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MARCH 1980, Voli s13s, Barts) 1/2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

Officers and Council for 1980
President:
R. Fairclough, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.
Vice-Presidents:
Rey. D. J. L. Agassiz, M.A.
A. E. Stubbs, B.sc.

Treasurer:
Col. D. H. Sterling, F.B.c.s.

Secretary:
E. H. Wild, M.1.BIoL.

Curator:
E. S. Bradford

Librarian:
G. Prior, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.

Lanternist:
S. A. Knill-Jones, A.R.C.M.

Ordinary Members of Council:

A. A. Allen, PH.D., B.SC. G. N. Burton, B.A.
ia Daley J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S.
P. A. Sokoloff, M.S.C.,M.1I.BIOL., M.I.S.T., F.R.E.S. R. Dyke
R. Tubbs, 0.B.E£., F.R.I.B.A., F.R.E.S. P. J. Jewess, B.SC.
T. B. Larsen
Editorial

Editor: E. P. Wiltshire, C.B.E., F.R.E.S.
Address: Wychwood, High Road, Cookham, SL6 9JS, Berks.

with the assistance of:

T. R. E. Southwood, B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.S., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.£.S.
E. S. Bradford =

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane,
Tottenham, N15 4HL

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
‘Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 13’

Vol. 13
1980

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South
Audley Street, London, W.1, and printed by Charles Phipps
Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, LONDON, N.15

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 1

EDITORIAL

Our Council, as it reported at the 107th Annual General Meeting, (12
(3/4): 116) has been “‘trying to establish a happier modus vivendi with the
Forestry Commission’’, following some members’ complaints of trouble in
obtaining permits to collect and of the limited scope of such, if obtainable.
We reproduce, in the following pages, the Commission’s reply to these
representations. Here we must mention that, as on the occasion of the field
meeting for the 2nd of June, other members seem satisfied with the
arrangements and are grateful to the Commission.

The Council’s report also mentioned the progress, towards enactment
by Parliament, of a new Wild Life Conservation bill; at a later indoor
meeting, the addition of the Essex Emerald moth to the list of lepidoptera
to be protected in the schedule of the 1975 Act was explained (12
(3/4): 122).

There is more about these interrelated issues in the current double
number, under the indoor meetings on 13th September and 11th Ooctober
1979. The Society’s discussion of conservation policy seemed appropriately
timed following the reported extinction in Britain of the large blue; the
N.C.C.’s statement about this sad conclusion was made available to mem-
bers at the first of these two meetings, and the debate on policy took place
at the second. The discussion is summarised in the Proceedings, and in a
letter, which we print following the Forestry Commission’s letter. Perhaps
our readers will contribute further letters to this debate, which has reached
no conclusion yet. The question has also been raised in the pages of our
contemporaries, for instance S.E.L.’s ‘‘Nota Lepidopterologica”’ (2: 67), and
Ent. Rec., 91 (10): 258.

One factor responsible for the increasing scarcity of some species and
the extinction of others in Britain, is our unsuitable climate, against which
a law is of no avail. Legislation directed against the individual or com-
mercial collector is at least possible and at first sight seems, to many, a
solution; moreover, the collectors have no lobby to protect their interests, as
the real culprits undoubtedly have: — those farmers, builders, road-makers
and public authorities who are bent on efficiency, improving, tidying up
and spraying with insecticides the shrinking green places of our islands.
However, a law against the collection of certain insects will prove harder
to enforce than one to protect birds’ eggs or wild flowers. Realisation of
the difficulties may still moderate the bill’s scope while it is not too late
to avoid inaugurating a farce. Voluntary observance of the existing code
is already normal among amateur insect collectors and promises to be a
more rational approach to the problem.

THE 1979 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
(with Plates VIII and IX)

(for technical reasons, Pl. 1X will appear later in the year)

The Society’s Annual Exhibition was again held at Chelsea Old Town
on the day immediately following the Annual Dinner, that is, on the 27th
October. Considering the inclemency of 1979 and the consequent dearth of
insects, the exhibits were surprisingly copious, though not all were the
product of that year, of course. However, the number of exhibitors fell

2 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

below a hundred with about seventy exhibiting lepidoptera. The interest
and quality of the exhibits showed no decline, and those arranging the
refreshments again succeeded in giving perfect satisfaction to those in need
of sustenance. The editor is much obliged to the sectional reporters:
B. SKINNER, J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt, R. F. BRETHERTON, J. MUGGLETON, and
A. E. Srusss, for submitting their lists early in December, and to DAvID
Witscn, for photographing and mounting once again the photos of the
selected specimens for our plates.

BRITISH MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA

ALLEN, Dr. A. A. — Mythimna putrescens (Hibn.) and Agrotis trux
lunigera Steph. were included in a small selection of moths taken at
Dawlish, South Devon during July and August 1979.

ARNOLD, R. — A halved gynandromorph of Saturnia pavonia (L.) bred
in 1978. (Pl. IX, fig. 16).

Baker, B. R. — An F2 generation of Diaphora mendica (Clerck) f.
rustica (Hiibn.) having confluent spotting of both fore and hindwings and
including several extreme rayed examples; bred from a normal female from
Co. Limerick, Eire. A specimen of Cosmia trapezina (L.) ab. nigra Tutt
taken on 10th August 1979 in Berkshire.

BANNER, Dr. J. V. — A bred series of Furcula bicuspis (Borkh.) from
Devon.

Barton, H. K. — A female specimen of the rare migrant Chrysodeixis
chalcites (Esp.) taken at Knowle, near Bristol on 10th October 1979.
BLAND, K. P. — Single examples of Melanchria persicariae (L.) from

Midlothian and Pterapherapteryx sexalata Retz.) from Kircudbrightshire;
both species being uncommon in Scotland.

British Museum (NATURAL History) and WILTSHIRE, E. P. — Distri-
bution in Europe, and geographical variation, of the known races of
Photedes morrisii (Dale). Four drawers of Arctia caja (L.) from the newly
curated collection of British Arctiidae.

BRITTON, M. — Lepidoptera, taken or bred during 1979, including
Bomolocha crassalis (F.) and Chlorochlystis debiliata (Hibn.) from Pamber
Forest, Hants. Also examples of Orthosia populeti (F.) taken at rest on
boles and stems of aspen growing in Maidenhead Thicket, Berkshire.

CHALMERS-HuntT, J. M. — A female of the excessively rare albino form
of Maniola jurtina (L.) from Magpie Bottom, Kent on 4th July 1979,
(Plate IX, fig. 18).

Coxey, S. — Lepidoptera taken near Abergele, Clwyd including the
following: — Furcula bicuspis (Borkh.), Lithosia quadra (L.), Eugnorisma
depuncta (L.), Oligia versicolor (Borkh.), Orthonama obstipata (F.) and
Euphyia biangulata (Haw.).

CRASKE, R. M. — Aberrant Rhopalocera taken or bred in 1979 and
mainly from Sussex, including a male Boloria selene (D. : S.) having the
basal areas of the handwings confluent, and a variable series of both
Anthocharis cardamines (L.) and Pyronia tithonus britanniae (Verity).

Cronin, A. R. — Two cases of aberrations containing a darkly suffused
Crocallis elinguaria (L.) taken in Sussex, July 1973, (Pl. IX, fig. 17).
DeEMuTH, R. P., and GoaTer, B. — A series of Xestia alpicola Zett.,

alpina (H. & W.) taken in 1979 from Moorhouse N.N.R., Cumbria.
Dogsson, A. H. — New Forest captures during 1978, including Eupithecia
irriguata (Hubn.) and Aleucis distinctata (H.-S.).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 3

Epmunps, H. A. — A variable series of Zygaena trifolii Esp. from
Hampshire and Devon. In 1978:— Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) from the
Cotswolds, Rhodometra sacraria (L.) and Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.)
from Hampshire.

ELtiotT, B. — A varied series of Noctua comes Hubn. f. curtisii New-
man from Morayshire. A melanic Autographa gamma L. taken in Derby-
shire in 1979. A caught series of Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. from the
Scottish Highlands found by searching the trunks of Birch.

Fenn, J. L. — A specimen of Cossus cossus L. from Hockwold, Norfolk.
A bred series of Catarhoe rubidata D. & S. from Dorset and Cornwall.
Thalera fimbrialis Hibn. bred from a female taken at Dungeness, Kent.
Caught and bred specimens of Acronicta menyanthidis Esp. from King’s
Lynn, Norfolk taken from 1977-79.

Fensom_e, B. D. — A selection of British Butterflies including a fine
Boloria selene (D. & S.) with melanic hindwings. (PI. VIII, fig. 3).

Fry, R. A. — The results of cross pairing Smerinthus ocellata (L.) with
Laothoe populi (L.).

FurNELL, D. L. — Aberrant Rhopalocera including an extreme yellow
variety of Pieris rapae (L.).

Ganpy, M. — A male aberrant Pyronia tithonus (L.) with whitish ground
colour from Cardiganshire on Ist August 1979.

HarsBorTti_e, Rev. A. H. H. — Cenonympha tullia davus (F.) ab. lanceo-
lata Arkle and ab. impupillata Lempke from Witherslack, Lancs.
Haptey, M. — A female Notodonta torva (Hiibn.) taken at Eastbourne,

Sussex on 24th May 1979. The second recorded capture for the British
Isles. (Pl. VIII, fig. 4).

Harmer, A. S. — A bred variable series of Lasiommata megera (L.)
from Portscatho, Cornwall; of particular interest was a female ab. croesus
Staud. (P. VIII, fig. 5).

Haywarp, R. — Local and aberrant lepidoptera taken mainly in 1979;
these included a very dark specimen of Alcis jubata (Thun.) from Plymouth,
S, Devon, (Pl... , fig. ._):

JENKIN, A. — A male Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) taken at Dungeness,
Kent in 1979.

LANGMAID, Dr. J. R. — Migrant Lepidoptera taken at Southsea, Hants.
during October 1978 were Mythimna vitellina (Hiibn.), Mythimna unipuncta
(Haw.), Cyclophora puppillaria (Hiibn.) and Palpita unionalis (Hibn.).

Leacu, M. J. — Bred series of Ectropis crepuscularia D. & S. from
Devon. Egira conspicillaris (L.) from Hereford, and a female Eupithecia
abietaria (Goeze) from the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, 6th July 1979;
very few specimens of this elusive ‘Pug’ have been recorded in recent years.

Locker, W. — A bilateral gynandromorph of Quercusia quercus (L.).

MIcHAELIS, H. N. — Heterocera from North Wales included Melanthia
procellata (D. & S.), new to Caernarvonshire; and several Euxoa obelisca
grisea (Tutt) from various localities in Caernarvonshire and Denbighshire.

Otiver, G. H. B. — A varied series of Cenonympha pamphilus (L.)
collected over many years.

Pearce, C. F. — A mixed gynandromorph of Erebia aethiops (Esp.)
from Morayshire on 14th August 1979. (PI VIII, fig. 6).

PickLes, A. J., and C. T. — Local moths bred or captured during 1978
and 1979: — Bred Catocala sponsa (L.) and C. promissa (D. & S.) from
the New Forest, and a female Heterogena asella (D. & S.) also from the
New Forest.

4 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

Porter, J. — The first British example of Athetis hospes (Esp.) taken
in South Cornwall on 27th August 1978. (Pl. IX, fig. 12).

Pratt, C. — Sussex lepidoptera taken in 1979 included Eilema caniola
(Hiibn.) and the extreme white form of Gnophos obscuratus (D. & S.).

RevELS, R. — Three drawers of Lysandra coridon (Poda), depicting great
variation, and including a fine example of ab. antidigitata B. & L. (Pl. IX,
fig. 15). Two drawers of Melanargia galathea serena Verity ab. craskei
Tubbs bred over the past five years. (PI. VIII, fig. 8).

Ricuarpson, N. A. — A selection of Heterocera from a previously
under-recorded part of North Wales. These were taken between 1973-1976
and included Idaea contiguaria britanniae (Mill.), Dasypolia templi (Thun.),
Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.), and Rhodometra sacraria (L.).

RusswurM, A. D. A., and MIDDLETON, H. G. M. — Butterfly aberrations
caught or bred in 1979 from Dorset and Hampshire. Of special note was a
male Inachis io (L.) ab. belisaria Ober. (Pl. IX, fig. 19), and an extreme
melanic male Aglais uricae (L.) (Pl. VIII, fig. 2), the result of temperature
experiments.

SAMUELS, K. — Selected example of Pieris napi L. including a halved
gynandromorph, and a small varied series of Mimas tiliae L.

Simson, Brig. E. C. L. — Variable series of A'ngerona prunaria (L.) bred
from a female taken on the Society’s field meeting at Botley Wood, Hants.
on 2nd July 1978. A female specimen of the Eupithecia family emerging
in March 1979, possibly from potted house-plants purchased in Hampshire,
and which, despite critical examination by a number of experts, remains
unidentified.

SKINNER, B. —. A series of Cyclophora puppillaria (Hiibn.) bred from a
female taken in Dorset in October 1978 and bred series of Ectropis con-
sonaria (Hiibn.) ab. nigra Banks from West Kingdown, Kent.

SoKoLorr, P. A. — Heterocera bred or captured during 1978, including
Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.), Rhodometra sacraria (L.) and Eupthecia
millefoliata Ross. from North Kent.

STERLING, Col. D. H. — A specimen of Tyria jacobaeae (L.) ab. coneyi
Watson, taken by M. J. Sterling in Oxford on 22nd June 1979.
TREMEWAN, W. G. — The following abberations of British Zygaena

taken during 1979:— A series of Z. trifolii decreta Verity including the
very rare six-spotted form (Pl. IX, fig. 10), also confluent and yellow (ab.
lutescens Cockerell) forms. A series of confluent Z. trifolii palustrella
Verity including one ab. Jutescens Cockerell. Several specimens of Z.
filipendulae anglicola Tremewan including one orange ab. aurantia Tutt
(Pl. IX, fig. 11), and one yellow ab. flava Robson.

Tupss, M. — An extreme male Lysandra coridon (Poda) ab. postful-
vescens B. & L. taken in Dorset in 1979.

Tupss, R. S. — The results of breeding nine generations of Lysandra
coridon (Poda) ab. syngrapha Kef. mixed with ab. fowleri Smith.

TyLer, D. B. — An extreme aberration of Hipparchia semele (L.) (Pl.
VIII, fig. 1).

WiLp, E. H. — Aberrant and local heterocera taken during 1979. These
include two extreme forms of Agrotis clavis Hufn. from Surrey, and a
melanic Tetheella fluctuosa (Hiibn.) from Kent.

Watson, R. W. — A varied series of Erebia* aethiops (Esp.) from
Argyllshire including a bilateral gynandromorph. (PI. IX, fig. 13). Examples
of Argynnis paphia (L.), Melitaea cinxia (L.), (Pl. VIII, fig. 6), Aglais

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 Bb)

urticae (L.), and Inachis io L. showing the effects of temperature experi-
ments. A male Hippotion celerio (L.) taken in Hampshire on 10th
November 1978. The continuation of the breeding of Tyria jacobaeae (L.)
ab. coneyi Watson and its variants. A varied series of Colotois pennaria
taken at m.v.|. in Hampshire in the autumn of 1978.

YoupEN, G. H. —Two specimens of Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) taken
in Dover in 1951 and 1964, and another bred 114 years ago by Dr. G.
Knaggs. Three specimens of Euxaa cursoria (Hufn.) from Dover, Kent; one
in 1957 and two in 1979. A single example of Cryphia muralis (Forst.)
taken at Dover on 6th August 1979.

Younc, L. D. — Six generations of aberrant Lysandra bellargus (Rott.)
from Surrey stock. One example of particular interest is depicted on
Plate IX, fig. 14.

BRITISH & FOREIGN MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA

Acassiz, Rey. D. J. L. — (1) Nymphuline moths newly introduced to
Britain in 1978/79: Nymphula manilensis Hampson, Parapoynx fluctuosalis
Z., P. stagnalis Z. and Oligostigma polydectalis Walker. All taken in
aquatic nurseries in Enfield, Middlexsex. (2) Native species taken or bred
in 1979: Eucosma pauperana (Dup.), Cambridgeshire; Nothris congres-
sariella (Bruand) and Olethreutes lacunana (D & S.), Scilly Isles; Gelechia
nigra (Haw.) and Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curt.), Hampshire.

ALLEN, Dr. A. A. — Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick, Dawlish, Devon,
Q captured 2.viii.79 at actinic light. Eight adults were captured 2-11.viii.79.
The species is evidently well established in this area. Mompha lacteella
(Stephens), Dawlish Cliffs, Devon, swept by Epilobium hirsutum, 28.vii.79.
Commophila aeneana (Hbn.), Salfords, Surrey, one, 18.vi.79, of four such
moths taken in mid-June. Cochylidia rupicola (Curtis), Dawlish Cliffs,
Devon, one, 30.vii.79.

BLAND, Dr. K. P. — Aphelia unitana (Hbn.), Meg’s Hill, Teviothead
(O.S. NT/4002), Roxburghshire, larva on Centaurea nigra, 22.v.79, bred
11.vi.79. Not previously confirmed from Scotland. Apotomis semifasciana
(Haw.), Midgehope Marsh, Ettrick (O.S. NT/2714), Selkirkshire, at m.vl.,
3/4.viii.79. A very local species in Scotland. Amphibatis incongruella
(Staint.), summit of Traprain Law, E. Lothian (O.S. NT/5774), case found
8.iv.79, imago emerged 12.iv.79. No heather growing in vicinity. Only
previous record for Scotland is an old unconfirmed one for Aberdeenshire.
Cochylis flaviciliana (West.), Easton Royal, Near Burbage, Wiltshire, taken
at dusk, 12.viil.79. New to South Wiltshire and an extension of its distri-
bution westwards. Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.), Blackford, Edinburgh,
Midlothian (O.S. NT/2571), one, 31.vi.78;Musselburgh, E. Lothian, one,
9/10.vii.78; Milngavie (O.S. NS/5477), Stirlingshire, one, 12.vii.79. The
species is now widely distributed in southern Scotland.

EmMErt, Lt. Col. A. M. — Etainia sericopeza (Zeller). Two reared from
cocoons on trunks of Acer planoides from Harlow, Essex; a local
species. Stigmella splendidissimella (H.-S.). Eight from larvae on Rubus
chamaemorus, taken on Cairngorm, Invernessshire, and three on R. saxatilis
at Inchnadamph, Sutherland, iv.1979. Has been confused with S. teng-
stroemi (Nolcken). Mines on Sorbus intermedia taken at Dhoon Glen, Isle
of Man, ix.1979. They appear to belong to Stigmella ariella (H.-S.), a
species not hitherto recorded in Britain. S. minusculella (H.-S.). A mine
taken in north-east Essex, 10.ix.1979; this species has not been observed in

6 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

Britain for about 25 years. It has also been recorded im 1979 at New
Maldon, Surrey by P. J. Johnson. Lyonetia clerkella (Linn.). A cherry leaf
from Brightlingsea, Essex showing numerous mines; it has been excep-
tionally common in 1979. Parornix alpicola (Wocke). Twelve specimens
reared from Eriboll, Sutherland, 6-5.v.1979, together with a larval mine
Known only from this locality in Britain. Phyllonorycter roboris (Zeller).
Two reared from Budley, Notts. 23, 28.iv.1979 from larvae or pupae taken
on 10.viii.1978. These dates give further evidence that the moth is univoltine
in Britain. P. viminetorum (Staint.). Eight reared from Berechurch, Essex,
14-21.viii.1979 and two from the banks of the R. Lea near Nazeing, Essex,
21-22.viii.1979. This usually rare species is locally fairly common in Essex.
Rhigognostis annulatella (Curt.). Five captured at Glen Maye, Isle of
Man on. 18.ix.1979; locally common in Mann. Digitivalva perlepidella
(Staint.) Eight reared from Grays Chalk Pit, Essex, 9-11.vi.1979; new to the
county. Coleophora adjectella (H.-S.). Six reared 2-18.vii.1968 from Benfleet,
Essex. New to Britain being unrecognised until 1979. C. conspicuella Zeller.
Eight reared from Benfleet, Essex, 20.vi-18.vii.1979; a very local species
which is an Essex speciality. Elachista subnigrella Dougl. Five captured at
Liston, Essex on 1.viii.1979. A rare species or, more probably, one that has
been overlooked in Essex, Agonoypterix putridella ({D. & S.]). Seven
specimens reared 18-31.vii.1979 from Hamford Water, Essex where it is
abundant. A. scopariella (Hein.). Two reared from Asheden, Essex on
28.vii.1979. Most of the specimens in old collections seem to have been
supplied by W. H. Harwood from the Colchester district but the species
was lost sight of when it was wrongly synonymised with A. pulverella
(Hiibn.). Teleiodes alburnella (Zell.). Specimens from Pods Wood, Messing;
and Rowney Wood, Debden: (both Essex) taken in 1978 and 1979. It
appears to be extending its range. Mirificarma lentiginosella (Zell.). Eight
specimens reared from Hamford Water, Essex, 15-30.viii.1979. The first
British specimens were taken by Douglas in Epping Forest in 1853 but it
has not been observed in Essex since until 1979. Gelechia nigra (Haw.).
Hatfield Heath, one reared 29.vi.1979; an Essex speciality. Batrachedra
pinicolella (Zell.). Rowney Wood, Debden, Essex, eight taken 20-23.vii.1979;
apparently a new colonist in Essex. Cochylis hybridella (Hiibn.). West
Tilbury, five: 3.ix.1979. Unusually common along the Thames estuary in
1979. Ptychomoloides aeriferanus (H.-S.). Hatfield Forest, one: 9.vii.1979;
apparently extending its range. Olethreutes bifasciana (Haw.). Rowney
Wood, Debden, Essex, one: 23.vii.1979. Very local in Essex but apparently
extending its range. Apotomis lineana ({D. & S.)]. Liston, one: 1.viii.1979;
a rare species. Monochroa lucidella (Steph.) and Bactra furfurana (Haw.).
Specimens taken flying together on 4.vii.1979 at Matching Green: both
local in Essex. Epinotia fraternana (Haw.). Four each from Chalkney Wood
and Shardlowe’s Wood, Essex, 1979, a species that is local but perhaps
extending it range in Essex. Griselda myrtillana (H. & W.). Dunmore, Mull
of Kintyre, one reared 18.v.1979. Eucosma pupillana (Clerck). Chigwell
Row, one at M.V. light taken by I. Sims, vii.1979. This species was stated to
occur “‘in Essex, on coasts”? by Stephens in 1834. All subsequent authors
repeat the record. It is quite likely that the original record referred to E.
maritima (H. & W.) which was not separated and named until 1845 and
is a coastal species. This specimen may therefore be the first authentic Essex
specimen. Pammene trauniana ([D. & S.)]. Wimbish, Essex, four: 5.vi.1979,
from the only known locality in Essex. Catoptria falsella ({D. & S.]).
Saffron Walden, one: 8.vii.1979; the first record from north-west Essex.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980 7

FarrcLoucn, A. J., and R. — The following bred or caught in 1979:
Enarmonia formosana (Scop.)., bred Loughton, Essex. Epinotia fraternana
(Haw.), bred Earls Colne, Essex. Philonorycter dubitella (H.-S.), bred
Bramley, Surrey. Epinotia signatana (Dougl.), bred Leigh, Surrey. Phyl-
lonorycter distentella (Z.), bred Blean, Kent. Agonopteryx pallorella (Z.),
bred Folkestone, Kent. Oncocera genistella (Dup.), bred Dungeness. O.
obductella (Z.), Burham, Kent. Phyllonorycter viminetorum (Stt.)., bred
Woolhampton, Berks. Coleophora limosipennella (Dup.), bred Wyndcliff,
Mon. Gelechia muscosella Z., Wicken, Cambs., last recorded there in 1891.
Lampronia pubicornis (Haw.) and Elachista dispunctella (Dup.), Arnside,
Westmorland. Elachista kilmunella Stt., Red Srees, Westmorland. Glyphip-
erix minorella Snell., Lindale, Lancs. Epiblema turbidana (Tr.), Sedgwick,
Westmorland. Strrhopterix fusca (Haw.), Witherslack, Westmorland. Buc-
culatrix demaryella (Dup.), Witherslack and Helsington, Westmorland.
Bryotropha umbrosella (Z.), Sandscale. Epinotia subsequana (Haw.), Braish-
field, Hants. Acleris cristana (D. & S.), f. ruficostana Curtis (1); f. rufi-
cristana Johnson (143 of which Manley (1973) wrote he could trace only
One specimen; a new form related to ochreanigrana Manley (2) — all bred
from Essex crossed Surrey or Sussex.

Fenn, J. L. — All Norfolk-caught or-bred: Ypsolopha horridella (Tr.),
Weeting, ex larva, blackthorn, bred vii.78. Teleiodes paripunctella (Thun.),
King’s Lynn, ex larvis, Myrica gale, bred iii-iv.78. Hysterosia sodaliana
(Haw.), Stoke Ferry, at m.v.l., 19.vii.76. Acleris cristana (D. & S.), Lynford,
ex larvis, wild rose, bred vii-viii.78. A. rufana (D. & S.), King’s Lynn, ex
larvis, Myrica, bred ’78. Archips crataegana (Hb.), Weeting, at m.v.l.,
22.vii.78. Ancylis uncella (D. & S.), King’s Lynn, at m.y.1., 1978. Epinotia
maculana (F.), Weeting, ex larvis, aspen, bred 1977-78. E. caprana (F.),
King’s Lynn, ex larvis, Myrica gale, bred iii-iv.78. Hysterosia sodaliana
(Doubld.), Lynford, ex larva, wild rose, bred 9.vi.78. Eucosma pauperana
(Dup.), Hockwold, at m.v.1., 3.v.78, new county record. Pammene auran-
tiana (Stdgr.), Oxborough, at m.v.]., 27.vii.77. Leioptilus lienigianus (Z.),
Weeting, ex larvis, mugwort, bred vi.78.

HEckKForD, R. J. — Adela cupriacella (Hb.), Anstey’s Cove, Devon,
2.vii.79, new county record. Nemapogon albipunctella (Haw.), Colehayes
Park, Devon, 4.vii.79. Telechrysis tripuncta (Haw.), Colehayes Park, Devon,
6.vii.79. Coleophora albitarsella Z., Whitsand Bay, Cornwall, ex larva,
Glechoma hederacea, bred 7.vii.79. Not recorded in Cornwall since V.C.H.
Elachista scirpi Stt., Plympton, Devon, 4.vii.79 (6). E. poae Stt., Westhay,
Somerset, evt pupa, bred 27.vi.79. Depressaria pimpinellae Z., Plympton,
Devon, ex larvis, Pimpinella major, bred 6-30.viii.79. Batrachedra pinicolella
(Z.), Stover Park, Devon, 30.vi.79, new county record. Telephila schmidtiel-
lus (Heyden), Anstey’s Cove, Devon, ex larva, Origanum vulgare, bred
24.vii.79. Pammene populana (F.), Plympton, Devon, ex larva, Salix vimi-
nalis, bred 14.vii.79. Epinotia rubiginosana (H.-S.), Aylesbeare, Devon,
1.vii.79; Woodbury, Devon, 22.vi.79, new county record.

Horton, Dr. G. A. Neil. — (A). MONMOUTHSHIRE, 1979: Ephestia para-
sitella Stdgr., Usk, 2.vii. Dioryctria abietella (D. & S.) (2); has become
widespread in county during last 2-3 years. Parapoynx stagnata (Don.),
Usk, 25.vii; rare in Monmouthshire. Archips crataegana (Hb.), Monmouth
area, vil. Epiblema scutulana (D. & S.), 16.vi. E. scutlana f. circiana (Z.),
v. Pammene argyrana (Hb.), 4.vi. Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H.-S.),
Monmouth area, 16.vii. Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Geyer), S. Monmouth-

8 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

shire, 23.vii; new v.c. record. Cydia strobilella (L.), Wye Valley, 25.v;
new v.c. record. C. conicolana (Heyl.), Monmouth area, 29.v; new vic.
record. Leucoptera spartiifoliella (Hb.), Monmouth, 8.vii. L. wailesella
(Stt.), Usk, 1.ix; new v.c. record. Morophaga chragella (D. & S.) (= boleti
(F.)), Monmouth area, 9.vi; believed new v.c. record. Triaxomera para-
sitella (Hb.), Monmouth area, 9.vi. (B). BRECONSHIRE, 1979: Pyrausta
cingulata (L.), 10.vii; new to Breconshire. LINCOLNSHIRE, 1979: Cochylis
atricapitana (Steph.), 5.viii.

LANGMAID, Dr. J. R. — Teleiodes wagae Nowicki, Botley Wood, Hants.,
four bred from Corylus avellana and the first bred from England. Chamber-
sia augustella (Hb.), Southsea, Hants., 18.vi.79, one taken at mv. A
selection of Oecophoridae and Coleophoridae bred during 1979, including
Agonopterix liturella (D. & S.) and A. bipunctosa (Curtis) with a table
summarising the differences between the two species.

MicuaELis, H. N. — Carneddau (1,500-1,700 ft.), Snowdonia National
Park: Acleris hastiana (L.), Ancylis myrtillana (Tr.), Elachista kilmunella
Stt., Acleris rufana (D. & S.), Elachista eleochariella Stt.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E. C. — Nemapogon heydeni Petersen, Bovey Tracey,
Devon, @ 7.vii.1979, taken on the wing in early morning sunshine. A
widespread species in continental Europe. This is the first known British
specimen.

SoxoLorF, P. A. — A selection bred or captured during 1979: —
Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (D. & S.), ex Rosa, Herts. Mompha miscella
(D. & S.), Scythris fletcherella Mey., Teleiodes sequax (Haw.) and Synco-
pacma taeniolella (Z.), all bred from a small patch of Helianthemum on
railway embankment, Badgers Mount, Kent, the latter believed to be on an
unrecorded foodplant. Monochroa lucidella (Steph.), Stoke Saltings, Kent,
16.vii. Apodia bifractella (Dup.) and Ptocheuusa paupella (Z.), both bred
from seedheads of Pullicaria dysenterica, Orpington, Kent. Phyllonorycter
emberizaepenella (Bouche), bred ex Lecesteria formosa, Bromley, Kent.
Ethmia funerella (F.), Wood Walton Fen, Hunts., 24.vii. Udea uliginosalis
(Steph.), slopes of Ben Nevis, Inverness-shire, c. 2,800 ft., 6.viii. Catoptria
falsella (D. & S.), Wicken Fen, 24.vii.

STERLING, Col. D. H. — Bred from a small clump of roots each of
Artemisia, Tanacetum and Achillea dug from waste ground at Southsea,
27.xii.78. The roots were left out in the open during the winter. In the
spring, they were placed in a carton covered with netting and kept in a
shaded area in an unheated greenhouse. The following emerged during the
summer of 1979: Isophrictis striatella (D. & S.) and Dichrorampha sequana
(Hb.), from Tanacetum. D. petiverella (L.), from Achillea. D. plumbagana
(Tr.), D. sequana (Hb.), D. plumbana (Scop.), Epiblema foenella (L.),
Dolicharthria punctalis (D. & S.) and Endotricha flammealis (D. & S.) from
Artemisia.

WHITEBREAD, S. E. — (A). A representative selection of specimens taken
by the exhibitor, mostly at light, during a three week holiday to Natal,
Transvaal, Cape Province and Swaziland in March 1979. (B). Cosmiotes
consortella Stt., Dartford Marsh, Kent, at m.v.1., 7.viii.78. (C). A selection
of species taken or bred from Switzerland, Italy and France during 1977-79,
but mainly from the former country. Of special interest were: 14 species of
Psychidae including the first specimens of Solenobia leoi Dierl from
Switzerland and S. rupicolella Sauter from the Valais.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 9

Witpe, E. H. — Pandemis cerasana (Hb.), a halved gynandromorph.
New Forest, 1.viii.79. Aethes hartmanniana (Clerck) and Cochylis flavicil-
liana (Westwood), Addington, Surrey, vii.77. Teleiodes wagae (Now.),
Botley Wood, 2.vi.79. Argolamprotes micella (D. & S.), S. Devon, 30.vii.78.

FOREIGN MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA

Exhibits of foreign lepidoptera were fewer than in many past years, but
contained much of interest. The largest, by C. B. Asupy and Stic. Torse-
TENIUS, comprised ten drawers of Scandinavian Noctuidae from the collect-
tion which the latter has presented to the Socity. They were accompanied
by a display of photographs and maps of typical habitats and flora in the
Baltic littoral and islands, the Swedish part of the great European pine
forest which extends eastwards to the Urals, and the unique Scandinavian
Alwar heath.

Of other European countries Spain was well represented. R. W. Dyson
and P. W. Criss showed large selections from 127 species of butterflies
recorded during an expedition from 26th July to 9th August 1979 across
north and central Spain from the Picos de Epropa to the Montes Iniversales
near Albarracin. The most remarkable were, of Lysandra caelestissima
Verity, a perfectly halved gynandromorph and examples of the rare blue
female form, which resembles L. coridon Poda f. syngrapha Kef., also
two Skippers, set as undersides, which defied identification but which may
turn out to be extreme aberrations of Spialia sertorius Hffmsg.; and some
Pyrgus cynarae Rambur, which is little known in Spain, from a new locality.
Other interesting species shown were Meleageria daphnis (D. & S.) with
wholly brown females, and very large Minois dryas (Scop.), which is known
only very locally in Spain near the north coast. Eight species indigenous to
Spain were also shown, including Erebia palarica Chapman, of which eggs
were obtained, and Agrodiaetus ainsae (Forster) and A. fabressei (Obth.).,
R. W. Dyson also showed some butterflies from Algarve in Portugal in
April. M. Leecu had bred specimens of moths from the Costa del Sol, and
G. M. TREMEWAN showed twelve species of Zygaenidae in their local sub-
species from the provinces of Alicante, Teruel and Cuenca.

From France G. N. Burton exhibited butterflies caught in the Central
Pyrenees in August, where despite poor weather Apatura iris (L.) was
numerous. S. E. WHITEHEAD had a large exhibit which included some 30
species of cacrolepidoptera from Switzerland, among which it was good to
see the British rarities Tritophia tritophus (D. & S.), Hybocampa milhauseri
(F), Gluphisia crenata (Esp.), as well as Hoplodrina superstes (Ochs.) and
Caradrina flavirena (Guen). From another part of the world he also showed
70 species of macro- and microlepidoptera taken at light in South Africa.
Dr. C. J. Luckens had a selection of butterflies caught in the Swiss
Engadine and Northern Italy in early July 1979. E. P. Wittsnire, with
help from the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) illustrated the distribution and
geographic variation of the known races of Photedes morrisii (Dale)
(Bond’s Wainscot) in the Palaearctic zone.

S. R. Bowpen illustrated finding relating to Californian Artogeia (napi)
microstriata Comstock. Breeding experiments in 1979 appeared to show
that it possesses a “‘pale yellow’? gene, previously found in the Oregon spp.
marginalis Scudder. Female hybrids with European napi are sterile, making
the conspecificity of spp. microstriata and ssp. napi very doubtful. This was
the only exhibit from the New World; but D. A. TremsaTtH showed butterflies
and moths collected in January 1978 and 1979 in Natal and the Transvaal in

10 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

South Africa, and T. G. Homer a striking collection of AuStralian lepidop-
tera in Queensland, Australia from December to March 1978/79. From the
Tropics, T. W. HarMan had a fine lot of Hawk Moths and butterflies taken
mostly on Ulu Temburong Expedition in Brunei in October 1978 and in
other places there in 1978 and 1979. The Hawk Moths, of which 23 species
were shown, were all caught at mercury vapour light.

COLEOPTERA

As usual the number of exhibits was small, however they made up for
in quality what they lacked in quantity. As well as the exhibits listed
below, Coleoptera featured in a fascinating exhibit on the folklore of
insects by G. F. Le Pard.

Hopce, P. J. — A selection of forty-six species of Coleoptera taken in
S.E. England during 1978-79. Included were three rare staphylinids, Micro-
peplus tesserula Curt. from Arundel Park, Oxytelus fulvipes Er. from
Horam and Dacrila fallax (Kr.) from near Eastbourne. Another rarity
shown was Hylis olexai (Palm.); a comparatively recent addition to the
British fauna, which breeds in dead beech trees. The specimen was swept
from a wood near Ashington which is the fourth British locality for this
species. Four other species also associated with timber were exhibited, these
were Scraptia testacea Allen from Buxted Park, Ischnomera sanguinicollis
(F.) from Arundel Park, the rare Scolytid Dryocoetinus alni (Georg.) from
Ashdown Forest and Epuraea angustula Sturm. from near Ashington. The
latter species is a Nitulid which is very rare in southern Britain and is
found near the burrows of Scolytids. Another rarity taken in 1978-79 was
Corticaria umbilicata (Beck.) from Eridge. The exhibitor also showed a
specimen of the very rare Curculionid Ceuthorhynchus pectoralis Weise,
taken at Plaistow in 1972 but only recently identified. All the above
localities are in Sussex and the exhibitor can find no previous records of
these ten species from Sussex.

Horton, Dr. G. A. NerL. — A selection of forty-three species of Coleop-
tera collected in Monmouthshire between 1977 and 1979. Part of the exhibit
was devoted to a number of species taken from the same Monmouthshire
wood during summer 1979. Of particular interest is the occurrence there of
all three British species of the Pyrochroidae. A single specimen of
Pyrochroa pectinicornis (L.) was found there on 26.vi.1979 and this probably
is a new county record. The species is said to occur vey locally in Scotland
but has once been recorded from the neighbouring county of Herefordshire.
Trichius fasciatus (L.) was also taken in the wood. The remainder of the
exhibit consisted of Coleoptera from various parts of Monmouthshire and
included two new vice-county records, Criocephalus rusticus (L.) taken at
Usk on 27.vii.1979, a rare Longicorn associated with pines and of chiefly
Scottish distribution, and Aulonium trisulcum (Geof.) taken at Usk on
11.viii.1977 and 21.x.1977, this is a very rare Clavicorn. Other species shown
which are not often met with were Gonodera ceramboides (L.), Platycis
minuta (F.), Pediacus dermestoides (F.), Rhizophagus nitidulus (F.), Cerylon
fagi Bris. and Carpophilus sexpustulatus (F.).

Parry, J. A. — An exhibit of living adults and larvae of»Chrysolina
cerealis (L.) feeding on thyme. The specimens were bred from wild Snow-
don stock. This was a topical exhibit as the species is included in the schedule
of vulnerable animals for the proposed Wildife and Countryside Bill. The
exhibitor was of the opinion, however, that the beetles retiring habits meant
that it was in no danger from collectors. Also exhibited were four species of
the difficult genus Cercyon, these were C. granarius (Er.), C. minutus

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 11

(Muls.), C. sternalis (Sh.) and C. convexiuscalus (Steph.).

SHaw, Dr. M. R. — Adult and larval mine of Trachys minuta (L.), an
uncommon leaf-mining Buprestid beetle. The mined leaf of Salix atro-
cinerea was collected at Hell Coppice, Bucks., on 12.iv.1979 and the adult
emerged on 6.x.1979. A superficially similar leaf-mine made by the larva of
the sawfly Heterarthrus microcephalus (Klug), which is often abundant on
S. atrocinerea and related species, was shown for comparison. A conspicuous
shiny black dried secretion covering the egg of 7. minuta at the leaf apex
distinguishes the mine of this species from that of the sawfly.

DIPTERA

CHANDLER, P. J. — (1) Some notable Diptera found in Windsor Forest
and Great Park, Berks., in recent years: Myolepta luteola (Gmelin)
(Syrphidae), 2, 17.vi.1978, sunning on bracken, not seen in area fo many
years; Pocota personata (Harris) (Syrphidae), ¢, 4.vi.1978, flying to beech
with high level rot hole, the normal breeding site; Megasyrphus annulipes
(Zetterstedt) (Syrphidae), 9, 8.iv.1979, first record, scarce in south-east,
commoner in Scotland; Calliprobola speciosa (Rossi) (Syrphidae), 2,
17.vi.1979, flying to cut logs, another seen on same day settling in cavity at
root of fallen tree; Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer) (Syrphidae), @, 3.vi.1979,
both red and white tailed forms visiting hawthorn flowers towards dusk;
C. asilica (Fallén) (Syrphidae), @, 17.vi.1979, generally scarce but frequent
in Windsor area; Volucella inflata (Fabricius) (Syrphidae), ¢, 17.vi.1979 on
Rhododendron in Great Park; Rainieria calceata (Fallén) (Micropezidae),
Q, 17.vi.1979, several on fallen oak branches at south end of Park in
1979 — this species known only from Windsor area in Britain is normally
on beech; Leptomorphus walkeri Curtis (Mycetophilidae), reared in 1979
from pupae suspended, each by a single thread, from the underside of damp
fungus encrusted logs; (2) series of the three British species of Alophora
(Tachinidae), all parasites of plant bugs, to show the range of variation in
male size, abdominal and wing colouration in the two larger species. A.
hemiptera (Fabricius) has been considered a mimic of its pentatomid hosts
as its males frequently have the wings strongly marked on the anterior
half. It is probably most frequent in the north and west of the British Isles
but is rather scarce in the south-east, where it is perhaps now best
established in Sussex, where it occurred at Rogate Common and King’s
Park Wood in 1979. About thirty were observed at Oenanthe flowers in
Castramon Wood, Galloway in July 1979. The infra-specific variation was
strongly noticeable in this population. Larger males have more yellow on
the wings and the brown markings are restricted to two anterior spots, one
at the wing tip and a longitudinal bar over the costal cells, or sometimes a
median brown bar parallel to the latter is developed on the posterior border
of the yellow anterior half of the wing. In smaller males the brown is always
more extensive and the three brown spots are fused. The amount of yellow
on the abdomen varies independently, as both large and small males may
have broad or narrow yellow side margins. The females have clear wings.
The two smaller species are more common in the south, especially on
chalk downland where they may be swept from long grass while hemiptera
is more typical of marshy woods and streamsides where it visits white
flowers especially of umbels. A. obesa (Fabricius) shows a range of variation
in the male wings similar to that of hemiptera, i.e. more suffused with
brown in smaller individuals but the brown becomes more restricted to the
veins in larger examples, leaving clear areas between. The wings are clear
in females and in both sexes of the smallest species A. pusilla (Meigen)

12 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

McLean, I. F. G. — Some scarce species collected during 1979: Pocota
personata (Harris) (Syrphidae), ¢, Windsor Forest, Berks., 2.vi at hawthorn
flowers; Didea fasciata Macquart (Syrphidae), 2, data as P. personata:
Criorhina asilica (Fallén) (Syrphidae), @, data as P. personata, 2 settled
on leaf; Psilota anthracina Meigen (Syrphidae), ¢, Chobham Coomon,
Surrey, 3.vi, hovering near hawthorn blossom; Megasyrphus annulipes
(Zetterstedt) (Syrphidae), @, King’s Park Wood, Sussex, 15.vi; Criorhina
ranunculi Panzer (Syrphidae), 2, wood near Cranleigh, Surrey, 4.vi, at
howthorn flowers; Servillia lurida (F.) (Tachinidae), data as C. ranunculi;
Conops vesicularis L. (Conopidae), @, King’s Park Wood, Sussex, 15.vi, at
Viburnum opulus flowers; Odontomyia ornata Meigen (Stratiomyidae),
a, West Sedge Moor, Somerset, 19.vi, at Heracleum flowers; Acanthocnema
glaucescens (Loew) (Scathophagidae), @, Hannaston Wood, Galloway,
16.vi, swept beside shaded stream.

Packer, L. — Scarce Syrphidae from Devon, vii.1979: Callicera aenea
(F.), Chudleigh Knighton; Xylota florum (F.), Stover Lake.
SoOKOLOFF, P. — Tabanus sudeticus Zeller (Tabanidae), Fort William,

Inverness, 3.vili.1979.

Stupps, A. E.— A range of uncommon or notable Diptera collected
during 1979, including the pipunculid Nephrocerus scutellatus Macquart,
new to Britain, King’s Park Wood, Sussex, 15.vi. Most of the others were
taken during surveys based in Sussex, Devon, Galloway and Gloucestershire:
Cheilosia vulpina (Meigen) (Syrphidae), Rogate, Sussex, 8.vi; Tetanocera
punctifrons Rondani (Sciomyzidae), by River Rother, Sussex, 8.vi; A therix
ibis (F.) (Rhagionidae), data as last; Pocota personata (Harris) (Syrphidae),
Colehays Park, Devon, 30.vi; XYylota florum (F.) (Syrphidae), Stover Lake;
Alophora hemiptera (F.) (Tachinidae), 2 $, 1 92, Emblett Hill, Devon,
2.vii; Xylophagus ater Meigen (Xylophagidae), Colehayes Park, Devon,
vii; Parhelophilus consimilis (Malm), Carrick Pools, Galloway, 18.vii, new
to Scotland; Haematopota bigoti Gobert (Tabanidae), Caerlaverock N.N.R.,
15.vii, new to Scotland; Pyrophaena granditarsa (Forster) (Syrphidae), 2 2,
Castle Loch, Galloway, 14.vii, melanic females similar to two collected in
north Wales; Atherix marginata (F.) (Rhagionidae) Corsock, Galloway,
16.vii; Hydrodromia wesmaelii (Macquart) (Empididae), Woodchester Park,
Glos., 11.x; Paradelphomyia fuscula (Loew) (Tipulidae), Prescot Hill, Glos.,
12.x; Didea fasciata Macquart (Syrphidae), Stroat, Glos., 13.x. Also a few
species from other areas: Chrysotoxum elegans Loew (Syrphidae), Box Hill,
Surrey, 26.ix; Cheilosia nigripes (Meigen) (Syrphidae), Box Hill, Surrey, 12
and 13.vi; Odontomyia ornata Meigen (Stratiomyidae), North Moor,
Somerset, 18.vi; Hybomitra muehlfeldi (Brauer) (Tabanidae), Crymlyn Bog,
Swansea, Glamorgan, 28.vii.

HYMENOPTERA
(A'culeata)

Ese, G. R. — Aculeate Hymenoptera collected in Hampshire and the
Isle of Wight, 1979. Uncommon species incuded Heydychridium roseum
(Rossius) (Chrysididae), one, New Forest, heathland adjacent. to Denny
Wood, 8.viii; Chrysis helleni Linsenmaier, one 2, Botley Wood, near
Wickham, Hants., 5.viii (D. M. Appleton). Aporus unicolor Spinola
(Pompilidae), one , one 9, Oxenbourne Down. near Petersfield, Hants.,
S.viii, one &, St. Catherine’s Hill, near Winchester, Hants., 10.viii.
Ectemnius dives (Lepeltier & Brullé (Sphecidae), one 2, Botley Wood.
21.viili — new to Hants. (D. M. Appleton); Gorytes bicinctus (Rossius),

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 13

one 2, Botley Wood, 28.vii (D. M. Appleton); Philanthus triungulum (F.),
one @, one 9, Isle of Wight, southern coastline, viii (this very rare species
is virtually confined to the Island where it is known from two localities).
Colletes halophilus Verhoeff (Colletidae), one 29, Botley Wood, 21.viii —
a salt marsh species new to Hants. and well to the west of its known
range in Britain (Kent to Lincolnshire). One @, Tichfield Hayden,
near Hill Head, Hants., 11.ix (both collected by D. Appleton). Andrena
cineraria (L.) (Andrenidae), one @, West Wood, near Winchester, 19.v —
apparently new to Hants.; A. proxima (Kirby), one @, one 9, Ventnor-
Steephill Cove area, 26.v and its rare cleptoparasite, the bee Nomada con-
jungens Herrich-Schaffer (Anthophoridae), same locality, one @, 26.v and
one @, 9.vi. Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson (Halictidae), two @24, Red
Cliff, near Sandown, Isle of Wight, 18.viii. Osmia pilicornis Smith (Mega-
chilidae), one @, one 9, West Wood, near Winchester, 19.v and one @2,
Firestone Copse, near Havenstreet, Isle of Wight, 20.vi (a very scarce
species in recent years but recorded from several localities in southern
England in 1979); O. xanthomelana (Kirby), one 2, Isle of Wight, southern
coastline, vi (the most recent records for this species are two localities on
the Island, but formerly the bee was more widely distributed, occurring as
far north as Lancashire).

Harman, T. — A selection of Hymenoptera taken on the Ulu Temburong
Expedition, Brunei, 1978. Twenty-six aculeate species, mostly large, exotic
and colourful insects. These included a 9 Yylocopa myops Ritsema (Xylo-
copidae) and a pair of YX. latipes (Drury) — both ‘Carpenter bees’, /atipes
being one of the largest of the world’s bees. Among the wasps were a 2
Megascolia procer (illiger) (Scoliidae), 92 Hemipepsis stigmosa Wahis
(Pompilidae) and a worker Vespa tropica L. (Vespidae).

Packer, L. — Aculeate Hymenoptera collected in Kent, the Isle of
Wight and Devon, 1979. These included Evagetes pectinipes (L.) (Pompili-
dae), one @, Sandwich Bay, Kent, 5.viii (its only known British site).
Miscophus ater Lepeletier (Sphecidae), one ¢@, one 9, Sandwich, 5.viii
(almost confined to this locality); Crossocerus distinguendus (Morawitz),
one ¢, Canterbury, Kent, 23.vi, two ¢@ 4, three 2 2, Faversham, Kent,
28.vi-25.vii; Oxybelus argentatus Curtis, one @, one 2, Braunton Burrows,
Devon, 3.vii; Philanthus triangulum (F.), one @, one @, Isle of Wight,
southern coastline, viii. Andrena apicata Smith (Andrenidae), one 9, Upper
Hardes, near Canterbury, 14.iv; A. bucephala Stevens, one @ Folkestone
Warren, Kent, 12.v.; A. labiata F., one 2, Manaton, Devon, 5.vii (A. E.
Stubbs). Osmia pilicornis Smith (Megachilidae), one @, Upper Hardes,
14.iv, one 2, Harbledon, near Canterbury, 16.vi; Coelioxys mandibularis
Nylander, one 2, Sandwich Bay, 5.viii (small race, probably cleptoparasite
of Megachile leachella Curtis). Nomada sexfasciata Panzer (Anthophoridae),
one 2, south Devon, vii.

A distribution map of Crossocerus distinguendus (Morawitz) in Britain
was also exhibited. Its present known distribution is East Kent (Pegwell
Bay, Westbere, Sturry, Canterbury, Graveney, Faversham. L. Packer, J. C.
Felton and T. Harman) and Surrey (Ewell, D. B. Baker). This species is
apparently locally abundant in some of the Kentish localities. A paper
admitting this wasp to the British list is currently being prepared by Mr.
Packer.

Porter, J. — A collection of seven bumlebee species from Surrey, Sussex,
Hants. and Gwynedd. These included a 2 Bombus monticola Smith (=
lapponicus misident.) (Apidae), Cader Idris, Gwynedd, 3.vi.79.

14 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

WILLIAMS, P., and Divers, A. — Bumblebees from Dungeness, Kent
(mostly the shingle foreland) and adjacent marshes. The exhibit illustrated
a preliminary investigation of regional diversity in Bombus, with particular
reference to Dungeness. Thirteen species from this area were provided as
examples and included Bombus subterraneus (L.), ruderatus (F.) (included
the melanic form), muscorum (L.), sylvarum (L.) and Psithyrus rupestris
(F.). All collected during 1979.

(Parasitica)

The exhibits of the two contributors to this section reflected the slowly
increasing state of knowledge of this unwieldy assemblage, both in distribu-
tion by adults and in host-parasite relationships.

ALLEN, Dr. A. A. — A box of Braconidae Apanteles spp., all bred from
lepidopterous larvae in 1979. The species included A. xanthosigma (Haliday)
ex Caloptilia elongella (L.) bred 10.vi.79; A. circumscriptus (Nees) ex
Phyllonorycter messaniella (Z.) many bred from mines in Quercus ilex,
collected 21.iv.79; A. vitripennis (Curtis) ex young larvae of Lithophane
leautieri (Boisd.); A. acasta Nixon from a pre-pupa of Amphipyra pyramidea
(L.); this host seems to be the main prey of A. acasta, since the latter’s
description by Dr. Nixon; these four spp. were all obtained on Brownsea I.,
Dorset. From Littlehampton, Sussex, three spp. of Apanteles were obtained
all from larvae of Abraxas grossulariata (L.) all collected from blackthorn
near the sea in April. The species bred were A. limbatus Marshall (com-
mon), A. formosus (Wesmael), and the much rarer A. endemus Nixon (one
9). A. tibialis (Curtis) was bred from Anarta mytilli (L.) (host, Little
Haldon, Devon, August 1979); A. popularis (Haliday) from larvae of Tyria
jacobaeae (L.) (larvae September 1978 at Littlehampton; the adult popularis
did not emerge until July 1979 and A. immunis (Haliday) bred from
Apocheima pilosaria (D. & S.), also from Brownsea I., Dorset. A second
lot of adult Ichneumonoidea, caught in 1979, included Apanteles falcatus
(Nees) from Tywardreath, Cornwall, Aug.; A. phaloniae Wilk. (Dawlish
Warren, Devon, Aug.); A. leucaniae Wilk. (Brownsea I., Dorset, Aug.);
Zele flagitator (Curtis) (Hurst Green, Sussex, Aug.); Meteorus consimilis
(Little Haldon, Devon, Aug.); M. pallipes (Wesm.); and Hypomecus
quadriannulatus (Grav.), (both Shaldon, Devon, Aug.), and finally a series
of Ichneumoninae all found in rotten wood on Haldon Moors, Devon,
mostly in large numbers. Although very many Ichneumoninae hibernate as
adults, it was interesting that the species found were mostly invariable,
perhaps reflecting the different hibernation-modes of other species. The
species found were:— Hoplismenus bidentatus (Gmelin), only found in
April, rare; Ichneumon bucculentus (Wesm.) (common, cf. Perkins 1960
who states it is uncommon); J. suspiciosus Wesm. (very common); /.
extensorius L. (common); I. sarcitorius L. (moderately common) and
Stenichneumon culpator (Shrank) (abundant; there were upwards of fifty in
some tree-stumps, the last five species found both in April and October). The
stumps (pine) had arisen from moorland fires in spring 1976; heather was
now growing and evidently the rotten stumps provided ideal conditions for
certain overwintering females of the Ichneumoninae.

SHaw, Dr. M. R.—First box consisted of a selection of the tribe Exothecini
(Braconidae) which are primitive ectoparasites. Notes on their host ranges
were supplied. A few examples of the endoparasitic tribe Rogadini were
also included, notably the species Aleiodes pallidator (Thunb.) only
recently recorded from Britain — it was first thought only to occur on

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 15

the Lancashire coast, but more recently it has been discovered in Hants.,
(Portsmouth) and Kent (Dungeness). It parasitises Leucoma salicis (L.)
(Lep., Lymantriidae) and the exhibitor appealed for records of the para-
sites from this moth. Affected larvae may be recognised by their blown,
mummified appearance. Among the Exothecini were: — Colastes incertus
(Wesm.) from cocoons found in leaf litter, supplied by K. P. Bland; C.
braconius (Haliday), a common sp., ex Phyllonorycter sp. (Lep.), Orchestes
(Col.) and Agromyzidae (Dipt.); Panomeris (?) catenator (Haliday) a local
sp. ex certain leaf-mining saw-fly larvae, especially Fenusa pusilla (Lepell.);
F. dornii (Tischbein), Xenarcha lustrator (Haliday), a local sp ex. Fenella
nigrita Westw. (Hym., Symphyta); Rhysipolis deorator (Haliday), a local
sp. ex an arboreal Caloptilia sp. and R. hariolator (Haliday) a local para-
site of arboreal Parornix sp. The Rogodini included Clinocentrus gracilipes
(Thomson), an abundant parasite of Anthophila fabriciana (L.) (Lep.,
Choreutidae). Further records of reared Clinocentrus spp. (identifiable as
parasites mummifying the Micro-lepidopterous host prepupa in its cocoon),
were urgently requested (to be sent to the exhibitor, c/o Dept. of Zoology,
Reading University, Berks).

A second lot by the same exhibitor showed a selection of recent rearings
of Apanteles spp., (Braconidae) and included A. halidayi Marshall ex
Glyphipterix simpliciella (Sephens); A. abila (Nixon) ex Coleophora trochi-
ella (Dup.) bred by Dr. J. R. Langmaid; these two are both first host-
records for the parasites; a second record for 1979 of the latter species was
bred from Abraxas grossulariata (L.) from Bucks.; A. aptus Papp. ex Coleo-
phera badiipennella (Dup.), bred in Switzerland by S. E. Whitebread, a
first host record; A. pedius Nixon, a new to Britain, and bred from Phyl-
lonorycter sp. on Corylus, Carpinus and Alnus from Oxfordshire, Essex and
Berks.; and finally A. fausta Nixon which the exhibitor had shewn to be
distinct from the closely related bisexual sp. A. lateralis (Haliday). A.
fausta reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Both attack the same
host, A. fabriciana, as solitary parasites. Finally, an example of gregarious
endoparasitism: from a cluster of five cocoons found on Corylus avellana
in a Hampshire oak-wood the exhibited 2 2 of Lissonota mutator Aubert
(det. J. P. Brock) had appeared; not previously recorded from Britain.

Both exhibitors expressed their thanks to breeders of various insect
orders who thoughtfully preserve encountered parasites and donate the
specimens with the valuable host records. Such records contribute signifi-
cantly to the advancement of the knowledge of the Parasitica.
(Symphyta)

HatsTeaD, A. J. — Some British sawflies, collected mainly in Surrey.
Thirty-five common and widely distributed species (representatives of four
families), including a number reared from larvae.

NEUROPTERA
ODONATA

WILD, E. H. — Two specimens of Drepanepterix phalaenoides (L.) taken
at his m.v. trap at Selsdon on 28.xi.1979. (This is a considerable rarity in
S.E. England.)

Davies, A., & Gopparp, D. — Two drawers of dragonflies illustrating
the range of size and shape to be found in the world and the British fauna.
Eriophlebia superstes — from Japan was one of the oldest (phylogeneti-
cally); Mecestogaster lucretia — from South Amerca was the longest;
Megaloprepus cerulatus — from Costa Rica had the widest wingspan; and
Agriconemis femina — from Malaya was one of the smallest.

16 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

GENERAL
Parp, Le G. F. — The Folklore of Insects, an exhibit with considerable
text on this subject supported by a few illustrations and insects.
LIBRARIAN, THE — A selection of the wide range of Brish and foreign
journals housed in the Society’s library. These are available forr eference
at ordinary meetings and may be takn ou on loan by mmbrs.

PHOTOS AND PAINTINGS
BRADFORD, E. S. — A selection of paintings of British Gelechiidae.
Cronn, A. R. — Five albums of colour prints; four of British Lepidoptera
and one of British Odonata.

MERRIFIELD, K. — Eight colour photos; flies, moths, ants, a dragonfly
and sallow catkins.
ReveLs, R. C. — Seven large panels of colour photos of British Butter-

flies. These illustrated a selection of Chiltern butterflies, bred varieties of
the Silver-washed Fritillary, varities of the Ringlet and the White
Admiral, the five British Hairstreaks and the life cycle of eight species.
Perhaps the most remarkable subject was a photo showing a congregation
of 70 specimens of the Silver-Studded Blue, Plebejus argus caernensis
Thompson.

Souz pe, P. M. — A selection of colour photos of British Lepidoptera
and a dragonfly, taken with natural light.
Vickers, W. A. — 111 colour photo enlargements from his Ectachrome

transparency collection. All British indigenous species and regular migrants
were shown, arranged by season, and six photos represented examples of
butterfly habitats.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
(read on the 8th February 1979, by G. Prior)
1. TopIcAL REMARKS

When I first joined this Society many years ago I little thought that I
would one day follow in the footsteps of such great entomologists as
Barrett, Tutt, South, Cockayne and many others and take my turn as
President. I am proud to have sat in the place that they once occupied and
thank my fellow members for the honour that they have done me.

I think that we can claim that the past year has been a successful one
for the Society. Our numbers have increased, not spectacularly it is true,
we now stand at 731, but we should remember that for a voluntary society
such as ours a very large increase in the membership can pose as many
problems as a decrease. Without doubt the most significant event of the
year was the publication of the ‘“‘Illustrated Papers on The British Micro-
Lepidoptera’’, as the stock of coloured plates was limited, the numbers of
the volumes produced has been only 470. The venture has been an un-
qualified success and there is no doubt that this has been due mainly to the
energy and drive of my successor David Agassiz. Our other publication, is
the revised ‘Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera”’, the Society’s
thanks for this work are due to Col. Emmet and his fine team of experts,
but I think that the main credit for this must go to my predecessor, Ralf
Tubbs; its materialisation is due to his vision and energy in pushing this
project ahead. Having told you what my predecesSor and successor have
done, you may well ask, what did I do? Alas, little more than use what
administrative skill I have to pilot the Society through another year.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 17

The Annual Dinner was a success but numbers attending fell to 66; I
am certain that the reason must be the great expense incurred by our
Country Members who have to stay overnight in London for the Exhibition
next day. May I appeal to all of those of us, who are fortunate or un-
fortunate, depending on how one views it, to live in London, to offer
hospitality to their country colleagues. The Exhibition on the other hand
was an unqualified success both in numbers attending, number and quality
of the exhibits and the smooth organisation. The excellence of the
refreshments shows that the hour will produce the right woman as well as
the right man, and I am very glad that Mrs. F. Murphy has agreed
again to organise the refreshments at this year’s Exhibition. When I saw
all the fine things on show at our exhibition I confess that I wondered
a little at all the complaints about the bad year that it had been. I thank
all my fellow Officers and Council for the support they have given me
during my year.

I had hoped that my term as President would be distinguished by having
no members die during it; alas it was not to be so, we lost eight of our
oldest and best.

Mr. L. W. Siggs joined the Society in 1948; a keen and very knowledge-
able entomologist, he retired to the New Forest from Orpington some
twenty years ago. He wrote regularly in the Entomological journals about
Lepidoptera, particularly those of the New Forest area.

Mr. C. Wainwright was a lepidopterist and one of our oldest members;
in fact, but for his death, he would have been elected a Special Life
Member, having completed this year fifty years as a member; he lived
in the Warwick area and for that reason was not a regular attender at
either meetings or exhibition.

Mr. G. S. Woollatt joined the Society in 1967 whilst living in Surrey. He
moved some time later to the New Forest area. He was a keen Lepidopterist
and a regular attender at field meetings.

Mr. R. C. R. Crewdson joined the Society in 1933, but he will be best
known as one of the great field entomologists of the North-West of England.
He might be described as having been the anchor-man of the Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological Society of which he was President for twenty-
one years. He was also a Council member of the Manchester Entomological
Society. A fine and competent entomologist, he was well known as an
authority on the Scottish Lepidoptera, particularly the Noctuids. He
also did considerable work on the distribution of the British Lepidoptera,
producing species maps before the Biological Records Centre was set up.

Jonathan Walton joined us in 1971 at the age of seventeen; he was a
keen entomologist since the age of eight; some time after leaving school
he joined the International Voluntary Service and took a teaching post in
Botswana; on returning from this he continued to study hard with the
intention of taking a B.Sc. course, and had been accepted for Bristol
University, when he was struck down by his fatal illness. His mother tells
me that the great interest in his life was always entomology, particularly the
Micro-lepidoptera, and that he was proud, of his membership of our
Society. What a tragedy that he should be struck down at twenty-five.

Sir Henry Lawson was also a member of the Society for 50 years. He
was educated at Lancing and went straight from there to a commission in
the Army and service in France. He survived the battle of Passchendaele
and was awarded the M.C. After the war he returned to Trinity college,
Cambridge, and then became a solicitor. He became chief Legal Auditor

18 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

and Deputy General Manager of Lloyds Bank. He was President of the
Law Society. He had a life long interest in entomology, mainly the Lepidop-
tera, and was also a keen ornithologist.

Brigadier H. L. Lewis will of course always be remembered for that fine
book “Butterflies of the World’’. He was commissioned into the Royal
Signals in 1927 and then served in India and Burma, where he helped in
quelling a rebellion. Then, after a term in Egypt, to Staff College, and
thereafter to various appointments. During the last war he commanded the
Signals of Montgomery’s Army Group after the invasion of Europe. After
the war he returned to India and became Director of Signals, Pakistan,
finally serving in Malaya from 1957-60 when he retired. He was made
C.B.E. in 1963. He came to live in Richmond, and took a keen interest in
local affairs, becoming Deputy Mayor of that borough. Like many other
entomologists he was a keen philatelist and was an acknowledged authority
on Persian stamps. He joined the Society in 1961.

C. R. Haxby joined our Society in 1958; he was a keen entomologist
interested mainly in the Lepidoptera. He lived in Bradford but none the
less was a regular attender and exhibitor at our Annual Exhibition. A
Fellow of the R.E.S., he was also interested in local natural History and
was a past President of the Bradford N.H.S.

IJ. THE EUPITHECIINI, OR ‘‘PuGS’’
By G. Prior
(23 Manor Way, North Harrow, Middlesex HA2 6BZ)

I will now commence the second part of my address. It is, as you may
expect, something concerning that group of geometer moths called the
Eupithectini or ‘‘Pugs’’.

The subject is of course so wide that it is not possible to cover it
adequately in the short time available. The Eupitheciini are a large world-
wide group of small macro-moths. It is generally accepted in Britain that
they are comprised three genera, Eupithecia, Chloroclystis and Gymno-
scelis. Until at least the latter end of the last century they were grouped
together in the one genus Eupithecia, in fact Tutt always grouped them
under this single genus. At the beginning of this century Karl Dietze, who
was perhaps the greatest authority of all time on this group created a new
genus Calliclystis and removed most of the genus Chloroclystis to it, and
this system is still in use by some German entomologists. Earlier this
century Meyrick revived the Hiibnerian genus (Eucymatoge), so as to
contain the species E. subnotata, plain pug, E. subumbrata, shaded pug,
and E. abietaria, cloaked pug, with these he joined Horisme vitalbata,
Small Waved Umber, H. tersata, The fern, and H. aquata, The Cumbrian
umber. Meyrick was a good entomologist but I regard this grouping as
quite absurd; it rested upon minor characteristics in the imagines and
ignores the quite radical differences in larval habit and form; I think that
no one today seriously regards this as a vaid genus. Pugs are a a difficult
group and rather neglected; it is quite often said that it is almost impossible
to tell them apart, and this may account for some of the neglect. They are
however not all alike, they vary greatly in size, wing shape and markings;
but it is true that there are small groups of three or four that resemble
each other so closely that they can baffle the experts, and in fact, if taken
as imagines and a little worn, one must make a genitalia examination to
determine them.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 19

I have studied the early stages of this group for some seven years or so
and bred 46 of the 50 or thereabouts species in the British Isles, many of
them several times so my remarks will be chiefly concerned with the early
stages.

The ova vary in shape from spherical to bullet-shaped, whilst most seem
to be a flattened sphere rather like a tangerine in shape. The shell is usually
pitted, or perhaps it would be better to describe it as reticulated; in fact
when examined under microscope many resemble nothing so much as the
surface of a golf ball.

In captivity they normally pair and lay quite freely, with the exception of
some six that over-winter as ova. These are Chloroclystis rectangulata, C.
debiliata and C. chloerata, Eupithecia pusillata, E. tenuiata and E. intur-
bata. These are all tree or bush feeders and I am certain that the female
female requires the actual growing tree or bush so that she may secrete her
ova in the crevices of the bark as they will have to remain as ova for at
least nine months and escape both predators and the effect of the weather.
It is not correct as is sometimes stated that C. rectangulata lays her ova
on the flower bud of apple.

The Larvae. I have often heard entomologists, some of whom should
know better, say that a thing is a “typical pug larva’’. This is one thing
about which I will be dogmatic and say that there is no such thing. They
differ completely in shape, size and habit as well as colour and markings.
I think that one can safely say that there is greater diversity in the Eupithe-
ciini larvae than in the Noctuidae. Their shapes range from the almost
maggot-like to the long tubular; some taper sharply towards the head
others taper towards each end; they can be short and almost square in
section whilst others have a flattened appearance. Likewise, the skin can
range from a waxy translucence to a well wrinkled and folded skin, from
a soft velvety, to a skin that is so covered with tiny tubercles that it appears
to be hoar-frosted. Some have almost no hairs at all; others have many. I
have already said that the imagines can be very difficult to determine; the
same applies to the larvae. Larvae of the same species do vary widely in
colour and markings. The body-colour can be any of three or four colours;
the markings can range from the well known arrow head or lozenge, to
dorsal lines and dashes, and to no lines at all. When one beats a quite small
juniper bush for the larvae of E. pusillata perhaps as many as thirty or
forty larvae will fall onto the sheet. These will have all the variations that
I have just stated, so that it is difficult to credit that they are all of the
same species, and it is probable that these are the progeny of perhaps two
or three females at the most. I well remember a fine piece of “‘Jacobean”’
wit, some years ago: I was sitting in the body of the hall, examining a
box of pugs that Richard Dickson had kindly given to me; Stanley Jacobs
was Sitting next to me; he looked at them, and then lifting his glasses said
“there should be a law against those things’; I can well understand what
he meant. There are almost no accurate illustrations of the larvae of this
group in any of the text books that are readily available to the ordinary
entomologist, and of those that there are some are worse than useless. What
then can one do about determining the identity of any larvae that are
found or emerge from the ova of a captive female so worn as to be not
readily identifiable? Colour and markings can be useful but as I have
already pointed out, can be deceptive, time of emergence and foodplant
can help though the latter is of little help with the polyphagous species.

20 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

The shape of the larva, the texture of its skin, whether Hairy or not and
if the hairs are set singly or in little cluster, the size of the head and how
it holds it, these are all of vital importance. For instance one often finds
two species feeding together on one plant. In the late summer E. goos-
sensiata and E. nantata can be found together on various species of ling
or heather, in their early stages their body colour and markings, pink
body and purplish markings are superficially very similar, but nanata is a
rather thin and tubular creature whilst gossensiata has all the charac-
teristics of absinthiata; in later stages their markings will set them apart.
E. pimpinellata an E. centaureata can be found together on the Burnet
Saxifrage in the autumn, centaureata ranges over a great variety of colour
and markings and some of these resemble pimpinellata. I suppose one
could wait and see which of the pupae are almost completely parasitised and
this would almost certainly be pimpinellata, but a better test is of course the
shape, which is quite different.

There are eleven species that I would call internal feeders, that is to say
they can be found feeding inside the seed heads or capsules or in spun-up
flowers but this does not mean that they cannot sometimes be found
sitting openly on the foodplant. E. abietaria feeds inside the scales of the
cones of the spruce, feeding on the unripe seeds; these larvae may be
discovered by their frass according to Tutt, though I have never found
them. E. tenuiata is usually stated in the text books to feed inside the
male catkins of Sallow; I have found it here but I have also found it feed-
ing openly upon the female catkin. E. Haworthiata feeds inside the
unopened buds of wild clematis or old man’s beard, the tell-tale black hole
in the bud which indicate frass inside, shows that there is a larva inside, or
has just left. E. plumbeolata is an odd creature that feeds inside the long
thin corolla of cow-wheat and may be found with its hind end sticking out
of the tube. I have found that the best way to obtain these is to collect a
large bunch of flowers at random over a large area, divide these into
several small bunches, put these into small pots of water and stand these
upon a large sheet of white paper, after a few days the frass on the paper
will indicate the presence and location of the larvae and they can then be
quite easily seen. E. linariata spends most of its larval stage inside the
seed capsule of the yellow toadflax and may easily be detected by the
small round hole it bores near the base of the capsule, it travels from one
seed head to another until pupation. E. pulchellata is to be found inside
the corolla of the flower of the foxglove, feeding on the stamens or inside
the seed capsule, but I should emphasise that the statement that one often
reads about it spinning together the mouth of the corolla should not be
taken too seriously if one is intent upon finding the larvae, you will miss
perhaps eighty per cent of them if you look for them this way. They will
certainly be found in spun-up flowers, but also in others. The best way to
be sure of finding them is to gather several flowerheads and keep them in
a box and examine them regularly and shake them over a sheet. You will
find the larvae going from one flower to another or they will shake out of
the flowers. You will find that foxglove keeps a long time before rotting or
withering. E. venosata is not very rare, at least in the South of the
country. It will be most often found in the flowers of bladder campion in
preference to the other members of this plant family mentioned in the
literature. They are not difficult to find; pick a lafge random bunch from
over a Wide area, keep them in water and daily shake them gently over a
sheet; if they are present you will usually get several falling out. When

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 21

small they are quite black but be careful that you put them onto separate
flowers that you have carefully examined, to make sure they are untenanted
by other things, or you may loose most of them. The Hadena larvae also
eas the seed-capsules of these flowers and the larvae of venosata at the
same time.

E. campanulata is normally easy to find on the flowers of the Nettle
Leaved Bell Flower. Gather a bunch of the flowers and if shaken after a
day or two one will find the larvae dropping out of them; they may be
safely left, unlike venosata. They will continue to feed in the seed heads
after the flower has withered or rotted and will also eat most of the garden
Campanulas. C. debiliata is an odd creature that eats the flowers of bilberry
by night and during the day hides away between two leaves that it has
spun together. It seems to make a different hide each day so that a bush
may have several spun-together leaves with only frass but only two or three
larvae. G. rufifasciata will in captivity prefer to feed in the flower heads of
gorse or broom but it may be taken from a wide variety of other plant
notably heather or ling.

All the larvae of the internal feeders seem to be able to tolerate a
level of what I would call larval squalor that would cause other caterpillar
species to die from disease or fungus.

The larvae of some species will resemble each other so much that other
factors apart from colour and markings are needed to tell them apart. E.
abbreviata and E. dodoneata I have found to be virtually indistinguishable.
E. dodoneata is a smaller larva but this is not conclusive, they both feed
on the same foodplants and may be found freely on Hawthorn. Time is the
important factor; abbreviata feeds much earlier normally from early May
to early June, whilst dodoneata is found until late July. E. succenturiata
and E. icterata are almost indistinguishable and feed at the same time. E.
succenturiata will be found feeding or hiding among the leaves at the
bottom of the Mugwort plant, they are quite often almost black but when
bred from the ova they will be found to be pink and green and resemble
icterata. E. icterata on the other hand feeds mainly on the flowers of
Yarrow and does not eat the leaves. E. subfuscata also resembles these last
two but it is slightly more tapered and the dorsal lozenge is lightly different.
E. absinthiata is a very variable creature, it will sometimes resemble E.
tripunctaria and though it will be found on angelica, E. tripunctaria on the
other hand will never be found feeding on ragwort, mugwort, yarrow, etc.
E. assimilata may be best detected on its foodplant, wild hop or currant if
the leaves are carefully examined. The tiny larvae eat out a large number
of tiny holes so that the leaves resemble a sieve. Three larvae, E. exten-
saria, E. phoeniceata and E. millefoliata, are the most crypic of all the
pug larvae and when bred in captivity it is almost impossible to detect
them on their foodplant, I have found that the frass dropped onto the
paper at the bottom of their breeding box is the only indication of their
presence. They illustrate perfectly that not only are the pug larvae very
cryptic but sit in such a way that they make the utmost use of these
colorations and markings. When one remembers the very defective vision
that larvae have it poses the question how do they arrive at this.

The Eupitheciini as a group seem to show evidence of evolutionary
development that has gone on amongst them. This shows itself at its most
extreme among those species that inhabit the Hawaian Islands, the larvae
of which have changed from a plant to an animal diet. They are not
merely canibalistic but are actually predators, catching and eating flying

22 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 198U0

insects that settle near to them. They have developed large almost crab
like fore legs with which they seize their prey and hold it whilst they
devour it, they also have developed the senses to detect the slightest move-
ment caused by an insect alighting nearby. There are recorded instances of
the larvae of E. tripunctaria seizing and eating aphids resting on the
withered angelica when larvae have emerged before the new growth was
available.

The group in Britain appears to be divided roughly between the primi-
tive and advanced, with some half way. There are as always of course
important exceptions. The primitives seem to be widely polyphagous eating
mostly leaves though they also devour flowers. They feed voraciously, pro-
duce large quantities of frass, and take quite a long period to reach the
pupal stage. It would seem that the food that they eat has a low nutritional
value, thus large quantities are needed and development is slow. Their
bodies are normally longer and larger as if to accommodate the greater
amount of roughage. The more evolved feed almost exclusively on the
flowers and seeds of plants, stamens, pistil, pollen and unripe seeds. Their
life span as larvae is much shorter, as little as two weeks, for chloerata,
as against some five months for exiguata, which was the extreme length
of time that I have found in breeding this group in captivity. Many are
internal feeders inside seed-capsules, and are much smaller, tapered towards
both ends they resemble grubs or maggots. They produce little frass so it
seems that their food has a high nutritional value. Some have become
extremely specialised and can be found only upon one plant, they are
therefore at great risk of extinction, should disease or man’s desire to
eradicate some plant or other that he considers injurious to his eoonomy
be carried out thoroughly. There is a small group, that has branched off,
feeding upon pine, spruce, larch, juniper or cypress; these eat quite
sparingly, nibbling at the needles or scales, and never devouring the whole;
they produce fairly little frass so that their food seems to provide them
with more nourish ment than the leaves of plants or deciduous trees. On
the other hand they seldom take less than six weeks to pupation.

CORRESPONDENCE
FORESTRY COMMISSION PERMITS TO COLLECT
(trom P. J. CLARKE, Secretary, Forestry Commission, 231 Corstorphine Road,
Edinburgh, EH12 7AT)

(To the Hon. Sec., B.E.N.H.S.)
12th April 1979

Dear Mr. Wild,

Mr. Holmes has asked me to reply to your letter of 11th March about
the collection and study of insects in Forestry Commission woodlands.

As you will know, the Forestry Commission has a responsibility for the
proper conservation of wildlife within its woods. At the same time it
wishes to encourage the widest possible use of the woods forseducational
purposes and the study of natural history. Some form of control is therefore
necessary in order to protect rare species and to avoid unnnecessary
disturbance to all forms of wildlife.

During the past few years there has been a marked increase in the
number of applications for permits to collect insects, particularly in our
South Eastern Conservancy for certain woodlands where rare or local

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 23

species are known to exist. Bona fide amateur entomologists who wish to
study insects or collect a limited number of specimens for themselves are
normally given permission to do so in specific areas. I am afraid, however,
that we have had instances where unauthorised commercial collecting of
certain rare species has occurred in some areas and we have therefore had
to take steps to try and prevent this.

It is helpful to us if permit holders notify local staff beforehand of their
intended visits. There have been occasions when unauthorised collectors
have been operating lights in woodlands well into the night which has
resulted in both the police and forestry staff being alerted for the possible
presence of poachers. A permit holder can avoid this sort of incident by
making a telephone call to our local office.

I am afraid that your suggestion for a national or even a regional permit
to enter and collect is not really practicable as the type of ownership and
access arrangements are by no means the same for all our woodlands.
There are conservation, research and wildlife studies going on in a number
of areas as well as normal forest operations taking place.

It is worth mentioning that the Forestry Commission is in close touch
with the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects and an
entomologist from the Forestry Commission Research Division attends
their meetings. There is thus a two way exchange at a fairly high level on
subjects such as sensitive areas and endangered species, and we have played
a small but constructive part in preparing the Code for Insect Collecting.

I hope from what I have said above that you will be assured of our
good intentions and of the need to continue with our present permit system.
We wish to be as co-operative as we can. I might add that the information
collected by visiting entomologists is certainly of use to us and these records
and those of other naturalists are taken into consideration when producing
conservation management plants.

Finally, with regard to Long Rope Wood, I understand that apart from
the control of vegetation along certain highways no chemical spraying has
taken place in the woods under our control for at least six years.

THOUGHTS ON INSECT CONSERVATION

By S. A. KNILL-JONES
(8 Dove Mews, London, SW5 OLE)

With reference to our discussion meeting on Thursday, I am sending you
a slightly fuller account of my thoughts which I delivered then.

As an Englishman I feel that there is far too much euphoria given to
the Conservation of Wild Life in this country. Nature has a remarkable
propensity for fighting back. Is it not true that the New Forest Burnet
(Zygaena viciae) (D. & S.) has returned to Scotland; the Rosy Marsh Moth
(Eugraphe subrosea) (Steph.) to Wales; and the Olive Crescent (Trisateles
emortualis) (D. & S.) to England after a lapse of a good many decades?
Don’t we tend to over-conserve when the necessity arises? Perhaps this has
proved the case with the very sad loss of the Large Blue this year. One has
to be very careful when fostering Nature and we see this as a lesson learnt
and not to be repeated with other vulnerable species.

I feel that we as collectors should be made more responsible for con-
servation of our Entomological heritage. Perhaps we should become more
a party of observers and breeders rather than straight forward collectors.

24 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

One female caught in the wild of a rare species will provide a more than
adequate series for one’s collection. In fact with luck and careful rearing
the surplus imagines could be returned to the original locality thus
replenishing the stock.

Without records collecting is meaningless and I suggest that we swamp
that excellent establishment Monkswood with all the records that we can
muster from wherever we go. In this way, with the help of careful computer
programming an accurate record of the state of our rare and endangered
species can be drawn up. In this way a yearly check on the rise or fall of
each particular rare species can be evaluated. If a species shows a dangerous
decline then there should be some kind of Red Alert and when this occurs
we shall then require the services of the professional conservationists. It
will be up to them to discover the cause of decline and then to offer a
remedy.

I think that a special fund should be set up aided perhaps by a National
Conservation Flag Day — enlighten the public of their Natural Heritage,
which will be theirs more and more as leisure activities increase due to the
advent of silicon chips and further mechanisation which will result in
shorter working hours and earlier retirement. It seems that too much money
has been spent on Nature Reserves and Field Centres which house few or
or often as not no species of special interest. Surely a great deal of money
has been wasted here, which could have been deployed on purchasing land
that does house our Red Alert vulnerable species after which true con-
servation can then begin.

Finally the government should be given the power to prevent the Forestry
Commission, Local Councils and other bodies from encroaching over land
where there are endangered species, and to compensate farmers or land
owners who present a similar problem.

Finally it is up to our educators to enlighten our children in the need
for intelligent conservation and an awarness of things Natural, which will
be of benefit to our green and pleasant land and future generations.

Perhaps I may add a further comment for us to share. It seems a shame
that a Bill is now passing through the House of Commons via The Lords
which in the main has been put together by people who are rather out of
touch with the grass roots of those actively pursuing the study of
Entomology and Natural History.

A NEW FOODPLANT FOR THE CLOUDED BRINDLE MOTH
(Apamea epomidion (Haw.) (Lep., Noctuidae)

By G. E. Hiccs
(The Cottage, Willen, Milton Keynes, MK15 9AD)

(To The Editor, B.E.N.H.S.)
Dear Sir,

I was interested in the remarks which appeared in the Proceedings Vol.
12, Part 3/4, Page 113, regarding how little is known about some of the
foodplants of many of our insects.

I think the biggest surprise I’ve had in this respect was finding two shell-
pink larvae in a very rotten oak twig beneath an old tree. By the amount
of frass around them I assumed that they were in fact feeding upon the
decaying wood. Not knowing what the larvae were, I placed them in a
shallow tin which was kept tightly closed to retain the moisture. The
larvae continued to feed on the wood until they became fully fed and not
only were the larvae pink but the frass also. They pupated within the twig

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 25

and eventually produced two perfect specimens of The Clouded Brindle
(Apamea epomidion Haworth).

As the piece of wood was partly covered by grass and many low growing
plants were close by, I cannot offer any suggestion as to why this unusual
food was chosen.

The specimens are in my collection and the larvae were found at
Loughton, North Bucks. Not a very common moth in this area.

A REVISION OF THE PANTROPICAL GENUS TATHORHYNCHUS
HAMPSON (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE, OPHIDERINAE)
(with Plates I-V)
by A. H. Hayes
(Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,
London SW7 S5BD)

Introduction

The genus Tathorhynchus Hampson is revised and identification keys
to the species are given. Six species are redescribed, two of which are
divided into subspecies; one new species camerounica is described. Larvae
feed on Leguminosae and the larva of exsiccata is figured.
Acknowledgements

In addition to acknowledging the helpful advice given to me by my
colleagues at the British Museum (Natural History), I should like especially
to thank Dr. T. D. Eichlin of the State of California Department of Food
& Agriculture, Sacramento, for kindly mailing me preserved larvae of
exsiccata. My thanks are due to members of the Photographic Studio of
this museum, who took the majority of the photographs reproduced in the
plates.
Location of material studied

All specimens are in the British Museum (Natural History), (often
abbreviated to BMNH) unless otherwise stated. Dr. P. Viette, Muséum
national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN), and Dr. U. Dall’Asta, Musée
Royal de |’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (MRAC), kindly gave me access to
material under their care during my visits in 1977. Unless otherwise stated
all figured species are housed in the British Museum (Natural History) and
have been labelled. Specimen data has been restricted to country of origin
to avoid repetition.

TATHORHYNCHUS Hampson

Tathorhynchus Hampson, 1894, Fauna Br. India 2: xiii, 268. Type-species:
Scopula vinctalis Walker, [1866] 1865, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln. Br.
Mus. 34: 1476, by original designation, but cited as ‘7. vinctale WIk.’. (S.
vinctalis is a junior subjective synonym of Spintherops exsiccata Lederer, 1855,
Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien 5 (Sber.): 204 pl. 2, fig. 12).
Xymehops Viette, 1954, Annls. Mus. r. Congo Belge. (N.S. 40 Sci. zool.) 1: 557.
Type-species Xymehops nigra Viette, 1954, ibidem 1: 558, fig. 15, by original
designation. (Synonymised by Viette, 1967, Faune Madag. 20 (2): 746.)
Diagnosis. Proboscis fully developed. Palpus upturned, second segment
reaching about vertex of head, very broadly angled with scales in front
and slightly fringed with finer scaling behind towards extremity, third
segment long and fringed with scales in front; frons smooth; eye large
round; antenna of male bipectinate; prothorax with long spreading oblique
crest, metathorax without crest; tibiae moderately fringed with scales;
abdomen dorsally flattened with slight lateral tufts of scaling towards
extremity and without crests. Forewing narrow, apex rounded, the termen

26 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

evenly curved and slightly crenulate; veins 3 and 5 from near lower angle
of cell; 6 from upper angle; 9 from 10 anastomosing with 8 to form the
areole; 11 from cell. Hindwing with cell nearly half the length of the wing;
veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell; 5 fully developed from middle of
discocellulars; 6 and 7 from upper angle; 8 anastomosing with cell near base
only.
Affinities. The genus Tathorhynchus has been placed by Boursin (1964,
Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon, 33: 231) in the subfamily Amphipyrinae, but
the correct placement is in the subfamily Ophiderinae. Examination of
adults and larvae indicates that Lygephila Billberg, 1829 and Asticta
Hubner, 1816 are the closest allied genera.
Biology. All recorded foodplants belong to the family Leguminosae. Indigo-
fera tinctoria L. (tree indigo) and Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa or lucerne)
and Spartium junceum (L.), (Spanish broom) are recorded as foodplants of
exsiccata. Crumb, 1956, gives a detailed description of exsiccata larvae. A
larval specimen of exsiccata housed in the collections of the State of
California Department of Food and Agriculture is figured here, see Fig. 1.
Distribution. All species included in this paper are from the Afrotropical
region, although exsiccata is also found in Europe, the Mediterranean
region, the Middle East, India, U.S.A., Dominica and Argentina and as a
distinctive subspecies in the Australasian region.
Species-Groups. Three species-groups are recognised. Exsiccata species-
group where no sexual dimorphism in wing pattern is discernible. Homo-
gyna species-group where males exhibit dark scaling on the veins of the
hindwing. Plumbea species-group where males are easily distinguished
from female by their dark wing coloration.
exsiccata — group

T. exsiccata exsiccata (Lederer)

T. exsiccata fallax Swinhoe
homogyna — group

T. homogyna homogyna Hampson

T. homogyna malagasy Viette
plumbea — group

T. plumbea (Distant)

T. troberti (Guenée)

T. nigra (Viette)

T. camerounica sp. n.

T. leucobasis Bethune-Baker

KEY TO MALE TATHORHYNCHUS BASED ON HINDWING
CHARACTERS
(excluding troberti — Cape Verde Islands)

i... Predominantly dark, brown), ..0-con-sasusn ss ec cteee ete te sc eee eee 2
=. Quter margin onlyjdark browiy.. .a:cise<.casee oe ee ee 5
2. BYNES GAT: DOW. cence cc ae cacy code were Cet ee ce ee nigra
=, Pringé Straw-coloured oo... ..c: cs sccocs sore -nseves cece EE Ree ee 3
3. Straw-coloured scales forming band in discal cell area ..............c0ecce0ces eee 4
=s No such" band! present, ii... een cen. ceases codon eee Renee ene ..... plumbea
4. Straw-coloured scales filling discal cell area ..............c0.cceceeceseeeees leucobasis
—-. Straw-coloured scales reduced to thin line in discal cell area ...... camerounica
5. Veins heavily dusted with dark scales ..... Madagascar homogyna malagasy

ee. Africa, homogyna homogyna
-. Veins not heavily dusted with dark scales ......

ee Australasia exsiccata fallax

Reise other regions exsiccata exsiccata

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOCc., 1980 27

KEY TO FEMALE TATHORHYNCHUS BASED ON FOREWING

CHARACTERS
1. Dark line of scaling joining orbicular to reniform marking ..................-.- Dy
~. No dark line of scaling joining orbicular to reniform marking .................. 3}
2. Basal dash extending to outer margin of wing ................:6:0.020eeeee leucobasis
-. Basal dash not extending to outer margin of wing ..................:..0.ceseeeeee eee 6
Be PPIRENITOUIMMTOUN GEMM ete. ene Nae ea ete Sees ee ae tothe te alts Bethe viendo pechsiaa Soars camasled 4
PIRENILOL I SUH DOU Mane cca tteee een ee teats eee aot os wien = cass vi/opisiealc dana sinedaesinenetesane 5
4. Longitudinal bands of dark striated scales present between veins ... homogyna
— Transverse bands of dark striated scales .....................eeeeeeeeee es camerounica
S53 W-shapedsrenifomn. marking broken Ssheaers oe AA. ee troberti
=tiwi-shaped) renifonnemarking unbroken (Ae Rl!. 031.5... Rs. ede eeet plumbea
Ge Reniform,: Gividedsinto itwO. GarksSpOUs; <nc..cc-de sas eceres cave acacsenese soevage reasoners q
aoe REN OLMUSINE OS irs, RiTihise Un. « Rodetee tate dace ciden LFSTR GEL, onidad bbe cen bela ade nigra
7. Prominent submarginal arrow-shaped markings .................. exsiccata fallax
=A INO SHCH! INATKING Ges 2288 cay sutatse weet meds. cknns hacer pike peers exsiccata exsiccata

EXSICCATA — GROUP
Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer)
(Figs. 1-7, 21-23)
Spintherops exsiccata Lederer, 1855. Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, 5: (Sber.):
204 pl. 2, f. 12.
@ @. This species is distinguished by the prominent dark basal dash on the
forewing. A similar line joins creamy white orbicular to creamy white
reniform, the latter containing two dark patches of scaling. Dark brown
scales bordering outer margin of both wings. Veins of hindwing with dark
brown scales.
Distribution. Europe, Mediterranean countries, Middle East, Africa, India,
Australia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, U.S.A., Dominica, Argentina.
Two subspecies are recognized, separable on wing pattern and genitalic
characters.

Tathorhynchus exsiccata exsiccata (Lederer)
(Figs. 1-5, 21 and 22)

Spintherops exsiccata Lederer, 1855. Verh. zoo.-bot. Ver. Wien, 5 (Sbr.): 204,
pl. 2, f. 12 Holotpye ¢ Lebanon, Beirut, MNHU Berlin. Examined.
Scopula vinctalis Walker, 1865. List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln. Br. Mus., 34:
1476. Syntypes. BMNH. Examined.
Platysenta angustiorata Grote, 1882. Bull. US. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 6: 584.
Holotype @. U.S.A., Maine. USNM. Examined.
Tathorrhyncus |sic] exsiccata Lederer: Townsend, 1936. Journal E. Africa &
Uganda N.H.S., 13: 125. [Larva, pupa, foodplant.]
Tathorhynchus exsiccata Lederer, Forbes, 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and
neighboring States, Memoir 329 Cornell University Agricultural Experiment
Station, Ithaca. Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn., 329: 376.
Tathorhynchus angustiorata Grote, Crumb, 1956. The Larvae of the Phalaenidae.
Tech. Bulletin. USDA 1135: 277. [Larva.]
Tathorhynchus exsiccata greuteri Koutaftikis, 1973. Annls. Mus. goulandris. 1:
203, pl. 31, fig. 6, new synonymy.
The nominate subspecies is distinguished by the absence of prominent sub-
marginal arrow-shaped markings. See Figs. 2 and 4.
Male genitalia. See Figs. 21 and 22. Uncus dilated apically.
Larvae (see Fig. 1) recorded on alfalfa or lucerne (Medicago sativa L. —
Leguminosae) and indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L. — Leguminosae). Intro-
duced to the Americas. Dr. C. R. Gunn et al, 1978, U.S.D.A. Technical
Bulletin 1574 discuss the introduction of the foodplant Medicago sativa L.
to the Americas .

28 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

Distribution. Wide distribution Africa and India, Seychelles, Mediter-
ranean countries and Middle East, vagrant to N. European countries. There
are several well documented records for the British Isles which Mr. R. F.
Bretherton is recording in Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland. Introduced to U.S.A., Dominica and Argentina.

Tathorhynchus exsiccata fallax Swinhoe

(Figs. 6, 7 and 23)

Tathorhynchus fallax Swinhoe, 102. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 9: 423. Holotype 92
Australia. Roebourne. BMNH. Examined.
Tathorhynchus exsiccata fallax Swinhoe Holloway, 1977. The Lepidoptera of
Norfolk Island, W. Junk: The Hague. Series Entomologica 13: 94 to subspecific
status.

@ 2. Larger than the nominate subspecies, forewings paler, greyer, with the
hindwings less prominently and broadly dark-bordered. Submarginal arrow-
shaped, dark markings present on the forewing. Figs. 6 and 7.

Male genitalia. Fig. 23. Valve broader at centre than nominate subspecies.
Distribution. Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island.

HOMOGYNA — GROUP
Tathorhynchus homogyna Hampson

(Figs. 8-11 and 24)
Tathorhynchus homogyna Hampson, 1902. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 2: 394.
4. Prominent dark mesothorax. Forewing with straw-coloured orbicular;
reniform a rounded patch of dark scales; wing irrorate with dark brown
scales forming transverse lines across wing. Terminal band dark. Hindwing
heavily dusted with dark scales on veins.
@. Wing pattern similar to male but lacking the heavy dusting of dark
scales of the veins on the hindwing.
Distribution. Africa and Madagascar.
Two subspecies are recognized.

Tathorhynchus homogyna homogyna Hampson

(Figs. 8, 9 and 24)
Tathorhynchus homogyna Hampson, 1902. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 2: 394.
Holotype @. S. Africa, Natal. BMNH. Examined.
Tathorrhyncus homogyna Hampson, Townsend, 1938. Journal E. Africa & Uganda
N.H. 13: 176. |Larva, pupa, foodplant. |]
The nominate subspecies lacks the angular margins of the wings and the
accentuated apex of the forewing.
Male genitalia. See Fig. 24. Characteristic short rounded valve.
Larvae feed on Indigofera.
Distribution. Angola, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe-
Rhodesia, Rwanda, S. Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire.

Tathorhynchus homogyna malagasy Viette
(Figs. 10 and 11)

Tathorhynchus homogyna malagasy Viette, 1967. Faune Madagascar 20 (20):747.
Figs. Holotype ¢. Madagascar, Tananarive. MNHN, Paris. Examined.
6. Similar to nominate subspecies, but angle of outer and costa of fore-
wing more acute. See Fig. 10.
2. Similar to nominate subspecies. Somewhat smaller. See Fig.«11.
Distribution. Madagascar.

PLUMBEA — GROUP
Tathorhynchus plumbea (Distant)
(Figs. 12, 13 and 25)

FVoxocampa plumbea Distant, 1898. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 1: 221. Holotype @.
S. Africa, Pretoria. BMNH. Examined.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980 29

Tathorhynchus plumbea Distant, Pinhey, 1975, Moths of Southern Africa, Tafel-
burg, Cape Town 226. Pl. 62, fig. 1115a @ fig. 1115b [Misidentification 9
exsiccata figured as plumbea.]

4. Wings predominantly dark brown. Terminal fascia of dark brown
scaling. Fringe of outer margins and base of wings straw-coloured. See Fig.
12. Male genitalia. See Fig. 25. Distinctive costal margin of valve.

2. Reniform characterized by unbroken L-shaped patch of dark scales.
Terminal bands of dark scaling. See Fig. 13.

Distribution. Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, S. Africa.

Tathorhynchus troberti (Guenée)
(Fig. 14)

Toxocampa troberti Guenée, 1852. In Boisduval & Guenée, Hist. nat. Insectes
(Lepid.) 6: 429. Cape Verde Islands. Coll. Feisthamel. Type not traced.
é. Not known.
@. Simlar to plumbea female. Reniform L-shaped, dark scaling interrupted
at angle. See Fig. 14.
Distribution. Cape Verde Islands.

Tathorhynchus nigra (Viette)
(Figs. 15, 16 and 26)

Xymehops nigra Viette, 1954. Annls. Mus. Congo belge. (N.S. in 4°) Sci. Zoo. 1:
558 figs. Holotype @ Madagascar, Tananarive, MNHN, Paris. Examined.
Tathorhynchus nigra Viete, 1967. Faune Madagascar 20 (2): 746.
@. Wing excurved at anal-angle. Metallic dark brown wings recieved by
straw-yellow orbicular and reniform. Outer marginal fringes dark. See Fig.
1:
Male genitalia. Characteristic valve with distinctive patch of setae towards
apex of valve. See Fig. 26.
2. Forewing with dark line extending from orbicular spot to reniform and
with prominent basal dash. See Fig. 16.
High altitude species.
Distribution. Madagascar. 2,250 m.

Tathorhynchus camerouica sp. n.
(Figs. 17, 18 and 27)

é. Similar to plumbea in basic coloration. Separated by the straw-coloured
streak in the discal cell of the hindwing. See Fig. 17.
Genitalia. Distinctive uncus broadest at angle. See Fig. 27.
2. Forewing. Reniform crescent-shaped. Irrorate with dark mottled scales
forming transverse bands across wing. See Fig. 18.
High altitude species.
Distrbution. Cameroun. 6,350-8,100 ft. Holotype male: Mt. Cameroon:
Mann’s Quelle 7,400 ft. 3.ii.1932. M. Steele. B.M. 1934-240. 36 partypes —
similar data. Onyanga 8,100 ft. and Musake 6,350 ft.

Tathorhynchus leucobasis Bethune-Baker
(Figs. 19, 20 and 28)

Tathorhynchus leucobasis Bethune-Baker, 1911. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 7: 538.
Holotype ¢ Kenya, Nairobi. BMNH. Examined.
é. Simlar forewing to plumbea and camerounica. Discal cell area of hind-
wing filled with straw-coloured scales. See Fig. 19.
Male genitalia. Distinctive pointed apex to valve. See Fig. 28.
?. Forewing. Basal dash extending to outer margin of wing. Dark line of
scaling joining orbicular to reniform. See Fig. 20.
Distribution. Ethiopia, Kenya, S. Africa, Sudan, Tanzania.

30 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980
Crypsotidia glaucata (Holland) com. nov. *
Eublemma glaucata Holland, 1897 in Donaldson Smith’s Through unknown
African Countries. Edward Amold, London & New York: 415. Sheikh Husein,
Somaliland. Holotype female examined, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh,
Hampson.

placed this species in Tathorhynchus in his manuscript notes on Ophi-
deinae. From external characters and genitalic evidence it should be
placed in the genus Crysotidia Rothschild, 1901 (Catocalinae).

A HERMAPHRODITE LARGE BLUE (MACULINEA ARION (L.) —
LEP., LYCAENIDAE)
(with Plate VIII, fig. 2 and three text figures)

by E. P. WILTSHIRE
(Wychwood, High Road, Cookham, Berks., SL6 9JS)

In June 1973 an overseas field meeting in Normandy was arranged, held,
and duly reported by the leader, L. F. Crick (in the Society’s Proceedings
Vol. 6, Pt. 4, p. 120). Immediately after this society venture, my wife and
I accompanied W. H. T. Tams and Leslie and Marjorie Crick on a more
private vist to Pralognan-la-Vanoise, Savoie, to which an article by J.
Bourgogne in 1962 had drawn our attention. In view of the fairly compre-
hensive account by J. Bourgogne (1973) of the lepidoptera of this wonderful
locality, there is no need to detail here our various captures.

But it now seems worth while to illustrate and briefly report perhaps the
best of my Pralognan catches, namely a gynandrous example of Maculinea
arion (L.) subsp. delphinatus Fruhst., which I took on the morning of
June 30th at c. 1,600 m above Pralognan on the Doron Chaviére valley
slopes, for I do not recall having seen a similar example of this species
published.

It is usual for hermaphrodite lepidoptera to combine the more obvious
characters of the two sexes, and in cases of halved gynyndromorphs the
genitalia seldom are as perfectly halved as the wings or antennae, but
usually show a mixture of parts of the two sexes in which one or the other
predominates; and I found, when I examined this specimen later in 1973,
that the genitalia were about two thirds female to one third male: the anal
papillae, though smaller than in the normal female, appeared to be both
present but the right hand one had a male falx attached and might have
been a male subuncus, as both the posterior apophyses appeared attached
to the left hand papilla; these apophyses were shorter than in the normal
female. The right tegumen was present and was accompanied by a small
male valve lacking the normal distal process; the male juxta and aedaeagus
were lacking but a female ventral plate and ostium were present, though
abnormal.

The hermaphrodite was taken flying in a slow fluttering fashion, probably
due to the disproportionate size of the female wing compared with the
male right wing. Presumably mating would be out of the question for such
an abnormal specimen.

The reported extinction of the British Large Blue populations is of
course to be regretted but should be viewed in a wider perspective. As
Henry Beuret (1957: 241) pointed out, the species prefers rather dry
localities with stands of the wild thyme, on which it oviposits; in Switzer-
land it occurs on such from the plain (c. 250 m) to the snow-line (c. 2,500
m). It inhabits most of Europe, though dying out in the British Isles, and
severely localised in Spain, except in the Pyrenees. Its most extensive

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 31

Figs. 1, 2 and 3: Genitalia of male and parts of genitalia of a female and an
androgynous specimen of Maculinea arion (L.) delphinatus (Ob.) all taken at
Pralognan, Savoy, France) (on same scale): 1. gynandrous example, omitting
vaginal plate and ostium; 2. normal female anal papilla, one side only; 3.
complete male genitalia with aedeagus separated. (A = anus; AE = @ aedaegus;
AP = @ posterior apophyses; F = ¢ falx; LV = left @ valve; P = Q
anal papilla (one side only); RV = right @ valve.

32 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

distribution is in the U.S.S.R., where it ranges through Russia to Trans-
caucasia, and thence through the endless steppes of Southern Siberia
towards the Far East. In Amurland, Beuret doubts whether the form
arionides Standinger is really specifically distinct; he stresses its com-
paratively great adaptability and variability on the diverse habitats of its
European range.
REFERENCES
Beuret, Henry, 1953: Die Lycaeniden der Schweiz, Pt. 1. (Bale).
Bourgogne, J., 1962: Une bonne localité: Pralognan-la-Vanoise. Alexandor 11:
202-206, 255-262.
Bourgogne, J., 1973. Premier inventair des Macrolépidoptérs et Pyralides du
Parc National de la Vanoise. (Trav. scient. du Parc, nat. de la Vanoise: 3.
With two plates (Caption for plate vii).

INTERGENERIC MATINGS OF ZYGAENA AND PROCRIS_ IN
MOROCCO (LEP.: ZYGAENIDAE
(with Plate VI, fig. 2)

TORBEN B. LARSEN
(23 Jackson’s Lane, Highgate, London, N.6)

In the course of a recent business trip to Morocco (June 1979), I was
fortunate enough to be able to pay a half day visit to the famous entomolo-
gical locality of Oukaimeden in the High Atlas at 2,600 m some 75 km
from Marrakech. In addition to chalking up a remarkably comprehensive
list of butterflies, I noted some unusual sexual behaviour among the
Zygaenidae.

In a small side valley near the ski resort of Oukaimeden I found Procris
mauretanica Naufock to be extremely common. The population density was
much higher than I have ever seen in the genus Procris. Interspersed with
the Procris were isolated colonies of Zygaena trifolii (Esper) (ssp. tizeragis
Wiegel) with a distinctly low population density compared to normal con-
ditions among the Zygaena.

To my surprise I came across a resting couple of a male Procris maure-
tanica in copula with Zygaena trifolii sitting on a straw of grass. I lifted
the couple by holding the antennae of the female to reassure myself that
they were well and truly coupled and on being satisfied that they were,
exerted the necessary force to separate them. They were strongly linked
despite the great difference in size and complexity between the male
genitalia of Procris and Zygaena. At this point I was rather cross with
myself for not having bothered to walk the few kilometres back to the car
in order to fetch my camera. I hardly believed my eyes when a few minutes
later I found another similar couple in copula and this time I did fetch the
camera to take the picture shown on the plate. While engaged in photo-
graphy a third intergeneric mating took place just next to me. It happened
fast and was totally to the point. The flying male Procris courted a seated
Zygaena for less than twenty seconds before alighting and successfully
mating; half a minute later I was able to lift them by the antennae though
unfortunately they separated in the killing bottle.

I am aware that interspecific matings are fairly frequent among the
Zygaena and I should not be surprised if intergeneric mating has been
recorded previously as well. However, to meet with three identical cases in
the course of an hour and actually to observe one of them happening is
surely unique. The following factors were perhaps — but only perhaps —

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 33

among those responsible. The weather was quite dull and I did not see a
single specimen of Zygaena spontaneously on the wing and there were in
any case relatively few about. On the other hand the Procris remained
active and they were more numerous over a large area than I have ever
seen a species of Procris anywhere else. The chances of a male Procris
finding an unfertilised, uncourted Zygaena female must have been con-
siderably higher than normal.

My gratitude is due to W. G. Tremewan for the identification of the
moths involved and to Sue Perl for providing the necessary moral support
on a difficult mission.

THE ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PSEUDOSCORPION
DENDROCHERNES CYRNEUS (L. KOCH) IN GREAT BRITAIN
(with Plate VI, fig. 1, and map)
by PuiLip E. JONES
(Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots
Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs.)

INTRODUCTION
Dendrochrnes cyrneus was discovered in Corsica about 1869 or 1870 by
Eugéne Simon. He sent it to Ludwig Koch at Niirnberg, who described
and named it as new to science in 1873. The species was established as
British by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge on a specimen found in Sherwood
Forest by Dr. G. W. Chaster of Southport in 1900 or 1901. Westwood
(1838) records capturing ‘the largest species which I have hitherto seen’
under the bark of trees in Windsor Forest, and this may possibly be a
reference to D. cyrneus, at that time unknown to science.

DISTRIBUTION

The species is widely distributed throughout Europe, occurring in
England, France, Germany, Scandinavia (as far north as about 64° 20” N),
Poland, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Albania, Italy,
Corsica, Canary Islands, also in Anatolia, Cyprus and Algeria. It is found
in native woodland under the bark of old conifers and decidouous tress
and also in the galleries of longhorn beetles and bark beetles.

In Great Britain, D. cyrneus has been recorded from only seven sites
(all in England), viz.: — Sherwood Forest, Richmond Park, Windsor Forest /
Great Park, Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve and Eye (both near
Peterborough), Maisemore (Gloucestershire) and Blenheim Park (Oxford-
shire) (Fig. 1). At the present time viable populations are only known to
exist in Sherwood Forest, Richmond Park, Eye and Blenheim Park.

RECORDS OF DENDROCHERNES CYRNEUS IN ENGLAND
Sherwood Forest

October, 1906:— Seven adults, five immature specimens taken by H. Wallis
Kew in Birklands and Bilhaugh under rather close-fitting bark of dead standing
oak trees. June 1912:— Taken by A. Randell Jackson in the same locality.
1912:— Two @ found attached to the longhorn beetle, Saperda scalaris (L.),
taken from birch foliage (C. J. C. Pool). 1 July 1978:— One @, one Q under
bark of fallen branch of partly-dead oak tree just outside Visitor Centre. Grid
ref. 43/62586782 (L. Bee). 14 July 1978:— One tritonymph under bark of fallen
branch of live oak tree near Visitor Centre. Grid ref. 43/62676762 (L. Bee).
18 September 1978:— Two @, one @ under very dry rotten wood of dead oak
tree trunk, Bilhagh. Grid ref. 43/639694 (P. E. Jones). 21 September 1978:— one

@ under close-fitting bark of partly-dead oak tree, Bilhaugh (P. E. Jones).
Richmond Park

Under rather close-fitting bark of dead or partly-dead oak trees (H. W. Kew
1911). June 1907:— Beneath the bark of old oak trees — one behind a large

34 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

piece of Polyporus (W. H. Bennett). June 1913 and June 1914: Two, attached
to longhorn beetles Phymatodes testaceus (L.). (One to an antenna of one, the
other to a femur of another.) (H. W. Kew). Recorded in 1924 by H. St. J. K.
Donisthorpe. 4 October 1946:— Four specimens (A. E. Ellis), 11 June 1949:—
Underneath the bark of a recently fallen birch tree (J. L. Cloudsley-Thampson).
28 August 1978:— Three &, one 9, one deutonymph under the bark of an old
dying oak tree. Quarter mile west of Robin Hood Gate. Grid ref. 51/207723. (A.
J. Rundle).

Windsor Great Park

Under rather close-fitting bark of dead or partly dead oak trees (H. W. Kew
1911). April 1970:— One tritonymph in decaying beech trees with Chernes cimi-
coides (F.) and Allochernes wideri (C. L. Koch). (G. Legg).

Castor Hanglands (near Peterborough)

29 August 1954:— Seven specimens from beneath bark of dead standing oak
tree (H. E. Henson). 27 July 1963:— ? one @ ? collected by W. Russell.
Little Wood, Eye, near Peterborough

19 June 1968:— Four @, one 9 with eggs, under oak bark (W. Russell).
22 July 1969:— Four adults under bark of dead oak tree, with Chernes cimi-
coides (P. D. Gabbutt/P. E. Jones). 24 August 1976:— Two 4, one proto-,
three deuto-, cne tritonymph in rotten wood from inside trunk of dead oak tree,
together with Chernes cimicoides (P. E. Jones). 26 September 1977:— Six adults
from under bark of dead and partly-dead oak trees and partly-dead elm (P. E.
Jones). 20 June 1978:— Three adults under bark of dead oak (P. E. Jones).
Maisemore, Glos.

9 September 1957:— One specimen in wood débris from hole in damaged oak
(R. S. George).

Blenheim Park, Oxon
26 July 1978:— One 9 under bark of rotten oak (C. Johnson).

LIFE HISTORY

As well as being the Jargest British species of pseudoscorpion (attaining a
length of about 4 mm), D. cyrneus is also probably the rarest British
species. Precise information about the life history of pseudoscorpions is
usually dependent on quantitative sampling over a period of years (Weygoldt
1969). This method is impracticable for D. cyrneus since at most sites it is
only found in very low densities. Certain conclusions can be drawn from
evidence provided by the literature and by the various records of capture
of the species.

Pairing has been observed by Kew (1912) in culture specimens during
April/May and July/August. Evidence to support the occurrence of pairing
during the same months in the ‘wild’ is provided by the presence of a
female carrying eggs in June (1968) and the presence of all nymphal stages
in August (1976) (at Eye). The occurrence of two specimens attached to
longhorn beetles in Richmond Park in June (1913/1914) also supports this
view, since phoretic behaviour is closely linked with the restlessness and
intense hunger experienced particularly by gravid females (Jones 1978).

Pseudoscorpions carry their eggs and nourish the embryos. The female
builds a silken chamber and retreats into it until the protonymphs hatch.
The female collected at Eye on 19th June 1968 deposited her eggs as
soon as she was placed in a culture box, probably because she was disturbed.
On 22nd July she was found to have made a silken chamber on the side
of the box and to be carrying another batch of eggs. She left the chamber
on Ist August leaving the egg sac inside the chamber. The eggs did not
develop. Before the pseudoscorpion died on 17th September she had pro-
duced and deposited four sacs of eggs, none of which developed.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 35

DENDROCHERNES

CYRNEUS
(L, Koch)

@ 1960 onwards

© pre 1960

Adult males and females have been found into October but no specimens
have been found from November-March, suggesting that the species may
be in hibernation. Kew (1906) records finding two adults in silken chambers
(undoubtedly hibernation nests) in October in Sherwood Forest. He also
found five adults that were free-living, on the same occasion.

The species is distributed phoretically on longhorn beetles (Beier 1963)
which are wood-feeding insects. However, there are only two records of
this for England (both old). The adult of Phymatodes testaceus, one of
the species concerned, occurs in very much the same habitat as D. cyrneus
— on old oak and beech logs, in oak branches and under oak bark.

36 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

HABITAT

Dendrochernes cyrneus is apparently restricted to ancient woodland/
forest, of which there is comparatively little left in Britain today. Even in
Kew’s day the species was quite rare. Writing in 1906 he says: ‘It lives —
perhaps exclusively — under the bark of old partly-dead or dead standing
trees, and appears to be a member of the old forest fauna of Europe and
northern Africa. It is regarded as a rare species, and is now no doubt much
scarcer than formerly, especially in a country like England, where primitive
forest-land in which the old trees have been permitted to stand and decay
has long been of limited extent and widely scattered’.

A study of habitats in Sherwood Forest and in Little Wood, Eye,
indicate that D. cyrneus prefers decaying trees. Specimens have been found
on completely dead trees, partly dead trees and on branches which have
fallen off live trees and started to decay. All the sites in England where
D. cyrneus has been found can be classified as ancient woodland sites, but
not all the trees on which the species has been found are ancient. For
instance, at Eye there has been woodland on the site since at least 1540,
but few, if any, of the trees are more than 130 years old (Jones 1979).

The species of tree colonised does not seem to be important. Specimens
have been found on oak, beech, birch and elm in this country. In Finland
and Norway specimens have been found under the bark of pine and spruce,
often in the half-rotten (but still living) trunks (Ellingson 1903; Kaisila
1949). Duffy (1952) states that, in his experience, the successful development
of longhorn beetles (on which D. cyrneus is phoretic) depends to a far
greater extent on the nature and condition of the wood, i.e. thickness of
bark, moisture content, state of decay, than on the species of tree concerned.
This is also probably true for the successful development of D. cyrneus.

Evidence suggests that D. cryneus is found at all heights on the tree,
unlike Chernes cimicoides (F.), another pseudoscorpion species associated
with ancient woodland, which Beier (1963) records as perferring the lower
part of the tree trunks. One of the branches in Sherwood Forest on which
specimens were found in 1978 must have fallen about 25 ft. It is possible
that the branch was colonised after it had broken off, but this does not
seem very likely.

Within the tree, specimens have been found on the underside of pieces of
loose or easily-removed bark, and, on trees where the bark had already
disappeared, under pieces of very dry (but not powdery), light brown sap-
wood. In many cases the sapwood was broken up by beetle galleries or
cracked by the action of the weather.

Further investigations into the charactertistic of the microhabitat and
also the food preferences, life history and means of dispersal of Dendro-
chernes cyrneus will need to be made to ensure adequate measures are
taken for its protection and survival in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am indebted to the late Prof. Dr. M. Beier of athe Natural History
Museum, Vienna, for providing many useful literaturé references and to the
various people who have provided me with records of D. cyrneus and who
are acknowledged in the text after the appropriate record(s).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 PLATE I

1. Larva on Alfalfa, 17.ix.1959. Seely, Imp. Co., California (x 3.5). Department

of Food & Agriculture, State of Colifornia. Tathorhynchus exsiccata exsiccata
(Lederer).

2. Tathorhynchus exsiccata exsiccata (Lederer) @ Ethiopia (x 14). 3. idem

Q Ethiopia (x 14). 4. idem @ India (x 14). 5. idem @ India (x 14). 6. T. exsiccata
fallax Swinhoe @ Australia (x 14). 7. idem @ Australia (x 14).

PLATE II PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

8. T. homogyna homogkna Hampson @ Kenya (x 14). 9. idem 9 Kenya (x 14).
10. T. homogyna malagasy Viette @ Madagascar (x 13). 11. idem @ Madagascar
(x 14). 12. T. plumbea (Distant) @ S. Africa (x 14). 13. idem @ S. Africa (x 14).

14. T. troberti (Guenée) Q@ Cape Verde Islands (x 13).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 PLATE Ill

20

15. T. nigra (Viette) @ Madagascar (x 14). 16. idem @Q Madagascar (x 13).
17. T. camerounica sp. n. @ Cameroun (x 14). 18. idem @ Cameroun (x 134).
19. T. leucobasis Bethune-Baker @ Kenya (x 14). 20. idem @2 Kenya (x 1}).

PLATE IV PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

MALE GENITALIA (AEDEAGUS REMOVED)

21. T. exsiccata exsiccata (Lederer) Egypt. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 8990 F
22. idem U.S.A. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 9706 4. 23. T. exsiccata fallax Swinhoe.
Australia. B.M.N.H. Noct Slide 9704 3. 24. T. homogyna homogyna Hampson.
S. Africa. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 8992 @.

PROC, BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 PLATE V

25. T. plumbea (Distant). S. Africa. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 8994 &. 26. T. nigra
(Viette). Madagascar. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 9709 @. 27. T. camerounica sp. n.
Cameroun. B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 9726 @. 28. 7. leucobasis Bethune-Baker.
Kenya, B.M.N.H. Noct. Slide 8998 @.

PLATE VI PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

Fig. 1. Dendrochermes cyrneus (L. Koch) on decaying oak wood. (Photo: J. L.
Mason, Nature Conservancy Council.)

Fig. 2. Intergeneric mating: Procris mauretanica Naufock @ and Zygaena tri-
folii (Esper) 9, phoio in the field by T. Larsen.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 PLATE VII

Fig. 1. Dr. C. G. M. de Worms.

Fig. 2. Large blue, bilateral gynandromorph, photo E. P. Wiltshire.

PLATE VIII PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980

ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Fig. 1. Hipparchia semele (L.) ab. (D. B. Tyler). 2.

Aglais urticae (L.) ab.
(temperature experiments) (A. D. M. Russwurm & H. G. M. Middleton).
3. Boloria selene (D. & S.) ab. (B. D. Fensome). 4. Notodonta torva (Hiibn.) 9
(M. Hadley). 5. Lasiommata megera (L.) ab. croesus (Staud.) (A. S. Harmer).
6. Erebia aethiops (Esp.) mixed gynandromorph (C. E. Pearce). 7. Melitaea cinxia
(L.) ab. (temperature experiments) (R. W. Watson). 8. Melanargia galathea serena
Verity ab. craskei Tubbs (R. Revels). 9. Alcis jubata (Thunb.) ab. (R. Hayward).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 37

REFERENCES

Beier, M. (1963) Ordnung Pseudoscorpionidea (Afterskorpione). Berlin,
Akademie-Verlag (Bestimmungsbiicher zur Bodenfauna Europas No. 1).

Bennett, W. H. (1908) Occurrrence of Chernes cyrneus L. Koch and C, cimicoides
(Fabricius), in Richmond Park, Surrey. Hastings E. Suss. Nat. 1: 114.

Carr, J. W. (1906) New Nottinghamshire spiders and false-scorpions. Rep. Trans.
Notts. Nat. Soc. 1906: 47-48.

Carr, J. W. (1916) The invertebrate fauna of Nottinghamshire. Nottingham, J. &
H. Bell.

Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (1950) A rare false-scorpion. Country-side 15: 272.

Duffy, E. A. J. (1952) Coleoptera (Cerambycidae). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects V
(12): 1-18.

Ellingsen, E. (1903) Norske pseudoscorpioner. Forh. Vidensk Selsk. Krist. 5: 1-18.

Jackson, A. R. (1908-11) On some rare arachnids obtained during 1908. Trans.
nat. Hist. Soc. Northumb., New Series, 3: 418-439.

Jackson, A. R. (1913) On some arthropods observed in 1911 and 1912. Lancs.
nat. 5: 440-444.

Jones, P. E. (1978) Phoresy and commensalism in British pseudoscorpions. Proc.
Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 11 (3/4): 90-96.

Jones, P. E. (1979) Pseudoscorpions from Little Wood, Eye, with some additional
records from Northamptonshire. J. Northampt. nat. Hist. Soc. (in press).

Kaisila, J. (1949) A revision of the pseudoscorpion fauna of eastern Fennoscandia.
Annls. ent. fenn. 15 (2): 72-92.

Kew, H. W. (1906) Chernes cyrneus in Nottinghamshire: a recent addition to the
known false-scorpions of Britain. Rep. Trans. Notts. Nat. Soc. 1906: 41-46.

Kew, H. W. (1911) A synopsis of the false-scorpions of Britain and Ireland.
Proc. R. Ir. Acad. B., XXX (2): 38-64.

Kew, H. W. (1912) On the pairing of pseudoscorpions. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.
1912: 376-390.

Kew, H. W. (1929) Notes on some coleoptera and a cheifer observed on Richmond
Park oak after nightfall. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 65: 83-86.

Kobachidze, D. N. (1961) [On the occurrence of the pseudoscorpion Dendrocher-
nes cyrneus (L. Koch) in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic] Trudy Inst.
Zool., Tbilisi, 18: 209-211 (in Russian).

Vachon, M. (1954) Nouvelles captures de pseudoscorpions (Arachnides) trans-
portés par des insectes. Bull. Mus. Hist. nat., Paris. 26 (2): 590-592.

Westwood, J. O. (1838) The entomologist’s text-book. London, William F. Orr.

Weygoldt, P. (1969) The biology of pseudoscorpions. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard
University Press (Harvard Books in Biology, No. 6).

OBITUARY
BARON CHARLES GEORGE MAURICE DE WORMS,
M.A., Ph.D., F.R.LC., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U.

Charles de Worms died suddenly in his house at Horsell, Surrey on 10th
October 1979, at the age of 76. His title descended from his great-uncle, who
was made an hereditary baron of the Austrian Empire in 1871 and was
granted permission to use the title in the British Empire in recognition of
his family’s services in development of tea planting in Ceylon. Charles was
a King’s Scholar at Eton and a member of King’s College, Cambridge,
where, after winning the Drewitt Prize for Agricultural Chemistry he took
his first degrees; his Ph.D. came in 1934 from London University with a
thesis on orthodiphenyl ethers, on which he later published papers in the
Journal of the Chemical Society. Afterwards he worked as a research
chemist in the Institute of the Royal Cancer Hospital, and also on the
analysis of food and drugs. From 1940 to 1944 he was at the Porton

Experimental Station, latterly in charge of one of its chemical research
laboratories.

38 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

Charles’ interest in Lepidoptera began in his boyhood and he soon
became an enthusiastic and successful collector. He was elected president of
this Society (then the “South London’’) as early as 1933; in its centenary
year 1972 he gave a fascinating talk, which was printed in the Proceedings,
largely about collecting before the war. In the thirties, too, he commenced
his lifelong practice of writing and publishing annual accounts of his own
collecting, which are now a valuable source of information about the
distribution of our Macrolepidoptera. He was a more ambitious driver of
the motor car than was common at that time; part of his story for 1937
begins: “On July 8th I began my main summer holiday, consisting of, on
the whole, a successful tour of the British Iseles . . .”’. So, indeed, it was,
beginning near Portsmouth, where Leucania turca was found to be the
commonest moth on the sugar, continuing via the Dorset coast and heaths,
the Cotswolds, North Wales, the Lake District, to Rannoch and Aviemore,
whence he returned to Surrey on August 2nd by way of Witherslack and
the Norfolk coast and Broads, where larvae of Papilio machaon were com-
mon, I remember that Dr. E. B. Ford and I, who did not then know
Charles personally, after reading these accounts, used to exchange unsuit-
able remarks about witches’ broom-sticks and the like.

After the war Charles continued for some years to do some chemical
research; but he gave most of his time to the Lepidoptera, though he was
also a keen and knowledgeable ornithologist. I came to know him early in
1947 when I became a near neighbour in north-west Surrey, where he
contributed much to the gathering of information about that part of the
country, which was then entomologically little known and still less recorded.
I also went with him on many expeditions further afield in Britain and, as
he became increasingly interested in the Continental fauna, in the Alps,
Pyrenees, Corsica, and later in Greece, where he was among the first to
find two butterflies, Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann and A. damone
Eversmann, which were previously unknown west of U.S.S.R. and Asiatic
Turkey. Besides Spain and north European countries, he visited Morocco,
East Africa, the Congo, Malaysia, Australia, the West Indies, and Canada,
thus getting some field knowledge of exotic species of both butterflies and
moths. His last cross-Channel visit was to Guernsey in 1978, and he was
planning another when he died.

Charles de Worms was essentially a personal collector; his very large
collection contained only insects which he had caught or reared himself,
and, apart from some interest in the Pyralidina he made no study of the
‘micros’. He was not an explorer; he concentrated, some of his friends
thought, too much on places which he already knew, or had reason to
expect, contained a good selection of interesting species or aberrant forms.
Nevertheless, he made some important finds: the rediscovery, as British
species, of Colobochyla salicalis in the Kentish woods in the ’Thirties, and
a share, after the first alert, in that of Eugraphe subrosea in mid Wales in
1967, and also of Eilema caniola in Ireland in 1954; with his friend J. L.
Messenger he made the first record of the Pug Eupithecia phoeniceata in
1959 in Cornwall; his home light-trap at Horsell gave him one of the second
and third British examples of the immigrant Plusia Chrysodeixis acuta which
were caught on the same night in 1955.

He had a very good eye for species, reinforced by knowledge of the
literature and by much study at the British Museum (Natural History). He
was thus able, and very ready, to help with identification of the many
apparent novelties which were shown to him, though, like most field

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 39

lepidopterists, he was more often confused than enlightened by the
frequent and ephemeral changes in nomenclature. His literary output on
entomological subjects was very large; but with exception of ‘““The Butter-
flies and Moths of London and its Surroundings” with its biennial supple-
ments (1952-1978), ‘““‘The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire’ (1962), and the
chapter on the Notodontidae which he contributed to volume 9 of “Moths
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland’”’ (1979), it consisted of several
hundred articles and short notes, widely spread in periodicals or in the notes
of the entomological congresses which he often attended. Many are valuable
for reference, and it is hoped to assemble a complete list of them at a
later date. His collection he bequeathed to the Royal Scottish Museum,
Edinburgh; his fine natural history library to this Society, where it will be
much used.

Charles had a remarkably wide circle of friends and acquaintances in
many lands. For many years he gave parties for some of them at Christmas,
and he kept in touch with more at meetings, by visits when he was on
collecting expeditions, by letters and postcards (the decyphering was some-
times difficult), and, above all, by telephone. Several of his friends found
that he had talked cheerfully to them by this means only a few hours
before his death. He fought hard, not only in his last years, against ill
health. He had a strong and usually profitable interest in horse racing. He
was a kindly man, good with cats, dogs and small children. In short, a
“character”, leaving a gap which will not be precisely filled.

R.F.B.

N. D. RILEY: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1912-1976
(continued from Vol. XII, p. 112)

1958. Editorial comments. Entomologist, 91: 25, 150, 155.

1958. Book Notices. Entomologist, 91: 50.

1958. New Nature Reserves. Entomologist, 91: 166.

1958. Origins and growth of the Department of Entomology of the British
Museum. Proc. 10th Internation Congress of Entomology, 1: 453-456.

1958. The genera of holarctic Theclinae: a tentative revision. Proc. 10th Internat.
Congr. Ent., 1: 281-288.

1958. Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1958.

1959. Editorial comments. Entomologist, 92: 79, 106.

1959. Entomological liaison with the Nature Conservancy. Entomologist, 92: 105.

1959. Obituary. Hubert McDonald Edelsten. Entomologist, 92: 155-157.

1959. 11th International Entomological Congress. Entomologist, 92: 231.

1959. Editorial. Entomologist, 92: 245.

1959. Presidential address to the Lepidopterist’s Society. J. Lep. Soc., 13: 11-13.

1959. Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1959.

1960. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Entomologist, 93:
1595) 250:

1960. Obituary. Heinrich Ernst Karl Jordan. Biogr. Mem. Fell. R. Soc., 6:
107-133.

1960. Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1960.

1961. Wicken Fen Fund. Entomologist, 94: 170.

1961. The separation of Colias hyale and Colias australis. Entomologist, 94: 206.

1961. Editorial comment. Entomologist, 94: 286.

1961. Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1961.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

Wicken Fen Fund. Entomologist, 95: 276. ;

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1962.

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1963.

Insects in Colour. 116 pp. 64 pls. Blandford Press, London.

Book Review. Entomologist, 97: 287.

The Department of Entomology British Museum (Natural History): A
brief historical sketch. 12th Int. Congr. Entomology. 48 pp., London.
Obituary. Francis Hemming. Bull. zool. Nom., 21: 402-404.

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1965.

Caves and the County Naturalist’s Trust. Studies in Speleology, 1: 149-152.
Papilio lintingensis Osbeck. Bull. zool. Nom., 22: 248.

Book Review. Entomologist, 99: 184.

Gracilaria Haworth proposed addition to Official list of generic names.
Bull. zool. Nom., 23: 186.

Scoptes Hiibner v. Capys Hewitson 1864 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) a case
of a forgotten name. Bull. zool. Nom., 23: 165.

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1966.

Argynnis chlorodippe Villiers and Guenée (Insecta Lepidoptera), proposed
suppression under plenary powers. Bull. zool. Nom., 24: 290.

(with S. R. Bowden). The type material of Pieris napi pseudorapae Verity.
Redia, 50: 379.

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1968.

(with S. R. Bowden). What is Pieris dubiosa Rober (Lep., Pieridae).
Entomologist, 102: 49-54.

(with L. G. Higgins). Papilio sebrus Huebner 1824/26 (Lepidoptera,
Lycaenidae): a proposed suppression. Bull. zool. Nom., 26: 37-38.

(with L. G. Higgins). Papilio saportae Huebner 1828/32 (Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae): a proposed suppression. Bull. zool. Nom., 26: 96.

(with L. G. Higgins). Application for the rejection for nomenclatorial
purposes of the pamphlet attributed to Jacob Huebner and entitled Der
Schmetterlinge Lepidoptera Linnaei Europaisches Heer printed circa 1790-
1793. Bull. zool. Nom., 26: 84-90.

Application for the retention of Papilio aglaia as the valid name of the
Nymphalid species. Bull. zool. Nom., 26: 4-6.

Editor S.P.N.R. Handbook, 1969.

Book Review. Entomologist, 103: 191.

(with L. G. Higgins). Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe.
380 pp. 64 col. pls. Collins, London.

(with L. G. Higgins). 2nd Edition. Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain
and Europe.

(with L. G. Higgins). Parnalius Rafinesque (Insecta, Rhopalocera): request
for suppression. Bull. zool. Nom., 31: 204-205.

Obituary. Kenneth John Hayward. J. Lep. Soc., 28: 79-80.

Field Guide to the Butterflies of the West Indies. 224 pp. col, pls.,
Collins, London.

(with L. G. Higgins). Satyrus sintenisi Staudinger, 1895 a synonym of
Satyrus mamurra Herrich-Schaffer, 1845 (Lep., Satyridae). Entomologist’s
Gaze 213-214.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 41

MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, XXXV(1) — NOTES ON RECENT
CAPTURES OF MOTHS IN THE LEBANON, SYRIA AND SINAI
(with two text-figures)

by E. P. WILTSHIRE
(Wychwood, High Road, Cookham, Berks., SL6 9JS)

TORBEN LarSEN kindly gave me some moths taken in September 1973 in
the Lebanon; and D. BENYAMINI a smaller lot of moths taken in Sinai,
mostly at the monastery of St. Catherine on 25th August 1978.

Some of these were new records for the respective countries, others
clinched doubtful points in previous lists. Details are given below, and I
have added in some cases comments on their distribution or taxonomy.

This also provides an opportunity to mention some other “‘new records’’
(additions to previous lists). Some of these were taken by Professor Abdul
Mun’im S. Talhouk in the Lebanon or Syria as long ago as 1935-50, others
were caught by myself on my 1962 visit to the Lebanon, and a few others
by Dr. Kasy and Mrs. E. Vartian in May 1963.

The lists referred to are Ellison and Wiltshire 1939, with its Addendum
1940; and my Egyptian list (1948-1949) with a short addendum in 1970
(see references).

LEBANON AND SYRIA

In this list of additions I follow the order of families of our 1939 list. As
regards the localities, most will be found in that work. However, ‘‘Haz-
miyeh, Beirut’? is described in Larsen’s book (1974). Most of Larson’s
moths come from this locality; it is a lower middle-height garigue habitat
on Cretaceous limestone, close to the localities of Afuriyah and Luize in
the 1939 list. The other locality of Larson’s moths is ‘Jebel Kesrouan’’,
which is on the eastern side of the main Lebanon range, north of Zahle; it
was inaccessible by road when Ellison and I resided in Beirut.

SPHINGIDAE
Acherontia styx Westw.

SYRIA: Abu Shamat, a specimen taken by Haines on 30.ix.1958
showed that this Asiatic death’s head hawk-moth has moved up the
Euphrates valley and penetrated Syria. The African species, A. atropos
(L.) was recorded for the Lebanon in my Addendum (Wiltshire 1940).
Mimas tiliae (L.)

LEBANON: Beirut, 14.v.31, leg Cremona; the specimen is correctly
identified but its authenticity as Lebanese is not quite sure.

Berutana syriaca Led.

Previously considered a subspecies of B. kotschyi Kollar, Ebert 1976 has
shewn it to be sp. bona.

ARCTIDAE
Arctia hebe L.

SYRIA: Aleppo. 4.iv. 1944 (A. S. Talhouk).
Phragmatobia placida (Friv.)

LEBANON: Aley, 1.vi.1937 (A. S. Talhouk).

LYMANTRIIDAE
Orgyia trigotephras orientalis Stgr.
LEBANON: Aley, 1.vi.1937 (A. S. Talhouk).

(1) This article appears out of order in this taxonomic series; neighbouring
numbers were: (1977) XXXIV; (1977) XXXVI; and (1977) XXXVII. For titles
and journals, see References at end.

42 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980
Orgyia dubia turcica Led. .

LEBANON: previously only recorded from the Bsherre range, now

recorded from 1,600 m. Jebel Kesrouan. 3 4, 21.ix. 73 (T. Larsen).
THAUMETOPOEIDAE
Thaumetopoea libanotica Kir. & Tal. 1975.

The form considered, and figured in Pl. 1, fig. 24 of our 1939 list, as
a dark high mountain form of T. wilkinsoni Tams, has now been diagnosed
as specifically distinct with the above name.

LASIOCAMPIDAE
Malacosoma neustria (L.)

SYRIA: Aleppo (A. S. Talhouk). The markings of this example
resembled those of M. parallela Staudinger but according to Daniel
1964 this name cannot be used for the Asia Minor race which he
considered typical neustria. Talhouk later reported doubtless the same
Malacosoma form from LEBANON: Bekaa, etc., but these I did not
see. Relevant material is hard to come by, so the question the right sub-
specific name must be left open.

Malacosoma castrensis kirghisica Staudinger

LEBANON: Bsherre Cedars, 2 exs., 21.vi.62 (E.P.W.).
Dendrolimus bufo Led. (& genit. fig. 1)

LEBANON: Hazmiye, 4 ¢@, 1 2 (T. Larsen. The fact that this moth
was not noticed in the Labanon either by Ellison or myself may indicate
that the past thirty years have witnessed a deterioration of the Middle
Height garigue and an invasion by more eremic flora and fauna. The moth,
described originally from ‘Syria’ has recently only been taken, to my
knowledge, in the Jordon Valley (T. Trought) and in Jebels Akhdar &
Aswad, Oman (K. Guichard). The larva in the Jordan is rather similar to
those of the closely allied species D. alfierii A. & Seitz which inhabits, or
used to occur in, the Eastern desert, Egypt. A comparison of the genitalia
of alfierii (fig. 2) with those of bufo shews affinity but hardly conspecificity.
Wiltshire 1948 Plate 1 illustrated in colour a larval skin of alfierii and
both sexes of the adult, which is paler and smaller than bufo but similarly
marked.

LEMONIIDAE
Lemonia peilei talhouki Wiltshire 1952

SYRIA: This race was based on a @ from Deir-ez-Zor on the Euphrates;
the 2 forewing of the same desert race (not mentioned in my description) is
like that of the typical race from eastern Iraq, concolorous pale brown,
instead of bleached from base of forewing to post-median line as in the
tae
Lemonia beirutica Daniel 1965

LEBANON. The damaged ¢ figured in my 1939 Plate as “L. ? ballioni
Chr.”’, and later described with the above name, was also recognised as sp.
bona in Rougeot 1971: 36.

Lemonia sacrosancta Piing.
SYRIA: Homs, 1.1.51 (A. S. Talhouk).
LIMACODIDAE
Parasa inexpectata Staudinger
LEBANON: Hazmiyeh, 1 @, ix.73 (T. Larsen).
NOCTUIDAE
Ochropleura melanura (Koll.)

SYRIA: Anti-Lebanon. The varieties ab. roseotincta Corti and ab.

albida Caradja were taken flying together near Damascus by A. S. Talhouk.

43

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

ae

.

(LAA DA ‘2dAauks) ‘zy1ag 2 “pury tayo

‘(uewQ) “*pey Ofng ‘gq “| —:'dds snwyodpuaq jo eyeyues sey “7 “] *S3t4

44 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

Standfussiana lucernea (L.) :

LEBANON: Bsherre Cedars, 22.vi.62 (E.P.W.) flying together with S.
defessa (Ld.) bona sp.!
Mythimna straminea (Tr.)

LEBANON: Bekaa: Amik marsh, 1 @ (Prep. 606), 10.vi.34 and 1 @,
1.vii.34 (both E.P.W.). The first record for this species from Lebanon and
the Middle East.

Mythimna languida (Walker) (= consanguis auctorum, nec Guenee)

LEBANON: Bekaa: 1 ¢ (Prep. 1950), 28.v.34. A species often called
“Polia consanguis’ by old authors (and so called in Wiltshire 1940: 81),
this belongs to a group recently proved to consist of a number of distinct
species differing genitalically; M. languida (Walker) is widespread in
Africa and is also found as far East as Arabia. It must not be confused
with Mythimna (subg. Leucania) languida Staudinger — which occurs in
Iraq, Egypt, etc., and is probably of Saharan-Arabian range. As the groups
to which the two species belong will probably be generically separated in a
forthcoming revision, it seems unnecessary to seek another name for
languida Staudinger.

Hadena pfeifferi (Draudt)

LEBANON: Bsherre Cedars, 2 exs., 6,300 ft., 22.vi.62 (E.P.W.).
Polymixis subvenusta (Piing.)

SYRIA: Azra, 31.xi.50 (A. S. Talhouk).

Conistra kasyi Boursin 1963

This is the correct name for the species recorded as C. vau-punctatum
Esp. in our 1939 list. Boursin’s description of kasyi (Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon
32: 299) was based on two examples taken (in the Lebanon) in May after
hibernation, where as the series taken by me at the Cedars in October were
much clearer and brighter. Boursin only saw them after describing the new
species and confirmed that they were kasyi; this is another apparently
endemic Lebanese species!

Caradrina belucha Swin.

SYRIA: Damascus, 12.x.50 (A. S. Talhouk). This appears to be the
westernmost record of this Eastern Eremic species.
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) group

It is hoped to deal with this group’s Middle East representatives in a
separate article in this series shortly.
Tranada turcorum (Zerny)

LEBANON: coastal dunes, near Beirut, 1 Q, v.1963 (Kasy & Vartian).
The types of Zerny were from Haifa, and Kasy and Vartian also took the
species in Iraq, near Rutba. More recently an example was taken 9.iv.77 in
SAUDI ARABIA, Riyadh, by A. S. Talhouk and, of course the darker
eastern form has also been taken recently in Oman (see Middle East Lep.
XXXVI for the new genus).

Autophila osthelderi libanopsis Boursin

LEBANON: Bsherre Cedars, 1 @ (Prep. 1213) 22.vi.62 (E.P.W.). This
form flies together with the larger, and weaker-marked, but similarly
coloured A. libanotica Staudinger, already listed, of which.I took 1 @
(Prep. 1214) at 2,000 m near the Cedars in vi.62.

GEOMETRIDAE
Idaea saida (Wilshire 1968)
This new name was substituted for “Sterrha holliata sensu Wiltshire
1939, nec holliata Homb.”’. Fresh specimens were taken near Sidon in v.63

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 45

by Kasy and Vartian, the other types of the species being the Shweir
(Middle Height) examples previously listed as holliata.
Idaea palaestinensis (Stern.)

This moth was not mentioned in our 1939 list, as it was not described
when this was written. It is in fact fairly common and I myself took a
series in 1933 at Shweir (Middle Heights) and also at Beirut (coast), the
former in July, the latter in June.

Opisthograptis luteolata (L.)
LEBANON: Bsherre Cedars, c. 6,000 ft., 18.vi.62 (E.P.W.).
PYRALIDAE

SYRIA: Anti-Lebanon: the two small dark Pyrausta taken by me at
Neba Barada, 24.vi.34, were not, as det. by H. G. Amsel and listed by me
in 1939, P. nubilalis Hibn., but Ostrinia appositalis Led. bona species
(comb. nov.).

EGYPT: SINAI

The two following additions to my 1948-49 annotated and illustrated
list are from St. Katerina, 1,600 m, the same locality as that visited by
Alfieri and Eflatoun in April 1940, as detail in my 1948-49 list.

GEOMETRIDAE
Scopula nepheloperas Prout

One @, the most northerly record for this Eremic moth, distributed from
the Horn of Africa to Oman.
Gnophos dubitarius Staudinger

One @ (Prep. 2017). This confirms the tentative determination made in
my list Part 2 (1949), when only females were available. The moth is an
*‘Anatolian-Iranian” element, being known from several parts of the
Zagros range (west and south-west Iran), but I recently also received a
male specimen from An Nimas, in the Asir mountains of Saudi Arabia,
south of the tropic (leg. A. S. Talhouk). It is one of those Palearctic
butterflies and moths that have penetrated the north of the Tropical Zone
along the mountain-chain of Western Arabia, and most of such species are
now disjunct in their tropical habitats and confined to high altitudes.

REFERENCES

Daniel, F., 1964. Ergaanzung und Berichtigungen zur ‘‘Lepidopteren-Fauna von
Marasch in tiirkisch-Nordsyrien’’ (Mitt. Miinch. ent. Ges., 54: 256).
Ebert, G., 1976. Beitrége zur Kenntnis der Bombyces und Shinges Irans, 1.
Die Arten und Formen der Gattung Berutana und Deilephila (Journ. ent.

Soc. Iran, 3 (1, 2): 85-104).

Ellison, R. E., & Wiltshire, E. P., 1939. The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon with
notes on their sea and distribution (Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 88 (1):
1-56).

Kiriakoff, S. G., & Talhouk, A. S., 1975. Thaumetopoea libanotica sp. n. (Opusc.
zoologica, 137).

Larsen, T., 1974.Butterflies of the Lebanon (C.N.R.S., Republic of Lebanon).

Rougeot, P.-C., 1971. Les Bombycoides de l’europe et du Bassin Méditerranén.
(Masson & Cie., Paris.)

Talhouk, A. S., 1975. Contributions to the knowledge of almond pests in East
Mediterranean countries. 1. Notes on Eriogaster amygdali Wiltshire with a
description of a new subspecies by E. P. Wiltshire. (Zeits. fiir angew. Entom.,

78 (3): 306-312.

Talhouk, A. S., 1978. Ditto, VIII. The establishment of an integrated program
of almond pest management in Lebanon. ibid., 87 (1) 1-14.

Wiltshire, E. P., 1940. The Lepidoptera of the Lebanon, Addendum. Proc. R.
ent. Soc. London. B.9 (5): 79-82.

46 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

Wiltshire, E. P., 1948, 1949. The Lepidoptera of the Kingdom of Egypt. (Bull.
Soc. Fouad. Entom., 32: 203-294; 33: 381-460).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1952. Middle East Lepidoptera, XI. More new species from
Persia and Syria. (Bull. Soc. Fouad. Entom., 36: 187-208).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1957. The Lepidoptera of Iraq. Govt. of Iraq. and Nicholas Kaye,
London.

Wiltshire, E. P., 1968. Middle East Lepidoptera, XXVIII. (The Entomologist
(July), 101: 162-167).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1970. Middle East Lepidoptera; KIX. Some new Jaspidiinae
and Catocalinae mainly from the Sudan and now in the Munich Zoological
Museum. (Veroff. zool. Staatssamml. Miinchen, 14: 112-119).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1977.: M. E. Lep. XXXIV:— More new species of Noctuidae
from Africa and Arabia, with further records of Lepidoptera from the
Sudan. (Mitt. Miinch. ent. Ges. 66: 127-140).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1977: M. E. Lep. XXXVI:— Lepidoptera, Parts 1 & 2 in:
The scientific results of the Oman Flora and Fauna Survey 1975. (Journ.
Oman Studies, spec. report, 155-176).

Wiltshire, E. P., 1977: M. E. Lep. XXXVII:— Notes on the Spodoptera litura
F. group. (Proc. Brit. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 10 (3/4): 92-97.)

THE LARGEST PIPUNCULID IN THE LAND:
Nephrocerus scutellata (Macquart, 1834) (Diptera, Pipunculidae)
NEW TO BRITAIN, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON ITS BEHAVIOUR
IN GREECE
(with one figure)

by ALAN E. Stusps
(91 Clitherow Avenue, Hanwell, London, W.7)

The Diptera Recording Schemes held a week long field meeting in June
1979 based at Rogate, Sussex. The weather had been rather poor through-
out (despite which 91 hoverfly species were recorded) but on the last day,
15th June, the sun broke through between ‘April’ showers. Under -such
conditions a visit was made to King’s Park Wood, West Sussex, a Forestry
Commission area displaying ‘conservation area’ notices. The wood contains
remnants of tall oak forest but much has been cleared to produce a mixed
deciduous scrub with conifers breaking through. After two hours along the
main ride, a small party was about to leave in early afternoon when a
Nephrocerus was swept from grassy herbage which was partially overhung
by the branches of shrubs.

The specimen, a male, was huge for a pipunculid — 26 mm wing span.
Those familiar with N. flavicornis Zett. of the British list quickly realised
that it was far too large for that ‘giant’ and noted that the scutellum was
yellow. After hearing a brief account of the behaviour of such pipunculids
in Greece, Dr. A. Irwin and Mr. P. J. Chandler spent half an hour trying
to locate further specimens with success.

The Handbook by Coe (1966) gives a key to the three known European
species of Nephrocerus. The specimen readily runs to N. scutellata, the
yellow scutellum being distinctive. The size range is given as wing length
8-9.5 mm. The other source of reference is Sack (1935) on which Coe’s
key was presumably based .

The British specimen is much larger than given in the above references
with a wing length of 11.5 mm. Examination of two female specimens
(from South France and Switzerland) standing under the name N. scutellata
in the British Museum reveals that this sex ha$ broad rounded wings, as
found in both sexes of N. flavicornis. The puzzling thing is that the British
male N. scutellata has long narrow wings yet neither Sack nor Coe make

47

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

"6L6I ‘XASSNG UT Udye) Bru Oy) “BPAY VIMpJaInNIs snsad0Aydan

48 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

reference to sexual dimorphism in wing shape. The British specimen would
appear to be conspecific with five males recently brought back from Greece,
whose size range varies from that of the British specimen down to the
size given by Coe. It has been decided to refer the British specimen to
N. scutellata but the accompanying illustration serves to alert anyone who
should come across broad winged males.

It was by extraordinary coincidence that the behaviour of N. scutellata
males had been observed in Greece only a few weeks previously. At mid-
day on 4th May a visit was made to a steep north facing ravine with mixed
deciduous and non-deciduous Quercus at 450 metres in the mountains 18
km north-east (by north) of Nafpaktos. In the shade beneath a deciduous
oak there were large flies darting back and forth in the 2 metre gap between
the barren ground and the branches. Five were taken, leaving others starting
to dart around again after the disturbance. In the net they had the
appearance of the stratiomyid Sargus in having long body and wings.

The known biology of the Pipunculidae indicates that the family is
exclusively parasitic on leaf hoppers, Homoptera Auchenorhyncha. The
hosts of Nephrocerus are unkonwn but Coe summarises the earlier
speculation that the cicada, Cicadetta montana (Scop.), may be the host
of the then largest known British pipunculid, N. flavicornis. That notion has
been discounted because the cicada is currently only known from one area
in the New Forest whereas N. flavicornis is far more widespread. A large
bug associated with oak trees, Ledra aurita (L.), is a more plausible sug-
gestion mention by Coe. This leads to the inevitable question as to what a
much larger Nephrocerus such as N. scutellata could find as a host. Is this
where Ledra becomes the most likely candidate or does the woodland of
West Sussex support an as yet undiscovered giant leaf hopper?

The Forestry Commission kindly gave permission for the Diptera
Recording Schemes to send a party to their conservation area. The specimen
from Sussex and those from Greece have been placed in the British
Museum (Natural History). Thanks are passed to Stephen Falk for
illustrating the British specimen.

REFERENCES
Coe, R. L., 1966. Handk. Ident. Brit. Insects, 9 (2): 1-66.
Sack, P., 1935. Fliegen palaearct. Reg., 32. Dorylidae (Pipunculidae): 1-57, pl. 1-3.
FIELD MEETINGS
SWANAGE — 23rd September 1978
Leader — Mr. P. J. BAKER

Only one other Member jointed the leader, to be met with the usual
anticyclonic weather so regularly experienced at this venue in the autumn.
However, towards dusk, a force five S.W. wind brought in a little cloud
and held the temperature into the mid fifties. We therefore enjoyed quite
reasonable results at the lights which were set up in a sheltered spot.

A third Member arrived about 8 p.m. and as he couldn’t find the main
“party” he set up his lights in the valley, where he noted several insects
not seen elsewhere that night.

When we first arrived large numbers of Aglais urticae (L.) and a few
Parage aegeria (L.) were seen flying in the sunshine in the more sheltered
areas. The warden told me that in fact the small tortoiseshell had had a
phenomenal year in the area. He also reported that a specimen of Stry-
monidia w-album (Knoch) had been seen near the lighthouse in August.
This is an interesting record following the discovery of a pupa of this
insect at the BENHS meeting earlier in the year.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980 49

A quick search just before dusk showed that the ivy blossom was not
yet out around the hotel, but in this area many of the willows had been
defoliated and three large nests of Phalera bucephala (L.) were located.
Around dusk, whilst looking for a sheltered spot to run the lights, several
Orgyia antiqua (L.) were seen in flight, along with Mythimna I-album (L.).
After dark my companion set off in an unsuccessful search for Leucoch-
laena oditis (Hiin.) among the short grasses around the hotel. However, on
his way back to the lights his efforts were rewarded by the sight of a slow
worm on the cliff edge path.

The light trap records were as to be expected for the time of the year
plus one or two stragglers which were around rather later in the season
than is usual. However, two insects worthy of note were recorded.

In September 1976 several small specimens of Campaea margaritata (L.)
were noted and it was assumed that these were second brood specimens
which had occurred due to the very hot season. Well, several, slightly
larger but still much smaller than typical, specimens of this moth were seen
on this visit. As the 1978 season had been, if anything, unfavourable, it is
possible that a second brood of this insect may be normal in the area.

Single specimen of Scotopteryx bipunctaria (Prout) was noted. This
was perfectly fresh, but small, having a wingspan of only 24 mm. I have
never heard that this moth has migratory tendancies and it is presumably
the result of a second brood. To my knowledge a second brood for this
insect has not been previously recorded.

Whilst setting up the light trap a specimen of Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)
was noted sitting on a grass stem some four feet away. When the trap
was checked later, the grass stem had been vacated and the common blue
was found among the egg boxes. I have had several previous experiences of
members of the Hesperiidae and Nymphalidae being attracted to a light
set up in their vicinity but this is my first experience of this behaviour in
a blue.

Other records at the lights near the hotel were: — M. L-album (L.),
Xanthorhoe fluctuata (L.), Xestia xanthographa (D. & S.), Chloroclysta
truncata (Hufn.), Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.), Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.),
Noctua pronuba (L.), Udea ferrugalis (Hubn.), Ennomos fuscantaria (Haw.),
Xestia c-nigrum (L.), Noctua comes (Hubn.), Agrotis segtum (D. & S.),
Amphipyra berbera (Fletcher), Autographa gamma (L.), Opisthograptis
luteolata (L.), Mythimna pallens (L.), Cosmia trapezina (L.), Mesapamea
secalis (L.), Aplocera efformata (Guen.), Phlogophora meticulosa (L.),
Aporophyla australis (Bois.), Hoplodrina ambigua (D. & S.), Xanthia
icteritia (Hufn.), Calophasia lunula (Hufn.), Epione repandaria (Hufn.),
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), Eumichtis lichenea (Hubn.), Omphaloscelis lunosa
(Haw.), Mesoligia furuncula (D. & S.), Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck),
Agrotis puta (Hubn.), Thera obeliscata (Hubn.), Caradrina clavipalpis
(Scop.), Luperina testacea (D. & S.), Gortyna flavago (D. & S.), Ennomos
alniaria (L.), Xanthia togata (Esp.), Mythimna impura (Hubn.).

The light in the valley produced fewer insects due to its more exposed
location. Those not recorded elsewhere were: — Agriphila geniculea (Haw.),
Tholera cespitis (D. & S.), L. oditis (Hubn.).

Note. The leader paid a further visit to Swanage on 6th October. It was
a poor night and only fourteen moths were seen. Thirteen of these were
recorded on the BENHS meeting of 23rd September but the other was
Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.).

50 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

SANDY DOWN, BOLDRE, HANTS. — 24th/25th March 1979
Leaders — Mr. and Mrs. R. W. WATSON

Once again members were enabled to visit and admire the leaders’
collection, and enjoy their hospitality.

RANMORE, SURREY — 26th/27th May 1979
Leader — M.V. GREY

The meeting was literally a wash-cut: — two members turned up but
after a walk around the area it was decided not to go ahead with the
night operations, as then, rain had started; it continued for the rest
of the afternoon and night.

BOTLEY WOOD, HANTS. — 2nd/3rd June 1979
Leader — J. R. LANGMAID

Some sixteen members and friends attended all or part of this day/night
meeting. The weather started unpromisingly with mist and rain, but it soon
cleared and an enjoyable day was spent in this rich locality. During the
day larvae of Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis) were found on Serratula
tinctoria, and cases of many species of Coleophora were also found,
including C. conyzae Zell., C. palliatella (Zinck.), C. vibicella (Hiibn.), C.
inulae Wocke, C. troglodytella (Dup.) and C. peribenanderi (Toll.). Imagines
of note taken during the day included Glyphipterix forsterella (Fab.),
Ancylis obtusana (Haw.), A. apicella (D. & S.), Hysterophora maculosana
(Haw.), and one specimen of Rheumaptera hastata (L.), which seems to be
on the increase in Hampshire after many years of decline. Those staying
on for the night-meeting adjourned to a local hostelry for an evening meal,
and later some half-dozen MV lamps were set up in the woods. The night
was mild, but the spectrum of attendant lepidoptera somewhat disappoin-
ting. The only species of interest seen were Semioscopis steinkellneriana
(D. & S.), Eucosmomorpha albersana (Hubn.), Semiothisa alternaria
(Hubn.), Cepphis advenaria Hubn., Ectropis crepuscularia (D. & S.), Cyclo-
phora annulata (Schulz.), Clostera curtula (L.), Tethea or (D. & S.), and
Acronicta alni (L.).

The total number of species recorded was one hundred and eighty-six,
which was not unsatisfactory considering what a poor early season we had
this year.

Our thanks are due to the Forestry Commission for permission to hold
the meeting in Botley Wood, and for the unfailing courtesy and helpfulness
of the Foresters in helping to conserve the insects in the area.

SWANAGE — 9th/10th June 1979
Leader — B. SKINNER
As the leader received no prior notification from potential visitors it was
decided to cancel this meeting. This lack of response was almost certainly
due to the combined effects of the unfavourable weather conditions of this
period and the acute shortage of motor fuel.

