley. The geological formations over which it lay were the valley gravel and the chalk; on the former the flora presented no special feature, but on the latter it contained a number of characteristic lime- loving plants, as the rock rose, the hairy violet, the small burnet, &c. Owing to the exceptionally cold weather which had been experienced during the preceding three weeks, vegetation was very backward for the time of year, the oaks only beginning to show leaf, and the ashes being even less advanced. Among the plants found, the following may be noted, viz. Geraniwm pyrenaicum, the comfrey (Symphytum officinale), Lamiwm Gale- obdolon, Lychmis dioica, Orchis mascula, Listera ovata, Pyrus Aria, buckthorn, cowslip, and Hesperis matronalis; the last a garden escape. The secluded valley is sufficiently removed from the deleteri- ous influence of town smoke to permit the growth of lichens upon the tree-trunks, and upon some ash trees in Wellcombe Lane about eight species, several with fructification (apothecia), were observed. The second ramble of the Section, under the guidance of Mr. J. HE. Clark, B.A., B:Sc., and Dr. Parsons, took place on June 19th, and was well attended. Meeting at South Croydon, the party first devoted their attention to an old disused chalk-pit near the end of Croham Lane. Here were found an uncommon species of St. John’s wort (Hypericum montanum), and the mullein (Verbascum Thapsus). The Hypericum still grows in considerable quantity in the chalk-pit, though it has now disappeared from its former locality in the adjoining lane. Hard by, in the short turf, on a piece of dry sandy ground near the entrance to Ballards Lane, were found a large variety of dwarf plants, Proceedings. exxxili chiefly annuals, such as Sisymbriwm Thalianum, Sagina apetala, several species of clover (among them Trifoliwm subterranewm and T. striatum), the bird’s-foot trefoil (Ornithopus perpusillus), Alche- milla arvensis, Taraxacum erythrospermum, Myosotis collina, and the grasses Aira precox and caryophyllea. Owing to the wetness of the season, fungi were plentiful for the time of year, among those observed being Agaricus petasatus—a large species growing on saw- dust in a saw-pit; A. pre@coz, plentiful and very variable in form and size; Peziza rutilans, with orange cups, growing on the sandy soil; pre me cluster cup Aicidiwm T'ussilaginis, parasitic on the leaves of coltsfoot. The third botanical ramble of the season was from Waddon, by the river Wandle, to Beddington, the conductor being Mr. Henry T. Mennell, F.L.S. On Thursday evening, July 17th, a party of about fifteen were met at Waddon station by our fellow-member, Mr. N. Waterall, who most kindly escorted them through his beautiful garden, with its large ornamental water, in which the main head-springs of the Wandle take their rise. In this water many small aquatic plants were found, notably Ranunculus circinatus, distinguished by the absence of floating leaves, and having the segments of the submerged ones arranged in a flat plane with circular outline; Apiwm nodiflorwm ; Anacharis Alsinastrwm (Elodea canadensis); Callitriche verna ; Lemna minor; the water moss, Fontinalis antipyretica. Large numbers of the handsome larve of a sawfly, green with black spots in the centre of the body, with orange tail and head, were noticed on the willows by the edge of the water. Proceeding along the Wandle towards Beddington, Spirea ulmaria, Sium erectum, Bidens tripar- tita, Myosotis palustris, Veronica anagallis, Sparganium ramosum, Epilobum hirsutum, E. parvifolium, and the grasses Glyceria : aquatica and fluitans and Phalaris arundinacea were noted, and also ; Carex riparia. — . From Beddington Church the party returned through the fields to Waddon. Large yellow patches of Galiwm verwm were conspicuous, and of unusually large size. The plants noticed on waste ground in Beddington Park and elsewhere were Senecio aquaticus, Chrysan- themum segetum and Leucanthemwm. On walls at Beddington were _ Parietaria officinalis, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Sedum acre. Specimens of Impatiens parviflora gathered on the Waldrons were brought by one of the party. __ The following have been the chief meteorological characteristics of _ the year 1902 in relation to vegetation. As regards aggregate amount of rainfall, the year has been a remarkably dry one. There have been few heavy falls, and the total rainfall has been about a third below the average. But, on the other hand, rain, though in small amount, has - fallen on a large number of days; in fact, according to observations made by Dr. Parsons at Park Hill Rise of the ten years 1893-1902, _ the year just ended is that which had the smallest total rainfall and the largest number of wet days. The wettest months were May, June, and August, and there was no prolonged drought, such as those which have parched up vegetation.in the summers of several preceding years. ‘There were only a few days of great heat in the end of June and at the CXXXivV Proceedings. middle of July; and there has been much cool cloudy weather. January began mild and dry; but in the last week a period of frost with dry cold winds set in, which lasted a month and checked all vegetation. The average time of appearance of the early spring garden flowers was about eight days behind that in the nine years 1893-1901. The frost, however, was not continuous, nor was it of very great severity, 15° F. being the lowest, not enough to kill back laurels and other shrubs of an ordinary hardiness, although there was but little snow to protect them. The last week of February and the month of March were mild, with a fair amount of rain and more favourable to growth. April was dry, often cloudy, and with much cold N. and E. wind. May and the greater part of June were very cold and stormy, though the last week of June was fine and hot. The trees were very late in coming into leaf, the oaks and ashes scarcely being in full leaf at the end of May. There were several frosts in April and May, which, with the cold blighting winds, did much damage to the blossoms of the fruit trees, and except as regards strawberries the year was a bad fruit year. The corn crops, too, which in the earlier part of the year had looked very well, were much damaged by the continuance of cold weather; and the hop crop was almost a failure. July was generally dry ; it was cool and cloudy at the beginning and end, but there were some fine warm days towards the middle. A gale on July 26th did much damage to trees and hops. August was cold and wet. The potato disease made its appearance early in the month, and was more destructive than for a number of years past. September was cool and dry, except for a heavy thunderstorm on the 10th, which, however, was extremely partial in its distribution, two inches of rain and more having fallen at some places in the neighbourhood of Croydon, while at others not many miles distant only a few hundredths or none at all fell. Fungi were fairly plentiful as compared with the dry seasons of some recent years. October was cool and cloudy, with frequent rainfall in small amount and absence of frost. Owing doubt- less to the cool damp season and absence of frost, the trees—as oaks, elms, and ashes—which had been very late in coming into leaf in the spring, retained their foliage late into the autumn; away from the influence of the towns little sign of autumnal colour was to be seen in the foliage until the end of September, but later on the colouring was finer than usual. The first half of November and the last week were mild and stormy; but between the 15th and 22nd was a week of cold dry weather with cutting N.E. winds and frost, which destroyed all the tender garden flowers which had remained in bloom up till then. Nevertheless, at the Annual Soirée of the Society on Nov. 25th, the collection of flowers gathered in the open air was a fairly good one in point of numbers, 134 kinds being shown as against 170 and 151 kinds in the mild autumns of 1897 and 1899, and 32 in the severe one of 1901. The earlier part of December—3rd-12th—was dry with cold N.E. wind; but the latter half of the month was mostly fine and mild, with occasional storms. On Dec. 31st thirteen species of plants were in flower at Oakhyrst, Park Hill Rise, viz. primrose, auricula, sweet violet, winter jasmine, Petasites fragrans, Laurustinus, Crocus hye- malis and speciosus, Helleborus niger and albifolius, Escallonia macrantha, Potentilla verna, and Calendula officinalis. Mr. J. E. Clark noted twenty-three species of wild plants as in flower near Croydon on December 25th—28th. Proceedings. CXXXV The Committee regret that there were no competitors for the prize offered by Dr. Hobson for the best botanical collection. The collection was to be limited to one hundred species, dried and mounted by the collector, the correctness of the nomenclature and quality of the specimens as illustrative of the habits and character of the plants being taken into account. GroLocicaL ComMMITTEE. The Committee of the Geological Section beg to report that there have been held nine Committee meetings, nine sectional meetings, and two excursions. The average attendance at the Committee meetings has been five, and at the sectional meetings twelve, against five and nine, respectively, last year. A few photographs of sections and some crayon sketches of geological interest have been added to the Section’s album. The Committee would be glad if members would endeavour to procure more photo- graphs for this purpose, so as to make a valuable permanent record of geological interest. A few records of new sections have been made. The Committee would also call the attention of members to the value of these. The excursions during the year have been as follows :— May 2nd.—To the new railway-cutting of the 8. EH. & C. R. at _ Chislehurst in conjunction with the Geologists’ Association. The party were ¢onducted over the works by Mr. Osman, and had an admirable view of the exposures of the Oldhaven beds. May 26th.—To the railway-cutting at Thornton Heath, L. B. & 8. C. R.’s goods yard, when about twenty members and friends were present. A good exposure was shown of Oldhaven sands with the _ junction of the London clay, containing green-coated pebbles at base. _ Some successful photographs were taken by Dr. Hobson. q “The Geological Section of the Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society met at Thornton Heath Station on Monday evening, to examine the strata exposed in the new railway works near the station. Mr. Whitaker, F.R.S., explained the strata exposed, which consisted of Oldhaven sands, the surface of which had been eroded before the deposition of the London clay, the basement bed of which, with the customary pebbles derived from the Oldhaven series, was _ well seen. No fossils were found, though in the original railway- cutting shelly sandstone was found when the line was first made. _ Above the basement-bed of the London clay, the clay appeared to be made up of wash from the higher ground, being mixed with a few later flints and pebbles. The upper gravel terrace of the Wandle was seen, in parts, overlaying the clay, at a height of about 160 feet above Ordnance datum.” t Museum ComMittEE. _ The Committee are pleased to be able to report that the additions _ to the Loan Museum have been considerably in excess of those re- ceived during the previous year. This has been largely owing to the number of objects found in the Waddon caves, although a large pro- _ portion of the objects found were of similar character. CXXXVi Proceedings. The following members of the Society—Messrs. Geo. Clinch, F.G.S. J. Epps, Jun., H. D. Gower, W. M. Hobson, W. M. Holmes, A. J. Hogg, H. C. Male, M.D., G. W. Moore, and N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., together with the Croydon Land Co., Ld., and Mr. J. A. Smith, who are not members—have presented to the Society the objects they found at the Waddon caves and on the Waddon neolithic floor, and the Committee will therefore be able to keep these interesting collections intact as a permanent record of this discovery of the works of pre- historic man. The late Mr. Willoughby Mullins has presented to the Society a collection of Serpentine and other rocks. Specimens of various kinds have also been lent to the Museum by Messrs. J. M. Hobson, M.D., W. M. Holmes, H. Franklin Parsons, M.D., E. A. Martin, F.G.S., H. T. Mennell, F.L.S., N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., W. Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S., &c., members, and by Messrs. R. Donkin, E. A. Hansor, and F. Burfoot, who are not members. The Committee desire to express their thanks to the members and others named who have given and lent objects to the Museum. Although the Croydon County Council did not see their way last year to accept the Society’s offer to co-operate in forming a Museum at Grange Wood, your Committee understand the Council have since accepted a gift of various objects from Mr. J. Chisholm, a member of this Society, and have agreed to go to some cost in arranging same for exhibition at Grange Wood. The Committee have pleasure in stating that the public seem to continue to show considerable interest in the objects displayed in the Loan Museum at the Town Hall, and they hope that the Society will take steps to further increase and arrange the Society’s own Museum. PuorocraPHic ComMMITTEE. The season from January, 1902-3 has, on the whole, been a success- ful one. The use of the dark room and enlarging lantern, judging from the entries made in the dark room book, has been quite up to the average. The following are the most important papers read before the Section :—Demonstration of Wellington & Ward’s Bromide Papers, by Mr. KE. Human; The Development of unknown Exposures, by Mr. J. H. Baldock; Demonstration on Decorative Photography, by Mr. W. W. Welford; The Production of various Tones in Lantern-slides, by Mr. A. P. Hoole; Demonstration of the Rotograph Co’s Papers, by Mr. W. A. Sims; Demonstration of Messrs. Houghton’s Exhibits, by Mr. Wardall; Demonstration of the Lumiére Colour Process; Visit to the Works of Messrs. Waddington’s, Ltd., Croydon; Development of Lantern-slides and after-Treatment, by Toning, &c., by Mr. Hoole. The following circulated papers were also read before the Section :— ‘Home Portraiture,’ R. P. 8.; ‘Life and Work of George Tinworth,’ R. P. 8.; ‘Photographic News’ Prize Slides; ‘Photography’ Prize Slides; ‘What can be done with a Hand Camera,’ by C. P. Goerz; ‘ Telephotography,’ R. P. S.; ‘Focal Plane Shutter and its Manage- ment,’ R. P. 8.; ‘The Beginnings of Photography: The Photogram.’ The excursions during the summer were held at:—Leatherhead and ee Bridge; Ashdown Forest; Betchworth, and other interesting places. sy = 6 jaa Q LW) oe a < O Zz —) e) O = a=] Fawssett. = = = (a) =| O 1) a6 = ¥. H. Raldock. =< ) Zz a4 =) {aa} 1) = Ww) ou O ae) Z <= 72) Proceedings. CXXXVii In conclusion, I might mention especially that the most appreciated demonstrations during the season were those of Mr. Waddington on process block work; Messrs. The Lumiére Co. on colour photography ; and last, but not least, those of Mr. Baldock, who, since September, has acted as Chairman of the Section—a luxury the Section had not, I think, previously possessed ; and also for kindly working the lantern whenever it was required. To him the thanks of the Section must be given for all the time he spends to their advantage, and for the ready help and advice he is always willing to give to those who require it. A second competition was held, at the suggestion of the President, for the selection of three pictures to be reproduced in the Society’s ‘Transactions.’ The prizes were awarded to Mr, E. Fawssett for a fine ‘Interior of Lincoln Cathedral”; to Mr. J. H. Baldock, F.C.S., for ‘‘ Houghton Mill on the Ouse”; and to the President (Mr. J. Epps, Jun.) for photograph of the orchid Stanhopea eburnea. — C. L. Fauntuorre, Hon. Sec. [These three photographs are reproduced. | ZoouocicaL CoMMITTEE. During the past year seven meetings of the Zoological Section have been held. The specimens exhibited have been numerous and varied, Quarter-hour talks have been given by Messrs. H. D. Gower, Dr. Franklin Parsons, Mr. W. Murton Holmes, and the Hon. Secretary. ; Two insect cases have been presented td the Section by J. Epps, Hsq., President, and these are now being filled. On Jan. 28th the following objects were exhibited :—Cocoons and imago of Plusia moneta (golden ear), taken and exhibited by Mr. H. D. Gower in his garden in Croydon. This'moth, which was first taken at Purley, and which was for some years a rarity, has since been recorded from many counties.—Dragonflies from Brighton (Sympetrum striolata), caught at the end of October. The specimens were spoken of in the ‘ Daily Mail,’ and Mr. H. D. Gower communicated with the finder in order to ascertain the species.—Mr. Gower also exhibited a pair of dragonflies (Agrion puella): ‘and Paludina complanatus from Beddington.—Mr. E. A. Martin exhibited a piece of native sponge, organ-pipe coral (Tapipora musica), and a worn section of a large Voluta from the Canary Islands (Las Palmas); also various opercula of Turbinide@ from the Quarantine Island (Melbourne).—Conversation followed on (1) the question of the choice of nests by the cuckoo, and (2) the gulls of the Thames, St. James’s Park, &e. On Feb. 25th the Chairman showed a large specimen of the swan mussel (Anodonta cygnea), remarkable by the great convexity of the valves; specimens of Helix nemoralis (one- to five-banded varieties), one of which was sinistrorsal; this was 2-banded, and came from near the Highgate Archway. — Mr. Gower showed lace-wing nymphs and photo of same; also Jadybirds with black spots and lines on a yellow background.—Mr. Martin showed specimens of Helix punctata from Las Palmas. — Mr. Townend showed opercula of a large size (? of Turbo) from Singapore. — Miss Parsons exhibited a series of shells collected in the neighbourhoods of Croydon and Selborne, Hants.— Mr. Murton Holmes exhibited Aphrodite aculeata (sea-mouse) from Portsmouth, A. hystricella from Weymouth, and Scalpellum vulgare ‘ ae 2 Pa ee ee ee CXXXViil Proceedings. from Jersey. — Dr. Parsons showed star-fishes and sea-urchins— Ophiura texturata, Bangor; Asterina gibbosa, Bangor; Solaster papposus, Bangor; Ophiocoma rosula, Bangor. Also Amphidotus cordatus, Southport, an urchin much resembling in general form the chalk fossil, Micraster cor-anguinum ; Hchinus purpwreus, Herm, with spines attached; and Uraster rubens, Bangor. On March 25th Miss Klaassen exhibited the cast skin of a newt, which had been carefully pressed under glass. — Mr. A. Tarver ex- hibited darts of Helix pomatia; also damaged shells of the same species which had been naturally repaired during life.— Mr. P. B. Nash exhibited male and female beetles from Reigate (Geotrupes typheus).—T wo specimens of the parrot-fish, which had been hanging for some time on the wall of the room, were examined. — Mr. W. Whitaker invited members interested to call and see his collection of helices.—Reference was made also to the local names of ‘‘ Hodmadod” in Suffolk, and ‘‘Dodman” in Norfolk, as synonyms for the common snail. On April 22nd Mr. W. Murton Holmes opened the meeting with a quarter of an hour’s talk on the Pteropods and Pteropod ooze, and exhibited in illustration specimens of Cavolinia, Styliola, Limascinia, as well as tubes of Globigerina ooze.—Miss Klaassen exhibited tailed frogs in spirit.— Mr. Nash exhibited Rhizotrogus solstitialis from Thornton Heath, and Melolontha vulgaris from Oxford and Reigate.— Mr. Gower exhibited Plusita gamma in four varieties. On June 3rd Mr. H. D. Gower opened the meeting as announced by a quarter of an hour’s talk on ‘‘ The Nomenclature of Banded Shells,” which was listened to with much interest. A discussion followed. In illustration of the talk, carefully prepared diagrams were exhibited, together with specimens of Helix hortensis, nemoralis, and arbustorum, by Messrs. Gower, Nash, Moore, and Whitaker. As an instance of protective mimicry, a specimen of the beetle Clytws artetis was shown. On Sept. 28rd the President showed numerous local insects, with a view to their incorporation in a local collection being formed by the Section.—The Chairman showed male and female of the great crested newt (Triton cristatus) from Karlswood Common, and spoke on the natural history of the amphibians. Mr. Martin reported finding two grown specimens of the smooth newt still retaining their gills, from Thornton Heath.—Mr. Gower showed dragonflies collected during the Society’s excursion to Forest Row.— Mr. Murton Holmes showed Aristotle’s lantern, with the five teeth of the sea-urchin in their natural positions; also Thenea muricata, a tetractinellid sponge, from the Porcupine Expedition.—The Honorary Secretary read a paper on the exo-skeleton of the Norway lobster, and exhibited photos of a family Bible which had been lent to him containing entries oi the births of various members of Gilbert White’s family, including that of the naturalist of Selborne himself. On Oct. 28th Mr. Epps exhibited two specimens of hunting spiders from Trinidad, with a report thereon from Mr. Pocock, of the British Museum. Consideration was deferred for further details —Mr. Gower exhibited specimens of the common house-fly and of the proboscis-fly. —Mr. Gower then proceeded with his talk on the sectional insect case, which he had filled with specimens. Great interest was shown in his remarks, and at the close a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to him. Proceedings. CXXX1X ' The case was then affixed to the wall, and the key handed to the care of the Honorary Secretary. Members Elected, 1902. February 18th.—Mr. A. F. Major, Mr. Evelyn Fawsett. Juniors— Miss D. Holah, Mr. P. B. Nash. March 18th.—Miss EK. N. Gwatkin, Miss R. E. Grant, Mr. W. P. D. Stebbing, Mr. F.J.H. Townend. Junior—Master Clive H. Townend. April 15th.—Mr. W. L. Moore. September 16th.—Mrs. E. M. Hall, Mr. W. H. Morris. Junior— Master J. R. M. Hobson. October 21st.—Mr. M. Heffernan. _ December 16th.—Miss Ada Hall, Miss A. E. Wilson, Mr. R. W. Brant, Mr. H. W. Corry, Mr. E. A. Fella, Dr. J. Brooke Ridley. Juniors—Master Dudley Phare, Master H. G. Smart. Donations to the Library, 1902. From Individuals.— Notes on the Flora of Sussex; Lancashire Notes on Botany—Mr. C. E. Salmon. Nature Notes; Transactions of the Chichester and West Sussex Natural History and Microscopical _ Society—Mr. W. Whitaker. Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Coins at White House, near Croydon—Mr. J. Evans. Elementary Lessons on ; Electricity and Magnetism—Mr. Baldock. Reminiscences of a York- shire Naturalist—Dr. W. C. Williamson. Report of the International Geographical Congress of Berlin, 1899—Mr.G. Phayre. Mr. Flowers’s Notes on the Park Hill cutting—Mr. Chisholm. From Socteties.—Report of the Hastings and St. Leonards Natural History Society ; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society; Proceedings of the Scottish Microscopical Society ; The South Eastern Naturalist ; The Rochester Naturalist ; Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club; History of the Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club; Reports and Appen- dices from the Meteorological Council; Transactions of the West Kent Natural History Society; Report of the Fernley Meteorological Obser- vatory; Report of the British Association Glasgow Meeting and their Guide to Belfast; Proceedings of the South London Entomological Society; The Field Naturalists’ Quarterly ; Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society; Report of the Commons and Footpaths Pre- servation Society; Memoirs of the Zoological Society of France; Catalogue of the Lloyd Library, Cincinnati; Report and Transactions of the Manchester Microscopical Society; The Missouri Botanical Garden Report; Proceedings of the Homesdale Natural History Club; Catalogue of Works relating to Surrey in the Minet Public Library, Camberwell; Report of the Brighton and Hove Natural History and ee etcal Society; Journal of the City of London College Science ociety. _ From Publishers.