THE WILDERNESS, NEAR KINTBURY, BERKS. — 7th July 1979
Leader — B. R. BAKER

Warm sunny weather prevailed for this excursion which was attended

by seven members. The afternoon was spent exploring the reed bed area

between the river Kennet, with its several feeder streams, and the main

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 i |

Western Region railway line. Callimorpha dominula (L.) was soon in
evidence either in colourful flight across the droves or at rest on comfrey
leaves, and several Eurrhypara lancealis (D. & S.) were disturbed from the
thick growths of hemp agrimony. The saw-flies Arge pagana stephensii
(Leach), Tenthredo mesomelas (L.) and Dolerus niger (L.) were seen on
hogweed flowers, and Tenthredopsis litterata (Geoffrey) was beaten from
hawthorn. Larval saw-flies included Cladius pallipes (Lepeletier) from haw-
thorn and Pontania viminalis (L.) galling the leaves of Salix purpurea.
After a break for tea the party explored the woodland beyond the reed
areas; these consisted of poplar plantations and mixed growth of willow,
alder, the occasional conifer and even mature oak and beech. Beating the
alders along the edge of marshy field produced several specimens of
Stathmopoda pedella (L.) whilst the field, which had good patches of marsh
orchids and ragged robin, produced the occasional specimen of Eustrotia
uncula (Cl.). The conditions at night were not ideal for nocturnal lepidop-
tera, but two generators operated lamps in the reed bed area and a Heath
trap was placed on a ride near the woodland edge. From these a total of
66 macro-lepidoptera were recorded which included the following species: —
Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata (Cl.), Perizoma flavofasciata (Thunb.), Leucoma
salicis (L.), Anaplectoides prasina (D. & S.), and Mythimna obsoleta (Hb.).
One member, who preferred exploration with a tilley lamp before being
attracted back to the mercury vapour operators, was rewarded by finding
Rheumaptera undulata (L.) and plenty of larvae of Mythimna straminea
(Treit.).

SWANAGE, DORSET — 2lst/22nd July and 6th/7th October
Leader — P. BAKER

Due to inclement weather both these meetings were cancelled.

NEW FOREST, HANTS. — 11th August 1979
Leaders — D. H., M. J., and P. H. STERLING

The meeting was attended by 15 members and guests. During the morn-
ing, collecting took place over Denny Bog, in the area east of the railway
line, from Beaulieu Road Station to a point about a mile south of this. A
specimen of Scopula emutaria (Hubn.) was taken near the station. A
marshy area where a stream passed under the railway gave some interesting
collecting. Stems of Typha latifolia produced pupae of both Nonagria
typhae (Thunb.) and Archanara sparganii (Esp.) and imagines found included
Orthotaelia sparganella (Thunb.), Limnaecia phragmitella (Stt.) and Schoe-
nobius forficella (Thunb.).

During the afternoon the party followed the railway northwards from
Beaulieu Road Station to Matley Bog. En route, in a drier area, many
larvae of the large Psychids, Pachythelia villosella (Ochs.) were found on
heather. Collecting continued along the line of Matley Bog away from the
railway towards the road. This produced a number of species including
Batrachedra praeangusta (Haw.), Ancylis apicella (D. & S.), Crambus
silvella (Hubn.), and the interesting Plumemoth, Buckleria paludum
(Zell.) which was found in some numbers flying over its foodplant Drosera
(insectivorous sundew) in the late afternoon sun.

Unfortunately the sky remained clear and the temperature dropped
quickly, spoiling what had earlier promised to be a good collecting night.
The venue for night collecting was Denny Wood, and MV lights, actinic

59) PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

lights and sugar were used, but produced little of note. Species taken
included three Catocala promissa (D. & S.), one Eustrotia uncula (Clerck),
one Eupithecia pimpinellata (Hiibn.), some Agriphila selasella (Hibn.) and
Catoptria pinella (Linn.).

In all, some 87 species of Lepidoptera were recorded.

Birds noted included Pernis apivorus (honey buzzard) and Oenanthe
oenanthe (wheatear).

DUNGENESS, KENT — 29th/30th September 1979
Leader — P. A. SOKOLOFF

Twelve members attended all or part of this meeting, and were pleased
to welcome representatives of the Kent Field Club and the Wealden
Entomology Group. The warden of the Dungeness RSPB reserve and two
of his colleagues asked if they could observe light trapping techniques, and
were welcomed to the leader’s sheet where they spent most of the evening.
Despite the late date of the meeting, the weather was warm and sunny
during the day, although the usual Dungeness “‘breeze’’ persisted throughout
the day and evening.

Few species were on the wing during the day, a single Coenonympha
pamphilus L. was seen, and the third brood of Lycaena phlaeas L. was
well in evidence. A fine ab. schmidtii Gerh. of the latter species was netted
by the only non-lepidopterist in the group, Dr. Dicker, who generously
presented the specimen to the Leader. Several specimens of Teleiopsis
diffinis (Haw.) were netted flying over sorrel, presumably representing a
partial second brood of this species. The afternoon was spent searching for
larvae, and the recent captures at Dungeness of the Scarce Chocolate Tip,
Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.), increased the general sense of anticipation.
in the group. Defoliated branches were examined closely, but usually turned
out to be the work of Phalera bucephala L. However, careful searching
of the sallow bushes by Mr. J. Platt and Mr. P. Jewess yielded a total of
seven anachoreta larvae. Lesser fry included a few fully grown Calophasia
lunula Hufn., as well as the normal range of autumnal larvae. Webs of the
Brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) were depressingly common on
sallow, rose, bramble and sloe. We were too late for the larvae of Acleris
hastiana L., although a few pupae were located.

A clear, sunny day turned into a clear, if hazy, evening. The temperature,
however, was not as low as recently experienced, and fortified by refresh-
ment obtained at the ‘Britannia’, members set up five lights in the sallows
and sugared several posts. Some 29 species of lepidoptera were recorded,
including Aporophyla australis (Boisd.), Eumichtis lichenea (Hibn.), Gor-
tyna flavago (D. & S.), Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.), Acleris emargana (Fab.),
and Epinotia caprana (Fab.). Numbers of Autographa gamma (L.) were
low, but included the gammina (Staud.) form. No other migrant species
were noted, but the RSPB warden commented that gamma had become
numerous for a few days during mid-September.

Few species of “‘other orders” were noted, although the lesser cockroach,
Ectobius panzeri Steph. was common on the sallows, and a specimen of
the littoral grey bush cricket, Platycleis albopunctata falcata Zett. (= P.
denticulata Panz.) was noted at the Britannia Inn.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 53

BROXBOURNE WOODS, HERTS. — 13th/14th October 1979
Leader — R. DYKE

On a sunny afternoon, seven members attended this meeting.

The afternoon was mostly spent in blackthorn thickets looking for
Acleris cristana (D. & S.) which were very thin on the ground, the best
catch being a Nycteola revayana (Scop.) form ramosana (Hibn.) which
fell to the President’s net. Chesias legatella (D. & S.) was our next objective
and this moth flew readily when disturbed from broom.

Lights were lit for night collecting and a search was made at dusk for
Schrankia intermedialis Reid 1972 without success. The clear sky produced
a very cold night, and when a thick mist began to descend, operations
ceased.

The following lepidoptera were recorded:— Diloba caeruleocephala
(Linn.), Agrochola helvola (Linn.), A. lota (Clerck), A. macilenta (Hubn.),
Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.), Conistra vaccinii (Linn.), Nycteola revayana
(Scop.), Epirrita dilutata (D. & S.), E. chrisyi (Allen.), Erannis defoliaria
(Clerck.), Acleris emargana (Fabricius), Epinotia solandriana (Linn.),
Acleris rhombana (D. & S.).

PROCEEDINGS
12th July 1979
The President, the Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — A male example of Barylypa insidiator Foerster
(Hym., Icneumonidae) bred 8.v. 1979 from Anarta myrtilli (L.) (Lep.,
Noctuidae). The host larva, with others, was swept from heather on Hankley
Common, Surrey, 31.viii.1978, pupating the following month. The record is
of interest on two counts: firstly, the three British species of Barylypa are
all very rare (see Gould 1978) and the present host represents only the
second species of host recorded for B. insidiator. Secondly, the larvae were
collected in a deliberate attempt to rear the parasite; the exhibitor had
caught 2 @ adults earlier in the day and immediately proceeded to collect
all possible larvae in the area of Hankley Common in efforts to rear the
parasite, which has also been recorded from Panolis flammea (D. & S.)
(Noctuidae) (Gould 1978) and in view of the pine/heather foodplants of the
host larvae, Dr. Gould’s suggestion that Barylypa may prefer sandy areas
would appear to be substantiated.

K. SamMuELS — Eleven young larvae of Sphinx ligustri L., privet hawk-
moth, and an unknown larva on lilac.

E. P. WILTSHIRE — Three males of Photedes morrisii (Dale) (Bond’s
wainscot (Lep., Noctuidae) with the foodplant, all from a West Dorset cliff
habitat. Most examples in public collections have proved to be of the
Folkestone, Kent, race of this moth; the original locality of the species was
visited to obtain the topotypical race and compare it with the Kent race.
On the whole, the Dorset race seems more marked on the forewing, though
in a long series from Folkestone a few examples resemble the Dorset form,
and probably vice versa. The exhibitor took seven examples all flying at
dusk (10.00-10.30 p.m. B.S.T.) in late June 1979.

MEMBERSHIP

Mrs. A. E. Finch and Messrs. T. M. Strange, I. J. Picado and J. M.
Moonan were declared elected, their names having been read a second
time. K. Samuels signed the obligation book.

54 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

COMMUNICATIONS

R. FatrcLouGH said that in Cumbria he had recently seén Erebia epiphron
(Knoch (Lep. Satyridae) in some numbers and had also seen a single
Vanessa cardui (L.) going over the mountain.

C. G. DE Worms reported that at last a spell of sunshine had favoured
the Rhopalocera but he had found, on visiting a site at Chiddingfold, a
Forestry Commission notice stating it was a “‘conservation area’. He
observed Ladoga camilla (L.), white admiral, and Argynnis paphia (L.),
silver-washed fritillary, flying there (Lep., Nymphalidae), and some ten
other species of Rhopalocera. He and other members had also recently
attended the memorial service for Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell on June 30th, at
Oxford, the Rev. Anthony Harbottle officiating.

E. H. WILD stated that Mr. Walker had noted Macroglossum stellatarum
(L.) recently in the Dunsfold area, and several members reported that they
had been taking an unusual proportion of small examples of moths, includ-
ing melanic peppered moths (Biston betularia (L.) ab. carbonaria and
Amorpha populi (L.) (poplar hawk-moths). A discussion of phenological
anomalies also ensued.

M. W. F. Tweepie and Dr. A. A. ALLEN then exhibited each a series of
good slides of Lepidoptera, the former mainly British micro-lepidoptera
adults, the latter with some emphasis on early stages. In the discussion
several members remarked on the parallel in the stance of the Ypsolopha
adults with the stance of hairstreak butterflies and the probability that
markings, wing-folding and stance in both groups served to divert the
attacks of predators from the head to the less vulnerable tail parts of the
wings.

26th July 1979
The Vice-President, R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

The Vice-President announced with great regret the death of E. F.
Williams, on 20th July. He joined the society in 1945 and later purchased
Skipper’s Island, the headquarters in England of Gortyna borelii Pierret
lunata Freyer (Lep., Noctuidae), and presented it to the Essex Naturalists’
Trust.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — (a) An example of Ophion macsaryi Kreich., (Hym..,
Ichneumonidae) caught by day on 1.vi.79 at Brownsea I., Dorset. The
species is quite common in May but most often obtained at night to light, in
common with other members of the genus; (b) A specimen of Aleucis dis-
tinctata (H.-S.) (Lep., Geometridae), the sloe carpet, captured at actinic
light, 12.v.79, at Reigate, Surrey; (c) A @ of Dyscia fagaria (Thunb.)
(Geometridae), bred in mid-June, from a larva collected 18.iv.79 from
Haldon Moors, Devon. Four such larvae were swept, all in the same area of
a large expanse of moorland. The exhibitor had found the larvae, three of
this moth, exactly in the same tiny area once in spring 1978.

J. BRown — Two Greek blue butterflies, of the genera, Lysandra and
Agrodiaetus, whose determination depended on chromosome numbers.

Col. A. M. Emmet — A specimen of Gelechia nigra (Haworth) reared on
29.vi.79 from a spinning on Populus canescens collected at Hatfield Heath,
Essex on Ist June 1979. The species, said the exhibitor, does not key out
correctly in Meyrick’s Handbook; though the vase of the abdomen is
yellow, he includes it in the section lacking this character.

A. J. HatsteaD — Aspen shoots (Populus ‘tremula L.) galled by an
eriophyid mite, Phytoptus dispar Nal., collected on Wisley Common, Surrey,
26.vii.79.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 a3

S. N. A. Jacoss — Fifteen winged specimens of Lasius niger (L.), the
black ant, which he had found in two globules of fat, each about the size of
a one penny piece, on top of stock from lamb-bone left simmering for one
hour on his gas-cooker. A colony of this species had existed for nearly
fifteen years in an inaccessible spot in his larder. This year they must have
swarmed in July, though no other specimens than those found in the fat
could be found despite search.

E. P. WittsHirE — (To illustrate his talk) two moths of the genus
Mythimna, one with normal Noctuid markings and the other a typical
“Wainscot” in habitus; also both sexes of the Dorset race of Hepialus
humuli (L.), the ghost swift, the female with both wings white on the
upper surface, blackish on the undersides and abdomen.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms stated that the season was now at its zenith,
and that A’patura iris (L.), the purple emperor, had been seen in spate at
Chiddingfold, and in smaller numbers at Alice Holt, Whitley and Ranmore
Common. The browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) had come to
light in the Woking area and had also been seen near Wimbledon by Sir
John Dacie; the waved black moth, Parascotia fuliginaria (L.), had turned
up at Bourne, a new locality for it; and gen. 2 of Selenia tetralunaria
(Hufn.), the lunar thorn, was already out, despite the late start of the
season.

S. N. A. Jacogps reported that several dead male wasps had been found
in his bath which was early for this sex.

T.HoMeER reported that on 10.vii.79 he had taken Hadena compta (D. &
S.) in his light trap near Maidenhead, and that it had already reached the
Reading area in the Thames valley, as reported to him by B. R. Baker.

A member reported that larvae of Orgyia antiqua (L.) had stripped a
laurel bush (Prunus lauro-cerasis) of its foliage, which he considered
remarkable owing to this shrub’s poisonous properties; E. P. WILTSHIRE
said that in his garden in E. Berkshire he had found the larva of Diloba
caeruleocephala (L.) feeding as happily on this shrub as on a neighbouring
plum-tree, and Dr. ALLEN stated that the poison it contained was hydrogen
cyanide, which some insects were better able to resist than others. It was
mentioned that L. J. D. Wakely had found and bred through to adult stage
larvae of Laothoe populi (L.) the poplar hawk on laurel foliage, and that
burnet moths (genus Zygaena) resisted cyanide because they actually con-
tained it.

E. P. WiLTsHrrReE then gave a talk on “Some Life-forms in the Lepidop-
tera” illustrated by some seventy slides. He first explained the term “‘life-
form” which did not coincide with taxonomic categories but was linked
with habitat and behaviour. B. P. Uvarov had used it in his studies of
grass-hoppers. In the Lepidoptera, both colour and structural life-forms
could be distinguished; larval forms might agree or disagree with adult
forms, dependent often on their resting places by day or their flight
behaviour. Illustrations included examples of both of these tendencies and
in various coloration-categories, such as conifer-foliage forms, straw-like
forms, white forms, warning-coloration, desert-colouring, flash-colouring,
etc. In the structural group of forms, an exceptional but obvious one was
the tendency to apterism, exemplified by brachypterous or wingless females
occurring in many families and apparently caused by different environ-
mental causes; but frontal and fore-leg modifications were also of interest,
though less obvious to a superficial glance, extreme cases being associated
with an eremic habitat.

56 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

A discussion, mainly on brachypterism, followed, showing that this was
the aspect of the subject which had particularly interested the audience.

13th September 1979
The President, Rev. D. J. L. Acassiz, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

The Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz — Parapoynx stagnalis (Zell.) and P. fluc-
tuosalis (Zell.) (Lep., Pyralidae), two further introduced species of Nymphu-
linae new to Britain, from aquatic nurseries at Enfield.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — (a) A male Zele flagitator Curtis (= geminator
(Lyle)) (Hym., Braconidae) swept from herbage in Burgh Wood, Etching-
Ham, Sussex, a scarce species; (b) A specimen of Mythimna putrescens
(Hiibn.) taken at actinic light 8.viii.79, Dawlish, Devon; and (c) Some
mines of an unidentified moth on the under-side of Hypericum perforatum.

E. S. BRADFoRD — Five species of Coleoptera.

R. FaircLoucH — (a) Old larval feeding webs, cocoons and an adult, the
first to hatch, of Eutromula pariana (Clerck) (Lep., Glyphipterigidae), the
larvae having been found on crab-apple, 3.ix.79 at Epsom, Surrey: (b) Two
twigs of purple willow (Salix purpurea) showing the larval mines in the
bark, then in the leaves, underneath, of Phyllocnistis saligna (Zell.) (Lep..,
Phyllocnistidae), found in the Kennet valley, Berkshire, 12.1x.79; and (c)
Larvae of Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) found at Dungeness, Kent on 10.ix.79.

C. Hart — Four larvae of Bomolocha crassalis (F.) (beautiful snout
moth) swept from bilberry near Dorking, 11.ix.79.

S. N. A. JaAcops — (a) A specimen of Scutigera coleoptrata (L.), the long-
legged centipede, found indoors, Bromley. The British Museum (Natural
History) had informed the exhibitor that this species had been recorded
from Colchester, Aberdeen and Edinburgh and also from mines. The
exhibitor had seen the species in the wild in Northern Italy; (b) Apple
leaves from his garden at Bexley shewing an abundance of mines of
Lyonetia clerkella (L.) (Lep., Lyonetiidae) and remarked on the almost
entire absence of Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.) this year; (c) A cocoon
mass of Aphomia sociella (L.) found in an old bumble-bee’s nest amongst
stored fire-wood.

S. KniLt_-JoNEs — (a) Two species of Oecophoridae from the Isle of
Wight: — Batia lambdella (Don.) (1 ex.) taken at mercury vapour light
at Freshwater, 30.vi.79 and Esperia sulphurella (F.) (2 exs.) taken indoors,
at Freshwater, on 27.iii.78. The latter had probably hatched from a fallen
birch tree in the garden, the former a local species whose strongholds in
Britain are the New Forest and Isle of Wight; (b) Two examples of a Tineid
taken in London in September 1979 on or in houses, probable identification:
Tinea pallescentella (Stainton).

G. Prior — (a) Larvae of Eupithecia exiguata (Hibn.) which had
hatched from eggs laid at end of May in North Harrow and were still
feeding after four months; (b) Three undetermined case-bearers from the
Isle of Wight; (c) A full-grown larva of the lime hawk-moth Mimas tiliae
(L.) found on the Euston Road, London, about to pupate.

K. SAMUELLS — A male Semiothisa clathrata (L.) (latticed heath moth)
taken to light on 7.vii.79 (.m. trap) in Herts., a species more usually taken
flying by day.

B. SKINNER — A mature larva of Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) bred
from a female taken on Dungeness, Kent on 4.viii.79.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 57
ANNOUNCEMENTS

R. BRETHERTON drew the attention of those present to notices regarding
the annual exhibition and dinner and the banker’s order for the new sub-
scription, and appealed for records of immigrant lepidoptera to Britain for
himself and B. Chalmers-Hunt to edit.

MEMBERSHIP

The names of the following candidates were read for the first time: C.

R. Henshaw, D. M. Rainsford, P. E. Smart and N. D. Evans.
COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. C. G. M. DE Worms mentioned that the great Danish entomologist
Bishop Skat Hoffmeyr had recently died and paid tribut to his achieve-
ments. He then reported that Apatura iris (L.) the purple emperor, had
continued to fly until the last week in August commonly near Chiddingford
and had been reported from Ranmore Common amongst pine trees together
with Ladoga camilla (L.). There had also been immigrations in June and
August of Pieris brassicae (L.) which had been numerous in England this
summer, and reports of Vanessa cardui (L.) and atalanta (L.) seen arriving
on the south coast, likewise Rhodometra sacraria (L.). He had heard also
that Dr. Peat of Guernsey had at last succeeded in capturing Pelosia obtusa
(H.-S.) at Hickling, Norfolk this summer. He had also received from C.
Plant a specimen of Maruca testulalis (Geyer) (Lep., Pyralidae), a rare
moth in England though a bean pest elsewhere.

R. F. BRETHERTON reported that the Ministry of Agriculture had started
publishing lists of moths intercepted by the Customs officials in cargoes,
etc., in 1976-77, and a similar list for 1978 was expected in due course. He
was considering the need to include these in the list of British Lepidoptera.
At his Surrey light-trap he was able to report that a good variety of species
had been noted but little of distinction. In one night in September 50
different species of Macro-lepidoptera and Pyralidae had been noted, a
high figure for so late in the season; many Geos were flying in a second
brood despite the cold start to the season.

J. M. CHatMers-Hunt reported that on a chalk-down in Kent on 14th
July he had found two Satyridae flying in cop., and that both were males,
but of two different species, namely Pyronia tithonus (L.) and Maniola
jurtina (L.), gate-keeper and meadow-brown. On the same day he had
taken a fresh-looking Pyrgus malvae (L.), dingy skipper, a very late date
for it, and also a mint-quality albino M. jurtina. He also mentioned that
a few Colias croceus (Fourcr.) had been reported from E. Kent, the Isle of
Wight, and Dorset.

A. Stupps made a statement regarding the reported extinction of the
large blue (Maculinea arion (L.)) and a Nature Conservancy Council press
hand-out regarding this conclusion was made available to interested mem-
bers. It referred to the one officially recognised colony of this butterfly in
Devon, the adverse effects of the droughts of 1975 and 1976 and the poor
weather in the following two years. No viable eggs were laid by the only
fecundated female at the protected site this year. The habitat will be
maintained in good condition and in due course the case for the reintro-
duction of the large blue from the Continent will be considered. This sad
but not unforseen outcome of considerable conservation efforts illustrates,
as the Chairman of the Nature Conservancy Council said, “‘the extreme
vulnerability of wild life to the progressive whittling away of habitats; the
remaining scattered populations then become very sensitive to forces which
a larger population might successfully overcome’’.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN reported that Parocystola acroxantha Meyr. (Lep.,
Oecophoridae) seemed to be increasing at Dawlish, Devon and was easy
to breed; he had obtained four generations in a year.

R. K. MERRIFIELD reported that a late example of Laothoe populi (L.),

58 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

poplar hawk moth, had been observed on 30th August.

N. R. H. Burcess then gave an illustrated talk on “Medical entomology
in the United Kingdom”. This dealt with diseases among our population
due to insects in the broadest sense and the illustrations were of the insects
and their habitats, such as restaurants, kitchens, sewers, wet lands. Those
present shewed their appreciation by numerous questions and by applause.

27th September 1979
The Vice-President, R. FarRCcLouGH, in the chair.
The chairman welcomed a Belgian visitor, Dr. Albert LeGrain, a student
of the genus Mythimna.

EXHIBITS

D. Acassiz — A specimen (unset) of Swammerdamia passerella Zett.
(= nanivora Stainton) (Lep., Yponomeutidae) from Finland and larvae of
this species from Inverness, together with adults and larvae of S. caesiella
(Hiibn.) and S. pyrella (Vill.) for comparison. S. passerella has been
regarded as a synonym of caesiella in British literature of recent decades,
the only previous British specimen being the type of §. nanivora which
was bred in 1870 from a larva found in September 1869. The larva feeds
on Betula nana in the highlands of Scotland.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — Two species of Apanteles (Hym., Braconidae), the
first of which, A. callunae Nixon, had been bred 10.viii.79 from a larva of
Eupithecia centaureata (D. & S.) (Lep., Geometridae) which was swept
from heather 29.vii.79 on Little Haldon moors, Devon. The parasite
maggot spun its rather bright, lemon, cocoon on 2.viii.79. This provides a
second host for this parasite-species, previously bred only from Anarta
myrtilli (L.). The exhibitor had shewn A. callunae, from the same locality,
a year before, bred on that occasion from an unidentifiable geometrid;
additionally, he had obtained it from another geometrid from the same
moorland in the present year. A tentative conclusion was that a perhaps
diverse range of immature lepidopterous larvae feeding on heather and
moorland was parasitised by A. callunae. The second example consisted of
part of a brood of the gregarious species Apanteles popularis (Haliday) bred
at intervals during 1979. The brood, one of several, was obtained from a
larva of Tyria jacobaeae (L.) (Lep., Arctiidae) found, in the company of
others similarly affected, 2.ix.1978 at Littlehampton, Sussex. The wooly
white cocoons of the parasite were spun up as the host prepared for
pupation, the present series resulting on 7.ix.78. The species spends a long
time in the cocoon, not hatching until the young larvae of the only host
recorded for the species are available. This species has long been known
as a parasite for T. jacobaeae; it is also notoriously irregular in its
incidence in any year; some years larvae quite frequently yield the parasite,
while in other years larvae from the same locality are scarcely or not at
all affected.

D. B. Baker — Some Lepidoptera from Iran, referred to in his talk.

E. S. BraDFrorp — (a) Specimens of Euphyia biangulata (Haw.) bred
from eggs laid by a female taken in East Blean, Kent, 14.vii.79; not all
emerged as a second generation, but the pupal stage of this generation
lasted approximately twenty-two days; (b) Examples of the first Kentish
recorded Coleophora lassella Stgr., the early stages of which are, as yet,
unknown, and of C. caespititiella Zeller, C. alticolella Z., and C. poten-
tillae Elisha, all taken in Thornden Wood, Kent, 9.vii.79. C. lassella was
previously known from Southampton, Arne in Dorset and Ireland.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 ; 59

J. M. CuatmMers-Hunt — A live @ of Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.)
just hatched from ova laid by a moth taken at Dungeness by T. W.
Harman.

A. M. Emmet — Leaves of oak (Quercus robur), picked up at Arnside
Knott, Cumbria, 14.ix.79, each containing 40 or more mines of Ectoedemia
albifasciella (Heinemann) (Lep., Nepticulidae); this “‘population-explosion”’
seems only to be occurring in the north of England; in Essex, for example,
the species is unusually scarce this year.

R. FarrcLoucH — Larvae of Hypena crassalis (F.) on bilberry from the
Leith Hill area, Surrey.

T. LarsEN — Transparency of an inter-generic mating, observed in the
Atlas Mts., the subject of an article in these Proceedings.

P. A. SoxoLorr — Unbound magazines inhabited by larvae of Plodia
interpunctella (Hibn.) (Lep., Pyralidae), in the exhibitor’s library. The
paper of the magazines was hardly damaged.

MEMBERSHIP

Their names having been read a second time, the following were duly
declared elected as members: — C. R. Henshaw, D. M. Rainsford, P. E.
Smart, N. D. Evans. The obligation book was signed by A. Valetta.

COMMUNICATIONS

E. S. BRADFORD reported that he had observed columns of flies over oak
trees on 6th September at Hilfield Reservoir, near Elstree, Herts., at
5.30-6.30 p.m. on a still evening; A. E. Stubbs suggested they might be
Chironomids.

E. H. WILpD reported having taken a halved gynandomorph specimen of
Pandemis cerasana (Hibn.).

T. J. G. Homer reported having taken a single example of Boloria
selene (D. & S.) on the Chiltern scarp on 28th August, a late date for
this butterfly, or an unusual second brood.

J. BROWN stated that an example of Lampides boeticus (L.) (long-tailed
blue) had been captured indoors at Sutton in Surrey, and that, at the
Epping Forest Conservation Centre, it had been noted that Lymantria
monacha (L.) was numerous again. A. M. Emmett stated that this moth
had recovered its usual abundance all over Essex.

D. B. BAKER then gave an illustrated talk on nature in Northern Iran, the
fruits of a stay in that part of Persia of some five years. About a hundred
excellent slides were shown illustrating a variety of habitats on both
sides of the Elburz range and an account of the wild life was given,
flowers, bees, lepidoptera, etc., being particularly shewn. The names for
all were also given, except in the case of some new species awaiting
description. The talk was warmly applauded.

11th October 1979
The President, Rev. D. J. L. AcGassiz, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

A. M. Emmet — (i) Tenanted cases of Coleophora salicorniae Wocke
(Lep., Coleophoridae) collected in Skipper’s Island, North-east Essex, on
the 7th October 1979. The method of feeding on glasswort (Salicornia
europaea) was described and it was pointed out that the best place to look
for the cases was the edges of the salt-marshes especially just under the
seawalls; (ii) Tenanted cases of Coleophora adjectella H.-S. collected at
Benfleet, South Essex on the Ist October. Cases of C. badiipennella (Dup.)
with which C. adjectella was formerly confused, were shewn for com-

60 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

parison; sloe is the foodplant of C. adjectella, elm that of badiipennella.
Differences in the mines, first, and second cases of the two species were
described and also shewn in sketches circulated.

E. H. Witp — An example of Drepanepteryx phalaenoides (L.) (Neur.,
Hemerobiidae) taken at light in Selsdon, Surrey on 28th September 1979;
this is always a rare species throughout its European range. Its present
status is unknown, Killington (Roy. Soc. publ. 1937) gives its distribution
as Yorkshire, Cumberland and Westmorland. There are also two old
records from Sussex. It is unlikely to be overlooked in a moth-trap. A
second specimen in Selsdon arrived on 9th October, suggesting that it is
established locally.

MEMBERSHIP

The following names of candidates were read for the first time: — Dr.

Margaret Cameron, Messrs. M. J. S. Hubbard and de Courcy Henshaw.
COMMUNICATIONS

R. F. BRETHERTON said that up to the end of September there had been
comparatively little immigration, although a few Rhodometra sacraria (L.)
and Agrius convolvuli (L.) had been seen; however, at the end of the first
week in October there were signs of a fresh wave of immigrants, e.g. R.
sacraria and Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.). D. J. L. AGAssiz confirmed
that these two and also numerous Phlogophora meticulosa (L.) had been
noted. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT said that Nymphalis antiopa (L.) had been
seen in West Kent. G. Prior stated that some of the larvae of Eupithecia
exiguata (Hiibn.) referred to by him at the last meeting were still feeding.

M. Brown reported that the Secretary of State for the Environment had
decided that Darenth Wood, Kent should be spared.

A. M. Emmet reported that 40 specimens of Gortyna borelii lunata
Freyer had been counted on the night of 6th October 1979 on Skipper’s
Island, Essex, at rest on the foodplant or adjacent herbage. This was higher
than the numbers observed in similar counts made in previous years.

J. MuGGLETON then inaugurated a discussion on conservation summarised
in the immediately following report.

RARE SPECIES OR WHOLE HABITAT—THE CONSERVATIONIST’S
DILEMMA

by JOHN MUGGLETON
(32 Penton Road, Staines, Middlesex, TW18 2LD)

For a long time I have felt that there is a dilemma whether to conserve
rare species or whole habitats. If resources were limitless this would not
be a problem but as resources are limited how do we choose to employ
them? It seems to me that in the United Kingdom the emphasis is largely
on conserving rare species, indeed to such an extent that we have the
ridiculous situation where a species may be protected by law but not its
habitat.

It is worth asking how this situation has arisen, and I would suggest
that the answer lies with the emotional appeal, or ‘glamour’, of a rare
species rather than any scientific or practical value. Of course such appeal
makes it easier to raise funds and a single species is perhaps more tangible
than, for example, a piece of rich grassland or ancient woodland. After
all the layman can see for himself that there are still plenty of woods so
why save this particular one?

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 61

However we should first define what we mean by a rare species. Is this
a species that is rare in the British Isles, in Europe or in the World? On
a worldwide or European basis we have very few species in the United
Kingdom that are truly rare. The large blue butterfly, Maculinea arion
(L.), has been in the news recently and would certainly be regarded as
rare in the country and yet abroad it is one of the most widely distributed
of the Lycaenid butterflies. Thus it is by no means a true rarity and
most of our rare species fall into this category — elsewhere they are
common. Why then go to the trouble and expense to conserve them here
where their very rarity suggests that conditions are marginal for them.
There is the obvious aesthetic or emotional appeal and it may be argued
that no better reason is needed, but is there any other reason? One
scientific reason put forward is that we are conserving genetic material,
but I suggest that this is a fallacious argument. Since the British popula-
tions were derived from Continental populations the British and Con-
tinental animals share the same genetic material. However the isolation of
the British populations must mean the amount of genetic variation in
them is now much reduced in comparison with the Continental populations.
So it is unlikely that any unique genetic material will be lost if the British
populations die out. It is true that new mutations will have arisen in the
British populations during the years of isolation and that new combinations
of genes will have come together but there is no reason why the same
mutations and combinations will not have occurred elsewhere.

For a species that is truly rare, that is, it is found in the British Isles
and nowhere else and even here it is rare, conservation cannot be objected
to. Even so we might ask ourselves whether it is possible to conserve
truly rare species. Rare species are inevitably found in small isolated
populations and will be vulnerable not only to unpredictable disasters but
also to inbreeding depression and genetic drift. It has been denied that the
deleterious effects of inbreeding are a problem and it has been pointed
out to me that some species of insect can be inbred for many generations.
This is true but I must point out, as I am sure many of you will know
from personal experience, that there are many species of insects that
cannot survive more than one or two generations of inbreeding. In spite
of denials by those at the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology concerned with
the conservation of M. arion, I have always believed that genetic isolation
was the true reason for the collapse of the remaining M. arion colonies.
Indeed on this basis my colleague Brian Benham was able to predict in
1971 that M. arion would be extinct in Britain by 1980. It is gratifying to
see from press reports that the Nature Conservancy Council is now
admitting that isolation may have had something to do with the decline
of M. arion. If this is true for M. arion, then for how many other species
is the end inevitable? Would we not be better off conserving habitats,
where there are rich communities of plants and animals, regardless of
whether or not rare species are present.

THE PROPOSED WIDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE BILL
(The following is a brief resume of some of the proposals in a consultation
paper circulated by the Department of the Environment in August 1979.)

It is intended to incorporate new provisions into the Conservation of
Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975. These would provide for a new
category of ‘vulnerable species’ which, whilst not in immient danger of
extinction, are likely to become so. The vulnerable species would have the

62 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

same protection as ‘endangered species’ except that the* vulnerable species
could be taken for indentification purposes provided they were released
unharmed. Both vulnerable and endangered species would be protected
against wilful disturbance. The definition of wild creature would be
widened to include not only eggs, larvae and pupae but also other immature
stages. The maximum penalty for an offence would be increased to £500.
An appendix lists the vulnerable creatures to be given protection and these
include nine insects, Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas) (in England),
Mellicta athalia (Rott.), Siona lineata (Scop.), Pareulype berberata Schiff.,
Chrysolina cerealis (L.), Aeshna isosceles (Mueller), Decticus verrucivorus
(L.), Gryllus campestris (L.) and Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.). (1 understand
that other species have now been removed from this list.)

A further proposal is intended to give protection to habitats and would
allow a small number of selected sites to be named where landowners or
tenants would have obligation to give twelve months’ notice to the Nature
Conservancy Council of their intention to undertake practices which could
be detrimental to the scientific interest of the site. The NCC would be
empowered to protect these sites. The sites would be selected according
to one of two criteria, either where a change in practice would imperil the
future in Great Britain of one or more species of fauna or flora native to
this country or where it was necessary to meet an international obligation
specific to a named site.

DISCUSSION

Mr. J. HeatTH had not expected to reply but because of his previous
association with the Nature Conservancy he felt he could make some useful
comments. Almost all nature reserves are devoted to habitat conservatioe
and some are large, e.g. Cairngorms. He drew attention to the forthcoming
Red Data Book, which would indicate those species in need of conserva-
tion, and also the recently published Nature Conservation Review which
listed important sites. He was worried that the proposals to protect habitats
would not be effective but he believed that lessons had been learnt from
work on M. arion and Papilio machaon L. which could be applied to
other species.

Mr. S. A. KNILL-JoNEsS believed that if collectors sent records to the
Biological Records Centre, action could be taken when species appeared
to be in danger. A government fund could be set up to compensate land-
owners. (His views are recapitulated under Correspondence. — Editor.)

Mr. R. P. BATEMAN thought that Orthoptera were particulary vulnerable
to collecting because of their habits and habitats and that they may benefit
from the proposals in the Bill on collecting. The size of nature reserves
is important and to be viable they should be large areas. There may be
large numbers of nature reserves but many are restricted in area. He
pointed out that many of the rare species are at the edge of their range
so their disappearance is not surprising. He also drew attention to Dr.
Miriam Rothschild’s suggestion that farmers should be induced not to use
insecticides near the boundaries of nature reserves. :

Mr. M. Brown asked if Mr. Muggleton could elaborate on the un-
importance of the genetic material of rare species. Surely populations at
the extremes of their range would be important in producing new species.

Mr. J. MuGGLETON had not thought of the possibility of rare species as
potential new species. His argument was that no genes would be lost
because the English material was derived from Continental material.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 63

Dr. D. LonspALE was in general agreement with Muggleton’s opening
remarks. He thought that insect conservation was at a disadvantage
because of public ignorance about rare unattractive species. Another
problem is that little is known about the distribution of many insects and
there may even be unknown species that are rare. He believed that there
was a tendency to neglect rich habitats that do not contain rare species.
Some habitats are neglected because they are not associated with rare
species, e.g. rotting wood. He thought, that insect conservation suffers
because of too much emphasis on birds and that rare species conservation
is going against ecological considerations.

Mr. C. Hart believed that the proposed Bill would not be effective
enough to protect habitats when large amounts of money were involved.

Mr. J. HEATH agreed that there was a need to educate the public. With
regard to habitat protection he was afraid that financial and political
interests would be paramount. In comparison with the large amounts of
money spent elsewhere, the government allows little money for con-
servation.

Mr. E. H. Witp asked if we had considered who or what we were
conserving for, and how many people are interested?

Mr. R. P. BATEMAN agreed that little money is available but questioned
the stragegies of the Nature Conservancy Council. For example only small
pieces of land are being obtained for rare species, would it not be better
to buy larger pieces of land.

Mr. J. HeatH could not comment on the strategies of the NCC. The
acquisition of land would only take place with the co-operation of the
owners. The government is unlikely to use compulsory purchase powers.

Mr. E. H. WILD ended the discussion on a light note. He had heard that
the phrase ‘other stages’ had been inserted in the proposals because the
Lords were confused by references to ‘nymphs’.

8th November 1979
The President, Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz, in the chair.
The President announced with great regret the death of Dr. C. G. M.
de Worms and stated that a memorial service at St. Martin’s in the Fields
would take place on Thursday 29th November.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — Three species of Apanteles (Hym., Braconidae): (a)
A female of A. vitripennis (Curtis) bred 18.vi.79 from a young larva of
Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) which was beaten from
Cupressus Sp. Brownsea I., Dorset, 1.vi.79. The host yielded the parasite
maggot on 8.i. on which date its cocoon was spun. Several larvae were
thus obtained but only one gave rise to A. vitripennis. This is possibly the
first record of a parasite having been bred from the larva of this moth in
England. A. vitripennis is a common, solitary, relatively non-specific
parasite of lepidopoptera larvae and therefore likely to attack this host, for
which specific parasites may later appear; (b) Two females of A. falcatus
(Nees), one of the largest species of British Apanteles. Nothwithstanding
its size, it is a gregarious parasite, apparently exclusively preying on
Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.) larvae. Undoubtedly the female’s long thick
curved Ovipositor enables the rather secretive host larva to be attacked.
Both specimens were swept at Tywardreath, Cornwall, in a rough, disturbed

field on 8.viii.79. Many specimens were taken in the south-west in August
1979 by the exhibitor.

64 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

A. M. Emmet — The early mine and two larval cases of Coleophora
limosipennella (Dup.) taken at Purfleet, Essex, on 1.xi.79, with mines of
C. badiipennella (Dup.) for comparison. The pre-hibernation feeding of
this species was hitherto unknown.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The Librarian announced the receipt of the collection of books and
journals of the late C. G. M. de Worms and appealed for help in catalogu-
ing these. Until this was completed nothing should be borrowed from the
bequest.

MEMBERSHIP
After a second reading of their names, the following were duly declared
elected as members:— Dr. Margaret Cameron, and Messrs. M. J. S.
Hubbard and de Courcy Henshaw.
COMMUNICATIONS

Various members made reports on immigrants but the general consensus
was that it had been a poor year for these. E. H. WiLp submitted statistics
from trap records at Selsdon, Surrey. Except for August and September
these indicated that 1979 had been better than the average for the last
three years. The average for five years was distorted by the high record for
1976. Figures showed that the hard winter of 1978/79 favoured species and
numbers during the first half of 1979, but the poor weather during that
time delayed larvae feeding up; consequently October numbers included
Many species normally at peak in August and September. Such species as
Aporophila nigra (Haw.), Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haw.) and Dichonia
aprilina (L.) had ceased to appear at Selsdon by the end of the first half of
October but fresh specimens of these were appearing in the last week of
that month in the West Country, doubtless due to the severe weather there
earlier in the year.

A discussion on the exhibition then ensued various members present
singling out for favourable comments different exhibits. A. E. Stubbs con-
sidered that ‘‘other orders’? and ‘‘photographic exhibits’? were more
numerous than previously.

Slides were then exhibited by Messrs. A. A. Allen, D. J. L. Agassiz, M.
Chalmers-Hunt, C. Hart and E. P. Wiltshire.

22nd November 1979
The President, Rev. D. J. L. AcGassiz, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — (a) About twenty third-instar larvae of Eumichtis
lichenea (Hiibn.) (Lep., Noctuidae) bred from ova laid by a female taken
at actinic light 13.x.79 in Dawlish, Devon, feeding well on rather withered
dandelion leaves; also two young larvae of Euproctis similis (Fuessly)
each in its own hibernaculm, a tough white web. Larvae of this species
spend the winter thus cocooned, appearing to resume feeding in spring;
these were found on a Salix sp., taken 23.ix.79 on Brownsea I., Dorset,
and spun their hibernacula in mid-October. (b) A female specimen of
Macrocentrus nitidis (Wesmael) (Hym., Braconidae) swept from cliffs at
Dawlish, Devon, 28.vii.79 in the evening. It is a solitary internal parasite
on larvae of Tortricidae living in concealment and is considered a rather
Tare species; also a living female of Stenichneumon culpator (Schrank)
(Hym., Ichneumonidae) found, with others, in dead logs on Haldon Moors,
Devon, 13.x.79. The exhibitor had found very numerous examples of this
insect in mid-April 1979; autumnal captures represented hatching from

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 65

Plusiinae pupae in late summer; the female wasps would attack mature
over-wintered larvae of this moth sub-family in the spring. Attention was
drawn to the prominent tubercle on the under-side of each hind coxa, a
character which allows the female to be recognised once the genus has
been determined.

E. S. BrapForD — Twenty larvae of Blaps mucronata Latreille (Col.,
Tenebrionidae) found breeding in a fish tank; he had also found a pupa
and two large larvae were still alive, having a very long life-cycle. An
adult had also been observed.

I. F. G. MacLean — The ovisacs of an Eriopeltis sp., (Homoptera,
Coccidae) collected from Brachypodium pinnatum at Dry Sandford, Oxon.
10.x.79. Also an example of Leucopis silesiaca (Dipt., Chamaemyiidae),
which is a specialised larval predator on scale insects. Few records are
known of this Leucopis; as there is a possibility of other closely related
species, known at present from Europe, occurring in Britain, members
were asked to pass on any materials of scale insects found.

MEMBERSHIP
Their names having been read a second time, the following candidates
were duly declared elected members:— Mrs. J. Z. Dobson, Miss S.

Herbert, Messrs. M. E. Cole, G. R. Strange, D. J. Haggett, S. Langlois,
S/Lr. R. Parker, Messrs. C. E. Pearce, B. T. Newman, G. L. Heritage, A.
C. Grange, N. J. Spiller, O. A. Holder, G. K. Simmons, Miss D. A. Barker,
Messrs. P. J. Cramp, R. A. Cramp, and N. M. Hall, M.A.
The obligation-book was signed by J. L. Beaton.
ANNOUNCEMENTS

The memorial service in memory of the late Dr. C. G. M. de Worms
would be held, it was announced, on Thursday 29th at St. Martin’s-in-the-
Fields at noon.

COMMUNICATIONS

J. M. Chalmers-Hunt reported that he had had the first emergence of
an adult from a pupa of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Hiibn.) bred from ova
laid by a female taken at light at St. Mary, Glamorgan, S. Wales, early in
October.

J. D. Hollway then delivered an illustrated talk on “Norfolk I., a
biogeographer’s dream’. The island was situated about mid-way between
New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Australia, and illustrated the trans-
oceanic migrations of lepidoptera in the sub-tropical latitudes. No antipathy
by the audience to antipodean flora and fauna was shewn and the talk
evoked interest and applause.

13th December 1979
JOINT MEETING WITH THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The President, Rev. D. J. L. Acassiz, in the chair.

The second joint meeting took place at the Alpine Club, 74 South
Audley Street, and it well attended.

The President announced with great regret the death of a member, Mr.
K. C. Side, and members shewed respect in the usual way.

EXHIBITS

Admiral A. D. TorLEsse — exhibited an example of the rare immigrant
moth Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.) dubbed the Essex “Y” and the
Yorkshire “Y” by Haworth and Donovan respectively, this and early
examples having perhaps been imported by ship, or immigrated naturally;
the example exhibited was taken in Hampshire on 29th July 1979.

66 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

H. C. J. Goprray — A leaf containing perhaps 130 nfines of Ectoedemia
subbimaculella (Haworth) (Lep., Nepticulidae) (from Ascot, Surrey).
MEMBERSHIP
The name of I. L. Brydon was read for the first time.
COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. R. I. VANE-WRIGHT reported having received from the Ulster
Museum Ceylon butterfly paintings made apparently by R. Templeton, a
nineteenth century naturalist, about whom he hoped to publish details
shortly.

A discussion then took place on Insect Immigration in the Old World
and Palearctic Zone, to which the principal contributors were R. F.
BRETHERTON and Dr. R. C. Rainey. Their speeches are abstracted below;
half a dozen of the audience later jointed in the discussion before all
partook of refreshments.

INSECT MIGRATION IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE BRITISH ISLES

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON opened the discussion with a brief account of the
migration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles. He emphasised that we are
essentially at the receiving end, though with slight indication of internal and
outward migration in a few species. We have good information about the
arrival and later behaviour of immigrants, but very little about how, where
and why they start, on which he hoped that Dr. Rainey would elaborate.

At least 160 species of our listed Macrolepidoptera and Pyraloidea reach
the British Isles as immigrants: this includes some which are also per-
manently or temporarily resident. About twenty of the purely immigrant
species, both butterflies and moths, come every year, though in very varying
numbers; they may produce a summer generation here, but do not normally
overwinter. A further fifty are more or less frequent visitors, some of them
in good numbers. More than sixty others have been recorded only in very
few or single examples; they should not, however, be regarded as
“accidentals” or ‘‘vagrants”’, since most of them can be shown to have
arrived along with other immigrants. Their apparent rarity probably
results from the very small chance, even today, that any individual migrant
will be caught, identified and recorded: one such record may exemplify
many hundreds or even thousands of arrivals.

Imigrants do not contribute very much to the total lepidoptera population
in Britain, even after allowing for summer breeding, except in abnormally
good years near the south and west coasts. At an inland light trap in Surrey,
over fifteen years immigrant species accounted for 1.6% of the total
attendance, with a range in single years from 5.5% to 0.15%. But they do
provide a main dynamic for the fauna. Since 1945 they have provided
species to new to the British list at an average rate of more than one a
year; many species have become resident or temporarily established,
almost certainly by initial immigration; several long resident species which
have experienced local decline are reinforced or maintained by immigrant
stock. Immigration links our insular fauna to changes on the Continent and
makes possible additions to it whenever climatic or other conditions are
favourable.

Some aspects of the problems of origin determination were then illustrated
with the help of map and slides. Great progress has undoubtely been made
in the past twenty years by the recognition that our immigrant lepidoptera

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 67

are largely wind-borne, with the consequent practice of “back-tracking”
with the help of meteorological information about long-distance wind
currents. But the speaker was rather sceptical about the precise pin-pointing
of places of origin sometimes so arrived at, since this is dependent on the
assumption that immigrants fly closely down wind, without independant
orientation of their own. This appears to be unproven for moths, and
contrary to many observations of the flight of butterflies in Britain, at
least over land. He hoped that recent developments in the use of radar
for tracking insects might throw more light on this. It is, however, already
possible with fair assurance to place many of our immigrant species as
coming to us from very various directions and over distances which are
sometimes as much as 1,500 or 2,000 miles.
INSECT MIGRATION: SOME RECENT FINDINGS
by R. C. RAINEY
(formerly of Centre for Overseas Pest Research)

The African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta Walk., Noctuidae) attacks
cereals and grazing in many countries, with a severity which is illustrated
by the hundred of reports of the gregarious black larvae which come from
farmers and the general public. Such reports on the incidence of the
larvae, complementing the data on the moths of this species which are
provided by international networks of light-traps and pheromone traps,
have in fact been found to help very materially in providing sufficient
information to enable the movements of whole populations of this migrant
pest to be mapped, like those of locusts, throughout sequences of genera-
tions, in a manner not yet possible for the migrant Lepidoptera which
reach Britain. With the life-cycle of about a month, and the rarity of any
resting stage, the monthly sequences of larval attack reflect the migrations
of successive generations of the moths, flying by night for many hours at
a stretch in a way now being intensively studied by Derek Rose and his
colleagues in East Africa, by direct observation and by radar as well as in
the laboratory (earlier radar observations on insect flight, reported in
detail by Schaefer (1976), incidentally included the tropical Pierid migrant
Catopsilia florella Fab., flying up to 1,500 m above the ground and heading
cross-wind out into the Sahara). Infestations of exempta larvae in October
and November 1976 in Malawi and Rhodesia, for example, were followed
by attacks successively northwards across Tanzania during December
1976 and January 1977, across Kenya (into the Northern Hemisphere)
during February, March and April, and across Ethiopia and into the Yemen
Arab Republic in May 1977, as well as by a southward spread from
Rhodesia into the Transvaal in December 1976, into the Orange Free State
and Lesotho in January, and on into Cape Province and Namibia in
February 1977. Basically similar sequences at corresponding times of year
occur to varying extents in most years (Brown, Betts & Rainey 1969;
Rainey 1979).

Earlier work had shown how Desert Locust swarms (Schistocerca
gregaria Forsk.), travelling consistently with the winds in which they fly
(and even moving in complete loops with appropriate sequences of wind-
direction), eventually reach zones of wind-convergence which provide the
rains necessary for their successful breeding. African armyworm moths
have likewise been found to concentrate in zones of wind-convergence, as
shown for example by massive light-trap catches recorded (Haggis 1971) at
the times of wind-shifts, between east and west, which mark Passages of
the African Rift convergence zone across the Nairobi area — and also like

68 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

the spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., Tortricidae)
recently observed in unprecedented detail by airborne radar as they
accumulated in the converging winds at a New Brunswick sea-breeze front
(Schaefer 1979). Radar observations have also emphasised how the flight
of the night-flying spruce budworm moths is often limited by low tempera-
tures, which have on occasion inhibited flight at low levels while in warmer
air above 100 m or so densely-flying moth of this species could still be
seen on radar and trapped by aircraft.

The uniformity of orientation which is so characteristically seen within
groups of flying locusts has repeatedly been found to be wholly misleading
as to the direction of displacement of the swarm as a whole, by reason
both of the wide differences in orientation seen between different groups of
flying locusts in the same swarm at the same time, and also of the changes
in orientation seen at the perimeter of the swarm as the locusts turn back
and so maintain its cohesion. The extent to which the direction of swarm-
displacement is determined by the wind-direction did not become obvious
until evidence of the hour-to-hour and day-to-day movements of complete
individual swarms became available, from aircraft observations. On the
other hand, migrating butterflies such as Catopsilia florella can appear to
vary their orientation in order to maintain a constant track relative to the
ground, for as long as each individual is within sight, and in a manner
apparently different from locusts (Rainey 1962), though it is not known
what contribution this behaviour may make to the displacement of the
butterfly population as a whole.

A few Desert Locusts reached the British Isles in October 1954, for the
first time since 1869, and the trajectory of the air in which they arrived,
computed by the Meteorological Office for an assumed flying height of
100 m, led back for a distance of more than 2,000 km to the vicinity of
the Canary Islands, on a day on which the Islands were experiencing a
massive Desert Locust invasion from the neighbouring African mainland.
However, an initial trajectory which had been computed in a similar manner
for winds at the not unreasonable (and more readily available) height of
450 m had led back unhelpfully to mid-Atlantic (Rainey 1963); and still
greater uncertainties (biological as well as meteorological) may occur for
example in tracking by overland trajectories. On the other hand, the
inference of a transatlantic crossing by the American Noctuid Autographa
biloba Steph. (found only once before in Britain), taken at Torquay on Ist
October 1958 after hurricane Helene off the U.S. Atlantic coast and
westerly winds all the way from Davis Strait to the British Isles, is power-
fully reinforced by the association which Mr. Bretherton has mentioned
with the records of North American waterthrush in the Scillies on the
previous day (30th September) and of a Baltimore oriole at Lundy on the
day following (2nd October) — the first authenticated records in Britain
for both these birds.

REFERENCES
Brown, E. S., Betts, E., & Rainey, R. C., (1969). Seasonal changes in distribution
of the African armyworm in eastern Africa. Bull. ent. Res., 58: 661-728.
Haggis, M. J., (1971). Light-trap catches of Spodoptera exempta in relation to
wind-direction. E. Afr. agric. For. J., 37: 100-108.
Rainey, R. C., (1962). The mechanisms of Desert Locust swarm movements and
the migration of insects. 11th Int. Congr. Ent. Vienna 1960, 3: 47-49.
Rainey, R. C., (1963). Meteorology and the migration of Desert Locusts. Anti-
Locust Mem. no.: 7, 115 pp.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 69

Rainey, R. C., (1979). Control of the armyworm S. exmpta in eastern Africa andi
southern Arabia; report of a mission to formulate an inter-regional project.
F.A.O. Rome: AGPP: MISC/32, 23 pp.

Schaefer, G. W., (1976). Radar observations of insect flight. Symp. R. ent. Soc.
Lond., 7: 157-197.

Schaefer, G. W., (1979). An airborne radar technique for the investigation and
control if migrating pest insects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (B), 287: 459-465.

CURRENT LITERATURE
BOOK REVIEWS

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9. Sphingidae
— Noctuidae (Part 1). Editors: J. Heath; A. M. Emmet. Curwen Books,
1979. 288 pp. 16 colour plates. Price £25.00.

Three years have elapsed since the appearance of Vol. 1 of this
projected 10 volume series and we have waited with some anticipation for
the next-in-line. Whatever the reason for the delay we now have before us
an up-to-date authoritative account of a part of our Macrolepidoptera
which will doubtless be of wide appeal to all lepidopterists.

Following upon the Preface by the Editors, and preceding the Systematic
Section, Professor M. C. Birch gives us a lucid, detailed and well illustrated
account of Eversible Structures, a topic, as the author points out, which is
probably applicable to every major group of Lepidoptera but which has
previously escaped mention in almost all popular systematic works. The
only criticism one would make here is that it would have appeared more
logical to have had this important contribution following closely upon the
chapter on Morphology in Volume 1; thus leaving Volume 9 devoted
entirely to the several Families with which we are more likely to be
familiar.

These Families and their specialist authors are: — Sphingidae (Cdr. W.
L. R. E. Gilchrist); Notodontidae, Lymantriidae and Arctiidae (the late
Dr. C. G. M. de Worms); Thaumetopoeidae and Ctenuchidae (J. Heath);
Nolidae (R. J. Revell); and Noctuidae: Noctuinae and Hadeninae (R. F.
Bretherton, B. Goater and R. I. Lorimer). There has been a beneficial
change of format from that followed in Volume 1. The heading ‘Life
History’ now precedes the sub-headings ovum, larva, pupa and imago thus
allowing the details of structure to be complemented by those related to
ecology. As pointed out by the Editors this eliminated some repetition
which occurred with the earlier format. Information relating to each
species is excellently set forth and elicits little criticism though in one or
two instances the distributions seem a little thin and could bear expansion.
Hyloicus pinastri (L.) for example has been resident in Berkshire for 25
years and is also known from Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Sussex and
Kent. Researching the literature for records can be a tedious occupation
and it is virtually impossible for everything to ‘remain in the sieve’. It is
therefore unfortunate, when having included brief mention of the Family
Thaumetopoeidae and instancing Bachelor’s Kentish Buccaneering T.
pityocampa (D. & S.), the 1966 record of this moth from a trap at
Burghfield, Berkshire was overlooked (Entomologist 101: 10). The sizes of

70 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

the Families (or portions thereof) included in Volume 9 are inevitably
disproportionate and therefore we find the Noctuidae: Noctuinae and
Hadeninae occupying well over half of the entire book, and what splendid
reading is to be found in this lion’s share. The information on individual
species one accepts without question, coming as it does from a triple
authorship of immense experience, but how fitting it is to see this informa-
tion preceded with some undiluted pages on Life History, Behaviour and
Rearing. Dot distribution maps, provided by the Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Biological Records Centre, are liberally spread throughout the
text, and special ‘graded’ maps, devised by R. F. Bretherton, bring to life
the visitation of migrants to our shores. The dot distribution maps are
compiled from records sent in by a large number of participant lepidop-
terists and give a broad picture of a moth’s territory in Britain, but does
Mythimna litoralis (Curt.) really extend inland as far as we are led to
believe?

The 13 colour plates by Brian Hargreaves tend to ‘grow on one’, though
some of the commoner hawkmoths appear to be rare varieties and kittens
now seem to possess longer wings than in earlier days! The three plates of
colour photographs of imagines and larvae are an innovation of this
volume and tempt one to look for the text of Volume 10. The line drawings
of Maureen Lane are clear and informative, though a little more labelling
on those depicting genitalia would not come amiss. A comprehensive
General Index and Index of Host Plants complete this outstanding work.
Let us hope that it will not be too long before the remainder of the
Noctuidae come home to roost and that they will be joined at respectable
intervals by the rest of our Lepidoptera.

B.R.B.

British Tortricoid Moths, Tortricidae: Olethreutinae, by J. D. Bradley, W.
G. Tremewan and Arthur Smith. viii + 336 pp. + 42 pl. (21 coloured):
Ray Society; obtainable from: Publications (Sales) British Museum
(Natural History), large 4 to. Price: £40.

Although most of our Tortricina were described many years ago, until the
present century little was done to present the family coherently. When I
expressed to the late John Durrant my wish to study the family, he
advised me to wait until someone had improved on S. J. Wilkinson’s
British Tortricidae (1850). However, I contented myself with Edward
Meyrick’s Revised Text Book to set out my British collection, and I
brought it up to date with the various catalogues issued by I. R. P. Heslop
and the two editions of the Kloet and Hincks’ A Checklist of British Insects.
C. G. Barrett’s very good coloured illustrations were, perhaps, the first
attempt to present good coloured figures, although many papers on the
subject showed excellent black and white figures of the particular species
under discussion. Barrett’s last two volumes were not readily accessible to
me, the remainders havng been destroyed when the Stationery Office book
store was burnt during the 1914-18 war.

The present volume, therefore, may be considered to complete the study
started with the first volume in 1973, so that an illustrated work, possibly
approaching finality in the taxonomy of the Tortricoid moths of Britain, is
now available, in spite of the many difficulties inherent with this age. It
provides a lasting coverage of its subject of luxurious quality.

The preface gives acknowledgment to a large number of bodies and
people who have assisted in various ways with its production, mentioning

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 71

particularly the generous grant received from the Royal Society.

The Introduction includes a long list of species of economic importance,
set out under scientific, and, where existing, common names, followed by
a brief note of the plants infested and the nature of damage. Forty-nine
species are mentioned, including four imported species which cannot be
considered as residents. This followed by a synomnymic list of species
treated in the text, which follows. The descriptions are set out in the
same form throughout the book, commencing with name and synonymy,
then descriptions of the male and female, then comments, biology, and
distribution. Where necessary, that is, where not shown in Pierce and
Metcalfe, genitalia are figured by Mr. Tony Sutton, points of importance
being arrowed.

From page 104, 21 half tone plates illustrate the feeding habits of 73
species, beautifully and clearly drawn by Arthur Smith. These are followed
by the remainder of the descriptive text, after which there is a list of food-
plants and their attached species. The wild plants follow the nomenclature
of The Concise British Flora by W. Keble Martin and the cultivated plants
The Oxford Book of Food Plants by Harrison. This list covers sixteen pages.

The coloured plates illustrating the imagines, enlarged to approximately
2.4 times natural size, totalling about 500 specimens. These have been
carefully selected to cover sexes and variation, and are the work of Mr.
Brian Hargreaves; they show an excellent attention to detail and a high
degrees of accuracy and artistry. The figures occupy the right hand page,
with names of species and localities of the specimens figured on the left
hand side.

The plates are followed by eleven pages of bibliography, and finally five
pages of index.

The print is admirably clear and on good paper, and the book is well
bound with stiff cloth covers. The book is undoubtedly essential to all
libraries and institutions concerned with entomology, and will make a
treasured addition to the book shelves of amateur entomologists interested
in this very hansome family of the Micro-lepidoptera.

S.N.A.J.

The Generic Names of Moths of the World. Edited by I. W. B. Nye; vol. 3,
Geometroidea, by D. S. Fletcher (British Museum (Natural History),
1979).

Over the past fifty years, entomologists have been bewildered and dis-
satisfied with the frequent nomenclatorial changes of the species they know.
Their generic and specific names have proved unstable, despite hopes that
the application of the principle of priority and the procedures of the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature would bring finality. The
practice has been to follow the authority who applies these, if he publishes
a convincing case for a change. In case of disputes, the I.C.Z.N. has issued
decisions. It would seem that many authorities, proposing changes, have
not thoroughly researched the question; and the ordinary entomologist,
having even less time to study it, has, despite misgivings, followed their
proposals. The die-hards have died out, the younger have followed the
latest authority, and change has followed change.

The British Museum’s series, of which the third volume, with 4.082
genus-names of Geometroidea, now appears, is a step towards stability,
as it provides taxonomists all over the world, who may be tempted to
propose a change based on their morphological studies, with the widest

72 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980
possible objective literary base on which to make proposals.

The Super-family Geometroidea, as here presented, contains twelve
families: Apoprogonidae, Axiidae, Callidulidae, Cyclidiidae, Drepanidae,
Epicopeiidae, Epiplemidae, Geometridae, Pterothysanidae, Sematuridae,
Thyatiridae and Uraniidae. Of these only three are native to the British
Isles, viz: — Drepanidae with eight British species, Thyatiridae, with 12,
and Geometridae with 315. The third volume appears before Dr. Nye’s
own Vol. 2 and follows his first volume (Noctuidae and Agaristidae) in aim,
scope and style, but differs in having been type-set by computer. Its format
is also slightly larger (21 x 30 cm). The introduction contains a discussion
of the dates of some important publications, the conclusions of which, of
course, affect families outside the Geometroidea as much as those within
the group.

It goes without saying that D. S. Fletcher’s latest contribution to the
fundamental systematics of the world lepidoptera is first class, as anyone
who has seen his arrangement of the British Museum’s vast collection of
world geos, representing a life-time of patient and impeccable work, will
expect.

Many generic revisions, however, are still required before finality of
nomenclature can be reached, revisions which will authoritatively decide
questions of subjective synonymies and extent of genera. All such revisions
must in future take the data presented by the British Museum’s series into
consideration.

For any macro-lepidopterist who may feel that the study of aberrations
or migrants of the British Isles has been sufficiently pursued by others, here
is a field crying out for serious study; the finest card-index and collection of
lepidoptera in the world, those of our own South Kensington Museum, are
accessible to the serious student and beckon to him.

E.P.W.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
to field work, for the study of collections, for the attendance at conferences,
or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total
they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1980/1981.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their
qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount
for which an award is sought, to A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.,
F.L.S., F.R.E.S., Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF, as soon as possible, and in any case not later
than 30th September, 1980.

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The Society’s Publications

ILLUSTRATED PAPERS ON BRITISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA

Still available, a small number of copies of the recently published volume
of twelve articles reprinted from the “South London” Proceedings between
1944 and 1957 with the twelve original colour plates.

These papers comprise LAMPRONIIDAE and ADELIDAE, LITHO-
COLLETIS and OECOPHORIDAE (three parts) and ALLIED FAMILIES
by S. N. A. Jacobs; PSYCHIDAE, PLUTELLIDAE and GLYPHIP-
TERYGIDAE and ALLIED GENERA by L. T. Ford; CALOPTILIA and
LYONETIIDAE by S. C. S. Brown; ERIOCRANIIDAE and MICROP-
TERYGIDAE by J. Heath and MOMPHA by S. Wakely. For ease of use
the pages and plates have been renumbered and are fully indexed
accordingly; in addition there is a new appendix drawing attention to
species belonging to these groups which have been added or sunk. There
is also a list of species which relates names used in the text to up-to-date
nomenclature and classification.

A limited edition of 500 copies was published in the Autumn of 1978,
bound in cloth, price £9; £6 to Members of the Society. Postage, where
applicable, 60p extra. Cheques should be sent to R. F. Bretherton, Esq.,
c.B., Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey.

A FIELD GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

The Society also announces the publication, last autumn, of the above
important and entirely new work, bringing up to date and uniting the well-
known Guide by the late L. T. Ford, B.a., and the Supplement, both
hitherto advertised on this page, with much additional matter. Bound in stiff
paper cover. Price and procedure for purchase, same as for the above
“Tllustrated Papers”. A few bound and interleaved copies are also obtain-
able at £8, by members.

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE GARDEN
OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE
(Proceedings and Transaction 1963, Part 2)
Complied by a team of specialists.

£1.00

A LEPIDOPTERIST’S HANDBOOK
The Amateur Entomologist’s Society is pleased to announce the publication
of its latest Handbook, written by Richard Dickson. It is intended as a
‘vade mecum’ for both beginners and initiated lepidopterists and deals with
all aspects of the subject in a series of eleven chapters and four appendices.
There are 34 line illustrations and 13 photographs to augment the text and
the binding has been sewen to meet constant use.
It is a practical book on the various facets of breeding, collecting, storinz.
conservation and photography of lepidoptera and should appeal to most
lepidopterist. Although the various techniques relate to the British fauna,
most are valid for lepidopterists anywhere.
The price is £3.00 plus postage and is avilable from A.E.S. Publication
Agent, 137 Gleneldon Road, London, SW16 2BQ. (An invoice will be sent
with orders, including postage).

CONTENTS

Annual Exhibition, The 1979 . 1

Bibliography, N. D. Riley (concluded) 39

Bretherton, R. F., Insect migration in the
northern hemisphere with particuler refer-

ence to the British Isles 66
Correspondence 22
Current Literature 69
Editorial 1
Field Meetings 48

Hayes, A. H., A revision of the pantropical
genus Tathorrhynchus Hampson (Lep., Noc-

tuidae, Ophiderinae) 25
Hering Memorial Research Fund, The Pro-
fessor 72

Larsen, Torben B., Intergeneric matings of
Zygaena and Procris in Morocco (Lep.,

Zygaenidae) 32
Muggleton, John, The conservationist’s
dilemma 60
Obituary: Baron Charles G. M. de Worms 37
Presidential Address of G. Prior (i) Topical
remarks; (ii) The Eupitheciini or ‘‘Pugs”’ 18
Proceedings 33
Rainey, R. C., Insect migration: some recent
findings 67

Stubbs, A. E., The largest Pipunculid in the
land; Nephrocerus_ scutellata (MacQuart)
(Dipt.), new to Britain, with observations on

its behaviour in Greece 46
Wiltshire, E. P., A hermaphrodite large blue
Maculinea arion (L.) (Lep., Lycaenidae) 30

Wiltshire, E. P., Middle East Lepidoptera
XXXV—Notes on recent captures of moths
in the Lebanon, Syria, and Sinai 4]

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION | takes
place Ist November, in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in
the summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on
application to the Secretary.

eee

gH

isla 1980 Vol. 13, Parts 3/4

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

i.
Price;/£4.00

Past Presidents

1872-4. J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) 1940 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
1875-6 <A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1877 J. P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.) 194] F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1878 J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.) 1942 S. WAKELY (d®c.)
1879 R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1943 R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG.
1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.) (dec.)
1881 V. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
1882 T. R. BILLupPs, F.E.S. (dec.) 1945-6 Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N.,
1883 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1884 W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.) 1947 L. T. Forp, B.A. (dec.)
1885 R. SOuTH, F.E.S. (dec.) 1948 Col P. A. CARDEW (dec.)
1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1949 J. O. T. Howarp, M.A. (dec.)
1888-9 T.R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1950 Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,
1890 J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.) K.B.E., C,B., M.C., DIE Gi aekee
1891 W. H. TuGWELL, PH.c. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1892 C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.) 1951 T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
1893 J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.) F.Z.S.
1894 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) 1952 E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
1895 T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.) 1953 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
1896 R. SOUTH, F.E.S. (dec.) 1954 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
1897 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S.
1898 J. W. TuTT, F.E.S. (dec.) 1955 F. D. Buck, A.M.1I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
1899 A. HarrisSON, F.L.S. (dec.) (dec.)
1900 W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1956 Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLFY, F.R.E.S.
1901 H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., 1957 B. P. MOORE, B.SC., D.PHIL.,
LR. Gyr: FAELS) (G@ecs) F.R.E.S.
1902 F. Noap CLARK (dec.) 1958 N. E. HICKIN, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S.
1903 E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) 1959 F. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1., F.R.E.S.
1904 A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.) (dec.)
1905 H. Main, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1960 R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1906-7 R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1961 A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC.,
1908-9 A. Sicu, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1910-11 W. J. Kaye, F.E.s. (dec.) 1962 A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1912-13 A. E. TONGE, F.E.S. (dec.) 1963 J. L. MESSENGER, B.A., F.R-E.S.
1914-15 B. H. SmItHu, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1964 C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.
1916-17 Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. (dec.) 1965 R. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.
1918-19 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. 1966 J. A. C. GREENWOOD, O.B.E.,
(dec.) F.R.E.S.
1920-1 K. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1967 R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
1922 E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.) F.R.E.S.
19234 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (dec.) 1968 B. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
1925-6 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. 1969 Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.C., R.N.
(dec.) (dec.)
1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., 1970 B. J. MACNULTY, B.SC., PH.D.,
F.E.S. (dec.) FRI Gach RES)
1929 H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1971 Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D.,
1930 F. B. Carr (dec.) M.A.
1930 C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1972 Prof. H. E. HINTON, PH.D., B.SC.,
1931 K. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.Z.S., F.R.S., F.R.E.S. (dec.)
F.E.S. (dec.) 1973 J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S.
1932 T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) 1974 C. MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S.,
1933 C. G. M. DE WoRMS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S.
A.I.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. (dec.) 1975 M. G. Morris, M.A., PH.D., F.R-E.-S.
1934 T. R. EaG.es (dec.) 1976 W. G. TREMEWAN, M.I.BIOL.
1935 E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S. (dec.) 1977 R. TusBBs, O.B.E., F.R.I.B.A.,
1936 M. NIBLETT (dec.) F.R.E.S.
1937 F. J. COULSDON (dec.) 1978 G. Prior, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
1938 F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. 1979 Rev. D. J. AGASSIZ, M.A.
1939 H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S.
(dec.)
Editorial

Editor: E. P. Wiltshire, C.B.£., F.R.E.S.
Wychwood, High Road, Cookham, SL6 9JF, Berks.
With the assistance of:

Address:

T. R. E. Southwood, M.A., B.SC., PH.D., A.R.C.S., F.LBIOL., F.R.S., F.R.E.S.
T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S. -
R. W. J. Uffen, F.R.E.s.
E. S. Bradford

Published at the Society’s Rooms, The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1, and printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane,
Tottenham, N1S 4HL

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 73

SUBSCRIPTIONS

FROM 1 JAN. 1980 UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE, THE ENTRANCE
FEE IS £1 AND SUBSCRIPTIONS, PAYABLE ANNUALLY ON 1 JAN.
ARE :- ORDINARY AND CORPORATE MEMBERS £6, COUNTRY
MEMBERS £3.50 AND JUNIOR MEMBERS £2. MEMBERS NOT
PAYING BY BANKERS’ ORDER SHOULD SEND THEIR SUBSCRIP-
TIONS WITHOUT DEMAND TO ARRIVE BY THE DUE DATE TO
HON. ASST. TREAS. (SUBS.) AT “BELLARGUS”, 9 ELMSFIELD
WAY, SANDERSTEAD, SURREY.

SLOTH MOTHS AND OTHER ZOOPHILOUS LEPIDOPTERA
by J. K. Waace
(Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks.)

Among the seven orders of insects which contain species associated
with vertebrates, the zoophilous Lepidoptera are among the least known
and most interesting. Perhaps the largest group among these are the
eye-frequenting moths, primarily noctuids and pyralids of the old world
subtropics which feed at the eyes of cattle at night. Many of these
species exhibit a remarkably close association with their mammalian hosts,
in a recent trip to Zimbabwe I observed Arcyophora sp. (Noctuidae)
feeding on the eyes of oxen at night, and was amazed at their ability to
orient to and land directly at the eyes of their hosts, even in very dim
light. Some authors have suggested that regular feeding on lachrymation
has evolved in seasonally dry subtropics where flowers and other sources
of liquid nourishment are absent at certain times. That thirst may have
been the initial impetus for the evolution of such behaviour is indicated
by some studies I have made of water-starved Manduca sexta (Sphingidae).
After a day or two without water, these moths would approach me at
dusk and feed, while on the wing, at my eyes and mouth. Visual stimuli,
and perhaps humidity receptors in the antennae may have mediated this
behaviour.

An even more parasitic lifestyle is found in the bloodsucking noctuid,
Calyptra eustrigata Hamps. in Southeast Asia. This species belongs to a
group of moths known for their ability to pierce and suck fruit, with
specially modified barbed probosci. It would appear that the fruit-piercing
habit preadapted ancestors of C. eustrigata for a switch in adult diet
from fruit juices to animal blood. Curiously, only males have been found
feeding on blood, the female diet is unknown. Fruit-piercing moths are
not unknown to England, I have found Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) piercing
the fruit of brambles, and in Italy this species feeds on peaches, plums
and other fruit(1), but its bloodsucking relatives here, if any, are yet
to be found!

74 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

Over the last five years I’ve been studying the remaining group of
zoophilous moths, the sloth moths of Central and South America.

These chrysaugine pyralids, of the genera Cryptoses, Braypodicola and
Bradypophila, were once thought to pass their entire life in the sloth’s
fur, the adults possibly feeding on blood and the larvae on sloth hair,
skin and algae (which often grows on the fur). Our recent studies (2 & 3)
have shown, however, that the larval stage is spent in the dung of the
sloth, where caterpillars spin silken tubes encrusted with frass, which
they finally seal at both ends for pupation. For no clear reason, the sloth
descends at weekly intervals from the rain forest canopy to defecate on
the ground, and female moths apparently oviposit at this time on the
fresh dung. Adult moths emerging from the dung after pupation fly to
the canopy and settle on sloths. They are easily caught in light traps
en route. Adult moths do not feed on blood, but their reduced probosci
may be used to take in skin secretions or simply water from the fur.
In one species, Bradypodicola hahneli Spuler, moths apparently shed their
wings after settling on the host, living thereafter a continuously sloth-
bound existence.

In the absence of any clear benefits of feeding on the host, it would
appear as though the relationship between moth and sloth is a phoretic
one. Female moths associate with sloths so as to be transported to fresh
Oviposition sites — finding such sites while flying freely in the rain forest
may be difficult, considering that sloth dung is relatively odourless and
usually buried.

It would then follow that male moths associate with sloths so as to
increase their chances of mating those females most likely to find larval
resources for their offspring. This ‘phoretic coprophage’ lifestyle is not
unique to sloth moths; it can be found as well in dung beetles associated
with sloths and kangaroos, in other beetles, such as Leptinus testaceus
Miller, commonly phoretic on mice in Britain and, of course, in the
large community of muscid flies which associate with cattle and develop
in their dung.

Other relationships between moths and vertebrates exist which are as
yet very poorly known. A mammalogist colleague of mine has collected
many individuals of a microlepidopteran from the fur of two species of
jumping mice in Costa Rica, but this material was unfortunately lost.
Dr. G. Lamas of Peru has recently brought to my attention an article
by J. Bourgogne on blood feeding in a nymphalid butterfly(4). I have
observed, and read elsewhere, of hesperid butterflies feeding on human
sweat. No doubt many of these associations represent accidental or rare
events rather than tightly coevolved associations such as found in the sloth
moths, but casual associations may tell much about the conditions which
permit the evolution of these more intimate association, and ultimately
parasitism(5).

REFERENCES
1. Banziger, H. 1969. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell. 42 (1): 1-10.
2. Waage, J. and G. Montgomery. 1976. Science 193: 157-158.
3. Waage, J. and R. Best. 1980. In The Evolution and Ecology of Sloths,
Anteaters and Armadillos. Smithsonian Inst. Press, in press.
4. Bourgogne, J. 1970. Alexanor 6(6): 241-247.
5. Waage, J. 1979. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 12: 187-224.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 75

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

(read on the 24th January, 1980, by D. J. L. AGassiz)
1. TopIcAL REMARKS

You have already heard the Reports of Council and Officers and I
do not want to reiterate what has been said there, but I would like to
underline just two points. The first is to say how encouraged I have been
by our continuing momentum of special publications; our more confident
financial position should allow this to be sustained in the next few years
and in this way we can be of greater service to our members. The second
point concerns conservation. It has become clear that entomologists who
have to collect specimens, are popularly misunderstood by others in the
conservation movement, and we are greatly outnumbered by some other
groups of naturalists. Were it not for the efforts of a very small number
of people, field entomologists in the future might find themselves severely
restricted by legislation — and this danger is not yet past. It is vital that
we should be involved in ( and be seen to be involved in) the conservation
forum in order that our position be appreciated. It has also become
clear that on every occasion where insect collecting has given rise for
concern there has been a commercial interest; any members associated
with such collecting of rare species will not be sympathetically viewed.

My next, and most pleasant duty, is to announce that Council has
nominated two new Honorary members: C. O. Hammond and J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt. Both have given much service to the Society, Cyril
Hammond is also well known for his books on Flies and Dragonflies
and Michael Chalmers-Hunt as Editor of the Entomologist’s Record as
well as for his historical work and his list of the Lepidoptera of Kent.

I must also pay tribute to those officers who bear the brunt of the
Society’s routine work, particularly the Editor and Secretary. Mr. Prior’s
efforts have meant that our Library is now better organised than it has
been for a very long time. One consequence of holding this office is
that one sees those few people who are always first to arrive and last
to leave at meetings and the Exhibition, and who put in so much unseen
work. In particular among the unseen workers I would like to mention
Barry Goater, who in conjunction with Mr. Bretherton, has organised
the distribution of circulars to members for the past 7 or 8 years and
who now asks that another member should be found to take over this
task.

1979 was not ‘a year to remember’ for entomologists,the spring was
cold and the summer was late, then the autumn yielded few migrants.
It has also been a particularly sad year for many of us on account of
the loss of friends. Whereas my predecessor almost managed to get
through the year without our hearing of the deaths of many members,
this year we have lost ten of whom four had been members for over 50
years. The first three of those that follow died in 1978, but news of
them only reached us in 1979.

Mr. P. Le Masurier died in July 1978. He has been a member of our
Society since 1960, as a lepidopterist he was well known to many who
visited the Aviemore area, where he managed a hotel and in his early
days there he collected most of the local species.

Mr. D. Ollevant was a member in the early 1950s and again since
1969 and was at various times well known to members through his
attendance of field meetings. His chief interest among the lepidoptera

76 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

was the Pyralidae. He was always ready to encourage younger members
and for several years was secretary of the AES.

Dr. Guy D. Morrison was a professional entomologist who had been a
member since 1920; he had lived and worked in Aberdeen since 1922.
He was a noted authority on thrips and his published works include
‘Thysanoptera of the London Area’. He was also a frequent contributor
to the Entomologist’s mon. Mag. in which periodical an obituary was
published in October 1979 (Vol. 114 pp. 173f.).

Mr. Frederick C. Brown joined our Society in 1954. His interests
included reptiles and rearing giant silk moths, as well as butterflies. His
great gift was that of passing on his enthusiasm to young people and
to that end he devoted most of his energies to a local young naturalists’
club in Wallington where he lived.

Dr. Bernard Kettlewell died in May and so we lost one of our most
distinguished members and a most colourful and flamboyant character.
He had been a member since 1928 and he will always be remembered
on account of the RCK collection, as well as for his studies on genetics
and melanism. A full obituary by our editor has already been published
in our proceedings.

Norman Riley, C.B.E. was the next great loss. Aged 88 he was by a
long way our senior member having been one for 71 years, during which
time he was twice President — surely a record which may never be
broken. He had the unusual distinction of receiving an honour for services
to entomology and for a record of these I must refer you to the obituary
in our proceedings; he will also be missed for his wit and sparkle.

Mr. E. F. Williams was a prominent Essex naturalist who had been
a member since 1945. He bought Skipper’s Island, one of the best lo-
calities for Gortyna borelii Pierr., and gave it to the Essex Naturalists’
Trust. Apart from his activities as a naturalist he was a leading executive
of Lloyds.

Baron Charles G. M. de Worms was the last in this sequence of deaths
of long serving members. An honorary member who had joined the
Society in 1927, his name was a by-word amongst lepidopterists and
somehow our Society will not be the same without him, even his sound
effects will be missed by those who attended indoor meetings, such was
the affection with which he was held. There are many things for which he
will be remembered; for example one had to admire his ever youthful
enthusiasm for even the most ordinary moths as each year he would
comment with great authority on the state of the season. Space does
not permit me to do justice to the contribution of such a distinguished
past President and again I must refer you to the obituary by Mr.
Bretherton published in our proceedings.

Mr. Kenneth C. Side was a Kentish member who joined us in 1960. He
was one of our sadly declining numbers interested in the Coleoptera, and
with his wife was well known to others at our joint meetings with the
Kent Field Club.

Mr. A. R. Catlin had been a member since 1976 and lived in Bedford-
shire. He was interested in the diptera, especially Agromyzidae.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 77

2. SOME EASILY CONFUSED BRITISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA
by D. J. L. AGassiz
(The Vicarage, Highview Avenue, Grays, Essex.)

I now come to the second part of my address. This began in my mind
with the title “Some recently separated and easily confused groups of
microlepidoptera.”’ It then struck me how many of these species were
contained in the Appendix to our recently published //lustrated Papers.
As a result the number of species in that list which I shall treat has
been increased so as to make it a complete supplement, and the number
of other groups, through pressure of time, has been reduced to only
two genera. It is with these I shall begin.

But first I must acknowledge that in compiling this paper I have freely
borrowed from other sources. The references are not given as they are
adequately cited in the ‘Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera’
as well as in the Appendix to the ‘Illustrated Papers on British Micro-
lepidoptera’ on p. 158. I must also thank those who have given advice,
especially Col. Emmet, Dr. Langmaid, and Dr. Watkinson; the latter
lent a specimen of P. sagitella. My thanks also to Mr. David Wilson
for taking some of the colour slides.

The genus Ocnerostoma Zell..

It is almost 20 years since Friese showed that there are two species
included in what we called O. piniariella, but the differences have never
been described in British literature. Of these small grey moths both species
can usually be beaten out of Scots Pine at the appropriate time of year,
or else they are easily bred from larval mines; in the latter case one
will probably also breed Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.). I would be pleased
to have further information on their respective distribution. The time
of the year, together with superficial differences are often sufficient to
determine the species, but in many cases genitalia examination is necessary.

O. piniariella Zell. 8 wingspan 8-10 mm., face whitish, head with
greyish fuscous hairs sometimes mixed white; antennae whitish grey with
indistinct light and dark rings. Forewings uniform pale grey, sometimes
with a few whitish scales in middle and in dorsal cilia towards the termen.

In the @ genitalia the aedeagus has a sheath extending only one third
of its length.

2 wingspan 7-9 mm., face white, head with white hairs, sometimes
ochreous tinged and greyer at the sides; antennae white, sometimes
ringed greyish. Forewings pale grey with white scales scattered all over,
especially at the apex and in the central area, hindwings grey. 2 genitalia
with ductus bursa markedly scobinate.

A single-brooded species, larvae 4-5, adults on the wing in June.

O. friesei Svensson ¢ 8-10 mm., the whole moth is grey or pale grey
and in particular the antennae are wholly dark grey, except sometimes
at base. The face varies from dark grey to pale grey.

In the @ genitalia the aedeagus has a sheath extending for 3 of its
length.

2 7-9 mm., face whitish, head white with some fuscous hairs; antennae
dark grey. Forewings almost entirely white except for tornal cilia, hind-
wings grey.

The 2 genitalia have ductus of weak tissue, not scobinate. Also posterior
of the ostium there is a pad connected to the apophyses anteriores.

A double-brooded species, the larvae being found even from December

78 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

12: Genitalia of Ocnerostoma spp.; @ on left (A=aedeagus); Q on Tight.
1: O. piniariella Z. 2: O. friesei Svensson

in some years, until April, and then again in July. The adults are on
the wing in April and May (or even earlier) and again in August,
though second generation moths seem less often to be met with.

In both species the egg is laid near the tip of a needle of Scots Pine
and the larva, which appears yellow in the mine when it becomes full
grown, mines towards the base. When full grown it leaves the mine
and spins a slender cocoon between 3 or 4 leaves.

The genus Oegoconia Staint..

Although the differences between the two species were described by
Goddard they still cause confusion to many. Basically the pale species
with dark stripes is O. quadripuncta and the dark species with pale fascias
is deauratella. Both species are very variable. Apart from these general
differences in wing pattern I can find no constant superficial character
by which they can be separated. In both species the head, palpi and
thorax are variously coloured dark fuscous and ochreous yellow. In both
species the antennae are dark fuscous with pale yellow tips and some
broad indistinct paler rings. The forewings are dark fuscous with a basal
dot, a variable fascia at }, a broader central fascia, an irregular fascia

79

soc., 1980

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST.

1Wysu uos

(S~H) DijJajvAnvap *C
‘(sndvapoe=wy) Woy uo 2 *

>p “CMLH) vJouNduUponb ‘GQ :¢
dds viuo0203aQ jo eieWwUaDH ¢-¢

80 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

at 3 and an indistinct spot in the terminal cilia, ochreous yellow —
sometimes suffused fuscous. Hindwings pale grey.
The genitalia show constant differences:

O. quadripuncta (Haw.) The @ has saccus bluntly triangular, the
sacculus has a bulbous projection near the tip (this character can be
examined without dissection on specimens which have the valves slightly
apart) and the cornuti in the aedeagus form a patch of slender spines.
The @ genitalia have a weak ostium, a straight and simple broad ductus
and bursa, the signum arises from a chitinized plate.

O. deauratella (H.-S.) The @ has the saccus extended to a point, the
sacculus is reasonably uniform in width, without a projection near the
apex, and the cornuti consist of a large patch of broad-based spines,
together with a group of slender spines in the extruded vesica.

Differences in the life histories of the two species have not been
detected. Their whitish larvae feed on decaying vegetable matter in May
and June, pupating amongst the food material. The moths are on the
wing in July and August, they come to light and are sometimes plentiful
in hedgebottoms.

O. quadripuncta is not uncommon in the southern part of England,
particularly in the South West, and has been recorded as far north
as Lancashire.

O. deauratella is not uncommon in the South East of England, it is the
commoner of the species in East Anglia and it extends in the West
to Dorset.

A Supplement to ‘Illustrated Papers on British Microlepidoptera’

Lampronia flavimitrella Hubn. wingspan 14-16 mm. Head ochreous yellow,
forewings greyish brown, markings shining white. The 2 has two fascias
at 4+ and 2 broader towards the dorsum, the outer one is sometimes
interrupted, there is a small spot on the costa beyond it. In the @ the
first fascia is reduced to a spot above the dorsum, the second to a spot
on the dorsum and another on the costa, sometimes obsolete. Hindwings
grey.

The @ may be distinguished from other British Lampronia spp. by
the spot at 4+ not touching the dorsum, the 2 by its two fascias. The
only species of similar size with which confusion is likely is capitella
Clerck.

The life history is not yet known, but it is thought to be associated
with Rubus spp.

The adult flies during the day in sunshine in May and June.

The only British specimen was taken in Hampshire on 18th May 1974

at 7 a.m., abroad the species is widely distributed in Europe, from France
to Russia and from Denmark to N. Italy.
Caloptilia rufipennella Hb. 11-12 mm. Antennae bright golden brown,
obscurely ringed darker. Head, thorax and forewings chestnut brown,
dorsal cilia dark grey, occasionally there are some spots tending to form
lines along the wings. Tibiae of forelegs and middle legs dark brown with
an ill defined whitish central band. Hindwings dark grey. The adults
can be distinguished from elongella/betulicola by their smaller size, darker
forewings and darker tibiae.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980 : 81

Larva green, head slightly paler. At first it mines a leaf of Sycamore
then makes a sequence of three cones, each rolled downwards at the
tip of a lobe. June-July. Pupa under a pale greenish membrane under
a leaf in July.

The adult is on the wing August-May, hibernating in evergreens or
other dense cover. It has been recorded from Eastern Britain, from
Essex to Berwickshire. It is common and widespread on the continent.

Caloptilia robustella Jackh 10-12 mm. Colouration and pattern similar
to C. alchimiella Scop. except that the yellow triangular spot on the
costa is not extended towards the termen, and its lower point is rounded
off not reaching the dorsum. In alchimiella the yellow spot is extended
along costa towards termen where it is less well defined, the lower point
touches or almost touches the dorsum. The basal yellow spot on the
dorsum is well defined in alchimiella but less so in robustella. Generally
robustella is slightly smaler and the darker of the two species.

The larva feeds on Oak in July and again in September and October
giving imagines in May and August. The larva has yet to be distinguished
from that of alchimiella.

robustella is widespread and common in South East England, but
becomes scarcer as one moves northwards and westwards; it has not
been recorded from Scotland or Ireland.

Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) (fig. 5) is a species very closely related
to P. salicicolella Sirc.. The chief super-
’, ficial difference is in the angle formed, or
; nearly formed, by the first costal and dorsal
strigulae. It is acute in dubitella and the
strigulae are strongly edged in the inside
with black; in salicicolella the angle so
formed is obtuse or a right angle.

The life history is similar to that of salicicolella except that dubitella
appears to be confined to S. caprea.

The species has been recorded locally from the South and South East
of England as far north as Worcestershire and Huntingdonshire.

P. strigulatella (L. & Z.) (fig. 6) 8-10 mm. Face white, head and thorax
fuscous; antennae fuscous except at the
. base where they are white, especially on
' the anterior side, and the tip is whitish.
Tegulae white-edged inwardly. Forewings
orange-brown, but fuscous around margin
and markings, four costal and three dorsal
strigulae white, a white basal streak reaching

as far as first costal strigula; a strong black apical dot. Hindwings grey.

Larva July and September — October on Alnus incana, often several
in one leaf, producing imagines in May and August.

This is not such a recent addition to our list, it was found by Waters
in Berkshire in 1927 and has since been found in Hampshire, in counties
bordering the Severn, in Derbyshire and Argyll. It is likely to be found
in further localities where the foodplant occurs. Abroad it is widespread
in north eastern Europe.

82 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

P. platanoidella (Joannis) (fig.7) is now accredited with specific status;
it was formerly regarded «as a form of
sylvella Haw. and the distinctiveness of the
species is not unanimously accepted. The
imagines can only be separated by the
shape of the first chevron. In platanoidella
this is bent or obtuse-angled wheras in
sylvella it forms a right angle and is
sometimes constricted in the middle. There is however cosiderable variation
and in some specimens the differences are scarcely perceptible.

The life history is the same as that of sylvella except that the larva
feeds on Norway Maple. It has been recorded from South and South
East England.

P. sagitella Bjerk. (fig. 8) 7-8 mm. Face white, head white with some
fuscous hairs at the front, antennae annu-
™-. lated fuscous and whitish. Thorax white
/ powdered with fuscous. Forewings white
mixed fuscous, but if regarded as having
dark ground colour there are five ill-defined
costal strigulae and three dorsal; an in-
distinct blackish apical streak; hindwings
grey. The forewing is similar to that of comparella but can always be
distinguished by the five, instead of four, costal strigulae the differnece
being most clear towards the apex.

Larva on Aspen June-July and August—October, giving imagines in
April-May and July—August.

Apparently scarce and local in western Britain, it has only been recorded
from the Gloucestershire area and north Wales. Widespread in Europe.
The species appears able to exist at very low density.

Chambersia augustella (Hb.) comprises a complex of three species of
which it seems two occur in Britain. Herr Jackh is researching into this
group and a publication is awaited. It would be helpful if all specimens
with reliable data could have their identity verified at the British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), our commonest species is probably not augustella. Roughly
speaking it is blackish with light markings wheras augustella is pale
yellow with black fasciae.

Bisigna procerella (D. & S.) 11-13 mm. Head dark bronzy fuscous, palpi
long, orange with the terminal joint brown at the tip. Antennae ringed
black and white. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous with some orange
scales on the thorax; tegulae orange. Forewings bright orange, there is
a short oblique fascia from base of costa to dorsum, silver-metallic edged
black. Further fascias of same colour at + and 4 from dorsum not quite
reaching costa joined together by a longitudinal subcostal streak; dark
fuscous spots on costa at 3/5 and near the termen, both more or less
connected to a dark tornal spot; cilia orange. Hindwings dark grey.

According to continental authors the larva is olive-grey with a black
head, feeding on lichens and mosses on trunks September—May.

There are no further records since the original three specimens taken
in two woods in Kent in mid-July 1976. One can only speculate whether
these were primary migrants or locally bred. Species in this group are
seldom seen other than in exceptinal weather or else flying in early
morning sushine when few entomologists are about. Further diligent
search might be worthwhile.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 83

Pseudatemelia josephinae Toll 17-20 mm. Head ochreous yellow, palpi
dark fuscous above, paler beneath. Antennae 7 pale fuscous very faintly
ringed. Thorax shining fuscous straw, a spot in fold at 4+ and another in
disc just above it and inside it, beyond these a large spot in disc, dark
fuscous; cilia slightly paler than forewing. Tibiae of forelegs dark fuscous.
Hindwings greyish fuscous.

9-11: Genitalia of Pseudatemelia spp.; @ on left (A=aedeagus); @ on right.
9: P. josephinae Toll. 10: P. flavifrontella Hbn. 11: P. subochreella Doub.

84 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

The species can most readily be separated from P. flavifrontella Hb.
by the colour of the abdomen which appears greyish in “josephinae and
yellow in flavifrontella; the forewings of josephinae are broad and less
pointed and it is generally smaller. The genitalia are so distinct that
reference to the figures (9-11) of these for the three species of this genus
is sufficient. In male specimens these can easily be examined without
dissection.

The life history has not yet been distinguished from that of flavifrontella,
but the adults are on the wing in July, considerably later than flavifrontella
although all three species of Pseudatemelia can be found on the same day.

Recorded locally from woodlands in the south of England and in Scotland.

Depressaria silesiaca Hein. 15-17 mm. Face shining whitish, head with
rose hairs above; palpi with second joint clothed with a tuft of drooping
scales white above, fuscous mixed rose beneath, terminal joint whitish
speckled with fuscous, extreme tip pinkish white. Thorax and tegulae
greyish white speckled with rose. Antennae dark fuscous obscurely ringed
rosy white towards base. Forewings whitish grey irrorated rose especially
towards base and with fuscous towards termen, a small blackish dot at
base of costa, a line of black scales beneath costa at 4, a spot at 4+ and
another beyond in disc more or less connected to make a black streak,
an ill-defined black line along fold, blackish suffusion along dorsum
towards base and some black scales in terminal area including cilia.
Hindwings pale grey, darker at apex. Abdomen grey, forelegs and middle legs
dark pinkish fuscous, hind legs clothed above with ochreous whitish hairs.

The genitalia (fig. 12) are quite distinct and the males should allow
determination without dissection.

Larva bright green with conspicuous stripes, head mottled, in a tube
amongst leaves of yarrow (Achillea millefolium)), in July. Adult August
to April.

So far recorded only from the Eastern Central Highlands of Scotland.

Agonopterix bipunctosa Curtis 19-22 mm. Face, head, tegulae and abdomen
pale buff; palpi pale buff but second joint blackish towards base on
outside. Thorax pale buff with an indistinct darker central line, sometimes
two small blackish spots at sides, almost beneath tegulae. Antennae and
forelegs blackish fuscous. Forewings pale buff, a basal spot on costa, a
distinct sub-basal dorsal spot, two distinct spots in middle of wing at
4 and 3, a sequence of spots around termen black; streak above dorsum
fuscous with a few black scales, sometimes obsolete, veins powdered
black and fuscous. Hindwings pale greyish buff.

Larva black, in rolled leaves of Serratula tinctoria and possibly some-
times on Centaurea scabiosa in June. Adults on wing in July.

Recorded in the south of England from Cornwall to Hants.

Since Meyrick ef alii sunk this species as a synonym of liturella D. & S.,
it has been overlooked, but now that the life history is better known it
may be found to be more widespread and even common where the
foodplant occurs.

Superficially bipunctosa closely resembles liturella and pallorella but the
latter species is on the wing muct later in the year. A. bipunctos is best
distinguished by the ground colour of the forewings, the distinct sub-basal
spot, the powdering of scales on the veins and the absence of ferruginous
colouring which occurs in liturella. The @ genitalia (fig. 13) are similar
to liturella although the cuiller or sacculus extension, is longer and more

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 85

slender and outward curved, the valva is also less pointed and more
clothed with hairs and the process between the uncus lobes is less pro-
nounced. The @ genitalia are also very similar to Jliturella there being
only slight differences in the shape of the ostium and signum.

Agonopterix scopariella Hein. 20-22 mm. Face creamy white; head, thorax
and tegulae brownish sometimes tinged reddish. A form occurs with
thorax black. Antennae fuscous. Forewings costa straight, brown, reddish
brown or straw, suffused with brown, more or less dotted black; two
obliquely placed black dots in disc at 4, a distinct creamy white dot in
disc at 4 and another beyond it sometimes edged black, a larger suffused
dark spot above the latter; black dots around termen, sometimes obsolete.
Hindwings grey, paler basally.

The full grown larva is green with darker dorsal and subdorsal lines,
head and plate of 2 pale brownish but variable. In slight web on Broom
from which it can be beaten out, June-July. Imago August-May.

Appears to be widely distributed throughout the British Isles and
sometimes common, but reliable records are still scanty.

The species was placed in the synonymy of pulverella Hb. by Meyrick
et alii and so has been overlooked. It is of a very different colour and
appearance from that species, its superficial resemblance to subproppin-
quella Stt. makes that the most likely species with which it may be
confused, but its distinctive feature is the pair of creamy white dots on
the forewing. The genitalia (figs. 15) are reasonably distinct, most
noticeable being the shape of the cuiller in the male.

Agonopterix prostratella Const. 22-25 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen
pale straw, antennae fuscous. Forewings with costa rather straight, pale
straw, first discal spot black, distinct; second discal spot ill-defiend or
absent. There are some pale brown scales along veins towards termen
and a row of blackish dots around the termen. Legs pale straw. The
genitalia (figs. 14) are similar to those of A. ulicetella Stt. but in the ¢@

86 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

the cuiller is narrow throughout its length, the 2 has a signum of
rounded triangular shape.

12-15: Genitalia of Depressaria & Agonopterix spp., @ on left (A=aedegus);

@ on right (S=signum.)
12: D: silesiaca Heinr.; 13: A. bipunctosa Curtis; 14: A. prostratella Constant;

15: A. scopariella Hein.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 87

Superficially the species is similar to other pale species: pallorella
Zell., bipuncta Curtis & liturella D. & S., but the latter two are on the
wing earlier in the year. It may be distinguished by the obsolescent
second discal spot, the pale straw rather than dark forelegs and the
straight costa.

According to continental authors the larva is deep green, sometimes
reddish brown, especially posteriorly; warts black, distinct; head and plate
black, anal plate horny, lightly marked with body colour. It is stated
to feed between twigs of Genista prostrata in June & July. The adult is
on the wing July to September. As Genista prostrata does not occur in
Britain the larva presumably feeds also on a closely related plant.

First recorded by Fairclough who took a specimen in Ashdown Forest,
Sussex, in 1957. A further specimen was taken at Studland, Dorset by
myself in 1970 which remained wrongly identified until 1980. The 2
dissected and figured by Pierce as pallorella is also this species, but the
data of the specimen are not known.

Mompha subdivisella Bradley 12-13 mm. Head sordid white mixed greyish
fuscous especially at sides and collar, face white. Thorax, tegulae and
antennae brownish fuscous, with some scales tipped ochreous white.
Forewings brownish fuscous mixed with greyish-barred scales mostly along
dorsum and termen, some fuscous scales in fold, a narrow oblique whitish
fascia at } somewhat suffused brownish fuscous, some pale ferruginous-
ochreous scales in dorsal half of disc and at middle of outer edge of
fascia, a small tuft of raised fuscous scales at outer angle of fascia and
dorsum, a fuscous terminal line, cilia greyish. Hindwings greyish fuscous.

Life history unknown. The species is known in Britain only from the
type series from Merton, Norfolk, taken by Lord Walsingham in September
1894; it has been recorded from Central Europe. It is closely related to
divisella H.-S. but is a little larger and less well marked than the species.
As most members of this genus feed on Epilobium careful search might
reveal further data for this species.

88 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

CURRENT LITERATURE ,
BOOK REVIEWS

A Revision of the Armadini (Lep., Noctuidae) by E. P. Wiltshire.
Entomonograph 2 1979, 79pp. including 20 text-figs. + 198 pl. figs. Price
D.Kr. 120.

The author and publishers are to be congratulated on producing this
detailed revision, which greatly increases our knowledge of this interesting
tribe of Noctuidae. The result of twenty years’ study, this extensive
treatment follows earlier papers by the author on these moths. Ten genera
and forty-two species are dealt with. The author mentions the dearth of
up-to-date publications in the Noctuidae, in which subfamily delineations
are often imprecise and the immense numbers of species involved add
to the difficulties of the taxonomist.

The unique Wiltshire collection on which the present revision is
primarily based has recently been presented to the British Museum
(Natural History). It is the result of extensive collecting by the author
throughout the Mddle East. The author has also made use of material
from many other sources in collections abroad during the preparation
of his revision.

Printed in hardback covers on good quality paper, the information is
clearly presented. Reproduction of the figures is good and extensive keys
and distribution maps are included.

I share with the author the hope that this work will inspire further
collection and study of these insects.

A. H. Hayes

Sepsidae. Diptera Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptrata. Handbooks for the Identi-
fication of British Insects. Vol. X. Part 5(c). By A. C. Pont. Royal
Entomological Society of London 1979 35 pp. £2.20. (£1.65 to Fellows).

This work not only provides an excellent key to this neglected group but
also incorporates the results of a much needed complete taxonomic
revision of the British species. Nomenclatural changes since the recent
Diptera check list (by the same author) are summarised by the inclusion
of a revised check list; Sepsis nigripes Mg. becomes a synonym of fulgens
Mg. and Meroplius minutus Wied. is substituted for M. stercorarius R-D.

The keys are arranged so that a variety of characters can be checked
to confirm the identity of a species, thus overcoming the difficulties in
previous keys resulting from infraspecific variation. Diagnostic features
are well illustrated by 45 textual figures; 123 figures of leg structure and
genitalia are arranged in plates at the end of the text.

A good account of larval and adult habits and biology is given in the
introduction. Because all the major British collections have been studied,
a good idea of the distribution and frequency of most species has been
achieved. Most appear frequent and widespread, probably because of
their association with decomposing materials which are available every-
where; a few species, however, have apparently restricted “distributions.
The Channel Islands distribution, usually omitted from Royal Entomo-
logical Society Handbooks, is also included. Details are given of a
Recording Scheme currently operating for British Sepsidae.

P. J. CHANDLER

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 89

AN ESTIMATE OF THE BRITISH POPULATION OF APATURA IRIS
(LINNAEUS). (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)
by T. S. ROBERTSON
(43 Locks Ride, Ascot, Berks)

INTRODUCTION

Changes in the habitats of our British butterflies have been drastic in
the past 25 years, but until the point of no return is reached it is
difficult to assess their adverse effects on populations of any one species.
The large blue (Maculinea arion (Linnaeus)) declined from being abundant
along the coast from Hartland (Devon) to Bude (Cornwall) to a situation
12 years later such that the Nature Conservancy considered the species
extinct in Britain (Ratcliffe, 1979). The causes were changes in the habitat,
as documented by a number of authors (see for example Muggleton and
Benham, 1975). The chequered skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon)
(Pallas)) underwent a similar decline to apparent extinction in England
at about the same time (Goodden, 1978; Ratcliffe, 1979). Writing nearly
25 years ago, Heslop considered that the purple emperor (Apatura iris
(Linnaeus) would at best be confined to a few wholly isolated communities
by 1975 (Heslop, Hyde and Stockley, 1964), which suggests that its fate
could be similar to that of the large blue and chequered skipper. It seems
now to be appropriate to look at the status of this species despite the
very real difficulties in making any real satisfactory estimate of the numbers
of a butterfly that is so elusive.

METHODS

Of the various stages in the life-history, the egg and early-instar larva
before hibernation, and the later larva in mid-May, were selected as
being those most suitable for estimating numbers. Based on observations
made in Surrey in the middle nineteen-sixties, estimates were made of
the populations in August-September and again in May, in an area of
1 km’. Estimates by Heslop (Heslop, Hyde and Stockley, 1964) were used
to derive a provisional life-table for the butterfly.

This was followed by an estimate of the total area of deciduous or
mixed woodland in the known distribution area of the butterfly since
1960, using a distribution map provided by J. Heath of the Biological
Records Centre, updated from that of Heath (1973), together with a study
of the relevant one-inch Ordnance Survey sheets.

Some published papers were used in conjunction with own observations
to try to assess the decline in area of suitable woodland breeding habitat.

All the methods used are liable to severe criticism, but in the absence
of any alternative at present, they were used to provide at least a first
approximation to the status of the purple emperor.

RESULTS
1. Field Observations and Estimates of Population Density

Experience over several years indicated that if 100 suitable sallow trees
(Salix) (Heslop, Hyde and Stockley, 1964; Cribb, 1963) are searched by a
group of competent workers about 5 larvae will be found in an average
season. Some larvae are almost certainly overlooked, and there will be
at least as many that are out of reach, so the 100 sallows probably
support about 15 larvae. It was estimated that there were about 150
‘suitable sallows’ in the one-kilometre square studied, but since only
one-quarter of the square was wooded this would provide an estimate of
90 larvae/km* woodland. This can be rounded up to 100 larvae/km’.

90 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

Counts of eggs and young larvae indicated that there» were about 50
of these for every larva found in May, but this would indicate in turn
that each adult female would have to lay at least 100 eggs, and probably
many more. Although large numbers of eggs have been recorded from
captive females (Cribb, 1965), this seems excessive.

Heslop (Heslop, Hyde and Stockley, 1964) postulated a situation in
which a population of 1000 adult butterflies in an area of about 300-400
acres (which is about 1.5 km’) laid 60 fertile eggs per female and there
were 200 female butterflies. The figure of 1000 adult butterflies depended
on the assumption that only 200 would be females, but there seems no
justification for assuming other than a 1:1 sex ratio. Taking Heslop’s
starting point of 200 females to maintain his colony, but assuming a
1: 1 sex ratio, his figures would lead to an estimate of 400 adult butterflies,
and 500 larvae in May. This was in 1.5 km’, so the density of May larvae
would be 334/km’, or over three times my estimate. To try to compromise,
I have doubled my original estimate for May larvae, reduced my esimate
of the autumn population by a factor of 2.5, and made other adjustments
to Heslop’s and my esimates to provide an estimate of the numbers in
successive stages that would correspond to a fertility of 50 eggs laid per
female in the field. This gives rise to Table 1.

Table 1. Numbers and mortality in different stages in the life-history of
Apatura iris in 1 km* woodland in an average year.

Numbers/km?* Percentage mortality Cumulative
In this stage

Eggs laid 2500 20 20
Eggs hatched 2000 76) 20
Larvae entering hibernation 500 50 80
Larvae completing hibernation 250 20 90
Larvae in mid-May 200 10 92.8
Larvae pupating 180 11 93.6
Adults emerging 160 37 96
Females laying average 50 eggs 50

Eggs laid 2500

2.The area of woodland available to A. iris in its known distribution

According to the revised map received from John Heath, there were
40 ten-kilometre National Grid squares (each comprising 100 km’) where
A. iris has been recorded since 1960. The distribution falls into a main
stronghold around the Surrey-Sussex border, extending into the less
favourable birch-pine forest to the west and beech forest on the South
and North Downs; an area in the New Forest and southern Wiltshire;
a tongue extending up northwards to northern Hampshire and Berkshire;
and some more or less isolated areas in south-west Sussex, East Sussex,
Oxfordshire, Middlesex, Nottinghamshire and Norfolk. I have suggested
from knowledge of some of these areas that in the nineteen-sixties about
20% of the woodland in the best area was favourable for A. iris, 15%
in the lesser areas, and rather more in the extremely isolated areas
(where the total woodland is in any case very small). This gives rise to
Table 2.

91

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

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92 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

This provides an estimated 110 km* of breeding woodland for A. iris.
Allowing for a further 15 km’ where the butterfly still bred but was not
recorded in the relevant period, an estimate of 125 km’ is arrived at.

3. The estimate of numbers for the whole country

If we accept the estimate of 160 butterflies/km* and 125 km’ woodland
we arrive at a population of 20,000 adult butterflies, providing about
250,000 eggs that hatch, about 60,000 larvae entering hibernation, and
about 30,000 larvae on the sallows in mid-May.

The estimate is based on some highly questionable approximations and
assumptions, but allowing for an error by a factor of 10 either way, it
seems reasonable to accept that the adult population for the whole country
lies between 2,000 and 200,000. The difference of 100-fold could in any
case occur in the ordinary fluctuations over a number of years. The
lower limit seems critically close to the level at which the species could
disappear from its more remote breeding areas, and since this would
appear to have happened anyway this suggests that the estimate is of
the right order. The upper limit seems to me to be more questionable,
and the numbers at the peak of a population rise might well be consider-
ably higher than 200,000, perhaps as high as a million if the butterfly
were to extend its range temporarily, re-colonising old areas and occurring
in very high numbers in its strongholds, as Stockley described for a
Sussex wood in 1952 (Heslop, Hyde and Stockley, 1964).

4. The Decline in Area of Suitable Habitats

Although the devastation caused in the past 25 years to the deciduous
woodland that provides habitats for A. iris has been all too apparent to
anyone working in the field, I could find no simple way of quantifying it.

A useful publication was one by Peterken and Harding (1975), who
compared the effects on nature conservation of changes in 3 wooded areas
of eastern England. They were interested especially in plants, and found
that if plant species were good colonisers there was a reduction of
conservation value of 40% in the Rockingham Forest area (a former
habitat of A. iris) from 1946 to 1973. The decline was 29.4% in central
Lincolnshire (also a former habitat) and 20.7% in the more isolated
and scattered woods of West Cambridgeshire. Peterken (1976) warned
against extending these results to other areas.

Locke (1970) estimated that in the 28 years from about 1948 to 1966
about 200,000 acres of private woodland in England, Scotland and Wales
(out of a total of 865,000) had been felled and planted with confers.
At the same time, about 300,000 acres of woodland (mainly ‘uproductive’)
passed from private to Forestry Commission ownership, and no doubt
some or much of this would become unsuitable for A. iris as it was
brought into a productive state.

Practically all of the distribution of A. iris lies in the ‘East England’
and ‘South-East England and New Forest’ conservancy areas of the
Forestry Commission, and since about 70% of the woods in the former
and 85% of the latter were in private ownership in 1965 (Locke, 1970),
the fate of private woodlands reflects the fate of A. iris habitats.

Personal observations on the destruction wrought by the Forestry
Commission in such well-known habitats for A. iris as Salcey Forest,
Bernwood Forest and the Surrey-Sussex borders, as well as in less well-
known areas, indicate that the damage is more than that covered by
conversion from deciduous to coniferous woodland.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 93

My rough estimate, based on such data as are extractable and my own
observations, is that in the main breeding areas 25% of the suitable
territory in 1948 had been rendered unsuitable by 1958, a further 25%
by 1968 and possibly another 25% by 1978, indicating a reduction by
three-quarters in the course of 30 years. Peterken and Harding (1974)
considered that the decline in conservation value of Rockingham Forest
was likely to continue, but also considered (1976) that if agricultural
intensification proceeds to the point where almost all woods have been
cleared from the agricultural zones, the forest policy will save some of
the conservation values in zones that are more utilised for forestry. It is
thus possible that some of the damage that has been done could be offset
by some advantages in the future.

DISCUSSION

My estimates are so riddled with guesswork and unscientific assumptions
that I have hesitated to submit them for publication. Nevertheless, had
something similar been attempted for the chequered skipper butterfly it
might have highlighted the problems and possibly have led to saving
that species from extinction in England. With this in mind, I present
my attempts, in the hope that they may lead to some better estimates
before the opportunity might be lost for ever. The fields in which better
estimates might be sought by future workers include the following:

(a) the numbers of larvae per sq. km of breeding habitat

(b) the proportion of the total distribution area that is suitable for
A. iris to breed in

(c) the rate of destruction (and possibly accrual) of breeding habitats

(d) the causes of and extent of mortality in the successive stages of
the life-history (see, for example, the monograph by Friedrich
(1977))

(e) estimates in the fluctuation in numbers from year to year (see
for example Pollard, (1979)).

Regarding the recent distribution and numbers of A. iris, Heslop’s
gloomy forecast referred to in my introduction does not seem to have
been fulfilled, and I understand from reports from friends that 1976 was
a good year for the species. A revised distribution map is due for publi-
cation in 1981, to include the 1976 records (Heath, pers. com.), and we
may hope to see a more complete coverage of some of the former
localities with recent records.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A considerable number of people helped directly or gave advice, and
I mention especially in this respect P. W. Cribb, C. J. Hamilton,
B. Harries, J. Heath, J. Mathias, G. F. Peterken, K. J. Wilmott and
L. D. Young for the assistance they gave me in various ways.

SUMMARY

Some provisional tentative estimates are made for the numbers of
purple emperor butterflies (Apatura iris (Linnaeus)) and imature stages
in England in the middle nineteen-sixties. These are based on field obser-
vations and on estimates of the known breeding area available to the
butterfly. It is estimated that there were of the order of 20,000 butterflies
in an average year, laying about 250,000 eggs in 125 square kilometres

94 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

of breeding habitat. The area of habitat is estimated to, have fallen by
about 50% in the period from 1948 to 1968, and by a further 25% of
the 1948 area by 1978.

REFERENCES

Cnbb, P. W., 1963 Further thoughts about the purple emperor, Bull. amat.
Ent. Soc., 22, 55-56.

Cribb, P. W., 1965. Further observations on the purple emperor butterfly.
Bull. amat. Ent. Soc., 24, 13-14.

Friedrich, E., 1977. Die Schillerfalter. Apatura iris, A. ilia, A. meletis. Wittenberg.

Goodden, R., 1978. British Butterflies. A Field Guide. Newton Abbott.

Heath, J., 1973. Provisional distribution maps of the resident species. In Howarth,
T. G. South’s British Butterflies. London.

Heslop, I. R. P., Hyde, G. E., Stockley, R. E., 1964. Notes and Views of the
Purple Emperor. Brighton.

Locke, G. M. L., 1970. Census of Woodlands, 1965-67. London.

Muggleton, J. and Benham, B. R., 1975. Isolation and the decline of the large
blue butterfly (Maculinea arion) in Great Britain. Biological Conservation,
7, 119-28.

Peterken, G. F., 1976. Long-term changes in the woodlands of Rockingham
Forest and other areas. Journal of Ecology, 54, 123-146.

Peterken, G. F. and Harding, P. T., 1974. Recent changes in the conservation
value of woodlands in Rockingham Forest. Forestry, 47, 109-128.

Peterken, G. F. and Harding, P. T., 1975. Woodland conservation in eastern
England: comparing the effects of changes in three study areas since 1946.
Biological Conservation, 8, 279-298.

Pollard, E., 1979. A national scheme for monitoring the abundance of butter-
flies: the first three years. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 12, 77-90.

Ratcliffe, D., 1979. The end of the large blue butterfly. New Scientist, 84,
457-458.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
to field work, for the study of collections, for the attendance at conferences,
or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total
they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1981/1982.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplieate, of their
qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount
for which an award is sought, to A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.,
F.L.S., F.R.E.S., Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF, as soon as possible, and in any case not later
than 30th September, 1981.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 Plate IX

19

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 1979
PLATE IX

Fig. 10. Zygaena trifolii decreta Verity ab. (W. G. Tremewan). 11. Z. filipendulae
anglicola (Trem.) ab. aurantia Tutt (W. G. Tremewan). 12. Athetis hospes (Esp.)
(J. Porter). 13. Erebia aethiops (Esp.) bilateral gynandromorph (R. Watson).
14. Lysandra bellargus (Rott.) ab. (L. D. Young). 15. Lysandra coridon (Poda)
ab. antidigitata B. & L. (R. Revels). 16. Saturnia pavonia (L.) gynandromorph
(R. Arnold). 17. Crocallis elinguaria (L.) ab. (A. R. Cronin). 18. Maniola jurtina
(L.) albino Q (J. M. Chalmers-Hunt). 19. Inachis io (L.) ab. belisaria Ob. (A.
D. M. Russwurm & H. G. M. Middleton).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 95

LARVAE OF THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED
BY BUCKLER
PART XI
(with Plates X-XIII])
Compiled and illustrated by G. M. HAGGETT

Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) The Cosmopolitan

This Wainscot has a long history as a casual vagrant to Britain, past
records relating to but a handful of moths over the years from the west
country in the autumn. 1975 saw unprecedented numbers from both
southwest England and Ireland in September and these included a number
of females. But from those females kept for eggs only Dr. Alan Myers
was successful in actually obtaining fertile eggs. Dr. Myers found the
captive females very slow in laying and he was unable to secure a second
generation, but from the original moth he was able to rear enough off-
spring to conduct an experiment on the effect of different temperatures
on the pupa (Ent. Gaz. 28: 75). It was from these larvae that Dr. Myers
generously sent me the six examples that are illustrated and described
in this paper.

Description of last instar larva

Length 32 mm. Body, cylindrical with scant taper at either end, the
intersegmental divisions slight, the rings flattened along the dorsum.
General colour, ochreous-grey, heavily reticulated in fine black and shaded
darker along the centre dorsum and at ring divisions. A heavily marked
dusky dorsal stripe composed of coarse chain loops joined at the ring
divisions. Subdorsals, finely etched in black wriggling lines that become
thickened into black streaks on all abdominal rings, the streaks running
about half the width of each ring; on the thorax the subdorsals appear
as more continuous lines of speckled black. Adjacent to the subdorsals
is a continuous fine white line finely edged below by a darker border
and which runs the full length of the body. There follows a broader
cream or straw coloured band and next a still wider dark grey band.
The spiracular band that follows is broad, very conspicuous, and mottled
stone or ochreous. Spiracles of abdominal rings 4-6 are placed just
inside this band, all others along its upper edge. The spiracular band
runs the full length of the body and down the side of the anal claspers.
The ventral surface is greyish.

Head, rounded, flat in front, olive ochreous, the lobes marked by a
bold dark brown curved stripe, and there is another weaker stripe at
the side. There is a dark reticulation all over the head darkening below
to the blackish mouthparts. Prothoracic plate broadly semicircular, grey-
brown, reticulated, crossed by well marked white dorsal and subdorsal
lines. Anal plate, pale grey, heavily reticulated in darker pattern, crossed
by weak pale subdorsals. True legs, pale ‘brown; prolegs, weak grey with
shining darker grey plate. Spiracles, ochreous ringed in black and oval.
Only the sparest of short fine hairs visible under low magnification.

This larva has the longer finely etched black subdorsal streaks that
are familiar in M. comma but its body is more slender than that insect.
This species shares the pinkish grey body hue of M. putrescens and would
doubtless be passed over for that larva, but all the examples sent to me

96 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

had the black subdorsal streaks better defined and more boldly marked
thhan in putrescens. This larva can be similar to some forms of M. uni-
puncta but again is rather less obese than that insect.

Plate X figs. 1-3: all last instar reared on Dactylis from Fountainstown,
Co. Cork female, Ireland, taken by A. Myers. Drawn 13.x.1975.

Luperina nickerlii Freyer leechi Goater, Leech’s Sandhill Rustic.

The discovery of this fine Cornish subspecies of nickerlii was recorded
by Goater Ent. Gaz., 27, 141. From moths taken in 1975. Mr. Goater sent
me eggs which hatched in mid September. Larvae were given the same
treatment as I had some years before given to L. nickerlii knilli and I
met with similar success in rearing the present insect. The newly hatched
larvae attacked Poa annua stems in a variety of ways, boring into leaf
axils, in groups between leaves pressed together and in groups in the
flower heads. Those in stems ate out the fleshy core and bored their ways
down to the rootstock. Several occupied one stem. The first moult was
passed in late October and the larvae then tunnelled into the solid blanched
lower stem of thicker stems. They came out of hibernation at the end
of February and moulted a month later, after which they began to
construct retreats in the soil. They accepted Poa trivialis in April and
June I fed them up on Dactylis glomerata. In May I noted that whereas
the majority of larvae lived at the roots in their tunnels some still bored
up into the lower blanched stems whence they could be plucked in the
same way that larvae of Photedes morrisii (Dale) and Mesapamea secalis
(L.) can be collected. By 13 June some larvae had passed their last moult,
and most pupae had hardened by 21 July. I noted that the larval tunnel
was very flimsy, being no more than frail silken threads loosely holding
together particles of frass, soil and rootlets. These tunnels led up into
the grass root crown. Larvae were easy to extricate although they would
retreat backwards quickly enough. The moths came out in August. Later
that same year (1976) I received eggs from Messrs. Goater and Skinner,
these being from the cross Cornish leechi X North Wales gueneei; the
eggs proved fertile and larvae followed the familiar life history feeding
on Poa, and produced the hybrid moths in September 1977.

Since my earlier discussion of L. nickerlii (Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist.
Soc., 2, (1968) 65) Mr. H. Michaelis has reviewed the history and status
of guenneei in Britain Ent. Rec. 89, 183 (1977) where he points out the
Bohemian race of nickerlii nickerlii occupies a very different habitat
from that held by gueneei and leechi in Britain. And it seems the terrain
in Ireland frequented by knilli is yet different again. Goater and Skinner
found gueneei to be numerous in isolated colonies in Anglesey and in
the original North Wales coastal location in 1976.

I am pleased to acknowledge my indebtedness to Messrs. Goater and
Skinner in supplying me with eggs of these subspecies. With experience
of rearing from the egg the early stages of guweneei, knilli and leechi
I can record my opinion that knilli differs significantly from the other two,
and that they themselves so similar are as larvae inseparable from festacea.
These are the more constant distinctions: -

Larvae of testacea, leechi, gueneei
weak, poorly developed prothoracic plate, the chitinised band on ring
11 so weak as to be scarcely discernible.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 97

Larva of knilli

broad well developed prothoracic plate, the chitinised band on ring

11 dark grey and heavy with a further broken band on ring 10.
Pupa of testacea, leechi, gueneei

cuticle matt, dulled, ochreous brown.

Pupa of knilli

cuticle shining, glossy chestnut brown.
Larval tube of testacea, leechi gueneei

slight and flimsy.
Larval tube of knilli

very tough and so strongly woven as to be destroyed only with great

difficulty.

It is my belief that knilli may prove to be of separate — species —
status, as De Worms Ent. Gaz. 29, 21 (1978) has already anticipated.
Description of last instar larva of NICKERLII LEECHI

Length 24 mm. Of the same thick squat shape as knilli, with sharp
taper at both ends, swollen fleshy rings the narrowest and smallest of
which are the first and second abdominal. Each ring as broad as long.
Skin, tough, waxy and shining, the body with much transverse folding
and quilting at the sides. Colour, a dusky olive cream, inclined to yellowish
brown at the extremities, with a suggestion of pink flush on the thorax
and again on the last three rings, greenish on the early abdominals.
The dorsal vessel shows clearly through the skin. No hairs visible to the
naked eye. There is little pigmentation, the prothoracic plate and anal
plate being a very weakly coloured pale honey, the prothoracic being
scarcely discernible, the anal however is better differentiated as a double
rimmed structure placed high upon its ring, but it is still only faintly
coloured. The head is large, globular, honey coloured, stained reddish
low down, and it is furnished with a pair of enormous reddish black
mandibles with four coarse teeth each. Spiracles, oval, blackish-rimmed,
with dark brown centres, placed rather forward of centre on their ring;
true legs, small, weakly chitinised and fleshy with one strong claw; prolegs,
tiny with the simplest set of black crochets; anal claspers, large and well
equipped with strong, black crochets.

Plate XI figs. 10-11, all last instar, reared on Poa annua, from female
taken by B. Goater on the Lizard, Cornwall. Drawn 26.vi.1976.

Amphipoea fucosa (Freyer) paludis (Tutt) the Saltern Ear, and Amphipoea
lucens (Freyer) the Large Ear.

Little is yet known of the life histories of the four insects accorded
separate — if sibling — species status. Buckler’s account of finding larvae
Larvae of Brit. Butterflies and Moths, 48-50, Plate 52 figs. 2 (1891) in
June 1878 and which he called nictitans, the old name used at that
time for all four insects, relates to paludis, and this remains the only
recorded instance of larvae of any of the group being found wild. Yet
this account also refers to larvae sent to Buckler in 1862 in August,
a date much too late I would have thought, although the inference is
that Buckler had received another of this group and that he reared nictitans
from it. On 23 July 1979 I was digging out Couch grass in neglected
land in Norfolk when a larva seemingly of this group fell from the grass
roots, thinking I had at last found oculea I reared this larva on Couch
grass roots, only to obtain a diminutive micacea moth, its larva being

98 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

totally without the heavy dusted maroon normally typical of that larva.
In the National Collection of British Lepidoptera (formerly R.C.K. Coll.)
there is a blown larval skin labelled crinanensis found in Iris. I have
long sought larvae of this group, spending much time digging in suitable
terrain at the roots of all manner of potential foodplants, and I have
searched for larvae of other genera in the stems and foots of aquatic
and marginal plants in early summer, not once have I encountered a
larva of any of this group, but then I never examined grasses. My
experience in rearing paludis and lucens confirms Bucklet’s field discoveries
and suggests that no matter in what terrain the moths may occur the
larvae of all four insects would be better be sought at the roots and
rootcrowns of grasses.

The distribution of these four insects in Britain is very uncertain,
published records including as they must indentification not always based
on genitalia study, which itself is by no means as clearcut as one might
hope. All four are recorded from England, Scotland and Wales, with
only paludis so far absent from Ireland.

There are records of all four insects occurring on the same ground, for
example on Lesser Skye and at Newtonmore, Invernesshire, while other
localities may produce but one for example Jucens only from Orkneys
and Colonsay, or oculea only from Mull. In England crinanensis has,
with sole exception of Devon, been reported only from the north, and
from the Scilly Isles I can find reference only to oculea. From published
records there seems to be no justification for the belief that crinanensis
and lucens could be the northern counterparts of oculea and paludis,
and so no reason why all four should not co-exist in some parts of their
extensive territory as long as their separate breeding status is accepted.

We badly need the evidence of the early stages to corroborate or
challenge our currently held concept of these insects which is based
entirely on the form of genitalia of the moths. The larvae discussed in
this paper — paludis and lucens — are indeed so very similar in structure,
pattern and habitats that anyone who argued them to be the same species
would have substance in his case.

Captive moths are unfortunately very reluctant to lay eggs in captivity,
the two insects described here having laid between tightly adpressed grass
blades. But once eggs were obtained they proved very easy to Tear.
Neither showed interest in leaves or stems of dock or Iris, instead they
folowed a mode of life shared by Luperina and Apamea namely to feed
internally only during the early instars. The eggs hatch in late April or
May and the tiny larvae feeding on Poa annua may at this stage eat
either the leaf cuticle, bore inside a stem, or live together in the flower
head. Later they eat out the core of larger grass stems. After the second
moult they move to the roots where they construct silken retreats. Older
larvae spin closely woven silken tubes, but those of /ucens lived freely
and openly amongst the roots without silk, they simply pressed out a
chamber or cell.

History of A. LUCENS

Eggs hatched 24.iv.1975.

Larvae, cylindrical, with little taper, ochreous grey with dorsal vessel
evident, anteriorly pinkish, subsequently dark purplish. Head, large,
rounded, light reddish; a large semicircular prothoracic plate, ochreous,

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 99

grey edged posteriorly, and speckled dark brown, finely divided behind.
All legs well developed including anal claspers. Larvae, very active and
able to climb easily, dropping by a silk thread when disturbed. The first
instar lasted 15 days. Affter the first moult the prothoracic plate is edged
in front by conspicuous black dots and a black lateral streak. There
are broad subdorsal lines, broken supraspiracular bands all dark purplish
maroon. This pattern was followed in succeeding instars and there were
four moults in all.

Description of fifth (last) instar of A. LUCENS

Length 28 mm. Body, broadly cylindrical; taper, only at anal end.
Skin, thin and shining through which the dorsal vessel clearly pulsates.
Body colour, dull pinkish cream tinged slate blue on the thorax and
first two abdominal rings. Few tiny hairs. Warts, small and inconspicu-
ous except on thorax and last three abdominal rings.

Ornamentation consists of weak pale pinkish broad subdorsal bands
that become fainter as the larva matures so that they comprise barely
a shadow on the later abdominal rings at full growth. The bands begin
narrow on the mesothorax gradually growing broader until the 6th and
7th abdominals after which they taper again to the anal plate, on the
9th ring they carry the conspicuous black dorsal warts. The bands are
better defined at the lower edge, above they shade imperceptibly into
the ground colour. There follows a fine crinkled lateral stripe of the
same colour which is gently undulating as it follows the curvature of
each ring. Surrounding each abdominal spiracle is a patch of the same
pinky colour which is thrown into great prominence by the black warts
associated with the spiracle.

Head, warm reddish, shining; mouthparts, darker. Thoracic plate, large,
greyish, shining, strongly edged black in front and with two, large black
spots there that give a scalloped appearance, and edged finely in black
elsewhere, semicircular, two small dots also at the posterior edge, the
plate narrowly divided by a pale line and displaying a deep transverse
crease. Anal plate similarly edged in black, and preceded on the ad-
joining ring by a bold short narrow black strip with four large black
warts in front. True legs and prolegs creamy grey. Spiracles large, black,
oval.

Plate XII figs. 1: second instar, 2: fourth instar, 3 and 4: last instar,
5: last instar at full growth.
Reared on Poa annua from female Scorrodale, Orphir, Orkney.
I. Lorimer. Drawn 21.vi.1975. The female was determined
by genitalia.

Description of last instar larva of A. PALUDIS

Although Buckler’s account is good I give this additional description
from moths determined by genitalia examination.

Length to 28 mm. The same pattern and structure as lucens. Body
colour, drab olive grey inclined to greenish depending on the movement
and contortion of the larva. Subdorsal bands, broad, maroon, as wide
as the belt of body ground-colour between them. Spiracular band, a
series of undulating loops of dusky grey tinged maroon. On the abdominal
rings, a fine wavy maroon line between the subdorsals and the spiracular,
stronger coloured towards the anal end. Head, globular, ginger, shining;
mouthparts, darker; prothoracic plate, large, shining, marked exactly as

100 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

in lucens, anal plate also as that insect, and with the same warts

intensified and chitin strip on preceding ring. Spiracles black and oval

and attended by similar clump of black warts as in lucens. True legs

and prolegs also as that insect.

Plate XI figs. 6 and 7 fourth instar, 8 and 9 fifth instar. Reared on
Poa annua from a female, Hayling Island, Hants. Drawn
11.vi.1956.

Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fab.) The Silurian.

Dr. Neil Horton’s original discovery of this delightful addition to the
British fauna was announced by Heath and Horton Ent. Gaz. 24, 21-9-22
(1973) and Dr. Horton’s work subsequently confirmed the species to be
resident and to share the habit, long known from abroad of flying
by day as well as by night. The reference to imbecilla in Wood Index
Entomologicus 1839 has been well argued by Bretherton to be speculative,
and the insect unknown in Britain until Dr. Horton’s first capture.

The species has been reared from the egg by Mr. Goater, who described
the early stages and full grown larva in Ent. Gaz. 29, 107 (1978), and it
was from the inbred second generation of this origin that he kindly sent
me larvae from which the figures and following description were made.
I received them on 12.xii.1977 and they fed on lettuce, spinach and
withered dandelion. They ate large holes in the leaves between the veins
and chewed also into the midrib. Frass was black and squashy. They
hid away in folds of paper and were sluggish but deliberate in movement,
but became agitated and active when placed in the light.

Description of last instar larva.

Length to 26 mm. Body, cylindrical and plump, the dorsum flattened

with marked taper on the thorax and from the 7th abdominal ring.
Mid abdominal rings, one and half times broad as long. Head, yellowish
brown, rather narrower than the prothorax, weakly marked by a short
dark bar above each lobe, mouthparts darker. Prothoracic plate, ochreous
brown, squared, crossed by clearly marked white dorsal and weaker sub-
dorsal lines. Anal plate, weakly chitinised, longer than broad, yellowish
with broad paler subdorsals and but the weakest trace of a dorsal line.
True legs, small, ochreous; prolegs and anal claspers small, poorly
developed crochets of greyish ochreous. Skin, soft and matt, nowhere
shining or reflecting light, hairs soft, short and sparse except on later
abdominal rings.

Body-colour, a warm pinky brown along the dorsum, tinged cinnamon,
rust or ginger orange, even greenish ochreous in the region of the sub-
dorsals. A conspicuous series of well-formed dorsal dark brown lozenges,
more uniformly coloured in early instars and for a short while after the
last moult, thereafter as the skin is stretched the markings become
diffused with paler ground colour and less sharply contrasted. The lozenges
are most often in the form of diamonds when they reach nearly to the
subdorsals, but they can take the form of barrel-shaped ovals; these
lozenges are linked at the ring divisions by a blackish bridge, this being
a thickening of the darkened edges of a pale dorsal stripey.and this is
more easily traced in the mature larva. On the later abdominals the dorsal
pattern is more sharply defined while on the thorax it is still discernible
but somewhat lost into the darker suffused ground colour. Subdorsal
lines of palest ground colour, a broken whitish stripe on the thorax, but
throughout the abdomen indicated only by the fine sinuous dark brown

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 101

line at its upper edge, and to each side of the ring division, more boldly
by a deep black streak at the centre of each ring below. These black
streaks are contained in a broad greyish band, flecked and streaked
darker, and below this there follows a still broader greyish similar band.
Next a broad wavy subspiracular band, basically a pale stone colour, but
much suffused dark pink or brown and sharply bounded at its upper
edge by a fine dark line that is boldest at the centre of each ring. The
larva beneath is rich rosy pink. Spiracles, small jet black ovals, paler
centred, set on a whitish patch of skin centrally in the abdominal rings
at the very upper edge of the subspiracular band. The lateral warts
adjoining them are flattened, tiny, dark grey and shining, the dorsal
trapezoidals being similar but set on pale uncoloured skin.

Eriopygodes imbecilla differs from the Mythimna (Leucania) type larva
in the following ways: -

1. In Mythimna the subdorsal black streaks are situated within the lines
of the stripe, often obliterating the paler ground colour. In Eriopygodes
the dark streaks are placed clearly below the subdorsal line. Eriopygodes
and Hoplodrina (formerly Caradrina) appear to be alone in having
this arrangement.

2. The body shape of Eriopygodes is much more tapered than is
Mythimna.

3. Eriopygodes head capsule is flatter, much less globular, and smaller
than the prothorax.

4. Eriopygodes anal claspers and prolegs are much smaller and weaker.
5. Eriopygodes skin texture is softer and more rugose.

6. Eriopygodes anal plate is weaker chitinised and poorer marked.

Eriopygodes imbecilla differs from Mythimna turca in most of those
points but in addition turca has no subdorsal streaks at all. The dark
intersegmental bridges that link the dorsal lozenges are present in a
number of other widely separated genera viz. Amathes, Polia and Anarta
to name but a few, but they are not present in Mythimna (Leucania)
whereas they are a feature of Mythimna turca.

Plate X figs. 4-6 all last instar, on dandelion and lettuce, from a South
Monmouthshire ,female taken by B. Goater and reared by him.
28.xii.1977.

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Golden twin-spot.

The Plusia migrants to Britain include both very common, regular
Visitors and also some of the rarest, and C. chalcites is one of the
outstanding scarcer vagrants. Mr. D. R. Stephenson found a female in
his M.V. trap on the night of 8.x.1979 at his home in Cowbridge, South
Glamorgan, and with commendable courage kept the moth for eggs.
He was rewarded with over one hundred laid that night and they hatched
ten days later. After the first instar the young larvae showed their
characteristic black true legs and lateral warts. Mr. Stephenson most
kindly sent me five larvae in the third instar. They fed voraciously on
stinging nettle at indoor room-temperatures and spun their typical Plusiid
silken cocoons on 14 November. The earliest to complete pupation did
so within 24 hours and became totally black a short while after. Moths
emerged on November 27 and 28.

102 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

Description of last instar larva

Body colour a pale yellow green with yellow intersegmental folds. A
narrow dorsal line from head to anus that dilates as the dark dorsal
vessel pulses. There are three fine wriggling lines to each side, the middle
broader and all irregular in outline. Next a broad dark green supra-
spiracular band edged below by a bold white line. Head, pale unicolorous
glassy green edged by a narrow black streak. Ocelli and warts, jet black;
spiracles, cream, oval, situated within the white stripe on the thorax,
on abdominal rings 1-3 and again on the humped 8th. Warts, whitish
except for the laterals which are larger, jet black, and placed in the
dark green supraspiracular band. Prothoracic plate, weakly chitinised pale
green mottled whitish, the prothoracic spiracle preceded by the largest
of all the black warts.(*) Anal plate, green also mottled whitish. Prolegs
on abdominal rings 5 and 6, fleshy, translucent, sometimes with black
shading at the base of the third pair.

This larva belongs to the smaller and more slender gamma form of the
tribe that have the row of conspicuous black lateral warts; they are less
obese, less rugose and more simply striped than the chryson/chrystis form.
If encountered wild, it would be passed over as gamma.

I am pleased to record my indebtedness to Mr. Stephenson for sending
these larvae.

Plate XII fig. 9 third instar; 10-12, all last instar reared on stinging
nettle from female taken at Cowbridge, S. Glamorgan by
D. R. Stephenson. Drawn 4.xi.1979 and 9.xi.1979.

The genus Epirrita

Of the four British insects of this genus, the larva of filigrammaria
(Herrich-Schaffer) is the most readily separable at full growth; the illus-
tration in Buckler Vol. 8 plate 147 fig. 8 adequately conveys its more
usual appearance. Larvae of the other species while displaying parallel
variation are frequently more highly patterned, and although when
reared in quantity from parents of known identity individual differences
can be made out, these same distinctions are rarely put to the test
against moths reared from wild collected larvae.

Louis Prout (in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, 4, 194-7) as far
back as 1912 summarised the food preferences of the three insects thus
— christyi (Allen) from beech and elm, dilutata (D. and Schf.) on oak
and hawthorn, autumnata (Borkh.) on birch and alder, although other
plants were eaten by each of them. So much interest was shown in the
group in succeeding years that Prout was able to expand greatly the
information on the moths available in 1934 (Seitz Supplement 4, 96-97)
but the only additional data on larvae derived from Heslop who associated
red-brown christyi with wych elm, purplish dilutata with oak, and green
dilutata with ash; Heslop suggested that individual colonies showed
significant distinction not only in adult apparance but also in the food
preference of larvae. So the question of whether recorded host plants
had any local significance or particular larval association remained largely
unanswered.

(*) Larvae of this species-group reared in Bagdad from ova agreed with the
above, but those found in the wild were often less black-marked, the lateral
setae not being black. (Editor).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SoOc., 1980 103

For the past ten years Dr. M. Harper has been investigating this very
problem of food preference in dilutata and christyi where they occur
together in Herefordshire. Dr. Harper’s work appears in this issue of
the Proceedings of this Society, but he has most kindly allowed me the
benefit of reading his manuscript so that his results may be included
in the paper. Dr. Harper studied four different yet adjacent habitats and
found christyi larvae more numerous than dilutata in the woodland habitat,
and that the roles were reversed in open country. He found christyi and
dilutata shared a number of host plants with the former more numerous
on birch, hawthorn and hazel in the woodland, and dilutata more numerous
on oak in all situations. In this locality only christyi was found on beech,
blackthorn and wych elm. One of Dr. Harper’s most fascinating discoveries
was that the frequencies of these two species on oak and hawthorn
changed in relation to the distance from the wood, dilutata becoming
the most dominant in highly cultivated arable land where close and
regular hedge trimming was done. A similar result was obtained in grazed
parkland, so it is possible that outside its preferred woodland habitat,
christyi has the habit of laying its eggs lower on its host plant and thereby
suffering a higher egg and larval mortality in open country than dilutata
which may utilise a wider range of elevation.

I agree with Prout and Cockayne (Amatuer Entomologist 1941, 5, 29)
that the larva of dilutata is more bright and velvety green with usually
a sharper marked dorsal pattern of deep red or purple, and with
Cockayne’s diagnosis of christyi as having dulled or smoky markings.
Also both appear correct in describing autumnata as paler green and
with its dorsal markings much more restricted, often quite absent.

Epirrita christyi (Allen) Pale November moth
Description of last instar larva

Length to 20 mm. Colour a weak yellow-green on the dorsum, much
shaded with warm reddish brown and commonly with this colour spread
across the posterior subsegment of all abdominal rings. The thorax is
shaded with darker blue-green and brown and the last three abdominal
rings are often coloured dark-brown. Abdominal rings shaded darker at
the divisions and with fine narrow yellow fold at the posterior edge.
The dorsal line is weak and broken on the thorax but continuous from
the first abdominal until the penultimate ring. There is a faint crinkled
continuous subdorsal line of yellow-green and another slightly bolder
similar line between the subdorsal and the subspiracular band, which
itself is snowy white and runs unbroken from the very rim of the prothorax
right on to the anal flap, being bolder and rather broader on the thorax
and again on abdominal rings 7 and 8. Beneath the skin is a powdery
white faintly tinged cobalt.

Prothoracic plate, weakly chitinised, pinky brown, studded with whitish
warts; anal plate, heart-shaped, pinky brown, bearing warts of the same
colour. Head, ochreous or yellow-green, weakly lobed, bearing weak
mottling above in the stronger marked forms, ocelli black, mouthparts
dark brown. True legs, yellow-green; prolegs, either pale green or pink;
anal claspers, always pinky brown. Spiracles, orange, finely bordered in
black, oval, situated clear above the white subspiracular band. Warts,
dull white, conspicuous, each bearing a fine short bristle.

Although variable in pattern and somewhat in the shade of green, this
larva is commonly a heavily shaded red-brown with the pattern obscure

104 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

and gently suffused into the green so that even in the simplest marked
individuals there is no stark pattern of well defined markings as is usual
in dilutata. Instead the general appearance of christyi is of a soft terra-
cotta larva with bold white subspiracular bands. In the least marked and
unmarked forms the ground colour appears much tinged with yellow,
not emerald or bright green.

Plate XIII figs. 1-7, all last instar, reared inbred from parent female
taken at Ranmore Common, Surrey, by B. Skinner. Reared
on hornbeam, 25.iv.1972.

Epirrita dilutata (Denis and Schiffermiiller) November moth
Description of last instar larva

Ground colour, a rich velvety green, the rings edged weakly pale green
to yellow at the divisions. Dorsal stripe, much broken, consisting of a
series of strong streaks, one to each ring, continuous on thorax and on
last three rings. Fine, wavy subdorsals and another line between them
and the (subspiracular), appear as translucent white, and although very
faint at the extremities all these lines can be traced from prothorax to
anal flap. Subspiracular band white, bolder and broader on the thorax
and last three rings. The pattern varies from no more than a series of
short transverse streaks crossing the dorsal stripe through increased dorsal
shading, that extends as a lateral network surrounding the spiracles and
appears as a narrow edge to the subspiracular band. Ultimately the whole
body may be uniformly darkened except for the pale ring divisions. On
the thorax the pattern may assume the character of a broad transverse
band streaked with green; on the last three rings it again assumes a richer
and stronger hue. The colour of this variable pattern may be plum,
maroon or claret, or rich dark brown touched with crimson. The body
tubercles stand out white on this background. Beneath, the body is
inclined to cobalt or blueish white. Prothoracic plate weak, a mosaic of
marbled brown and green, anal flap pale brown. Spiracles golden, oval,
anal claspers pale green shaded pinky brown.

Completely plain green forms are common with the white subspiracular
band showing as boldly as in other forms, Buckler’s figures in Vol. 7
(plate 126, fig. 4) are not a good set, for figs. 4a, 4b instead indicate
autumnata; and the later drawings (Vol. 8 plate 147, fig. 6) better represent
the simpler marked form of dilutata.

Plate XIII figs. 8-11, all last instar, reared ex female Tilford, Surrey,
on hornbeam, 30.iv.1971 figs. 12-15, all last instar, reared ex
female Leith Hill, Surrey, on oak 23.iv.1971.

Epirrita autumnata (Borkh.) Autumnal moth
Description of last instar larva

Although the green body colour is variable it is more frequently pale
cobalt with prominent whitish pallor than the other two insects, and
except just after the last moult rarely assumes a yellow tinge. It is a
more delicately coloured and discreetly marked larva. The brown pattern
is lighter etched and usually rose or pale sienna, but can be sharply
rust, but it is always neat and cleanly defined. An infrequent form has
only the dorsal line and the lateral flange tinged brown plus some shading
at the thorax and penultimate ring. The heaviest marked examples
display broader suffused brown dorsal patches, still clearly defined and
well separated, and not at all spread as in the other species. Ventrally,

Plate X
PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 ;

1-3. Mythimna loreyi (Dup.)
4-6 Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fab.)

7

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7 a: i) weey 2s
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' = oF D —s £ 7
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PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 Plate XI

1-5 Amphipoea lucens (Freyer)
6-9 Amphipoea paludis (Tutt)
10-11 Luperina nickerlii (Freyer) leechi (Goater)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 Plate XII

1-5 Epirrita autumnata (Borkh.)
6-8 Chloroclystis chloerata (Mabille)
9-12 Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper.)

bs Pu —-
= 4 ¢
»

ot Wil a0) oe NST tees

colttd Ades ahirew gl eo Gee
ee Pe oe

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 Plate XIII

1-7 Fpirrita christyvi (Allen)
8-15 Epirrita dilutata (Denis and Schiffermiiller)

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 105

the body is constantly milky white tinged cobalt. The white lateral
subspiraculars are as conspicuous as in the other two insects.

Buckler’s figures Vol. 8 plate 147 fig. 7 show the unicolorous green
form with enlarged drawings showing a strong dorsal stripe broken only
at the ring divisions, wheras all those examples I have reared had the
stripe broken into short streaks common to all three species.

Plate XII figs. 1-5 all last instar, reared ex female Bramley, Surrey,
by R. Bretherton, reared on hawthorn 12.v.1974.

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille. The Sloe Pug.

Mr. Pelham-Clinton’s discovery of this larva in 1971 (Ent. Gaz. 23, 151)
was followed by a spate of records that continue to this day to extend the
known distribution in Britain. The south-eastern territory seems to reach
no further west than Gloucestershire, but northwards the larva has been
found in Westmoreland and Lancashire in the west and in Yorkshire
and Lincolnshire in the east.

The optimum habitat is undisturbed, long established blackthorn thickets
where there is shelter within; for exposed, isolated and small clumps
usually prove to be untenanted, as do trimmed hedges and low-grown
beating blossom that is faded and dropping. The pupa is also of short
period from expanding flower-bud to petal-fall; it is rarely any good
beating blossom thot is faded and dropping. The pupa is also of short
duration but the egg lasts from June until the following spring. The
larva rests most commonly with its front parts buried into the receptacle
of a flower, or else spun in a loose web of flowers and curled within.
Description of last instar larva

Length to 10 mm. when fully extended. Shape broadly cylindrical,
rather stubby with sharp taper to the diminished last three rings, the
thorax but slightly narrower than the rest of the body, the head held
well into it at most times giving the general appearance of a weevil grub
especially in its curled position at rest with all legs hidden, Lateral fleshy
cushions are well developed on all rings and especially on the abdomen.
Body colour ranges from whitish blue to lime or weak citrus, always
pallid, the fleshy but transversely wrinkled skin rather translucent and
displaying light patterns depending how the body is contorted. There is
a weakly expressed mediodorsal stripe of dull grey-green visible on all
rings, but bolder on the thorax and first four abdominals, and on these
rings it may be coloured a rich maroon. Some larvae show thin transverse
streaks of maroon at the thorax. The maroon markings appear again as
short vivid splashes on the very anterior parts of the penultimate two
rings. There is the impression of a dull grey-green lateral band running
the length of the body just above the lateral cushions.

Head, pale brown with darker mouthparts and more dark mottling on
the sides of the lobes. True legs and claspers, greenish, the anal claspers
of red-marked larvae bear a bright longitudinal maroon streak. Anal
plate, with fine dark speckles. The tiny round spiracles are buff coloured
and the minute tubercles are black and support the finest and shortest
of bristles. Prothoracic plate well developed, pale brown.

Plate XII figs. 6-8 all last instar on blackthorn flowers, Lissington,
Lincs. 26.iv.1975.

106 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

OBSERVATIONS ON EPIRRITA DILUTATA (DENIS, & SCHIFFER-
MULLER) AND EPIRRITA CHRISTYI (ALLEN) (LEP., GEOMETRI-
DAE.) IN HEREFORDSHIRE.

(with six text figures and two tables)
by M. W. Harper
(Cherry Orchard,Bullen, Ledbury, Herefordshire)

INTRODUCTION

All four species of the genus Epirrita Hiibner occur in Herefordshire,
although only E. dilutata and E. christyi occur near Ledbury in the eastern
half of the county. E. autumnata (Borkhausen) is found along the margins
of the Malvern hills and locally in other areas in the county closely
associated with birch or alder woodland. It has been recorded occasionally
from the area under study, presumably wanderers from nearby breeding
colonies. E. filigrammaria (Herrich-Schfaffer) is restricted to the highground
above 1500 feet on the extreme western fringe of the county, the larva
feeding on Calluna vulgaris.

Since the original description of E. christyi as a separate species in
1911, J. E. R. Allen described the macroscopic and genitalic features of
this critical species. He also described the habitat where this species had
been found locally amongst beech and elm in Ireland. Larvae were found
feeding on the foliage of these trees and occasionally on alder, birch,
and sallow. My own experience in south-east England, suggested that
E. dilutata was widely distributed and common in deciduous woodlands
and farmland, while E. christyi was more localised, usually to beech
dominated woodland. Certainly in Herefordshire this is not the case,
where the latter species is to be found flying in many deciduous woodlands
with a very varied and mixed number of species in the shrub and canopy
layers. In view of the fact that both are successful species in this area,
it seemed a good opportunity to try to assess a few simple aspects of their
ecology to pabula and biotype preferences and also flight periods.

In attempting any study of this genus and especially E. dilutata and
E. christyi, the macroscopic features which separate the imagines and
larvae should be clearly definable and reliable under field conditions.
Unfortunately this is not so and in my experience the larvae cannot be
clearly distinguished at any stage of development, even in the final instar.
J. W. Heslop Harrison however, while working on the two species in
Northumberland, found the predominantly reddish brown larvae to be
E. christyi, while the purple forms belonged to E. dilutata. In Hereford-
shire the predominant form in both species is green, while both can
produce forms with variable red segmental and intersegmental markings.
The colour tone in E£. dilutata is an intense grass green which differs
from the lighter green of E. christyi. However I feel that these marginal
characters are not sufficiently reliable for accurate identification.

The determination of the imagines is fortunately possible on macro-
scopic grounds but the criteria for separation are critical. It is not
intended to describe these in any detail but the following points may help
to distinguish them. The wingspan of E. christyi is on average smaller
than E. dilutata while the apico-tornal or outer marginal distance of the
forewing is the same for both species. As a result the former appears
to have a relatively broader forewing which contrasts well with the latter
in profile of both set specimens or those seen at rest in the wild. The
post-median fascia of the forewing of E. christyi is angled around the

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 107

cell spot while in E. dilutata the fascia runs straighter to the costa often
touching the cell spot. The slight ochreous tinting and glossier appearance
in the former further help to distinguish the species. In this area, only
E. christyi produces a melanic form referable to ab. oblita Allen. With a
little experience the criteria mentioned form a reliable basis for species
identification in the field. Only an occasional male moth required critical
examination and this was achieved by examining the position of the
octavals on the ventral aspect of the eighth abdominal segment.
METHOD

The following studies were attempted: — (1) Flight periods of the two
species. (2) Pabula and biotype observations.
(1) Flight periods

Nightly counts were made, starting just before the imaginal emergence
of the two species in early October and continued throughout November
and into early December. All moths were examined at the lighted windows
of my house (see Fig. 1 Area E), situated on the north-western tip of
Dog Hill wood and also on the edge of the town’s suburbs. They were
collected at midnight, identified and released on site. Mercury vapour
light trapping was not used. The counts were continued for three years
1971-1973.

Fig.1. Sketch map of area in which Epirrita spp. were studied. Solid black:
Ledbury town. Dotted area: deciduous or coniferous woodland. Oblique
lines: study areas:— A: Dog Hill wood and Frith Wood. B: Bradlow
farm. C: Eastnor Park (maximum extent of park is indicated by a line
enclosing a whit area. D: Hall house farm.

108 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

(2) Pabula & biotypes

Initially I was interested in the possible differences that might exist
in the larval foodplants for the two species within one biotype (viz.
deciduous woodland) but a far more complete picture can be achieved by
including other habitats. albeit ‘“‘man influenced’? and consequently less
natural than these woodlands. These were: —

Area (A) Dog Hill & Frith Woods (deciduous woodland).
Area (B) Bradlow Farm (old farmland hedgrows).

Area (C) Eastnor Park (deer grazed parkland).

Area (D) Hall House Farm (highly cultivated farmland).

Area (A). Comprises the whole of Dog Hill wood and the southern
end of Frith wood. The northern end of Frith wood has been felled
during the last 10-12 years and replanted with conifers, and was not
included in the study. Both woods are contiguous, separated by 500 yards
of farmland, and follow the same Silurian limestone outcrop. The 31
species of trees, shrubs and climbing plants that occur here are shown
in Table (2), together with their approximate relative abundance. This
demonstrates the wide diversity of plant species found, contrasting with
the situation in Areas (B & C) where only four and six species respect-
ively are found. Oak, ash, birch, gean, sycamore, and large leaved sallow
are the commoner canopy trees while the shrub layer is dominated by
hazel and hawthorn. Wych elm and also common elm, having suffered
the ravages of Dutch elm disease in the early 1970’s, have been virtually
exterminated from the two woods by 1974 and persist only as isolated
coppice remnants. Dog Hill wood was thinned in 1976 without any clear
felling.

Area (B) comprises a small area of farmland separating the two woods
in Area (A). It contains an old uncut hawthorn hedgerow, and a single
mature oak. Apart from a little blackberry and rose, this hedgerow runs
the full 500 yards between the woods and is only lightly grazed by cattle.

Area (C) forms the centre of Eastnor Park. The principal vegetation is
composed of mature oak (mostly Q. petraea) and hawthorn, either in
isolation or in small stands. Red deer graze the hawthorns as well as
the lower branches of the oaks. Natural regeneration is scarce although
there is a fair amount of bracken ground cover. The only other trees
are a few mature yews and ash. The park is surrounded by farmland
and also by dense deciduous woodland similar to area (A), while to the
east the western slopes of the southern Malvern hills come to within a
mile of the park.

Area (D). Hall House Farm is composed of 200 acres of highly culti-
vated farmland where the main crops are wheat and barley. There are
no grazing animals and a small apple orchard has been retained in one
part of the farm. 70-80% of the hedgerows are subjected to modern
mechanical hedgeclipping techniques and are consequently of short stature,
about 4 feet high. Trimming takes place in November and December
and less often after harvesting in September. Taller unclipped hedgerows
persist along ditches and a small stream that runs through the farm.
The hedgerow species are listed in Table 2, while oak, ash, and white
willow occur as mature trees in a few places. Insecticide spraying by
aeroplane usually takes place once a year in late June against Aphis.
Fortunately this occurs after the full-fed larvae have left their foodplants
at the end of May to pupate below ground.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 109

This project took ten years to complete from 1969-1979, partly due to
the numerous larval samples, all of which were bred through to the
adult moths, that were collected or searched for from all the plant species
mentioned in all four biotypes. Furthermore samples were taken every
second or third year for each proven pabulum in the four areas. Although
these samples were small it was hoped that by spreading these over a ten
year period, errors due seasonal population fluctuations would be
minimised. Larvae were collected by tapping the foodplant onto a beating
tray, and care was taken to beat only one species at any session avoiding
any intertwining of other plants. 7-8 hours were devoted to each plant
species so that an approximate quantitative comparison could be made
for the samples. A constant 45%-55% mortality rate existed for all
samples, so that half the larvae produced imagines. These were identified
and released away from the study areas.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

(1) Flight periods

The nightly counts for both species of Epirrita for the three successive
years 1971, 1972, and 1973 are shown as histograms in Figs 2-4 inclusive.
These demonstrate an earlier emergence of E. dilutata, ranging from 7-12
days before E. christyi starts, while the former species also reaches peak
flying numbers before the latter. The total numbers for both recorded in
1972 & 1973 were approximately equal. In 1971 however, the population
of E. christyi rose to over twice the numbers of E. dilutata (217: 100)
as shown in Fig. 2. This histogram shows a prolonged flight period for
the former species, probably due to an increased survival with stragglers
being recorded into December.
(2) Pabula and biotypes

The four study areas A-D are shown on the map (Fig. 1.). All these
areas are within two miles of each other. The tree and shrub species in
all four biotypes are shown on Table 2, totalling 32 in all. No less than
31 of those occur in the woodland (Area A). Groups (3 & 4) show these
species which are apparently unacceptable pabula to the genusEpirrita.
Many of these and especially those in Group (4) (Non-deciduous spp) are
to be expected. Common trees such as ash, gean, and large leaved sallow
are unacceptable, as are the common shrubs and climbers e.g. rose,
blackberry, elder, broom, dogwood etc. It is remarkable that large leaved
sallow (Salix caprea) is apparently unacceptable in this area. I have seen
larvae of the genus on this undoubted foodplant in other parts of
Britain and P. B. M. Allan states that no less than three species
(E. dilutata, christyi, & autumnata) feed on Salix. I have bred E. dilutata
from white willow (S. alba) in other parts of Herefordshire but failed to
find it on the few mature trees in Area (D). Group (2) viz. gean, privet
and dog rose are the plants on which only single larvae were found.
Only one larva continued to feed on gean producing a single E. christyi
while the others failed to feed, suggesting inadvertent larval dispersal.

The regular pabula are shown on Table 2, group (1). Beech, blackthorn,
common elm, and aspen were rare in Area (A) and I was unable to
devote the full eight hours fieldwork, even by spreading the samples to
an annual count. Aspen was so scarce that only a few accessable small
saplings were available for search and I failed to breed through these
few larvae which were however undoubtedly feeding on this foodplant.
Elm and wych elm had virtually disappeared by 1974.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

110

(1) E.AUTUMNATA

SGqALOIG YNOT AHL NIHDIM SLNVId@OOd WOU CHUA SHLON HAO SHHAWNN

» Naddsy

T dTdvad

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 11]

FIG. 2.
FLIGHT PERIOD OF EPIRRITA DILUTATA & CHRISTYI IN 3 SUCCESSIVE YEARS

NUMBERS OF MOTHS

10 20 30 10 20 30
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
DAYS —————

The sample frequencies of the two species bred from foodplants within
the four biotypes are shown on Table 1. E. dilutata was reared from
eight out of a possible twelve pabula, while E. christyi was bred from
eleven. The more important of these from woodland (Area A) are shown
on Fig. 5. This histogram demonstrates the numerical preponderance of
E. christyi for most of the foodplants mentioned in this biotype. The
largest samples were bred from hazel (53), while hawthorn and _ birch
produced samples of 34 & 27 respectively. Other species such as blackthorn,
wych elm, and small leaved lime with small samples still show this trend.
The exception is oak (Quercus spp.) where this preponderance is reversed
in favour of E. dulutata (23) to E. christyi (5). Area (B) (Bradlow Farm)
which separates the two woods (Area A) produced a small sample of
the former species from the solitary oak (6). The tall hawthorn hedgerow
was sampled along its middle section omitting the 50 yards of hedgerow
adjacent to the two woods. Here the sampling results were in favour of
E. dilutata (22) to E. christyi (12).

The more isolated hawthorns of Eastnor Park (Area C), at least 300
yards from woodland, showed a reduction in E. christyi numbers (3) to
those of E. dilutata (15). The latter was the only species reared from
samples from oak (16). In Area (D) (Hall House Farm) the hedgerow
vegetation. is even further away from the nearest deciduous woodland
(800 yds.) £. dilutata once again is the only-species reared from oak

112 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SoOc., 1980

samples (23), while the tall unclipped hawthorn hedgerows produced an
even more pronounced swing to E. dilutata (40), with only (2) E. christyi.
These oak and hawthorn results are shown on Fig. 6 as histograms together
with the samples taken for hazel and maple from just two areas (A & D).
Although the samples are small, the results do indicate that both species
are polyphagous especially within their preferred environment. E. christyi
appears to dominate close canopy deciduous woodland, where the preferred

NUMBERS OF MOTHS

UTLOLIO

>
G

==} = SAYa
O€

OT
SUVA AAISSAHOONS €NI IAGSIYHO % VIVINTIGC VLINNIda dO GOIWad THDITA
Gold

YAANAAON

0¢

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOc., 1980 113

FIG.4.,
FLIGHT PERIOD OF EPIRRITA DILUTATA & CHRISTYL IN 3 SUCCESSIVE YEARS

NUMBERS OF MOTHS

10 e
OCTOBER NOVEMBER
DAYG. ——— a

EPIRRITA DILUTATA [J EPIRRITA CHRISTYI [ees 2]

FIG.S.

HISTOGRAM TO SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OF EPIRRITA DILUTATA
AND CHRISTYI TO THE*COMMONER PABULA IN WOODLAND (Area A)

OAK 2 BIRCH

NUMBERS OF MOTHS ——p—

114 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

FIG. 6.

HISTOGRAMS TO SHOW SPECIES/BIOTYPE RELATIONSHIP TO
FOUR PLANT SPECIES

OAK HAWTHORN HAZEL MAPLE
(Quercus spp.) (Crataegus) (Corylus) (Acer campestre)

50
AREA 40
(A)

DOG HILL 30

wooD
FRITH wooD20

NUMBERS OF MOTHS ———— —————__ i

10
30
RR
AREA 45
(B)
BRADLOW 10
FARM
AREA 20
(e)-B +5
EASTNOR
PARK
40
arEA °°
(D) 20
HALL HOUSE
FARM 10

EPIRRITA DILUTATA [__] EPIRRITA CHRISTYI 9

t0C. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980
TABLE 2
A B Cc
GROUP (1)
EECH (Fagus sylvatica) =
[RCH (Betula pendula & pubescens) ==>
LACKTHORN (Prunus spinosa) =
OMMON ELM (Ulmus procera) >
TYCH ELM (Ulmus glabra) +
‘AWTHORN (Crataegus monogyna) ASPEN ASES StS
‘AZEL (Corylus avellana) 49%
OMMON MAPLE (Acer campestre) a"
YCAMORE (Acer pseudoplatanus) ate
MALL LEAVED LIME (Tilia cordata) =
‘AK (Quercus robur & petraea) Fee Le duns
SPEN (Populus tremula) *
GROUP (2)
EAN (Prunus avium) +48
RIVET (Ligustrium vulgare) +*
OG ROSE (Rosa canina) +* * *
GROUP (3)
SH (Fraxinus excelsior) isa 5
7HITE WILLOW (Salix alba)
LACKBERRY (Rubus fruticosus) - =
‘(OGWOOD (Thelycrania sanguinea) sit
ROOM (Sarothamnus scoparius) +*
WEET CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa) 4%
LACK CURRANT ((Ribes nigrum) -
LDER (Sambucus nigra) =te
'ONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera periclymenum) aa
RAVELLER’S JOY (Clematis vitalba) sd
?INDLE (Euonymus europaeus) _
ARGE LEAVED SALLOW (Salix caprea) aaa
GROUP (4)
AUREL (Aucuba spp.) de:
2>URGE LAUREL (Daphne laureola) 7
OLLY (lex aquifolium) sis
EW (Taxus baccata) *e *
TY (Hedera helix) +7 * *

TABLE TO DEMONSTRATE THE TREE & SHRUB SPECIES
WITHIN THE FOUR STUDY AREAS
rea (A) Doghill & Frith Woods Area (D) Hall House Farm

rea (B) Bradlow Farm Area (C) Eastnor Park
The approximate frequency of species is indicated: —

PUPIMOM artes estat recence dag MNGUU =O LLTET I Ba a Sa ae

PEMPISCNIs cd cates eereeccest zee OCCASIONAL scr sn. nk cea »

GROUP (1) Regular foodplants
GROUP (2) Occasional foodplants
GROUP (3) & (4) Unacceptable foodplants

115

**
**

116 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

foodplant is hazel, closely followed by birch and hawthorn, and prior
to 1974 also wych elm; E. dilutata on the other hand,*prefers a broken
and more open habitat with scattered trees and shrubs. In these
conditions E. christyi populations drop and almost disappear when half
a mile from woodland. However very small numbers still survive, usually
as singletons in area (D). Closer proximity to woodland appears to increase
this percentage and this can be shown using hawthorn as the only
pabulum in the following table: —

Area (A) Area (B) Area (C) Area (D)

E. DILUTATA 15% 65% 83% 95.5%
E. CHRISTYI 85% 35% 17% 4.5%

Although both species appear to be polyphagous, there is some evidence
that E. dilutata, certainly in this area of the west midlands, prefers oak
(Quercus spp.) and as shown in Table (1) & Fig. (6), it is possible that
by means of this primary foodplant the species maintains its small but
significant woodland population. The natural selective criteria which
operate to maintain these disparate populations both inside and outside
woodland are not understood. A comparative study of the parasites of
the two species was not undertaken in this study.

In area (D) samples were taken from the mechanically clipped hedgerows
on the farm and included hawthorn, maple, and common elm. No larvae
were found on the last two species and only four were discovered on
clipped hawthorn. From this two E. dilutata were bred and this represents
a 95% reduction in larval population when compared to unclipped
hawthorn. The ova of both species are laid on the terminal twigs in
October and November. Most of the hedgerows are then cut during the
early winter and this reduction in population must be due to this modern
technological hedgeclipping revolution which has swept through the whole
country in recent years and is certainly widely used in Herefordshire.
Fortunately in area (D) 20-30% of the hedgerows are left uncut.

Finally in 1979 a solitary specimen of E. autumnata was bred from a
hawthorn sample in area (D). This was the only example of this species
bred from all the samples over the ten years that the project took to
complete, totalling 404 individuals. A few records of this species have
occured at light 4+ mile to the east of area (D) for the first time in
1978 & 1979.

In conclusion it should be stressed that the pabula and biotype studies
are applicable to this area only. Itis very likely that very different results
will be found to exist in other areas of the British Isles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Mr. G. M. Haggett who read the M/S and for
his helpful advice; also to Dr. J. R. Langmaid who helped to breed some
of the larval samples in 1972.

REFERENCES

Allen, J. E. R. 1906, Oporobia christyi Prout: A distinct species. Ent. Rec. 18:

Allen, J. ‘E. R. 1911, The Specific Distinctness of Oporobia christyi. Ent. Rec.
23: 79-82.

Allan, P. B. M. 1949, Larval Foodplants. London.

Heslop Harrison, J. W. 1933, The Larvae of Oporinia christyi Prout and their
variation. Entom. 66: 145-148.

Prime, C. T. & Deacock 1970. Trees and Shrubs. Cambridge.

South, R. 1961, The Moths of the British Isles. Series 2: 1-379, London.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 117
PROCEEDINGS

10th January 1980
The President, Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz, in the chair.

The President announced with regret the death of a member, A. R.

Catlin, resident in Bedfordshire, a dipterist.
EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN—A female Phthorima compressus Desvignes (Hym.,
Ichneumonidae) swept from damp vegetation, 10.viii.78, Bugle, Cornwall.
It is considered a rare species and parasitises dipterous larvae, appearing
from the pupa. Along with a few others of the Diplazontinae it is
remarkable for the very strongly compressed gaster, from 3rd tergite
to apex.

A. J. HaLsTEAD — (i) a piece of bark collected in late April 1979 from
the decaying trunk of a silver birch tree at Cobham. Surrey. At that
time there were both adults and larvae of Megatoma undata (L.) (Col.,
Dermestidae) present. The larvae completed their development by the
autumn, and some adult beetles could be seen overwintering inside their
final larval skin; a number of cast larval skins were also present on the
piece of bark. (ii) a male specimen of Blair’s shoulder-knot (Lithophane
leautieri hesperica Boursin (Lep., Noctuidae) caught in a Rothamsted
light trap at the Royal Horticultural Society’s garden at Wisley, Surrey
on the night of 16/17th October 1979, the first record for this site in
five years’ sampling.

Mrs. MurpHy —A living example of the naturalised scorpion Euscor-
pius flavicaudis DeGeer, probably from Sheppey.

MEMBERSHIP

His name having been read for the second time, I. L. Brydon was

declared duly elected. The obligation book was signed by Mr. Rainsford.
ANNOUNCEMENTS

Twenty bound and interleaved copies of the Field Guide at £8/- were
now available for members; leaflets about Field Studies Courses were
also availabke for members to collect.

COMMUNICATIONS

With regard to Admiral Torlesse’s exhibit of Cornutiplusia circumflexa
(L.) at the December 13th indoor meeting, Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON said
that on the same night as that capture the taking of a specimen of Hyles
euphorbiae (L.) at Brentford and the record, on the previous night, of
many immigrant Autographa gamma (L.) in Sussex had now come to his
knowledge; these records made it more probable that the C. circumflexa
was an immigrant rather than an accidental importation.

J. H. P. SANKeEy then gave an illustrated talk on the British Harvest-
spiders. The audience showed its interest and appreciation by many
subsequent questions and applause.

24th January 1980
108th ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING
(with which was combined the Ordinary Meeting)
The President, Rev. D. J. L. AGAssiz, in the chair.

MEMBERSHIP
The names of A. H. Hayes and I. R. Hudson were read for the second
time and they were declared duly elected.

118 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

ANNOUNCEMENTS

It was announced that on December 13th no collection for a gratuity
to the Alpine Club care-taker was made as it would have been inappro-
priate at the joint meeting then taking place. A box for contributions
for this purpose was therefore circulated.

The Hon. Secretary read the Council’s report for 1979 and proposed
its adoption, this being seconded by P. Baker. The Hon. Treasurer then
circulated and explained the accounts for 1979 and moved their adoption
this being seconded by Dr. I Watkinson. The Librarian then read his
report and moved its adoption this being seconded by S. N. Jacobs. The
Hon. Editor then read his report and proposed its adoption, this being
seconded by C. O. Hammond. The Curator then read his report and
proposed its adoption, with R. Fairclough as seconder. Col. A. M. Emmet
then read the report on the Professor Hering Memorial Fund and moved
its adoption this being seconded by M. Chalmers-Hunt. All the above
were passed

The following officers were then elected for 1980: President, R. Fatr-
CLOUGH, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Vice-Presidents: — Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz,
M.A., and A. E. Stupss, B.Sc. Treasurer: Col. D. H. STERLING, F.B.C.S.
Secretary: E. H. Wrtp, M.|.Biol. Editor: E. P. Wuttsurre, C.B.E.,
F.R.E.S., B.A., M.I.L. Curator: E. S. Braprorp. Librarian: G. Prior,
F.L.S., F.R.E.S. Lanternist: — S. A. Knitt-Jones, A.R.C.M. Ordinary
members of Council:— Dr. A. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., B.Sc., T. J. Davey,
J. MucGoLeton, P. A. SoxoLorr, M.Sc., M.I. Biol., M.I.S.T., F.R.E.S.
R S. Tusss, O.B.E., F.R.I.B.A., F.R.E.S., R. Dyke, G. N. Burton, B.A.,
J. M. Cwatmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S., P. J. JeEwess, B.Sc., T. B. LARSEN.
The President then delivered his Presidential address after which he
inducted the new President in to the chair.

COUNCIL’S REPORT

During the past year the affairs of the Society have continued to run
smoothly and much has been achieved.

The membership of the Society is in a healthy state with the election

of 55 new members, during this year; ten of our members died during
this time, including two honorary and two life members of whom the
President will speak later.
The retirement of Mr. John Wakely as Assistant Treasurer was a great
loss to Council, who will miss his hard work and dry humour. Our thanks
are given to Mr. D. H. Walker who has taken over this important
Office, and to Mr. Else who presented his final programme of 20 fasci-
nating indoor meetings. Mr. Muggleton has arranged this year’s meetings.
Mr. Jackson devised 17 Field Meetings some of which were well supported.
We also are grateful to Mr. Bretherton for continuing to look after
distributions to members, and to Mr. Prior who has brought his organising
talents to bear on the Library.

In spite of problems with our printers the Editor has produced four
excellent parts of our Proceedings. We were able to publish the new
Field Guide in time for the Exhibition. This involved Col. Emmet and
his team in a deal of hard work and Mr. Tubbs in some worried moments
with British Rail who threatened to strike at the critical time of delivery.
A generous grant and an interest free loan from the Royal Society for
this publication were much appreciated. With Country members especially

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 119

in mind, Council hopes to publish further books shortly: an illustrated
monograph for the identification of Pugs is in preparation.

The Annual Dinner at Imperial College was organised as usual by
Dr. MacNulty, and was enjoyed by 75 members and their guests, while
the Exhibition, directed by Mr. K. Evans, was an unqualified success,
with a fine range of high quality exhibits. To Mrs. Murphy and her
team of helpers we are most grateful for the excellent catering arrange-
ments. Thanks are also due to our team of Reporters, to Mr. Wilson for
photographing selected exhibits, Mr. Ventom for selling Christmas Cards,
Mr. Bradford and Mr. Parker who manned the Sales Dept., and to all
others who helped behind the scenes.

A joint meeting with the Royal Entomological Society of London in
December when Mr. Bretherton and Dr. Rainey introduced a discussion
on Migration in the Northern Hemisphere was a notable success and was
followed by a convivial conversazione.

Council regret that, in spite of all efforts, they were unable to reach
any satisfactory understanding with the Forestry Commission over the
question of permits. These must still be negotiated for by individual
members.

The proposed new Commons Bill on Wild Life Conservation has been
discussed at length by Council. The Society was represented, at a joint
meeting with the N.C.C. and other interested bodies, by the President.
We are concerned that that part of the Bill which deals with the
protection of habitats should include some areas of interest to entomol-
ogists and that too much emphasis is still being placed on the presumed
harmful role of the collector in conservation.

Hon. SEc.

TREASURER’S REPORT, 1979

You will notice that I have changed the method of presentation of
the final accounts this year to the more modern vertical system, and
also that I have sub-divided the Publications Account to show separately
the cast of publications which are provided to members without charge.
The second division of the account shows separately the result of each
publication which is produced for sale. I hope that you will find them
easier to read this way. All the proceeds from sale of ‘‘Illustrated Papers”’
this year are profits, as the total cost of production was charged against
the proceeds of initial sales in 1978. For the “Field Guide’ published
an increase was now necessary. From the Publications Account you will
charging the 1979 accounts with the cost of sales only, carrying the cost
of production of unsold copies as an asset.

After holding the subscription rate unchanged for six years, an almost
unprecedented feat in these days of inflation, your Council decided that
at the end of 1979, I have adopted the normal commercial practice of
see that the cost of producing the Proceedings after deducting outside
sales was £1,343. About £160 of the distribution costs is applicable to
the Proceedings, and the Income and Expenditure Account shows that
the general cost of running the Society was £1,287. This gives a total
membership cost of £2,790, whilst the subscription income, which showed
a most welcome increase over last year of nearly £260, still only amounted
to £2,022, leaving a deficit of £768. This was mainly made good by
interest not due to be credited to special funds. However, many of the
items included in the cost of membership are expected to rise again

120 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

next year, the sales of Proceedings to outside bodies, cannot be relied
upon to continue at the present high level and the interest received is
likely to fall, both because some of the accumulated sums which produced
it will have been spent and because the continuance of the present high
rates of interest cannot be assured. Therefore the increase in the sub-
scription rate was unavoidable.

Subscriptions apart, we have had a very good year. We are most
grateful to the Royal Society for a donation of £500 and an interest
free loan of £1,000 to assist with the production of the ‘‘Field Guide’’.
We are also most grateful to an anonymous member who had contributed
to ‘‘Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland” and told the
publishers that he required no payment, but requested them to make a
donation to the Society instead.

Our two recent publications have been a financial success, “Illustrated
Papers” producing a surplus of £1,067 and “Field Guide” one of £766
in 1979. The former publication is now nearly sold out. So far as possible,
it is planned to use the proceeds from the sale of these to finance
further publications.

British Entomological and Natural History Society
PUBLICATIONS ACCOUNT FOR 1979

1978 Proceedings 1979

1619.33 Cost of production 1703.03
30.11 Provision shortfall

1649.44
453.57 Less proceeds from sales 359.86

1195.87 Net cost of Proceedings 1343.17

67.18 Membership List
Cost of publications supplied free
1263.05 to Members 1343.17

Illustrated Papers

981.42 Cost of production

1569.80 Proceeds from sales 1067.14

588.38 Profit from sales 1067.14
Field Guide
Cost of production less
Royal Society Grant 1667.00

Less cost of stock on hand 1393.74

Cost of sales 273.26
Proceeds from sales 1039.24

Profit from sales 765.98

Total profit from Specia!

588.38 Publications 1833.12

674.67 Cost Gross result over all publications

218.36

£893.03 Cost

Cost of distribution

Net result to Income and
Expenditure Account

Surplus

Surplus

489.95
252.72

£237.23

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT FOR 1979

1762.75

2711.24

533.86
199.14
98.37
35.75
30.55
10.76
893.03

1801.46

909.78

£469.78

Income

Subscriptions

Donations

Interest on investments

Interest on deposit and
P.O. investment account

Christmas Card profit

Annual dinner surplus

Sale of ties profit

Net profit on publications

Cabinets and collections (net)

Total Income

Expenditure

Rent and Insurance

Postage and miscellaneous expenses
Stationery

Subs. to other societies

Indoor meetings and exhib. (net)
Cabinets and collections (net)
Net cost of publications
Christmas cards loss

Annual dinner loss

Total Expenditure

Excess of income over expenditure

Interest apportioned to Housing
Fund

Interest apportioned to Library
Fund

Interest apportioned to Reserve
Fund

Total apportioned
Balance being excess of income

over expenditure transferred to
General Fund

2022.06
148.50
837.86

344.46
61.00

237.23
175.02

614.68
190.89
208.31

38.50
PANES

16.01
1.01

198.00
24.00
192.53

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 3ist DECEMBER 1979

1978
4393.34

469.78

4863.12
2108.77
220.00

2328.77

2328.77
364.32
68.75

433.07
5.00

General Fund—Opening balance

Withdrawn from Reserve (for Field
Guide

Excess of Income over Expenditure

General Fund at end of period
Reserve Fund—Opening balance
Add interest

Less used for purposes reserved
Reserve Fund at end of period

Library Fund—Opening balance
Add interest and income

Less expenditure

4863.12

1667.00
2124.73

2328.77
19253

2521.30
1667.00

428.07
53.40

481.47
288.90

3826.23

1286.97

2539.26

414.43

1979

8654.85

854.30

121

£2124.73

122 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

428.07 Library Fund at end of period 192.57
1694.19 Housing Fund—Opening balance 1874.19
180.00 Add interest 198.00
1874.19 Housing Fund at end of period 2072.19
Hering Memorial Fund—Opening
2275.92 balance 2396.00
223.08 Add interest 325.12
2499.00 2T2VAZ
103.00 Less expenditure 244.55
Hering Memorial Fund at end of
2396.00 period 2476.57
£11890.15 £14250.48

Total Funds

These funds are represented by:

Stock Field Guides at cost 1393.74
(The value of the Society’s library,

collections, Christmas cards, ties

and stocks of other publications is

not included in the accounts)

Investments at Cost (Details

appended)
7029.85 General Investments 7029.85
1995.96 Hering Memorial Fund Investments 1995.96
9025.81 9025.81
Liquid Assets
1066.25 P.O. Savings Investment Account 91.78
1076.48 Debtors and advance payments 662.75
2482.01 Cash on Deposit Account 3288.94
146.55 Cash on Current Account 1444.65
4771.29 5488.12
Less
85.25 Subscriptions paid in advance 262.55
1821.70 Amounts owed and provisions 1394.64
1906.95 1657.19
2864.34 Net liquid assets 3830.93
£11890.15 Total Assets £14250.48

AUDITORS’ REPORT
In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the state
of the Society’s affairs as at 31st December 1979 and the Income, and Expenditure
Accounts give a true and fair view of the Society’s results for the year.

A. J. PIcKiEs, F.C.A.

J. L. MESSENGER

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 123

Schedule of Investments at cost as at 31st December 1979
General Investments of the Society

£112 I.C.I. Ordinary Stock £260.27
150 Unilever 25p Ordinary Shares £248.45
843 Prudential Assurance 5p Shares £712.10
1010 Drayton Premier Investment Trust 25p Ordinary Shares £1398.21
£455 General Electric 74% Converible Stock £541.58
£800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 93% Stock 1985-8 £646.49
£1150 Finance for Industry 13% Stock 1981 £1153.71
£1250 Gt. London Council 93% Stock 1980-82 £1100.14
450 Distillers Ordinary 50p Shares £708.90
£500 I.M.I. Ordinary Shares £260.00

£7029.85

Hering Memorial Fund Investments

£300 Gt. London Council 93% Stock 1980-82 £291.97
£800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 93% Stock 1985-8 £646.48
240 Distillers Ordinary 50p Shares £303.81
150 Shell Transport Ordinary Shares £294.04
189 Midland Bank £1 Ordinary Shares £459.66

TOTAL £1995.96

A review of the Society’s investments is currently being carried out
and may result in some changes being made this year.

In these days of financial uncertainty, it is difficult to make long term
forecasts, but I feel confident that the Society is in a strong financial
position to meet whatever problems may arise.

I should like, on behalf of the Society, to thank my predecessor, Mr.
Bretherton, both for the excellent work he has done as Treasurer in
past years and for continuing with all the work on sale and distribution
of our publications. Our thanks are due to Mr. Walker who has taken
on the task of looking after the subscription side of the financial work
at a particularly onerous time when subscription rates are being changed
and to Mr. Wakely who was his predecessor for a number of years.
Finally, I should like to thank our honorary auditors for completing
their audit in the very short time available.

EDITOR’S REPORT

The 1979 Proceedings, our twelfth volume, were again printed in two
double parts, appearing nominally in March and October. Since late last
year our printers have been working under difficulties; consequently the
first of these issues in fact appeared a month or two late, but the second
appeared punctually, making it possible to distribute many copies at the
Annual Exhibition and avoid considerable postage costs. Apologies are
however due to some authors kept waiting for reprints of their articles,
this being also due to our printers’ difficulties, from which I am glad to
see that they are recovering. The index for Vol. 12 will appear shortly,
it is hoped.

124 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

These two parts amounted to 140 pages of text and contained ten
plates, not to mention the text figures of some articles: in both respects
this was an advance on the previous year. More speaKers are now pro-
viding good abstracts, or even short articles on aspects of their lectures
at our indoor meetings, and it is hoped that this growing practice will
especially appeal to our country members unable to attend such meetings.

Thanks must go to my assistants and our printers for their part in
producing the Proceedings and to all others who have contributed, whether
with sectional reports, preparing art work, or writing articles or book
reviews. With their aid I think we have managed to maintain a varied
and interesting periodical.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT

This is my first report as Librarian. During the past year certain changes
have been made in the Library. All the books have been sorted and
placed onthe shelves under the headings set out in the Library catalogue.
These shelves havebeen labelled with subjects, and the book cases have
also been labelled to show their contents; this it is hoped will enable
members to find the books they wish to consult or borrow with minimum
delay. Our journals have also been sorted and set out in a similar manner
upon the shelves. Following standard library practice, a reference section
has been established, this contains books which may not be taken out
of the Society Rooms so that they are always available for members
to consult. They are important works of reference of which there are
duplicate copies on the open shelves. Also following normal library
practice I have established a reservation book so that members may be
certain of obtaining a book they require as soon as it is returned by
another member, or the borrower may be written to if it is overdue.

A new metal bookstack has been purchased and installed; this has
provided a seventy-eight foot run of extra shelving space. I am at the
present negotiating for the installation of further shelving to take care
of recent large acquisitions of books. By sending from four to thirteen
years of unbound British journals to the binders we have now almost
caught up with the backlog of binding in this area. There still remain
large numbers of our foreign journals which are unbound. In my spare
time at home I have been able to make loose cases for these and this
should prove adequate until the time when we are able to deal with the
accumulated backlog in the binding of our foreign material.

It has come to my notice that other Scientific Societies have obtained
grants from the British Library, I have therefore commenced negotiations
with the British Library to obtain a grant mainly for binding; it is hoped
that we shall be successful.

Our thanks are due to Dr. Pike, Mr. Classey, Mr. Wiltshire, Mr. Jacobs,
Dr. Bradley, Mr. Tremewan and many others for gifts of books to the
Society. I must also say something about the magnificent bequest from
our late member Baron C. DeWorms of his entire library. At the moment
I am engaged in sorting, labelling and cataloguing this large quantity of
books and journals. It contains many fine works that we did not possess,
but also duplicates of a great many important books and,journals that
are in constant demand by our members, this means that these works
will now be more readily available to you. For the assistance that they
have given and which I hope they will continue to give me, my thanks
are due to Mr. Miles, Mr. Bretherton and Mrs. Murphy and not least
to Eric Bradford for putting up with an an awkward person with whom
he has to share room and responsibility below stairs.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 125

CURATOR’S REPORT

The rearrangement of the British butterflies continues. This has proved
a task greater than was anticipated because of the general overall
deterioration of specimens in the collection. Mr. W. Parker has, I am
pleased to report, been able to contact members who will be able to
donate speciimens to the collection. It is hoped that this will be completed
by the end of 1980. Of the other orders, work progressess on the cole-
optera and diptera. The re-stageing of the microlepidoptera is taking
longer than expected.

One Hill unit was purchased during the year. It is to be made available
for the Torstenius collection. Various store boxes and other pieces of
equipment were bequeathed to the Society by the late C. G. M. DeWorms.
The store boxes had to be disposed of quickly, as most were infested with
Anthrenus larvae, with the consequent threat to the Society’s collections.
At the Annual Exhibition to the Society’s needs, duplicate lepidoptera,
a number of store boxes and other oddments were sold off. Once again
another fine selection of Scandinavian lepidoptera, presented to the
Society by Mr. S. Torstenius, was displayed by Mr. C. B. Ashby. Members
may be pleased to know that, to date, sixteen drawers have been completed.

The collections continue to be well consulted. A number of species
have been, or are, on loan to those studying particular groups.

During 1979 several members presented species and specimens of
lepidoptera to the Society, some not previously in the collection. The
thanks of the Society are due to the following for their donation:
Mr. B. F, Skinner, Mr. S. N. A . Jacobs, Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt,
Mr. E. H. Wild and the late C. G. M. De Worms.

In conclusion I must thank the assistant curators, Mr. C. B. Ashby
and Mr. L. Christie for their continued and valuable help.

REPORT ON THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH
FUND FOR 1979

A grant of £50 was made early in the year to the Cambridge University
Butterfly Expedition to Central America. This was paid out of the 1978
budget which had not been fully allotted.

Of the applications received for 1979, some had little or no connection
with entomology. Only four were given serious consideration and two
awards were made. (1) A sum of £150 to Don J. F. Sanchez for research
into the leaf-mining insects of the Pyrenees.

(2) A sum of £46 to Mr. E. P. Wiltshire, CBE, to defray the typing
and postal expenses incurred for his Revision of the Armadini (Lep.,
Noctuidae), which was published at a cost of over £800.

The grants made in 1979 were again less than the sum available because
of the lack of suitability in the applications. The Committee would
therefore welcome an increase in the number of requests, especially if
they are concerned with research into leaf-mining insects.

126 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC., 1980

February 14th, 1980 :

The President, Mr. R. FarrcLoueu, in the chair.
The President announced with regret the death of a member, Dr. John
L. Newton, a coleopterist.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN— Two examples of the Ophioninae (Hym., Ichneu-
monidae) illustrating very closely related genera. The first, exhibited on
behalf of its captor, Mr. D. Sheppard, a female of Platophion ocellaris
Ulbricht, taken on 22.vii.1877 at Tidenham, Gloucs. This seems to be
the second known British record of a very rare species. The second,
a female of the very common Ophion slaviceki Kriechbaumer was taken
at mercury-vapour light on 9.ix.78 at Plaistow, Sussex. Attention was
drawn to the form of the scutellum, quadrate in Platophion spp. and
nearly triangular in Ophion spp.

R. FarrcLoucH — photographs taken on 30.xi.79 at Liang, Brunei, the
first shewing a larval leaf mine on a leaf measuring 18” by 15”.

A. J. Hatsteap — Adults of Xyloterus domesticum L. (Col., Scolyt-
idae) collected on 9.i. 80 at Wisley, Surrey. The beetles emerged from
silver birch logs brought indoors as firewood. A log with an exposed
tunnel was also shewn. The tunnels of this beetle run horizontally with
larval chambers above and below the main tunnel, approximately
alternately. The full tunnel system is Y-shaped, beginning with a short
passage dividing into two branches in which the grubs are raised.
X. domesticum also breeds in the wood of other kinds of deciduous trees,
such as beech and oak.

MEMBERSHIP
The Obligation Book was signed by Mr. Ian Brydon.

COMMUNICATIONS

R. FAIRCLOUGH reported numerous spring geometrid moths being seen to
light on the 10th February at his house in Leigh, Surrey.

A. E. Stupss stated that the new Wildlife Bill was now unlikely to
come up for discussion in Parliament before November 1980.

Dr. J. Waace then gave a fascinating illustrated talk on sloths and
moths; see article on p. 73.

28th February 1980
The President, Mr. R. FarrcLouGu, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

M. R. Brown — Larvae of Noctua orbona (Hufn.) (Lep., Noctuidae),
found on February 15th in the Breck district near Bury St. Edmunds, and
other undetermined larvae. He found about 50 orbona in a few hours
in one place; however there was a 50% loss by parasitisation.

MEMBERSHIP

Their names having been read a second time, the following were duly
declared elected members: — Miss A. Watts & Messrs. A.C. Johnson,
A. Enfield, M.Sc., F.R.E.S., R. J. Burnett & R. M. Akehurst.

COMMUNICATIONS
G. Prior reported the capture indoors of the first pug of the year

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 127

(Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haw.) on February 16th.

Dr. P. J. L. Rocne and Mr. M. Tweepie then gave an illustrated
lecture on “A small Pyrenaean valley and its inhabitants’. The habitat
and its insects were, as expected, well illustrated and the audience were
invited to pursue the study of this habitat, and the naming of its fauna,
though mere butterfly collecting there would not be encouraged. The actual
locality in question was a side valley at St. Julien, Andorra, where one
of the lecturers resided in a flat not well situated for moth catching.
The lecturers were warmly applauded for their interesting exposition.

March 13th, 1980
The President, Mr. R. FarrcLouGu, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Rev. D. J. L. AcGassiz—A further British specimen of Agonopterix
prostratella (Const.) (Lep. Oecophoridae), taken at Swange, 21 September
1970 and hitherto misidentified as A. pallorella (Z.). Certain other facts
suggest that this species is resident in England, although the only previous
record is one specimen taken by R. Fairclough in Ashdown Forest in
1957. For examination of the @ genitalia dissected, described and figured
by Pierce as pallorella shows that this too is in fact prostratella; its data
have not yet been ascertained. On the Continent it is said to feed on
Genista prostrata, which does not occur here, but it probably feeds on a
related plant.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN—(i) A @2 specimen of Colastes braconius Haliday
(Hym., Braconndae) bred 20.ii.1980 from a larva of Phyllonorycter
nigrescentella (Logan) (Lep., Gracillariidae). The host was one of several
obtained in leaves of Vicia sepium 28.x.1979 in Darenth Wood, Kent, on
a Society field-meeting. Though known as a common parasite on other
Phyllonorycter species, this was thought to be its first recorded occurrence
on P. nigrescentella. (ii) a Q specimen of Theobaldia annulata Schrank
(Dipt., Culicidae) taken in a lighted room at Reigate, Surrey, 11.iii.1980.
Known to hibernate and occasionally fly during the winter in mild weather
this example of the mosquito was in exceptionally good condition. (iii)
three larvae of Campaea margaritata (L.) (Lep., Geometridae) feeding
on wild privet from which they were beaten on 2.iii. 1980 in a local
wood at Salfords, Surrey.

MEMBERSHIP
The Obligation Book was signed by Mr. Henshaw.

Dr. R BAKER then gave an illustrated lecture on celestial and light trap
orientation of moths. This described observations and experiments and
the conclusions the speaker drew from them. Moth migration, in the
sense of cross-country movement, is a commonplace. Although some
species travel thousands of kilometres, most probably travel much shorter
distances. All migrants, however, are faced with problems of orientation.
The large yellow underwing, Noctua pronuba (L.), has been studied using
tethered but flying moths in light winds out of doors. When the moon is
visible, this species orientates by it, but does not compensate for its
apparent movement across the sky. When the moon is not visible, but
the sky is clear, the species orientates to visual, dorsal objects that move
across the sky at about 16°/h. Stars near the celestial equator are impli-

128 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

cated. Radar evidence suggests that orientation also occurs on overcast
nights, but the cues used have not been investigated. Large yellow
underwing individuals adopt the same angle of orientation to an artificial
light source, as on a light trap, as they do to the moon. Distance of
response to an artificial light source near ground level is about 3 metres
(125 watt MV lamp). Distance increases to about 13 metres when the
lamp is 9 metres above ground level. This is the distance at which the
lamp subtends the same angle to a point as the vertical diameter of the
moon as viewed from Earth. The short-distance nature of the light trap
response at temperatures of 15°C or below has major implications for
the use of light-traps in the sampling of moth populations. Potential use
for research on the flight paths of migrating moths is also involved.
This was followed by an animated discussion which proceeded for longer
than the actual talk, a sign of the interest the speaker had evoked in
those present.

27th March 1980
The President, Mr. R. FarrcLouGu, in the chair.
The President announced the death of a member, F. M. Struthers who
joined the Society in 1948.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN—A female Pimpla spuria Gravenhorst (Hym.,
Ichneumonidae), bred 4.iii.80 from a pupa found in a dead umbellifera
stem, 10.xi.79 at Littlehampton, Sussex. The literature states that this
species may be obtained by collecting pupae of the genera Agonopterix
and Depressaria (Lep., Oecophoridae) in the autumn. The record is of
interest for it indicates that the parasite overwinters in the host pupa
rather than emerging in the autumn and hibernating as an adult.

E. S. BrapForD—an example of the Strepsiptera from dead wood
found on the ground at East Blean, Kent.

R. FarrcLoucH —a box of green moths of different families collected
in Brunei last winter, including the hawk-moth Rhychalaba acteus
(Cramer).

MEMBERSHIP

Their names having been read for the second time the following were
declared duly elected: — Prof. L. Annable, A. A. Alexander, M. J. Percival,
and P. M. Siddons.

Messrs. A. H. Hayes, A. M. Hudson and P. G. Farwell signed the
Obligation Book.

COMMUNICATIONS

Rev. D. J. Acassiz referring to the last minutes stated that the data
of Pierce’s example of Agonopterix prostratella (Const.) were still unknown.

Other members reported recent captures of lepidoptera and compared
results.

Dr. J. DRANSFIELD then gave an illustrated lecture on ‘Plants and
animals in Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Saba and the Philippines”’,
which in fact concentrated on the orchid genus Corybas Salisb. and also
pitcher plants (Nepenthes (L.)). Unanswered questions regarding the former
were: the functions of the long whisker-like filaments, and whether
fungus-gnats pollinated them, as suggested. The subjects of forest clearance
and erosion were also ventilataed. There were also good illustrations of
various creatures including some insects. The lecture was enthusiastically
applauded.

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 129

10th April 1980
The President, Mr. R. FarrcLouGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. Emmet (on behalf of P. J. JoHNSON): a small case of an
unidentfied Coleophora sp., one of six found in the seed-head of a
bulrush (Typha latifolia) also containing larvae of Limnoecia phragmitella
Stainton (not exhibited) collected at Nunehame Courtney besides the
Thames in mid-March; members were invited to suggest the identity, as
no Coleophora sp. was known to feed on Typha [For a suggestion, see
below, and under the next meeting.]

P. A. SoxoLorr—larvae of Tineola bisselliclla (Humel) feeding on
woven wool, showing the extensive damage these clothes-moths larvae
can cause. Reared from a female kindly given by Dr. I. Watkinson.

COMMUNICATIONS

The first sighting of Polygonia c-album (L.) in Kent on the 9th and
in Hants on the 3rd of April was reported by M. Chalmers-Hunt and
Col. Sterling respectively; E. H. Wild reported seeing the first Pieris rapae
(L.) at Croydon on the 10th. R. F. Bretherton stated that, after ten
cold clear nights unfavourable to moths, the night of 9th/10th was
surprisingly favourable, and he had found 224 moths in his trap this
morning, of which 210 were common Orthosiae and one O. miniosa
(D. & S.) was seen. It was again a cool, clear night and he had found
that this predominance of Noctuids over Geometrids usually occured on
such nights; the Geos came to light more freely on mild nights. Why,
he asked, should this be so? A discussion ensued in which various possible
explanations were proposed by different members. Geometrids, several
said, entered traps less willingly, or were able to escape after entry more
easily. The Skinner or Holroyd trap, another member suggested, was
better than the Robinson for attracting and holding Geos. The latter
was too shallow, according to D. J. Agassiz, who had found Geos were
able to escape before daylight. It was suggested that a deeper version
of the Robinson trap retained moths better, especially Geos. E. P.
Wiltshire, speculated on whether the Noctuids with stronger thoracic
muscles than Geos on the whole were able to warm up and fly more
readily on cool nights, if in fact the observation of Geos flying to traps
mainly on mild nights, was confirmed.

The scheduled speaker having cancelled his lecture, a slide evening
was held,at which K. Evans first showed some photos of chironomid
swarms over trees in the Thames valley, and the lanternist showed some
of the society’s own collection of slides, mainly excellent ones of early
stages, of lepidoptera, which had been presented by members.

OBSERVATIONS ON EXHIBITS

M. Chalmers-Hunt suggested that a Juncus-feeding Coleophora might
prove to be the identification of the enigmatic cases in the Typha seed-
head of Col. A. M. Emmet, to wit C. caespititiella Z. (=agrammella
Wood); however the exhibitor replied that in that case the descriptions
of the caespitiella-case in books did not agree.

130 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. SoOC., 1980

April 24th, 1980
The President, R. F. Farrccovucu, in the*chair.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. Emmett—Distribution maps of the Psychidae occuring in
the Epping Forest area of Essex, showing their decline which is attributable
to atmospheric pollution.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN—A specimen of Dicaelotus pictus (Schmiedeknecht)
(Hym: Ichneumonidae) swept from roadside by sea at Shaldon, Devon
14.iv.1980. The species belongs to the tribe Phaeognini of the Ichneu-
monidae, all of which are believed to be exclusively parasitic on mature
larvae of microlepidoptera. D. pictus is considered rare, although its
small size may lead to it being overlooked. Also exhibited were some
larvae recently taken in South Devon: Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda
(Arctiidae), four of which were found by searching cliffs at night at
Dawlish. Two were found on bramble and two on Urtica. The larvae
were more advanced than those found in the previous two years at the
same time, reflecting the mild winter and spring. On a different part of
the restricted area accessible on the cliffs were found several larvae of
Callimorpha dominula L. Finaly some larvae of Pseudopterpna pruinata
Hufn., all of which were swept from Ulex 13.iv.1980 on Haldon Moors in
the areas damaged by fires in 1976.

P. A. Soxo_Lorr — Larvae of the marsh fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia
Rott., feeding on garden honeysuckle. The strain had been bred in
captivity for some years.

MATTERS ARISING FROM MINUTES
Col. Emmet stated that the cases reported at the previous meeting on
Typha were probably Coleophora caespititiella Zell. The Locality was
revealed as an ex. MOD site now owned by Oxford University at Newnham
Courtney. Cases extracted by Mr. P. Johnson had all returned to the
seedheads.

MEMBERSHIP
Mr. A. Paton Foster B.Sc., A.R.C.S., was elected to membership.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
The Secretary announced that the late Baron deWorms had left the
sum of £500 to the Society, in addition to his magnificent bequest of
books.

COMMUNICATIONS

E. H. WiLp reported that he had taken a wholly melanic specimen of
Lycia hirtaria (Clerck) in his Selsdon trap. Mr. Bretherton reported that
an MV trap run on the Kent Sussex border on 15th April had attracted
675 moths. These represented 25 species including two examples of
Acleris literana (L.). The President commented on the scarcity of A.
literana, and stated that, in his experience, females of literana laid fewer
eggs than cristana. Mr. Chalmers-Hunt reported sightings of Vanessa
atalanta L. during early April from Essex and London. Mr. Bretherton
reported that a small migration had already occured »this year. At
Peacehaven in Sussex examples of Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.), Agrotis
ipsilon (Hufn.), Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) and Cynthia cardui (L.)
had already been noted.

Dr. D. HAwkKswortu then gave a lecture entitled “Lichens as pollution
monitors’. This illustrated talk described the effect of airborn pollution,

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 131

particularly by fluorides and sulphur dioxide on the lichen flora. Whilst
many species were intolerant of pollution, one or two species were
increasing their range. Detailed study of the distribution and diversity
of lichen species had proved a good index of the degree of airborn
pollution. The lichen flora of Epping Forest had declined dramatically
over the past two hundred years, an observation that correlated well with
the earlier exhibit of Col. Emmet. The talk stimulated many questions,
and Mr. M. Brown observed that the other group of lichen feeders, the
Lithosiinae, had also declined in Essex.

May 8th, 1980
Combined Special and Ordinary Meeting
The President, Mr. R. F. FaircLoucn, in the chair.

The President explained that the special meeting was in order to
discuss a proposal, already circulated, under bye-law 26. The following
proposal was therefore put to the meeting, having been proposed by the
Council, the Hon. Treasurer, Col. D. H. Sterling, proposing and J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt seconding: —

“As from 1st January 1981, paragraph 2 of the Regulations governing
the Housing Fund shall be deleted, and the following substituted:

2. The income shall be used towards defraying the cost of rented
premises or, if not required for that purpose, shall be accumulated until
the fund is expended or 3lst December 2000, whichever is the earlier,
and such accumulations shall be an increment to capital.”

The Treasurer, when proposing, explained that the Housing Fund was
started in 1960 to be used in or towards the purchase of freehold or
leasehold (not less than 40 years unexpired) land or premises for the
headquarters of the Society. The Regulations required that a special
meeting should be held in 1980, if the fund had not by then been used
for its purpose, to decide on the use to which further income should be
put. The Fund now stood at slightly over £2,000/- and there was little
prospect of achieving its aim in the foreseeable future. The Council
considered that the interest on the accumulated donation, transfers, etc.
would be more usefully employed if helping to pay the rent of the
premises at present occupied.

The motion was carried nem. con., there being more than twenty
members present.

EXHIBITS

A. M. Emmet — two rare species of Nepticulidae from Essex,

(a) Stigmella minusculella (Herrich-Schaffer). Two specimens reared
from Pyrus communis on the 13th and 14th of April, 1980. The mines
were collected on the 10th of September, 1979 in north-east Essex. It
is believed that these are the first British specimens for 50 years.

(b) Stigmella samiatella (Zeller). One reared from Quercus on the 16th
of April, 1980. The mine was collected at Great Holland in north-east
Essex on the 7th of October, 1979. It is the third British example, the
first, also from Essex, having been reared by W. C. Boyd in 1900 from
a mine collected at Danbury. The species is common on the Continent
and it is possible that it may prove to be well established in eastern
Essex. Male specimens of the other black-headed oak-feeding nepticulids
viz. S. atricapitella (Haworth), S. ruficapitella (Haworth) and S. basi-
guttella (Heinemann) were shown for comparison, together with sketches
illustrating the distinguishing characters.

132 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

(c) Larval spinnings of Caryocolum viscariella (Stainton) on Silene
dioica. They were collected on the 4th of May, 1980 near Matching in
western Essex. The only previous record from Essex is of one reared
from Benfleet in 1938 by the late Stanley Wakely and confirmed by
dissection by Dr. K. Sattler. The species is rare throughout its range
in Britain and has hitherto been found mainly in the north of England.

R. F. FarrcLoucH—Live specimens of Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe
bred from sea-buckthorn at Camber, E. Sussex; of Eriopsela quadrana
(Hbn.) bred from golden-rod, larvae collected 4.vii.79 at Arnside, West-
morland, and of Argyresthia mendica (Haw.) bred incidentally from stems
on which Acleris cristana (D. & S.) had oviposited.

COMMUNICATIONS

E. H. Wild stated that an example of Aethes francillona (F.) had
been observed resting by day tucked into the corner of a post on which
he had been searching for Psychid sack-cases.

Other members reported various early appearances of migrants. E. S.
BRADFORD reported having seen, all within a few minutes, in a Kent
wood a willow-warbler, a pied fly-catcher and a nightingale; also, exposed
to the elements on the topmost part of his roof, an example of Dichonia
areola (Esp.). Mr. Tubbs reported that the willow-warbler had been noted
this year as early as April 3rd since then, perhaps on account of the
colder weather, an interval had ocurred during which it was not reported.

E. CLassey reported an outbreak of Callimorpha dominula (L.) larvae
which had devastated comfrey over a small area of about an acre near
Faringdon, but the species was not seen in near-by alternative sites.

Mrs. Murpuy then gave an illustrated talk on “Spider hunting in
Malaya and Borneo’’. The slides were much admired and many subsequent
questions showed the audience’s interest in her trip to the tropical
Far East.

22nd May, 1980
The President announced the deaths of three lepidopterist members:
Mr. T. W. Jefferson, Mr. C. Keith-Johnston and Mr. Peter Rogers.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN—A @ specimen of Apanteles parallelus Lyle
(Braconidae) bred 17.v.80 from a larva of Hemithea aestivaria (Hitibn.)
from Littlehampton, Sussex, one of four larvae found on Prunus spinosa;
the host larva had not died until 12 days after the emergence of the
parasite larva. Also a @ specimen of Microplitis fordi Nixon, bred 11.v.80
from a larva of Euclidia mi Clerck on Vicia from Salfords, Surrey.

Col. A. M. Emmet — Three specimens of “Stigmella nanivora’’ (Petersen)
reared from mines on Betula nana. These were collected by the Rev.
D. J. L. Agassiz on 17.ix.79 on high ground at Alvie, Inverness-shire,
the adults emerging 23-30.iv.80. Specimens of S. betulicola (Stainton)
from Surrey and Ireland were shown for comparison. Opinion on the
Continent is divided on whether “nanivora’’ is a distinct species or a form
of betulicola; on the evidence of the moths exhibited, the latter seems
more likely to be correct. ‘

A larval spinning of Batrachedra pinicolella (Zeller) on Picea abies
from Rowney Wood in N. W. Essex. When the Field Guide was written,
no one approached had observed the feeding.of this species and Ford’s
description was followed. It is suggested that this should now be emended

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980 133

to read under “‘L.’’, “Mining the needles from a silken gallery covered
with pale yellowish or reddish brown frass, spun on the surface of a twig.”
Meyrick’s description of the larva also needs modification: this reads
“larva reddish brown; head black; plate of 2 black, anterior edge white.”
The larva is, in fact, pale brownish drab and it is not the anterior edge
of the prothoracic plate, but the epidermis between that and the head
capsule, which is white. A spinning of Epinotia nanana (Treits.) on the
same foodplant was shown for comparison. The main difference is that
the frass is deposited in the previously mined leaf and not used to cover
the spinning.

E. H. Wirp—A melanic form of Lycia hirtaria Clerck taken at M.V.
at Selsdon, Surrey, 17.iv.80. Kettlewell lists three named melanic forms: —
f. nigra Cockayne, a recessive only from London and Essex. f. fumaria
Haw. More widespread. f. hannoviensis Malan. Europe. There is another
melanic f. borealis Toll from Poland. The form exhibited looks pheno-
typically different from both nigra and fumaria, though of course its
genetics are unknown.

C. O. Hammond — A colour illustration of the world’s largest dragonfly
— the damsel fly Megaloprepus coerulatus from Ecuador (wingspan
150 mm.). The delicate wng venation and legbristles do not lend themselves
to four-colour reproduction so that line drawings would be preferable
for insects of this type.

Dr. J. R. LANGMAID — Larvae of Semioscopis evellanella (Hiibn.) from
Aviemore. The larvae make silken tubes in a folded edge of a leaf
of birch.

A. E. Stupps—Two recently bred craneflies: (a) Limonia ornata
(Meigen); the species is normally found on butterbur, but there appears
tobe no rearing record to prove the association. A search of decaying
leaf petioles of butterbur at Midger Wood, Glos. in October 1979 yielded
Limonia larvae which are currently producing ornata adults. (b)
Gnophomyia viridipennis (Gimmerthal), a very local medium-sized black
cranefly, usually found about dead poplars. Larvae and pupae collected
on 18th May from a black poplar log at Woodwalton Fen, Hunts. have
produced adults of this species.

R. F. FarrcLoucH —(a) A live specimen of Cyphostethus tristriatus
(Fabr.) who found the bug on juniper on Stockbridge Down, Hants, the
juniper shield-bug, brought to the meeting for identification. (b) a live
adult of Cydia pallifrontana (L. & Z.) with a piece of rotten wood showing
pupa cases; from larvae collected in Kent 11.viii.79. These overwintered
as larvae and while some pupated in their hibernating sites in tissues,
others wandered about but accepted the wood, as suggested in the
Field Guide.

Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz—(a) a live adult of Aethes williana (Brahm)
from Grays, Essex. (b) Photographs of Pugs and paintings of larvae by
Haggett, shortly to be printed for inclusion in the Society’s forthcoming
publications.

Arising from the minutes of the previous meeting, Col. Emmet remarked
on the remarkable spread of Caryocolum viscariella (Staint.) in 1980,
and showed a map of Essex showing its occurrence in twenty-one 10-km.
squares in addition to the one previous record of the late S. Wakely
in 1938. In some of the localities it has been looked for without success
in previous years.

134 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. soc., 1980

MEMBERSHIP

The following were read for the second time and declared elected:
P. I. Sidall, S. A. Manning and R. G. Warren.

COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. J. LANGMAID reported that he had collected small green larvae on
elm in September 1979, belonging to the species Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.)
which transferred to nettle after hibernation. Their pre-hibernation habits
had little been known.

Mr. G. Prior reported on using the beating tray of the late Dr. C. G. M.
de Worms. After invoking the departed spirit of the late Baron, he was
rewarded with amazing success — ten larvae of Chloroclystis chloerata
Mab. at a single stroke at Boars’ Hill, Berks.!

J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt reported that Lycaena phlaeas (L.) the small
copper, was abundant at Dungeness, also Pyrgus malvae (L.), the grizzled
skipper, on 17.v.80; A holly blue, Celastrinus argiolus (L.) had been
reported as early as 21st April in Gwent. He also reported finding a
melanic Ematurga atomaria (L.) on chalk.

M. VENTOM reported seeing an orange tip (Euchloe cardamines (L.)) at
Hampstead, and Col. Emmet commented on its abundance this year.

A Hayes remarked on a bamboo flowering profusely in Essex. It was
stated that such flowering was followed by death.

B. H. Harvey then introduced a discussion on the relative merits of
photography and art-work in entomological illustration. He began by
showing some slides illustrating the different uses of art and photography,
tracing their history. There then followed a lively discussion concluded
by Mr. C. O. Hammonp showing from his work the different advantages
and disadvantages of the two media. Mr. Harley was thanked by all for
his introduction.

FIELD MEETINGS

WALBERSWICK — SOUTHWOLD — DUNWICH AREA, SUFFOLK
30th June — Ist July 1979
Leader — H. E. CHIPPERFIELD

Seven members and one visitor met at the leader’s bungalow at
Walberswick for this meeting. Because of an obstruction to the passage
of cars to the marshes at Walberswick it was decided to split the party and
MV lights were run on Southwold beach, Dunwich beach bordering the
marsh, and the edge of Dunwich forest.

A total of 88 species of macro-lepidoptera was recorded, the more
interesting being: —

SouTHWOLD BeEacH:— Sideridis albicolon (Hubn.), bepitbii ii litoralis
(Curt.), Photedes elymi (Treits.).

DunwicH BEACH: — Spilosoma urticae (Esp.), Lacanobia suasa (D. & S.),
Mythimna pudorina (D. & S.)., Chilodes maritima (Tausch).

Dunwicu Forest:— Ayloicus pinastri (L.), Ptilodontella cucullina
(D. & S.), Diacrisia sannio (L.), Perconia strigillaria (Hibn.).

PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980 135

DARENTH WOOD, KENT — (October 28th 1979)
Leaders — Dr. I. A. WATKINSON & J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

The main objective of this meeting was to carry out a little detective
work in the hope of discovering more about a species of Phyllonorycter.
The late Stan Wakely had taken some specimens of this genus which
have been placed under P. blancardella (Fabr.) in his collection at
Cambridge. These specimens were labelled Darenth, May 1954 but were
clearly not P. blancardella being most like a new sub-species described
from Bohemia by Povolny and Gregor as P. cavella ssp. milleri. Genitalia
preparations confirmed this identity but this sub-species has only been
recorded from Prunus cerasus, a shrub which does not occur in Darenth
or the immediate area. Entomologists who attended the field meeting were
supplied with copies of the paper on P. cavella ssp. milleri. and were
requested to collect Phyllonorycter mines from as many plant species as
possible, particularly from plants in the Family Rosaceae in the hope of
finding the British foodplant of this species.

About twenty people attended this traditional post-exhibition meeting,
which was also arranged as a joint occasion with the Kent Field Club.
Members of both societies were present as well as Messieurs De Prins
and Henerickx from Belgium. Other visitors from Belgium missed their
train from London and eventually arrived at Longfield where they were
to spend their day successfully collecting mines of the genus Phyllonorycter,
P. nigrescentella (log.) proving particularly common there.

The day itself dawned cold and very foggy, but had improved slightly
by the time of the meeting. It did however remain misty and very cold
throughout the day, but the total absence of even a slight breeze made
the searching for mines a very much easier process. Mines were very
plentiful and many were collected particularly on crab-apple and on birch.
Over 100 species were recorded and the list given below represents both
those positively identified at the time as well as those subsequently identified
by rearing as adults. Of special note are two species, Leioptilus lienigianus
(Zell.), of which one small larva was found believed to be the first ever
found in the autumn, and P. cydoniella (D. &. S.) a very local species
which was abundant on crab-apple and when reared showed very little
parasitism. Unfortunately no P. cavella ssp. milleri were subsequently
reared from any of the leaves collected.

The following is a complete list of the species recorded, almost all of
which were observed or collected as mines on their respective foodplants: —

NEPTICULIDAE

Ectodemia argyropeza (Zell.), E. intimella (Zell.), E. agrimoniae (Frey.), E.
angulifasciella (Staint.), E. atricollis (Staint.), E. argentipedella (Zell.), E. albi-
fasciella (Hein.), E. subbimaculella (Haw.), E. heringi (Toll), E. pulverosella
(Staint.), Fomoria septembrella (Staint.), Trifurcula immundella (Zell.), Stigmella
aurella (Fabr.), S. aeneofasciella (Herr.-Schaff), S. gei (Wocke), S. dulcella
(Hein.),S. marginicolella (Staint.), S. continueila (Staint.), S. plagicolella (Staint.),
S. salicis (Staint.), S. obliquella (Hein.), S. floslactella (Haw.), S. pomella
(Vaugh.), S. perpygmaeella (Haw.), S. ulmivora (Fol.), S. atricapitella (Haw.),
S. ruficapitella (Haw.), S. basiguttella (Hein.), S. anomelella (Goeze), S. viscerella
(Staint.), S. malella (Staint.), S. hybnerella (Hiibn.), S. oxyacanthella (Staint.),
S. crataegella (Klim.), S. microtheriella (Staint.), S. luteella (Staint.), S. distin-
guenda (Hein.), S. confusella (Wood).

136 PROC. BRIT. ENT. NAT. HIST. Soc., 1980

TISCHERITDAE
Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.), T. marginea (Haw.).

INCURVARIIDAE
Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.), Heliozela sericiella (Haw.), H. hammoniella
(Sorh.),

PSYCHIDAE
Narycia monilifera (Geoffr.), Psyche casta (Pall.).

LYONETIIDAE
Leucoptera laburnella (Staint.), L. spartifoliella (Hiibn.), Lyonetia clerkella
(Linn.), Bucculatrix albedinella (Zell.), B. frangulella (Goeze), B. ulmella (Zell.),
Bedellia somnulentella (Zell.).

GRACILARITDAE

Caloptilia betulicola (Her.), C. alchimiella (Scop.) / robustella Jackh, C.
stigmatella (Fabr.), C. syringella (Fabr.), Parornix betulae (Staint.), P. anglicella
(Staint.), P. devoniella (Staint.), P. scoticella (Staint.), P. finitimella (Zell.)/
torquillella (Zell.), Callist denticulella (Thunb.), Leucospilapteryx omissella
(Staint.), Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.), P. harrisella (Linn.), P. heegeriella
(Zell.), P. quercifoliella (Zell.), P. oxyacanthae (Frey), P. sorbi (Frey), P.
pomonella (Zell.), P. blancardella (Fabr.), P. cydoniella (D. & S.), P. cerasicolella
(Herr.-Schiaff.), P. lantanella (Schrank), P. corylifoliella (Hiibn.), P. coryli (Nic.),
P. solicicolella (Sirc.), P. dubitella (Herr.-Schaff.), P. quinnata (Geoftr.), P.
nigrescentella (Logan), P. lautella (Zell.), P. tristrigella (Haw.), P. schreberella
(Fabr.), P. nicellii (Staint.), P. ulmifoliella (Hiibn.), P. trifasciella (Haw.), P.
sylvella (Haw.).

SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE
Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hiibn.).

COLEOPHORIDAE
Coleophora gryphipennella (Hiibn.), C. serratella (Linn.), C. limosipenella
(Dup.), C. lineola (Haw.), C. discordella Zell., C. squamosella Staint., C.
argentula (Steph.), C. virgaureae Staint., C. artemisicolella Bruand.

ELACHISTIDAE
Elachista megerlella (Hiibn.), E. gangabella Zell.

MOMPHIDAE
Mompha raschkiella (Zell.).

TORTRICIDAE
Acleris schalleriana (Linn.), Acleris boscana (Fabr.), Pammene_ fasciana
(Linn.).

OECOPHORIDAE
Diurnea phryganella (Hiibn.), D. fagella (D. & S.).
GELECHIIDAE
Reuttia subocella (Steph.).
PTEROPHORIDAE
Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.), Leioptilus lienigianus (Zell.).
COCHYLIDAE

Aethes smeathmanniana (Fabr.).

THE SOCIETY’S PUBLICATIONS

AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO THE BRITISH PUGS.

The Society announces the publication of this booklet in the late
autumn of 1980, and it is hoped that it will be in time for the Annual
Exhibition.

Written by a group of members, the booklet comprises four superb
colour plates featuring photographs of every species and form known
from the British Isles of the genera Eupithecia, Chloroclystis, Gymnos-
celis and Anticollix; a short description of each species; a key to all
known forms; a survey of non-British species which might occur here;
a bibliography; and line drawings of the genitalia of both sexes including
male abdominal plates.

The text and plates together will amount to about 50 pages and it will
be bound in a stiff paper cover not unlike our Proceedings to which it
forms an optional supplement.

Price: £4.50, £3/- to members of the Society, postage 25p extra. Orders
enclosing cheques should be sent to the Honorary Distribution Secretary,
R. F. Bretherton, Esq., cC.B., F.R.E.S., etc., Folly Hill, Birtley Green,
Bramley, Surrey.

A FIELD GUIDE TO THE
SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA

The Society also announces that the above important and entirely new
work, bringing up to date and uniting the well- known Guide by the late
L. T. Ford, B.A., and the Supplement, both hitherto advertised on this
page, with much additional matter, published last autumn, is still available,
price £9, £6 to members, postage 60p extra. Bound in stiff paper cover.
A few bound and interleaved copies are also obtainable at £8, by members.

A LEPIDOPTERIST’S HANDBOOK

The Amateur Entomologist’s Society is pleased to announce the publication
of its latest Handbook, written by Richard Dickson. It is intended as a
‘vade mecum’ for both beginners and initiated lepidopterists and deals with
all aspects of the subject in a series of eleven chapters and four appendices.
There are 34 line illustrations and 13 photographs to augment the text and
the binding has been sewen to meet constant use.

It is a practical book on the various facets of breeding, collecting, storing,
conservation and photography of lepidoptera and should appeal to most
lepidopterist. Although the various techniques relate to the British fauna,
most are valid for lepidopterists anywhere.

The price is £3.00 plus postage and is avilable from A.E.S. Publication
Agent, 137 Gleneldon Road, London, SW16 2BQ. (An invoice will be sent
with orders, including postage).

CONTENTS

Current Literature " 88

Field Meetings 134

Haggett, G. M., Larvae of the British Lepi-
dopteranot figured by Buckler, Pt. XI 95

Harper, M. W., Observations on Epirrita
dilutata (D. & S.) and E. christyi (Allen) in

Herefordshire 116
Hering Memorial Research Fund, notice 94
Hering Memorial Research Fund, report for

1979 125
Officer’s Reports 118
Presidential Address, by D. J. L. Agassiz:—

(i) Topical Remarks 75

(ii) Some easily confused British micro-

lepidoptera 77
Proceedings 117
Bobertson, T. S., An estimate of the British

population of Apatura iris (L.) 89
Waage, J. K., Sloth moths and other zoophi-

lous lepidoptera 73

CORRIGENDUM

Vol. 13 (Parts 1/2) back cover:
CONTENTS: tenth item was omitted, please insert:

Jones, P. E., The ecology and distribution of the pseudoscorpion Dendro-
chermes cerneus (L. Koch) in Great Britain 350

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, but
the well-known ANNUAL EXHIBITION | takes
place lst November, in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in
the summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on
application to the Secretary.

A
5a ,

, PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE
BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

INDEX VOLUME 13 (1980)

Annual Exhibition 1979, 1

Apatura iris, an estimate of the British population, 89

Bibliography, Riley, N.D. (continued), 39

British microlepidoptera, some easily confused, 77

Celestial and light trap orientation of moths, 127

Conservationists’ dilemma, 60

Correspondence, 22-25

Current literature, 69, 88

Editorial, 1

Epirrita dilutata and christyi in Herefordshire, observations on, 106-116

Extinction, large blue, 57

Field Meetings; 1978/1979: Botley Wood, Hants, 50; Broxbourne Woods,
Herts, 53; Darenth Wood, Kent, 135; Dungeness, Kent, 52; New Forest,
Hants, 51; Ranmore, Surrey, 50; Sandy Down, Boldre, Hants, 50; Swanage,
48, 50, 51; Walberswick, Southwold, Dunwich Area, Suffolk, 134; Wilder-
ness, Kintbury, Berks, 50.

Foodplant for clouded brindle moth, a new, 24

Hering Memorial Research Fund, 72, 94, 125

Insect migration, 66, 67

Intergeneric matings of Zygaena and Procris, 32

Largest Pipunculid in the land, 46

Larvae of the British Lepidoptera no figured by Buckler, 95-105

Lebanon, Syria and Sinai, moths, 41

Lichens as pollution indicators, 130

Life-forms in the Lepidoptera, 55

Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Saba and the Phillippines, plants and animals
in, 128

Middle East Lepidoptera XXXV, 41

Moths in cargoes, intercepted by customs, lists, 57

Obituary: de Worms, Baron C. G. M., 37

Officers’ reports for 1979, 118

Permits to collect, 22-23

Presidential address, 16, 75

Proceedings, 53, 117

Pseudoscorpion Dendrochernes cyrneus, ecology and distribution in Gt. Britain,
33

NoV5 1981
LIBRARIES

Pugs (Eupitheciini), 18

Sloth moths and other zoophilous Lepidoptera, 73
Tathorhynchus Hampson, revision of genus, 25
Wildlife and countryside bill, 61

PLATES

I-III (facing p. 36) Tathorhynchus spp.

IV-V genitalia of Tathorhynchus spp.

VI Dendrochermes cyrneus; intergeneric mating of zygaenids
VIII Dr. C. G. M. de Worms; large blue gynandromorph
VIII (facing p. 37) Lepidoptera from the annual exhibition 1979
IX (facing p. 94) Lepidoptera from the annual exhibition 1979
X-XIII (facing p. 104) British lepidopterous larvae

DATES OF PUBLICATION
Parts 1-2 April 1980 Parts 3-4 Ist November 1980

CONTRIBUTORS

Agassiz.) DD. fe ss S450; 8 005 bas el
1272829. 38

Allen, A. A., 2, 5, 14, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57, 58,63, 64, 117, 126, 127,128,
130, 132

Arnold, R., 2

Ashby, C. B., & Torstenius, S., 9

Baker, B. R., 2, 50

Baker, D. B., 58, 59

Baker, P. J., 48, 51

Baker, R., 127

Banner, J. V., 2

Barton, H. K., 2

Bland, K. P., 2,5

Bowden, S. R., 9

Bradford, E. S.,

Bretherton, R. F.,
130

British Museum & Wiltshire, E. P., 2,
9

1G; "58s 59,105, 126
57, 60, 66, 117, 129,

Britton, M. R., 2

Brown, J., 54, 59

Brown, M. R., 126

Burgess, N. R. H., 58

Burton, G. N., 9

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 2,
129, 130, 134

Chandler, P .J., 11

Chipperfield, H. E., 134

Classey, E., 132

Goxey, Si; 2

Craske, R. M.,

Cronin, A. R.,

Demuth, R., P.,

Dobson, A. H..,

Dransfield, J., 128

Dyke, R., 53

Dyson, R. W., & Cribb, P. W., 9

Edmunds, H. A., 3

Elliot, B., 3

Else: 'G. Re, 12

Emmet, A. M., 5, 54, 59, 60, 64, 129,
130, 131, 132, 133, 134

Evans, K., 129

Fairclough, A. J., & R., 7, 133

Fairclough, R., 54, 56, 59, 126,
132

Penn; Joi. 3, 7

Fensome, B. D., 3

Forestry Commission, 22

Fry, R. A., 3

Fumell, D. L., 3

Gandy, M., 3

Gilbert, P., 39 (cont’d)

Godfray, H. C. J., 66

Grey, M. V., 50

Hadley, M., 3

Haggett, G. M., 95

Halstead, A. J., 15, 54, 117, 126

Hammond, C. O., 133, 134

S759," O35

2
2

, 16
& Goater, B., 2
D

128,

il

Harbottle, Rev. A. H. H., 3

Harley, B. H., 134

Harman, T. W., 10, 13

Harmer, A. S., 3

Harper, M. W.,

Hart, G:, 56

Hawksworth, D., 130

Hayes, A. H., 25, 134

Hayward, R., 3

Heckford, R. J., 7

Higgs, G. E., 24

Hodge, P. J., 10

Hollway, J. D., 65

Homer, T. J. G., 10, 55, 59

Horton, G. A. N., 7, 10

Jacobs, S. N. A., 55, 56

Jenkin, A., 3

Johnson, P. J., 129

Jones, P. E353

Knill-Jones, S. A., 23, 56

Langmaid, J. R., 3, 8, 50, 133, 134

Larsen, T. B.;°32

Leech Mr Ja 329

Le Pard, G. F., 16

Locker, W., 3

Luckens."G: Jz 9

MeLean, 1.7. 'G:, 12365

Merifield, K., 16, 57

Michaelis, H. N., 3, 8

Muggleton, J., 60

Murphy, Mrs. F., 117, 132

Packer: 112043

Parry, J. A., 10

Pearce) ©, Fe 3

Pelham-Clinton, E. C. me

Pickles, A. J. & Crile

Porter, J., 4, 13

Pratt, C., 4

Prior, G., as librarian 16, as President
16; — 56, 126, 134

Rainey, R. C., 67

Revels, R. C., 4, 16

Richardson, N. A., 4

Robertson, T. S., 89

Roche, P. J. L., & Tweedie, M., 127

Russwurm, A. D. A., & Middleton,
H. G. M., 4

Samuels, K., 4, 53, 56

Sankey, J. H. P., 117

Shaw, M. R., 11, 14

Simson, E. C. L., 4

Skinner, B., 4, 50, 56

Sokoloff, P. A., 4, 8, 12, 52, 59, 129,
130

Souza, M. M. de, 16

Sterling, D. H., 4, 8, 51, 129

Sterling, M. J., & P. H., 51

Stubbs, A. E., 12, 46, 57,

Torlesse, A. D., 65

Trembath, D. A., 9

Tremewan, G. M., 4, 9

Tubbs, M., 4

106

126, 133

iii
Tubbs, R. S., 4, 132 asilicia, Criorhina, 11, 12

Tyler, D. B., 4 ater, Xylophagus, 12
Vane-Wright, R. L., 66 bigoti, Haematopota, 12
Ventom, M., 134 calceata, Rainieria, 11
Vickers, W. A., 16 consimilis, Parhelophilus, 12
Waage, J. K., 73, 126 elegans, Chrystoxum, 12
Watkinson, I. A., & Chalmers-Hunt, fasciata, Didea, 12
J. M., 135 flavicornis, Nephrocerus, 46
Watson, R. W., 4, 50 florum, Xylota, 12
Whitebread, S. E., 8, 9 fuscula, Paradelphomyia, 12
Wild, E. H., 4, 9, 15, 54, 59, 60, 64, gloucescens, Acanthocnema, 12
129, 130, 132, 133 granditarsa, Pyrophaena, 12
Williams, P., & Divers, A., 14 hemiptera, Alophora, 11, 12
Wiltshire, E. P., 9, 30, 41, 53, 55 ibis, Atherix, 12
Worms, C. G. M. de, 54, 55, 57 inflata, Volucella, 11
Youden, G. H., 5 lurida, Servillia, 12
Young; L. D.; 5 luteola, Myolepta, 11
marginata, Atherix, 12
BIRDS mihfeldi, Hybomitra, 12
Nightingale, 132 nigripes, Cheilosia, 12
Oenanthe oenanthe (Wheatear), 52 obesa, Alophora, 11
Pernis apivorus (Honey Buzzard), 52 ornata, Limonia, 133
Pied Fly-catcher, 132 ornata, Odontomyia, 12
Willow Warbler, 132 personata, Pocota, 11, 12
punctifrons, Tetanocera, 12
COLEOPTERA pusilla, Alophora, 11
alni, Dryocoetinus, 10 ranunculi, Criorhina, 11, 12
angustula, Epuraea, 10 scutellatus, Nephrocerus, 12, 46-8
ceramboides, Gonodera, 10 silesiaca, Leucopis, 65
cerealis, Chrysolina, 10, 62 speciosa, Calliprobola, 11
convexiusculus, Cercyon, 11 sudeticus, Tabanus, 12
dermestoides, Pediacus, 10 vesicularis, Conops, 12
domesticum, Xyloterus, 126 viridipennis, Gnophomyia, 133
fagi, Cerylon, 10 vulpina, Cheilosia, 12
fallax, Dacrila, 10 walkeri, Leptomorphus, 11
fasciatus, Trichius, 10 wesmaelii, Hydrodromia, 12
fulvipes, Oxytelus, 10
granarius, Cercyon, 10 HEMIPTERA
minutus, Cercyon, 10 aurita, Ledra, 48
minuta, Platycis, 10 Eriopeltis sp., 65
minuta, Trachys, 11 montana, Cicadetta, 48
mucronata, Blaps, 65 tristriatus, Cyphostethus, 133
nitidulus, Rhizophorus, 10
olexai, Hylis, 10 HYMENOPTERA
pectinicornis, Pyrochroa, 10 Apanteles spp., bred, 14, 15
pectoralis, Ceuthorhynchus, 10 apicata, Andrena, 13
Tusticus, Criocephalus, 10 argentatus, Oxybelus, 13
sanguinicollis, Ischnomera, 10 ater, Miscophus, 13
scalaris, Saperda, 33 bicinctus, Gorytes, 12
sexpustulatus, Carpophilus, 10 Bombus spp., from Dungeness, 14
sternalis, Cercyon, 11 braconius, Colastes, 15, 127
tesserula, Micropeplus, 10 bucephala, Andrena, 13
testaceus, Phymatodes, 34 callunae, Apanteles, 58
testacea, Scraptia, 10 catenator, Panomeris, 15
trisulcum, Aulonium, 10 cineraria, Andrena, 13
umbilicata, Corticaria, 10 compressus, Phthorima, 117
undata, Megatoma, 117 conjungens, Nomada, 13
culpator, Stenichneumon, 64
DIPTERA decorator, Rhysipolis, 15
annulata, Theobaldia, 127 distinguendus, Crossocerus, 13
annulipes, Megasyrphus, 11, 12 dives, Ectemnius, 12

anthracina, Psilota, 12 dornii, Fenusa, 15

falcatus, Apanteles, 63
flagitator, Zele, 56

fordi, Microplitis, 132
gracilipes, Clinocentrus, 15
halophilius, Colletes, 13
hariolator, Rhysipolis, 15
helleni, Chrysis, 12
Ichneumonidae, at Brownsea I., 14
Ichneumoninae in Devon, 14
incertus, Colastes, 15
insidiator, Barylypa, 53
labiata, Andrena, 13
latipes, Xylocopa, 13
leachella, Megachile, 13
litterata, Tenthredopsis, 51
lustrator, Rhysipolis, 15
macsaryi, Ophion, 54
mandibularis, Coelioxys, 13
mesomelas, Tenthredo, 51
microcephalus, Heterarthrus, 11
monticola, Bombus, 13
mutator, Lissonota, 15
myops, Xylocopa, 13
niger, Dolerus, 51

niger, Lasius, 55

nitidis, Macrocentrus, 64
ocellaris, Platophion, 126
pagana stephensii, Arge, 51
pallidator, Aleiodes, 14
pallipes, Cladius, 51
parallelus, Apanteles, 132
pectinipes, Evagetes, 13
pictus, Dicaelotus, 130
pilicornis, Osmia, 13
popularis, Apanteles, 58
procer, Megascolia, 13
proxima, Andrena, 13
pusilla, Fenusa, 15
reticulatus, Sphecodes, 13
roseum, Hedychridium, 12
Tupestris, Psithyrus, 14
sexfasciata, Nomada, 13
slaviceki, Ophion, 126
spuria, Pimpla, 128
stigmosa, Hemipepsis, 13
triangulum Philanthus, 13
tropica, Vespa, 13
unicolor, Aporus, 12
vimanalis, Pontania, 51
vitripennis, Apanteles, 63
xanthomelana, Osmia, 13

LEPIDOPTERA
Lepidoptera, at Swanage, 49
Lepidoptera, at Broxbourne Woods, 53
Lepidoptera at Darenth Wood, 135
abbreviata, Eupithecia, 21
abietaria, Eupithecia, 3, 18, 20
abietella, Dioryctria, 7
absinthiata, Eupithecia, 20
acroxantha, Parocystola, 5, 57
acteus, Rhychalaba, 128

acuta, Chrysodeixis, 38
adjectella, Coleophora, 6, 59
advenaria, Cepphis, 60
aeneana, Commophila, 5
aeriferanus, Ptycholomoides, 6, 7
aestivaria, Hemithea, 132
aethiops, Erebia, 3, 4, Pl. VIII-vi,
Pl. [X-xiii
Agonopterix spp., 128
Agrodiaetus sp., 54
ainsae, Agrodiaetus, 9
albersana, Eucosmomorpha, 50
albicolon, Sideridis, 134
albifasciella, Ectoedemia, 59
albipuncta, Mythimna, 60
albipunctella, Nemapogon, 7
albitarsella, Coleophora, 7
alburnella, Teleiodes, 6
alchimiella, Caloptilia, 81
alfierii, Dendrolimus, 42, 43
alni, Acronicta, 50
alpicola, Parornix, 6
alpicola, Xestia, 2
alternaria, Semiothisa, 50
alticolella, Coleophora, 58
anachoreta, Clostera, 3, 5, 52, 56, 59
annulata, Cyclophora, 50
annulatella, Rhigognostis, 6
antiopa, Nymphalis, 60
antiqua, Orgyia, 55
apicella, Ancylis, 50, 51
appositalis, Ostrinia, 45
aprilina, Dichonia, 64
aquata, Horisme, 18
Arcyophora sp., 73
areola, Dichonia, 132
argiolus, Celastrina, 134
argus caernensis, Plebejus, 16
argyrana, Pammene, 7
ariella, Stigmella, 5
arion, Maculinea, large blue, 1, 23,
30-32, 57, 61, 89, Pl. VII-ii
ssp. arionides, 32,
ssp. delphinatus 30-32
asella, Heterogenea, 3
assimilata, Eupithecia, 21
atalanta, Venessa, 57, 130
athalia, Mellicta, 62
atomaria, Ematurga, melanic, 134
atricapitana, Cochylis, 8
atricapitella, Stigmella, 131
atropos, Acherontia, 41
augustella, Chambersia, 82
aurinia, Euphydryas, 130
australis, Aporophyla, 52°
autumnata, Epirrita, 102, 104, 106, Pl.
XII, fig. i-v
avellanella, Semioscopis, 133
badiipennella, Coleophora, 59, 64
basiguttella, Stigmella, 131
beirutica, Lemonia, 42
bellargus, Lysandra, 5, Pl. IX, fig. 14

belucha, Caradrina, 44

berberata, Pareulype, 62

betularia, Biston, ab. carbonaria, 54

betulicola, Stigmella, 132

biangulata, Euphyia, 2, 58

bicuspis, Furcula, 2

bifasciana, Olethreutes, 6

bifractella, Apodia, 8

biloba Autographa, 68

bipunctaria, Scotopteryx, 49

bipunctosa, Agonopterix, 5, 8, 50, 84,
87

bisselliella, Tineola, 129

blancardella, Phyllonorycter, 56, 135

boeticus, Lampides, 59

borelii, Gortyna, ssp. lunanta, 54, 60

brassicae, Pieris, 57

bufo, Dendrolimus, 42, 43

caelestissima, Lysandra, 9

caeruleocephala, Diloba, 55

caesiella, Swammerdamia, 58

caespititiella, Coleophora, 58, 129, 130

caja, Arctia, 2

c-album, Polygonia, 129

camerounica sp.n., Tathorhynchus, 26,
Die29 Pl, NV Mise ve ihe 07,
18

camilla, Ladoga, 54, 57

campanulata, Eupithecia, 21

caniola, Eilema, 4, 38

caprana, Epinotia, 52

cardamines, Anthocharis, 2, 134

cardui, Vanessa (= Cynthia), 54, 57,
130

castrensis kirghisica, Malacosoma, 42

cavella, Phyllonorycter ssp. milleri, 135

celerio, Hippotion, 5

centaureata, Eupithecia, 58

cerasana, Pandemis, 9, 59

chalcites, Chrysodeixis, 2, 44, 65, 101,
Pl. XII, fig. 9-12

chloerata, Chloroclystis, 19, 105, 134,
Pl. XII. fig. 6-8

choragella, Morophaga, 8

christyi, Epirrita, 102, 103,
XIII, 1-7

chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 52, 55

cingulata, Pyrausta, 8

cinxia, Melitaea, 4, Pl. VIII, fig. 7

circumflexa, Cornutiplusia, 65, 117

clathrata, Semiothisa, 56

clavis, Agrotis, 4

clerkella, Lyonetia, 6, 56

coelestina, Agrodiaetus, 38

comes, Noctua, curtisii, 3

comma, Mythimna, 95

comparella, Phyllonorycter, 82

compta, Hadena, 55

congressariella, Nothris, 5

conicolana, Cydia, 8

consanguis, Polia, 44

consonaria, Ectropis, ab. nigra, 4

106, Pl.

consortella, Cosmiotes, 8

conspicillaris, Egira, 3

contiguaria, Idaea, britanniae, 4

convolvuli, Agrius, 60

conyzae, Coleophora, 50

coridon, Lysandra, ab. antidigitata, 4
Pl. IX, fig. 15, postfulvescens, 4,
syngrapha, 4

cossus, Cossus, 3

crassalis, Bomolocha, 2, 56, 59

crataegana, Archips, 7

crenata, Gluphisa, 9

crepuscularia, Ectropis, 3, 50

cristana, Acleris, 7, 53, 130, 132, f.
ochreanigrana, f. ruficostana, f. rufi-
cristana, 7

croceus, Colias, 57

cucullina, Ptilodontella, 134

cupriacella, Adela, 7

cursoria, Euxoa, 5

curtula, Clostera, 50

cydoniella, Phylonorycter, 135

cynarae, Pyrgus, 9

damone, Agrodiaetus, 38

daphnis, Meleaegeria, 9

deauratella, Oegoconia, 78, 79, 80

debiliata, Chloroclystis, 2, 19, 21

decolorella, Blastobasis, 5

defessa, Standfussiana, 44

Depressaria, spp. 128

depuncta, Eugnorisma, 2

demaryella, Bucculatrix, 7

diffinis, Teleiopsis, 52

dilutata, Epirrita, 102, 104,
XIII, fig. 8-15

dispunctella, Phyllonorycter, 7

distentella, Phyllonorycter, 7

distinctata, Aleucis, 2, 54

dodoneata, Eupithecia, 21

dominula, Callimorpha, 51, 130, 132

dryas, Minois, 9

dubia, Orgyia, ssp. turcica, 42

dubitarius, Gnophos, 45

dubitella, Phyllonorycter, 7, 81

eleochariella, Elachista, 8

elinguaria, Crocallis, 2, Pl. IX, fig. 17

elymi, Photedes, 134

emargana, Acleris, 52

emberizaepenella, Phyllonorycter, 8

emortualis, Trisateles, 23

emutaria, Scopula, 51

epiphron, Erebia, 54

epomidion, Apamea, 24-25

euphorbiae, Hyles, 117

Eupithecia sp. 4

Eupitheciini (Pugs), 18

eustrigata, Calyptra, 73

exempta, Spodoptera, 67

exiguata, Eupithecia, 56, 60

exsiccata, Tathorhynchus, ssp. fallax,
26, 27, 28, Pl.fig..6, 7; Pl. IV; fig: 23,
ssp. exsiccata, 25-29, Pl. I, fig. 1-5,

106, Pl.

PIV, fies 21 22

extensaria, Eupithecia, 21

fabressii, Agrodiaetus, 9

fabriciana, Anthophila, 15

fagaria, Dyscia, 54

falsella, Catoptria, 6, 8

filigrammaria, Epirrita, 102, 106

filipendulae, Zygaena, anglicola, 4, Pl.
IX, fig. 11

fimbrialis, Thalera, 3

flammea, Panolis, 53

flammealis, Endotricha, 8

flavago, Gortyna, 52

flaviciliana, Cochylis, 5, 9

flavifrontella, Pseudatemelia, 83, 84

flavimitrella, Lampronia, 80

flavirena, Caradrina, 9

flavofasciata, Perizoma, 51

fletcherella, Scythris, 8

florella, Catopsillia, 67, 68

fluctuosa, Tetheella, 4

fluctuosalis, Parapoynx, 5, 56

foenella, Epiblema, 8

forficella, Schoenobius, 51

formosana, Enarmonia, 7

formosanus, Lozotaeniodes, 17

forsterella, Glyphipterix, 50

francillana, Aethes, 132

fraternana, Epinotia, 6, 7

fraxinata, Eupithecia, 132

friesei, Ocnerostoma, 77, 78

fucosa, Amphipoea, 97

fuliginaria, Parascotia, 55

fumiferana, Choristoneura, 68

funerella, Ethimia, 8

furfurana, Bactra, 6

fusca, Sterrhopterix, 7

galathea, Melanargia, serena, ab.
craskei, 4, Pl. VIII, fig. 8

gamma, Authographa, 3,
gammina, 52

genistella, Oncocera, 7

glareosa, Paradiarsia, 52

glaucata, Crypsotidia (Tathorhynchus)
30

goosensiata, Eupithecia, 20

hahneli, Bradypodicola, 74

hartmanniana, Aethes, 9

hastata, Rheumaptera, 50

hastiana, Acleris, 8, 52

haworthiata, Eupithecia, 20

hebe, Arctia, 41

hirtaria, Lycia, melanic, 130, 133

holliata, Idaea, 44

homogyna, Tathorhynchus, 26, 27, 28,
Plo UI, fig: (8) SOP IV, e424;
ssp. malagasy, 28, Pl. II, fig. 10, 11

horridella, Ypsolopha, 7

hospes, Athetis, 4, Pl. IX, fig. 12

humuli, Hepialus, 55

hybridella, Cochylis, 6

icarus, Polyommatus, 49

117, form

vi

icterata, Eupithecia, 21

imbecilla, Eriopygodés, 100, Pl. X, fig.
4-6

incongruella, Amphisbatis, 5

inexpectata, Parasa, 42

intermedialis, Schrankia, 53

interpunctella, Plodia, 59

inturbata, Eupithecia, 19

io, Inachis, 5, ab. belisaria, 4, Pl. IX,
fig. 19

ipsilon, Agrotis, 130

iris, Apatura, 9, 55, 57, 89

irriguata, Eupithecia, 2

jacobaeae, Tyria, 58, ab. coneyi, 4,5

josephinae, Pseudatemelia, 83, 84

jubata, Alcis, 3, Pl. VIII, fig. 9

jurtina, Maniola, 2, 57, albino,
Pl. IX, fig. 18

kasyi, Conistra, 44

kilmunella, Elachista, 7, 8,

kotschyi, Berutana, 41

lacteella, Mompha, 5

lacunana, Olethreutes, 5

lambdella, Batia, 56

lancealis, Eurrhypara, 51

languida, Mythimna, 44

lassella, Coleophora, 58

leautieri, Lithophane, 63, 117

legatella, Chesias, 53

lentiginosella, Mirificarma, 6

leoi, Solenobia, 8

elucobasis, Tathorhynchus, 26, 27, 29,

Pi?) Li, figs 19; 203 Plev, dees

libanotica, Autophila, 44

libanotica, Thaumetopoea, 42

libatrix, Scoliopteryx,73

lichenea, Eumichtis, 52, 64

lienigianus, Leioptilus, 7, 135

ligustri, Sphinx, 53

limosipennella, Coleophora, 7, 64

linariata, Eupithecia, 20

lineana, Apotomis, 6

lineata, Siona, 62

literana, Acleris, 130

litoralis, Mythimna, 134

liturella, Agonopterix, 8, 84, 87

loreyi, Mythimna, 95, Pl. X, fig. 1-3

lucens, Amphipoea, 97, Pl. XI, fig. 1-5

lucernea, Standfussiana, 44

lucidella, Monochroa, 6, 8

lunosa, Omphaloscelis, 64

lunula, Calophasia, 52, 56

luteolata, Opisthograptis, 45

Lysandra, sp. 54

machaon, Papilio, 38

maculana, Epinotia, 7

maculosana, Hysterophora, 50

malvae, Pyrgus, 57, 134

manilensis, Nymphula, 5

margaritata, Campaea, 49, 127

maritima, Chilodes, 134

maritima, Eucosma, 6

=f;

mauretanica, Procris, 32, Pl, VI, fig. 2

megera, Lasiommata, ab. croesus, 3, Pl,
VIII, fig. 5

melanura, Ochropleura, 42

mendica, Argyresthia, 132

mendica, Diaphora, f. rustica, 2

menyanthidis, Acronicta, 3

mi, Euclidia, 132

micella, Argolamprotes, 9

milhauseri, Hylocampa, 9

millefoliata, Eupithecia, 4, 21

miniosa, Orthosia, 129

minorella, Glyphipterix, 7

minusculella, Stigmella, 5-6, 131

miscella, Mompha, 8

monoglypha, Apamea, 63

morrisii, Photedes, 2, 53, 96

muralis, Cryphia, 5

muscosella, Gelechia, 7

myrtillana, Ancylis, 8

myrtillana, Griselda, 6

myrtilli, Anarta, 53, 58

nanana, Epinotia, 133

nanata, Eupithecia, 20

nanivora, Stigmella, 58, 132

napi, Pieris, 4, 9, marginalis, 9, ? spp.
microstriata, 9

nepheloperas, Scopula, 45

neustria, Malacosoma, 42

nickerlii, Luperina, 96, Pl. XI, fig. 10,
11

nigra, Aporophila, 64

nigra, Gelechia, 5, 6, 54

nigra, Tathorhynchus, 26, 27, 29, PI.
III, fig. 15, 16, Pl. V, fig. 26

nigrescentella, Phyllonorycter, 127, 135

noctuella, Nomophila, 130

nubeculosa, Brachionycha, 3

nubilalis, Ostrinia (‘“‘Pyrausta’’), 45

obductella, Oncocera, 7

obelisca, Euxoa, ab. grisea, 3

obscuratus, Gnophos, 4

obsoleta, Mythimna, 5

obstipata, Orthonama, 2

obtusa, Pelosia, 57

obtusana, Ancylis, 50

ocellata, Smerinthus — populi, Laothoe
hybrid, 3

Ocnerostoma spp. 77

oditis, Leucochlaena, 49

Oegoconia spp., 78

or, Tethea, 50

orbona, Noctua, 126

osthelderi, Autophila, f. libanopsis, 44

palaemon, Carterocephalus, 62, 89

palaestinensis, Idaea, 45

palarica, Erebia, 9

pallescentella, Tinea, 56

palliatella, Coleophora, 50

pallifrontana, Cydia, 133

pallorella, Agonopterix, 7, 84, 87, 127

paludis, Amphipoea, 97, 98, 99, Pl. XI,

Vil

fig. 6-9

paludum, Buckleria, 51
pamphilus, Coenonympha, 3
paphia, Argynnis, 4, 54
parallela, Malacosoma, 42
parasitella, Ephestia, 7
parasitella, Triaxomera, 8
pariana, Eutromula, 56
paripunctella, Teleiodes,7

passerella (= nanivora), Swammer-
damia, 58

paupella, Ptocheuusa, 8

pauperana, Eucosma, 5, 7

pavonia, Saturnia, 2, Pl. IX, fig. 16

pedella, Stathmopoda, 51
peilei, Lemonia, ssp. talhouki, 42
peltigera, Heliothis, 4, 130
pennaria, Colotois, 5
peribenanderi, Coleophora, 50
perlepidella, Digitivalva, 6
persicariae, Melanchra, 2
petiverella, Dichrorampha, 8
pfeifferi, Hadena, 44
phlaeas, Lycaena, 134, ab. schmidtii, 52
phoeniceata, Eupithecia, 21, 38
phragmitella, Limnaecia, 51, 129
pimpinellae, Depressaria, 7
pimpinellata, Eupithecia, 20, 52
pinastri, Hyloicus, 134
pinella, Catoptria, 52
piniariella, Ocnerostoma, 77, 78
pinicolella, Batrachedra, 6, 7, 132
placida, Phragmatibia, 41
platanoidella, Phyllonorycter, 82
plumbagana, Dichrorampha, 8
plumbea, Tathorhynchus, 28-29, Pl.
M5 fig. £2; 13, PIE Vo fies 25
plumbeolata, Eupithecia, 20
poae, Elachista, 7
polydectalis, Oligostigma, 5
populana, Pammene, 7
populeti, Orthosia, 2
populi, Amorpha, 54
populi, Laothoe, 55, 57
potentillae, Coleophora, 58
praeangusta, Batrachedra, 51
prasina, Anaplectoides, 51
procellata, Melanthia, 3
procerella, Bisigna, 82
promissa, Catocala, 3, 52
pronuba, Noctua, 127
prostratella, Agonopterix, 85,
pruinata, Pseudopterpna, 130
prunaria, Angerona, 4
Psychidae, 130
pubicornis, Lampronia, 7
pudorina, Mythimna, 134
punctalis, Dolicharthria, 8
pupillana, Eucosma, 6
pulchellata, Eupithecia, 20
pulverella, Agonopterix, 85
puppillaria, Cyclophora, 3, 4

127, 128

Vili

putrescens, Mythimna, 2, 56, 95 sponsa, Catocala, 3

pusillata, Eupithecia, 19 stagnata, Parapoynx, 5, 7, 56
putridella, Agonopterix, 6 steinkellneriana, Semioscopis, 50
pyrella, Swammerdamia, 58 stellatarum Macroglossum, 54
quadra, Lithosia, 2 straminea, Mythimna, 44, 51
quadrana, Eriopsela, 132 striatella, Isophrictis, 8
quadrifasiata, Xanthorhoe, 51 strigillaria, Perconia, 134
quadripuncta, Oegoconia, 78, 79, 80 _ strigulatella, Phyllonorycter, 81
quadripunctaria, Euplagia, 130 strobilella, Cydia, 8

quercus, Quercusia, 3 styx, Acherontia, 41

rapae, Pieris, 3, 129 suasa, Lacanobia, 134
rectangulata, Chloroclystis, 19 subbimaculella, Ectodemia, 66
revayana, Nycteola, f. ramosana, 53 subdivisella, Mompha, 87
thododactyla, Cnaemidophorus, 8 subfasciella, Cedestis, 77
roboris, Phyllonorycter, 6 subfuscata, Eupithecia, 21
robustella, Caloptilia, 81 subnigrella, Elachista, 6
tubidata, Catarhoe, 3 subnotata, Eupithecia, 18
rubiginosana, Epinotia, 7 subpropinquella, Agonopterix, 85
rufana, Acleris, 7, 8 subrosea, Eugraphe, 23, 38
ruficapitella, Stigmella, 131 subsequana, Epinotia, 7
rufifasciata, Gymnoscelis, 21, 127 subumbrata, Eupithecia, 18
rufipennella, Caloptilia, 80 subvenusta, Polymixis, 44
rupicola, Olethreutes, 5 succenturiata, Eupithecia, 21
rupicolella, Solenobia, 8 sulphurella, Esperia, 56
ruralis, Pleuroptya, 134 superstes, Hoplodrina, 9
sacraria, Rhodometra, 3, 4, 57, 60 sylvella, Phyllonorycter, 82
sacrosancta, Lemonia, 42 syriaca, Berutana, 41

sagitella, Phyllonorycter, 82 taeniolela, Syncopacma, 8
saida, Idaea, 44 templi, Dasypolia, 4

salicalis, Colobochyla, 38 tengstroemi, Stigmella, 5
salicis, Leucoma, 15, 51 tenuiata, Eupithecia, 19, 20
salicicolella, Phyllonorycter, 81 tersata, Horisme, 18
salicorniae, Coleophora, 59 testulalis, Maruca, 57

saligna, Phyllocnistis, 56 tetralunaria, Selenia, 55
samiatella, Stigmella, 131 tiliae, Mimas, 4, 41, 56

sannio, Diacrisia, 134 tithonus, Pyronia, 57,
schmidtiella, Telephila, 7 ssp. britanniae, 2, 3

scirpi, Elachista, 7 torva, Notodonta, 3, Pl. VIII, fig. 4
scopariella, Agonopterix, 6, 85 trapezina, Cosmia, ab, nigra, 2
scutulana, Epiblema, f. cirsiana, 7 trauniana, Pammene, 6

secalis, Mesapamea, 96 trifolii, Zygaena, 32, Pl. VI, fig. 2,
selasella, Agriphila, 52 ssp. decreta, Pl; IX, fig. 10,

selene, Boloria, 2, 3, 59, Pl. VIII, fig. 3 ssp. palustrella, 4
semele, Hipparchia, 4, Pl. VIII, fig. 1 trifolii, Zygaena, 3

semifasciana, Apotomis, 5 trigotephras, Orgyia, orientalis, 41
sequana, Dichrorampha, 8 tripuncta, Telechrysis, 7

sequax, Teleiodes, 8 tripunctaria, Eupithecia, 21, 22
sericopeza, Etainia, 5 tritophus, Tritophia, 9

sertorius, Spialia, 9 troberti, Tathorhynchus, 26, 27, 29, Pl.
sexalata, Pterapherapteryx, 2 II, fig. 14

sexta, Manduca, 73 troglodytella, Coleophora, 50
signatana, Epinotia, 7 trux, Agrotis, ob. lunigera, 2
silesiaca, Depressaria, 84 tullia, davus, Coenonympha, ab., 3
silvella, Crambus, 51 turbidana, Epiblema, 7

similis, Euproctis, 64 turca, Mythimna, 38, 101

simulans, Rhyacia, 3 turcorum, Iranada, 44

sociela, Aphomia, 56 typhae, Nonagria, 51

sodaliana, Hysterosia, 7 ulicetella, Agonopterix, 85
sparganella, Orthotaelia, 51 uliginosalis, Udea, 8

sparganii, Archanara, 51 umbrosella, Bryotropha, 7
spartiifoliella, Leucoptera, 8 uncella, Ancylis, 7

splendidissimella, Stigmella, 5 uncula, Eustrotia, 51, 52

undulata, Rheumaptera, 51
unionalis, Palpita, 3
unipuncta, Mythimna, 3, 4, 96
unitana, Aphelia, 5

urticae, Aglais, 4, 5, 48, Pl. VIII, fig. 2

urticae, Spilosoma, 134
vau-punctatum, Conistra, 44
venosata, Eupithecia, 20
versicolor, Oligia, 2
vibicella, Coleophora, 50
viciae, Zygaena, 23
villosella, Pachythelia, 51

viminetorum, Phyllonorycter, 6, 7,

viscariella, Caryocolum, 132, 133
vitalbata, Horisme, 18

vitellina, Mythimna, 3

wagae, Teleiodes, 8, 9

wailesella, Leucoptera, 8
w-album, Strymonidia, 48
wilkinsoni, Thaumetopoea, 42
williana, Aethes, 133
Ypsolopha, spp., 54

NEUROPTERA

phalaenoides, Drepanepterix, 15, 60

ODONATA

coerulatus, Megaloprepus, 15, 133

femina, Agriconemis, 15
isosceles, Aeshna, 62
lucretia, Mecestogaster, 15
superstes, Eriophlebia, 15

ORTHOPTERA

albopunctata falcata, Platycleis, (= P.

denticulata) 52
campestris, Gryllus, 62
gregaria, Schistocerea, 67
gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa, 62
panzeri, Ectobius, 52
verrucivorus, Decticus, 62

OTHER ORDERS
cimicoides, Chermes, 34, 36
coleoptrata, Scutigera, 56

cyrneus, Dendrochernes, 33-36, Pl. VI,

fig. 1
dispar, Phytoptus, 54
flavicaudis, Euscorpius, 117
wideri, Allochernes, 34

PLANTS
Acer, platanoides, 5, 82
Achillea (yarrow), 8, 21, 84
Alnus (alder) 15, 81, 102
Angelica, 21, 22
apple, 56
Artemisia, (mugwort) 7, 8, 21
ash, 115
aspen (Populus tremula), 54, 115
bamboo, 134
beech, 11, 36, 102, 115
Betula, nana, 58, 132

bilberry, 21, 56

birch, 36; 102; 115,117, 133

blackberry, 115

blackcurrant, 115

black poplar, 133

blackthorn (= sloe), (Prunus spinosa),
7, 60, 105, 115

bladder campion, 20

Brachypodium, pinnatum, 65

bracken, 11

broom, 21, 53, 85, 115

bulrush (Typha latifolia), 129

burnet saxifrage, 20

butterbur, 133

Carpinus, 15

Centaurea nigra, 5

Centaurea scabiosa, 84

cherry, 6

clematis, (traveller’s joy), 20, 115

comfrey, 51, 132

Corybas spp., 128

Corylus (hazel), 8, 15, 115

cow-wheat, 20

crab apple, 56

cypress, 22

Dactylis, 96

dog rose, 115

dogwood, 115

Drosera (sundew), 51

elder, 115

elm, 36, 60, 102, 115, 134

Epilobium, hirsutum, 5

foxglove, 20

gean, 115

Genista, prostrata, 87, 127

glasswort (Salicornia europaea), 59

Glechoma hederacea, 7

golden-rod, 132

gorse, 21

hawthorn, 11, 12, 21, 51, 102, 115

heather, 53

Helianthemum, 8

hemp, agrimony, 51

Heracleum, 12

honeysuckle, 115, 130

hornbeam, 104

ivy, 115

juniper, 22, 133

larch, 22

laurel, 55, 115

Leycesteria, 8

lime, 115

maple, 115

Myrica gale, 7

nettle leaved bellflower, 21

oak (Quercus), 11, 33-36, 48, 59, 81,
115

Oenanthe, 11

Origanum, 7

Picea abies, 132

Pimpinella, major, 7

Pines 22, 55), 77,48

pitcher plants (Nepenthes), 128

Poa, 96

Polyporus, 34

Populus canescens, 54

privet, 115, 127

Prunus cerasus, 135

Prunus spinosa, 132

Pulicaria, 8

purple willow (Salix purpurea), 51, 56
Pyrus communis, 131

ragwort, 21

rhododendron, 11

Rosa, 7, 8

Rubus, 5, 80

Salix (sallow), 7, 11, 20, 52; 64, 89
Salix caprea, 81, 115

sea-buckthorn, 132

Serratula tinctoria, 50, 84

Silene dioica, 132

Sorbus intermedia, 5

spindle, 115

spruce, 22

spurge laurel, 115 *
sweet chetstnut, 115
sycamore, 81, 115
Tanacetum, 8

thyme, 10

toadflax, 22

Typha latifolia, 51, 129, 130
Ulex, 130

Urtica (nettle), 130, 134
Viburnum, 12

Vicia, 132

Vicia, sepium, 127
white willow, 115

yew, 115

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
camerounica, Tathorhynchus, (Lep.
Noctuidae) 29

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AUGUST 1981 Vol. 14, Parts 1/2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

Officers and Council for 1981

President:
A.E. Stubbs, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

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J. Heath. F.R.E.S.

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Secretary:
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Proceedings and Transactions of
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The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 1

UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT?

Your editor since volume 9, Ted Wiltshire, retired from the scene of verbal
battle at the end of 1980, scarred by an attack of shingles. I am relieved to report
that he is making a good recovery. I have bubbled up from 21 years spent stirring
the muddy waters of the editorial panel with my red pen, so my eclosion as editor
will hardly be marked by aposematically coloured covers, though I hope that as I
expand my wings this publication will increasingly be seen as good enough reason
for country membership.

Taking over from Ted Wiltshire has been trebly inauspicious: our printer also
announced his retirement as soon as he saw me. An inevitable consequence is that
this issue will be published later than normal. It has not yet been possible to
implement improvements, such as a larger typeface, because of a sudden trebling
of the rent of our rooms.

Members’ views on the form and contents of the Proceedings will meanwhile
be welcomed. Some things have been a source of frustration to successive editors,
for example the banal reporting of lectures. Whatever was so interesting about all
the lectures that are said to have kept the members from their cups for a pro-
longed question time? Coincidentally a note appears in this issue from the indoor
meetings secretary which indicates that he is looking for just the sort of lectures
that I have been thinking of soliciting directly as papers. I hope that with texts of
these and abstracts of other offerings we shall be able to bring to your notice
entomological topics that develop and pass us by in journals that we never see,
even in libraries such as that of the Royal Entomological Society.

Another puzzle has always been the disloyalty of members to the journal of
their own society: exhibit notes are republished elsewhere and there have been
many prolifically publishing members who have rarely offered a paper for the
Transactions. At one stage we became convinced that the publication delay of our
old annual publication was a prime reason and went to quarterly publication. This
did not change the attitude of the old guard. We are slowly gaining acceptance as
more than a house journal, perhaps aided by publication delays in other journals
and increasing pressure on their available space. It can be stated that our circula-
tion is comparable to that of other British entomological periodicals and that the
contents are noted by the abstracting journals.

My policy will be to encourage concise and informative contributions, but not
to use a clumsy editorial broadsword to hack out all signs of literacy and lightness
of touch. Many journals today publish such arid stuff that it is exceedingly
difficult to read and is consigned to the dust as soon as its immediate topicality
fades.

In this issue we are fortunate in having personal appreciations of some of the
best-known members who died in 1980. These are much more than a catalogue
of those facts that can be researched at any time: they are astute observations by
personal friends of what drove them, what influence they had as companions, and
how they came to amass material that they bequeathed to the Society. It has
been my good fortune to have known and collected with all these men and the
accounts of them revive vivid memories of Scottish lakes, Madeiran mountains
and middens, and a chance encounter with Messrs. Bretherton and de Worms on
the Simplon Pass. R.W.J.U.

The Biology of Butterflies: R.E.S. symposium 23-26 Sept. 1981.

This ambitious symposium has something for everyone. Places still available.
Registration fee £27 to non-Fellows, B&B in Imperial College £10.50 per night.
Details from R.E.S. Registrar, 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7.

2 PROC TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST.SOC. 14, 1981

HOW MANY ARTOGEIA SPECIES IN AMERICA?
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

by S. R. BOWDEN
Lydeard, Merryfield Way, Storrington, Sussex

INTRODUCTION

The number of Artogeia species in America was made a contentious question
by Warren (1963). Apart from the introduced Artogeia rapae L., only two species
had previously been recognized: “Pieris napi L.” and ‘‘P. virginiensis Edwards”.
Working on the single character of male androconial scale shape, Warren purported
to distinguish six species, among which only ssp. marginalis Scudder of Oregon
was true napi L., whereas bryoniae Ochsenheimer was represented by three
northern subspecies. However, no one could fully accept his conclusions, if only
because he never specified the degree of difference of shape which justified an
inference of specific distinction, and he hardly mentioned other characters.

There are probably about nine distinguishable Nearctic subspecies of the
Artogeia napi complex; the uncertainties relate chiefly to their grouping into
species, and the question which (if any) are conspecific with subspecies on other
continents. Conspecificity among allopatric subspecies is not easy to establish,
since there is no opportunity for cross-pairing in the wild (which on the biological
concept of the species provides the ultimate criterion). We can, however, induce
hybrid pairings in captivity, and draw conclusions from their facility and their
reproductive success (Bowden 1976).

CROSS-PAIRING OF AMERICAN POPULATIONS

I bred the Nearctic subspecies oleracea Harris, marginalis and virginiensis and
hybridized them with one another and with nominotypical napi and bryoniae
from Europe (Bowden 1972 and earlier papers quoted therein). I thus obtained
data on the viability and fertility over two or more generations, which I used to
assess taxonomic status among the pairs. I concluded, provisionally, that oleracea
was close to napi reproductively and might perhaps be included in the same
species but that it would not be unreasonable to separate it; virginiensis indeed
represented a species distinct from both oleracea and napi; ssp. marginalis at least
approached specific separation from oleracea and from napi. Crosses of these
American subspecies with Swiss bryoniae could hardly be taken beyond the F, ;
unfortunately no living material of hulda Edwards or pseudobryoniae Verity was
available. One or other of these northern subspecies might prove conspecific with
bryoniae, though they seem more reminiscent of Scandinavian adalwinda Fruh-
storfer, which is a napi subspecies on a reproductive criterion (Bowden 1957).

I wish here to re-emphasize a point made previously (Bowden 1976), that
cross-breeding results can vary, especially in numerical success, to an extent
difficult to control. Individual butterflies, even from the same parents, can vary
so much reproductively that experimental pairings should be repeated as far as
possible, especially if any eggs laid seem completely infertile or inviable.

In 1951-1953 I made crossings of Swiss bryoniae with British napi and
repeatedly obtained good F, broods (Bowden 1956). About the same time
Lorkovi¢ in Jugoslavia had much greater difficulty with napi x bryoniae, and was
greatly surprised at my beginner’s luck (Lorkovié 1962). In recent years I have
several times had occasion to make this cross again, but most frequently the
majority of eggs laid by the F, hybrid females have failed to hatch — which has
not surprised Lorkovié at all. Quantitative conclusions, then, are subject to error,
which must be allowed for.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 3

THE STATUS OF SSP. MICROSTRIATA COMSTOCK

It now seems unlikely that I shall ever be able to answer the question in my
title. I wish, however, to report some incomplete results for another American
population, and ask what conclusions can be drawn. The subspecies in question is
microstriata Comstock from inner California, which with the closely related
parapatric venosa Scudder has recently been the subject of interesting work by
Shapiro (1975, 1977), who has figured the adults.

In July 1977 I received from Shapiro 20 pupae, all bred from one female of
Lang Crossing stock, Nevada County, California. The locality is one of riparian
mixed coniferous forest at 1475 m altitude on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada. The eggs had been laid on 22.iv.77, the larvae ate Brassica, Arabis and
watercress freely, and pupation occurred during 18-24.v.77. The pupae were
stored near 1°C from November to mid-April 1978, by which time eight were
thought to be dead or dying.

The pupae were measured to compare their proportions with other Nearctic
and Palaearctic members of the napi group. Seven measurements were made on
each pupa, as will be reported more fully on another occasion. Here I will say
only that whereas virginiensis is much more deeply “waisted” than napi and
bryoniae, microstriata like oleracea shows an intermediate form. Subspecies
marginalis (but six specimens only) seems rather less waisted even than napi. Thus
this (probably multifactorial) character puts microstriata rather with oleracea
than with the other subspecies measured.

Thirteen adults (two crippled) eclosed in the first half of May 1978, and
most were caged for breeding. The butterflies obtained had white (male) or pale
ochreous (female) hindwing undersides, with ‘‘acuta” marking as in oleracea. In
one cage among three females and two males at least one pairing occurred (after
3 days!), but about 15 eggs all failed to hatch. In another, one female paired
quickly with a Herts. wild napi male, but died in less than 2 days without laying.
However, a single female paired with a brother after 4 days, when temperature in
the sunny greenhouse had risen to 27°C. The temperature a few days later rose to
37°C in consequence of control failure, and the male became moribund, but 26
eggs, all on Alliaria, were obtained then. Over the period 10-20.v.78 over 100 eggs
were laid. Hatching was good, but the young larvae had to be moved to watercress
(American “napi” cannot be raised on Alliaria); losses began immediately and
continued throughout the larval stage in spite of food-plant changes to cultivated
mustard, Sisymbrium officinale and Hesperis matronalis (this last not accepted).
The reason for the deaths is not known, since many larvae grew well initially, and
four batches were kept separate. The final product was one male eclosed 1.vii.78,
crippled by adherent wings, and 3 pupae in diapause, of which two blacked off
during or after winter cold-storage.

One good female emerged on 20.v.78, and from this one individual all hybrid
broods were derived. About 1-2 hr after caging with a British yellow napi male
(Head’s f. sulphurea) she paired with him. Many eggs, on Alliaria and watercress,
resulted; hatching was good and the larvae fed well on Alliaria, losses being very
few indeed. Pupae were green or greenish, and all 40 adults eclosed from 28.vi to
9.vii.79 (brood 1979-c).

These F, hybrids were large compared with their parents (males up to 28.5 mm,
wing-tip to centre of thorax). Upperside black markings in general followed
European napi, but males, particularly the larger ones, developed a second discal
spot below the first. Such a spot, though it must have some genetic basis seems
to be associated with the larger subspecies of the group (neobryoniae Sheljuzhko,
melete Meénétriés) and with the larger individuals in any subspecies, in vernal
microstriata it is rare, but it appears more frequently in spring venosa; in the
summer males of both subspecies a trace of it is not uncommon (Shapiro, in /itt.).

4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

For this hybridization the homozygous yellow male had been chosen, as for
the corresponding crosses of ssp. marginalis (Bowden 1970), in order to detect
pale-yellow, even if present in microstriata only as the heterozygote. A “pale-
yellow” gene had been homozygous in our visibly yellow marginalis stock, but
our microstriata were white. If the microstriata female carried pale-yellow, about
half her hybrid daughters should be visibly tinged yellow, the allele being
dominant to Head’s yellow in both British and American stocks (Bowden 1961,
1970). In fact there were 17 males, in which the pale-yellow phenotype could not
be distinguished, and 23 females, of which 10 or 11 were pale yellow, at least 3
very definitely so. The mother of the brood seems, therefore, to have been hetero-
zygous for pale-yellow.

Five of the hybrid females were caged with their brothers, and at least 3 of
them paired, but no eggs were laid in any cage. Lorkovi¢ confirmed by dissection
that females of this brood were sterile. This female sterility (second type of
Lorkovi¢ 1978) implies that microstriata is specifically distinct from European
napi (cf. similar results of virginiensis x napi, Bowden 1966).

As expected, the hybrid males were fertile; one paired with a bright yellow
napi female to produce about 65 eggs (1979-e). There were heavy losses among
the unevenly growing larvae, but 8 male + 8 female butterflies eclosed in 1979,
leaving 12 pupae to overwinter and yield 8 males only in 1980 (2 died and 2 re-
mained undeveloped). If the male parent was heterozygous bright yellow/pale-
yellow, as it had an even chance of being, the offspring should have been half
bright yellow and half pale yellow (with males probably indistinguishable from
white). These phenotypes did appear. Three pale yellow females were very close
to white, but could be recognized in a good light. The significant deficiency of
females (8) below males (16), bright yellow males (5) below white (11) and
especially of bright yellow females (1) below pale (7) may be explained in terms
of the heavy (65%) larval and other losses.

Again in 1979, this first backcross brood e was inbred. About 30 eggs (1979-k)
were obtained, but hatching was poor and there were further losses in the larval
stage, so that only 3 good pupae resulted. The phenotypes expected in (female)
offspring were 1 bright + 3 pale yellow. In fact there were 2 bright yellow females
(1979) and the one over-wintering pupa remained undeveloped in 1980. The
departure from expectation is not significant.

The same backcross male was also backcrossed further to another bright
yellow napi female. This time the pairing was unduly prolonged (over 3% hours)
and only 4 larvae were obtained from the 38 eggs (1979+). Resulting adult pheno-
types were one white male in 1979 + 2 white males in April 1980. The fourth
pupa failed to develop and was discarded dead in September.

In the hybrids, all the pale yellows must have been heterozygous for bright
yellow. It would be possible to think of them as carrying no special pale-yellow
allele but merely a modified wild-type allele not fully dominant to the bright
yellow. But this explanation cannot suffice if pure microstriata females are some-
times pale yellow. In fact Shapiro states (in litt. 1979) that this is so, and that
even a good light yellow male microstriata has been taken wild, so a pale-yellow
allele, not necessarily identical with those previously described (Bowden 1961,
1970) most simply explains the phenomena. The resulting pale-yellow phenotype
comprises a range of very dilute lemon-yellow upperside colours in the female and
is normally almost or quite indistinguishable from white in the male. As in all
sulphurea forms, the yellow tint extends to the disc of the forewing underside.

The inheritance of the subtalba or quasi-subtalba character needs further
investigation. The phenotype shows a remarkably close resemblance to that in the
Japanese ssp. japonica Shir6zu. As in that still doubtfully assigned subspecies
(Bowden 1978), Lorkovi¢ in prep.), but not in the better known neobryoniae and
virginiensis, this subtalba shows no dominance in the hybrids. The F, undersides

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 5

in napi x japonica had curiously uneven pale lemon-yellow pigmentation; so have
those in microstriata x napi, the yellow being concentrated near the hindwing
margin or at the forewing apex.

There are, of course, obvious differences, upperside black markings of the
summer emergence being much heavier and more melete-like in japonica, especially
at the forewing apex. The resemblance to A. dulcinea Butler of eastern Asia may
be even closer, but experimental breeding work with that species remains for the
future.

It seems likely that the acuta and non-dominant subtalba forms as found in
American “‘napi”, other than A. virginiensis, have a recent common origin with
those in eastern Asia, while virginiensis, lacking the acuta veining and with a
dominant subtalba fixed, came by a different route from the west-Asiatic ‘“‘ur-
napi” — possibly via the Greenland area in some warmer episode of the Tertiary
era.

The question remaining is the old one: where shall we draw the specific line
among allopatric populations? Shapiro (in litt. 1979) states that microstriata
“seems to intergrade into marginalis through a series of populations . . . in N.W.
California” and asks, “if marginalis and napi are conspecific, and microstriata and
napi are not, what are we to do about the apparent intergradation?” In my
present view, both marginalis and oleracea have rather less claim than bryoniae
to be conspecific with napi. Oleracea has been crossed with marginalis (see
Bowden 1972) but we concluded from the poor results in the F, that these sub-
species were “at least approaching full specific separation’’.

CONCLUSION

How many “species” are represented among ssp. venosa, microstriata,
marginalis and oleracea must be uncertain at present. Local studies show that the
first two are conspecific, perhaps the first three; conceivably all four are. Oleracea
(1829) is the oldest name.

It is doubtful whether there is any present justification for including them in
napi rather than in (say) dulcinea. In a direct comparison, the androconia of
microstriata are distinct from those of both dulcinea and napi — but that is
another question.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to Dr A. M. Shapiro for useful discussions in correspondence,
and particularly for the living microstriata. The present account hardly reveals my
debt to Dr Z. Lorkovic¢.

REFERENCES

Bowden, S. R. 1956. Hybrids within the European Pieris napi L. species group.
Proc. S. Lond. ent nat. Hist. Soc. 1954-55: 135-159.

— 1957. Diapause in female hybrids: Pieris napi adalwinda and related sub-
species. Entomologist 90: 247-281.

— 1961. Pieris napi L. ab. sulphurea Schoyen: experiments with a ‘“‘new’’ pale
yellow form. Entomologist 94: 221-226.

— 1966. Polymorphism in Pieris: “‘subtalba” in P. virginiensis, Entomologist 99:
174-182.

— 1970. Polymorphism in Pieris: f. sulphurea in Pieris napi marginalis. Ento-
mologist 103: 241-249.

— 1972. ‘Pieris napi’’ in America: genetic imbalance in hybrids. Proc. Brit. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 103-117.

— 1976. Breeding experiments and taxonomy. Entomologist’s Gaz. 27: 5-12.

Lorkovic, Z., 1962. The genetics and reproductive isolating mechanisms of the
Pieris napi-bryoniae group. J. Lepid. Soc. 16: 5-19, 105-127.

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

— 1978. Types of hybrid sterility in diurnal Lepidoptera: speciation and
taxonomy. Acta entom. jugoslav., 14: 13-24.

Shapiro, A. M., 1975. Developmental and phenotypic responses to photoperiod in
univoltine and bivoltine Pieris napi in California. Trans R. ent. Soc. Lond.
127: 65-71.

— 1977. Phenotypic induction in Pieris napi L.: role of temperature and photo-
period in a coastal California population. Ecol. Entomology 2: 217-224.

Warren, B. C. S., 1963. The androconial scales in the genus Pieris. 2. The Nearctic
species of the napi-group. Ent. Tidskr. 84: 1-4.

RHAGIO ANNULATUS (DIPT: RHAGIONIDAE):
DISTINCTIONS FROM R. TRINGARIUS AND RECENT RECORDS.

by MARTIN C. D. SPEIGHT
Research Branch, Forest & Wildlife Service, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.

Rhagio annulatus Deg. is apparently a rare and local insect. Using available
literature it is, in my experience, also very difficult to distinguish with confidence
from the much commoner R. tringarius (L.). I have come across R. annulatus
twice: Dorset (England): SY 8587, 669 29.v/1.vi.1980. Westmeath (Ireland):
N 0446, 2 10.vi.1976.

The problems I encountered in naming R. annulatus were such as to suggest
that others may well have similar difficulties if they come across this Rhagionid,
leading to specimens possibly being mis-named as R. tringarius. Since I have
detected morphological differences between these two Rhagio species which
appear to provide a much more satisfactory means of distinguishing them than
those features currently in use, I have listed these ‘“‘new”’ features below, seeking
also to point out the pitfalls inherent in the keys provided by Verrall (1909) and
Oldroyd (1969).

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
R. ANNULATUS AND R. TRINGARIUS

Oldroyd (l.c.) and Verrall (I.c.) use almost identical key characters in segre-
gating R. annulatus from R. tringarius, namely that the abdominal and thoracic
pubescence of the former is “pale”, while in the latter it is black. Oldroyd adds
that the fore coxae of R. annulatus are “grey’’, while those of R. tringarius are
“‘vellow’. In the specimens of R. annulatus I have examined (see below) the
thoracic and abdominal pubescence is a mixture of whitish and black hairs over
much of the surface, with black, bristly hairs predominating on the mesonotum of
one female and on the basal abdominal tergites of the males. The thoracic and
abdominal hairs of R. tringarius are, conversely, all, or nearly all, black, with the
exception of the pleural hairs in both sexes and hairs on the male basal abdominal
sternites, which are pale greyish-yellow. Oldroyd’s mention of yellow fore coxae
in R. tringarius is rather misleading, because in this species the fore coxae can
be dark grey, like those of R. annulatus. In both species, the fore coxae are
covered in long, whitish or yellowish hairs.

Additional morphological distinctions, useful in separating R. annulatus from
R. tringarius in both sexes, are listed in the following table. Seeing the intra-
specific variability Rhagio species exhibit in their colour characters, it is possible
that the colour of the humeri and body hairs is more variable than indicated in
the table. The presence or absence of hairs on sternite 1 and the relative length of
fore-tibial bristles may thus prove the most useful of the features listed.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT.

Feature

Thoracic humeri
Notopleural ridge
Mesonotal hairs

Dorsal bristles on front
tibiae

Abdominal tergites, hair
covering

Abdominal sternites,

NAT. HIST.SOC. 14, 1981

R. annulatus

grey

hairy

mixed pale yellow and
black

as long as tibia is wide

mixed pale yellow and
black
all whitish on apical 3-4

R. tringarius

yellow
bare
all, or nearly all black

less than half as long as
tibia is wide
all, or nearly all black

all, or nearly all black on

sternites
hairy

hair covering
Sternite 1

apical 3-4 sternites
bare

Specimens examined

Number 6 11
Origin Great Britain, Ireland Great Britain, Ireland,
Spain

BIOLOGY OF R. ANNULATUS

Almost nothing seems to be known about this Rhagionid. Oldroyd (l.c.)
suggests that its apparent rarity may be an artifact, engendefed by its close
similarity to R. tringarius. | would add that available records indicate R. annulatus
to be a Spring species. with a short flight season from the second week of May
into the first half of June. In Western continental Europe, where R. annulatus is
known from N. France through Germany to Scandinavia its flight season is again
primarily May/June, but at the north end of this range there are later records:
most Danish records are for June and there is a Finnish record for July (see
Krizelj, 1971).

Continental records suggest R. annulatus is a fly of well-established deciduous
woodland, and the two localities in which I have found this Rhagionid are both
poorly drained, old deciduous woods with a dense shrub layer, the R. annulatus
occurring in both cases within a few feet of water. The only other recent record
of R. annulatus from England (Alan Stubbs, pers. comm.) is from deciduous
woodland in the bottom of a chalk valley — a rather different situation.

My four Dorset specimens of R. annulatus were collected only a few yards
from each other, in acres of woodland which, despite careful searching under
reasonable conditions, yielded no R. annulatus in other parts. These Dorset
specimens were all on foliage of large-leaved, low-growing bushes, in the shade or
in dappled sunlight. The Irish R. annulatus locality was fully described at the
time that the record was first published (see Speight. 1977). The specimen involved
was collected while possibly ovipositing, among stones on a narrow lake beach,
fringed by oak woods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Alan Stubbs (Nature Conservancy Council, London) for
information about recent British records of R. annulatus.

REFERENCES

Krizelj, S. 1971. Diptéres Rhagionides de Belgique et d’Europe Occidentale.
Bull. Inst. r Sci. nat. Belg., 47(9): 1-31.

Oldroyd, H. O., 1969. Diptera Brachycera Section (a): Tabanoidea and Asiloidea,
Handbooks for the identification of British Insects, 9 (4), R. ent. Soc. London.

Speight M.C. D. 1977. Athlone Field Meeting: insects collected on and near the
shores of Lough Ree. Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc., 1: 27-36.

Verrall, G. H., 1909. Stratiomyiidae and succeeding families of the Diptera
Brachycera of Great Britain. British Flies, 5.

8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

BUTTERFLIES IN CORFU (KERKYRA) IN LATE AUGUST, 1980,
WITH A PROVISIONAL LIST OF ALL SPECIES KNOWN FROM IT.

by D. W. BALDOCK* and R. F. BRETHERTON{

PART I

The sickle-shaped island of Corfu lies near the south of the Adriatic Sea at its
junction with the Mediterranean. It is some 40 miles (64 km) long from northwest
to southeast, and 18 miles (28 km) wide in the north, but tapering abruptly to
less than half that width for most of its length. Its backbone is a limestone ridge
which just touches 3,000 ft (914 m) on Mt. Pantokrator in the north but declines
rapidly southwards. The ridge is flanked by luxuriant valleys on richer soils, and
the southern tip of the island contains stretches of sand dunes and a lagoon beside
the sea. Unlike most Greek islands, Corfu is well watered, having plentiful rains
and a little snow on the mountains after a long summer drought. The northern
quarter of the east coast faces south Albania across a strait which narrows to only
1% miles (3 km); the remainder looks to western Greece across a wide but almost
land-locked bay. The lepidoptera are therefore mainly Balkan in character, al-
though migratory species may also come from Italy or across the Mediterranean
from north Africa.

D. W. Baldock during a family holiday from 18th to 31st August 1980, which
was not mainly devoted to collecting and was confined to the most northern part
of the island, observed the species listed below. Specimens of most of these were
brought home, and their identifications have been checked by R. F. Bretherton; a
few species, marked with an asterisk, were identified only in the field. The
nomenclature and order follow Higgins & Riley (4th revised edition, 1980).

*Papilio machaon (L.). Common and widespread.

*[phiclides podalirius (L.). Frequent and widespread.

*Pieris brassicae (L.). Frequent and widespread.

Artogeia rapae (L.). Widespread. Kaminaki; Roda; Paleokastritza.

Artogeia napi (L.) meridionalis Heyne. Kaminaki, 22.viii, a small male. very
lightly marked upperside, on underside dark vein scales barely vestigial,
probably of gen. III. First record for Corfu.

Artogeia krueperi (Staudinger). Kaminaki, 22.viii, and widespread among
rocks near the north east coast. Small, lightly marked; presumably of gen.
III. First published record for Corfu, though known to occur, without
detail. The species is locally common on the Greek mainland; the absence
of previous records and its present location suggest that it may have
colonised Corfu only recently.

Colias crocea (Fourc.). The type common and widespread, but only one f.
helice Hubn. seen.

*Gonepteryx cleopatra (L.). Few but widespread.

Leptidea sinapis (L.). Very common and widespread. Specimens small; upper-
side apical spot solid and black in male, but absent in female; underside
immaculate in both sexes, with slight yellowish tinge.

Lycaena phloeas (L.) f. elea F. Common: Kaminaki; Roda; West coast. Very
dusky, tails moderately developed. Probably of gen. III.

Lampides boeticus (L.). Kaminaki, one, very worn.

Syntarucus pirithous (L.). Kaminaki, common, and widespreadvelsewhere. Size
very variable, 19/29 mm.

* PD. W. Baldock, Fortune Tellers, 10 Oxted Green, Milford, Surrey.
+ R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 9

Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer). Kaminaki, 22.viii, one female in fair condition.
First record for Corfu. The species is very local but common where found
in central Greece and in Albania, among its food-plant, Paliurus spina-christi.

Celastrina argiolus (L.). Kaminaki, a few. Female of f. aquilina Grund, with
forewing black borders very broad and hindwing almost completely black.
Possibly of gen. III.

Polyommatus icarus (Rott.). Kaminaki; Roda; Mt. Pantokrator. Size very
variable: several of 34 mm wingspan, but also dwarfs down to 21 mm.

Limenitis reducta (Stdgr.) schiffermuelleri Higgins. Common and widespread;
Paleocastritza; Mt. Pantokrator. Great size variation: male 51 mm, female
62 mm.

* Vanessa atalanta (L.). Only one seen.
*Cynthia cardui (L.). Very common and widespread.

Polygonia c-album (L.). Mt. Pantokrator, one. Very small, with strong dark
borders upperside, underside black, with white discal mark greatly reduced:
f. j-album Gillmer, of gen. II.

*Polygonia egea (Cramer). Widespread and common.
*Pandoriana pandora (D. & S.). Kaminaki, one only, seen closely.
*Argynnis paphia (L.). North of Paleocastritza, west coast, one only seen.

Melitaea didyma (Esp.) meridionalis Stdgr. Widespread; Paleocastritza;
Kaminaki; Roda. A large female of gen. I form; small males of f. dalmatina
Stdgr., apparently gen. II.

Neohipparchia statilinus (Hufn.) f. fatuaeformis Vrty, as in eastern Greece.
Very common on stony slopes of hills; Paleocastritza; Mt. Pantokrator.
First record for Corfu.

Maniola jurtina (L.) hispulla Esp. Common and widespread. Very large, mostly
worn.

Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) lyllus Esp. Common and widespread. Males
small (30-32 mm), females very large (38 mm).

Pararge aegeria (L.) tircis Butler. Kaminaki; Paleocastritza. Not differing much
from British summer examples.

Lasiommata megera (L.) Widespread. Kaminaki; Paleocastritza.

Lasiommata maera (L.) adrasta Illiger. Paleocastritza; Mt. Pantokrator. Small,
gen. II.

Kirinia roxelana (Cramer). Kaminaki, 22.8; Mt. Pantokrator. Common and
mostly in good condition among bushes on rocky slopes. The very late date
probably indicates gen. II.

Syrichtus proto (Ochs.). The commonest Skipper seen. Kaminaki; Mt. Panto-
krator; Roda. The species occurs, possibly as a migrant, round the Medi-
terranean from Spain to Lebanon, in forms which have not been fully
studied. These specimens have upperside white markings strong, underside
ground colour light brown. Only previously reported on the island of Vido
in September 1897.

Carcharodus alceae (Esp). Kaminaki, one only, others seen.

Carcharodus orientalis (Rev.). Paleocastritza, 23.8, one male. Probably the
first published record for Corfu, though it may have been confused with
another species in the past.

Gegenes pumilio (Hoffmansegg). Kaminaki, 22.8, one male, in fair condition:
the only example noticed. Probably the first confirmed record for Corfu; it
may, however, have been reported under the name G. nostrodamus (F.),
from which it was not then clearly distinguished, on the island of Vido in
September 1897.

The observations were made in a short period, late in the season, in a limited
area, and without special search. Nevertheless, they cover 34 species, including six

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

of which no previous confirmed records for Corfu have been traced. In all this is
more than half of all the butterflies previously certainly known to occur there. It
gives some idea of the richness of the butterfly fauna of the, island, and suggests
that further discoveries remain to be made.

ANASIMYIA CONTRACTA TORP & CLAUSSEN, 1980 AND
A, INTERPUNCTA (HARRIS 1776) (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
IN BRITAIN.

by ALAN E. STUBBS *

Several hoverfly workers have come to recognise that two species of Anasimyia
consist of species pairs. The paper by Torp and Claussen (1980) describes the new
taxa and enables the British list to be revised. A. lineata (F.) remains unaffected.

The county records given below are based upon specimens which I have
examined, based largely upon my own collection and that in the British Museum
(Natural History). Other dipterists have material of these species but a fuller
review of distribution will be a longer term objective to be carried out by the
Hoverfly Recording Scheme. Speight (1981) reviews the Irish list and keys the
British species.

ANASIMYIA CONTRACTA

This species resembles A. transfuga (L.). However, in contracta the lateral
margins of the abdomen are contracted (angled inwards) on tergite 2 whereas the
margins are straight in transfuga.

Both species are very widespread in southern Britain though local and easily
overlooked. A. contracta is the more frequent species and is normally found on or
about Typha latifolia L. (reed mace) growing in ditches and at the edges of ponds
and lakes. Available county records are Berks., W. Corn., S. Devon, N. Essex,
N. Glos., S. Hants., W. Kent, I.o.W., Middx., E. Norf., N. Som., Surrey, W. Sussex.
Warwk. On rare occasions both species occur together but so far the ecological
requirements of A. transfuga are less clear apart from lacking an obvious associ-
ation with Typha habitats. A. transfuga is known from Anglesey, S. Devon,
Glam., Heref., Hunts., E. & W. Kent, Middx., Notts., N. Som., Surrey, Sussex,
S. Wilts. Torp and Claussen did not include Great Britain within the European
distribution range for contracta.

ANASIMYIA INTERPUNCTA

This species was formerly confused with lunulata (Mg.) though in the 1976
check list the name was placed as a junior synonym of transfuga. It is far from
clear which species Harris might have illustrated from Britain. However, a neotype
was designated on the basis of a male in the British Museum (ex Clifton Collection,
Britain). Thus interpuncta, as redefined, has now been published as occurring in
Britain as part of the known European range but attention needs to be drawn to
interpuncta in the British literature. ‘

The separation of the two species is not so easy. The face is more extended in
profile in /unulata, especially in the female. In the male abdomen, interpuncta has
the black area more extensive on tergite 5 and the pale markings on tergite 4 are
angled at the edge of the segment rather than straight»In the female of interpuncta
the pale markings on tergites 4 and 5 are elbowed (but not so strongly oblique as

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 11

in contracta and transfuga) whereas in lunulata the posterior margins of these
markings run straight to the edge of the segments.

Though interpuncta is the commoner of the species pair in Denmark. it is
seemingly a rarity in Britain. The ecology is clearly distinctive since all records are
from non-acid areas in fens and mineral marsh. I have seen material from the
following counties (but am aware that some collectors believe they have additional
material from a few localities): Cambs. (Wicken Fen, 1 6 1 9 13.v.1979 (and other
dates), I. Perry), Hunts. (Woodwalton, 1 9 10.v.1923, N. C. Rothschild, British
Museum), Middx. (Boston Manor 1 9? 14.v.1930, 1 9 19.v.1933, A. Low, British
Museum). Since this is an early species for wetland habitat, it could have easily
been overlooked in other localities.

By contrast /unulata is a species of acid bogs and is probably widespread at
low altitude though very local in such habitat but specimens have only been seen
from Anglesey, Caerns., E. Corn., Dorset, Glam., S. Hants, S. Som., Surrey, Suth.

REFERENCES

Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D., 1976. A check list of British Insects (2nd Ed.) Pt. 5:
Diptera & Siphonaptera. Handb. Ident. Br. Ins. 11(5): 1-139.

Speight, M. C. D., 1981. The Irish Anasimyia species, including a key and first
records of A. contracta (Diptera: Syrphidae). Jr. Nat. J. 20(6): 229-234.

Torp, E. & Claussen, L., 1980. Unterschungen uber vier europaische Arten der
Gattung Anasimyia Schiner, 1864 (Insecta, Diptera, Syrphidae). Mitt. zool.
Mus. Univ. Kiel 1(4): 1-11.

Fig.1. A & B, second tergite of male, A — contracta, B — transfuga. C & D, head
profile, C — interpuncta, D — lunulata. E & F, fourth and fifth tergites of
male, E — lunulata, F — interpuncta. G & H, fourth and fifth tergites of
female, G — lunulata, H — interpuncta.

*

¥2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

NEOASCIA INTERRUPTA (MEIGEN, 1822)
(DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN

by S.J. FALK, D. A. SMITH and A. E.STUBBS

Among our very small hoverflies, the genus Neoascia is distinctive in having a
waisted abdomen. Tiny black wasp-like species at low growing flowers or hovering
low around vegetation along sunny woodland edges and in open marshes will
often prove to be these flies. The rather similar genus Sphegina by conttast
normally keeps in the shade and the three species are rarely seen by the casual
observer.

The British list has previously consisted of five species. Superficially, these
break down into two groups, those with clouded outer cross-veins (podagrica (F .)
and obliqua Coe) and those lacking such clouds (aenea (Mg.), dispar (Mg.) and
geniculata (Mg.)). This is the character used in the first key couplet by Coe
(1953). However, another feature is used as a primary character by such workers
as Bei Bienko (1970) whereby the posterior part of the thorax above the hind
coxae is chitinised (padagrica and dispar) or membranous in the mid line (obliqua,
aenea and geniculata). The latter character is not always easy to define nor com-
pletely reliable.

Neoascia interrupta has the outer cross-veins clouded and thus resembles the
common JN. podagrica and the rarer N. obliqua. However the third antennal
segment is short in interrupta (see illustration) whereas it is about 2 to 2% times
as long as wide in the other two species. Also, interrupta is normally distinctive in
having orange spots on tergite 4, though these spots are faint in some males ‘and
absent in one female (where spots are absent, adpressed hairs usually give a
greyish hue at some angles). In the female, tergite 2 has straight, rather than
incurved margins. There is a membranous gap above the hind coxae. The accom-
panying illustrations demonstrate the normal condition in each sex with well
developed abdominal markings, as well as examples with reduced markings.

The species has been recognised largely on the basis of material recently
collected by the authors. However, on checking’ through the British Museum
collection, a female interrupta was found midst a series of 49 podagricg in the
Parmenter Collection. :

WEST KENT: 1 9 3.vi.1951, Higham, L. Parmenter; 3 9? 10.vi.1980, Cliffe
Marshes, A. E. Stubbs; 3 6, 30+ 99 8/10.ix.1980, Cliffe Marshes, A. E. Stubbs &
I. F. G. McLean. EAST KENT: 1 ¢ 1.ix.1980, Elmley Marshes, Sheppey, A. E.
Stubbs. SUSSEX: 1 2 21.vii.1980, Ditchling Common, S. Falk. SOUTH ESSEX:
12 66, 9 99 19.iv.-25.vii.1979-1980, Dagnam Park, D. A. Smith; 1 6 9.vi.1979,
Great Wobering, D. A. Smith; 1 ° 29.vii.1977, Stanford-le-Hope, G. Glombeck.
HUNTS. 1 9 v.1970, Woodwalton Fen, P. J. Chandler.

All recent specimens have been taken at the margins of standing water. In
Kent they were beside ditches on grazing marsh, normally where emergent vegeta-
tion was present but mostly swept from grasses and other herbage at the foot of
the bank of the ditch. The largest concentration was where Apium nodiflorum |
(L.) Lag. flowers occurred and Typha was often but not always present. The
ditches were mostly slightly brackish judging from the presence of Scirpus
maritimus L. In Surrey, the specimen was found beside a pond with Typha and
Juncus effusus L. grading back into Eriophorum angustifolium Honck., the
situation being within a very sheltered glade on a wooded heath. In Sussex the
habitat was a pond with rich marginal vegetation including Typha. qn Dagnam
Park the hoverfly was usually taken beside small ponds amongst rich vegetation
such as Iris, Typha, Epilobium and Juncus (but not Phragmites). It is probable
that interrupta will be found to have a wide distribution in such habitat. How-

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

13

Negascia “interrupta. Whole insect: ° with well developed markings on the
abdomen, ° abdomen with reduced markings (right). The narrow abdomens show

two 6 variations. Fhe profile of the head illustrates the short 3rd antennal
segment. (Drawn by S. Falk).

Neoascia interrupta. Lateral view of male genitalia.

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

ever, it was very localised when searched for in September 1980 at various
localities on the North Kent Marshes. Also it is noteworthy that Parmenter’s
specimen was taken within a mile or two of Cliffe Marshes and that his Neoascia
from many localities around London lacked further material. The recent recog-
nition of the species from widespread localities could be explained as recent
colonisation from the Continent but its occurrence in Britain 29 years ago
suggests that interrupta has been an overlooked species.

The most likely further Neoascia species which could occur in Britain is JN.
floralis Mg., a clear winged species with a complete strip of chitin above the hind
coxae. There has been some confusion over the application of the name floralis
but Coe 1953 illustrates the aedeagus of his understanding of the species. Accord-
ing to Pedersen (1971) the hind femora are black with the basal fourth yellow
and the hind tibiae are black with the apical fifth yellow. There are nearly entire
bands on tergites 2 and 3 which are said to be straight but a pair in the British
Museum has the band on tergite 2 markedly angled as an inverted V. Pedersen
remarks that in Denmark this species is found on Umbelliferae beside a shaded
stream. A small hoverfly in such habitat could easily pass undetected in south-
eastern England.

Messrs. P. J. Chandler and G. Glombeck have kindly permitted their records
to be cited. Thanks are passed to Dr. M. C. D. Speight and Mr. I. Perry for advice
and confirming that so far they have not obtained material in Ireland and Cam-
bridgeshire respectively.

REFERENCES

Bei-Bienko, G. Ya., 1970. [Key to the insects of the European part of USSR 5:
941 pp., Leningrad.

Coe, R. L., 1953. Diptera; Syrphidae. Handb. Ident. Br. Insects 10(1): 1-98.

Pedersen, E. T., 1971. De danske arter af slaegten Neoascia Williston (Diptera,
Syrphidae) Ent. Meddr. 39: 51-62. [summary in English].

Sack, P., 1928-32. Diptera; Syrphidae. Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 4(4): 1-451.

NEUROPTERA FROM
BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDEN, LONDON

by MICHAEL A. KIRBY *

The Neuroptera & Mecoptera Distribution Survey,
Department of Zoology, University of Manchester.

In his introduction to the non-lepidopteran insects collected in the survey of
Buckingham Palace Garden, Richards (1964) remarked that, due to the limitations
of the survey, the faunal lists were far from complete. This was particularly true
of the Neuroptera, where only three species were recorded compared with the
twelve reported from central London by Pinniger (1946).

Following the initial survey, sampling of Lepidoptera has continued on a
limited scale, by Dr. J.D. Bradley of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,
using a Robinson-pattern mercury-vapour light-trap. This paper gives details of the
Neuroptera taken recently in or around this trap. The material is deposited in the
British Museum (Natural History).

I am grateful to Dr. Bradley for allowing me to examine the material and to
Mr. F. C. Nutbeam, now retired Head Gardener, whose assistance in maintaining

* Now at Towneley Hall Art Gallery & Museums, Towneley Hall, Burnley, Lancs.,
BB11 3RG.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 15

the light-trap operation was much appreciated. Additional distribution data were
contributed by Dr. R. R. Askew, Dr. G. Bryan, Miss M. Dearden, Mr. J. Muggleton,
Dr. M. R. Shaw, Mr. C. R. Vardy and Prof. G. C. Varley. I also wish to thank
Miss H. Brown for producing the plate photographs from original colour trans-
parencies.

CONIOPTERYGIDAE

Semidalis aleyrodiformis (Stephens) 1 °, 5.viii.1974.
Killington (1936) noted that S. aleyrodiformis occurred in gardens and
recorded it from various deciduous trees and bushes and also from evergreens.

SISYRIDAE

Sisyra fuscata (Fabricius) (Fig. 1) 1 6, 13.viii.1973; 3 99, 4.viii.1975; 1 3,1 9°,
“SA Mind BSI ASV BH ln Shea Pe ga YTS sl leroy PAT np BIS) AS
S. fuscata was common at the Metropolitan Water Board’s Tottenham Reser-
voirs, in the early 1920s (Withycombe, 1924), and was recorded at Staines,
Middlesex, in 1975. The larva is aquatic and is predatory upon freshwater sponges
which have yet to be recorded from the Palace Garden lake.

HEMEROBIIDAE

Micromus variegatus (Fabricius) 1 9°, 12.vii.1974; 1 9, 13.viii.1979.

This species appears to be quite widespread, and occurs in town and suburban
localities; it has been taken in South Kensington, London. Its usual habitat is
thick herbaceous undergrowth and long grass.

Sympherobius pygmaeus (Rambur) 1 6, 9.vi.1976; 1 6, 14.vi.1976; 2 66, 1 9,
15.vi.1976.
Ward (1965) collected S. pygmaeus at an MV trap in a Hertfordshire garden.
The species is widely associated with oak.

Hemerobius lutescens Fabricius 1 9° and a specimen with abdomen missing,
4.viili.1975; 1 6, 15.vi.1976.
H. lutescens is widespread and is often common in wooded situations.

Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius 1 6, 13.viii.1979.

This is an unexpected species in the Garden, it is often found in abundance on
pine. Conifers are a relatively recent addition to the Garden flora and the species
is probably a contemporary introduction.

Wesmaelius subnebulosus (Stephens) 1 9, 19.vii.1972; 1 9, v.1973; 1 9, 12.vii.

1974; 2 66, 4.viii.1975; 1 6, 6.viii.1975; 2 99, 8.viii.1975; 1 9, 28.vi.1976;

1 3, 29.1x.1977; 1 6, 13.viii-1979.

W. subnebulosus is a common town-inhabiting species, I have taken the adult
from Tilia and Acer on recently-landscaped areas on the university campus in
Manchester. Groves (1959) reported the species from the Cripplegate bomb-sites
in the City of London.

CHRYSOPIDAE

Chrysopa carnea Stephens 1 6, 21.v.1976; 1 9, 1 sex indet., 14.vi.1976; 2 6,
28.vi.1976; 1 6, 1.vii.1976; 2 sex indet., 7.x.1977; 1 9, 28.ix.1979; 1 6,
§:x.1979.

C. carnea is probably the most commonly encountered of all the British
Neuroptera. The adult often overwinters indoors and is frequently attracted to
house lights. The species has been collected by MV light-trap on the roof of city
centre development, near Piccadilly in Manchester (Lancashire). The larvae

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

exploit a variety of habitats, predating aphids on a number of tree species and
thrips on flower heads, particularly of umbelliferous species.

Chrysopa albolineata Killington 2 66, 4.viii.1975. :
This is also a common species in towns, and was reported from the Cripplegate
bomb-sites by Groves (1959).

Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael 1 9, 22.vii.1975;1 9, 1.vii.1976,1 9, 12.ix.1979.

Killington (1937) reported C. septempunctata as common in gardens and
orchards, even in large towns. The larva has been taken from herbaceous under-
growth and also from deciduous trees. Groves (1959) recorded the species from
the Cripplegate bomb-sites and Ward (1965) collected fifty-one specimens
between the months of June and September, by MV light-trapping in a Hertford-
shire garden. The species occurs on derelict land in central Manchester.

Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael 1 °, 9.vi.1976.

Kis and Ujhelyi (1965) described a new species, Chrysopa commata, dis-
tinguished from C. phyllochroma by the possession of a dark spot on the antennal
scape and the less-pronounced development of gonocristae on the male genitalia
(see Barnard 1978), and distinguished from C. abbreviata by the possession of
simple tarsal claws. In the usually smaller C. abbreviata, the claws are dilated at
their base.

Whilst the description by Killington (1937) clearly refers to a species with
immaculate scape, Kis and Ujhelyi (1965) considered that Killington’s figure of
the male genitalia illustrated the new species C. commata.

Holzel (1967) discussed the phyllochroma-group from Mongolia and con-
sidered that the lateral development of abdominal sternites 8 and 9, in the male
genitalia, provided the most reliable character for separating the species.

Dorokhova (1973) described the phyllochroma-group from the Leningrad
region and re-appraised the characters for the separation of C. phyllochroma and
C. commata.

The descriptions by Kis and Ujhelyi and Dorokhova are compared in Table 1.
In the 98 British specimens of the phyllochroma-group that I have so far
examined, including those available to Barnard (1978), I find the scape to be
immaculate in all but four specimens which display a vague faint marking on the
inner aspect which does not resemble the distinct, dark spot attributed to C.
commata. In the immaculate specimens, the gonocristae of the male genitalia
appear more variable than has hitherto been suggested, and whilst extreme
examples tend towards the condition characterizing C. commata, intermediate
forms possessing both large and small teeth also occur. The characters derived
from the thoracic markings, the basis for the separation of female specimens
according to Barnard (1978), do not appear to be consistent in the British
material, nor do they agree with extremes of gonocristal development in the
males.

In the Buckingham Palace Garden specimen, the antennal scapes are
immaculate and the post-ocular lobe is marked with a dark spot. On the thorax,
the anterio-lateral margin of the pronotum is black and a black spot is present at
the base of each foreleg. The meso- and metanotum are marked with a dark
triangular spot at the base of each wing. The lateral thoracic sutures are dark.

C. phyllochroma is widespread but rarely numerous and the examination of a
large number of specimens is therefore difficult. However, after examining a latger
series than has hitherto been available, I attribute all the available British material
to C. phyllochroma; the addition of C. commata to the British list appears. ‘un-
warranted on the present evidence.

Zeleny (1969) noted that the bionomic differences between the two species in
Czechoslovakia were slight. Both have been recordéd from agricultural field crops

PROC TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 17

and Killington (1937) reported records from open waste fields. Galecka and
Zeleny (1969) found it impossible to differentiate, with certainty, between the
larvae of C. phyllochroma and C. commata from Poland.

TABLE 1

Comparison of Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael and C. commata Kis & Ujhelyi.

C. phyllochroma C. commata
Kis & Ujhelyi (1965)

Post-occipital spots usually present Post-occipital spots usually absent.

Scape immaculate. Scape with dark spot on inner side.

Cervical stripe on ventral side of Pronotum with dark stripes in
pronotum short; spot at base of cervical area and at base of forelegs.
forelegs absent.

Spots at wing bases on meso- & meta- Spots at wing bases on meso- & meta-
thorax small and indistinct. thorax large and brown.

Sutures on sides of thorax and Sutures on sides of thorax and
anterior abdomen body-coloured. anterior abdomen black

d gonocristae well developed, long 6 gonocristae well developed,
pointed teeth in 2 rows; lateral lobe crescent-shaped with minute teeth
of gonarcus large, longer than high. in rows of 4-5, lateral lobes of

gonarcus wide, as long as high.

Dorokhova (1973)

Head markings well defined, Occiput sometimes marked with a
persistent. spot.
Scape often with a spot on the inner
side.
Spot at base of foreleg absent. Spot at base of foreleg present.
Pleural sutures of thorax and first Pleural sutures of thorax and first
abdominal segments body-coloured. abdominal segments black, more
rarely brown.
6 gonocristae forming a row of large 6 gonocristae with small teeth in
dark teeth. rows of 3-4; lateral lobes of

gonarcus almost as broad as long.

Chrysopa perla (Linnaeus) (Fig. 3) 1, abdomen missing, 12.vi.1970.

Whilst C. perla is widespread throughout England, it is a species of rank
herbage, scrub, copse and woodland with rich undergrowth. It is not commonly
encountered in urban gardens.

Nothochrysa capitata (Fabricius) (Fig. 2) 1 9, 25.vi.1974.

N. capitata has been associated with conifers and Killington (1937) reported
the adult from yew, Scots pine and Weymouth pine. New (1970) recorded six
larvae from yew at Wokingham, Berkshire, and two larvae from hawthorn at
Silwood Park, Berkshire.

At Abbots Moss, Cheshire, the adult has been collected on Pinus sylvestris and,
at the same locality, the larva has been collected on Quercus, Betula and Fagus
and from Sorbus aucuparia. Although the species is widely distributed it is usually
uncommon and its occurrence in the Palace Garden is noteworthy.

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Of the twelve species reported from London by Pinniger (1946), five have yet
to be recorded from Buckingham Palace Garden. These include Conwentzia
psociformis (Curtis), a widespread coniopterygid which was abundant on oaks and
plane trees in the heart of London (Withycombe, 1923). All the stages of this
species have been recorded from Quercus and Acer pseudoplatanus in large
mature gardens and in wooded urban parkland in Manchester (Lancashire) and
from Ilex aquifolium and Camelia sinensis in the gardens of Singleton Park,
Swansea (Glamorgan) and on Viburnum tinus at Keble College, Oxford. In the
Hemerobiidae, Hemerobius humulinus L. is similarly unrecorded; the species is
typical of wooded situations and tall herbage. In the Chrysopidae, Pinniger
reported three species which remain to be recorded in the Garden. Chrysopa flava
(Scopoli) has a wide range, often occurring in central areas of towns and cities,
particularly on Acer species. Chrysopa vittata Wesmael and C. ventralis Curtis,
also noted by Pinniger, are unlikely to be common inhabitants of the central areas
of towns and cities.

No representative of the Megaloptera has been taken in the Palace Garden
although the lake might be expected to support Sialis.

REFERENCES

Barnard, P. C., 1978. A check-list of the British Neuroptera with taxonomic notes.
Entomologist’s Gaz., 29: 165-176.

Dorokhova G. I. 1973, Lacewings of the genus Chrysopa Leach of the phyllo-
chroma group (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) of the Leningrad region, Ent. Rev.
Wash., 52: 420-422 translated from Ent. Obozr. 52: 633-636.

Galecka, B. and Zeleny, J., 1969. The occurrence of predators of aphids of the
genus Chrysopa spp. on crops growing on a four-crop field and in neighbouring
shelterbelts. Ekol. pol. Ser. A, 17: 351-360.

Groves E. W., 1959. Some entomological records from the Cripplegate bombed
sites, City of London. Lond. Nat 38: 25-29.

Holzel, H., 1967. Chrysopiden aus der Mongolei. Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 43: 251-
260.

Killington, F. J., 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera, |, pp. 269. The
Ray Society: London.

— 1937, A monograph of the British Neuroptera, Il, pp. 306. The Ray Society:
London.

Kis, B. and Ujhelyi, S., 1965, Chrysopa commata sp. n., and some remarks on the
species Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. (Neuroptera). Acta zool. hung., 11:
347-352.

New, T. R., 1970, A note on the habitat of the British species of Nathanica Navas
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Entomologist’s Gaz., 21: 49.

Pinniger E. B., 1946, The Neuroptera of the Home Counties. Lond. Nat. 15:
24-30

Richards O. W., 1964 Natural History of the garden of Buckingham Palace.
Insects other than Lepidoptera. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1963: 75-98.

Ward, P. H., 1965, Some Ephemeroptera, Neuroptera and Trichoptera collected
by mercury vapour light trap in a Hertfordshire garden. Entomologist’s Gaz.,
16: 169-174.

Withycombe, C. L., 1923, Notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera
(Planipennia). Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1922: 501-594.

— 1924, Further notes on the biology of some British Neuroptera. Entomologist,
§7: 145-152.

Zeleny, J., 1969, Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. and Chrysopa commata Kis &
Ujh. (Neuroptera) in the cultivated steppe in Czechoslovakia. Acta ent.
bohemoslav., 66: 237-239.

PROC. TRANS BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 19

Fig. 1 Sisyra fuscata (Fabricius)
Fig. 2 Nothochrysa capitata (Fabricius)
Fig. 3. Chrysopa perla (L.) — third instar larva

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

INSECT MIGRATION: FURTHER RECENT FINDINGS+

by R. C. RAINEY * ;

(formerly of Centre for Overseas Pest Research)

Following up an earlier communication (Rainey 1980), some further findings
on insect migration are presented from recent work on major migrant pests.