—The Barnet Book of Photography; The Bro- mide Monthly; The British Journal of Photography; The Amateur exl Proceedings. Photographer; Photography; The Photographic News; The Magic Lantern Journal; The Photographic Art Journal. The Catalogue of Works relating to Surrey has been sent to the Public Library. Books Deposited at the Central Public Library, Town Hall, Croydon. British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report, 1894-1901. Illustrated, 1894-1902 ... M506 Royal Society of London. Abstracts of the Papers in the Philosophical Transactions, 1800-48; V. 1-4, 1832-48 ; V. 1, 1800-1814; V. 2, 1815- 30 ; V. 3, 1880-387 ; V. 4, 1887-48 ... M506 L. 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Te Cer von. 35 “ YLeyUVT Sursre[Ugy 0} suredeyy «=| O F T Fi Meas 0] tap aces ee Op “+ UreyuBTyT Toy suaTT MON (aie Pee) Bees GC 2 O ous TTA WOTyOeTTOD UT gastedxiy TOF ‘10}BANH Wap. 7 ee 9 % 0 osBp TanesnyY HO soTBISUT roy “OTYO Oat AJaN0N Kg Ns Boge ‘9 8 F ‘Te aoquraoaqd «=| “POS F “G06T "STIOSNOOD ‘PO ‘56 9875 “eoeT ‘Avenue yg ‘wainsva4, ‘ANANMOL “£ “4 poateoet) FO6T pus g06T ‘LNQOOOV GUNNA TVIO8dS xo 03 sv os d eee n uMvap Ajredoad 018 syUN0008 pourmrexe SULABT ‘pausistepun ot} ‘OAL s+ (QDTIBAPR ‘suoljdraosqug qunoooy peredg jo eounyeg OL *T Avenuve “061 zequieydeag BE oes Ayn¢ “cc ose qudy 66 Avenuep ‘puapratd eoueyeg OT, -y Avenuve *G06T ee a PORTFOLIOS. Tue following illustrations are reproductions of subjects which have appeared during the past year in the Society’s Scientific Portfolio, which is circulated to contributing members by Mr. H. D. Gower. 'Puate A.—Calcareous Sandstone from Woolwich Beds, Croydon Cor- poration Sewage Farm, Beddington, by Mr. J. H. Baldock. Taken September 29th, 1900. This band of hard stone occurs about seventeen feet below the surface, and contains many fossils. The specimen of which an illustration is shown is full of Unio shells and casts of same. (See our Proceedings, 1900-1901, Ixx.) PuiaTtE B.—Sand Pipes in Chalk, Chipstead Valley railway cutting, beyond Kingswood Station. Taken at 4.50 p.m., July 30th, 1898, by Mr. J. H. Baldock. Puate C.—Eges of Blackheaded Gull, natural size. Taken October 10th, 1901. Three exposures, 13 min. at f.64, with the apparatus figured. Mr. J. H. Baldock. PuateE D.—Apparatus for photographing eggs and other objects ver- tically, made by Mr. J. H. Baldock. The eggs are lying in sand, or on a little bed of wax on the glass. The same apparatus is also extremely useful for copying maps, engravings, and illustrations or text from a book. (See Brit. Journal Almanac for 1902.) _ Puate E.—Rooks’ nests in elm tree in South End, Croydon. Photo- graphed about 1887. This fine old tree stood at the corner of Laud Street, in the South End of High Street, South Side, opposite the present Grand Theatre, and was taken down about 1895. The rooks built in this tree for a number of years, and it _ was thought a great deal of by the late Mr. Nalder, who preserved the tree as much as possible, by staying it with iron rings and chains to prevent it falling into the street and becoming a source of danger to the public. By Mr. H. D. Gower. Pirate A. PLATE C. PLaTeE D PLATE E ’ re a TRANSACTIONS THE CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 1902-1903. 2.—A Trip to tHe West Inpizs. By James Epps, Jon., F.L.S. (Read December 16th, 1902.) The eventful day arrived, and it appeared as if I should at last have the opportunity of seeing with my own eyes Trinidad, the island"that I had for years looked forward to beholding, of which I had heard so much, and of which I had drawn so many beautiful fairy pictures; and more, it was the island in which our firm was interested, as producing the chief article of its manufacture. The West Indies are not so difficult to reach as one might be led to suppose. Every winter the Royal Mail Steam Packet _ Company now issues sixty days’ excursion tickets to the West Indies, and those who have no special liking for fogs, frost, snow, and cold north-easterly winds will find it a most enjoyable trip. The best time for starting is the end of November, or early in December, for two reasons—first, the weather, as a rule, is not so boisterous as it often is later in the new year; and secondly, the weather in the islands has commenced to get dry and sunny, after their five months of wet season. _ The dry season in Trinidad extends from December until the end of May; about that time the weather breaks; a thunderstorm and slight earthquake are the usual forerunners. The wind during the dry season is constant, varying very little from east in the morning to south-east in the evening. The temperature epends a great-deal on the elevation. It varies, during the dry B 8 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on season, in Port of Spain, from, say, 70° at night to 90° in the daytime: these are extremes. A special train awaits the traveller at Waterloo Station, and in an hour and three quarters he is alongside the ship that is to carry him across the ocean. The afternoon is a busy one; every- body is fresh; the cabins have to be found, the luggage safely stowed away. Crowds of people are rushing about; very few know one another; everything appears in a state of chaos, when the first bell rings to prepare friends for a parting. This is soon followed by the second bell; many think it time to retire and so leave the ship, in order that they may get a prominent place on the quay to be able to shout their last ‘‘good-byes.” At last the third bell rings; this is final, and a general clearance is the result. ‘‘ Any more for shore?” calls the quartermaster. A few minutes’ grace, and all the visitors are off, and the few remaining Dock officers, who have been at work on the ship, are the last to leave. Then the captain calls from the bridge to “let go her headline,” and one is left to say ‘‘ good-bye,” and see as much of their friends as they can, in the few minutes left to them. We glide slowly and quietly down Southampton Water, and in about three hours we are dropping our pilot, just before reaching the Needles, and in half-an-hour more we are on the open sea. All the passengers sit down to dinner (at least the first night), the water being somewhat smoother then than on the following evenings. For the first few days, at this period of the year, the skies are grey, the air cold; very often the weather is wet and often stormy, therefore nothing can be done on deck, and the first few days appear somewhat long. Usually about a dozen gulls follow close behind the ship, watching eagerly for any food that may be thrown overboard. It is most wonderful to see them, in the face of a strong head wind, keeping pace with the ship, without once moving their fully expanded wings. Another little incident which breaks the monotony of the day is to watch the shoals of porpoises (Phocena communis), which will often run for miles alongside the ship, as if endeavouring to race it; at the same time leaping some three to four feet out of the water. Although hand-cameras are at once directed towards them and shutters snapped, I must say that I have not yet come across a satisfactory result. A full- grown porpoise varies considerably in length, say, from six to eight feet. Under the skin of the porpoise is a layer of white fat, which, when heated, is converted into oil of very fine quality. The skin when tanned is converted into a very tough leather. The teeth of a porpoise are closely set, are rather long, sharp, compressed, and multitudinous. There are seldom less than eighty, but in some specimens one hundred. a ee Se + @0:.4ieeee te ae —_— a — 9 “3 a Trip to the West Indies. 9 L j By the time the ship has reached the Azores—which is usually on the Sunday following the day of leaving Southampton _ (Wednesday)—passengers begin to know one another, a sweep- _ stake on the ship’s daily run is started, and the evenings are shortened by music. After leaving the Azores, we get out of the ‘‘ Roaring Forties’; the weather improves, the deck chairs . are brought out, and a ray of hope comes over all on board that the cold, frost, leaden skies, and rough weather have been left _ behind. The weather being good, the ships on this line make - about 340 miles in the twenty-four hours. I see my notes for _ Sunday, Jan. 27th, confirm this—up at 8.15; a most charming, q sunny and warm morning, no wind, and the Azores (St. Mary) _ in sight; this is indeed an ideal morning, one not to be forgotten, - and which will repay the inconvenience of the last two days. In the evening we crossed the French mail for Martinique; this was the first vessel we had seen. The next object we saw was a blackfish, about twenty-five to thirty feet long. I understand it is a species of Grampus. On the Wednesday, or just a week after leaving Southampton, we saw the first flying-fish (Eaocetus volitans); we also amused ourselves by fishing up the Gulf or ‘‘ Sargasso”’ weed, which floats in golden-yellow patches on the surface of the water. The next day (Thursday) we entered the Tropic of Cancer about nine o’clock in the evening. The sea is now so calm that sports can be indulged in, such as egg-and-spoon race, potato race, marking the pie’s eye, slinging the monkey, &c. It is very beautiful, ploughing along on a waveless sea on a very warm evening. On Friday we had a very enjoyable concert on deck. When you get into the trade winds, it is strange what cloud- formations you get. There are seldom clouds in the sky above you; but low down, all round the horizon, you have masses of white puffy clouds, as I have tried to show in the sketch; these appear to remain there and never blow up; in the evening these are beautifully coloured. Shoals of flying-fish are now con- _stantly rising from the bows of the ship; they look very like large dragonflies; they fly at about six inches above the surface of the water ; they sometimes fly about a hundred feet or so, and then suddenly drop into the water with a slight splash. I think they use their tails either to keep the head out of the water, or as a means of steering the body, as it can be seen to be kept bent down, and will often skim along the surface. _ We were very much struck by the deep indigo blue colour of _ the ocean. _ ‘The sunsets are wonderfully grand, more especially the after- glows, when the sun has disappeared below the horizon. On the western horizon it is yellow; as we raise our eyes upwards it changes by innumerable shades of orange to blue, then plum- B2 10 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on colour, and in the east a grey tinged as if with a bloom of purple. These tints change very rapidly, and one must see them to appreciate them; no tongue can describe them, and no artist can record or reproduce them. We arrived at Bridgetown, Barbadoes, on Sunday, at 3.30 p.m. After seeing little but water for twelve days, it is very pleasing to see land once again, and everyone is anxious to get ashore. The loud sharp report of the signal-gun is heard from the bridge, signifying that the good ship has dropped her anchor. The English ensign is flying from her mast, and likewise the yellow flag. Crowds of boats are waiting to come alongside, but the police boat is there and keeps them back until the ship’s doctor has passed his papers over to the Barbadoes medical officer. The medical officer having looked them over, and it being a clean bill, passes the ship, and the yellow flag is then lowered, and the boats are allowed to come alongside, and cater for passengers. Attention is first given to the diving boys; these come alongside in small canoes, or more correctly old wooden packing cases, each canoe carrying two negro boys. On coins being thrown into the water they are eagerly contested for by the occupants. Very good divers these boys are, and they never let a coin slip out of their sight. These lads for a shilling will dive down from one side of the ship, go underneath, and come up on the other side, the ship often drawing 20 to 24 feet of water. These boys wear only a piece of white linen round their loins, and as they go under the water the white linen appears to change to a beautiful blue. By this time the turmoil of tongues has commenced, and each occupant of the small boats is shouting to the passengers on the ship something after this style :—-‘‘ Don’t forget the ‘Firefly,’ sir!’’ ‘**Sunbeam,’ sir?’’ ‘‘ You can’t take us all!’ “I’m first, sir!”’ ‘First come, first served, sir!’’ ‘‘ Don’t forget ‘No. 47,’ ‘47,’ sir!’”? The cranes on the ship are now at work, and all is noise and excitement. We are lying about one mile from Bridgetown. The shore and town from the ship look charming, and the surrounding trees and fields are as green and fresh as in June in England. I have never felt greater delight than on looking at this picture. What a wonderful change in twelve-days, from the dark, damp, cold, foggy, sunless climate of London! Everything on shore looks as if it had been washed, and then arranged for effect. On the Monday morning we went ashore: the masses of black people busily moving about the bright streets, all looking remarkably happy and healthy, laughing and chattering, were to me, for the first time, thrilling. We first stopped at the ice house, a house well known and a a Trip to the West Indies. 11 _ visited by travellers from all parts. We had lime squashes. What a delightful drink it is! how different from the stuff sold as lime- juice at home! Up in the shady verandah overlooking the busy _ street we found it beautifully cool, and we could sit there and see the life in the streets below. Girls and women carrying about _ baskets of fruit, bananas, oranges, &c. Large casks of sugar and molasses on narrow trolleys being drawn by six mules or _ oxen through the narrow streets ; men and women of all nation- _ alities, all busy selling and buying. After walking through the chief streets, which are narrow and badly paved, we take tram- ear to Hastings, a suburb about four miles out. Here is the _ Marine Hotel, which is a favourite meeting-place for all travellers. _ For the present I will leave Barbadoes, and say that we in the afternoon went aboard the intercolonial steamer the ‘Solent,’ which was lying near the ‘Trent’ (the ship that brought us), and about six o’clock steamed off for St. Vincent. I might mention it is a pretty sight to see all the intercolonial boats starting off in the evening. The ‘Trent’ started off first for Jamaica, then the ‘Hden’ for Demerara, the ‘Esk’ for the northern islands, and the ‘Solent’ for Trinidad. Each boat ‘ fires coloured rockets on starting. At six o'clock the following morning we arrived and anchored - about half-a-mile from Kingstown the chief town of St. Vincent. Saw a booby or fishing bird (the Sula Sula). The harbour police officer says that they are easily tamed, that the boys catch them with small hooks baited with pieces of meat, and when they have been tamed they will fly out to the bay, feed “themselves, and then return home. The scenery around the town is very fine and mountainous, with some very sharp peaks. It is a pretty town from the sea and is fairly clean. As we walked through the charming Botanical Gardens, which lie about ‘one mile inland from the town, we little expected to hear only a few weeks after of the awful volcanic disaster, which was not only to lay in ruins the northern part of the island, but which caused a layer of two feet of lava over all this beautiful vegetation. _ The Botanical Gardens, with the bay in the distance, are very beautiful. On leaving the gardens we went to the Montrose Arrowroot Estate, and by the kindness of the proprietor saw the process of arrowroot growing, washing, drying and packing for shipment. ‘The arrowroot is the starch obtained from the under- ground stem of the Maranta. The stems are put into a revolving drum with water, which washes away the earthy matter. It is then taken out and pressed against a revolving rasp; it is there torn to pieces, and falls into a large vat after passing through a “sieve which removes the fibre (which is used for food for the pigs, or manure); the milky liquid is allowed to settle and the ‘water drawn off. The settlement or starch is then again stirred 12 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on with fresh water and again strained. It is afterwards run into an extensive shallow tray, where the arrowroot quickly settles, and the water drains away. It is then collected and put on trays in a large airy shed. When dry the trays are taken down from the racks and the arrowroot is rammed into barrels with a hand pestle, which is the only means taken to bring it into a powdered state. Some of the rhizomes which I brought with me are now growing freely at Norwood. The chief industries of St. Vincent are arrowroot and sugar. It was at a small cottage here that I became possessed of a Carib stone implement. On leaving St. Vincent we passed a string of small islands, all of volcanic origin; these run very much north to south, and so make a fine breakwater to the Atlantic waves which are rolling in with the trade wind from the east. It is therefore so calm that one might imagine that they were taking a trip on a fine sunny day round the Isle of Wight. The front part of the deck is filled with negro families; they have no cabins or hammocks, but mass themselves together and sleep on deck—men, women and children. These poor people bring with them what pro- visions they want, consisting chiefly of a very light character, principally fruit. We now arrived off St. George, the chief town of Grenada; from the ship I think it is the finest piece of coast I have ever seen; the mountains are very richly covered with forest trees, and the small natural harbour is picturesque in the extreme. On a steep projecting arm of land on the left of the natural harbour is the fort; this arm of the land divides the town proper from the harbour, and communication is now carried on by a tunnel cut through the base of this rocky arm. About one mile from St. George are the Botanical Gardens, a prettily laid out and well-kept garden. There is a very fine double row of cabbage palms leading up-hill from the entrance, at the end of which there is a beautiful ‘traveller’s tree.’ The garden con- tains some very fine specimen palms, orchids, and economic and medicinal plants. I was pleased to find them all labelled, which is a great assistance. The gardens can be reached by road or by boat; the latter will take you across the harbour and land you within a few feet of the entrance. The landing stage is situated in a small mangrove swamp; it is very in- teresting to see the twisted and net-like masses of roots, and one can soon understand how these collect the floating vegetable matter and turn it into a decomposing mass of matter which is the chief cause of malarial fever. These roots are often covered with masses of small oysters, which are fairly palatable and are served as hors d’wuvre. Mr, Broadway, the curator, who kindly took us round the i - a Trip to the West Indies. 13 gardens, was showing me a species of thrip which is appearing on the cacao-pods, not only in the gardens but in several of the Grenada plantations; it is also attacking the leaves of other plants. He is anxious that it should be investigated; it certainly disfigures the pods. He looks upon the cacao trees here as a cross between the Calabacillo and Forastero varieties. The chief industries of this island are cacao, sugar, and nut- megs. The cacao trees in the old plantations bear a yellow fruit, and you do not get the beautiful varieties of colour and shape of pod that you do in Trinidad. The cacao in this island is also grown differently to what it is in Trinidad; here they do not shade their trees by the ‘‘ madre de cacao,” the Saman, or other large shade trees. The consequence is their trees are very dwarfed, as the top young wood and leaves are very much checked or naturally pruned by the burning rays of the sun. The island within the last ten years has made vast strides in respect to the curing of the cacao, and in price it runs Trinidad cacao very close. We were very much interested by seeing within a mile or so of the town one of the last of the old sugar mills, consisting of three vertical rollers slowly turned by two pairs of donkeys, the rollers being fed by hand. This was extremely primitive, but on the same piece of ground stood a still older sugar-mill, once turned by sails, very much resembling an English windmill. The master first drew my attention to the old mill, saying that it was found unsatisfactory, so was allowed to fall into decay. He then showed us six large sugar-pans in which the juice (pressed out by the rollers) was boiled down to the necessary density, after which it was put into wooden trays to crystallize. He showed us some finished sugar. Having a friend at Grenville, a town on the east coast, whom we wished to visit, we arranged with the hotel proprietor to have his buggy to drive to a rest- house at the summit of the Grand Etang, which also belonged to him. This mountain (the Grand Ktang), which is 1,800 feet above sea-level, is about the centre of the island. It is reached from $t. George by a good metal road, and makes a hard piece of collar work for the horse. A grand sight it is as you gradually ascend, passing through (principally) cacao and nutmeg estates until you reach an elevation of about 1200 feet, when you dive into the virgin forest. The virgin forest is crown land, and is _ kept in that condition to encourage the rain; it certainly seems to have that effect. At the summit is the lake, which covers an area of about twenty-five acres; this is clearly seen, by the formation, to be the mouth of an extinct voleano. The land round the lake, which is almost circular, rises some hundred feet. On reaching the rest-house we had the pleasure of walking into the virgin forest, with which we were indeed charmed. Tree- } : 14 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on ferns thirty feet high grow luxuriantly. Here also is the bird’s- nest fern, which is attached to the roots and branches of the trees often twenty or thirty feet above the ground. The climbers up the giants of the forest are grand, and the festoons of roots hanging from the branches of these giants are most wonderful. The ‘traveller's ladder’? is one of the most conspicuous, also the “‘traveller’s water-bottle.’”’ One foot of this, if cut with a cutlass quickly, first at the top and then below, will yield about eight ounces of pure water. If cut slowly, and the second cut be above the first, the water is not found, as it is drawn upwards by capillary attraction. The temperature at the summit of the Grand Etang was only 70° Fahr. I was asked by some black women (who were busily bringing stones out of the forest for road repairing) whether I wanted a white flower. Of course I said ‘* Yes, I should like to see it,’ and in a few minutes I heard them cutting away with their cutlasses, and a little later an awful crash as of a big tree falling, and they soon appeared bringing two large blossoms of the palmiste or ‘‘gru-gru”’ palm, which they presented to me. As these weighed some ten or twelve pounds, they were somewhat of a ‘white elephant,” although very beautiful. I got them back to the rest-house, where I photographed them. The expanded flower-head is very like a piece of white coral. Humming-birds are very plentiful here, and we were much interested in watching one within a foot or so of us, collecting cobwebs from the house with which to cover the outside of its nest. We also heard some monkeys barking, and later in the day had the pleasure of watching a troop of a dozen or more feeding and playing in the trees not more than forty feet away from us, I understand they are sometimes shot and eaten. We found on that day in the forest an orchid, the passion flower, fuchsia, and begonia; also several small birds’ nests, one more especially interesting, viz. the weaver-bird’s nest. We had the good fortune to be at the Grand Etang when the moon was full, and the night was indeed enchanting. The following day we continued our journey to Grenville, another seven miles, passing through miles of cacao estates, and returned to the Grand Etang the same evening. I will sum up Grenada as follows:—A British colony, dis- covered by Columbus on August 15th, 1498. It lies ninety miles north of Trinidad, sixty-eight miles south-south-west of St. Vincent, and about one hundred south-west of Barbadoes. It is twenty-four miles long and about twelve miles broad, and contains about a hundred and twenty square miles. The highest elevations are Mount St. Catherine 2749 feet, Mount Surai 2300 feet, and the mountain over the Grand Etang 2014 feet. The island is a very beautiful one, and is well watered by streams in almost all directions. The island is of volcanic origin, and & nets 8 tee —————— ®t AD mre a Trip to the West Indies, 15 the last two active portions appear to be Mount St. Catherine and the Grand Etang. The valleys are principally cut in beds of volcanic conglomerate, tufa, and ashes. The chief town is St. George, with a population in 1891 of 4919. The population of Grenada in 1901 was 63,488. The prosperity of the island depends entirely on its agriculture. Sugar is still grown, but is not of a high class, and is consumed by the peasantry. Rum is distilled and is also consumed locally. The chief produce is now cacao, and it is this crop that has been the salvation of the island. Nutmegs are also largely grown and exported. Most tropical fruits are grown here. Ground provisions are numerous, including yams, plantains, tannias, sweet potatoes, koosh-koosh, -ochroes, maize, bread-fruit, &c. The climate is mild and salubrious, and on the higher lands fresh and invigorating. The highest temperature is 90 degrees in the valleys, and about seven degrees lower on the hills. The island is outside the storm zone and hurricanes are unknown, and gales occur very seldom. Thunderstorms are rare, and an earthquake usually occurs at the breaking up of the dry weather—about June, The flora and fauna of the island are fairly rich, numbering about 39 fruits, 19 vegetables, and about 124 trees and shrubs of medicinal or economic value, 94 birds, 9 mammals, 15 reptiles, 6 shellfish, 20 sea fish and 10 freshwater fish. We left Grenada about seven o’clock and retired early, as we had to be on.deck early next morning. Up at 5.80; day just breaking; almost above us a glorious and bright star (Sirius), also the Southern Cross. The day breaks very quickly here; in half-an-hour it is bright and the sun brilliant. Trinidad was lying on our port bow, with the mainland in the distance; on our starboard and ahead of us were the Bocas; after passing these it is about ten miles to Port of Spain. Saw the new light- house; it has only been erected about eighteen months. The sky at sunrise and sunset is very beautiful, the sky opposite the sun being of a most beautiful purple, which quickly changes its tints. A sunrise over the island of Trinidad is a sight not be missed. The sun has just risen, but it is for the moment behind a mass of cloud, and is throwing out most beautiful rays of light, illumi- _ nating all the clouds in the heavens with various shades of colour. Immediately on passing through the Bocas we struck the swift yellow water flowing from the Orinoco into the Atlantic, and from a choppy sea we were launched into water without a ripple on its surface, and we glided rapidly forward. The water here is of a yellowish colour, and is absolutely swarming with yellow jelly-fish looking very like half lemons. We passed the convict prison, situated on a small island about a mile from shore. _ Onur first officer told us that the waters here swarm with sharks; _ he has seen twenty at once fighting over the carcase of an ox. 16 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on The ship came to anchor about two miles off the port, as the water here is very shallow. The excitement now commences in finding one’s luggage, and, when found, in the difficulty of getting it into a small boat. Then a row to shore, and the clearing the luggage at the Custom House, then finding a buggy to take one to the hotel, which is situated about a mile and a half from the quay. We at last arrived at the Queen’s Park Hotel, and enjoyed our breakfast in peace and quietness. The hotel is a most comfortable one, and is beautifully situated, facing the Savanna. It isa perfect paradise. The large tree growing in front is the Pithecolobium Berterianum. The streets are lit with electric light and are fairly clean, but badly paved. They at present have no underground sewage system. ‘The streets are picturesque, and the traveller is struck by the large number of black vultures, called the ‘‘corbeaux,’’ which are protected by law, as they are considered most useful scavengers, and eat up at once any dead animals or flesh which may be lying about, which in a hot country would soon become offensive. My manager was waiting for us with the buggy, and we were soon enjoying the quiet and beauty of our own cacao estate. On leaving the hotel one has to pass through a coolie village. The coolies usually prefer their own company and live apart from the negroes, also they usually choose to live on a main road. The sights to be seen when passing through the village are most interesting. The coolie children are very pretty, also the young girls and women. ‘The women and children are always heavily decorated with silver ornaments; the flesh of the arms of the women sometimes can hardly be seen, being so covered with silver bracelets ; anklets are also worn, necklaces and usually a nose ring, which is a great disfigurement. They walk most beautifully erect from childhood to old age, and one never sees an old woman doubled by age; this is partly due to a natural and wise way of dressing, also to the habit of carrying everything on their heads. It is markedly noticeable that when carrying loads on the head no balancing of the load is done with the neck, but from the hips. The skin of the coolie is a ight bronze, and the hair is dark and long. The coolie huts run along both sides of the road; they are mostly built of wood, some perhaps with a corrugated iron roof ; they are not picturesque, neither are they kept in spick and span neatness. The coolies usually work on the land; a few get a living at fruit and vegetable selling, others by selling foodstuffs, and others as jewellers. The number of jewellers is large; the jeweller usually occupies a small wooden hut, in front of which may be seen one or two coolies hammering out a bar of silver, and perhaps at their side a small show-case holding from one to two dozen bracelets or anklets. In front of other huts we see dis- played corn and meals for sale; in others fruits and vegetables, a Trip to the West Indies. 17 including sugar-cane, As a good water supply is laid on, and pumps are found at regular intervals, one often sees an affectionate father or mother tubbing his or her young offspring. The coolie women are given to smoking, and it is a common sight to see the materfamilias squatting down enjoying the fragrant weed. After a little we left the coolie village, and passed through another village called Cocoarite; this is the terminus of the tram lines. We then arrived at the entrance to two valleys, one leading to Diego Martin and the Blue Basin, the other to Petite Vallée. We took the road to Petite Vallée. We then passed through several small cocoa estates, every now and then passing the owners’ houses, beautifully surrounded with palms and flowers. Every time I turned my head I had something new to ‘see. A few things I might mention: the frangipani (Plumieria), of which there are two varieties, the white and the pink; the beautiful Hibiscus, of which there are many varieties; the cotton (Gossypium Barbadensis), with its large mallow-shaped flowers, covered at the same time with bursting fruits, showing the cotton attached to the seeds within; the crotons with their wonderful variety of variegated leaves of the richest colours; the sorrel (Hibiscus subdariffa), the fruit of which is used for making _ preserves and for making sorrel wine, a very pleasant drink. _ Then we were struck by some grand trees covered with an intense _ scarlet blossom ; these trees at this season of the year lose their leaves, and are decked with this blossom. These are the beloved trees of the Trinidadian, and ones they are justly proud of; they are the ‘‘madre de cacao,’’ or mother-of-the-cocoa (Hrythrina _umbrosa). They are used by the cacao-planter to shade his cacao trees from the burning influence of the sun’s rays. The tree is also supposed to supply nitrogen to the soil, chiefly by its leaves and blossoms, and the cacao certainly appears to thrive wonderfully under its protection. There is also another variety, which is evergreen, and is used in damp lowlands for shade, namely, the Hrythrina velutina, or bocare ; also a variety which takes a bush form, the flowers of which are of a dull yellow. This _ is the the tree the negroes call the “‘jumbie”’; it is the Hrythrina corallodendron. The seeds are very pretty, being very hard and of a bright scarlet colour, with a decided black spot. Then we have the bright yellow flowers of the poui (Tecoma spectabilis). This is a most useful timber, the wood being exceedingly hard; it is about the only wood that will stand tropical weather. It is ‘used chiefly for posts, telegraph-poles, and timbers in exposed ‘places. The balata, or bullet-wood (Mimusops Balata), though _ yery hard is easily worked, and is a very useful wood ; it is used for house-frames, fence-posts and wheel-spokes ; the tree gives a _ deliciously sweet fruit, and also yields a valuable gum. Then _ we have another very large tree, sometimes used for shade, viz. 18 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on the sand-box (Hura crepitans); this is commonly called the artillery tree, because its fruit, if kept in a dry place (or some- times when on the tree), bursts with a loud report, shedding its seeds in all directions. I had one-explode in my bedroom one night, which somewhat surprised me, and it was only in the morning that I found out what the noise was, by finding the seeds in all parts of the room. It takes its name of sand-box from the use the fruits were put to, years ago, before blotting paper was used. The fruits were filled with fine sand, and from the slits in the fruit the sand was shaken over the wet ink, when writing, to dry it, in the same way that we even now occasionally see a nurseryman do. Then we have an interesting and delicious fruit, i.e. the Papaw (Carica Papaya). The male and female plants grow separately. The tree is not a branched one, and the fruits are arranged up the main stem in the axils of the leaves. I have had fruits of over a pound in weight. Then we have the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans); this, like the papaw, has separated male and female trees, which necessarily makes it very difficult for the planter to form an estate, as he must wait until the trees blossom before being sure whether he is putting in a male or female tree. The fruits very much resemble a nectarine, and when ripe divide into two portions; the kernel is then seen inside covered by a scarlet network, which constitutes mace. When a nutmeg plantation is once formed the trees give the most profitable crop of all fruits. Then we have two more interesting trees, very much alike—the bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa) and the bread-nut tree (Brosimum alicastrum) ; both yield fruits which are cooked and used as food. After a memorable drive of six miles we arrived at Les Fontaines estate (the small estate which I own). I could hardly believe I was there in the flesh, after looking at the photos at home so many times; I found it difficult to realize that I was at last in that beautiful spot. Just in front of the entrance to the estate is a fine clump of bamboos (Bambusa vulgaris) ; these clumps in the north of the island are common, but are very grand; at a little distance they resemble a flight of rockets at a firework display; a single stem will often measure six inches in diameter; they are one of the most useful tropical plants. Standing in front of the house is the Malacca apple; the tree being in blossom at the time, it brought a lot of hamming ~ birds to it. The orange trees were laden with fruit of a very fine quality. We then took a walk into the cacao plantation. One might imagine oneself in fairyland ; all the trunks and the thick stems of the cacao trees look as if covered with fairy lanterns. They are the fruits of the tree; some are green, some yellow, some a rich reddish chocolate, and some bronze. The gathering of the crop had commenced, and we presently came across a P=, a Trip to the West Indies. 19 number of men with their cutlasses, standing round a large pile of cacao pods which had been collected and were being opened, in order that the seeds might be removed and taken at once to the fermenting house. Other men have bamboo poles. with hooks on the end for dislodging the pods from the trees. Under the shade of the cacao and larger shade trees it is beautifully cool, and work can be carried on without inconvenience all day. To prove this, the hands, on leaving off at five o’clock, make for the Savannah and go through with their cricket practice. It was a beautifully cool and pleasant drive back to the town in the evening, the sun setting at 6.30 p.m. The shades of night fall quickly there ; at seven it is almost dark, and then one sees the fireflies and the nocturnal moths begin their wanderings, also the bats. The vampire bat is the one dreaded; this bat will bite and then draw the blood of human beings if given an oppor- tunity, and stables have to be carefully covered with wire netting in order to keep them out. If the owner cannot afford netting, a light is kept burning, which also has the desired effect. The hotel faces the Savannah. The Savannah is a piece of open land consisting of about eighty acres; on it are held the races; football matches and golf are also played on it; it is also used for cows, it is open public land. Some fine trees are found upon it—the cannon-ball tree (Couwroupita guianensis), which stands about sixty to eighty feet high; the trunk rising for about fifty - feet without a fork, then spreading out into a head not unlike an elm. The whole length of the unbranched stem is covered with short prickly pendant branchlets, about five feet long; these carry the crimson flowers, roughly resembling a single hollyhock, which afterwards produce the fruits, which very much resemble a cannon-ball, weighing about ten pounds. Hundreds of these fruits can be seen hanging on the trunk of a single tree at one time. The flowers and fruits appear at the same time. The fruit is perfectly round, and is of a light brown colour on the Outside ; it is very solid and hard. I know of no use its fruits are put to. A specimen tree of the hog-plum grows next to the cannon-ball tree (Spondias purpurea); it is about eighty to ninety feet high; a jelly is made of the fruit. On the Savannah are six fine cabbage-palms (Oreodowxa oleracea) ; these are called the “Six Sisters.” Another wonderful tree (and one Mr. Hart, the Curator of the Botanic Gardens, is testing, and speaks highly of 3a shade tree for cacao) is the Saman (Pithecolobium Saman) ; it is not a tall grower, but has wonderfully spreading habits. Phe height would not be more than thirty feet, but its boughs ould, if not interfered with, produce a circle with a diameter about eighty to hundred feet. On the north of the Savannah the Governor’s house, part of the grounds forming the otanical Gardens. Some fine specimens of palms and economic 20 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on plants are found here, and the grounds are prettily laid out, but I regret to say the Curator does not pay sufficient attention to the most important point of keeping the trees named. I will now refer to a few specimen palms—the traveller’s tree (Ravenala Madagascariensis) is another very graceful and striking plant. It is so named because at the base of each petiole there is stored at least half a pint of pure water. This can easily be tested by a slight puncture, when the water runs freely from the wound, and may be safely drunk. Another most useful palm may be mentioned, the Cocos nucifera; this I think is one of the most beautiful of the palm family; it flourishes best, it is said, near the sea-coast ; this is not altogether correct, as I have seen it flourish and produce fruits in large quantities many miles inland. At the entrance to the Caroni-farm cacao estate is an avenue of the coco-nut palm. The albumen contains a large percentage of oil, which is largely used for cooking purposes. The water, or milk as it is called in this country, contained in the immature fruit, is largely drunk, and is a very refreshing drink ; boys and men can often be seen with donkey-carts filled with the fruits, and for five cents the boy takes his cutlass, trims off the husk, and cuts a small lid off the top of the nut, and one has at least a pint of the purest of drinks. To see the virgin forest one must now go some little distance; — it is slowly but certainly disappearing. Any energetic young man, who does not object to work for a little, can get a grant of crown lands for a nominal sum, and having got it he has at once to clean down the forest; this is no easy task. Any valuable timber trees are first cut down and removed; then the remaining ~ bush is chopped down and burnt. The ashes and virgin soil © make a most fertile soil for the young cacao trees. To dive into — the virgin forest has a most wonderful charm. One is first — struck by the absolute stillness of the air; not a movement, not a sound, except perhaps some noisy parroquet may start scream- — ing, or one hears the mournful sound of the mountain dove; — then to see the giants of the forest, reaching up to a hundred and — fifty feet, with their boughs chained together by the climbing and aerial plants ; these send their roots down in most fantastic shapes. One very noticeable climber is the ‘‘Scotchman’’; this” will start growing close to one of our fine forest giants, and after a little it will tie and bind its stem so closely round the trunk of our giant that it ultimately kills it and takes its place. The aerial roots and stems thus hanging from the higher trees very much resemble the rigging of a ship. Birds and animals are few in the forest. It is here that we find, climbing up the trunks of the trees, the vanilla plant, the pods of which when dried are used for flavouring. ; —_ a Trip to the West Indies, 21 Another place of interest in Trinidad is the Pitch Lake; this is reached by boat from Port of Spain to La Brea in about four hours. La Brea is the most miserable, God-forsaken place I was ever in. Pitch everywhere. The shanties or houses are all made of timber, and are constantly having to be raised on fresh logs of wood, or they would in a short time disappear below the surface. Only the men and managers of the Pitch Lake live here, and a few store-keepers. It is most dreadfully dusty, and when one perspires (as it is quite easy to do) it leaves an un- pleasant deposit on the skin. The new Trinidad Asphalt Company works the Pitch Lake, and the pitch is sent to all parts of the world. Other persons having land adjacent also work the asphalt, which is constantly flowing from the lake to the sea. As fast as an excavation is made, soit fills up. These private holders of plots of land are looked upon by the Company as poachers, and the Company has done its best to buy them out, or to stop them by legal entanglements. The lake is about half a mile from the sea; in parts it is very soft, and any one standing on one spot long would sink in up to his knees in a very short time ; it is very strange that the asphalt does not stick to the boots, and on drawing one’s foot out it soons rises and finds its _ level. The surface of the lake is broken up by lagoons, or small water-ponds; the pitch has a strong smell of sulphuretted _ hydrogen. The direct rays of the sun being absorbed makes it _ very hot to the feet. When the pitch is dug out, it is sent down in buckets, suspended on a revolving steel cable, which carries it to the end of the pier where the ships lie alongside, and it is _ pitched into the holds. Lach trolley is weighed before being gripped on to the steel cable. We also saw them refining the _ pitch ; it is done by putting the blocks of pitch into large pans under which is kept a large wood fire. When soft it is well _ stirred, and the scum or impurities are removed, and the moisture in it is driven off; it is then ladled out into the wooden barrels, where it becomes hard, and is shipped in this form. I am told they can ship seventy-five tons of pitch per hour. The pier or _ jetty is about 1700 feet long, and the Company has its offices situated there ; the officers of the Company also live there. La _ Brea is one of the worst fever-traps in the island. _ Two other sights I think I should mention, which should be ‘seen by the visitor ; they are the Blue Basin and the Maraccas Falls. The Blue Basin is on the north of the island, at the end of the Diego Martin Valley. It is a natural pool of water on a rock foundation, and surrounded on all but one side by precipitous rocks, over one of which a fine fall of water shoots into the basin below. The hilly steep ranges, which lie behind the rocks are all covered with thick tropical growth. The scenery all round 8 very fine. The Maraccas Falls are even finer than the Blue 22 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on Basin; they lie about fourteen miles from Port of Spain. To reach them one must drive or take train to St. Joseph (this was once the capital of Trinidad), and then proceed up the Maraccas Valley. This is, I think, the most charming spot in Trinidad. The river, which flows down the valley, is a very winding one, and the visitor has to wade through this at least seven times before reaching its source. The land in the valley is very undulating, and most grandly clad, and after a drive of seven or eight miles through this paradise we arrive at the falls. The water falls over a perfectly vertical cliff, at least three hundred feet high. I timed the fall of the water; it took about sixteen seconds for the water to reach the ground from the summit. The water strikes a projecting ledge about half-way down, and the breeze carries a lot of the water away in the form of spray. Just before reaching the falls you pass through a bit of real virgin forest. It was here that we noticed more especially one parasitic plant, which had sent its roots round and round another tree as if it had taken it prisoner, and had bound it with ropes to prevent its escape. The root went round the tree at least thirty times. The aerial roots hanging down from the cliff by the waterfall must have been at least fifty or sixty feet long. Trinidad in the past was a great sugar-producing island, and although it continues to put out a fair quantity it wisely took to cacao cultivation ; that and the Pitch Lake have made it one of the most prosperous of our West Indian islands. Sugar, they declare, does not pay, and a few only are hanging to it in the hope that the British Government will eventually put a duty on bounty-fed beet-sugar. I must allow I think it only right that the continental beet-sugars should be taxed up to the amount of the bounty allowed, which would put our West-Indian planters and the continental beet-growers on similar ground. I must say, however, that I was very much surprised to find that, although there is so much grumbling on the part of the West-Indian planter, he has not got his own island to support him in boy- cotting the beet-sugar, and I found it quite a common thing for the West-Indians whom I visited in the islands to be using beet- sugar. The climate of Trinidad is warm and humid, and is perfectly healthy, if a few precautions are taken: first, to keep clear of swampy ground, more especially at night-time; second, not to be tempted to sleep out of doors; third, to wear flannel next the skin; fourth, strict temperance. This last precaution is, I fear, often forgotten, and the foolish man or woman who breaks the rule pays dearly for sodoing. I believe the West-Indians them- selves would be far less liable to attacks of fever and other illnesses if they would give up cocktails, swivells, and wines. The soil of Trinidad, as a whole, is rich and fertile. Fruits ee ee a Trip to the West Indies. 23 are numerous ; the principal being bananas, sapodilla, mangoes, avocado pears, bread-fruit, shaddock, guava, hog-plum, oranges, custard apples, malacca apples, melons, sour-sop, pineapples, belle apples, and star apples. Vegetables are also plentiful, being: pigeon peas, sweet potatoes, christophenes, papaw, plantains, tannias, cassava, cush-cush, tomatoes, Indian corn, ochroes, yams, pumpkins, &c. The animals are few, and only one of any size, the lappe, agouti, squirrel, porcupine, monkeys, deer, matapurio, tiger-cat, armadillo, mangrove dog, little ant- eater, opossum, wood-dog, bat. The birds are numerous, the most common being the ‘*Qu’est ce qui dit” (‘who says”). This I think is the most common bird in the islands, and its note is heard continuously all day long. Then we have the corbeau, or black vulture, the most miserable-looking bird ever created. There are two varieties— those that inhabit the towns, and sit perched on the roofs of the houses and telegraph-poles, and when hungry hunt about the Streets after any filth they may find; and the variety that lives in the fields away from the town ; they are wonderful flyers, and wherever a dead animal is a flock of these corbeaux will soon be hovering round. Then we have the campanero or bell-bird, so called from the metallic tone of its call, somewhat resembling a bell ; this bird is found only in the high woods. Then we have the mountain dove, with its most dismal cry, like a person in pain. Then we have no less than eighteen varieties of humming bird; the tick-bird, which is black, and somewhat resembles our blackbird, but is thicker made; this may always be found where cattle are feeding, and will follow closely in their footsteps, seeking the worms go disturbed. Then we have the washerwoman (a small black bird with a white head), the goat- sucker, the lucan, the flamingo, the stork, the ramier, the snipe, the plover, the quail, the parrot, the ortolan, the merle, the cormorant, the scissor or frigate-bird, the acravat or ringed- neck, the rosignal or God’s-bird, the grass-bird, the Colorado or cardinal-bird, and the Picoplat or silver-beak, and many others. The reptiles include some eighty species, among which are Sea-turtles, land tortoises, freshwater turtles, frogs, lizards, and snakes. We have only four deadly snakes, and these are found only in uncultivated parts of the island; the rest may be looked upon as harmless. Two varieties are, however, dangerous in their coil, viz. the boa constrictor, which I have seen up to twelve feet long, and the honillia or water-boa up to twenty feet. The deadly snakes are two, Mapipire zanana and Mapipire balsin, and two species of coral snake. Another harmless and rather common snake igs the whip-snake, taking its name from its resemblance to the thong of a whip; it is about a yard in length. Cc 24 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on The fish round the coast are plentiful, and the chief ones are the grouper, the king-fish or tasard, the Spanish mackerel or carite, the baracuta or becune, the pike or brochet, the carrangue or covali, the lebranche, the mullet, coulirou, and the pagre. The freshwater fish are few; they are the guabin and yarro, and the cascaradura, a mud-fish found in ponds of the Caroni. The poisonous fish not fit for food are the shark, ray, baracuta, and vingt-quatre-heure ; not even the corbeau will eat it. The shell- fish are the crab, crab-manicou and mountain-crab, crayfish, shrimp, lobster, and oyster. The island swarms with insects; the most common are the ants, of which there are several varieties ; the most dreaded is the parasol-ant, which works havoc in the plantations, and both time and money are spent in destroying it. This is usually done, in the wet season, by digging a trench round the nest, and then fillmg up with water and puddling the holes. It is most surpris- ing to see the paths made by these ants for yards away from their nests; also it is amusing to see thousands busily carrying large pieces of leaf to their nests, looking exactly as if covered with a green parasol. Then we have the brown ant, which builds its nest up in the trees; this is not a destructive ant, but a common one, and its nests up in the trees are often met with; some weighing twenty to thirty pounds. Then we have a very small brown variety, which, owing to its eccentric motions, is called the crazy ant; these will sting. Then we have the mosquito, which will also sting, and is a great pest at certain seasons of the year. Then we have the béte rouge, a small microscopic insect, which will attack the legs if you have been travelling through long dry grass, causing the skin to itch intensely. A little liquid ammonia is about the best antidote. Then we have the cricket, ‘Jack Spaniard”’ (several varieties), which is a species of hornet; sandflies, centipedes, scorpions, &c., and a fine variety of butterflies. All things come to an end, and at last the day for our departure arrived, and it was with great regret that we had to leave this beautiful warm and sunny island for home. On the second day after leaving we arrived at Barbadoes, where we determined to stop for a week before going on to Jamaica. A few days after our arriva] in Barbadoes small-pox broke out, and we were much disappointed to find that the Royal Mail Company would not book us to Jamaica, as the other islands had quarantined all ships coming from Barbadoes, so we left Barbadoes by the next mail for England. The island of Barbadoes is in a sad state. They have depended entirely on their sugar industry, and now many of the estates have been abandoned, and there is little work for the large population, and a crisis has to be faced. The island is of coral pile a Trip to the West Indies. 25 formation and comparatively flat, and is very bare of vegetation. Sugar is the only industry. The island is one of the most healthy of the West Indian group; the air is dry and salubrious. For the visitor I would recommend Bashuba, a small seaside resort, on the east coast facing the Atlantic. The coast is very wild and rocky, chiefly of petrified coral. The island, though so healthy, lacks the beautiful tropical verdure and the thousands of beauties which the other islands can boast of, and therefore after a short time becomes monotonous; so after a week we again went on board, homeward bound. The ship had its full com- plement of passengers, and twelve very pleasant days were spent on board. So, with one or two views showing the treasures that had been collected by the passengers, I will conclude by simply advising all those persons who wish to escape the miserable English winter, and are interested in the beauties of tropical life, to take a trip to the West-Indian Islands, which I am sure they will never forget. Time, of course, prevents me from dealing with many things I should like to have noticed, but I have endeavoured to give just an outline of the most important incidents ; and although I am thankful that we have photography to help us to record what we see, I regret that it can do it only very indifferently. 2.—THE Sworp or Oxp Japan. By J. O. Petron, Esq., Member of the Japan Society. (Read April 15th, 1902.) Tux sword has been described as the most honoured of weapons, a symbol of military dignity and authority with which the monarch confers the honour of knighthood. Although its use as a weapon in deciding the issues of a contest is rapidly diminishing, such an expression as ‘‘drawing the sword”’ is as full of meaning as ever. It is not my intention this evening to endeavour to trace the origin of the sword in Japan; suffice it to say that its use is very ancient, and in that country the sword-blade and its acces- sories have from time immemorial been the product of the highest skill of some of the most accomplished workmen of the world. The sword of Japan has, however, only been familiar to the Western world for little more than thirty years, whereas the beautiful blades of Toledo, Damascus, India, and Persia have been known, at least by repute, for centuries; it is not unnatural, o 2 26 Mr. J. O. Pelton on therefore, we should consider that in them the greatest perfection in the welding and tempering of steel has been reached. Yet it has been truly said that the Japanese blade has no superior, and some have boldly affirmed that the finest specimens in the quality of the metal and the keenness of their edge excel anything ever produced. French experts, than whom there are no more accom- plished critics, after a minute and exhaustive examination of some of the best Japanese blades, have expressed themselves to the effect that if they had not actually seen the results they should have considered them unattainable, and they further state, ‘‘ We can award nothing but praise to Japanese artificers, for they accomplish, with very rude appliances, wonders which are beyond the possibilities of our very best workmen, assisted as they are with all the resources of perfected machinery.” It was not until 1877 that the wearing of swords was abolished in Japan, when nearly two millions of people—for that was about the number of those entitled to carry these weapons—laid down arms which a few months before they would not have relinquished while life lasted. The immediate result was to glut the market with swords of every description, but the finer specimens soon found purchasers, and are now very difficult to obtain, being eagerly purchased back by the Japanese themselves. Many have doubted whether the great age ascribed to Japanese swords can be correct, considering their perfect preservation ; but this can be explained by the fact that for a thousand years at least Japanese swords have not altered in shape; consequently they never, like our weapons, become obsolete and useless; they were handed down as precious heirlooms from father to son. A Japanese samurai would part with his life by starvation rather than sell his father’s sword. There was no risk that it would be stolen, as each weapon was believed to have its own spirit, which would bring terrible evil upon a wrongful possessor. Many of the finest blades are unmounted, é.e. they are without the orna- mental mounts which are such a unique feature with Japanese swords ; they are instead encased in wooden scabbards, perfectly airtight, and thus calculated to preserve their qualities unim- paired. It is extremely rare for an ancient blade to retain its original mounts, although hidden away in remote temples, or in the royal treasuries they may perchance be found. When re- quired the Japanese nobleman would have his cherished blade mounted either in elaborate mounts for purposes of display, or in more serviceable garb for stern warfare, but usually it would rest in its wooden sheath where its appearance and quality would be in no risk of deterioration. The ruler in Japan who did most to discourage the too fre- quent use of the sword, who patronized the famous Tea ceremony where the sword was forbidden to be worn, and where the con- the Sword of Old Japan. 27 versation indulged in by the guests must be of such a character as to raise no arguments or ill-feeling, yet left on record the saying, ‘‘ The girded sword is the living soul of the samurai,” he, the famous Iyeysan, the greatest of all the Shoguns, con- sidered the sword the central point in the morals and customs of ___ the land, the badge of honour and the token of chivalry. The sword-forger was no ordinary artisan, his was a high social standing ; nor was his occupation unworthy of his position. The skill and care necessary to produce a first-class blade was not common property ; each forger of repute had his own particular methods, the twist and turns he gave to his metal, the degree of heat necessary for his tempering bath were secrets unknown to ___ all but the master himself, even his assistants and pupils might be ignorant of them; hence it is that there are characteristics which enable Japanese experts to recognize the work of a par- ticular master even if there is no signature to guide them. I can, therefore, in describing the forging of a sword, give but a general idea of the process. A bar of iron or steel, or of both combined, would be carefully chosen; this would be heated to white heat and then bent double and hammered until it attained its original length ; this hammering and bending would be repeated fifteen times ; then four of these bars would be welded together and the bending and hammering repeated five times, until, at the final hammering, the number of layers would amount to 4,194,304 (a very simple calculation will verify these figures). The metal would at this stage have a texture like the grain of wood. It was then beaten out to the required length; in the final hammerings the sword-forger sat alone while he gave these subtle touches to his work which were to distinguish it from all others. Apparently simple, but really requiring the utmost care, was the process of tempering. The blade at this point was entirely composed of soft metal; it was then covered over with a mixture of red earth and charcoal; before this hardened it was removed from a narrow streak at the edge. Thus prepared, the blade _ was placed in the fiercest part of the wood fire, and as soon as __ the proper colour was reached it was plunged into the tempering bath ; the exposed and highly heated portion was by this process rendered extremely hard and capable of taking a very sharp edge, _ while the remainder of the blade, protected by the paste, con- tinued tough and capable of bearing any reasonable strain without breaking. Each master regulated the heat of the tempering bath to his own fancy, judging entirely by the feel, and jealously was the secret guarded. ‘There is a well- authenticated story of a great swordsmith who struck off the hand of a too venturesome pupil who, to learn the secret, plunged his hand at the critical moment into the bath; but, terrible as the penalty he had to pay, the 28 Mr. J. O. Pelton on pupil had learned the secret, and in his time became one of the most famous of the swordsmiths of Japan. The Japanese implicitly believed that the spirit of the work- man entered into the steel, enduing the blade with certain charac- teristics peculiar to its maker. I quote from an admirable article by Sir Edwin Arnold :— “They say that the difference between the swords of Masa- mune and Muramasa, two famous craftsmen, was due to their singing. A Masamune blade brought victory and luck every- where. A Muramasa sword was always leading its owner into quarrels, though it carried him through them well, and it would cause accidents and cut the fingers of friendly folks inspecting it, being never willing to go back to its seabbard without drinking blood. The real reason was, so runs the legend, that Muramasa while he sat at his work in the forge was ever singing a song which had the chorus of ‘tenka tairan, tenka tairan,’ which means ‘trouble in the world, trouble in the world,’ whereas Masamune, the gentle and lucky swordsmith, always chanted while he worked, ‘tenka taihei, taihei,’ which signifies, ‘ peace be on earth, peace!’ Japanese people of the old days firmly believed that both the kindly words and the unkindly got some- how welded into the very spirit of the steel, so that Masamune’s blades prevented quarrels or brought to their wielders a quick victory, while Muramasa’s had in them a lurking instinct for doing mischief, a sort of itch to hurt and wound. All sorts of tales were told to illustrate this. There was a splendid sword of Muramasa’s which had killed by hara kiri (i.e. legal suicide) four of its possessors in succession. Once, too, when the Shogun Iyeyasu was handling a spearhead embedded in the helmet of one of his warriors, the point wounded his august hand. ‘See quickly,’ he said, ‘ what is the mark upon the accursed iron; it must be Muramasa’s.’ Anj when they came to look at the maker’s name it was indeed a spearhead from the grim sword-maker’s who had chanted the thirst for blood into his yari and katana.” It is stated that to sharpen a fine Japanese blade required no less than fifty days’ work, and, simple as the operation may seem, it can only be done in Japan. ‘I look upon a well-finished Japanese blade,’ writes Mr. Gilbertson, ‘‘as a marvel of mechanical skill and perfect workmanship.” The work is done on a peculiar sort of stone, not on a wheel. Afterwards the blade is finished on a polishing stone dressed with oil, and finally burnished. The export of the stones required for these processes is prohibited. The forging of a sword was accompanied by a ceremonial ritual which partook almost of a religious character. The smith must lead a more or less religious life, abstaining from excesses of every kind. He clad himself in his ceremonial dress, and the Sword of Old Japan. 29 wore the eboshi or small lacquered cap, while a shimenawa, or straw rope, was stretched across the smithy to scare away evil spirits and invite good ones. It was believed that the Kamis, or spirits of his ancestors, came to the forger’s, and when he hammered out the metal, put the blade into the furnace, annealed and tempered it, sharpened and polished it, and added the signature, the god Inari, who lives in the fir woods, and whose image for this reason is often accompanied by that of a fox, on some occasions came to help the forger in the making of his finest blades. According to an article by Philippe Burty, which appeared in a publication entitled ‘Artistic Japan,’ the possession of a renowned blade was of itself sufficient to ensure its owner being treated with the utmost respect. “ A young Japanese, a page in the house of a prince, before the revolution of 1868, told me that sometimes a man in shabby and stained clothes appeared at the gate of the castle and begged for a hearing. He drew from his belt his two swords, placing them in the hands of the pages, and was in a short time allowed entrance. The younger people smiled at his strange appearance, and then hastened to examine his swords, which were placed upon a rack of lacquer decorated with armorial bearings. When the man retired he received back his swords, which were presented to him with the greatest respect. Their exquisite quality bore witness to the fact that they alone remained as relics of the former exalted position of their master.” Although it was the privilege of a numerous and powerful class to carry two swords, it was forbidden to wear them in the presence of the Emperor, or even to draw the blade within the precincts of the palace. A story, probably true, is told of a certain damio, high in imperial favour, who, hearing before he went to the palace of a plot against his life, entered with his ki dachi, i.e. &@ Sword with a wooden blade, which was permissible, but to deceive his enemies he had had the wooden blade coated with silver paper, thus presenting the appearance of an actual blade; this he drew and flourished about, by this means intimidating his enemies, who, knowing him to be an accomplished fencer, refrained from attacking him. On leaving, he deposited the weapon at the door of the palace. Next morning he was summoned, as he had anticipated, to explain his conduct, for he had apparently incurred the penalty of death. Calling for the sword he had deposited, he broke the wooden blade in the presence .of the Emperor, covering his enemies with confusion, and rising still higher in the monarch’s favour. No student of Japanese history can fail to be familiar with the story of the Forty-seven Ronin. Grossly insulted by a high official, Asano, the lord of the castle of Ako, drew his sword 80 Mr. J. O. Pelton on within the sacred precincts, for which offence he was condemned to perform hara-kiri, i.e. commit suicide by disembowelling. The story of how his faithful dependants, forty-seven in number, finally avenged their master’s death, and by so doing incurred the same fate, is a terrible story of fierce heroism too long to recount here. The extraordinary feats that are accomplished by Japanese swords may seem incredible. It is said that so keen can the edge of a first-class blade be made, that if held upright in running water the reeds and grasses which are floating down with the current will be divided when they come in contact with it. A Japanese nobleman of the old school would not consider a blade satisfactory unless it would cut a bar of iron and sever a falling hair. But these feats, which seem so incredible, have been vouched for by reliable authorities, both native and foreign. The fact that a bar of iron or a falling hair can be divided is of course only possible when the blade is sharpened to its utmost, and in the former case is wielded by an accomplished expert. No novice, however powerful, could accomplish it; it is a work of skill, not of force. Those of you who may have witnessed Japanese gymnastics, fencing, wrestling, conjuring, &ec., will admit that in all these they have knacks and tricks which are in many ways superior to anything we can show. In the hands of an accomplished expert the Japanese sword is the most effective cutting instrument in the world. The most wonderful part of the matter is that the quality of the metal is so good, and the tempering carried to such perfection, that, though subjected to such severe tests, a fine blade will be uninjured and its beauty unimpaired. The best experts—I believe they exist with very few exceptions only in Japan—can tell, when the sharpening and polishing of the blade is completed, who has wrought it, and if they are government officials are empowered to give a certificate written on special paper and stamped. Only a most consummate judge can note and estimate all the markings which a fine blade will show,—the nioi, misty spots and flecks, fleecy and broken apart like clouds; tobi yaki, flying burns, i.e. isolated specks of soft white. Along the edge would appear little points of bright silver, called nie; then there would be the utsuri, or reflection, resembling the mist round the moon; the chikei, small films of white; the niadzuma, or lightning flashes; the swnagashi, resem- bling specks of sand in a row; the ucki yoke, or narrow forge- marks. The blade which combined all these would be the treasured possession of a damio, to be handed down from father to son, an heirloom never to be parted with. An examination of swords will show differences that are difficult of explanation. I refer more particularly to the grooves the Sword of Old Japan. 31 or blood-channels which are cut in many of them. Very rarely the grooves will be filled with red lacquer ; in some blades there are two grooves, generally of unequal length; the grooves may extend nearly the whole length of the blade, or may affect a portion only, while very frequently they are absent altogether. The blades are also very variable in weight; some, even of the long swords, are extremely light, others have a most formidable weight. It seems as if each blade had been made for a particular individual, who, while keeping to certain recognised rules, had in ___ other particulars allowed his personal predilections to have full play. Sometimes the name of the owner will appear with that of the forger. It is not unusual to find a good blade without a signature; certain makers, it is said, omitted their signature because no one could fail to recognise their work. It is not at all improbable that many signatures have been added, long after the forging of the blade, either by a pupil or an expert; it was customary in such cases to inlay the signature with gold or red lacquer, to show it was not the swordsmith’s own work; signatures were, however, added without this distinction. Mr. Gilbertson makes the following pertinent allusion to the subject :— ‘If the signature of Masamune was placed, a hundred years ago, on a blade that no one will certify as by him, it may be fairly assumed that the style and quality of the blade so closely resembled his work that it was likely to be mistaken for it by any ordinary collector, and is therefore worth purchasing, though not an original.” A boy of noble birth would carry two swords from the early age of seven, but until he was fifteen they would be of small size; at the latter age he received the weapons he was to carry through life and hand down unsullied to his heir. ‘It can be easily imagined,”’ writes Marcus Huish, ‘‘that in a country where internal wars were constantly carried on, where private quarrels grew into family feuds, where the vendetta were unhindered by law and applauded by society, where the slightest breach of _ etiquette could only be repaired by the death of one or other of the parties, and where a stain of any sort upon one’s character necessitated suicide with one’s own weapon, attention was very early directed towards obtaining perfection in the only article of defence or offence a Japanese carried.”’ I cannot here describe in detail the ‘‘hara-kiri,” or suicide by _ disembowelling ; I merely allude to it as one of the reasons why _ a Japanese nobleman would consider it necessary to carry a keen _ weapon. The custom originated during the sanguinary internecine _ wars which for centuries desolated Japan. Prisoners of war in _ those fierce days were always condemned to death; but it was felt that they hardly deserved to suffer by the hand of the executioner like common felons; they were therefore permitted 32 Mr. J. O. Pelton on to commit suicide, and around this terrible custom grew up one of the most elaborate ceremonials of old Japan, only abolished, and then after desperate opposition, when contact with western nations rendered it no longer possible. The ceremony is minutely described in Mitford’s ‘ Tales of Old Japan.’ Japanese sword-blades are divided into two groups, koto and shinto ; koto, which are the older blades, being considered the better. The date of division is 1596. I am indebted for this information to a paper by Mr. Gilbertson, who, however, expresses his inability to account for that particular year being chosen, as fine blades described as koto, were certainly forged well into the seventeenth century; but, speaking generally, the koto blades were forged when war was the normal condition of society, while the shinto blades belong to the era of profound peace with which Japan was blessed for two centuries and a half. This fact, I think, largely accounts for the preference of the Japanese for the older blades. Although the majority of the fine blades are koto, many smiths in the shinto period forged blades equal to any- thing their predecessors had produced. It has been stated that a wound from a koto blade would probably prove fatal, while a similar wound from a shinto blade would readily heal; but I do not consider the statement worthy of credence. A legend connected with the sword seems to indieate that the blades were divided into sexes. A certain king became mysteriously possessed of two masses of iron, of which he commanded a sword tobe made. But the smith made two swords of surpassing fineness, male and female, one only of which he gave to the king, burying the other in the ground. The secret was, however, discovered by the continued presence of moisture on the king’s blade, which lamented its absent mate, and the king summoned the smith to his presence. The smith, forseeing his fate, told his wife of the sword, which he bade her dig up and give to his three-year-old son when he should be come to man’s estate. It befell as he expected, and on his refusal to disclose the whereabouts of the sword he was put to death. There is no explanation of the smith’s reason for refusing to deliver up the sword. Foremost among the popular legends connected with the sword is the story of Susano and the Kight-headed Dragon, not unlike the familiar legend of St. George and the Dragon. Susano was the son of Isanaghi, the creative spirit, and brother of Amterasu, the radiant Sun Goddess. Susano, being very ill- behaved, so exasperated his sister that she retired into a cave, and the universe was plunged in darkness. After much trouble the gods enticed her from her retreat, and banished Susano. Wandering disconsolately along the sea-shore, he encountered two fond parents with their arms around their daughter, the fair Kushinada. He learns from them that a terrible dragon, with the Sword of Old Japan. 338 eight heads, has devoured all the maidens in the country, and now their child too must go. Susano resolves to slay the dragon. Filling eight jars with sake, a fermented liquor made from rice, he awaited the foe. Soon the monster appeared, and, as Susano had anticipated, plunges a head into each of the jars. He was soon intoxicated, and in that condition was slain by Susano, who proceeded to cut up the body; but his sharp blade struck against a hard substance in the tail of the monster, which proved to be a beautifully mounted sword. This sword was subsequently pre- sented by Amterasu to the first emperor, B.c. 585, together with the mirror and the sacred gem—the three sacred relics still to be seen in the Royal Treasury. ‘‘ Preserve them,’’ said the Sun Goddess, ‘‘ and your empire shall endure while heaven and earth remain.” It is a singular fact that during twenty-five centuries the imperial sceptre has never passed to any other dynasty, the only example in the world’s history. The sword in question is also known as “the sword of the clustering clouds.” Many famous swords are existing in the kuras of noble families, or in the temples, though the legends associated with them are not always, I need hardly say, authentic; but we can credit the story of the Higikiri, or beard-cutter, that, after cut- ting off a man’s head, also divided his beard ; or of the Hizamaru, the knee-cutter, which, in beheading a kneeling criminal, cut his knees also in its downward course. The edge of a famous blade made by Nagamitsu was so keen that it cut through a small bean thrown into the air. Rigid etiquette attended the wearing and the use of the sword in Old Japan. Dr. Lyman says :—‘‘ To draw a sword from its scabbard without begging leave of the others present was not thought polite; to clash the scabbard of your sword against another was a great rudeness ; to turn the sword in the scabbard as if to draw was tantamount to a challenge; and to lay your weapon on the floor, and to kick the guard towards another, was an intolerable insult that generally resulted in a combat to the death.” Another writer states :—‘‘ The rules of observance connected with the wearing of the long and short sword, or the single sword, were most minute, but have fallen into disuse. In former days the most trivial breach of this elaborate observance was often the cause of murderous brawls and dreadful reprisals. To express a wish to see a sword was not usual, unless when a blade of great value was in question, and then a request to be shown it would be a compliment appreciated by the happy possessor. The sword would then be handed with the back towards the guest, the edge turned towards the owner, and the hilt to the left, the guest wrapping the hilt either in the little silk napkin always carried by gentlemen in their girdle-books, or in a sheet of clean paper. The blade was drawn from the scab- 34 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera bard, and admired inch by inch, but not to the full length, unless the owner pressed the guest to do so, and then, with much apology, the blade was entirely drawn, and held away from the other persons present. After being admired it would, if appa- rently necessary, be carefully wiped with a special cloth, sheathed, and returned to its owner as before.” I will finish my paper with the concluding words of Sir Edwin Arnold’s able article :— ‘* These high manners of the steel bred that Japanese courtli- ness and chivalry which have survived it. The cult of the Katana is now forever at an end in Dai Nippon—the Samurai and Lords of the Land have laid aside their proudly cherished weapons, and go abroad as peacefully as the Akindo, the mer- chant. Yet there are fine swordsmen still to be found among the quietest of the emperors, senators, and lieges, and I have my- self seen wonderful things done by some of them with ancient blades. Moreover, the measured spirit, the deep and headful reverence, the silent dignity, the instincts of manhood, which clustered round the steel are still characteristic of the race, and the swords, though no longer worn, are proudly and carefully preserved in many a mansion, castle, and temple. .... Japan, by a wonderful effort of abnegation on the part of her upper classes, altogether laid aside the perilous habit of going abroad with a girdle full of swords and daggers. It was a noble suab- mission to new ideas; yet to this day a Japanese gentleman raises your sword to his forehead, and bows deeply before he examines it; nor will he uncover a single inch of the shining and sacred steel without gravely obtaining your permission and that of the company present.” Mr. Pelton exhibited several fine blades by the leading Japanese swordsmiths. 3.—FoRAMINIFERA FROM THE GauLt at MerstTHAM. By W. Murron Houmes. (Read May 27th, 1902.) Tur Foraminifera referred to in these notes were obtained in the early part of 1899, on the occasion of a visit of the Natural - History Club to the new cutting through the Greensand and Gault, on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, a little to the north of Merstham. Gault is a Cambridgeshire provincial term applied toa dark, from the Gault at Merstham. 35 stiff, blue, sometimes sandy or calcareous clay, with layers of pyritous and phosphatic nodules, and occasional seams of green sand, which separates the Upper from the Lower Greensand. It is considered to be the lowest member of the Upper Cretaceous formation. In thickness it varies from about one hundred to upwards of three hundred feet, and some of the strata are very rich in organic remains, among which ammonites, belemnites, inocerami, and other mollusca, crustaceans, and sharks’ teeth are of frequent occurrence. At Betchworth, Dunton Green, Otford, and other places it is used for the manufacture of bricks and tiles. The best section of Gault is seen at Copt Point, near Folke- stone, where it is about one hundred and thirty feet thick. Here there is a complete exposure of a series of strata, and, from its easy accessibility, it has been selected as a basis for zonal subdivision by geologists, who have divided it into eleven zones. A glance at a geological map shows a line of Gault extending westward from Folkestone almost unbroken, except where cut through by river valleys, passing Wye, Ashford, Sevenoaks, God- stone, Merstham, Betchworth, and Guildford, to Farnham. Here it takes a southerly direction as far as Petersfield, when it turns eastward, passes north of Lewes, and comes to a full stop at Willington, near Hastbourne, thus forming an elongated basin enclosing the members of the Lower Cretaceous, that is to say, the Lower Greensand, Weald Clay, and Hastings Beds. The term Foraminifera is applied to an order of animals belonging to the Protozoa, mostly microscopic, which have existed, according to Dr. Carpenter, without any fundamental modification or advance from the primitive type from the Palzo- zoic period down to the present time. Although minute, the number of individuals is so incalculable, that vast mountain ranges, such as the nummulitic limestone of EHocene times, are very largely composed of their remains. In the Carboniferous Limestone, the Oolite, and the Chalk their skeletons are also extremely abundant. In the living state Foraminifera consist of a minute particle of protoplasm, or sarcode, or of an aggre- gation of such particles, without any distinction of parts into organs or tissues. This protoplasm is capable of extending any part of its substance into filaments, called pseudopodia, either for locomotion or for the purpose of obtaining food; it, moreover, secretes a shell, or test, which is either calcareous, or made up of agglutinated particles of mud or sand, or even of other shells, or of sponge spicules. Some forms of these shells are profusely perforated by minute pores (foramina), through which the pseudo- podia are protruded, and from this circumstance the name of the order is derived. This property of extending pseudopodia is not confined to the 36 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera Protozoa, but belongs to all living protoplasm. It occurs in the white corpuscles of blood, and also in pus cells. It is exhibited also by vegetable protoplasm, as in the case of the plasmodia of the Myxomycetes, an order of Fungi. These plasmodia—the flowers-of-tan, for example—are the early stages of the plant, and consist of masses of naked protoplasm, without any distinction of cells or tissues, creeping from place to place over the ground or decaying vegetable matter. In due course the whole plasmodium is converted into sporangia, which are spherical bodies in which the spores are formed. The Foraminifera from the Gault at Folkestone have been systematically worked out, and the results published in the ‘Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society,’ by Mr. Frederick Chapman, to whom I must express my acknowledgments for kindly examining my slides and revising the names of the speci- mens. My specimens were obtained from two small pieces of Gault at Merstham, one from the top and the other from the bottom of the cutting. These have yielded fifty-one species, comprising sixteen genera, and belonging to four families. There is no doubt that the number of species found would be largely increased if a greater quantity of the Gault were operated upon. The best method of extracting the Foraminifera is to first thoroughly dry the Gault in an oven, not too hot, then place it on a moderately fine strainer and wash thoroughly in a stream of water until the washings are no longer turbid. The contents of the strainer should then be dried, and the Foraminifera picked out, with the assistance of a lens, by means of a moistened camel- hair brush. Sub-kingdom Protozoa. Body consisting of a minute mass of protoplasm, or an aggregation of such masses, without differentiation of parts into organs or tissues, either with or without a testaceous envelope or skeletal framework. Class RHIZOPODA. Protoplasmic body capable of protruding any portion of its sub- stance in the shape of lobes, bands, or threads, for the purpose of locomotion or the prehension of food; generally more or less completely inclosed in a testaceous envelope; nucleus and contractile vesicle present or absent. Order FoRAMINIFERA. Pseudopodia protruded as fine threads which flow together wherever they touch, forming a network of granular protoplasm; nucleus and vacuoles generally indistinguishable; tests either chitinous, calcareous, or of agglutinated sand or shells, never siliceous. Family MILioLip2z. Test caleareous, imperforate, porcellanous. from. the Gault at Merstham. 37 Sub-family MinroLininz. Test coiled on an elongated axis, in a single plane, or inequilater- ally ; chambers two in each convolution. Genus Sprronocutrna, D’Orbigny. Chambers in a single plane, all visible on both sides of the shell. Spiroloculina papyracea (Burrows, Sherborne, and Bailey).—This occurs in some abundance in the upper part of the Gault at Merstham. The species was described from a thin and much compressed form from the Red Chalk of Flamborough Head. S. nitida, d@’Orbigny.—Upper Gault of Merstham. Mid-Jurassic, recent. Genus MiLioxina. A Chambers inequilateral, coiled around the long axis of the shell in such a way that more than two (usually three or five) are visible externally. Miliolina venusta, Karrer, sp.—Upper Gault, Merstham. Gault, recent. M. Ferussacit, d’Orbigny, sp.— Upper Gault. Gault, recent. : | ; Family TExTULARIDE. ) Tests of the larger species arenaceous, either with or without a perforate calcareous basis; smaller forms ‘hyaline and conspicuously perforated. Chambers arranged in two or more alternating series, or spiral, or confused; often dimorphous. Genus TRITAXIA. Monomorphous. Segments alternating in three rows. Aperture simple, produced, central. Tritaxia tricarinata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting, Merstham. Lower Greensand, recent. T. pyramidata, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. Genus GAUDRYINA. Early segments triserial; aperture either textularian, or situated in a short terminal neck. Gaudryina oxycona, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault, Upper Chalk. Genus BuLIMINA. Test spiral, elongate, more or less tapering; often triserial. Bulimina affinis, dOrbigny—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, _ recent. B. brevis, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk. B. Orbignyi, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting, Merst- ham. Gault, Chalk. P B. Presli, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk. B. Presli var. sabulosa, Chapman.—-Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk Marl. _ B. obliqua, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. pt A 38 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on Foraminifera Family LaGENIDz. Test calcareous, very finely perforated; either monothalamous, or consisting of a number of chambers joined in a straight, curved, spiral, alternating, or (rarely) branching series. Aperture simple or radiate, terminal. No interseptal skeleton nor canal system. Genus NopDosaRIA. Test straight or curved, circular in transverse section; aperture typically central. Nodosaria cylindracea, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. N. consobrina, dOrbigny.—Upper Gault. Gault, recent. N. communis, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Permian, recent. N. farcimen, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Lias, recent. N. pawpercula, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. N. obscura, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk. N. bambusa, Chapman.—Upper Gault. Gault. N. raristriata, Chapman.—Upper Gault. Gault, Chalk. N. hispida, V@Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lias, recent. N. tenwicosta, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Neocomian, Chalk. N. prismatica, Reuss. —Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Neo- comian, Gault. N. tetragona, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Aptian, Gault. N. orthopleura, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault. Genus FRONDICULARIA. Test compressed or complanate, segments V-shaped, equitant; primordial chamber distinct. Frondicularia Parkeri, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. F. Guestphalica, Reuss.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. F. planifolium, Chapman.—Bottom of cutting. Gault. Genus RHABDOGONIUM. Test straight or slightly curved, triangular or quadrangular in section. Rhabdogonium tricarinatum var. acutangulwm, Reuss.— Upper Gault. Neocomian, Gault (and Red Chalk), Genus MARGINULINA. Test elongate, curved; segments nearly circular in section; aperture marginal. Marginulina soluta, Reuss.—Upper Gault. M. striato-costata, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Neocomian, recent. Genus VAGINULINA. Test elongate, compressed or complanate, septation oblique, aper- ture marginal. Vaginulina recta, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk Marl. from the Gault at Merstham. 39 V. arguta, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault and Red Chalk. V. truncata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Neo- comian, Chalk Marl. V. truncata var. robusta, Berthelin and Chapman.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault. Genus CRISTELLARIA. Test plano-spiral in part or entirely; complanate, lenticular, crosier- shaped, or ensiform. Cristellaria gaultina, Berthelin.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk. C. rotulata, Lamarck. —Upper Gault. Jurassic, recent. C. rotulata var. macrodiscus, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Neocomian, Gault (and Red Chalk). C. Bronmi, Romer.—Upper Gault. Gault. C. curcwmcidanea, Berthelin.—Upper Gault. Gault. C. complanata, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk _ (Turonian). | C. vestita, Berthelin.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, Chalk Marl. } C. gibba, d’Orbigny.—Bottom of cutting. Lias, recent. : Genus PoLyMORPHINA. Segments bi- or tri-serial or irregularly spiral, aperture radiate. Polymorphina compressa, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lias, recent. Sub-family RamMvuLininz. Test irregular, branching. Genus RAMULINA. Test branching, composed of pyriform chambers connected by long stoloniferous tubes. Ramulina aculeata, Wright.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Jurassic, Tertiary. Genus VITRIWEBBINA, Chapman. Test adherent, consisting of a series of hemispherical or elliptical chambers, eradually increasing in size and usually arranged in a curve. Aperture, a simple crescentic slit at the termination of the last chamber. Vitriwebbina levis, Sollas.—Bottom of cutting. Gault, Chalk _ (Turonian). j Family GLOBIGERINID2. Test free, calcareous, perforate; chambers few, inflated, arranged ppirally ; ; aperture single or multiple, conspicuous. Genus GLOBIGERINA. Test coarsely perforate; trochoid, rotaliform, or symmetricall plano-spiral. _____ Globigerina cretacea, d’Orbigny.—Upper Gault. Lower Greensand, ‘recent. D 40 Mr. George Clinch on Recent Genus ANoMALINA. Test nearly alike on both faces; coarsely porous. Anomalina ammonoides, Reuss.— Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Lower Greensand, recent. A. rudis, Reuss.—Upper Gault. Gault, Cenomanian. A. complanata, Reuss.—Upper Gault and bottom of cutting. Ap- tian, Hocene. When sending me the list of names, Mr. Chapman wrote :— “The assemblage is of much interest, and especially I would note the occurrence of Spiroloculina papyracea, Burrows, Sher- borne, and Bailey, in some abundance from the Upper Gault. I did not find this at Folkestone, and, in fact, it has been found only at Speeton, in the Red Chalk, possibly at about the same horizon. Some of the Gault specimens approach my S. nitida from Folkestone, but differ in some respects. Marginulina soluta, Reuss, also was not obtained from Folkestone, but occurs in the Cambridge Greensand.” (See Annals of Nat. Hist. for April (1899 ?) ). OsTRACODA. Bairdia subdeltoider, Miinster.—Bottom of cutting. Cythereis auriculata, Cornnel.—Bottom of cutting. C. triplicata, Romer.—Upper Gault. C. ornatissima, Reuss, var. reticulata.—Bottom of cutting. Cytherella ovata, Romer.—Bottom of cutting. C. Muenster, Romer.—Bottom of cutting. C. Williamsoniana, Jones, var. stricta.—Bottom of cutting. 4,.—Recent Discoverres at Wappon, SuRREY. By Gerorce Cuincu, F.G.S. (Read October 21st, 1902.) Karty in June, 1902, our Vice President, Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S., was so good as to draw my attention to the fact that certain subterranean chambers had been found under the lawn near Waddon House, the residence of the late Mr. Philip Crowley, F.L.8. I took an early opportunity of visiting the site, and found that in the course of some excavations for a projected sewer in these grounds three chambers, cut in a bed of compact sand, had been brought to light. The chambers, of which a sketch ground-plan is here given, were found to be partly occu- pied by sand, which had probably been washed in by the rain. On the removal of the loose sand, however, a compact floor was Trans. Croydon N. H. 8, ENTRANCE TO CHAMBER A, SEEN FROM THE INTERIOR, (From a photo. by Mr. John Noaks.) ENTRANCE TO CHAMBER B, SEEN FROM THE INTERIOR. (From a photo. by Dr. J. M. Hobson.) ANCIENT CHAMBERS AT WADDON. - Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 41 discovered in each chamber, at a depth of about fifteen feet below the surface of the ground. It was also found that the chambers were of beehive shape, about seven feet in height, and varying from twelve feet to something less in diameter. The regular form of the chambers is remarkable. It was probably produced, after the chamber was roughly shaped, by the excavator standing in the centre of the floor and scraping the sides and roof with a wooden tool. L ’ t ’ 1 — 1 r ' ‘ ! 