The first is the new evidence of the degree of regularity with which small
blackflies (Simulium damnosum Theob., the blood-sucking vector of river blind-
ness, and particularly its savanna sub-species), with a span of only 4-5 mm, can
make flights over distances of hundreds of kilometres; in the words of René Le
Berre (1979), first Chief of the WHO/OCP Vector Control Unit, ‘the blackflies
have now entered the club of the migrant pests.’ This evidence has come from the
very success of the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme (Walsh, Davies &
Le Berre 1979, or, very briefly, White 1980), in the near-completeness with which
every breeding site among the rapids of 14,000 meticulously-monitored kilometres
of the rivers of seven West African countries has been kept free of larvae, so that
trickles of blackflies still intruding into this cleared area could be attributed,
beyond all reasonable doubt, to reinvasion from known uncontrolled breeding
areas up to 600 km distant.

One of the many techniques of investigation tried during the elucidation of
these reinvasions was aircraft-trapping (Walsh ef a/., in prep.), using equipment
designed to slow down and soft-land flying insects with minimal damage
(Spillman, in press), and indeed capable (as shown in Canadian trials) of collecting
living mayflies at an airspeed of 150 knots. The million cubic metres of air so
sampled over reinvasion areas of Ivory Coast and Upper Volta yielded more than
1500 insects (and spiders), with representatives of 36 families, and included five
simuliids, though no S. damnosum — of which indeed only a single specimen was
obtained from something like a hundred million cubic metres of air during C. G.
Johnson’s suction-trapping trials in these areas the following season. The Pilatus
Turbo-Porter research aircraft used in this work was also equipped with a Doppler
radar navigation system, giving precision wind-finding, which provided new
information on the wind-systems in which the insects were flying — including
several of the squall-lines characteristic of this region.

The same aircraft and equipment have also been used to locate and explore a
number of other wind-systems known to be of importance in relation to the
movement and concentration of flying insects (Rainey 1976). These have
included the sea-breeze front of southern England, the African Rift convergence
zone, the mountain winds of Kenya and Kilimanjaro, the Red Sea convergence
zone, and, particularly, the intertropical convergence zone in the Sudan — where
guidance from Professor Schaefer’s ground radar made it possible to trap the
migrant plague grasshopper Aiolopus simulatrix (Walk.) in flight by night at
heights up to 1200 m above the ground, and moreover at densities such that even
at a height of 450 m these grasshoppers were only some 6 m apart. A further
striking radar result from this work, in the Sudan Gezira irrigation scheme, was
the recognition of plumes of flying noctuid moths (Heliothis armigera Hb. and
Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.), climbing into the night after taking off exclusively
from individual fields of ground-nuts which were in flower and probably the only
major source of nectar from the rotation crops in the vicinity (Schaefer 1976).

+ Abstract of paper read 12th June 1980.

*Present address: Elmslea, Old Risborough Road, ‘Stoke Mandeville, Bucks.,
HP22 5XJ.

PROC TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 21

This same approach to the investigation of the flight of major pests, by the
co-ordinated use of radar, specially-equipped aircraft, and local expertise in
synoptic meteorology, together with well-established, wide-ranging and intensive
insect survey on the ground (and again owing much to the guidance of Professor
R. J. V. Joyce of Cranfield), was subsequently followed in a Canadian four-year
field research programme (Greenbank Schaefer & Rainey 1980) on the flight of
spruce budworm moths (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., Tortricidae), in New
Brunswick, where this species represents one of the province’s major economic
problems. A particularly important new feature of this programme was the
introduction and extensive use of downward-looking airborne insect-detecting
radars, developed by Glen Schaefer (1979), capable of detecting individual
budworm moths down to the forest canopy from an aircraft height of 750 m,
and of recording a profile showing moth density (and alignment) at each of 32
different levels every 10 m along the track of the aircraft. Two such radars, one
in a Piper Aztec and one in a DC-3 equipped also for insect-sampling, wind-
finding, and for sensing air temperature, humidity and turbulence, provided new
and quantitative evidence of the progressive concentration of budworm moths at
a sea-breeze front as it advanced inland from the cool Bay of Fundy during the
evening; the wind-shift, turbulence and changes in air temperature and humidity
as the aircraft traversed the front, and the corresponding peak of moth concen-
tration, were all recorded within a distance of 2 km.

While this new evidence of concentration of flying insects by wind-convergence
illustrates how radar has confirmed and extended some earlier inferences from less
sophisticated data, other radar observations on insect flight have been totally
unexpected — particularly the very striking uniformity of orientation shown by
many high-flying insects, often but by no means always down-wind (Schaefer
1976, Riley & Reynolds 1979).

REFERENCES

Greenbank, D. O., Schaefer, G. W. & Rainey, R. C., 1980. Spruce budworm
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from
canopy observations, radar and aircraft. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 110, 49 pp.

Le Berre, R., 1979. Concluding discussion on ‘migrant pests’. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
Lond. B 287: 475.

Rainey, R. C., 1976. Flight behaviour and features of the atmospheric environ-
ment. Symp. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 1: 75-112.

— 1980. Insect migration: some recent findings. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc. 13: 67-68.

Riley, J. R. & Reynolds, D. R., 1979. Radar-based studies of the migratory flight
of grasshoppers in the Middle Niger area of Mali. Proc. roy. Soc. B 204: 67-82.

Schaefer, G. W., 1976. Radar observations of insect flight. Symp. R. ent. Soc.
Lond. 1: 157-197.

— 1979. An airborne radar technique for the investigation and control of migrat-
ing pest insects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 287: 459-465.

Spillman, J. J., 1980 Design of an aircraft-mounted trap for insects. UNECE
Seminar, Warsaw 1978: 169-180. Pergamon.

Walsh, J. F., Davies, J. B. & Le Berre, R., 1979. Entomological aspects of the
first five years of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River
basin. Tropenmed. Parasit. 30: 328-344.

Walsh, J. F., Cheke, R. A., Haggis, M. J. & Rainey, R. C., (in preparation). Some
aircraft observations of wind-systems and airborne insects over Upper Volta
and Ivory Coast, with particular reference to the WHO Onchocerciasis Control
Programme.

White, G. B., 1980. Simulium soirée. Antenna 4: 102-105.

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

1980 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall — Ist November 1980

MACROLEPIDOPTERA

AGASSIZ, Rev. D.J.L.—Eublemma parva Hiibn. Midhurst, Sussex 6.viii.80.

BLAND, K.P.—One Deileptenia ribeata (Clerck) from Rowardennan, Stirling-
shire viii.1980, an extremely local species in Scotland. One Peridea anceps
(Goeze) from Perthshire v.1980, last recorded from the county in 1874.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)-—Six drawers from the National
Collection showing variation in Lycaena phlaeas (L.). One drawer from the
collection of the late Dr. J.W.O.Holmes, which included the syntypic series of
L. phlaeas (L.) ab. caeruleofasciata Holmes.

BRITTON, M.—Two drawers of British Eupithecia, mainly bred and including
several local species.

CHALMERS-HUNT, J.M.—A mint example of Ourapteryx sainbucaria (L.) ab.
olivacea Standfuss, taken by F.H.Clouter on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent (Plate 2,
fig. 13). A male Ematurga atomaria (L.) ab. unicolor Staud. from Biggin Hill,
Kent 12.v.80 (Plate 1, fig. 9).

CHATELAIN, R.G.—Some local and aberrant moths taken during 1980
including a pale straw coloured male Apamea anceps (D. & S.) from Eynsford,
Kent and Heliophobus reticulata Goeze from Portland, Dorset.

CRASKE, R.M.—Butterfly aberrations taken in Sussex during 1980 included
an extreme male example of Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) ab. radiata Courv. (Plate
2, fig. 16) and a gynandromorph (Plate 2, fig. 17).

CRIBB, P.W.. A halved gynandromorph of Gonepteryx rhamni (L.) taken on
Box Hill, Surrey by John Searle. Some extreme bred aberrations of Melitaea
cinxia (L.), one showing a large area of homeosis, Ventnor vi.1961 (Plate 1, fig. 7).

DYSON, R.C.—A drawer of mainly bred Hadena perplexa (D. & S.) from
many localities in Great Britain and Ireland well illustrating the various colour
forms of this species.

ELLIOTT, B.—A series of Venusia cambrica Curtis from Derbyshire ranging
from ab. lofthousei Prout to the melanic ab. bradii Prout. A variable series of
Antitype chi (L.) from Derbyshire. An extreme aberration of Artica caja (L.)
having uniform brown forewings and blue-black hindwings, taken at light in the
Norfolk Broads during July 1980 (Plate 1, fig. 3). A series of Spilosoma luteum
Hufn. ab. zatima Cramer bred from a heavily marked female from Lincolnshire.

HALL, N.M. and BRITTON, M.R.—Two drawers of moths from Cork, Kerry,
and Clare viii.1980, including many Irish specialities.

HARMAN, T.W.—From Sandwich Bay, Kent 15.viii.80, single examples of
Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.) and Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.). From Westbere,
Kent: the third authentic record from Kent of Riyacia simulans (Hufn. and two
specimens of Lithophane leautieri hesperica Boursin.

HARMER, A.S.—A male Diachrysia orichalcea (F.) from Lymington, Hants
5.ix.80. A selection of Lepidoptera including many fine aberrations; particularly
noteworthy were a female Pyronia tithonus (L.) ab. postlanceolata Leeds (Plate
00, fig. 00), and a male Anthocharis cardamines (L.) ab. reducta Masowicz +
crassipuncta Mezger + striata Pionneau (Plate 1, fig. 10).

HEAL, N.F.—Heterogenea asella (D. & S.) from Park Wood, Kenardington,
Kent, and a Rhodometra sacraria (L.) from Detling Hill, Kent, 10.viii.80.

HIGGS, G.E.—Two specimens of Hypena obsitalis (Hiibn.) from Alderney,
Channel Islands in August 1980 and two specimens of Mesoligea furuncula
(D. & S.) ab. latistriata Hoffmeyer and Knudson from Ross Sands, Northumber-
land 4.viii.1978 (Plate 1, fig. 8).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 23

HORTON, Dr. G.A.NEIL—A case of Lepidoptera collected during 1979 and
1980 from Monmouthshire, including several local species and the following new
additions to the vice county — Hoplodrina ambigua (D. & S.), Usk, 3.x.79;
Photedes fluxa (Hiibn.), 2.viii.80; Eupithecia pusillata (D. & S.), Usk, 1.viii.80.
A small selection from West Sutherland included Eupithecia pygmaeata (Hubn.)
from Tongue 18.vi.80.

LANE, C.—A case of Noctuidae and Geometridae all bred during 1979 and
1980 from Hampshire and Kent.

LANGMAID, Dr. R.—One Eublemma parva (Hiibn.) Southsea, Hants 7.viii.80.

LIPSCOMBE, Maj.-Gen. C.G.—A small, but fine selection of aberrant butter-
flies included two outstanding varieties of Maniola jurtina (L.): ° ab. postauro-
lancea Leeds, Wilts. 1.ix.1980 (Plate 1, fig. 1), and 2 ab. anommata Verity, Wilts.
1.ix.1980 (Plate 1, fig. 5).

PAYNE, J.H.—A bred series of Leptidea sinapis (L.) ab. brunneomaculata
Staud. showing colour variation, especially in the apical blotch of the male. Bred
specimens of a pale coloured form of Smerinthus ocellata (L.)

PEET, Dr. T.N.D.—A selection of less common Lepidoptera from Guernsey,
Channel Islands, this included three species which are not resident on the English
mainland: Petrophora peribolata Hiibn., Trigonophora flammea (Esp.) and
Hypena obsitalis (Hiibn.

PELHAM-CLINTON,E.C.—A dark specimen of TFrichopteryx carpinata
Borkh.) captured by I.C. Christie at Rowardennan, Stirlingshire on 22.iv.80
(Plate 2, fig. 14).

PICKERING, R.R.—A specimen of Parascotia fuliginaria (L.) taken at Aldwick
Bay, Sussex 19.viii.80 by Major Philps and a male 7yta Juctuosa (D. & S.) from
Isleworth, Middlesex viii.78.

PICKLES, A.J. and C.T.—A drawer of moths bred during 1980 included a
variable series of Xanthia ocellaris (Borkh.) from Suffolk and the following
migrants, Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) Swanage, Dorset 3.ix.80 and Lymington,
Hants 13.vi.80; and a male Diachrysia orichalcea (F.) Lymington, Hants 1.ix.80.

PORTER, J.—One Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.) from Dungeness, Kent
6.ix.80.

PRATT, C.R.—Distribution maps of the county of Sussex, being part of a new
local history of Lepidoptera to be published shortly.

REVELS, R.C.—One drawer of butterfly aberrations caught or bred during
1980 including several extreme Lysandra coridon (Poda), one of these an ab.
melaina Tutt is depicted on Plate 2, fig. 2. Also depicted is a radiated underside
of Lysandra bellargus Rott. which hatched from a cooled pupa (Plate 2, fig. 1).

RICHARDSON, N.A.—An extreme aberration of Euxoa nigricans L. taken in
Cambridgeshire 13.viii.80.

RUSSWURM, A.D.A. and MIDDLETON,H.G.M.—A display of British
butterflies including many fine forms and extreme aberrations taken during 1980
in Dorset and Hampshire; of special interest was a female Melanargia galathea L.
ab. nigricans Culot taken by T.M.Melling at Portland 1.viii.1980 (Plate 1 fig. 2),
and a Lysandra coridon (Poda) ab. inaequalis Tutt also from Portland, Dorset
9.viii.1980 (Plate 2, fig. 18).

SIDDONS, P.N.—A melanic example of Boloria selene (D. & S.) captured in
Cornwall 5.vi.1973 (Plate 1, fig. 6).

SIMSON, Brig. E.C.L.—A large and comprehensive exhibit of the British
Eupithecia and some of the local races.

SKINNER, B.—Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1980 included a series of
Xestia alpicola alpina Humph. & West. from Perthshire and Aberdeenshire, and
two examples of Pelosia obtusa (H.-S.) from the Norfolk Broads.

SOKOLOFF, P.A.—The fourth Kentish specimen of Rhyacia simulans Huft.
taken at Orpington 14.ix.80.

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

STERLING, Col. D.H.—Rhodometra sacraria (L.) from Leckford, Hants, one
15/16.viii.80, one 15/16.x.79. One Enargia paleacea (Esp.) from Winchester,
Hants 10/11.viii.80, one 9° Eupithecia abietaria (Goeze) also from Winchester
18/19.vi.80.

TORLESSE, Rear Admiral A.D.-The second British record of Syngrapha
circumflexa (L.) taken at Sway, Hants 29.vii.80. The first record of this migrant
species was from Essex about 1802.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—Aberrations of British Zygaena as follows. Z. trifolii
palustrella Verity ab. lutescens Cockerell and confluent forms from Surrey;
Z. filipendulae anglicola Tremewan ab. aurantia Tutt from Surrey and ab. flava
Robson from Cornwall.

TUBBS, R.S.—An exhibit showing research into the genetics of aberrations of
three species of British butterflies: Pieris napi (L.) ab. fasciata Kautz, Hipparchia
semele (L.) ab. holanops Brouwer, and Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) ab. arete
Muller.

WATSON, R.W. (National Collection)--Several drawers of aberrant Lepi-
doptera including a number of historic and unusual varieties acquired by the
Watson Trust for Entomology either by purchase or donation. One of these is an
unusual underside variety of Apatura iris (L.) ab. isolata Cabeau, Kingschase,
Berks. bred vii.1980, having the markings asymmetrical (Plate 1, fig. 4).

WILD, E.H.—A small selection of moths taken or bred during 1980 and
including the following migrants: Rhodometra sacraria (L.) from Selsdon, Surrey
15.viii, Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.) from St. Lawrence, I.O0.W. 10.ix, and a
short series of Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.) bred from larvae collected at Dunge-
ness, Kent in September.

WINTER, P.G.—Lepidoptera from South-east and North-east Yorkshire taken
or bred during 1978-1980. Most of the species shown are rarely met with in these
vice counties, of particular interest were Tethea or (D. & S.) from near Scar-
borough, Deileptenia ribeata Clerck from near Pickering, Odontosia carmelita
(Esp.) from near York, Photedes fluxa (Hubn.) and Amphipyra berbera svenssoni
Fletcher both from the same locality near York, and Eupithecia insigniata
(Hiibn.) from Murston. Also included was a fine specimen of Hippotion celerio
(L.) taken at Rudston, near Bridlington by A.S. Ezard 19.ix.80.

YOUNG, L.D.—A female Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) and twenty bred
specimens from the first generation exhibiting enlarged forewing spots and
‘costajuncta’ tendencies. Eight generations of Lysandra bellargus (Rott.); the
‘discoelongata’ varieties appearing in the F.1., F.4., and F.6. generations.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

AGASSIZ, Rev. D.J.L.—Swammerdamia passerella Zett. (= nanivora Stt.): a
series bred from Betula nana found in the Highlands of Scotland, with photograph
of the larva. S. pyrella Vill. and S. caesiella Hb. were included for comparison.
Agonopterix prostratella Constant, a specimen taken in Dorset in 1970.

ALLEN, Dr. A.A.—The following all taken or bred in 1980. Bohemmania
quadrimaculella (Boheman), Brownsea Island, Dorset, 20.viii. Lyonetia clerkella
(L.), Reigate Heath, Surrey, bred birch, 13.viii. Digitivalva pulicariae (Klimesch),
Brownsea Island, Dorset, 23.viii. Stephensia brunnichella (L.), Hackhurst Downs,
Surrey. Paracystola acroxantha Meyrick, Dawlish, Devon, one of eight captured
21.vii.-9.viii. Depressaria chaerophylli Z., Shaldon, Devon, bred larva, viii.
Monochroa tenebrella (Hbn.), Gribben Head, Cornwall, 25.vii. Psoricoptera
gibbosella (Z.), Pluckley, Kent, 15.viii. Anacampsis blattariella (Hbn.), Brownsea
Island, Dorset, bred birch, 30.vii. Brachmia gerronella (Z.), Brownsea Island,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 25

Dorset, 23.viii. Batrachedra praeangusta (Haworth), Brownsea Island, Dorset,
23.viii. Mompha locupletella (D. & S.), Brownsea Island, Dorset, 29.v. Scythris
grandipennis (Haworth), Little Haldon, Devon, 27.vii. Dichrorampha alpinana
(Tr.), Dawlish Cliffs, Devon, 9.viii. Epiblema foenella (L.), Dawlish, 25.vii.
Rhyacionia pinicolana (Doubl.), Brownsea Island, bred larva on pine, 30.v.
Mecyna asinalis (Hbn.), Dawlish, 7.viii. Agdistis bennetii (Curtis), Brownsea
Island, to actinic light, 22.viii.

APPLETON, D.—Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.), Ventnor, Isle of Wight, two
bred 25,28.viii.80 from young larvae found on spindle. Pterophorus spilodactylus
Curtis, Isle of Wight, two bred 13,16.viii.80, from pupae found on Marrubium.
Pseudosciaphila branderiana (L.), Botley Wood near Fareham, Hants, one bred
28.vi.80, from pupa found in spun aspen leaf.

BLAND, Dr. K.P.—Triaxomera parasitella (Hbn.), Balmaha, Loch Lomond, at
m.v. light 2/3.vi.80, only third Scottish record. Pancalia leuawenhoekella (L.),
Teviothead, Roxburghshire, 11.v.80. Apotomis infida (Hein.), Ettrick Marsh,
Selkirkshire, at m.v. light, 3/4.vii.79 (Plate 2, fig. 20); habitat extensive marsh
with various species of Salix; previously only known as British from two specimens
taken at Rannoch in 1919. Capperia britanniodactyla (Greg.), Blackford Hill,
Edinburgh, 5.vii.80; one old Scottish record. Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.),
Blackford, Edinburgh, 5.vi.80; now widespread in southern Scotland. Micropterix
thunbergella F., Methven Wood, nr. Perth; previously only known in Scotland
from Argyll (v.c.98) and Dumfriesshire (v.c.72). Cryptoblabes bistriga Haw., Blair,
Loch Lomond, at m.v. light, 27/28.vi.80; few Scottish records. Metzneria aprilella
H.-S. shown as M. neuropterella (Zell.), Easton Royal, Wiltshire, at m.v. light,
25.vii.80. Eutromula pariana (Clerck), Blackford, Edinburgh, reared 6.viii.80;
rediscovered in Edinburgh after many years apparent absence. Stigmella basi-
guttella (Hein.), Creinch, Loch Lomond, vacated mine in oak, 11.x.80; most
northern record and only second Scottish record.

BURTON, G.N.—Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.), Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent,
two, 3.x.80.

CHALMERS-HUNT. J.M.—(1) Two drawers containing all 104 species of
British Coleophoridae except Coleophora lassella Stdgr., C. vulnerariae Z. and
C. antennariella H.-S. (2) Lampronia flavimitrella Hbn., Hoads Wood, Kent, a
female netted 24.v.80; only the second British record.

EMMET, Lt. Col. A.M.—(1) CUMBRIA Stigmella svenssoni (Johansson) A
series of 11 reared 22.iv-9.v.80 from larvae collected at Arnside Knott on
13.ix.79, where it was plentiful. (2) ISLE OF MAN Species reared in 1980 from
larvae collected 15-20.ix.79 and thought to be new to the island. Stigmella
auritella (Skala) A series of 4 reared 2-10.v. S. myrtillella (Stainton) A series of
15 reared 30.iv-18.v. Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hiibner) One reared 10. iv. P.
salicicolella (Sircom) One reared 16.iv. Epinotia subocellana (Donovan) One
reared 19.iv. (3) SCOTLAND Stigmella betulicola (Stainton) f. nanivora Peterson
A series of 3 reared 23-30.iv.80 from larvae collected by the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz
on the mountains above Alvie, Inverness-shire. (4) IRELAND Coleophora frischella
(L.) A series of 7 taken 1-6.vi.68 and one 6.vi.70 at Ballyconneely, Co. Galway,
believed to be new to Ireland. The moths had been misidentified as C. deauratella
Lienig & Zeller, of which a series of 11 taken at Parkeston, Essex on 19-27.vii.80
were shown for comparison. (5) SUFFOLK Coleophora chalcogrammella Zell.
A series of 7 reared 13.vii-5.viii.80 from larvae collected on 21.v at Elvedon.
(5) ESSEX Rare or underrecorded species encountered in 1980 whilst making
records for the county list of Microlepidoptera. Distribution maps were given for
some species. Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Boheman) Two taken 18.viii at Pods
Wood, Messing, with map: the second record for the county. Ectoedemia agri-
moniae (Frey) A series of 4 reared 23.vi-7.vii from Silver Street: new to North
Essex (VC 19). Stigmella samiatella (Zell.) Single specimens reared on 14.iv and

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

3.viii from Great Holland, with map: new to North Essex (VC 19). Only 4 other
British specimens are known. This species, which is the most common of the
atricapitella group on the Continent, is well-established in a very restricted area in
north-east Essex. S. minusculella (H.-S.) Two reared 13-14.iv from a locality in
north-east Essex. These are believed to be the first British specimens for over
50 years. Lampronia morosa Zell. A series of 4 taken 23.v at Leigh-on-Sea, with
map. Phyllonorycter ulicicolella (Stainton) 13 specimens from 9 dispersed locali-
ties with map, showing that this elusive species is widespread in the county.
Tinagma ocnerostomella (Stainton) Two taken 23.vi at Purfleet. New to Essex.
Argyresthia ivella (Haw.) A series of 5 taken 17.viii at Woodham Walter, with
map: the first Essex record for over 40 years. Coleophora prunifoliae Doets A
series of 9 reared 3-13.vii from South Benfleet, with map and notes on its pre-
hibernation habits. It appears to be widespread and locally common in south and
east Essex. C. adjectella H.-S. A series of 5 reared 7-14.vii from South Benfleet,
with map. It appears to be confined in Essex to the south-east. where it is locally
common. C. troglodytella (Dup.) A series of 3 reared 12-21.vii from Leigh-on-Sea:
the first confirmed record for South Essex (VC 18) owing to past confusion with
C. trochilella (Dup.) Elachista subocellea (Steph.) One taken 17.vii at Alpham-
stone, with map: the fourth county record. Monochroa lucidella (Donovan)
Series, each of 4, from Matching Green (4.vii.79) and Great Holland Pits Nature
Reserve (15.viii.80), with map. Caryocolum viscariella (Stainton) Pairs, each
reared 24-25.vi, from Newport and Matching Green, and one captured 19.vii at
Great Oakely, with map showing its apparently sudden extension of range in
Essex. Cochylidia heydeniana (H.-S.) One reared 17.viii from Purfleet: the first
recent record. Catoptria falsella (D. & S.) A series of 9 captured 23.vii on a dis-
used, moss-covered airstrip at Bradwell-on-Sea, where it was abundant. Oxyptilus
parvidactylus (Haw.) One taken 28.vi at Grays Chalk Pit: the third Essex record.
Pterophorus baliodactylus Zell. One taken 31.vii at Grays Chalk Pit: the second
Essex record. (6) Vice-county maps of the British Isles showing the number of
species of Lyonetiidae, Gracillariidae (less Lithocolletinae) and Phyllocnistidae
recorded in 1977 and 1980 with a request for additional records.

FAIRCLOUGH, A.J. and R.—Collection in six drawers containing 101 of the
118 forms of Acleris cristana (D. & S.) so far named.

FENN, J.L. and SATTLER, K.—The first recorded British specimens of
Scythris inspersella (Hbn.), collected as adults and reared from larvae found on
Rosebay Willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium) in Norfolk, vii and viii.1980.

HEAL, N.F.—All from Kent unless otherwise stated. Coleophora linosyridella
Fuchs, cases taken 1978 at Shellness were not bred and identification was not
possible until 1979 when 9 were bred 17/27.vii.79 from cases collected 1.vi.79,
and 1980 one only bred 29.viii.80 from cases collected 27.v.80; exhibitor found
the species at Nagden Marshes, Graveney, and Canvey Island, Essex, and exhibited
15 young overwintering cases from Nagden Marshes, 7.x.80, found on leaves of
Aster tripolium on edge of saltmarsh. C. vibicigerella Z., Shellness, ten bred
6-19.vii.80 from cases collected on Artemisia maritima, 24-27.v.80. C. machinella
Bradley, Shellness. one case on Artemisia maritima, 24.v.80, not bred. Agriphila
selasella Hbn., Higham Canal, 8,27.viii.80, Park Wood, Kenardington, 9.viii.80,
Detling Hill, Maidstone, 10/14.viii.80; all at m.v. Agonopterix putridella D. & S.,
Nagden Marshes, Graveney, nine bred 28.vii-1.viii.80 from larvae found on
Peucedanum officinale, 22.vi.80. Phyllonorycter cydoniella D. & S., Darenth
Wood, many bred 16.iv-5.v.80, from mines on Malus collected 27.x.79. Narycia
monilifera Geoffroy, Winchcombe NNR, Crundale, bred 16.vi.80 from case on
oak tree, 31.v.80. Epichnopterix retiella Newman, Shellness, one flying in sun-
shine, 27.v.80, and vacated case, 24.v.80. Epinotia caprana F. f. sciurana H.-S.,
Dungeness, 20.ix.80. Ethmia bipunctella F., ab. with middle projection to lower

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 27

edge of black costal half of forewing and terminal dots absent, Dungeness,
USiv9:

HECKFORD, R.J.—Caloptilia azaleella (Brants), Plympton, Devon, 5.ix.80.
C. cuculipennella (Hbn.), Bantham, Devon, bred from Ligustrum, 9.ix.80,
emerged, 10-14.ix.80. Phyllonorycter viminetorum (Stt.), Plympton, Devon, bred
from Salix viminalis, emerged 27-30.viii.79. Digitivalva perlepidella (Stt.),
Arundel, Sussex, 17.vi.80; new to Sussex. Coleophora prunifoliae Doets, found as
new to Britain by the exhibitor with specimens of the first recorded British
specimens, bred from Prunus spinosa, 29.iv.77, emerged 22.vi-4.vii.77, Whitsand
Bay, Cornwall; also specimens, all bred from P. spinosa, from three separate
localities in Devon, namely Devils Point, Plymouth, Saltram, Plymouth and from
near Mothecombe, all bred during vi.1980. C. coracipennella (Hbn.), Longbeech,
New Forest, Hants, bred from Malus, emerged 26.vi.78; Petworth, Sussex, bred
from Prunus spinosa 24.v.80, emerged 13-30.vi.80; Chichester Gravel Pits, Sussex,
bred from P. spinosa 13.vi.80, emerged 14.vii.80. C. cerasivorella Packard. Speci-
mens bred from Malus and Crataegus from Cornwall, Devon and Sussex; they
were exhibited for comparison with C. prunifoliae and C. coracipennella and cases
of all species were shown for comparison. C. Jassella Stgr., Predannack, Cornwall,
15.v.77; believed to be the third or fourth English locality only; new to Cornwall.
C. trifolii (Curtis), Plympton, Devon, 1.viii.80. Cosmiotes consortella (Staint.),
Plympton, Devon, 1l.iv and 14.viii.80. Depressaria pulcherrimella Staint.,
Plympton, Devon, bred from Conopodium majus 31.v.80, emerged 17-21.vi.80,
not previously recorded from Devon; Harting Down, Sussex bred from Pimpinella
Saxifraga 16.vi.80, emerged 12.vii.80. Agonopterix astrantiae (Hein.), Sussex, bred
from Sanicula europaea 20.vi.80, emerged 17.vii.80; first recorded specimen bred
in Britain, and new to Sussex. A. carduella (Hbn.) Ventnor, Isle of Wight, bred
from Centaurea scabiosa 25.vi.80, emerged 27.vii.80. Syncopacma vinella
(Bankes), Ditchling, Sussex, bred from Genista tinctoria 21.vi.80, emerged
19-23.vii.80; the larvae were dark grey and not whitish as described by Meyrick.
Lobesia occidentis Falk., Arundel, Sussex, 17.vi.80. Diasemiopsis ramburialis
(Dup.), Beaulieu Road Station, New Forest, Hants, 19.ix.80. Cryptoblabes gnidi-
ella (Mill.), Plympton, Devon, bred from pomegranate, emerged 8.i.80.

HORTON, Dr. G.A.NEIL—Aethes tesserana D. & S., S. Monmouthshire,
26.v.80, first v.c. record. Epiblema costipunctana Haw., S. Monmouthshire,
26.v.80. Dichrorampha sequana Hbn., Usk, Monmouthshire, 24.v.80. D. flavidor-
sana Knaggs, Usk, Monmouthshire, 25.viii.80. Ancylis myrtillana Treit., Ponty-
pool, 25.v.80. Epinotia cruciana L., S. Monmouthshire, 24.vi.80. E. brunnichana
L., S. Monmouthshire, 28.vii.80. E. ramella L.f.costana Dup., 15.viii.80. Eucosma
campoliliana D. & S., Usk, Monmouthshire, 8.viii.80. Cydia servillana Dup.,
S. Monmouthshire, 3.v.80. Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz., S. Monmouthshire,
15.vii.80. Leioptilus tephradactyla Hbn. S. Monmouthshire, 24.vi.80, first v.c.
record. L. osteodactylus Z., S. Monmouthshire, 5.vii.80, first v.c. record. Apotomis
sororculana Zett., Airdtorrisdale, Sutherland, 10.vi.80.

JOHNSON, P.J.-_Mompha ochraceella (Curtis), Horseheath, Cambs., bred
from Epilobium, 13-19.vi.78. Depressaria pimpinellae Z., bred from Pimpinella
flowers, Duddenhoe End, Essex, 31.viii.80 and Great Benysh Wood, Essex,
1.ix.80.

LANGMAID, Dr. J.R.—Depressaria/Agonopterix Quiz. A drawer containing
thirty specimens of the above genera with each specimen numbered. Some sheets
of paper available for members to write down their identifications. The correct
identifications of each moth revealed at 2 p.m. so that members could check their
answers. It is hoped that the quiz will generate interest in this group of moths.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—Microlepidoptera collected during 1980. Buccul-
atrix sp. on Myrica gale, Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey, mines and moulting cocoons of

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

larvae of an unknown species, not yet reared to the adult stage. Leucoptera
wailesella (Staint.), Thorney I., Sussex, bred from pupae on Genista tinctoria.
Caloprilia rufipennella (Hbn.), Stenton, East Lothian and Abercorn, West Lothian,
bred from larvae on Acer pseudoplatanus. Yponomeuta malinellus Z., Sevington,
Kent, bred from larvae on Malus. Exaeretia allisella Stt., Winchburgh West
Lothian, one, 25.vii.80 in light trap. Agonopterix pulverella (Hbn.), Ditchling,
Sussex, bred from larvae on Genista tinctoria. Syncopacma vinella (Bankes),
Ditchling, Sussex, bred from larvae on Genista tinctoria. Dichrorampha sylvi-
colana Hein., Ditchling, Sussex, 21.vi.80. Apotomis infida (Heinrich), Ettrick,
Selkirk, 18.vii.80 at light; discovered in this locality recently by K. P. Bland; for
comparison, A. semifasciana (Haw.), Tayvallich, Knapdale, Argyll, 6.vii.74, the
only known Scottish specimen.

PICKLES, A.J. and C.T.—Palpita unionalis Hbn., Lymington, 1.viii.80.

SIMPSON, Dr. A.N.B.—Niditinea piercella (Bent.), nr. Stratford on Avon,
Warks., ex Kestrel’s nest, collected x.1979, emerged vi.1980. Tinea columbariella
(Wocke), ex Kestrel’s nest as above. Amphibatis incongruella (Z.), Hartlebury
Common, Worcs., iv.1980. Exaeretia allisella (Staint.), Ryton on Dunsmore,
Warks., larva on Artemisia vulgaris collected iv.1980, hatched viii.1980. Depressaria
douglasella (Staint.), nr. Oxwich Point, Gower, Glamorgan, bred ex larva on
Daucus, vi.1980. D. weirella (Staint.), Powick, Worcs., ex larva on Anthriscus
sylvestris, v.1980. D. ultimella (Staint.), nr Stourport, Worcs., ex larva on
Oenanthe phellandrium, viii.1979. Coleophora versurella (Z), Worcester City, on
Atriplex patula, x.1979. C. serphylletorum Hering (gen. det. R. W. Uffen), Cadg-
with, West Cornwall vii.1976. Celypha woodiana (Barr.), D. Broughton, Worcs.,
ex larva v.1980. Dichrorampha consortana (Steph.), Cardiganshire, vii.1980.
Chionodes distinctella (Z.), Hartlebury Common, Worcs., vii.1979. Pexicopia
malvella (Hbn.), Llanrhidian Marshes, Gower, Glamorgan, bred ix.1979, ex larva
on Althaea officinalis. Gelechia nigra (Haw.), D. Broughton, Worcs., ex larva on
aspen, v.1978. Telephila schmidtiellus (Heyd.), Oxwich Point, Gower, Glamorgan,
ex larva on Origanum, vi.1980. Ephestia cautella (Walker), Birmingham, xi.1978.
Aglossa pinguinalis (L.), Powick, Worcs., vii.1980. Apomyelois neophanes
(Durrant), Wores., ex larva on Daldinia concentrica on dead birch, iv.1980.

SOKOLOFF, P.A.—A culture of Tineola bisselliella Hum., showing larvae,
cocoons and imagines; a hank of wool damaged by the larvae of this species was
also shown, together with a cabinet specimen of Noctua pronuba L. upon which
an escaped larva was feeding, constructing an external feeding tube from thoracic
hairs of the pronuba. Scythris grandipennis Haw., Dartford, Kent, bred Ulex
minor. A selection of moths bred from a small sample of yarrow roots taken from
Ruxley pits. Kent, including the Dichrorampha species sequana Hbn., gueneeana
Obr., plumbana Scop. and petiverella L. Selection of moths bred following the
1979 field meeting at Darenth, Kent including Ectoedemia agrimoniae Frey
(agrimony), FE. angulifasciella Staint. (rose), Cochylis roseana (Haw.) (Teasel),
Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Log. (Bush Vetch) and Colephora squamosella
Staint. (Blue Fleabane). Various specimens captured during 1980, including
Argyresthia sorbiella Tr. (Orpington, Kent), Anania verbascalis D. & S. (Shorne,
Kent), Yponomeuta irrorella Hbn. (High Halstow, Kent); forms of Epinotia
brunnichana L., from Haltwhistle, Northumberland, including two examples of
f. brunneodorsana Sheldon, described in the literature as “unusual and rare”;
Thisanotia chrysonuchella Scop., near Wye, Kent and a short series of Hypo-
chalcia ahenella D. & S. from Shoreham, Kent. .

STERLING, Col. D.H.—A_ selection of Ypsolopha from Hampshire: ¥.
mucronella (Scop.), Y. nemorella (L.), Y. dentella (F.), Y. scabrella (L.), Y.
horridella (Tr.), Y. alpella (D. & S.), Y. sylvella (L.), Y. parenthesella (L.), V3
ustella (Clerck), Y. sequella (Clerck), Y. vittella (L.).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 29

FOREIGN MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA

The large displays of foreign Lepidoptera were very welcome at the end of a
season which was unfavourable to native species. Pride of place was again taken
by twelve drawers of Scandinavian Lepidoptera shown by STIG TORSTENIUS
and B. ASHBY from the collection which the former has given to the Society, and
which he was this year able to present in person and to discuss with many
members. The drawers were accompanied by a panel featuring the mountain
regions of Lapland and the last forests before the treeless tundra of the far north,
which are distinctive Scandinavian habitats.

Other, more southerly, Palaearctic areas were also well represented. A.C.P.
HARBOTTLE showed a large number of species collected 2-17.viii.80 in Spain,
including a curious example of Pandoriana pandora D. & S. which may be refer-
able to the melanic f. dacia Hormuzaki, equivalent to f. valesina Esp. in Argynnis
paphia L., but occurring in both sexes. There was also a Skipper which is either
Gegenes nostrodamus F. or Borbo borbonica Zell. which are both rare species in
Spain. (Editor: unfortunately no note of this exhibit has reached me.) R.F.
BRETHERTON showed four species of Erebia caught in 1979 in the Picos de
Europa and the Sierra de Albarracin, and a short series of Eurodryas desfontainii
Godart bred in England in June 1980 from larval webs found in prov. Burgos,
north Spain, in the previous July, with examples of E. aurinia beckeri H.-S. from
south Spain and £. aurinia aurinia from Surrey, England, for comparison. He also
showed from the French Pyrenees twelve Erebia species, of differing sub-species
and forms, from the east and centre of these mountains; and also an extreme
male albino specimen of Melanargia lachesis Hiibn., from Vernet-les-Bains, Pyr.-
Or., apparently hitherto undescribed.

R.J. REVELL had over 30 species of Heterocera and three species of Rhopalo-
cera collected in 1980 mainly in the Dordogne region of France; and the butter-
flies and Zygaeninae of the Alps of Savoie and Haute Savoie were thoroughly
illustrated by very large displays by M.S. HARVEY (71 species) and by G.N.
BURTON (over 40 species), both collected in August 1980. From further east,
R.F. BRETHERTON exhibited on behalf of D.W. BALDOCK butterflies from
the Greek island of Corfu, 18-31.viii.80. He showed 25 species, of which six have
not previously been certainly reported from Corfu, and ten more were identified
in the field, making a total of 35 species in this short visit late in the season.
E.P. WILTSHIRE showed a collection of about 20 larger moths from Oman,
S.E. Arabia (leg. T.B. LARSEN and M.D. GALLAGHER, 1979) and a map,
illustrating the more Asiatic character of the fauna and flora of North Oman and
the more African character of that of South Oman. Between the two provinces
the severe deserts of the eastern Empty Quarter appear, from the moth collections,
to form the faunistic frontier of Asia and Africa, rather than the Red Sea or the
Persian Gulf. More generally, P.W. CRIBB showed 30 pairs or triples of European
species which can be difficult to identify, with helpful notes on their distinctive
characters and distribution.

From Palaearctic Africa T.B. LARSEN showed a specimen of Heliothis pelti-
gera D. & S. captured at light in a wet locality in Morocco where various orchid
species were common. It carries five pollinaria (the special detachable pollen sacs
of orchids) firmly attached to its eyes — two on one eye, three on the other. The
moth is of a form which frequently reaches Britain as a summer immigrant. From
Tunisia W.G. TREMEWAN showed series of Zygaena felix Obth., Z. thevestis
Stgr. (including cocoons), Z. loyselis Obth., Z. orana Dup., Z. algira Bdv., and
Z. favonia Freyer (including cocoons). The first three species have not hitherto
been recorded from Tunisia. He also had a rather battered bilateral gynandro-
morph of Gonepteryx cleopatra L., with the left side male and the right side
female, taken on the Djebel Bou Kornine. All these were found in May 1980.

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

G.H.H. BROOME had 118 species of butterflies collected in the Transkei and
Natal, South Africa xii.1979-ii.1980. These included Papilio euphranor Trimen,
restricted to highland forests; Graphium porthaon (Hewitson), restricted to
coastal northern Zululand; Coeliades keithloa (Wallengren), festricted to coastal
forest of Natal and Transkei; Colotis erone (Angus), local in south and east Africa;
Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen), confined to localities in Natal and Transvaal; Harpen-
dyreus tsomo (Trimen) confined to Transkei and Lesotho; Coenyra hebe (Trimen),
restricted to the coast of Mozambique and Zululand. From tropical Kenya D.R.
TREMBATH had a spectacular display of Papilio, Charaxes, and other butteflies
(179 species in all), which filled five drawers; and from Brunei R. FAIRCLOUGH
showed a number of striking Heterocera taken during a short visit in 1980.

American lepidoptera were represented by three Ctenuchid moths from the
British Virgin Islands, shown by Dr J.A. LORIMER: Horama pretus Cramer, a
close mimic of the stinging social wasp Polistes crinitus Felton; Empyreuma
pugione (L.), which accurately mimics the was, Pepsis rubra Drury; Cosmosoma
achemon Fabr., usually seen on flower heads of Compositae or Lantana. For the
North American mainland P.J. BAKER showed 108 of the 126 species of butter-
flies which have been recorded from the state of New Jersey, U.S.A., with a map
showing the geological structure of the state in its bearing on the butterfly distri-
bution. He noted that ten species were common to both Britain and New Jersey.
though two of these, Danaus plexippus L. and Cynthia virginiensis Drury only as
occasional trans-atlantic immigrants to Britain, and two others, Pieris rapae L. and
Thymelicus lineola Ochs. only as a result of accidental introduction to New
Jersey.

HYMENOPTERA (SYMPHYTA & ACULEATA)

ELSE, G.R.—(i) “Sphecid wasps recently added to the British list.” During
the last two years four sphecid wasps have been added to the British list. Three of
these have been included in O.W. Richards’s recently published Royal Entomo-
logical Society’s Handbook (Scolioidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea, Handbk
Ident. Br. Insects 6 (pt. 3 (b)), but the fourth, Psen unicolor (Vander Linden),
was recognised too late for inclusion. Crossocerus distinguendus (Morawitz), 2 dé,
Faversham, Kent, 28.vii.79, L. Packer, and 9°, 24.vii.79, A. Glowlaski. The first
British specimen was collected in Ewell, Surrey in the early 1970s by D.B. Baker,
but the record was not published until very recently. L. Packer began to find
examples in Kent in 1978 and has since discovered that the species is widely
distributed and locally common in the county. Passaloecus eremita Kohl, ?, Mid-
hurst Common, West Sussex, 19.viii.78 and 9, 19.viii.80, M. Edwards. First re-
corded in Britain from West Sussex (Crowborough Forest), by G.H.L. Dicker in
1979 and has subsequently been found by him in Kent where it seems to be
widely distributed though local. Psen atratinus (Morawitz), 2 66, 9, Luccombe
Chine, nr. Shanklin, Isle of Wight, 30.vi.80; 2 66, Whale Chine, nr. Chale, Isle of
Wight, 3.vii.80; 6, Blackgang Chine area, nr Chale, 23.vii.80. All G.R. Else. First
British specimen collected on the Isle of Wight in 1950 by O.W. Richards, but
although provisionally identified at that time the record was not finally confirmed
and published until 1980 in his Handbook. In 1977 a pair were collected by
G.R.Else at Luccombe Chine, a few miles to the east of Richards’s capture. In
June-July 1980 members of the joint Bees, Wasps, and Ants and Diptera Record-
ing Schemes’ field trip to the Island recorded the species from three sites on the
south coast. The wasp is unknown in Britain outside the Isle of*Wight. On the
Continent it is known to nest in dry, decayed wood, often in abandoned insect
burrows, but in Britain it probably nests in dry stems (decaying timber being
scarce in some of its localities). P. unicolor (Vander Linden), 2 66, 2 92 Whale
Chine, 3.vii and 2 99, 23.vii.80; 6, 2 99, Blackgang Chine area, 23.vii.80. All

PROC. TRANS BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 31

G.R. Else. Only known in Britain from the south-west coast of the Isle of Wight.
The first specimens were collected again by O.W. Richards in 1950, but were
unfortunately misidentified as P. spooneri (Richards). They were taken with the
original British P. atratinus, thus O.W.R. has the distinction of collecting two
sphecids new to Britain in one day! No more examples were collected for the next
thirty years, when in 1980 the species was found in four undercliff sites by the
party mentioned above. In two of these sites it was locally abundant and flying
with P. atratinus (which it far outnumbered). Both wasps seem to have a prefer-
ence for damp spots, e.g. they have been observed alighting on Coltsfoot leaves
adjacent to cliff seepages and flying low amongst Juncus and Phragmites (in the
dead stems of which they probably nest).

(ii) “‘A selection of Aculeate Hymenoptera collected in Hampshire and on the
Isle of Wight, 1980.” Thirty-three species exhibited of which the following were
of particular interest (all collected by G.R.Else, unless otherwise stated):
Methocho ichneumonoides Latreille (Tiphiidae), 6 ?, Blackgang Chine area, Isle of
Wight, 23.vii, both from within a strong Cicindela germanica L. colony (upon the
larvae of which the 2 wasp almost certainly preys). Podalonia hirsuta (Scopoli)
(Sphecidae), 9, nr. Blackgang, I.o.W., the first Island record for many years;
Oxybelus mandibularis Dahlbom, 2 99, heathland east of Beaulieu Road railway
station, New Forest, Hants, 25.viii; Ectemnius sexcinctus (F.), 9, Yarmouth
dunes, I.o.W., 23.viii, visiting Foeniculum vulgare Mill. blossom, D.M. Appleton;
Diodontus tristis (Vander Linden), 2 92, Luccombe Chine, nr. Shanklin, I.o.W.,
2.viii; D. insidiosus Spooner, 2 99, heathland east of Beaulieu Road railway
station, 25.viii; Argogorytes fargeii (Shuckard), 2 °°, nr. Brighstone, Chilton
Chine, I.o.W., 2.vii, visiting Heracleum sphondylium L. blossom; Alysson luni-
cornis (F.), 2 99, St. Helens, I.o.W., 27.viii (very few records this century);
Philanthus triungulum (F.), 6 °,1.0.W. coast, 3.vii, 6 swept from Armeria maritima
(Mill.) flowers. Colletes marginatus Smith (Colletidae) 36 °, I.o.W. coast, 3.vii,
6 swept from A. maritima flowers; Andrena nigriceps (Kirby) (Andrenidae), 2 66,
Headon Warren, nr. Alum Bay, I.o.W., 5.vii and worn 9, 9.viii, all on Senecio
blossom; A. minutuloides Perkins, 9, St. Catherine’s Hill, nr. Winchester, Hants,
24.viii, swept; Osmia xanthomelana (Kirby) (Megachilidae), ?, I.o.W. coast, 5.vi,
visiting seepage at cliff base (about 16 specimens recorded on this date); Coelioxys
elongata Lepeletier, 9, Red Cliff area, nr. Sandown, I.o.W., 29.vi; Stelis punctula-
tissima (Kirby), 9, Ventnor, I.o.W., 2.viii; Nomada fucata Panzer (Anthophoridae),
9, St. Catherine’s Hill, nr. Winchester, 24.viii, swept.

HALSTEAD, A.J.—(i) A nest of the social wasp Dolichovespula norwegica (F .)
(Vespidae) collected from a clump of bamboo from the Royal Horticultural
Society’s garden, nr. Woking, Surrey, 11.vii.80. The exhibit also included 3 99,
5 workers, 3 66 from this nest.

(ii) Twenty-three sawflies, mainly from Surrey, 1980. Mostly common species
and illustrating variation in Tenthredinidae.

McLEAN, I.F.G.—A mixed exhibit which contained two rare sphecid wasps:
Crossocerus leucostoma (L.), 6, Glen Tanar, Aberdeenshire, 31.v.80, swept;
(recorded in Britain only from Scotland, Cumbria and the Isle of Man); Pem-
phredon enslini (Wagner), ?, Blaisdon, Gloucestershire, 24.vii.80. This species has
previously been collected in Britain from only two localities — 6 66, 2 99, Rich-
mond, N.W. Yorks, 1903, A.J. Chitty, and a 9, Whitchurch Down, Devon,
28.viii.72, G.M. Spooner.

MILES, S.R.—“‘Interesting species of Hymenoptera (Aculeata), taken during
1979-80’, included the bees Andrena proxima (Kirby), 6, Aldworth, Berks, 15.v;
A. lapponica Zetterstedt, 6 9, Fence Wood, Hermitage, Berks (? visiting Vac-
cinium), 24.iv.80; and A. simillima Smith, 9, Abbotstone Down, nr. Alresford,
Hants, 22.vii.79, on Senecio blossom. The latter is a particularly interesting record
as in this country A. simillima is a very local coastal species, recorded from Kent,

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Devon, and Cornwall. Alresford is about 12 km
inland. (Rev. F.L. Wain also collected A. simillima on Abbotstone Down on
17.vii.75.)

COLEOPTERA

ALBERTINI, M.~—A single specimen of Odontaeus armiger (Sp.) found drowned
in a Heath trap, Aston Upthorpe Downs, Berkshire, 26.vii.80. This rare scarabid is
thought to feed underground on truffles and this may account for its rarity.

DARBY, M.—Four of the smallest members of our coleopterous fauna were
exhibited. (i) Ptilium exaratum (Allibert), which is believed to be an extremely
rare species, was found by the exhibitor in cow dung at Windsor, Berkshire on
18.ix.80. Although there are a number of specimens in old collections none have
data and the only other definite record is from Knowle, Warwickshire.

(ii) Acrotrichis cognata (Matthews) is another Ptiliid, and a series taken from a
dead bird at Riccal, Yorkshire on 23.vi.80 was shown. All the specimens were
female and investigations have shown that the males of this species are unknown.
This species may be partially parthenogenetic.

(iii) Acrotrichis chevroleti (Allibert) is the smallest member of the genus and
the specimen exhibited came from a compost heap at Ilketshall St Margaret,
Suffolk in 1980. The only other records of this species are from Warwickshire and
Yorkshire.

(iv) Atomaria morio Kolenati, one taken from a fungus in Windsor Forest on
8.xii.79. The species has been recorded twice before in Britain, from Windsor in
1928 and Monks Wood in 1965. In contrast to these species, two examples of the
rare and distinctive Lymexylon navale (L.) were exhibited to show the great range
of size in this species. The specimens were taken flying above freshly sawn timber
in Windsor Forest on 1.viii.80.

HODGE, P.J.—A selection of British Coleoptera taken during 1979-1980.
Among those exhibited were several species which had not been recorded previ-
ously from Sussex. These were Atheta cribrata (Kraatz), A. boreella Brundin, A.
obtusangula Joy, Aleochara sanguinea (L.) (Staphylinidae), Epuraea adumbrata
Mann. (Nitidulidae), Stenostola dubia Laich. (Cerambycidae) and Rhinomacer
attelaboides F. (Nemonychidae). Another new record for Sussex, but this time
of a vagrant species, was a specimen of the Curculionid Sipalinus gigas F. This
species is a native of S.E. Asia and is much larger than any British weevil. It was
found alive in a garden in Boreham Street, Sussex in 1979. A specimen of Cis
coluber Abeille (Cisidae) was shown, this is the second Sussex record for this rare
species. Among other interesting species exhibited were Ptinus dubius Sturm
(Ptinidae), Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Scolytidae), Nebria livida (L.), Dromius
angustus Brullé (Carabidae) and Cassida murraea (L.) (Chrysomelidae).

McCLENAGHAN, DrI.—An exhibit of twenty-one local and uncommon
species from South Essex. Most of the specimens were from Thorndon Country
Park (TQ 69) and the neighbouring parts of Ingrave and Brentwood. Four of the
species exhibited were new to Essex, these were: Monotoma angusticollis Gyll.
(Rhizophagidae) taken from a nest of Formica rufa near Brentwood, Orchesia
undulata Kraatz (Serropalpidae), Orthoperus nigrescens Steph. (Orthoperidae)
and Dienerella elongata (Curtis) (Lathridiidae), these last three were from Thorn-
don Park. Three species were shown which are increasing their range in Britain,
Leistus rufomarginatus Duftschmid (Carabidae) from Thordon Park, Harmonia
4-punctata Pontoppidan (Coccinellidae) from a mercury vapour moth trap in
Ingrave on 8.ix.76 and Aulonium trisulcum (Fourcroy) (Colydiidae) also from a
light trap. Unknown in Britain before 1975 and also spreading is the fasciato-
punctata form of the common coccinellid Adalia bipunctata (L.): the specimen

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PLATE 1 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1980

Data in text under exhibitor’s name.

1. Maniola jurtina ab. postaurolancea (C.G. Lipscombe). 2. Melanargia galathea
ab. nigricans (Russwurm et al.). 3. Arctia caja (B. Elliott). 4, Apatura iris ab.
jolata underside (R.W. Watson). 5. Maniola jurtina ab. anommata (C.G.
Lipscombe). 6. Boloria selene melanic (P.N. Siddons). 7. Melitaea cinxia homeotic
(P.W. Cribb). 8. Mesoligea furuncula ab. latistriata (G.Higgs). 9. Ematurga
atomaria (J.M. Chalmers-Hunt). 10. Euchloe cardamines ab. reducta (A.S.
Harmer).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 PLATE 2

23a

wg
ae

22

;
i

$

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1980

11. Lysandra bellargus ab. radiata (R.C. Revels). 12. Lysandra coridon ab. melaina
(R.C. Revels). 13. Ourapteryx samburcaria ab, olivacea (J.M. Chalmers-Hunt). 14.
Trichopteryx carpinata (E.C. Pelham-Clinton). 15. Sipalinus gigas (P. Hodge). 16.
Polyommatus icarus ab. radiata (R.M. Craske). 17. P. icarus gynandromorph
(R.M.C.) 18. Lysandra coridon ab. inaequalis (Russwurm et al.). 19. Lampronia
flavimitrella x 2 (J.M. Chalmers-Hunt). 20. Apotomis infida x 2 (K.P. Bland). 21.
Cassida murraea (P.Hodge). 22. Adalia bipunctata ab. fasciatopunctata
(I. McLenaghan). 23a,b. Lymexylon navale (M. Darby).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 33

shown was from Dagenham 19.iv.1978 (Plate 2, fig. 22). The rare Clerid Paratillus
carus (Newman) was taken at the same locality. Dermestes frischi (Kugelann) a
dermestid not usually found in domestic premises was exhibited. Many examples
of this species had been found in the kitchen of a house in Gants Hill in the
summer of 1980.

PHOTOGRAPHS

As usual, the number of members exhibiting photographs was small, but the
quality and quantity of items in this section amply compensates for the small
number of exhibitors. Richard Revels and Raymond Uffen must be singled out
for the exceptional quality of their work.

HYDE, G.—Monochrome prints of various Lepidoptera, including Kentish
Glory ovipositing, large copper, scarce swallowtail, brown hairstreak and marbled
white.

MURPHY, Mrs. F.M.—Colour and monochrome prints of a variety of arach-
nids, including webs constructed by various species.

OATES, M.R.—Colour prints of an aberrant Polygonia c-album L.

D’DONNELL, D.J.—A display of scanning electron micrographs illustrating
how to distinguish between different genera of first instar larvae of Aphidiinae
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Two characters, abdominal spines and tail structure,
were used as examples to show the very clear differences which may be observed.
The display included a picture of a larva of Praon volucre (Haliday) magnified
over 1,000 times. This picture was used to indicate where the characters may be
found on a complete larva. The rest of the display was arranged so that the same
characters from different species could be compared with each other. Larvae of
Ephedrus cerasicola Stary, Aphidius matricariae Haliday, Trioxys pallidus
(Haliday), Monoctonus cerasi (Marshall) and Monoctonus pseudoplatani (Marshall)
were illustrated.

The differences observed between the larvae of Monoctonus cerasi and
Monoctonus pseudoplatani were greater than the differences between species in
other genera. This may indicate that these two species have been incorrectly
assigned to the same genus. This was the first comprehensive study of the larvae
of these insects.

REVELS, R.C.—A large selection of colour prints of British butterflies, illus-
trating the complete life histories of several species.

TWEEDIE, M.W.F.—Photographs of butterflies in a rain forest in eastern Peru,
including a remarkable cluster of Pierids and swordtails on contaminated mud.
Also close-up head-and-thorax portraits of some common British moths.

UFFEN, R.W.J.—High magnification prints of transparencies taken by E.S.
Bradford on the subject of leaf mines. Examples of the use of back lighting when
photographing insects.

MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS

CHALMERS-HUNT, J.M.—A selection of old entomological trade catalogues.

DARBY, M.—The first minute book, probably of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society. Found in a second hand bookshop in Sheen. The first
meeting was in 1877.

STUBBS, A.E.—A display on the Invertebrate Site Register, exhibited on
behalf of the Nature Conservancy Council.

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

OBITUARIES

W. H. T. TAMS 1891-1980 :

Willie Horace Thomas Tams, who for more than half a century was a notable
personality in the Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural
History) and affectionately known to colleagues and friends as “Timothy” or
“Tim” and sometimes as “Tiger”, died on 10 November 1980 at the age of 89. He
was born in Cambridge on 18 December 1891 and educated at Cambridge High
School for Boys, a school which produced three other eminent naturalists formerly
on the Museum staff: A. J. Wilmott, botanist, W. N. Edwards, palaeontologist,
and F. W. Edwards, entomologist. He began his career in natural history as an
assistant to Professor J.S. Gardiner in the Department of Zoology at the University
of Cambridge and later, in the spring of 1913, moved to London and joined the
library staff of the Linnean Society. In 1914 he went to Canada as curator of
F. H. Woolley Dod’s collection of Lepidoptera at Calgary, Alberta. In January
1916, after returning to England, he enlisted in the Canadian Army Medical
Service and married in December of the same year. He served in the Canadian
Army for three years as a radiographer and was demobilized in May 1919.

Timothy Tams joined the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) in
February 1920 as an Assistant Keeper in the Department of Entomology. He
succeeded Sir George Hampson as officer-in-charge of the Museum’s collection
of Heterocera and held this position until he retired in September 1957. Retire-
ment seemed only to strengthen his devotion to entomology and to the unceasing
taxonomic problems of colleagues and visitors, and he continued to attend the
Museum regularly for another 20 years until the autumn of 1978, when increasing
frailty made the journey from his home at Stoneleigh too hazardous.

When he joined the Museum in the 1920s, brass microscopes, gas lighting and
coal fires were still in use, and he experienced the formality of the Edwardian era
when a starched winged collar, bow tie and polished shoes were proper attire and
convention was such that the Keeper of Entomology would refuse to acknowledge
hatless male members of the staff when he met them in the street. A hint of
Timothy’s Edwardian background persisted and in later years he was admired for
his varied and invariably becoming bow ties.

Tam’s first entomological paper was published in 1917 and included illustra-
tions of male genitalia of Lepidoptera, although it was not until the 1920s that
the taxonomic usefulness of genitalic morphology was fully appreciated. He was
thus progressive and always encouraged any initiative in research, but nonetheless
remained an essentially conventional museum taxonomist. When equipment was
scarce he would improvise, and it was probably his Army experience as a radio-
grapher that enabled him to devise various pieces of photographic and drawing
apparatus for entomological purposes, mostly from second-hand components.

In 1926 Tams travelled to Rennes with N. D. Riley to supervise the packing
and transport of part of the vast and important Charles Oberthiir collection of
Lepidoptera, purchased by the British Museum (Natural History) and comprising
over 750,000 specimens. Perhaps his scientifically most important collecting trip
was with the Percy Sladen and Godman Trust Expedition to the islands in the
Gulf of Guinea from October 1932 to March 1933. His narrative of the expedition
appeared in the Museum’s Natural History Magazine (Tams, 1934).

During the 1939-45 war Tams, in addition to his scientific work devoted
largely to lepidopterous species of economic importance, which resulted in the
important ‘‘Keys”’ publication in collaboration with A. S. Corbet (Tams & Corbet,
1943), undertook Air Raid Precaution duties involving first-aid work and fire-
watching for incendiary bombs on the Kensington,museum complex. As a fire-
watcher he was sometimes stationed in one of the Museum towers while an air

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 35

W. H. T. TAMS

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

raid was in progress. Emergency escape from the tower was down the outside by
rope, and Jin Hat, a war-time Museum magazine, shows in its June 1940 issue a
photograph of ““Tiger” making a practice escape from one of the north towers.

Tams became a member of the British Entomological & Natural History
Society in 1922, when it was known as the “South London” and meetings were
held in the rooms of the Royal Society at Burlington House, and in 1973 he was
made a Special Life Member. In many ways he was a retiring personality, never
seeking the limelight or high office, but always willing to share his knowledge
with others, appearing on important occasions such as at the Society’s Annual
Exhibition. For many years he undertook the onerous task of photographing
exhibited specimens of special interest for illustration in the Society’s proceedings.
On rare field trips he was an entertaining companion. In 1952 he went to Ireland
with sevéral members of the Society to follow up the remarkable discovery in the
Burren, Co. Clare, of the noctuid Calamia tridens Hufnagel. In December 1957 he
made the first of several visits to Madeira to collect insects and arachnids with
E. W. Classey, W. S. Bristowe, A. E. Gardiner and R. W. J. Uffen, and together
they contributed much valuable material to the Museum’s collections. His last
collecting expedition overseas was with Dr. I. W. B. Nye to the Seychelles Islands
from January to March 1965S.

Tams was an associate of the Linnean Society of London, and from 1953 until
1980 curator of its Zoological Collection at Burlington House, an office he
considered a great privilege to hold. This perhaps reflected his interest in the
Linnean binominal system and in the wrangles of zoological nomenclature. He
believed firmly in the Law of Priority and in the use of original orthography of
names. He had scant patience with those who sought the suppression of early
names that might otherwise displace better known ones, and he would sometimes
discourse on the activities of the Commission with “‘Tigerish” vigour. He was
also an assistant editor of the Entomologist’s Gazette from the time of its
inception in 1951.

Tams was author of over one hundred publications on Lepidoptera, many
dealing with the Lasiocampidae, a family in which he was especially interested. A
full bibliography is appended. However, the full worth of his contributions to our
knowledge of Lepidoptera cannot be assessed solely from his publications. His
ever generous advice and help with identifications, and the countless photographs
he took and processed, usually at home and at his own expense, contributed to an
incalculable degree to most major taxonomic publications on Heterocera, both in
the U.K. and overseas, for half a century. Ch. Boursin’s studies of the Palaearctic
Noctuidae, Trifinae, published between 1950 and 1968, and A. J. T. Janse’s
Moths of South Africa, volumes 1-3 dealing with Geometridae and part of the
Noctuidae, published between 1932 and 1940, depended heavily on the assistance
of Mr. Tams. Perhaps Dr E. C. Zimmerman’s tribute in 1958, Jnsects of Hawaii 7:
vii, speaks for all lepidopterists who knew Timothy Tams and who have been
helped by him: ‘Mr. Tams’ knowledge of facts and literature pertaining to the
Lepidoptera is a well-known phenomenon, and the flow of information from him
to me has for years been voluminous. His willingness to help others — at the
sacrifice of his own studies — characterizes him as a person of extraordinary
generosity, and I owe him much, as do many entomologists the world over”.

D.S. FLETCHER & J. D. BRADLEY
British Museum (Natural HIstory).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 37

ESAT.

1920.

1922.

1922.

1922.

1923.

1923.

1924.

1924.

1924.

1924.

1924.

1925.

1925.

1925.

1925.

1925.

1925.

1925.

1926.

1926.

1926.

1926.

1926.

1926.
1927.

1927.

1927.

1927.

1928.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Euplexia lucipara Linn., as represented in the British Isles and North
America. Entomologists’ mon. Mag. 53: 157-159.

(with H. J. Snell). The natural history of the island of Rodrigues. Proc.
Camb. phil. Soc. 19: 283-292. 9 February.

Description of a new species of Epipyrops from South India. Bull. ent. Res.
12: 468-469. February.

The pollination of early spring flowers by moths. J. Bot., Lond. 60: 203-
205. July.

A new Callimorpha from north-west Persia and Armenia. Entomologist 55:
196-197. September.

(with W. Daws). An alien moth at Mansfield. Entomologist 56: 162-163.
July.

Description of a new species of the genus Chrysopsyche (Lasiocampidae).
Entomologist 56: 196. September.

A new species of the genus Pachymeta (Lasiocampidae) from South Africa.
Entomologist 57: 129-132. June.

(with G. F. Hampson). List of the moths collected in Siam by E. J. God-
frey, B.Sc., F.E.S. J. nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 6: 229-289. July.

Notes on some species of the genus Cosmophila Boisd. Trans. ent. Soc.
Lond. 1924: 20-24. August.

Descriptions of two new species of the genus Nygmia (Liparidae) from East
Africa. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 14: 502-504. October.

Notes on Heliconisa pagenstecheri Hubn. in the Argentine. Entomologist
§7: 243-245. November.

Description of a new species of Desmeocraera (Notodontidae) from Nyasa-
land and Rhodesia. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 15: 142-144. January.

List of the moths collected in Arabia by Captain R. E. Cheesman, with
descriptions of four new species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 15: 144-150.
January.

Descriptions of two new species of the genus Metadrepana (Drepanidae,
Lep.). Bull. ent. Res. 15: 289-291. January.

A new Processionary Moth (Notodontidae) injurious to Pine trees in
Cyprus. Bull. ent. Res. 15: 293-294. January.

African Lasiocampidae: notes and new species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9)
16: 552-561. [5] November.

A new species of the genus Pemba (Sphingidae) from West Africa. Ento-
mologist 58: 258-259. November.

Report of the British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature.
Proc. ent. Soc. Lond. 1925: iR-xivR. [December].

A new species of the genus Dalcera (Lep. Het. Dalceridae) from Peru.
Entomologist 59: 35. February.

A remarkable new Javan moth belonging to the family Pyralidae. Ento-
mologist 59: 105-106. April.

(in Lechevalier). Notes on the synonymy of some Noctuidae. Encycl. Ent.
(Lepid.) 1(4): 183-185. August.

Some new African Lasiocampidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 18: 356-361.
October.

Some hints on the preparation and study of genitalia. Entomologist’s Rec.
J. Var. 38: 145-149. November.

Book review. Entomologist 59: 323-326. December.

Peucephila essoni: an interesting problem for the experimenter. Entomolo-
gist 60: 1-2. January.

The classification of varieties and the application of the terms in present
use. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 39: 25-26. February.

The elucidation of a muddle in the genus Fentonia (Notodontidae). Ento-
mologist 60: 52-53. March.

A further note on Peucephila essoni Hampson. Entomologist 60: 245-255.
November.

The Tentamen of Jacob Hubner. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 40: 74-75.
May.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

. New species of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British

Museum (Natural History). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 1: 624-633. May.

. Report of the National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature. Proc.

ent. Soc. Lond. 3: 1R-13R. 18 August.

. (in Dover). Notes on the fauna of Pitcher-Plants from Singapore Island.

Part VI. Lepidoptera-Heterocera. J. Malay. Brch R. Asiat. Soc. 6: 23.
August.

. Book review. Entomologist 61: 262-263; 288. November; December.
. New African Lasiocampidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 145-162. February.
. A new species of the African genus Mallocampa (Lasiocampidae). Ann.

Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 211-212. February.

. Notes on the study of the wing-patterns of moths. Nat. Hist. Mag. 2:

58-63. April.

. (with C. D.Sherborn & L.B. Prout).On the dates of Hubner’s ‘Verzeichniss

bekannter Schmettlinge’. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 3: 566. May.

. Book review. Museums J. 29: 56. August.
. Descriptions of two new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera. Entomologist

62: 252-254. November.

. New African Lepidoptera Heterocera. Bull. Hill Mus. Whitley 3: 163-173.

December.

. Description of four interesting new African moths. Bull. Hill Mus. Whitley

3: 175-178. December.

. A note on certain species of the genus Tirathaba, Walker, (Lepid. Pyral.).

Bull. ent. Res. 21: 73. March.

. Two new moths with larvae injurious to coffee in Uganda. Bull. ent. Res.

21: 73-75. March.

. A new moth damaging Oil-Palm in the Belgian Congo. Bull. ent. Res. 21:

75-76. March.

. Descriptions of new African moths in the British Museum collection. Ann.

Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 5: 484-493. May.

. New Rhodesian Lepidoptera Heterocera. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 6:

161-176. August.

. Four moths of the family Limacodidae injurious to Coconut Palms. Bull.

ent. Res. 31: 489-490. December.

. New African Lasiocampidae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 7: 1-17. January.
. The two British species of Agdistis. Entomologists’ mon. Mag. 67: 87-88.

April.

. African Lasiocampidae: a correction, and the description of a new species

of Pachypasa. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 8: 36-37. July.

. (with B. Thomas et al.). A camel journey across the Rub’ al Khala. Moths.

Geogrl J. 78: 233. September.

. New species of African Heterocera. Entomologist 65: 124-129. June.
. Wicken Fen. Nat. Hist. Mag. 3(24): 277-283. October.
. A visit to the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. Nat. Hist. Mag. 4(28): 126-137.

October.

. A visit to the islands in the Gulf of Guinea (continued). Nat. Hist. Mag.

4(29): 161-176; 4(30): 198-218. January; April.

. The Percy Sladen and Godman Trusts Expedition to the Islands in the Gulf

ot Guinea, October 1932-March 1933. I. Introduction. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.
(10) 14: 213-219. August.

. (in Visser). Lepidoptera Heterocera. Wiss. Ergebn. nied. Expedn Karakorum

(Zool.) 1: 334. January.

. Insects of Samoa (3, Lepidoptera) (4): 169-290. February.
. A remarkable new African moth belonging to the family Saturniidae.

Stylops 4: 97-99. May.

. Résultats scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises de

LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princess Léopold de Belgique. Mem. Mus. r.
Hist. nat. Belg. (Hors Serie) 4(12)(2): 33-64. June.

. A new African species of Opisthodontia (Lep., Lasiocampidae). Stylops

4: 192. August.

. A new species of African Lasiocampidae belonging to the genus Pachypasa

Walker 1855 (Lepidoptera). Entomologist 69: 160. July.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 39

1936.

Lo Si,

1937.

1938.

1938.

1938.

1938.
1938.

1938.

1938.

1939.

Ta39"

1941
1941

1942.

1943.

1943.

1943.

1943.

1943.

1943.

1945.

1946.

1947.

1950.

19S£-
1951.

1952.

1952.

1953.

Dr Karl Jordan’s expedition to South-West Africa and Angola: Lasio-
campidae. Novit. zool. 40: 95-114. August.

Three new East African moths. J. E. Afr. & Uganda nat. Hist. Soc. 13:
105-106. July.

Diacrisia lubricipeda ab. edelsteni ab. nov. (Lep., Arctiidae). Entomologist
70: 203. September.

Three new moths (Agrotidae, Pyralidae) of economic importance. Bull.
ent. Res. 29: 9-10. March.

(with C. D. Sherborn). Generic, trivial and specific names. Museums J.
38: 44. April.

(with C. D. Sherborn). Generic, trivial and specific names. J. Soc. Biblphy
nat. Hist. 1: 130. May.

Obituary. Edward Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. Entomologist 71: 121-122. June.

Observations on the generic nomenclature of some British Agrotidae.
Entomologist 71: 123. June.

The identity of Acosmetia morrisii Dale (in Morris). Entomologist 71: 160.
July.

A new moth of the family Notodontidae (Lepidoptera). Proc. R. ent. Soc.
Lond. (B) 7: 144-146. July.

Changes in the generic names of some British moths. Entomologist 72:
66-74. March.

Further notes on the generic names of British moths. Entomologist 72:
133-141. June.

Some British moths reviewed. Amateur Ent. 5(38): 1-20. June.

. New moths of the family Pyralidae. Entomologist 74: 193-195. September.
1942.

Note on the name of the sugar-cane borer of Mauritius (Lep. Pyral.). Bull.
ent. Res. 33: 67-68. April.

A new genus of Agrotidae, and notes on certain species of Caradrina. Ento-
mologist 75: 209-210. October.

(with A. S. Corbet). Notes on the nomenclature of the moths hitherto
known as Ephestia kuhniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and
Endrosis lactella (Schiffermuller & Denis, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Oeco-
phoridae). Entomologist 76: 15. January.

(with A. S. Corbet). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. Entomologist 76: 25-30. February.

(with A. S. Corbet). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. IV. The genus Tinaea Geoffroy and its genotype (Tinae-
idae)- Entomologist 76: 113-114. June.

(with A. S. Corbet). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. VII. VIII. Entomologist 76: 129-132. July.

(with A. S. Corbet). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. IX. Entomologist 76: 168-170. August.

(with A. S. Corbet). Key for the identification of the Lepidoptera infesting
stored food products. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. (B) 113: 55-148. November.
(with A. S. Corbet). Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting
stored products. XIII. Entomologist 78: 87. June.

The discovery of Sedina buttneri Hering (Lepidoptera, Agrotidae) in the
Isle of Wight. Entomologist 79: 215-218. September.

A new African species of the genus Fulgoraecia Newman (Lepidoptera,
Epipyropidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 16: 57-59.

(with A. Lemée). Contribution a l’etude des Lépidopteres du Haut-Tonkin
(Nord-Vietnam) et de Saigon. v + 82 pages.

A new aberration of the Early Grey. Entomologist’s Gaz. 2: 208. August.
(with W. Roepke). The genus Trabala Walk. in the Far East (Lep. Het.,
fam. Lasiocampidae). Meded. LandbHoogesch. Wageningen 50: 103-133.
[September].

Three new high mountain moths from East Africa (Lepidoptera: Hetero-
cera). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 5: 869-874. September.

(in F. N. Pierce). The female genitalia of the group Noctuidae of the
Lepidoptera of the British Islands. Addenda and Corrigenda. [December].
(with J. Bowden). A revision of the African species of Sesamia Guenée

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

and related genera (Agrotidae-Lepidoptera). Bull. ent. Res. 43: 645-578.
January.

1953. (with J. D. Bradley). Book review. Entomologist’s Gazette 4: 39-41.
January. °

1953. A pest of Coconut Palms in Portuguese East Africa. Bull. Br. Mus. nat.
Hist. (Ent.) 3: 69-73. October.

1953. Two new representatives of the genus Hypotrabala (Lepidoptera Lasio-
campidae) from the Belgian Congo. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 3:
74-75. October.

1953. The genus Alompra Moore (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae). Tijd. over
Plantenziekten 59: 165-168. [December].

1956. (with E. W. Classey and R. M. Mere). The status of Hydraecia hucherardi
Mabille in Great Britain. (Lep. Noctuidae). Entomologist 89: 295-297.

1960. Some observations on taxonomy. Bull. amat. ent. Soc. 19: 69-71.

1971. (with J. D. Bradley). The identity of Phalaena Tinea xylostella Linnaeus,
1758 (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Z.N.(S.) 1906. Bull. zool. Nomencl. 28:
11-13.

CYRIL OSWALD HAMMOND

Cyril Hammond was born on 24th October, 1903 at King’s Lynn where he
spent his childhood with three sisters. He went to King Edward Grammar
School in the town and developed an early interest in dragonflies, borrowing
E. A. Atmore’s copy of Lucas’s colour illustrated book on British dragonflies.
The surrounding countryside was, in those days, ideal for dragonflies, a rich fauna
including such species as Lestes dryas.

Cyril entered college at St Mark and St John in Chelsea in 1922 for a teacher
training course. His entire career was spent at Lordship Lane School, in north
London, whence he retired as Deputy Headmaster in 1965. He lived, at first with
a sister, at Wood Green nearby. He greatly valued being within easy reach of the
British Museum (Natural History) where Miss Cynthia Longfield, the dragonfly
authority, worked. In 1928 he became a fellow of the Royal Entomological
Society.

Before the Second World War he visited many of the famous dragonfly sites
including the Norfolk Broads and the Basingstoke Canal at Byfleet. Thus he saw
them in their heyday when they really were swarming with dragonflies. Thursley
Common was another favourite spot.

In 1937 Cynthia Longfield’s Dragonflies of the British Isles was published.
Cyril thought highly of this book and, with a second edition in 1949, it became
the dominant reference on the subject for over 40 years. His main criticism,
shared by many, was the poor quality of the colour illustrations, though when
some additional colour paintings were placed in the second edition he contributed
four plates in the original artistic style. In 1949 Miss Longfield published a review
of the dragonflies of the London area (London Naturalist 28: 80-98) to which
Cyril contributed his records — this work is of great historic importance in view
of the changes which have occurred in the status of dragonflies during the inter-
vening years. A few papers on his records also appeared in The Entomologist.

During the Second World War, whilst he remained at his teaching post, Cyril
saw from the Royal Entomological Society membership list that C. N. Colyer
lived close by. He made contact and Colyer replied to the effect that he was a
dipterist but Cyril could come round if he wished. Cyril mentioned that he had a
small box of flies and Colyer rather discouragingly said to bring them but they
were bound to be common ones of no interest. How wrong Colyer was, for Cyril
had a good eye in the field and knew there were some unusual species. Apparently
Colyer was quite taken aback. Discussion led Colyer to mention that he was
hoping to write a book on British flies but needed an.artist. Cyril said he would be
glad to do the illustrations and so a remarkable book was born.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 41

CYRIL OSWALD HAMMOND

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

The concept of Flies of the British Isles, Warne, 1952, was ambitious and both
men were amateurs. To review the entire British fauna must have been seen by
their contemporaries as a daunting task. But the outcomes a masterpiece, the
more so because the personal experiences of the authors are threaded through the
myriad statements of fact and the style throughout is interesting. The illustrations
drawn by Cyril are meticulous in their accuracy and detail. Each colour original ig
about 45 cm across and took around 17 hours to complete. The reproduction in
the first edition is remarkably good but the originals are fantastic. All the colour
work was done from fresh specimens, mostly from Scout Park which backed on
to his garden. All the rare species came to hand as needed — he felt this could not
have been achieved by chance. Practically every dipterist since publication has
been stimulated by the book to pursue what would otherwise be a chaotic subject
for the beginner. The first 5,000 copies sold out and a second edition was pub-
lished in 1968 (some updating of the text and references was carried out by
K. G. V. Smith and his colleagues at the British Museum; Colyer died in 1970).

In August 1962 I was on Bookham Common, Surrey and came across two
gentlemen with nets by the Isle of Wight Pond. They asked me what I was
collecting. I replied “Diptera”. Astonished, one of them immediately asked if I
recognised him from his picture in British Flies (taken nearly 20 years previously!).
Somehow, I avoided a reply which was too tactless. They were Cyril Hammond
and Andrew Low. I was invited to join them in looking for Laphria marginata.I
could not remember exactly what it looked like in British Flies, but somehow I
passed the initiative test of finding one when they could not. Thus began a friend-
ship which was to develop over 18 years.

In the mid 1960s Cyril started to join me regularly on day trips. He would
travel across London by public transport and welcome a lift down into various
haunts in Surrey. Usually Peter Chandler would join in and Raymond Uffen some-
times linked up as well in these earlier days. Another favourite spot was Windsor
Forest, a great treat since Cyril had a permit for the private areas where the best
hoverflies were to be found.

Cyril was very good on field craft, but he had his own pace of working for his
special species. He would leave the youngsters to dash around sweeping up the
small species. He preferred to find a good spot, often a bank of flowers and then
stand there with incredible patience or else hawk slowly up and down a chosen
section of path. If Calliprobola speciosa had flown over a particular bush a few
years previously, he would stand there for ages waiting for the next one. But he
could also recognise a good spot afresh and would nearly always succeed in
getting a notable record. Above all else he was a naturalist. Flowers, insects, it did
not matter what it was providing he found it attractive. He had quite a collection
of big attractive insects of various sorts and was keen on such groups as Orthoptera
and had a small collection of tropical butterflies. Among the Diptera he would
concentrate on the bigger hoverflies and larger Brachycera but had little affinity
for the more obscure and difficult species.

In the early 1970s, with Longfield’s book well outdated, Cyril felt a new book
on dragonflies, with good colour illustrations was called for. I delayed this book
by pointing out that it could possibly promote collecting at a time when many
species were declining fast. At the same time I suggested a book on hoverflies but
he felt his eyesight was not then up to the task. By the mid ’70s he had made up
his mind to pursue the dragonfly project. When Cyril approached the Biological
Records Centre for use of the distribution maps, John Heath introduced him to
Curwen Press with the idea of a book similar to the short version of British
Butterflies. New plates then appeared for view at a steady rate and Cyril was out
in the field seeing a remarkable proportion of the species each year so as to check
out the correct colours in life. Unfortunately Eric’Gardner died at a mid-way
stage, thus negating the concept of a companion volume on larvae (Eric would

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 43

have substantially updated the keys given in his older publications). Curwen Press
produced a neat book, though Cyril was disappointed not to have been given a
freer hand in developing the type of book he really wanted. Despite very limited
publicity, it is remarkable how well the book has sold.

Cyril’s last publication, in June 1980, was as joint author of a booklet on the
conservation of dragonflies published by the Nature Conservancy Council. Cyril
had witnessed the phenomenal decline in dragonflies over the last half century
and felt today’s entomologists were very unfortunate. The deterioration of the
Norfolk Broads seen by him during an NCC survey distressed him greatly. Over
the last 12 years or so he had been closely involved in the monitoring and manage-
ment of dragonflies on the Surrey Naturalists Trust reserve at Thursley Common,
Surrey, now a National Nature Reserve.

Cyril was a delightful companion. He was in some respects quiet but had a
lively mind and good sense of humour. A twinkle in his eye and slight expectant
grin was a good cue that one had just failed to recognise a pun. To understand
his character one had to see him with children — he quickly won their confidence
and the slightest glimmer of intelligent interest in what he was doing would see
him fascinating them in insects. He was also good with adults if they showed a
sensible interest and of course entomologists wishing for advice got his immediate
attention. Above all, he never seemed to expect much of life providing he could
have his outings into the field. It did not matter if he found nothing unusual. He
felt that the wonders of nature were ample proof of the existence of a Creator.

One of Cyril’s biggest regrets was not to have joined the South London (now
British) Entomological and Natural History Society until 1962. He became well
known at indoor meetings for his talks and contributions to slide evenings. He
was an excellent photographer and his speaking gave some clue of how popular he
must have been as a teacher. He served on the Society’s Council and as lanternist
but poor health made him decline to stand as President. His Will specifies that the
majority of his estate is to be split equally between the three national entomo-
logical societies — his library and cabinets come to the Society although
unfortunately part of his collection deteriorated during a spell in hospital a few
years ago.

The respect with which he was held by a wide spectrum of entomologists,
both professional and amateur, is aptly reflected in his holding honorary member-
ship in all three national entomological societies. This rare and possibly unique
distinction came in the period 1979 and 1980 and gave him immense pleasure.
The citation for honorary fellowship to the Royal Entomological Society (1979,
Antenna 3: 110) gave a chance to express a thank you to him for what he had
done, summing up his service to entomology as being “in the highest traditions of
the British amateur entomologist”’.

Cyril was active in the field to within a few weeks of his death. On 14th June
1980 he attended the first Dragonfly Recording Scheme field meeting when 45
people came to Thursley Common. On 16th-21st June he joined the long field
meeting of our Society at Rogate, Sussex, when he climbed over five-barred
gates and walked several miles on some days. He had a mild stroke while visiting
his elderly sister, his sole surviving relative, in Norfolk. During a short spell in
hospital he suddenly died. On 23rd August, 1980 we lost a fine entomologist, but
one who lived life to the full.

ALAN E. STUBBS

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

WILLIAM LEONARD COLERIDGE 1892-1980

Leo Coleridge, as he preferred to be called, was 6 ft 3 in tall, well-spoken and
with a military bearing. He had enjoyed fishing and shooting in his earlier days
and was a good sportsman, first at tennis and squash, later golf and bridge. He
believed that foreigners would understand you if you spoke loud enough. He was
convinced that his own ideas were right and seemed brusque to many, but I found
him to be kind and considerate to those whom he knew and always ready to help
those who showed an interest in his many pastimes.

During the 1914-18 war Leo served first as a despatch rider in France, one of
the early motor-cyclists, then as a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps. After the war,
he continued to hold a pilot’s licence and loved to drive fast cars. He was an
excellent driver, but had his accidents, the last at the age of 86.

In business Leo had been successful in many spheres: corn and seed merchant,
gravel extraction and managing director of a group of pet shops. He retired more
than once, only to be called back in some new capacity.

Leo first introduced himself to me some 30 years ago via the Wants & Exchange
List of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society. We corresponded and exchanged, as
his mercury vapour lamp at Bishopsteignton caught many migrants. I first met
him at our Annual Exhibition in 1955, soon after he had suffered and made an
amazing recovery from a severe heart attack. At that meeting he introduced me to
his other interest, European butterflies, and we arranged a trip abroad for the
following summer. From then onwards we made a trip almost every year, with my
father, the late Joseph Cribb, who collected beetles, and, after his death in 1967,
together with another member. France, Italy, Switzerland, Jugoslavia, Greece and
Spain were all visited, some several times. In 1975 he celebrated his 83rd birthday
in the Julian Alps. On our visit together that year to Plitvice in Croatia and
Kranjaka Gora in Slovenia Leo suffered another heart attack and was advised not
to travel abroad again. He continued to take a great interest in entomology,
regularly visiting the London exhibitions of the Society and the A.E.S.

At the age of 80 Leo built himself a new home next to “The Gnoll” and
furnished the garden with a series of ponds to house his other interest, amphibians,
with a large greenhouse for his lizards and snakes. On our trips abroad he had
brought home fire-bellied toads, midwife toads, snakes and lizards and these
lived along with a colony of Rana ridibunda and native species. He was a member
of the Herpetologists’ Society and of the Devon Trust and had a keen interest in
birds and mammals. After his wife Sybil’s death in 1978, Leo moved into a hotel
in Torquay, keeping his two cabinets of European butterflies with him, but giving
away his books to friends and disposing of his British collection through the
A.E.S. Just prior to his death he arranged for his European collection to go to the
B.E.N.H.S.

Leo Coleridge died peacefully on 24th May at Torquay.

P. W. CRIBB

FIELD MEETINGS

SANDY DOWN, BOLDRE, HAMPSHIRE
29th & 30th March 1980 and 28th and 29th March 1981

Leaders — Mr. & Mrs. R. W. Watson

43 members attended this regular gathering in 1980. Although this meeting,
held at the home of Mr. & Mrs. R. W. Watson, was omitted from the Society’s
yearly programme card in 1981, some 28 members and friends attended over the
two days.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 45

In excellent weather members were able to inspect the special equipment
designed to overwinter larvae in large numbers with a maximum success rate.

Opportunities were provided for members to inspect over 550 drawers of the
Watson Collection which now forms part of the National Collection housed at
Boldre and the many rarities and aberrations it comprises.

Further examples of aberrational forms of Tyria jacobaeae (L.) delighted the
visitors who have come to regard such as the central feature of the collection.

Members are grateful for the unstinted hospitality of their hosts and the
pleasant atmosphere which allowed old friendships to be renewed and new ones
created.

VIRGINIA WATER — 17th/18th May 1980
Leader — Mr. P. J. Baker

Fourteen members of the Surrey Trust for Nature Conservation joined four
members of the BENHS for the first formal field meeting at the Riverside Walk
area of Virginia Water on a beautifully sunny day.

The well recorded flora of the area, which was at its best, was admired at the
same time as the fauna was sought. Searching continued at night, but a sharp
temperature drop gave poor records at light.

Birds were much in evidence and included:— blackcap, wren, willow warbler,
chiff-chaff and the green woodpecker. A frog was seen, which was a nice record
for a part of Surrey where this animal has become very scarce in recent years.

All the local butterflies were seen — Polygonia c-album (L.), (ovipositing on
the common hop), Gonepteryx rhamni (L.), Lycaena phlaeas (L.), Celastrina
argiolus (L.), Parage aegeria (L.), Pieris brassicae (L.), P. napi (L.) and Anthocharis
cardamines (L.). Other macrolepidoptera seen in flight or disturbed included: —
Aethalura punctulata (D. & S.), Xanthorhoe montanata (D. & S.), X. designata
(Hufn.), X. ferrugata (Clerck), Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.), Macrothylacia rubi
(L.), Anarta myrtilli (L.), Cabera exanthemata (Scop.) and Colostygia pectinataria
(Knoch). Additional macros seen at light included:— Trichopteryx carpinata
(Bork.), Lomaspilis marginata (L.), Pterostoma palpina (Clerck), Agrotis puta
(Hiibn.), Colocasia coryli (L.) and Opisthograptis luteolata (L.).

Sawflies noted were:— Arge gracilicornis (Klug), Ametastegia equiseti (Fallen),
Blennocampa pusilla (Klug), Selandria serva (Fab.) and Cephus nigrinus (Thom.).

Flies included the syrphid Leucozona lucorum (L.), Phytomyza ilicis (Curtis) —
mining holly leaves — and a pest in the area, the large narcissus bulb fly Merodon
equestris (Fab.).

The leader’s thanks go to the recorder of the “other orders” and it is hoped
that future meetings will see more members helping with this important task.

WINCHCOMBE DOWNS (WYE NNR), KENT
31st May & 26th July, 1980

Leader — M. A. Enfield

These meetings were held to produce records of Lepidoptera for this new
extension to Wye National Nature Reserve. It was known to be one of the few
sites in East Kent for Hamearis lucina and Lysandra coridon, but little was known
about the moths occurring there, and we hoped we might find Pachetra sagittigera.
We did not find sagittigera, but, despite the rather poor weather, we did record
205 species at the two meetings of which 83 were new records for Winchcombe,
and six not previously recorded for the Ashford area.

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Among the more interesting chalk grassland species found were Teleiodes
sequax (Helianthemum), Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Festuca ovina) and Oncocera
semirubella (Leguminosae). We also found some species not usually associated
with the chalk, for example:— Eupithecia tantillaria (Pincea), which had probably
wandered from the woods to the north; Hepialus fusconebulosus (Pteridium),
whose foodplant occurs only in one or two very small areas on the reserve;
Parastichtis suspecta, a woodland species which seems to be becoming mores
widespread.

Thanks are due to John Duffield, the warden, for allowing us to run mv lights
on the reserve.

The full list of records will be held in the Society’s library.

PAMBER FOREST, HANTS — 7th June 1980
Leader — B. Skinner

Eighteen members and friends attended this night meeting. Permission had
been granted to take vehicles into the forest and so the party quickly dispersed in
all directions in search of suitable looking trapping sites. The weather started off
cool and dry, then later, because of the cloudless sky, became unpleasantly cold.
Despite these unfavourable conditions and because of the impressive array of
UV lights a respectable total of 84 species of macrolepidoptera were recorded.
The more interesting of these were Tethea or (D. & S.), Idaea trigeminata (Haw.),
Euphyia unangulata (Haw.), Eupithecia plumbeolata (Haw.), Minoa murinata
(Scop.), Cepphis advenaria (Hiibn.), Hyloicus pinastri (L.), Mimas tiliae (L.),
Ptilodontella cucullina (D. & S.), Nola confusalis (H-S.), Acronicta alni (L.),
Autographa gamma (L.), and Herminia strigilata (L.). Only seven species of
microlepidoptera were noted, these were Elachista albifrontella (Hiibn.), Ancylis
achatana (D. & S.), A. geminana (Don.), Ptycholoma lecheana (L.), Cochylis
atricapitana (Steph.), Capua vulgana (Frolich), and Nemophora degeerella (L.).

Several members had spent the earlier part of the day in the Forest and one of
them, Mr. A. J. Halstead, recorded the following Sawflies:— Arge cyanocrocea
(Forst.), Dolerus niger (L.), Tenthredo livida L., T. mesomelas L., T. ferruginea
Schrank., and 7. maculata Geof. in Fourc.

SWANAGE — Sth/6th July 1980
Leader — P.J. Baker

Three BENHS members and two young guests attended this meeting which,
slotted in as it was between depressions, gave a sunny though breezy day followed
by a fairly calm overcast night.

An early afternoon stroll showed that the bee orchid was again present in its
usual locality — though fewer flowering spikes were noted than for last year.
Several young slowworms were also found sheltering under a section of discarded
guttering near the administration buildings. The list of larger life forms was
completed at dusk when one of the younger members saw a badger.

The main feature of the night was the vast number of moths present at sugar.
One small patch produced 63 insects, all but one of which were Noctua pronuba
(L.) with the odd one being Mormo maura (L.), to me a new record for the area.
In total 85 species of macros were recorded, those being worthy of note including:
Sterrha trigeminata (Haw.), Asthena albulata (Hufn.), Sphinx ligustri (L.), Agrotis
trux (Hiibn.), Plemyria rubiginata (D. & S.), Catarhoe rubidata (D. & S.), Epirrhoe
rivata (Hiibn.).

A specimen of Aglais urticae (L.) came to one of the lights.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 47

KING’S FOREST, WEST STOW, SUFFOLK ~— July 1979 & August 1980
Leader — B.C. Jackson

Six members attended each meeting. In 1979 140 species were recorded but
only 60 in 1980 despite the working of 6 mercury vapour lights.

Among the species noted were:— Pseudoterpna pruinata (Hufn.), Geometra
papilionaria (L.), Cyclophora porata (L.), C. punctaria (L.), C. linearia (Hiibn.),
Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.), [daea emarginata (L.),/. straminata (Borkh.), Catarhoe
cuculata (Hufn.), Epirrhoe rivata (Hiibn.), Pelurga comitata (L.), Cosmorhoe
ocellata (L.), Eulithis pyraliata (D. & S.), Cidaria fulvata (F.), Colostygia multi-
strigaria (Haw.), Hydriomena furcata (Thunb.), Philereme transversata (Hufn.),
Euphyia unangulata (Haw.), Eupithecia linariata (D. & S.), E. centaureata (D. & S.),
E. absinthiata (C1.), FE. icterata (Vill.) ssp. subfulvata (Haw.), E. succenturiata (L.),
E. pusillata (D. & S.), Selenia tetralunaria (Hufn.), Hylaea fasciaria (L.), Hyloicus
pinastri (L.), Deilephila porcellus (L.), Noctua fimbriata (Schreb.), Parastichtis
suspecta (Hiibn.), Apamea scolopacina (Esp.), Photedes fluxa (Hiibn.), Pseudoips
fagana (F.), Laspeyria flexula (D. & S.).

Also noted were larvae of Stauropus fagi (L.) on beech.

BRAMPTON BRYAN — 12th/13th July 1980
Leader — J. Cooter

Preliminary visits to Brampton Bryan — an area of great diversity dominantly
mature/overmature closed canopy woodland and open parkland with some planta-
tions and upland heath (at just over 1000 ft) — produced several interesting
insects. Among the Coleoptera Leistus rufomarginatus (Duft.) new to Hereford-
shire., Platydracus fulvipes (Scop.), Epuraea angustula Sturm. Lepidoptera included
larvae of Quercusia quercus (L.), single migrant Vanessa atalanta (L.) and Cynthia
cardui (L.), and among the indigenous species Hepialus fusconebulosa (De Geer),
Nemophora degeerella (L.) abundant especially in shaded areas of Pedwardine
Wood, Boloria selene selene (D. & S.) flying June to July in the boggy region
around Lauoh Lady Well, and Epirrhoe tristata (L.) in Pedwardine Wood.

A party of six assembled for the field meeting proper and spent the morning
in the unmanaged north-western part of the Park progressing as far as the lake,
around the margins of which were vast numbers of toadlets. In places they were
often four or five deep over areas of up to one square foot, one could not move
without treading on several.

The afternoon was spent in the ancient oak coppice of Pedwardine Wood and
the upland heath remnant, but the strong wind in this exposed place was not
conducive to profitable collecting. Towards the evening two Heath traps and one
Robinson trap were set up and the party dispersed — those intending trapping
went off for a meal, the others back home to work on the catch.

From a long list of captures the following deserve mention:— Argynnis aglaja
aglaja (L.), Aphantopus hyperantus (L.), Hepialis hecta (L.), Deilephila porcellus
(L.) (uncommon.in the County, but known from places on the Malvern Hills),
Diarsia brunnea (D. & S.), not uncommon at light, Xestia ditrapezium (D. & S.),
Anaplectoides prasina (D. & S.), a forewing in a cobweb noted by Dr. Harper,
Panolis flammea (D. & S.), larva on pine, Autographa pulchrina (Haworth) and
A. jota (L.), Argyresthia species including retinella Zeller, brockeella (Hiibner)
and goedartella (L.) from birch, pygmaella (Hiibner) from Salix, sorbiella
(Treitschke) and conjugella Zeller from rowan, plus glaucinella Zeller from one of
the ancient parkland oaks (the only previous county records for this species are
from Haugh Wood), Tubuliferola josephinae (Toll), possibly new to Herefordshire
and Pandemis cinnamomeana (Treits.).

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Coleoptera included several Cychrus caraboides rostratus (L.) in a limited
area — previous experience of this species has shown it to occur singly, numerous
small-fry from grass traps (not yet determined) (Acrotrichis, _staphs. and Scydma-
enids), Asemum Striatum (L.) and Tetropium gabrieli Weise on cut pine logs in
Pedwardine Wood and Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank) on umbellifers in the
Park.

Our thanks are due to Mr. C. C. Harley for permission to collect on the Estate
and to Mr. M. Oliver for help with the Robinson trap and general advice as to
“best areas’.

MAIDENHEAD THICKET, BERKSHIRE — 19th/20th July 1980
Leader — T. J. G. Homer

Very wet weather on 18th July and continued until lunch time on 19th
suggested that the proposed excursion would take place in the leader’s entomology
room, but the welcome arrival of four members and two friends coincided with
the rain easing and all proceeded to the vicinity of ““Robin Hood’s Bower’’ to the
north of the Maidenhead to Henley Road where the Thicket had been improved
by the opening of new glades which promises well for the future. The area should
be rich in entomological material but conditions prevented anything of note being
recorded.

However, the party moved to a good clearing in an isolated section of the
Bisham Woods overlooking Temple Golf Links where the soil is typical chalk
down and a strong colony of Melanargia galathea (L.) was quickly disturbed and
Zygaena trifolii (Esp.) was sitting about commonly. A young larva of Smerinthus
ocellata (L.) and the empty ova of Cerura vinula (L.) were found and a larva of
the latter in its last instar pleased the younger members of the party.

After spending some time having tea and going through the leader’s lepidoptera
collection the party returned to “Robin Hood’s Bower’ where two more
members from Reading joined them and with the temperature well up in the
50s F. despite damp conditions, five lights produced 42 species of macro-
lepidoptera plus an as yet unspeciated haul of micro-lepidoptera before being
rained off at about midnight.

Of interest among the macro-lepidoptera were:— Hepialus humuli (L.), H.
hecta (L.), Cyclophora punctaria (L.), Idaea trigeminata (Haw.), Xanthorhoe
quadrifasciata (Cl.), Cidaria fulvata (Forst.), Melanthia procellata (D. & S.),
Philereme vetulata (D. & S.), P. transversata (Hufn.) ssp. britannica Lempke,
Perizoma flavofasciata (Thunb.), Eupithecia haworthiata (Doubl.), Hydrelia
flammeolaria (Hufn.), Mimas tiliae (L.), Nola cucullatella (L.), Graphiphora augur
(Fabr.), Lythacodia pygarga (Hufn.), Autographa jota (L.), Laspeyria flexula
(D. & S.) and Hypena proboscidalis (L.).

STOCKBRIDGE DOWN AND HAREWOOD FOREST, HANTS
2nd August 1980

Leader — Brig. E.C. L. Simson

Six people met the leader at the foot of the downs at 14.30 hrs on a warm,
sunny day. Sixteen species of butterflies were seen. L. coridon (Poda) was in
above average plenty and A. aglaia (L.) females were observed ovipositing. The
second generation of C. minimus (Fues.) was more plentiful than for some years.
Despite a very wet summer it was obvious that some butterflies had not suffered.

Juniper bushes were beaten for larvae of Thera juniperata (L.). Many were
obtained, but from previous experience few will not be parasitised. In the process,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 49

numbers of the pug £. pusillata (D. & S.) were flushed and several Argyresthia
abdominalis Zeller were taken. The hoped-for second generation of Mesotype
virgata (Hufn.) was not seen, though the date was correct. Other insects seen on
the down were: Ypsolopha scabrella (L.), Dichomeris marginella (F.), Ancylis
unculana (Haw.), Pyrausta purpuralis (L.), Phytometra viridaria (Clerck),
Eremobia ochroleuca (D. & S.), the hoverfly Chrysotoxum bicinctum (L.) and the
sawflies Abia sericea (L.), Tenthredo acerrima Benson, T. schaefferi Klug and
Pachyprotasis rapae (L.).

At 18.00 hrs we assembled at the White Lion, Wherwell for refreshments.
There we met five more people who had come for the purpose of sugaring and
working mercury vapour lamps in Harewood Forest. Through the kindness of
Lady Brecknock, we were permitted to place nine lights, with associated sugaring
areas. Only six of these sites were occupied, people preferring to work in pairs.
The lights were placed over a distance of 112 miles. The Forest was well covered.

The hoped-for sighting of Catocala promissa (D. & S.) did not happen, but, on
a fine, warm night Chlorissa viridata (L.) was recorded, not having been previously
confirmed in the vice-county. Ptilodontella cucullina (D. & S.) gave confirmation
of the first record of this species in Harewood Forest in 1979. Of the many other
species that came to light or sugar the following are selected for mention.

Monopis ferruginella (Hubner), Caloptilia robustella Jackh, Paltodora cytisella
(Curtis), Rhynchopacha mouffetella (L.), Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée), Eurrhy-
para lancealis (D. & S.), Endothenia ericetana (Humph. & West.), Hedya ochro-
leucana (Frohl.), Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H.-S.), Scoparia subfusca (Haw.),
S. basistrigalis Knaggs, Thera variata (D. & S.), Euchoeca nebulata (Scop.),
Ennomos quercinaria (Hufn.), Deileptenia ribeata (Clerck), Harpyia furcula
(Clerck), Meganola strigula (D. & S.), Euxoa tritici (L.), Parastichtis suspecta
(Hiibner), Acronicta leporina (L.), Craniophora ligustri (D. & S.), Photedes
minima (Haw.), Rivula sericealis (Scop.).

SOUTH BENFLEET, ESSEX — 4th October 1980
Leader — A. M. Emmet

The weather was sunny and warm and nearly 30 persons, including families
and visitors, were present. In the morning the party concentrated on the black
‘thorn bushes, where cases of Coleophora prunifoliae Doets, C. adjectella H.-S.,
C. violacea (L.) and C. anatipennella (Hiibner) were all plentiful. Stigmella
plagicolella (Stainton), Phyllonorycter pomonella (Zeller) and Prunus-feeding
Parornix were also common, as were vacated mines of Ectoedemia spinosella
(Joannis).

After lunch, when a photograph was taken, the party split up. Some went to
the salt-marshes on Canvey Island, mainly to search for Coleophora. The most
notable find was a single case of C. linosyridella Fuchs, the pre-hibernation case
of which had not previously been observed in Britain. Others continued to search
on various foodplants on the downs. Small cases of C. conspicuella Zeller were
locally common on Centaurea nigra and it was possible to observe the gallery
mines, some with the chorion still in situ, in which this species starts its feeding.
An attempt to compare the early feeding of C. prunifoliae with that of C. cerasi-
vorella Packard, which is plentiful on Crataegus at Benfleet, was successful in a
negative sense. The mines from which the latter’s cases had been excised were in
evidence, as well as-its scanty early feeding; the cases, however, had already gone.
This confirms observations made elsewhere that C. cerasivorella feeds less exten-
sively in the autumn and goes into hibernation earlier; moreover, unlike C.
prunifoliae, it makes no extension to its case until it starts to feed again in the
spring.

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

In all, 17 species of Coleophora were recognised and 3 or 4 others, still
unidentified, were found on the salt-marsh. From other families, Tischeria
angusticollella (Dup.) was in evidence on rose, though still rather small, and
Ectoedemia erythrogenella (Joannis) was already feeding on bramble. Few adults
were on the wing, but several late butterflies were seen; a visitor from the staff of
Southend Museum said that a clouded yellow (Colias croceus (Geof.)) had beert
observed in the area. The President and his son beat a few Acleris cristana (D. & S.)
from the blackthorns.

An enjoyable climax to a successful meeting was provided by the Rev. and Mrs
D. J. L. Agassiz, who entertained many of the party to tea at their new vicarage at
Grays, a kindness appreciated all the more since they had only moved in earlier
in the same week.

INDOOR MEETINGS

The Indoor Meetings Programme is a major part of the Society’s activities and
with the completion of the 1981/82 programme it seemed a suitable moment to
draw attention to some new ventures and to request assistance in the preparation
of future programmes.

Three new ventures have been added to the Indoor Programme in the last
three years. The first of these, the joint meeting with the Royal Entomological
Society, should now be familiar to all members and has become a regular fixture.
This year (1981) it will be our turn to be hosts and details of the meeting appear
on the programme card. In 1979 your Council decided that there should be an
annual lecture on a subject fundamental to the study of entomology. This lecture
is intended to provide members with an up to date account of subjects otherwise
available only from specialist textbooks. The first of these Review Lectures was
given by J. P. Edwards as part of the 1980/81 programme, his subject was “The
role of hormones in the development and reproduction of insects”. The second
lecture will be given by Professor R. J. Berry during the 1981/82 programme and
his subject will be “The genetic basis of variation”. The Council also felt that
encouragement should be given to younger members of the Society to address the
Society. At the same time it was recognised that giving a full length talk can be a
daunting experience and it was decided to set aside one meeting to be shared by
two members. There is no formal definition of ‘younger members” but 25 might
be a suitable age limit. At the time of writing the first of these meetings has yet to
take place, but I hope it will be a success. Future meetings of this kind will
depend on the response from our younger members and I would be pleased to
hear from volunteers for the 1982/83 programme.

The Indoor Meetings Programme should reflect the interests of all the
members; inevitably, however, it tends to reflect the interests and range of
contacts of the Meetings Secretary. May I, therefore, ask for your comments on
the programme and for suggestions of subjects about which you would like to
hear more. I would also be pleased to receive suggestions of persons I could
approach as potential speakers. And if you would like to give a talk yourself I
would, of course, be delighted to hear from you. Preparations for the 1982/83
programme will begin in September 1981.

John Muggleton
Assistant Secretary: Indoor Meetings

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 Si

12th June 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

The President announced the death of W. L. Coleridge, for many years a
member, who also left his collection of Lepidoptera to the Society.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMET — Maps shewing the distribution of Coleophora con-
spicuella Zeller and Cosmopterix zieglerella (Hiibner) in Essex, with specimens of
each, reared from larvae taken in Essex. Both are regarded as rare species, but the
former is widespread and locally abundant in south-east Essex and the latter is
common in eastern Essex and also occurs more sparingly in the western half of
the county.

Dr. I. MCCLENAGHAN — An example of Heliothis assulta (Lep. Noctuidae),
bred in April from a yellow and green larva found amongst imported green chillies
from Kenya by the Rev. R. Broad of Chelmsford, Essex; also a winged queen ant
Ponera coarctata (Latr.) (Hym., Formicidae), found in the exhibitor’s garden near
Brentwood, Essex on 13.viii.79. This is the first record of this tiny, rare ant,
known mainly from around the Thames estuary Kent, and the South Coast. Also
a worker ant Myrmica schencki Emery (Hym., Formicidae) found in Grays chalk
quarry, S. Essex on 6.vi.76. This is the first Essex record of this rare ant which has
been recorded from less than twenty 10-km squares in Britain.

A. STUBBS — Booklets recently received from the Nature Conservancy
Council and produced jointly with specialists: The Conservation of Dragonflies
(our member C. O. Hammond is among the authors), and The Conservation of
Snails, Slugs and Freshwater Mussels.

R. UFFEN — (a) Larvae of Coleophora vibicigerella Z. (Lep. Coleophoridae)
on Artemisia maritima from a N. Kent salt marsh where young plants abound on
the edges of islands of Agropyron grass rising above the general level of the marsh.
Scattered cases, probably of C. machinella Bradley, occur in the same locality.
Both larvae were last seen in saltmarshes by Essex collectors at the end of the last
century.

(b) An undetermined coleophorid case taken with the above species; larger
than those of our Atriplex-seed-feeders, with three yellowish gussets let into the
whole length of the brownish-ochreous case.

(c) A larva of Coleophora linosyridella Fuchs from the drift-line on a Canvey
Island salt marsh. The leaf of Aster tripolium shows how the long narrow blotches
with central entrance hole quickly turn brown and become inconspicuous. New to
Essex. The species was first found in Kent by Mr. N. F. Heal.

(d) Larvae of C. trochilella (Dup.) and C. troglodytella (Dup.) for comparison
with (c).

(e) Two larvae, later shown to be C. peribenanderi Toll, found on Cirsium
arvense at Benfleet, Essex. —

(f) A Senecio collected from 8000 ft in Colombia. The calyx segments, fringed
by glandular hairs, fan out like spiders’ legs behind the flowers. The example was
alive and had been grown from a cutting.

COMMUNICATIONS

Messrs. G. PRIOR, M. CHALMERS-HUNT, T. G. HOWARTH, E. WILD and
K. EVANS successively reported observations on or captures of immigrants in a
recent wave. A huge migration of Cynthia cardui (L.), the painted lady, had
occurred in the British Isles, reaching as far north as N. Aberdeen. Less exten-
sively and in smaller numbers, Trichoplusia ni (Hiibn.) Autographa gamma (L.),

a2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 |

Plutella xylostella (L.), Vanessa atalanta (L.) were also reported as accompanying
the influx. G. PRIOR also mentioned the abundance of Callophrys rubi (L.) and
reasonable numbers of small colonies of Eurodryas aurinia (Rott.) and Boloria
euphrosyne (L.) near Ilfracombe.

M. CHALMERS-HUNT also reported that he had that morning seert.a good
flight of Mellicta athalia (Rott.) at Blean woods, Kent.

Dr. C. RAINEY then gave an illustrated talk on insect: ee further
recent findings.

Subsequent questioris showed the interest this had ieee in n the audience, and
in one of his answers Dr. RAINEY stated that in some migrant species, particu-
larly the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk,) (Orth. Acrididae) no static
populations had been found to exist and the solitary phase only occurred inter-
mittently among stragglers and drop-outs of the constantly swarming populations.

A verbal report on a recent meeting at Pamber forest was then made by one of
those attending. Despite twenty lights the poor total of 81 species of lepidoptera
had been observed, as the night had been rather cold.

26th June 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the Chair.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — (i) Some specimens of Apanteles' pallipes, Reinhard,
bred 26.v.1980, from a larva of Autographa sp. (probably: -pulchring (Haw.))
(Noctuidae) swept 3.v.1980 from nettle, Arundel, Sussex. The host was about 2/3
full-grown when found; it fed well on nettle but on 14.v.80 a large number of
parasitic larvae appeared from the host and spun the tight mass of white 6ccoons,
characteristic of pallipes from Plusiinae. Thirty-five adults were bred Gat alt the
cocoons hatched) and a point of note was that all were female. °

(ii) A male Banchus volutatorius L. (Hym., Ichneumonidae), bred 28.iv. 1980
ex larva of Anarta myrtilli (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae), swept from heather, 26.viii.
1979, Brownsea Island, Dorset; the parasite larva. appeared from the Rost pre-
pupa, 30.viii.79, and proceeded to spin the elongate, black papery cocoon, charac-
teristic of the genus. Other larvae collected were also thus affected. The exhibitor"
had obtained Banchus sp. (which are not commonly encounteted) from myrtilli. -
on previous occasions ftom Devon, but the parasite pre-pupa had often died in its:
cocoon over the winter months. a

(iii) A specimen of Mompha locupletella (D. & S.) (Momphidae), captured
30.v.1980, in sunshine, Brownsea Island, Dorset.

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON Photographs (taken by Mr. Peter Smith of vit

Doverscout, N. Essex) of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper), Mythimna: unipuncta,
(Haw.) and Gortyna borelii lunato, Freyer, (all Noctiiidae), all taken in 1979. The
chalcites was the fourth record of the specimen in England in. 1979 while the
unipuncta was possibly the first record for the moth in the North Essex vice-
county.

Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH — a lively specimen of Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.)

(Noctuidae) taken on an unpromising night at Portland, Dorset;.23.vi.1980. Only . ©

twenty species of moth were recorded (amongst which was Mythimna lalbum
L.)). Seventeen specimens of simulans were taken ‘outside the frap. (none were: “g
present inside) on flowers of Red Valorem iGenmeaniteys pubes (b: ).

MEMBERSHIP -

Their names having been read for the second time, the following were deaued |
members: — Messrs. T. W. V. Green, T. B. Scott, E. D. Ponting and P. Convey.

Le:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC. 14, 1981 53

ANNOUNCEMENTS

On behalf of, P. Sokoloff it was announced that the rearrangement of the
photographic slide collection of the Society had been completed; each slide
bore the stamp of the Society and members were welcome to borrow the slides.

I. McLean gave notice that part of Abernethy Forest (about the last relic of
the Caledonian ‘pine forest of Scotland) had been sold and was now threatened
with modification’ particularly of the wet hollows and open dry areas, by planting
other conifer species. He appealed to members to send records of entomological
denizens of note to the Nature Conservancy Counejl in an attempt to support the
conservation case:

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. K. EVANS suggested that as undoubtedly high numbers of Clostera
anachoreta (D. & S.) had been bred since its rediscovery, possible criticism by
conservationists. might be forestalled if numbers were released at the Dungeness
site.’

Dr. A. A. ALLEN then showed some slides, mostly of parasitic Hymenoptera
or Lepidoptera encountered in the spring of 1980, including Ladoga camilla (L.),
Orthosia populeti (F.) and Luffia ferchaultella Stephens and the species men-

tioned as hymenopterous.exhibits.

10th July 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

De. A. A. ALLEN — A short series of Microplitis ocellatae (Bouché) (Hym.,
Braconidae) bred from a larva of Smerinthus ocellata (L.). The host was found in
August 1979 at Dungeness, Kent, by Mr. Julian Clarke a medical student. The
nine parasites spun singly their dull brownish-grey, virtually unribbed cocoons;
the captor then kindly passed them to the exhibitor. The adults were bred at
irregular intervals from late May to early June 1980.

P._SOKOLOFF — (i) Several dozen live clothes-moths (Tineola bisselliella
(Hummel) bred from larvae previously exhibited feeding on wool and (ii) a box
containing 87 moths bred from a sample of 22 yarrow roots dug earlier this year
from Bexley in Kent, all of the genus Dichrorampha, comprising 10 D. plumbana
(Scop:), 8 D. sequana (Hiibn.), 30 D. petiverella (L.) and 39 D. gueneeana
Obraztsov.

E. P. WILTSHIRE — Ova of Mythimna I-aibum (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae) laid by
a female found, with others at the foot of cliffs in the Isle of Wight in late June;
these were just hatching, after being laid in captivity rather indiscriminately on
’- grass heads and stems; ova of Aplocera efformata (Guenée) (Geometridae) being a
third generation, of this moth which was plentiful among Hypericum perforatum
‘growing in a derelict rail-yard at Cookham station, East Berks., bred in captivity,
those that had'laid these ova were “out .of phase” with the wild generations, of
which ‘the secand’ brood had not yet appeared this year in the wild but was .
expected to fly.in late July-August. —

COMMUNICATIONS

E.H. WILD abel that two male Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) had appeared
in his trap in Surrey; the species appeared to be spreading after its recent landing
at Dungeness or had escaped frem captivity.

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Col. A. M. EMMET reported that Coleophora conspicuella Z. having multi-
plied on its habitat as previously reported had now killed off all except one
immune plant of Centaurea nigra and could be expected to die off after thriving
too greatly.

S. MEREDITH reported having seen thousands of Mellicta athalia (Rott.)
flying in Blean woods, Kent last month following extensive coppicing there a year
or two before and also having been nipped by a click beetle (probably Dalopius
marginatus (L.)) in North Wales while sitting on a grassy bank; it clung tenaciously
by its mandibles to his anatomy.

P. L. COOK reported having seen thousands of cockchafers (Hoplia philanthus
(Fuessly) in Richmond Park on hawthorn foliage and flying around and on the
ground showing how abundant it was and how in suitable conditions this became
evident.

C. B. ASHBY spoke on “Species survival and success’’. Striking or beautiful
slides were shown of ducks, habitats and of moths on different backgrounds on
which, in some experiments, the moths had taken up positions harmonising with
colour patterns of fabrics after repeated releases. His conclusion was that the hide-
and-seek game was universal in life forms.

24th July 1980

The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.
EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMET — A larval case attributed to Coleophora leucapennella
(Hiibn.) (Lep., Coleophoridae) found on a tree trunk in a wood in N.E. Essex on
19th July 1980. Silene dioica was growing plentifully nearby. According to Uffen
in The Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, the larva leaves the foot-
plant to over-winter, and this may explain its presence on a tree-trunk. The
species was first recorded in Britain in Norfolk, and has since been found in a
wood in Gloucestershire. There appear to be no other British records.

P. L. COOK — An adult and mines of Agrilus pannonicus (Pill. & M.) (Col.,
Buprestidae) reared from a pupa, found under oak-bark on 30.v.80 and hatching
in vi. It was first discovered at Windsor Great Park by Dr. Allen three years ago
and appears to be well established there.

MEMBERSHIP
Messrs. Y. Z. Erzinclioglu, P. F. C. Sales, and F. C. Carpenter were elected.

COMMUNICATIONS

Col. A. M. EMMET reported having taken in great numbers Catoptria falsella
(D. & S.) on an old airfield at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex.

M. GANDY reported having seen Apatura iris (L.) at Bookham Common,
drinking from a puddle.

E. H. WILD reported that B. Goater had taken Thalera fimbrialis (Scop.) at
Dungeness and that he himself had identified, before it escaped, Trichoplusia ni
(Hiibn.) there.

J. MUGGLETON then gave an illustrated talk entitled “Adalia, the many
patterned ladybirds”’.

11th September 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

The President announced with great regret the deaths of Cyril O. Hammond,
Major General Sir George Johnson, D. F. Newmanand H. G. Tunstall. Members
stood in respect.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 55

EXHIBITS

Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ — Specimens of Swammerdamia passerella (Zett.)
(Lep., Yponomeutidae) bred from Betula nana from Inverness; the larvae were
found in Sept. 1979. Also specimens of S. pyrella (Vill.) and caesiella (Hiibn.)
for comparison, as the species has been confused with them. The only British
specimen previously known was bred by Stainton in 1870 and named by him
nanivora.

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — (i) A specimen of Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) (Lep., Ptero-
phoridae) caught at actinic light in a wooded part of Brownsea I., Dorset, on
22.viii.1980. During August 1979 the exhibitor had swept a small number of this
species from a small growth of sea-lavender some half a mile away.

(ii) A male example of Barichneumon heracliana (Bridgman) bred from a pupa
14.viii.1980 of Depressaria pastinacella (Dup.) in the company of others in a stem
of (?) Heracleum on 4.viii.1980 at Shaldon, Devon. It was curious how a few
stems contained several pupae while others were empty. The parasite has been
recorded from other Depressariinae.

R. BRETHERTON — Six or 8 larvae of Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.) (Lep.,
Pyralidae) from ova laid on 7.viii.80, by a captured female.

I. BRYDON exhibited a copy of Edward Newman’s /ilustrated Natural History
of British Moths (1869 edition), with interleaving, and requested information
about T. B. Summerfield, its previous owner. Original notes probably by Summer-
field were entered on the blank interleaves. Later the book was given at Christmas
1920 to Robert Edward Williams by his father and E. Crabbe, F.E.S.

R. K. MERRIFIELD — (i) Two large Diptera from a meadow in a valley at
Mylor, Cornwall (SW 794 368) now being drained and cleared for market garden-
ing, Asilus crabroniformis L., the largest of this group (dry weight 74 mg), a
predator on grasshoppers, other Diptera and bees and wasps, and Tabanus
sudeticus Zell., an even larger bloodsucking fly (dry weight 120 mg), also, for
comparison, an example of the largest British Dipteron, Tipula maxima Poda, a
species also occurring at Mylor though the example shown was from the Isle of
Wight.

(ii) A rare Tiger beetle, Cicindela germanica L., from the coast of the Isle of
Wight, together with a fly whose head was crushed in its mandibles when the
beetle was put in the killing-bottle; also a large female of the ghost swift moth
(Hepialus humuli (L.)) taken in Pollards Wood, Bucks in June, 1980.

COMMUNICATIONS

Various members reported the capture of migrant Lepidoptera during August,
the species being Eublemma parva (Hiibn.), Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.), Rhodo-
metra Sacraria (L.), Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.). There were also signs of a third
wave of immigrants just beginning, with first reports of Nomophila noctuella
(D. & S.) and Macroglossum stellatarum (L.). Divergent accounts of the abundance
of Autographa gamma (L.) were given by members from different parts of
England. The spreading westwards of Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.), the brown tail
moth, were confirmed by Dr. A. A. Allen who reported its capture at Dawlish,
Devon.

K. EVANS stated he had put back at the site of capture 8000 larvae of
Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) after breeding from a single female caught at
Dungeness a year before. Eggs of this stock were noted to be fertile. Conservation-
ists prone to criticise collectors were asked to note and emulate if capable of
similar action.

Slides were then exhibited by R. K.MERRIFIELD, A. A. ALLEN, E. P. WILT-
SHIRE and I. BRYDON and were warmly applauded by an appreciative audience.

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

25th September 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Col. A. M. EMMET — Two species of Prunus-feeding Coleophora (Lep., Coleo-
phoridae) which were added to the British list in 1979: (i) Five C. adjectella H.-S.
reared 7-14.vii.80 from larvae collected at Benfleet, Essex on 1.x.1979; the
species was previous confused with C. badiipennella (Dup.); and

(ii) Nine C. prunifoliae Doets reared 2-13.vii.80 from larvae collected likewise
at Benfleet. This species was first recognised as British in the West country by
R. Heckford. C. prunifoliae, C. cerasivorella Packard and C. coracipennella (Hiibn.)
were formerly lumped together under the name nigricella (Stephens). One can
only distinguish the adults of these three species by dissection, but probably there
are small differences in the early stages. The exhibitor hoped that a forthcoming
field meeting at Benfleet would give an opportunity for further study of such
distinctions.

R. FAIRCLOUGH — Specimens of Nemaxera betulinella (F.) (= corticella
(Curtis)) found on oak trunks in fields at Leigh, Surrey, in late July; on seven
trees out of fifteen examined, twenty-six were found 28-31.vii. A month later
only two moths were found. Also a live female Spodoptera exigua (Hiibn.) found
in his home trap in Surrey on 20.ix.

A. J. HALSTEAD — A female Metoecus paradoxus (L.) (Col., Rhipiphoridae)
found near the entrance of a wasp-nest (Paravespula vulgaris (L.)) at the Royal
Horticultural Society’s gardens at Wisley, Surrey, 12.viii.1980. This widespread
but uncommon beetle lays its eggs in rotten wood in the late summer/autumn.
These hatch in the following year and the first instar larvae attach themselves to
wasps foraging for wood-fibres for nest-building and are carried back to the nest.
Once inside the nest, the M. paradoxus larva enters the body of a wasp-larva and
starts feeding as an endoparasite. At the end of the first instar the larva emerges
from its host, and, after shedding its skin, continues feeding as an ectoparasite
on the wasp larva. Eventually the wasp larva is completely eaten and the beetle
pupates in the wasp comb.

I. F. G. McLEAN — Two Diptera (Empididae: Hemidrominae), both found in
Northants., at Cosgrove beside the river Tove, a locality which represents a con-
siderable southward extension of their known range: Hemerodromia baetica
Collin and Wiedemannia lota Haliday. The former was swept from short vegeta-
tion immediately beside the river, while the latter was “skating” on the water-
surface close to the bank.

MEMBERSHIP

A. M. de Sium and A. Raymond were declared elected members.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

J. Muggleton announced that at the joint meeting with the Royal Entomo-
logical Society on December 17th the title of the talks would now be “Insect-host
relationships”; for the host society Dr. V. F. Eastop would speak on insect-plant
relationships and it remained for our Society to provide one or two speakers to
talk briefly on insect-insect relationships.

At the March 12th young members’ meeting the second speaker would be
Mark Hadley, on Eastbourne moths. Suggestions for speakers or topics, and for/or
volunteers for the 1981-2 programme of talks were asked for:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 57

COMMUNICATIONS

M. CHALMERS-HUNT reported that Autographa gamma (L.) had been very
plentiful flying by day in early September in Northumberland, likewise Cynthia
cardui (L.), another immigrant. E. WILD mentioned that 2 specimens of Dia-
chrysia orichalcea (F.) a less frequent immigrant had been recently reported from
the New Forest, but his own sojourn in the Isle of Wight had been marred by
strong winds. Col. A. M. EMMET stated that Udea ferrugalis (Hiibn.) had been
the commonest moth on the wing in Wales this month. Various other members
reported observations of other immigrants including P. SOKOLOFF’s record of
Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.) taken on the Victoria-Ramsgate train at Herne Hill,
Kent.

Dr. D. LONSDALE then gave an illustrated talk on the natural history of the
felted beech coccus. This proved to be a fascinating talk on aspects of the ecology
of the beech tree in England.

The numerous questions which those present posed indicated the interest the
talk evoked.

With reference to the observation of the President on Nemaxera betulinella,
Col. EMMET remarked that the observation of this moth on oaks was of interest
as the classical foodplant in Britain for it had been given previously as hornbeam.

A report by a member on the recent field meeting at Dungeness stated that
though 32 lights were employed, a harvest of only twenty-two species of moths
was achieved.

9th October 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — Two local species of Microlepidoptera, (a) Epermenia
aequidentellus (Hofmann) (Epermeniidae), captured 3.viii.1980 at actinic light,
Dawlish, Devon, and (b) Eutromula pariana (Clerck) (Glyphipterigidae) having
been bred 27.viii.1980 from a larva found, with others, on a weather-beaten Malus
tree at Eastbourne, Sussex. Also (c) a female Apanteles ferrugineus Marshall
(Hym., Braconidae) swept 28.v.1980, Brownsea I., Dorset. Its bright testaceous
thorax readily permits recognition among its congeners, but it appears to be an
elusive species; it is gregarious, and has been bred from larvae feeding in stems of
reeds and rushes.

E. S. BRADFORD — Mines made in the leaves of laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)
by Lyonetia clerkella, from Alton, Hants., presented by David Lonsdale.

P. A. SOKOLOFE ~— A set specimen of Noctua pronuba (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae)
attacked by larvae of the clothes moth Tineola bisselliella (Hummel). These had
constructed tubes from the hair on the larger moth’s thorax spun together with
silk.

COMMUNICATION

At the recent Swanage meeting Mr. E. H. WILD reported that the migrant
moths Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) and Peridroma saucia (Hiibner) had been numerous.

Mr. J. PD. EDWARDS then gave an illustrated talk on the role of hormones in
the development of insects. The juvenile hormone had proved useful against
insects which were pestilential in the adult stage, e.g. in combating infestations of
hospitals by Pharoah’s ant.

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

13th November 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

The President reported the death of Mr. W. H. T. TAMS, FRES, a special life
member and a member of the Society since 1922.

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN — Two species of parasitic Hymenoptera: (i) A female
Apanteles longicauda, (Wesmael) (Braconidae) bred in the Spring of 1980 from a
case of Coleophora violacea (Strom.) (Lep., Coleophoridae) collected by Mr. R.
Fairclough near Benfleet, Essex, October 1979. Writing in 1972, Mr. Nixon was of
the opinion (based on material he had seen) that this species was less commonly
bred than closely related Apanteles.

(ii) A male Barichneumon derogator (Wesmael) (Ichneumonidae), swept on
the outside of a wood at Pluckely, Kent, 15.viii.1980. The species seems very rare
as there are but 5 examples in the National Collection, B.M.(N.H.).

Mr. R. DYKE — A specimen of Schrankia taenialis Hubner with very pale
ground colour taken in July 1980 from Broxbourne Woods, Herts. This is the
type locality of Schrankia intermedialis Reid and so the identity of the species is
of some interest. Genitalia drawings of this and another specimen, both males,
have been made and they appear to be identical with taenialis. A request has been
made to see the type slide of intermedialis for comparison. There are old records
of taenialis from this locality.

Rev. D. AGASSIZ — The British species of Metzneria (Lep.) together with
M. igneella (Tengst.) from Scandinavia. A specimen exhibited as M. neuropterella
(Zeller) from Wiltshire by K. Bland at the Annual Exhibition may be this species
which would be new to Britain. [See 25th November meeting. ]

Mr. H. GODFRAY — Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller) bred from Betula
papyrifera, an unusual host plant. Bred from the mines were the Eulophid, Hemi-
ptarsanus unguicellus, a common parasite of herbaceous leafminers but not
known from leafminers of trees.

MEMBERSHIP
The following were declared elected: Messrs. D. W. Baldock, P. Bassett, S. P.
Garland, Marrin Moore, Derek Moore and S. Church.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Mr. G. Prior announced that a quantity of “‘separates” given by the Jate
C. G. M. de Worms were available to members without charge.
COMMUNICATIONS

The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, reported that despite the very cold
weather recently Brachionycha sphinx (Hufn.) had arrived at his MV trap at
Leigh, Surrey. Mr. E. H. WILD reported that an example of this species was taken
by him at Selsdon, Surrey on 12.xi.80, a first record there.

DISCUSSION

There followed a short discussion on the Annual Exhibition 1980.

SLIDES

The meeting concluded with some excellent slidés offered by Mrs F. MURPHY,
Dr. A. A. ALLEN, Mr. D. WILSON and Mr. K. MERRIFIELD.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 59

27th November 1980
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Dr. M. G. MORRIS — A female of the weevil Hypera meles (F.) (Col., Cur-
culionidae) and, for comparison, a female of the common H. plantaginis (Degeer).
The H. meles was beaten from Ivy (Hedera helix) growing on a wall at Furzebrook,
Dorset on 24.iv.1979. The H. plantaginis is from Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 20.v.
1966. The differences between the two species were described very fully by
A. A. Allen (1972) “‘A Contribution to the knowledge of Phytonomus meles F.
(Col., Curculionidae) in Britain.” Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 110-113. Micro-
scopically, the shape of the scales covering H. meles — best described as like an
inverted V — is perhaps the most characteristic and unmistakable character.

H. meles is a rare species in Britain and very few specimens have been taken.
Records noted by Allen (loc. cit.) include Ross, Selby, Yarmouth and Foxley
Wood (Norfolk), Coulsdon, Guildford and Oxshott, Wicken Fen and two more
doubtful MS records. Mr. Appleton took it a few years ago in S. Hants. The larva
feeds on a range of leguminosae.

Mrs. WARDLAW — A pupal case of the Large Blue Butterfly — M. arion (L.)
taken 11.vii.80 at St. Alvére, France and an Ichneumon wasp, Neotypus coreensis
which had emerged therefrom. There are only 3 known specimens of this wasp
from Europe.

Rev. D. AGASSIZ — A similar exhibit to that shown at the previous meeting
but with some correction of names. It had been found that the specimen of a
Metzneria species taken in Southampton 1.vii.1971 at light is also aprilella (H.-S.)
= igneella (Tengst.). M. neuropterella (Zeller) from the Society’s collection were
shown for comparison. The larva of aprilella feeds on Centaurea, the seedheads of
which should be collected now.

Mr. A. STUBBS — a display Case of Diptera and other insects was shown by
Mr. I. McLean and Mr. A. Stubbs on behalf of the Nature Conservancy Council
from the North Kent marshes and annotated to illustrate the Red Data Book
species.

MEMBERSHIP

The following members were declared elected: Miss M. Lawrence, Messrs.
S. A. Painter, P. R. Moseley, W. Jagger, P. Q. Winter, G. A. Collins, Willy de Prinz,
T. M. Melling, K. E. J. Bailey and Dr. T. A. N. Mann.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. R. F. BRETHERTON appealed for records of the immigrant Lepidoptera
to be sent either to him or to Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt.

Mr. E. H. WILD reported the presence on 23.xi.80 at his Selsdon, Surrey trap
of NV. pronuba L.

Mr. G. PRIOR reported that on a recent visit to Norwich Museum he noted
that insect drawers were protected against Anthrenus with ampoules of phenol
dissolved in water.

Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT warned that phenol should not on any account
be used with the Emerald moths for the colour would be destroyed. Mr. B.
GOATER gave it as his opinion that the use of para-dichloro-benzene induced
“greasing” in some specimens and reported that he had proven such to his
satisfaction.

There followed a lecture “What happened to the Large Blue” given by Dr.
B. R. Benham and accompanied by slides.

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

EDITOR’S REPORT 1980

Volume 13 of the Proceedings and Transactions was printed in two double
parts, published in April and at the annual exhibition on 1st November. The index
is in the press. We published 136 pages of text, four coloured plates of British
lepidopterous larvae in the series by G. H. Haggett, and nine other plates. The
Transactions included a primary taxonomic paper “a revision of the pantropical
genus Tathorhyncus Hampson” by A. H. Hayes. Such papers indicate that our
journal is cirulated widely enough to be available and that it is abstracted and
its contents thereby made known. The second part of the President’s address by
Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, rich in useful text illustrations, is mainly a supplement to
our recently republished collection of illustrated papers on British micro-
lepidoptera.

On returning from the Annual Exhibition I was laid low by a severe attack of
shingles; its prolonged after-effects have obliged me not merely to delegate
editorial duties to my panel of assistants, who responded willingly to my appeal,
but to resign from the chair completely. I am grateful to all who offered their
help, but I think that members will be especially indebted to Raymond Uffen for
agreeing to become Editor, and I believe that he will prove to be a competent
successor. I must here also mention two members, resident in my neighbourhood,
Brian Baker and Martin Albertini, who undertook laborious duties when I fell by
the way. I hope to reappear at indoor meetings as a back bencher after a few
months. EP

TREASURER’S REPORT 1980

Although an income excess of nearly £2400 may appear to indicate a very
sound year financially, a more critical look at the figures will show that we cannot
afford to be too complacent. Our basic source of income must be considered as
our receipts from members’ subscriptions, the new rate from January Ist, 1980
increasing these by about £770 to just under £2800. However, the cost of pro-
ducing and distributing the Proceedings to members was approximately £2700
and other general expenses of membership amounted to about £1000, not includ-
ing the large but non-recurring cost of a new addressing machine and a new
membership list system. This gives a membership running cost of £3700 against
total receipts from subscriptions of £2800. The excess was mainly due to the
extra cost of Parts 3/4 Proceedings with coloured and black and white plates and
a number of text figures, which was financed out of the very generous legacies
and donations received during 1980. These included a legacy of £500 each from
the late Lady Wenorah Ansorge and the late Baron C. G. M. de Worms and one of
£50 from the late Mr. H. G. Tunstall and also donations varying in amount from
£50 to 50p received from a number of members. This has enabled all this year’s
surplus from the sale of “Illustrated Papers” and “Field Guide” and some of our
investment income to be kept in hand to meet the cost of other planned special
publications. Half of the loan made by the Royal Society towards the cost of
“Field Guide” has now been repaid, and it is intended to repay the balance of
£500 during 1981.

An investment review was carried out during 1980, and a number of changes
were made, the overall result being a combined net capital appreciation of £1000
in the General Fund and the Hering Memorial Research Fund. ~»

Our especial thanks are due this year to Mrs. S. B. Walker, the wife of our
Assistant Treasurer, who, when her husband had to leave for a year abroad on
business, took over his work. Our thanks are also due once again to our honorary
auditors, for completing the audit in the very short time available.

PROC. TRANS.

BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

British Entomological and Natural History Society

1979

£ p
4863 12
1667 00
2124 73

8654 85
2328 77
192 53
2521 30
1667 00
854 30

428 07
53 40

48147
288 90
192°S7
1874 19
198 00
2072 19
2396 00

325 12
2721-12
244 S55
2476 57

1979
ZS pale
1393 74

7029 85
1995 96
9025 81

91 78
662 75
3288 94
1444 65
5488 12
262 55

1394 64
165719

830 93

BALANCE SHEET as at 31st December 1980

LIABILITIES 1980
Lp Ep
General Fund — Opening balance 8654 85
From Reserve Fund 854 30
Excess of Income over Expenditure 2377 74
Gain on sale of investments 887 84
——_ 12774 73
Reserve Fund — Opening balance 854 30
Add interest ——_—.
854 30
Less used for purposes reserved 854 30
Library Fund 192 57
Add interest and income 71 95
264 52
Less expenditure 149 06
—_——— 115 46
Housing Fund — Opening balance 2072 19
Add interest 236 00
—— _ 2308 19
Hering Memorial Fund 2476 57
Gain on sale of investments 172 52
Add interest 282 41
2931 50
Less expenditure 352 00
2579 50
£17777 88
ASSETS 1980
& — E- p
Stock — Field Guides at cost 1064 88
‘*Pug”’ plates at cost 632 50

Coloured Christmas Cards at cost 183 50

(The value of the library, collections, ties
and other publications is not included in

accounts)

Investments at Cost (Details appended)
General Investments 7916 23
Hering Memorial Fund Investments 2169 94

Liquid Assets
PO Savings Investment Account 105 43
Debtors and advance payments 698 10
Cash on Deposit Account 6010 54
Cash on Current Account 409 07

7223 14

Less Subscriptions paid in advance 187 41
Advance receipts for ‘“‘Pug’’ Book 664 90
Amounts owed and provisions 560 00
1412 31

Net liquid assets

1880 88

10086 17

5810 83
£17777 88

61

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT for 1980

1979 INCOME 1980
2022 06 Subscriptions 2792 44
148 50 Legacies & donations 1122 08
83736 Interest & dividends on investments 11780 92
344 46 Interest on deposit & PO Inv. a/c )
Christmas Cards — Surplus on sales 9449
Annual dinner — Surplus 10 16
6110 Sale of ties — Surplus 51 00
175 02 Cabinets & Collections — net 35 70
23723 Publications Account — Surplus
3826 23 TOTAL INCOME 5886 79
253926 Excess of Income over Expenditure 2628 74

198 00 Interest apportioned to Housing Fund 236 00
24 00 Interest apportioned to Library Fund 15 00
192 53 Interest apportioned to Reserve Fund

oa 251 00
2124 73 BALANCE being excess of Income over —_——_
—— Expenditure transferred to General Fund 2377 74
1979 EXPENDITURE 1980
61468 Rent and insurance 597 07
190 89 Postage and miscellaneous expenses 220 48
Office machinery (Addressing &
Members’ list) 676 43
Publications Account — Cost c/d 1537 78
208 31 Stationery 144 68
3850 Subs. to other societies 63 50
21757 Indoor meetings and exhibition (net) 18 11
16 O01 Christmas Cards loss
1 01 Annual dinner loss
1286 97 TOTAL EXPENDITURE 3258 05

In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a trué and fair view
of the state of the Society’s affairs as at 31st December 1980 and
the Income and Expenditure Accounts give a true and fair view of
the Society’s results for the year. A. J. Pickles, F.C.A.

J. L. Messenger

Schedule of Investments at cost as at 31st December 1980

General Investments of the Society

£800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 9%% Stock 1985-8 £646.49
1010 Drayton Premier Investment Trust 25p Ordinary Shares 1398.21
1150 Finance for Industry 13% Stock 1981 1153.71
1250 Greater London Council 9%% Stock 1980-82 1100.14

130 Shell Transport & Trading 25p Ordinary Shares 477.79

150 Unilever 25p Ordinary Shares 248.45
2969.99 Treasury 13%% Loan 1993 2891.44

TOTAL £7916.23

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 63

Hering Memorial Fund Investments

£800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 9%% Stock 1985-8 £646.48
300 Greater London Council 9%2% Stock 1980-82 291.97
189 Midland Bank £1 Ordinary Shares 459.66
280 Shell Transport & Trading 25p Ordinary Shares 771.83

TOTAL £2169.94

PUBLICATIONS ACCOUNT for 1980

1979 1980
Proceedings
1703 03 Cost of Production 2829 12

359 86 Less Proceeds from sales 351 85

1343 17 Net cost of publications sunplied free
to members 2477 27

Field Guide
166700 Cost of production less Royal Society Grant

Additional costs 94 32

Cost of stock held 1 Jan. 1393 74

1488 06

1393 74 Less Cost of stock held 31 Dec. 1064 88

273 26 Cost of sales 423 18

1039 24 Proceeds from sales 1266 62

765 98 Surplus from sales 843 44
Illustrated Papers

1067 14 Surplus from sales 421 89

1833 12 Total Gross Surplus from Special Publications 1265 33

489 95 surplus Gross Result over all Publications Cost 1211 94

oe Ja Cost of Distribution 325 84
eee Net Result eas
237 23 surplus to Income & Expenditure a/c. Cost 1537 78

COUNCIL’S REPORT 1980

1980 may be remembered as a poor year generally for insects, but for the
Society it has been both busy and profitable.

Membership remains steady. Although 13 members died, 21 resigned and 20
were struck off, 58 new members were elected.

Among the Officers of the Society, several changes have had to be made for
1981. Mr. Wiltshire has had to give up as Editor because of illness. He has done
much to improve the quality of the Proceedings. We wish him a full recovery.
Mr. Uffen has kindly offered to fill the breach this year. Mr. Knill-Jones has had
to resign as Lanternist because of pressure of work. Mr. Hadley has taken over.
Your Secretary is shortly moving to “pastures new’’. We also offer special thanks
to Mrs Walker who has carried out the exacting role of Assistant Treasurer while
her husband was abroad. Mr. Messenger is retiring as Auditor and we thank him
for his long and valuable service. Mr. Bell would be prepared to replace him.

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

The indoor meetings programme has been of exceptional interest, covering a
wide range of topics. It is strange that so few papers on British Lepidoptera are
available from members, 80% of whom are lepidopterists. Why are they so reluc-
tant to come forward? Field meetings have been quite well attended, but here
again Mr. Jackson finds great difficulty in getting volunteers to lead meetings and
in completing his programme.

The joint meeting with the R.E.S. held at Queen’s Gate was a most enjoyable
evening with excellent papers from several speakers on the relationship of insects
with other life forms. The five day meeting at Rogate proved most successful.

The Editor is again to be congratulated on the excellence of the Proceedings.
The sales of the Illustrated Papers has been very profitable and only 15 unsold
copies remain while 356 copies of The Field Guide have been sold. Advance
orders for the Pug book are going very well and it is hoped that it will be available
in the very near future. We thank all those responsible for the production of this
work. We are grateful to Mr. Bretherton for dealing with the very heavy additional
burden of distribution.

The Annual Dinner was enjoyed by those who attended and numbers (78)
were well up on the previous year. We thank Dr. McNulty for arranging this.

Mr. Ken Evans organised the Annual Exhibition with his usual skill. It was
attended by 305 members and friends. Despite the poor year the number and
quality of the exhibits made it a splendid day. Thanks are due to all those who
contributed, the exhibitors, Mrs. Murphy and her team of caterers, our reporters,
Mr. Wilson for photographing selected exhibits, and to those who manned the
recording and sales tables.

During the year Council has watched carefully the progress of the Conserva-
tion of Wild Animals and Plants Bill, for which it has offered advice. We are
concerned that the banning of the use of traps and some other features proposed
should not be applied to invertebrates. We have become part members of the
World Wildlife Link so as to get a stronger representation for our views.

In the next Proceedings, members will be informed of an approach to the
Society from the Army Conservation Officers. Ministry of Defence land in many
parts of the country will be opened, on application, to collectors who are invited
to help improve the knowledge of the distribution of insects in many areas about
which little is known. Col. Clayden will speak at one of our meetings on this
subject.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT

This is my second report as Librarian. Since my report to the Annual General
Meeting last year certain improvements have been made in your Library. A
further 120 ft run of shelf space has been added and the De Worms collection of
books, journals etc., has been labelled, catalogued and incorporated into the
Library. I made application to the British Library and they agreed to make the
Society a grant of £1500 for the rebinding of some of our more valuable books.
As a result 53 of these are now at the binders being re-bound and I expect to
receive them back in February.

Two Library Committee meetings have been held and as a result Council has
decided to dispose of duplicate copies which are surplus to our needs. The
membership will be given the first opportunity to purchase these, I hope it will
be possible to make an announcement in the next issue of the Proceedings giving
details of what is available. I must stress that these will not be the popular and
frequently borrowed British journals The Entomologist’s Record, Entomologist’s
Gazette, The Entomologist and The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.

The matter of the exchange of our Proceedings with other British Journals
has been examined and we have discontinued this exchange in those cases where

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 65

the other party has sent us nothing or where the matter sent contained virtually
nothing of interest in the field of entomology or natural history. We have made
new exchange arrangements with the Dorset N.H.S., The Suffolk N.H.S., and the
A.E.S. We received long runs of the back numbers of these three very good
publications from the library of Baron de Worms; we have also entered, at their
request, into an exchange with the Sociétie Linnéan de Lyons.

I would like to thank the following for their gifts of books, slides etc., H. N.
Alston, P. Sokoloff, I. Brydon, E. Classey, E. Wiltshire, S. N. A. Jacobs and
Mrs. F. Murphy. I would also like to thank S. Miles, A. Stubbs, I. McLean,
W. Parker, P. Sokoloff and, of course, Eric Bradford the Curator, for their help
in re-organising the Library.

We have a very good collection of first class coloured slides consisting of
92 butterflies, 227 macro-moths, 180 larvae and 102 micro-lepidoptera. May I
appeal to members to donate further slides of the orders Diptera, Coleoptera,
Odonata, Hymenoptera, to make our collection fully comprehensive.

And lastly, as a great deal of work has gone into re-organising the Library,
may I appeal to all members to use it more frequently. We have a very compre-
hensive library of books and periodicals and a fine collection of slides. Nothing
gives a good Librarian more pleasure than to have his services in demand.

G.P.

CURATOR’S REPORT

It is a pleasure to report the completion of rehousing of the Andrews collec-
tion and other Diptera. All are now housed in a fine forty-drawer unit, spaces
being left for those British species not yet represented in the collection. I must
thank Mr. P. J. Chandler for the care and time he has devoted to the transferring
of the specimens. Steady progress continues on the remaining orders.

Three bequests were made to the Society during 1980. Baron de Worms left,
apart from his large and valuable library, various pieces of equipment, nets, store
boxes etc. Some of these were sold off at the Annual Exhibition, as well as several
other store boxes surplus to the Society’s needs. Cyril O. Hammond left his
collection of Odonata, which, when incorporated with the Society’s, will give us
one of the finest collections of this group of insects. Mr. W. L. Coleridge left his
collection of British and continental butterflies to the Society. Few bequests or
donations made to the Society during the last decade have included butterflies,
so this collection will be most welcome.

At the Annual Exhibition in Chelsea Town Hall on 1st November, a presenta-
tion was made to Mr. Stig Torstenius. This consisted of Russwurm’s Aberrations
of the British Butterflies, which contained an inscribed leaf, signed by the
president, thanking him on behalf of the Society for his generous gift of Scandi-
navian Lepidoptera. Another part of the collection was displayed again this year
by Mr. S. Torstenius and Mr. C. B. Ashby. One more ten-drawer Hill unit has been
made available for this collection.

I would like to thank on behalf of the Society Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs and Mr. P.
Sokoloff for their donations of insects to the collections.

Once more I would like also to thank the assistant curators, Mr. L. Christie
and Mr. C. B. Ashby for their continued support. E.S.B.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

A short list of five applications was considered by the Committee and the
selection was based strictly on the priorities laid down. Two awards were made
as follows: —

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

(1) £200 to Miss Graciela Valladares for the study of Agromyzidae in Argen-
tina. Her work is known to Dr K. Spencer, a Committee member, and he
commends it highly.

(2) £50 to Mr Leonard McLeod, a member of the British Entomological &
Natural History Society, for the study of Agromyzidae in France, where he
lives and works. Recently he discovered the life history of Ophyomia
improvisa Spencer, a species previously known only from the male and
female type specimens. He plans to carry out further research into this
species and its relatives.

With regard to previous awards, Don J. F. Sanchez, the Spanish entomologist
who received his award in 1979, spent part of it collecting in Andorra with Dr
P. J. L. Roche, a member of this Society. I have received a preliminary report
from Philip Sterling, who led the expedition of Oxford undergraduates to the
Scottish islands last summer. They carried out most of their programme in spite
of atrocious weather and made a number of new records. I have received two
more ‘‘separates” on Diptera from Dr R. H. L. Disney, Warden of Malham Tarn
Field Centre, in which he acknowledges financial help from the Fund.

With regard to the future, I have already received two promising applications
for 1981/1982

BOOK REVIEW

A Label List of Butterflies (Rhopalocera): North, Western & Southern Europe,
compiled by Peter W. Cribb. Pamphlet No. 11 (revised 1981). Amateur Ento-
mologists’ Society, Hanworth, Middx., England. 20 pp. £1.50.

This list, first published in 1966 and revised in 1970, has been again up-dated,
mainly to include species and sub-species recently recognised in the area and the
extensive changes in nomenclature introduced by Higgins and Riley in their 4th
(revised) edition of their “Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe”.
As its title suggests, the list does not cover the North African species and sub-
species, except, a little oddly, those of the Canary Islands and the Azores.

The author has, however, also not followed the “Field Guide” in its order of
families or, at all closely, in its order of genera and of the species within them.
He has also listed as good species half a dozen taxa which are treated in it as sub-
species; and, although in total he names in his area about as many sub-species and
dimorphic forms, his selection of them is often different. One may personally
sympathise and agree with the ideas implicit in these differences; but they have
the effect of making the label list somewhat awkward to handle along with the
‘Field Guide”, which, for good or ill, is likely to remain for some years the bible
for most collectors of European butterflies.

One European species, Pseudaricia nicias Meigen (Silvery Argus), has been
omitted, presumably accidentally, and a small number of spelling mistakes have
escaped the notice of the proof reader. The value of the list for labelling could
have been increased by securing a more exact alignment of letters and words, and
by the use of larger lower case type for the names of the species, sub-species and
forms. A welcome innovation is the insertion of the date of the scientific names
of both genera and species. R.F.B.

B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS — 1981 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST

For non-members add 50%. Postage and packing extra.

PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

per volume per volume
A. For sale separately only to £ p- C. 1924-5 to 19354; Ep
members, or in a long run: 1946-7 to 1962 4-00
1921-2; 1936-7 to 1943-4; D. 1963 part 1 1-00
also second hand copies of other 1963 part 2 (Buckingham
volumes now out of print, 9-00 Palace garden) 2-00
1919-20; 1923-4; 1946-7 6-00 E. 1964 to 1967 2-00
ee. BENHS series
1968 (vol. 1) part 1 2-00 1976 to 1978 (vols. 9 to 11) 4-00
1968 (vol. 1) part 2 (larva plates) 3-00 1979 (vol. 12) 4-50
1969 to 1975 (vols. 2 to 8) 3-00 1980 (vol. 13) 5-00

A special discount of 20% will be allowed on sales of 10 or more consecutive
volumes. Separate parts of volumes so published can be supplied on demand at
prices proportionate to those of the whole volumes (except 1963 and 1968, listed
above). No copies are at present available of 1920-1, 1922-3, 1944-5.

THE NEW AURELIANS (1972) 1-00
ILLUSTRATED PAPERS ON BRITISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA (1978)

for sale only to members 10-00
FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA (1979) 6-00

IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO BRITISH PUG MOTHS (1981): soft cover 4-00
hard back edition 6-00

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards
may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with
particular emphasis on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order of preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and
the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field
work, for the study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptiona-
ally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to
exceed £250 in 1981/1982.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifi-
cations, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an
award is sought, to Lt.Col. A. M. Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage.
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF, as soon as possible, and in
any case not later than 30th September, 1981.

iv CONTENTS

Editorial 1
Symposium notice . 1
Annual Exhibition 22
Obituaries 34
Field Meetings 44
Proceedings 50
Officers’ reports 61
Book review 66
Baldock, D.W. and Bretherton, R.F., Butterflies in Corfu

(Kerkyra) in late August 1980, etc. Part I 8

Bowden, S.R., How many Artogeia species in America?

Falk, S.J., Smith, D.A. and Stubbs, A.E., Neoascia interrupta
(Meigen 1922) (Diptera: Syrphidae) new to Britain LZ

Kirby, M.A., Neuroptera from Buckingham Palace garden,
London 14

Rainey, R.C., Insect migration: further recent findings (abstract) 20

Speight, M.C.D., Rhagio annulatus (Dipt: Rhagionidae):
distinctions from R. tringarius and recent records 6

Stubbs, A.E., Anasimyia contracta Trop & Claussen 1980 and
A. interpuncta (Harris 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Britain 10

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible. Layout should follow that of the
journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no marks should be made to
define typeface.
Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints.
Extra copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but the well-
known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes place 24th October,
in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the
summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application
to the Secretary.

OCTOBER 1981

Vol. 14, Parts 3/4
Qi
|
RBs
Eo, ...
Rites Po

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society — +

Price: £3.50

Past Presidents

1872-4 J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) 1940 E.A.COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
1875-6 A.B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1877. J.P. BARRETT, F.ES. (dec.) 1941 F.D.COOTE, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1878 J.T. WILLIAMS (dec.) 1942 S. WAKELY (dec.)
1879 R.STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1943. R.J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG.
1880 A. FICKLIN (dec.) (dec.)
1881 V.R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1944 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
1882 T.R.BILLUPS, F-E.S. (dec.) 1945-6 Capt R. A. JACKSON, R.N., F.R.E.S.
1883. J.R. WELLMAN (dec.) (dec.)
1884 W.WEST,L.D:S. (dec.) 1947. L.T. FORD, B.A. (dec.)
1885 R. SOUTH, F-ES. (dec.) 1948 Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.)
1886-7 R. ADKIN, F.E:S. (dec.) 1949 J.O.T. HOWARD, M.A. (dec.)
1888-9 T. R. BILLUPS, F.ES. (dec.) 1950 = Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,
1890 J.T. CARRINGTON, F.L.S. (dec.) K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C..
1891 W.H.TUGWELL, PH.C. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1892. C.G. BARRETT, F.E:S. (dec.) 1951 T.G.HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
1893 J.J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.) F.Z.S.
1894 E. STEP. F.L-S. (dec.) 1952. E.W.CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
1895 T.W.HALL, F.E.S. (dec.) 1953. F.STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S.
1896 R.SOUTH, F.ESS. (dec.) 1954 STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
1897. R.ADKIN, F.ESS. (dec.) F.R.E.S.
1898 J.W.TUTT, F-.E.S. (dec.) 1955 F.D.BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
1899 A.HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.) (dec.)
1900 W.J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1956 Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S.
1901 H.S.FREMLIN,M.R.C5S., L.R.C.P., 1957 B.P. MOORE, B.SC., D.PHIL.,

F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S.
1902. F.NOAD CLARK (dec.) 1958 N.E.HICKIN, Ph.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S.
1903. E.STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) 1959 F.T.VALLINS, A.C.L.I., F.R.E.S.
1904 A. SICH, F-E.S. (dec.) (dec.)
1905 H.MAIN,BSC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1960 R.M.MERE, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1906-7 R. ADKIN, F-E.S. (dec.) 1961 A.M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC.,
1908-9 A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.E.S. (dec.)
1910-1 W.J. KAYE, F-E.S. (dec.) 1962 A.E.GARDNER, F.R.E:S. (dec.)
1912-3 A. E. TONGUE, F.E.S. (dec.) 1963. J. L.MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S.
1914-5 B.H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1964 C.G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.
1916-7 HY. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.) 1965 R.W.J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.
1918-9 STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. 1966 J.A.C.GREENWOOD, O.B.E.,

(dec.) F.R.ES.
1920-1 K.G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1967. R.F.BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
1922. E.J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.) F.R.E.S.
1923-4 N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (dec.) 1968 B.GOATER, B.SC., F.R.ES.
1925-6 T.H.L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) 1969 Capt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.C.. R.N.
1927-8 E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., (dec.)

F.E.S. (dec.) 1970 B.J.MACNULTY, B.SC. PH.D.,

1929 «+H. PW. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.) F.R.LC. F.R.ES.
1930 ~=F. B. CARR (dec.) 1971 Col. A.M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., M.A.
1930 C.N.HAWKINS, F.E:S. (dec.) 1972 Prof. H. E. HINTON, PH.D., B.SC.,
1931 K.G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.Z.S., F.E.S. F.R.S., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

(dec.) 1973. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S.
1932. T.H.L.GROSVENOR, F.E:S. (dec.) 1974: iG: ath CKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S.,
1933. C. = M. DE WORMS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.ES.