1 ? ' t ' ' ! ' 1. a Ancient CHaMBERS aT WADDON. Plan with scale of feet. Fie. 1. Once made in this way, there would be little fear of the roof falling in, because the sand, owing partly to its having been de- posited in water, and partly to the slight proportion of clay it contains, is remarkably hard and firm. This particular quality of the Thanet beds, well known to modern geologists, was doubtless known also to the men who excavated the Waddon chambers. Each of the three chambers had its independent oval-shaped opening on the 8.8.E. side, but it is clear there was no other means of access to them until the crowns of their dome-shaped roofs were cut into in constructing the modern sewer-trench. This trench was fortunately made in such a way as to expose these three chambers without seriously damaging them, and it D2 42 Mr. George Clinch on Recent was found possible to preserve them for a sufficiently long time to allow of a careful examination, not only of their interesting and ingenious construction, or rather excavation, but also of the loose sand lying upon the floors, and in one case of the material with which the entrance and lateral avenue of approach were filled. It was thus possible to give much closer attention to several points than would have been the case if the chambers had collapsed, or if they had been discovered and explored by their ancient entrances. Some of the observations made, particularly in connection with the relative positions of the hard unmoved sand and “‘ made earth,’ have proved of great value in the intricate work of tracing the ancient environments of these sepulchral chambers. Upon removing the loose sand which covered the floors of the chambers with an uneyen layer, several cores and chips of green- coated flints were found, together with some small fragments of imperfectly baked pottery and some larger pieces of Romano- British pottery. Perhaps I may be pardoned if I take this opportunity of saying a word or two about the kind of stones generally known as green- coated flints. From the specimens now exhibited it will be seen that the external part is of a deep olive-green colour; below this is an orange-coloured layer, whilst the interior of the flint nodule is of the ordinary unaltered kind seen in a newly-broken flint from the Chalk, with which we are all familiar. A layer of these green-coated flints is generally, perhaps always, found at the base of the Thanet beds. Nearer Waddon railway station, where a lower level sewer-trench has been dug, there is a well-pronounced stratum containing these green-coated flints, and there is clear evidence that these flints have been worked into neolithic implements. This digging for special flint for implement-making is perhaps one of the more interesting points of the discoveries at Waddon. Now, the presence within the chambers of flint implements made of the green-coated variety is of considerable importance, because such flint, which is tough and specially suitable for the manufacture of implements, is hardly ever found above the base of the Thanet beds. It is pretty clear, therefore, that these materials were procured at the lower level and brought up the hill to the chambers. This is a piece of work which obviously could not have been done by rain-wash or similar forces. The worked flints found actually within the chambers consist of a large proportion of cores of green-coated flint, a few flakes and chips broken from them, and a smaller proportion of cores of ordinary chalk-flint. It is probable that some of the more minute pieces of flint were overlooked, as, among the sand thrown out, a considerable number of small flakes, including a Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. , 43 well-made saw,* were found. In the loose sand, fragments of pottery, evidently of Romano-British character, were found. In the sand filling up the lateral avenue several fragments of mammalian bones were discovered. These have been submitted for examination and identification to Mr. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., who kindly reports that they consist of the upper teeth, meta- tarsal, phalange, &c., of a young ox, probably Bos longifrons, the tooth of Ovis aries, the teeth of Sus scrofa, and the canine teeth of a dog or wolf. No fragment of bones could be pronounced to be human. When found these bones were in a very fragile con- dition, but, thanks to the kindness of Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, they have now been treated with size. These bones, flint-cores, and flakes are now deposited on exhibition in the Town Hall, Croydon. fe) s 10 ee re eee | Fic. 2.—Ancrent CHampBers at Wanppon. Section c-d (see plan), with scale of feet. We have now to consider the material with which the passage _ (fig. 2) leading to chamber A was filled, and which also covered _ the whole of the floor of that chamber. This consisted of sand, _ which at first sight was indistinguishable from the undisturbed sand of the Thanet beds, but when tested by probing it was found to be much legs hard. In examining this deposit the greatest care was exercised, because it seemed likely that the objects found in it might give at least a clue to the period of the excavation of the chambers. Before describing our discoveries, however, I should like to Say one or two words on the general subject of deposits of this Kind. Every one, of course, admits that a careful examination * I was present when this was found by Mr. F. R. Hobson.—G. C. 44 Mr. George Clinch on Recent of this kind of deposit is of the utmost value in scientific archeology, but it may not be so widely recognised that there are two distinct kinds of deposits of this sort. One kind, which may be called simple, is admirably typified by the rubbish-pits found on the site of the Romano-British city of Silchester. From these many important objects illustrative of Roman times have been obtained. The pits were purposely dug in the earth as receptacles for rubbish of various kinds, such as broken pottery, glass, &c.; and the accumulation of rubbish in them went on gradually and in regular order, so that one can safely assign objects found in the lowest deposits to an earlier period than those of the upper layers. But there is another class of deposits which may be termed complex. This is well represented by certain filled-in deneholes, where we find not only a deposit made in regular order, but also one or more beds made up of material brought down from the sides of the shaft and the upper surface when collapse or partial collapse of the pit has occurred. In such cases the upper deposits may, and sometimes do, contain antiquities of an earlier period than that of the excavation of the pit, and they must be regarded by the archeologist exactly as ‘‘derived’’ fossils are regarded by the geologist. The various bones of Bos longifrons found at Waddon have already been mentioned, and I think they afford sufficient evi- dence that the lateral approach to the chamber has in the main been filled up in the simple manner just described. If this be accepted we have additional ground for the opinion that the chambers are of very considerable antiquity, for it is generally admitted that this particular variety of ox was extinct in Britain in the fourth or fifth century a.p., and has been introduced again into this country only in comparatively recent times. Among the various subterranean excavations in Great Britain there seems to be nothing to which the Waddon chambers can be exactly, or even approximately, likened. The most super- ficial examination would be sufficient to prove that they belong to an entirely different class of excavations to those commonly known as deneholes. Their small dimensions, the absence of a perpendicular shaft, and their occurrence in sand, are among the most obvious points of dissimilarity. Their form and plan, too, are equally unlike those of deneholes. On the other hand, they do not present any feature in common with mines for flint (those at Grimes, Graves, and Cissbury for example), or the curious beehive-shaped buildings found under the surface of the ground in the Isle of Purbeck.* In looking for similar excavations on the Continent of Europe, * Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, vol. viii. No. 7 (July, 1884), pp. 404-410, Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 45 the chambers which seem to approach these most closely in shape, size, and particularly in plan, are certain underground excavations at Palmella in Portugal, which, as M. Cartailhac * has shown, were chiefly devoted to sepulchral purposes, and belong to the latter end of the period of polished stone. M. Cartailhac draws attention to a feature which occurs both in the Palmella and the Waddon chambers, viz. the incurved _ walls on each side of the entrance. He points out that this arrangement was probably made as a provision against the _ special wear and rubbing to. which that part of the chamber _ would be subject. It would seem, therefore, that these chambers were frequently entered, and the natural inference is that they _ were occasionally used as shelters or dwellings; but if, as will _ presently be shown, the tomb-chamber was modelled on the plan of the dwelling-house, it is conceivable that this feature may have been reproduced, either as a meaningless point and un- consciously, or as an intentionally realistic detail. Tn the Palmella chambers, as well as those at Waddon, we find the same flat floors, hemispherical, vault-like sides and roof, and a Single lateral avenue leading to each. In France there are some subterranean chambers which present certain features in common with the Waddon chambers. Ex- _ amples containing an interment are recorded from La Tourelle, _ near Quimper,t Brittany, &c., but they seem to belong to a later _ period than those at Waddon, as objects of metal were found buried below their floors. It may be noted here that the subterranean chambers of _Mycene, called by Tsountas ‘‘chamber tombs,” offer some points of resemblance to the Waddon chambers. Both have been ex- cavated in a hill side, both are beehive-like in form, and both are approached by a horizontal avenue. There are, of course, some important differences, particularly in the matter of dimen- sions and materials, but the plan is practically the same. _ Returning to the Waddon chambers, it may be added that, whilst careful searches on the floors and in the lateral passages have revealed the presence of mammalian bones and no human remains have been identified, it is impossible to avoid the con- clusion, after a most careful sifting of the evidence, that these chambers were primarily intended to serve as sepulchral places during the latter part of the neolithic age. That they were sub- Sequently disturbed seems pretty clear from the later objects found in the filling-in sand, and from certain rude, possibly Medieval scratches on the curved roof, which have been variously ; * Matériaux pour Vhistoire primitive et naturelle de Vhomme, 3™e série, . li. 1885, pp. 1-18. + Archeologia Cambrensis, 3rd series, vol. xiv. pp. 293-311. 46 Mr. George Clinch on Recent interpreted by different observers as representing a bird, an animal, and a boat. It seems probable that the hard sand in which the excavations were originally made was buried under a considerable thickness of made earth when the lawn was levelled. This work was probably done when or soon after the house was built, perhaps about the middle of the eighteenth century. From the remains which have been found during the past twenty years it is clear that a large district to the E., S.E. and 8. of Croydon was much occupied by man during the neolithic age. On Hayes Common there are numerous indications of neolithic hut floors. These occur in groups, and suggest independent or successive settlements of a small tribe occupying about six or eight huts. There are other, but fewer, indications of neolithic dwellings on Shirley Hills and the high ground in the southern part of West Wickham parish; and to come nearer home, several examples have been found on the top of Croham Hurst, as well as on its steep southern side. At Croham Hurst, and at the various other sites indicated, particularly at West Wickham, very extensive operations in the manufacture of flint implements have been carried on, pointing to the presence of a large popu- lation or of long continued occupation. These hut-circles, which have been attributed to the neolithic age, are circular in plan, with marks of entrances on the K. or §.E. side; and one can hardly fail to be impressed by the strong resemblance in dimensions and plan of these circles to the under- ground chambers at Waddon. Moreover, on the steep side of Croham Hurst, traces of similar dwellings are recorded, and it seems extremely probable that the men who made the sepulchral excavations at Waddon may have been influenced by those examples of hill-side dwellings. The chambers for the dead were in fact practically copies of those for the living, and when, as in the case of the Waddon site, it was desired to find a secret place of burial, where violation would be practically impossible, the chamber was excavated in an underground situation. As a contribution towards the solution of the interesting question of the position, shape, plan, &c., of prehistoric dwell- ings, the Waddon discovery is of great importance. In the vaulted roofs, cut in the hard sand, we see a durable copy of the ordinary hut built on the surface of the ground, with its covering of interlaced boughs, benders, and basket-work, and in the small opening by which the underground chamber was entered from the lateral passage we see probably an exact imitation of the doorway of a neolithic habitation. This, judging from those of the sepulchral chambers, was oval in form so as to allow of the eS = Discoveries at Waddon, Surrey. 47 easy passage of a human body in or out of the hut, but with no superfluous space for unwelcome draughts or excessive venti- lation. Taking it for granted that the Waddon chambers were really of the neolithic age, and intended for sepulchral purposes, it may be interesting to compare them with neighbouring struc- tures which are unquestionably of this period and purpose. The megalithic structures of Kent, particularly Kit’s Coty House, near Aylesford, and Coldrum, about two miles N.E. of Wrotham, are examples which offer parallel cases of sepulchral underground chambers, each entered by a lateral entrance. The form of these chambers for the burial of the dead is certainly square or oblong in plan, but this is in consequence of the material used in their construction. Sarsen stone, of which these sepulchral chambers were built, occurs naturally upon the surface of the ground in mid Kent. Moreover, the chambers were not con- structed below the surface, but covered by artificial mounds of earth, which have been subsequently removed by weathering and the operations of treasure-seekers: but in reality we find much in common in both. If we compare the Waddon chambers with well-authenticated examples of sepulchral structures known as chambered barrows, the parallel is even more remarkable, and particularly in the well-marked feature of the entrance restricted at one or more points where it may be presumed some sort of door was placed as a bar to the entrance of unwelcome intruders. It is worthy of note that the same idea of interment within a house or a house-like receptacle survived during the bronze age, but, as cremation usually preceded the rite of burial among that race, a large house was no longer necessary for the remains of the dead, and a small earthen vase shaped like a bronze-age house, and usually called a hut-urn, was employed as the depository of the ashes of the departed. The tradition of the hemispherical neolithic hut was carried on in the Celtic bee-hive dwellings of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and Gaul; whilst the plan may be regarded as the pro- © _ totype of the circular fortresses, such as Chun Castle, &c., and the brochs of Scotland, and indeed much of the medieval military architecture of England. The bronze-age dwellings, on the other hand, whose forms have been preserved by hut-urns, display a tendency to square- hess and augularity which is clearly due to the employment of timber in their construction.* The influence of the use of metal was shown, even at that early period, in the form of the domestic * In the case of pottery we find that the bronze age forms are a gradual _ development and evolution of stone age forms, but with regard to buildings the case is strikingly different. 48 Mr. W. F. Stanley on an Example dwelling. The possession of bronze tools made it possible to work timber into the requisite forms of beams and rafters, and flat walls and gabled roofs took the place of rounded walls constructed of interwoven branches and wicker-work of the earlier period. Our modern houses, in which timber was once largely used for the outlines, and is still generally used for roofing, may be re- garded as the direct descendants, with various modifications, improvements and developments, of the bronze-age hut. The recent discoveries at Waddon are of considerable local value on account of the information they give us of Croydon in prehistoric times, but they have something more than local im- portance. They furnish a material contribution to the knowledge already possessed by anthropologists and archeologists as to the modes of life of prehistoric man, and they supply evidence of great importance as to what were probably his very earliest efforts in house construction. 5.—EHXAMPLE OF A PERFECT Fiint IMPLEMENT, SUPPOSED TO BE oF THE Periop or THE First Dynasty or Eeypr; anp oF TWO EARLY Mirrors IN CoPpPER, FOUND IN RECENT E)xcava- TIONS AT ABYDOS. By Wm. F. Sranuey, F.G.S. (Read November 18th, 1902.) Tue great valley of the Nile is in every sense eminently adapted to preserve records of very remote periods of human existence. This is commonly recognized by its being spoken of as the ‘‘cradle of our race.” For this assertion there are no doubt physical as well as historical reasons, among the most striking of which is the isolation of fertile plains, in desert land, upon the bank of the great highway that the river forms in the four thousand miles from its sources to its mouths in the Medi- terranean and Red Seas. For more than two thousand miles this mighty river has cut out its course through arid sandy deserts, and in this long run there are only three alluvial plains of considerable extent upon its banks suitable for agriculture— Thebes, Abydos, and Cairo. That these larger areas utilized for cultivation have left records to our times is largely due to the great Libyan desert entirely backing them up, and protecting them from depredations. Thus we find that temples that were built upon the fertile land have for the most part entirely or nearly disappeared to clear the land for cultivation, whereas of a perfect Flint Implement, dc. 49 those built upon the borders of the desert where cultivation is impossible remain, except for the depredations of parts of these structures for common building materials. The border temples in many instances have been filled up and covered over with blown sand, or rubbish-heaps from the villages near, from which causes they have been largely protected as fields for modern research. The alluvial plain of Abydos, where the exhibits I wish to de- scribe were found, extends over eight miles inland from the Nile, and may possibly present about twenty square miles of agri- cultural surface. This area is entirely overflowed every summer by the rich muddy water of the Nile. At the back of the plain, from natural pools and artificial reservoirs, for a very long period _gufficient water has been held back for winter irrigation, when the land is cool and suitable for cultivation. Therefore it follows, when agriculture became an art, Abydos was eminently adapted to become a prosperous district or kingdom, which we know became historical. The universal evidence of ethnology shows that one of the earliest or lowest instincts special to humanity is the preservation of the dead, and, as this could only be done on the banks of the Nile by taking the deceased into the waste dry desert to escape the disturbance of the inundations, probably for all periods of civilization the borders of the desert were the burial-grounds of the people. In the desert, from the desiccated state of the land, there is little cause of decay ; therefore here we find not only the well-preserved tombs of the mighty, but also other well-defined spots which were very ancient or even prehistorical burial- grounds. Asthe grander pyramids or tombs gave richer spoil to the explorer, it is only in quite recent times that the earlier or prehistorical tombs have been opened carefully for research, par- ticularly by Brugsch Bey, Flinders Petrie, and Seton-Karr. The most beautiful flint implements as the work of the early people that have been discovered are those brought to light by the careful and methodical work of Flinders Petrie. A beautiful collection of these was exhibited at the British Association _ Meeting at Bristolin 1898. We have also an excellent collection _ by W. H. Seton-Karr added last year to the Egyptian Collection of the British Museum. This last is of special antiquarian interest. The flint implements come from the ancient desert _ tombs of Wadi Shekh, and give examples of the work of various periods extending from the remote paleolithic to that of the relatively recent, or that of the highest art of flint workmanship. This period is supposed to be not earlier than the first Egyptian dynasty, now estimated at nearly seven thousand years ago. It is of this period of perfect workmanship that the spear-head I _ have to show to our Society was wrought. This I infer, as I eo REP OBES Sn 50 Mr. W. F. Stanley on an Example have not seen a finer piece of workmanship in any collection. In this specimen I wish to call particular attention to the marvellous technical skill in flint-chipping shown in the sharp saw-teeth notches cut uniformly along the symmetrically formed edges at distances apart of the fine teeth that only vary between forty-five to fifty teeth per inch. If one takes this implement in the hands, the sharp edges which cut the flesh show clearly that it was never intended for a hand implement; therefore it must in use have possessed some form of handle. Judging from the somewhat similar forms shown in our British Museum, which appear to be spear-heads of various periods, we may suppose it was the highest, or possibly the last, development of the form. This actual specimen, which was no doubt buried with its former owner, was probably used only as an official spear; its thinness makes it evident that it could not be used effectively for war or chase. I have made a rough diagram, from examples in our British Museum, of what may be the historical series of evolution spear-head, judging from the increased perfection of flint-work from the spear-head J exhibit. There is another form in the Seton-Karr collection, but whether this may be a later form I cannot tell. The workmanship of this, although fine, is inferior to that I exhibit. It may be observed that generally, as the quality of the work advances, the hollow shown at the tops of the examples increases in development. I offer a suggestion for the mounting—that it was lashed with raw hide into a crutch of the stem of a young fir-tree, placed in a cleft of an ornamental staff, fixed by asphaltum or one of the gums which abound in Africa, and held firmly in position by binding with linen-cord, as a state or ceremonial spear. The entire series of prehistoric hand implements for war and chase probably were the spear, the knife (of which I exhibit a specimen), the dagger, and the axe. There is no doubt that coarser implements were made for common purposes at the same period as the superior for state purposes. While in Abydos I had, as all other visitors have, a number of antiquities, found by the natives about the ancient tombs, offered to me, among which were a number of metal mirrors. These were sold for a few shillings each. One of these, when offered, particularly attracted my attention. It was smaller than the others. It was quite flat. It possessed a handle which held the mirror firmly, which is very rare, and it was of copper, as I found by trial with the nail-file of my pocket-knife. It struck me at once as being much more ancient than some others offered to me; that the handle was not decayed appeared to me very curious, as the handles of ancient mirrors in our museums, if present, are in a very decayed condition. The cause of this I Trans. Croydon N. H. 8. EGYPTIAN SPEAR-HEAD AND KNIFE OF FINELY WORKED FLINT, FROM ABYDOS. of a perfect Flint Implement, dc. 51 afterwards discovered was that it was made of a fossil hippo- potamus tooth, which was therefore imperishable. This point is very interesting, as in this handle it is not only that itis perfectly preserved, but that it shows clearly the state of art at the period it was made. There was another point that appeared to me unusual in ancient mirrors—the verdigris did not cover the surface equally, as is general upon old copper, but appeared to be partially crystallized or glazed in parts. It was also extremely hard, so that the knife-file would scarcely touch it. When I got home I thought I would scrape off a part of the surface to analyse it. I found to my surprise that it came off in scales. As it had become disfigured by this process, I cleared off the whole surface to have sufficient for analysis, and handed the mirror over to my glass-worker to rework and repolish the surface to restore it to its original form. In this my glass-worker found a great diffi- culty ; the metal, which as pure copper would have been very soft, was found to be harder tlian speculum metal—in fact, it could only be cut down by sharp emery ; further, that it would not bear an even polish. I have brought it as he finished it. On examination it will be seen that there are many spots crystallized upon the surface, which were of course originally in the interior of the mirror. Upon analysis I found the verdigris contained over 5 per cent. of silica, which was in broken needles and crystals. It was quite evidently formed of native copper, which is found in thin veins in primitive rock, often associated with silicon. It may possibly have been ground down from its original flake, or have been forged. It was probably made before the art of smelting copper was known. Very possibly it may be of the period when the perfect flint implement exhibited was made. I bought another mirror at Abydos, which relatively to that just described may be considered as quite recent. It is larger, and of the advanced concave and convex form. It is interesting in one way that, being formerly bound over the breast of a _ mummy, the verdigris has taken the impression of the mummy- _ Cloth, the quality of which would pass for fairly good calico. 