L.C., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. (dec.) 1975 M.G. MORRIS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S.

1934s. ‘s. EAGLES (dec.) 1976 W.G.TREMEWAN,M.I.BIOL
1935 E.E.SYMS, F.R.E:S. (dec.) 1977. R.TUBBS,O.B.E., F.R.I.B.A., F.R.E.S
1936 M.NIBLETT (dec.) 1978 G. PRIOR, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
1937. F.J. COULSON (dec.) 1979 Rev. D. J. AGASSIZ, M.A.
1938 F.STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. 1980 R.FAIRCLOUGH
1939 H.B. WILLIAMS, LL.D. F.R.E.S.

(dec.)

Editorial

Editor: R. W. J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts, AL6 OUD.

with the assistance of: .

T. R. E. Southwood, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., A.R.C.S., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
E. S. Bradford
A. H. Hayes

PEATE 3 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

DYKE
NEW FORMS OF ACLERIS CRISTANA
1. palistriana. 7. subochreanigrana. 13. ochreafulvana.
2. proinsulana. 8. fulvopurdeyana. 14. nigrofulvana.
3. obscurana. 9. prosubchantana. 15. alisana.
4. nigrosubcristalana. 10. manleyana. 16. nigrocapitana.
5. fordana. 11. dualana. 17. albosericana.

6. inornana. 12. subxanthovittana. 18. fulvosericana.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 67

EDITORIAL

Our cover motifs this year have been reproduced from papers on insects new
to Britain. The place of honour has yet to be booked for our next issue. Papers
and short notes will be welcomed and should be sent in as soon as ready. March
publication depends on your contributions.

Amongst those recorded as new members in our proceedings, I note the name
of Dr. Klaus Sattler, the British Museum microlepidopterist. Dr. Sattler won his
tibial spurs as a British field microlepidopterist by adding Scythris inspersella
(Hiibner) to the British list on a visit to Walsingham country (see 1980 exhibition
report). I just hope that he obtained the approval for this incursion from the great
man’s ghost. Who knows what valuable drawers of types may otherwise mysteri-
ously slam shut in the night at the BM.

FROM | January 1982 THE ENTRANCE FEE IS £1 and annual subscriptions
are: ORDINARY AND CORPORATE MEMBERS £9.50, COUNTRY MEMBERS
£5.50, JUNIOR MEMBERS £2.50. Members should alter their bankers’ orders or
send their subscriptions to Hon. ASST. TREASURER, BELLARGUS, 9 ELMS-
FIELD WAY, SANDERSTEAD, SURREY by | JANUARY.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by R. FAIRCLOUGH

29th January 1981

I. TOPICAL REMARKS

Our Officers and Council, having worked hard throughout the year, have had
much to report. The president, having done nothing, has exactly nothing to
report. I can point to the fact that I have been fortunate enough to attend every
meeting during my year of office, but that, it can be argued, is quantity not
quality. May I say that I have enjoyed the year; firstly for being so surprisingly
honoured; secondly because of the help and support of the officers and council
who have endured my blundering direction with rare good humour, as indeed
has the wider audience at our ordinary meetings.

As you have heard, there are to be changes in some departments. Ted Wild,
who has by now caught every moth in Selsdon, is seeking new territories. He has
been our secretary for three years and [ am sure that you will all join with me in
thanking him for his services. We wish him and his wife weil in their retirement to,
we hope, the right sort of home nicely located on a migration route. We are
grateful to Frances Murphy for undertaking to replace him.

Our editor, Ted Wiltshire, has been forced to hand over his duties following a
bad attack of shingles. Despite printing problems he produced the Proceedings
and Transactions efficiently and with the minimum of fuss. With our thanks for
all his work go our best wishes for his rapid and complete recovery. We also wish
Raymond Uffen well on his taking over the wheel in the middle of the voyage to
the next publication.

Our lanternist Sam Knill-Jones had to resign during the year and deserves our
appreciation. Mark Hadley has kindly taken over.

It is impossible to thank by name everybody who ensures that the Society
functions smoothly. To everyone, whether carrying out a vital office or doing one
of the various tasks which, for example, make the Exhibition a success, we are
indeed grateful.

Mentioning the Exhibition reminds me that, on that occasion and at the
Dinner, our benefactor from Sweden, Stig Torstenius, appeared in the flesh,
obviously enjoying being with us as much as we appreciated his lively presence.

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

We have once again suffered a heavy loss during the year, the deaths of
thirteen members having been announced. That of Mr T.W. JEFFERSON took
place in October 1979 but the news did not reach us until 1980. He was a Darling-
ton lepidopterist who joined the Society in 1951. Bad eyesight for the last thirty-
five years of his eighty year span curtailed his field-work, but he was able to
photograph the butterflies he bred, finding great satisfaction in this pursuit.

Mr COLIN KEITH-JOHNSON, a member since 1956, was a professional actor
living in London whose interest was in the Lepidoptera. We lost two Oxfordshire
members, both lepidopterists. They were Mr D.E. NEWMAN of Wallingford who
became a member in 1949 and Mr A.S.R. RIPPON of Henley-on-Thames who
joined in 1968.

Dr JOHN L. NEWTON joined the Society in 1945. He was a doctor in the
prison service who attended our meetings and served on Council. His great interest
was in Coleoptera. Unhappily the retirement to Norfolk to which he had looked
forward did not last for long.

Mr F.M. STRUTHERS, a member since 1949, was formerly regular in attend-
ance at our field meetings. It was at one of these at Newlands Corner in April
1961 that he took the only British specimen of Pammene agnotana Rebel, a
pleasing capture for a lepidopterist.

Mr P.J. ROGERS joined us in 1961. He was a keen Hampshire lepidopterist
often to be found in the field by day and night. He had travelled overland to
South Africa with his family just before his death.

Mr CYRIL O. HAMMOND was one of our Honorary Members. We miss his
quiet presence at these meetings. He was, of course, familiar to a vastly wider
circle from his books on Diptera and Odonata. He enjoyed the six day field-
meeting at Rogate in June, so that the news of his death in August came as a great
shock to us all. A full obituary will appear in the Transactions.

Major General Sir GEORGE F. JOHNSON was a distinguished soldier, taking a
prominent part in the release of Europe from Hitler’s hordes and in the occupa-
tion of Berlin at the end of World War II. He was a long standing member, elected
in 1945, with an interest in Lepidoptera, particularly the butterflies, and in
ornithology. He lived in Cumbria.

Mr H.G. TUNSTALL, who joined the Society in 1934, was another butterfly-
lover. Three years ago at the age of ninety he gave up his membership but we
should remember him.

Mr W.H.T. TAMS was a Special Life Member, having been elected in 1922. He
worked at the British Museum (Natural History) for over fifty years and many of
us remember his unfailing kindness and helpfulness when we took our identifica-
tion problems to him. For long years it was he who did the photography at our
Annual Exhibitions. Here again we shall have a full obituary.

Mr D.L. COATES, elected in 1963, was a lepidopterist who had recently
moved to Dunkeld from Aberfoyle where his trap produced some good records
for South Perthshire, including the first records of Acleris abietana (Hubner) for
Britain.

News of Mr AUSTIN RICHARDSON’s death at the age of seventy-seven this
month is the latest blow. He has been a well-known Gloucestershire member since
1942. We remember his large exhibits of Lepidoptera with their emphasis on
regional forms as well as the many rarities he captured. He was an energetic man
with wide-ranging interests, active to the end.

On a happier note, I have great pleasure in announcing that Council has
nominated a new Honorary Member; Col. A.M. EMMET. He was president of this
society ten years ago, and more recently he put his talents to good use for us in
editing the revised Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, a piece of work
which is a model of its kind.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 69
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II

COLLECTING AND BREEDING
ACLERIS CRISTANA (DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER),
WITH THE DESCRIPTIONS OF EIGHTEEN NEW FORMS.

by R. FAIRCLOUGH
Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey.

It will come as no surprise to you that I am going to talk about this poly-
morphic lepidopteron. In so doing I am very conscious of the high standard of
past presidential addresses. It would be highly satisfactory to be able to unravel
the genetics of this moth as our president of three years ago did so ably for his
butterflies, but this I cannot do. This is a plain tale of our work with the moth so
far. “We” is used frequently below because I am acknowledging that my collector
son, Alan, has had an equal part in the work. I keep the final records; the collec-
tion resides with me; but he is far better than father in the field and a necessary
partner in our breeding enterprise.

I had intended at one time to talk only about the breeding of the moth, but
there can be no offspring if one does not first catch the parents. I began to look
for cristana in 1962, having bred one accidentally the previous year. Only five
were caught from two trips late in the season, and few more the following year
when Alan joined the activity. Five more seasons were to pass before we had
settled to the routine of collecting from mid-August to mid-October and had
become completely addicted. The moths are usually not out in any numbers
before that date and there is a sharp fall in the catch by the third week of October.
Exceptional weather produces the unexpected as in 1976 when we found the
moth out on the 25th July; and in 1967 when I caught over one hundred between
the 26th and 28th October, but that was the driest, warmest October of the
century. Few are to be found in the spring, and the latest record in the field I
have is Sth June 1979.

In the early years I studied the Sheldon papers where there is an excellent
account of the moth’s habits as well as a lot about the forms, but we were not at
all clear as to the identity of some of our captures. A revelation occurred when I
visited Lt. Col. W.B.L. Manley in 1967. He not only showed me his magnificent
collection of cristana, but very kindly lent me the manuscript of what was to
become, with a few additions, the ““Guide to Acleris cristana (D. & S.)” (Manley
1973). Our collection was sorted out, and, stimulated by this access of new know-
ledge, we decided that in future we would add to the numbers recorded the form
of each capture.

Fig. 1 is a histogram of our annual catches from 1968 to last year. At once it is
evident that the numbers fluctuate widely as stated in Bradley, Tremewan and
Smith (1973). Our experience however does not agree with their further state-
ment that the moth is often common after a wet summer and autumn. The two
dry hot years, 1970 and 1976, stand out. Moreover Manley made a record catch
of some three thousand in that long fine summer and autumn of 1947. I suggest
that the most important factor is the weather in the larval feeding time, April to
July. All our figures show that cold wet weather then is fatal for many larvae and
one has only to look at the years with poor results to realise that they fit my
proposition. They were all bad years as regards the weather, and collectors of
other insects will remember them as poor seasons.

To Sheldon, just over half a century ago, the New Forest, Folkestone and
Epping Forest were where one caught cristana although he added that he had
recently found a few in Surrey. Twenty years later Manley and Ford were proving

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

that Sussex and Surrey were remarkably good places for the moth and that rare
forms were to be found north of the Thames. What of today? I have never been
able to find one cristana in the New Forest. Folkestone has yielded very few with
a complete blank in August 1976 when there was a spate of the moth elsewhere.
Alan, following his removal to Essex in 1968, located the Epping population
which was still going strong.

2800

2400

2000

1600

1200

800

400

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 year
526 680 1971 1171 110 402 135 429 2600 236 890 444 210 caught
144 1044 940 0 950 110 832 763 255 487 1106 bred

Fig 1. Histogram of annual captures of Acleris cristana. Spots are totals bred.

The moth is widespread for we have taken it in seventy-four different places.
Most of these are in Essex, Huntingdon (now Cambridge), Surrey and Sussex, but
Berkshire, Cornwall, Dorset and Hampshire are represented (N.B. This is not the
insect’s full range). Many of such places are too small to be worth return visits,
while many have been destroyed even in our short experience. Blackthorn is being
rooted out by farmers, foresters and river board workers at an accelerating pace,
the heaviest loss being in Manley’s old stamping grounds. The only reasonably
safe places are commons. Even such areas may be tidied up for the benefit of the
public but to the detriment of Acleris cristana.

In the autumn of 1969 I decided to try to breed the moth. I knew that
Sheldon had bred only the three common forms that he had used as parents. In
the hope that cross pairings of moths from different areas might produce some-
thing more interesting, thirty-one cristana of eleven forms from Huntingdon,
Surrey and Sussex were sleeved on blackthorn in a large pot and placed in the
shade of an old pigsty wall late in October. Great pleasure was obtained from
visiting the sleeve wifh a torch after dark throughout the winter. One precon-
ceived notion that the moths would settle down into a quiet hibernation had to
be abandoned, for different forms were visible on each visit. They were constantly
on the move except when there was a frost; one was seen to shift its position
when there was snow on the ground on the 14th February. Five days later the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 71

first pairing was seen. In subsequent years pairing, which takes place more than
once, went on from early February to April.

On the 20th April we cleared the sleeve, finding twenty-two moths alive.
Fearing that the hatching larvae would possibly find nothing to eat, we removed
the ova by cutting up the twigs, placing some in sleeves on our hedges while the
rest were kept indoors. By the 8th May larvae in their second instar could be seen
in the containers. We had better results from these than from those we had
sleeved.

This small breeding trial gave good results with thirty forms. Of these, eight
were of the parental kinds while twenty-two were different. Moreover there were
rare forms among them, namely xanthovittana Desv., fulvopunctana Sheld. and
attaliana Clark.

In the autumn of 1970 we were able to put together four sleeves, this time
sexing the moths and using males from one county with females of another.
Common forms were excluded. So good were the results that this has been our
practice as far as possible ever since. Details of each year’s efforts are not needed;
they would take too long and be boring. However, some salient points may be
mentioned. We had no stock from 1972 with a breeding blank the following year.
In 1975 Alan bred one hundred and ten from a few Essex and Huntingdon moths
he had scraped together in another useless season, that of 1974. As eight of these
turned out to be the rare form promerlana Manley, he tried again with common
forms caught in 1977, nothing else being available, but a point I want to make
was emphasized, for not one good form was bred.

The data in tables 1 and 2 illustrate how one can breed large numbers of rare
forms while at the same time the commoners are reduced in proportion. Table 1,
about the rarities, could be extended, the examples chosen being the most
extreme. Table 2 gives the commonest forms from our records of nine thousand
caught and going on for seven thousand bred.

TABLE 1 The benefits of breeding A. cristana

The numbers of some rare forms (1) caught by us, (2) bred by us,
(3) in the BMNH Collection, (4) in the Manley Collection.

caught bred BMNH Manley
protolana 0 27 0 2
ruficristana 0 25 0 1
ruthana 0 8 5 0
clarkiana 0 92 15 1
subclarkiana 1 Si 6 0
nigrocapucina 1 67 9 10
subtolana 1 17 2 1
subgumpinana 1 $2 4 6
meyrickiana 1 17 6 0
masoniana 5 fe 19 U

I shall turn to our procedure each year. Desirable forms may be caught early
in the season and as the moths will not live for more than about a fortnight in the
refrigerator we set up county sleeves from which the breeding sleeves are made up
later. The 1976 season gave us the chance to have five sleeves of choice forms.
The autumn following the drought was very wet. We lost half our stock, the
moths in the sleeves which were shut in by the others being the ones that perished.
I am sure that they like a sheltered situation, but more air is needed in those sort

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

of conditions. The extra humidity of that winter may have been one cause of the
sudden decline in numbers in the wild. Our survival rate is usually high, sometimes
one hundred per cent. I seldom feed the moths before the new year and have
never detected one imbibing, though they must do so. .

Collecting the eggs takes a day or more depending on the number of sleeves.
We usually go through them for the first time in late March nowadays, with one
or two more collections later, the moths being put back with fresh twigs each
time. Although they live till mid-May they cease to lay earlier.

The twigs with the ova are cut up and put in sandwich boxes with fresh bits
of blackthorn on top. This is the only difficult time, but the larvae are active,
moving readily to added food. Moreover they will stand a fair amount of squalor
in their boxes which is fortunate as moving and counting them is time-consuming
and they are often kept waiting. Last spring we took out over one thousand, six
hundred ova from which were obtained over eleven hundred moths. Once the
larvae are large enough to be counted there are few losses.

TABLE 2 The commonest forms 1968-1980

Totals caught bred
nigrana 1476 400
striana 1103 slig/al
spadiceana 811 263
semiustana HS 107
subunicolorana 699 108
brunneana 585 214
cristalana 510 50
subcristalana 472 79

Pupation takes place in leaves neatly folded or in the tissue. I find that the
pupae can be felt more easily than seen. They are all extracted from their cocoons,
placed on peat and sprayed twice or thrice a day. In these artificial surroundings
they emerge in three weeks. Very rarely are there exceptions to this. It follows
that our moths are out early, the whole lot frequently before those in the wild
have begun to emerge. However, Alan had one part of the 1979 set which appeared
in late July and he kept these over the next winter. The results from these in 1980
were no more remarkable than from many of our normal efforts.

Our breeding stock for 1981 is a joke; six cristana with no potential. We must
await patiently the year when we are able to collect together the right combina-
tion to produce something we have never seen, the four rare forms with the semi-
ustana background.

THE DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW FORMS

I have given names to show, where possible, the relationship with existing
forms. In some cases the obvious name had already been used making an alterna-
tive necessary. In two I have been pleased to perpetuate the tradition of using the
names of collectors who have been closely associated with the moth.

The descriptions are in the order of the illustrations. I have tried to show
where these forms fit into Manley’s key, giving the group number (or a new one if
needed) and the place in the group.

1. f. palistriana f. nov.

This is similar to f. striana Haworth, except for the buttons which are a fawn
colour instead of black or very dark brown. The holotype was taken at Kirdford,
Sussex on 21.viii.1976.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 73

Follows nigroinsulana Manley in the key, needing a new group 2b as having
the same background as the three preceding forms but a different button.

2. f. proinsulana f. nov.

This is exactly like f. insulana Curtis but is without the buttons. The holotype
was bred in 1980 from an Essex and Huntingdon cross.

Should follow f. subxanthovittana f. nov. at the end of la.

3. f. obscurana f. nov.

Has the brown ground colour mottled with darker as f. profunana Fabricius
but is without the buttons; it is distinct from the plain background of f. uni-
colorana Desvignes. The holotype and twelve paratypes were bred in 1972 from
crosses between moths from Essex and Huntingdon, also Surrey and Sussex.

Follows f. provittana Desvignes in a new group 3b: ground colour as 3a, but
no buttons.

4. f. nigrosubcristalana f. nov.

The ground colour is dark brown, the buttons black. This is a melanic version
of subcristalana Curtis in the same way that f. nigrocristalana Manley is a melanic
f. cristalana Donovan. The holotype was caught in Monks Wood on 22.viii.1971
and there are nine paratypes bred in 1974 from a Huntingdon-Surrey cross.

6b, described as having the same colour as 6a but without the white V.

5. f. fordana f. nov.

As f. vittana Stephens but without the buttons. The holotype was taken at
Itchingwood (Surrey) ix.1943 by L.T. Ford and is in the British Museum (Natural
History) collection.

In group 9a following f. prochantana Clark.

6. f. inornana f. nov.

This is a pale example of f. spadiceana Haworth but without any trace of the
striated vitta which is always present in greater or lesser degree in that form. The
holotype was caught at Loughton, Essex on 14.ix.1980.

In group 9b, before spadiceana.

7. f. subochreanigrana f. nov.

Exactly like f. ochreanigrana Manley but with a sub-vitta instead of one run-
ning the length of the dorsum. The holotype and one paratype were bred in 1979
from Essex moths crossed with some from Surrey and Sussex.

Before ochreanigrana in 10b.

8. f. fulvopurdeyana f. nov.

This is f. purdeyana Webb but it has a pale cream vitta instead of white. The
holotype was bred in 1972 from a Huntingdon-Sussex cross.

In group 23b after purdeyana.

9. f. prosubchantana f. nov.

As f. subchantana Clark but there are only traces of scales instead of the
buttons. The holotype was caught at Epsom, Surrey on 4.x.1975.

This comes in 9a between f. vaughaniana Webb and f. prochantana Clark.

10. f. manleyana f. nov.

A form like f. satana Manley but having a full white vitta instead of the sub-
vitta of that form. The holotype and five paratypes were bred in 1977 from a
Surrey and Sussex cross.

I cannot agree that f. attaliana Clark should be in the same group as satana.
The new form should be placed in this, 14c.

11. f. dualana f. nov.
The area above a line drawn from the base through the disc to the apex of the
forewings is blackish-purple while the lower part is a rich mahogany colour. There

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

are no buttons. The holotype and one paratype were bred in 1980 from a cross
between moths from Huntingdon with some from Essex and Surrey.
This form fits nowhere in the Manley key.

12. f. subxanthovittana f. nov. :

This form shows a combination of vitta markings not seen by us before. It isa
f. xanthovittana Desvignes with a white sub-vitta superimposed on the yellow
vitta. The fact that it was caught in Surrey from where xanthovittana has never
been recorded is interesting. The holotype is from Epsom 9.viii.1976.

Follows xanthovittana in group 1a.

13. f. ochreafulvana f. nov.

Here is f. fulvana Sheldon with, additionally, a yellow vitta. The holotype is
labelled New Forest 28.x.38 W. Fassnidge, and there is a paratype, New Forest
ix.1891 S. Webb. Both are in the BM(NH) collection.

This follows f. albofulvana Manley in group 16a.

14. f. nigrofulvana f. nov.
These are melanic forms of f. fulvana Sheldon, or they could be regarded as
f. sericana Hubner without the buttons. The holotype and two paratypes were
bred in 1976 from Huntingdon moths crossed with ones from Surrey and Sussex.
This and the following form need a group setting up between 17 and 18.

15. f. alisana f. nov.

A melanic form of f. albofulvana Manley with the forewing ground colour
black rather than brown exactly as in the last one. The holotype and six paratypes
were bred in 1976 from a Huntingdon-Surrey cross; one from a Surrey-Sussex
cross; three from a Huntingdon-Sussex cross; and three bred in 1977 from a
Surrey-Sussex cross.

The following three forms are the completion of the f. sericana Hubner group
and they would come after f. flammeana Webb in 17. The first one, with the sub-
vitta is the specimen mentioned by Manley as being very dark and similar to
sericana, but he did not name it. In view of the appearance of the others this
seems the right time to do so.

16. f. nigrocapitana f. nov.
This is the melanic form of f. albicapitana Sheldon. The holotype is in the
BM(NH) collection: Kirdford, Sussex 13.ix.1937 W. Rait-Smith.

17. f. albosericana f. nov.

Here we have the melanic form of f. albovittana Stephens. The holotype and
one paratype were bred in 1972 from a Surrey and Sussex cross; six paratypes
bred in 1971 from Huntingdon moths crossed with Surrey and Sussex ones; two
paratypes bred in 1976 from a Surrey and Sussex cross.

18. f. fulvosericana f. nov.
This is the melanic version of f. fulvocristana Stephens. The holotype and six
paratypes were bred in 1972 from a Surrey and Sussex cross.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the following for making this paper possible:— The National
Trust through Mr. H.W. Mackworth-Praed and the Nature Conservancy for per-
missions to collect; The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) for
allowing me full access to the collections; Lt Col. W.B.L. Manley for his interest
and encouragement; Mr D.C. Carter for photographic work; Mr R. Dyke for the
beautiful paintings of the new forms.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 vie)

REFERENCES

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan W.G., Smith, A., 1973, British Tortricoid Moths,
Cochylidae and Tortricinae: 204-206.

Ford, L.T., 1930. Notes on some broods of polymorphic Lepidoptera. Ento-
mologist 63: 258.

Fryer, J.C. F., 1929. A brood of Peronea cristana. Entomologist 62: 139.

Manley, W.B.L., 1973. A guide to A. cristana (D. & S.), Entomologist’s Gaz. 24:
89.

Sheldon, W.G., 1917-18. Peronea cristana: its life history, habits of the imago,
distribution of the various named forms, and some speculation as to the
present trend of its variation. Entomologist 50: 217-222; 245-250; 268-273.
§1: 10-14.

Whittingham, A.G., 1931. Peronea cristana breeding experiments. Entomologist
64: 237-239.

— 1934. Further notes on Peronea cristana. Entomologist 64: 90-91.

CORRESPONDENCE

Entomological conservation of Ministry of Defence land

As a direct result of the Report of the Defence Lands Committee 1971-73,
chaired by Lord Nugent, the Ministry of Defence appointed a Conservation
Officer, Lieut. Colonel C. N. Clayden, in 1975. During the first four years of
office he has been instrumental in the setting up of nearly 150 local conservation
groups on M.O.D. property ranging from Culdrose in Cornwall to Benbecula in
the Outer Hebrides, from Lydd in Kent to Castlemartin in Dyfed. One of the
objectives of these groups is to identify sites and habitats of special natural
history interest on these areas so that they may be preserved, provided that this
can be achieved without detriment to the primarily important military function
of the area. Clearly before this can be accomplished, the Conservation Officer and
the Conservation Group need to know which species of animals and plants occur
on the area. As M.O.D. Adviser in Entomology it is one of my responsibilities to
assist in collecting specimens and records of insects on M.O.D. land. I am only too
well aware that to do this work properly could occupy a battalion of entomolo-
gists for at least a hundred years! We desperately need all the help we can get,
from both amateur and professional entomologists, first of all in collecting
specimens, and perhaps more important in identifying them to species. In return
we can offer the opportunity to spend pleasant days collecting in some of the
most attractive parts of the country which under normal circumstances are rarely
visited by members of the public. It may also be possible to become a specialist
member of the local M.O.D. conservation group. If any of your Members are
willing to help in this venture by collecting and/or identifying specimens, I should
be most grateful if they would contact me at the address above. They may have a
particular entomological interest in an area of M.O.D. land near where they live,
but I would ask you to remind them that for their own safety they must obtain,
through me at the address above, the agreement of the Commanding Officer of
the site in question and the M.O.D. Conservation Officer before visiting the area.
Your help and that of your Members would be very much appreciated.

N.R.H. Burgess, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.,M.I.Biol., Royal Army Medical College,
Millbank, London, SW1.

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

OBSERVATIONS ON THE SCARCE SWALLOWTAIL
IPHICLIDES PODALIRIUS (L.) (LEP: PAPILIONIDAE)

by JOHN FELTWELL
Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN.

The Scarce Swallowtail ([phiclides podalirius (L.)) is the most common of the
four papilionids present in the Cévennes mountains of France (Feltwell, 1981)
and as such makes excellent living material to study. It has a widespread distri-
bution in the south of France but is not now represented in Britain; there being
some doubtful evidence of it being here in the early eighteenth century (Ford,
1945). It is a very occasional vagrant to Britain and it has been said that it could
possibly survive in the south of Britain (Bretherton in Dennis, 1977). It has been
estimated that podalirius is about 50 times more common than its relative the
Swallowtail (Papilio machaon L.) in France (Feltwell & Burton, 1981) and it is
certainly a misnomer of its English name to call podalirius ‘Scarce’. When in the
Cévennes the English names of these two butterflies should be reversed.

Details are given here of observations on habitats, nectar sources, floret feed-
ing, resting, daily flight period, roosting site, territorial behaviour, age and predator
protection studied over the last few years on several visits to the Cévennes.

HABITATS

The Scarce Swallowtail is found in many situations from market places, back
gardens, on wild limestone causses and in the perpetual green and thorny garrigue
in the lowland as well as in the mountains wherever there is an abundance of wild
flowers, water and Sloe (Prunus spinosa L.). Higgins and Riley state that it is
found up to 6000 feet (1829 m).

Reinhold’s (1977) study of J. podalirius in one of its few German localities
(Radebeul slopes in D.D.R.) states that the habitat consisted of Sloe, Midland
Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacanthoides Thuill.), Wild Rose (Rosa sp.), Bramble
(Rubus sp.), Broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.)) and another Prunus species.

Sloe grows very readily in the Cévennes on both limestone, micaschist and
alluvial deposits. In places where there is a lot of grazing the sloe bushes assume a
very prostrate position and rarely reach above 50 cm from the ground.

The association of podalirius with man is worth stressing as the butterfly often
appears to be more abundant around villages and hamlets than in the countryside.
This is because the butterfly is reputed to lay its eggs on cultivated fruit trees.
Apple (Malus sp.), Cherry (Prunus sp.) Peach (Prunus persica (D.) Batsch) and
Olive (Olea europaea L.) are principally grown in the Cévennes. The hamlet
habitat is a much more open type of habitat. than the countryside and the butter-
fly can be seen readily patrolling the areas between houses, trees and other easily
identified landmarks in the human environment. Where grazing is absent in the
hamlet habitat the wild sloe bushes then grow up to a considerable size.

NECTAR SOURCES

If podalirius is studied over a considerable time it will become clear that it
imbibes nectar from a variety of wild flowers but it has a particular penchant for
Lesser Calamint, on which, if it is present, it will be found almost exclusively. The
first four species in the following list have been listed in decreasing order of
frequency of visiting as far as can be ascertained.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 1 |

Specific name English name Colour of flower
1. Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi Lesser Calamint White-lilac

2. Origanum vulgare L. Marjoram Rose-purple

3. Onopordum acanthium L. Cotton Thistle Reddish

4. Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. Field Scabious Pink

Occasionally visited (not in order of visiting)

Clinopodium vulgare L. Wild Basil Rose-purple
Echium lycopsis L. Purple Viper’s Bugloss Red-purple
Echium vulgare L. Viper’s Bugloss Blue
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse-mint Lilac

Attracted to the flowers of, but refused at close quarters

Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot White
Convolvulus althaeoides L. Mallow-leaved Bindweed Pink

In the spring podalirius can be seen visiting the blossoms of Cherry and in
gardens it will also visit yellow asters and blue petunias. As flowering plants yield
nectar at different temperatures and at different times of development of the
flower, this probably influences the selection of the nectar-source as in honey-
bees. Colour preference may exist in the imago and change with age as in the
Large White butterfly (Pieris brassicae (L.)) but this was not tested here. It is
noticeable from the list of flowers visited that podalirius visits particularly those
coloured pinkish to purple. White to lilac, in the form of Calamint, is preferred
even when there is a choice, whilst bright red and yellow are conspicuously
absent.

FEEDING

Several individuals were followed for as long as possible and notes taken of
their behaviour. Termination usually occurred when the insects flew off suddenly
or were involved in forays with other adjacent podalirius when it was difficult to
keep track of the original butterfly. The choice of a podalirius with a broken ‘tail’
was often a useful ploy.

The longest time one butterfly was followed whilst feeding was 64 minutes
during which time the fresh female only moved around in an area about 10 m?
feeding exclusively on Lesser Calamint. During this time it imbibed nectar from
684 florets on 223 separate flower spikes and only rested (apparently doing
nothing) for 2 minutes, i.e. 3.2% of the time.

When feeding the butterflies always work up the flower spike from the bottom
‘and then fly on to another spike. Characteristically there is a very obvious pump-
ing action of the head and proboscis whilst feeding as if the insect is having diffi-
culty getting its proboscis down the tubular floret. The movement is independent
of the body which is held still while the butterfly vibrates the wings. The legs only
touch the spike very delicately during feeding while the wings keep the insect
partially airborne.

RESTING

Some of the podalirius followed will spend as much as 50% of the time resting
on trees such as Olive and Lime (Tilia sp.) while others will settle on large stands
of wild oats which provide vantage points over the surrounding vegetation. After
following numerous butterflies one is left with the impression that rest is a
physiological necessity; the butterflies may have to wait while their bodies

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

metabolise the recently-imbibed sugary nectar into flight energy. There are
periods in the day, particularly afternoons, when there appears to be more resting
than flying activity as the next section demonstrates.

DAILY FLIGHT PERIOD

I. podalirius appeared to be on the wing most between 11.00 h and 14.00h
when the temperature ranged from 3142°C (Table 1). The maximum number of
butterflies seen at any one time on these occasions was 12 over the one hectare
area scanned, but it was the casual observation of 19 on two successive days when
the temperature was over 49°C that drew attention to the necessity for hourly
counts. The table shows that there is a noticeable drop off after 14.00 h although
the temperature stayed fairly high, e.g. above 32-36°C from 12.00 h to 17.00h
on the 20th August, or when the temperature went higher as on the 22nd.

TABLEI Numbers of J. podalirius seen in August over a one hectare area of
hamlet habitat at hourly intervals throughout the day, compared with hourly
temperatures.

DATE “TIME ‘hrs (09% “1O™ Ti) 22" C13" 14 1S 6 7 es eee

16th Temp.°C 21.5 26.5 33 33.5 40
Nos. 0 1 4 10 6

19th Temp: °C "21° "29" Sit 32" 932 27 2615925257255
Nos. 0 0 9 12 4 3 3 1 1

20th Temp. C. 023.5 25. 31); 35 35.5135 32.936) 9@20:a0sraeeo eee
Nos. 0 0 1 4 6 2 3 3 2 1 1 0

21st. Temp. °C LS (927 (33'S*3575 935. 36-55 42, 42
Nos. 0 0 2 0 3 3 4 4

°

22nd Temp. C 22 30 32 41 41.5 41.5 41.5
Nos. 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

Information on fall-off of butterfly populations can be obtained from inspec-
tion of hourly counts over a series of days. If the sum of the numbers of butter-
flies seen between 11.00 h and 13.00 h inclusive is compared over the five days
the figures show a decline, viz. 24, 15, 11,5, 2. It was clear from the 22nd August
that the number of individuals was dropping off.

ROOSTING SITE

Following publication of Garton and Rothschild’s (1977) paper on the roosting
sites of four species of swallowtail in Florida, I was curious to know and compare
what happened to J. podalirius. Imagines of podalirius were followed towards
sunset and visited in the early morning during August 1979 and 1980.

The only plant that podalirius was ever found on or followed to was Olive and
the butterflies always chose the top of the tree or the tip of a lateral branch close
to the top. On most occasions their wings, when spread, faced west and they
typically opened their wings to benefit from the last rays of the sun. This is
similar to Papilio cresphontes Cramer. Only one I. podalirius wasever seen roost-
ing on the east side of the trees.

Roosting with wings to the west puts the butterfly at a disadvantage when the
sun rises in the east and some degree of movement does take place so as to align
the wings sideways onto the early morning sun, but not always. Garton and

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 79

Rothschild mention that Papilio palamedes Drury extends its wings in the direction
of the early sun.

One butterfly went to the top branch of an olive tree at 19.10 h on the west
side, remained motionless with wings opened for 14 minutes, then closed them
suddenly. In the morning at 07.00 h it was still there but now aligned north-south.
The sun’s rays caught the undersides of the wings side-on at 08.10 h and the
butterfly stayed motionless until 08.28 h when it aligned itself east-west and then
over a period of four minutes slowly opened its wings until at right angles to the
sun. It moved off suddenly at 08.55 h giving a roosting time of almost 14 hours.
Bumble bees, dragonflies and syrphids had been up since before 08.00 hours.

Another individual which was aligned to the west opened its wings at 09.30 h
when the temperature had reached 24°C, at 09.40h it moved its legs and at
09.41 h it flew off, the temperature having risen dramatically to 33°C.

Another individual opened its wings at 09.45 h and turned slightly when the
temperature was 29.5°C. At 09.52 h its antennae moved and at 10.00 h it flew off
at 36°C;

The butterflies obviously wait for the sunshine to strike them before flying off
and this may be two hours later in the morning if they have gone to rest on the
west side of a mountain, than on the east side.

TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR

It is clear that /. podalirius patrols particular patches of land in the same way
that the Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui (L.)) or the Speckled Wood (Pararge
aegeria (L.)) come back to the same places. No quantitative evidence has been
accumulated on this yet, but many hours of observation have been made looking
down from a first floor terrace onto areas where many podalirius patrol.

Certain points are clear though. The patrolling is almost invariably done singly
and for long periods up and down the sides of buildings (in the hamlet habitat)
pausing occasionally to rest on prominent heads of Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) or
adjacent bushes. A ‘long period’ might mean a whole day and one would be
conscious of the same butterfly patrolling the same beat all day long. An essential
component of the patrolling is a gliding phase when the butterfly will make
perhaps one flap at each end of 10 m path. If another podalirius enters this arena
great chases ensue, when it is virtually impossible to see what is going on, especially
when groups of four or five podalirius go careering around buildings, trees and
bushes.

AGE

Two methods of marking were tried; first with numbered self-adhesive fluor-
escent pink spots (sold by Rymans). Altogether 68 specimens were marked and
the longest return was 12-27th August or 15 days. Numbers could be read off the
butterflies while they were feeding without catching them.

The second method was using car spray (Renault-red), which, with prior
practice on leaves could be aimed correctly with a light spray onto particular
wings and surfaces. This method does have the advantage that the insect does not
have to be caught and handled and the insects can be easily detected at long
range. If used very delicately this technique is invaluable as the spray dries within
seconds on the wing. The red-sprayed butterflies seemed at no disadvantage
mixing amongst their own population.

PREDATOR PROTECTION

Any observation on J. podalirius would not be complete without mention of
its ‘tails’ and its appearance of flying backwards.

80 PROC, TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

I. podalirius is the largest and most obvious butterfly around houses in the
Cévennes and is frequently seen by people who naturally comment about it. It is
a curious point that people will invariably exclaim that the butterfly is quite
extraordinary as it appears to be flying backwards. The reason is that the large
‘tails’ look like antennae and point backwards while the butterfly itself flies in the
other direction. This deception is especially evident when the butterfly is gliding.

Is there any significance in this observation that man is deceived of the proper
end for the head? Is it possible that bird and reptile predators are similarly
deceived? If so then there may be a case for this system evolving as a unique
predator-protection strategy and would provide an explanation of the swallowtail’s
‘tails’. Not only are the ‘tails’ mimicking the antennae but the dark termen spot
on the inner margin of the hindwing may be mimicking the head and compound
eyes (see fig. 1). This explanation is offered merely as an attempt to resolve the
recurring observations that the butterflies are flying backwards. Any comments
and observations would be welcomed.

SUMMARY

Studies on J. podalirius in the Cévennes have shown that feeding imagines
prefer the flowers of Lesser Calamint (Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi) when this is
available. Other nectar sources are given. The imagines can be very active feeders
and one was recorded to insert its proboscis into over 650 florets on over 200
flower spikes during one hour. Observation has also shown that there appears to
be a peak of flight activity at about midday. Hourly counts over a defined area
over several days also give information on the fall-off of overall butterfly popu-
lations. Roosting of imagines in Olive trees is described. Information from marking
experiments shows that imagines can live for up to 15 days. Details of territorial
behaviour are given and the significance of the tails in predator-prey relationships
is discussed.

Fig 1 J. podalirius feeding on Flat-Topped Carline Thistle (Carlina corymbosa).
Note how the antennae and ‘tails’ are aligned in opposite directions, and
how the dark spot on the inner margin (termen) apparently emphasises
the head and compound eyes.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 81

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Geoff Burton of Minster, Isle of Sheppey for comments
on this manuscript and for useful discussions on J. podalirius.

REFERENCES

Dennis, R.L.H., 1977. The British Butterflies, Their Origin and Establishment.
E.W. Classey, Ltd., Faringdon, Oxon, 318 pp.

Feltwell, J.S.E., 1981. Le Flambé (/phiclides podalirius). Rev. Parc Nat. Cévennes
(in press).

Feltwell, J.S.E. & Burton, G. 1981. Observations on some butterflies in the
Cévennes, Easter 1981. Ent. Rec. J. Var. (in press).

Ford, E.B., 1945. Butterflies. Collins, London. 368 pp.

Garton, K. & Rothschild, M., 1978. How swallowtail butterflies pass the night.
Proc. brit. ent. Nat. hist. Soc. 11(3-4): 102-106.

Higgins, L.G. & Riley, N.D. 1975. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and
Europe. Collins, London. 381 pp.

Reinhold, B., 1977. Iphiclides podalirius L. in 2 Generation an den Radebeuler
Elbhangen (Lep.). Ent. Nachr. 21(9): 134-136.

BOOK REVIEWS

Rearing and Studying the Praying Mantids by G.L. Heath. Amateur Entomolo-
gists’ Society Leaflet no. 36, 1980. 15 pp. incl. 4 pp. half-tones. £1.50.

This is a readable account of the author’s methods of rearing mantids in
Britain, if not exactly in captivity. The lax attitude to escape may be harmless in
a largely tropical group of predatory insects, but it should certainly not be com-
mended in print to people who will probably give equally little thought to rearing
far less innocuous pets.

The information could have been presented more concisely, which would have
left space for such absent items as a list of further reading. There is nothing to
justify “‘studying” in the title.

The editor does not understand the proper use of the term “plate”, and the
gaff on page 5 could surely not have occurred had a proof-reader been used.

Ue

Provisional Atlas of the Arachnida of the British Isles, Part 1 Pseudoscorpiones.
Edited by Philip F. Jones. Biological Records Centre, 1980. Introduction 3 pp,
26 distribution maps. £2.00

Pseudoscorpions are attractive creatures but as they are all small, rarely
exceeding 5 mm in length and have little, if any, economic significance, they have
not been much studied. Philip Jones is to be congratulated on gathering together
so much information, even though, as he points out, the maps are apt to give the
distribution of the collectors rather than the pseudoscorpions.

In some of the maps a slight blotchiness in the Orkney and Shetland Isles
could cause confusion. However, a glance at Map 1 (records received) makes it
clear that no pseudoscorpion records whatever have been received from those
islands. It is a good idea to read the errata slip and note that the captions for maps
3 and 5 have been transposed. Otherwise the maps are clear and well printed. The
habitat notes are helpful and concise.

The introduction summarises the present position and the past history of the
study of pseudoscorpions in Britain (with a useful list of references) and offers
help to any adventurous naturalist wishing to take up the subject. It is clear from
the Atlas that this is absolutely the right time to do so. F.M. Murphy

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

A FORMER NORTHAMPTONSHIRE LOCALITY FOR THE
CHEQUERED SKIPPER BUTTERFLY,
CARTEROCEPHALUS PALAEMON (PALLAS)

by T.S. ROBERTSON
(43 Locks Ride, Ascot, Berks., SL5 8DQ)

INTRODUCTION

From having formerly had a widespread distribution in a diagonal belt of
country lying in a south-west to north-east direction across southern England, the
Chequered Skipper butterfly, Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas), retreated in a
north-easterly direction, and apparently became extinct in England in about the
mid-nineteen-seventies (Goodden, 1978; Ratcliffe, 1979; Robertson, 1981). It
survives in Scotland. During about the same period as C. palaemon retreated
north-eastwards, the Large Blue butterfly, Maculinea arion (Linnaeus), which had
shared a somewhat similar distribution, retreated south-westwards to become
extinct at about the same time (Ratcliffe, 1979; Thomas, 1980; Robertson,
1981).

The reasons for the decline of the Large Blue have been well documented
(Thomas, 1980) but those for the decline of the Chequered Skipper remain
unknown, although it has been suggested that climatic changes and the cessation
of coppice management of its woodland habitats may have contributed (Robert-
son, 1981).

A group of woods near Desborough, Northamptonshire, was the last remnant
of Rockingham Forest (the former stronghold of C. palaemon in England) to be
actively coppiced (Peterken and Harding, 1974), and C. palaemon was plentiful
in this entomologically comparatively little-known habitat in the nineteen-fifties
and early nineteen-sixties. For this reason, a brief account of the entomology of
the woods and surrounding area has been prepared, in the hope that it may be of
value in identifying suitable habitats from indicator species, if C. palaemon should
be rediscovered or reintroduced.

THE NATURE AND LOCATION OF THE GROUP OF WOODS
NEAR DESBOROUGH

The complex of woods, as shown in Fig. 1, lies in an area of about 1% miles
square to the north of Desborough and about 3 miles to the east of the boundary
of Northamptonshire with Leicestershire near Market Harborough. It marks
almost the extreme edge of Rockingham Forest (which is a collection of woods
and not a continuous tract), abutting to the north-west on the Leicestershire
landscape of mainly grazing land with scattered fox coverts, and leading to the
north-east towards the predominantly limestone habitats of Rutland, Northamp-
tonshire and Lincolnshire which are (or were) the haunts of such chalk-loving
species as the Chalk-hill Blue (Lysandra coridon (Poda)), the Brown Argus (Aricia
agestis (Denis and Schiffermiiller)), the Orange-Tailed Clearwing moth (Conopia
anthraciniformis (Esper)) and the Bloody-Nosed beetle (Timarcha tenebricosa
(Fabricius)).

The group comprises Brampton Wood (now cleared and replanted with
conifers, and not to be confused with a well-known wood of the same name in
Huntingdonshire) and the contiguous Stoke Wood, and (a few hundred yards
away to the east) Bowd Lane Wood and Walter Wood. The latter three woods
were managed as oak standards with hazel coppice at least until the late nineteen-
sixties, and along with woods still further to the east (Pipewell Wood, Monks

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 83

Arbour Wood and Carlton Purlieus) led to the better known distribution area of
C. palaemon.

Brampton Wood apparently represented the limit of the range of C. palaemon
in the nineteen-fifties, as the butterfly was undetected in Hermitage Wood (about
400 yards to the west and apparently suitable as a habitat) nor at Waterloo Covert
(now eradicated and converted to farmland), Dingley Wood or Dingley Warren,
which abuts against the Leicestershire border. A stray specimen (now in the
Leicestershire Museums) was taken by the late H. A. Buckler on railway land at
Marefield in Leicestershire in about 1941 (personal communication).

To the south and east of the group of woods under discussion there lay an
extensive area of several square miles of long-abandoned ironstone workings,
which formed a veritable nature reserve for many interesting plants, insects and
birds, but this area was levelled and reclaimed as agricultural land in the nineteen-
fifties, much to the detriment of wildlife in the area.

THE BOTANICAL NATURE OF THE WOODLANDS

The botany of Rockingham Forest has been described and discussed by
Peterken (1974, 1976) and Peterken and Harding (1974, 1975). All the woods
referred to in the present study have been wooded since mediaeval times, and
some have long been regarded as important for nature conservation. Peterken
(1974) listed indicator species of plants for primary woodland, and many of these
were present in the Desborough woods.

Brampton Wood had been cleared in the nineteen-forties, and by the nineteen-
fifties (when it was largely unmanaged) had regenerated with a low-grade mixture
of oak, hazel, ash and conifers, with ancient sallows in a damp hollow at its
remote northern end (a possible potential breeding site for the Purple Emperor
butterfly (Apatura iris (Linnaeus)). It was cleared in sections and planted with
conifers in the nineteen-fifties and nineteen-sixties. Before it was cleared, the
ground flora in spring included abundant spreads of violet (Viola spp.), wood
anemone (Anemone nemorosa), dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis), bluebell
(Endymion nonscriptus) and some primrose (Primula vulgaris). The rides were
bordered with clumps of bush vetch (Vicia sepium) and carried patches of bugle
(Ajuga reptans). In summer, characteristic flowers of entomological interest
included honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum), hogweed (Heracleum sphon-
dylium) and bramble (Rubus).

The coppiced woods (Stoke, Bowd Lane and Walter) tended to have a suc-
cession that followed the coppice programme, similar in floral composition to
that of the rides of Brampton Wood, but with large areas of primrose, violet and
wild strawberry (fragaria vesca) in newly coppiced sections, dense honeysuckle in
some older sections, and a sparse ground cover in the oldest coppice growth. The
tides were kept more clear of encroaching scrub than in the unmanaged Brampton
Wood.

SOME CHARACTERISTIC INSECTS OF THE WOODS AND
ADJACENT COUNTRY

In the nineteen-fifties, the area generally had received little attention from
entomologists, who tended to go to the better-known localities. Nevertheless, it
was rich in the more conspicuous Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The cardinal
beetle Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scopoli) was plentiful in woods throughout the
area. The rare longhorn beetle Agapanthia villosoviridescens (De Geer) occurred
freely (mainly on the stems of hogweed) in the woods and at roadsides; and the
commoner longhorns Grammoptera ruficornis (Fabricius), Rhagium bifasciatum
(Fabricius), Stenocorus meridianus (Linnaeus) and Strangalia maculata (Poda)
flew actively by day, visiting flowers of hogweed, wild rose and hawthorn in their

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

appropriate seasons. Waterloo Covert harboured the spruce longhorn (Molorchus
minor (Linnaeus)), the musk beetle (Aromia moschata (Linnaeus)) and the
weevil Cryptorhynchus lapathi (Linnaeus), the latter two species tunnelling as
larvae in the old willows growing in this rather damp woodland. The wasp beetle
(Clytus arietis (Linnaeus)), a longhorn beetle that mimics a wasp in its behaviour
and appearance, was plentiful in the area. The commonest hedgerow tree is ash,
and a rare bizarre beetle often found on the fungus Daldinia concentrica on dead
ash trees in sunny weather was Platyrhinus resinosus (Scopoli). It bears a strong
protective resemblance to a piece of dead twig.

In addition to all the usual common woodland butterflies, thie White Admiral
(Ladoga camilla (Linnaeus)) was common in Brampton Wood, being seen
occasionally feeding at dead rabbit carcases on the ground. The Silver-Washed
Fritillary (Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus)) was seen infrequently in Brampton Wood,
and the Pearl-Bordered Fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus)) was plentiful,
especially in Stoke Wood. The Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus))
was seen once in Stoke Wood, as was the Green Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi
(Linnaeus)). The Black Hairstreak (Strymonidia pruni (Linnaeus)) was seen at
Dingley Warren on several occasions. and the immigrant Humming-Bird Hawk-
moth (Macroglossum stellatarum (Linnaeus)) was seen at the same locality on one
occasion.

Dragonflies seen in Brampton Wood included Libellula depressa (Linnaeus),
L. quadrimaculata (Linnaeus) and Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer).

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER

In 1952 and 1953, C. palaemon was seen from about 14th May to about 18th
June, its flight period ending shortly after that of the Large Skipper (Ochlodes
venata (Bremer and Grey)) began. An albino Chequered Skipper (ab. albinotica
Goodson) was taken in Brampton Wood on 21st May 1952 (Robertson 1952;
Goodson, 1960; Howarth, 1973); this specimen is now in the British Museum
(Natural History).

Although most authors write of the Chequered Skipper visiting the flowers of
bugle, I rarely saw them do so near Desborough, and the butterflies were nearly
always found visiting the flowers of bush vetch. During a visit to Bowd Lane
Wood in 1953. Clifford Holt obtained a short ciné-film sequence of C. palaemon
in the field, and this historic piece of natural history film is still in his possession.
It also contains a sequence of the Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus))
shot during the same visit.

On any visit during the peak of the flying season, one could expect to see two
or three Chequered Skippers on each section of sunlit ride in the complex of
woods. It was estimated from observations on the ground and a study of the map
(Fig. 1) that there were 30 sections of suitable ride, so about 75 butterflies would
be seen. Since no butterflies were seen other than along the rides in the woods
(although in some localities such as Wakerley, Northants., they did occur more
widely), this should be a good estimate of the total numbers flying. Taking the
rule-of-thumb estimate of one-third of the total emergence being present at the
peak, this would indicate a total emergence of 225 butterflies, or about 25-30
males and the same number of females in each of the four woods. Allowing for
the fact that some butterflies might be overlooked because they were resting, the
numbers might be twice as high as this, but probably not more.

THE DECLINE OF THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER IN ENGLAND

On my latest visit to Bowd Lane Wood in the middle nineteen-sixties, the
habitat appeared unchanged but C. palaemon was not seen. Brampton Wood had
apparently become unfavourable a few years earlier, having been planted with

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 85

Hermitage

1km

1 mile
Old
Ironstone
Workings

<—— Waterloo Covert (2 km)

Fig. 1 A group of woods that include a former habitat for the Chequered
Skipper butterfly, Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas) (based on Ordnance
Survey maps of the area). The National Grid reference of the bottom
left-hand corner of the map is 42/760840, and the 1-km squares of the
National Grid are shown.

conifers, although the rides were not too grossly altered. C. palaemon was still
present, but in low numbers, in the traditional localities of Bedford Purlieus and
Castor Hanglands (L. D. Young, personal communication). It disappeared from
Bedford Purlieus in about 1971 (Heath, 1975).

The decline of C. palaemon until its apparent extinction in England has been
reviewed in another paper (Robertson, 1981), two processes having apparently
contributed. One was a long-term north-easterly contraction of range, possibly as
a result of climatic changes; and the other was a series of changes in the habitat of
Rockingham Forest described by Peterken and Harding (1974). Some of the
requirements of C. palaemon have been discussed by Collier (1966). Thomas
(personal communication) considers that the cessation of coppice management
alone could not account for the final disappearance of the butterfly in England.
The decline can hardly be attributed to collecting, because it seems to have been
too general and prolonged, and the species is not greatly subjected to collecting
pressure. Localities such as the Desborough woods would probably be re-
colonised in time if there was a natural expansion of range, provided they
remained unchanged and there was a sufficiently strong nucleus in some refuge to
maintain the population. This no longer seems likely, however.

There would seem to be little point in attempting to reintroduce the species
from Scotland or continental Europe, as the English race had probably evolved a
close physiological adaptation to its restricted habitats. Nevertheless, it would still
seem worth while to try to retain some of the old Rockingham Forest in its past
condition in case the Chequered Skipper should be rediscovered there.

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

George Peterken of the Nature Conservancy Council and John Heath and
Jeremy Thomas of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology kindly read the first draft
of this article and made valuable suggestions as a result of which the text was
modified and some additional material was incorporated. Clifford Holt of
Leicester confirmed that his ciné film of the Chequered Skipper was still in
existence and allowed me to refer to it. My friend Les Young gave me information
on the status of the butterfly from his observations in the nineteen-sixties.

REFERENCES

Collier, R. V., 1966. Status of butterflies on Castor Hanglands N.N.R. 1961-1965
inclusive. J. Northamptonshire nat. Hist. Soc., 35: 451-456.

Goodden, R., 1978. British Butterflies. A Field Guide. David & Charles, Newton
Abbott.

Goodson, A. L., 1960. Some new aberrations of British Rhopalocera. Entomolo-
gist’s Gazette, 11: 18.

Heath, J., 1975. Lepidoptera. In: Peterken, G. F. and Welch, R. C. (Editors),
Bedford Purlieus: Its History, Ecology and Management. Monks Wood Experi-
mental Station Symposium 7. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon.

Howarth, T. G., 1973. South’s British Butterflies, F. Warne & Co., London.

Peterken, G. F., 1974. A method for assessing woodland flora for conservation
using indicator species. Biological Conservation, 6: 239-245.

— 1976. Long-term changes in the woodlands of Rockingham Forest and other
areas. Journal of Ecology, 64: 123-146.

Peterken, G.F. and Harding, P.T., 1974. Recent changes in the conservation value
of woodlands in Rockingham Forest. Forestry, 47: 109-128.

— 1975. Woodland conservation in eastern England: comparing effects in three
study areas since 1946. Biological Conservation, 8: 279-298.

Ratcliffe, D., 1979. The end of the Large Blue butterfly. New Scientist, 84: 457-
458.

Robertson, T.S.. 1952. Albino Carterocephalus palaemon. Entomologist, 85: 160.

— 1981. The decline of the Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon
(Pallas)) and Large Blue (Maculinea arion (Linnaeus)) butterflies in Great
Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz., 32: 5-12.

Thomas, J.A. 1980. The extinction of the Large Blue and the conservation of the
Black Hairstreak (a contrast of failure and success). Annual Report. Institute
of Terrestrial Ecology, 1979.

Larval development in the abdomen of non-parthenogenetic Lepidoptera. —
The familiar instances of larvae hatching within the abdomen of the parent in
Lepidoptera are in parthenogenetic Psychidae. In Coleophoridae, the presence of
many head capsules within the abdomen of specimens of Coleophora leucapennella
(Hiibner) used for genitalia preparations leads to a presumption of viviparity or
ova-viviparity in a moth with normal fertilisation. What adaptation has enabled
these eggs to be fertilised internally?

I have just mounted two female Coleophora albicosta (Haw.) and found both
to contain a single larva, stretched out and not within its egg, located near the tip
of the abdominal cavity. One larva was sufficiently sclerotised to have completely
withstood the potassium hydroxide treatment. In the first case the abdomen con-
tained few remains of eggs and I supposed that the moth had ceased laying with
one fertilised egg remaining at the base of its oviduct. The second moth had more
eggs left, but none had developed.

Have other readers had similar experiences with this or other Lepidoptera? —
R.W.J. Uffen.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 87

ALL FEMALE BROODS IN PHILUDORIA POTATORIA (L.)
(LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)

by M.E.N. MAJERUS

(Department of Biological Sciences, University of Keele)

In April 1972, 27 larvae of the moth Philudoria potatoria (L.) were taken
from a small patch of grassland on Northwood golf course (N.G.C.). The area of
grassland where these were taken was no more than 20m x 30m, and other
similar sites in the area had in the past and have subsequently yielded many larvae
of this species. South (1961) reports that the female of this species lays her eggs
in small clusters, usually on stems of grass but sometimes on other herbage. It is
therefore possible that the larvae taken on this small patch of grassland were the
progeny of only one or two females.

Initially nothing seemed to be extraordinary about these larvae; however,
when the larvae pupated and emerged in July 1972, they produced a most unusual
sex-ratio. When the first pupae hatched out there was no reason to suppose that a
biased sex-ratio would result, and as I had previously bred this species on several
occasions I released the first 13 imagines to emerge. All these were females.
Obviously by this stage I began to become suspicious of the plethora of females.
The first theory which occurred to me to explain this bias in the sex-ratio was
that the females were emerging earlier than the males, and that the majority of
the remaining twelve pupae would produce males. However, my previous observa-
tions on this species had never produced any evidence to suggest that females
emerge before males. Indeed, such a situation would be in direct contrast to the
usual situation in the Lepidoptera in which males generally emerge before females.
In the event, eleven of the last twelve pupae to hatch were also females giving a
total of 24 female imagines and only one male, (two larvae failed to pupate). The
probability of obtaining a sex-ratio such as this in a random sample is less than
0.001 (chi squared = 19.56).

One possible explanation for the bias towards females is that male larvae
pupate before female larvae, so that when the sample in question was collected,
the majority of male larvae present on the grassland plot had already spun-up
their cocoons. This seemed rather unlikely as the larvae were all collected before
the 24th April, and in previous years larvae of this species had often been collected
well into May without the ensuing imagines being predominantly females. More-
over, the majority of larvae collected were in the penultimate instar, and it is
unlikely that male larvae would have pupated before the females had even reached
the final instar.

As no obvious reason for the surplus of females in this sample suggested itself
to me, I determined to attempt to breed from the imagines resulting from the
latter twelve pupae.

Using the one male which emerged as a parent for two broods, and using five
males taken at light in my garden in Northwood, Middx., seven of the eleven
remaining N.G.C. females mated successfully and produced fertile eggs. The other
four unmated females were also retained to see whether thelytokous partheno-
genesis could be the cause of the excess of females. All four of these unmated
females laid some eggs, but none of these hatched. Indeed, they failed to develop
at all and within two or three days of being laid they began to shrivel and collapse.
One additional female, taken at light in my garden in July also laid eggs, and as it
was almost certain that she had a different origin to that of the other females, her
brood was reared as a control. Consequently a total of eight broods were reared.
The broods were carefully segregated, but all were kept under similar conditions.
They produced imagines in June and July 1973.

The relevant details of these broods are given in Table 1.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

88

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 89

A further 16 broods were obtained from matings between the progeny of
these broods, but, due to an oversight on my part, all the resulting larvae died
whilst in a colleague’s care during April 1974 while I was abroad. This incident
was unfortunate as the stock was intended for use in karyological experiments to
determine the reasons for the abnormal sex-ratio.

As can be seen from the results of brood 1 in which both parents were from
N.G.C. larvae only female progeny were produced, whilst in brood 2, where again
both parents were from N.G.C., approximately equal numbers of male and
females resulted. In two of the five broods in which the female parents were from
N.G.C. larvae and the males were taken as adults at light, all progeny were
females, whilst in the other three broods, approximately equal numbers of males
and females resulted. Brood 8, which arose from a light-trapped female, produced
progeny in the normal | :1 sex-ratio.

DISCUSSION

We must now look for an explanation of these results. A number of theories
have been put forward on different occasions to explain the occurrence of uni-
sexual broods. In general such explanations can only be tentative unless supported
by a thorough genetic and karyological investigation.

One of the most common explanations is that a lethal gene destroys one sex
preferentially. However, as Robinson (1971) points out, except as an isolated and
trivial event, it is difficult to conceive how such genes can fail to eliminate them-
selves. Such genes could only be maintained in a population for any period of
time if they conferred an advantage upon the female carriers and were thus part
of a balanced polymorphism.

Simmonds (1923a,b, 1926, 1928, 1930) has bred many families of Hypolimnas
bolina (L.) consisting of females only, obtaining his eggs from wild females cap-
tured in the Fiji islands of Viti Levu, Kandavu, and Vanna Levu, where a great
excess of females has been noted since 1882 and was probably present long before
this date. In the other islands and throughout the rest of its range the two sexes
are found in approximately equal numbers. Simmonds pointed out that the per-
centage of fertile eggs is much lower in unisexual families than in bisexual families,
and that some eggs change colour but fail to hatch, while others never change
colour at all. In one case about one-third of the eggs hatched, and of the remainder
half developed but did not hatch and half never developed at all. Cockayne
(1938) notes Ford’s suggestion that there is a sex-limited lethal gene which kills
the male eggs. Robinson (1971) also postulates this explanation, but stresses that
further investigation, especially into the cytology, is needed before this hypo-
thesis can be verified or disproved. Goldschmidt (1934) had found a dominant
gene, which kills all or almost all males of Lymantria dispar Linn. of a particular
genetic constitution. If one or both parents are homozygous for this gene, all
female families, or families with only an occasional male are produced. If both
parents are heterozygous for it, the ratio is four females to one male, and if only
one parent is heterozygous then the ratio is two females to one male. Other
abnormal sex-ratios are produced if there is variation in the susceptibility of males
to the gene’s action.

The possibility of a sex-limited lethal gene causing the unisexual broods in
P. potatoria is deemed unlikely as this hypothesis suggests that equal numbers of
male and female eggs would be produced, but only the female progeny would
survive to reach the imaginal state. Consideration of the number of eggs laid in the
broods in question shows that the percentage of ova laid which survived to the
adult stage is in general no smaller in the unisexual broods than in those produc-
ing a one to one Sex ratio, and in every case is over 50 per cent. On the other hand
such an hypothesis can not be ruled out completely as it is feasible that the action
of a sex-linked lethal may be to cause the breakdown and re-absorption of those

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

eggs carrying two X-chromosomes* (and thus destined to be male) after fertilisa-
tion of the ovum by the spermatozoon and before egg laying, whilst leaving ova
with one X and one Y-chromosome (females) unaffected.

A second mechanism which would cause all female broods is thelytokous
parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is the name given to the mechanism by which
eggs undergo full development without having been fertilized. Thelytokous
parthenogenesis is a particular type of parthenogenesis in which the unfertilized
eggs all develop into females. A large number of Lepidopterous species in which
parthenogenesis has been recorded are listed by Cockayne (1938). P. potatoria is
mentioned on the list as are five other members of the family Lasiocampidae.
However, again it seems unlikely that parthenogenesis is the cause of the uni-
sexual broods in this case for several reasons. Firstly, Cockayne notes that in
every species both females and males were produced when the brood was of
reasonable size, and that the cause of such bisexual parthenogenic broods is
probably that the division of chromosomes takes place without cell cleavage and
that males are XX and females YY in constitution. Secondly in each of the three
unisexual broods of P. potatoria in question normal mating was observed. This in
itself could be taken to invalidate the idea of parthenogenesis, however, Robinson
(1971) notes that the magiella form of Luffia lapidella is unique in that the
reproduction is pseudogamous. In this form, the egg requires the stimulus of
spermatozoa penetration to initiate development, but once inside the egg the
sperm nucleus degenerates and does not fuse with the egg nucleus. Finally, it
should be stressed again that whilst eggs were laid by the four N.G.C. females that
were unmated, dissection and microscopic examination of these eggs showed that
there was no development of these eggs.

An interesting hypothesis to explain unisexual broods in Talaeporia tubulosa
Retz. was put forward by Seiler (1923). Seiler (1921) had shown that this species
lacks a Y-chromosome and that the X-chromosome tends to lag on the spindle.
Subsequently he showed that unisexual families with no males are due to non-
disjunction of the X-chromosome during spermatogenesis. In this species the male
has 60 chromosomes (58 + XX) and the female 59 (58 + X). He observed that
during spermatogenesis the two X-chromosomes might remain united and be lost,
so that spermatozoa with 29 chromosomes, containing no X, were formed. These
fertilizing eggs with 30 chromosomes gave rise to exceptional females with 58
chromosomes but no X. Such exceptional females fertilized by males with normal
sperm produced unisexual families consisting only of females. Embryos with 60,
59 and 58 chromosomes were seen, but although spermatozoa with two X-
chromosomes due to non-disjunction might be expected to produce males with
three X-chromosomes, no embryos with 61 chromosomes were seen, and it is
probable that they fail to develop.

An analagous situation could conceivably explain the data on P. potatoria in
question. P. potatoria has 62 chromosomes in both sexes (Kernewitz 1914, 1915,
Beliajeff 1930), the Y-chromosome being present in the females. Non-disjunction
of the X-chromosomes in a male producing spermatozoa with no X-chromosome
could cause a brood of P. potatoria in which half the progeny were abnormal
females, having just one X-chromosome and no Y-chromosome, whilst the other
half would be abnormal females, having just one Y-chromosome and no X. This
assumes that two X-chromosomes are required to produce maleness, and that the
loss of one sex chromosome (irrespective of whether the X or Y is lost) does not
produce inviability.

* In Lepidoptera the male is the homogametic sex carrying two X*chromosomes
while the female is heterogametic having one X and one Y-chromosome. The X
and Y-chromosomes in animals in which the female is heterogametic are tradi-
tionally called Z and W respectively, but in recent years there has been a
tendency to drop the ZW symbolism and to employ XY in both situations.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 9]

If the majority of N.G.C. larvae which were taken came from a pairing of type
described above, and a small number including the one male in the sample were
progeny from a normal mating, the results obtained could be explained. Those
females from the N.G.C. stock which possess just an X-chromosome would
produce ova with either one X-chromosome or with no sex chromosomes in a
1:1 ratio. When such ova are fertilized by spermatozoa from a normal male a
bisexual brood with a normal 1:1 sex ratio would result. The males in such
broods would be normal having two X-chromosomes; however, the females would
be abnormal having only one X-chromosome. Broods 2, 3, 4 and 6 could be of
this type. N.G.C. females having just a Y-chromosome when mated with a normal
male would produce all female broods. Half of the progeny would be normal
having both an X and a Y-chromosome, and half would be abnormal having just
one X chromosome. Broods 1, 5 and 7 could be of this type.

Such a hypothesis can only be conjecture and because of the untimely demise
of the stock can not be either verified or disproved. Although the hypothesis does
fit the data noted, there are two many uncertainties and assumptions within the
hypothesis for it to be put forward as anything more than a possible explanation.
Indeed if the comment made by Cockayne (1938), that the mere presence of one
or two X-chromosomes is insufficient to determine whether a moth shall be male
or female, is taken to imply that an individual with only one X-chromosome
would not be female, at least in appearance and reproductive capacity, then the
whole hypothesis is invalidated.

On the other hand, a situation approximating quite closely to that outlined
above has been put forward to explain the occurrence of all female broods in a
strain of Abraxas grossulariata Linn. described by Doncaster (1913, 1914, 1915)
and Doncaster and Bamber (1922). The tendency to produce all female families
or families with a vast majority of females was transmitted for six generations by
direct descent with three exceptions, even when the male parent was unrelated.
All the females of the strain, whether from unisexual or bisexual families had a
diploid chromosome number of 55 instead of the normal 56. The propensity to
produce these unisexual or nearly unisexual broods was inherited by half the
daughters from unisexual families. Doncaster proposed that the unisexual broods
could be produced by females with 55 chromosomes if they are lacking the Y-
chromosome and if the X-chromosome is consistently included in the polar body,
rather than in the egg nucleus. Cockayne (1938) suggests that the liability to
produce unisexual families appears to be determined by a gene which is
dominant or nearly dominant, and sex-limited, because there are no males to
transmit it. Robinson (1971) notes that an analysis of the proportional mortality
seems to exclude differential mortality of the male and says that on balance the
study terminated very inconclusively.

It is possible that the situation noted in A. grossulariata is paralleled by P.
potatoria although it should be remembered that all three unisexual broods
in P. potatoria were completely unisexual.

No doubt other possible explanations could be formulated on the basis of the
data observed for P. potatoria, but without the aid of a detailed karyological
study and a more prolonged and rigorous breeding programme verification of any
particular theory would be impossible. Undoubtedly, the phenomenon of all
female or nearly all female broods in Lepidoptera needs a considerable amount of
further work.

One final point may be useful to other students working on sex ratios in
Lepidoptera. Smith (1944, 1945a,b) discovered that the resting nucleus may show
sexually differentiated heteropycnosis, that is to say different amounts of con
traction. The nuclei of the female displayed clear signs of positive pycnosis whilst
the males did not. Examination of the resting nucleus enabled Smith to assess the
probable sex ratio for newly hatched larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens.

92 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Although the generality of sexual heteropycnosis for Lepidoptera species has yet
to be explored, on this assumption Smith points out that the technique holds
promise for investigation upon the very early diagnosis of the sex ratio.

REFERENCES

Beliajeff, N. K., 1930. Die Chromosomenkomplexe und ihre Beziehung zur
Phylogenie bei den Lepidopteren. Z. Ind. Abst. Verebgsl., 54: 369-399.

Cockayne, E. A., 1938. The genetics of sex in Lepidoptera. Biol. Rev., 13: 107-
132.

Doncaster, L., 1913. On an inherited tendency to produce purely female families
in Abraxas grossulariata and its relation to an abnormal chromosome number.
J. Genet., 3: 1-10.

Doncaster, L., 1914. On the relation between chromosomes, sex-limited trans-
mission and sex-determination in A braxas grossulariata. J. Genet. 4: 1-21.

— 1915. The relation between chromosomes and sex determination in Abraxas
grossulariata. Nature, 95: 395.

Doncaster, L., and Bamber, R. C., 1922. Further observation on chromosomes
and sex-determination in Abraxas grossulariata. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., 66: 397
408.

Goldschmidt, R. B., 1934. Lymantria. Bibliogr. Genet., 11: 1-186.

Kernewitz, B., 1914. Uber Spermiogenese bei Lepidoptera. Zool. Anz., 45:
137-139.

Kernewitz, B., 1915. Spermiogenese bei Lepidoptera mit besonderer Beruch-
sichtigung der Chromosome. Arch Naturgeschichte, A, 81: 1-34.

Robinson, R., 1971. Lepidoptera genetics. New York, Pergamon Press.

Seiler, J., 1921. Geschlechtschromosomenuntersuchungen an Psychiden. II Die
Chromosomenzyklon von Fumea casta und Talaeporia tubulosa. ‘‘Non-
disjunction”’ der Geschlechtschromosomen. Arch. Zellforsch., 16: 20-46.

— 1923. Geschlechtschromosomenuntersuchungen an Psychiden. IV. Die Par-
thenogenese der Psychiden Biologische und Zytologische Beobachtungen.
Z. Ind. Abst. Vererbgsl., 31: 1-99.

Simmonds, H. W., 1923a. All female families of Hypolimnas bolina L., bred in
Fiji. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1923: ix-xii.

— 1923b. Families of Hypolimnas bolina, bisexual and all-female, bred from
known female parents from different Fijian islands. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1923: 651-662.

— 1926. Sex-ratio of Hypolimnas bolina L., in Viti Levu, Fiji. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1: 29-31.

— 1928. All female producing females form a persistant strain in Suva, Fiji.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 3: 43-44.

— 1930. Further notes on Hypolimnas bolina L., in Fiji. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
§2775-7 7:

Smith, S. G., 1944. The diagnosis of sex by means of heteropycnosis. McGill
Med. J., 13: 451-456.

— 1945a. Heteropycnosis as a means of diagnosing sex. J. Hered., 36: 194-196.

— 1945b. The diagnosis of sex by means of heteropycnosis. Sci. Agric., 25:
566-571.

South, R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles (4th Edition), Volume II.
London: Warne.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 93

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MESOCHORINAE
(HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE)

by F. D. LAWTON
Riversdale, Tarrant Monkton, Blandford Forum, Dorset, DT11 8RX

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the British Mesochorinae, an
interesting group of the parasitic Hymenoptera in need of further study, and to
provide a simple key to the four British genera at present recognised.

From rearing results some Mesochorinae are already known to be internal
secondary parasites of the larvae of other insect parasites, including those of other
Ichneumonoidea and of parasitic Diptera, having Lepidoptera and other Orders as
their own primary hosts. They may all prove to be secondary parasites but know-
ledge of the biology of the sub-family is incomplete and more work and informa-
tion on this question are needed.

It is hoped that workers in other fields who encounter Mesochorinae will, if
they are not themselves drawn to them for study, feel encouraged to preserve
them with all possible data for those who are studying them.

The species of our Mesochorinae are in need of revision and that task is not
attempted in this paper. Morley’s keys (1915) should not be used. There is below
a brief description of the characters distinguishing the Mesochorinae from other
subfamilies of the Ichneumonoidea, on the assumption that the reader can dis-
tinguish the superfamily Ichneumonoidea from other Hymenoptera. The Meso-
chorinae have a fore and hind wing venation characteristic of the family Ich-
neumonidae (as opposed to the Braconidae) within the Ichneumonoidea, see figs.
1 to 4. If the reader is in doubt he is referred to Richards (1977). Then follows a
key to the genera using characters which can be seen with the use of a good hand
lens (x 10 to x 15) in good illumination. Characters given in square brackets in
the key may call for use of higher power and will, it is hoped, be of additional
help when such power is available.

The Mesochorinae can be distinguished from other subfamilies of the Ich-
neumonidae by the following combination of characters:—

The clypeus and face together form a broad, slightly convex surface and the
clypeus is not separated from the face by a groove (fig 8). The face often (but not
always) has a transverse or oblique ridge below the antennal sockets (fig 8). The
male clasper (paramere) ends in a long rod (fig 10) and the female subgenital plate
(hypopygium) is large and triangular in profile (fig 9). The ovipositor sheath is
relatively broad (fig 9) but the ovipositor itself is slender and without ridges or a
dorsal notch. Finally, and characteristically, cell 2Rs (the areolet) of the forewing
is rhombic and usually large (figs 3 and 5).

Although ina few other ichneumonid subfamilies there is no groove separating
the clypeus from the face, the combination of characters mentioned above is
never the same. Also, the male clasper in the form of a rod has before now led to
misidentification of sex, but with a few specimens in which both sexes are repre-
sented that difficulty is soon overcome. Indeed, before attempting to run indi-
viduals to genera, it is as usual helpful to have collected or assembled as many
specimens as possible for comparison. The number of species given for each genus
is that in Britain shown in Fitton (1978 in Kloet & Hincks).

KEY TO GENERA

ite Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cul present (fig 4): this is not always
obvious at first glance and care is needed. Lower face lacking a transverse

94 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

stooveicomPpedge. of Glypeustie: Ves -ieearaa toe skates 2 een ae ae 2
= Hind wing with distal abscissa of Cul completely absent (fig 6). Lower face
with a transverse groove from edge of clypeus to eye (fig 8). ........
2 Larger insect, forewing up to about 12 mm long; seldom shorter than
7.5 mm (though as with all parasitoids, exceptionally small specimens do
occasionally occur), with the combination of characters associated with

nocturnal or crepuscular behaviour as follows:
pale yellow-brown background colour of the insect as a whole, large

ocelli, and long antennae.

Eye conspicuously emarginate dorsally to the antennal fossa and strongly
convergent laterally to the ocelli [1st segment of the gaster lacking a lateral
carina posteriorly; maxillary palpus elongate; claws strongly pectinate to
BDO cat toe lela dihe Sick ore wel w Sk chee Cidaphus (2 species)
- Smaller insect with forewing length usually between 7.5 mm and 5.0 mm;
darker and without the combination of characters associated with nocturnal
or crepuscular behaviour; eye margins subparallel and not strongly emar-
ginate, [lst segment of gaster with a lateral carina posteriorly; maxillary
palpus of normal length; claws with 3 to 5 teeth at base] ...........
eet SeesiSrte: ite GRACES ca ree Astiphromma (11 species)
3h: Forewing with cua opposite M and Rs, or nearly so (fig 5); 1st segment of
gaster usually polished posteriorly, longitudinally striate in some species;
legs varying from elongate and slender to short and stout; [prepectal carina
incomplete, distinctly separated from raised marginal rim of mesopleuron].
Piel I Paar me Pee Ne ane MOR He Ray ae Ae bate fees Mesochorus (34 species)
— Forewing with cua noticeably separated from M and Rs by a section of
Cul usually equal to it inlength (fig 7); 1st segment of gaster longitudinally
striate posteriorly; legs short and stout; [prepectal carina complete, reaching
raised marginal rim of mesopleuron]........ Stictopisthus (3 species)

Ww

NOTES ON THE KEY TO GENERA

With enough material Cidaphus and Astiphromma should not be difficult to
separate from one another or from Mesochorus and Stictopisthus. The warning to
be sure of the presence or absence of the distal abscissa of Cul (which is not
always easy) is repeated.

Mesochorus and Stictopisthus with forewing length usually between 7.0 mm
and 3.0 mm are generally smaller than Cidaphus or Astiphromma.

More difficulty may be experienced sometimes in distinguishing between
Mesochorus and Stictopisthus. The first character given in the key for each genus
I have found to be reliable. The other characters in the key are also helpful in
confirmation. Additional characters given by authors dealing with exotic fauna,
particularly that concerning the shape of the transverse ridge at the upper edge of
the face, which is present in all Mesochorus and Stictopisthus as well as in some
Astiphromma, I have not found wholly reliable in British material. Some consider
that on morphological grounds. Stictopisthus should be treated as a subgenus of
Mesochorus. Others think that the generic distinction is valid and suspect that the
biology of the two genera will prove to be significantly different.

Some species of Mesochorus, like all known Cidaphus, are nocturnal or crepus-
cular and have the combination of characters which Gauld & Huddleston (1976)
term “‘Ophionoid facies”. This does not seem to be the case with any British
species of Stictopisthus.

As between Mesochorus and Stictopisthus relative numbers_of New World
species recognised by Dasch (1971, 1974) may also be of interest. Of the Nearctic
fauna he recognised 96 species of Mesochorus and only 9 of Stictopisthus (of
which the female of one is unknown) and of the Neotropical fauna the numbers
are 245 species of Mesochorus and 11 of Stictopisthus:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 95

Because the species of the Mesochorinae are in need of revision, the list of
Fitton (1978 in Kloet & Hincks) should not be regarded as definitive. For
example Professor Varley (personal communication) suggests that a third
Cidaphus should be added to the British list. Gauld & Huddleston state also that
three species of Cidaphus have been recorded at MV light traps.

NOTES ON BIOLOGY

1. Data seen suggest that species of Astiphromma and of Mesochorus are on the
wing during April and through the summer into October. Those of Mesochorus
have, exceptionally, been taken as late as November and December. The flight
periods of individual species are not necessarily so extensive. Records of Cidaphus
suggest a more restricted flight period; in May and again, in September and
October, but further collecting and breeding may modify this impression. The
information about Stictopisthus is so little that one cannot at present safely say
more than that it appears during high summer.

2. Among recent writers Townes (1971:83), while regarding the principal known
role of mesochorines as that of secondary parasites, nevertheless suggests there is
evidence “not yet refuted” that some species are primary parasites. The sugges-
tion of primary parasitism is made even more strongly by Dasch (1971:1) (when
dealing with the Nearctic Mesochorinae) who, after mentioning that many of the
smaller species are secondary parasites, says “In addition, considerable rearing
evidence seems to indicate that many species are primary parasites of lepi-
dopterous and coleopterous larvae”. This latter view does not however seem to be
repeated by Dasch (1974) when dealing with the Neotropical Mesochorinae. Of
course host data taken from species labels may be unreliable and often cannot be
satisfactorily questioned. Certainly, of the two views on possible primary parasit-
ism mentioned by Dasch and Townes that expressed by Townes seems so far to be
more apt for British genera. Indeed Shaw & Askew (1976:49), go further — ‘‘Al-
though a few records suggest that species within this subfamily may occasionally
develop as primary parasites of Lepidoptera, obligatory secondary parasitism is so
prevalent in all British genera ... that it seems likely to be the rule for all our
species”. Clearly, more information is needed.

3. If all or most mesochorine species prove to be obligatory secondary parasites
it will be desirable to try to discover whether more than one strategy is adopted
to reach the secondary host.

The best known (perhaps the only known) egg laying strategy seems to be the

placing of the egg in the body of the primary parasite larva while it is within the
primary host. The stage of development both of the primary and of the secondary
host may also be important (Richards, 1940). It has been suggested that any egg
laying strategy of this degree of refinement will have taken a long time to evolve
and one question worth trying to answer is whether all mesochorines which are
obligatory hyperparasites do employ the same strategy or whether any resort to
strategies similar to those adopted by other known hymenopterous and dipterous
hyperparasites (see Clausen, 1940; Askew, 1971).
4. In both his works Dasch evidently regards Mesochorinae, because of their
known role of secondary parasites, as economic liabilities in the context of bi-
ological control. This assessment no doubt has to be considered in relation to the
introduction of exotic species of parasitic insects to effect control. Nevertheless in
an endemic population, whether the primary host is regarded as a pest to be con-
trolled or as a creature (such as a threatened butterfly) to be protected, the effect
of a secondary parasite on the host-parasite-hyperparasite complex and its stabil-
ity may be subtle and difficult to determine (for general information about these
sorts of problems the reader is referred to Varley, Gradwell & Hassell (1973) and
Askew (1971).

96 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Macrocentrus nidulator (Nees) (Braconidae): 1. fore; 2. hind wing. Astiphromma
strenuum (Holmgren): 3. fore wing; 4. hind wing. Mesochorus gracilentus
Brischke: 5. fore wing; 6. hind wing; 7. Part of fore wing of Stictopisthus species.
8. Head of Mesochorus tachypus Holmgren. Apex of gaster of: 9. Astiphromma
strenuum, female; 10. A. marginellum (Holmgren), male.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 97

CONCLUSION

Present data suggest that, in Britain, members of the subfamily include species
which are secondary parasites of Lepidoptera and Symphyta (Hymenoptera)
through members of the Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Hymenoptera) and of
the Tachinidae (Diptera). Further researches may reveal that primary and second-
ary hosts belong also to other families or even to other orders.

Not only is reliable up to date information about these things needed, but as
much material as can be obtained is required to throw light on such matters as egg
laying strategies and the stages of development of hosts when they are attacked.

Workers with other Orders and families who encounter mesochorines are the
best placed to provide this information which could significantly increase our
knowledge. Those who find they cannot extend their activities to a study in depth
of the mesochorines are urged to preserve all the material they meet with, includ-
ing all host remains as well as imagines, together with full data, and to deposit it
in a collection such as that of The Department of Entomology, Hymenoptera
Section, The British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7
SBD where it can be held and be available for further study. Imagines need not be
mounted; they are best preserved in 95% alcohol. What is important is that they
be in as good condition as possible. Also, each imago should have separately
associated with it all host remains and any other material (e.g. pupa, cocoon etc.)
with all other relevant data.

If this is done, not only will our present knowledge of the group’s biology be
advanced but that advance may well itself encourage a much needed systematic
revision of the species of each genus. This could in turn greatly encourage further
biological study.

In preparing the key in this short paper I have relied greatly upon that given
by Dasch (1971) and I am indebted to Dr M. G. Fitton for drawing the figures.

I wish also particularly to thank the following for providing material or in-
formation (or both) as well as for suggestions and comment about problems posed
by the biology of the Mesochorinae:— Dr A. A. Allen; Dr R. R. Askew; Mr J.
Brooks; Miss M. Brooks; Mr A.R.Cronin; Dr M.G. Fitton; Mr I. D. Gauld;
Professor O. W. Richards; Dr M. R. Shaw and Professor G. C. Varley.

REFERENCES

Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books.

Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill.

Dasch, C. E. 1971. Ichneumon-flies of America North of Mexico: 6 Subfamily
Mesochorinae. Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 16.

— 1974. Neotropic Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Mem. Am.
ent. Inst. 22.

Fitton, M. G. 1978. in Kloet & Hincks, A Check List of British Insects Part 4:
Hymenoptera. Handbook Ident. Br. Insects, 11(4).

Gauld,I. D. and Huddleston, T. 1976. The Nocturnal Ichneumonidae of the
British Isles, including a key to genera. Entomologist’s Gaz. 27: 35-49.

Morley, C. 1915. Ichneumonologia Britannica V. M. & W. Brown.

Richards, O.W. 1940. The Biology of the Small White Butterfly (Pieris rapae)
with special reference to the factors controlling its abundance. J. Anim. Ecol.
9(2): 243-288.

— 1977. Hymenoptera, Introduction and Key to Families. Handbook Ident. Br.
Insects, 6(1).

Shaw, M. R. and Askew, R. R. 1976. in Heath, J. (Ed.) The Butterflies and Moths
of Great Britain & Ireland, vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications & the
Curwen Press Ltd.

Townes, H. 1971. Genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4, Cremastinae to Diplazontinae.
(Mem. Am. ent. Inst. 17).

Varley, G. C., Gradwell, G. R. and Hassell, M. P. 1973. Insect Population Ecology.
Blackwell Scientific Publications.

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

COLEOPHORA LINOSYRIDELLA FUCHS NEW TO BRITAIN

by NORMAN F. HEAL and RAYMOND W.J. UFFEN*
Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. 4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts,

DISCOVERY BY N.F.H.

I attended a field meeting of the Kent Field Club at Shellness, Leysdown-on-
Sea, Kent, on 18.vi.1978. For protection from the wind, I scrambled down a bank
fringing the saltmarsh, where I immediately noticed the characteristic feeding
signs of a coleophorid larva on the young developing leaves of Aster tripolium. An
hour’s diligent searching produced four cases, but regrettably none of these were
reared and identification was not possible.

Thinking that this could be a hitherto unrecorded foodplant for C. trochilella
(Dup.), I revisited the site on 1.vi.1979, an earlier date to minimise the possibility
of larval parasitisation. I was rewarded by finding 13 cases. These were sleeved at
home on a rooted plant and nine imagines subsequently emerged 17-27.vii.1979.

Mr. R.W.J. Uffen could not recognise the species at the BENHS exhibition. He
subsequently informed me that the genitalia were unlike those of any species that
he had seen and referred the specimens to Dr Sattler at the British Museum.
Photographs of the male and female genitalia were then sent to authorities abroad
by Dr Sattler, eventually resulting in identification by Mr Baldizzone of Italy.

Leysdown was revisited on 24.v.1980 in the company of Mr. Uffen and Mr.
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, and 20 cases were seen, mostly already of mature size.

EUROPEAN DISTRIBUTION AND FOODPLANTS

Jackh (1957) describes the moth and case from Crinitaria linosyris (L.) Less.
in the Rhine valley, whence Fuchs described the species. Jackh comments that
linosyridella is indistinguishable superficially from vlachi Toll on the same food-
plant. Viachi has quite distinct genitalia and may also turn up in Britain. Jackh’s
photographs show the case of viachi to be slightly the shorter and slimmer, with
a narrow, longer neck.

Baldizzone (1979) synonymised C. nicaeella Chrétien, reared from Aster
punctatus D.C. at Nice (but the 6 9 genitalia are at least subspecifically distinct).
Baldizzone records C. linosyridella also from Yugoslavia and includes Aster acris
L. as a foodplant.

BRITISH DISTRIBUTION AND FOODPLANT

Crinitaria linosyris is a rare plant of western coastal limestone cliffs in Britain
and its fauna has probably not been closely examined.

The larvae at Leysdown are restricted to young Aster tripolium germinating at
the drift line at the foot of the sea wall. Another colony is now known at Nagden,
Kent. Single larvae have since been found in an identical situation at Canvey
Island, Essex. In this situation the larvae are subject to infrequent inundation and
have less danger of being swept away than in the typical situation of occurrence
of mature Sea Aster. They readily drop off the plants. The numbers of larvae
present in these places is so small as to make their persistence a matter of some
surprise. Possibly the larvae are very thinly spread in the general saltmarsh zone.
There are no obvious alternative foodplants.

R.U.’s larvae declined Michaelmas Daisy (Aster nova-belgae L.), China Aster
(Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees and Solidago virgaurea L.

LARVA

As with many related species, the head is light brown with black eyes and a
dark hind margin; the prothoracic shield is transparent pale brown, darkened
diffusely round the hind margin; other thoracic plates are contrastingly fuscous.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 99

a! al yagden Washes
3 ~ fraveney + Kit

i oe SSS SSS 7 Xfplo
Fig 3

COLEOPHORA LINOSYRIDELLA Fuchs

Fig 1 Autumn larvae in hibernation. Fig 3. Case of fully fed larva X 4.
Fig 2 Leaf showing feeding of final instar larvae.

The posterior pair of dorsal mesothoracic plates are shortly triangular and are
separated in dorsal view by about their own basal breadth. The metathorax bears
only an anterior pair of dorsal plates. The general aspect of the thoracic sclerites
is one of bold, well-separated roundish blotches.

There are tiny pigmented areas round the spiracles of abdominal segments 1,
2 and 9, as in troglodytella.

The larva is whitish. The ventral ganglia are pigmented, but nearly invisible
beneath other tissue beyond the fourth abdominal segment in the only larva
examined for this feature.

CASE

The case is cylindrical, entirely silken and whitish to ochreous, finely striated
from the many zones of enlargement, with a darker 3-5 mm long overwintered
portion antero-dorsally. The final length is 8-10 mm, the profile convex with a
maximum diameter of 1.5-2.0 mm. The mouth opening is distinctly necked to
make the case prostrate or up to about 20° from the substrate. There is a light
decoration of minute black speckles and the overwintered portion may be green
with algal cells.

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

MOTH

The male is larger at 12.5-13 mm wingspan than the female at 11.5-12.5 mm,
but there is no sexual dichroism as in some related species.

Antennae with the brown flagellar rings indistinct against an ochreous ground
or clearer against a cream ground. Scape ochreous. Palpi ochreous, third segment
short.

The forewings have a much lower contrast pattern than other British species
of this group: the pale streaks are not white. Forewings brownish-ochreous, some
very dull; dull creamy lines along the costa (and costal cilia superficially), from
the base of the wing approaching the costa at the proximal end of the cilia, two
radial lines towards the wing tip, all joined across their tips, a medial line bent up
before the tornus, one in the fold and one along the posterior margin. Sometimes
there are fuscous dashes parallel to the costa between the tip radial lines and
further fuscous marks on the tornal cilia, which are greyish fuscous.

Hindwings greyish fuscous. Anal tuft ochreous, abdomen grey.

FIG 4

/} o~

Fig 4 Genitalia of Coleophora linosyridella Fuchs, partly after Jackh. A—male.
B — aedoeagus. C — Female excluding the unsclerotised ductus.

Forelegs anteriorly fuscous, posteriorly ochreous. Mid tibia dull ochreous with
a fuscous line. Hind tibia creamy with a fine central longitudinal fuscous line and
ochreous dorsal cilia. Hind femur dull ochreous.

The striped hind tibia is a character found in both sexes of patterned species
with a bifid aedoeagal support. It is particularly useful in shortlisting worn light
trap material, e.g. of the feebly patterned rush feeders.

GENITALIA

The male has the prong from the apex of the sacculus across the valva as
trochilella and other species, but the aedoeagal support has a characteristic spur
towards the base with associated spines. The female has the duct contracted
within the eighth segment and the spining starts about as far before that segment
as the segment’s own length. In both sexes viachi Toll is the closest species.

kK KK
REFERENCES

Jackh, E. 1957. Eine weitere in Deutschland an Aster linosyris (L.), Bernh.
lebende Coleophora-Art (Lep. Coleophoridae). Deutsche ent. Zeit. N.F. 4:
54-60.

Baldizzone, G. 1979. Les espéces de Coleophoridae décrites par Pierre Chrétien.
Alexanor 11: 111-130.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 101

BUTTERFLIES IN CORFU (KERKYRA) IN LATE AUGUST, 1980.
by D. W. BALDOCK and R. F. BRETHERTON

PART Il
A PROVISIONAL LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF CORFU (KERKYRA)

No comprehensive list of the butterflies of Corfu is known to us. The earliest
references traced are contained in Staudinger’s “Contribution to the lepidopterous
fauna of Greece”, which was published in 1871. These are, however, incidental
and clearly not complete. Accounts of collecting butterflies in Corfu were pub-
lished by several British visitors later in the last century, and also in 1926 and
1977. In 1910 and 1912 the well known Austrian entomologist Dr. Hans Rebel,
as part of his general study of the Lepidoptera of the Ionian Islands, made use of
some of their records to supplement the results of some of his own slight collecting
in Corfu plus material from several other Austrian collectors which had come into
the possession of the Hof Museum at Vienna. None of this information, however,
appears to have come from visits longer than about one month. No account of
resident collecting or recording has been found, and much of the island, especially
towards its southern end, seems to remain entomologically largely unexplored.
The nomenclature used in the early accounts is now much out of date and in
some cases of uncertain application; some parts of the season are covered im-
perfectly if at all by them; and they are scattered in many articles in periodical
literature, most of which is not readily accessible without visits to libraries and
special search.

Corfu is now frequently visited by many naturalists both amateur and pro-
fessional, who wish to know what they are likely to see there and to add to
present knowledge; and the lepidopterous fauna of the island has some special
interest because of its geographical position and its relatively well-watered and
fertile character. For these reasons it has seemed worth while to bring together in
a single provisional list a summary of the existing records, together with those in
part I of this article. Unfortunately the specimens referred to by the early British
collectors appear to have been lost or dispersed and have therefore not been
checked. Though some of the published accounts include some references to the
moths, the information about them is so slight that the production of even a
provisional list of them would be premature. The field for further work on both
macro- and micro-moths of Corfu is clearly very wide.

The sources used are as follows:

Staudinger, O., 1870. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Grechenlands. (Horae
Soc. Ent. Rossicae 7: 1-301). In this general work there are definite men-
tions of the occurrence in Corfu of some 20 species. Staudinger said,
however, that he had seen few specimens from the island, and he relied,
apart from some records provided by his friend Dr. T. Krueper, on a list
which he had received at second hand of Lepidoptera said to have been
collected there about 1856 by Josef Erber. Many of Erber’s specimens
later came to the Hof Museum, Vienna. These were checked and quoted as
a source for Corfu by Rebel (1910 — see below), who, however, did not
repeat some of Staudinger’s records from Erber, Dates and localities were
not mentioned by these authors.

Norris, F. B., 1891. Notes on Rhopalocera in Corfu, 1891 (Entomologist 24:
179-180). Norris spent the last half of May and the first half of June in
Corfu. He said that during this stay no rain fell. He recorded 46 species,
not including “‘one or two Skippers which I have not quite determined”’.
For most he gave indications of abundance and of their habitats, and for a
few, precise localities which show that he had explored fairly widely in the
central part of the island.

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Matthew, Paymaster-General G. F., 1898, in Notes on Lepidoptera from the
Mediterranean (Entomologist 31: 77-84, 108-116). These records are part
of an interesting account of collecting near various ports which the author
visited during a naval tour in the summer of 1897. He was in Corfu August
4/12 and September 21/28. “Omitting common species”, he mentions 22,
of which five or six had not previously been reported, with comments on
specific forms and abundance but little detail of localities.

de la Garde, P. G., 1899. Mediterranean Lepidoptera (Entomologist 32: 8-12),
added to Mathew’s list a number of other records, mostly dated May
22/27, or July 6, while on similar visits, recording 18 species in all from
‘‘King’s Park, an ideal place for collecting”.

Rebel, H., 1910. Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna der Ionischen Inseln; 1912.
Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna von Corfu. (Verh. Ges. Wien 60: 418-431;
62: 12-15). In this main work on the Ionian islands Rebel cited for Corfu
records from his own very short visits in 1896 and in early July 1904;
records or specimens collected by G. Paganetti during April and May 1903,
by F. Wagner in the second half of June 1907, and by H. Ritter von Woerz
in April/May 1910; and data derived from Erber’s specimens of about 1856
which have been mentioned above. These together gave only 27 species;
but in footnotes he accepted some further 20 species mentioned by Norris
and de la Garde, but he was apparently unaware of those by Mathew.
Rebel himself collected in the Achilleion Park near the east coast south of
Corfu town, but only mentions a few localities for other records. His
further note of 1912 adds seven species to his previous list and gives
additional records for nine others. It is derived from specimens then in the
Hof Museum collected by H. Ritter von Woerz in October 1910 and by
Hauptmann J. Polatzek from May 25 to June 12, 1895.

Graves, P. P., 1926. Collecting in the Balkans in 1925: I, Corfu and Athens
(Ent. Rec. J. Var 38: 85-87). This author, who had much experience of
Balkan and Near East Lepidoptera, collected in Corfu during five days,
July 4/9, 1925, in the valley of Mon Repos on the outskirts of Corfu town,
on rough ground by the mouth of the river Potamos a little to its north,
and in olive groves near Benitza, on the east coast some twelve miles south
of the town. His own captures were 33 species, to which he added a
“‘spring list’? recorded by Wyndham Forbes with dates from April 11 to
May 25, which provided 18 species, of which ten were additional.

Koutsaftikis, A., 1973. Nachtrage, Erganzungen und Okologisch-Zoographische
Berectigungen der Nymphalidae-Fauna (Beitr. naturk. Forsch. Sudwdtl.
32: 169-177). This mentions incidentally, without dates or details, the
presence of five Nymphaline species in Corfu, one of which has not been
mentioned otherwise.

Lipscomb, Major General C. G., 1977. Corfu Butterflies in Spring 1977 (Ent.
Rec. J. Var. 89: 326-328). This account of a visit from April 23 to May 1
refers to 23 species. It confirms several records previously doubtful, and
contains much interesting detail on abundance, localities and behaviour.

We are also indebted to John G. Coutsis, of Athens, for a private list of 57
species, derived mainly from published records but also in some cases from
information in personal correspondence. It contains one species not otherwise
reported.

The order and nomenclature used below follow that of Higgins & Riley, 1980,
A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe (4th, revised, edition).
Names of species used by the authors quoted in the list have been translated to
this nomenclature without comment, except where there is now doubt as to the
identity of the species mentioned; but varietal names have been left unchanged.

The following abbreviations of recorders’ names have been used, the initial of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 103

supplementary recorders being placed in parenthesis after that of the main author,
as follows:

Staudinger, O. Ss Graves, P. P. P Krueper, T. (Kr)
Norris, F. B. N Koutsaftikis, A. K Erber, J. (E)
Mathew, G. F. M Lipscomb, C, G, L Polatzek, Joh. (P)
dela Garde, P.G. DG Baldock, D. W. B Wagner, F. (W)
Rebel, H. R Coutsis, John G, Cc H, Ritter von Woerz(RW)

Forbes, Wyndham (F)

The names of species of which the recorded identity is doubtful, or whose
presence in Corfu appears to need confirmation, have been placed between square
brackets [ ].

Papilio machaon (L.) N, common on mountain tops; M, common; R, Achilleion
Park 5/7.vii.1904; G, Vido Island; L, Aghios Mattheos, 26.iv.1977 one, Kellia
26.iv, one; B 1980.

P. alexanor (Esp.). N, much less common than P. machaon and IJ. podalirius, and
earlier; G(F), 24.v.1926, one only.

Iphiclides podalirius (L.). N, common on mountain tops; M, common; R,
Achilleion park, G, two in gardens; L, Aghios Gordius 24.iv.1977, Kellia,
27.iv.77; B, 1980.

[Zerynthia polyxena (D & S). S(E); R gives Val di Ropa, April (Mocarzski), a
dark yellow female of ab. ochracea Stgr. These records may refer to the same
specimen. In the absence of later records of this conspicuous species, con-
firmation of its presence in Corfu is needed. ]

Pieris brassicae (L.). S(E); N, fairly common, DG; R and R(P); G; B, 1980.

Artogeia rapae (L.). S(E); N, fairly common; R; G; L, Paleokastritza 19.iv.1977,
common on cultivated ground; B, 1980.

[A. ergane (Geyer) N, rare. Lack of later records and possibility of confusion
with other Pierid species makes confirmation necessary. |

A. napi meridionalis (Heyne). B, 1980.

A. krueperi (Stgr.). B, 1980; privately listed by C, but date and source unknown.
Pontia daplidice (L.). N, common in the lowlands; DG, 22/27.v; R flying in
town 4/7.vii.1904; R(E); G, “scarcely any”; L, Sidari 4.v.1977, one female.
Euchloe crameri (Butler). S(E); N, common; G(F), Gastouri, 11.iv one of first

brood, second brood from 20.v.1925.

[E. tagis (Hubn.) var. bellezina Obth. N, common on hills. This record was rejec-
ted by R, as no form of E. tagis is known to occur east of southern France.
Probably a misidentification of very small examples of E. crameri.]

Anthocharis cardamines (L.). S(E); R(E), many; G(F), on Aghia Deka mountain
6.v.1925.

Colias crocea Fourc. N, abundant; M, two female f. helice; R(P), R(W) ab. faillae
Stef., and f. helice Hubn. 27.v, ab. helicina Obth. 12.vi; G; G(F); L, Sidari,
1.v; B 1980.

Gonepteryx rhamni (L.). N, remarking that the next species is commoner.

G. cleopatra (L.). N; M, one male; R, Achilleion park and elsewhere; R(P), 27.v/
12.vii, in fresh specimens; G, in Mon Repos gardens, ‘“‘of the Greek race”’;
G(F), 13.iv, frequent; L, Paleokastritza 19.iv.1977; B, 1980.

Leptidea sinapis (L.). S(E); N, very large, with ab. diniensis; M, the most abun-
dant species seen, by road sides and in olive groves; R(P), var. diniensis and ab.
erysimi Borkh. 27.v.1895; G, mainly in olive groves near Benitza; L, Aghia
Gordiius 24.iv, many; B, Apparently in three seasonally dimorphic generations.

Nordmannia ilicis (Esp.). S(E); N, abundant on low bushes on hill slopes.

Strymonidia spini (D & S). S(Kr); R(E).

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

[S. w-album (Knoch). DG, 22/27.v.1899: rejected by R as probably a misidentifi-
cation of N. ilicis or S. spini. S. w-album occurs locally on the Greek mainland;
but this date seems too early for it.]

Callophrys rubi (L.). N, on hills in May; G(F), Mt. Aghia Dena, 6.v; L, Paleo-
kastritza, 19.iv.1977, fairly common.

Lycaena phloeas (L.). N, var. eleus, common; M, a few; G, specimens heavily
suffused and large; L, Mt. Pantokrator, 29.iv, one; B, 1980.

Lampides boeticus (L.). G, not rare; B, 1980.

[Heodes alciphron Rott. N, not rare, May. Not otherwise reported. The species is
local in mainland Greece and Albania; but the possibility of confusion with
other “Coppers” cannot be excluded. }

Syntarucus pirithous (L.). M, several; DG, 22/27.v; G, one male; B, 1980.

Tarucus balkanicus (Ftr.). B., 1980.

Cupido minimus (Fuessly). N, on Mte Salvatore, (Mt. Pantokrator), May; G(F),
29.iv.1925.

Celastrina argiolus (L.). N;R,in Achilleion park;M, common on bramble blossom,
females laying on terminal shoots; R(W), April and May, many; G(F), 13.iv;
B, 1925.

[Glaucopsyche melanops (Bdv.). N, “on bushy slopes”. Rejected by R as prob-
ably a misidentification. The species is not known in Europe east of Liguria in
north Italy. |]

G. alexis (Poda). G(F), on Aghia Deka mountain, 6.v.1925; L, Mt. Pantokrator,
29.iv.1977.

Pseudophilotes baton (Bergstr.). R(E); G(F), from 19.iv.1925, not common.

Plebejus argus (L.). S(E); R(P), a small female 4.vi.1895; G(F), 20.v.1925.

[Lycaeides idas (L.). S(E), but not supported by specimens examined by Rebel,
and not otherwise recorded. In view of easy confusion with P. argus, con-
firmation needed. In mainland Greece a much more local and scarcer species. }

Aricia agestis (D & S). R(P), 9.vi.1895; G, as var. calida, 4/10.vii.1925, abundant;
L, Aghios Gordius, 24.iv.1977, odd specimens.

Agrodiaetus thersites (Cant.). G, in valley of Mon Repos, and also south of
Benitza, 4/7.ix.1925, five specimens, new to Corfu.

Polyommatus icarus (Rott.). DG, 22/27.v; R(W), common, with ab. celina;
R(P); R(W); many; M, abundant, remarkably small; L, Aghios Gordius, 24.iv.
1977, a few; G, many, var. zellevi; B, 1980.

[Libythea celtis (Laich). C, source of record unknown, Locally common among
Celtis australis in Greece and Albania, but confirmation for Corfu desirable. ]
Charaxes jasius (L.). S(E); N, first seen at end of May, more abundant in June, on
higher mountain tops, such as Mte. Matthie, San Georgio, etc., among

Arbutus,

Limenitis reducta (Stdgr.). N, on bushy, sheltered slopes; M., one male, of gen. II;
DG; R, in Achilleion park 5.vii.1904; G, in valley of Mon Repos 4/7.vii.1925;
G(F), 20.v.1925; L, Kellia, 27.iv.1977, one; B, 1980.

Nymphalis antiopa (L.). N,not common; L, Kellia 27.iv.1977, one; Lake Korisson,
30.iv, one flying among high branches of willows.

Nymphalis polychloros (L.). N, seen in Corfu town and park, over trees; L, Aghios
Mattheos, 26.iv.1977, one reported at rest on a tree trunk, by another
observer.

Inachis io (L.). S(E); N, not common; K, (1973), without detail.

Vanessa atalanta (L.). N, common; DG; R, Achilleon park; G; L, Paleokastritza
19.iv.1977, one; B, 1980.

Cynthia cardui (L.). N, common; DG; R(RW); G; L, Corfu park 18:iv.1977, many
worn on flowers of stock, B, 1980.

Aglais urticae (L.), N, var. turcica, rare.

Polygonia c-album (L.). DG, 6.vii.1899; K, Paleokastritza, no date; B, 1980.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 105

to Italy

65 miles

Sidari

MT. PANTOKRATOR
914m
®

ALBANIA

Kaminaki

Ag. Giorgios
625m
e

Paleocastritza

9 Vido Is.

bs CORFU
Potamos
Mon Repos
®
Ag. Gordios Achilleon
“N e
Mt. Ag. Deka
576m
e
e

Ag. Mattheos

CORFU Q

SKETCH MAP Lake Korisson

Cape Lefkimo

10 miles

P. egea (Cramer). N, common; M, common, small specimens; DG, 6.vii; R,
Achilleon park 5.vii.1904; G, in all localities visited; B, 1980.

Pandoriana pandora (D & S). R, Achilleon Park, 5.vii.1904; B, 1980.

Argynnis paphia (L.). S(E); M, King’s park, Corfu, several; G(F), frequent
22/25.vi; G, in all localities visited, of the huge local race f. kerkyrana Buresch;
B, 1980.

[Fabriciana adippe (D & S). K; C, without date or detail; not otherwise reported. |

[Issoria lathonia (L.). S(E), not supported by Rebel, and not otherwise reported. |

Melitaea cinxia (L.). N, in May, not common; G(F), 11.v.1925, a few worn;
L, Mt. Pantokrator 29.iv.1977, one.

Melitaea phoebe (D & S). N, on hill tops, May.

M. didyma (Esp.). N, very common; M, common, females variable, of gen. II or
III]; DG; R(P), 27.v/12.vi, var. meridionalis Stgr. and male ab. graeca Stgr.,
G(F), first 18.v; G, Benitza 4/7.vii.1925, one f. dalmatina of early gen. II;
K; B, 1980.

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

Melanargia larissa (Geyer). S(E); N, abundant in June; DG, 22/27.v.1899; R(W),
Aghia Dekha, Paleokastritza; G(F), 20.v.1925; G, on coast above Benitza,
4/7.vii.1925, many “of the south Albanian race f. freyeri Frhst’’.

[Hipparchia fagi (Scop.). N, as hermione (L.), common on mountains, settling on
rocks and trees, females measuring nearly 3 in.; M, common; R, Achilleon
park, 5.vii.1904, very large, brightly coloured specimens. At these dates,
however, the structural differences, decisive only in the genitalia and Jullien
organ, between H. fagi, H. syriaca and H. alcyone (D & S) were not clearly
recognised. Although the large size and bright colour, and also Norris’ descrip-
tion of the habitat, suggest H. fagi, it is not possible to be sure without
specimens to which species these records refer. H. fagi and H. syriaca are
superficially almost indistinguishable in their Greek races; H. alcyone is not
known from the Balkans, but is widespread in mountains in south Italy. ]

H. syriaca (Stgr.) serrula Frhst. Separated from H. fagi by Jullien in 1909. G,
7.vii.1925, abundant in olive groves near Benitza. One of his specimens was
later dissected by Hemming (Entomologist 76: 68-72, 1943) and Graves’
original identification was confirmed. The species is widespread in Greece and
on the Adriatic coast.

[H. semele (L.). N, common, females very large; DG, 22/27.v.1899; R, Achilleon
park, 5.vii.1904; G, trans ad cadmus Frhst., swarming in shrubberies of Mon
Repos, rare in olive groves. Since these dates several of the taxa then included
in H. semele have been given specific rank, and specific definitions in the
group are still fluid and controversial. H. semele as recently defined (Kudrna,
1977) is not certainly known on the Greek mainland, and these records
probably refer to the next species, H. aristaeus or, just possibly, to the more
recently separated H. delattini (Kudrna, 1975).]

[H. aristaeus (Bonelli). M, var. aristaeus, 4/12.viii.1897, mostly large females,
dark, averaging 2% in. wing expanse. As H. aristaeus senthes Frhst. is wide-
spread in Greece and Albania, this attribution is probably correct; but struc-
tural examination of Corfu specimens is needed for certainty. |

Neohipparchia statilinus (Hufn.). B, 1980.

Maniola jurtina (L.) hispulla Esp. N, common; M; DG; R; R(W), one female
semialba Bdv.; G, in Mon Repos gardens; B.

Pyronia cecilia (Vall.). N, on coast towards Lefkimo, June; M, few, worn; R(P),
27.v/12.vi.1895, many; G, 4/10.vii.1925, rare, six only.

Coenonympha pamphilus (L.). M, ‘“‘an interesting dark form’; DG, var. lyllus
Esp.; R(P), large female of type form, 4.vi.1895; R, var. /yllus, many; G, f.
marginata, abundant and variable; L, Corfu outskirts, 23.iv.1977, undersides in
both sexes almost unicolorous; B, 1980.

Pararge aegeria (L.). N, in the park; M, King’s park, common, both f. egeria and
f. egerides; R, Achilleon park, var, intermedia Tutt; G, Mon Repos gardens,
transitional forms; L, Paleokastritza, not common; B, 1980.

Lasiommata megera (L.), N, in May, scarce, R, Achilleon park, R(RW), October
specimens “golden red, underside not lighter, var. megaerina H-S”; G, f. lyssa
Bdv., very uncommon; G(F), Mt. Aghia Deka, 6.v; L, Paleokastritza 19.iv.
1977, few; B, 1980.

L. maera (L.). M, scarce in May; G, very uncommon, f. orientalis Stgr.; B, 1980.

Kirinia roxelana (Cramer). S(E); M, few, worn; DG, 22/27.v; R, Achilleon park
5.vii; G, males worn, females fresh; B, 1980. N, common on hill-sides, settling
on olive trunks and rocks, with S. hermione; B, 1980.

Spialia orbifer (Hiibn.). N, fairly common in May.

Syrichtus proto (Ochs). M, on Vido Island 21/29.ix.1897, six only; B, 1980.

Carcharodus alceae (Esp.). N, not common, May; M, common; G, f. australis, one
worn; B, 1980.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 107

[C. flocciferus (Zell.). S. says “Erber found on Corfu almost typical marrubii
Rambur (floccifera Zell.)”. Marrubii Rambur, now known as boeticus Rambur,
is a south west European species distinct from flocciferus, which on the Greek
mainland flies only on mountains above about 1,000 m., being replaced
at lower levels by the next species, to which Erber’s specimens may have
belonged. |

C. orientalis (Rev.). Known privately to C. to exist in Corfu; but the first pub-
lished record appears to be that of B., 1980.

[Erynnis tages (L.). S(E); not otherwise reported. In view of possible confusion
with the next species, confirmation is required. The species is widespread on
the mainland of Greece and Albania. |

E. marloyi (Bdv.). N.. Mt. Pylides in May, rare; L., on summit of Mt. Pantokrator
29.4.1977, one on stony ground.

Thymelicus actaeon (Rott.). S(E); DG., 22/27.v.1899; R(P), 11.vi.1895, G., in
several places, worn, 4/9.vii.1925.

T. flavus (Brunnich). N., as Hesperia thaumas, fairly common but local; R(P),
9.vi.1895, both sexes large; G., Benitza, 7.vii.1925, one worn.

Ochlodes venata (Bremer & Grey). N., fairly common, but local; DG., 22/27.v.
1899.

[Gegenes nostrodamus (F.). S. says “Hesperia pumilio Hiibn. (nostrodamus
Rambur ? F.) .. . also on Corfu, everywhere scarce”’; M., ‘‘H. nostrodamus, one
or two taken on Vido” 21/28.ix.1897. As the differences between the two
species were not then clearly recognised, these records may refer to either;
both occur on the Greek mainland. |

Gegenes pumilio (Hffsgg.). B., 1980, first confirmed record for Corfu.

Of the 79 species of butterflies (Rhopalocera) listed above, 16 have been
placed within square brackets as requiring confirmation either of actual occurrence
in Corfu or of identification. Nine others appear not to have been reported in the
present century, though there is no reason to doubt the earlier records. The list is
unlikely to be complete; but even so, probably more species of Rhopalocera are
to be found in Corfu than in any other Mediterranean island except Sicily.

Note. Since this list was prepared, an article published by L. Willemse, 1981,
“More about the distribution of Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) in Greece” (Ent.
Bericht. 41: 41-448) contains records of some 20 species of butterflies seen by him
in Corfu from July 17-19, 1976. These do not add any species to the list above;
but they include a mention of Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer) at Yimerion, 50 m,
17.vii.1976. This should therefore replace that by Baldock, 1980, as the first
published record of that species in Corfu.

108 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

LEPIDOPTERA IMMIGRANT TO ORKNEY IN 1980

by R.I. LORIMER
Scorradale, Orphir, Orkney .

Regular sampling by mercury vapour light was carried out at Scorradale,
Orphir, Orkney from 14-29.iv and from 22.v-12.ix.1980, thus covering the greater
part of the short entomological season in the far north of Great Britain.

That migrant activity can extend thus far north quite early in the year is
shown by the occurrence of a very pale male Agroftis ipsilon (Hufn.) on 16.iv, but
unfortunately no meteorological data were recorded at the time.

During the second visit there were strong indications of three distinct waves of
immigration.

On 5.vi there was a severe thunderstorm in mid-morning; thunder is rare in
Orkney and does not occur by any means every year and Mr. R. F. Bretherton has
kindly checked the relevant weather maps and finds that the air-mass which
caused the turbulence was southern and western in origin. By the evening of 5.vi
Plutella xylostella (L.), Vanessa atalanta (L.) and Cynthia cardui (L.) were present
in numbers throughout the Islands. On the morning of 6.vi the traps contained
several A. ipsilon and Autographa gamma (L.), two Blepharita adusta (Esper) of
the typical form (Orkney specimens are normally of the dark ab. duplex (Haw.)
and two fresh Lacanobia biren (Goeze) black in ground colour, with greatly
reduced pale markings and quite unlike normal Orkney specimens which had, in
any case, been over for about a fortnight. Mr. A. H. Hayes of the Department of
Entomology, B.M.N.H. went to considerable trouble to trace similar specimens in
the collections and, although there were none so dark, those from the southern
half of Europe approximate more closely to mine than those from further north.
The figure of ab. aperta Hibner (Seitz, 1914, pl. 17, line d), although more
brownish-black, is not dissimilar. During the following few days Nomophila
noctuella (D. & S.) also arrived.

A second period of immigration was again heralded by a violent thunderstorm
with torrential rain on 26.vii, but was apparently of different origin. After the
storm, barometric pressure rose rapidly and remained steadily high for about a
week, giving very light winds from south-east to east and “haar” along the eastern
coast. A. gamma and P. xylostella arrived on 27.vii and the latter species built up
so quickly in numbers that by 1.viii there must have been millions, with twenty or
so disturbed by every step among the heather. It is fortunate that this very large
immigration of P. xylostella came too late in the year to do much harm to Brassica
crops, but it is possible that enough will manage to overwinter on Cochlearia on
the coasts and Hesperis in gardens to cause problems early in 1981. From 31.vii
two species of Yponomeuta arrived — numerous Y. evonymella (L.) and rather
less Y. padella (L.) (of the white forewing form), both of which were to be seen
(rather incongruously) sitting high up on heather and coming at night to mercury
vapour light. Other unusual arrivals were 2 Spaelotis ravida (D. & S.), 10 Cosmia
trapezina (L.) (one ten miles away at Bellfield, St. Ola — S. V. Gauld), 1 Idaea
biselata (Hufnagel), and 6 Parastichtis suspecta (Hiibner). Although this last
species is not usually considered to be immigrant, both occasions on which it has
been recorded in Orkney were during periods of immigration from the east. In
1977 it was accompanied by Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) of the Scandinavian
race and numerous pale Eurois occulta (L.) and it is suggested that here may lie
an explanation of the species’ occasional, but extreme fluctuations in abundance
in the northern counties of England (Barrett, 1899: 305-306).

The fine weather broke about 17.viii and was followed by a week of cold,
windy weather during which the wind never fell below force 8 and stayed in a

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 109

northerly quarter. After this the weather never settled completely, as a series of
shallow depressions passed around a “high” to the south.

Unusual species still continued to arrive, although singly rather than in
numbers: Orthonama obstipata (F.) (27.viii), Udea ferrugalis (Hiibner) (7.ix) and
Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée) of which five were captured during the first week of
September, although the food plant is absent from Orkney, except for single trees
in gardens.

The full list of species recorded may be found in Lorimer (1970 and 1977)
with a further supplement in press and suggests that most of at least the “macro-
lepidoptera” have now been recorded, and that it is imprudent to reject any of
the old records, however improbable, as there is a constant influx, often from
distant areas and that from time to time some of these newcomers become
temporarily resident (e.g. Discestra trifolii (Hufn.)) or even established and
common (e.g. Scotopteryx chenopodiata (L.)). To forestall future misgivings,
voucher specimens of species newly recorded in Orkney are deposited regularly in
British Museum (Natural History).

REFERENCES
Lorimer, R.I., 1970. Orkney Lepidoptera 1868-1968. Entomologist’s Gaz. 21:
71-101.
Lorimer, R.I., 1977. Orkney Lepidoptera 1970-1975. Entomologist’s Gaz. 28:
23-26.
Seitz, A., 1914. The macrolepidoptera of the World Vol. 3.
Barrett C. G., 1899. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands Vol. 5.

ON REARING THE SPANISH FRITILLARY
(EURODRYAS DESFONTAINII GODART — LEP: NYMPHALIDAE)

by R. F. BRETHERTON
(Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE)

The Spanish Fritillary, Eurodryas desfontainii, which is closely related to the
Marsh Fritillary (£. aurinia Rott.), is only known from scattered localities in the
mountains of Morocco, Spain, Portugal, and the extreme south east of France. A
very full account of the life history of the Moroccan sub-species, gibrati Oberthir,
was made by Powell and published by Oberthiir (1922); but I am not aware of
any detailed account of the early stages of the three Spanish sub-species which are
mentioned by Bustillo (1974), who does, however, list a number of kinds of
Centaurea (Knapweeds) as their food plants.

In north Spain, thanks to the knowledge and skill of Mr. Peter Cribb, he and I
were able to find on August 8, 1979, webs containing young larvae of the species,
probably in their first or second instars, on damp, heathy ground at an altitude of
about 1,200 m on the plateau north of Burgos. This is at or near the northern
limit of &. desfontainii in Europe. The webs were spun round the stems and lower
leaves of a small pink-flowered scabious, later tentatively identified as Knautia
integrifolia Bertol, which does not occur in Britain. Each of the two webs which I
brought home to England three days later contained some twenty larvae. They

110 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

were placed in muslin covered pots in the open, with remains of the original food
and growing plants of devil’s bit scabious (Suwccisa pratensis) which is the usual
food of our British &. aurinia aurinia. Little further feeding was noticed before
the winter. For this, in view of the severe winter climate of the Burgos plateau, it
was thought best to leave the pots and larvae out of doors, though they were
given some shelter from heavy rain under overhanging eaves of the house. The
larvae soon disappeared from the webs and presumably hibernated in leaf debris
and crevices in the soil.

This invisibility led me to assume that none had survived the winter; but on
April 10, 1980, about a dozen active larvae were found in one of the pots, in
which they had already completely stripped spring shoots of the scabious and
were clearly then short of food. They were transferred to fresh plants of devil’s
bit and also of field scabious (Knautia arvensis) and small scabious (Scabiosa
columbaria) to which were later added sprays of garden honeysuckle (Lonicera
caprifolium). They continued to eat some of the devil’s bit, but showed some
preference for the honeysuckle; the other plants were ignored. Hot sunshine and
high day temperatures appeared to be necessary for their growth and especially
for successful moulting, and some fed up quickly during the short spells of these
in mid April and May: five were in their last instar by May 10 and pupated
between 15 and 17, and the sixth did so on 26. The others grew intermittently
and died off at various sizes before the last instar, although two were still alive
when the first imago emerged on June 4. It seems likely that their failure to reach
maturity was more due to lack of Spanish sunshine than the unusual food plants.

Of the pupae, four were suspended from silken pads on the muslin cover, and
two on stems of honeysuckle. These, too, seemed to require hot sunshine to
provoke emergence of the imagines, which took place between 10.30 a.m. and
noon (B.S.T.). An unexpected feature was that the first four, on June 4, 6 (two),
and 12, were all females; the only male emerged on 13th, and the laggard pupa
gave another female on 17th. I feared that this male tardiness might make it
impossible to get a pairing; but in fact the male paired readily for several hours in
the late afternoon of 13th, with the first female, which had emerged nine days
earlier with a slightly deformed forewing. During the next few days she laid two
large flat patches of eggs, about 170 in all, low down ona single leaf of devil’s bit.
The eggs were yellowish cream when laid, but soon about half became bright
reddish orange; the remainder have shown no colour change and are presumably
infertile. The male refused to pair again, either with his previous partner or with
two other females which had emerged before and after him despite frequent
invitations from them, so after a week he was killed and set for the collection,
still in very fair condition. The butterflies were provided throughout with freshly
cut thyme blossom, on which they rested and fed freely. The fertilised female
survived until 6th July, after a life of 31 days, of which more than half were after
she had completed her egg laying. Most of July in England was, however, wet,
cold and sunless; and her eggs failed to hatch.

Unfortunately I had no larvae of FE. aurinia available for comparison. However,
reference to the descriptions and colour figures in Frohawk (1934) suggests that
the larvae of E. desfontainii in their early instars have a browner tinge than those
of FE. aurinia; in their final instar they are markedly larger, and have the white
markings more pronounced, especially those which Frohawk calls the “floral
decorations” round the spiracles; and these contrast sharply with intensely black
ground colour. The web must play a smaller part in their life history, since it
apparently does not serve as a hibernaculum or as a base in early spring, as is the
case with EF. aurinia. The pupae are more squat in shape, and ‘have the orange
and black markings stronger and more conspicuous. The imagines in both sexes
are larger, with a much brighter reddish ground colour than British E. aurinia
aurinia, and have clear pale blue lunules round the margin of the hindwings. On

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 Lita

the upper side they strongly resemble F. aurinia beckeri Herrich-Schaeffer from
southern Spain; but on the underside they are easily distinguished by the heavy
black markings in the centre of the forewing, which stretch from the costa to the
inner margin.

REFERENCES

Oberthiir, C., 1922. Lepidopterologie compareée, 9: 48-60.

Bustillo, M.R. & Rubio, F.F., 1974. Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica, II: 188.

Frohawk, F.W., 1934. The Complete Book of British Butterflies, p. 119-124,
Plate X.

BOOK REVIEW

A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, by L.G. Higgins and
N.D. Riley. Fourth edition, revised and reset. Collins, London, 1980. 387 pp.,
63 coloured plates and 384 distribution maps. £7.95.

This Field Guide is known to many thousands of readers since it was published
in 1970. It has translations in eight foreign languages, and now there is a fourth
English edition, which incorporates many changes and improvements both in
format and substance. The dust cover has been replaced by a fine cover of white
cloth with coloured pictures of butterflies on flowers and grasses. The colour
plates are now grouped together, making reference much easier; and three new
plates include most of the species added since the first edition. There is now a
complete alphabetical index of the scientific names of families, genera, species,
subspecies and forms referred to in the text. Some 60 distribution maps have been
corrected in the light of more recent information.

The area covered is, as before, the British Isles, most of Europe, and North
Africa, including the Canary islands and the Azores but, rather unhappily, not
Cyprus or the Greek islands of the eastern Aegean. The text, and the check list
which is still regrettably without authors’ names, now shows 395 species as
compared with 378 in the first edition. As explained in the preface, some of the
additions result from recent discoveries in the area, while others are promotions
from subspecific rank; there are also some demotions to that rank. In most cases
where there are differences in expert opinion about where this taxonomic line
should be drawn, this is stated in the text. Changes in specific names are blessedly
few: one may hope that stability in this has been almost reached. The confusing
reversal in the text of the names of Euchloé ausonia and E. simplonia (the Dappled
Whites) has, since publication, been formally withdrawn by a note in Entomolo-
gist’s Gazette (1980) 31: 246. A number of other taxa, some of them new, have
been added as subspecies, and others as geographical forms; but in general the
authors’ perhaps over rigorous caution in the award of subspecific rank has been
maintained. There are, however, considerable changes resulting from splitting
several previously established genera and from changing the species content of
others; and the order of the families and the arrangement of some of the genera
within them have also been drastically altered. The need for the creation of some
of this further instability is not always obvious, and it will be regarded by many
field workers and collectors as unfortunate.

Nevertheless, the Field Guide was originally good, and this fourth edition is
welcome and indispensable. It is much to be regretted that the second author,
N.D. Riley, is no longer with us to see it. R.F.B.

112 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

NEW LOCALITY AND HOST PLANT RECORDS OF
AMBLYPELTA SPP. (HEMIPTERA, COREIDAE)
WITH NOTES ON EARLY STUDIES

by R.A. LEVER
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, 52 Queen’s Gate, London S.W.7

The genus Amblypelta was erected by Stal (1873) to receive two species from
Caledonia and Vanuata (New Hebrides). Sixty years elapsed before a third species
was described from coconut in the Solomon Islands (China 1934). A detailed
revision of the genus by Brown (1958, 1959) is herewith supplemented with
additional locality and host-plants records, all but one of the 13 described species
now having recorded hosts. An account is also given showing how inadequate field
data by a succession of workers led to tardy recognition of the agent responsible
for serious damage to coconut.

LOCALITIES AND HOST-RECORDS

Amblypelta ardleyi Brown; Later studies by Szent-Ivany (1961) on pests of
Cacao (cocoa) in Papua New Guinea show that pods of cacao are attacked in
Morobe Province.

A. bilineata Stil: No additional hosts to Schinus terebinthifolius are known.
Dr. J. Carayon of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris kindly checked
material in that collection. This is the most southerly species, occurring in New
Caledonia and Vanuatu.

A. blotei Brown: Recorded (locality data only) from Irian Jaya (West Irian).
Dr. P.H. van Doesburg of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden has
checked labels for food-plant records.

A. brevicornis Brown: The following food-plants have been supplied by Mr.
J.F. Donaldson, Department of Primary Industry, Indooroophilly Queensland —
Citrus, olive, Geijera parviflora and Melaleuca. Besides Queensland and New South
Wales, it is also known from the Northern Territory.

A. cocophaga Brown: With its subspecies c. malaitensis Brown, occurs
throughout the Solomon Islands including Bougainville. An extensive list of culti-
vated and jungle plants has been recorded as hosts. Notes on the bionomics of this
species are given below.

Three species of Eucalyptus in the Solomon Islands have recently been found
affected with shoot-tip necrosis (Macfarlane, Jackson and Marten).

A. costalis Van Duzee: Three subspecies known, two from the minute Rennell
and Bellona Islands in the Solomons and the third extending to Papua New
Guinea and the Bismarck archipelago. Cassava, cacao and rubber are food-plants.

A. cristobalensis Brown: Confined to San Cristobal in the Solomons with
records from coconut and cassava.

A. gallegonis Lever: The nominate subspecies restricted to Isabel, the sub-
species g. bougainvillensis Brown occurring over a wide area in the western
Solomons and Bougainville. Cassava and sweet potato, pepper and Pueraria phase-
oloides.

A. lutescens (Dist.): records of the nominate subspecies in Queensland,
Northern Territory, Banks and Kai Island and /. papuensis Brown in Papua New
Guinea are as cited by Brown. Additional host plants are guava, mulberry,
Codiaeum and Malpighia.

A. manihotis (Blote): known only from Java, the most westerly point of the
distribution of the genus. Cassava and Albizia.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 113

A. nitida Stal: Mr. Donaldson extends the range from south of Sydney, N.S.W.
through Queensland towards the tip of Cape York and inland to the Carnarvon
Range. He also expands Brown’s host plant records of Prunus spp. to include
apple, avocado, citrus, custard apple, guava, Macadamia, mango, Passiflora and
pecan nut.

A, madangana Brown & Ghauri: This is the most recently described species
(1961) which was later recorded from cacao pods (Szent-Ivany 1963). It has been
taken in Madang and Port Moresby.

A. theobromae Brown: as shown by Brown, this species occurs up to 1,500 ft.
in Papua New Guinea. Besides cacao, it feeds on cassava and rubber.

A. sp. An undescribed species from the Central District, Papua New Guinea is
known to Dr. M.S.K. Ghauri who informs me it damages cacao pods.

EARLY FIELD WORKIN RELATION TO BIONOMICS

The manner in which the habits of A. cocophaga influenced the conclusions of
field workers dealing with immature or premature nutfall has not been adequately
described. The adults readily take to flight at the least disturbance. rarely feed in
wet or overcast conditions and have such a low population density in the coconut
plantations as to occur at less than one individual per palm. The nymphs are
similarly elusive as they readily drop from the substratum and feed mainly under
bright conditions. It was due to the retiring habits of these insects effectively
eluding early investigators, coupled with their scarcity or even absence in the
spadix of the palm, that progress in finding the causal agent was so slow.

The reports of Froggatt (1914), Simmonds (1925), Tothill (1929) and Lever
(1933) all drew attention to the more abundant and sluggish pentatomid Axi-
agastus cambelli Dist. but all failed to mention Amblypelta cocophaga in the
Solomons and New Guinea area as did Risbec (1934, 1937) and Williams (1944)
in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia. Even after Amblypelta had been
recorded as present in coconut spadices (Pagden & Lever, 1935) its responsibility
for severe injury to young nuts was recognised only later (Lever 1935) owing to
its presence at such a very low level. The fact that one or two insects, each making
a single feeding puncture, could result weeks later in extensive lesions or gummosis
was not appreciated.

The writer is fortunate in having had the opportunity to submit the above
information to Mr. R.W. Paine (the late Dr. Tothill’s assistant in the Solomon
Islands survey of 1929), who agrees that the position regarding nutfall at that
time was as described.

Unknown to all these workers in the Western Pacific, it transpired that a
similar problem was being investigated at the same time in East Africa. The
characteristic gummosis and nutfall was described by Welsford (1925, 1927) but
it was not until 1950 that the causal insect was recognised (Briant 1952). This was
later described as Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown and shown to have identical habits
and similar ant associations as its opposite number in the Solomons. The combina-
tion of very low populations in the palms, elusive habits and delayed symptoms of
damage after feeding by the nymphs and adults resulted in failure to isolate the
responsible pest.

Recently an undescribed species of Paradasynus, a genus closely related to the
above two genera, has been reported from coconut and other crops in India
(Kurian et al. 1976). Typical gummosis of young nuts was found besides attacks
on cashew, guava, mango, rubber and tapioca. Presumably this coreid moved in
from the jungles of Karnataka and Kerala in the same way that A. cocophaga did
in the Solomons when extensive coconut plantations were first opened up some
75 years ago. The above authors cite the Solomon islands species as occurring in
“most islands of South China” which is erroneous as it is absent from Asia.

114 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wishes to thank Dr. M.S.K. Ghauri of the Commonwealth Institute
of Entomology for helpful discussion on these coreids as well as to the gentlemen
already mentioned under localities and host-plants. Dr. J.H.H*Svent-Ivany of the
Adelaide Museum and Mr.E.S.C.Smith, Department of Primary Industry,
Keravat, Papua New Guinea have also kindly supplied information on recent
records in the field.

REFERENCES

Briant, A.K. (1952). Zanzibar Protectorate Dept. Agric. Anni. Rep. for 1950, p. 4.

Brown, E.S. (1958). Revision of the genus Amblypelta Stal (Hemiptera, Coreidae)
Bull. ent. Res. 49: 509-541.

— (1959). Immature nutfall of coconuts in the Solomon Islands. I. Distribution
of nutfall. Bull. ent. Res. 50: 97-133.

China, W.E. (1934). A new species of Coreidae (Heteroptera) injurious to coconut
in the Solomon Islands. Bull. ent. Res. 25: 187-189.

Froggatt, W.W. (1914). Pests and diseases of the coconut palm. Sci. Bull. Dept.
Agric.. New South Wales no. 2. (1st. edn. 1911).

Kurian, C. et al. (1976). A new enemy of coconut in India. Indian Farming 27(5):
11-12.

Lever, R.J.A.W. (1933). Status of economic entomology in the British Solomon
Islands. Bull. ent. Res. 24: 253-256.

— (1935). The green coconut bug (Amblypelta cocophaga China) and induced
nutfall in the coconut. Brit. Solomon Is. agl. Gaz. 3(4): 9-10.

Macfarlane, R., Jackson, G.V.H. and Marten, K.D. (1976) Die-back of Eucalyptus
in the Solomon Islands. Commonw. For. Rev. 55(2): 133-139.

Pagden, H.T. and Lever, R.J.A.W. (1935). Insect pests of the coconut palm. Brit.
Solomon Is. agr. Gaz. 3(1): 17-18.

Risbec, J.R. (1937). Observations sur les parasites des plantes cultivees aux
Nouvelles-Hébrides, 214 pp.

— (1942). Observations sur les insectes des plantations en Nouvelle-Calédonie,
128 pp.

Simmonds, H.W. (1926). Pests and diseases of the coconut palm in the islands of
the South Pacific. Bull. Dept. Agric. Fiji. no. 16, 31 mp.

Szent-Ivany, J.J.H. (1963). Further records of insect pests of Theobroma cacao in
the Territory of Papua and New Guinea. Papua New Guinea agric. Gaz. 16(1):
38.

— (1961). Insect pests of Theobroma cacao in the Territory of Papua New
Guinea. Papua New Guinea agric. Gaz. 13(4): 127-147.

Tothill, J.D. (1929). A reconnaissance survey of agricultural conditions in the
British Solomon Islands Protectorate, 17 pp. Suva.

Welsford, E.J. (1925). Zanzibar Dept. Agric. Annl. Rpt. for 1924, m 15.

— (1927). Proc. S. & E. Afr. Agric. Conf. for 1926, pp. 205-210.

Williams, F.X. (1944). A survey of insect pests of New Caledonia. Hawaii. Plant
Rec. 48: 93-124.

INDOOR MEETINGS

JOINT MEETING WITH THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
at 41 Queen’s Gate, 17th December 1980

Three speakers gave talks on the general theme of insect-insect relationships to
a large audience of fellows and members of the two Societies. Dr. V. Eastop of
the British Museum (Natural History) gave a talk entitled ““The Host with the
Most”, during which the effects of host plants on the’distribution and ecology of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 115

predators of plant-feeding insects were discussed. C. Godfrey from Imperial
College then spoke on the parasite fauna of leaf-mining insects, particularly
Lepidoptera and Diptera. Finally, Dr. I. McLean of the Nature Conservancy
Council examined some aspects of the life-history strategies of aphidophagous
insects.

The lectures were followed by a lively discussion and this was continued over
light refreshments in the library.

15th January 1981
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr. C. O'TOOLE stated that the use of naphthalene and para-dichlorobenzene
in the insect collections at Oxford University had been discontinued by reason of
their carcinogenic properties.

The President reported that in the mild spell of weather 21-27.xii.80 he had
found Phigalia pilosaria (D. & S.) commonly at Leigh, Surrey.

Mr. E. H. WILD reported that Mr. B. SKINNER had told him of substantial
numbers of Theria rupicapraria (D. & S.) and Erannis marginaria (F.) in Epping
Forest on 27.xii.80.

Mr. M. HADLEY stated that he had observed Erannis leucophaearia (D. & S.)
in the same period.

Prof. J. OWEN reported that he had found Polygonia c-album (L.) hibernating
in a hospital at Tooting, London, during December 1979. He thought it unusual
for this butterfly to hibernate indoors. Prof. Owen also reported seeing a larva of
Pieris brassicae (L.) pupate on 24.xii.80.

Mr. C. O'TOOLE lectured on Man, Bees and Conservation, with excellent slide
illustrations.

29th January 1981
The President, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

The President exhibited a fine set of illustrations of the varieties of Acleris
cristana (D. & S.), painted by Mr R. Dyke.

Mr G. PRIOR exhibited Phigalia pilosaria (D. & S.), found on a window in
Piccadilly, London on 21.i.81 and Conistra vaccinii L. from a window in another
busy thoroughfare, Northolt Road, S. Harrow on 29.i.81.

MEMBERSHIP

Mrs S.J. Mansfield, Dr N.J. Mills, Messrs J. Briggs, R.F. McCormick, M.N. Mc-
Crae, R.T. Smith, M.R. Spurrell, A.J. Winters and L. Young were elected.
The deaths were announced of Mr D.L. Coates and Mr Austin Richardson.

ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

The Officers’ reports appear in parts 1-2 of the Proceedings and the list of new
Officers and Council is on the cover of that issue.

Hon. Auditors for 1981: Mr A. Pickles on behalf of Council and Mr Bell on
behalf of members.

MrS.N.A. Jacobs proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and
Council, which was carried with acclaim.

The President gave his address and then inducted the new President, Mr A.
Stubbs, to the Chair.

116 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

12th February 1981
The President, Mr. A. STUBBS, in the chair.

The President announced the death of Mr. F. V. L. Jarwis, the well-known
specialist on the genus Avicia (Lep.: Lycaenidae).

EXHIBITS

Dr. A. A. ALLEN ~— (a) A female Aleiodes tristis Wesmael (Hym.: Braconidae),
bred 12.viii.1980 from an Hesperiid larva swept from herbage in a lane at
Shaldon, Devon. A. tristis is a known parasite of Hesperiidae (and perhaps
Satyridae), but appears to be uncommon.

(b) A female specimen of the ubiquitous Pimpla instigator F. (Hym.: Ich-
neumonidae), bred 23.xi.1980 from a pupa of Aglais urticae by Flying Officer
J. M. Guthrie. The exhibit is of interest in that the parent ° P. instigator must
have gained access to the pupa in captivity, for the parasites attack only pupae,
and the host larva which came from Hertfordshire was feral. P. instigator is a large
insect and the exhibit served as a warning to breeders to ensure that their stock
was well protected from such predators.

COMMUNICATIONS

The President drew attention to “Butterfly Year” starting 13th May 1981, the
objectives of which are: (1) to promote awareness of butterflies (and other
insects) as being worthy of conservation; (ii) To investigate further measures for
the safeguard and management of important butterfly sites, including acquisition
of reserves; (iii) To create a public awareness of butterflies as an indication of the
health of the wildlife of town and county; (iv) To promote awareness among the
public, and particularly children, of the interdependence of butterflies and other
animals, plants in the habitat; (v) To raise funds to help achieve the above
objectives.

The President furthermore alluded to the NCC press release to demonstrate
the need for firm site protection as the new Wildlife Bill goes through parliament.
He added that in 1980, on average 10% of the S.S.S.I.s in 20 English counties
were lost or severely damaged, and amounting to 32% in Dorset and 17% in
Northamptonshire.

Mr. PRIOR reported that the late Mr. Cyril Hammond’s bequest of his books,
collection and entomological apparatus were now with the Society.

Lr. Col. A. M. EMMET stated that Monsieur P. Leraut requested British
specimens of Scopariinae in exchange for Liste Systematique et Synonymique des
Lepidopteres de France, Belgique et Corse of which he was the author. Those
interested to communicate with Col. Emmet.

Then followed a most interesting talk entitled “Peru, 1979”, given by Mr.
M. W. F. Tweedie, and accompanied by a series of beautiful slides.

26th March 1981
The President, Mr A.E. STUBBS, in the Chair.

The President welcomed Mr I. Svensson, from Sweden.

EXHIBITS

Mr M. BROWN exhibited five larvae of Epirrita autumnata Bork. ex ova from
a female taken at light at Chobham, Surrey.
Mr K.G.W. EVANS showed two Helicoverpa armigera armigera Hubner

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 117

(Scarce Bordered Straw). The first was reared 21.i1.80 from a larva found 1.xii.79
in a tomato at Addiscombe, Surrey and originating from Las Palmas, Canary Is.
The second was taken at mercury vapour light 22.x.77 at Addiscombe.

MEMBERSHIP AND ANNOUNCEMENT

Mr J.C. Christie was elected to membership.
Dr J. BADMIN invited members to the field meetings of the Kent Field Club.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr R.F. BRETHERTON reported further arrivals of the migrant moth Agrotis
ipsilon Hufn., including 12 examples recorded by Mr J.A.C. GREENWOOD on or
about 11th March in W. Sussex. Mr Bretherton asked for further records of this
and other migrants. Mr J.hM. CHALMERS-HUNT reported that Mr R.A. SOFTLY
had recorded this moth recently from Hampstead.

Col A.M. EMMET said that Mr Greenwood had also recorded the arrival of
Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.).

Mr CHALMERS-HUNT had seen a female Brimstone (G. rhamni (L.)) on
20.iii.81.

Mr E.G. PHILP described ‘The Kent Biological Records Centre, its evolution
and function’. The many questions at the end indicated the interest which this
subject had aroused.

9th April 1981
The President, Mr. A.E. STUBBS, in the Chair.

The President reported the deaths of Mr W.H.Spreadbury and MrR.R.
Pickering.

EXHIBITS

Mr G. PRIOR showed larvae of Eupithecia tenuiata (Hiibner) (The Slender
Pug) taken from canal banks at Oxford feeding on the female catkins of Salix
caprea. The larvae were probably in the third instar. Mr K.G.W. EVANS showed
a specimen of Antichloris eriphia (F.) (Ctenuchidae). This adult moth emerged
from a crate of bananas from Ecuador and was found at Addiscombe, Surrey
19.i.81. It is the first British record. Mr Evans had traced the firm of banana
ripeners through whose hands the fruit had passed and discovered that the
bananas had been subjected for several days to a high concentration of ethylene,
this without ill-effect to the moth, which presumably was then in the pupal state.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr BRETHERTON drew attention to a very early season, He reported that his
moth trap at Bramley, Surrey had attracted over 220 moths on the previous night
against 40-48 a year ago. Among the 19 species of the Macro-lepidoptera were
Odontosia carmelita (Esper) and Polyploca ridens (Fab.), being about 14 days
earlier than usual.

Mr E.H. WILD reported finding Acleris literana (L.) at Selsdon, Surrey.

Mr S.N.A. JACOBS had noticed one of the Plume moths, Emmelina mono-
dactyla (L.) on a fence and one week later it was still in the same position.

Mrs MONIQUE SIMMONDS gave an interesting lecture on ‘‘Parasitoid Host
Interactions’.

118 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

23rd April 1981
The President, Mr A.E. STUBBS, in the Chair.

EXHIBITS .

Mr E.H. WILD showed a set specimen of Orthosia gothica (L.) var. pallida-
rufescens-reducta from Selsdon, Surrey.

Mr A.J. HALSTEAD showed some live adults of the Scarlet Lily Beetle,
Lilocenus lilii (Scop.) (Col: Chrysomelidae) collected from the Royal Horti-
cultural Society’s Gardens, Wisley, Surrey. This beetle is not native to Britain
but became established during the early 1940s. It remains confined mainly to
Surrey, Hampshire and Berkshire, where it is a pest of lilies and crown imperial
fritillaries. Both larvae and adults feed on the foliage, flowers and seed capsules.

Mr. DUGDALE showed some slides of larvae of Micropterix calthella (L.)
and M. aruncella (Scop.) (Lep: Micropterigidae), the former from Silwood Park
and the latter from Box Hill, Surrey.

MEMBERSHIP AND ANNOUNCEMENT

Mr N.J. Derry and Mr C.H. Brandstetter were elected.
Mr R.F. BRETHERTON stated that he was now issuing the paperback edition
of the Identification Guide to British Pugs.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT had taken a fully melanic form of Polyploca
ridens (F.) 16.iv.81. From the R.C.K. collection this form is ab. fumosa War-
necke. Mr R. FAIRCLOUGH commented that at Leigh, Surrey P. ridens tended
to be very dark, whereas in other localities the moth was normally green.

Mr DAVID YENDALL lectured on ‘Australian Insects and Spiders”, accom-
panied by approx. 160 slides.

14th May 1981
The President, Mr A.E. STUBBS, in the Chair.

EXHIBITS

Mr R. FAIRCLOUGH: (i) a parasite on the larger woodwasps, determined at
the BM(NH) as Rhyssa (?) persuasoria, one of four found indoors by a neighbour.
There had been logs in the room. (ii) live examples of Micropterix mansuetella
Zeller with two M. calthella (L.) for comparison. The mansuetella are black-
headed. They were caught in the Kennet Valley, Berkshire on 12.v.81 feeding
together on Caltha palustris.

Mr G. PRIOR showed larvae of Eupithecia pusillata (D. & S.), the Juniper Pug,
taken from Juniperus communis and reared on Cupressus spp. They do as well
on the cypress as upon their original food plant and the specimens taken in urban
areas may feed on the various cypresses that now proliferate there. A similar
Juniper-feeding pug, E. intricata arceuthata (Freyer) can now be quite commonly
beaten out of species of cypress in suburban areas.

Mr I.R. HUDSON: (i) two Polysphinctini (Hym: Ichneumonidae) bred from
larvae found on spider hosts of family Clubionidae. These were found in hollow
stems of last year’s Cow Parsley, growing in woodland near Portsmouth, Hants.
These are ectoparasites and when still tiny the spider has mobility, albeit sluggish.
Larval development takes approx. 5 days from 1 mm-7 mm. Adult emerges
11-14 days after pupation. All larvae found late March-early April; (ii) a Cryptine

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981 Tg

Ichneumonid bred from pupa of Triarthria sp. (Dip: Tachinidae) found amongst
earwig remains in hollow stems from same location as above. All pupae found late
March-early April; adult hosts and parasites emerged during late April.

Mr C. HART showed two larvae, one last instar, of Boloria selene, Small Pearl
Bordered Fritillary, which were reared from ova laid by a female caught in
Cornwall. Also fully fed larvae of Chloroclystis debiliata, Bilberry Pug, which
were obtained on 9.v.81 at Friday Street, Surrey.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr E.H. WILD reported that some migration was in progress as he had 5
examples of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep: Plutellinae) in his Selsdon, Surrey trap
on 12.v.81.

Mr J. HEATH reported great quantities of Callophrys rubi (L.), Green Hair-
streak, in the Lake District on 16.iv.81.

Mr R.F. BRETHERTON reported that up to 13.v.81 no less than 71 species
had arrived at his Bramley, Surrey trap. This was a record. However, they came in
ones and twos and there were no large numbers. Mr G. PRIOR complained that
only a few moths had been arriving at his North Harrow, Middlesex trap and the
last two nights had produced only four and four respectively.

The PRESIDENT stated that the commencement of the “‘Butterfly Year” was
timed to coincide with the issue by the Post Office on 13th May 1981 of a series
of butterfly stamps. The British Butterfly Conservation Society planned to play a
leading role in organising the Butterfly Year. He also reported that the privately
owned Moccas Park is now a National Nature Reserve.

Col N. CLAYDEN then gave a most interesting lecture entitled ““Conservation
at work in the Ministry of Defence” which was enthusiastically received by the
members. At the conclusion of the lecture Col. Clayden cordially invited members
to approach him for permits to enter M.O.D. sites for the purpose of collecting
and recording. Within the limits imposed by safety and security every assistance
would be given.

28th May 1981
The President, Mr A.E. STUBBS, in the Chair.

EXHIBITS

The President remarked that hawthorn flowers exhibited on the wild plants
table at Kew Gardens had buds which fell off and leapt across the table in jumps
of up to half a centimetre at a time. Four buds were exhibited plus a preserved
larva which seemed to be hymenopterous. Members were asked if they knew what
this insect might be.

Mr R. FAIRCLOUGH showed a specimen of Enarmonia formosana (Scop.)
(Lep: Tortricidae) with some of the larval workings in ornamental crab bark from
Loughton, Essex.

Dr A.A. ALLEN: (i) two rare Phaeogenini (Hym: Ichneumonidae) both bred
from microlepidopterous pupae found on pine needles—Pinus sylvestris. The first
of these, Eriplatys ardeicollis (Wesmael), was bred 16.vi.79 from a pupa, initially
alive, found on Reigate Heath, Surrey 20.v.79. The second, Herpestomus wesmaeli
Perkins, was bred vi.1980 from a pupa taken on Brownsea Island, Dorset 30.v.
1980. A similar pupa nearby yielded a specimen of Cedestis subfasciella (Stephens)
(Lep., Yponomeutidae). (ii) larvae of two species of Lepidoptera both taken
23.v.1981 at Brownsea Island, Dorset: Lithophane leautieri (Boisduval) (Lep.,
Noctuidae) beaten from Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. and Luffia ferchaultella

120 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

(Stephens) (Lep: Psychidae), the latter numerous on lichen-covered bamboo
canes.

Col A.M. EMMET described in detail variation in two species of Phyllonorycter
(Lep.): (i) Phyllonorycter stettinensis (Nicelli). Normally the head has the frons
white and the vertex and collar black. The two specimens shown were reared from
Pods Wood, near Tiptree, Essex in April 1981. In one the colour of the frons and
vertex is interchanged i.e. the frons is black and the vertex clear, shining white,
the collar, however, is black as usual. The other specimen, which was shown for
comparison, is normal. (ii) Phyllonorycter salicicolella (Sitcom). Typical specimens
have a wingspan of 8-10 mm, the ground colour golden ochreous and the pattern
clearly defined. Specimens reared from Salix aurita are usually much smaller
(wingspan 5-7 mm), the ground colour pale fawn often heavily irrorate fuscous
and the pattern relatively obscure. However, typical specimens also occur on this
foodplant. Fifteen examples of the small form were shown, reared from Essex
Hertfordshire, South Wales and Ireland. For comparison, eight typical examples
reared from Salix cinerea were shown from Essex and Surrey, and five typical
specimens reared from Salix aurita from Essex, the Isle of Man and Ireland. If the
size was controlled by genetic factors, it is difficult to explain why the dwarfs
occur on only one of the foodplants. The characteristics of Salix aurita can hardly
be responsible since it also nurtures the large form and Phyllonorycter spinolella
(Duponchel) shows no variation in size when reared from that foodplant. There is,
therefore, a possibility that the dwarfs are a distinct species.

Mr R.A. SOFTLY showed larvae of Odezia atrata (L.) The Chimney Sweeper
Moth from Hampstead Heath.

MEMBERSHIP AND ANNOUNCEMENT

Mr J.A. Miles and Dr M.C.D. Speight were elected.
The Curator said that two ten-drawer Hill units containing a large part of the
Torstenius collection had been installed.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr R.F. BRETHERTON reported that Cynthia cardui (L.) had been seen on
21.v.81.

Mr E. BRADFORD reported on the activity of a clothes moth which had
caused considerable damage to a rolled-up Persian Carpet. The moth had damaged
only one colour of the carpet presumably due to the nature of the dye used rather
than any preference for colour.

Mr K. EVANS complained that the bad weather continued and that on the
night of 23.v.81 his moth trap at Addiscombe, Surrey had failed to attract a single
insect — a situation which he had never previously experienced at this time of
year. Mr R.F. BRETHERTON concurred and maintained that his Bramley, Surrey
trap was still only producing a few of each of the many species it was attracting.

Dr D.A. GRIFFITHS lectured on “‘Mites on Insects— Free board and lodging?”
accompanied by slides, notably a series of pictures taken with the aid of a scan-
ning electron microscope.

11th June 1981
A Vice-President, Mr John HEATH, in the Chair.

EXHIBITS

Mr G. PRIOR showed larvae of Thera juniperata (L.) (The Juniper Carpet
Moth) found on a juniper bush in his garden in North Harrow. The juniper bush,
brought from the Chilterns about eight years ago as a 20 cm shrub, was planted in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 14, 1981 121

his garden of solid yellow clay. It has thrived and is now some 4 feet high. He
stated that he had never taken the moth at light in his garden.

COMMUNICATIONS

Following Mr. Prior’s exhibit there was some discussion regarding the decline
of Juniper in the south of England. It was generally agreed that it had disappeared
from a number of localities where it used to flourish.

Dr B. DAVIS lectured on ‘“‘Some invertebrates of the Chelsea Physic Garden
and Holland Park”’.

BOOK REVIEW

The Smaller Moths of Essex. A.M. Emmet. Essex Naturalist, no. 6. The Essex
Field Club, London, 1981. pp. 158. £7 (single copies £5 to BENHS members).

The introduction to this book is comprehensive and puts it in excellent
perspective. It is a monument to the pioneer work of the collectors of Stainton
and Doubleday’s era extended throughout the county by the industry of the
Emmets. To appreciate what they have achieved to date, buy this book if you
have the most casual interest in Essex or in local lists.

Distributions are summarised in a few lines in the text, supplemented by
thumbnail-sized 10 km square maps at the bottom of the pages. It is essential that
the author’s records be deposited in an accessible place, because localities cannot
be deduced from 10 km square maps, particularly when the Emmets are likely to
have found the one hedge or roadside bank where an isolated colony of an insect
persists. The Passmore Edwards Museum should hold a copy.

The text is also delightfully relieved by illustrations of characteristic members
of each family at its head. Most of these are the superbly observed line drawings
by E.S. Bradford, many reproduced from the A.E.S. Bulletin. The remainder are
by E.P. Sayers, a newcomer to entomological illustration. These are less accurate
and in some cases do not catch the characteristics of the species portrayed. They
lack Bradford’s knack of conveying colour pattern with contour and texture with-
in the limits of a monochrome image. It is this that makes Bradford’s tortricids so
much more recognisable than the flatly illuminated photographic atlas published
in the Entomologist’s Gazette by Bradley. Sayers has no shading to show the tri-
coloured pattern of Coleophora conspicuella. The larval case is unconvincing in
texture and has sprouted whiskers (of mould?). The wings of Cnaemidophorus
rhododactyla are broad, but these appear to have been expanded to match the
reputation of this prize of Essex. Other drawings suggest that the author is rapidly
improving his technique.

The book has been typeset very competently by its editor, David Corke. A few
residual errors have been hand corrected before distribution in the review copy,
but most of these are of no great consequence. There are one or two gaps where
words are missing. An erratum slip would assist for these items. The sequence of
the species is according to Kloet and Hincks and there is no index within the
volume. The contents page gives adequate assistance by listing the families.

Emmet comments that all the principal collectors in Essex have been based
around its perimeter and that no collector has regularly collected micro moths
from a light trap. A fixed light trap is of restricted use in Essex because of the
seriously dissected nature of the remnants of formerly widespread habitats. One
needs a portable trap and the inclination to investigate every corner with it. Al-
though I have lived on a notch in the western border of Essex since 1973 and for
18 months before that on the edge of Wintry Wood, Epping, I have collected very

122 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 14, 1981

little in Essex. The low abundance of insects in the western part of Essex, com-
pared to the seabord or the counties of Surrey, Kent and even West London,
where I did all my earlier entomology, depressed me to the point of inactivity.
Despite this, I see my records turning up frequently in the text as sole records for
the district. In Little Hallingbury, only on the warmest nights do marsh species
drift up from the River Stort half a mile away. On cool nights a light reveals only
a grass moth and a garden noctuid or two in flight. The tall hedges are a barrier
around the derelict field beyond. Had it not been for the summers of 1975/6 I
would still have recorded only a fraction of the species that I have seen at home.
It took Leucoptera spartifoliella five years to find the Sarothamnus growing in my
garden; I have never had a coleophorid case on Chenopodium, though I did take a
C. versurella at light this year. I would not know where to look for the head-
quarters of some of the casual species, e.g. the two Catoptria falsella that arrived
in 1981. It is probable that all the species that Emmet has found in Hatfield
Forest Marsh have come from the Stort Valley, but this remains to be proven. An
example is Adaina microdactyla, one of which investigated the clump of Eupa-
torium in my garden, though I have never recognised the larvae in the marsh.
Emmet is justly proud of the total of 1,052 micro moths in his list, but I do
not share the optimism that this engenders in him. With chalk habitat reduced to
a few roadsides plus a pit and fresh marshes so reduced that he lauds the border of
an artificial lake, in a county that boasted Swallowtail butterflies 200 years ago, I
believe that Emmet has worked on this list just in time to record many species
before their final demise. R.W.J.U.

Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze) pairing. — I am rearing this moth in Sep-
tember and note that they are to be found mating in the morning. Do both sexes
overwinter? — R.W.J. Uffen.

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iv CONTENTS

Baldock, D.W. and Bretherton, R.F., Butterflies in Corfu
(Kerkyra, etc. part II. A provisional list of the butterflies

of Corfu (Kerkyra) 101
Bretherton, R.F., On rearing the Spanish Fritillary (Eurodryas

desfontainii Godart—Lep: Nymphalidae) 109
Fairclough, R., Presidential address 67

Collecting and breeding Acleris cristana (Den. & Schiff.),

with the descriptions of 18 new forms 69
Feltwell, J., Observations on the Scarce Swallowtail Jphiclides

podalirius (L.) (Lep: Papilionidae) 76
Heal, N.F. and Uffen, R.W.J., Coleophora linosyridella Fuchs

new to Britain 98
Lawton, F.D., An introduction ta the Mesochorinae

(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) 93
Lever, R.A., New locality and hostplant records of Amblypelta

spp. (Hemiptera, Coreidae) with notes on early studies Hf?
Lorimer, R.I., Lepidoptera immigrant to Orkney in 1980 108
Majerus, M.E.N., All female broods in Philudoria potatoria (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) 87

Robertson, T.S., A former Northamptonshire locality for the
Chequered Skipper butterfly, Carterocephalus palaemon

(Pallas) 82
Uffen, R.W.J., Larval development in the abdomen of non-

parthenogenetic Lepidoptera 86

Epermenia chaerophyllella (Goeze) pairing 122
Book reviews 81, 11 eke
Editorial 67
Indoor meetings : 114

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible. Layout should follow that of the
journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no marks should be made to
define typeface.

Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints.
Extra copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but the well-
known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes place 24th October,
in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the
summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings. =

The current Programme Card can be had on application
to the Secretary.

1h 2
| i
Ryse
PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE
\> BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

INDEX VOLUME 14 (1981)

Compiled by M. Albertini
Acleris cristana, collecting and breeding, with the description of 18 new forms, 69
Amblypelta spp., new locality and host plant records of, with notes on
early studies, 112
Anasimyia contracta and A. interpuncta (Dipt: Syrphidae) in Britain, 10
Annual Exhibition, 1980, 1
Artogeia species in America, how many? 2
Bibliography: Tams, W. H. T., 37
Book reviews: 66, 81, 111, 121
Butterflies in Corfu (Kerkyra) in late August 1980, with a provisional list
of all species known from it. Part I, 8; Part II, 101
Chequered Skipper butterfly, a former Northamptonshire locality for the, 82
Coleophora linosyridella Fuchs new to Britain, 98
Correspondence, 75
Editorial, 1, 67 THSONIAA
Field meetings 1980/81 Ww)
Brampton Bryan, Herefordshire, 47
King’s Forest, West Stow, Suffolk, 47
Maidenhead Thicket, Berks., 48
Pamber Forest, Hants, 46
Sandy Down, Boldre, Hants, 44 ao bet
South Benfleet, Essex, 49 See ae M sf
Stockbridge Down and Harewood Forest, Hants, 48
Swanage, Dorset, 46
Virginia Water, Surrey, 45
Winchcombe Down Kent, 45
Hering Memorial Research Fund, 65
Indoor Meetings, 50, 114
Insect migration, further recent findings, 20
Larval development in the abdomen of non-parthenogenetic Lepidoptera, 86
Neoascia interrupta (Dipt: Syrphidae) new to Britain, 12
Mesochorinae, an introduction to, 93
Ministry of Defence land, entomological conservation of, 75
Neuroptera from Buckingham Palace garden, London, 14
Obituaries:
Tams, W. H. T., 34
Hammond, C. O., 40
Coleridge, W. L., 44
Officers’ reports for 1980, 60
Orkney, Lepidoptera immigrant to, in 1980, 108
Philudoria potatoria, all female broods in, 87
Presidential address, 67
Rhagio annulatus, distinctions from R. tringarius, and recent records, 6
Scarce Swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius), observations on the, 76
Spanish Fritillary, on rearing the, 109

\

PLATES
1,2 (facing p. 32): Annual Exhibition insects, 1980
3 (facing p. 67): new forms of Acleris cristana

CONTRIBUTORS

Agassiz, D. J. L., 22, 24, 55, 58, 59

Albertini, M.,32

Allen: A. As 245 '52,,53, 5531075 DoF LO:
119

Appleton, D., 25

Ashby, C. B., 54

Baker, P. J., 30, 45, 46

Baldock, D. W., 8, 29, 101

Benham, B. R., 59

Bland, Kk. PP: 225°25

Bowden, S. R., 2

Bradford, E. S., 57, 120

Bradley, J. D., 34

Bretherton, R. F., 29, 52, 55, 59, 101,
109, 117, 119. 120

British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 22

Britton, M., 22

Broome, G. H. H., 30

Brown, M., 116

Brydon, I., 55

Burgess, N. R. H., 75

Burton, G. N., 25, 29

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 22, 25, 33, 51, 52,
57, 59, 117, 118

Chatelain, R. G., 22

Clayden, N., 119

Cook, P. L., 54

Cooter, J., 47

Craske, R. M., 22

Cribb, P. W., 22, 29, 44

Darby, M., 32, 33

Davis, B., 121

Dugdale, 118

Dyke, R., 58

Dyson, R. C., 22

Edwards, J. P., 57

Elliott, B., 22

Else, G. R., 30, 31

Emmet, A. M., 25, 49, 51,54, 56, 57, 120

Enfield, M. A., 45

Evans, K., 51, 53, 55, 116, 120

Fairclough, A. J., and R., 26

Fairclough R., 30, 52, 56, 58, 67, 69, 115
118, 119

Palka S33. 02

Feltwell, J., 76

Fenn, J. L., 26

Fletcher, D. S., 34

Gallagher, M. D., 29

Gandy, M., 54

Goater, B., 59

Godfray, H., 58

Griffiths, D. A., 120

Hadley, M., 115

Hall, N. M., 22

Halstead, A. J., 31, 56, 118

Harbottle, A. C. P., 29

Harman, T. W., 22

Harmer, A. S., 22

Hart, C., 119

Harvey, M. S., 29

Heal, N. F., 22, 26, 98

Heath, J., 119

Heckford, R. J., 27

Higgs,G. E. 22

Hodge, P. J., 32

Homer, T. J. G., 48

Horton, G. A. N., 23, 27

Howarth, T. G., 51,

Hudson, I. R., 118

Hyde, G., 33

Jackson, B. C., 47

Jacobs, S. N. A., 117

Johnson, P. J., 27

Kirby, M. A., 14

Lane, C., 23

Langmaid, J. R., 23, 27

Larsen, T. B., 29

Lawton, F. D., 93

Lever, R. A., 112

Lipscombe, C. G., 23

Lonsdale, D., 57

Lorimer, J. A., 30

Lorimer, R. I., 108

Majerus, M. E. N., 87

McClenaghan, I., 32, 51

McLean, I. F. G., 31, 53, 56

Meredith, S., 54

Merrifield. R. K., 55, 58

Middleton, H. G. M., 23

Miles, S. R., 31

Morris, M. G., 59

Muggleton, J., 50, 54

Murphy, Mrs. F. M., 33, 58

Oates, M. R., 33

O’Donnell, D. J., 33

O’Toole, C., 115

Owen, J., 115

Payne, J. H., 23

Peet, T. N. D., 23

Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 23, 27

Pickering, R. R., 23

Pickles, A. J. and C. T., 23, 28

Philp, E. G., 117

Porter, J., 23

Prate Gres, 23

Prior, G., 51, 52, 59, 115, 1175 Ite
120

Rainey, R. C., 20, 52

Revell, R. J., 29

Revels, R. G., 23, 33

Richardson, N. A., 23

Robertson, T. S., 82

Russwurm, A. D. A., 23

Sattler, K., 26

Siddons, P. N., 23

Simmonds, Mrs. M., 117

Simpson, A. N. B., 28

Simson, E. C. L., 23, 48

Skinner, B., 23, 46, 115

Smith, D>: As. 12

Softly, R. A., 120

Sokoloff, P. A., 23, 28, 53, 57

Speight, M. C. D., 6

Sterling, D. H., 24, 28

Stubbs, A. E., 10, 33, 40, 51, 59, 116,
119

Torlesse, A. D., 24

Torstenius, S., 29

Trembath, D. R., 30

Tremewan, W. G., 24, 29

Tubbs, R. S., 24

Tweedie, M. W. F., 33

Uffen, R. W. J., 33, 51, 86, 98, 122

Wardlaw, Mrs., 59

Watson, R.W., 24, 44

Wald. Hey 245119535154, 97,58, 59;
MSE 7S 8s 19

Wilson, D., 58

Wiltshire, E. P., 29, 53, 55

Winter, P. G., 24

Yendall, D., 118

Young, L. D., 24

COLEOPTERA

adumbrata, Epuraea, 32

angusticollis, Monotoma, 32

angustula, Epuraea, 47

angustus, Dromius, 32

Anthrenus, 59

arietis, Clytus, 84

armiger, Odontaeus, 32

attelaboides, Rhinomacer, 32

bifasciatum Rhagium, 83

bipunctata, Adalia, f. fasciatopunctata,
cag Med

boreella, Atheta, 32

caraboides, Cychrus, ssp. rostratus, 48

carus, Paratillus, 33

cerambyciformis, Judolia, 48

chalcographus, Pityogenes, 32

chevroleti, Acrotrichis, 32

cognata, Acrotrichis, 32

coluber, Cis, 32

cribrata, Atheta, 32

dubia, Stenostola, 32

dubius Ptinus, 32

elongata, Dienerella, 32

exaratum, Ptilium, 32

ii

frischi, Dermestes, 33
fulvipes, Platydracus, 47
gabrieli, Tetropium, 48
germanica, Cicindela, 31, 55
gigas, Sipalinus, 32, Pl, 2
lapathi, Cryptorhynchus, 84
lilii, Lilioceris, 118

livida, Nebria, 32

maculata, Strangalia, 83
marginatus, Dalopius, 54
meles, Hypera, 59
meridianus, Stenocorus, 83
minor, Molorchus, 84

morio Atomaria, 32
moschata, Aromia, 84
murraea Cassida, 32, Pl. 2
navale, Lymexylon, 32, Pl. 2
nigrescens, Orthoperus, 32
obtusangula, Atheta, 32
pannonicus, Agrilus, 54
paradoxus, Metoecus, 56
philanthus, Hoplia, 54
plantaginis, Hypera, 59
quadripunctata, Harmonia, 32
resinosus, Platyrhinus, 84
ruficornis, Grammoptera, 83
rufomarginatus, Leistus, 32, 47
sanguinea, Aleochara, 32
serraticornis, Pyrochroa, 83
striatum, Asemum, 48
tenebricosa, Timarcha, 82
trisulcum, Aulonium, 32
undulata, Orchesia, 32
villosoviridescens, Agapanthia, 83

DIPTERA

aenea, Neoascia, 12

annulatus, Rhagio, 6, 7
baetica, Hemerodromia, 56
bicinctum, Chrysotoxum, 49
contracta, Anasimyia, 10,11
crabroniformis, Asilus, 55
damnosum, Simulium, 20
dispar, Neoascia, 12

equestris, Merodon, 45
floralis, Neoascia, 14
geniculata, Neoascia, 12

ilicis, Phytomyza, 45
interpuncta, Anasimyia, 10, 11
interrupta, Neoascia, 12, 13, 14
lineata, Anasimyia, 10

lota, Wiedemannia, 56
lucorum, Leucozona, 45
lunulata, Anasimyia, 10, 11
marginata, Laphria, 42
maxima, Tipula, 55

obliqua, Neoascia, 12
podagrica, Neoascia, 12
speciosa, Calliprobola, 42
Sphegina, 12

sudeticus, Tabanus, 55
transfuga, Anasimyia, 10, 11
Triarthria, 119

tringarius, Rhagio, 6, 7

HYMENOPTERA

acerrima, Tenthredo, 49
Aphidiinae, 33

ardeicollis, Eriplatys, 119
Astiphromma, 94

atratinus, Psen, 30, 31

cerasi, Monoctonus, 33
cerasicola, Ephedrus, 33
Cidaphus, 94

coarctata, Ponera, 51
coreensis, Neotypus, 59
crinitus, Polistes, 30
cyanocrocea, Arge, 46
derogator, Barichneumon, 58
distinguendus, Crossocerus, 30
elongata, Coelioxys, 31
enslini, Pemphredon, 31
equeseti, Ametastegia, 45
eremita, Passaloecus, 30
fargeii, Argogorytes, 31
ferruginea, Tenthredo, 46
ferrugineus, Apanteles, 57
fucata, Nomada, 31
gracilentus, Mesochorus, 96
gracilicornis, Arge, 45
heracliana, Barichneumon, 55
hirsuta, Podalonia, 31
ichneumonoides, Methoca, 31
insidiosus, Diodontus, 31
instigator, Pimpla, 116
lapponica, Andrena, 31
leucostoma, Crossocerus, 31
livida, Tenthredo, 46
lunicornis, Alysson, 31
maculata, Tenthredo, 46
mandibularis, Oxybelus, 31
marginatus, Colletes, 31
marginellum, Astiphromma, 96
matricariae, Aphidius, 33
Mesochorinae, 93
Mesochorus, 94

mesomelas, Tenthredo, 46
minutuloides, Andrena, 31
nidulator, Macrocentrus, 96
niger, Dolerus, 46

nigriceps, Andrena, 31
nigrinus, Cephus, 45

norwegica, Dolichovespula, 31
pallidus, Trioxys, 33
pallipes, Apanteles,52
persuasoria, Rhyssa, 118
Polysphinctini, 118
proxima, Andrena, 31
pseudoplatani, Monoctonus, 33
punctulatissima, Stelis, 31
pusilla, Blennocampa, 45
rapae, Pachyprotasis, 49
rubra, Pepsis, 30

rufa, Formica, 32

schaefferi, Tenthredo, 49
schencki, Myrmica, 51
sericea, Abia, 49

serva, Selandria, 45
sexcinctus, Ectemnius, 31
simillima, Andrena, 31, 32
spooneri, Psen, 31
Stictopisthus, 94

strenuum, Astiphromma, 96
tachypus, Mesochorus, 96
tristis, Aleiodes, 116

tristis, Diodontus, 31
triungulum, Philanthus, 31
unguicellus, Hemiptarsanus, 58
unicolor, Psen, 30

volucre, Praon, 33
volutatorius, Banchus, 52
vulgaris, Paravespula, 56
wesmaeli, Herpestomus, 119
xanthomelana, Osmia, 31

LEPIDOPTERA

Lepidoptera at:

Virginia Water 45

Pamber Forest, 46

King’s Forest, 47

Brampton Bryan, 47

Maidenhead Thicket, 48

Harwood Forest, 48
abdominalis, Argyresthia, 49
abietaria, Eupithecia, 24
absinthiata, Eupithecia, 47
achatana, Ancylis, 46
achemon, Cosmosoma, 30
acroxantha, Paracystola, 24
actaeon, Thymelicus, 107
adippe, Fabriciana, 105

adjectella, Coleophora, 26,49, 56

adusta, Blepharita, 108
advenaria, Cepphis, 46
aegeria, Pararge, 106, 79;

ssp. tircis,9

f. egeria, 106

f. egerides, 106

f. intermedia, 106
aequidentellus, Epermenia, 57

aeriferanus, Ptycholomoides, 49

agestis Aricia, 104, 82

f. calida, 104
aglaja, Argynais, 47, 48
agrimoniae, Ectoedemia, 25, 28
ahenella, Hypochalcia, 28
albicosta, Coleophora, 86
albifrontella, Elachista, 46
albipuncta, Mythimna, 23, 24
albulata, Asthena, 46
alceae, Carcharodus, 9, 106

f. australis, 106
alciphron, Heodes, 104
alcyone, Hipparchia, 106
alexanor, Papilio, 103
alexis, Glaucopsyche, 104
algira, Zygaena, 29
allisella, Exaeretia, 28
alni, Acronicta, 46
alpella, Ypsolopha, 28
alpicola, Xestia, ssp. alpina, 23
alpinana, Dichrorampha, 25
ambigua, Hoplodrina, 23
anachoreta, Clostera, 53, 55
anatipennella, Coleophora, 49
anceps, Apamea, 22
anceps, Peridea, 22
angulifasciella, Ectoedemia, 28
angusticolella, Tischeria, 50
anthraciniformis, Conopia, 82
antiopa, Nymphalis, 104
aprilella, Metzneria, 25, 59
argiolus, Celastrina, 9, 104

f. aquilina 9
argus, Plebejus, 104
arion, Maculinea, 59, 82
aristaeus, Hipparchia, 106

ssp. senthes, 106
Artogeia spp. and sspp., 2, 8
aruncella, Micropterix, 118
asella, Heterogenea, 22
asinalis, Mecyna, 25
assulta, Heliothis, 51
astrantiae, Agonopterix, 27

atalanta, Vanessa, 52, 104, 108, 47

athalia, Mellicta, 52, 54

atomaria, Ematurga, ab. unicolor, 22, Pl.1

atrata, Odezia, 120
atricapitana, Cochylis, 46
augur, Graphiphora, 48
aurinia, Eurodryas, 52, 109

ssp. beckeri, 29, 111

ssp. aurinia, 29, 110
auritella, Stigmella, 25
australis Celtis, 104

autumnata, Epirrita, 116
azaleella, Caloptilia, 27
badiipennella, Coleophora, 56
baliodactylus, Pterophorus, 26
balkanicus, Tarcus, 104, 107
basiguttella, Stigmella, 25
basistrigalis, Scoparia, 49
baton, Pseudophilotes, 104
bellargus, Lysandra, 23

ab. discoelongata, 24

ab. radiata, 23, Pl.2
bennetii, Agdistis, 25, 55
berbera, Amphipyra, ssp. svenssoni, 24
betulicola, Stigmella, f.nanivora, 25
betulinella, Nemaxera, 56, 57
bipunctella, Ethmia, 26
biren, Lacanobia, 108
biselata, Idaea, 108
bisselliella, Tineola, 28, 53, 57
bistriga, Cryptoblabes, 25
blattariella, Anacampsis, 24
boeticus, Lampides, 8, 104
bolina, Hypolimnas, 89
borbonica, Borbo, 29
borelii, Gortyna, ssp. lunato, 52
bowkeri, Tarucus, 30
branderiana, Pseudosciaphila, 25
brassicae, Pieris, 77, 103, 115
britanniodactyla, Capperia, 25
brockeella, Argyresthia, 47
brunnea, Diarsia, 47
brunnichana, Epinotia, 27, 28

f. brunneodorsana, 28
brunnichella, Stephensia, 24
bryoniae, Artogeia, 2
Bucculatrix sp., 27
caesiella, Swammerdamia, 24, 55
caja, Arctia, 22, Pl. 1
c-album, Polygonia, 104, 115

f. j-album, 9
calthella, Micropterix, 118
cambrica, Venusia, 22

ab. lofthousei, 22

ab. bradii, 22
camilla, Ladoga, 53, 84
campoliliana, Eucosma, 27
caprana, Epinotia, f. sciurana, 26
cardamines, Anthocharis, 103

ab. reducta, 22, Pl.1
carduella, Agonopterix, 27
cardui, Cynthia, 9, 47, 51, 57, 79, 104,

108, 120
carmelita, Odontosia, 24, 117
carpinata, Trichopteryx, 23, Pl.2
cautella, Ephestia, 28
cecilia, Pyronia, 106
celerio, Hippotion, 24

celtis, Libythea, 104
centaureata, Eupithecia, 47
cerasivorella, Coleophora, 27, 49, 56
chaerophyllella, Epermenia, 122
chaerophylli, Depressaria, 24
chalcites, Chrysodeixis, 52
chalcogrammella, Coleophora, 25
chenopodiata, Scotopteryx, 109
chi, Antitype, 22
chrysonuchella, Thisanotia, 28, 46
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 55
cinnamomeana, Pandemis, 47
cinxia, Melitaea, 105, 22, Pl.1
circumflexa, Syngrapha, 24
cleopatra, Gonepteryx, 8, 29, 103
clerkella, Lyonetia, 24, 57
columbariella, Tinea, 28
comitata, Pelurga, 47
confusalis, Nola, 46
conjugella, Argyresthia, 47
consortana, Dichrorampha, 28
consortella, Cosmiotes, 27
conspicuella, Coleophora, 49, 51, 54
coracipennella, Coleophora, 27, 56
coridon, Lysandra, 45, 48, 82

ab. melaina, 23, Pl.2

ab. inaequalis, 23, Pl. 2
costipunctana, Epiblema, 27
crameri, Euchloe, 103
cresphontes Papilio, 78
cristana, Acleris 26, 69, 115,

new forms, 72, Pl. 3
croceus, Colias, 8, 50, 103

f. helice, 8, 103

ab. faillae, 103

ab. helicina, 103
cruciana, Epinotia, 27
cuculata, Catarhoe, 47
cuculipennella, Caloptilia, 27
cucullatella, Nola, 48
cucullina, Ptilodontella, 46, 49
cydoniella, Phyllonorycter, 26
cytisella, Paltodora, 49
daplidice, Pontia, 103
deauratella, Coleophora, 25
debiliata, Chloroclystis, 119
decolorella, Blastobasis, 25
degeerella, Nemophora, 46, 47
dentella, Ypsolopha, 28
desfontainii, Eurodryas, 29, 109
didyma, Melitaea, 105

ssp. meridionalis, 9, 105

f. dalmatina, 9, 105

ab. graeca, 105
diniana, Zeiraphera, 49, 109
dispar, Lymantria, 89
distinctella, Chionodes, 28

ditrapezium, Xestia, 47
douglasella, Depressaria, 28
dulcinea, Artogeia, 5
efformata, Aplocera, 53

egea, Polygonia, 105°
emarginata, Idaea, 47

ergane, Artogeia, 103
ericetana, Endothenia, 49
eriphia, Antichloris, 117
erone, Colotis, 30

ery throgenella, Ectoedemia, 50
euphranor Papilio, 30
euphrosyne, Boloria, 52, 84
evonymella, Yponomeuta, 108
exigua, Spodoptera, 56

fagana Pseudoips, 47

fagi, Hipparchia, 106

fagi, Stauropus, 47

falsella, Catoptria, 26, 54, 122
fasciaria, Hylaea, 47

favonia, Zygaena, 29

felix, Zygaena, 29
ferchaultella, Luffia, 53, 119
ferrugalis, Udea, 57, 109
ferruginella, Monopis, 49

filipendulae, Zygaena, ssp. anglicola 24

ab. aurantia 24

ab. flava, 24
fimbrialis, Thalera, 54
fimbriata, Noctua, 47
flammea, Panolis, 47
flammea, Trigonophora, 23
flammeolaria, Hydrelia, 48
flavidorsana, Dichrorampha, 27
flavimitrella, Lampronia, 25, Pl.2
flavofasciata, Perizoma, 48
flavus, Thymelicus, 107
flexula, Laspeyria, 47, 48
flocciferus, Carcharodus, 107
fluxa, Photedes, 23, 24, 47
foenella, Epiblema, 25
formosana, Enarmonia, 119
frischella, Coleophora, 25
fuliginaria, Parascotia, 23
fulvata, Cidaria, 47, 48
fumiferana, Choristoneura, 21, 91
furcata, Hydriomena, 47
furcula, Harpyia, 49
furuncula, Mesoligea,

ab. latistriata, 22, Pl.1
fusconebulosus, Hepialus, 46, 47
galathea, Melanargia, 48

ab. nigricans, 23, Pl.1

gamma, Autographa, 46, 51, 55, 57, 108

geminana, Ancylis, 46
gerronella, Brachmia, 24
gibbosella, Psoricoptera, 24

Vii

glaucinella, Argyresthia, 47 leporina, Acronicta, 49
gnidiella, Cryptoblabes, 27 leucapennella, Coleophora, 54, 86
goedartella, Argyresthia, 47 leucophaearia, Erannis, 115
gothica, Orthosia, 118 ligustri, Craniophora, 49
grandipennis, Scythris, 25, 28 ligustri, Sphinx, 46
grossulariata, Abraxas, 91 linariata, Eupithecia, 47
gueneeana, Dichrorampha, 28, 53 linearia, Cyclophora, 47
haworthiata, Eupithecia, 48 lineola, Thymelicus, 30
hebe, Coenyra, 30 linosyridella, Coleophora, 26, 49, 51, 98
hecta, Hepialus, 47,48 literana, Acleris, 117
heydeniana, Cochylidia, 26 littoralis, Spodoptera, 20
horridella, Ypsolopha, 28 leuwenhoekella, Pancalia, 25
humuli, Hepialus, 48, 55 locupletella, Mompha, 25, 52
hyperantus, Aphantopus, 47 loyselis, Zygaena, 29

ab. arete, 24 lucidella, Caryocolum, 26
icarus, Polyommatus, 9, 22, 24, 104, Pl.2 —lucina, Hamearis, 45, 84

ab. celina, 104 luctuosa, Tyta, 23

ab. radiata, 22, Pl.2 luteum, Spilosoma, ab. zatima, 22

var. zelleri, 104 machaon, Papilio, 8, 76, 103
icterata, Eupithecia, ssp. fulvata, 47 machinella, Coleophora, 26, 51
idas, Lycaeides, 104 maera, Lasiommata, 106,
igneella, Metzneria, 58, 59 ssp., adrasta, 9
ilicis, Normannia, 103, 104 f. orientalis, 106
incongruella, Amphisbatis, 28 malinellus, Yponomeuta, 28
infida, Apotomis, 25, 28, P1.2 malvae, Pyrgus, 84
insigniata, Eupithecia, 24 malvella, Pexicopia, 28
inspersella, Scythris, 26, 67 mansuetella, Micropterix, 118
intermedialis, Schrankia, 58 marginaria, Erannis, 115
interrogationis, Syngrapha, 108 marginella, Dichomeris, 49
intricata, Eupithecia, ssp. arceuthata, 118 marloyi, Erynnis, 107
io, Inachis, 104 maura, Mormo, 46
ipsilon, Agrotis, 57, 108, 117 megera, Lasiommata, 9, 106
iris, Apatura, 54, 82 f. lyssa, 106

ab. isolata, 24, Pl.1 var. megaerina, 106
irrorella, Yponomeuta, 28 melanops, Glaucopsyche, 104
ivella, Argyresthia, 26 mespilella, Phyllonorycter, 25
jacobaeae, Tyria, 45 messaniella, Phyllonorycter, 58
jasius, Charaxes, 104 microdactyla, Adaina, 122
josephinae, Tubuliferola, 47 minima, Photedes, 49
jota, Autographa, 47, 48 minimus, Cupido, 48, 104
juniperata, Thera, 48, 120 minusculella, Stigmella, 26
jurtina, Maniola, ssp. hispulla, 9, 106 monilifera, Narycia, 26

ab. anommata, 23, Pl.1 monodactyla, Emmelina, 117

ab. postaurolancea, 23, Pl.1 morosa, Lampronia, 26
keithloa, Coeliades, 30 mouffetella, Rhynchopacha, 49
krueperi, Artogeia, 8, 103 mucronella, Ypsolopha, 25. 28
lachesis, Melanargia, 29 multistrigaria, Colostygia, 47
l-alvum, Mythimna, 52, 53 murinata, Minoa, 46
lancealis, Eurrhypara, 49 myrtillana, Ancylis, 27
lapidella, Luffia, f. magiella, 90 myrtillella, Stigmella, 25
larissa, Melanargia, 106 myrtilli, Anarta, 52

f. freyeri, 106 napi, Artogeia, sspp., 2
lassella, Coleophora, 27 ab. fasciata, 24
lathonia, Issoria, 105 ssp. meridionalis, 8, 103
leautieri, Lithophane, 119 nebulata, Euchoeca, 49

ssp. hesperica, 22 nemorella, Ypsolopha, 28

lecheana, Ptycholoma, 46 neophanes, Apomyelois, 28

neuropterella, Metzneria, 25, 58, 59
ni, Trichplusia,51, 54
nicaeella, Coleophora, 98
nigra, Gelechia, 28
nigrescentella, Phyllonorycter, 28
nigricans, Euxoa, 23
nostrodamus, Gegenes, 9, 29, 107
obsitalis, Hypena, 22, 23
obstipata, Orthonama, 109
obtusa, Pelosia, 23
ocellata, Cosmorhoe, 47
occidentis, Lobesia, 27
occulta, Eurois, 108
ocellaris, Xanthia, 23
ocellata, Smerinthus, 23, 48, 53
ochraceella, Mompha, 27
ochroleuca, Eremobia, 49
ochroleucana, Hedya, 49
ocnerostomella, Tinagma, 26
or, Tethea, 24, 46
orana, Zygaena, 29
orbifer, Spialia, 106
orichalcea, Diachrysia, 22, 23, 57
orientalis, Carcharodus, 9, 107
osteodactylus, Leioptilus, 27
padella, Yponomeuta, 108
palaemon, Carterocephalus, 82
ab. albinotica, 84
palamedes, Papilio, 79
paleacea, Enargia, 24
pamphilus, Coenonympha, 106
ssp. lyllus, 9, 106
f. marginata, 106
pandora Pandoriana, 105
f. dacia, 29
paphia, Argynnis, 9, 84, 109
f. kerkyrana, 105
f. valesina, 29
papilionaria, Geometra, 47
parasitella, Triaxomera, 25
parenthesella, Ypsolopha, 28
pariana, Eutromula, 25, 57
parva, Eublemma, 22, 23, 55
parvidactylus, Oxyptilus, 26
passerella, Swammerdamia, 24, 55
pastinacella, Depressaria, 55
peltigera, Heliothis, 22, 23, 24, 29, 55
peribenanderi; Coleophora, 51
peribolata, Petrophora, 23
perlepidella, Digitivalva, 27
perplexa, Hadena, 22
petiverella, Dichrorampha, 28, 53
phlaeas, Lycaena, 22
f. elea, 8, 104
phoebe, Melitaea, 105
piercella, Niditinea, 28
pilosaria, Phigalia, 115

pimpinellae, Depressaria, 27
pinastri, Hyloicus, 26, 47
pinguinalis, Aglossa, 28
pinicolana, Rhyacionia, 25
pirithous, Syntarucus, 8, 104
plagicolella, Stigmella, 49
plexippus, Danaus, 30
plumbana, Dichrorampha, 28, 53
plumbeolata, Eupithecia, 46
podalirius, Iphiclides, 76, 103
polychloros, Nymphalis, 104
polyxena, Zerynthia, ab. ochracea, 103
pomonella, Phyllonorycter, 49
populeti, Orthosia, 53
porata, Cyclophora, 47
porcellus, Deilephila, 47
porthaon, Graphium, 30
potatoria, Philudoria, 87
praeangusta, Batrachedra, 25
prasina, Anaplectoides, 47
pretus, Horama, 30
proboscidalis, Hypena, 48
procellata, Melanthia, 48
pronuba, Noctua, 28, 46, 57, 59
prostratella, Agonopterix, 24
proto, Syrichtus, 9, 106
pruinata, Pseudoterpna, 47
pruni, Strymonidia, 84
prunifoliae, Coleophora, 26, 27, 49, 56
pugione, Empyreuma, 30
pulcherrimella, Cosmiotes, 27
pulchrina, Autographa, 47
pulicariae, Digitivalva, 24
pulverella, Agonopterix, 28
pumilio, Gegenes, 9, 107
punctaria, Cyclophora, 47, 48
purpuralis, Pyrausta, 49
pusillata, Eupithecia, 23, 49, 118, 47
putridella, Agonopterix, 26
pygara, Lythacodia, 48
pygmaeata, Eupithecia, 23
pygmaeella, Argyresthia, 47
pyraliata, Eulithis, 47
pyrella, Swammerdamia, 24, 55
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe, 48
quadrimaculella, Bohemannia, 24,25
quercinaria, Ennomos, 49
quercus, Quercusia, 47
ramburialis, Diasemiopsis, 27
ramella, Epinotia, f. costana, 27
rapae, Artogeia, 2, 8, 103, 30
ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphefa, 27
ravida, Spaelotis, 108
reducta, Limenitis, 104

ssp. schiffermuelleri, 9
reticulata, Heliophobus, 22
retiella, Epichnopterix, 26

retinella, Argyresthia, 47
rhamni, Gonepteryx, 22, 103, 117
ribeata, Deileptenia, 22, 24, 49
ridens, Polyploca, 117, 118
rivata, Epirrhoe, 46, 47
robustella, Caloptilia, 49
roseana, Cochylis, 28
roxelana, Kirinia, 9, 106
rubi, Callophrys, 52, 84, 104, 119
rubidata, Catarhoe, 46
rubiginata, Plemyria, 46
tubiginata, Scopula, 22, 47
rufipennella, Caloptilia, 28
rupicapraria, Theria, 115
sacraria, Rhodometra, 22, 23, 24, 55
salicicolella, Phyllonorycter, 25, 120
sambucaria, Ourapteryx, ab. olivacea, 22
P1.2
samiatella, Stigmella, 25
saucia, Peridroma, 57
scabrella, Ypsolopha, 28, 49
schmidtiellus, Telephila, 28
scolopacina, Apamea, 47
selasella, Agriphila, 26
selene, Boloria, 23, 47, 119,
melanic, Pl.1
semele, Hipparchia, 106
ab. holanops, 24
semifasciana, Apotomis, 28
semirubella, Oncocera, 46
sequana, Dichrorampha, 27, 28, 53
sequax, Teleiodes, 46
sequella, Ypsolopha, 28
sericealis, Rivula, 49
serpylletorum, Coleophora, 28
servillana, Cydia, 27
simulans, Rhyacia, 22, 23, 52
sinapis, Leptidea, 8, 103
ab. diniensis, 103
ab.brunneomaculata, 23
ab. erysimi, 103
sorbiella, Argyresthia, 28, 47
sororculana, Apotomis, 27
spartifoliella, Leucoptera, 122
sphinx, Brachionycha, 58
spilodactylus, Pterophorus, 25
spini, Strymonidia, 103, 104
spinosella, Ectoedemia, 49
squamosella, Coleophora, 28
statilinus, Neohipparchia, 106
f. fatuaeformis, 9
stellatarum, Macroglossum, 55, 84
stettinensis, Phyllonorycter, 120
straminata, Idaea, 47
strigilata, Herminia, 46
strigula, Meganola, 49
subfasciella, Cedestis, 119

subfusca, Scoparia, 49
subocellana, Epinotia, 25
subocellea, Elachista, 26
succenturiata, Eupithecia, 47
suspecta, Parastichtis, 46, 47, 49, 108
svenssoni, Stigmella, 25
sylvella, Ypsolopha, 28
sylvicolana, Dichrorampha, 28
syriaca, Hipparchia, 106

ssp. serrula, 106
taenialis, Schrankia, 58
tages, Erynnis, 107
tayis, Bellezina, 103
tantillaria, Eupithecia, 46
tenebrella, Monochroa, 24
tenuiata, Eupithecia, 117
tephradactyla, Leioptilus, 27
tesserana, Aethes, 27
tetralunaria, Selenia, 47
thersites, Agrodiaetus, 104
thevestis, Zygaena, 29
thunbergella, Micropterix, 25
tiliae, Mimas, 46, 48
tithonus, Pyronia, ab. postlanceolata, 22
transversata, Philereme, 47

ssp. britannica, 48
trapezina, Cosmia, 108
tridens, Calamia, 36
trifolii, Coleophora, 27
trifolii, Discestra, 109
trifolii, Zygaena, 48

ssp. palustrella, 24

ab. lutescens, 24
trigeminata, Idaea, 46, 48
tristata, Epirrhoe, 47
tritici, Euxoa, 49
trochilella, Coleophora, 26, 51, 98, 100
troglodytella, Coleophora, 26, 51, 99
trux, Agrotis, 46
tsomo, Harpendyreus, 30
tubulosa, Talaeporia, 90
ulicicolella, Phyllonorycter, 26
ultimella, Depressaria, 28
unangulata, Euphyia, 46, 47
unculana, Ancylis, 49
unionalis, Palpita, 28, 55, 57
unipuncta, Mythimna, 52
urticae, Aglais, 46, 116

var. turcica, 104
ustella, Ypsolopha, 28
vaccinii, Conistra, 115
variata, Thera, 49
venata, Ochlodes, 84, 107
verbascalis, Anania, 28
versurella, Coleophora, 28, 122
vetulata, Philereme, 48
vibicigerella, Coleophora, 26, 51

viminetorum, Phyllonorycter, 27
vinella, Syncopacma, 27, 28
vinula, Cerura, 48

violacea, Coleophora, 49, 58
virgata, Mesotype, 49
virginiensis, Artogeia, 2
virginiensis, Cynthia, 30
viridaria, Phytometra, 49
viridata, Chlorissa, 49

viscariella, Caryocolum, 26
vittella, Ypsolopha, 28

vlachi, Coleophora, 98, 100
vulgana, Capua, 46

wailesella, Leucoptera, 28
w-album, Strymonidia, 104
weirella, Depressaria, 28
woodiana, Celypha, 28
xylostella, Plutella, 52, 108, 119
zieglerella, Cosmopterix, 51

NEUROPTERA

abbreviata, Chrysopa, 16, 17
albolineata, Chrysopa, 16
aleyrodiformis, Semidalis, 15
capitata, Nothochrysa, 17, 19
carnea, Chrysopa, 15
commata, Chrysopa, 16, 17
flava, Chrysopa, 18

fuscata, Sisyra, 15, 19
humulinus, Hemerobius, 18
lutescens, Hemerobius, 15
nitidulus, Hemerobius, 15
perla, Chrysopa, 17, 19
phyllochroma, Chrysopa, 16, 17
psociformis, Conwentzia, 18
pygmaeus, Sympherobius, 15
septempunctata, Chrysopa, 16
subnebulosus, Wesmaelus, 15
variegatus, Micromus, 15
ventralis, Chrysopa, 18
vittata, Chrysopa, 18

ODONATA

depressa, Libellula, 84
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma, 84
quadrimaculata, Libellula, 84

ORTHOPTERA

gregaria, Schistocerca, 52
simulatrix, Aiolopus, 20

ARACHNIDA
Clubionidae, 118

VERTEBRATA
badger, 46
blackcap, 45
chiff-chaff, 45 *
frog, 45

green woodpecker, 45
kestrel, nest, 28
rabbit, 84
slow-worm, 46

toad, 47

willow warbler, 45
wren, 45

PLANTS

Generic, except for crops
Acer, 15, 18
pseudoplatanus, 18, 28
Achillea millefolium, 28, 53
Agrimonia, 28
Agropyron, 51
Ajuga reptans, 83
Albizia, 112
Alliaria, 3
Althaea officinalis, 28
Anemone nemorosa, 83
Anthriscus sylvestris, 28, 118
Apium nodiflorum, 12
Arabis, 3
Arbutus, 104
Armeria maritima, 31
Artemisia maritima, 26, 51
vulgaris, 28
Arundinaria, 121
Aster, 77
aceris, 98
nova-belgae, 98
puctatus, 98
tripolium, 26, 51, 98
Atriplex, 51
patula, 28
Avena fatua, 79
Avocado, 113
Betula, 17, 24, 28, 47
nana, 24, 55
papyrifera, 58
Brassica, 3, 108
Cacao, 112, 113
Calamintha nepeta, 77,80
Callistephus chinensis, 98
Caltha palustris, 118
Camelia sinensis, 18
Capsicum (chillies), 51
Carlina corymbosa, 80
Carpinus betulus, 57
cashew, 113
cassava, 112, 113

Centaurea, 59, 109 Lonicera periclymenum, 83
scabiosa, 27 caprifolium, 110
nigra, 49, 54 Macadamia, 113
Centranthus ruber, 52 Malpighia, 112
Chenopodium, 122 Malus, 26, 27, 28, 57, 76, 113
Cirsium arvense, 51 mango, 113
Citrus, 112, 113 Marrubium, 25
Clinopodium vulgare, 77 Melaleuca, 112
Cochlearia, 108 Mentha longifolia, 77
coconut, 112, 113 Mercurialis perennis, 83
custard apple, 113 mulberry, 112
Codiaeum, 112 Musa, 117
Conopodium majus, 27 mustard, 3
Convolvulus althaeoides, 77 Myrica gale, 27
Corylus avellana, 83 Nasturtium, 3
Crataegus, 17, 27, 49, 54, 83, 119 Oenanthe phellandrium, 28
oxyacanthoides, 76 Olea, 112
Crinitaria linosyris, 98 europaea, 76, 77, 78, 80
Cupressus, 118 Onopordum acanthium, 117
macrocarpa, 119 Ophrys apifera, 46
Cytisus scoparius, 76 orchid pollinaria, 29
Daldinia concentrica, 28, 84 Origanum, 28
Daucus carota, 28, 77 vulgare, 77
Dipsacus, 28 Paliurus spina-christi, 9
Echium lycopsis, 77 Passiflora, 113
vulgare, 77 pecan nut, 113
Endymion nonscriptus, 83 pepper, 112
Epilobium, 12, 27 Petunia, 77
angustifolium, 26 Peucedanum officinale, 26
Erigeron acris, 28 Phragmites, 31
Eriophorum angustifolium, 12 Pimpinella saxifraga, 27
Eucalyptus, 112 Pinus, 25, 47; logs, 48
Eupatorium, 122 sylvestris, 17, 119
Fagus, 17, 47 Platanus, 18
Foeniculum vulgare, 31 pomegranate, 27
Fragaria vesca, 83 Populus tremula, 25, 28
Fraxinus, 83, 84 Primula vulgaris, 83
Geijera parviflora, 112 Prunus, 56, 76, 113
Genista tinctoria, 27, 28 avium, 76,77
guava, 112, 113 laurocerasus, 57
heather, 52 persica, 76
Hedera, 59 spinosa, 27, 49, 50, 70, 72, 76
Heracleum sphondylium, 31, 83 Pueraria phaseoloides, 112
Hesperis matronalis, 3 Quercus, 15, 17, 18, 25, 26, 47, 56, 57,
Hypericum perforatum, 53 83; bark, 54
Ilex aquifolium, 18 Rosa, 28, 50, 76, 83
Iris, 12 rubber, 112, 113
Juncus, 31 Rubus fruticosus agg., 50, 76, 83
effusus, 12 Salix, 25, 47, 83
Juniperus, 48, 118, 120, 121 aurita, 120
Knautia arvensis, 77, 110 viminalis, 27
integrifolia, 109 caprea, 117, 120
pratensis, 110 Sanicula europaea, 27
Lantana, 30 Sarothamnus, 122
lichen, 120 scoparius, 76
Ligustrum, 27 Scabiosa columbaria, 110
Lilium, 118 Schinus terebinthifolius, 112

Limonium, 55 Scirpus maritimus, 12

xii

Senecio, 31, 51 tomato, 117

Silene dioica, 54 Typha latifolia, 10, 12
Sisymbrium officinale, 3 Ulex minor, 28
Solidago virgaurea, 98 Ustica, 52

Sorbus aucuparia, 17, 47 Vaccinium, 31 +
Euonymus europaeus, 25 Viburnum tinus, 18
sweet potato, 112 Vicia sepium, 28,83
tapioca, 113 Viola, 83

Taxus baccata, 17 weymouth pine, 17

Tilia, 15, 77

APRIL 1982
Qt
BxSs
I ob

Vol. 15, Parts 1/2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

Officers and Council for 1982

President:
J. Heath, F.R.E.S. -

Vice-Presidents:

A. E. Stubbs, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
B. R. Baker, B.Sc., A.M.A., F.R.E.S.

Treasurer:
Col. D. H. Sterling

Secretary:
Mrs. F. M. Murphy, B.Sc.

Curator:
E. S. Bradford

Librarian:
S. R. Miles

Lanternist:
R. Jones

Ordinary Members of Council:

Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, M.A. R. F. Bretherton, C.B., M.A.,
D. J. Carter F.R.E.S.
P. A. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. R. S. Tubbs, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.
K. G. W. Evans, F.L.S. P. Jewess
R. Fairclough, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. D. E. Wilson
R. D. Weal
Editorial

Editor: R. W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL6 OUD

with the assistance of:
T. R. E. Southwood, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., A.R.C.S., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
E. S. Bradford
A. H. Hayes

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
‘Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 15’

Vol.15
1982

Published at the Society’s Rooms The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Gem Graphic Services, 30 Wantage Road, Didcot,
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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 1

OEGOCONIA CARADJAI POPESCU-GORJ & CAPUSE
(LEP: GELECHIIDAE) RECOGNISED AS BRITISH

by D. J. L. AGASSIZ
The Vicarage, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex, RM17 6RU

Black and ochreous moths of the genus Oegoconia are not unfamiliar to
most students of microlepidoptera in England. They are attracted to light and
are also found in hedgerows. For many years they were all assigned to
quadripuncta (Haw.) until Goddard (1966) showed that more than one species
was involved. Black moths with narrow yellow fasciae (very roughly speaking)
were referable to deauratella (H.-S.) whilst the remainder having broader yellow
fasciae remained known as quadripuncta. Goddard described the differences in
the genitalia but as these were not illustrated I gave some figures in an article
published in these Proceedings (Agassiz, 1980). In preparing that article I was
puzzled that my findings appeared at first sight to contradict those of E.S.
Bradford who showed me his unpublished drawings of the genitalia of quadri-
puncta and deauratella. During the years following two other workers raised
questions: R. J. Heckford noticed differences in the shape of the saccus of males
he dissected and J. R. Langmaid informed me that according to my drawings all
his males were quadripuncta whilst all the females were deauratella! Clearly
further research was required. Further dissections were made, a closer study
followed and it became clear that we had a third species. When I had first
dissected two females of different species I assumed, incorrectly, that the paler
was quadripuncta and the darker deauratella; in fact the darker was quadripuncta
and the paler one the new species.

By now I had associated females to the corresponding males. Many specimens
in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) had been dissected
clearly showing the same three species to be present in other parts of Europe,
North Africa and the Middle East. A paper by Popescu-Gorj & Capuge (1965)
identified the same three species in Rumania, although they had not seen the
female of caradjai, our new species which was described there, nor had they
considered Herrich-Schaffer’s description of deauratella.

Superficially it is often possible to distinguish the species on wing pattern,
but all vary and there are a good many doubtful specimens which need to be
determined by genitalia examination. Generally caradjai is the species with the
broadest yellow fasciae, especially the middle one which is broader on the dorsum.
O. deauratella is the darkest species and is normally the easiest to separate.
O. quadripuncta is intermediate between these two, but it is also of a rougher
texture which helps in recognition with practice in many cases.

The female genitalia are not difficult to separate by characters in the ductus
and signum. In caradjai the ductus is narrowed near the ostium, but is otherwise
fairly flat without conspicuous distortion. The signum is a long spine arising from
a large saucer-like plate. In quadripuncta the ductus is contorted with bends
below the ostium, and the signum is a spine arising from the centre of a strongly
curved plate. Deauratella has a sclerotised ductus (as do the other two species)
which has the bends below the ostium but is not otherwise strongly contorted.
Its signum has a spine drawn out from towards one end of an irregularly shaped
plate, often with one or two smaller spines. There is some variation within each
species, especially in the shape of the signum.

In the male genitalia there are several characters which show only slight
differences and these are not easily mounted in such a way as to give a constant
appearance. For example Popescu-Gorj & Capuse describe differences in the
shape of the gnathos which I cannot confirm from the specimensI have examined.

2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

The swelling towards the apex of the sacculus is certainly less pronounced in
deauratella and is usually more bulbous in quadripuncta, but this can be mis-
leading if the angle from which it is seen varies. The best characters are in the
aedeagus, but the shape of the saccus and vinculum can help. All three species
have cornuti comprising a patch of spines in the tip of the vesica; deauratella is
easily separated by an extra conspicuous bundle of spines in the vesica, as well
as a sclerotised ridge within the aedeagus; it also has a long drawn out saccus.
Quadripuncta has the sclerotised ridge within the aedeagus long and pointed
whereas that in caradjai is short and weak. The saccus of quadripuncta is also
more triangular, as illustrated, but this tends to be distorted when the valvae
are opened for arrangement on a slide.

The life histories of the species are as yet not distinguished, the larvae feed
on decaying vegetable matter in the late spring and the moths are all on the wing
in July and August.

The distribution of the species in Britain is not yet sufficiently known, but
an interesting pattern appears to be emerging. O. deauratella is confined to the
south east of England, scarcely extending west of London. The other species
seem nearly to be allopatric, where one species is common the other seems not
to occur. O. caradjai is well represented in old collections from Portland, with a
number from Southend; more recent records for it are all from the south west
or East Anglia, whereas quadripuncta occurs from London and central southern
England extending from there north-westwards into Ireland. The only places
where the two species have been recorded together are in the London area and in
Devon.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

Oegoconia caradjai Popescu-Gorj & Capuse, 1965
bifasciella sensu Stephens, 1834

Synonymy. Stephens (1834) described two species: quadripuncta Haw. and
bifasciella F .?, the latter having a broader yellow central fascia than quadripuncta.
Although no specimens are extant it is possible that the second species was
caradjai. Tinea bifasciella F. is in the synonymy of Lampronia capitella (Clerck)
and, despite the ?, expert opinion advises that the name bifasciella is not available
for this taxon as it was a misidentification by Stephens. The Stephens description
is moved here from the synonymy of quadripuncta where it was placed by
Bradley, Fletcher & Whalley (1972).

Description. Wingspan 13-16 mm. Head dark fuscous, face yellow, antennae
fuscous but paler towards tip; thorax fuscous, tegulae fuscous at base, yellow
thereafter. Hindwings light grey. Forewings (figs. 1,2) dark fuscous, a basal dot,
a fascia about % from costa nearly to dorsum, a broad complete fascia beyond
middle, narrower on costa and a rather oblique fascia at about %, and apical dot
yellow. There is considerable variation both in the width of the fasciae and in
their colour. In some specimens from the Scilly Isles and Cornwall the yellow
is so suffused with pale shining fuscous that there is little contrast between it
and the darker areas. Usually the dark fuscous area between the second and
third fasciae is reduced to a triangular blotch on the costa whose apex reaches, or
nearly reaches the dorsum.

6 genitalia. Uncus bicornute, but only gently concave between the tips, valvae
long, sacculus free; before the curved pointed tip of the sacculus there is a
bulbous swelling. Saccus (fig. 18) bluntly pointed, gently curved above as ina
shield. The interior edge of the vinculum is rounded. Aedeagus (fig. 15) with
cornuti comprising a patch of spines in the vesica, within the aedeagus is a short
and weakly sclerotised part.

9 genitalia (figs. 7,10). Ductus bursae sclerotised, without conspicuous folds
and contortions, narrowed beneath ostium. The signum is a large crescent-shaped
plate with a long spine arising from the centre of it.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 3

Distribution: Confirmed records in England are from Cornwall and the Scilly
Isles, South Devon, Dorset, Middlesex, North & South Essex and Lincolnshire.
Abroad it is recorded from France, Spain, Morocco and other parts of northern
Africa around the Mediterranean to Turkey and the Yemen, also near the western
shores of the Caspian Sea.

Oegoconia quadripuncta (Haworth, 1828)

Type designation. There is no specimen of Haworth’s in the British Museum
(Natural History), nor is it contained in the list of specimens in the Ellis
Collection in Yorkshire or in the Hope Dept. of Entomology at Oxford; it is
therefore assumed that no type specimen of Haworth’s exists, In a complex of
species such as is found in this group it is desirable that the names be stabilised
by the designation of a neotype, and all the conditions required by Article 75 of
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature are fulfilled.

O. quadripuncta was originally described as Recurvaria quadripuncta from the
vicinity of London and from an unspecified number of specimens. A specimen in
the Ford collection is hereby designated the neotype of quadripuncta Haw., it
bears the data label: “Bexley, July 1929, L. T. Ford’ as well as a neotype label.
The genitalia have been dissected and the slide is ‘BM genitalia slide No. 14266 2’.
Both specimen and slide are in the British Museum (Natural History).

Forewings of Oegoconia spp:
1, 2. O. caradjai, 3, 4. O. quadripuncta, 5, 6. O. deauratella.

Description, 13-16 mm. Head, thorax and hindwings similar to O. caradjai.
Forewings (figs. 3, 4) dark fuscous, a small basal dot, a variable spot before %,
usually in the costal half only, an irregular fascia beyond middle, an often inter-
rupted fascia from costa to tornus variation in the width of fasciae and size of
dot yellow. There is considerable variation in the width of fasciae and size of
spots.

6 genitalia. Uncus and gnathos similar to caradjai. Valvae also very similar
but the costa tends to be a little straighter, sacculus with bulbous projection

4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

before apex more pronounced; saccus (fig. 19) pointed and approximately
triangular. The interior edge of the vinculum is almost square, especially when
the valvae are spread open. Aedeagus (fig. 16) with cornuti comprising a terminal
patch of spines in the vesica, a long pointed sclerotised part within the aedeagus.

° genitalia (figs. 8, 11, 12). Ductus bursae sclerotised, folds beneath ostium
and in the middle of the ductus it is strongly contorted, this can look different
if an attempt has been made to untwist it in mounting; signum variable, but
consisting of a strong spine arising from the middle of a highly contorted curved
plate.

Distribution: Confirmed records in Britain are from East and West Sussex,
South Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, Surrey, West Kent, Middlesex, Bucking-
hamshire, Somerset, Gloucester, Dublin and Galway. Abroad it is recorded from
Spain, Morocco, Hungary, Rumania and southern Russia.

Oegoconia deauratella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1854)
bacescui Popescu-Gorj & Capuge, 1965

Nomenclature. Although the type specimen has not been traced the description
given by Herrich-Schaffer (1854) can be assumed to refer to this species as it is
supported by a good illustration (Pl. 58, fig. 418). This illustration is named
kindermanniella which is given as a syonym in the text, it appears to be a name
first introduced in synonymy.

Description. Wingspan 11-15 mm. Head, thorax and hindwings similar to
other Oegoconia species. Forewings (figs. 5, 6) dark fuscous, basal dot obsolescent,
some trace of a spot near the costa at about 1/6, a sinuous median fascia, a tornal
dot and one opposite on costa and apical dot yellow. There is some variation in
the extent of the yellow markings.

6 genitalia. Uncus and gnathos similar to other Oegoconia spp., valvae also
similar, but sacculus without the swelling before the apex. Saccus (fig. 20) drawn
out into a point. Aedeagus (fig. 17) with cornuti comprising a terminal patch
of spines and another patch of larger spines. A long pointed sclerotised part
within the aedeagus as in quadripuncta.

? genitalia. (figs. 9, 13, 14) Ductus bursae sclerotised, with folds beneath the
ostium but lacking other conspicuous distortion. Signum variable but forming
a curved plate with spines drawn out from it, the principle one from towards
one end; the signum can look very different according to the way in which it is
mounted as it is so definitely three-dimensional.

Distribution: Confined to the south-east of England, being recorded from
Kent, Surrey, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, Essex, Cambridge and Suffolk. Abroad
it is also of eastern distribution being recorded from Scandinavia, Austria,
Hungary, Rumania and Russia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the following for advice or specimens: E. S. Bradford,
Dr. J. D. Bradley, A. M. Emmet, R. J. Heckford, Dr. J. R. Langmaid, Dr. K. O.
Sattler and P. A. Sokoloff.

REFERENCES

Agassiz, D. J. L. 1980. Some easily confused British microlepidoptera, Proc,
Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 77.

Bradley, J. D., Fletcher, D. S. & Whalley, P. E. S. 1972. A Check List of British
Insects, second edition.

Goddard, P. A. 1966. On the occurrence of Oegoconia deauratella H.-S. (Lep.,
Symmocidae) in the British Isles. Ent. Rec. 78: 243.

Haworth, A. H. 1828. Lepidoptera Britannica p.557.

Herrich & Schaffer, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur. 5: 135 (1854).

Popescu-Gorj, A. & Capuge, I. 1965. Revision d’Oegoconia quadripuncta (Hw.)
(Lepidoptera Gelechioidea) des collections de Roumanie, Rev. Roum, Biol.
— zoologie. 6: 389, Bucarest.

Stephens, J. S. 1834. Haustellata Vol. IV: 217.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 5

Genitalia of Oegoconia spp.
Ductus & bursa of female: 7. caradjai, 8. quadripuncta, 9, deauratella,
Signum (enlarged): 10. caradjai, 11, 12, quadripuncta, 13, 14. deauratella.
Aedeagus: 15. caradjai, 16. quadripuncta, 17. deauratella,
Saccus/vinculum of male: 18. caradjai, 19. quadripuncta, 20. deauratella.

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981+

by A. E. STUBBS

Chief Scientist’s Team, Nature Conservancy Council

The evolution of this Act has been complex and the events during its final
stages confusing. Royal Assent has now been given. The statement below outlines
the implications of the Act for entomologists and other invertebrate zoologists.

SPECIES LEGISLATION

Earlier legislation affecting invertebrate species was embodied in the Wild
Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975, which, together with various other previous
legislation, has become absorbed within the new Act.

It is necessary to recall that the late Lord Cranbrook had tried to promote a
Private Members Bill which entailed the definition of endangered and vulnerable
categories. For the latter some collecting would be allowed but the legislative
framework was unworkable. In the process he put up a list of about 150 Lepi-
doptera, which inevitably raised considerable consternation. Through the Joint
Committee for the Conservation of British Insects, a list with a broader range of
invertebrates was put forward in response, thus reducing the emphasis on
Lepidoptera and including some less controversial rare species in groups which
were not subject to collecting, but there was some scepticism that the Bill would
ever get through.

When the Conservatives came to power they announced that there would be
a government Bill. The Department of the Environment (without prior consult-
ation with NCC) circulated consultation papers to a wide spectrum of bodies but
ignored most of the invertebrate societies, though invertebrates were included.
NCC circulated these papers to the societies. The revised Cranbrook list of species
had been adopted, the government having given assurance that it would include
the list that he had drawn up.

Jumping a number of moves, the essence is that the distinction between
endangered and vulnerable categories was lost, so all listed species would be
subject to complete protection. A list of species was given endorsement by the
Societies, albeit that some had hesitation on certain species. Among the qualifi-
cations was the need to adopt area listing, as opposed to GB listing with certain
butterflies. The perspective kept shifting during the passage of the Bill. It became
increasingly clear that adjustment in stance was required. Area listing was swept
out since this did not suit those promoting otter conservation. As precedents for
future species to go on the Act, there was concern that the snails should come
out altogether but efforts to get an airing on these got stymied in the procedures
of the Report stage. Among the 1,000 amendments were additional invertebrates
for inclusion on the schedule where no consultation was possible. Purple Emperor
was put up and NCC advised against so that one was out but the Swallowtail
went in unexpectedly when NCC only had 20 minutes to react at a time when
the staff who ought to have advised were not available. The New Forest Burnet
sneaked in (at least a more sensible one) and NCC put in the spider Eresus niger
with full backing from the British Arachnological Society. However, everyone
concerned is now well aware of the difficulties in exercising influence over the
Committee stages of a Bill, the more so when Parliament lacks people who are
fully conversant with the special considerations affecting invertebrates.

+ This account is from a letter to the Hon. Secretary and is reproduced with
Mr. Stubb’s permission.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 7

The position in the Act is as follows:— The previous Conservation of Wild
Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975 already prohibited the collecting of the
Large Blue butterfly, Maculinea arion, and the Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia
smaragdaria (the latter was added in 1979). After a complex series of manoeuvres,
a further 17 invertebrates have been added:— 3 butterflies — Chequered Skipper
(Carterocephalus palaemon), Heath Fritillary (Mellicta athalia) and Swallowtail
(Papilio machaon); 4 moths — Reddish Buff Moth (Acosmetia caliginosa), Black-
veined Moth (Siona lineata), Barberry Carpet (Pareulype berberata), New Forest
Burnet (Zygaena viciae); 3 Orthoptera — Field Cricket (Gryllus campestris), Mole
Cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa) and Wartbiter (Decticus verrucivorus); 1 beetle —
Chrysolina cerealis; 1 dragonfly — Aeshna isosceles; 2 spiders — Eresus niger and
Dolomedes plantarius and 3 snails — Monacha cartusiana, Myxas glutinosa and
Catinella arenaria.

NCC has a statutory duty to revise the list at five year intervals, though there
are procedures for adding or removing species at any time. If there is strong
feeling that any species should come off, then it is a tactical question whether
this will be easiest to raise now as a special case before the list becomes entrenched
or in five years time when the procedure will seem less like special pleading. In
some quarters the removal of butterflies, for instance, will be emotive with the
challenge that entomologists only want them off the list so they can collect them,
which proves that the list should not be altered. Thus any views should be
entirely factual and based on the advice that would have been given had consult-
ation procedures permitted comment before the Act went through in its present
form.

The views of Societies on this list would be welcome. It seems unfair that the
perspective has changed so much since views were last put forward. A new cool
look if required. Any case for changes has not only to convince NCC (as govern-
ment advisors), it has also to convince the Secretary of State for the Environment
(currently Mr. Heseltine).

In order to assist your deliberations, I offer some comments on the list which
may help concentrate thoughts on the points which require consideration.

Butterflies. The Large Blue has to stay. No sighting accepted as authentic since
1979"

The Heath Fritillary was originally put forward for listing in the SW only — it
is in serious trouble here being down to only two colonies (according to current
information available to NCC). If we cannot have area listing, then there is a
strong case for its staying on the Act, at least until a research programme (due
to start in April 1982) clarifies the status and conservation prospects.

The Chequered Skipper was earlier agreed for listing as England only (not
positively seen since 1975). With the passage of time, it seems more realistic to
judge this one on its current Scottish status and vulnerability to collecting.

The Swallowtail was sneaked on apparently because it is pretty and MPs have
heard of it. There are views both within NCC and outside that this butterfly is
largely holding its own and collecting within its habitat is not likely to make
serious impact. There are, however, other views that as a spectacular butterfly,
it is a good flag-waver for attracting public interest in insects — in other words,
now it’s on, leave it on.

Moths. Species with small populations on single sites are Essex Emerald (there
is unsubstantiated rumour of a small second colony but this hardly alters its
critical status), Barberry Carpet, Reddish Buff and New Forest Burnet. It would
have to be a very well argued case to get any of these off and my current view
is that they deserve to stay put.

Orthoptera and Odonata. These are unlikely to cause controversy. The mole
cricket is desperately difficult to find but all four are appropriate species in
groups which are not, and should not be, subject to pure collecting.

8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Beetles. The so-called rainbow leaf-beetle (Parliament has to have a common
name for everything) is a rare colonial species in Snowdonia. The populations
are small and ought not to be collected.

Snails. There would be strong grounds for taking all three*off. The sandbowl
snail can only be identified by dissection and its main GB population is on an
NNR where it is abundant. This is not a satisfactory precedent for candidate
species. The Conchological Society has earlier expressed reservations. I tried to
get all three off but in the chaos of parliamentary procedures, the issue was not
resolved.

I have made enquiries on circumstances affecting entomologists, the following
being my current understanding. The above species will be subject to complete
prohibition against collecting, with fines up to £1000 per specimen (ie. even
an egg). Specimens and rearing stock obtained before that date are in the clear,
but the onus of proof is on the individual (the reverse of the normal legal
position). Stock released onto a site (even where that species is not native) then
becomes ‘wild’, so is equally subject to these provisions. To disturb these species
is also illegal, but it is possible to capture or pick up a specimen in order to
identify it providing one has just cause (i.e. it is not necessary to capture a swallow-
tail in order to identify it but with some moths this may be necessary). To ‘take’
a specimen from its immediate location is strictly illegal. These provisions apply
to listed animals in general, so invertebrates do not have any special concessions.
NCC is able to issue licences for the handling or taking of specimens, in practice
applying to studies or conservation measures which assist the future of the species
concerned.

Circumstances could arise where someone unwittingly took a protected
species without realising the identification. Should this happen (the Reddish Buff
Moth for instance is not terribly distinctive among the noctuid moths) then the
best thing is to report the circumstances to NCC (via me) otherwise there may be
the embarrassment of having an important new locality and being afraid to come
out with the fact. However, it is reasonable to expect people to be aware of the
identification of protected species and any specimen taken would be directed to
a museum (or Society) collection so that no one can take advantage to acquire
specimens for his own collection. Killer traps ought not to be used where it is
known that protected species may be caught but there could be circumstances
where unforeseen embarrassment arises. Again, it is best to come clean. This sort
of legislation is not designed to trip up the innocent and sensible entomologist
but it is there as a stand-by to deter and if necessary to punish selfish and
irresponsible actions.

The new Act continues the 1975 provisions prohibiting trade of any type
(including barter) in specimens of protected species — its not worth risking fines
of £1000 per specimen.

It is now illegal to release or allow to escape into the wild any animal (includes
invertebrates) of a ‘kind’ which is not resident in Britain or is not a regular visitor
in a wild state. The word ‘kind’ was carefully chosen and will be interpreted as
any genetic population derived from outside Britain. Thus to release species into
Britain or to release foreign stock of a British species is unlawful.

It is worth a reminder that uprooting of wild plants is an offence unless the
landowner has given permission. The list of totally protected plants, where even
to pick a piece is unlawful, has been extended to 61 species (all of which are
rarities).

One problem with all embracing legislation is its indirect pitfalls — literally.
If one puts down pitfall traps (for say spiders or beetles) and you trap protected
sand lizards, move those traps quickly. All trapping of protected species is
banned, a nice catch 22 situation since you might not know a protected species
is there until you have trapped it. Anyway, the general philosophy of common

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 9

sense and avoiding awkward circumstances which could reasonably be anticipated
is all one can recommend.

Under normal circumstances (after the framework of legislation has been
decided by parliament) it is NCC which advises on the species lists in such an
Act. Thus species can be added or subtracted providing the Secretary of State for
the Environment agrees to an order being placed before the House. It is clear
that some tidying up of the species lists is required in order to straighten out
some of the anomalies that have arisen.

I am as anxious as anyone to try to finish up with a sensible list which carries
the support of the Societies as far as is possible. There is widespread apprehension
that we are going down the slippery slope towards a ban on all collecting, or at
least sufficient ban to make field work intolerable. NCC certainly does not
support the concept of all embracing bans — administratively it is impractical
anyway. More important it is recognised that collecting is a necessary part of
field work for most invertebrate groups. The help that increasing numbers of
entomologists are giving with the Invertebrate Site Register, as well as BRC
schemes etc., is a very powerful reason why NCC should continue to resist
unnecessary extension of species legislation. I hold the view that the best
insurance entomologists have is by working with the conservation bodies, as
with the Invertebrate Site Register, so that there is developed a proper level
of understanding and co-operation. The synonomy in many minds between
the entomologist and the kleptomaniac collector is best quashed in a practical
way. At the same time it should be recognised that legislative lists, if properly
chosen, can be of value as a deterrent to the unscrupulous collector.

HABITATS

Whilst the species side of things may be a mixed bag, on the habitat aspects
of the Act things have worked out extremely well.

It is recognised that habitat conservation is the key issue, a truth which the
government did not sufficiently recognise to start with. There were more letters
to Westminster on this Bill than just about any other issue in modern times and
there were concerted lobbying and delaying tactics which eventually led the
government to change its position at the last minute. Whilst the Act covers a
great range of countryside issues, much of the furore was over the future of
Sites of Special Scientific Interest. SSSI could not effectively resist pressures
from modern agriculture and forestry. Nationally about 10-12% were damaged
or destroyed in 1980, the figure for Dorset being 32%. The implications sank
home and incredibly we have finished up with measures which are potentially
stronger than on many NNR leases.

NCC now has the legal requirement to inform all owners and occupiers of
SSSI of the scientific content of their land and to define what activities will
require consultation. Should an owner wish to pursue damaging activities, he
must give written notice. NCC has three months to decide on possible safeguard
action; beyond this period an Order by the Secretary of State would be required
if voluntary negotiation was unlikely to succeed. This would allow a further
nine months for negotiation and the possibility of compulsory purchase as a last
resort. The very last twist to the Bill made it compulsory for NCC to offer
compensation to an owner or occupier if agricultural (probably forestry as well)
grant is refused on nature conservation grounds (instead of grants to grow barley,
farmers will be compensated for growing wildlife). The financial implications
could be enormous, though the National Farmers Union (who were taking stance
with NCC) and the Country Landowners Association are asking farmers to behave
responsibly (otherwise more stringent measures may be forthcoming). Whether
government will meet the financial needs remains to be seen, but it is hardly
likely that they can abandon SSSI after totally commiting themselves to the
semi-voluntary process.

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Whilst naturalists have rightly had a jaundiced view of SSSI in the past, the
status of an SSSI has now changed almost beyond recognition. It must also be
recognised that the Act does nothing to reduce the rate of loss of sites not desig-
nated SSSI and provides no formal opportunity to influence management on
otherwise safe land.

This places the future of invertebrate conservation very much into the hands
of entomologists. Through the Invertebrate Site Register, the important sites and
the management needs of those sites must be identified. It is then possible to
confer on them a degree of safeguard far beyond anything possible before. Even
on ‘safe’ pieces of ground it is possible to exert a considerable influence over
future management. By means of SSSI prescriptions NCC can define in some
detail the management activities which need to be discussed with NCC and for
the legal machinery to go into action if necessary to ensure that the wildlife
interest is not damaged. It is now not simply a question of preventing a grassland
being destroyed, it is now possible to avoid damaging grazing regimes. NCC has
to advise all SSSI owners and occupiers of the necessary prescriptions by the end
of 1982, which means information is needed urgently on the invertebrate faunas
so that the wrong management prescriptions are not given (e.g. what suits the
botanical interest may not suit the invertebrate fauna). It will be much more
difficult to change the prescriptions in the future, though clearly as new infor-
mation comes forward this hurdle will have to be met. Also there may be new
SSSI which deserve designation for their invertebrate interest. In the meantime,
heavy use is being made of the existing information in the Invertebrate Site
Register (which is far from complete because many people have still not
responded) and the general management prescriptions for all habitats will take
account of general guidelines on invertebrate needs.

SOME OTHER POINTS

At long last, water authorities and drainage boards have a statutory duty to
consult NCC over activities affecting SSSI. It is to be hoped that they will also
heed that advice.

Also, marine conservation, including marine reserves, is now officially within
NCC remit.

The Act includes a vast array of other measures on a wide range of amenity
issues including footpaths. It is still unclear what all the ins and outs are but no
doubt there will be news on interpretations by bodies in this field. If anything
of concern to entomologists emerges, I will at least consult the JCCBI.

CONCLUSION

As I write I have only just seen the final published Act and I have no doubt
it will be several months before all the detail is absorbed and the implications
from a whole variety of angles emerge.

However, it is clear that there is a great deal of benefit in the Act,
particularly as regards habitat safeguard. It is now a question of maximising on
these advantages. By comparison the disadvantages almost pale into insignificance,
though they are real enough in some viewpoints, but there is a good chance of
ironing out the more serious defects.

Advice and comments are welcome, preferably via the Societies in order to
achieve some distillation of views.

18 December 1981

Status of the Foresters (Procris spp.) —It has become apparent that we know
very little about the precise habitat requirements and finer details of biology of
these three species. I should therefore be glad to hear from anyone who knows of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 11

recent colonies of any of the three species, namely Procris geryon, P. statices and
P. globulariae and urge recorders to check any sites where the species occurred in
the past. Information gleaned will I hope be presented at the end of the field
season and all records received will be fully acknowledged. Records should be sub-
mitted to M.Hadley, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, 20 Belgrave Square,
London SW1X 8PY.

Observations on the ectoparasitic stage of two Homobbus spp. (Hym: Braconi-
dae). — The first, Homobbus infumator (Lyle) was bred from a larva of Campaea
margaritata (L.) (Lep: Geometridae) beaten from privet in woodland at Salfords,
Surrey 15.iii.81. The host was killed as a pre-pupa 2.iv.81 and was then consumed
by the previously endoparasitic maggot. The maggot first seems to drain the larva
of fluid and then is observed to consume the skin of the host. A 2 was bred
22.iv.81.

The second species, Homobbus discolor (Wesmael) was one of two bred from
the same host larva beaten in the same locality but on 4.v.81 also from privet. In
this instance the internal maggot appeared from segment 6 (head = 1) of the pre-
pupal host which seems to be encouraged to spin a cocoon apparently essential
for the survival of the maggot. It then quickly attached itself to between segments
9 and 10 of the still living host. At this stage (10.v.81) the maggot was smaller
than the host and distinctly “dry” looking. It evidently pierced the skin of the
host. For over 2 hours the host gradually shrunk as it was drained of liquid while
the maggot grew in size becoming somewhat translucent. After draining the host
the large maggot devoured all the skin, save the head capsule and then slowly spun
its white cocoon with its distinct white translucent band. The cocoon always
seems to be spun in the flimsy cocoon constructed by the host. The maggots have
been observed to die if removed from the cocoon or detached while feeding
outside the host. An adult 9 (the 6 discolor is unknown) was bred on 26.v.81. —
Dr. A.A. Allen.

Polygonia c-album L. bred in June 1981 without hutchinsoni form. — A female
Polygonia c-album L. f. hutchinsoni Robson was caught in the garden on 16.vii.
1980 and eggs were laid on and after 19.vii. The autumn brood was bred through
and six of them were retained to overwinter.

On 3.iv.81 there was a pairing and another followed on 8.iv. Stinging nettle
was provided on 10.iv. Eggs laid over the next five days were retained. The eggs
were brought into the warmth of the house to avoid cold weather, as in 1979
none of the eggs from an early pairing hatched.

The eggs commenced hatching on 24.iv, after about the same length of time as
usually recorded. The first larva was pupating on 28.v, also after about the same
length of time as usual, but this time, half the period was indoors and out of the
sun for most of that.

Emergence took place between 19th and 30th June. There were 71 in all and
every one of them was of the typical late summer form which overwinters.

I note that in South’s British Butterflies, Mr. T.G. Howarth says that f.
hutchinsoni is produced when the larvae resulting from hibernated butterflies feed
up quickly, while those that feed up more slowly produce butterflies of the
normal form at a slightly later date. I wonder whether the lack of sun could have
had the same effect, since the time breeding was not noticeably longer.—A.S.
Wheeler.

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982
CONSERVATION AT WORK IN THE MINISTRY OF DEFENCE}

by C.N. CLAYDEN
Cons. Officer, M.O.D. Lands 3, Tolworth Tower, Ewell Rd., Surbiton, Surrey.

The Ministry of Defence owns about 600,000 acres of freehold property of
which 278,000 acres are under agriculture and 432,000 covered by Conservation
Groups. Inevitably there must be certain priorities laid down for the usage of this
property and that is clearly stated as:—

The Military requirements.
Agriculture including Forestry.
Conservation.

Access.

I see the tasks for conservation therefore as being: —

To record all the wild life, habitats and sites of historical and scientific
interest and to monitor those records.

To produce a vegetation, archaeological and sensitivity map.

To prepare management proposals.

To implement those proposals accepted.

Liaison with other conservation and naturalist bodies.

To educate both the Services and the public in conservation.

Who is going to do all this? The MOD have no additional money or labour
they can devote to these tasks. We of course resort to the good old British com-
promise of volunteers. Currently there are 130 groups involving some 4000
volunteers. These are dedicated and genuine people who are only concerned with
preserving our historical and natural heritage.

The conservation groups are formed at sites where the interest warrants such a
group and these are the people available to form the group. They vary in size
and in their exact mode of operation. They are, however, providing us with
the facts and figures which enable us to speak from knowledge and not ignorance.

I would like to now talk about some of the ecosystems within our property
and their importance and some of the problems of management.

CHALK DOWNLAND

There are over 100,000 acres, but not all of it is prime downland. We have tens
of acres of kidney vetch interspersed with some 18000 young juniper bushes, on
which we have identified 14 of the 16 species of invertebrate. The woodlands and
chalk downland flora, numbering some 297 species to date, supports 36 species of
butterflies. The interesting fact is not the number of species but the great number
of any one species there can be seen.

Areas of spreading scrub and lichen-rich areas are associated with the 200
species of spiders identified. This is a third of the total spider fauna. There is an
‘ant-scape’ of 3,000,000 anthills: 1,000,000 are operative and are said to house
35 billion ants.

The variety of habitats provides sanctuary for 102 species of birds of which 66
are breeding and includes the rare Stone Curlew.

The problems facing the management of chalk downlands are many: the
spread of scrub and long grass through lack of grazing or cutting; erosion caused
by over grazing or use; the loss of beechwoods due to beech bark disease and the
loss of land to agriculture including forestry, particularly coniferous woodland;
damage by deer.

+ Abstract of paper read 14th May 1981.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 13

BRECKLAND

We have a great diversity of habitat set in comparatively unspoilt countryside.
17000 acres of Breckland in Norfolk with its 543 species of plant, to date, and
185 species of birds, down the years. Where else can you find all six species of
deer? The River Wissey meanders for 14 miles through the centre of the area,
providing a haven for otters and excellent fishing. It is probably the purest river
in Britain. The meres, a speciality of the ““Breck”’ are unbelievably rich in wildlife.
One mere has revealed to date three species of Coleoptera which were last recorded
in these parts in 1890, 1900 and 1906. Of the 811 invertebrates so far identified
the Caddis fly Holocentropus stagnalis (Albarda) has not previously been recorded
in Norfolk. The Sawfly Amauronematus amentorum (Foerster) was last recorded
in 1878. There are 114 flies of which Pachygaster minutissima is the first for East
Anglia. Rivers need monitoring for pollution. The Breck, if not grazed, turns to
scrub and secondary woodland. The meres become choked with vegetation and
there is the ever-present bracken which romps away at will.

DUNE SYSTEMS

We have eight marvellous dune sites as part of the 212 miles of the coast of
Britain which the MOD owns. This habitat has its own unique flora and fauna and
is particularly rich in plants, birds and invertebrates. Whereas these dune systems
are well covered with heath or marram and there is very little wind-blow, there are
problems, however. Buckthorn spreads with alarming speed and destroys all other
vegetation reducing the plant, bird and invertebrate life. It is important to retain
areas of wet and damp areas. This has meant the construction of artificial
waterways.

The other coastal sites are important for the largest cockleshell island in the
country, the largest concentration of Brent Geese at any one time, a fifth of the
total world’s population. Two estuarine sites are in the top ten for Waders. There
are cliffs which are not part of any long distance walk where Peregrine, Chough
and Raven can live and breed in comparative peace; where the vegetation has not
changed in 50 years.

I think it would be interesting at this point to relate the story of the horseflies.
The activities of tabanids caused problems to troops training who were liable
to be bitten 200 times if remaining in a particular area for up to an hour. Patient
research revealed a colour particularly attractive to the horseflies and, with the aid
of silhouette targets and a non-hardening glue, 30,000 or more female horseflies
were caught. By this means some control could be exercised over the total popu-
lation at one time. Research continues.

CAVES

I would like to just mention our investigation into some of the cave systems to
be found on our property. One particular site in the middle of Wiltshire boasts 9
of the 15 species of bats including the Beckstein and the Greater Horseshoe, both
scheduled species. Two species of moths winter, the Tissue and Herald, mosquitoes
are not in short supply and an interesting spider occurs which, as far as we could
determine, survives on its own progeny. The rock faces of this site boast the
skeleton of a crocodile and ammonites are plentiful.

HEATHLAND

The last and, to me, probably one of the most interesting ecosystems to be
found is heathland. We have some 25,000 acres of varying grades. What we do
have is all the special species of flora and fauna associated with that habitat. To
quote from one site, there are 133 species of birds of which 80 are breeding.
34 species of butterflies, 378 species of moths, 478 species of plants, 15 dragonfly

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

and 9 damselflies, all three snakes, lizards and Natterjack toad. There are so
far 77 species of terrestrial Coleoptera and 57 species of aquatic Coleoptera
including Graphoderus zonatus (Hoppe), the only place in Britain, I am told, it can
be found. Heathland is a fast diminishing commodity in the world. Britain has
probably the best examples of the various sorts still in being. These, however, are
being greatly fragmented. We are therefore considering a national strategy to safe-
guard heathlands.

I think you will have gathered from my talk that we have made some progress
in five years. We lack coverage of the invertebrates and would ask you to help us
fill this gap. We have had a good response to initial request. I think we will now
specify areas in which we need help. There is much work to be done but I can
assure you it will be most rewarding.

DOLICHOVESPULA MEDIA (RETZIUS) —
A NEW BRITISH SOCIAL WASP

by S.J. FALK

A male Dolichovespula media (Retzius) was taken on the 18th August 1980,
flying around herbaceous vegetation at the edge of a ride in Friston Forest,
Sussex, a few hundred yards north of the Seven Sisters Country Park Information
Centre on the coastal road (A259).

The wasp warranted attention on capture by virtue of its strange appearance,
being a male, resembling a queen Vespula vulgaris, but with the wide malar space
as in a Dolichovespula species. The specimen superficially agreed with all the
obvious characters of D. norvegica (F.), but was decidedly larger, without any
signs of rufous lateral markings on the side of tergite 3 and having peculiar
thoracic markings.

The specimen was taken to the British Museum (Natural History) and given to
Mr. G. Else, tentatively named as D. media. Prof. O.W. Richards kindly confirmed
this identification. Reference to the British Museum collection showed that in
Europe this species is highly variable, being very dark and hirsute in the northern
and highland districts (f. media) and very pale and less hairy in southern and
lowland districts (f. geeri). The specimen concerned is intermediate between the
two forms, which would agree with its probable origin across the English Channel.
Its forewing length is 14.2 mm (from the distal end of the tegula to the apex of
the wing membrane) compared with a 14.2 mm to 16.3 mm range in the British
Museum.

Key to British species of Dolichovespula Rowher (Long-cheeked Social
Wasps). Nomenclature based on Social wasps (their biology and control) by Robin
Edwards.

Males

1. Genitalia with hairless gonostipes (genital capsules), with their internal
margins extending forward into two well-developed points (when viewed
dorsally). Apex of penis not expanded nor laterally compressed . . sylvestris

— Genitalia with hairy gonostipes, with their internal margins evenly rounded
to form only one point. Apex of penis expanded and laterally compressed . 2

2. Last visible sternite (sternite 8) strongly notched at apex. Penis strongly
expanded at apex. Antennae with segments 4-13 bearing pairs of projecting
tyloidea on their undersides. Strong build, size intermediate between the
males of the‘hornetiand other British wasps. = 2: «2: cucu. eee media

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 15

— Last visible sternite not notched at apex. Apex of penis only slightly
expanded and laterally compressed. Antennal segments without tyloids, or at
most a slight ridge on the lower face of the last segments. A slightly smaller
SPECIES Ofaty PiCalawaSPiGIMENSIONS cys ess ays oe ee vy ee Bene norvegica

The males vary somewhat. The darkest f. media lack thoracic markings, have
narrow yellow abdominal bands and bear a very long, dense, black pubescence.
The palest f. geeri have well developed thoracic markings, very wide yellow
abdominal bands with rufous spots and a short, mainly yellow pubescence. The
face of most specimens bears a distinct stripe, which is occasionally reduced or
vestigial.

uy

Fig. 1 Male Dolichovespula media. a — dorsal view. Genitalia extended but
angled downwards. b — genitalia, dorsal view. c — head, front view.

Females

1. Ocular sinuses (eye notches) completely yellow. Humeri and scutellum often
extensively orange, especially in queens. Strong build, size intermediate
between appropriate castes (worker or queen) of the hornet and other
BTILSHRWASP Sew cfi AN eee. siiehitars cian Bean yNia. aift, stpoual alee, wr tee he media

— Ocular sinuses with only a narrow yellow line along their lower margins.
Orange markings at most limited to the sides of tergite 3 in the majority of
NOLVEPICA AO (HET WISG:ADSENT eink deren covey tase «aria ads & oops Seeeeee 2

2. Clypeus entirely yellow or with a median black spot. Puncturation of
clypeus small and dense, more so on the bottom than at the top. . sylvestris

— Clypeus with a wide, median, longitudinal black fascia, widened towards the
centre, or with a large spot or irregular strip, never entirely yellow. norvegica

It should be noted that the queens, particularly of the paler f. geeri, can be
quite hornet-like, with a mainly yellow head capsule and highly developed orange
pronotal and scutellar spots. Queens of f. media can be very dark, with no
thoracic markings and very restricted yellow markings on the abdomen. The face
usually has a distinct stripe, occasionally reduced to a spot.

The workers likewise show tremendous variation, ranging from a near black
insect with very narrow abdominal bands in the darkest f. media to a very pale
insect with large thoracic markings and restricted dark abdominal markings in the

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

palest f. geeri. The face usually has a distinct stripe, occasionally reduced to a
spot.

The origin of the male specimen is unknown. It was in a very fresh state when
taken, and it is known that male wasps are fairly sedentary insects. The winds
around and before the capture were north easterly and could not have been
responsible for transporting the insect from the adjacent continent. The 1980
ferry strike was also in progress, so passive transport to nearby Newhaven seems
unlikely, though private yachts may have been crossing the Channel. It seems
most probable that the wasp originated from a nest in the Friston Forest area,
originated by a queen transported to our coast either by suitable winds earlier in
the year or on a boat. There seems no reason why this species should not establish
itself in England as it occurs throughout Eurasia from Spain to Japan and occurs
from southern Europe to Siberia at altitudes attaining 2000 m.

My thanks are expressed to Prof. O.W. Richards for confirming the identifica-
tion and to Messrs. G. Else and A.E. Stubbs for advice during the preparation of
this paper.

BENHS Field Meeting: Deep Dene and Lullington, Sussex, 22.viii.1981.
Leader: M. Hadley.— Four members plus friends attended the meeting in a normally
sheltered coombe in the Downs, but a gale blew in the only direction in which we
had no shelter from the wind. In spite of this, the following species totals were
achieved, Butterflies 13, Coleoptera 11, Hemiptera 2, Orthoptera 5, and 39 Lepi-
doptera recorded at light in the evening. It was encouraging to see most of the
typical chalk downland butterflies and moths, particularly Eremobia ochroleuca
(D. & S.), Epirrhoe galiata (D. & S.), Eupithecia pimpinellata (Hiibn.), Tholera
cespitis (D. & S.) and Scotopteryx bipunctaria (D. & S.).

Species of note included the only colony, as far as I know, of Mecyna flavalis
(D. & S.) in East Sussex. This moth proved abundant upon the short rabbit-
cropped downland turf, together with the Chalkhill Blue Lysandra coridon (Poda)
from areas where Viburnum and Crataegus scrub dominate the slopes. Also of
note was a specimen of Eupithecia phoeniciata (Rambur) recorded that night. It
would seem from the accelerating trend in records of this species in the south east
that it is now firmly established.

My thanks are due to the Reserve Warden, Mr. Alan Bowley (Nature Conser-
vancy Council), who found time to join us on the meeting, and to Eastbourne
Waterworks Company, who gave permission to take the motor cars into the Dene,
which was much appreciated.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 17

STUDIES ON BUTTERFLY POPULATIONS

by JOHN FELTWELL
Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN

ABSTRACT

Quantitative observations on abundance and movements of butterflies in the
Cévennes (France, 30440) were made during Augusts from 1978 to 1981 (though
mostly 1978) using a variety of methods. The abundance of 24 species was
calculated by a modified Pollard’s (1977) method. The population of three
species, the Scarce Swallowtail (/phiclides podalirius, the Sloe Hairstreak
(Nordmannia acaciae) and the Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) were investi-
gated by mark and recapture techniques and by the method of Douwes (1977).
A new method, described as the ‘Area Intrusion Method’ was used to give infor-
mation on the abundance of the larger diurnal Lepidoptera, the degree to which
they move across a defined area, whether or not they are likely to settle in that
area and their territories.

INTRODUCTION

Estimating butterfly numbers in defined areas is fraught with many variables
such as births/deaths, immigration/emigration, predation, weather conditions and
availability of foodplants. Choosing a ‘closed habitat’ may not be as easy as it may
appear to the human eye as physical barriers do not always determine closed
populations. Nevertheless, textbooks do advocate finding a closed habitat on
which to work on butterfly populations.

There have been few studies on the abundance of several different butterfly
species in the same area at the same time. Recently success has been had by the
90 contributors monitoring butterfly populations throughout Great Britain using
Pollard’s transect method (Hall, 1981). Fraser (1973) has highlighted some of the
variable factors in estimating butterfly numbers and Owen (1975) has published
some comparative information on the abundance of butterflies in gardens in
England (Leicester) and Africa (Sierra Leone, Uganda) based on a marking
technique and captures in Malaise and baited traps. The importance of making
studies on butterfly populations is that it sheds light on inter- and intra-specific
relationships, competition, foodplant availability and dispersal of butterflies.

In the southern part of the Cévennes drought conditions persisted in 1978
and it did not rain between the middle of June and the end of November. This
meant that the weather was consistently good with clear blue skies and temper-
atures in the shade of 90°F. Quite unexpectedly, J. podalirius was the most
abundant butterfly flying at this time, and had not been seen by the author in
such large numbers during the previous eleven years. It was therefore ideally
suited for mark and recapture studies. Normally I. podalirius is more frequent
than the Swallowtail, Papilio machaon L. (Feltwell, 1981). The studies on
I. podalirius were carried out on a terraced promontory (c. 1000 m) around
some habitations. The terraces have not been worked for over sixty years and
they are overgrown with Olive, Olea europaea L., Pomegranate, Punica granatum
L., Bramble, Rubus sp., Sweet Chestnut, Castanea sativa Miller and plenty of the
foodplants of [. podalirius: Sloe, Prunus spinosa L. and cultivated fruit trees.
The surface area of the terraces involved about five hectares.

It was very difficult to find a closed habitat, that is an enclosed area where
immigration and emigration could be expected to be minimal and the populations
might therefore be expected to be closed, but the nearest to this description was
a small meadow (an old mulberry terrace) at the bottom of a very steep-sided
valley surrounded by trees but open at each end by a stream. Unfortunately,

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

I. podalirius did not fly here in any numbers so it was decided to investigate
by mark and recapture the abundance of the two most abundant butterflies,
Nordmannia acaciae (F.) and Polyommatus icarus (Rott.).

In order to investigate the abundance of most other butterflies around the
terraces a modified form of Pollard’s (1977) method was tised. The original
method relies upon the observer walking a defined path, through as many different
habitats as possible, noting butterflies once every week during the butterfly
season, but in this study more frequent sampling was made.

The Area Intrusion Method was devised to observe butterfly behaviour in a
defined area and was used here for a total of five hours over several days.
Information about abundance and movements of butterflies and their likelihood
of staying in an area has been assessed.

METHODS

Capture-recapture methods. Two methods of marking the butterflies were
used; painting dots with Humbrol Enamel paint (Red No. 51 and Green 50)
and Airfix Matt paint (M6 Black). Airfix Gloss paint (G7 Gold) was not found
suitable as it did not stick when applied to the butterfly wings. The pierids
Pieris brassicae (L.), P. rapae (L.) and P. napi (L.) and the lycaenids Polyommatus
icarus and Nordmannia acaciae were painted with small dots on the apex of the
undersides of the forewing, different coloured dots for different days and
different numbers of dots on different wings if the same colour was used again.

TABLEI Mark and recaptures in two different habitats

Species Date Numbers Resampled
marked marked unmarked

1. CLOSED HABITAT (an enclosed mulberry terrace)

Nordmannia acaciae 14 Aug. 15

16 Aug. 0 15
Polyommatus icarus 14 Aug. 20

16 Aug. 2 14

2. APPARENTLY OPEN HABITAT (a hamlet situation)
Iphiclides podalirius a) 12 Aug. 24
13 Aug. 1
14 Aug.
17 Aug.
27 Aug.
b) 13 Aug. 22
14 Aug. 3
17 Aug. 1
c) 14 Aug. 7
17 Aug. 0
d) 17 Aug. 7
18 Aug. 0

eo

= Bn
oNyN eS

The larger papilionid butterflies P. machaon and I. podalirius were marked
with ‘Ryman’ 0.8 cm diameter self-adhesive fluorescent pink dots (No. 8 —
coloured). These were stuck onto the upperside of the forewing after removing
some scales and were numbered. The advantage of this was that the spot could

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 19

oe seen up to thirty metres away and in the case of /. podalirius the number
could be read off while the insect was feeding (cf. Feltwell, 1981).
Lincoln Indexes were calculated according to the equation

P = an/r

where P = total population, a = total number marked, n = total number of
individuals in the second sample and r = total recaptures.

Pollard’s (1977) method. The method for assessing changes in abundance of
butterflies involves walking around a defined transect each week and recording
all the numbers of each species encountered five metres in front and to the side.
Although the method was designed to provide information over several years
it was used here to provide information on alternate days.

The transect chosen for this study passed through six distinct habitats: I, a
dirt track which supported quite a variety of flowering plants (c. 270m long);
II, an area of overgrown terraces with bramble, Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius
(L.)), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.)) and Sweet Chestnut (c. 100m); III, a
kitchen garden area with a selection of brassicas (c. 50m); IV, a grass track
(c. 208m); V, an area of grassy olive terraces (c. 85m) and VI, a hamlet situation
(c. 50m).

In order to walk at a constant rate and avoid misidentifications it was necessary
to group similar-looking butterflies together, a situation which is not so critical
in Britain, but Pollard suspected misidentifications with P. rapae and P. napi.
With 138 butterfly species in the Cévennes (Feltwell, 1977) and about 40 species
on the wing during August when this study was made, it was necessary to make
six groupings:

i) Pieris group: P. rapae and P. napi.

ii) Gonepteryx group: G. rhamni and G. cleopatra.
iii) Coenonympha group: C. pamphilus and C. arcania.
iv) Lycaena group: L. phlaeas and H. tityrus.

v) Colias group: C. croceus, C. hyale, C. australis.

vi) Pyrgus group: P. serratulae, P. malvae.

TABLE II Abundance of butterflies (modified Pollard’s Method)
Listed in order of abundance

Species Numbers recorded Total
Melitaea didyma 32; 32).50),29) 36.20 14 213
Pieris group el S) liS, 0225 oS 'Sa12 eet 2 106
Coenonympha group Se V4 A eetS. 13 421s 12 105
Polyommatus icarus Tes 8 Aplote tS. 94 ent oliS 66
Satyrus actaea Bi Sa NON Si 264 =29 41
*Semiothisa clathrata Tate Se Wain: ise Sa O 26
Iphiclides podalirius hath OPete dl a 6n BO 25
Lasiommata megera 3 JBoss S28 .g2ee x4 23
Maniola jurtina Of y53. a ae ee ee 17
Hipparchia semele 429637 ¢OeeSe (2300 15
Pyronia tithonus 1 I ee Si Pytiog wl 13
Pieris brassicae Siero OY yal 1 1 12
Colias group er | Ip O%) i wv 2 12
Lycaena group 2 1 0 On 2 2 1 8
Papilio machaon 1 Diesen DOs 1) ii) 8
Brintesia circe OL cbs gat ote 10) 40). °0 6
Gonepteryx group Our 1 i Or. ei | Or 6 3
Pyrgus group ew Om oO lle Or / ol 3

*diurnal moth

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Table III Distribution of Melitaea didyma Esper through habitats

Day Habitats (see text)
I II III IV Vv VI
20 August 16 4 1 22 5 4
22 August 21 6 3 1 1 0
24 August 30 5 3 3 3 6
26 August 21 1 1 3 2 1
28 August 26 2 1 2 3 2
30 August 12 0 1 3 3 1
1 September 11 3 0 0 0 0

Douwes (1977) Area Census Method. This method involves walking at approx-
imately 1m/sec along a zig-zag path through a chosen area, while making 5m
between zigs and zags and noting the number of butterflies seen on your right.
This was carried out only twice, once by the author and once by my colleague
Geoff Burton, to estimate population size of three species, P. icarus, N. acaciae
and P. tithonus. The disused mulberry terrace used for this experiment was
about 80x 15m. This method was used on the day P. icarus was marked in
this meadow so that comparative information could be obtained.

TABLEIV Abundance of three species in a closed habitat
(Douwes Method)

Species Numbers recorded by J. F. by G. B.
Polyommatus icarus 28 21
Pyronia tithonus 3 9
Nordmannia acaciae 11 10

Feltwell’s Area Intrusion Method. This method involves observing a small
defined area for periods of half an hour over several days and recording the
numbers of each species visiting it. Unlike the other methods described this one
requires that the observer is stationary. It is particularly useful for large butter-
flies which can be recognised easily but is less useful for blues, hairstreaks and
skippers which are less easily distinguished at distance. The same groupings as
used in the modified Pollard method described above were used for this method.

A note was made as to whether the insects would stop in the area for any
reason, to feed, court, mate or oviposit, or would fly straight through without
stopping.

The area chosen was a rectangle of about 32 x 17m surrounded partially on
three sides by aruined house, a disused house and an inhabited house. Observations
were made from a terrace two metres above the ground and overlooking the area.
Access to the area for butterflies was possible from virtually all directions and
the rectangular area provided a sparse vegetation of Wild Carrot, Daucus carota
L., mullein, Verbascum sp., Old Man’s Beard, Clematis vitalba L., bramble, Rubus
sp., Marjoram, Origanum vulgare L., Viper’s Bugloss, Echium vulgare L. and
Convolvulus Convolvulus arvensis L. The area was dominated by one large lime
tree Tilia sp., while there were also Walnut (Juglans regia L.) and False Acacia
(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) saplings present.

RESULTS

The results of the four methods are shown in tables I-V. In the mark and
recapture experiments few or no recaptured insects were obtained in the closed

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 21

habitat, while, on the contrary, more recaptures were obtained in the open
habitat, although these decreased over the next 17 days (table I).

The diurnal Lepidoptera noted by Pollard’s method can be arranged in order
of their frequency of sighting and it is clear from this that by far the most often
encountered species was Melitaea didyma followed by the Pieris and Coenonympha
groups (table II). M. didyma showed a distinct preference for the track habitat
over the other five habitats sampled (table III).

When the three species were sampled by the zig-zag method of Douwes (1977)
in the closed habitat, fairly consistent results were obtained for P. icarus, N.
acaciae and P. tithonus when two independent samples were taken (table IV).

Twenty-three species of diurnal Lepidoptera were shown to have intruded
into the defined area which was sampled for five hours by the Area Intrusion
Method. Of these, the most frequently observed were the Pieris group, J.
podalirius, P. icarus and M. didyma (table V).

TABLE V Abundance of butterflies (area intrusion method)
listed in order of greatest intrusions

Species Numbers Numbers not Total
stopping stopping
Pieris group 90 130 220
Iphiclides podalirius iL 45 a2
Polyommatus icarus 29 23 $2
Melitaea didyma 15 22 37
Hipparchia semele 3 20 23
Pieris brassicae 5 16 Zi
Colias group 8 12 20
Maniola jurtina 5 6 11
Argynnis aglaja 1 9 10
Brintesia circe 0 6 6
Cynthia cardui 0 5 5
Limentis reducta 2 3 5
*Autographa gamma 1 3 a
Gonepteryx group 0 4 4
*Macroglossum stellatarum 0 2 2
Lasiommata megera 2 0 2
Satyrus actaea 0 2 2
Inachis io 0 1 1
TOTAL INTRUSIONS 477

*Diurnal moths.

Butterflies and diurnal moths which did not stop at all in this area were the
Gonepteryx group, B. circe, C. cardui, S. actaea, I. io and the Humming-bird
Hawk Moth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Those species for which greater numbers
passed through without stopping were the Pieris group, P. brassicae, I. podalirius,
and H. semele, while P. icarus was the only species for which more stopped in
the area than passed through without stopping (table V).

DISCUSSION

Professor T.R.E.Southwood has emphasised seven assumptions which
should be satisfied when carrying out capture-recapture methods and in using
the Lincoln Index (Southwood, 1975). Some of these, such as that marked
animals should not be affected by the mark and that the mark should not fall

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

off, and that the capture of an animal once or twice does not affect its subse-
quent chance of capture, are almost impossible to monitor effectively in the
field. Preliminary trials demonstrated that the Rymans adhesive spots were far
too big for small butterflies, such as blues, skippers, hairstreaks and even the
smaller whites, to enable them to fly. However, the spots “did not appear to
affect mobility of [. podalirius and did not seem to put them at any dis-
advantage during courtship chases and spirals; indeed marked individuals were
equally often seen chasing unmarked individuals and being chased themselves.

Two other assumptions were more difficult to satisfy in these experiments;
that is that the population is a closed one, and that there are no deaths and
births during the course of the experiment. In the mark and recapture experi-
ments on NV. acaciae and P. icarus in the closed habitat it was unfortunate that
on the second day of sampling most of the specimens were very fresh. This
indicated that births had occurred rather than immigration, thus detracting
from the usefulness of the results. The population size of N. acaciae therefore
appeared infinite while that of P. icarus had a high Lincoln Index of 160
(table I). The fact that only 16 P. icarus could be found two days later after
exhaustive searching, and that only two of these were marked, the remainder
being fresh, indicated that births had taken place rather than immigration. This
was also suspected as numbers of P. tithonus had appeared by this date (table
IV). The absence of any marked WN. acaciae on the second day was very noticeable
and was thought to be due to fresh eclosions.

More recaptures of J. podalirius were made although this was in an open
habitat. The Lincoln Index rises from 48 on 13th August to 86 on 14th and
110 on 17th calculated from total recaptures. This suggests migration, rather
than births, because the dramatic decrease in the number of butterflies seen
after the 17th August heralded the end of the flight season. The samples are
too small after 13th to reveal a trend if only the previous day’s recaptures are
used for the index. Up to this date 68 specimens had been individually marked.
If many more specimens were caught and marked over a much longer time period
then Jolly’s method, described in Southwood (1975), could be used to calculate
the degree of immigration and emigration, but sufficient data for this was not
available.

Mention has already been made in a previous paper (Feltwell, 1981) that one
marked J. podalirius was recaptured 15 days later. Higgins & Riley (1975)
reported that J. podalirius flies as a second brood during August-September, but
here it appeared that the second brood finished in the third week of August. No
I. podalirius were seen in September, although the weather was good. There is
however, the possibility that the effect of the drought reducing the number of
flowers had presumably shortened the lives of J. podalirius. It was pointed out by
Scott (1973) that the life-span of temperate species is 7-12 days and that hot
weather can decrease the life-span of certain species. In the present study, mark
and recapture studies on P. rapae clearly demonstrated that one specimen lived
eight days and there were two others which lived for five days.

Pollard’s method is intended to give comparative information on the same
species in the same area from year to year. The data collected during the two
weeks can be presented to show the relative abundance of butterflies (table II)
provided certain reservations are considered. The counts made may mean
different things for different species. For instance for M. jurtina a count of 10
may mean a population of 100 in a given area whereas the same count for the
Small Skipper, 7. sylvestris may mean a population of 1000 in the same area.
Presumably, only those butterflies which are known to have similar ‘mobility
patterns’ can be compared but information on this is not available. Nevertheless,
information recorded in this short period of time by Pollard’s method does shed
light on the abundance of butterflies and agrees well with the results from the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 23

Area Intrusion Method which lists the same three species out of the top four as
the most abundant butterflies on the wing (Tables II & V).

The information collected using this modified Pollard’s method also gives
important information about the distribution and habits of some butterflies.
It was noticeable that the Spotted Fritillary, Melitaea didyma preferred the track
road (Table III) and this was no doubt due to the abundance of wild flowers
along its length. These butterflies seem to prefer to feed, court and bask in the
sun in such areas. The diurnal Latticed Heath, Semiothisa clathrata (L.)
(Geometridae: Ennominae) showed some tendency to fall off in numbers during
the two weeks, so too did P. brassicae.

If data are accumulated by Pollard’s method over the summer season then some
idea of the timing of broods can be seen by expressing the data graphically.
In this present study where the frequency of making observations has been
telescoped into a much shorter time scale, a similar fluctuation in numbers can
be seen. For instance, there are several cases where ‘peaks’ of various species
are evident in the results of table II, e.g. M. didyma, P. icarus and S. actaea on
the 24th August and Coenonympha group on the 30th August. As the weather
was consistently good throughout these studies it is thought most likely that
these peaks represent variations in brood cycles.

The area intrusion method provides information on abundance and behaviour
of butterflies and diurnal moths. The most abundant species recorded by this
method were the Pieris species which were more abundant by a factor of four
than [. podalirius and P. icarus (table V). The differences in ratio of I. podalirius
can be accredited to its preference for the hamlet situation where it continually
exhibits patrolling behaviour. The high rating of Coenonympha species in
Pollard’s method and its absence in the area intrusion method is due to its abun-
dance in the grassy areas through which the transect passed. Naturally the
availability of foodplants or flowers for imaginal feeding will influence the type
of species visiting an area and its behaviour once there. Wherever the area intrusion
method is used the type of vegetation must be stated so that foodplants and
attractive flowers can be correlated with visits from butterflies.

The area intrusion method can also give important information about the
potential of an area to accommodate butterflies, a sort of carrying capacity,
generally used by ornithologists to count birds on mudflats where there are
plenty of worms for food. In this case one can say that in this defined area there
were 477 intrusions by individual butterflies representing at least 23 species.

Observations made on butterfly movements through a defined area may also
give information on the distribution of clones. An immediate application of this
technique could be used, for instance on the monitoring of the boundaries of
M. jurtina clones. Professor E. B. Ford was able to sort out the boundaries of
M. jurtina clones in England on the basis of physical characteristics (Ford, 1975).

The seven species which did not stop at all in the area were the larger and
stronger fliers (table V); typically M. stellatarum would fly through very rapidly
and both P. machaon and B. circe would make intrusions without stopping. In
fact all but two of all the species observed tended to pass through without
stopping, P. icarus and L. megera being the exceptions. It would be tempting
to suggest that those species which did not stop in the area at all would have
greater territories to patrol than the less mobile species. In any event the species
listed in table V could be listed in order of decreasing tendency to visit the
area through which they passed. This could indicate those species most likely
to colonise an area; in this case P. icarus and L. megera would be most liable to
stop, followed by M. jurtina, M. didyma and the Pieris species. In further studies
it might be useful to follow individual butterflies and to allocate them index
values according to how long they dilly-dally and what they do in an area. Never-
theless, the information gained from this study of intrusion of butterflies may be

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

useful in predicting the rate of colonisation by butterflies of areas of disturbed
ground such as freshly-landscaped motorway verges.

It was curious that greater returns of recaptures of J. podalirius were made
in what was thought to have been an open population in an open habitat. Marked
individuals were readily seen from quite a distance but the author was vigilant
in making sure that he did not inadvertently preferentially select marked insects
from unmarked ones, though there was always the tendency to do so. It would
seem that J. podalirius spends much of its time in a closely defined area thus
increasing the incidence of butterfly-observer encounters.

The results showed that a closed population of J. podalirius occurred within
what appeared to be an open habitat, but the limits of the habitat were an
invisible line drawn between the vegetation associated with habitations and the
rough scrub of the countryside. The clear areas available for the patrolling
behaviour of J. podalirius are man-made due to the regular grazing of sheep and
goats, therefore in this sense /. podalirius is associated with human settlement.
Dierl (1978) makes reference to J. podalirius flying ‘in hilly areas’, which would
fit in with the above described area very well and Gémez-Bustillo and Ferndndez-
Rubio (1970) stated that the butterfly can be found on the sides of hills, open
spaces and open wooded areas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks are due to Geoff, Mark and Judith Burton and James Shepherd
for helping with practical exercises and to Dr. E. Pollard and Dr. J. F. D. Fraser
for commenting on the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Dierl, W., 1978. British and European Insects. Chatto & Windus, London.

Douwes, P., 1976. An area census method for estimating butterfly population
numbers. J. Res. Lepid,, 15(3): 146-152.

Feltwell, J. S. E., 1977. Check list of the rhopalocera of the parc national des
Cévennes. Entomologist’s Gaz. 28: 85-97.

Feltwell, J. S. E., 1981. Observations of the Scarce Swallowtail (/phiclides
podalirius). Proc, Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist, Soc., 14:76-81.

Ford, E. B., 1975. Butterflies. Collins Fontana, Glasgow.

Fraser, J.F.D., 1973. Estimating butterfly numbers. Biol. Conserv., 5(4):
271-276.

Gémez-Bustillo, M. R. and Fernandez-Rubio, F., 1970. Mariposa de la Peninsula
Ibérica. Il. Ministerio de Agriculture, Madrid.

Hall, M. L., 1981. Butterfly Research in I.T.E. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology,
Monks Wood Experimental Station. pp. 28.

Higgins, L.G. and Riley, N.D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain
and Europe. Collins, London and Glasgow.

Owen, D.F., 1975. Estimating the abundance and diversity of butterflies. Biol.
Conserv,, 8:173-183.

Pollard, E., 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butter-
flies. Biol. Conserv., 12:115-134.

Scott, J.A., 1973. Lifespan of butterflies. J. Res. Lepid., 12(4):225-230.

Southwood, T. R. E., 1975. Ecological methods with particular reference to
the study of insect populations. Chapman & Hall, London.

Collecting permits sub-committee.—Council has set up a sub-committee to
make personal approaches to authorities responsible for issuing collecting permits
so as to resolve in a constructive way the problems reported by members. Anyone
wishing to express an opinion or to seek assistance should contact the President or
Messrs. B. Skinner or K. Evans.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 25

FURTHER REMARKS ON THE LARVAE OF
AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA (L.) AND A. BERBERA RUNGS

by J.C.A. CRAIK
Scottish Marine Biological Association, P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll.

In his excellent compilation, Haggett (1981) comments on the disagreement of
the descriptions of the larvae of the above species given by himself (loc. cit.) and
Henwood (1980) with those given by Carter (1969) and myself (1980). He states
“Craik, rearing from three females, described pyramidea larvae similar to that of
Carter’s, and thus opposite of Urbahn and mine, while Henwood fully confirmed
the results of Urbahn and me... As it is inconceivable that larval characteristics
could switch so completely from one species to another, there must be doubts
about the determination of their parents”.

I must point out that both these statements are inaccurate, since to leave them
uncorrected would be to add further unnecessary confusion to a situation which
is already unclear. Firstly, I reared three larvae of berbera which resembled a
berbera larva described by Carter, and it is presumably this resemblance which
Haggett wished to point out. Secondly, the determination which Haggett doubts
is not that of the parents, but of the imagines resulting from the larvae: both
Carter and I reared undoubted berbera from wild-caught larvae which resembled
each other but differed from the berbera larvae described by Haggett and by
Henwood.

There is a genuine and profound disagreement here. I would like to offer an
explanation which may serve as a working hypothesis until further observations
have clarified the situation.

Both Haggett and Henwood describe fully grown berbera larvae as having legs
(the three pairs of forelegs) which are ‘‘outwardly totally jet black”. I have reared
the larvae of both berbera and pyramidea, obtaining adults which were identified
by examination of genitalia. The larvae of neither species had black legs; indeed, I
have never seen Amphipyra larvae with black legs. My drawings, made from the
living larvae, show that the leg colours of the two species were barely distinguish-
able, both being green with a few black or dark red spots. This fact was noted
with particular care, since I was aware that others had used this criterion to dis-
tinguish the species. Moreover, Carter’s description and photograph show that the
legs of his berbera larva were not black but similar to those of my berbera larvae.
Nevertheless I found clear differences between the species which I have described
(Craik, 1980).

There can equally be no doubt that Haggett reared berbera larvae which did
have back legs. Both sets of observations have been independently confirmed.
Haggett’s by Urbahn (1969) and by Henwood, Carter’s by myself. Therefore it
seems that larvae of berbera exist in two forms, one with black legs, one with
mainly green legs. It is possible that pyramidea larvae may also exhibit a
dimorphism.

There is also uncertainty about the spiracles. Haggett (p. 81) describes the
spiracles of both species as “thickly ringed in black”. Urbahn describes the
spiracles of berbera as completely black. I described the spiracles of berbera as
having a central white area three times as broad as the black border.

These are matters that I am no longer able to investigate, as I now live and
work outside the geographical range of these species. However, I urge lepidopter-
ists living within that range (southern and central England, all of Wales?) to rear
either or both species, to make detailed observations on the larvae, and to identify
the resulting moths by examination of the genitalia. I suggest that particular
attention should be paid to the colour of the legs, measurement of the width of

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

the mid-dorsal line, and the relative extent of the black and light areas of the
spiracles (Craik, 1980). I would be happy to send copies of that paper to anyone
wishing to investigate this problem. I would also recommend as essential reading
the description and illustrations given by Haggett; his careful observations and
meticulous attention to detail are quite unsurpassed. Resolufion of these contra-
dictions would be a contribution to biology of considerably greater value than the
pursuing and collecting of rarities.

REFERENCES

Carter, D.J., 1969. Notes on the larva of Amphipyra berbera svenssoni Fletcher.
Entomologist’s Gaz. 20: 86-88.

Craik, J.C.A., 1980. Differences between the adult females and between the
larvae of A. p. pyramidea (L.) and A. berbera svenssoni Fletcher. Entomolo-
gist’s Gaz. 31: 231-234.

Haggett,G.M., 1981. Larvae of British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler.
British ent. nat. Hist. Soc., London.

Henwood, B.P., 1980. Differences between the larvae of A. pyramidea (L.) and
A. berbera svenssoni Fletcher. Entomologist’s Gaz. 31: 229-230.

Urbahn, E., 1969. Unterschiede der Jugenstande von A. pyramidea L. und A.
berbera svenssoni Fletcher. Notul. Ent. 49: 247-253.

Forcing development of Lepidoptera. —The larvae of some species can readily
be brought through hibernation, but the losses amongst the hibernating larvae of
many species are unacceptable, however much care is taken. It is beneficial if the
insects can be induced to complete their metamorphosis without hibernation. It is
sometimes said that the resulting imagines are of sub-standard size. I have known
this to be so with the Scarce Burnished Brass, D. chryson (Esp.), a particularly
difficult larva to overwinter. However, this was not the case with the three
subjects of this note; the imagines of two of them were of above average size.

Idaea contiguaria (Hiibn.), Weaver’s Wave. 42 ova were obtained from a moth
taken in N. Wales on 13.vii.1981. My companion and I apportioned these between
us. My resultant larvae prospered feeding on Knotgrass, Polygonum aviculare L.
I kept them in darkness at a constant temperature of 27°C and 19 surviving larvae
pupated by 15th August. By 26.viii ten moths had emerged and I obtained three
pairings. The remaining nine pupae hatched during the next week. Many ova were
laid and given to friends. I kept 60 for myself and these started to hatch on 4.ix.
I fed this brood on dandelion, Taraxacum officinale Weber. I retained 15 larvae
for myself and later inadvertently changed the pabulum to Smooth Sow Thistle,
Sonchus oleraceus L. When this plant is very small the fresh leaves look very like
those of dandelion. Their edges are, however, spiny. The larvae lived, day and
night, at a steady 27°C and the first pupated on 2nd October. The moths of this
brood were slightly smaller than their parents and the emergence period was
longer. The first moth appeared on 10.x and the last on 22.x. I did not attempt to
obtain further pairings.

Some years ago I had spent some time in April searching for Weaver’s Wave
larvae after hibernation. I searched the various foodplants given by South and
Meyrick, including Navelwort, Umbilicus rupestris (Salisbury), without success.
Having reared the larvae, it is now obvious that they do not rest on the foodplant,
except when first hatched. They cling to the surrounding stones or rock and feed
from there.

Idaea fuscovenosa (Goeze), Dwarf Cream Wave. On 24.vii.1981 I took a
female Dwarf Cream Wave and she laid six ova. From these I obtained five larvae
between 3rd-6th August. I fed them on dandelion and kept them at 27°C. By
25.viii I had four larvae remaining; two nearly fully grown, but two remaining
very small, though still eating. One larva pupated on 7.ix, emerging on 17.ix. A

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 27

second pupated on 16.ix and emerged on 27.ix. The remaining two larvae were
obviously not going to become fully grown before winter. Early in October I
released them to the wild. The two moths were both females of average size.

Diarsia dahlii (Hiibn.), Barred Chestnut. On 1.ix.1981 I received 12 newly
hatched larvae from ova from a Surrey moth. I was advised to feed them on dock.
The larvae of this species, too, hibernate when quite small, so I determined to
subject them to the same 27°C treatment in darkness that had been so successful
with Weaver’s Wave.

The larvae grew steadily and by 27th October the first pupa was formed; by
12th November the first moth, a male, emerged. In all I had nine pupae, the last
moth, a female, emerging on 19.xi. The females were considerably darker than the
males and had a pale ‘square spot’ reniform showing up well. The males showed
no stigmata. All specimens, except for one, were above standard size. I take
standard size to be the average of the measurements given by Meyrick; in this case
the average of 32-42 mm equals 37 mm.

I do not know whether the full emergence I had from the pupae of these three
species was due to the fact that I kept the interior of the boxes moist. 27°C might
otherwise cause the pupae to dry up.—E.C.L. Simson, Pine Corner, 4 Durnford
Close, Chilbolton, Stockbridge, Hants, SO20 6AP.

BENHS Meeting 25.vi.1981.—Exhibits. Dr. A.A. Allen: Ophion ventricosus
Grav. (Hym: Ichneumonidae) from Pluckley, Kent, flying in early evening
29.v.81; instantly recognisable by its black markings and heavily-infumated wings.
Mr. K.G.W. EVANS: a female Common Wasp Vespula vulgaris (L.) which had
failed to reach more than 1 m height in repeated attempts to fly off the ground at
11 a.m., Addiscombe, Surrey. The abdomen was found to be completely dry and
empty.

The season. Mt. R.F. BRETHERTON had continued to record very few moths
from his Bramley, Surrey light trap and thought the season to be very late. Mr.
J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT had found a remarkable absence of butterflies in the
woods of northern France. Mr. R. TUBBS was of the opinion that the very bad
weather in July 1980 was responsible for bad egg-laying conditions and that this
had resulted in low butterfly populations this year.

Mr. G. PRIOR talked on ‘Observations on breeding the Eupitheciini’.

BENHS Meeting 23.vii.81.—Exhibits. Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT: (1) A live
Sitichroa palealis (D. & S.) (Lep: Pyralidae) from Dartford, Kent, one of many
seen 16.vii. (2) A live Coleophora deauratella Lienig & Zell., which could be swept
abundantly from red clover and lucerne in late afternoon at Greenhithe, Kent,
15.vii. Mr. P. SOKOLOFF: (1) Freshly emerged Apodia bifractella (Dup.) bred
from seedheads of fleabane (Pulicaria dysenterica) collected nine months previ-
ously from Orpington; (2) Detritus of Sea Aster (Aster tripolium) seedheads
showing masses of pupal cases of Eucosma tripoliana (Barrett) of which moths
from Benfleet, Essex, were shown. Mr. E.H. WILD had shown a small insect at the
previous meeting for identification. Reference to the British Museum had now
established it to be a rare psocopteron, Trichadenotecnum fasciatum (F.), the
larvae of which feed on bark of a range of trees. The locality was Staffhurst
Wood, Surrey, 7.vii.81.

Mr. R. TUBBS reported that in a New Forest ride he had seen what he at first
took to be a very large M. galathea, but it turned out to be a remarkable aberra-
tion of Argynnis paphia (L.) with the ground colour almost white [see annual
exhibition]. Mr. Chalmers-Hunt observed that a rather poor specimen of this
aberration was in the R-C-K-collection. Mr. Tubbs had also seen in the New Forest
a 9 Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) in cop with a 6 Maniola jurtina (L.).

There followed a discussion on ‘Moths and Moth Trapping’.

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

EREBIA EPIPHRON KNOCH (LEP: SATYRIDAE)
REARED ON A TWO YEAR LIFE-CYCLE

by A.S. WHEELER -
Chelston, 18A Broadhurst, Ashtead, Surrey KT21 1QB

In July 1978, I visited the Ben Lawers Nature Reserve, having obtained per-
mission at very short notice, to collect one female of Erebia epiphron Knoch in
an attempt to rear a few specimens. 16th July was rather late in the month, but
the weather was good and I had no difficulty in netting two females soon after
arriving on the reserve in early afternoon. The stronger butterfly was kept.

I returned home on 20.vii and eggs were laid on and after 22.vii. Ten eggs
hatched between 30.vii and 5.viii. One larva died very soon and another in mid-
September. Up to this time, the larvae had been kept in a glass-topped tin and
fed on the predominant grass from the mountain-side — thought to be Mat Grass
Nardus stricta L.

On 29.x, following consultations at the Annual Exhibition, on the previous
day, the surviving eight larvae were placed on the growing grass from Ben Lawers
and they were not seen again until four of them reappeared between 4 & 27.iv.79,
by which time their winter quarters needed replacement. The larvae were none
too ready to be moved and one or two returned to the pot of nearly dead grass, so
they were provided with some Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) from Headley Heath,
Surrey.

The larvae were seen from time to time, feeding higher on the blades morning
and evening, in the sunshine. They were not seen often after dark. The last day
three were seen together was 17.vii.79, a day after the anniversary of capturing
the female. At this stage, I was advised to discard them, by someone who is not a
member of this society, but who had tried and failed to breed the species from
eggs at an earlier date. I decided to persist. On the afternoon of 25.x two larvae,
about a half inch long, were seen for the last time in 1979. These two larvae
survived their second winter, reappearing on 8 & 13.ii.80 and the larger of them
was seen feeding on 23.ii. Both of them were smaller than last autumn. Only one
larva was seen at any time from that day until 10.iv, when freshly potted grass
from Headley Heath was provided and the two larvae were transferred. On 14.v
another supply of grass was required. Both larvae had been growing up a bit
quicker lately, but on 2.vi I noted in my diary that ‘“‘the smaller larva had not
been seen for a week or more and may have pupated”’ and the other disappeared
within a few days.

During all the time that the larvae were on the pots of grass, the grass was
sprinkled with a little water, once or twice a day according to the temperature,
except when it would have frozen.

On 12th June 1980, a female emerged, followed by a male four days later.
The pupae had not been seen, nor could the empty cases be seen after emergence
until the matted grass was carefully pulled apart. One dropped out before the
situation was seen, but the other was found three inches up the blades, which
were loosely spun together. It was head upwards and the old larval skin was
caught up just below. Both pupal cases have been kept as described.

I record my thanks for the speed with which permission to collect was granted
by Dr. Rosalind A.H. Smith, Assistant Regional Officer, Perth and Kinross
District, Nature Conservancy Council.

Pabula of Helix pomatia L., Edible or Roman Snail.—A snail taken from
Kemsing, Kent on 2.v.81 had fed upon these items by 25.vi.81: Jris sp., Beta,
Chenopodium, Lactuca serriola, Rumex obtusifolius L., Hedera helix L.,
Hydrangea, Laburnum anagyroides Medic., Prunus spinosa L. and Crataegus

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 29

monogyna Jacq., old Cheddar cheese and damp lining-paper. This mollusc is of
local occurrence throughout southern and central England, especially on chalk
and less commonly on limestone. It was supposedly introduced by the Romans,
but fossil deposits exist and subfossil remains are fairly common in some places. —
M.J. Newcombe.

BENHS Field Meeting: Lynford Carriageway, Thetford Forest, 6.vi.1981.
Leader: J. Fenn.—Five members joined the leader in the lime avenue on an
evening cool after earlier heavy rain.

Before setting up the lights the remaining hours of daylight were spent in
searching for fresh Abraxas sylvata (Scop.) resting on foliage beneath Wych Elms.

Recent felling of adjacent conifer plantations must have reduced the numbers
of some of the hoped-for pugs, but nevertheless six species duly appeared.

Among the few micro moths were Tinea semifulvella Haw. and Epinotia
rubiginosana (H-S.).

Fifty-one macro moths were recorded, the most interesting being: Euphyia
unangulata (Haw.), Eupithecia exiguata (Hiibn.), E. egenaria H-S. (well worn),
E. vulgata (Haw.), E. indigata (Hiibn.), E. lariciata (Freyer), E. subfuscata (Haw.),
Abraxas sylvata (Scop.), Lomographa bimaculata (F.), Ptilodontella cucullina
(D. & S.), Nola confusalis (H-S.).

BENHS Field Meeting: Bricket Wood, Herts, 2.xi.1980. Leader: J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt.— This meeting was devoted mainly to the study and collection of
leaf mining Lepidoptera of which a large number of species were recorded during
the day.

About twelve members made their way from Bricket Wood station to what
was (some years ago) a wide open ride at the entrance of the wood, now some-
what overgrown. Here was discovered plants of Hypericum with spinnings made
by the larvae of Calybites auroguttella (Steph.) and leaves of the same plant
mined by the larvae of Fomoria septembrella (Staint.).

Beyond the ride the more open part of the wood was reached. This area
contained bracken, scrubby heather, Juncus spp., scabious, numerous birch
trees and seedlings. Around the edges grew oaks, sallows, hazel, aspens, hawthorn,
beech etc. Members retired to the Fox and Hounds for refreshment. As the
open area proved the more interesting the party returned to it for the afternoon.
It was in this locality some years ago that larvae of Coleophora caespititiella
Zell. were taken and the moth bred out. On this occasion the species was not
found.

Abbreviations in the following list of Lepidopter are:

F = frequent, C = common, A = abundant.

Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zell.) A in fallen leaves of aspen.

E. intimella (Zell.) One tenanted mine in leaf of Salix caprea.

E. angulifasciella (Staint.) Tenanted and vacated mines C on rose.
E. atricollis (Staint.) Mines, a few still tenanted, F on hawthorn.
E. argentipedella (Zell.) Two vacated mines on birch.

E. mediofasciella (Haw.) Four vacated mines on birch. New to VC 20.
E. subbimaculella (Haw.) Tenanted mines scarce on oak.
Stigmella aurella (F.) Tenanted mines FC on Rubus spp.

S. marginicolella (Staint.) Tenanted mines F on elm.

S. speciosa (Frey) One vacated mine on sycamore.

S. plagicolella (Staint.) Tenanted mines C on sloe.

S. salicis (Staint.) Tenanted mines C on Salix spp.

S. obliquella (Hein.) One vacated mine on Salix babylonica.

S. trimaculella (Haw.) Several vacated mines on poplar.

S. floslactella (Haw.) Tenanted mines on hazel.

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

S. atricapitella (Haw.) Vacated and a few tenanted mines on oak.

S. auritella Skala reared from mines on Salix auriba.

S. ruficapitella (Haw.) Tenanted mines C on oak.

S. basiguttella (Hein.) Two vacated mines on oak.

S. anomalella (Goeze) Tenanted mines C on rose.

S. hybnerella (Hubn.) Vacated mines C on hawthorn.

S. oxyacanthella (Staint.) Vacated mines F on hawthorn.

S. betulicola (Staint.) Tenanted and vacated mines F on birch seedlings.

S. microtheriella (Staint.) Tenanted and vacated mines F on hazel and hornbeam.

S. luteella (Staint.) One tenanted mine on birch.

S. confusella (Wood) Several vacated mines on birch.

Tischeria marginea (Haw.) A few tenanted and vacated mines on Rubus.

Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.) Several tenanted mines on oak.

Heliozela hammoniella (Sorhagen) (betulae (Staint.)) One vacated mine on birch.

Psyche betulina (Zell.) Three living and one dead larvae on trunk of birch. Speci-
mens were eventually bred out, confirming identity.

Lyonetia clerkella (L.) Vacated mines C on birch and hawthorn.

Bucculatrix ulmella Zell. A cocoon on trunk of hornbeam (adjacent to oak).
None were seen in the wood itself.

Caloptilia stigmatella (F .) Larval cones on poplar and sallow; one cocoon.

Parornix betulae (Staint.) Mines and folded leaves, mostly vacated, C on birch.

P. anglicella (Staint.) Vacated mines and larval cones on hawthorn.

Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zell.) Mines C on oak.

P. tenerella (Joan.) Mines F on hornbeam.

P. quercifoliella (Zell.) Mines on oak (Vacated Ist gen. determined)

P. messaniella (Zell.) Mines on oak and hornbeam.

P. oxyacanthae (Frey) Tenanted mines C on hawthorn.

P. pomonella (Zell.) Tenanted mines A on sloe.

P. corylifoliella (Hubn.) Tenanted mines on hawthorn.

P. coryli (Nic.) Tenanted mines C on hazel.

P. quinnata (Geoff.) Tenanted mines C on hawthorn.

P. anderidae (Fletcher) Tenanted mines F on birch seedlings. Adults reared.

P. lautella (Zell.) Tenanted mines C on oak seedlings.

P. schreberella (F.) Tenanted mines C on elm.

P. ulmifoliella (Hiibn.) Tenanted mines C on birch.

P. nicellii (Staint.) Several tenanted mines on hazel.

P. sylvella (Haw.) Tenanted mines C on maple.

P. geniculella (Rag.) Tenanted mines F on sycamore.

Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Steph.) A few vacated mines on poplar.

Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) Pupal mines in stems of Dactylis.

Swammerdamia caesiella (Hiibn.) One larva on birch.

Coleophora gryphipennella (Hiibn.) Larval cases F on rose.

C. fuscocuprella H.-S. Several larval cases on birch.

C. viminetella Zell. Two larval cases on Salix aurita.

C. violacea Stroem Larval feeding on sloe.

C. potentillae Elisha. Several larval cases on birch and Potentilla erecta.

C. ardeaepennella Scott. One larval case (old) fixed for pupation on oak leaf.

C. alticolella Zell. Larval cases on Juncus spp.

Acleris rhombana (D. & S.) One adult.

A. notana (Don.) Larvae on birch (confirmed by RWJU).

Ancylis mitterbacheriana (D. & S.) One larva on oak.

Colotois pennaria (L.) One adult.

Agriopis aurantiaria (Hubn.) One adult.

Various other mines were found on blackthorn and sallow, but could not be
determined. Adults would have to be bred to confirm the identity.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 31

BENHS Field Meeting: Pamber Forest, Hants, 30.v.1981. Leader: B. Skinner. —
Twenty members and friends attended this night meeting. Cars were not taken
into the central area of the forest as most of the rides were under water after the
above average rainfall during the preceding weeks, Fortunately the many access
points around the perimeter of this forest afforded a variety of suitable trapping
sites without having to venture too far along the water-logged pathways, Despite
a certain amount of cloud cover the temperature remained low and although a
total of eighty seven species of macro-lepidoptera were recorded, individual
trap catches were well below average for this time of year. The more interesting
species were Drepana cultraria (F.), Eupithecia plumbeolata (Haw.), Euchoeca
nebulata (Scop.), Clostera curtula (L.), Eilema sororcula (Hufn.), Nola confusalis
(H.-S.), and Acronicta alni (L.).

Our thanks are extended to the Pamber Forest Management Committee for
permission to study insects in this newly designated nature reserve.

BENHS Field Meeting: Blean Woods, Kent, 13/14.vi.1981. Leaders: E.S.
Bradford and J.M. Chalmers-Hunt.—30 to 40 members and friends attended this
two day and one night field meeting. The weather on both days was all that
could be desired, it being dry with little wind and pleasantly warm with contin-
uous sun. The party assembled at the Fox and Hounds Inn, and proceeded to the
reserves at Childs Forstal Wood and East Blean, owned by E. S. Bradford and the
Kent Trust for Nature Conservation respectively, and after lunch Thornden and
West Blean Woods were visited. On entering W. Blean,a fresh male Heath Fritillary
was spotted, but it was not until the following day that this butterfly was
observed in any numbers. One species we hoped to see was the local and very
attractive Tortricoid Olethreutes arcuella Clerck,and Mr. John Fenn was fortunate
enough to take this as it was flying in the sun in East Blean. That night, lights
were operated until the early hours of the 14th in that part of Thornden near to
or adjoining Clowes Wood, and a number of good species were taken including
Esperia oliviella (F.), Telechrysis tripuncta (Haw.), Epinotia rubiginosana (H.-S.)
and Selenia lunularia (Hubn.).

DLEAN Woops COMPLE x. ak eae
(] y oO rne Doy

HERNE
COMMON

The following day proved so far the warmest and sunniest day of the year,
and we were delighted to encounter the Heath Fritillary (Vellicta athalia Rott.)
in numbers, both sexes of which were flying freshly emerged in a clearing in

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Thornden. In the same area, in Epilobium angustifolium stems, numerous galls
of Mompha nodicolella Fuchs provided a treat for the majority of microlepi-
dopterists present who were in need of this local species.

Mr.M.J. Newcombe examined in Thornden Wood, a Slow-worm Anguis
fragilis (L.), and also noted there in a fire-pond, Common Newts Triturus vulgaris
(L.). We are grateful to Mr. Newcombe for the list of ‘other Orders’ recorded
during the meeting and to Messrs. N. F. Heal and M. Hadley for many of the
Lepidoptera.

MYRIAPODA: Lithobius forficatus (L.)} DERMAPTERA: Forficula auri-
cularia L. ORTHOPTERA: Meconema thalassinum (Deg.) Oak Bush-cricket.
Nymphs on hornbeam and oak. Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc) Speckled Bush-
cricket. Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) Dark Bush-cricket. Tetrix undulata
(Sowerby). NEUROPTERA: Chrysopa carnea Stephens A common lacewing,
taken in Child’s Forstal.

HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA: Anthocoris nemoralis (F.), A. nemorum
(L.), Calocoris norvegicus (Gmel.) Nymphs common on nettle, Capsus ater (L.),
Corixa punctata (Illiger) In water-filled ditch in Child’s Forstal, Cyllecoris
histrionicus (L.) Swept from oak, Cymus melanocephalus Fieb. Swept from
Juncus effusus in Thornden Wood, Dicyphus epilobii Reut., Dolichonabis limb-
atus (Dahlb.), Eysarcoris fabricii Kirkaldy On Salvia horminoides, Gerris sp.
Two seen but not caught on water-filled ditch, Leptopterna dolobrata (L.),
Liocoris tripustulatus (F.), Megaloceraea recticornis (Geoff.), Phytocoris ulmi
(L.) Nymph swept from bramble, Phylus melanocephalus (L.), Psallus perissi
(Wagner), Dryophilocoris flavoquadrimaculatus (Deg.).

Key: T Thornden, E East Blean, W West Blean, C Child’s Forstal.

LEPIDOPTERA: Micropterix aruncella T, Hepialus hecta T, H, lupulinus T,
Nematopogon swammerdamella TC, N. panzerella W, Nemophora degeerella
TEC, Psyche casta cases EW, Taleporia tubulosa case E, Bucculatrix ulmella W,
Phyllonorycter harrisella TC, P. messaniella C, P. trifasciella W, Argyresthia
pygmaeella W, A. albistria C, A. retinella W, Coleophora serratella T,
C. milvipennis cases on birch C, Alabonia geoffrella TEC, Tubuliferola suboch-
reella C, Schiffermuelleria tinctella W, Neofacultea ericetella W, Mompha
raschkiella T, Anthophila fabriciana TE, Glyphipterix simpliciella T, Acrolepia
pygmaeana T, Cydia nigricana TE, C. fagliglandana T, Rhyacionia pinivorana
T, Epiblema uddmanniana T, E. cynosbatella T, E, turbidana T, Epinotia tetra-
quetrana T, Ancylis obtusana TEW, E. bilunana T, A. diminutana T, Apotomis
capreana T, Bactra lancealana TW, Lobesia reliquana T, Orthotaenia undulana
TW, Olethreutes lacunana T, Choristoneura hebenstreitella T, Eulia ministrana
TW, Ptycholoma lecheana TC, Pseudargyrotoza conwagana TE, Lozotaenia
subocellana TW, Tortrix viridana TW, Chrysoteuchia culmella (hortuella) T,
Leioptilus tephradactyla TEW, Scoparia ambigualis T, Anania funebris T,
Opsibotys fuscalis T, Rotruda carlinella T, Homeosoma sinuella T.

Boloria euphrosyne T, Mellicta athalia T, Pararge aegeria TCW, Polygonia
c-album T, Coenonympha pamphilus TE, Lasiommata megera WE, Gonepteryx
rhamni T, Pieris brassicae E, P. rapae E, Polyommatus icarus T, Callophrys rubi
E, Lycaena phlaeas E, Macrothylacia rubi TW, Drepana falcataria T, Tetheella
fluctuosa T, Geometra papilionaria T, Jodis lactearia W, Petrophora chlorosata
TE, Scopula immutata TW, S. floslactata T, Xanthorhoe montanata TEC,
Chloroclysta truncata T, Ecliptoptera silaceata C, Electrophaes corylata TC,
Eupithecia plumbeolata TW, E. subfuscata T, Asthena albulata TW, Lomaspilis
marginata TW, Semiothisa notata TW, Petrophora chlorosata T, Plagodis
pulveraria T, P. dolabraria T, Serraca punctinalis T, Odontopera bidentata T,
Ectropis extersaria T, Pseudopanthera macularia TW, Aethalura punctulata T,
Cabera pusaria T, Lomographa temerata T, Campaea margaritata TE, Deilephila
elpenor T, Smerinthus ocellata T, Dasychira pudibunda T, Spilosoma luteum
T, S. lubricipeda T, Agrotis exclamationis T, Ochropleura plecta T, Phlogophora
meticulosa T, Diarsia mendica T, Oligia strigilis TO. latruncula T, Autographa
gamma T, Lithacodia pygarga T, Bena fagana T.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 33

1981 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall — 24th October 1981

Reviewers are: R. S. Tubbs (British butterflies), B. F. Skinner (British macro
moths), J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (micro moths), R. F. Bretherton (foreign macrolep-
idoptera), P. J. Chandler (Diptera and Odonata), I. McClenaghan (Coleoptera),
and P. A. Sokoloff (illustrations).

The number of novel forms that have not been illustrated in the Proceedings
before was much down on the usual. This reflection of a poor season is especially
to be regretted because the experiment ~/as undertaken of producing a colour
transparency of the best forms selected by A. D. A. Russwurm and the editor. We
hope to publish this later and to make it an annual replacement for the very un-
satisfactory monochrome plates of the past. The change is however dependent on
obtaining satisfactory reproduction at a price much less than that commonly
asked for single plates and may involve publishing a group every few years.

The practical difficulty of assembling the selected items and photographing
them under conditions far from the peace of a studio was exacerbated on this
occasion by late arrivals and early departures necessitated by the cloggage of
central London by a political demonstration. We think it necessary for the
safety of the specimens and the maintenance of high quality reproduction to
photograph in colour elsewhere and to return the specimens later, as was done
when the British Museum undertook photography for us. D. A. Wilson was again
our photographer this year. The editor will welcome comments on this matter.

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

Since the publication by Collins in 1945 of ‘Butterflies’ by Professor E.B.
Ford F.R.S., which emphasised the significance of genetics in butterfly breeding,
many amateur entomologists have developed a growing desire to know more
about the biology of their aberrations. They want to find out what causes the
aberration and the biological relationship of the different forms. It is encouraging,
therefore, that many of the exhibits this year reveal serious research in the field.

BAILEY, K.E.J.—A number of aberrations including a series of Vanessa
atalanta (L.) and Polygonia c-album (L.), both the result of low temperature
experiments on the early pupal stage. Two of the atalanta resembled ab.
klemensiewiczi Schille, a form occasionally found in nature but known for
many years as the artificial product of treatment at low temperatures. One
Ladoga camilla (L.) ab. obliterae Robson and Gardner and one ab. nigrina
Weymer were shown. These are probably caused by the same gene, but further
research is required.

BARRINGTON, R.D.G.—Lysandra coridon (Poda), various aberrations.
Maniola jurtina (L.) ab. postmultifidus Lipscomb. The exhibitor has obtained
eggs from this aberration and hopes to breed several generations in order to work
out its genetic basis.

CRASKE, R.M.—Hamearis lucina (L.) two male ab. leucodes Lamb, an
uncommon form with pale ground colour. Boloria selene (D. & S.), two males
of an aberration which recurs fairly regularly in the same wood in Sussex —
undersides of hindwings rayed with silver from the basal areas — a form worthy
of breeding. Maniola jurtina a male ab. anommata Verity and a female ab. excessa
Leeds.

ELLIOTT, B.—Butterflies taken on St. Mary’s, Isles of Scilly — Pararge
aegeria (L.) ssp. insula Howarth — the light markings are tawny-orange, nearer
to that of the nominate subspecies aegeria, which occurs in south-west Europe.
Also Maniola jurtina ssp. cassiteridum Graves — this is a very boldly marked and
brilliant form.

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

HARBOTTLE, A.H.H.—A female Maniola jurtina ab. pallens Mieg — has the
reddish yellow half band on the forewing paled to ivory-white. Breeding from
these whitish jurtina (which, of course, are not albinos) would elucidate the
relationship of the various pale forms. Also Lysandra bellargus Rott. ab. post
caeca B. & L.

HARMER, A.S.—Various aberrations including Lysandra bellargus ab.
semiceronus Tutt (this blue form of the female is very variable and is genetically
quite different from the blue form of L. coridon ab. tithonus Meigen which is a
sex-linked recessive), a male Hipparchia semele (L.) ab. holanops Brouwer, a male
Maniola jurtina ab. anommata Verity and a female Coenonympha tullia Miller
ab. cockaynei Hopk. which has additional white patches on the hindwings.

HOLDAWAY, P.J.and WALKER, R.K.—A selection of aberrations, the
most noteworthy being Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) ab. caeca Oberthur. This
is a constantly recurring form and it would be valuable for someone to check
to see if it is a simple recessive.

JEFFERY,C.W.—Ladoga camilla ab. obliterae. (The fourth specimen of
this form in the exhibition) and a very unusual melanic male Hesperia comma
(L.)
PICKLES, A.J. and C.T.—Butterflies taken in western Ireland, August 1981,
including Maniola jurtina ssp. iernes Graves taken Co. Clare. These Atlantic
coast jurtina are very fine, larger and more strongly marked than typical ssp.
iernes, originally described from specimens from Kerry. Also shown were
Hipparchia semele F. clarencis de Lattin (Co. Clare) and ssp. hibernica Howarth
(Co. Kerry).

PITTIS, Rev. S.C.—Amongst a selection of Hampshire and Dorset butterflies
were Ladoga camilla ab. obliterae and a male Hipparchia semele ab. monocellata
Lempke. The latter aberration occurs in the stock when breeding from ab.
holanops Brouwer and is therefore genetically related.

LIPSCOMB, Major Gen. C.G.—Series of Maniola jurtina illustrating the
difference between ab. postaurolancia Leeds and ab. postmultifidus Lipscomb.
In the latter the lower half of the band on the underside of the hindwings is
broken up into well separated segments (see Lipscomb, Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 92:205).

REVELS, R.C.—A drawer of Hipparchia semele showing the results of
breeding from the ab. holanops Brouwer ab. monocellata Lempke complex from
1975 to 1981. The gene which produces these forms also produces a striking
rayed appearance in the light coloured bands. Ab. holanops itself is caused by a
recessive gene, but appears to be influenced by modifying factors. The 1981
emergence in this stock also included some forms accentuating the yellow areas.
An exhibit which well illustrated the valuable information obtained by breeding
several consecutive generations (see Revels, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90:159).
A second drawer of various aberrations included a very pale cream form of
Pyronia tithonus (L.), a female from which eggs have been obtained for breeding.

RUSSWURN, A.D.A.and MIDDLETON, H.G.M.—A selection of aberrations
including Maniola jurtina female ab. antiexcessa Leeds, ab. parvipuncta Leeds
and ab. antialba Leeds with and without pupillatanulla Leeds all taken on
Portland. A second exhibit consisted of Pararge aegeria approaching the coloration
of spp. tircis Butler taken on Guernsey C.I. These, like those taken from the
Isles of Scilly and exhibited by B. Elliott, have the light markings darkened to a
tawny-orange.

TUBBS,R.S.—A drawer of Hipparchia semele showing several generations
bred from ab. holanops Brouwer and ab. monocellata Lempke between 1976
and 1981. Also a male specimen of Argynnis paphia L. ab. cifkai Silbernagel
taken by E. M. Tubbs. In this aberration the ground colour is white. There are
only three known previous British specimens: (1) taken Maidstone 1860 and
figured by Mosley (now BM(NH)), (2) New Forest 1901 taken by Ford (now

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 35

BM(NH)) and (3) taken by Butterworth 1913 (now owned by Smart of Bramber,
Sussex). It is probable that this aberration is caused by a recessive gene and the
exhibitor hopes to breed from females taken in the same locality.

YOUNG, L.D.— Aberrations of Plebejus argus (L.) from Surrey and Hampshire
heathlands 1977-1981 which included one fine ab. juncta Tutt with black lines
extending inwards from the inner edge of the margins.

BRITISH MACRO MOTHS

Despite the unfavourable season the number of individual exhibits of this
group was only just below the average, however as most of these were composed
of species obtained from their well known localities the following comments will
be restricted to the more important records.

A number of specimens and larvae of Peribatodes secundaria (D. & S.), a
Geometrid species new to the British list, were shown by Messrs. R. FAIRCLOUGH,
T.W. HARMAN, and B.SKINNER. A short series of Deltote bankiana (F.)
from near Sandwich, Kent, was taken on 4.viii.1981 by N.F. HEAL; previously
thought to be a probably immigrant only in Kent, but the numbers which came
to light on this and subsequent occasions indicate the probability of it being a
resident species. Several examples of a dark race of Eumichtis lichenea Hubn.
from south Hampshire were exhibited by Messrs. E.H. WILD, A.J. and C.T.
PICKLES. The second record from Essex of Eupithecia phoeniceata (Ramb.),
taken at Tilbury on 16.ix.1981 by C.G.PENNEY, indicates the northward
spreading trend of this species.

Outstanding aberrations were few, the more unusual were a male Boarmia
roboraria (D. & S.) with melanic cross banding and a Polyploca ridens (F.) with
enlarged pale markings on the forewings, both taken in the New Forest by Rev.
S.C. PITTIS, an unusual pale variety of Electrophaes corylata (Thunb.) shown
by B.R. BAKER on behalf of Dr. P. BRIGHT; an albino Eupithecia virgaureata
Doubl. bred from Yorkshire stock by J.L. FENN, and an asymmetrical example
of Mimas tiliae (L.) ab. brunnea Bartel from the R.W. WATSON collection.

Migrant captures for 1981 included two specimens of Trichoplusia ni
(Hubn.), one from Portland, Dorset on 5.ix by N.M. HALL, the other from the
Lizard, Cornwall in August by B. ELLIOT; two Agrius convolvuli (L.) from
Leigh, Surrey in late September by R. FAIRCLOUGH; and from Highcliffe,
Hampshire single examples of Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) on 20.ix and Mythimna
vitellina (Hubn.) on 4.x both taken by E.H. WILD.

R.F. BRETHERTON displayed charts showing fluctuations in numbers and
species of moths counted nightly in a light trap at Bramley, Surrey, in August
and September 1981, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Numbers ranged in
August from 890 moths of 116 species (Macros and Pyrales only) on the night
of 6th/7th to 17 of 10 species on 16th/17th, and in September from 325 of 40
species on 7th/8th to 4 of 4 species on 13th/14th.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

AGASSIZ, Rev. D.J.L.—(1) Coleophora frischella L., Grays, new to Essex.
(2) Ireland: Agonopterix pallorella (Zell.), Burren, Co. Clare. Epinotia mercuriana
Frol., Co. Kerry. Monopis imella (Hubn.), Co. Cork and Burren, Co. Clare (New
to Ireland).

ALLEN, Dr. A.A.—Adela cuprella (D. & S.), Brownsea Island, Dorset, 23.v.
1981.

BLAND, Dr. K.P.—Some Scottish Micros. Johanssonia acetosae Staint., reared
from mines in Rumex acetosa collected at Aucheninnes Moss, Dalbeattie,
Dumfries-shire (NX/8460; Vc. 72) on 13.vi.1981, imago emerged 28.vi.1981
(first Scottish record, and according to Emmet in Heath (1976), previously
unknown north of Nottinghamshire). Coleophora argentula (Steph.), cases on

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

dead flowerheads of Achillea millefolium L., Yellowcraigs, East Lothian (NT/
5285; Vc. 82), 27.ix.1981 (first Scottish record). Phalonidia minimana (Caradja),
Blackpool Moss, Whitlaw Mosses, Selkirkshire (NT/5129; Vc. 79), 3.vii.1981
(second Scottish locality, previously only from Port Appin, Argyllshire). Aphelia
unitana (Hubn.), Blackpool Moss, Whitlaw Mosses, Selkirkshire (NT/5129; Vc.
79), 3.vii.1981 (second Scottish locality, previously only from Teviothead,
Roxburghshire). Adela croesella (Scop.), Caerlaverock, Dumfries-shire (NY/
0066; Vc.72), taken among brambles, 13.vi.1981 (third Scottish locality).
Micropterix thunbergella (F.), Milton of Drimmie Wood, near Blairgowrie,
Perthshire (NO/1651; Vc.89), at light on 18/19.v.1981 (most northern record).
Choreutis sehestediana (F.) (punctosa (Haw.)), Gorton Bay, Isle of Coll (NM/
1753; Vc.103), reared from Scutellaria minor L. (New foodplant), 24.vii.1981,
imago emerged 4.vii.1981 (most northern record). Capperia britanniodactyla
(Gregson), Blackford Hill, Edinburgh (NT/2570; Vc.83), fairly strong colony on
Teucrium scorodonia L., larvae collected 24.v.1981, imagines emerged 14.vi.1981
(confirmed as breeding in Scotland). Coleophora sylvaticella Wood, cases or
imago exhibited from Colpy, Aberdeenshire (NJ/6334; Vc.93); Crichton,
Midlothian (NT/3961; Vc.83); Hartside, Berwickshire (NT/4753; Vc.81); Craighall
Wood, Perthshire (NO/1748; Vc.89). C. violacea Stroem (hornigi Toll), cases
exhibited from: Methven Wood, Perthshire (NN/0526; Vc.88), ex alder on
18.x.1980 (reared); Cappercleuch, Peebleshire (NT/2423; Vc.78), ex hazel on
13.ix.1981; Endrick Mouth, Dunbartonshire (NS/4287; Vc.99), ex alder on
4.x.1981. (The records for both this and the previous species show them to be
more widespread than previously thought).

Distribution maps of the British Adela species (i.e. croesella, cuprella,
fibulella, reaumurella, rufimitrella) compiled from various literature and museum
sources to promote a mapping scheme for the Incurvariidae & Heliozelidae to
start early in the new year.

Exhibited on behalf of K. RANSOME. The first confirmed Scottish record
of Eucosma obumbratana (Lienig & Zell.), one of two specimens taken 1 & 2.
viii.1980 on the grassy banks of a disused railway, East Duddingston, Edinburgh
(NT/3172; Vc.83) by K. RANSOME, D.HENDRY, M. TAIT & A. DUFFY.
(Previously only one old unconfirmed record for Paisley, Renfrewshire
(Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, British Tortricoid Moths 1979)).

BRADLEY, Dr.J.D.—Microlepidoptera from Buckingham Palace garden
including: Tinea pellionella (L.), Morophaga choragella (D. & S.), Caloptilia
robustella (Zell.), Chalybites phasianipennella (Hubn.), Phyllocnistis unipunctella
(Steph.), Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand, C. laricella (Hubn.), C. trifolii
(Curt.), C. spissicornis (Haw.), C. lineolea (Haw.), C. tamesis Waters, C. versurella
Zell., C. clypeiferella Hofmann, Blastodacna atra (Haw.), Blastobasis decolorella
(Woll.), Agonopterix alstroemeriana (Clerck), Depressaria daucella (D. & S.),
Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd), Aroga velocella (Zell.), Bryotropha domestica
(Haw.), Teleiodes alburnella (Zell.), Isophrictis striatella (D. & S.), Lozotaeniodes
formosanus (Geyer), Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.), Evergestis extimalis (Scop.),
Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.).

BRETHERTON, R.F.—Species of the genus Dioryctria (Lep: Phycitinae):
2D. abietella D. & S., large form, possibly immigrant, with Continental examples
of D. sylvestrella Ratz. for comparison; D. abietella, from Surrey and Inverness-
shire; ?D. mutatella Fuchs, from Dorset and Surrey; five specimens from Surrey
similar in appearance to a Dioryctria figured in Huisman, Ent. Ber., Amst., 36:98
(1976) as D. simplicella Heinemann and new to the Netherlands.

CHALMERS-HUNT, J.M.—Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, two examples of
this Pyralid which is new to Britain, and first taken by the exhibitor at Orlestone,
Kent on 23.vii.80, and again there in 1981. Specimens of D. abietella (D. & S.)
and D. mutatella Fuchs were shown for comparison.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 ST.

EMMET, A.M.—(1) Microlepidoptera taken or reared in 1981. Ectoedemia
agrimoniae (Frey) Five reared vii.1981 from Agrimonia in Newland Grove Nature
Reserve, N. Essex (Vc.19). This is the most northerly locality for this species.
Stigmella auritella (Skala) Eight reared from Salix aurita in Bricket Wood, Herts.,
collected 2.xi.1980 at our field meeting. New to the county and the first speci-
mens to be recorded in S.E. England. Stigmella samiatiella (Zell.) Nine reared
from leaves of Quercus at Hockley, S. Essex (Vc.18) and Great Holland, N. Essex
(Vc.19). Only four other British specimens are known. It now seems to be
established in the extreme east of Essex. Ochsenheimeria mediopectinellus
(Haworth) One reared 6.vii.1981 from a larva found on grass at Grays Chalk
Pit, S. Essex. Caloptilia semifascia (Haworth) Eight reared from Bedford Purlieus,
Northamptonshire (Vc.32). In every specimen the usual white ‘“semi-fascia”
is obsolescent or completely obsolete. Phyllonorycter anderidae (Fletcher)
Reared iv.1981 from Betula taken at the BE&NHS field meeting at Bricket
Wood. New to the county. Choreutis sehestediana (F.) (punctosa (Haw.))
Eight from Pheasanthouse Wood Nature Reserve, S. Essex. The first Essex
specimens since 1900 and the foodplant, Scutellaria minor, appears to be
hitherto unrecorded. Ypsolopha lucella (F.) Eight from Barton Mills, W. Suffolk
(Vc.26) on 14.vii. The series includes a male, which is rare. Coleophora pruni-
foliae Doets from larvae collected autumn 1980 at Benfleet, S. Essex (Vc.18)
and Newland Grove Nature Reserve and Fingringhoe Wick Nature Reserve,
both N. Essex (Vc.19). This newly recognised species is widespread in Essex
except for the north-west. Coleophora adjectella Herrich-Schaffer reared from
larvae on Prunus from Benfleet. This species, also newly recognised, is fairly
common in southern and central Essex. Pseudatemelia flavifrontella (D. & S.)
A specimen taken on 7.vi. at Redlynch, S. Wiltshire (Vc.8). New VC record.
Eulamprotes wilkella (L.) Four taken at Bradwell-on-Sea, S. Essex on 10.vii.,
the first to be recorded in the county in the present century. Monochroa
lucidella (Steph.) Four taken at Great Holland Pits Nature Reserve, N. Essex
(Vc.19). Very locally abundant in Essex. Chionodes fumatella (Douglas) Two
taken at Barton Mills, Suffolk on 18.viii.1981. Mainly coastal, but it also occurs
in sandy areas. /sotrias rectifasciana (Haw.) Seven from the edge of a saltmarsh
on Foulness Island, S. Essex on 22.vi. The moths were abundant settling on
Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima and Inula crithmoides and possibly their larvae
had fed on the decaying leaves of these plants. Dichrorampha sedatana Busck
Seven taken flying round Tanacetum at Bulmer, N. Essex on 24.v. At this time
the plants are still small and inconspicuous and consequently the species tends
to be overlooked. (2) Distribution maps of the Lyonetiidae, Gracillariinae and
Phyllocnistidae prepared for The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland, Volume 2.

FAIRCLOUGH, A.J. & R.—Microlepidoptera bred or caught in 1981. (1)
Micropterix mansuetella Zell., Kennet Valley, Berks., 12.v. (2) From Norfolk:
Diplodoma herminata (Geoff.), Holkham Meols; Biselachista scirpi (Staint.),
Brancaster; Bactra robustana (Christoph), Brancaster; Nascia cilialis (Hubn.),
Foulden; Oncocera formosa (Haw.), W. Rudham; Monochroa tetragonella
(Staint.), Holm; Brachmia inornatella (Douglas), Foulden; Glyphipterix schoeni-
colella Boyd, Foulden, bred. (3) From Surrey: Jnfurcitinea argentimaculella
(Staint.), Reigate, bred; Phyllocnistis saligna (Zell.), Winkworth, bred. (4) Bred
Coleophoridae including C. machinella Bradley from Artemisia maritima, Sheppey,
Kent and the first Surrey specimens from Achillea ptarmica, Ashtead.

FENN, J.L.—Melissoblaptes zelleri (Joannis), Southwold, Suffolk; Platytes
alpinella (Hubn.), Weeting, Norfolk, at m.v.; Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, Kent,
at m.v., with D. abietella (D. & S.), Breckland, for comparison.

HALL, N.M.—A case of microlepidoptera, 1981 — being an exhibit from a
beginner’s viewpoint.

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

HARPER, Dr.M.W.—From Herefordshire, 1981. Coleophora alnifoliae
Barasch, C. limosipennella Dup.,C. milvipennis Z., Stigmella aceris Frey, Ledbury,
May, Swammerdamia compunctella H.-S., June.