52 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the 6.—On tHe Fora or Hayes Common. By H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S. (Read November 8th, 1902.) In a paper which I read before our Society—then the Croydon Microscopical and Natural History Club—on Feb. 21st, 1899, I made the suggestion that the Club should compile for future reference lists as complete as possible of the flora of each of the commons and open spaces in the neighbourhood of Croydon. Arrangements were subsequently made by the Botanical Section for carrying this suggestion into effect, and the cataloguing of the floras of Hayes and Keston Commons was assigned to me. As an instalment of the work I submit this first report, on the Flora of Hayes Common. With Hayes Common [include for this purpose West Wickham Common, for, though the two commons are in different parishes, and under different management, yet they form one continuous tract, and the plants of West Wickham Common are with few exceptions found also on Hayes Common; so that to enumerate them separately would be mere duplication. (West Wickham - Common is the part to the right of the road going up Coney Hill, and extends on the same side of the road nearly half a mile beyond the top of the hill. The steep wooded slope is noteworthy for a number of venerable pollard-oaks, mostly in various stages of decay, but some still vigorous, and for the abundance of blue- bells in spring. On the brow of the hill are some ancient bar- rows and intrenchments. ) The united area of the two commons is some two hundred acres in extent, and constitutes an oblong tract rather over a mile in its greatest length, viz. from N.W. to 8.E., and about half a mile in its greatest breadth from §8.W. to N.E. The N.W. and N.E. borders are irregular, being encroached on by enclosed grounds, and there is another enclosure in the centre of the common. The surface forms an elevated plateau, sloping gently to the N.E., and bounded on the N.W. and §S.W. sides by an abrupt escarpment. At the W. corner West Wickham Common extends down the slope of the escarpment nearly to the foot of the hill, and Hayes Common proper also extends part of the way down the escarpment at its S. end near the ‘ Fox Inn,’ but for the most part the S8.W. border of the common extends along the brow of the escarpment. The elevation varies from about 230 ft. O.D. at the foot of West Wickham Common to 400 ft. O.D. near the ‘Fox.’ Geologically the common is practically wholly Flora of Hayes Common. 53 composed of the Oldhaven beds ; the lowest part of West Wick- ham Common scarcely touches the chalk; and the Thanet sand and Woolwich beds, if present near Coney Hall, must be very thin, and are almost entirely concealed by rainwash from the slopes above. The Oldhaven beds consist mainly of round-pebble gravel, with some sand. The surface soil is peaty on the bare common, but near the roads and on the N. border it is loamy or sandy. The surface of the common is mostly dry; there are no running streams, and the only water to be found is in a few ponds, one by Coney Hall, one near the centre of the S.W. border, and one or two near the N.K. border. These are the only stations for aquatic plants. The EK. corner of the common near the road to Keston Mark is the wettest part of the common, the natural drainage tending in this direction ; and here several bog-loving plants are still found. On the common there are a number of gravel-pits, some still worked, others long disused and overgrown with turf and bushes ; others again are used as places of deposit for rubbish of various kinds. The vegetation on the common has suffered much during the _ recent dry summers from fires, a large portion of the §.E. part _ of the common having been burnt a year or two ago. This fire was so strong as to cross the roads, whereas generally even a footpath is sufficient to arrest the progress of a heath fire. After a fire the first vegetation to appear consists of mosses, especially Funaria hygrometrica and Ceratodon purpureus, together with the young shoots of strong growing plants, such as the gorse and bracken, the deep roots of which the fire has failed to reach. In @ year or two, when a little mould has formed, the burnt surface is taken possession of by certain plants which thrive in barren soils, such as Senecio sylvaticus, Aira flexuosa, Rumea Acetosella. ____On the open parts of the common, as on peaty heaths gener- ally, the vegetation is made up of comparatively few species of _ plants—the gorse, the ling, and purple heath, and several species of grasses, especially Aira flexuosa, Festuca ovina, and Agrostis _ canina forming the bulk; there are also hawthorn trees dotted about, which afford harbour for the honeysuckle and brambles. Of the plants of wet and boggy ground which are still to be found on Hayes Common, may be mentioned the berry-bearing _ alder (Rhamnus Frangula), the marsh pennywort, Genista anglica, the cross-leaved heath, the creeping-jenny, the lesser skullcap, _ Salia repens and aurita, several rushes and sedges, and Nardus _ stricta. These, as already stated, are chiefly found in the low _ damp ground at the E. corner of Hayes Common. Old records ‘quoted in Hanbury’s ‘ Flora of Kent’ name a number of other _ bog-loving plants as formerly found on Hayes Common, e.g. _ Hypericum elodes, Drosera rotundifolia, Wahlenbergia hederacea, i Menyanthes trifoliata, Narthecium Ossifragum, and Osmunda regalis; ; hs 54 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the but these have now disappeared, either through extinction or possibly through the part where they grow having been enclosed. There is wet boggy ground near the Ravensbourne, a little beyond the present limits of the common. Of aquatics found in the ponds already mentioned the follow- ing may be named, viz. Ranunculus peltatus, Nasturtium palustre. Callitriche stagnalis, Peplis Portula, Veronica Beccabunga, Poly- gonum Hydropiper, Lemna minor, Alisma Plantago, Alopecurus fulvus (?), and Glyceria fluitans. On the dry sandy ground by the roadsides among the short turf grow a number of dwarf annual plants, which flower early in the year, and have ripened their seed and completed their life- history before the ground is parched up by the drought of sum- mer ; such are Erophila vulgaris, Sisymbrium thalianum, Cerastium quaternellum, Buda rubra, Trigonella purpurascens, several species of Trifolium, as glomeratum and striatum, Ornithopus perpusillus, Myosotis collina, Scleranthus annuus, and -lira caryophyllea and precox. Potentilla argentea and Plantago Coronopus are other plants of sandy ground. The numerous plants characteristic of chalky soils are, on the other hand, for the most part conspicuous by their absence. A few, as the rock-rose and Bromus erectus, are found in the dry turf of an old overgrown gravel-pit opposite Cooper’s Cottages ; Geranium lucidum and Salvia Verbenaca on banks on the N. bor- der of the common, and the squat thistle (Cnicus acaulis) near Coney Hall. Among denizens, or plants found chiefly in the neighbourhood of habitations, and probably introduced by human agency, though now well established, may be mentioned the celandine (Cheli- donium majus), the sweet violet, Geranium pyrenaicum, the gout- weed, and the hop. Other plants, no doubt introduced, are the dame’s violet (Hesperis matronalis), the horse-radish, Saponaria officinalis, and Claytonia perfoliata. Colonists, or weeds of cultivated ground, differ from denizens chiefly in their annual habit of growth. These are found most plentifully on the rubbish-heaps in the gravel-pits. Among them may be mentioned the poppies, the fumitory (fumaria officinalis), Erysimum cheiranthoides, Coronopus Ruelliit, Thlaspi arvense, Anthriscus vulgaris, Aithusa Cynapium, Matricaria Chamo- milla, the red pimpernel, Solanum nigrum, several species of Chenopodium and Atriplex, and Urtica urens. The rubbish-heaps also yield a number of ‘ casuals,”’ 7. ¢. plants accidentally intro- duced, but which have not established themselves as permanent residents. These are very uncertain in their appearance; they are represented by single or few individuals, and have often dis- appeared by the next year. As examples of plants which in this locality can only be regarded as casuals, I may name Saponarta Flora of Hayes Common. 55 Vaccaria, the flax (Linum usitatissimum), Melilotus officinalis, the evening primrose (nothera biennis), the parsley, the teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris), Chrysanthemum Parthenium, the milk-thistle (Mariana lactea), the blue cornflower, and Mercurialis annua. Others which have not yet been dignified with a place, even in italics, in the ‘London Catalogue,’ are the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), and Nicotiana affinis. The following are some other noteworthy plants of the com- mon, and probably among its original inhabitants, viz. climbing fumitory (Corydalis claviculata) (West Wickham Common), Tilia cordata (small-leaved lime), a large tree by the road going up Coney Hill, Vicia angustifolia, Rubus suberectus, Epilobium angusti- folium, Saxifraga granulata, Hieracium tridentatum, Ruscus acule- atus (butcher’s-broom), Carea distans, and Bromus commutatus. Brambles are plentiful, but I have not been able to study them sufficiently to make a full list. The ordinary species of mosses and fungi which might be expected to occur in such a locality are fairly plentiful, but I have not observed any kinds worthy of special notice, nor can I make a list sufficiently complete to be worth putting on record. The total number of flowering plants which I have so far observed on Hayes Common is 320, and one fern; total 321. The following are plants which I have not as yet observed on Hayes Common, though they are found on other commons in the neighbourhood, and might be expected to occur there :—Clematis Vitalba, Nasturtium officinale, Oxalis Acetosella, Trifolium sub- _terraneum, Lathyrus pratensis, Potentilla anserina, Cornus san- guinea, Poterium sanguisorba, Pyrus Aria, Apium nodiflorum, Viburnum Lantana and Opulus, Tussilago Farfara, Carduus crispus, Centaurea scabiosa, Vaccinium Myrtillus, Lysimachia nem- orum, Myosotis versicolor, Melampyrum pratense, Origanum vulgare, Populus tremula, and Juniperus communis. The following plants are recorded in Hanbury’s ‘Flora of _ Kent’ from Hayes Common, though I have not seen them there, viz. Berberis vulgaris, Erysimum perfoliatum, Lepidium Smithii, _ Hypericum elodes, Trifolium subterraneum, Rubus fissus, Rogersit, carpinifolius, pulcherrimus, foliosus, and rosaceus var. infecundus, Potentilla recta, Alchemilla vulgaris, Rosa rubiginosa and micrantha, Drosera rotundifolia, Senecio viscosus, Jasione montana, Wahlen- _ bergia hederacea, Menyanthes trifoliata, Cuscuta Epithymum, Nar- _thecium ossifragum, and Osmunda regalis. Some of these have been previously mentioned under the heading of bog-plants ; others are casuals, which, as I have already said, are uncertain in their appearance. Others, again, as Senecio viscosus and _Jasione montana, are still found in the neighbourhood, if not on the common itself. I do not profess to have fully explored Hayes Common and its E x ; 56 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the flora. On the contrary, almost every ramble over it reveals some fresh nook or corner, and, if this presents some slight difference of soil or situation, it commonly yields new species of plants. Hence I may have at some future time to present a supple- mental list. Puants or Hayes Common. Expianation.—A. Aquatic plants. B. Bog- and wet-loving plants. C. Chalk- and lime-loving plants. §. Sand-loving plants. H. Heath- and peat-loving plants. Den. Denizens. Al. Aliens. Cas. Casuals. Col. Colonists. Anemone nemorosa S. alba. Cas. Ranunculus peltatus. A. Ponds R. Flammula. B. By pond R. acris R. repens R. bulbosus R. Ficaria Papaver somniferum. Casual on rubbish heaps Cas. P. Rheas. Col. Ditto and roadside P. dubium. Col. Ditto Chelidonium majus. Den. Near Hayes village Neckeria claviculata. H. West Wickham Common Fumaria officinalis. Col. Rub- bish heaps Nasturtium palustre. A. Pond near N. border Cardamine pratensis C. hirsuta Krophila vulgaris. 58. Hesperis matronalis. Al. Gravel pit Cochlearia Armoracia. Al. Ditto Sisymbrium Thalianum. §6. 8. officinale 8. Alliaria Erysimum cheiranthoides. Cas. Gravel pit near centre of common Sinapis sinapioides = nigra. Cas. S. sinapistrum = arvensis Ditto Bursa bursa-pastoris Coronopus Ruellii. Cas. Gravel pit filling Thlaspi arvense. Col. Ditto Raphanus Raphanistrum. Col. Rubbish heaps Helianthemum Chamecistus. C. Old pit opposite Cooper’s Cottages Viola odorata. Den. NearN.W. border V. hirta. ©. Old pit opposite Cooper’s Cottages V. silvestris ? V. Riviniana Polygala serpyllacea. H. SaponariaVaccaria. Cas. Casual in gravel pit 8. officinalis. Den. Near S.E. border Silene Cucubalus Lychnis alba L. dioica Cerastium quaternellum. S. Sandy ground near road C. glomeratum. S. C. triviale Stellaria media 8. Holostea S. graminea. H. Arenaria trinervis A. serpyllifolia Sagina apetala Flora of Hayes Common. 57 8. procumbens. By pond on N. border Buda rubra. §S. Roadside Claytonia perfoliata. Al. Gar- den hedge-bank, N. W. border Hypericum perforatum H. humifusum H. pulchrum. H. Malva moschata. C. M. sylvestris M. rotundifolia Tilia vulgaris. border T. cordata. large tree Linum usitatissimum. Roadside, 8.E. border Geranium pyrenaicum. C. Gra- vel pit near N. border G. molle G. pusillum G. dissectum G. lucidum. C. Bank near village G. Robertianum EKrodium cicutarium. S. Tlex aquifolium Huonymus europeus Rhamuus Frangula. B. Damp thicket near §.E. corner Acer Pseudo-platanus A. campestris Genista anglica. B. Ulex europeus. H. U. nanus. H. Cytisus scoparius. H. _ Trigonella purpurascens. §S. _ Gravel pit, West Wickham Common Medicago lupulina Melilotus officinalis. Cas. Casual in gravel pit Trifolium pratense T. arvense. §. Gravel pit T. striatum. S. Sandy ground T. glomeratum. 8. Ditto _ T. repens T. procumbens By houses, E. Coney Hill; a Cas. T. dubium T. filiforme. 8. Sandy ground Lotus corniculatus L. uliginosus. B. Damp ground near pond and in K. corner Ornithopus perpusillus. 6. Gravel pit Vicia Cracca. South escarpment V. sepium V. sativa V. angustifolia. H. Prunus spinosa P. Avium. West Wickham Common Rubus ideus. H. Near village R. suberectus. H. E. corner R. Lindleianus R. rhamnifolius R. rusticanus R. Sprengelii Geum urbanum Fragaria vesca Potentilla Fragariastrum P. silvestris (Tormentilla). H. P. reptans P. argentea. S. Sandy ground near road Alchemilla arvensis. §. Agrimonia Eupatoria. C. Rosa canina R. arvensis Pyrus Aucuparia P. Maius Crategus gyna Saxifraga granulata. near village Sedum acre. C. Gravel pit near N. border . Callitriche verna. A. Ponds Peplis Portula. A. Pond near N. border Epilobium angustifolium. H. EK. montanum EK. obscurum. B. (Enothera biennis. Cas. Casual on rubbish heap oxyacantha mono- Grove E 2 ' 58 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the Circea lutetiana Bryonia dioica Hydrocotyle vulgaris. B. Damp ground near pond and in EH. corner Sanicula europea Carum Petroselinum. Cas. Casual on rubbish heap. Sison Amomum. Near village Gigopodium Podagraria. Den. Ditto Pimpinella Saxifraga Cherophyllum temulum Anthriscus vulgaris. Cas., 8. Gravel pit A. sylvestris Asthusa Cynapium. Col. Gra- vel pit Peucedanum sativum. C. Heracleum Sphondylium Caucalis Anthriscus Hedera Helix Sambucus nigra Lonicera Periclymenum Galium verum G. Mollugo G. saxatile G. palustre. G. Aparine Dipsacus sylvestris. Gravel pit Scabiosa succisa. B. Damp ground, K. corner Solidago Virgaurea Bellis perennis Filago germanica. 5. Gravel pit F. mimina. §. Ditto Gnaphalium uliginosum. §. Achillea Millefolium A. ptarmica. B. Damp ground Chrysanthemum leucanthemum C. Parthenium. Den. Casual in gravel pit Matricaria inodora. Gravel pit M. Chamomilla. Col. Ditto Artemisia vulgaris. Coney Hill Senecio vulgaris S. sylvaticus. 8. Near pond. S. Jacobeea Arctium minus Cnicus lanceolatus C. palustris. B. C. acaulis. C. Near Coney Hall C. arvensis Mariana lactea. Cas. Casual near Coney Hall Centaurea nigra C. Cyanus. Cas. Casual in gravel pit Lapsana communis Crepis virens Hieracium Pilosella H. rigidum = tridentatum H. boreale H. umbellatum. H. Hypocheris radicata Leontodon autumnalis Taraxacum officinale Sonchus oleraceus S. asper S. arvensis Campanula rotundifolia Calluna Erica. H. Erica Tetralix. B. E. corner K. cinerea. H. Lysimachia Nummularia. B. Anagallis arvensis. Col. Fraxinus excelsior Ligustrum vulgare Myosotis arvensis M. collina. 8. Volvulus sepium Convolvulus arvensis Solanum Dulcamara S. nigrum. Gravel pit Verbascum Thapsus V. nigrum. C. Near Fox Inn Linaria vulgaris Scrophularia nodosa Digitalis purpurea. H. Veronica hedereefolia V. agrestis V. arvensis YV. serpyllifolia V. officinalis. H. Flora of Hayes Common. V. Chamedrys Kuphrasia officinalis Pedicularis sylvatica Mentha hirsuta Thymus Serpyllum Calamintha Clinopodium Salvia Verbenaca. C. Bank on N.E. border Nepeta Glechoma Scutellaria minor. B, Damp ground, E. corner Prunella vulgaris Stachys Betonica. border 8. sylvatica Lamium purpureum L. album Ballota nigra Teucrium Scorodonia Plantago major P. lanceolata P. Coronopus. §. Scleranthus annuus. 9. Chenopodium polyspermum. Col. Rubbish heaps in gravel pit C.album. Col. Ditto Atriplex patula. Col. A. deltoidea. Col. Polygonum aviculare _ P. hydropiper. B. Pond P. Persicaria Rumex pulcher ? R. obtusifolius R. crispus R. acetosa R. Acetosella. §S. Euphorbia amygdaloides. G. South escarpment __E. Peplus _ (E. Lathyris. Den. Copse near _ __E. corner—not on common) _ Mercurialis perennis - annua. Cas. gravel pit Imus montana U. surculosa Near S.E. Ditto Ditto Casual in 59 Humulus Lupulus. Den. Near Urtica dioica [village U. urens. Col. Gravel pit Betula verrucosa Carpinus Betulus Corylus Avellana Quercus Robur pedunculata Castanea sativa. Al. Plantations Fagus sylvatica Salix alba. E. corner 8S. cinerea 8S. aurita. S. caprea. Ditto S. repens. B. Ditto Taxus baccata. (. Pinus sylvestris. Plantations Tamus communis Ruscusaculeatus. 8. escarpment Scilla festalis Juncus bufonius. B. J. squarrosus. B. J. effusus J. conglomeratus J. lampocarpus. B. J. acutiflorus. B. Luzula vernalis L. campestris L. erecta congesta Arum maculatum Lemna minor. A. Ponds Alisma Plantago aquatica. A. Ditto Carex muricata C. divulsa C. ovalis C. sylvatica C. distans C. flava. B. Anthoxanthum odoratum Phleum pratense Alopecurus fulvus? A. Ponds A. pratensis Agrostis canina A. palustris A. vulgaris Aira caryophyllea. §, A. precox. §, B. E. corner 60 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the Deschampsia ceespitosa Festuca ovina D. flexuosa. 8. Bromus ramosus Holcus mollis B. erectus. C. Old pit opposite H. lanatus Cooper’s Cottages Trisetum pratense B. sterilis Arrhenatherum avenaceum B. commutatus Sieglingia decumbens. B. B. mollis Cynosurus cristatus Brachypodium gracile Koeleria cristata Solium perenne Melica uniflora Agropyrum repens Dactylis glomerata Nardus stricta. B. E. corner Poa annua Hordeum murinum P. nemoralis Molinia varia. B. Glyceria fluitans. A. Ponds Pteris aquilina 7.—Some Notes on tHE Ftora or THE HastTERN BorpER OF Dartmoor, By H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S. (Read November 18th, 1902.) Tur following notes on the plants of a neighbourhood in some respects unlike our own are based on observations made during a fortnight spent in the first part of August, 1902, at Manaton, a village near the eastern border of Dartmoor. Owing to the elevated character of the region—the altitude varying from 400 to 1700 ft., and averaging about 1000 ft.—the vegetation there was considerably—I should estimate about three weeks—more backward than that in the neighbourhood of Croydon, being about as advanced as it would be with us in the middle of July; hence the proportion of plants still in flower was greater than it would be here. The neighbourhood comprises pasture, cultivated ground, woodland, moor, rock, bog, and running streams, but little still water. The subsoil is granite, except in a portion of the lower ground, where it consists of altered carboniferous shales. On these shales the surface soil exhibits more tendency to become peaty than on the granite, where, except on the higher hills, it is generally a brown gritty loam rather than peat, The flora also exhibited a corresponding difference, several plants, as Myrica Gale, Radiola linoides, and Pinguicula lusitanica, being found on the shales but not on the granite. The granite on the hills often crops out in rocky tors, or forms large rounded detached blocks; and these rocky masses are commonly covered with a luxuriant growth of mosses and lichens. . . eer Flora of the Eastern Border of Dartmoor. 61 About 275 species of flowering plants were observed, the greater number occurring in the pastures, hedge-banks, and cultivated ground. On the moorland proper the number of species of plants is small, though some species occur in great abund- ance. The two common species of heath and the ling—all three occasionally found with white flowers—the whortleberry, bearing abundant fruit, the gorse, bracken, tormentil, and a few species of grass, especially Agrostis canina, almost make up the vegeta- tion. In the wet places the bog-pimpernel, the ivy-leaved cam- panula, the bog-asphodel, bog St. John’s wort, and round-leaved sundew are plentiful. Devonshire is noted for its hollow lanes, with steep fern-clad banks. In the region I am speaking of the banks of the lanes and hedges are strengthened by large blocks of granite, and at the time of my visit were gay with flowers, especially the fox- glove, the navel-wort, the sheepsbit, the knapweed, Lychnis dioica, Sedum anglicum, Lotus major, and Galiwm Mollugo. The foxglove has the local name of ‘ curflops,” a name which seems to have reference to the flowers drooping to one side, as the sam ename ‘‘ curflops”’ is also given to the black or Tartary oat, with its close secund panicle; the white oat, with its loose spreading panicle, being called ‘‘sparvel.’”’ The navel-wort (Cotyledon umbilicus) is locally called ‘‘ penny pies.” This plant, with its tuberous root, fleshy trumpet-shaped leaves, and long spike of greenish white flowers, is a characteristic feature of the West Country flora; it is very common in the south-west counties of England, and in Wales; but in the east of England the only place where I have seen it is on the walls of a ruined castle in Lincolnshire, where it was no doubt introduced. At Croydon I have never succeeded in getting it to live through the winter. At Manaton it was everywhere abundant on banks, rocks, walls, trees and roofs. The sheepsbit (Jastone montana), resembling a small bright blue scabious, is abundant, as in most parts of Devonshire. It is not common about Croydon, though this year I have found it in some abundance on the railway banks between West Wickham Station’ and Hayes. Of the knapweed (Centaurea nigra) the rayless form—the form found about Croydon—was the prevailing one on the high ground and granite soil. On the low ground and calcareous soil, at Bovey Tracey and Torquay, the rayed _ form was the usual one, as in the West of England generally. In the cornfields Silene anglica and Spergula arvensis were _ among the most abundant weeds. Chrysanthemum segetum, a _ plant abundant in some western counties in cornfields on light soil, was not seen. It was curious to note the absence or scarcity of some of the _ plants most abundant about Croydon. Of course, on a granite 62 Sdme Notes on the Flora of Dartmoor. soil one would not expect to find many of the plants characteristic of our chalk downs, such as the rock-rose, the squat thistle, the wayfaring-tree, and the wild clematis. (The altitude may have to do with the absence of the latter, as it is a plant characteristic of the lowest or infer-agrarian zone of vegetation in Britain.) But some plants, which from the nature of the habitat one might have expected to be plentiful, were not seen, e.g. Silene inflata, Galium verum, Bryonia dioica, Genista anglica, and Campanula rotundifolia, while other species common with us occurred but sparingly, e. g. Senecio Jacobea, Tamus communis, and Euphorbia amygdaloides. ; Roses were scarce ; Rosa canina and R. arvensis were the only ones seen, and that sparingly. Of brambles, Rubus leucostachys and R. rhamnifolius were the prevalent forms. R. discolor (rusticanus), the common blackberry of lowland cultivated districts, was seen in two or three places on the lower ground only. Of hawkweeds, H. Pilosella was the only species seen. Of willows, the sallow (Salix cinerea) was the only species plentiful ; it often formed a small tree with a distinct trunk, about the size of a large plum-tree, instead of, as with us, a large bush branching from the root. S. aurita was found in a few places, and two osiers—S. viminalis and S. triandra (?)—by one stream ; but the common tree-willows, S. fragilis and S. alba, were not seen, nor the dwarf willow, S. repens, which one would have expected to be plentiful in the boggy places. Sedges, too, were much less plentiful than might have been expected, Carea muricata, flava, stellulata, and distans being the only species observed. Ferns are very abundant on banks, and in woods and wet places, especially the lady-fern, male fern, common polypody, Lastrea Oreopteris, Blechnum, and of course the bracken; also the black spleenwort (Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum), which is plentiful in most parts of Devonshire and Cornwall. The hart’s- tongue and wall rue—plentiful on calcareous soils in Devonshire, were only found on one or two old walls. The filmy fern (Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense) grew among mosses, on the huge boulders of granite in the bed of a torrent. Among the plants observed, besides those previously men- tioned, the following may be named :—Ranunculus Lenormandt, Corydalis claviculata, Fumaria confusa, Lepidium Smithii (plenti- ful), Hypericum Androsemum, Oxalis stricta (garden weed), Linum angustifolium, Coronilla varia (garden escape), Alchemilla vulgaris, inanthe crocata (common), Valerianella dentata, Cuscuta Epi- thymum (up to altitude of 1400 ft.), Rhynchospora alba. ae a 63 8.—ReEporT oF THE METEOROLOGICAL ComMITTEE, 1902. Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis CamPBELL-Bayarp, F.R. Met. Soc. ‘ _ (Read 17th March, 1903.) THE same arrangements under which the daily rainfall of the district round Croydon has been observed and tabulated have been continued throughout the year 1902. The number of stations in the printed list is 88, and there is one additional station—viz. Beddington Corner, the record of which is complete for the whole year, and which will be found at the end of this Report. These 89 stations are under the superintendence of 72 observers. There was a change of the observers at South Norwood, mentioned in the April sheet, and Mr. Craven, of Woburn Road, Croydon, ceased observing at the end of June, at which date he left the town. Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers, with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient number have from month to month been pulled for the use of the Society. These printed tables contain the records of all observers, with the exception already men- tioned, reporting to the Committee. Appendix ITI. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1:00 in. and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix I. Having regard to the large fall of rain—vzz. 3°51 in.—at Hsher on September 10th, and which fall is more particularly referred to in the printed sheet for that month, it seems desirable to place on record in the form of a short table a list of all falls in the twenty-four hours, which are 2°50 in. and upwards. These are eleven in number, and are taken from our printed tables, which commence with the year 1888. TABLE A.—Maximum Fauts 1n 24 Hours or 2°50 In. AND ABOVE. Date. STATION. Fatt. IN. 30 July, 1888 |Deptford .......... 2°54 2 Sept., 1889 /Wilmington ........ 3:90 17 July, 1890 |Kingston .......... 2°62 28 June, 1892 |Caterham Valley ....| 2°50 1 Sept., 1896 |Keston (Tower Fields)}| 2°62 5 » (Bradfield) ..| 2°54 7 Merstham .......... 2°51 10 Sept., 1902 |Hsher .......... eeee| B51 Fc Carshalton .......... 2°99 is South Norwood......| 2°76 5 West Molesey ...... 2°57 If this table is examined it will be seen that there are only two falls which are over 8°50 in., and only four falls over 2°75 in. The late _ Mr. G. J. Symons always warned his observers to look to the capacity of their gauges, saying that “once in your rainfall life you will have a fall of over four inches.’ In the fifteen years since the foundation of this organization there has been no such fall recorded, though the fall at Wilmington in 1889 is very close to this amount. With reference to the rainfall for the year 1902, the impression has gone about that the year has been a very wet one, with a large number of rainy days. Both of these impressions are not in accordance with the facts, but, at the same time, if we look at tables B and C, we shall at once see how the impression has arisen. 69:0— 98-0— OF Ne ¥6:0— L8-0— 6-0 — VGil= Si Uo t-t—= 16:0— 16-IT— 86-0— te 00 | la 00-1— LOo°l== 00-T— real 06:0— L0-8— |9T-T— 98-2— |18-0— g8-8— |66-0— Il-I— |69-:0— 91-8— |9T-1— L9-8— 98-T— 86-8— FL-I— G6:6— |Fo-I— 08-F— |I8-0— §8-F— |129-T— LE-8— |LL-0— $9-9— |66-T— | Z0-S— |F8-T— | 98-I— |TL-0— | GL-9— |FS-T— OL-G—|9F-T— 96-8— |62-I— ¥S-F— |16-IT— Z0-F— |88-T— 8L-S— |08-T— | 69-F— |06-T— | Z1-S— |86-0—| ‘Ul “Ul “188K ‘09d 09-0—| 61-1—| L8-0— PL-I— 2 “AON T9-I[-— |S8-T— 8L:-I— |FF-0+ 09-L— |6L-T— L9-T— |86-0+ LL:T— |L1-0+ 89-I— |0:T— LL-I— |68-T— G¢-I[— |08-I— ¥6-L— |6S-T— §T-I[— |8F-I— | G3-T— |L0-[— 97-T— |9¢-T— §L-I— |6F-IT— TS-I— |98-0+ TL-0— |¥6-T— 00-IT— |69-IT— 61-T— |OL-T— 66: [— |866-L— 168-T— TS-T— 8¢-I— LO-I-- 66-I— F¢-I— G0-T— |L9-1— | ‘uy | ‘Uy 90 = 4ydag | IL-T+ 18-0+ 86-0+ 6L-0+ 6L-0+ 99-0+ I-E+ OL-T+ 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‘avez | ‘vag "AON | ‘490 4deg | ‘any | Ajng | oung | dep qudy | ‘rey "qaT ‘uer *SNOILVILG 66 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the TABLE C. Numper or Rainy Days ar Watuincton, Surrey. Average of | Jan.|Feb.|Mar. 10 years = |-——}—_|]—_! —_|—__|____| —__ |__| —__|____|__ 1891-1900} 18 | 14 | 18 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10} 15 | 12} 16 | 16 | 17 | 164 1902 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 10} 20 | 19} 11 | 18 Toh DD alae On examining table B, which consists of 44 stations from amongst the 48 whose averages were given for the 10 years 1891-1900 in the Report for 1900, and comparing these aver- ages with the rainfall of 1902, we shall at once be struck with the fact, in looking at the year’s column, that the rainfall has been deficient, for out of all these stations only one shows an excess—viz. Hsher—and this excess, anyone can see, has arisen from the great thunderstorm on September 10th. If now we take the several months we shall at once see the cause of the numerous complaints which have been made as to the want of water. The months of January, February, April, July, October, November, and December were all very dry. March we might call an average month, the small deficit in some places being balanced by the small excess in other places. September also was a dry month in the places which were not affected by the thunderstorm on the 10th. This leaves only the three months of May, June, and August as the months of an excess of rain, and these are the months when most persons take their holidays. It will be noticed how wet these months were, and I may remark that, though July appears dry, yet the last half of that month was wet with a large number of rainy days. If we now look at table C, we at once notice that May, June, August, and October had a considerable number of rainy days in excess of the average. These facts will at once account for the impression that the year was a wet one. It is, again, a curious fact that the driest place in the district appears to be Sevenoaks, which is closely followed by Abinger Hall. Through the courtesy of a member of the Society, Mr. Baldwin Latham, who has a self-recording rain gauge, I have been fur- nished with the following figures for 1902. The actual number of hours during which rain fell during the year was 529°35, which gave a rate of fall of 0°39 in. per hour, and the actual number of days of twenty-four hours each as 22°056. The Committee would like to point out that the number of days on which the fall of rain was one inch and above was not large, being only five, and that the amounts, with the exception of the fall on September 10th, which has already been dealt a Meteorological Committee, 1902. 67 with, were not remarkable. In conclusion, the Committee desire to thank those, eleven in number, who have given donations in aid of this rainfall work, which, from the letters received, evidently supplies a want which has been felt for some time, and it seems a pity that the state of the finances does not permit the extension of the scheme to a larger area. Gorpon Vinita, Beppineton Corner, SURREY. Observer—G. Miter. Gauge 5 in. in diameter. Height of gauge above ground, 5 ft. _ _ Height of station above sea-level, 77 ft. Jan. Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June July Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year. IN. | IN. | In. | IN. | IN. | IN. | rN. | In. | my. | in. | mm. | mm. | om. 0°50 | 0-70 | 1-48 | 0°55 | 2°27 | 4:56 | 1:14 | 3°54 | 2°64 | 1-44 | 1:84 | 1°66 | 22°32 Norr.—The observations are taken at 7 p.m., and the amount entered to the same day. 68 APPENDIX II. Fatts or 1 IncH AND ABOVE. Marcu 247ruH.—Hayes 1:21 in. June 137rH.—Worcester Park 1-29 in.; Raynes Park 1:27 in.; Clapham Park 1:19 in.; Wimbledon (The Downs) 1:18 in.; Brixton 1:16 in.; Wimbledon (Sewage Works) 1:15 in.; Morden 1:13 in.; Wimbledon (The Windmill) 1:10 in.; Streatham, and West Norwood 1:09 in.; Putney Heath 1:07 in.; Kingston 1:06 in.; Wandsworth Common 1:05 in.; Battersea 1-03 in. June 157H.—West Wickham 1:00 in. Aueust 16ra.—Holmbury St. Mary 1:00 in. Aveust 18rx.—Croydon (Brimstone Barn) 1:20 in.; Esher 1:15 in. SepremsBer 107Ta.—Hsher 3°51 in.; Carshalton 2°99 in.; South Norwood 2°76 in.; West Molesey 2°57 in.; Upper Norwood 2:38 in.; Forest Hill (Denmark Road) 2°12 in.; Surbiton 2:04 in.; Kingston 1:96 in.; Croydon (Windmill Road) 1:90 in.; Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.) 1:80 in.; Wallington 1-70 in. ; Croydon (Brimstone Barn) 1-65 in.; Raynes Park 1°63 in.; Sutton and Wimbledon (The Downs) 1°61 in.; Beddington 1:34 in. ; Deptford 1:31 in.; New Maldon 1:25 in.; West Nor- wood 1°24 in.; Worcester Park 1:21 in.; Benhilton 1:19 in.; Streatham 1:15 in.; Greenwich 1:09 in.; Richmond 1:08 in.; Croydon (Whitgift) and Wimbledon (Sewage Works) 1-05 in. 69 9,.—RaInFALL. By W. Marriort, Esq. (Read February 17th, 1902). Mr. W. Marriort said he hoped his audience would not be dis- appointed, as he had brought no paper to read, nor had he come prepared to lecture, but rather to give a conversational address on the subject of rainfall. The subject was probably a familiar one to the members of the Society, as the Meteorological Com- mittee of the Society had done good work for many years past by issuing a very useful Monthly Return of Rainfall in the district south of London, compiled from daily records. Whence, however, comes the rain? If ice be put into a glass of water and its temperature reduced below that of the surround- ing atmosphere, the outside of the glass becomes wet. This is caused by condensation of the moisture in the atmosphere owing to the temperature of the glass being below dew point, whereby the air is induced to part with a portion of its moisture. The atmosphere contains moisture, and the higher the temperature the more moisture it can absorb. On reaching colder currents of air in the higher regions the moisture is condensed and forms clouds; and when the temperature is reduced below the dew point the moisture is parted with in the form of rain. The prevailing rain-bearing wind in the British Isles is the south-west, which comes off the Atlantic warm and highly charged with moisture. It strikes against the hills on the west and rain is discharged. Thus the heaviest rains occur chiefly on the west coast, and the amount increases according to altitude. Mr. Marriott said that he had collated the rainfall data for the Croydon district, published by the Meteorological Committee, for the ten years 1891-1900, according to height above sea level, and found that the rainfall increased with altitude, in the same way as in other parts of the country. The following were the results :-— Altitude. Rainfall. 100 feet. 22°08 inches. 200 ,, 23°41 _~—C,, 300 ,, 24°54, 400 ,, 26:87 is, 500 ,, 27°18 si, 600 ,, ———_— 700 ,, PAST Vii eree Peculiarities in the position of localities will modify the apparent . fall. Thus a gauge placed at the top of a hill near the sea may not record so great a fall as one placed a short distance inland 70 Mr. W. Marriott on Rainfall. and lower, because a high wind drives the rain over the higher station. The average rainfall for the South-east of England, as recorded at Greenwich for the past eighty years, is just under 25 inches. As will be seen from the following figures, there have been during the past twelve years only two in which the rainfall has been above the average, viz. :— In. In. In. 1890—3:06 1894+ 1:92 1898—6'11 1891+ :006 1895—5:24 1899—2:63 1892—2'61 1896—2°49 1900—2°64 18938—4:87 1897—2°88 1901—4:65 There is thus a deficiency on the twelve years amounting in the aggregate to 85°22 inches, which is equal to about a year and a half's rainfall. The average rainfall varies, of course, in different parts, and at Seathwaite in Cumberland is about 140 inches. ‘There the . spring months, April, May, and June, are the driest months on the average, the fall gradually increasing until January, and then again decreasing; whereas in the London area it is found that October is the wettest month, July next, and March the driest. It has been found useless to base calculations on records of short periods, owing to the great variability of the rainfall. Thus, if an average were struck from the records of the past ten or twelve years in the London district, it will be found to be much below the 25 inches recorded as an average for the past eighty years at Greenwich. Snow and hail are other forms of rain, about one foot of the former being equal, speaking roughly, to one inch of rain. Hail- stones are particularly interesting, as showing by their structure the varying changes of temperature passed through. Fortu- nately we do not get in this country such heavy hailstorms as occur in Australia, South Africa, and other places, where corru- gated iron of ordinary thickness is riddled, but at times we do have them very heavy and destructive, in fact sometimes dan- gerous. Mr. Marriott exhibited a numerous and interesting series of lantern-slides illustrating his address, giving diagrams, tables, and maps showing the different temperatures existing in different parts of the world, both in winter and summer, indicated by lines termed isotherms; the rainfall in different countries, and the monsoon areas of the East; also portraits of some well- known meteorologists. He hoped that more observers would be obtained, and the number of stations increased in the Croydon district, as it is necessary to obtain accurate information from numerous sources and for riodg,.in order that it may be of use. PRES PED Ses No. S8|a28 | 222 STATIONS. OBSERVERS, gal|eo8 | a2 a8 \%5 | 333 IN. |FT. IN.| FT, Holmbury St. Mary (loedwynds) | F. Cornish ........ 5|1 0} 530 Abinger (The Rectory).......... Miss Brodie-Hall....) 5 | 1 0] 381 Abinger (‘The Hall) ........ ‘....| The Lord Farrer ....| 8 | 2 0 | 320 Dorking (Denbies)...........+.. J. Beesley ........+. d/U 6] 610 Redhill (Oxford Road) .......... W. 4H. Tyndall...... 8/1 0} 300 Redhill (Linkfield Lane) ........ Mrs. Stephenson....| 2/1 0 | 350 Nutfield (The Priory) .......... J. Moffatt .......... 8/1 2 | 468 Nutfield (The Priory) 2nd gauge| J. Moffatt.......... 87) 22 |) aad Buckland (Hartswood) ........ R. W. Clutton ...... 5 | 1 03) 174 Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ...... d|1 0| 440 Upper Gatton (The Park)........ F. Druce ...... ‘oee|, 2 | 2, 0/1600 Merstham (Rockshaw Lodge)....| IT. W. Hill.......... 5/1 0} 475 Harp’s Oak Cottage ............ R. C. Grant ........ 5}1 0 | 454 Chipstead (Shabden Park) ...... Je) Orerane sj m\sccia,sisis « 5|1 0} 550 Chaldon (The Rectory) ..... ...| Rey. G. E. Belcher ..) 5 | 1 0 | 542 Caterham (Metropolitan Asylum)| P. E. Campbell, M.D.) 5|1 0 | 610 Westerham (Hill Estate)........ W. Morris .......... 5/1 0 | 539 Westerham (The Town) ........ W. Morris.......... 5|1 0] 380 Knockholt Beeches (Field Gauge)| W. Morris........-. 5/1 0 | 785 Knockholt Beeches (Tower Gauge)| W. Morris.......... 5 | 24 6 | 812 Chevening (The Park)..........] C. Sutton .......... 5/1 0 | 360 Sevenoaks (St. Johns Hill)...... W. W. Wagstaffe ....| 5 | 1 10) 380 Chelsham (Fairchildes) ........| A. S. Daniell ...... 8/1 0 | 600 Warlingham (Egremont)........ H. Rogers.......... 5|1 0| 614 Kenley (Hazelea) .............. Mrs. Carr-Dyer ....| 5/1 0 | 282 Sanderstead (The Red House) ..| Capt. Carpenter, R.N.| 5 | 1 0 | 320 Burgh Heath (The Reservoir)....| Sutton Dis. Water Co.| 5 |1 0 | 580 Leatherhead (Downside) ........ IAS Mate ye din ofp aseleisip oe 5|1 0] 250 D’Abernon Chase ............-: Sir W. Vincent, Bart. | 5 | 1 0 | 280 30 | Oxshott (Beverstone) .......... W. H. Dines........ 5/1 0| 212 | Banstead (The Larches) ........ Rev. C. J. Taylor....| 8] 1 0 | 488 | Sutton (Sutton District Water Co.)| Sutton Dis. WaterCo.| 5/1 0 | 110 | Benhilton (Angel Hill) ........ J.C, M. Stanton ....} 2 | 1, 3 | 125 Carshalton (Sewage Works) ....| W. W. Gale ........ 5/1 0] 118 Wallington (Maldon Road)...... F. Campbell-Bayard | 5/4 1 | 140 Beddington (Riverside) ........|S. Rostron ........ 5/1 0 | 120 Croydon (Brimstone Barn) ...... Croydon Corporation| 5|1 0! 130 APPENDIX I. CROYDON NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY (Meteorological Committee. ) ‘|leo|8o3 |238 STaTIONs. OBSERVERS. 2 Ey Bs 3 4 a2 #o/R*o |nea IN. |FT. IN.| FT. Croydon (Waddon New Road)....} Croydon Corporation| 5/1 0 | 146 Croydon (Duppas House) ...... Baldwin Latham....| 8|1 0 | 158 Croydon (Whitgift) ............ A. E. Watson ...... 5|1 0] 191 Croydon (Woburn Road)........ M. L. Craven ...... 5} 1 1) 178 Croydon (Windmill Road) ...... Ac Maldon: i5> sms D5) On| cit Croydon (Park Hill Rise) ...... H. F. Parsons, M.D.| 5|1 0 | 250 Croydon (Ashburton Road)...... Jets Clarks ccieieter 5} 1 0] 188 Addington Hills (The Reservoir). .| Croydon Corporation| 8 | 0 9 | 473 Addington (Park Farm) ........ W: Whalley, = seeicr 5|1 0} 268 Addington (Pumping Station)....| Croydon Corporation| 8 | 1 0 | 381 West Wickham (Wickham Court)| Sir H. F. Lennard, Bt.| 5 |1 2 | 300 Hayes (Hayes Place) .......... W.. Beale: ..0.5 ceca 8} 1 0} 350 Farnborough (Feniton) ........ Miss Percy ~...-...-+ 5|1 0} 376 Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris.......... 5|1 0} 220 Farningham Hill (Hill House) ,.| A. J. Waring ...... 5 | 3 0} 300 Southtleet (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris....... .. 5}|1 0; 82 Chislehurst (Hawkwood) ...... Miss Edlmann...... 5|1 0} 300. Bickley (The High Field) ...... J. Batten) 1.0 ca esos 5 | 1 2] 295 Bromley (The Palace) .......... Coles Child ........ 5|1 0] 187 Bromley Common (Elmfield) ..../ Rev. J.P. Faunthorpe| 5 | 0 9 | 240 Beckenham (Wickham Road)....| E. Scovell.......... 5 | 1 2] 155 South Norwood (Apsley Road) ..| W. H. Cullis........ 5 | TO ROr e125 Morden (Steel Hawes).......... Miss R. Hames...... 5|5 2] 100 Wimbledon (Sewage Works) ....| C. H. Cooper ...... 5.1 E05 268 Wimbledon (The Downs) ...... Francis Hox ..2.5... 5} 1 1] 162 Wimbledon (The Windmill) ....| Jesse Reeves........ 5} 1 0; 172 . Raynes Park (Pumping Station)..|C. H. Cooper ...... 5;}1 0] 47 New Malden (Sewage Works) ....| T. V. H. Davison....) 5 |1 0] 465 Worcester Park (Manor Lodge)..| F. D. Outram ...... 5 {1 9] 120 Esher (Sewage Works).......... A. J. Henderson ....) 5|1 0] 40 West Molesey. (Chelsea W. Co.)..] H. Wrinch.......... 5. GOs 82 Surbiton (Seething Wells) ...... ELS WWEUNGH. ete statatere 10;}0 6] 25 Kingston (Sewage Works) ...... TNSLEVONE ere oh ee reste 5/1 0] 25 Richmond (The Terrace) ......| J. H. Brierley ...... 8/1 6] 109 Putney Heath (The Reservoirs)..} H. Wrinch.......... 5|1 0} 180 Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road)| F. J. Brodie ........ 5/1 0 | 100 Clapham Park (New Park Road)| D. W. Horner ...... 5|1 3/ 128 Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...| F. Jordan .......... 5 |1 0] 120 West Norwood (Thornlaw Road)..} W. Marriott ........ 5 | 1 0| 220 Up. Norwood (Dulwich-wood Park)| J. P. Caldicott ...... 5|1 2] 276 Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road) ...} L. W. F. Behrens 5|1 0] 220 Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.)..| J. W. Restler ...... 5|1 0} 344 Sideup (Hatherley Road) ...... Lionel Burrell, M.D. | 5|1 2 160 Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....] W. Morris.......... 18077726 Dartford (West Hill House) ....| Lieut-Col.C.N. Kidd| 5j}1 3 | 100 Eltham (High Street) .......... We MOrninien = |TT- [TT OT- |60- |1T- | 12 LT |9T- |0§- c “NI “NI “NI “NI G8 § “NI ‘NI *NI “NI “NI “NI INE *NE ENE “NI oNY “NI “NI *NI “NI SNE “NI “NI : “NI “NI o |Ss| spiel melselselae| sel ae| Sel Sel Be! 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