HEAL, N.F.—The following all from Kent, captured or bred in 1981 unless
otherwise stated. Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.), Sittingbourne, larvae 7.vii, bred
18/26.viii. Adela croesella (Scop.), Burham, 7.vi. Coleophora machinella Bradley,
Sheppey, larvae on Artemisia maritima 23.vi, bred 5/8 .viii. C. salicorniae Wocke,
Higham, 7.viii.1980 (1); Sandwich Bay, 5.viii (1); both at m.v. C. clypeiferella
Hofmann, Sandwich, 28.vii (1), at m.v. Ancylis laetana F., Hothfield Bog, 8.viii
(2), at m.v., indicating an occasional second brood. Epichnopterix retiella
(Newman), Leysdown, 26.v; Nagden, 30.v. Coleophora binderella Koll.,
Bonnington, bred 9.vii. from larva 21.v found feeding on and reared on hornbeam,
a new larval foodplant. C. paripennella Zell., Whitstable, bred 14.vii from larva
9.vi found feeding on and reared on Cirsium arvense, a new larval foodplant.
Incurvaria pectinea Haw., Whitstable, series bred 14/19.iii from larvae 20.v.1980
mining leaf of hazel and birch. Lampronia flavimitrella (Hubn.), female, Hoads
Wood, Bethersden, 21.v., the third record for Britain. Mompha nodicolella Fuchs,
Thornden Wood, bred 18.viii from galls collected 14.vion BENHS Field Meeting.
Cydia orobana (Treits.), St. Margaret’s Bay, 8.vii. Olethreutes lacunana (D. & S.),
Kenardington, 11.vii, melanic example at m.v. Yponomeuta irrorella (Hubn.),
Wouldham, bred 9.vii from larva 27.v. Cnephasia incertana (Treits.), Queendown
Warren, 27.vi, ab. with non-matching wing patterns.

HECKFORD, R.J.—Caloptilia azaleella (Brants), Plympton, Devon, series
bred from Azalea sp. from neighbour’s garden, 25.v.81, Phyllonorycter scopariella
(Zell.), Plympton, Devon, series bred 13/21.v.1981 from Sarothamnus. Not
previously recorded from Devon. Ethmia dodecea (Haw.), Plymstock, Plymouth,
7.vii.1981. Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany), Saltash, Cornwall, 11.vii.1971
at m.v.l.; Shapwick, Somerset, bred 10.vii.1979 from Lotus uliginosus; Plympton,
Plymouth, bred 19/22.vii.1979 from Lotus uliginosus. All previously misidentified
as S. cinctella Clerck. Mompha lacteella (Steph.), Lutton, Devon, 5.vi.1976.
M. propinquella (Staint.), Plympton, Devon bred 9/14.vi.1981 from Epilobium
tetragonum, for comparison with lacteella. Cochylis hybridella (Hubn.), Exmouth,
Devon, 25.vii.1981. Not previously recorded from Devon Eucosma tripoliana
(Barrett), Budleigh Salterton, Devon, 25.vii.1981. Not previously recorded from
Devon. Endothenia marginana Haw., Saltram, Plymouth, series bred 25.iv.1981
from Dipsacus fullonum, Agdistis staticis Mill., North Cornish Coast, 7.ix.1981.

KNILL-JONES, S.A.—Microlepidoptera taken in London, SW5, Nemapogon
granella (L.), 9.vii.1980. Tinea pallescentella Staint., series v-viii.1980. Dasycera
sulphurella F., 25.v.1980. Blastobasis decolorella Woll., 6.vii.1980.Cacoecimorpha
pronubana (Hubn.), 21.ix.1979. Clepsis consimilana (Hubn.), 17.ix.1979.
Agriphila tristella (D. & S.), 2.viii.1980. Plodia interpunctella (Hubn.), 19.vi.1981.
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.), 6.viii.1981. Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.), 8.viii.1981.

LANGMAID, Dr. J.R.—Four Adela croesella (Scop.), Icklingham, Suffolk, 2.
vi.1981. Calybites pyrenaeella (Chrétien), St. Helens, I. of Wight, four bred from
Acer campestre, vi.1981. Phyllonorycter viminetorum (Staint.), Leckford, Hants,
one bred from Salix viminalis. Argyresthia ivella (Haw.), Sparsholt, Hants, four
bred from Malus sylvestris. Ypsolopha mucronella (Scop.), ab. strikingly black-
streaked, Sparsholt, Hants, bred from Euonymus europaeus. Coleophora
machinella Bradley, Isle of Sheppey, Kent, four bred from Artemisia maritima;
Wickham, Hants, bred from Achillea ptarmica for comparison. Schiffermuelleria
tinctella (Hubn.), Redlynch, Wilts, 11.vi.1981. Enicostoma lobella (D. & S.),
Chilbolton Down, Hants, four bred from Prunus spinosa. Metzneria aprilella
H.-S., Chilbolton and Portsdown Hill, Hants, bred from seedheads of Centaurea
scabiosa. Monochroa_ suffusella (Douglas), Matley Bog, Hants, 8.vi.1981.
Eulamprotes wilkella (L.), Southsea, Hants, 29.vii.1981; new to Hampshire.
Caryocolum vicinella (Douglas), Southsea, four bred from Silene maritima; new

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 39

to Hampshire. Mompha propinquella Staint., Eastnor, Herefordshire, four bred
from Epilobium montanum. Blastodacna atra (Haw.), Southsea, Hants, two,
viii.1981. Phalonidia luridana (Gregson), Winchester, four 25.vii.1981. Clavigesta
sylvestrana (Curtis), Southsea, Hants, two viii.1981. Agdistis staticis Milliére,
Tintagel, Cornwall, two bred from Limonium binervosum. Pterophorus spilo-
dactylus Curtis, Freshwater, I. of Wight, two bred from Marrubium vulgare.

MICHAELIS, H.N.—Bucculatrix sp., from Anglesey with mine and cocoon
bred from Myrica and alleged to be B. cidarella Zell. on an alternative food to
Alnus; flies at sunset in vi and early vii, and rests on top leaves of Myrica from
6-9 pm. Agonopterix astrantiae (Hein.), near Llandudno, one bred from
Sanicula in late vii, one netted in viii; not recorded from north Wales for 30
years. Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis), Anglesey, two specimens ix.1980, one
larva on Serratula vi.1981; not previously recorded from north Wales. Caloptilia
rufipennella (Hubn.), Glan Conwy, cones and pupae local and scarce viii.1980,
moths emerged ix-x.1981; no previous records from north Wales.

PITKIN, Mrs.L.M.—Metzneria aprilella (H.-S.), reared from larvae in
Centaurea scabiosa collected in Wiltshire xi.1980, emerged 4/22.vi.1981.
M. metzneriella (Staint.), reared from larvae in C. nigra collected at same time
and locality as aprilella.

SIMPSON, Dr. A.N.B.--Psychoides verhuella Bruand, Worcs., iii.1981.
P. filicivora (Meyrick), Cards., vii.1981. Monopis fenestratella (Heyd.), Warks.,
vii.1980. Depressaria pulcherrimella Staint., Cards., v.81. D. pimpinellae Zell.,
Worcs., viii.1981. Agonopterix propinquella (Treits.), Worcester, vii.1981.
A. bipunctosa (Curtis), Cards., v.81.A. yeatiana (F.), Pembroke, vii.81.A. pulverella
(Hubn.), Worcs., v.81. Coleophora alnifoliae Barasch, Worcs., ix.80. C. sylvaticella
Wood, Worcs., viii.79. Calybites phasianipennella (Hubn.), Worcs., viii.1981, Cydia
pallifrontana (Lienig and Zell.), Worcs., vi.1981. Chionodes fumatella (Douglas),
Worcs., vii.1981. Mompha propinquella Staint., Worcs., ii.1981.

SOKOLOFF, P.A.—Honeycomb infested with Achroia grisella (F.), Orpington,
Kent, together with specimens of the imago, and examples of another comb pest
Galleria mellonella (L.) Species bred from larvae collected at the Benfleet field
meeting in 1980, including Coleophora prunifoliae Doets (sloe), C. adjectella
H.-S. (sloe), C. anatipennella (Hubn.) (sloe), C. artemisicolella Bruand (Artemisia
vulgaris), C. atriplicis Meyrick (Suaeda maritima), C. salinella Staint. (Atriplex
littoralis), Eucosma tripoliana (Barrett) (Aster tripolium). Species bred from
larvae collected in Blean Woods including Epinotia solandriana f. trapezana (from
Rosa, an unusual foodplant), Syncopacma (2) larseniella Gozmany (Lotus).
Imagines taken at the same meeting including Anania funebris Stroem,
Pseudotelphusa scalella (Scop.), Teleiodes paripunctella (Thunb.), Ancylis
obtusana (Haw.) and Gelechia rhombella (D. & S.) Sitochroa palealis (D. & S.),
Stone, Kent.

STERLING, M.J.—Ancylis myrtillana Treits., a melanic specimen, bred from
pods collected on Beeley Moor, Derbyshire, iv.1981. Cedestis gysseleniella Z..,
University Park, Nottingham, m.v. light 27.vii.1981. Eidophasia messingiella
(F.v.R.), Attenborough, Notts., at light 7.vii.1981, Eucosma pupillana (Clerck),
Long Eaton, Derbyshire 21/28.vii.1981. Phalonidia alismana (Rag.), Atten-
borough, Notts., at light 13.vi.1981. Euzophera cinerosella Z., Long Eaton,
Derbyshire, 28.vii.1981 at light.

STERLING, Col. D.H.—Species taken or bred in 1981. Meesia richardsoni
Wals., Portland, Dorset, empty larval cases found on lichens under rocks; six
cases containing live larvae were also taken. Caloptilia cuculipennella (Hubn.),
Portland, Dorset, moths found under rocks whilst searching for M. richardsoni
larvae; presumably their hibernation site. C. semifascia (Haw.), Crab Wood,
Winchester (Vc.11), bred from Acer campestris. Coleophora inulae Wocke,
Botley Wood, Hants., bred from Pulicaria dysenterica. Esperia oliviella (L.),
Harewood Forest, Hants (Vc.12), bred from a larva found by P.H. Sterling

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

in rotting oak; a new vice-county record. Enicostoma lobella (D. & S.),
Chilbolton Down, Hants, bred from larvae on Prunus spinosa. Metzneria aprilella
(H.-S.), near Stockbridge, Hants (Vc.12), bred from Centaurea scabiosa from
roadside. Stathmopoda pedella (L.), Leckford, Hants (Vc.12), one beaten from
Alnus glutinosa; apparently only the third Hants record Since 1897. Pammene
populana (F.), Chichester gravel pits, W. Sussex, bred from Salix viminalis shoots
collected in February. Olethreutes olivana (Treits.), Winchester, Hants (Vc.11),
taken in garden m.v.trap; the first confirmed county record. Phalonidia luridana
Gregson, Teg Down, Winchester (Vc.11), where it is quite common. Leioptilus
lienigianus (Zell.) Leckford, Hants (Vc.12), bred from larvae taken from
Artemisia vulgaris; first record of its breeding in Hampshire.

TWEEDIE,M.W.F.—The British Dioryctria, including the recently
discovered D. schuetzeella Fuchs: specimens and photographs.

WILD, E.H.—Acleris cristana D. & S., Highcliffe, 10.ix.81. Buckleria paludum
Z., New Forest, 12.viii.1981.Amblyptilia punctidactyla Haw., New Forest, resting
among Wood Sage, 5.ix.1981.

FOREIGN MICROLEPIDOPTERA

P.H. STERLING — Specimens of smaller Lepidoptera, still in field collecting
tins, collected or bred during the Oxford ecological expedition to Aldabra, July
to October 1981. Aldabra is a raised coral atoll in the Indian Ocean about 400 km
north west of Madagascar. The smaller Lepidoptera have not previously been
collected or studied to any extent. When they have all been identified, it is
estimated that about 150 species of Lepidoptera will have been found.

FOREIGN MACROLEPIDOPTERA

There were more than twenty exhibits of foreign macrolepidoptera, which
added much colour to the Exhibition and indicated a wide variety of members’
interests.

From the Palaearctic zone STIG TORSTENIUS and C.B. ASHBY showed
seven drawers of Scandinavian Rhopalocera containing 106 species, from the
collection which the former has presented to the Society. These were especially
interesting as showing “British” species as part of a wider lepidopterous fauna, as
well as a number of others the present range of which stops short of Britain but
includes countries bordering the British seas. There were accompanying explana-
tory maps, and also useful slips for members to take away which gave references
for further detail on the area.

P.W. CRIBB, R. DYSON and R.F. BRETHERTON showed selections from
116 species of butterflies, and also some Zygaenidae, seen on a joint expedition
to the Swiss Valais, north west Italy, and the French Jura, with others en route, in
late July 1981. Owing to bad weather several additional species of the genus
Erebia could only be illustrated by specimens caught in earlier years. C.J.
LUCKENS also showed species from the Valais and Jura caught in June 1981.

G.N. BURTON showed butterflies taken in the Cevennes in April and August
1981, with particular emphasis on Satyridae and Hesperiidae. These included
dwarf specimens of Jphiclides podalirius (L.), Anthocharis belia (L.), Pseudo-
philotes baton (Bgstr.) and Callophrys rubi (L.); also a few moths, of which
Aleucanitis cailino (Lefebvre) is of interest because it is mainly a species from the
Mediterranean littoral and further east. N.M. HALL also showed moths from
western France and gave a comparison between Cyclophora punctaria (L.) and
C. quercimontana Bastelberger: the latter species has not been detected in Britain,
but should be watched for.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 41

G.N. and J. MANSELL exhibited Erebia species from the French Pyrenees
taken in 1980 and 1981, showing the differences between E. hispania goya Frhst.,
E. hispania rondoui Obth., and E. cassioides Hochwt., with which they are
sympatric. He also showed the very distinct adults of FE. lefebvrei pyrenaea Obth.
and &. lefebvrei astur and remarked on differences between their ova and larvae,
and adults of E. gorgone Bdv. found on similar ground. Also shown were both
sexes of E. epistygne (Hiibn.) from Provence, females having been seen to lay, and
first instar larvae later found, on the grass Festuca indigesta; larvae now reared to
their fifth instar in England were feeding readily on the more humanly palatable
F. ovina (Sheep’s Fescue). .

From various localities in north and central Spain H.G. PHELPS had a selec-
tion of butterflies taken 6 to 30 July 1981, which included Maculinea arion (L.)
ab. marginata Le Chamb., M. alcon (D. & S.) ab. radiata Courv., and Lysandra
caerulescens Tutt) ab. nov. From Mazaron in south Spain H. EDMUNDS showed a
small series of Zygaenidae and various other Lepidoptera. R.J. JAMES showed
typical male and female specimens of Pieris cheiranthi Hiibn. from the Canary
Islands and P. brassicae (L.) ab. coerulea Gardiner, together with specimens bred
for three generations this year from an original pairing of the two species. These
show a complete gradation. He also had two female specimens of Pieris rapae (L.),
caught by N.C.D. Jones in a hotel garden in Funchal in September 1981. These
are believed to be the first confirmed specimens from Madeira.

On behalf of JGHN G. COUTSIS, R.F. Bretherton showed mounted photo-
graphs of the upper and undersides of both sexes of a Pseudochazara species
(Satyridae) believed to be new to Greece and Europe, and possibly to science,
found in a forest of black pine (Pinus nigra) in north Greece in 1981. W.G.
TREMEWAN exhibited species and sub-species of Zygaenidae from eastern
Turkey: Z. olivieri ganymedes H-S., Z. carniolica iberica Kolenati (including a
male showing homoeosis), Z. loti georgiae Reiss, Z. armena Eversmann, Z. dorycnii
korbiana Reiss, Z. tamara zuleiga Naumann & Naumann, Z. tamara mahabadica
Reiss and Z. tamara placida Bang-Haas.

J. McFEELY had some striking results from selective breeding for variation of
Apatura iris (L.) and, for comparison, of A. ilia substitutus Butler from Japan,
and Dr. C.J. LUCKENS showed butterflies collected in New England, U.S.A.
selected for their affinities with Palaearctic species. R.T. LOWE displayed photo-
graphs of two American moths as additions to the British list: Pseudoplusia
includens (Walker), larva and imago, found in Asparagus plumosa imported from
Florida, and Copitarsia consueta (Walker), larva and male and female moths,
found in carnation flower heads from Bogota, Colombia. K.G.W. EVANS
showed a specimen of Antichleris eriphia (F.) (Ctenuchidac) found at Addis-
combe, Surrey on January 21, 1981, having emerged from bananas from Ecuador
— the first British record.

Tropical species without tenuous British connections were represented by a
fine collection of 93 species of butterflies from Sri Lanka, July 6 to 26, 1981, by
G.H.H. BROOME. Of these two species and fifteen races are endemic to that
island. T.J.G. HOMER showed three drawers of butterflies and one of moths
from South Africa taken in the African summer from December to March 1980/1,
one drawer being devoted to Meneris tulbaghia (L.), which was localised, with the
brilliant red-flowered Suurkanol chathmanthe aethiopica, high on the Helderberg
range. Moths caught at fluorescent lights in Transkei included Lophostethus
dumolini (Lat.) and two Daphnis nerii (L.). N.E. TURNER had a collection of
Pieridae made over a number of years on visits to Australia, the Far East, South
Africa and South America. It contained many seasonal forms of Colotis species
from South Africa; of the variable Catopsilia pomona pomona (F.) from Australia,
Malaysia and Singapore; and of sub-species and a gynandromorph of Belenois
creona severia (Stoll). T. FOX showed photographs of over twenty butterfly
species from tropical Mexico, taken in September and October 1980.

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982
ODONATA

VICK, G.S.—The European Aeshnidae, with examples of 15 of the 17 species
occurring in Europe, including the 8 British species. Attention was drawn to four
species of interest: Boyeria irene (Fonsc.), breeding in rivers of S.W. Europe,
flying at dusk. Females occur in two forms, distinguished by form of anal appen-
dages — the rarer long-tailed form exhibited from France, Lot, Corn.-Brengues,
River Célé, 28.vii.-4.viii.81 and Hérault, Soutayrol, River Vis, 28.vii.79, with
larval skin, short-tailed form also from latter locality; male from Hérault, Causse
de la Seile, River Hérault, 25.vii.79; Aeshna*serrata Hagen, a large blue species
breeding in brackish marshes in and around the Baltic Sea, from Sweden, Oster-
gotland, Fiiringstad, 29.vii.80; A. viridis Evers., larvae developing in Stratiotes
aloides in fens in northern Europe from Sweden, Skane, Ugglarpe Massen,
24.vii.80; A. subarctica Walker, a species of Alps and northern Europe closely
related to A. juncea (L.) breeding in Sphagnum bogs, 3 examples from Sweden
and Finland.

DIPTERA

CHANDLER, P.J.—Some French and Spanish Diptera collected in 1980.
(a) examples of two families not represented in Britain: Fallenia fasciata (F.)
(Nemestrinidae) France, Lot, St. Martin-en-Vers and Labastide-Murat, both in
flowery meadows, 24.vi.; Blepharocera fasciata (Westwood) (Blepharoceridae),
Spain, Santander, Desfilado de la Hermida, 17.vi., riverside wood. (b) non-British
species in other families: Volucella elegans Loew (Syrphidae), Spain, Burgos, near
Ona, 19.vi., at Cornus flowers in pine forest; Dasyrhamphis ater (Rossi)
(Tabanidae), Spain, Navarra, north of Aibar, 21.vi., coming to bite in open pine
forest; Dioctria flavipennis Mg. (Asilidae), Spain, Palencia, Aguilar de Campoo,
19.vi., both sexes from a grassy track in pine scrub; Dasypogon teutonus Macq.
(Asilidae), France, Lot, Rocamadour, 24.vi., meadow by stream; Eriopogon
laniger (Mg.) (Asilidae), Spain, Huesca, south of Biescas, 24.vi., dry scrub; Usia
atrata Fabricius (Bombyliidae), Spain, Palencia, Aguilar de Campoo, 19.vi., with
Dioctria flavipennis; U. aurata F. (Bombyliidae), 19.vi., with U. atrata, settled on
bare ground; Conophorus griseus (F.) (Bombyliidae), Spain, Navarra, near Lerga,
open streambank, 21.vi., frequent at Matricaria flowers.

HALSTEAD, A.J.—Some less common Conopidae and Syrphidae collected
mainly in Surrey in 1979-1981. Conopidae: Conops quadrifasciata Deg., Surrey,
Basingstoke Canal, 1.ix.79, in copula on Mentha aquatica flowers; C. flavipes L.,
Surrey, Basingstoke Canal and R.H.S. Garden, Wisley; C. vesicularis L., Surrey,
R.H.S. Garden, 16.v.80, 9 netted on bank of River Wey; Leopoldius signatus
(Wied.), Surrey, Wisley, R.H.S. Garden, 3.x.80, 9; Herts, Royston, 26.ix.81, 6,
both at Hedera flowers; Physocephala rufipes (F.), Surrey, Wisley Common,
21.viii.79; Myopa buccata (L.), Surrey, West Byfleet, Basingstoke Canal, 14.vi.80,
9 on flower of Aegopodium; Wisley, R.H.S. Garden, 10.vi.81, 6 on flower of
Stranvaesia; Syrphidae: Didea fasciata Macq., Surrey, R.H.S. Garden, Wisley,
23.ix.81, 9 at Hebe flower; 28.ix.81, 6 at Hedera flower; Brachyopa insensilis
Collin, Surrey, Woking, Basingstoke Canal, 13.vi.81, 6 hovering in front of a sap
run on beech trunk; Volucella inanis (L.), Surrey, Wisley, R.H.S. Garden,
12.viii.80, 9 on bramble foliage; 13.viii.80, 6 at Eupatorium flowers; V. inflata
(F.), Surrey, near Dorking, 29.vi.80, 9 at Heracleum flowers by river Mole;
Xylota xanthocnema Collin, Surrey, Wisley, R.H.S. Garden, 22.vi.81, 6 on nettle
foliage by river Wey; Brachypalpoides lenta (Mg.), Surrey, Wisley, R.H.S. Garden,
4.vi.80, 6 in nylon mesh horticultural tunnel; Helophilus hybridus Loew,
Surrey, Woking, Horsell Common, 7.x.79, 9 on flower of Senacio squalidus;
Parhelophilus frutetorum (F.), London S.W.3, Chelsea Physic Garden, 21.v.80 6;
P. versicolor (F.), Hants, Odiham Common, 20.vi.81, 6 9 at flowers of Oenanthe.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 43

McLEAN, I.F.G.—Four species found during surveys by N.C.C. and Diptera
Recording Schemes in 1981. Atylotus rusticus (L.) (Tabanidae), Sussex, Manxen
Level, 16.vii.81, found during N.C.C. Survey of Pevensey Levels, only one other
record from Britain this century; A. fulvus (Mg.) (Tabanidae), Hants, Oberwater,
7.vii.81, found during N.C.C. Survey of New Forest valleys; Lonchoptera nigro-
ciliata Duda (Lonchopteridae), Gwent, Maerdy, 19.x.81, beside river Monnow;
L. meijerei Collin (Lonchopteridae), Gwent, Llangua, 19.x.81, by river Monnow
(both latter found during Diptera Recording Schemes Meeting at Monmouth).

COLEOPTERA

McCLENAGHAN, I.—Coleoptera from Thorndon Country Park, Essex,
TQ69, and nearby woods included: Paromalus flavicornis (Herbst) (Histeridae),
Siagonium quadricorne Kirby (Staphylinidae), Bibloporus minutus Raffray
(Staphylinidae), Melasis buprestoides (Linn) (Eucnemidae), Thanasimus formi-
carius (Linn) (Cleridae), Pediacus dermestoides (Fabricius) (Cucujidae), Biphyllus
lunatus (Fabricius) (Biphyllidae), Pseudotriphyllus suturalis (Fabricius) (Myceto-
phagidae), Triphyllus bicolor (Fabricius) (Mycetophagidae), Eledona agricola
(Herbst) (Tenebrionidae), Tetratoma fungorum Fabricius (Tetratomidae), Dryo-
coetinus villosus (Fabricius) (Scolytidae), Bitoma crenata (Fabricius) (Colydiidae).

Pycnomerus fuliginosus Erichson, taken in 1981 from under bark outside the
timberyard in Epping Forest where this Australasian species was first recorded in
1964. Thymalus limbatus (F.) (Peltidae), from Ullswater.

HODGE, P.J.—Five species new to Sussex: Stenus butrintensis Smetana
(Staphylinidae), recently separated from the less rare S. pallitarsis Steph. Liogluta
oblongiuscula (Sharp) (Staphylinidae), Porcinolus murinus (F.) (Byrrhidae) and
Rhynchites olivaceus Gyll. (Attelabidae).

Also from Sussex, Atomaria barani Brisout (Cryptophagidae), with one
previous county record and very few recent British records; a short series of the
rare Abdera quadrifasciata (Curtis) (Melandryidae), taken running on oak fence
posts in a West Sussex woodland.

A selection of Scottish Highland species included Bembidion scheuppeli
Dejean (Carabidae), Lathrobium dilutum Erichson (Staphylinidae), Brachygluta
pandelli (Saulcy) (Pselaphidae) and Hydrosmecta eximia (Sharp), all having very
restricted distributions.

A rare northern species, Xylostiba monilicornis (Gyll.) (Staphylinidae), was
found under oak bark at Danebridge, Staffs., probably a new county record and
near to its most southerly known record in Britain.

OWEN, Prof. J.A.—Some beetles from Scotland, Atheta hansseni Strand
found in moss soaked with birch sap at Loch Tummel in May 1981 was apparently
the first specimen of this beetle to be recognised in Britain, and Cis dentatus
Mellié taken with other examples by the exhibitor and Mr. Ian Carter from under
pine bark near Aviemore in August 1980, apparently only the second record for
this species in Britain. Other species shown included:— Nebria nivalis (Payk.), Ben
More, Mull, vii.1970. Leistus montanus Steph., S. Uist, vii.1978. Bembidion
virens Gyll., Easter Ross, viii.1981. Amara alpina (Payk.), Cairngorms, viii.1981.
Bryoporus crassicornis (Maklin), Cairngorms, v.1981. Bryoporus rugipennis
Pandellé, Cairngorms, vii.1978. Ocyusa hibernica (Rye), South Uist, vii.1979.
Atomaria sahlbergi Sjoberg, Loch Garten, vii.1979. Micrambe lindbergorum
(Bruce), Loch Garten, vii.1979. Epuraea terminalis (Mannerheim), Strathconon,
ix.1981. Rhopalodontus perforatus (Gyll.), Loch Gary, Inverness, vii.1979.
Tomicus minor (Hartig), Abernethy Forest, vii.1979.

SIDDON, P.N.—Strangalia quadrifasciata (L.), Breney Common, near Bodmin
22.vii.1978 and Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank) also from near Bodmin
24.vi.78, both feeding on bramble flowers by day. Prionus coriarius (L.) and
Delaster dichrous (Grav.) taken at m.v. light 7.viii.81 at Luxulyan, Cornwall.

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982
PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

The number of members staging photographic exhibits continues to increase,
and in general the quality remains exceptionally high. It,is pleasing to note an
increase in the amount of entomological “tart work” presented at the exhibition.

D. APPLETON. —Colour prints of two aberrations of Pararge aegeria (L.) ab.
intermediana Lempke from the Landslip, I.0.W. and a very dark form from
Botley Wood, Hants.

R. DYKE. —Original painting of Acleris cristana D. & S. forms used to illus-
trate the 1981 Presidential address, and published in the Proceedings 14 pl. 3.

T. FOX.—Numerous colour prints of Mexican butterflies.

D. FURNELL.—Colour prints showing the life cycle of the Orange Tip,
Anthocharis cardamines (L.); larvae of Lycaena phlaeas (L.) and Hamearis lucina
(L.) and imagines of Iucina and Ladoga camilla (L.).

R.T. LOWE.—Colour prints of various stages of two moths imported with
plant material from America: Pseudoplusia sp. (asparagus) and Copitarsia consueta
(carnation).

Rev. J. MARCON.—An example of the rare work by S.L. Mosley “Illustrations
of British Lepidoptera Coloured by Hand”.

S.J.L. MANSFIELD (JOYCE BEE).—Six entomological designs, mainly of
British butterflies, for postcards published by the British Museum (Natural
History).

R. REVELS.—A large display of natural history photographs in colour and
monochrome, mainly depicting Lepidoptera and Odonata.

M. TWEEDIE. —Prints of Euplocamus ophisa Cramer from Northern Greece.
Monochrome prints of the phycitid genus Dioryctria Zell. including the recently
discovered D. schuetzeella together with D. mutatella Fuchs and abietella D. & S.

The generic placing of Phalaena (Bombyx) pudibunda L. and Phalaena
(Bombyx) fascelina L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) —A recent paper on Spanish
and Canaries Lymantriidae (Bacallado et a/., 1981 SHILAP, Revta lepid., 9: 7-14)
supported the placing of pudibunda L. in the genus Elkneria Borner as suggested
by Ferguson (1978 Moths of America North of Mexico vol. 22.2, London) and of
fascelina L. in the genus Dicallomera Butler, of which it is the type species. Both
species are, in facies and male genitalia, very distinct from the North American
type species of Dasychira Hiibner, tephra Hubner. Indeed, the genus Orgyia
Ochsenheimer is closer to typical Dasychira in morphology than are the two
species under discussion, and so inclusion of the latter in Dasychira would, for
consistency, require that Orgyia be sunk to Dasychira. So the separation of
fascelina and pudibunda from Dasychira is justified.

There are numerous species in the Oriental Region and Australasia that have
very similar male genitalia to pudibunda and I recently had cause to establish a
generic name for the whole group (Holloway, in press, in Barlow, H.S., An intro-
duction to the moths of south east Asia, Kuala Lumpur). There is an available
generic name much older than Elkneria: Calliteara Butler. It is based on a Japanese
species, argentata Butler, that is very close to pudibunda; the genus Dicallomera
Butler was described in the same publication (Butler, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.
1881: 1-23).

The species fascelina is morphologically distinguished from Calliteara species
in the male genitalia principally in the possession of a well developed uncus; in
Calliteara the uncus is absent. Its separation by Bacallado ef al. in the genus
Dicallomera appears justified.

The two species are therefore: Calliteara pudibunda L.; Dicallomera fascelina
L.—J.D. Holloway, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, 56 Queen’s Gate,
London, S.W.7.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 45

BENHS Field Meeting: Odiham Common, N.E. Hants., 20.vi.1981. Leader:
S.R. Miles.—The meadow and marsh fauna was explored in sunshine by three
members, with numbers of Adscita statices (L), the Forester moth, being seen
on Centaurea sp. flowers. It was found profitable to examine the umbels of
Oenanthe sp. typical of the marsh vegetation here. Many syrphid flies were seen
on these flowers including numbers of the local species Parhelophilus versicolor
(F.) and a few Leucozona laternarius (Muller).

A number of interesting spiders were also seen including the local araneid
Zilla diodia (Walck.) which has a southern distribution in this country. It was
interesting to see males of the spider Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) sitting on the
ground vegetation clutching their prey of insects wrapped up ready for present-
ation to the female as part of their courting procedure.

The early afternoon became overcast, insects were much less in evidence
except, that is, for the biting flies which were ever-present in the darker and
wetter parts of the woodland. It was pleasant to see many of the common species
of orchid in the damper parts of the area, Dactylorchis praetermissa (Druce)
(Southern Marsh Orchid) being notable among these. Later, numbers of the
common solitary wasp Argogorytes mystaceus (L.) (which preys on frog hopper
(cercopid) nymphs, snatching them out from under their spittle covering) were
seen visiting the flowers of Vicia sepium L. (Bush Vetch) and Euphorbia
amygdaloides L. (Wood Spurge) in some of the woodland rides.

Other species recorded were:

DIPTERA: thirty-one Syrphidae including Xanthogramma citrofasciatum
(Degeer), Criorhina asilica (Fallen), C. berberina (F.), C. floccosa (Meigen).
HYMENOPTERA SYMPHYTA: Tenthredopsis nassata (L.), Tenthredo colon
Klug, T. atra L., T. celtica Benson, T. mesomelas L., T. schaefferi Klug, Dolerus
niger (L.), Athalia lugens (Klug), Eutomostethus luteiventris (Klug), E. ephippium
(Panzer), Blennocampa_ pusilla (Klug), Phymatocera aterrima (Klug).
ARACHNIDA: Misumena vatia (Clerck), Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch), P. amentata
(Clerck), Tetragnatha montana Simon, Araneus cornutus Clerck, A. cucurbitinus
Clerck.

BENHS Meeting 9.vii.81.—Fxhibits. Mr. J.M.CHALMERS-HUNT: (1) An
ingenious piece of old collecting equipment for taking moths off walls, invented
by E.J. Bunnett (1865-1949), and presented to the exhibitor by the late Stanley
Wakely. It consists of an iron box with glass top attached to a wooden stick with
an iron plate which is attached to another stick screwed to the first stick. When
the two sticks are closed the plate slides over to close the box and so traps the
moth inside. Wakely told him that Bunnett used it to collect moths off lighted
walls of his house at Hastings and found it quite effective. (2) Eratophyes aleatrix
Diakonoff (Lep: Oecophoridae), a new species recently discovered in Holland,
breeding in decaying wood from birch and willow branches. J.B. Wolschrjn
(1981), Ent. Rec. 93: 111 recommends British lepidopterists to search for this
species by collecting dead wood in the spring. The moth is black with white and
pale yellow markings.

Communications. Mr.G.PRIOR confirmed hawthorn as a foodplant of
Eupithecia insigniata (Hiibn.) by finding half-grown larvae on 9.vii.81. Mr. K.
EVANS reported that over the last few days Tortrix viridana (L.) had reached
plague proportions at his Addiscombe, Surrey, trap. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON
estimated some 10,000 viridana at his Bramley trap on 5/6.vii.81. He felt that
the lack of frosts might be the reason for this population explosion. On 8.vii his
trap had yielded 233 moths of 72 species. Mr. E.H. WILD reported 401 moths of
69 spp. at Selsdon, Surrey on 8.vii, whilst Mr. M. HADLEY reported 7-800 moths
in 2 h in Cornwall on 7.vii, with 7-8 Bomolocha crassalis (F.).

Members showed a number of very fine colour slides of insects and spiders to
round off the meeting.

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

BENHS Field Meeting: Ashtead Common, Surrey, 25.x.1981. Leader:
R. Fairclough. —Three Belgian visitors joined members from many parts of Britain
for the post-exhibition meeting. The list of Lepidoptera below, though disap-
pointing, says much for the skill and knowledge of those present in gathering this
total in two wet hours. The meeting was abandoned after lunch as the rain
became heavier. A few members went on to Box Hill to collect mines of Parectopa
ononidis (Zell.).

Moths beaten out of thick cover: Ypsolopha ustella (Clerck), Agonopterix
arenella (D. & S.), A. ocellana (F.) and Epirrita dilutata (D. & S.). Emmelina
monodactyla (L.) moths and Ancylis badiana (D. & S.) larvae were found.

The list of species appended were observed or identified for others mainly by
A.M.Emmet. Abbreviations:— A, adult; C, larval case; TM, tenanted mine;
VM, vacated mine.

Ectoedemia intimella (Zell.) TM on Salix. E. argentipedella (Zell.) TM. E.
atricollis (Staint.) VM on Crataegus. FE. albifasciella (Hein.) VM on Quercus. E.
subbimaculella (Haw.) TM on Quercus. Stigmella aurella (Fabr.) TM on Rubus.
S. plagicolella (Staint.) TM on Prunus. S. salicis (Staint.) TM on Salix. S. per-
pygmaeella (Doubl.) TM on Crataegus. S. atricapitella (Haw.) TM on Quercus.
S. ruficapitella (Haw.) TM on Quercus. S. basiguttella (Hein.) TM on Quercus.
S. anomalella (Goeze) TM on Rosa. S. malella (Staint.) TM on Malus. S. hybner-
ella (Hiibn.) VM on Crataegus. S. microtheriella (Staint.) VM on Corylus. Tisheria
ekebladella (Bjerk.) TM on Quercus. T. marginea (Haw.) TM on Rubus. Helio-
zela sericiella (Haw.) VM on Quercus. Lyonetia clerkella (L.) A, TM, VM on
Malus. Bucculatrix frangulella Zell. VM on Frangula. B. ulmella Zell. VM on
Quercus. Caloptilia stigmatella (F.) VM and cones on Salix. Parornix anglicella
(Staint.) VM and cones on Crataegus. P. devoniella (Staint.) TM and folds on
Corylus. P. finitimella (Zell.) VM and folds on Prunus. Callisto denticulella
(Thunb.) VM and folds on Malus. Acrocercops brongniardella (Fabr.) VM on
Quercus. Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zell.) VM on Quercus. P. oxyacanthae
(Frey) TM on Crataegus. P. blancardella group TM on Malus. P. pomonella (Zell.)
T on Prunus. P. corylifoliella (Hiibn.) VM on Crataegus, Malus. P. viminiella
(Sircom) TM on Salix purpurea. P. salicicolella group TM on Salix; some retained
for determination by rearing. P. coryli (Nic.) TM on Corylus. P. lautella (Zell.)
T on Quercus. P. nicellii (Staint.) TM on Corylus. P. sylvella (Haw.) TM on Acer
campestre. Coleophora gryphipennella (Hiibn.) C on Rosa. C. striatipennella
(Tengst.) C. C. viminetella Zell. C on Salix. C. potentilliae Elisha, C on Rubus.
C. aedeaepennella Scott, C on Quercus. C. discordella Zell. C on Lotus.

Foodplants of Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hem: Coccidae) in England. —Mrs.
Eager, of Kew, Surrey, submitted a photograph and specimens of P. regalis
feeding on Bay, Laurus nobilis L. This sap-feeding insect was first recorded in
Britain in 1964 on Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and it is some-
times called the Horse Chestnut Scale. It may have been accidentally introduced
from Japan, as many of its host plants in this country have a Japanese origin. The
scale has become widely established in S.E. England and its other host plants
include London Plane (Platanus x hispanicus) Lime (Tilia), Elm (Ulmus),
Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), Japanese Maples (Acer spp.), Magnolia spp.,
Skimmia japonica and Holly (Ilex aquifolium L.). The young larvae overwinter
and the species is univoltine. The females lay eggs in May-June amongst white,
waxy fibres that protrude from under the edge of the scale. Heavy infestations
can give the bark the appearance of having been hit by a mid-summer blizzard.
The eggs hatch in June-July and the larvae feed at first on the leaves, but later
move onto the bark of the trunk and larger branches. Little apparent damage is
caused to the host tree by a heavy attack. —A.J. Halstead.

B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS — 1982 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST

For non-members add 50%. Postage and packing extra.

PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

per volume per volume
A. For sale separately only to £ p- C. 1924-5 to 1935-6; fnip
members, or in a long run: 1946-7 to 1962 4-00
1921-2; 1936-7 to 1943-4; D. 1963 part 1 1-00
also second hand copies of other 1963 part 2 (Buckingham
volumes now out of print, 9-00 Palace garden) 2-00
B. 1919-20; 1923-4; 1946-7 600 = E. 1964 to 1967 2-00
PROCEEDINGS; BENHS series
1968 (vol. 1) part 1 200 1976 to 1978 (vols. 9 to 11) 4-00
1968 (vol. 1) part 2 (larva plates) 3-00 1979 (vol. 12) 4-50
1969 to 1975 (vols. 2 to 8) 300 1980 (vol. 13) 5-00

A special discount of 20% will be allowed on sales of 10 or more consecutive
volumes. Separate parts of volumes so published can be supplied on demand at
prices proportionate to those of the whole volumes (except 1963 and 1968, listed
above.) No copies are at present available of 1920-1, 1922-3, 1944-5.

THE NEW AURELIANS (1972) 1-00
ILLUSTRATED PAPERS ON BRITISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA (1978)

for sale only to members 10-00
FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA (1979) 6-00

IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO BRITISH PUG MOTHS (1981): soft cover 4-00
hard back edition 6-00

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards
may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with
particular emphasis on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and
the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field
work, for the study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptiona-
lly, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to
exceed £250 in 1982/1983.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifi-
cations, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an
award is sought, to Lt..Col. A.M.Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage,
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF, as soon as possible and in
any case not later than 30th September, 1982.

RECORDS OF MIGRANTS 1969-77

R.F. Bretherton, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey would
welcome unpublished records of the scarcer migrant moths for a paper reviewing
the years 1969-77.

iv CONTENTS
Agassiz, D.J.L. Oegoconia caradjai Popescu-Gorj & Capuse (Lep:
Gelechiidae) recognised as British

Allen, Dr. A.A. Observations on the ectoparasitic ee of two
Homobbus spp. (Hym: Braconidae)

Clayden, C.N. Conservation at work in the Ministry of Defence

Craik, J.C.A. Further remarks on the larvae of Amphipyra pyramidea
(L.) and A. berbera Rungs

Falk, S.J. Dolichovespula media (Retzius) — a new British social wasp
Feltwell, J. Studies on butterfly populations
Hadley, M. Status of the Foresters (Procris spp.)

Halstead, A.J. Foodplants of Pulvinaria regalis Canard (Hem: Coccidae)
in England

Holloway, J.D. The generic placing of Phalaena (Bombyx) pudibunda
L. and Phalaena (Bombyx) fascelina L. (Lep: Lymantriidae)

Newcombe, M.J. Pabula of Helix pomatia L., edible or Roman snail
Simson, E.C.L. Forcing development of Lepidoptera
Stubbs, A.E. Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981

Wheeler, A.S. Polygonia c-album (L.) bred in June 1981 without
hutchinsoni form

Wheeler, A.S. Erebia epiphron Knoch (Lep: Satyridae) reared on a
two year life-cycle

Annual Exhibition

Field Meeting: Lullington, Sussex
Thetford Forest, Suffolk. Bricket Wood, Herts.
Pamber Forest, Hants. Blean Woods, Kent
Odiham, Hants 45. Ashtead, Surrey

Indoor Meetings
Council, Collecting permits sub-committee

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

27, 45

Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible. Layout should follow that of the
journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no marks should be made to

define typeface.

Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints.
Extra copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but the well-
known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes place -— October,

in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at viceneaes in the

summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application

to the Secretary.

OCTOBER 1982 Vol. 15, Parts 3/4
eH
f
eZ.
Ent,
Proceedings and Transactions of_
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Dorset heathland

20,000

1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1980

a Au SONI AN

Price £4.00

1872-4
1875-6
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886-7
1888-9
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906-7
1908-9
1910-1
1912-3
1914-5
1916-7
1918-9

1920-1
1922

1923-4
1925-6
1927-8

1929
1930

Past Presidents
J. R. WELLMAN (dec.) 1940
A. B. FARN, F.E.S. (dec.)
J. P. BARRETT, F-ES. (dec.) 1941
J. T. WILLIAMS (dec.) 1942
R. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1943
A. FICKLIN (dec.)
V.R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1944
T. R. BILLUPS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1945-6
J. R. WELLMAN (dec.)
W. WEST, L.D.S. (dec.) 1947
R. SOUTH, F-.E.S. (dec.) 1948
R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1949
T. R. BILLUPS, F.ESS. (dec.) 1950
J. T. CARRINGTON, F.L-S. (dec.)
W.H. TUGWELL, PH.C. (dec.)
C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.) 1951
J. J. WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.)
E. STEP. F.L.S. (dec.) 1952
T. W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.) 1953
R. SOUTH, F.E:S. (dec.) 1954
R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.)
J. W. TUTT, FES. (dec.) 1955
A. HARRISON, F.L.S. (dec.)
W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1956
H. S. FREMLIN, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 1957

F.E.S. (dec.)

F. NOAD CLARK (dec.) 1958
E. STEP, F.L.S. (dec.) 1959
A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.)

H. MAIN, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1960
R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.) 1961
A. SICH, F.E.S. (dec.)

W.J. KAYE, F.E.S. (dec.) 1962
A. E. TONGUE, F.E:S. (dec.) 1963
B. H. SMITH, B.A., F.E.S. (dec.) 1964
Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. (dec.) 1965
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., etc. 1966

(dec.)

K. G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec.) 1967
E. J. BUNNETT, M.A. (dec.)
N. D. RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (dec.) 1968
T. H. L.GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) 1969
E. ae oe D.M., F.R.C.P.,

S. (dec.) 1970
Hw y haaeewe: F.E.S. (dec.)
F. B. CARR (dec.) 1971
C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S. (dec.) 1972
K.G. BLAIR, B.SC., F.Z.S., F.E.S.

(dec.) 1973
T. H. L.GROSVENOR, F.E.S. (dec.) 1974
Gc: = M. DE WORMS, M.A., PH.D.,

A.LC., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. (dec.) 1975
T. R. EAGLES (dec.) 1976
E. E. SYMS, F.R.E.S. (dec.) 1977
M. NIBLETT (dec.) 1978
F. J. COULSON (dec.) 1979
F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. (dec.) 1980
H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D. F.R.E.S. 1981

(dec.)

Editorial

E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.E.S. (dec.)
F. D. COOTE, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
S. WAKELY (dec.)
R. J. BURTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG.
(dec.)
STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
Capt R. A. JACKSON, R.N., F.R.E.S.
(dec.)
L. T. FORD, B.A. (dec.)
Col. P. A. CARDEW (dec.)
J.O.T. HOWARD, M.A. (dec.)
Air-Marshal Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY,
K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C.
F.R.E.S. (dec.)
T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.,
F.Z.S.
E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J.,
F.R.E.S.
F. D. BUCK, A.M.I.PTG.M., F.R.E.S.
(dec.)
Lt.Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S. ~
B. P. MOORE, B.SC., D.PHIL.,
F.R.E.S.
N. E. HICKIN, Ph.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S.
F. T. VALLINS, A.C.L.1., F.R.E.S.
(dec.)
R. M. MERE, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
A. M. MASSEE, O.B.E., D.SC.,
F.R.E.S. (dec.)
A. E. GARDNER, F.R.E:S. (dec.)
J.L. MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S. (dec.)
C. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.RES.
RaW: J. UFFEN, F.RES.
JrA.C: GREENWOOD, O.B.E.,
F.R.ES.
R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A.,
F.R.E.S.
B. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
ey toe ELLERTON, D.S.C., R.N.
lec.)
J. MACNULTY, B.SC. PH.D.,
F.R.E.S.
EMMET, M.B.E. T.D., M.A.
f. E. HINTON, PH.D., B. SC.,
F.R.S., F.R.E.S. (dec. )
M. CHALMERS- HUNT, F.R.E.S.
MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S.,
F.R.E.S.
M. G. MORRIS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S.
W. G. TREMEWAN, M.I.BIOL.
R. TUBBS, O.B.E., F.R.LB.A., F.R.E.S.
G. PRIOR, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
Re
R.
A.

B.
F.R.LC.
Col. A. M.
Prof. H.
S.,

ue
(ee

ev. D.J. AGASSIZ, M.A.
FAIRCLOUGH, F.R.E.S.
E. STUBBS, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

Editor: R. W. J. Uffen, M.Sc.. F.R.E.S.
Address: 4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL6 OUD.

with the assistance of:
Prof. T.R.E. Southwood, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

T.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.

M.W.F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.

E.S. Bradford
A.H. Hayes

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¥ we 2 *Jtetipe” Vegi naa 7h
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PLATE 1 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 15, 1982

ANNUAL EXHIBITION, 1981

Plebeius argus ?
L.D. Young

Maculinea arion
Tragacete, Spain
H.G. Phelps

Peribatodes
secundaria
B.F. Skinner

P. secundaria
B.F. Skinner

Ypsolopha mucronella
Sparsholt
J.R. Langmaid

Lysandra coridon
Lulworth
R. Barrington

Clossiana selene
ab. extenuata
A.S. Harmer

Dioryctria schuetzeella
Orlestone
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt

Zygaena carniolica
iberica (homoeotic)
W.G. Tremewan

C, palaemon
Argyll
P. Summers

Plebeius argus
L.D. Young

Argynnis paphia
ab. sifkai
R.S. Tubbs

Hipparchia semele
R. Revels
bred from monocellata

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 47

EDITORIAL

A parenthetical question.—A new edition of the /nternational Code of
Zoological Nomenclature is in preparation and this will continue the usage of
article 54(d) that authors’ names shall be enclosed in parentheses when a species
has been transferred from its original genus. I can think of no practical value for
this convention. Lepidopterists ignored it, with no apparent ill effects, as
impractical of application until the publication of the revised Check List of
British Insects. In many groups of insects, the bulk of species were described
before criteria of relationship could be established, so most species have changed
genus several times. There is no agreed way of defining the level at which a group
should be accorded generic rank, so the bracketry is at the behest of every self-
appointed reviser.

The inclusion of authors’ names (whether parenthesised or not) should be
unnecessary, except in taxonomic papers where the authorship of a name is
actually under discussion. The insertion or correction of author’s names and
associated parentheses is a time-consuming chore for editors and meticulous
contributors and we shall omit them in groups where writers can all be expected
to work to ground rules that can be clearly recognised now and retrospectively
by future readers. Most writers must rely on standard works for the interpretation
of their species, so that the citation of authors’ names is mere ritual and no
guarantee of correct identification.

The rule of this journal is that nomenclature shall follow the sense of that in
the revised Check List of British Insects. When an author wishes to use updated
information, synonymy back to the check list must be provided. If the list must
be totally superceded by new taxonomic work then the new work should be
cited. Authors’ names should always be used for those species which have
swopped names from misidentification and for the remarkably small number of
commonplace epithets that can cause ambiguity in indexing. The shrewd attempt
by 19th century lepidopterists to incorporate an indication of family status into
specific name endings enables one to place the majority of species whatever
permutations are played with generic names. Would that the same could be said
for the other orders.

Ecological observation and recording schemes.—In this issue the President’s
Address demonstrates the urgency for publishing surveys of sites of value for
their invertebrate fauna, whilst other papers show how space-consuming accounts
of just one group can be in conventional. print. The vogue is to condense the
information on distribution maps, but there is a concommitant risk. Entomol-
ogists, like ornithologists, are being encouraged to proliferate as mere list
compilers. Mapping schemes demand an enormous amount of time in field work
and would never take place if a price were placed on their participants’ time.
Unless detailed species record cards back up the lists, the whole of the field
workers’ experiences are being discarded and workers are not encouraged to make
the ecological observations that are crucial to their use as local management
advisers.

Mr. Stubbs warns us that the individual mapping schemes are spawning their
own over-specialised study groups or formal societies. This is surely an expression
of the wish to share experience as well as records. Examination of the journals
serving the community of amateur entomologists shows that in the last two
decades prowess in recording species has received an exaggerated importance at
the expense of notes on practical techniques and insect bionomics. It is time
for the pendulum to swing back. Journals should be used to record the location
of detailed lists of records and the means of obtaining photocopies of them, not
be filled with the lists themselves, which will be used by only a few people. The
space released should be used to discuss the requirements that are crucial to the

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST..SOC. 15, 1982

continued existence of the species on those lists. I look forward to amateur
entomologists finding more reward in their field work from deliberate observation
of this kind and its publication.

OFFICERS’ REPORTS

COUNCIL’S REPORT 1981

1981 has been a year of reasonable progress. The Society’s membership
remains at about 748. 37 new members were elected and there were 8 deaths,
15 resignations and 20 members were struck off or declared never fully elected
(having not even paid their first subscription and entrance fee). At this point
the Council express their gratitude to those members (fortunately in the majority)
who pay their subscriptions on time, notify their changes of address and write
in to correct errors in the members’ address list.

The principal events in the year were financial and are dealt with in the
Treasurer’s report. First came the sudden rise in the rent when the Alpine Club
realised that inflation had rendered the rent that we paid unreasonably low. The
Alpine Club were very understanding about this but it was obvious that a rise
in the subscription would be necessary. The second event was the very generous
bequest from the late Mr. Cyril Hammond. There was much agonised discussion
before it was decided that the bequest should not be used to defray the running
expenses of the Society and help keep down the subscription but should be kept
for capital outlay on special activities such as the Society’s successful and by all
accounts much appreciated publishing ventures.

The Indoor meetings program was particularly successful being again very
varied and full of interest and new ideas. It is to be hoped that the Society’s
recent spirited attack on the, at one time rather neglected, microlepidoptera
will be followed by a branching out into other orders and the indoor meetings
program has certainly been calculated to encourage this.

12 Field meetings were arranged. The Council is grateful to Mr. Jackson for
his period of service which is now ending. Mr. Prior is resuming the task of Field
Meetings Secretary.

The Joint Meeting with the R.E.S. at the Alpine Club was very well attended
and much enjoyed. There were four talks on the subject of “Courtship in
Insects”.

Our new Editor, Mr. Raymond Uffen is to be congratulated on taking over
the job so competently. The Rev. David Agassiz produced a new membership
list (resurrecting the very useful geographical list) and the Publications Committee
published “An Identification Guide to the British Pugs” in the spring and “Larvae
of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler” by G.M. Haggett in time for
the Exhibition. The Publications Committee have an active program for the next
three years.

In Mr. Ken Evans’s capable hands the Exhibition was well attended and
attracted 99 exhibits. We are very grateful to Mr. John Muggleton and the rest
of the catering team and, indeed, to everyone else who contributed to the success
of the day. Unfortunately only 45 people were able to enjoy the cheerful (and
delicious!) Annual Dinner arranged by Dr. McNulty, we hope that more members
will be able to come next year.

The Society is very grateful to Mr. Russell Bretherton who has been carrying
a heavy work load for the Society. He is handing over the job of distributing the
Proceedings to Mr. David Yendall but will continue to handle the sale of
Publications and past Proceedings.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 49

TREASURER’S REPORT 1981

I have modified the presentation of the accounts in two ways this year.
Firstly, I have abbreviated the detail and omitted pence so as to save space and
cost when they are printed, but detailed breakdowns of particular sections will
be provided to those who need them for running a particular activity. Secondly,
I have separated the Special Publications from the normal running of the Society,
as these have now assumed such large proportions as to obscure the latter if
they are grouped together. This does not mean that the Special Publications
Fund cannot be used for normal activities or vice-versa, but that it will be
apparent when this is done.

We had a financial shock at the beginning of the year when our rent at the
Alpine Club was more than trebled from £475 to £1475, half of the increase
from January 1981 and the balance from January 1982, and this necessitated
raising subscriptions for the coming year. We have, however, succeeded in
containing the 1981 increase without a deficit on the Income and Expenditure
Account. This was achieved because the changed Housing Fund Regulations
permitted the interest on this to be used towards rent, high interest rates brought
a record high return on our capital, and sale of surplus equipment at the Exhibition
made a substantial contribution. However, you will see that the general running of
the Society cost £5148, whilst receipts from subscriptions, although a little up,
totalled £2849, or only a bit over half the cost of membership. In other words,
subscriptions would need to be almost 100% more for the Society to have met
its 1981 costs entirely from these, and over 100% more for 1982, when the
second half of the recent increase takes place, and the postage rates go up, in
addition to other cost rises. In fact, the new subscriptions average about a 50%
increase, so the Society’s costs will still be a lot more than members’ subscriptions
cover.

The Special Publications continue to sell well, and the success of past
publications means that no financial problems can at present be forseen in
financing the future plans of the Special Publications Committee.

We received an interim payment of £10,000 from the estate of our late
member, Mr. C.0. Hammond and there may be some more to come. Your Council
decided that a sum of this magnitude should not be treated as normal income, but
set aside pending a decision on how it could best be employed and, in the mean-
time, any interest that it earned should be added to the capital. It is being held
temporarily in a National Savings Bank Investment Account, and interest of
nearly £700 has been added.

Once again, we thank Mrs. S.B. Walker, the wife of our Assistant Treasurer
for subscriptions, who is still abroad, for continuing to look after this side of
the work. This is an even more onerous task in a year when subscription rates
change. Our thanks too to our honorary auditors for completing the audit in
time for the Annual General Meeting.

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS ACCOUNT FOR 1981
(Publications for sale)*

Opening stock saleable Publications 1065 Sales of Publications 3763
Pug Plates 633 Closing stock of saleable
Production of new Publications 2658 Publications 3028
Distribution costs 182
Surplus to Special Publications
Fund 2253
6791 6791

*Special publications were included within the “Publications Account” for 1980 and earlier.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

50

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

12775

115
2308

2580

17778

10086

1881

5811

17778

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1981

FUNDS

General Fund — Opening balance
From Reserve Fund (1980). To Special
Publications Fund (1981)

Gain on Investment Sales
Excess of Income over Expenditure

Library Fund — Opening balance
Income

Expenditure
Housing Fund — Opening balance
Income

Special Publications Fund — Value of stock
transferred
1981 Surplus from Sales

Hammond Bequest
Interest

Hering Memorial Fund — Opening balance

Gain on sale of Investments
Income

Expenditure

TOTAL FUNDS

THESE FUNDS ARE REPRESENTED BY

Investments at cost (details appended)
General Investments
Hering Memorial Fund Investments

Stock
Special Publications at cost
Coloured Christmas Cards

(The value of the library, collections, ties and

other publications is not included in the accounts)

Liquid Assets
P.O. Savings Investment Account
Debtors and Advance Payments
Cash on Deposit
Cash on Current Account

Payments in advance received
Amounts owed and provisions

10799
1074
7824

110

19807
336
1049

=

10228

450

2308

5281

10678

10083

3130

18422

31635

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST.SOC. 15, 1982

SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS AT COST AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1981

General Investments of the Society

£
£ 800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 9%% Stock 1985-88 646.49
1010 Drayton Premier Investment Trust 25p Ordinary Shares 1398.21
£1250 Greater London Council 912% Stock 1980-82 1100.14
130 Shell Transport & Trading 25p Ordinary Shares 477.79
150 Unilever 25p Ordinary Shares 248.45
4098.06 Treasury 13%% Loan 1995 4041.44
7912.52

Hering Memorial Fund Investments

£ 800 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 9%% Stock 1985-88 646.48
£ 300 Greater London Council 912% Stock 1980-82 291.97
189 Midland Bank £1 Ordinary Shares 459.66

280 Shell Transport & Trading 25p Ordinary Shares 771.83

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT 1981

53 of our valuable books, sent to the binders in 1980, have now been
returned to the library handsomely rebound, thanks to a grant from the British
Library. I applied for a further grant to bind some of the back-log of our foreign
periodicals and the British Library have generously agreed to make a further
grant of £514 for this purpose.

Under the will of our late member, Cyril Hammond, the Society was
bequeathed the whole of his library: this has now been catalogued. During the
last few years gifts and bequests have doubled the size of your library and it is
now very comprehensive. This has meant great pressure on available space so that
we have been compelled to dispose of some of our less important duplicates and
some books that were trivial or of little practical use to the membership.

In my last report I appealed for coloured slides of orders other than the
Lepidoptera. I am happy to say that as a result of this appeal we have received
and are to receive a considerable number of such transparencies. So much for
those who say that no one reads the reports of the Officers at the A.G.M.

‘ I wish to thank Mr. E. Classey, Mr. S. Jacobs, Adm. Torlesse and Mr. P.
Sokoloff for gifts of books and publications, also Mr. A. Callow for his fine gift
of coloured slides. For their help during the past year in re-arranging, classifying
etc. the books and journals I thank Messrs. A. Stubbs, M. Hadley, E. Bradford,
I. MacLean and W. Parker. I must also thank particularly my Assistant Librarian
Steven Miles for all the help and support he has given me. I do not know whether
he will thank me of course as I am giving up the Librarianship and he has agreed
to succeed me as your new Librarian. I have every confidence in his ability and
he can now look to me for help and assistance.

GP:

CURATOR’S REPORT 1981

The final part of the Torstenius collection of Scandinavian Lepidoptera was
shown at the Annual Exhibition at Chelsea Town Hall on October 24th last year.
As in previous years the collection was arranged and displayed by Mr. B. Ashby.
Two ten drawer units are complete and installed in the Society’s rooms. The
remainder, exhibited at Chelsea, complete the third and final unit of the
collection. In due course a list, plus notes on the collection, will be made available.
Included amongst the store boxes and other surplus items disposed of during the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST.SOC. 15, 1982 53

exhibition were many books from the Baron de Worms library, A sum of £143
was realised during the day.

The last six store boxes of the Coleridge collection of Palarctic butterflies have
now been delivered. The specimens are pinned in temporary drawers, until cabinet
space becomes available.

It was learned late in 1981 that Mr. Bernard Goodban had died. He has
bequeathed his extensive collection of Lepidoptera to the Society. A large number
of species were bred and include many aberrations. The collection is now available
for study in its six ten-drawer Hill units.

A start has been made on the re-arrangement of cabinets and drawers contain-
ing some of the smaller orders of insects. Included are the Trichoptera, Ephemer-
optera, Plecoptera and the Neuroptera. I would appeal to members to collect, and
if possible, to breed specimens of these orders for donation to the Society’s
collections.

During the year members have availed themselves of the many duplicates
provided and the main collections have been well consulted.

Finally I extend my thanks to the assistant curators, Mr. B. Ashby, Mr. G. Prior
and other members for their assistance during the year.

E.S.B.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by ALAN E. STUBBS

29th January 1982

I. REPORT

The thing that has struck home very forcibly during my term as President
has been the energy and dedication both of the Society’s Officers and of those
other members who take on the inconspicuous, and sometimes thankless but
essential tasks necessary to the successful running of the Society. Moreover it is
the friendly and co-operative spirit which permeates Council, as in Society
functions, which is so conspicuous. The membership owes a great debt to these
stalwarts and it is my pleasure to thank them, and Council as a whole, for the
loyalty and support they have shown.

In a year of many changes of responsibility, it is timely to pay tribute to
several of our stalwarts. Particular thanks should go to Russell Bretherton who,
far from sitting back in retirement, has been taking on many of the burdensome
chores, in particular as Distribution Secretary. The fact that Council has now
split his task into several jobs speaks for itself. Another of our anchor men has
been Gaston Prior, who has held so many posts over the years, and is now retiring
as Librarian. Those who attend London meetings will have noticed the way that
the basement room has been infinitely tidier, better organised and better cared
for in recent years — this has been due to the driving force of an active Librarian,
in conjunction with his close colleague, the equally active Curator — those two
have been quite a combination. Mr. Bretherton and Mr. Prior will continue to
serve the Society as Sales Officer and Field Meetings Secretary respectively.
I also wish to congratulate the Honorary Secretary who has so successfully met
the challenge of her first year in Office and also the Honorary Editor for over-
coming the initial difficulties of taking over at short notice.

One of the most important initiatives embarked upon in recent years has been
our series of special publications. This year has seen the fruition of two new
works, of which that on Pugs was the first previously unpublished title. The
Society has its Publications Committee to thank, especially the dedication and

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

energy of two past Presidents, Rev. David Agassiz and Ralph Tubbs, and their
forward planning should serve the membership well. Somehow, Rev. Agassiz
has also managed to produce a membership list, among other tasks, despite the
turmoil of moving to Essex. "

Though the Society is vigorous and healthy, there are a number of trends
which are worrying. It is increasingly difficult to find people able and willing to
take on the tasks of running the Society. Though things have picked up somewhat,
we have been through a period when London meetings were not as well attended
as in the past and the attendance at the traditional Annual Dinner was exception-
ally low this year. At the Annual Exhibition there were far less macro-Lepidoptera
on display than usual (possibly due to the bad season) though most encouragingly
micro-Lepidoptera exhibits were up enormously. Some people felt that the
number of members attending the Exhibition was somewhat down. The increased
costs of travel, and the fact that less people commute into London to work, has
a strong bearing on attendance of Society functions. Field meetings range from
a high attendance to virtually nil. These points need to be made, for if we are to
remain a vigorous and healthy Society, then this will only be so if there is vigorous
support for its activities. It would be a shame if traditional events have to be
reduced or curtailed, though at the same time the Society must be prepared to
evolve with the times. The Society is in a very sound state at present, but it is
not amiss occasionally to remind the membership that it is their Society — and it
will become what they make of it.

It is customary for the President to note the deaths among the membership
during the year.

Mr F.V.L. JARVIS joined the Society in 1938. He lived in Sussex and had an
interest in Lepidoptera and general entomology. He will be remembered in
particular for his published research on the relationship between Aricia agestis
and A. artaxerces.

Mr W.H. SPREADBURY had been a member since 1943 and resigned only a
few months before his death. He led several field meetings in Surrey as a lepi-
dopterist with a keen interest in autumn fungus forays. He was a versatile natural
history photographer with quarter-plate cameras and some of his pictures grace
our earlier Proceedings.

Mr R. PICKERING was elected in 1963. He was a well known Sussex lepi-
dopterist who led field meetings to such favourite localities of his as Mens and
the Cut. He had a strong interest in migrants and added the noctuid Harpyia
milhauseri (F.) to the British list.

Miss VERA DICK will be remembered for her sterling work as librarian and
her active help to the membership in the early 1970’s. She resigned a few years
ago.
Lt F.W. SMITH was a life member who joined in 1941. He was a lepidopterist
and hymenopterist living in Newbury.

Mr. F.H. EDWARDS of Worthing was a lepidopterist who joined in 1949.

Mrs M.J. FROWHAWK, the widow of the late F.W. Frowhawk, had been a
member since 1951. It was of considerable pleasure that she should have main-
tained her husband’s association with the Society.

Mr B. GOODBAN had been a member for 45 years. He specialised in the
breeding of geometrid moths and succeeded in producing some remarkable
variations of such species as Abraxas grossulariata and Selenia bilunaria. His
collection, in six cabinets, is now with the Society. In 1955 in conjunction with
W. Minnion, he discovered Xanthorhoe biriviata near Harefield.

Major General C.G. LIPSCOMB CB, DSO died in January, one of our longest
standing members having joined in 1933. He lived in Wiltshire and was well
known for his interest in butterflies. Some of his specimens are illustrated in
Russwurm’s Aberrations of British Butterflies.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 55
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II

CONSERVATION AND THE FUTURE FOR THE
FIELD ENTOMOLOGIST

by ALAN E. STUBBS
Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY

It is a sign of the times that this Presidential address should consider con-
servation, a subject scarcely known to previous generations but one which now
impinges on our activities ever more closely. I wish to review how, in a rapidly
changing scene, entomologists as individuals and as a Society are being affected
and the repercussions for the future.

I speak, incidentally, as one who was an amateur for many years and in that
capacity was entomological adviser to Surrey Naturalists’ Trust before a temporary
move from London. My concern for the future of field meeting localities in
Surrey was the subject of my first talk and paper with this Society, then the
South London (1967, pp. 95-97). It was only in the later years that I metamor-
phosed from a professional geologist to an entomologist within the Nature
Conservancy Council, with a responsibility for developing a strategy for the
conservation of terrestrial invertebrates.

THE BRITISH INVERTEBRATE FAUNA

Let us first consider what is at stake in conservation, our starting point being
the fauna and flora of the British Isles, Table 1 presents this information diagram-
matically.

The most obvious point, to an entomologist, is that the conservation bodies
concentrate their knowledge, expertise and efforts towards the flowering plants
on the one hand and the vertebrates on the other. Thoughts on ecological
communities, the management of those communities and the selection of priority
sites for conservation are based upon approximately 2080 native vascular plants
(excluding microspecies) and about 300 native breeding vertebrates in freshwater
and terrestrial habitats (I am here excluding non-breeding migrant birds). More-
over virtually all assessments and decisions on the impact of development
proposals, or changes in agricultural and forestry practice are based upon such
criteria.

But what of the 22,450 species of insects and 3,130 species of other inverte-
brates? (Those are the known ones: the true total may be approaching 30,000.)
As animals, all these species are ultimately dependent on plants and vegetation
structure. Every choice, decision and action based on vegetation has immense
repercussions as far as the invertebrates are concerned. How can conservationists
seriously believe that they can manage ecological communities, and pass them on
intact to future generations, when they are ignoring the predominant animal life
of Britain? Are not insects playing a major role in pollinating flowers and by their
feeding activities affecting the vigour, reproduction and competitiveness of wild
plants, just as they do in a garden?

The common complaint has been that invertebrates are too numerous and
difficult to deal with. As it happens the total of known British insects is almost
the same as the world total of vertebrates, excluding fish, and no one has
seriously suggested ignoring most of the vertebrates because there are too many.
The fauna is only too difficult to handle if one gets mesmerised by species totals
— when the needs of the groups are distilled (as in the series of NCC publications)
the whole subject becomes more manageable.

Won’t insects look after themselves? No, they will not. Since 1949, when the
government body responsible for nature conservation was set up, we have

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

SPECIES
25 ,000 ee
! 1*
! {
1 |
1 1
| i
1 l
20,000 ———
t |
| |
| |
| | Col
| |
I |
| |
| |
| |
15,000
Dip
me
par i
10,000 | |
| |
| |
! 1
aed
| |
| |
| | | :
ae | I
! |
5 ,000
Hem
Art
Lic
Si]
VASCULAR MOSSES UN ALGAE PROTOZOA INSECTS OTHER VERTEBRATES
PLANTS & INVERTEBRATES

LICHENS

Fig. 1 Species diversity of invertebrates compared with the rest of the fauna
and flora of Britain in freshwater and terrestrial habitats (including
saltmarsh). The extension of columns shown in dashed lines indicate
provisional estimates to take account of poorly known groups, likely
additions or levels of uncertainty.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 57

species species Fig 2b

15

10

1930's 1940's 1950's 1960's 1970's 1830 1900 1930 1946 1982

Fig.2 a — the number of dragonfly species at Richmond Park, Surrey, has
declined by almost a half since the 1930’s due to tidying up of ponds.
b — the aculeate hymenopterous fauna at Hampstead Heath, N. London,
has declined at the rate of about one species per year, or nearly 60% by
1946.

seemingly lost 10% of the dragonfly fauna of Great Britain whilst on some
National Nature Reserves, which were rich in butterflies in the 1950’s, we have
lost 40% of the species. In other words simply selecting a series of ‘representative’
ecological sites for conservation and maintaining the general ecological nature of
such places will not do. There are certain sites which must be chosen for inverte-
brates and their management may have specific requirements. The lesson of the
past must not be forgotten, but the necessary advice and observations must come
from the entomologists of today.

hectares

hectares Fig 2c 40,000 Fig 2d
30,000
30,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
10,000
1800 1900 1980 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 1980

Fig.2 cc — the loss of 90% of chalk grasslands in Dorset between 1811 and 1973
(based on Jones, C.A., 1973 The Conservation of chalk downland in
Dorset. Dorset County Council).
d — loss of heathland in Dorset (based on Webb, N.R. and Haskins,
L.E., 1980. Biol. conserv. 17: 281-296).

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

One may cite many other examples of declines, as any ardent scanner of BRC
maps will know. Always bear in mind that on most maps a post-1960 black spot
now represents a span of over 20 years, and an awful lot has happened to the
countryside in that time. Entomologists know of the way in which their species
are declining but for the most part are content (?) to simply watch as spectators.

There are many examples of declines on particular sites. In Richmond Park,
the dragonfly fauna has suffered a 50% loss of species since the 1930’s because
ponds and marshy ground have been tidied up for amenity purposes (fig. 2a). A
similar loss has affected Bookham Common in Surrey. On Hampstead Heath a
rich fauna of nearly half the British bees and wasps has declined at the rate of
one species per year over a period of a century (fig. 2b). Again amenity manage-
ment is largely to blame — on otherwise ‘safe’ sites!

HABITAT LOSS

There cannot be a single member, even a junior member, who does not know
of good entomological localities, or at least areas of nice countryside, which
have not been ravaged in some way. Were there a government policy to destroy
80% of all natural grasslands, there would be uproar. Things do not happen that
way, changes are piecemeal and insidious. It is not until one steps back and takes
an over view of what is happening that one appreciates the scale of changes.
Consider the following examples.

Since 1945, approaching 50% of the primary lowland woodland of Great

Britain has been destroyed (complete removal or conversion to conifers).

Only 0.1% of the mosses of Lancashire remain, and even that is wrecked.

Since 1750, 86% of Dorset heathland has been destroyed (lost to agriculture,

forestry and building) (fig. 2d).

Since 1811, 90% of Dorset chalk grasslands have been destroyed (fig. 2c).

In Bedfordshire 82% of ponds have been lost since 1910.

In the whole of the East Anglia (Anglian) water authority region, there is

scarcely a single stretch of river or stream bank which has not been

‘improved’,

The worrying thing about such statistics is that in graph form, as with the
Dorset heathland examples above, one can see that the endof the graph is looming
fast. What it amounts to is that within a decade, and certainly by the end of the
century (just 18 years away), in many part of Britain the only examples of good
habitat for studying insects will be on the remnants safeguarded for conservation.

To emphasise that conclusion, consider fig. 3 which shows the area of land
use changes which can be forecast. Forecasts are very unreliable, but projecting
current land use change to the year 2000 and including the Reading Report
proposal (as yet not policy) for future forestry, one would compute a land use
impact equivalent to a belt 100 km wide from London to Edinburgh. If even
half of that change takes place, the repercussions will be far reaching.

It must be borne in mind that government post-war policy has been to
increase food production to reach self sufficiency. However, momentum carries
on beyond self sufficiency with various crops such as barley. Enormous sums of
money are poured into agriculture each year — £540 million in 1979/80 —
resulting in vast destruction of habitat, whilst only £7.3m was available for the
total functions of the Nature Conservancy Council. The EEC agricultural policies
and subsidies make respite unlikely in the short term. The intensification of
agriculture in East Anglia and the Midlands is moving westwards and space for
extensive further forestry would have to be in the uplands. In other words,
everything is possible as regards habitat loss and nothing is safe unless conservation
principles are accepted as a priority.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 59

LEGISLATION

In some entomological circles, the very mention of legislation is like waving a
red rag to a bull. The trials and tribulations of recent years have brought many
people to the sharp realisation that conservation will not go away — it’s an issue
they have got to face, like it or not. The unfortunate thing is that because attention
has been focused on legislation, conservation has appeared to be obstructive
when its purpose should be constructive.

The complaint, largely justified, is that the emphasis in Parliament has been
directed at species legislation, This is seen by many entomologists as a pointless
and irrelevant diversion — conservation should concentrate on saving habitat.
Since the Society is publishing in full a resume of the new Wildlife and Country-
side Act, I will be brief and emphasis one theme.

x Rts OTHER
See HEDGCEROWS
eae, BUILDING
Os, SAND AND GRAVEL

*
wer <

Ne
N

FORESTRY

Fig. 3 Forecast of further land-use change by the end of the century. Based on
a projection of rate of current land-use changes and mooted forestry
proposals. Area indicated is 5 million hectares, equal to 5000 10km
squares.

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

The reason entomologists feel so helpless over legislation is that they have not
sufficiently foreseen the need to develop channels of liaison and understanding
with the bodies which have influence. We need to build our bridges in anticipation
of future needs (hence the Society’s membership of Wildlife Link). It is counter-
productive to shy away from legislation issues because of the fear that we are
going down the slippery slope towards a total ban on collecting, leaving others
to view all entomologists as selfish kleptomaniac collectors, The best insurance is
to work with the conservation movement, this to my view being the only
practical way of evolving a proper relationship among those whose understanding
we need. There are very sound arguments against going down the slippery slope,
but it is other more powerful groups than ourselves that have got to be receptive
to our small voice.

THE CODE FOR INSECT COLLECTING

When this code was published in 1972 by the Joint Committee for the
Conservation of British Insects (on which the Society is represented), few
entomologists had given conservation more than passing thought. It was a subject
to do with birds and plants and as an avoidance mechanism was thought by many
entomologists to be unnecessary with insects. In the event the Code gained an
acceptance which has grown over the years.

Through the endorsement of the Code by the Societies, entomologists gained
a greater respect within the conservation movement and the Code is now often
the basis of conditions for permits. Where entomologists failed was in not
sufficiently following up on the initiative of the Code. It was treated as a matter
of honour settled rather than the basis of negotiation for a better permit system.

Where the Code has been conspicuously ignored is on the question of rearing
and releasing. This activity is very widespread, particularly among butterfly
enthusiasts. The code asks that the Committee be consulted yet there have been
very few instances where this has happened. The blatant disregard for this part
of the Code is worrying the conservation bodies and undermines confidence
that other parts of the Code are being adhered to.

Whilst many entomologists may have initially seen rearing/release as the best
way to contribute to conservation, it is pointless unless the management, carrying
capacity and safeguard of the site is satisfactory. I take a hard view on this (largely
set out in Ent. Rec. 1966, pp. 16-19) though others feel that little harm is done.
Either way, if there is a Code then the credibility of entomologists will be
enhanced if they follow the guidelines, It would be far better to contribute in an
open and positive way rather than surreptitiously and there are many other more
urgent ways of contributing to conservation.

TRADE IN INSECTS

It will be apparent to many entomologists that there has been a substantial
increase in trading in specimens. Some years ago there were a few traders who
served a valuable purpose in re-cycling specimens from old collections — surely a
good answer for someone who wants a particular rare and vulnerable insect. In
the last 10 years there has been an accelerated growth of people participating in
trading, with everything from butterfly farms and museums, to a table once a
year at an exhibition, to simply a home trading address. We have not yet reached
the situation in Germany where most towns have an annual trade fair, but there
are a lot of people starting to jump on the band wagon. Clearly money is there,
and the prices for even common butterflies keep shooting up. I wish to sound a
warning note. There are traders for whom there is considerable respect, but others
are on less firm ground. There must be concern that moral standards should not
slip as more people join in. It is difficult to believe that it is only old specimens

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 61

which are sold or that all stock is bred on a satisfactory basis. There are accounts
of people collecting large numbers of rare British butterflies to sell to traders or
to trade direct. Livestock is apparently being obtained in quantity by collecting
early stages in the wild. Unless irresponsible activities are suppressed, there is
bound to be a backlash with legislation. Responsible entomologists will be at
tisk to find themselves tainted and penalised by the actitivites of the minority.

Thus a sensible balance must be maintained. The sparking of the interest of
future generations of entomologists is to be encouraged and the public sympathy
towards support for insect conservation can readily be stimulated via books,
TV films or thoughtfully presented butterfly farms. The place of trading in
British and foreign insects is a matter of opinion but the Societies have a
responsibility to use their influence should trading become identified as a threat
to wild populations of species. The only reasonably firm example of a British
species being exterminated by collecting, the New Forest Burnet in its type area,
was not through the activities of responsible individuals, it was through irrespons-
ible over-exploitation by commercial collectors,

RELATIONS WITH CONSERVATION BODIES

Some very hard things are said about various conservation bodies, sometimes
justified and sometimes not. There are faults on both sides. Rather there should
not be sides. If there is a fault, then one should look back about 20 years, for
entomologists often lost their chance with the formation of county naturalists’
trusts. By leaving other organisations to deal with conservation, and by sitting
back or waiting to be asked, it has been inevitable that non-entomologists have
developed the policies. It has only been in the last five years in my view that
entomologists have really begun to wake up to the fact that conservation might
actually be relevant to them. There is now a major gulf in understanding to close,
both as regards educating those involved in conservation that insects matter and
with respect to attitudes regarding collecting. To underline this point, where
entomologists have worked closely with their local county trusts or Nature
Conservancy Council staff, there has often been the most cordial relationship,
Derbyshire Entomological Society membership as a whole has open access to all
trust reserves in the county for instance. In many counties there is such surprise
that an entomologist should be available and willing to record sites that there is
open welcome. Most of the difficulties lie within a hundred miles of London —
here there are large numbers of entomologists but few of them are known to the
conservation bodies and there is considerable potential pressure on some reserves
with rare species. The difficulties I speak of are, inevitably, access and permits. A
system which is seen to be fair is needed.

Entomologists have historically been used to more or less unrestricted access
on most of their collecting forays, given some necessary courtesy on land which
is obviously private. It thus comes as a nasty jolt to find more and more areas
taken over by bodies that now insist on permits. Not only is it a superhuman
task administratively to obtain all the permits you might need in a year, especially
if you travel out of home range a fair bit, but it is exceedingly annoying having
travelled a long distance, or whilst touring on holiday, to find more and more
restrictive notices. Life is even more frustrating when there is a most unhelpful
response when trying to obtain access permission, even if it is possible to contact
someone in authority.

A land managing body will often see things very differently. Here is an ento-
mologist who wants to collect, a taboo subject since botanists and ornithologists
have been weened (with some legislative force) to deny collecting. Moreover, the
local man, perhaps a warden, may have a deep conviction as custodian for the
local wildlife that any collecting is morally wrong. His unhelpful response may

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

also be conditioned by some pretty nasty episodes with other entomologists —
the one who set up his light trap in a reserve without permission and by the
following morning all the prized orchids were trampled flat, or the one who
took Large Copper. And it sticks a long time if a warden,has been told to go
and get lost by an entomologist who has been rather undiplomatic. Also, it must
be borne in mind that many reserves are not owned, they are on leases or agree-
ments sometimes entailing severe restrictions on access. An estate may only
agree to a reserve on condition its pheasant shoot is not disturbed, and the
warden called out by the game keeper in the middle of the night to deal with an
unknown ‘poacher’ will not forget the episode quickly. A recent trend has been
towards people found collecting butterflies on reserves with the excuse that they
thought it best to collect there because butterflies would be more plentiful —
that excuse is wearing a bit thin in some quarters. Such incidents may be the
exception, but bad news sticks.

Bearing in mind the phenomenal rate of loss of habitat discussed earlier,
and the bleak outlook in this front, one must concede that habitat protection
is imperative. Without the action of the conservation bodies in obtaining
reserves and safeguarding other areas, many collecting sites would not survive.
Equally, it is all to the good that local authorities, the National Trust, the
Forestry Commission etc are taking an increasing constructive concern for
conservation, and it is not surprising that they have woken up to exercise some
interest in who is doing what on their land, their bye-laws being invoked. Here
entomologists find themselves trapped. On the one hand site conservation is
desirable, on the other hand it can lead to unwelcome restrictions.

Here we come to the issue which is imprinted in so many many entomological
minds. If entomologists take a more open and constructive course and tell the
conservation bodies where the rarities are, won’t the conservation bodies then
stop any further collecting? Yes, that could happen, especially if treated on a
local basis. Why should we not reverse that stance? If the conservation bodies
want sensitive information, then it is they who must bend and adopt a satis-
factory policy towards collecting. There is just one problem. Since these bodies
do not necessarily see the need for such information, it is not a seller’s market.
The conservation bodies therefore have to be educated into a higher plane of
concern for invertebrate conservation.

A constructive view. In chatting to entomologists about conservation issues,
there often emerges a normally unspoken pride in the fact that most of what
we know about the British fauna has been achieved by successive generations of
amateurs. That truth holds today as much as it ever did, in fact we are on the
growing crest of a new wave as BRC schemes create an unprecedented stimulus —
we should not underrate the historical significance of these schemes, currently
covering about 40 groups of terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates. The amateur
has done a great deal to improve taxonomic knowledge and many of the
reference books originate from writers of such status. In emphasising the amateur,
it should not be forgotten that many of the professionals who have contributed
to knowledge of field entomology have done so as a hobby or with an outlook
identical to that of the amateur. Thus our knowledge of the taxonomy, distri-
bution and ecology of the British fauna is heavily dependent on the field
entomologist. Such subjects are not static, they are being advanced in under-
standing all the time.

The conservation bodies, if they are to function as we would wish, need
information and advice. There is only one source of any consequence as far as
entomology is concerned. Conservation bodies require information as to which
sites are important and why. They also need to know what fauna occurs on
reserves and other sites, the significance of that fauna and the ecological require-
ments that should be taken into account in management. Further, there is a

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 63

need for monitoring, especially of the more significant species — a species list is
not a once and for all matter.

Such a role fits in neatly with the activities of the field entomologist. It gives
good reason for surveying sites and for returning to monitor the species of special
interest. It also enables the entomologist to be seen as useful and opens the door
to closer contact, understanding and symbiosis with other bodies.

It is in this light that the Invertebrate Site Register, launched by the Nature
Conservancy Council, becomes logical. If any worthwhile effort is to be made
to prevent the loss or mis-management of sites valued by field entomologists,
then the facts must be available to bodies which can take action on their behalf.
In conjunction with the fact that the new legislation makes the status of Sites
of Special Scientific Interest much stronger, the future of invertebrate conserv-
ation lies very much in the hand of entomologists. If entomologists don’t do
anything for insect conservation, no one else will — or at least you have seen
the past problems of leaving the action, (ie. often inappropriate action) to others.
The Invertebrate Site Register opens opportunities to create the atmosphere and
liasison links that the field entomologists needs. The conservation movement
needs help and those who assist are well placed to find themselves welcomed on
conservation sites in the future.

There are many other opportunities to build on. The Society has received an
invitation from the Ministry of Defence to help survey its ranges and other sites
with magnificent stretches of prime habitat, normally closed to all access. This
is an opportunity too good to miss but it underlines the point that with the right
approach there are other major land holding organisations that would be just as
welcoming to field entomologists. The expertise given by specialists for the Red
Data Book for Insects will help to show entomologists to be constructive and the
maps from BRC schemes demonstrate to the outside world that entomologists
are well capable of doing much more than secretively amassing specimens. What
is most disappointing is the scarcity of active support for the Joint Committee for
the Conservation of British Insects.

COLLECTING

It will be noted in the last section that I have switched from speaking of
collecting to the term survey. The historic image of ‘the collector’ is a barrier
which must be overcome in a practical manner. It is a species list, that is survey,
which will be regarded as the result which justifies access to a reserve, especially
if there is annotation on the status, ecology and significance of the rarer species
recorded. It is the frequent failure to provide such lists that has enhanced the
image of the entomologist as one whose sole purpose is to build up a personal
collection like stamps.

What most of us mean by collecting is the retention of voucher specimens.
There are many groups of insects where it is not possible to identify everything
in the field. That even applies to the macro-moths, and most obviously where
genitalia preparations may be necessary in order to identify a species. Also with-
out the attention to detail which comes from a personal reference collection,
taxonomic advances would be stifled — the moths again being a good example
where splits and additions have been frequent in recent years. To the coleopterist
subtleties of shape and sculpture can only be appreciated through having reference
material and as a dipterist I have a reference collection of flies, and indeed other
insect groups, which I regard as an integral part of the pursuit of field entomology.
It is also impractical to study genetic and geographic variation without recourse
to collecting.

Ah! that sounds all very well, but we are after the rarities, aren’t we? Yes!
there’s often an element of truth in that, and there are rarities which are both

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

easy and difficult to identify. It is true that ornithologists may be motivated to
travel hundreds of miles to see a rare bird, without the facility to pin and set it.
It is very difficult to draw hard and fast guidelines through such a grey area of
what is and is not justified in the taking of rarities. One may consider that the
numbers of eggs laid by an insect puts it in a very different category from a bird
or that by rearing or releasing it is possible to return more specimens that were
removed in the first place. The problem is not really one of rarity, it is a question
of whether or not it is possible to collect a high percentage or even the total
population of an insect. With certain insects the answer is yes, it is possible to
collect them out and some of the most critical ones have been protected in the
Wildlife and Countryside Act to emphasise this point. With sensible behaviour,
as embodied in the Code for Collecting Insects, and with sense in not depleting
very small populations, it is unlikely that minimal voucher collecting is doing
damage. But if entomologists claim that their collecting does no harm, why is
it that they withhold information on the occurrence of rarities? There is often
the fear that news will get out and other people might collect. So many insect
populations are restricted and small that whilst one sensible person may do no
harm, a succession of sensible people, or just one irresponsible person, can create
havoc, or at least fear, Entomologists lose credibility by inflaming fears that
they are all nasty ‘collectors’. If trust is to be built up, that must include trust
that the conservation bodies will treat sensitive information responsibly.

A more controversial point is in relation to butterflies. I started by collecting
butterflies at an early age and was a lepidopterist for some years. One does
not wish to suppress youngsters from developing such an interest in entomology.
However, as a statement of forecast, I believe that attitudes will change in the
next 5 to 10 years such that collecting butterflies will be largely foregone by the
responsible entomologist. Such a momentum is already under way as it is
appreciated that so many species are becoming reduced to small populations.
If the conservation bodies are to take invertebrate conservation seriously then
they will be (indeed already are) treating butterflies as a priority. Since butter-
flies may be identified, surveyed and monitored without recourse to collecting,
there is going to be no way that collecting (in the traditional sense) will be seen
as necessary or justified. I believe entomologists will have to concede that point
if they are going to be viewed with trust as regards collecting policy on other
groups.

NEW BREEDS OF ENTOMOLOGIST

The field entomologist used to be fairly easy to classify. Collecting was
considered normal and those with huge series of specimens were looked upon
as merely eccentric. As insect populations and sites have become smaller,
collecting long series has largely become a thing of the past. Today most ento-
mologists would regard themselves as responsible, having small collections and
treating rarities with restraint.

However, there are new breeds of entomologists. Ornithologists have a quiet
time in mid-summer so increasing numbers of them are becoming butterfly and
dragonfly ‘twitchers’. These people do not collect, they tick off what they see
each year. Also large numbers of the general public, including naturalist’s trust
members, are taking a direct interest in observing and photographing butterflies.
RSPB has a membership of 458,000 including juniors and the total membership
of voluntary conservation bodies is said to be several million. In other words
the field entomologist as we have known him could soon be swamped by hoards
of observers of insects. The British Butterfly Conservation Society has shown
an impressive growth in membership and is likely to become of major influence
in steering a sensible course.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 65

Another breed is the collector of bought specimens. How does one classify
the increasing numbers of people buying specimens at the Amateur Entomologists’
Society exhibition for instance? What of those who go to butterfly farms where
they can see live insects or obtain breeding stock and, incongruous though it may
seem, buy dead ones. Will these people become conservationists, curio collectors,
investment ‘stamp’ collectors or collectors of wild butterflies? One way or the
other there will be a dilution of the numbers of ‘the’ field entomologist. To
counter the dilution, numbers of new people are being drawn into entomology,
and voucher collecting, by the BRC schemes. The schemes are de facto becoming
specialist Societies.

A long-standing traditional Society such as ours would do well to be concious
of these developing changes in the entomological scene.

THE NEED FOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT

There are sometimes howls of anguish when the subject of habitat manage-
ment arises. Often such management seems unnecessary or a positive disaster.
It is sometimes not appreciated that most habitats in Britain are artificial and
have arisen through past land use practice. There are often circumstances where
one has to take direct action to maintain a habitat in ideal condition. Where
misunderstandings arise is through decisions being taken in the absence of ento-
mological information. What suits plants may not suit insects. Of course ‘wrong’
decisions are being made when survey and advice for invertebrates is often
lacking. One of the saddest things is that after so many years of the study of
butterflies, entomologists have failed to provide the information necessary in
order to manage habitats for these insects. Look at the standard books and
consult todays specialists and it is astounding how little we really know. Often
there are doubts even over preferred foodplants, let alone structural components
of vegetation required by larvae and adults. With butterflies and other insects,
we have got to start thinking the same thoughts as the people who have to manage
sites — if you had to manage this site, what facts would you need and where are
the main gaps in knowledge? The more you become involved with conservation,
the more you will realise that the simple general knowledge answers are
inadequate.

CONCLUSIONS

Discussion has extended through a series of perhaps seemingly disparate
themes, but they all lead to what I see as the way forward.

One thing is certain. Increasingly the best pieces of countryside will be those
which are under some degree of protection, with inherent controls. Either ento-
mologists adapt constructively to this fact of life, or they face unacceptable
frustrations. There is the opportunity to influence which pieces of countryside
are protected and how those areas are managed. Insects will not look after
themselves, future generations of entomologists being reliant upon this generation
making the correct decisions.

The gulf in understanding between entomologists and conservation bodies
has got to be bridged. This entails building up trust that entomologists are
responsible people, and that requires an effort and diplomacy which has been
lacking in the past.

There is also an education job to be done, to convince others that invertebrate
conservation does matter. Invertebrates are part and parcel of ecosystems, not an
irrelevant separate subject. We must maximise on Butterfly Year and other
opportunities to foster direct involvement by the conservation bodies and general
public at large.

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Entomologists need to demonstrate a constructive approach by helping with
surveys, sorting out the ecological requirements of species (including the early
stages) and translating their knowledge into practical advice on management and
site evaluation. Council has set up a small group, I will not call it a committee,
to pursue liaison with various bodies on the question of surveys and permits,
MoD have come to the Society for help with surveying off their own bat. We have
now to get other organisations similarly enthusiastic about welcoming members
of our Society.

The Society’s special publications programme is very relevant to increasing the
capacity of members to make the best use of their entomological time. The
major increase in enthusiasm for microlepidoptera both broadens the taxonomic
spread and defuses some of the pressure on the macros. However, as a national
society we still have not found a role in relation to recording schemes and their
various groups of adherents.

I believe that we find ourselves at something of a cross roads, both as
regards conservation and the place of the field entomologist. Conservation is
poised at a critical point in relation to the final decisions as to which sites should
be saved. If we react constructively now, this will be of immense benefit to the
future of the British fauna and to the future image of the field entomologist. If
this chance is muffed, then not only will the doors start to close more firmly,
but our position will not be established before a new breed of entomologist
comes along with much mote restrictive ideas. The membership is faced with a
time of change. Adapting to such a change and evolving a response is not easy.

This Society is seen as the leading national body for the field entomologist
and I believe it has an important role as spokesman for the needs and values
inherent in the pursuit and advancement of entomological knowledge. It has
been a privilege to serve as President and I look forward to continuing to play
an active part on these issues within the Society.

BOOK REVIEW

Hilfsprogramm fur Schmetterlinge, by Josef Blab and Otakar Kudrna. 135 pp.,
4 photo plates. Kilda-Verlag, D-4402, Greven 1, W. Germany. No price stated.

This book gives an excellent, if alarming, analysis of the present state of the
butterfly and burnet moth fauna of West Germany, and of the pressures upon it,
which are attributed mainly to intensive agriculture and selective forestry. The
200 indigenous species are grouped and discussed in categories based on their
combined biological and ecological requirements, supported by tables of their
foodplants. The main causes of decline are examined, with the conclusion that
91 species are more or less seriously threatened. A standard list of species is
provided, arranged by genera and showing for each threatened species the intensity
of the threat as defined in the German red data book. As practical remedies for
the future the emphasis is on nature reserves for the most endangered species; but
measures which could be applied to check decline in each type of habitat else-
where are also listed. There is also an up-to-date bibliography and a glossary of
terms.

Despite a somewhat complicated lay-out, the method of analysis used in this
book could be applied with advantage in Britain also. The four page summary is
given in English translation, and the detail of the main text in German is well
worth some struggle with the help of a dictionary. R.F.B.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 67

APPENDIX — BRITISH TERRESTRIAL AND FRESHWATER FAUNA

ARTHROPODS
INSECTS OTHER THAN INSECTS
Insecta Crustacea

Thysanura 8 Anostraca 2
Diplura 12 Notostraca 1
Protura 17 Cladocera 88
Collembola 304 Ostracoda 70)
Orthoptera 30 Copepoda 103
Dermaptera 6 Branchiura 72
Dictyoptera 3 Mysidacea 2
Plecoptera 35 Isopoda 35
Ephemeroptera 46 Amphipoda i?
Odonata 45 Bathynellacea 2
Thysanoptera 159 Decapoda 4
Psocoptera $1 Pauropoda 22
Mallophaga 514 Diplopoda 51
Anopleura 25 Chilopoda 43
Hemiptera 1709 Symphyla 14
Neuroptera 55 Arachnida
Megaloptera 6 Pseudoscorpiones 27
Mecoptera 4 Araneae 616
Trichoptera 194 Opoliones 22
Lepidoptera 2500 Acari *2000
Coleoptera 4000 Pentastomida 3
Strepsiptera 16 ——
Hymenoptera *6410 3131
Diptera *6000 —
Siphonaptera 57

———_ (potential total 4000 +)

22,437

(potential total 24,000 +)

OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Chordata
Bryozoa 9
Tardigrada 76
Annelida
Oligochaeta 150
Hirudinea 20
Mollusca 199
Nematomorpha 4
Nematoda
(see Platyhelminths) *1000
Rotifera 550
Gastrotrichia 11
Acanthocephala 8
Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria (Tricladida 11) 78
Monogenea (freshwater) 36
Digenea (freshwater) 34
Cestodes (freshwater) 27
Terrestrial parasites *900
Coelenterata
Hydrozoa T
Porifera 6
3115
(potential total 4000 +)
Protozoa 15,000 — 20,000

* Groups where hundreds of species
may yet be added.

OTHER GROUPS

VERTEBRATES
(native breeding species)
Mammalia 35
Aves 250
Reptilia 6
Amphibia 3
Pisces 55
349
PLANTS
(native, excluding micro species)
Spermatophyta 2000
Pteridophyta 80
Bryophytes 980
Lichens 1380
4440
Fungi 12000
16440
Algae 6000 — 11000

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

RECORDS OF CURCULIONIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
MAINLY FROM WEST CUMBRIA

by R.W.J. READ
43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria.

INTRODUCTION

A considerable amount of work was done by F.H. Day on the Coleoptera of
Cumberland (now Cumbria) but since the publication of his lists (Day, 1912,
1923, 1928, 1933) and in the intervening years little work in general appears to
have been done on the beetles of the county, and apart from odd notes etc few
lists and reports have appeared in the literature. However a few accounts have
been published in fairly recent times, the most noteworthy being those of Angus
(1964, 1965) and Davidson (1959, 1961). Both workers collected quite
extensively in Cumbria but the latter author worked more of the well known and
more frequented sites, areas that were known to Day and his co-workers.

During the past fifteen years I have developed an interest in the Curculionidae
(sensu stricto) and I have collected over a comparatively large area of the county
and visited as many sites as possible. In particular I have worked the western and
to some extent the southern coastal region of Cumbria, an area which was to
some extent neglected by Day and his contemporaries.

The following records of Curculionidae are all based on personal collecting
and all the specimens taken are in my collection. In order to save space much of
the data for each species has been kept to a minimum. The methods of collecting
have been almost entirely omitted and nearly all specimens have been taken by
traditional techniques of sweeping, beating, grubbing and leaf litter extraction.
The dates of capture have been summarised to months only, ie. I, II, Ill etc., as
individual days and years were thought to have no real significance. In most
cases the recognized foodplants of the adult weevils have been specifically worked
and where an associated foodplant is listed this is indicated by the abbreviation
(AFP) immediately following the name. Much of the information regarding host-
plants has been taken from Dieckmann (1972, 1980), Hoffman (1950, 1954,
1958) and Scherf (1964).

Contained within the West Cumbria region are many varied and interesting
habitats. They range from mountains, acid bogs and moorland, lakes and tarns
to the rivers, wet meadows and peat mosses of the lowlands. There are areas of
martime cliffs and extensive sand dunes and also river estuaries with saltmarsh.
Apart from the coniferous woods in the area there is also fine broad-leaved wood-
land. Many of these woods are of ancient origin and contain a variety of tree
species.

An attempt has been made in this list to indicate the habitat in which a
particular species was found and a broad habitat classification is given below.
It must be stressed that this is only a very basic outline and I have tried to cover
as many logical habitat ‘types’ as possible. The appropriate abbreviation is given
for each habitat category and in some cases subdivisions have been necessary.
1. Woodland: (d)-decidous, (c)-coniferous. 2. Scrub. 3. Grassland, (general).
4. Heath. 5. River banks: (a) and (b) streams. 6. Hedgerows and verges, (f)-
field, (r)-roadsides. 7. Waste ground, railway embankments and quarries. 8. Open
areas: (c)-cliffs, (m)-mountains, (d)-sand dunes (including general arenaceous
habitats), (s)-salt marsh. 9. Marshes and bogs (freshwater). 10. General cultivated
areas including gardens.

In keeping with the various national biological recording schemes I have
concentrated on collecting in as many 10 kilometre squares as possible and the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 69

localities for each species in the list have been arranged by the 10km squares of
the national grid. Individual grid references are given to one kilometre square
and all the co-ordinates have been taken from the ordance survey 1:25 000 first
series maps. An outline map of Cumbria showing the area covered together with
all the relevant 10km squares is shown in figure 1.

Fig.1 Outline map of Cumbria showing the area covered and all the individual
10km squares.

In the course of collecting over the years I have managed to add 21 new
species of Curculionidae to Cumbria and vice county 70 Cumberland. Some
interesting species have turned up and the most noteworthy in recent years was
the discovery in West Cumbria of Furcipus rectirostris Linnaeus, a weevil new
to Britain, (Read, 1981a). All the new county records have been published
elsewhere in the literature, (Read, 1970, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978a, 1978b, 1979,
1980a, 1980b, 1981b).

The nomenclature in the following list is according to Kloet & Hincks (1977).

Otiorhynchus Germar, 1824
Otiorhynchus atroapterus (Deg.). Sellafield station, NYO2/02 (8d).
Ravenglass Reserve, SD05/97 (8d). Haverigg, SD13/78 (8d). Dunnerholme,
SD21&79 (8d). Sandscale Haws, SD20/75 (8d). iv,v,vi. Ammophila arenaria,
(AFP), Lotus corniculatus.
O. desertus Rosenhauer. South Head, St. Bees, NX95/12 (8c). iv,ix. Armeria
maritima, Plantago maritima.

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

O. ligneus (Olivier). Nethertown, NX98/07 (8c). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c).
St. Bees, NX96/11 (8c). Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Harrington, NX98/24 (8c).
Seascale, NY04/00 (8d). Hyton marsh, SD07/88 (8c). Hodbarrow Point, SD18/78
Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, P. maritima, Rumex acetosella.

O. nodosus (Muller). Sillathwaite, NY06/12 (8m). Black Combe, SD13/84
(8m). iv.v. Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtilis.

O. ovatus (L.). Braystones, NX99/06 (8d). St. Bees, NX94/13 (8c). Harrington,
NX98/24 (8d). Sellafield Station, NY02/02 (8d). Seascale, NY05/01 (8d).
Allonby, NY07/41 (8d). Drigg, SD04/98 (8d). Ravenglass Reserve, SD07/95 (8d).
Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). Haverigg, SD13/79 (8d). Sandscale Haws,
SD19/75 (8d). Hodbarrow Point, SD18/78 (8d). Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d).
Kirksanton, SD13/80 (3). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). ii,iv-x. Bellis perennis,
Hypochoeris radicata, Matricaria maritima, Ononis repens, Plantago coronopus,
P. lanceolata, P. maritima, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus praecox, Rumex
acetosella, Senecio jacobaea.

O. porcatus (Herbst). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). iv,v,viii-x. Bellis perennis,
Convallaria majalis, Polyanthus sp. Primula sp. (AFP), Ranunculus repens,
Scrophularia nodosa.

O. rugifrons (Gyll.). St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). Harrington, NX98/24 (8d).
Braystones, NY00/05 (8d). Ravenglass, SD08/94 (7). Hodbarrow Point, SD18/
78 (8d). Askam in Furness, SD20/77 (7). iv-vi,ix,x. Lotus corniculatus, Plantago
coronopus, P. lanceolata, P. maritima.

O. rugostriatus (Goeze). Ravenglass, SD08/94 (7). Lotus corniculatus. iv,v.

O. singularis (L.) Nethertown, NX98/08 (7), St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c),
Sandwith, NX96/13 (6r). Harris Moor, NX99/18 (2). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7).
Carleton Moor Woods, Haile, NY02/09 (1d). Calder Bridge, NY04/06 (6f).
Addyhouse Wood, Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Gosforth, NY06/03 (61).
Holmrook, NY08/00 (6f). Egremont, NY02/10 (6r). Sillathwaite, NY06/12
(1c). Gilgarran, Distington, NY02/23 (6r). Maryport, NY04/37 (7). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Birks Wood, Strands, NY11/03 (1d). Silvercove Beck,
Ennerdale, NY13/13 (5b). Holme Wood, Loweswater, NY11/21 (1d). River
Derwent, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (5a). Aspatria, NY15/42 (1c). Keskadale,
NY20/19 (1d). Hyton Marsh, Bootle, SD07/88 (8c). Bootle, SD08/89 (6r).
Newtown Knott, Ravenglass, SD09/95 (1c). Barfield Tarn, Whitbeck, SD10/86
(6f). Greenroad Station, SD19/84 (6f). Corney, SD11/91 (6r). Rainsbarrow
Wood, Ulpha, SD19/93 (1d). iv-xii. Armeria maritima, Betula verrucosa, Calluna
vulgaris, Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Fagus sylvatica, Hedera helix,
Lotus corniculatus, Silene dioica, Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata, Prunus
spinosa, Quercus sp. Rumex acetosella, P. obtusifolius, Salix atrocinerea, Sorbus
aucuparia, Urtica dioica, Ulex europaeus.

O. sulcatus (F.) Braystones, NX99/00 (8d). Whitehaven, NX95/15 (8c).
Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Parton, NX98/21 (7). Beckermet, NY03/01 (8d).
Gosforth, NY08/04 (5d). Distington, NY00/22 (10). Dunnerholme, SD21/79
(7). iv-xii, Azalea sp., (AFP), Corylus avellana, Geranium molle, Polyanthus sp.,
Primula sp., Ranunculus repens, Rumex obtusifolius.

Caenopsis Bach, 1854

Caenopsis fissirostris (Walton). Parkbreast Coppice, NY11/00 (1d). Kid Beck,
Strands, NY11/04 (1d). Birks Wood, NY12/04 (1d). Ennerdale, NY12/13 (1d).
iv,viii ix-xi. (Specimens extracted mainly from oak leaf litter and moss.)

C. waltoni (Boheman). Braystones NX99/06 (8c). St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c).
Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6r). iv,vi-x. Hypochoeris
radicata, Plantago lanceolata, P. maritima, Rumex acetosella, Thymus drucéi.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 71

Trachyphloeus Germar, 1817

Trachyphloeus aristatus (Gyll.). Braystones, NX99/06 (8c). Fleswick Bay,
NX94/13 (8c). iv,viii,x. Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata, Rumex acetosella.

T. bifoveolatus (Beck). Coulderton, NX97/09 (8c). Braystones, NX99/06
(8c). St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). Whitehaven, NX96/
16 (8c). Harrington, NX98/24 (8d). River Ehen, NY00/05 (8d). Seascale, NY04/
03 (8d). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). iv,vi,viii-x. Hypochoeris radicata, Geranium
molle, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata, P. maritima, Rumex
acetosella.

T. laticollis Boheman. Coulderton, NX97/09 (8c). Nethertown, NX98/07
(8c). Braystones, NX99/06 (8c). St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). iv,vi,viii-x. Hypochoeris
radicata, Plantago coronopus, P. lanceolata, Rumex obtusifolius.

Phyllobius Germar, 1824

Phyllobius argentatus (L.). Bigrigg, NX98/13 (1c). Nursery Wood, Beckermet,
NY02/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (2). Holmrook, NY08/00 (Sa).
Blengdale, NY08/05 (6r). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r). Cogra Moss, NY09/19 (2).
Parkgate Tarn, NY11/01 (1d). Ennerdale Water, NY12/14 (1d). Loweswater,
NY11/22 (1d). Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). Muncaster, $D11/98 (1d).
v-viii. Betula sp. (AFP), Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, (AFP), Prunus padus,
Salix sp. (AFP), Quercus sp.

P. calcaratus (F.). Whitehaven, NX96/13 (6r), Carletonmoor Woods, NY02/
19 (1d). Seascale, NY05/03 (6r). Calderbridge, NY05/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor,
NY06/00 (1d). Egremont, NY02/10 (1d). Distington, NY02/23 (6r). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/01 (1d). Strands, NY11/03 (1d). Loweswater, NY11/12 (1d). Drigg,
SD07/98 (5a). Ravenglass, SD09/97 (1d). Millom, SD19/83 (6r). Arnaby Moss,
SD19/84 (2). Muncaster, SD12/98 (1d). v,vi,vii. Acer sp, (AFP), Alnus, (AFP),
Corylus avellana, (AFP), Fagus sylvatica Quercus sp., Salix atrocinerea, Sorbus
aucuparia (AFP).

P. maculicornis Germar. Beckermet, NY01/06 (7). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00
(2). Seascale, NY05/03 (6f). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6f). Egremont, NY01/10
(6r). Strands, NY11/03 (1d). v,vi,vii. Alnus sp. (AFP), Betula sp., (AFP),
Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus padus, Rubus sp.

P. oblongus (L.). Whitehaven, NX96/13 (6r). Hensingham, NX99/17 (5b).
Calder Hall, NY03/03 (6f). Gosforth, NY08/04 (6r). Frizington, NY02/17 (6r).
Egremont, NY02/10 (6r). Kirkland, NY0O7/17 (6r). Strands, NY11/03 (1d).
Loweswater, NY11/22 (6r). Silecroft, SD13/82 (6f). Muncaster, SD11/98 (6f).
Hodbarrow Point, SD18/78 (7). v,vi,viii. Acer sp., (AFP), Corylus avellana,
Crataegus monogyna (AFP), Fagus sylvatica, Prunus spinosa (AFP), Salix sp.,
(AFP).

P. pomaceus Gyll. Sandwith, NX96/13 (61). Church Moss, NY01/05 (7).
River Bleng, NY09/03 (6a). Frizington, NY01/16 (6r). Loweswater, NY11/22
(1d). Drigg, SD07/98 (6f). v,vi. Urtica dioica (AFP), Prunus spinosa.

P. pyri (L.). St. Bees, NX96/13 (6r). Bigrigg, NY98/12 (1c). Hensingham,
NX98/16 (10). Church Moss, NY01/05 (9). Ponsonby, NY03/04 (6f). Haile,
NY03/09 (1d). Seascale, NY05/03 (6f). Calderbridge, NY05/06 (Sa). Hallsenna
Moor, NY06/00 (6f). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6r). Frizington, NY00/16 (6r).
Egremont, NY02/10 (6r). Kirkland, NY0O7/17 (7). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/01
(1d). Strands, NY11/03 (1d). Loweswater, NY11/21 (1d). River Irt, SD07/98
(Sa). Ravenglass, SD09/97 (1d). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). Silecroft,
S$D13/82 (6r). Arnaby Moss, SD19/84 (2). Muncaster, SD11/97 (1d). Dunner-
holme, SD21/79 (7). iv-vii. Betula sp. (AFP), Acer pseudoplantanus, Ulmus
sp, Quercus sp, (AFP), Sorbus aucuparia, (AFP), Crataegus monogyna (AFP),
Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Salix sp. (AFP), Rosa sp. (AFP), Ulex
europaeus, Fagus sylvatica.

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

P. roboretanus Gredler. Saltom Bay, NX96/15 (7). Sandwith, NX96/13
(6r). Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Bigrigg, NY98/13 (6r). Hensingham, NX98/
17 (Sb). Moresby, NX99/18 (5b). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Calder Hall, NY03/
03 (6r). Haile, NY02/09 (6f). Seascale, NY05/03 (6r). Egremont, NY01/10
(6r). Bogholes Wood, NY00/18 (6r). Cogra Moss, NY09/19 (2). Nr. Moresby,
NY00/21 (6r). Gilgarran, NY02/23 (6r). Ravenglass, SD08/96 (7). Whinnyhill
Coppice, SD09/99 (6r). Silecroft, $D13/81 (6f). Murthwaite Green, §D13/82
(6r). Greenroad, $D19/84 (6r). Millom Marsh, SD18/80 (6f). v-viii. Trifolium
repens, Prunus spinosa (AFP), Acer sp. (AFP), Crataegus sp. (AFP), Salix sp.
(AFP), Vicia sp. (AFP), Rubus (AFP), Urtica dioica, Corylus (AFP), Rosa
sp. (AFP), Lathyrus sp.

P. viridiaeris (Laicharting). Nr. Starling Castle, NY01/05 (7). Aspatria, NY15/
42 (lc). Saltcoats, SD0O7/96 (8s). River Irt, SD0O7/98 (6a). Gutterby Banks,
SD10/83 (8c). Silecroft, SD13/82 (6f). Millom, SD17/81 (6f). v-viii. Achillea
millefolium, (AFP), Crataegus (AFP), Armeria maritima, Rubus sp. Rumex
acetosella.

P. viridicollis (F.). Sandwith, NX96/14 (6r). River Ehen, NY00/04 (7). Nr.
Keekle, NY00/16 (7). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r). Nr. Lamplugh, NY09/21 (6r).
Nr. Clints Quarry, NY00/12 (7). Vicia sepium (AFP), Fagus sylvatica. v,Vvi.

Polydrusus Germar, 1817

Polydrusus cervinus (L.). Carletonmoor Woods, NY02/09 (1d). Hallsenna
Moor, NY06/00 (2). Blengdale, Gosforth, NY08/05 (1c). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00
(1d). Foxbield Wood, NY10/03 (1d). Ennerdale, NY12/13 (1c). Ravenglass,
SD08/96 (1d). Muncaster, SD11/97 (1d). iv-vi. Betula sp, (AFP), Crataegus
monogyna, (AFP), Salix sp, (AFP), Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex europaeus.

P. chrysomela (Olivier). Drigg, SD06/97 (8s). Saltcoats, SD07/96 (8s). River
Esk, SD10/95 (8s). vi-viii. Aster tripolium, Halimione portulacoides, Plantago
maritima (AFP).

P. mollis (Strom). Low Wood, Ulpha, $D20/94 (1d). vi. Betula sp. Corylus
avellana (AFP).

P. pterygomalis Boheman. Bigrigg, NY98/13 (6r). Hensingham, NX98/17
(7). Moresby, NX99/18 (6r). Beckermet, NYO1/05 (7). Calderbridge, NY04/06
(6r). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (2). Gosforth, NY09/04 (1d), Keekle, NY00/16
(10). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r). Distington, NY02/23 (6r). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/
00 (1d). Strands, NY10/03 (1d). Lamplugh, NY10/22 (6r). Cockermouth, NY12/
31 (5a). Drigg, SDO7/98 (Sa). Muncaster, SD09/97 (1d). Silecroft, $D13/82
(6f). Kirksanton Moss, SD13/80 (6f). Arnaby Moss, SD19/84 (2). Barrel Bank,
SD10/95 (1d). Low Wood, Ulpha, SD20/94 (1d). v-viii. Betula sp. (AFP),
Crataegus monogyna, Corylus (AFP), Fagus (AFP), Quercus, sp. (AFP), Salix
sp. (AFP).

P. undatus (F.). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Foxbield Wood, NY10/03
(1d). Keskadale Wood, NY20/19 (1d). Arnaby, SD18/85 (1d). Muncaster Fell,
SD11/98 (1d). v,vi. Betula sp. (AFP), Corylus (AFP), Quercus sp. (AFP).

Barypeithes Jacquelin du Val, 1855

Barypeithes araneiformis (Schrank). Hensingham, NX98/17 (7). Clints Quarry,
Egremont, NY00/12 (7). Dean Moor, NY06/23 (1d). Ravenglass, SD09/97 (1c).
iv-vii. Crataegus monogyna, Hedera helix (AFP).

B. pellucidus (Boheman), Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Moss Wood, NX99/
18 (1c). Parton, NX98/20 (6r). Nursery Wood, NY02/06 (1d). Seascale, NY05/
03 (6f). Holmrook, NY08/00 (Sa). Frizington, NY00/16 (6r). Distington, NY00/
22(10). Greengate Wood, NY11/02 (1d). Cockermouth, NY12/31 (1d). Annaside,
SD08/87 (6f). Drigg, SDO7/98 (7). Silecroft, $D13/81 (10). v-vii, Crataegus
monogyna, Hedera helix (AFP).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 73

B. sulcifrons (Boheman). Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d). Kirksanton Haws, SD13/
79 (6f). iv,vi. Polygonum sp.

Sciaphilus Schoenherr, 1823

Sciaphilus asperatus (Bonsdorff). Hensingham, NX99/17 (6r). Seascale,
NY03/02 (1c). Gosforth, NY06/00 (6f). Clints Quarry, Egremont, NY00/12
(7). Egremont, NY02/10 (6r). Keekle, NY00/16 (61). Distington, NY02/23 (6r).
Strands, NY10/04 (1d). Drigg, SD0O7/98 (6r). Ravenglass, SD09/94 (6f). iv-ix,
xi. Corylus avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Heracleum sphondylium, Prunus
spinosa, Quercus sp, Rubus sp. (AFP). Salix sp. Trifolium campestre, Ulex euro-
paeus, Urtica dioica, Vicia sepium,

Brachysomus Schoenherr, 1823

Brachysomus echinatus (Bonsdorff). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). iv. Prunus
spinosa.

Strophosomus Schoenherr, 1823

Strophosomus capitatus (Deg.). River Irt, Holmrook, NY08/00 (Sa). Horse-
close Wood, NY11/00 (1d). Strands, NY11/04 (1d). v,vi,x. Betula sp, Corylus
avellana , (AFP), Crataegus monogyna.

S. melanogrammus (Forster). Braystones NX99/06 (8c). St. Bees, NX95/11
(8c). Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c). Sandwith, NX95/15 (6r). Seascale, NY03/01 (6f).
River Calder, NY03/04 (5a). Nursery Wood, Beckermet, NY0O2/06 (1d).
Calderbridge, NY05/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Gosforth, NY06/
04 (1d). Cogra Moss, NY09/18 (1c). Maryport, NY14/01 (1d). Ennerdale Water,
NY10/15 (1c). Loweswater, NY15/22 (6r). Cockermouth, NY12/32 (1c).
Keskadale, NY20/19 (1d). Drigg, SD04/99 (8d). Ravenglass SD09/95 (1d).
Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d). Arnaby Moss, SD19/
84 (1d). Corney, SD11/91 (1d). Muncaster, §D12/97 (5a). Rainsbarrow Wood,
SD19/93 (1d). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). ii,iv-xii. Calluna vulgaris, Corylus
avellana, Crataegus monogyna, Betula sp., Fagus sylvatica, Plantago lanceolata,
P. maritima, Potentiilla erecta, Prunus spinosa, Quercus sp., Rumex acetosella,
R. crispus, Salix sp., Cystisus scoparius, Sorbus aucuparia, Ulex europaeus.

S. nebulosus Stephens. Hyton Marsh, Bootle, SD07/88 (8d). Ravenglass,
SD09/95 (2). Walkhole Bank, Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d). Holegill Beck, Whitbeck,
SD11/86 (3). Hodbarrow Point, SD18/78 (8d). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7).
europaeus, Thymus drucei.

S. sus Stephens. Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (2). Cogra Moss, NY09/18 (1c).
Comb Gill, NY10/18 (m). v,vi,viii. Calluna vulgaris, (AFP).

Cneorhinus Schoenherr, 1823

Cneorhinus plumbeus (Marsham). St. Bees, NX97/10 (7). Taken by general
grubbing.

Philopedon Stephens, 1831

Philopedon plagiatus (Schaller). Braystones, NX99/06 (8d). Church Moss,
NY01/05 (8d). Sellafield, NY02/02 (8d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (8d). Irton,
NY09/00 (8d). Maryport, NY02/35 (8c). Ravenglass Reserve, SD05/97 (8d).
Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). Kirksanton Haws, SD13/79 (8d). Townend
Bank, SD10/83 (8d). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (8d). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75
(8d). iv-viii. Ammophila arenaria (AFP), Anthyllis vulneraria, Cirsium arvense,
Erodium cicutarium, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex maritimus,
Thymus drucei.

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Liophloeus Germar, 1817
Liophloeus tessulatus (Muller). Sandwith, NX96/13 (6r). Hensingham, NX98/
16 (6r). Calder Hall, NY03/04 (6f). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (6f). Weddicar,
NY00/16 (61). Gilgarran, NY02/23 (6r). Ravenglass, SD08/96 (6r). Drigg, SD08/
97 (6r). Duddon Hall, SD19/89 (61). Duddon Mount, Millom, SD18/82 (6f).
v,vi. Heracleum sphondylium, (AFP).

Barynotus Germar, 1817

Barynotus moerens (F.). Mirehouse, NX97/16 (10). Hensingham, NX98/16
(10). Cat Gill, Harrington, NX98/23 (6c). Weddicar, NY01/16 (6r). Dubbs Moss,
NY10/29 (2). Drigg, SDO7/98 (6f). Ravenglass, SD08/94 (lc). iii,vi,viii,ix.
Mercurialis perennis, (AFP), Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus repens.

B. obscurus (F.). Braystones, NX99/06 (3). Rottington, NX96/13 (61).
Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Weddicar, NY00/16 (6r). Moresby, NY00/18 (6r).
Distington, NY00/23 (61). Maryport, NY04/38 (8c). Clints Quarry, NY00/12
(7). Muncaster, SD12/97 (5a). iv-vii,ix. Heracleum sphondylium, Plantago
lanceolata, Rumex obtusifolius, Ranunculus repens, Silene dioica, Trifolium
sp., (AFP).

B. squamosus Germar. St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c).
Braystones, NY00/05 (8d). Nr. Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (6f). Cockermouth,
NY12/31 (Sa). Ravenglass, SD08/94 (8s). Millom, SD18/85 (3). iv.v,vii,ix,x.
Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus repens, Rubus sp., Rumex acetosella.

Tropiphorus Schoenherr, 1842

Tropiphorus terricola (Newman). Gosforth, NY07/03 (10). River Irt, NY10/
04 (5a). Dubbs Moss, NY10/29 (2). Drigg, SD07/98 (6f). Saltcoats, SD07/97 (6r).
Townend Bank, SD10/83 (8d). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (3). iv-vii. Achillea mille-
folium, Corylus avellana, Plantago lanceolata, Matricaria maritima, Rosa sp.,
Urtica dioica.

Sitona Germar, 1817

Sitona ambiguus Gyll. St. Bees Head, NX94/15 (8c). Nr. Sandwith, NX96/
14 (6r). Hensingham, NX99/15 (6r). Nr. Bigrigg, NX98/12 (6r). Nr. Parton,
NX98/20 (6r). Harrington, NX98/23 (8c). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Seascale,
NY03/01 (7). Haile, NY02/09 (6f). Egremont, NY0O1/10 (6r). Clints Quarry,
NY00/12 (7). Dub Bridge, Weddicar, NY00/16 (6r). Moss Dalts, NY02/11 (6r).
Nr. Kirkland, NY07/17 (6f). Gilgarran, Distington, NY02/23 (6r). Whitelees
Wood, Aspatria, NY17/41 (1d). Ravenglass, SD07/97 (6r). Drigg, SD07/98 (6r).
Moss Lane, SD13/80 (6f). Nr. Greenroad Station, SD18/83 (6r). iv-x. Vicia
sepium, (AFP), Lathyrus pratensis, (AFP).

S. cambricus Stephens. Seascale, NY04/00 (8d). Gosforth, NY08/04 (9).
Drigg, SD07/97 (8d). Silecroft, SD13/81 (6f). Kirksanton Moss, $D13/80 (9).
Muncaster, SD11/97 (61). iv-viii. Lotus corniculatus, (AFP), Stachys palustris.

S. griseus (F.). Seascale, NY02/02 (8d). Braystones, NY00/04 (8d). Drigg,
SD04/99 (8d). Ravenglass Reserve, SD06/96 (8d). Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/95
(8d). Haverigg, SD13/78 (8d). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). iv-viii. Lotus
corniculatus, (AFP), Ononis repens, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus drucei.

S. hispidulus (F.). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). St. Bees, NX96/11 (8c).
Hensingham, NX98/17 (10). Harrington, NX98/24 (8c). Braystones, NY00/06
(8c). Hallsenna, NY06/01 (2). Haile, NY03/10 (1d). Kirkland, NY08/19 (3).
Strands, NY11/03 (1d). Drigg, SD04/98 (8d). Coteley Bank, SD11/81 (8c).
Muncaster, SD12/97 (Sa). iv-x. Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, T. repens,
(AFP).

S. humeralis Stephens. Clints Quarry, Egremont, NY00/12 (7). iv,v,ix.
Trifolium campestre, (AFP). ,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 75

S. lepidus Gyll. Fleswick, NY94/13 (8c). Whitehaven, NX97/18 (10).
Hensingham, NX98/17 (7). Harrington, NX98/24 (8c). Beckermet, NY01/05
(7). Braystones, NY00/06 (3). Ponsonby, NY03/03 (6r). Seascale, NY04/00
(8d). Gosforth, NY08/02 (6f). Clints Quarry, NY00/12 (7). Weddicar, NY00/
16 (6r). Haile, NY03/10 (6f). Distington, NY00/22 (10). Maryport, NY03/37
(7). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Strands, NY11/03 (3). Ravenglass, SD07/97
(6f). Drigg, SD07/98 (6f). Silecroft, SD13/79 (8d). Whitbeck, SD11/86 (6r).
Muncaster, SD10/98 (3). Dunnerholme, $D21/79 (7). iii-x. Trifolium pratense,
(AFP), T. repens, (AFP), Lotus corniculatus.

S. lineatus (L.). Hensingham, NX99/17 (6r). Whitehaven, NX98/19 (10).
Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Seascale, NY06/03 (6r). Distington, NY00/22 (10).
Saltcoats, SD07/97 (6f). Drigg, SDO7/98 (6r). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (3).
Silecroft, SD13/82 (6r). Millom, SD19/83 (6r). iv-ix. Laburnum sp., (AFP),
Vicia sepium (AFP).

S. lineellus (Bonsdorff). Nethertown, NX97/09 (7). Barrowmouth, NX95/16
(8c). Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Seascale, NY04/00 (8d). Nr. Braystones, NY00/
05 (8c). Clints Quarry, NY00/12 (7). Nr. Maryport, NY02/35 (8d). Annaside
Bank, SD09/84 (8c). Selker Bay, SDO7/88 (8c). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (8d).
Haverigg, SD13/78 (8d). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). Hodbarrow Point,
SD18/78 (7). Silecroft, SD12/80 (8d). iii-ix, Lotus corniculatus, (AFP).

S. regensteinensis (Herbst). Braystones, NX99/06 (6r). Fleswick Bay, NX94/
13 (8c). St. Bees, NX97/10 (8c). Harrington, NX98/24 (8c). Beckermet, NY01/
05 (7). Seascale, NY02/02 (7). Haile, NY02/08 (5b). Calderbridge, NY05/07 (6f).
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/01 (2). Gosforth, NY08/02 (5a). Egremont, NY02/10 (6r).
Kirkland, NY08/18 (7). Maryport, NY03/37 (7). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1c).
Horseclose Wood, NY12/31 (5a). Hyton Marsh, Bootle, SD07/88 (8c). Annaside
Bank, SD09/85 (6f). Drigg, SD04/99 (10). Eskmeals, SD08/91 (6f). Ravenglass,
SD09/97 (2). Haverigg, SD13/79 (8d). Walkhole Bank, SD11/82 (8d). Black
Combe, §D13/83 (8m). Cropple How, SD12/97 (Sa). Dunnerholme, SD21/79.
iii-ix ,xli. Cytisus scoparius, (AFP), Ulex europaeus, (AFP).

S. striatellus Gyll. Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c).
Hensingham, NX98/16 (7). Cat Gill, Harrington, NX98/23 (8c). Sellafield, NY01/
03 (Sa). Beckermet, NY01/06 (3). Haile, NY03/07 (3). Frizington, NY02/17
(6r). Egremont, NY02/10 (6r). Croasdale Beck, NY08/16 (Sb). Harris Side,
Kirkland, NY08/18 (7). Dean Moor, NY06/23 (1d). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00
(1d). Boot, Eskdale, NY17/01 (Sb). Comb Gill, NY10/18 (8m). Horseclose
Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (1d). Hyton Marsh, SD07/88 (8c). Ravenglass,
SD08/95 (8d). Haverigg, SD13/79 (8d). Walkhole Bank, Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d).
Barfield Tarn, SD10/87 (9). Chapel Hill, Muncaster, SD10/97 (6f). Cropple How,

Ulex europaeus, (AFP).

S. sulcifrons (Thunberg). Silver Tarn, Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Whitehaven,
NX96/18 (8c). Hensingham, NX98/17 (7). Seascale, NY03/00 (8d). Clints Quarry
Egremont, NY00/12 (7). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (5a). Townend Bank, Whitbeck,
SD10/83 (8d). iv-viii,x. Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium pratense, (AFP).

S. suturalis Stephens. Whithaven, NX96/13 (6r). St. Bees, NX98/12 (6r).
Hensingham, NX99/17 (6r). Harris Moor, NX99/18 (9). Harrington, NX98/
24 (7). Beckermet, NYO1/05 (7). Seascale, NY03/03 (6r). Nr. Frizington,
NY01/16 (6r). Egremont, NYO1/10 (6r). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r). Distington,
NY02/23 (6r). Maryport, NY03/37 (5b). Gaterigghow Bridge, NY10/04 (5a).
Cockermouth, NY12/31 (6f). Bootle, SD08/89 (6f). Drigg, SD0O7/97 (6r).
Ravenglass, SD08/95 (8d). Whitbeck, SD11/86 (6r). Silecroft, SD13/80 (6r).
Millom, SD18/83 (6r). Dunnerholme, SD20/76 (7). iv-x. Vicia cracca, V. sepium,
(AFP), Lathyrus pratensis.

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Cleonus Schoenherr, 1826

Cleonus piger (Scop.). Drigg, SD04/98 (8d). Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94
(8d). Ravenglass Reserve, SD06/96 (8d). v,viii. Cirsium arvense, (ARP).

Hypera Germar, 1817

Hypera arator (L.). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (6f). Clints Quarry,
NY00/12 (7). Lamplugh, NY09/22 (6r). Drigg, SD04/99 (8d). Ravenglass, SD09/
95 (8d). Kirksanton Moss, $D13/80 (9). Whitbeck, SD11/83 (6f). v-viii. Spergula
arvensis, (AFP).

H. dauci (Olivier). Esmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). iv,viii. Erodium cicutarium,
(AFP).

H. nigrirostris (F.). Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Rottington, NX96/13 (61).
Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Beckermet, NY01/06 (7). Seascale, NY04/00 (8d).
Eskmeals Reserve, SD07/95 (8d). Whitbeck, SD11/83 (3). Arrow Moss, SD13/
81 (9). v-viii. Trifolium pratense, (AFP). Ononis repens.

H. plantaginis (Deg.). Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Nethertown, NX98/08 (8c).
St. Bees, NX97/10 (7). Whitehaven, NX96/16 (8c). Harrington, NX98/24 (8d).
Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Gosforth, NY09/04 (1c). Clints Quarry,
NY00/12 (7). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). Kirksanton Moss, $D13/80 (9),
Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). iv-viii. Lotus corniculatus (AFP), Plantago
lanceolata, (AFP).

H. postica (Gyllenhal). Clints Quarry, Egremont, NY00/12 (7). iv,ix. Trifolium
campestre, (AFP).

H. punctata (F.). Nr. Beckermet, NY01/06 (7). High Godderthwaite, NY03/
06 (6f). Great Coppice, NY11/02 (3). v,vii. Trifolium repens, (AFP).

H. rumicis (L.). Nr. Hensingham, NX98/17 (7). Whitehaven, NX98/18 (6r).
Nr. Parton, NX98/21 (7). Church Moss, NY01/05 (7). Ponsonby, NY03/04 (Sa).
Gosforth, NY06/04 (6r). River Calder, NY06/08 (5a). River Bleng, NY09/03
(5a). Haile, NY03/10 (6r). Ennerdale, NY06/15 (6r). Kirkland, NY07/17 (7).
Lillyhall, Distington, NY01/24 (7). Cockermouth, NY13/33 (5a). Annaside Bank,
SD09/85 (8c). Rabbit Cat How, SD07/96 (3). Hall Carleton, SD07/97 (6r).
Beacon Plantation, SD09/94 (3). Whitbeck, SD11/86 (6r). Silecroft, SD13/82
(6r). Nr. Waughfoot Bridge, SD17/87 (Sa). Croft Coppice, $D10/96 (3). Birks
Plantation, Muncaster, SD12/98 (61). v-viii. Rumex crispus, (AFP), R. maritimus,
R. obtusifolius.

H. suspiciosa (Herbst). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Drigg, SD06/98 (7). vi,viii.
Vicia sepium, (AFP).

H. venusta (F.). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). iv. Ulex europaeus.

Cionus Clairville, 1798

Cionus scrophulariae (L.). Sandwith, NX96/13 (6r). Whitehaven, NX96/18
(7). Hensingham, NX98/16 (7). Nr. Parton, NX98/20 (61). Calderbridge, NY04/
06 (6r). Gosforth, NY06/03 (6r). Millyeat, Nr. Frizington, NY02/17 (10). Wath
Brow, Cleator Moor, NY05/15 (6r). Lamplugh, NY09/21 (6r). Strands, NY11/
03 (5a). Gillerthwaite, NY13/14 (6r). Loweswater, NY11/22 (6r). Giles Wood,
Cockermouth, NY12/32 (5a). Wythop Woods, Bassenthwaite, NY21/28 (1c).
Drigg, SD05/98 (6r). Muncaster, §SD10/96 (1d). Haverigg, SD17/78 (7). v-xi.
Scrophularia nodosa. (AFP).

Cleopus Dejean, 1821
Cleopus pulchellus (Herbst). Hensingham, NX98/17 (7). Gosforth, NY09/04
(6r). Bassenthwaite Lake, NY02/30 (7). Ravenglass Reserve, Drigg, SD07/95
(8d). Eskmeals Reserve, SD07/94 (8d). Muncaster, SD11/97 (61). iv-viii.
Scrophularia nodosa, (AFP).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 77

Alophus Schoenherr, 1826
Alophus triguttatus (F.). St. Bees, NX96/11 (8c). Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c).
Barrowmouth, Whitehaven, NX96/16 (8c). Braystones, NX99/06 (3). River Ehen,
NY00/05 (8d). Seascale, NY03/00 (7). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6r). Bootle, SD08/
87 (8d). Saltcoats, SD07/96 (3). Silecroft, SD11/81 (8d). Hodbarrow Point,
SD18/78 (8d). Muncaster, SD12/97 (Sa). iv-vii,ix. Plantago lanceolata, (AFP).

Hylobius Germar, 1817.

Hylobius abietis (L.). Hensingham, NX98/17 (61). Linkrigg Gill, Lowther

Park, NY06/12 (1c). vi,vii. Pinus sp. (AFP).
Leiosoma Stephens, 1829

Leiosoma deflexum (Panzer). St. Bees, NX95/12 (8c). Whitehaven, NX96/
18 (8c). Hensingham, NX99/15 (6r). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Haile, NY03/
09 (1d). Calderbridge, NY05/06 (1d). Seascale, NY02/02 (3). Gosforth, NY06/
04 (6r). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6f). Clints Quarry, Egremont, NY0O0/12 (7).
Lamplugh, NY09/21 (6r). Maryport, NY03/37 (7). Strands, NY10/03 (5b).
Horseclose Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (1d). Bootle, SD08/86 (Sa). Drigg,
SD07/98 (6f). Eskmeals, SD09/91 (6f). Silecroft, SD13/81 (6f). Arnaby, SD18/
85 (3). Muncaster, SD11/97 (6r). iii-vii,ix,x. Anemone nemorosa, (AFP),
Ranunculus repens, (AFP).

L. oblongulum Boheman. Cat Gill, Harrington, NX98/23 (8c). v. Taken by
general grubbing.

Pissodes Germar, 1817
Pissodes pini (L.). Strands, NY11/03 (1d). v. Pinus sp. (AFP).
Magdalis Germar, 1817
Magdalis carbonaria (L.). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). v. Betula sp, (AFP).

Anoplus Germar, 1820

Anoplus plantaris (Naezen). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Haile, NY02/09 (1d).
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Gosforth, NY09/04 (1d). Croasdale Beck, NY09/
17 (6r). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Strands, NY11/03 (1d). Holmrook, NY11/
02 (1c). Ennerdale Water, NY12/13 (1d). Muncaster, SD09/97 (1d). Arnaby
Moss, SD19/84 (1d). Mill Wood, SD10/97 (1d). iv-viii. Betula sp. (AFP), Salix
sp. (AFP).

A. roboris Suffrian. River Irt, Holmrook, NY10/03 (Sa). vii. Alnus sp. (AFP).

Mesites Schoenherr, 1838
Mesites tardii (Curtis). Ravenglass, SD09/94 (1d). Muncaster, SD10/96 (1d).
iv-xii. Acer sp. (AFP), Betula sp. (AFP), Fagus sp. (AFP), Fraxinus sp. (AFP),
Ilex, sp. (AFP), Quercus sp. (AFP). This is a new county record for the species
(Read, in press).
Trachodes Germar, 1824
Trachodes hispidus (L.). River Irt, Holmrook, NY08/00 (5a). Kid Beck How,
Strands, NY11/04 (1d). Haggs Park, Muncaster, SD10/95 (1d). Rainsbarrow
Wood, Ulpha, SD19/93 (1d). vi,ix,x. Specimens have been extracted mainly
from oak leaf litter and moss.
Cryptorhynchus Illiger, 1807
Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.). Hallsenna Moor, Gosforth, NY06/00 (9).
Bootle, SD08/89 (9). Silecroft, SD13/81 (9). vi,vii. Salix sp. (AFP).
Acalles Schoenherr, 1825

Acalles ptinoides (Marsham). Calderbridge, NY05/06 (1d). Croasdale Beck,
NY09/17 (5b). Parkbreast Coppice, NY11/00 (1d). The Side, Ennerdale Water,

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

NY10/14 (1d). Smithy Beck, NY12/14 (1d). Scales Wood, Buttermere, NY16/
16 (1d). Chapel Wood, NY19/29 (1d). Dodd Wood, Nr. Thackthwaite, NY14/24
(1d). Birkrigg, NY21/20 (1d). Stonethwaite, NY26/13 (1d). Nicle Wood,
Silecroft, SD14/81 (1d). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (1d). Ellerbeck, Birkby, SD11/96
(1d). Rainsbarrow Wood, Ulpha, $D19/93 (1d). i-xi. Quercus*sp, (AFP), (in leaf
litter), Calluna vulgaris, (AFP).

A. turbatus Boheman. Gosforth, NY06/03 (6f). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6f).
Parkbreast Coppice, NY11/00 (1d). Newbiggin, SD09/93 (6f). Barfield Tarn,
Whitbeck, SD10/86 (6f). Silecroft, SD13/80 (6f). vii, viii.

Dorytomus Germar, 1817

Dorytomus melanophthalmus (Paykull). Church Moss, NY01/05 (9). Hallsenna
Moor, NY06/00 (9). Holmrook, NY08/00 (5a). Nr. Hall Carleton, SD07&97 (6f).
River Irt, SD07/98 (5a). Ravenglass, SD08/96 (1d). Sandscale, SD19/75 (9).
Nr. River Mite, Muncaster, SD10/98 (9). Cropple How, SD12/97 (5a). i,iv-vii.
Salix sp. (AFP).

D. rufatus (Bedel). Silver Tarn, Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Hope Hall, White-
haven, NX99/18 (9). Nr. Starling Castle, NY01/05 (7). Church Moss, NY01/05
(9). Nursery Wood, Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Haile, NY02/09 (1d). Hallsenna
Moor, NY06/00 (9). Gosforth, NY09/04 (6r). Leaps Beck, Harris side, NY08/18
(7). Distington Moss, NY00/20 (9). Irton, NY10/00 (3). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00
(1d). Nr. Bootle, SD08/89 (6r). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (7). Barfield Tarn,
Whitbeck, SD10/87 (9). Nr. Greenroad, SD19/83 (6r). Shaw Moss, SD18/85 (9).
v-ix. Salix sp, (AFP).

D. salicinus (Gyll.). Stub Place, SD08/90 (6f). iv,v. Salix atrocinerea, (AFP).

D. taeniatus (F.). Silver Tarn, NX99/06 (9). Nr. Harrington, NX98/23 (9).
Church Moss, NY01/05 (9). Nursery Wood, NY02/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor,
NY06/00 (9). Holmrook, NY08/00 (9). Gosforth, NY08/04 (9). Nr. Keekle
Bridge, NY00/16 (Sa). Nr. Moresby, NY00/18 (1c). Egremont, NY02/11 (2).
Nr. Cleator Moor, NY05/14 (6f). Longmoor, Ennerdale, NY06/15 (6f). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Nr. Bootle, SD08/89 (6f). River Irt, SD07/98 (Sa). Nr.
Skelda Hill, Eskmeals, SD08/91 (9). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (1d). Barrow Marsh,
SD08/97 (6f). Red Hills Quarry, Millom, SD17/78 (7). Barfield Tarn, Whitbeck,
SD10/86 (9). Nr. Greenroad Station, SD18/83 (6r). Nr. Low Eskholme,
Muncaster, SD11/97 (1d). Nr. Foxfield, SD21/84 (7). iii-ix,xi, Salix sp. (AFP).

Notaris Germar, 1817

Notaris acridulus (L.). Hensingham, NX98/17 (5b). Beckermet, NY01/04
(9). Seascale, NY03/03 (6r). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (9). Holmrook, NY08/00
(6r). Frizington, NY02/17 (8d). Rivert Irt, NY10/03 (1d). Loweswater, NY11/22
(9). Ravenglass, SD07/97 (6r). Drigg, SDO7/98 (5a). Silecroft, SD13/81 (6r).
Shaw Moss, Millom, SD18/85 (9). Broad oak Beck, SD10/95 (5b). Muncaster,
SD11/97 (61). iv-viii. General sweeping.

N. bimaculatus (F.). Drigg, SD06/97 (8s). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (8s). Haggs
Park, Muncaster, SD10/95 (9). Kirkby in Furness, §$D22/81 (8s). iii,iv,vii. General
sweeping.

N. scirpi (F.). Dodd Wood, Nr. Thackthwaite, NY12/24 (1d). Wythop Hall,
NY20/28 (1d). Rainsbarrow Wood, Ulpha, SD19/93 (1d). i,x,xi. Taken in leaf
litter.

Grypus Germar, 1817
Grypus equiseti (F.). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Braystones, NX00/04
(7). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Weddicar, NY00/17 (3). Drigg,
SD06/98 (6r). Ravenglass, SD08/94 (7). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). Nr.
Greenroad, SD19/84 (7). v-viii. Equisetum sp. (AFP).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 79

Orthochaetes Germar, 1824

Orthochaetes setiger (Beck). Nr. Beckermet, NY01/06 (6r). Ravenglass,
SD08/95 (7). iv,x. Ulex europaeus.

Coeliodes Schoenherr, 1837

Coeliodes dryados (Gmelin in Linnaeus). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Haile,
NY03/09 (1d). Calderbridge, NY04/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d).
Gosforth, NY07/03 (1d). Nr. Frizington, NY02/17 (6r). Parkbreast Coppice,
NY11/00 (1d). Kid Beck How, Strands, NY11/04 (1d). Ennerdale Water, NY10/
16 (1d). Dodd Wood, Nr. Thackthwaite, NY14/24 (1d). Cockermouth, NY12/
32 (1d). Keskadale, NY20/19 (1d). Birkrigg, NY21/20 (1d). Ravenglass, SD09/95
(1d). Fox’s Wood, SD18/86 (1d). Ellerbeck, SD11/96 (1d). iv-viii,x-xii. Quercus
petraea (AFP), Q. robur (AFP).

C. erythroleucos (Gmelin in Linnaeus). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). v.
Quercus robur (AFP).

C. ruber (Marsham). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Chapel Wood, Wythop,
NY 19/29 (1d). Nicle Wood, SD14/81 (14). i,v,vii,x. Quercus sp. (AFP).

C. rubicundus (Herbst). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Seascale, NY04/01 (1d).
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (2). Edge Wood, NY06/22 (1d). Parkbreast Coppice,
NY11/00 (1d). Strands, NY10/03 (1d). The Side, Ennerdale Water, NY11/13
(1d). Smithy Beck, NY12/14 (1d). Muncaster, SD09/97 (1d). iv-vii,xi. Betula
sp. (AFP).

Zacladus Reitter, 1913

Zacladus geranii (Paykull). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Seascale,
NY03/01 (7). v-viii. Geranium sanguineum (AFP).

Micrelus Thomson, C.G., 1859

Micrelus ericae (Gyll.). Nethertown, NX98/07 (7). Hope Hall, Harris Moor,
NX99/18 (4). Harrington, NX98/23 (8c). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (4). Haile,
NY02/09 (1d). Gosforth, NY08/04 (6f). Murton Fell, NY07/17 (1c). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Bowness Knott, Ennerdale, NY10/i5 (8m). Seascale,
SD04/99 (5b). Shaw Moss, SD19/85 (4). Muncaster, SD10/97 (8m). iv-ix. Calluna
vulgaris, (AFP), Erica sp, (AFP).

Cidnorhinus Thomson, C.G., 1859

Cidnorhinus quadrimaculatus (L.). Silver Tarn, Braystones, NX99/06 (3).
Whitehaven, NX95/15 (8c). St. Bees, NX97/10 (3). Bigrigg, NY98/13 (6r),
Hensingham, NX99/15 (6r). Nr. Parton, NX98/21 (3). River Ehen, NY00/04
(5a). Seascale, NY02/02 (5b). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/
00 (3). Gosforth, NY06/04 (6r). Calderbridge, NY06/07 (6r). Egremont, NYO1/
11 (6r). Keekle Bridge, NY00/16 (6r). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r). Distington,
NY00/22 (10). Maryport, NY03/37 (8c). Nr. Allonby, NY07/41 (Sh). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Loweswater, NY11/22 (6r). Cockermouth, NY12/31 (Sb).
Bootle, SD08/87 (3). Drigg, SD05/98 (6r). Eskmeals, SD08/92 (6f). Haverigg,
SD13/78 (7). Whitbeck, SD11/83 (6r). Murthwaite Green, SD13/82 (6r). Shaw
Moss, SD18/85 (1d). Corney, SD11/91 (6r). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). iv-ix.
Urtica dioica AFP).

Ceuthorhynchidius Jacquelin du Val, 1855

Ceuthorhynchidius dawsoni (Brisout). St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). Ravenglass,
SD08/97 (8s). iv,ix. Plantago coronopus, (AFP), P. maritima, (AFP).

C. troglodytes (F.). Braystones, NX99/06 (8d). Fleswick, NX94/13 (8c).
Whitehaven, NX96/16 (8c). Hensingham, NX98/17 (10). Harrington, NX98/
24 (7). River Ehen, NY00/05 (8c). Seascale, NY03/00 (8d). Haile, NY02/09

80 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

(6f). Nr. Hallsenna, NY06/01 (3). Gosforth, NY08/03 (6f). Clints Quarry, NY00/
12 (7). Weddicar, NY01/16 (6r). Black Wood, NY00/18 (6r). Maryport, NY04/
37 (7). Bootle, SD07/88 (8d). Nr. Drigg, SD05/98 (6r). Saltcoats, Ravenglass,
SD07/97 (8m). Eskmeals, SD09/91 (6f). Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d). Hodbarrow
Point, SD18/78 (8d). Muncaster, SD12/97 (Sa). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7).
iv-x. Plantago lanceolata (AFP), P. maritima, (AFP).

Ceutorhynchus Germar, 1824

Ceutorhynchus alliariae Brisout. Haile, NY02/08 (5b). v. Alliaria petiolata
(AFP).

C. assimilis (Paykull). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Church Moss, NY01/05
(7). Ponsonby, NY03/03 (6r). Gosforth, NY07/04 (5b). Seascale, SD04/99 (3).
Ravenglass, SD08/97 (8s). v,vi,viii. Rorripa, Arabis, Alyssum sp. (AFP).

C. cochleariae (Gyll.). Barrowmouth, NX95/16 (8c). Haile, NY03/09 (Sa).
Arrow Moss, SD13/81 (9). Muncaster, SD11/97 (61). v,vi. Cochlearia officinalis
(AFP), Cardamine pratensis (AFP).

C. contractus (Marsham). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). Sandwith, NX95/
15 (6f). Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Parton, NX98/
21 (6r). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). River Calder, NY03/04 (Sa). Calderbridge,
NY03/06 (6f). Haile, NY02/08 (Sb). Gosforth, NY08/05 (5b). Dub Bridge,
NY01/16 (61). Kirkgill, Loweswater, NY13/20 (6f). Saltcoats, Ravenglass, SD07/
96 (5b). Drigg, SD06/98 (Sa). Ravenglass, SD08/96 (6f). Whitbeck, Bootle,
SD11/86 (6r). Annaside Bank, Bootle, SD09/85 (8c). Kirksanton Haws, SD13/
79 (1d). Corney, SD11/91 (61). iv-vii,x. Alliaria petiolata, (AFP), Alyssum sp..
(AFP), Cochlearia officinalis (AFP), Nasturtium officinale, Sisymbrium officinale,
(AFP).

C. erysimi (F.). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Whitehaven, NX98/19 (3).
Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Haile, NY03/09 (5b). Calderbridge, NY04/06 (6f).
Nr. Hallsenna, Gosforth, NY06/01 (3). Annaside Bank, Bootle, SD09/85 (6f).
Ravenglass, SD07/97 (Sb). Newtown Knott, Ravenglass, SD09/95 (3). Whitbeck,
Bootle, SD11/86 (6r). Corney, SD11/91 (61). iv-viii. Alyssum sp. (AFP),
Capsella bursa-pastoris, (AFP), Nasturtium officinale, Sisymbrium officinale.

C. euphorbiae Brisout. Gosforth, NY08/04 (Sa). viii. General sweeping.

C. floralis (Paykull). Whitehaven, NX97/18 (7). Nethertown, NX98/10 (Sb).
Hensingham, NX98/16 (5b). Beckermet, NY01/05 (6r). Haile, NY02/09 (1d).
Seascale, NY04/03 (6r). Calderbridge, NY04/06 (6f). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/
00 (3). Gosforth, NY07/03 (10). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6f). Lamplugh, NY09/22
(6r). Allonby, NY07/41 (5b). Cockermouth, NY12/31 (3). Drigg, SD05/98.
Carleton, SD07/97 (6f). Haverigg, SD16/78 (6f). Whitbeck Bootle, SD11/86 (6r).
Eskdale, SD14/99 (1c). v-vii,ix. Alyssum sp. (AFP), Alliaria petiolata, Capsella
bursa-pastoris , (AFP), Nasturtium officinale, Sisymbrium officinale.

C. hirtulus Germar. Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). Haverigg, SD13/78
(8d). vi,viii. General sweeping.

C. litura (F.). Braystones, NX99/06 (3). Hensingham, NX98/17 (6f). Harris
Moor, NX99/18 (7). Nr. Parton, NX98/20 (6f). Starling Castle, NY01/04 (3).
Church Moss, NY01/05 (7). Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/
00 (3). River Calder, NY06/08 (6r). Gosforth, NY08/02 (6f). Blengdale, NY08/
04 (6r). Kirkland, NY08/18 (6r). Maryport, NY03/37 (8c). Allonby, NY07/41
(5b). Cockermouth, NY12/31 (5a). Aspatria, NY16/42 (6f). Hyton Marsh, SD07/
88 (8c). Carleton, SD07/97 (61). Drigg, SD06/98 (6r). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (6f).
Haverigg, SD13/78 (8d). Barfield Tarn, SD10/86 (3). Silecroft, SD13/81 (3).
Greenroad Station, $D19/83 (3). Arnaby, SD18/85 (3). Corney, SD11/91 (7).
v-ix. Cirsium arvense (AFP).

C. pollinarius (Forster). Silver Tarn, Braystones, NX99/06 (3). Hope Hall,
Harris Moor, NX99/18 (6f). Bedlam Gill, Hensingham, NX98/17 (5b). Sandwith,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 81

NX96/18 (6r). Nr. Parton, NX98/21 (3). Gosforth, NY09/03 (6f). River Calder,
NY06/08 (5b). Gosforth, Low Boonwood, NY06/04 (6r). Calderbridge, NY05/06
(6r). Seascale, NY05/03 (6r). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (3). Beckermet, NY02/
06 (1d). Calder Hall, NY03/04 (6f). Seascale, NY02/02 (7). Beckermet, NY01/06
(6r). Starling Castle, NY01/04 (3). Egremont, NYO1/11 (6r). Nr. Keekle, NY00/
16 (6r). Moss Dalts, Egremont, NY02/10 (6f). Allonby, NY07/41 (5b). Lowes-
water, NY11/22 (6r). Aspatria, NY15/42 (1d). Selker Bay, Bootle, SD07/88 (Sb).
Bootle, SD08/86 (5a). Drigg, SD05/98 (6r). Ravenglass Reserve, SD07/95 (8d).
Drigg, SD06/98 (6f). Eskmeals, SD08/92 (7). Waberthwaite, SD09/94 (6f).
Ravenglass, SD08/96 (6f). Carleton, SD08/97 (6r). Longmire Wood, SD08/98
(6f). Haverigg, SD16/78 (6f). Barfield Farm, SD10/87 (Sb). Silecroft, SD13/82
(6f). Corney, SD11/91 (6r). Dunnerholme, SD21/79 (7). iv-x. Urtica dioica
(AFP).

C. punctiger (Sahlberg). Hensingham, NY99/17 (6r). Seascale, NY03/03 (6r).
Nr. Hallsenna, NY06/01 (6f). Holmrook, NY08/00 (6r). Drigg, SD04/99 (8d).
Nr. Drigg, SD07/98 (8d). Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/95 (8d). Sandscale Haws,
SD19/75 (8d). Dunnerholme, $D21/79 (7). iv-viii. Taraxcum officinale, (AFP).

C. pyrrhorhynchus (Marsham). Maryport, NY03/36 (7). Annaside Bank,

Sisymbrium officinale. (AFP).

C. quadridens (Panzer). Whitehaven. NX97/18 (7). Hensingham, NX99/17
(7). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Seascale, NY02/02
(6f). Ponsonby, NY03/05 (6f). Sellafield, NY02/04 (10). Haile, NY03/09 (1d).
Seascale, NY04/00 (3). Calderbridge, NY04/07 (3). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00
(1d). Gosforth, NY07/03 (10). Boonwood Farm, Gosforth, NY06/04 (9). Bleng
Bridge, Gosforth, NY08/03 (1d). River Bleng, NY08/04 (9). Clints Quarry,
NY00/12 (7). Distington, NY00/22 (10). Edge Wood, Branthwaite, NY06/23
(1d). Hollins Bridge, NY10/03 (5a). Loweswater, NY11/22 (9). Kirkgill Wood,
NY13/20 (1d). Dodd Wood, Nr. Thackthwaite, NY14/24 (1d). Annaside Bank,
Bootle, SD08/85 (6f). Broadwater Farm, SD08/89 (6r). Drigg, SD05/98 (3).
Ravenglass Reserve, SD07/96 (8d). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (1d). Eskmeals Reserve,
SD07/95 (8d). Ravenglass Station, SD08/96 (7). Haverigg, SD14/77 (8d).
Haverigg, SD16/78 (8d). Whitbeck, Bootle, SD11/86 (6r). Greenroad Station,
SD19/83 (3). iv-ix,xi. Alyssum sp. (AFP), Capsella bursa-pastoris Cakile maritima
(AFP), Nasurtium sp. Raphanus raphanistrum (AFP), Rorippa sp. (AFP).

C. quercicola (Paykull). Church Moss, Beckermet, NYO1/05 (7). viii.
Fumaria officinalis (AFP).

C. rugulosus (Herbst). Braystones, NX99/06 (7). Hensingham, NX98/16 (10).
Harris Moor, NX98/19 (3). Beckermet, NYO1/05 (7). Braystones, NY00/06
(3). Nursery Wood, Beckermet, NY02/06 (1d). Seascale, NY04/00 (8d). Seascale
Hall, NY04/02 (3). Nr. Hallsenna Moor, NY06/01 (3). Irton Hall, NY10/00 (3).
Brayton Park, Aspatria, NY16/41 (3). Annaside Bank, Bootle, SD09/85 (7).
Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD07/97 (6r). Nr. Hall Waberthwaite, SD09/94 (Sa).
Newtown Knott, Ravenglass, SD09/95 (3). Nan Hill, Whitbeck, SD11/83 (3).
Holmegate Farm, SD11/86 (6r). v-viii. Chamomilla suaveolens (AFP), Matricaria
chamomilla (AFP),M. maritima (AFP).

C. triangulum Boheman. Nr. Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD07/97 (6r). v,vi. General
sweeping.

C. viduatus (Gyll.). Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00
(Sb). Calderbridge, NY06/08 (9). River Irt, Holmrook, NY08/00 (5a). Bleng
Bridge, Gosforth, NY08/03 (9). Low Thistleton, NY09/04 (6r). Low Wreah,
NY00/16 (6r). Moresby, Walkmill Bridge, NY00/18 (6r). Maryport, NY04/37
(9). River Bleng, NY10/03 (Sa). Giles Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/32 (9).
Saltcoats, Ravenglass, SD07/96 (6f). Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD07/98 (3). Eskmeals
Viaduct, SD09/94 (Sa). vi-ix. Stachys palustris, (AFP).

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Rhinoncus Schoenherr, 1825

Rhinoncus bruchoides (Herbst). River Ehen, Beckermet, NY01/04 (Sa).
Middlebank Farm, NY01/05 (7). Hollins Bridge, Gosforth, NY10/02 (Sa).
Annaside Bank, Bootle, SD09/84 (8c). Newtown Knott, Rayenglass, SD09/95
(3). Nan Hill, Whitbeck, SD11/83 (5b). Nr. Kirksanton Moss, Silecroft, SD13/80
(3). vi-viii. Polygonum hydropiper (AFP), P. lapathifolium (AFP), P. persicaria
(AFP).

R. castor (F.). River Ehen, Braystones, NY00/04 (8d). Sellafield Station,
NY02/02 (8d). River Calder, Ponsonby, NY03/04 (5a). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/
00 (5b). Seascale Hall, NY04/03 (8d). Irton, NY09/00 (8d). Nr. Hall Bolton,
Gosforth, NY08/03 (6r). Drigg, SD04/99 (8d). Nr. Saltcoats, Ravenglass, SD07/
96 (8d). Ravenglass Reserve, SD06/96 (8d). Irt Viaduct, SD06/98 (7). Eskmeals
Reserve, SD08/94 (8d). Beacon Plantation, SD09/94 (1d). Sandscale Haws,
SD19/75 (8d). Coteley Bank, Silecroft, SD11/81 (8d). Nan Hill, Whitbeck, SD11/
83 (6f). Roanlands Farm, $D18/85 (3). Hinninghouse Bridge, Muncaster, SD12/ ~
97 (5a). iv-ix. Rumex acetosella (AFP). R. crispus.

R. inconspectus (Herbst). Haverigg, SD16/78 (61). Greenroad, SD18/83 (6r).

R. pericarpius (L.). Braystones, NX99/06 (3). Pattering, Holes, St. Bees,
NX95/11 (8c). Fleswick Bay, NX94/13 (8c). Sandwith, NX96/13 (61). White-
haven, NX96/18 (8c). Low Walton Wood, NX98/13 (6r). Hensingham, NX98/16
(7). Overend Quarry, NX99/16 (7). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (3).
Nr. Braystones, NY00/06 (3). Seascale Hall, NY03/03 (6r). Nr. Calder Hall,
NY03/04 (6r). Nursery Wood, NY02/06 (1d). Fleming Hall, NY05/03 (6r).
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Gosforth, NY06/03 (6r). Boonwood, NY06/04
(6r). Holmrook, NY04/00 (6r). Sowermyrr Farm, NY08/04 (6f). Nr. Keekle
Bridge, NY00/16 (6r). Black Wood, Moresby, NY00/18 (6r). Egremont, NY02/
10 (6r). Jobbygill Wood, Frizington, NY02/17 (8d). Kirkland, NY07/17 (6r).
Nr. Gillgarran, Distington, NY02/23 (6r). Maryport, NY04/38 (3). Allonby,
NY07/41 (5b). Parkgate Tarn, NY12/00 (3). Loweswater, NY11/22 (6r). Horse-
close Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (5a). Aspatria, Whitelees Wood, NY17/41
(7). River Annas, Bootle, SD08/87 (5a). Nr. Broadwater Farm, Bootle, SD08/89
(6r). Nr. Seascale, SD04/99 (8d). Nr. Saltcoats, SD07/96 (3). Nr. Drigg, SDO7/
98 (5a). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (7). Muncaster Mill Bridge, SD09/97 (Sa). Haverigg,
SD16/78 (6f). Whitbeck, Bootle, SD11/86 (6r). Nr. Kirksanton Moss, $D13/80
(3). Silecroft, §$D13/82 (6f). Greenroad, §D19/83 (5b). Shaw Moss, SD18/85
(5b). Nr. Broadgate, SD18/86 (5b). Corney, SD11/92 (6r). Muncaster, SD10/
97 (3). iii-ix. Rumex acetosa (AFP), R. acetosella (AFP), Rumex crispus (AFP).
R. obtusifolius (AFP), R. maritimus, Polygonum persicaria.

R. perpendicularis (Reich). Beckermet, NY01/05 (3). Braystones, NY00/06
(6f). Nr. Seascale Hall, NY04/03 (8d). Drigg, SD06/98 (6f). Kirksanton Haws,
$D13/79 (3). Kirksanton Moss, $D13/80 (9). Greenroad, SD18/83 (61). vi-viii.
Polygonum aviculare (AFP), P. amphibium var. terrestre (AFP), P. persicaria,
Rumex acetosella.

Phytobius Dejean, 1835

Phytobius comari (Herbst). Braystones, NX99/06 (9). Church Moss, NY01/05
(9). Hallsenna Moor, Gosforth, NY06/00 (9). Nr. Seascale, SD04/99 (9).
Kirksanton Moss, SD13/80 (9). vi-ix. Potentilla palustris, (AFP). P. erecta (AFP),
Lythrum salicaria (AFP).

P. quadrituberculatus (F.). Nr. St. Bees lighthouse, NX95/14 (6r).
Hensingham, NX98/17 (5b). Moss Wood, Hensingham, NX99/18 (1c). Beckermet,
NYO01/05 (7). Nr. Braystones, NY00/06 (9). Nr. Hallsenna, NY06/01 (3). Irton,
NY09/00 (3). Gosforth, NY09/03 (3). Nr. Keekle Bridge, NY00/16 (6r). Jobby-
gill Wood, Nr. Frizington, NY02/17 (8d). Distington, NY00/22 (10). Gilgarran,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 83

NY03/23 (1d). Irton Hall, Holmrook, NY10/00 (3). Annaside Bank, Bootle,
SD09/84 (8c). Ravenglass Reserve, SD06/96 (8d). Nr. Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD06/
97 (8s). Irt viaduct, SD06/98 (8s). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (3). Summer Hill,
Silecroft, SD11/82 (8d). iv-xi. Polygonum lapathifolium, (AFP), P. persicaria
(AFP), P. aviculare (AFP), Rumex acetosa, Rumex crispus, Glaux maritima
(AFP).

P. waltoni Boheman. Murthwaite Moor Wood, Gosforth, NY09/03 (3). viii.
Polygonum hydropiper (AFP).

Poophagus Schoenherr, 1837

Poophagus sisymbrii (F.). Gosforth, NY08/04 (Sb). Church Moss, Beckermet,
NYO1/05 (5b). Horseclose Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (3). Stub Place,
Eskmeals, SD08/90 (5b). Drigg, SD06/98 (5b). v,vii. Nasturtium officinale (AFP).

Orobitis Germar, 1817
Orobitis cyaneus (L.). Nr. Keekle, NY00/16 (7). Drigg, SDO5/97 (8d).
Eskmeals Reserve, SD07/94 (8d). Nr. Haverigg, SD13/78 (84d). iv,vi,viii. Viola
canina (AFP).

Limnobaris Bedel, 1885

Limnobaris pilistriata (Stephens). Nr. Seascale, NY04/00 (3). Drigg, SD05/
99 (8d). Barrow Marsh, Ravenglass, SD08/96 (8s). River Esk, SD09/94 (8s).
iv,v,vii. Carex sp. (AFP).

Anthonomus Germar, 1817

Anthonomus bituberculatus Thomson, C.G. Snellings Mire, NX99/08 (6f).
Nr. Sandwith, NX96/15 (6r). St. Bees, NX98/10 (6r). Beck Bottom, Hensingham,
NX98/17 (6f). Nr. Harrington, NX98/23 (8c). Beckermet, NYO1/05 (7).
Braystones, NY00/07 (6r). Calder Hall, NY03/04 (6f). Calderbridge, NY05/07
(6f). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (2). Scale Beck, NY08/05 (3). Nr. Bolton Hall,
Gosforth, NY08/02 (6f). Lynnwood, Egremont, NY02/10 (6f). Wilton, NY04/
11 (6f). High Cockhow, NY05/14 (6f). River Irt, NY10/04 (1d). Cockermouth,
NY12/31 (5a). Whitelees Wood, Aspatria, NY17/41 (6f). Nr. Annaside, Bootle,
SD08/87 (6f). Nr. Bootle Station, SD08/89 (6f). Nr. Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD07/
97 (6r). Nr. Drigg, SD06/98 /6f). Flatts Wood, SD08/90 (6f). Monk Moors, SD08/
92 (6f). Esk viaduct, SD08/94 (3). Hodbarrow Point, SD18/78 (7). Nr. Duddon

gyna (AFP). Prunus spinosa (AFP).

A. brunnipennis (Curtis). Nr. Braystones, NX99/06 (7). Nr. Harrington,
NX98/23 (8c). Beckermet, NY01/05 (9). Nr. Braystones, NY00/06 (3). Seascale,
NY03/-2 (9). Hallsenna Moor, Gosforth, NY06/00 (5b). Murthwaite Moor Wood,
NY09/03 (1c). Low Thistleton, NY09/04 (9). Longmoor, Ennerdale, NY06/15
(6r). Nr. Creasdale Farm, NY09/17 (3). Maryport, NY04/38 (3). Nr. Gaterigghow
Bridge, NY10/04 (Sa). Rake Beck, Ennerdale, NY10/15 (9). Kirkgill Wood,
Loweswater, NY1320 (1c). Nr. Seascale, SD04/99 (3). Ravenglass Reserve, SD06/
96 (8d). Nr. Drigg, SD07/98 (5a). Eskmeals Reserve, SD08/94 (3). iv-x. Potentilla
erecta (AFP).

A. pedicularius (L.). Sandwith, NX95/14 (6r). Hensingham, NX99/15 (6f).
Beck Bottom, NX98/17 (5b). Hope Hall, Harris Moor, NX99/18 (6f). Harrington,
NX98/23 (8c). Church Moss, NY01/05 (7). Nr. Beckermet, NY01/06 (7). Nr.
Calder Hall, NY03/04 (6f). Nursery Wood, NY02/06 (6f). Hallsenna Moor,
NY06/00 (1d). Low Boonwood, Gosforth, NY07/04 (6r). Calderbridge, NY06/
07 (6r). Nr. River Bleng, NY08/04 (6r). Clints Quarry, NY00/13 (7). Nr. Keekle
Bridge, NY00/16 (6r). Nr. High Cockhow, NY05/14 (6f). Nr. Kirkland, NY07/
17 (6f). Croasdale Beck, NY08/16 (5b). Lamplugh, NY08/17 (6f). Edge Wood,
Dean, NY06/23 (6f). Irton Park, NY11/00 (1c). Nr. Parkgate Tarn, NY12/00
(1c). Nr. Gillerthwaite, Ennerdale, NY13/14 (Sb). Kirkgill Wood, Loweswater,

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

NY13/20 (6f). Horse Close Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (3). Brayton Park,
Aspatria, NY16/41 (3). Nr. Annaside, Bootle, SD08/87 (6f). Irt viaduct, Drigg,
SD06/98 (7). Nr. Newbiggin, SD09/93 (6r). Newtown Knott, Ravenglass, SD09/
94 (3). Ravenglass, SD08/96 (6f). Nr. Kirksanton, SD13/79 (6f). Haverigg,
§$D17/78 (7). Nr. Barfield Tarn, Whitbeck, SD10/86 (6f). Nr. Waughfoot Bridge,
SD17/87 (6f). Corney, SD11/92 (6r). Muncaster, SD12/98 (1d). Dunnerholme,
SD21/79 (7). iv-viii. Crataegus monogyna (AFP).

A, pomorum (L.). High Frith Gill, Nr. Santon Bridge, NY11/00 (1d). Bolton
Wood, NY10/04 (5b). Greenroad Station, SD19/84 (6f). v-vii. Malus sylvestris
(AFP).

A. rubi (Herbst). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (8d). v. Rosa sp. (AFP).

Furcipus Desbrochers, 1868

Furcipus rectirostris (L.). River Bleng, NY09/03 (5a). Nr. Gaterigghow Bridge,
NY10/04 (Sa). v.vi,viii. Prunus padus (AFP).

Curculio Linnaeus, 1758

Curculio nucum L. Robertgate Bridge, NY04/06 (6f). vii. Fraxinus.

C. pyrrhoceras Marsham. Addyhouse Wood, NY96/00 (1d). Parkgate Tarn,
NY11/00 (1d). Mill Wood, Muncaster, SD09/97 (1d). Brankenwall Plantation,
SD09/97 (1d). Muncaster Fell, SD11/98 (1d). v-viii. Quercus sp. (AFP).

C. salicivorus Paykull. St. Bees, NX98/13 (6f). Moss Wood, Hensingham,
NX99/18 (1d). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (9). Carleton Moor, Wood,
NY02/09 (1d). Seascale, NY05/03 (6f). Hallsenna Moor, Gosforth, NY06/00
(9). Low Boonwood, NY06/04 (6r). River Calder, NY06/08 (Sa). Nr. Hall Bolton,
NY08/03 (9). Blengdale, NY08/05 (Sa). Nursery Wood, NY02/06 (6f). Parkgate
Tarn, NY11/00 (1d). Nr. Broadwater Farm, Bootle, SD08/89 (6f). Nr. Mite
House, Drigg, SD07/97 (6f). Beacon Plantation, SD09/95 (1d). Mill Wood,
Ravenglass, SD09/97 (1d). Nr. Longmire Wood, SD08/98 (6f). Haverigg, SD16/
78 (6f). Whitbeck, SD11/86 (6r). Arrow Moss, SD13/81 (9). Greenroad Station,
SD19/83 (6r). Shaw Moss, Arnaby, SD18/85 (9). Corney, SD11/91 (6r). Cropple
How, Muncaster, SD12/97 (5a). v-viii. Salix sp. (AFP).

Tychius Germar, 1817

Tychius flavicollis Stephens. Nr. Braystones, NY00/04 (8d). Seascale, NY04/
00 (8d). vi. Lotus corniculatus (AFP).

Miccotrogus Schoenherr, 1825
Miccotrogus picirostris (F.). Drigg, SD06/98 (6f). v. Trifolium sp. (AFP).
Ellescus Dejean, 1821

Ellescus bipunctatus (L.). Gosforth, NY08/04 (6r). Mill Wood nr. Strands,
NY11/03 (9). Mill Wood, Muncaster, SD09/97 (1d). vi,viii. Salix sp. (AFP).

Mecinus Germar, 1821

Mecinus collaris Germar. River Irt, Nr. Saltcoats, SD06/96 (8s). Nr. Irt
viaduct, SD06/98 (8s). Broadoak Beck, SD10/95 (8s). vi,vii. Plantago coronopus
(AFP), P. maritima (AFP).

M. pyraster (Herbst). Pattering Holes, St. Bees, NX95/11 (8c). Nr. Marsh
House, NX97/10 (7). Whitehaven, NX96/18 (8c). Hensingham, NX98/16 (7).
Hope Hall, Harris Moor, NX99/18 (2). Nr. Moresby Hall, NX98/21 (3).
Harrington, NX98/29 (7). River Ehen, Beckermet, NY00/05 (Sa). Nr. River
Calder, NY03/04 (6r). Seascale, NY04/00 (8d). Nr. Hallsenna Moor, NY06/01
(3). Kirkland, NY07/17 (3). River Cocker, Cockermouth, NY12/30 (5a). Nr.
Annaside Bank, Bootle, SD08/85 (8c). Nr. Rabbit Cat How, SD07/96 (3). Nr.
Mite Houses, SD07/97 (6f). Nr. Irt viaduct, SD07/98 (6f). Eskmeals Station,
SD08/94 (6f). Nr. Silecroft, SD13/79 (6f). Townend, Bank, SD10/83 (8d). ii,
iv-ix,xii. Plantago lanceolata (AFP).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 85

Gymnetron Schoenherr, 1825

Gymnetron antirrhini (Paykull). Nr. Braystones, NX99/06 (7). Nr. Parton,
NX98/21 (7). Nr. Workington, NX99/30 (7). Starling Castle, NY01/04 (7).
Nr. Sellafield Station, NY02/03 (7). Maryport, NY03/36 (7). Nr. Esk Viaduct,
SD08/94 (7). Haverigg, SD15/78 (8d). Nr Nanhill, Whitbeck, SD11/83 (7).
Silecroft, SD12/82 (7). vi,viii. Linaria vulgaris, (AFP).

G. labile (Herbst). Harrington, NX98/24 (8d). River Irt, NY0O5/00 (Sa).
Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (7). Dubbs Moss, Cockermouth, NY10/29
(2). Eskmeals, SD08/92 (6r). v,vi. Plantago lanceolata, (AFP).

Rhynchaenus Clairville, 1798

Rhynchaenus fagi (L.). Nr. Sandwith, Whitehaven, NX96/13 (6r). Low Walton
Wood, NX98/13 (1d). Summer Grove, NX99/15 (1d). Hensingham, NX99/17
(6r). River Calder, NY03/04 (Sa). Haile, NY02/09 (6f). Nr. Stephney, NY04/
06 (6f). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Low Boonwood, NY06/04 (6r).
Holmrook, NY08/00 (6r). Gosforth, NY08/03 (9). Clints Quarry, NY00/12
(7). Egremont, NY02/10 (1d). Edge Wood, NY06/22 (1d). Parkgate Tarn,
NY11/00 (1d). River Irt, NY11/03 (5a). Nr. Lamplugh, NY10/22 (6r). Dodd
Wood, NY14/24 (1d). Horse Close Wood, Cockermouth, NY12/31 (1d). Wythop
Woods, NY20/29 (1d). Ravenglass, SD08/95 (1d). Greenroad, SD19/83 (6r).
Fox’s Wood, Arnaby, SD18/86 (1d). Muncaster, SD11/97 (1d). Eskdale Green,
SD14/99 (5a). iv-viii,xi. Fagus sp. (AFP).

R. foliorum (Muller). River Irt, Drigg, SD07/98 (3). vi. Salix sp. (AFP).

R. quercus (L.). Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). Parkgate Tarn, NY11/00
(1d). Dodd Wood, NY14/24 (1d). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (1d). v,viii,xi. Quercus
sp. (AFP).

R. rusci (Herbst). Church Moss, Beckermet, NY01/05 (9). Nursery Wood,
NY02/06 (1d). Carleton Moor Wood, NY02/09 (1d). Addyhouse Wood,
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (1d). High Frith Gill, NY11/00 (1d). Smithy Beck,
Ennerdale, NY12/14 (1d). Aspatria, NY15/42 (1d). Wythop Woods, NY20/29
(1d). Ravenglass, SD09/95 (1d). Arnaby Moss, SD19/84 (2). Fox’s Wood, SD18/
86 (1d). Barrel Bank, SD10/95 (1d). Muncaster, SD12/98 (1d). v-ix. Betula sp.
(AFP).

R. salicis (L.). Hallsenna Moor, Gosforth, NY06/00 (2). Low Boonwood,
NY06/04 (6r). Low Thistleton, NY09/04 (6r). Nr. Broadwater Farm, Bootle,
SD08/89 (6r). Drigg, SD07/98 (5a). Beacon Plantation, Ravenglass, SD09/94
(1d). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (9). Corney, SD11/91 (61). v-ix. Salix sp. (AFP).

R. stigma (Germar). River Irt, NY10/03 (1d). Aspatria, NY15/42 (1d). vii,
viii. Alnus glutinosa (AFP).

Ramphus Clairville, 1798

Ramphus oxyacanthae (Marsham). Nr. Loughrigg, St. Bees, NY98/11 (6f).
Nr. Watch Hill, NY01/04 (7). Stephney, NY04/07 (6f). Whitelees, Wood,
Aspatria, NY17/41 (7). Nr. Annaside, Bootle, SD08/87 (6f). Nr. Hall Carleton
Farm, Drigg, SD07/97 (6r). Newtown Knott, SD09/95 (1d). Nr. Red Hills Quarry,
Millom, SD17/78 (7). Barfield Tarn, Whitbeck, SD10/86 (6f). Millom, SD17/81
(6f). Hinninghouse Bridge, Muncaster, SD12/97 (Sa). v-viii. Crataegus monogyna
(AFP).

R. pulicarius (Herbst). Silver Tarn, NY99/06 (9). Church Moss, NY01/05 (7).
Hallsenna Moor, NY06/00 (9). Nr. Low Boonwood, Gosforth, NY06/04 (6r).
Nr. Sowermyrr Farm, NY08/04 (6r). Nr. Bolton Head, NY09/04 (6r). Bootle,
SD08/89 (6f). Hall Carleton, Drigg, SD07/98 (6r). Barrow Marsh, Ravenglass,
SD08/97 (8s). Sandscale Haws, SD19/75 (9). Barfield Tarn, Whitbeck, SD10/86
(9). Nr. Greenroad Station, SD19/83 (6r). Arnaby Moss, SD19/84 (1d). v-vii.
Salix sp. (AFP).

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the following people for kindly identifying and confirming
a number of different species, Dr. R.A. Crowson (Glasgow University), Dr. M.G.
Morris (Furzebrook Research Station, Dorset) and Mr. R.T. Thompson (British
Museum, Natural History). To Miss J. Ketchen I offer my sincere thanks for
granting me permission to visit and collect on the various nature reserves owned
by the Cumbria Naturalists’ Trust and I also thank the following honorary managers
of the reserves, Mr. A.T. Warburton, Mr. J. Callion and Major J. Rose for giving me
unrestricted access while collecting. I am indebted to Mrs. N. Donaldson for
informing me about a number of interesting sites in West Cumbria and to the
following landowners for their kind permission to collect on and gain access
to many areas, Sir G.W. Pennington-Ramsden, Mr. R. Bennett, Messrs. D. and
F.S. Drinkall, Mrs. S. Jackson, Mr. J. Paisley and Mr. Martindale of the Forestry
Commission Conservancy office. Mr. D.J. Clarke, curator of the Tullie House
Museum, Carlisle was most helpful in supplying me with information concerning
the F.H. Day collection of Coleoptera and provided full facilities to study
material in the various collections at the museum, I am very grateful to my friend
Mr. G.F. Kerr for providing transport to many remote sites and for his company
and endless patience while on a great many collecting trips.

Finally I wish to thank my father Mr. R. Read for his valuable comments and
constructive criticism of the original draft of the list and also for his assistance
with the laborious task of checking and collating all the records.

REFERENCES

Angus, R.B., 1965. Some Coleoptera from Cumberland, Westmorland and the
northern part of Lancashire. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 100 (1964): 61-69.
Angus, R.B., 1966, Further Coleoptera from Cumberland, Westmorland and the

northern part of Lancashire. Entomologist’s mon. Mag, 101 (1965): 4-8.

Davidson, W.F., 1959. Some insects (mainly Coleoptera) of the Caldbeck Fells
in Cumberland. Ent. Rec, J. Var. 71: 83-86.

Davidson, W.F., 1961. Notes on Cumberland and Westmorland Coleoptera.
Entomologist’s mon, Mag, 97: 15-21.

Day, F.H., 1912. The Coleoptera of Cumberland. Trans. Carlisle Nat, Hist. Soc.
2: 201-214.

Day, F.H., 1923. The Coleoptera of Cumberland. Appendix. Trans. Carlisle Nat.
Hist. Soc. 3: 106, 107.

Day, F.H., 1928. Further addenda to the Coleoptera of Cumberland. Trans.
Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 135, 136.

Day, F.H., 1933. Further addenda to the Coleoptera of Cumberland. Trans.
Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc, 5: 117-124.

Dieckmann, L. 1972. Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera-
Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae. Beitr, Ent. 22: 3-128.

Dieckmann, L., 1980. Beitrage zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Coleoptera-
Curculionidae (Brachycerinae, Otiorhynchinae, Brachyderinae). Beitr. Ent.
30: 145-310.

Hoffmann, A., 1950. Coleopteres Curculionides 2, Faune de France, 52, Paris.

Hoffmann, A. 1954. Coleopteres Curculionides 2, Faune de France, 59, Paris.

Hoffmann, A. 1958. Coleopteres Curculionides 3, Faune de France, 62, Paris.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D. 1977. A check list of British insects. 2nd edition
Handbk Ident. Br. Insects, 11(3): 1-105.

Read, R.W.J. 1970. Occurrence of Otiorhynchus porcatus (Herbst) (Col.,
Curculionidae) in Cumberland. Entomologist’s mon. Mag, 106: 31.

Read, R.W.J. 1975. Tychius flavicollis Stephens (Col., Curculionidae) in Cumbria.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 110 (1974): 256.

Read, R.W.J. 1976. Caenopsis fissirostris Walton (Col., Curculionidae) in Cumbria.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 111 (1975): 27.

Read, R.W.J. 1977. Some records of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from West
Cumbria. Entomologist’s Gaz. 28: 71.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 87

Read, R.W.J. 1978a. Coeliodes erythroleucos Gmel. (Col. Curculionidae) in West
Cumbria. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113 (1977): 80.

Read, R.W.J. 1978b. Records of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from West Cumbria.
Entomologist’s Gaz. 29: 76.

Read, R.W.J. 1979. Records of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) taken in Cumberland
(VC70). Ent. Rec. J. Var, 91: 27-28.

Read, R.W.J. 1980a. Some records of Cuculionidae (Coleoptera) from Cumbria
collected in 1978. Ent, Rec. J. Var. 92: 176-179.

Read, R.W.J. 1980b. Two interesting species of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) in
West Cumbria. Entomologist’s Gaz. 31: 162-164.

Read, R.W.J. 1981a. Furcipus rectirostris (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) new
to Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 51-58.

Read, R.W.J. 1981b. Notaris scirpi (F.) (Col: Curculionidae) in Cumbria with
notes on three other species of the genus. Ent. Rec. J. Var. 93: 73-74.

Read, R.W.J. in press, Mesites tardii (Curtis), Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in West
Cumbria. Entomologist’s Gaz.

Scherf, H. 1964. Die Entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden
(Morphologie, Bionomie, okologie). Abh. senckenb, naturforsch. Ges. 506:
1-335.

BOOK REVIEW

The Mitchell Beazley Pocket Guide to Butterflies, by Paul Whalley. London,
1980. ISBN 085533 3480. 169 pp., about 930 coloured figures. £3.95.

This book covers all the recognised butterflies of Europe west of the Soviet
Union, and also figures sixteen of the common day-flying moths. A brief intro-
duction is followed by concise notes on each species of butterfly, giving its type
of habitat, wing span, flight period, larval food-plants, and distribution. These
are usually set beneath the relevant coloured figures of adults and in some cases
of their larvae. Critical characters for the identification of some, though perhaps
not enough, of the more difficult species are mentioned. Both English and
scientific names are provided, though for the latter without name or date of the
author. The nomenclature of families, genera and species follows that in the
check list to Higgins & Riley’s Field Guide (1980 ed.) adding several newly
discovered species; but, for reasons which are not explained, the order of families
is very different, as is in many cases the arrangement of genera and of the species
within them. This can be a hindrance to quick reference in the field and to easy
recording of observations.

The species notes often contain some account of sub-specific and other
variations; but considerations of space have clearly prevented systematic treat-
ment of these. The distribution notes, very compressed, are not wholly satis-
factory, since the list of countries named for some species is not complete, and
the information given about the presence or absence of others on Mediterranean
islands is fragmentary; mention of Cyprus and of all the Aegean islands except
Crete is also omitted, perhaps on geographical grounds. A more serious weakness
is the treatment of some two dozen species only in very short foot-notes below
the sections on species which they most resemble. About half of these are,
indeed, figured; but an extra half dozen pages could have been usefully afforded
to give them the fuller treatment used for other species from which they must be
distinguished. There is no mention of the need for structural examination to
confirm identifications of difficult species.

The figures by Richard Lewington are of high quality both in clarity of
detail and in colour, and the author has contrived to pack an enormous amount
of useful information into the small compass required. This book is good value
for its modest price. R.E-B:

88 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Amblypelta spp. (Hem: Coreidae), new Australian records. — Additional
records to the paper on Amblypelta (Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc, 14:
112-114, 1981) have kindly been forwarded to the writer by Mr. E.S.C. Smith
of Kimberley Research Station, Konunurra, Western Australia.

The first occurrence of this genus in Western Australia is’a record of A.l.
lutescens (Dist.) at Lake Argyle, just beyond the Northern Territory boundary,
reported in April 1982.

Two additional food plants for A. theobromae Brown are cashew nut
(Anacardium occidentale) and annatto (Bixa orellana) in Papua New Guinea in
1974.

It is interesting to note that another cacao pest, the Mirid Helopeltis theo-
bromae Miller, was also reported feeding on annatto in West Malaysia (Bull. ent.
Res. 30 (3): 343-344, 1939).—R.A. Lever.

PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND REPORT 1981

Seven applications were received and two grants were made:

(1) D.J. de Courcy Henshaw, FRES. £100 for travel expenses in connection with
the study of Agromyzidae (Diptera) at Malham Tarn Field Centre, Yorkshire.

(2) The University of Bristol Botanical and Zoological Expedition to East Kenya.
£75 towards a project which includes the collection of microlepidoptera in an
area which has not previously been studied. The specimens collected are to be
donated to the British Museum (Natural History).

A sum of £75 remains, an application for which is under consideration.

A report has been received from Miss Graciela Valladarez who received a grant
in 1980 for the study of Agromyzidae in Argentina. She had a very successful
season and discovered several species new to science.

A.M.E.

BOOK REVIEW

Animal Life of the Galapogos, by Norman Hickin. 236 pp., 103 B & W illustra-
tions. Ferundine Books 1980. £6.65.

This handbook to the archipelago comes in a 9” x 6” format between stiff
covers and is printed on good quality paper. As a guide to the visitor it serves
its purpose well. All the major animal groups are covered, including invertebrates
which have not been given short shift as happens with so many books of this
kind. The text is informative and highlights the unique nature of the islands and
of the fauna. The illustrations are generally good and have been given a full page
each, irrespective of detail. Of particular usefulness to the visitor will be the
chapter by Julian Fitter giving details of travel, health, accommodation and
climate amongst other topics.

For those of us who are not fortunate enough to be able to visit the islands
I feel the book is of limited interest. Rather than try to cover as many species
as possible the author could have taken more selective examples and emphasised
in more detail their habitat requirements and conservation. With such a small
fauna (there are only nine species of butterflies and eighty-nine moths) it might
have been practical to list in appendices the species and deal with the more
interesting ones in the text. The book would have benefitted from a few colour
illustrations either of species or preferably habitats to complement the author’s
own illustrations. This would have made the guide a more attractive proposition
for people with a general interest in the area whilst thorough appendices of
species would have interest the more serious student of island ecosystems.

M.H.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 89

AN IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO BRITISH CLUSITIDAE

by ALAN E. STUBBS
Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY

Uncertainties over the definition of some of our 10 species of Clusiidae have
made the study of this family very unsatisfactory. The most serious deficiency has
been the unreliable, and in some cases erroneous characters used in the separation
of Clusiodes species in Czerny (1924), Melander & Argo (1924) and Seguy (1934).
Collin (1912) had set a sound example when he described three species new to
science on the basis of genital characters, but the later works did not illustrate all
the remaining Clusiodes species and Collin (1953, 2 papers) himself failed in this
respect when describing facialis new to science and apicalis new to Britain without
illustration. The only other important reference which has come to attention is
that by Tuomikoski (1933) who described C. freyi as a new species and illustrated
the genitalia of several species found in Finland.

Fig. 1 Clusiodes albimana female, one of the commonest Clusiidae. The mark-
ings vary between specimens, that illustrated being relatively pale. The
abdomen is black, the thorax orange with black markings and a white
stripe between the wing base and humeri, the legs are yellow (often with
more extensive black), the front tibia and metatarsus are black and the
rest of the tarsus is white. The head and antennae are yellowish (the third
antennal segment often being more blackish).

BIOLOGY

Clusiids breed in dead wood, larvae and pupae often being common under
bark and in relatively soft wood. As a consequence the adults are to be found on
dead wood or within adjacent vegetation. Sweeping around such situations,
especially in moderate or dense shade, will often yield specimens of these very
characteristic flies.

Larvae have a spine associated with each posterior spiracle (family key, Brindle
& Smith, 1978). The puparium of Clusia flava is illustrated by Smith (1950), who
reviews earlier published rearing records of Clusiodes albimana and C. gentilis.
However there is still a need for bred material in order to produce a comprehen-
sive key to the early stages and as yet little is known of the ecology of the various
species.

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 15, 1982

RECOGNITION OF FAMILY

These are mostly rather elongate flies, always with a cloud on the wing tip
near the apex (though in Clusia this cloud is weak and in Paraclusia other clouds
are also present). In the common genus Clusiodes the species have the thorax
marked orange brown and black, or black with a white stripe in front of the
wings. Other genera have the body coloured yellow (Clusia), black (Heteromerina)
or variegated (Paraclusia).

The Clusiidae have a break in the wing costa at the apex of Sc and Sc reaches
the wing margin. The post verticals are divergent (or absent). Vibrissae are
present. The tibiae have a pre-apical bristle.

IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION NOTES

Key to Genera
1. Large species (body length about 7 mm); wings with 3 spots (markings at
outer cross vein, wing tip and about end of R,) .......... Paraclusia
Smaller species. Wings without spot over outer-crossvein.......... 2
2. Antennae widely separated, as far apart as the width ofaneye.........
bv asahawae acces Mat ama) aknaia- tek Mais erauaN vit GReaee geee {non-British Hendelia |
Antennae relatively close together at base... .......4...25+00. 3
3. The most anterior pair of orbital bristles (bristles close to top eye margin)
curve inwards towards each other, in contrast to the more posterior pair/

pairs. Thorax completely black or abdomen yellow ...........+.. 4

All orbital bristles curved upwards and backwards. Thorax partly pale,
abdomen: never VOUOW. ceimaie siete cs kas sno siete eee Clusiodes

4. Thorax and abdomen entirely black (small species like Clusiodes) .......
58 FARE Las de eyrah Co reiec RRR cca lyasins tome sy Se aes Heteromeringia

— Thorax and abdomen entirely yellow, or only very narrow black stripes on
tHOLAX. eed ncvcaw tye a te ne ake: plug eet eka, 510 aia enc ae Clusia

Fig. 2 Male genitalia of Clusiodes species: a, end of abdomen of albimana to
show position of outer lobes, all illustrations being of same orientation;
b, albimana; c, gentilis; d, caledonica; e, geomyzina; f, fascialis; g, apicalis;
h, verticalis.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 91

Clusiodes

Previous accounts have sometimes paid too much attention to dubious colour
characters and certain bristle characters are not completely reliable. It is best
therefore to check the male genitalia. The genital lobes can sometimes be seen in
dried material but identification is easiest whilst the material is still fresh or the
genitalia can be extended before drying. The illustrations are from prepared
specimens in the British Museum collection; in species such as geomyzina the
shape of the genital lobes varies considerably with the angle of view and for this
reason illustrations from the literature of non-British species are not given in the
absence of comparative material.

Since specimens are often common, it is as well to obtain several to be sure of
obtaining a male and in any event several similar species can occur together.

If orbital or thoracic bristles have been knocked off, the basal pits are usually
still visible.

1. No dorso-central bristles in front of suture ...... (sub-genus Clusaria) 2
— A pair of dorso-central bristles present in front of suture .......... 8
2. Thorax partly rusty brown on dorsal surface ................. 3
— Thorax black apart from a white stripe in front of the wing base (incorporat-

ing anterior humerus and notopleural area) ...............+e+.. 5

3. Thorax with 4 dorsal stripes; no stripe on pleurae . [non-British nubila Mg.]
— Thorax with 2 dorsal stripes; usually at least a trace of a stripe at top of
Sacer ames re retrain spears, saris ina tie ha'r Wan i) pillg sot aaa tuakel Shean sae

4. Face darkened (dusky black or dusky red) ............ facialis Coll.
— Face pale yellow (see comments under facialis) . [non-British ruficollis Mg]
5. Costal margin of wing clouded for most of length (as from tip of vein R,) . .

Ea UT Be A Pee oe ve 2) abi aay von Sorat Lee geomyzina (FIn.)
— Costal margin clouded for at most halfitslength............... 6
6. Face in male white (genitalia rather like apicalis)...............4.4.

Ree eT eRe action a. o.cy = vex «ace hua {non-British freyi Tuomikoski]

PI COMUM aleaCdnaa pcr cis ty wes spss oa nuts tage maeeh vere bitoni 4
VEE GeTtalidninvmaie as uustrated 2. . sc 6 cus + nc cas-6 nue apicalis (Zett.)
— Genitalia in male rather similar to geomyzina . . . [non-British picipes Zett.]
8. Vertical bristles present (lying directly behind ocellar triangle). ........

Mert a he OR Se cee a aaste wore asl etn te (sub-genus Clusiodes) 9
Vertical bristles absent (take care they have not been knocked off); male
genitalia with long curved lobes with cluster of spines at apex (normally
obvious even in a dried specimen) (sub-genus Columbellia) verticalis (Collin)
9. Normally 3 pairs of orbital bristles. Male genitalia with short lobes.......

Eb Le oh cr A SEE eine RE TINS ered it eels uel nee eae Aad et hes 5c 2 oom albimana (Mg.)
— Normally with 2 pairs of orbital bristles. Male genitalia with elongate lobes

10. Male genitalia with straight posterior edge to lobe (southern species) .... .
4 coUENIt & GP BARC, PASTRIES LOR a ee a PCR ten ann Hg gentilis (Coll.)

Male genitalia strongly concave on posterior edge of lobe (Scotland) .....
eT Tt ter een sl Unee een arun «cc aver meee caledonica (Coll.)

Footnote:— The comments on distribution and ecology are based on material
seen by me. The Diptera Recording Schemes field meeting in the Spey Valley
in June 1982 found C, caledonica and C. geomyzina to be associated with pine
and C. apicalis with birch, together with C. albimana and C, fascialis with
deciduous trees. I am advised that C. fascialis is frequent in parts of eastern
England, The known Irish fauna comprises Clusia flava, Clusiodes albimana,
C. caledonica, C. gentilis and C. verticalis (see Irish Nat. J. 19: 263-4 and 401-2).

92 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

C. albimana (Mg.) A very common southern species. Specimens with only a
weakly developed third orbital bristle can cause confusion with gentilis and
there is a specimen in the British Museum with two strong orbitals on one side
and three on the other. The vibrissae are very strong and straight in albimana
but intermediates towards the weaker curved vibrissae of gentilis are common.

The face is normally dark in C. albimana but a scarce yellow-faced variety
has been named pallidior; the genitalia seem to be very similar and the
question of the taxononic status of this form is left undecided.

C. gentilis (Collin). Common in the south and often occurring with albimana.

C. caledonica (Collin). In Britain this is apparently confined to the Scottish High-
lands, but only a few records exist.

C. verticalis (Collin). Scattered records are known for England, Scotland and
Wales. A specimen with apparently intact bristles, but no post-verticals, proved
on inspection of the genitalia to be gentilis. Thus great care needs to be taken
in recording this species.

C. facialis (Collin). A rare southern species. Two males have an associated female
with a pale face. It is thus possible that ruficollis is not a distinct species; the
poor genitalia illustration of ruficollis in Seguy (1934, fig. 472) shows the
outer lobe to be similar to that of facialis (there is a hint of a lower thumb-like
process which could be turned underneath).

C. geomyzina (Fall.). Though distinctive, the costal cloud is often weak. This
species is only known from the Scottish Highlands and, being a very dark
species, it requires comparison with apicalis and possibly the non-British
picipes. The genitalia of the latter species are very similar to geomyzina, as
illustrated by Tuomikoski (1934) but only geomyzina has such an extensive
wing cloud.

C. apicalis. The very few British specimens are from the Scottish Highlands. The
male genitalia are distinct among British species, but the similar Finnish freyi
has short spines on the inner surface of the peg on the lower margin and the
lower corner of the front margin of the lobe is more bulbous.

Heteromeringia nigrimana (Loew). Since on present knowledge the dark species of
Clusiodes (with a white stripe in front of the wing base) are confined to the
Scottish Highlands, an all black clusiid in southern England should readily be
recognised as something special. There is a single species, H. nigrimana, with
old records for Moccas Park in Herefordshire and Woodditton Wood in
Cambridgeshire.

Clusia flava (Mg.). Being almost entirely yellow and with the wing spot faint, and
therefore atypical for a clusiid, C. flava is probably often not recognised in the
field. In fact it is a frequent species in the south.

Paraclusia tigrina (Fall.) is one of our more boldly marked picture winged flies
and may easily be assumed to be a trypetid or otitid, but for its habit of sitting
on dead wood. The best situation is a patch of barkless dead wood on the
trunk of a large live beech tree, where specimens may be found sitting incon-
spicuously in August and September. This used to be thought of as a great
rarity since it does not seem to occur in the well known ancient forests.
However, over recent years it has been found in several localities in southern
England, as well as in South Wales, on rather isolated large trees within hedge-
rows and narrow strips of woodland.

My thanks are passed to Mr. B. Cogan for letting me examine material from
the Verrall/Collin collection which he had on loan from the Hope Department,
Oxford. .

REFERENCES

Brindle, A. & Smith, K.G.V., 1978. The immature stages of flies. In A Dipterist’s
Handbook, Amat. ent. Soc.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 93

Collin, J.E., 1912. Three species of the ‘albimana’ group of the genus Heteroneura
(Diptera). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 48: 106-8.

— 1953. A new species of Clusaria (Diptera, Clusiidae). J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4:
138-9.

— 1953. Clusaria apicalis Zett. new to Britain. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4: 139-140.

Czerny, L., 1924. Fliegen palaearkt. Reg. 54a, Clusiidae; 1-12.

Melander, A.L. & Argo, N.G., 1924. A revision of the two winged flies of the
family Clusiidae. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 64: 1-51.

Seguy, E., 1934. Diptera (Brachyceres) (Muscidae Acalypterae et Scathophagidae).
Faune Fr. 28: 1-832.

Smith, K.G.V., 1950. The puparium of Clusia flava Mg. (Dipt., Clusiidae). Ento-
mologist’s mon. Mag. 86: 53.

Tuomikoski, R., 1933, Notizen uber die Clusiiden Finnlands. Notulae Ent. 13:
15-19.

BENHS Meeting 10.ix.1981.—Exhibits. Mr. A.E. STUBBS: The hoverfly
Didea alneti found at Loch Loy (Culbin Sands, Nairn) on 5th August 1981. It
was flying over lake-side marsh where alders are present, resembling its habitat
where the exhibitor had seen it in Finland. The pale markings were turquoise
blue (as in Finland) but they had faded to pale apple green as in old collections.
This would seem to be the first recent record, and the first for Scotland. Lt. Col.
A.M. EMMET: (1) Eight reared specimens of Scythris inspersella (Hubn.) from
Stoke Ferry, Norfolk, emerged 27.vii-3.viii 1981. (2) Eight specimens of
Ypsolopha lucella (F.) captured at Barton Mills, Suffolk on 14 and 27.vii.1981.
They include a male, which is very rare. (3) Mines and living larvae of Parornix
torquillella (Zell.) and P. finitimella (Zell.) to show the distinguishing characters.
In A Field Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, the exhibitor stated that
the early stages had not yet been differentiated and attributed the mine of
P. torquillella to P. finitimella. The purpose of the exhibit was to correct this
mistake and to demonstrate the differences. Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ: Larvae of
Enicostoma lobella D. & S. found on blackthorn from East Tilbury, Essex.
Mr. P.A. SOKOLOFF: Old honeycomb from an abandoned hive infested with
Achroia grisella F. the Lesser Wax Moth. Over 200 moths had emerged from a
single comb. A living example of the moth was also shown. The comb originated
from Orpington, Kent, and the moths emerged between mid-August and early
September.

Communications, Mr. M. HADLEY reported five examples of Lithosia quadra
(L) at Polruan, Cornwall. Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT: a Clouded Yellow (Colias
croceus Geof.) had been seen in Ashridge, Cornwall on 17,8.81 and there was a
report of approx. 90 individuals of this species seen in a quarry in Warwickshire,
including the pale female form. He also reported that an example of Acleris
literana (L.) had been seen in Montgomery but not taken.

Lecture. The Geological History of Insects, by Mr. E. Jarzembowski.

BENHS Meeting 24.ix.1981.—The President welcomed Dr. Georgina Bryan
and Dr. Stephen Menken from the Netherlands and Mr. Moros from Spain.

Exhibits. Mr. P. CALDERARA: (1) A web of young larvae of Lymantria
dispar (L.) preparing to over-winter on a branch of the evergreen Arbutus in a
remote part of the Alpes Maures (Var). This was noticed when searching for
ova of Charaxes jasius (L.) the second brood of which has been unusually
abundant this year. The last major infestation of L. dispar in this area was in
1975 when it consumed most foliage in an omnivorous manner but he had never
found it on Arbutus before in the last 15 years. (2) An example of Lampides
boeticus (L.) from Kenya. The butterfly was found in the snow near one of the
summits of Mount Kenya. Mr. David C. Edward who sent the butterfly wrote
“The butterfly was found in the snow at 16000 feet on the snowfield that runs

94 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

down the Lantana, the lowest at 16355 feet of Mount Kenya’a three peaks. I
think it was about 250 feet from the summit. Mount Kenya rises from hot sweaty
farmland at 7000 feet. From 8000 to 10500 feet it is tropical rain forest. From
10500 to 12500 feet it is boggy heathland, a few flowers but not,many butterflies.
Above 14000 feet it is basically bare rock. These figures are approximate and
from my memory of the terrain I’m sure that the butterfly would have come
from farmland at 7000 feet as I did not see any “blues” above 8000 feet.”
Dr. A.A. ALLEN: A female Heterogamus dispar (Curtis) (HYM, Braconidae)
captured by sweeping at Ashcombe, Devon, 8.viii.1981. The species — the host of
which is still unknown — appears to be exceedingly rare in Britain, there being
records of only 3 or 4 specimens. (The most recent capture prior to this example
appears to be the insect secured by the present exhibitor at Littlehampton,
Sussex 2.ix.1978). Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET: Living specimens of Mompha
nodicolella Fuchs reared from a gall in a stem and a seedpod of rosebay
willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium), the latter constituting a hitherto
unrecorded method of feeding. The moths were reared from larvae collected
in the East Ham Churchyard Nature Reserve on 21st August on a visit made
in the company of the Rev. D.J.L. Agassiz. This visit, the second to be made
this year, established that the species is bivoltine. Although larvae were obviously
plentiful since seven were found crawling on tombstones, galls of the second
generation were scarce and confined to small, late-formed branches in the
flowerhead. Agassiz was the first to notice small holes in the seedpods which,
when opened, were found to contain larvae; no gall is formed in the pods. The
larvae were extremely abundant and from about ten flowerheads 42 moths and
20 parasites emerged. Gall-feeding larvae of both generations appear to be
immune from parasitisation. Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH: (1) A specimen of the
Mottled Umber Moth Erannis defoliaria (Clerck) which appeared in his trap three
nights ago. He regarded this as a December — January species. (2) The Acleris
literana (Linn) mentioned by him at the last meeting from Sussex which is form
squamana (F.). (3) An Amblyptilia punctidactyla (Haw.) caught 23.ix.81 in
Sussex. The greenish colour as opposed to brown in the wings distinguishes this
from A. acanthadactyla (Hubn.). (4) Phyllocnistis saligna (Zell.). He showed
mines of this species two years ago, but bred very few as twigs of Salix purpurea
shrivel when placed in water. He was pleased to find the moth in Surrey this
time and to succeed by collecting the cocoons on the leaves which were placed
in sandwich boxes with plenty of greenery. He found cocoons also for the first
time on another species of Salix resembling fragilis,

Membership: Messrs. G. Mulford, J.G. Whiteside, P.D. Mainwaring, N.E.
Turner and R.D.G. Barrington were elected.

Communications: Mr. K. EVANS reported the arrival at his Addiscombe,
Surrey trap of a 6 Rhodometra sacraria (L.), The Vestal, on the night of 7.ix.81
and again on 8.ix. Both were in immaculate condition. The crosslines on both
examples tended to be brown in colour and not pink. Mr. S.N.A. JACOBS gave
it as his opinion that the colour of the cross lines was due to the melanin content
which, according to Dr. Corbett, was dictated by the length of time spent in the
pupal state. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON reported on the attendance of the migrants
P. meticulosa (L.) and A. gamma (L.) at his Bramley, Surrey trap and drew
attention to the population explosion of Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haw.) as no less
than 42 examples arrived at his trap on night of 23-24.ix.81. Dr. A.A. ALLEN
reported that some brown larvae of Cyclophora porata (L.) had changed colour
to green in the penultimate instar. He felt that this was an unusual.phenomenon
as in most species having two colour forms in the larvae the tendency was for
the greens to change to brown.

Lecture: Animal/flower symbiosis, by Dr.B.M.G. Jones.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 95

BENHS Meeting 8.x.1981.—The President announced the deaths of
Mr. W.E.G. Collinson, Mr. F.H. Edwards, Mrs. M.J. Frohawk and Lt. F.W. Smith.
He welcomed Dr. Becker of The Ministry of Agriculture, Brazil.

Exhibits. Mr. A.E. STUBBS: a hoverfly, Lejops vittata (Mg.) taken at Romney
Marsh 20.vii.81. It is the first recent record of this very rare species beyond the
Thames Estuary. Mr. M. HADLEY: A new book A History of the Butterflies and
Moths of Sussex by Colin Pratt. Lt. Col. ALM. EMMET: (1) A leaf of red clover
(Trifolium pratense) showing mines of Parectopa ononidis (Zeller). This species
seems to have years of special abundance and this is the first such year since
1975. It occurs mainly on chalk downland. The larva over-winters in its mine,
starts to feed again in late February and pupates in late March or April. The
larvae readily change leaves. Mines are easy to find in autumn but much harder
in spring. The best plan is to collect in the autumn and overwinter the larvae on
a potted plant out of doors. (2) A cocoon of Leucospilapteryx omissella
(Stainton). The larva in question was extracted from its mine to see if it was
capable of entering a fresh leaf. It evidently could not do this and after
wandering about for a week it spun up. Larvae of this species are pale yellow-
green but turn orange-crimson when full-fed. This larva was still yellow-green
when it spun up. The cocoon is normally ochreous but this cocoon is white,
which is the colour of silk spun by a half-grown larva. The cocoon is usually
opaque but this one is transparent and it is possible to see that pupation has
taken place successfully and that the pupa is alive. The colour change of the
larva and of its silk is therefore apparently dependent on the larva being fully
fed and not on impending pupation. Mr. I.R. HUDSON: A specimen of
Ammophila sabulosa (L.) (HYM Sphecidae) found covering up a nest burrow
on heathland at Browndown, Gosport, Hants 29th July 1981. On digging down
5-8 cm a large hairy caterpillar was found. References he had read indicate this
species to prefer non-hairy hosts.

Communications. The President stated that 290 acres of Holton Heath and
the adjacent foreshore of Poole Harbour in Dorset had been declared as a
National Nature Reserve. Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT reported the appearance
of the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Devon and Cornwall. He also
stated that, simulataneously with this migration, Cynthia virginiensis (Drury)
had been reported from S. Wales. Lt. Col. A.M. Emmet stated that Mr. J.A.C.
GREENWOOD had taken Rhodometra sacraria (L.) at his trap in Sussex. Mr.
K.G.W. EVANS reported a third R. sacraria (L.) at his Addiscombe trap reported
at the previous meeting, a barren female on 26.ix.81. He also found a male
Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) at Addiscombe on 1.x.81.

Lecture. Desert Insects, by Prof. J.L. CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON.

BENHS Meeting 12.xi.1981.—Exhibits. Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET: tenanted
larval cases of Adela croesella (Scopoli) (Lep.: Incurvariidae), The early stages
of this species are little known in Britain. The larva was not described in The
Moths & Butterflies of Great Britain & Ireland Volume 1. No example of the
case was available for figuring and the description of it given in the text was in
part inaccurate. The case is, in fact, made of silk which is then coated directly
with particles of soil, without the incorporation of any leaf material. Meyrick
gives brief but correct descriptions of the larva and case. The material shown
was collected from the ground at Icklingham, Suffolk on 2.xi. under privet, the
supposed foodplant of the young larva. The larvae are reported to feed on leaf-
litter in later instars. Those exhibited appeared to be either fully fed or in winter
diapause, since from the time of collection they had rested with their cases half
buried in soil without showing any inclination to feed, returning to this position
if disturbed. Adults taken at the same locality on the lst of June 1981 were also
exhibited. Mr. & Mrs. T.G. HOWARTH: a fully grown larva of Agrius convolvuli

96 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

(L.), the Convolvulus Hawk, on behalf of our member Mr. G. CROSS. A worn
female brought to him at Shipton Gorge near Bridport, Dorset on 25.ix laid
30 ova and from these 20 larvae are now either nearly fully fed or have buried
themselves prior to pupation. Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ: the British species of the
Oegoconia quadripuncta (Haw.) group, comprising three species, not two as in
our previous lists. Further research is required before the names to be applied
to them can be stated with certainty. Dr. A.A. ALLEN (1): Two recently
determined male specimens of Heterogamus dispar Curtis (Hym: Braconidae)
caught 16.viii.1980, Littlehampton, Sussex and 8.viii.1981, Ashcombe, Devon,
both beaten out of hawthorn. The host is unknown. (2) A female Apanteles
chrysis Nixon (Braconidae) bred 17.viii.1981 from Aspilapteryx tringipennella
(Zell.) (Lep: Gracillariidae) from a mine on Plantago taken 22.vii.1981 near
Dawlish, Devon. The parasite seems rare; the exhibitor had collected many mines
of the host on several occasions and only moths had emerged. From around 50
mines collected on this occasion, only the one parasite was bred. Dr. M.R. Shaw
(pers. comm.) while never having obtained any Apanteles from the host, had
frequently encountered a species of Microgaster.

Communications. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON reported on insect migration
and said that 1981 had been the worst of the last 9/10 years for migration records.
However, September had been the best month there having been records of the
arrival of Danaus plexippus (L.) on 24/25.ix.81 and, latterly, an invasion of
Herse convolvuli (L.). But he was puzzled because Meteorological Office records
over that period showed that the prevailing winds had come from N. Africa and
the Canaries yet there had been records of the arrival of some half dozen species
of N. American birds. There had been almost no migrant records for October.
On the previous night, 11.xi.81, Mr. Bretherton’s Bramley, Surrey trap had
taken 34 moths of 10 species. About half of the moths were Brachionycha
sphinx (Hufn.). There were no migrants.

Announcements. Mr. G. Prior appealed for volunteers to lead Field Meetings.
[This is a recurring need in all parts of the country. —Ed.]

Exhibition. Mr. K.G.W. EVANS opened a general and lively discussion on the
Society’s Exhibition at Chelsea Town Hall on 24.x.81 and regretted that demon-
strations and massive traffic jams on that day had delayed the arrival of some
members for several hours and that some members had even failed to reach the
exhibition. Lt.Col. EMMET drew attention with some pleasure at the preponder-
ance of the micro-lepidoptera on display. This was a noticeable change of the
balance with macro-lepidoptera in previous years. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON
remarked that there had been more exhibits of foreign insects this year than
usual and that the standard was very high. Mr. R. TUBBS had noticed an
increasing tendancy for exhibits to tell a story and said that this was a welcome
change from great numbers of set specimens devoid of much detail. Mr. M.
VENTOM complained of the lack of live insects and felt that more attention
should be given to this.

Slides. There followed a showing of very high quality colour slides with
appropriate commentary by Dr. A.A. ALLEN, Mrs. F. MURPHY, Mr. T.G.
HOWARTH and Mr. A. CALLOW.

BENHS Meeting 26.xi.1981.—Exhibits. Mr. A.E. STUBBS: examples of two
hoverflies from Finland. Spilomyia saltuum (F.) and Eristalis oestraceus (L.).
Mr. C. HART: (1) a variety of Amathes c-nigrum (L.) captured during the summer
at Buckland, Surrey. (2) ova of Lithophane leautieri (Boisduval)*from a moth
taken in early November also at Buckland.

Members elected. Miss C.A. Peachey, Messrs. G.F. Arnold, H.E. Beaumont,
R.G. Brown, C.M. Buckingham, B. McRitchie, D.A. Oram, C.E. Shepherd,
P. Summers, G.D. Trebilcock, and J.B. Warbrook.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 97

Communications. The PRESIDENT stated that the Wildlife and Countryside
Bill, 1981 had received Royal Assent and he listed those insects included in
Schedule 1. Lt. Col. ALM. EMMET referred to his exhibit at the previous meeting
of tenanted larval cases of Adela croesella (Scopoli) (Lep: Incurvariidae). He pointed
out that the larvae tended to be unusually bulbous at the anal end and felt that
larvae of other species of this genus should be examined to see if they also
exhibited this phenomenon. Investigators should report their findings to Mr.
David Carter of B.M.(N.H.). Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON, reporting on migration,
said that Mr. Foster had recorded on 21/22.xi.1981 near Falmouth Mythimna
unipuncta (Haw.), Nomphila noctuella (D. & S.) and the tropical Tathorhynchus
exsiccata (Led.). He also reported that Mr. Bernard Skinner had taken at Wye,
Kent the rare Pyralid, Euchromius ocellea (Haw.).

Mr. P. CALDERARA drew attention to the almost complete failure of the
acorn crop and felt that this would have a deleterious effect on those species
which rely on acorns. However, Lt. Col. EMMET thought that this must be a
local problem of acorn shortage as he had observed such in plenty at Newlands
Corner, Surrey. Dr. D. LONSDALE reported that at Alice Holt Forest, Sussex
there had been serious defoliation of the oaks over the last three years and that
it had proved even worse in 1981. This, he felt, might be the cause of Mr.
Calderara’s observation.

Lecture. Mr. C.I. CARTER then gave an illustrated lecture entitled “New
Aphid arrivals and their tree hosts in Britain’.

BENHS/Royal Entomological Society Meeting 10.xii.1981.—The PRESIDENT,
Mr. A.E. STUBBS, welcomed Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society to a
joint meeting with this Society. He then introduced four speakers, viz:— Messrs.
Ian McLean, Rupert Lees, Peter Hammond and Richard Vane-Wright who all
spoke onthe subject of “Courtship Behaviour” illustrated with a series of excellent
slides. These talks provoked a lively discussion and a number of interesting
questions.

The official business of the meeting concluded, members and their guests
adjourned for wine and refreshments.

Atlas of butterflies of the London area.—Records are sought for the pro-
duction of a tetrad Atlas of the Butterflies of the London area by the London
Natural History Society, intended for publication in 1986. The society’s recording
area is a circle of radius 20 miles centred on St. Paul’s Cathedral. This circle is
defined at intervals by the following places: Tilbury; Brentwood; Harlow;
Hertford; Welwyn; St. Albans; Kings Langley; Chorleywood; Chalfont St. Peter;
Gerrards Cross; Slough; Egham; Chertsey; Addlestone; Byfleet; Bookham; Redhill;
Limpsfield; West Kingsdown and Swanscombe, and contains portions of Essex,
Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey and Kent, as well as all of Middlesex.

All records of butterflies are invited for these areas for the following periods:
pre-1900; 1900 to 1959; 1960 to 1979; 1980 onwards. The maps will be prepared
using tetrads, (two by two kilometre squares), as the basic recording units, and
records will ideally include a grid reference, date and other relevant comments.

People who have in the past sent butterfly records from the London area to
the late Baron de Worms are invited to resubmit the records to me, since many
of the late Baron’s notes have gone missing since his death.

It would be helpful, in the case of less common species, if contributors would
state any degree of confidentiality they require to be imposed on the records.

Contributions should be sent to me please at the Passmore Edwards Museum,
Romford Road, Stratford, London, E15 4LZ.—Colin W. Plant.

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

LEPIDOPTERA IMMIGRATION TO THE BRITISH ISLES,
1969 TO 1977

by R.F. BRETHERTON 7
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, GUS OLE

INTRODUCTION

This article brings together, with short commentaries, records of the
Lepidoptera believed to have been immigrant to the British Isles in each of the
years 1969 to 1977. No collected annual migration records have yet been
published for these years. It is important to fill this gap as far as is now practicable
both to preserve continuity of the data and also because some of these years are
outstanding, either in the abundance of immigrant species, as in 1969 and 1976,
or because of their unusual pattern and species content, as in 1972.

Records of the “‘scarcer” immigrant species, rather more broadly defined than
in previous annual migration reports, are usually given in full, arranged by vice
counties with place, date, and original reference; but in the case of previously
published records authors’ names have been omitted. For certain species in years
of their greatest abundance the records have been summarised only. Species which
are more or less frequent immigrants but also established residents have been
marked with an asterisk; for these records have been included only of
examples which are believed to be probable immigrants on grounds of locality,
appearance, date, or association with other immigrant species; there is inevitably
sometimes doubt about the true status of some of these. Records believed to
result from introduction by human agency or release have not been included.

Records of the dozen most common and regular immigrants are not set out
in detail; but their prevalence in each year is referred to in the commentary.
These species are Plutella xylostella (L.), Udea ferrugalis (Hubn.), Nomophila
noctuella (D. & S.), Colias croceus (Geof.), Vanessa atalanta (L.), Cynthia
cardui (L.), Macroglossa stellatarum (L.), Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), Peridroma
saucia (Hubn.), Phlogophora meticulosa (L.), Autographa gamma (L.). A number
of resident species which are known or suspected to be immigrant are not listed
here because of the difficulty of separating immigrant examples.

Many of the records which are collected here have already been published
in the national entomological journals, in reports of local natural history societies,
or in special works on counties and other areas, For these records source
references are given, but for reasons of space without the names of the authors
of each record, except in a few special cases; as far as practicable the earliest
published record has been used. Many unpublished records have been given to
me by personal contributors, whose names are mentioned, and for whose help
I am very grateful. I am also much indebted to Mr. R.A. French of Rothamsted
Experimental Station for his full notes for 1969 and for many records, not
otherwise available, which have come to him for some later years. Individual
records refer to single examples unless a number is given; for nocturnal species
capture or observation at light is intended unless other means are stated, and
the date given as far as possible refers to beginning of the night in question. The
following abbreviations have been used: —

AES Bull. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society

BENHS Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological
and Natural History Society

ER Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

INJ Irish Naturalists’ Journal

Berw. NC History of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 99

Derbys. ES
DNHAS

Hast. Nat.

Herts. NHS

Lancs. & Chesh. ES

L.N.

Macrolep. Glos.

C-H Kent
C-H Man.
Christie Lomond

AME SmM Essex
Croydon Survey

Proceedings of the Derbyshire Entomological Society
(The Gnat)

Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society:
Annual Reports

Hastings and East Sussex Naturalist

Transactions of the Hertfordshire Naturalists’ Society

Annual Reports of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomol-
ogical Society

London Natural History Society: Biennial reviews of
London Lepidoptera, by Dr. C.G.M. de Worms (reprints
from The London Naturalist).

Proceedings of the Cotteswold Field Club, 1973: 151-
173: The Macrolepidoptera of Gloucestershire, Supple-
ment 3, by Austin Richardson.

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1981. The Butterflies and Moths of
Kent, vol. 3.

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1970. The Butterflies and Moths of
the Isle of Man.

Christie, E.R. & I.C., 1980. Moths of East Loch Lomond-
side.

Emmet, A.M., 1981. The Smaller Moths of Essex.

Evans, L.K. & K.A.G., 1973. A Survey of the Macro-

lepidoptera of Croydon and north east Surrey.

Firmin, J., 1975. A Guide to the Butterflies and larger
Moths of Essex.

B. Goater, 1974. The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire.

Essex Guide.

BG Lep. Hants.

CRP Sx. C.R. Pratt, 1981, A History of the Butterflies and Moths
of Sussex.

S-B Brecon Sankey-Barker, J.P., 1978. Butterflies and Moths of
Breconshire.

RISR Taylor, L.R. & French, R.A., 1969-1973. Rothamsted

Insect Survey reports.

These annual lists are certainly far from complete. The author would much
welcome any further records of the scarcer immigrant species for the years 1969
to 1977.

1969

1969 was a very good year for immigrants. Of the scarcer species 34 of those
which are immigrant only were reported, and immigrant examples of 7 resident
species were noted. The records included one species, Ctenoplusia accentifera
(Lefebvre), new to the British list; three, the Fritillary Pandoriana pandora
(D. & S.), the Noctuids Dysgonia algira (L.) and Hypena obesalis (Treits.), which
are second British records; and two specimens of Cryphia raptricula (D. & S.), of
which only two were previously known. The occurrences of Nymphalis antiopa
(L.) (4), Daphnis nerii (L.) (4), Catocala fraxini (2, one of them in Shetland),
Macdunnoughia confusa (Steph.) (2, one on Orkney), Eublemma ostrina (Hubn.)
(2), and singles of Argynnis lathonia (L.), Protoschina scutosa (D. & S.),
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.), and an immigrant 7yistateles emortualis (D. & S.)
are particularly noteworthy. The scarcer Pyrales were represented by Euchromius
ocellea (Haw.) (1), Uresiphita limbalis (D. & S.) (5), Diasemia ramburialis (Dup.)
(4), and Palpita unionalis (Hubn.) (13). The Geometrid Cyclophora puppillaria
(Hubn.) (25) and the Noctuid Diachrisia orichalcea (F.) (9) both made the
largest invasions yet known. Singles of Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.) in East Kent
and Dorset, and Photedes fluxa (Hubn.) in East Kent, far from the areas of
residence in England, were probably short distance immigrants across the

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Channel. Most of the other scarce and semi-scarce immigrants were recorded
in larger numbers than in earlier years of the decade, Spodoptera exigua (Hubn.)
(over 200) and Orthonama obstipata (F.) (over 450) being especially prominent.
There were, however, some exceptions: Agrius convolvuli (L,) (22), Acherontia
atropos (L.) (c.20), Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.) (4), Heliothis peltigera (D. &
S.) (2), Rhodometra sacraria (L.) (c.15) all made rather poor showing in the
records.

Among the usually common butterflies, Cynthia cardui, with some 2,000
reported, was probably commoner and more widespread than in any year since
1952. After a few arrivals in Ireland in early May, there were large invasions of
southern England from May 14 to early June, with good spread later as far as
Orkney. From these there was much local breeding, especially in the south,
which added to the large number of immigrants which arrived in early August,
mainly near the north east coast. About 200 were counted in fields at Gartlea,
Dumbartonshire on August 7 and 8, apparently on passage further west. Smaller
invasions at the end of the month, and more local breeding, kept the species
generally widespread and in many places common through September and
October, with several accounts of southward flights near and from the coast.
Records ceased suddenly with the onset of cold weather in the first week of
November.

Vanessa atalanta began to arrive in small numbers in late March and April,
and some 60 were reported in May. From August numbers increased until
October, apparently more as a result of local breeding than of further large
immigration. There were then, as with C. cardui, reports of southward flights,
but few were seen in November, the last being from the Lizard, West
Cornwall, on November 26th. With the help of a warm summer, this nearly
resident species had its best season since 1964.

Arrivals of Colias croceus also began early in both England and Ireland from
April 7 to early June. Later there was a small immigration about July 22, and
others to Devon and Co. Cork in August; it was probably the offspring from
these which brought the October numbers up to over half the annual total of
550, well above the average for the decade. Of the much rarer Colias hyale (L.)
18 were reported, of which 15 were from three localities in Ireland; but this total
must be subject to some doubt because of possible confusions with pale
females of C. croceus f.helice. Baynes (1964) considered that there were no
reliable records of C. hyale in Ireland since 1868.

Allof the usually common immigrant moths including Macroglossa stellatarum,
Peridroma saucia, Phlogophora meticulosa, Autographa gamma, Nomophila
noctuella and Udea ferrugalis appear to have been in larger numbers and more
widespread than usual.

A. gamma was especially prominent. A few arrived in April, and over 500 were
reported in May; in late July and early August it became extremely abundant
both by day and by night. The invasion about August 2 must have been enor-
mous: on that night over 400 were trapped in Orkney, an estimated 6,000 at
Thurlestone, South Devon, and, far inland, 66 at Bramley, Surrey and 200/300
at Steeple Barton, Oxon. The results of local breeding from earlier arrivals no
doubt contributed heavily later, but there were indications of further influxes
about September 19 and October 7 and 19. The range extended to Shetland in
August, and the last was seen in Oxfordshire on December 13.

N. noctuella also had a record year, beginning in January and again in May
and continuing until November 12. Local breeding may have contributed to its
abundance; but it is curious that the finding of wild larvae in Britain has never
been precisely described. Several recorders, even some far inland, had more than
100 in their light traps on nights in September and October, and the total for
year of over 3,000 was the highest since 1952. Swarms of probably immigrant

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 101

P. meticulosa were also noticed, not only on the south coast but also in
Oxfordshire, where about 1,000 were noted on October 12.

In 1969 the arrivals of waves of immigrant Lepidoptera were more frequent
than usual, and the records of their contents often overlapped. Many species
also began to arrive early in the season and in a generally warm summer locally
bred offspring of these became numerous from July onwards. For these reasons
it is difficult to identify the precise timing and species content of separate
influxes or to trace their probable origins. But a rough sequence may be
described as follows.

There was a small, certainly very long distance, influx which included E.
ocellea and N, noctuella as early as January 21-23. From late March to early May
there were several small arrivals, mainly of the common butterflies and of
A. gamma, and from May 12-14 and again about May 20-28 at least seven species
of scarcer immigrant moths and many C. cardui. These appear to have come
from the south west, probably from south Spain or north Africa. In June and
the first half of July there were isolated records of several scarce species which
probably came from France. Mass immigration from the south west began again
in late July and from August 2/4. From August 2/9 several species known to be
resident only elsewhere in Britain were reported in Kent and Dorset: these
probably came across the Channel from France. From August 19-24 there was
an influx across the North Sea which included EF. occulta, N. antiopa, P. scutosa,
and many N. noctuella.

September was distinguished by at least two large invasions, including three
species new or almost new to British list, probably from far to the south or south
west, as well as by examples of C. fraxini in Suffolk and Shetland on September
18-19, presumably from Scandinavia. In all about 20 of the scarcer species were
reported.

In October the migratory season reached its height with apparently almost
continuous arrivals in large numbers, probably of south western origin in Iberia
or North Africa. Besides the scarcer migrants usual at this time of year, there
were records of no less than 25 C. puppillaria, two D. nerii, and one C. chalcites:
some 20 scarcer migrant species in all. There were also high migratory peaks of
almost all the common species, some of them much reinforced by local breeding.
There were many survivors in much of November, and of A. gamma, well into
December; but there were no clear indications of fresh arrivals after the end of
October.

Scarce Immigrants, 1969

Euchromius ocellea (1) HANTS S. Bursledon 23.1 (BG Hants: 175).

Uresiphita limbalis (5) CORNWALL. W. Lizard 13.9 (ER 81:308). DEVON N.
Chulmleigh 13.8 (ER 81:308). SOMERSET S. Selworthy 13.10 (ER 82:30).
MONMOUTH. Usk 13.10 (BENHS 4:11). CAERNS. Bangor 17.10 (Ent. Gaz.
221A):

Diasemiopsis ramburialis (4) CORNWALL W. Rosewarn 20.10 (per French).
DEVON S. Slapton 25.10 (G.A. Cole, pers. comm.). HANTS S. Minstead 17.10
(ER 82:138). PERTHS S. Aberfoyle 21.10 (D.L. Coates per I.C. Christie: 1st
Scottish record).

Palpita unionalis (16). CORNWALL W. Lizard 13.9 (ER 81:308). CORNWALL
E. Looe 8-20.10, nine (per French). DEVON S. Slapton 19.10, 22.10 (BENHS
4:11). DEVON N. Chulmleigh 13.8 (ER 81:307). HANTS S. Minstead 13.10
(BG HANTS:194). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 17.7 (per French). WESTMOR-
LAND. Beetham 27.10 (BENHS 4:11).

*Dioryctria abietella (splendidella auct) (1) ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 17.7
(per French).

*Pgpilio mechaon (1) SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 14.8 (ER 82:87).

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Colias hyale (c.18) DEVON S. Princetown 23.7; Plymouth 23.9 (per French).
SUSSEX E. Fairlight, 22.9 (per French); Peacehaven n.d.; Hastings n.d. (CRP.
SX:301). Co. CORK. Cape Clear Is. 21.8, 22.8, 10.10; Cloyne 29.9, female INJ
16:291: “at both places closely examined and observers considered them to be
C. hyale and not C. croceus f. helice. In addition, Co. WATERFORD. Tramore
29.10, some 10 pale Colias seen, some at least of which were thought to be
C. hyale.”

Pontia daplidice DEVON S. Torquay 2.6. BUCKS. Slough 31.8 (per French).

*Nymphalis polychloros DORSET. Winspit 28.6 (DNHAS 91:448). KENT E.
Acrise August (C-H Kent 3:221). ESSEX N. The Naze 21.9 (Essex Guide:31).

Nymphalis antiopa (4) SUSSEX W. Washington 24.10, on rotting apples
(D.A. Odd, notebook). WESTMORLAND. Burton 14.10, in garden (ER 82:64).
STIRLINGS. Rowardennan Ben Lomond 21.8 (ER 81:281). Co. ANTRIM.
Belfast 4.8, in garden (ER 81:293).

Argynnis lathonia (1) MERIONETH. Tal-y-Wern 3.9, 3 p.m. over brambles
(ER 81:295).

Argynnis pandora (1) DORSET. Durdle Door 13.7, on thistle (C.J.P. Samson,
A.E.S. Bull: 29:108).

Danaus plexippus (2) NORFOLK E. Ditchingham 7.9 (per French). HANTS
S. Winchester 9.9 (per French).

Cyclophora puppillaria (25) DEVON S. Slapton 13, 21, 22.10 (ER 82:102);
Cullompton 19 & 24.10 (ER 82:100). SOMERSET N. Weston-s-Mare 19.10
(ER 82:100). WILTS S. Trowbridge October (French). WILTS. N. Wroughton
17.10 (ER 82:90). HANTS S. Minstead 12.10 (ER 81:335); Bursledon 16.10
(BG Hants: 254). HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 7, 13, 17.10; Micheldever 22.10;
(ER 83:115); Watts Common 22.10 (ER 82:101). KENT W. Lee 20.10 (LN 49:
84, 88). SURREY. Nutfield 8.10 (Croydon Survey: 305); Bramley 13.10, five
(ER 82:100). MIDDX. Totteridge 22.10 (49:84). OXON. Shillingford 19.10
(Ent.Gaz. 21:64). NOTTS. near Nottingham 26.10 (D.H. Sterling, pers comm.).

*Scopula rubiginata (1) DORSET. Studland 7.8, one worn at light (ER
82:311).

Rhodometra sacraria (c.15) CORNWALL W. Rosewarne 1.11 (per French).
CORNWALL E. Looe 5,6,24.10 (per French). DEVON S. Slapton 12.7, 8.10,
two (per French); Brixham 13.9, 18.10; Thurlestone Sept. (per French). SUSSEX
W. Midhurst 19 & 24.10 (CRP Sx: 308); Chichester 21.10 (CRP.Sx: 308).
SURREY S.W.London mid 10 (per French). ESSEX S. Rainham 2.9 (per
French). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 7.10, f. sanguinaria (H.E. Chipperfield,
pers. comm.). STIRLINGS. Aberfoyle 1969, n.d., (D.L. Coates per I.C.Christie).

Orthonama obstipata (over 500). CORNWALL May 25 (1), July 4 (1), August
(1), September (7), October (38). DEVON. May 12 (1), July (15), August (5S),
September (42), October (42), November (5). SOMERSET May 13 (3), August
(6), September (10), October (10). DORSET August (1), September (1), October
(2). HAMPSHIRE May 21 & 25 (2), June 30 (1), July (30), August (44),
September (4), October (63), November (4). Total trap counts at Martyr Worthy
60, at Minstead 75. SUSSEX October (4). KENT July (7), August (1), September
(1). SURREY July (7), August (7), September (12), October (11). ESSEX May
12 (1), July (1), August (4), September (5), October (22). November (1). HERTS
July (2), August (1), September (2), October (8). MIDDX. July (1), November
(1). BERKS. August (1). OXON. July (1), October (7). SUFFOLK Norton July
(3), September (1), October (c.5). BEDS. July (1), September (1), October (4).
HUNTS. May 15 (1), July (1), September (1), October (5). NORTHANTS.
November 4 (1). GLOS. September (1), October (4). MONMOUTH. July (2),
September (1), October (7). HEREFS. October (1), SALOP October (2).
MERIONETH. July (1). CAERNS. August (1), October (2). LINCS. September
(2), October (3). LEICS. October (1). DERBYS. September (2). WESTMORLAND

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 103

October 19 (1). YORKS. September (3), October (3). INNER HEBRIDES
September (1), October (2). Co. DUBLIN July (1), October (1).

Agrius convolvuli (19 and two pupae). DEVON S. Cullompton 19 & 27.9;
Sidmouth, 4.10 (per French). DEVON N. Drayton Buckleigh 13.10 (per French).
SOMERSET N. Weston-s-Mare 10.10 (ER 81:30). HANTS S. Bournemouth
17.10 (per French); Bursledon 22.10 (I. Watkinson per Goater). ESSEX S.
Bradwell-on-Sea, 17 & 29.9 (per French). SURREY. Camberley 18.10 (ER
81:327). SUFFOLK E. Saxmundham 16.8 (per French); Walberswick 14.10
(ER 82:87); Gt. Bealings, mid 8 (Suff.N.H. 15:138); SUFFOLK W. Bury St.
Edmunds 8.10 (per French). NORTHANTS. Maidwell 4.9, two pupae (ER 81:
329). CAERNS. Penrhos 1.11 (Ent.Gaz. 22:112). ANGLESEY Holyhead 11 or
18.10 (Ent.Gaz.22:112). INNER HEBRIDES Canna 19.9 (ER 81:324). ORKNEY
Kirkwall 15.8, & November, found dead (Ent.Gaz. 21:100).

Acherontia atropos (12, 1 larva, 2 pupae). DEVON S. Torquay 20.9 (ER 82:
151); Babbacombe and Brixham, adults, brought to Torquay Museum 13.11;
Barton, larva, 18.8. KENT W. West Wickham 7.10, one found dead (ER 81:336).
SURREY Norbury 14.10; Walton-on-Thames July (LN 49:84). GLOS S.
Nailsworth 19.9 (Richardson, Macrolep. Glos. Supp. 3:158). NORTHANTS,
Finedon 14.10, two pupae (ER 81: 329). CHESHIRE. Upton 5.10 (ER 82:
58). NORTHUMBERLAND N. Rochester 24.9 (per French). ABERDEEN S.
Aberdeen 24.9 (ER 86:39). Co. CORK Ballydehob 12.10; Ballycotton 20.10
(INJ 16:293).

Daphnis nerii (4) CORNWALL E. nr. Saltash 2.8 (Ent.Gaz. 21:32). DEVON
S. Exeter 7.8 (per French); Westward Ho! 11.10 (per French). YORKS. v.c. 62.
Baildon 8.10 (BENHS 3:17).

*FEurois occulta (4) W. LOTHIAN. Winchburgh 19.8. INVERNESS E. Newton-
more 23.8 (BENHS 5:115). ORKNEY. Scorradale two, light grey (Ent.Gaz. 21:
100).

Mythimna albipuncta (4) KENT W. Lee 8.8 (C-H Kent 3:246). SURREY.
Tilford 16.8 (G.M. Haggett, per comm.); Leigh 14.9 (ER 82:31). SUSSEX W.
Arundel 1969, n.d. (CRP Sx: 134).

Mythimna vitellina (45). CORNWALL E. Looe 20.5, 13,15,16.9, 5/17.10
five (per French). DEVON S. Churston Ferrers late 8; Colyton 14.9; Slapton
1.6, 9/28.9 (13), 5/29.10, twelve; Sidmouth 4/14.10; (per French). DORSET
Studland 11.10 (J.Leech, pers. comm.). HANTS S. Minstead, 13,16.9 (per
French). HANTS N. Micheldever, September; Martyr Worthy, 10.10 (per French).
OXON. Steeple Barton, 17.9 (ER 82:139). HEREFS. Ledbury 18.10 (per French).

Mythimna unipuncta (33). CORNWALL E. Looe 12.9, 5/25.10, (25) (per
French). DEVON S. Tavistock 6.10; Slapton 10,20,22,28.10; Brixham 12.10
(per French). SUFFOLK E. Gt. Bealings 29.10 (Suff. N.H. 15:223).

Mythimna loreyi (1) CORNWALL E. Bodinnick October (per French).

Cryphia raptricula (2), KENT E. Worth, 9.8; Sandwich, 9.8 (T.W. Harman,
BENHS 3:18, pl.2; c-H Kent 3:256).

*Photedes fluxa KENT E. Sandwich Bay, 11.8 (C-H Kent 3:356).

Spodoptera exigua (c.220). CORNWALL (11), first Rosewarne, 20.5. May
(1), Aug. (7), Sept. (1); Oct. (3). DEVON (12), Slapton 11.5; June (1), July
(14), Aug. (12), Sept. (1), Oct. (5). SOMERSET (15), May, Bath, 13.5; June
(1), Aug. (5), Sept. (2). DORSET (2), Aug. HANTS. (62) May (3), Southampton
12.5; June (2), July (23), Aug. (14), Sept. (12), Oct. (8). SUSSEX (2). July (1),
Midhurst 19.7; Oct. (1). KENT (7). Aug. (7), Worth, 6.8; Sept. (3), Nov. (1),
East Malling, 25.11. SURREY (10). July (1), Bramley 21.7; Sept. (4), Oct. (4),
n.e.d. (1). ESSEX (14). May (1), Bradwell-on-Sea, 14.5; July (3), Aug. (3), Sept.
(2), Oct. (2), n.e.d. (5). HERTS (1), Sept. OXON. (6): May (1), Steeple Barton,
31.5; July (2), Aug. (1), Oct. (1). SUFFOLK (11). July (4), Norton, 18.7; Aug.
(3), Sept. (3), Oct. (1). GLOS. (2). July (2), 28.7. MONMOUTH (1). Oct. (1),

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Usk, 3.10. CARDS. (1) May 24. LINCS (1), Aug. YORKS, (3). July (1), Emley,
27.7; Aug. (2). WESTMORLAND (1). Oct. (1). Beetham, 24.10. LANCS (1).
Oct. (1), Leighton Moss, 23.10. Co. KERRY (1) Sept. 1, Dingle, Co. DONEGAL
(2) Aug. (1), Kerrykeel, 10.8; Oct. (1).

Helicoverpa armigera (16). CORNWALL E. Looe, 5,7,20. 10 (per French).
DEVON S. Brixham 13.9 (per French); Slapton, 6.10 (G.A. Cole, pers comm.).
HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 7.10 (per French). SUSSEX W. Chichester 12.10
(G.C. Stubbs, pers comm.). SURREY. Bramley 3.8 (R.F. Bretherton); Virginia
Water 10.10 (ER 82:29). ESSEX S. Ongar 14.10 (Essex Guide: 61). SOMERSET
N. Weston-s-Mare 22.10 (ER 82:30). HERTS. Totteridge 13.9 (per French).
OXON. Steeple Barton 26.5 (ER 82:139). STAFFS. Darlaston 30.6 (per French).
WESTMORLAND Beetham 22.10 (ER 82:136). INVERNESS E. Newtonmore
18.10 (ER 82:42).

Heliothis peltigera (3) DEVON S. Slapton 2.10 (per French), DEVON N.
Chulmleigh 19 ,22.7 (per French).

Protoschina scutosa (1) SURREY Holmbury St. Mary 24.8, on heather
(P.J. Renshaw, ER 81:335).

Eublemma ostrina (2) HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 15,23.5 (BENHS 3:17).

Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (1) CORNWALL E. Looe 25.10 (per French).

Ctenoplusia accentifera (1) KENT W. Halstead 10.9, in trap (T.J. Dillon,
ER 82:149). First British record.

Trichoplusia ni (2) KENT E. Willesborough 7.8 (C-H Kent 3:260). PEMBS.
St Ishmaels 8.8 (per French).

Diachrysia orichalcea (10). CORNWALL W. Lizard 13.9 (ER 81:308).
DEVON S. Sidmouth 4/14.10 (per French); Slapton 20.10 (ER 82: 102); Chulm-
leigh 13.8 (ER 81:307). DORSET Studland 8.10 (S. Coxey, pers comm.);
Sherborne mid 10 (per French). HANTS S. New Milton 9.10 (ER 81:307);
Minstead 9.10 (ER 81:307). SUSSEX W. Pulborough 18.8 (ER 81:307). OXON.
Steeple Barton 22.10 (ER 82:140).

Macdunnoughia confusa (2) SUSSEX E, Wittersham 11.8 (per French).
ORKNEY. Scorradale, 2.8, with 400 A. gamma (ER 81:289).

Catocala fraxini (2) SUFFOLK W. Norton 18.8 (ER 81:305). SHETLAND
Collafirth Hill, Mainland 19.9, fertile ova (BENHS 3:16).

Dysgonia algira (1) Bradwell-on-Sea 15.9, at light (A.J. Dewick in Essex
Guide: 89). Second British record.

Hypena obesalis (1). SURREY. Chobham 14.9, in trap (G.S. Woollatt, ER 81:
336, BENHS 3; pl.2). Second British record.

*Trisateles emortualis (1). SUSSEX E. Haywards Heath 26.7 (ER 82:30).

1970

The year 1970 was much less favoured by immigrant species than 1969,
despite a generally warm summer which helped local breeding by the few species
which arrived early in the season. Only 24 scarce immigrant species were reported,
of which six are also resident, and their numbers were generally low, except for
Agrius convolvuli which, with about 60 examples recorded, was widely spread
and had a fairly good year. There were, however, important single records of
Pontia daplidice, Colias hyale, Mythimna loreyi, Trichoplusia ni, Catocala fraxini
and also two of undoubtedly immigrant Trisateles emortualis. The most interesting
feature was a small invasion of Danaus plexippus of which one was reported in
late May or early June in Co. Cork, and eight or nine in English southern coastal
counties in August and September, accompanied by two Cynthia virginiensis
Drury. Some or all of these may have originated either in North America or in
the alternative possible source in the Canary Islands. There were also shorter
distance arrivals across the English Channel and south North Sea, which were
probably responsible for examples of Deltote bankiana (F.) and Trisateles

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 105

emortualis in late June, and of Enargia paleacea (Esp.), and Margaritia sticticalis
(L.) in August; movements from further north in August and September brought
in a number of Eurois occulta (L.) and two of the three Nymphalis antiopa
reported.

Of the common regular immigrants only Agrvotis ipsilon was in unusually
high numbers. These probably were increased by local breeding from immigrants
in May and early June, but there were also influxes in late September, when 200
were trapped at Martyr Worthy with other immigrant species on September 28,
and also in late October. Nomophila noctuella, starting with some arrivals in
mid May, built up towards normal numbers late in the year; the other moths
were all well below normal numbers, as were C. croceus, Vanessa atalants, and
Cynthia cardui, after fewer than the usual arrivals in May and June, but with
several small fresh immigrations in September.

Scarce Immigrants, 1970

*Margaritia sticticalis (3). HANTS N. Micheldever 7.8 (BG Hants:187. BUCKS.
Granborough 7.8 (ER 82:273). WESTMORLAND. New Hutton, 28.8 (ER 83:
25):

Palpita unionalis (3). DEVON S. Brixham 15.10 (per French). SUSSEX E.
Mitton Street 27.9 (BENHS Exhib.). ISLE OF MAN. Ballakaigham, 25.5 (C-H
Man:46).

Pontia daplidice SUSSEX E. Seaford 18.8 (per French).

Cynthia virginiensis (2). DEVON S. Yelverton 18.9, female caught on buddleia
(A.P. Gainsford, BENHS 4:11). DEVON S. Braunton Burrows 26.8, one closely
seen (B.Goater, Ent.Gaz. 28:54).

Colias hyale (1). KENT E. Sandwich 18.7 (C-H Kent 3:212).

Nymphalis antiopa (3). MIDDX. South Harrow 31.8, caught (ER 83:153);
Osterley August, one seen (AES. Bull. 30:126). BERKS. Sunninghill 6.7 (per
French).

Lampides boeticus (1). ESSEX N. Fingringhoe September, on Hieracium
almost certainly identified but not taken (Essex Guide:35).

Danaus plexippus (8 or 9). CORNWALL W. Ruan Minor August, three or
four on buddleia, one later on hydrangea (L.A.Bean in The Lizard 1975:24).
DORSET Weymouth 29.9 (per French). SOMERSET N. Ashcott end Aug./
early Sept. (per French). SUSSEX W. Pagham Harbour Sept., third week (Rayner,
Nat.Hist. Pagham Harbour 2:65). Co. CORK. Fota Island end May/early June
(per French).

Rhodometra sacraria (16). CORNWALL W. Coverack 7.9 & 10.9 (4), J.A.C.
Greenwood, pers. comm. CORNWALL N. St Kew 10.9 (per French). DEVON
S. Starcross 22.9; Slapton 26,29,30.9 (per French). SOMERSET S. Selworthy
15.9 (per French). HANTS S. Minstead 11.9 (per French). SUSSEX E. Ringmer,
11 & 13.9 (Ent.Gaz. 28:2). MIDDX. Queen’s Gate, London Oct. (LN. 49:85).
NORTHANTS. Oundle 4.6. (per French). PEMBS. Dale 11.9 (per French).

Orthonama obstipata (9). CORNWALL W. Perranporth 16.10 (per French).
DEVON S. Cullompton 28.11 (per French). SOMERSET S Selworthy 29.9 (per
French). HANTS S. Minstead 3 & 4.9 (ER 83:100). KENT E. Willesborough
6.8 (C-H Kent:100). HUNTS. Holme Fen 23 & 25.6 (per French). CARDS.
Aberystwyth 17.10 (per French).

(Semiothis signaria) (1) ESSEX, 20.6 (R. Tomlinson, ER 86:195), locality
not disclosed. It has been suggested that this pine-feeding species, resident in
south and east France and central Europe, may have been accidentally introduced
with forest products. There are no other British records.

Agrius convolvuli (c.60) CORNWALL W.7.9, 10.9, four in force 8 gale (J.A.C.
Greenwood, pers comm.) CORNWALL E. St. Kew 4.9 & 11.9; Bodinnick early
10 (per French). DEVON S. Colyford 28.8, 6.9. (per French); Slapton 20/25.9,

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

four (G.A. Cole, pers. comm.); Cullompton 10.9, 28.9, 6.10 (per French);
Uffculme 26.9 (per French). DEVON N. Chulmleigh 24.9 (per French).
SOMERSET S. Selworthy 29.9 (per French). SOMERSET N. Saltford 19.9
(per French). DORSET. Brownsea Is. 23/30.9, six (DNHAS 49-51). HANTS
S. Sandy Heath 18.9 (R.A. Watson per BG.); Locks Heath 14.10 (R. Haywood,
pers. comm.); Bursledon 22.10 (I. Watkinson, pers. comm.). HANTS N. Martyr
Worthy 27 & 28.9, with 400 A. ipsilon (Ent.Gaz.22:42); West Tisted 9.10 (Sadler
per B.Goater). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 1 & 2.9; Brighton 26.9 (per French);
East Dean 18/30.9, eleven (Ent.Gaz. 23:78), Cadborough (CRP Sx:314). KENT
E. Worth 30.8 (ER 83:178); Lydd 19.9 (per French). SURREY. Tilford 19.9
(G.M. Haggett, pers. comm.); Rowledge 27.9, two (per French); Woking, n.d.
(A.G.M. Batten, pers. comm.). GLOS N. Bisley, early 8 (Macrolep. Glos 3:158).
SUFFOLK E. Sutton Hall 24.9 (Suff. N.H. 15:364); Needham Market, n.d.
(Suff.N.H. 15:374). Walberswick, n.e.d. (French). NORFOLK E. Stalham 15.9
(per French). LINCS N., South Thorseby 5 & 6.9 (per French). CARDS.
Aberystwyth 11.9 (per French). CAERNS. Talybont 11.9 (per French). YORKS
v.c.63. Cusworth Oct.; Wakefield 11.10 (per French). YORKS v.c.64. Otley
30.9 (per French). INVERNESS E. Newtonmore 30.9 (ER 83:96). Co. ANTRIM.
Lisburn (INJ 17:33).

Acherontia atropos (11) DEVON S. Slapton 9/12.9 (BENHS 4:11). DEVON
N. Rackenford n.d. (per French). DORSET. Stalbridge mid 7 (per French); Arne
17.10 (DNHAS 92:41-51). SUFFOLK E. Wolverstone Hall 27.9 (Suff.N.H. 15:
364). SUSSEX E. Polegate 11.6 (Ent.Gaz. 23:78). KENT E. Dungeness early
June (per French). BUCKS. High Wycombe 6.10 (per French). NORTHANTS.
Wellingborough 15.9 (per French). ANGLESEY Caneglyrd Sept. (per French).
Co WICKLOW. Newcastle 24.10 (INJ 17:33).

*Lithosia quadra (1) WESTMORLAND. Beetham 1.8; Arnside 1.8 (ER 82:
274).

*Eurois occulta (11). DERBYSHIRE. Chesterfield 7.7 (Derbs. ES: 210); Clay
Cross 30.8 (BENHS 4:11). LANCS S. Nelson 30.8 (J. Briggs, pers. comm.).
NORTHUMBERLD N. Kielder 24.8, 2.9 (per French). AYRSHIRE. Glenapp mid
9 (Dffennell, pers. comm.). WEST LOTHIAN Winchburgh 21.8 (E.Pelham-
Clinton (pers. comm.). PERTH S. Crieff and Rhynd early 9, two (D. ffennell,
pers. comm.). ANGUS Invergowrie 24.8 (per French). ABERDEEN N. Forvie,
28.8 (ER 86:273). INVERNESS E. Newtonmore 31.7, pale form (ER 83:96).

Mythimna vitellina (3). CORNWALL W. Coverack, 29.8 (per French).
SOMERSET S. Selworthy, 7.5 (per French). Co. KERRY. Dingle 8.6 (ER 82:
314).

Mythimna unipuncta (14). SCILLY. St Mary’s 15.10 (Ent.Gaz. 222021):
DEVON S. Slapton 28.9, two, 19.10, 31.10; Brixham, 5.10, 15.10 (per French).
DORSET Swanage 18.10 (per French); Portland, 1.11 (DNHAS 92:49-51).
ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 3.12 (Essex Guide:68). PEMBS. Dale 28.8, 14.9
(per French). Co. CORK Castletownshend 11.10, three (ER 83:24).

Mythimna loreyi (1). DEVON S. Colyford 14.10 (per French).

*Enargia paleacea (1). ESSEX S. Little Baddow 6.8 (BENHS 5:116).

Spodoptera exigua (15). DEVON S. Slapton 8.6, 30.7, 2.8 (per French).
HANTS S. Minstead 23.7 (ER 83:100). HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 12 & 13.10,
three (Ent.Gaz. 22:42). SUSSEX E. Ringmer 11.10, two (Ent.Gaz. 23:2); Pole-
gate, n.d. (CRP Sx:330). KENT E. Dungeness 24.9 (per French). DENBIGHS.
Glan Conway, 7.7 (per French).

Helicoverpa armigera (4). SOMERSET N. Saltford 28.9, per French). HANTS
S. Martyr Worthy 28.9, of light red form (Ent.Gaz. 22:42). ESSEX S. Bradwell-
on-Sea 25.9 (per French). INVERNESS E. Newtonmore 15.10 (BENHS 4:11).

Trichoplusia ni (1). DORSET Weymouth 30.8 (BENHS 4:11).

*Deltote bankiana (3). KENT E. Dungeness 14/16:9 (BENHS 4:11). ESSEX

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 107

S. Bradwell-on-Sea 21.6 (Essex Guide:88). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick n.d.
(BENHS 4:11).
Catocala fraxini (1). HANTS N. Martyr Worthy (BENHS 4:89).
*Trisatele emortualis (2). KENT E. Dungeness 26.6 (ER 82:271). ESSEX S.
Bradwell-on-Sea 27.6 (Essex Guide:94).

1971

This was for the most part another poor year. Of the scarcer immigrants 26
species were reported, including six which are also resident; but the numbers
of examples were small. Only Rhodometra sacraria (c.27) and Agrius convolvuli
(23) reached double figures. There were nonetheless some notable records.
The second known British example of Drepana curvatula (Bork.) was trapped
at Cley-next-Sea, Norfolk on August 19; a Danaus plexippus was seen in
Cornwall in July; Daphnis nerii (L.) in Sussex in late June: Lymantria dispar
L. in Essex on August 4; and Enargia paleacea and Trisateles emortualis not far
apart on the same night, July 16, in Sussex, both probably coming as short
distance migrants across the Channel. There was also a single Lampides boeticus
in Surrey on September 4.

The usual immigrant butterflies were also few. Colias croceus was hardly
reported; Cynthia cardui was scattered and scarce except for some influx to the
Isle of Wight in early June; Vanessa atalanta became only fairly common and
widespread during an immigration in August. Of the moths only Autographa
gamma, with large influxes in mid August and September, was much above
average numbers, and Nomophila noctuella was very common in some places
near the south coast; all the others were in markedly below normal numbers,
except possibly the diurnal Macroglossa stellatarum, of which in Ireland ten
were recorded in Co. Dublin in July and August and one in Co. Down on
October 23.

These poor results reflected rather numerous waves of immigration, several
of them probably only coming from short distances across the Channel and
southern North Sea, but generally consisting of small numbers both of species
and individuals. A single Papilio machaon bigenerata Vty and a few V. atalanta,
C. cardui, and A. gamma were noted about May 8, and there were more of these
latter species in early June. Apart from a single D. nerii on June 29 there was
little more until the short distance influx of mid-July which produced a con-
junction of E. paleacea, T. emortualis, Hyles gallii Rott., Orthonama obstipata
F. and more V. atalanta. The last days of July and early August brought a
complex of singles of P. machaon, Nymphalis antiopa, M. stellatarum, Spodoptera
exigua (Hubn.), Lymantria dispar, Lithosia quadra with a few C. cardui and
C. croceus. From about August 16 onwards there followed what was probably
the largest influx of the year, including A. convolvuli, A. atropos, R. sacraria,
O. obstipata, several Eurois occulta, the single D. curvatula and vast numbers of
A. gamma, of which in one locality 475 were trapped on the three nights August
19 to 21. There appear to have been further arrivals of some of these species at
the end of the month and in early September, with the addition of two Mythimna
albipuncta and the only L. boeticus of the year; and there was a rather similar
influx from September 18 to 22. In October very few immigrant species were
noted; the season closed in November with three widely scattered records of
Mythimna unipuncta.

Scarce Immigrants, 1971
Palpita unionalis (1). ESSEX S. Southend-on-Sea 12.9 (ER 83:344).

*Papilio machaon (1). KENT E. Sandwich Bay 8.5 (C-H Kent 3:212).
Colias hyale L. (3). CORNWALL W. Porthleven 10.10 (per French). KENT

108 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 15, 1982

E. Lydden Wood Sept., female (C-H Kent 3:212). ESSEX §S. Southminster 17.8
(per French).

Lampides boeticus (1) SURREY Wisley Gardens 4.9, female (ER 83: 326).

*Nymphalis polychloros (1). DEVON S. Galmpton early Sept, (per French).

Nymphalis antiopa (2). DORSET Brownsea late July (DNHAS 93:42).
ESSEX S. Ingatestone, 22.9 (Essex Guide: 30).

Danaus plexippus (1). CORNWALL W. Carlyon Bay July, on cliffs (Miss
M.E. Matthews per R.D. Penhallurick, The Lizard, 1975:24).

Drepana curvatula (1). NORFOLK E., Cley-next-Sea 19,8 (P.N. Kearney per
de Worms, ER 84:79). Second British record.

Rhodometra sacraria (c.27). CORNWALL W. Polperro n.d.; Perranporth,
n.d. (per French), DEVON S. Slapton 3.9, seven n.d. (per French). SOMERSET
S. one, n.d. (per French). DORSET Furzebrook, 19.8; Stoborough 28.8, 8.10
(DNHAS 93:42-47). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 2.9, 6.9, 4.10 (CRP Sx:308);
Ringmer, n.d., two (per French), KENT E, Olantigh 19.8; Higham 20.8 (C-H Kent
3:200); Wye n.d, (per French), SURREY Wormley 3.9 (BENHS 4:99), ESSEX S.
Bradwell-on-Sea n.d. (Essex Guide:102). GLOS. N. Bisley early 8 (Macrolep.
Glos 3:161). LANCS N. Silverdale n.d. (per French).

Orthonama obstipata (8). DEVON S. Starcross, n.d. (per French), SUSSEX
E. Ringmer n.d. (CRP §x:309), KENT E. Dungeness 23.10, 24.10 (C-H Kent 3:
266). WORCS. Pershore n.d. SALOP Preston Montfort n.d. CARMARTHENS,
Gwenffyrd n.d. YORKS. v.c. 61. Spurn Head n.d. (per French).

Agrius convolvuli (23). CORNWALL W., Porthcothan Bay 1.9 (per French).
DEVON S. Starcross 17.8; Slapton 29.8, 30.8, 2.9, 12.10 (per French). HANTS
N. Alton n.d. (S. Davey per B.Goater). SUSSEX W. Findon n.d, (CRP §x:314).
SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 1.9, 2.9 (CRP pers comm,); Icklesham n.d. (CRP Sx:
314). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 29.8, 14, 16, 20.10 (per French), PEMBS.
Abermawr 9.9 (Ent.Gaz. 23:14). LINCS N. South Thoresby 2.9, 21.9 (R.M.
Pilcher (pers comm,). NORTHUMBERLD S. Cullercoats 24.8 (per French).
WIGTONSHIRE Whithorn 27.8 (Ent.Gaz, 23:14). ORKNEY. Kirkwall, 30.8
(ER 84:192). Co. CORK Skibereen n.d. (INJ 18:356),

Acherontia atropos (3). DEVON N. Croyde Bay 18.8, 22.8 (per French).
DURHAM Sunderland 25.8 (per French).

Daphnis nerii (1). SUSSEX E. Haywards Heath, 29.6 (CRP Sx:317).

Hyles gallii (2). KENT E. Sandwich 21.7 (BENHS 5:21). BUCKS. Chalfont
St. Peter 2.9 (Ent.Gaz. 24:138).

Lymantria dispar (1). ESSEX S. Mayland 4.8 (Essex Guide: 45),

*Lithosia quadra (2). DORSET, Furzebrook, 26.7 (DNHAS 93:42-47),
WORCS. Pershore, 5.8 (per French).

*Furois occulta (4), PERTH N. Trinafour 12/14.9, grey female (ER 84:129),
ABERDEEN S. Ballater, 17.8, pale grey form (ER 86:273). BANFF. Aberlour,
19.8 (ER 88:8). ORKNEY. Scorradale, 24.8, pale (ER 88:191).

*Enargia paleacea (1). SUSSEX E. Tilgate Forest 16.7 (ER 83:325).

Mythimna albipuncta (2). DEVON §S. Slapton 29.8, 30.8 (per French).

Mythimna unipuncta (4). HANTS S. Martyr Worthy 18.11 (BG Hants:
354). SURREY Thorpe Oct. (51:37). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 5.11 (Essex
Guide: 68). NORFOLK E. Cley-next-Sea 11,11 (ER 84:79),

Spodoptera exigua KENT S. Dungeness 1.8 (C-H Kent 3:258),

Helicoverpa armigera (1). DORSET Charmouth 24,10 (ER 84:24).

Heliothis peltigera. KENT Dungeness 18.9, a few larvae (BENHS 5:29).

*Deltote bankiana F. (1). MIDDX. North Harrow, June (BENHS,5:117).

Diachrysia orichalcea (1). KENT E. Gillingham 2.6 (C-H Kent:260).

*Trisateles emortualis (1). SUSSEX E. Pease Pottage 16.7 (BENHS 4:95).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 109

1972

This was a remarkable year. The season was very late and cold until well
into July, with no great improvement later, and with northerly or eastern winds
predominant almost throughout. Only 20 scarce immigrant species were
reported, including six also resident; but they showed an unusual and distinctive
pattern and content of species.

Little was seen of any immigrants before the last week of June, except for
a curiously limited invasion of Kent and east Surrey by Spodoptera exigua,
which probably came in from the east; these produced a second generation in
September. In late June a small immigration from the south west brought in the
only two Heliothis peltigera noted in the year and the first considerable numbers
of Autographa gamma; but from mid July until the end of September there was
a succession of arrivals from the north and east of Europe. Between July 14 and
27 no less than 17 Hyles gallii were reported, at first near the east coast from
Essex to Lincolnshire, later widely across England, with one at Dingle in south
west Ireland on July 21; a dozen larvae which presumably came from these were
found well scattered in late August and early September. This influx appears to
have been accompanied by small numbers of Vanessa atalanta and Cynthis cardui,
by two Enargia paleacea and also by a dozen examples of the pyrale Dioryctria
abietella which were noted in several places on July 21. Meteorological back-
tracks of the H. gallii suggest that they may have originated in the southern
Ukraine, where temperatures had been unusually high and rainfall lacking since
early May.

There followed from July into early August another eastern invasion, probably
from Fenno-Scandia or beyond. This yielded near the east coast a dozen Syngrapha
interrogationis of the form common in Finland, and the second British record of
Ochropleura fennica in Middlesex, as well as some Eurois occulta. Rather later a
further influx, probably from central Europe, gave the second and third British
records of Apamea lateritia, in Surrey on the night of August 17/18, another
O. fennica at Newcastle on August 15, and probably a Lithosia quadra caught in
Westmorland on August 20. During this period the usual movements from the
south west were absent or very small, so that of Agrius convolvuli only one was
reported, and of Rhodometra sacraria none at all. There was, however, a fairly
clear cut immigration in the last days of October and in early November, which
included two Palpita unionalis, several M. vitellina and a dozen Mythimna
unipuncta, all near the south coast.

Of the common immigrant butterflies, Colias croceus was not reported at all.
V. atalanta began early, with two records in March; but later arrivals in July and
the first half of this and C. cardui were few and their numbers were apparently
not much built up later by local breeding. The commoner immigrant moths
were all much below normal numbers: several recorders commented that their
totals for migrant species were the lowest they had ever noted.

Scarce Immigrants, 1972

Palpita unionalis (5). DEVON S. Torquay 26 & 28.10 (per French). DORSET
Portland 7.10 (ER 84:288). HANTS S. Minstead 5.11 (ER 85:94). HANTS N.
Martyr Worthy early 11 (per French).

*Dioryctria abietella (13). SOMERSET S. Selworthy 20.7, three, July & Aug.,
four more (ER 85:155).

Cynthia virginiensis (1). DEVON S. Bishops Teignton 4.10, caught on buddleia
(W.L. Coleridge, AES Bull. 32:38).

Nymphalis antiopa (5). HERTS. Welwyn c.21/25.9 (ER 84:285). STAFFS.

110 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Blythe Bridge 2.9, on buddleia, remaining two days (Ent.Gaz. 84:299); Clifton
Camperille 26.9 (per French). SALOP. Church Stretton 19.9 (per French). LEICS.
Wigston Fields 1.9, female in garden watering can (Ent.Gaz. 84:299).

Danaus plexippus (1). DORSET Greenhill, (per French). «

Orthonama obstipata (3). ESSEX S. Thundersley 1.10 (per French). SURREY
Selsdon one n.d, (Croydon Survey: 310). YORKS. v.c. 63. Barnsley n.d. RISR.

Agrius convolvuli (1). WORCS. Harbury early 9 (ER 85:98).

Hyles gallii (18, plus 13 larvae): see detailed account in de Worms, ER 87:
232-239, to which should be added: SUSSEX W. Findon 18.7; SUSSEX E.
Hastings autumn, one larva bred (CRP $x:317).

Hippotion celerio (1). BUCKS. Amersham 15.8, larva (Ent.Gaz, 24:298).

* Lithosia quadra (1). WESTMORLAND. Beetham 20.8, female (ER 84:290).

Ochropleura fennica (3). MIDDX. Shepperton 1 or 4.8, female in trap (L.A.
Durden, Ent.Gaz. 25:51 and pers. comm.). 2nd British record. NOTTS. Mapperley
8.9. (M.E. Marchant, ER 90:248). NORTHUMB. S. Newcastle 15.8, female
caught in the University building (1.D. Wallace, ER: 91:160).

*Furois occulta (5). SURREY Wormley 8.8, very worn female (J.L. Messenger
pers. comm.). ESSEX S. Benfleet Aug.; Langdon Hills Aug. (Essex Guide: 60).
WESTMORLAND Kendal Wood, 2.8, pale male (ER 84:251). CAITHNESS
Lybster 21.7 (J.H. Rosie, pers. comm.).

*Mythimna lalbum (2). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea two, n.d. (per French).
The first Essex records, probably immigrant.

Mythimna vitellina (3). DEVON S. Slapton end Oct. (per French), SUSSEX
E. Haywards Heath early Nov. (CRP Sx:324). PEMBS. Dale Fort 30.10 (per
French).

Mythimna unipuncta (14). DEVON S. Torquay 2 & 3.10; Slapton early 11
(per French). HANTS S. Wickham 2.11; Southsea 20.10; Portsmouth 30.10
(per French). SUSSEX W. Portslade n.d. (CRP Sx:325). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-
Sea 4.11, two (Essex Guide:68), SURREY Leigh 6.10 (ER 85:135), ISLE OF
MAN Ballakaighen Jan, 1972 (per French). ISLAY v.c. 102, 25.6 (R.E.M. Pilcher,
pers comm.). Co. KERRY Dingle n.d. (ER 85:65).

*Enargia paleacea (2). ESSEX S. Little Baddow 23.7, two (G.A. Pyman,
BENHS 5:139).

Apamea lateritia (2). SURREY. West Norwood 17.10, in trap in strong north
east wind (B.F. Skinner, BENHS 5:144); Bexley 17/18.10, identified but escaped
(D.O’Keeffe, ER 84:289). 2nd and 3rd British records.

Spodoptera exigua (23). KENT E. Boulderwell 14/28.6 (11), 3/17.9 (9)
(C-H Kent 3:258). KENT W. East Malling 25.6, 1.7 (Rothamsted Insect Survey).
SURREY North Cheam 21.7. (Croydon Survey: 393).

Heliothis peltigera (2). SUSSEX E. Brighton 25.6, two (per French).

*Syngrapha interrogationis (11). KENT W. Gravesend 4.8 (C-H Kent:261).
ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 30.7 (Essex Guide:92). NORFOLK E. Wells-by-Sea
1.8 (Kerney per de Worms, pers comm.); Salthouse 28.7 two, 31.7 (ER 86:251).
LINCS N. South Thoresby 29.7 two, 31.7, not of the British race (ER 84:250).
YORKS v.c.62. Wykeham 31.7 (per French). ORKNEY Orphir 31.7 (Ent.Gaz.
28:25).

[to be continued]

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 111
OBITUARY

J.L. MESSENGER

With the death of J.L. (“Bobbie’’) Messenger on 24th May 1982, at the age of
80, the Society lost a long-standing and much valued member. He was elected in
1951, first served on Council in 1958, and was President in 1963, after which he
was largely responsible for finding our present rooms at the Alpine Club; he was
a member of the Finance Committee for many years, and a Trustee from 1966
until his death. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society from
1952, and served much on their Council.

Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford, Bobbie collected Lepidoptera from
his school days onwards, at first mainly round his mother’s home at Oatlands,
Weybridge. During the war he served for several years in Ceylon, and he then
made an interesting collection of butterflies and moths there, some of which he
later exhibited to the Society as examples of minicry. In the fifties he contributed
much to the making of the list of macrolepidoptera and pyralidina of north-west
Surrey (Proceedings, 1955), which until then were little recorded. In 1959 he
moved to a house at Wormley, above the Surrey Weald, where his light trap
yielded a surprising number of the rarer immigrant moths, Through the years he
also collected in many other parts of Britain and Ireland, and with his friend
Baron de Worms was the first to find the Pug Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur
in Cornwall. His British collection, immaculately set, has been presented to the
Society by his brother, Mr. W. Messenger and the Sri Lankan butterflies to the
Brooke Museum, Brighton.

Among his other interests, Bobbie had a good working knowledge of
mediaeval church architecture, and he also built up a notable collection of the
classical issues of stamps of certain West Indian islands. R.F.B.

BOOK REVIEW

Large White Butterfly. The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of Pieris
brassicae (Linnaeus), by John Feltwell. 535 pp., 10 monochrome plates, 80
tables, 49 text figures. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Hague. 1982.

Dr. Feltwell cites over 4,000 references, on all aspects of the biology of the
butterfly Pieris brassicae, and gives an indication, albeit brief, of their contents.
He has undoubtedly rendered a great service to anyone wishing to study this
species. Further as many of the techniques and systems outlined will have rele-
vance to other species of Lepidoptera (or indeed other orders of insects) the book
should be useful to all students of lepidopterology.

This is a book to use as a reference work rather than to be read from cover to
cover. In this context the style is factual and laudably concise, the length of the
book being due to the tremendous amount of information it encompasses. The
layout is very clear and the tables of contents and indexes are in the main
exhaustive and helpful, although they suffer from one or two rather unfortunate
errors, such as the page numbers of all the headings for chapters 7 and 8 being
incorrectly listed in the contents. There are a number of very useful review
tables which enable quick and easy retrieval of information; and lists of references
cited are sensibly put at the end of each chapter. Unfortunately there are a
number of mistakes in the reference lists which, while generally minor, are rather
a shame in what is first and foremost a literature review.

The coverage of the various subjects relating to the biology of P. brassicae,
is excellent throughout. Although there is a bias in the text towards biochemical
and pigmentary studies compared with, for example, the field ecology of the
species, this appears to be due to the wide use of P. brassicae as an easily cultured

112 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST, SOC. 15, 1982

laboratory insect rather than a bias on the part of the author. Throughout the
book Dr. Feltwell constructively points out areas where more work is needed.

As a whole the book is well produced and has a nice feel. It will surely become
the definitive work on P. brassicae and lead the way for other similar compilations
which are greatly needed and will hopefully follow. However, at £40.00 and with
the rather dry narrative style of the text, I suspect it will find its way into more
libraries than private homes. But then the scientific library, from whence its
contents have come, is surely its rightful home. M.E.N.M.

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS Meeting 11.iii.1982.—The President, Mr. J. HEATH announced the
death of a life member, Dr. Dennis Leston, in Florida in October 1981.

Exhibits: Col. EMMET exhibited the following donation to the Society. The
Report on the Cambridge Butterfly Expedition to Central America, 1979, by
Chris Thomas and Mark Cheverton, which expedition was supported by an
award from the Prof. Hering Memorial Research Fund. Mr. S.N.A. JACOBS, a
drawer from a 20 drawer insect cabinet which he was offering for sale, the
proceeds to be given to the Society. Mr. G. PRIOR, two living examples of the
pug Eupithecia assimilata Doubl., recently hatched from inbred stock. The Rev.
D. AGASSIZ, a flea preserved in spirit and an enlarged photograph of the same.

Communications: Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON asked anyone who might be
visiting the Scilly Isles this spring to look out for Danaus plexippus L., and if it
was seen, kindly to let him know.

Lecture: Larval colour variation in British Lepidoptera by Dr. M.E.N. Majerus.

BENHS Meeting 25.iii.1982.—Membership: The President announced the
death of Mr. C.H. Dixon. Dr. A.V. Aalto, Mrs. M.A. French, Messrs. R.L. Gabriel,
H.S. Papworth and T.J. Vaughan were elected members.

Exhibits: Dr. A.J. HALSTEAD: an egg mass of the rose root aphid, Maculo-
lachnus submacula Walker (Hem: Lachnidae) on the stem of a garden rose from
the Royal Horticultural Society’s Garden, Wisley, Surrey. The aphid is dark
brown and comparatively large but is seldom seen asit spends most of the summer
sucking sap from the roots of roses. In late autumn, females climb up the stems
and lay dense clusters of eggs. Heavy infestations may weaken the rose but
usually the only indication that the aphid is present is the discovery of the egg
masses. The eggs hatch in April and the young aphids go down into the soil.
Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON: photographs of Danaus plexippus (L.) by E. Rayner
per B. Wildridge probably taken at Church Norton above Pagham Harbour,
Sussex, 10.x.1981. Mr. D.E. WILSON: various larval stages of Zygaena viciae ssp.
argyllensis Trem., being larvae in diapause, post diapause and fully grown; two
cocoons of argyllensis on grass found after emergence, and adults of both ssp.
argyllensis and ssp. anglica Reiss for comparison; the New Forest specimens are
dated vii.1912, coll. S.F.P. Blyth.

Communications: In Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON’s light trap at Bramley, Surrey
on 22nd March there were 96 moths of 9 spp. (temperature 6°C falling to -4°C);
on 24.iii, to 11 p.m. only, there were 56 moths of 6 spp. (temperature 3°C
falling to -2°C), both clear nights after sunshine. Dr. I. McLean had taken
Bombus lucorum (L.) and B. pratorum (L.) in London recently.

Lecture: The British species of Argyresthia, by Rev..D.J.L. Agassiz.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 113

BENHS Meeting 22.iv.1982.—The President announced the death of an
honorary member, Mr. F. Stanley-Smith.

Exhibits: Lt. Col. EMMET (1) a specimen of Phyllonorycter saportella
(Dup.) reared from a mine on oak collected at Lopham, Norfolk on 8.xi.1981;
the adult emerged indoors on 26.iii.82. This is the first British specimen taken
in any form since 1949, when E.C. Pelham-Clinton found two on the trunks of
oak in Cambridgeshire. The present capture was fortuitous, since the mine
happened to be on the same leaf as a cocoon of Caloptilia robustella Jackh for
which the leaf was collected. The mine was on a lobe and internal spinning
caused the leaf edge to curl right over so as almost to conceal the mine. This
characteristic, which renders the mine very inconspicuous, is more likely to be
the reason why it has not been found in recent years than the popular
supposition that the larva feeds only high up on the oaks. (2) a book on conserv-
ation of butterflies in Germany by J. Blab & O. Kudrna entitled Hilfsprogramm
fur Schmetterlinge (see review). Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH: Four live specimens of
Adela cuprella D. & S., caught today at Chobham, Surrey at about 15 ft. round
sallow bushes. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON: Distribution maps of Danaus plexippus
(L.) and Cynthia cardui (L.) in Gt. Britain in 1981 and 1980 respectively.
Mr. M. HADLEY: A Report of Rewell Wood, W. Sussex, published in 1981 and
compiled by E.C.M. Haes and others, treating of various entomological and non-
entomological disciplines. He also drew attention to the fact that he was compiling
a paper on the flora and fauna of shingle at the ‘Crumbles’, Eastbourne, and
requested entomologists for their recollections of collecting there, since this
once unique area is now doomed to destruction.

Announcements: The President announced that copies had been prepared
by Mr. B. Ashby of the catalogue of the Stig Torstenius collection.

Communications: Col. EMMET said that Col. Carter had taken a specimen of
Eucosma pauperana (Dup.) at Fleam Dyke, Cambs. on 20th April. Mr.
BRETHERTON said that at Bramley, Surrey on April 21st there were 150 moths
in his trap including two Odontosia carmelita (Esp.).

Lecture: The ecology of Red Ants, by Dr. G.W. Elmes.

BENHS Meeting 13.v.1982.—Exhibits: Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON: A female
Vanessa indica (Herbst) taken on flowers of Hebe by Mr. Keith Turner in his
garden at Kites Hardwick, Warwickshire either in September 1973 or on 20.viii.
1974 but only recently identified. Believed to be the first record of this species
from Britain it appears to be Vanessa indica indica from the Far East and not
V. indica calliroe Hubner from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Lt. Col. A.M.
EMMET: two larvae, possibly of Crombrugghia distans (Zeller) taken on
Crepis capillaris at Barton Mills, Suffolk on 2.v.1982. These larvae differ from
the description of C. distans given by Beirne and may therefore be of C. laetus
(Zeller) a species formerly confused with C. distans. Four more larvae were
taken at the same locality on 9 May and another four on 11 May. One was fixed
for pupation and pupated the next day. Mr. P. JEWESS exhibited a fifth instar
larva of Gortyna borellii lunata Freyer feeding on a french bean/agar based
artificial diet. The success rate of rearing this species from eggs on artificial diet
has been far greater than on carrot or parsnip root.

Membership: Messrs. M.L. Gascoigne-Pees and C.L. Chan were elected.

Announcements: The President announced a request from D.W. Wrase of
Berlin to exchange Coleoptera and correspond with members.

Communications: Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON noted that light-trap attendances
at Bramley, Surrey were very poor from 1 May to 10 May and then with the
sudden change to a warm night on 12/13 May, 62 moths of 23 species were
recorded, some of which were very late in appearance. Mr. B. ASHBY presented

114 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

the catalogue of the Torstenius collection.
Lecture: Hunting spiders in Kenya, by Mrs. F. Murphy.

BENHS Meeting 27.v.1982.—Membership: The deathss of Messrs. J.L.
Messenger and R.W. Watson were announced. Messrs. A. Braddock, M.J. Collier,
M.P. James and P.D. Whitehead and Miss P.S. Butler were elected members.

Exhibits: Mr. P.A. SOKOLOFF: a pupa of the Stag Beetle, Lucanus cervus,
reared from a larva collected from an oak post in Bromley, Kent, 18 months ago.
Mr. B.R. BAKER: a plume moth, Platyptilia gonodactyla (D. & S.), found this
evening on a wall opposite Apsley House in central London. The larva feeds on
Coltsfoot. Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET: (1) five pupae and a larva of the Crombrugghia
sp. (Pterophoridae) that was exhibited on 13th May from Barton Mills, Suffolk.
The original description of the larvae of C. distans (Zell.) was made by Hofman
in Die deutschen Pterophorinen (1895): the Suffolk larvae differ from this in
almost every particular. The pupae differ from the description of C. laetus given
by Tutt. It is therefore evident that either the larvae were incorrectly described
or that the supposed British C. distans belong to another closely related species.
(2) A living adult of Adela croesella (Scop.) reared from a case-bearing larva
taken at Icklingham, Suffolk on 2.xi.81 and exhibited on 12th November.

Communications: Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON noted that light trap catches at
Bramley, Surrey had undergone a sudden change. On the evening of 20th May
conditions were clear and cool with only 70 moths of 20 species in the trap.
The following night, with the wind now coming from the south-west some 300
moths of 56 species were recorded, over 100 being Ochropleura plecta (L.).

Lecture: Beetle diversity and land use, by Dr. C. Terrell-Nield.

BENHS Meeting 10.vi.1982.—Exhibits. Mr. A.J. HALSTEAD: final instar
larvae of the Brindled Beauty Lycia hirtaria Clerk, given to the exhibitor by an
employee of the Chertsey Post Office, Surrey, where the larvae were said to have
completely defoliated a 20ft pollarded lime tree. Mr. HADLEY: (1) live specimens
of the Cistus Forester Adscita geryon (Hubn), taken from a colony over 200
strong at a site in West Sussex. The gravid females were ovipositing and it was
hoped to rear the larvae. The habitat for this species approximates to that of the
Scarce Forester A. globulariae (Hubn), which was also present although in much
smaller numbers. (2) Live adults of Aplodia interpunctella (Hubn), collected from
a dried fruit store in Kent in July 1981. The larvae remained in a torpid fully
grown state throughout the winter pupating in late May 1982 and subsequently
emerging. The larvae were reared on ‘Valuemix’ a dried petfood for dogs and ideal
substrate for many pest larvae.

Communications:— Mr. R.S. TUBBS noted on a visit to Tugley and Fisherlane
Woods on May 22nd that the oaks had been defoliated. He suspected the culprit
might be Tortrix viridana (L.). Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON commented that in
nearby Hog Wood a similar thing had happened and that larvae of T. viridana
starved of their foodplant had successfully finished on nearby nettles.

Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON noted some 500 moths of 102 species at his
Bramley (Surrey) trap on the evening of the 7.vi.1982: over 200 were Agrotis
exclamationis (L.). Mr. AJ. HALSTEAD noted that on the evening of 2.v.1982
a male December moth, Poecilocampa populi (L,), was taken at light in the R.H.S.
gardens at Wisley, Surrey. Mr. R. HILLIARD noted the occurence of Autographa
gamma Linn., over twenty specimens at Ashridge, Tring. Mr. R.A. SOFTLY noted
the presence of Vanessa atalanta and Cynthia cardui at Hampstead over the past
few days. He commented that Epirrhoe alternata (Muller), although suspected as
a bivoltine species in the area, when reared from stock obtained in spring 1981
did not emerge until spring 1982. He also noted the emergence of an adult

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 115

Zygaena lonicerae Schev., after diapause through three winters.

Mr. E.S. BRADFORD noted that he had bred specimens of Sphinx ligustri
Linn., and Smerinthus ocellata Linn., from a heap of compost as well as finding
a Dormouse on the same heap. Mr. K.G.M. BOND, a member from Ireland, noted
that V. atalanta was seen South of Cork on Easter Monday.

Col. A.M. EMMET related an anecdote about ‘beginners luck’. At a recent
Essex Field Meeting, a youth of 18 with only a recent interest in the hobby had
netted a specimen of Ethmia funerella (F.), a species new to Essex. Within a box
of specimens presented to Col. EMMET was a specimen of Lampronia fuscatella
Tengstrom, a second species new to Essex.

Lecture. The sexual behaviour of Fruitflies (Drosophilidae), by Dr. R. Lee.

BENHS Meeting 24.vi.1982.— Exhibits. Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ exhibited a
Norwegian specimen of Plutella haasi Staud., a species which has recently been
added to the British list. The only known British specimen was taken on
mountains in N.W. Scotland, by the late CanonG.A.K. Hervey. Dr. D. LONSDALE:
a specimen of Rhagium mordax found in Alice Holt Forest on 11.6.82. This is
a cerambycid which is perhaps less common than in the past.

Members elected. Paul Robert Griffiths and Raymond Norman Pillinger.

Communications. Rev. AGASSIZ reported that a humming-bird hawk moth
had been seen in a neighbour’s house at Grays, Essex. The PRESIDENT read an
announcement from the British Museum (Natural History) concerning the donation
of a collection of 2700 butterflies from Sir Cyril Clarke.

Lecture. The Role of invertebrates in the survival of Britain’s reptiles by
Dr. I.F. Spellerberg.

BENHS Field Meeting: Pewley Down, Guildford, Surrey, 22.v.1982. Leader:
R.F. Bretherton.—After a forbidding early morning, which improved later only
enough to give gleams of sunshine in a strong south-west wind, only seven
members attended: one was on a visit from France and another a welcome expert
on the sawflies. The local colony of the Blue, Cupido minimus (Fuessly) was in
good order, with a few of both sexes seen flying or at rest; but only six other
species of common butterflies were noted. Diurnal moths were also hard to move,
Euclidia glyphica (L.) being numerous, with examples of the Tortricids Epiblema
scutulana (D. & S.) and Ancylis unculana (Haw.).

HYMENOPTERA: Pamphilus sylvaticus L., Cephus cultratus Eversmann,
Arge ustulata (L.), Allantus cingulatus (Scop.), Blennocampa pusilla (Klug),
Aglaostigma fulvipes (Scop.), Tenthredopsis litterata (Geof.), Rhogogaster
viridis (L.), Tenthredo arcuata Forster, T. celtica Benson, T. livida L.,
Pachyprotasis rapae (L.), Macrophya albicincta (Schrank), M. montana (Scop.),
M. punctumalbum (L.). DIPTERA: Chrysotoxum cautum (Harris). HEMIPTERA:
Centrotus cornutus (L.).

The party broke up about 3.30 p.m., and some members adjourned to the
leader’s house for tea and discussion.

BENHS Field Meeting: Beaulieu River, New Forest, 3/4.vii.1982. Leader:
Col. D.H. Sterling.—The meeting, which was arranged east of Ashurst/Lyndhurst
Rd. to provide records for the NCC invertebrate survey of the New Forest, was
attended by 8 members and visitors. We were particularly pleased to welcome as
a visitor Mr. Simon Davey, Keeper of Biology for the Hampshire County Museum
Service. The weather was far from ideal, the day work being hampered by
showers of heavy stormy rain which cleared at sunset, leaving the night cool and
clear.

116 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982

Most members requiring Crambus uliginosellus Zell. obtained a number of
specimens from the wetter parts of the bog and elsewhere a few Capperia
britanniodactyla (Gregson) and Eustrotia uncula (Clerck) were taken. Seven
species of Argyresthia were found, including ivella (Haw.), arcella (F.) and
glaucinella Zell. The most interesting visitor to light was a single female Hetero-
genea asella (D. & S.). 130 species of Lepidoptera were recorded. Diptera and
ants were also studied and a number of specimens of other Orders were taken
by Mr. Davey for subsequent determination.

BENHS Field Meeting: Monmouth, 23-29.v.1982. Leaders: E.C. Pelham-
Clinton and A.E. Stubbs.—Eight members attended a residential field meeting
based at Caer Llan Field Studies Centre, situated on the wooded hillside 2 miles
SW of Monmouth. A member from Herefordshire joined us on one of our day
trips.

We were treated to excellent hospitality by Peter Carpenter and his staff at
Caer Llan. The lecture room was soon transformed into a work area with benches,
our lamps and microscopes giving a settled-in appearance which made parting all
the more difficult. The spacious grounds had plenty of entomological interest and
the adjoining woods were of good quality. Our situation afforded a marvellous
outlook across Gwent to the Brecon Beacons,

The large house was soon festooned with electric cables radiating from bed-
room windows to supply four MV traps. There was a steady increment in our
lists, with one warm night giving a bumper catch. Including some collected by day
and at dusk in our surroundings, the Lepidoptera list rose to 161 species (macros
plus micros). Greatest excitement centred around the capture of two Egira
conspicillaris (L.) (Silver Cloud), a local speciality, plus a Lacanobia biren (Goeze)
(Glaucous Shears) and Harpyia bicuspis (Bork.) (Alder Kitten). Diptera included
the very scarce craneflies Tipula selene Mg. and T. truncorum Mg. and the dead
wood hoverfly Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer). Close interest was shown in the
presence of a wine cellar, in which the scarce spider Meta menardi (Latr.) was
located with its egg sacs — during the week rather more space was made available
for these spiders!

Many of our forays were into the woods along the Wye Valley. On a parti-
cularly warm night two traps were run at Wynd Cliff until 1.30 am, yielding 100
species of moths, an exceptional number so early in the season, The catch included
Harpyia bicuspis, Pammene herrichiana (Hein.), Tetheella fluctuosa (Hubn.)
(Satin Carpet) and Eupithecia egenaria H.-S. (Pauper Pug). A day trip here for
other orders produced the cranefly Tipula alpina Lw. and the hoverflies
Criorhina ranunculi, Brachypalpus bimaculatus (Mcq.) and Volucella inflata (F.).
A larva of Deileptenia ribeata (Clerk) (Satin Carpet) was beaten out of yew
during an unsuccessful hunt for the spider Hyptiotes paradoxus (Koch). The
spider Araneus ceropegius (Walck.), only recorded from nearby Piercefield in
1853, failed to materialise on a likely marsh by the River Wye at Wynd Cliff,
but a male Xysticus ulmi (Hahn) appeared as partial compensation.

At Barbados Hill near Tintern the Lepidoptera were doing reasonably well
where deciduous woodland had been retained by the Forestry Commission,
including Phyllonorycter muelleriella (Zell.), Lampronia luzella (Hubn.), Minoa
murinata (Scop.) (Drab Looper) and larvae of Coleophora lithargyrinella Zell.
and Elachista regificella Sitcom. At Bigsweir a specimen of the rare cranefly
Ctenophora atrata (L.) conveniently settled on the road by our parked cars on
the Gwent side of the river, while in the fields and woods south east of the
bridge, on the Gloucestershire bank, Coleophora lithargyrinella was found. The
woods here yielded a male of the rare cranefly Tipula nubeculosa Mg. among a
rich and interesting fauna of Diptera, and the scarce cranefly Scleroprocta penta-
gonalis (Loew) was beside a stream in the fields.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 15, 1982 iM hg

Further north up the Wye, attention was paid to the Lords Wood area,
including some Herefordshire Naturalists’ Trust reserves. Micro-moths included
Anania funebris (Strom), Eucosma aemulana (Schlager), Telephila schmidtiellus
(Heyden) (larvae in folded leaves of Origanum), Mompha langiella (Hubn.),
Digitivalva perlepidella (Staint.) and Eucosma aspidiscana (Hubn.). A search of
Mycelis muralis produced no positive indication of the presence of Pselnophorus
heterodactyla (Mull.), Among the Diptera was the cranefly Tipula alpina. Nearby,
at Symmonds Yat East Mompha langiella and Lampronia luzella were again
found,

The Wye Valley was as memorable for its less rare insects. Cepphis advenaria
(Hubn.) (Little Thorn) seemed to occur in most woods, almost certainly using
the local bramble (a relatively benign form) as a food plant. Handsome cardinal
beetles were seen regularly, both Pyrochroa coccinea (L.) and P. serraticornis
(Scop.). The large lacewing Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scop.) was found by several
streams. The river produced a profusion of mayflies, great numbers of large
Ephemera danica Mull. being a marvellous sight together with the damsel fly
Agrion splendens. The river banks yielded an interesting fauna of Diptera
including Atherix ibis (F.), Tipula couckei Ton., Tipula montium Egger,
Erioptera areolata Siebke and Molophilus propinquus (Egger). One unexpected
find was several full grown larvae of Callimorpha dominula (L.) (Scarlet Tiger)
at a spot near Tintern.

Cannop Ponds and the surrounding woodlands in the centre of the Forest of
Dean produced a very different fauna, being on the Coal Measures rather than
the Carboniferous Limestone and Devonian rocks of the Wye Valley. Here we
were pleased to find several Rheumaptera hastata hastata (L.) (Argent and Sable)
flying and larvae of Mompha locupletella (D. & S.) on Epilobium. The dead wood
craneflies Ctenophora atrata and C. pectinicornis (L.) were found as well as a
rich Diptera fauna in the marsh and carr by the lake. A specimen of the rare
spider Tetragnatha nigrita Lendl was swept from Phragmites.

Several forays were made outside the confines of the Forest of Dean. Magor
Marsh, a Gwent Naturalists’ Trust reserve, produced Elachista poae Staint.,
Mompha locupletella, the hoverfly Anasimyia transfuga (L.) and the harvestman
Lacinius ephippiatus (Koch.). A visit to the nearby saltings at Magor Pill by three
of the party resulted in a record of the woodlouse Armadillium nasatum and in
the lane nearby the feedings and several mines and a case on sloe of Coleophora
prunifoliae Doets or C. cerasivorella Packard (not reared). In Herefordshire,
Queen’s Wood near Linton had various interesting moths including Panemeria
tenebrata (Scop.) (Small Yellow Underwing) and larvae of Caryocolum blandella
(Dougl.) on Stellaria holostea. Various other localities were visited, such as
marshes near Trelleck.

The week went all too quickly, a good indication that we enjoyed our stay.
Some were fortunate to head deep into Wales for another week’s foray whilst a
party heading for London managed to break their journey at Crickley Hill near
Gloucester to discover on Jnula conyza the presence of the micro-moths
Digitivalva perlepidella (Staint.), Coleophora conyzae Zell., Leioptilus carphod-
actyla (Hubn.) and the fly Phytomyza conyzae Hendel. Our thanks are passed to
the Forestry Commission for a collecting permit and to Gwent Naturalists’ Trust
and Herefordshire Naturalists’ Trust for access to their reserves. Our special
thanks go to our hosts at Caer Llan for adding so much to the pleasure of our
stay. One of our members will not readily forget his surprise birthday cake with
eight candles, — it is believed this reflects the size of the party, not his age!

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PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE
BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

INDEX VOLUME 15 (1982)

Compiled by M. Albertini
Dates of publication: parts 1/2 28th April 1982, parts 3/4 23rd October 1982.

Amblypelta spp. (Hem: Coreidae), new Australian records, 88
Amphipyra pyramidea and A. berbera, further remarks on the larvae of, 25
Annual exhibition 1981, 33
Books reviews, 66, 87, 88, 111
Butterflies of the London area, atlas of, 97
Butterfly populations, studies on, 17
Clusiidae (Dipt.), British, an identification guide, 89
Collecting permits sub-committee, 24
Conservation and the future of the field entomologist, 55
Conservation at work in the Ministry of Defence, 12
Curculionidae (Col.), records of, mainly from West Cumbria, 68
Dolichovespula media — a new British social wasp, 14
Editorial, 47
Erebia epiphron reared on a two year life-cycle, 28
Field meetings 1981/82
Ashstead, Surrey, 46
Beaulieu River, New Forest, 115
Blean Woods, Kent, 31
Bricket Wood, Herts, 29
Lullington, Sussex, 16
Monmouth, Gwent, 116
Odiham, Hants, 45 '
Pamber Forest, Hants, 31 it IY
Pewley Down, Surrey, 115 was
Thetford Forest, Suffolk, 29
Forcing development of Lepidoptera, 26
Foresters (Procris spp.), status of the, 10
Helix pomatia, edible or roman snail, pabula of, 28
Hering Memorial Research Fund, 88
Homobbus, observations on the ectoparasitic stage of two species, 11
Indoor Meetings, 27, 45, 93, 112
Lepidoptera immigration to the British Isles, 1969—1977, 98
Obituary: Messenger, J.L., 111
Oegoconia caradjai (Lep: Gelechiidae) recognised as British, 1
Officers’ reports for 1981, 48
Phalaena (Bombyx) pudibunda and P. fascelina, the generic placing of, 44
Polygonia c-album bred in June 1981 without hutchinsoni form, 11
Presidential address, 53
Pulvinaria regalis (Hem: Coccidae), foodplants of, in Britain, 46
Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981, 6

PLATES
1 (facing p. 47) Annual Exhibition insects, 1981

CONTRIBUTORS

Agassiz, D.J.L., 1, 35, 93, 96, 115

Allen, A.A., 11,27, 35,94, 96

Appleton, D., 44

Bailey, K.E.J., 33

Baker, B.R., 114

Barrington, R.D.G., 33

Bland, K.P., 35

Bond, K.G.M., 115

Bradford, E.S., 31, 115

Bradley, J.D., 36

Bretherton, R.F., 27, 35, 36, 40, 45,
94, 96; 97, 98;,3124113,.144,115

Bright, P., 35

Broome, G.H.H., 41

Burton, G.N., 40

Calderara, P., 93

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 27, 29, 31, 36,
45, 93,95

Chandler, P.J., 42

Clayden, C.N., 12

Coutsis, J.G., 41

Craik, J.C.A., 25

Craske, R.M., 33

Cribb, P.W., 40

Cross, G., 96

Dyke, R., 44

Dyson, R.C., 40

Edmunds, H., 41

Elliott, B., 33, 35

Emmet, A.M., 37, 93, 95,97, 113, 114

Evans, K.G.W., 27, 41, 45, 94, 95
Fairclough, A.J. & R., 37
Fairclough, R., 35, 46, 94, 113
Falk, S.J., 14

Feltwell, J., 17

Penni Jil. 29. 35537

Fox, T., 44

Furnell, D., 44

Greenwood, J.A.C., 95

Hadley, M., 10, 16, 45,93, 114
Hall, N.M., 35, 37, 40
Halstead, A.J., 42,46, 112,114
Harbottle, A.H.H., 34

Harman, T.W., 35

Harmer, A.S., 34

Harper, M.W., 38

Hart, C., 96

Heal, N.F., 35, 38

Heckford, R.J., 38

Hilliard, R., 114

Hodge, P.J., 43

Holdaway, P.J., 34

Holloway, J.D., 44

Homer, T.J.G., 41

Hudson, I.R., 95

Jewess, P., 113

Knill-Jones, §.A., 38

James, R.J., 41

Jeffery, C.W., 34

Langmaid, J.R., 38

Lever, R.A.,88 «

Lipscombe, C.G., 34

Lonsdale, D., 115

Lowe, R.T., 41, 44

Luckens, C.J., 40, 41

Mansell, G.N. & J., 41

Mansfield, S.J.L., 44

Marcon, J., 44

McClenaghan, I., 43

McFeely, J., 41

McLean, I.F.G., 43

Michaelis, H.N., 39

Middleton, H.G.M., 34

Miles, S.R., 45

Newcombe, M.J., 29

Owen, J.A., 43

Pelham-Clinton, E.C., 116

Penney, C.G., 35

Phelps, H.G., 41

Pickles, A.J. & C.T., 34, 35

Pitkin, Mrs L.M., 39

Pittis, S.C., 34, 35

Plant, C.W., 97

Prior, G., 27, 45, 112

Ransome, K., 36

Read, R.W.J., 68

Revels, R.C., 34, 44

Russwurm, A.D.A., 34

Siddons, P.N., 43

Simpson, A.N.B., 39

Simson, E.C.L., 27

Skinner, B., 31, 35

Softly, R.A., 114

Sokoloff, P.A., 27, 39, 93, 114

Sterling, D.H., 39, 40, 115

Sterling, M.J., 39

Sterling, P.H., 40

Stubbs, A.E., 6, 53, 55, 89, 93, 95,
96,116

Torstenius, S. & Ashby, B., 40

Tremewan, W.G., 41

Tubbs, R.S., 27, 34, 114

Turner, N.E., 41

Tweedie, M.W.F., 40, 44

Vick, G.S., 42

Walker, R.K., 34

Watson, R.W., 35

Wheeler, A.S., 11, 28

Wild, E.H., 27, 35, 40, 45

Wilson, D.E., 112

Young, L.D., 35

ARACHNIDA

amentata, Pardosa, 45
cornutus, Araneus, 45
cucurbitinus, Araneus, 45
diodia, Zilla, 45
ephippiatus, Lacinius, 117
menardi, Meta, 116
mirabilis, Pisaura, 45
montana, Tetragnatha, 45
niger, Eresus, 7

nigrita, Tetragnatha, 117
plantarius, Dolomedes, 7
prativaga, Pardosa, 45
ulmi, Xysticus, 116

vatia, Misumena, 45

CRUSTACEA
nasatum, Armadillim, 117

COLEOPTERA

Curculionidae, of Cumbria, 68

agricola, Eledona, 43
alpina, Amara, 43

barani, Atomaria, 43
bicolor, Triphyllus, 43
buprestoides, Melasis, 43
butrintensis, Stenus, 43
cerambyciformis, Judolia, 43
cerealis, Chrysolina, 7
cervus, Lucanus, 114
coccinea, Pyrochroa, 117
coriarius, Prionus, 43
crassicornis, Bryoporus, 43
crenata, Bitoma, 43
dentatus, Cis; 43
dermestoides, Pediacus, 43
dichrous, Deleaster, 43
dilutum, Lathrobium, 43
eximia, Hydrosmecta, 43
flavicornis, Paromalus, 43
formicarius, Thanasimus, 43
fuliginosus, Pycnomerus, 43
fungorum, Tetratoma, 43
hansseni, Atheta, 43
hibernica, Ocyusa, 43
limbatus, Thymalus, 43
lindbergorum, Micrambe, 43
lunatus, Biphyllus, 43
minutus, Bibloporus, 43
monilicornis, Xylostiba, 43
montanus, Leistus, 43
mordax, Rhagium, 115
murinus, Porcinolus, 43
nivalis, Nebria, 43
oblongiuscula, Liogluta, 43
olivaceus, Rhynchites, 43

pallitarsis, Stenus, 43
pandelli, Brachygluta, 43
perforatus, Rhopalodontus, 43
quadricorne, Siagonium, 43
qudrifasciata, Abdera, 43
quadrifasciata, Strangalia, 43
rugipennis, Bryoporus, 43
sahlbergi, Atomaria, 43
scheuppeli, Bembidion, 43
serraticornis, Pyrochroa, 117
suturalis, Pseudotriphyllus, 43
terminalis, Epuraea, 43
villosus, Dryocoetinus, 43
virens, Bembidion, 43
zonatus, Graphoderus, 14

DERMAPTERA

auricularia, Forficula, 32

DIPTERA

alneti, Didea, 93

alpina, Tipula, 116, 117
areolata, Erioptera, 117
asilica, Criorhina, 45

ater, Dasyrhamphis, 42
atrata, Ctenophora, 117
atrata, Usia, 42, 116

aurata, Usia, 42

berberina, Criorhina, 45
bimaculatus, Brachypalpus, 116
buccata, Myopa, 42

cautum, Chrysotoxum, 115
citrofasciatum, Xanthogramma, 45
Clusiidae, 10 species, 89
conyzae, Phytomyza, 117
couckei, Tipula, 117
elegans, Volucella, 42
fasciata, Blepharocera, 42
fasciata, Didea, 42

fasciata, Fallenia, 42
flavipennis, Dioctria, 42
flavipes, Conops, 42
floccosa, Criorhina, 45
fulvus, Atylotus, 43

griseus, Conophotrus, 42
hybridus, Helophilus, 42
frutetorum, Parhelophilus, 42
ibis, Atherix, 117

inanis, Volucella, 42

inflata, Volucella, 42, 116
insensilis, Brachyopa, 42
laniger, Eriopogon, 42
laternarius, Leucozona, 45
lenta, Brachypalpoides, 42
meiferei, Lonchoptera, 43
minutissima, Pachygaster, 13
montium, Tipula, 117

iv

nigrociliata, Lonchoptera, 43 colon, Tenthredo, 45
nubeculosa, Tipula, 116 cultratus, Cephus, 115
oestraceus, Eristalis, 96 discolor, Homobbus, 11
pectinicornis, Ctenophora, 117 dispar, Heterogamus, 94, 96
pentagonalis, Scleroprocta, 116 ephippium, Eutomostethus, 45
propinquus Molophilus, 117 fulvipes, Aglaostigma, 115
quadrifasciata Conops, 42 infumator, Homobbus, 11
ranunculi, Criorhina, 116 litterata, Tenthredopsis, 115
tufipes, Physocephala, 42 livida, Tenthredo, 115
rusticus, Atylotus, 43 lucorum, Bombus, 112
saltuum, Spilomyia, 96 lugens, Athalia, 45
selene, Tipula, 116 luteiventris, Eutomostethus, 45
signatus, Leopoldius 42 media, Dolichovespula, 14
teutonus, Dasypogon, 42 mesomelas, Tenthredo, 45
transfuga, Anasimyia, 117 montana, Macrophya, 115
truncorum, Tipula, 116 mystaceus, Argogorytes, 45
versicolor, Parhelophilus, 42, 45 nassata, Tenthredopsis, 45
vesicularis, Conops, 42 niger, Dolerus, 45
vittata, Lejops, 95 norwegica, Dolichovespula, 14
xanthocnema, Xylota, 42 pratorum, Bombus, 112
punctumalbum, Macrophya, 115
EPHEMEROPTERA pusilla, Blennocampa, 45, 115

rapae, Pachyprotasis, 115
sabulosa, Ammophila, 95
schaefferi, Tenthredo, 45
ESR E sylvaticus, Pamphilus, 115
sylvestris, Dolichovespula, 14
ustulata, Arge, 115
ventricosus, Ophion, 27
viridis, Rhogogaster, 115
vulgaris, Vespula, 27

danica, Ephemera, 117

ater, Capsus, 32

cornutus, Centrotus, 115

dolobrata, Leptopterna, 32

epilobii, Dicyphus, 32

fabricii, Eysarcoris, 32
flavoquadrimaculatus, Dryophilocoris, 32
histrionicus, Cyllecoris, 32

limbatus, Dolichonabis, 32 LEPIDOPTERA

lutescens, Amblypelta, 88 idopt 7

melanocephalus, Cymus, 32 eee 29

melanocephalus, Phylus, 32 Blea Woods 32

nemoralis, Anthocoris, 32 Ashtead Cimmion 46

ic bce Say omen es abietella, Dioryctria, 36, 37, 101, 109
norvegicus, Calocoris, 32 abscisana, Lobesia, 36

perissi, Psallus, 32 acaciae, Nordmannia, 17

punctata, Corixa, 32 acanthadactyla, Amblyptilia, 94
recticornis, Megaloceraea, 32 accentifera, Ctenoplusia, 99, 104

submacula, Maculolachnus, 112
theobromae, Amblypelta, 88
theobromae, Helopeltis, 88

aceris, Stigmella, 38
acetosae, Johanssonia, 35
actaea, Satyrus, 19

tripustulatus, Liocoris, 32 Adela spp., 36
ulmi, Phytocoris, 32 adjectella, Coleophora, 37, 39
advenaria, Cephhis, 117

HYMENOPTERA aegeria, Pararge,

albicincta, Macrophya, 115 ssp. insula, 33

amentorum, Amauronematus, 13 ssp. tircis, 34

arcuata, Tenthredo, 115 ab. intermediana, 44

aterrima, Phymatocera, 45 aemulana, Eucosma, 117

atra, Tenthredo, 45 aglaja, Argynnis, 21

celtica, Tenthredo, 45, 115 agrimoniae, Ectoedemia, 37

chrysis, Apanteles, 96 albipuncta, Mythimna, 100, 103, 107,

cingulatus, Allantus, 115 108

alburnella, Teleiodes, 36
alcon, Maculinea, ab. radiata, 41
aleatrix, Eratophyes, 45
algira, Dysgonia, 99, 104
alismana, Phalonidia, 39
alni, Acronicta, 31
alnifoliae, Coleophora, 38, 39
alpinella, Platytes, 37
alstroemeriana, Agonopterix, 36
alternata, Epirrhoe, 114
anatipennella, Coleophora, 39
anderidae, Phyllonorycter, 37
antiopa, Nymphalis, 99 ff.
aprilella, Metzneria, 38, 39, 40
arcania, Coenonympha, 19
arcella, Argyresthia, 116
arcuella, Olethreutes, 31
argentimaculella, Infurcitinea, 37
argentula, Coleophora, 35
argus, Plebejus, ab. juncta, 35, Plate 1
arion, Maculinea, ab. marginata, 41,
Plate 1
armena, Zygaena, 41
armigera, Helicoverpa, 104, 106, 108
artemisicolella, Coleophora, 36, 39
asella, Heterogenea, 116
aspidiscana, Eucosma, 117
assimilata, Eupithecia, 112
astrantiae, Agonopterix, 39
atalanta, Vanessa, 33,98, 114, 115
ab. klemensiewiczi, 33
athalia, Mellicta, 7, 31
atra, Blastodacna, 36, 39
atriplicis, Coleophora, 39
atropos, Acherontia, 100 ff.
auritella, Stigmella, 37
auroguttella, Calybites, 29
azaleella, Caloptilia, 38
bankiana, Deltote, 35, 104, 106, 108
baton, Pseudophilotes, 40
belia, Anthocharis, 40
bellargus, Lysandra, ab. postcaeca, 34
ab. semiceronus, 34
berbera, Amphipyra, 25
berberata, Pareulype, 7
bicuspis, Harpyia, 116
bifractella, Apodia, 27
bimaculata, Lomographa, 29
binderella, Coleophora, 38
bipunctaria, Scotopteryx, 16
bipunctosa, Agonopterix, 39
biren, Lacanobia, 116
blandella, Caryocolum, 117
boeticus, Lampides, 93, 105, 107, 108
borelii, Gortyna, ssp. lunata, 113
brassicae, Pieris, 18,
ab. coerulea, 41
britanniodactyla, Capperia, 36, 116

caerulescens, Lysandra, ab. nova, 41
cailino, Aleucanitis, 40
c-album, Polygonia, 11, 33

f. hutchinsoni, 11
caliginosa, Acosmetia, 7
camilla, Ladoga, 44

ab. obliterae, 33, 34

ab. nigrina, 33
caradjai, Oegoconia, 1
cardamines, Anthocharis, 44
cardui, Cynthia, 21, 98, 113,114
carmelita, Odontosia, 113
carniolica, Zygaena, ssp. iberica, 41,

Plate 1
carphodactyla, Leioptilus, 117
cassioides, Erebia, 41
celerio, Hippotion, 110
cerasivorella, Coleophora, 117
cespitis, Tholera, 16
chalcites, Chrysodeixis, 99, 101, 104
cheiranthi, Pieris, 41
choragella, Morophaga, 36
cidarella, Bucculatrix, 39
cilialis, Nascia, 37
cinctella, Syncopacma, 38
cinerosella, Euzophera, 39
circe, Brintesia, 19
clathrata, Semiothisa, 19
cleopatra, Gonepteryx, 19
clypeiferella, Coleophora, 36, 38
c-nigrum, Amanthes, 96
comma, Hesperia, 34
compunctella, Swammerdamia, 38
confusa, Macdunnoughia, 99, 104
confusalis, Nola, 29, 31
consimilana, Clepsis, 38
conspicillaris, Egira, 116
consueta, Copitarsia, 41, 44
contiguaria, Idaea, 26
convolvuli, Agrius, 35, 95, 96, 100 ff.
conyzae, Coleophora, 117
coridon, Lysandra, 16, 33

ab. tithonus, 34, Plate 1
corylata, Electrophaes, 35
crassalis, Bomolocha, 45
creona, Belenois, ssp. severia, 41
cristana, Acleris, 40, 44
croceus, Colias, 19, 93,98
croesella, Adela, 36, 38,95,97, 114
cuculipennella, Caloptilia, 39
cucullina, Ptilodontella, 29
cultraria, Drepana, 31
cuprella, Adela, 35,113
curtula, Clostera, 31
curvatula, Drepana, 107, 108
dahlii, Diarsia, 27
daplidice, Pontia, 102, 104, 105
daucella, Depressaria, 36

deauratella, Coleophora, 27
deauratella, Oegoconia, 1
decolorella, Blastobasis, 36, 38
defoliaria, Erannis, 94

didyma, Melitaea, 19

dispar, Lymantria, 93, 108

distans, Crombrugghia, 113, 114
dodecea, Ethmia, 38

domestica, Bryotropha, 36
dominula, Callimorpha, 117
dorycnii, Zygaena, ssp. korbiana, 41
dumolini, Lophostethus, 41
egenaria, Eupithecia, 29, 116
emortualis, Trisateles, 99, 104, 107, 108
epiphron, Erebia, 28

epistygne, Erebia, 41

eriphia, Antichloris, 41
exclamationis, Agrotis, 114

exigua, Spodoptera, 100 ff.
exiguata, Eupithecia, 29

exsiccata, Tathorhynchus, 97
extimalis, Evergestis, 36

fascelina, (Dasychira) Dicallomera, 44
fenestratella, Monopis, 39

fennica, Ochropleura, 109, 110
ferrugalis, Udea, 98

filicivora, Psychoides, 39
finitimella, Parornix, 93

flavalis, Mecyna, 16

flavifrontella, Pseudatemelia, 37
flavimitrella, Lampronia, 38
fluctuosa, Tetheella, 116

fluxa, Photedes, 99, 103

formosa, Oncocera, 37

formosanus, Lozotaeniodes, 36
fraxini, Catocala, 99, 101, 104, 107
frischella, Coleophora, 35
fumatella, Chionodes, 37, 39
funebris, Anania, 39, 117

funerella, Ethmia, 115

fuscatella, Lampronia, 115
fuscovenosa, Idaea, 26

galiata, Epirrhoe, 16

gamma, Autographa, 21, 94, 98, 114
gallii, Hyles, 107, 108, 109, 110
geryon, Adscita, 11, 114
glaucinella, Argyresthia, 116
globulariae, Adscita, 11, 114
glyphica, Euclidia, 115
gonodactyla, Platyptilia, 114
gorgone, Erebia, 41

granella, Nemapogon, 38

grisella, Achroia, 39, 93
gysseleniella, Cedestis, 39

haasi, Plutella, 115

hastata, Rheumaptera, ssp. hastata, 117
herminata, Diplodoma, 37
herrichiana, Pammene, 116

hirtaria, Lycia, 114
hispania, Erebia, ssp. goya, 41

ssp. rondoui, 41
hyale, Colias, 19, 102 ff.
hybridella, Cochylis, 38
hyperantus, Aphantopus, 27
icarus, Polyommatus, 17
ilia, Apatura, ssp. substitutus, 41
imella, Monopis, 35
incertana, Cnephasia, 38
includens, Pseudoplusia, 41
indica, Vanessa, 113
indigata, Eupithecia, 29
inornatella, Brachmia, 37
insigniata, Eupithecia, 45
inspersella, Scythris, 93
interpunctella, Plodia, 38, 114
interrogationis, Syngrapha, 109, 110
inulae, Coleophora, 39
io, Inachis, 21
ipsilon, Agrotis, 98
iris, Apatura, 41
irrorella, Yponcmeuta, 38
ivella, Argyresthia, 38, 116
jurtina, maniola, 19, 27

ab. anommata, 33, 34

ab. antialba, 34

ab. antiexcessa, 34

ssp. cassiteridum, 33

ab. excessa, 33

ssp. iernes, 34

ab. pallens, 34

ab. parvipuncta, 34

ab. postaurolancia, 34

ab. postmultifidus, 33, 34
lacteella, Mompha, 38
lacunana, Olethreutes, 38
laetana, Ancylis, 38
l-album, Mythimna, 110
langiella, Mompha, 117
laricata, Eupithecia, 29
laricella, Coleophora, 36
larseniella, Syncopacma, 38, 39
lateritia, Apamea, 109, 110
lathonia, Argynnis, 99, 102
leautieri, Lithophane, 96
lefebvrei, Erebia, ssp. pyrenaea, 41

ssp. astur, 41
lichenea, Eumichtis, 35
lienigianus, Leioptilus, 40
ligustri, Sphinx, 115
limbalis, Uresiphita, 99, 101
limosipennella, Coleophora, 38
lineata, Siona, 7
lineolea, Coleophora, 36
literana, Acleris, 93, 94
lithargyrinella, Coleophora, 116
lobella, Enicostoma, 38, 40, 93

locupletella, Mompha, 117
lonicerae, Zygaena, 115
loreyi, Mythimna, 103, 104, 106
loti, Zygaena, ssp. georiae, 41
lucella, Ypsolopha, 37, 93
lucidella, Monochroa, 37
lucina, Hamearis, 44

ab. leucodes, 33
lunosa, Omphaloscelis, 94
lunularia, Selenia, 31
luridana, Phalonidia, 39, 40
luzella, Lampronia, 116, 117
machaon, Papilio, 7, 17, 101, 107
machinella, Coleophora, 37, 38
malvae, Pyrgus, 19
mansuetella, Micropterix, 37
margaritata, Campaea, 11
marginana, Endothenia, 38
mediofasciella, Ectoedemia, 29
mediopectinellus, Ochsenheimeria, 37
megera, Lasiommata, 19
mellonella, Galleria, 39
mercuriana, Epinotia, 35
messingiella, Eidophasia, 39
meticulosa, Phlogophora, 95, 98
metzneriella, Metzneria, 39
milvipennis, Coleophora, 38
minimana, Phalonidia, 36
minimus, Cupido, 115
mucronella, Ypsolopha, 38, Plate 1
muelleriella, Phyllonorycter, 116
mulinella, Mirificarma, 38
murinata, Minoa, 116
mutatella, Dioryctria, 36
myrtillana, Ancylis, 39
napi, Pieris, 18
nebulata, Euchoeca, 31
nerii, Daphnis, 41, 99 ff.
ni, Trichoplusia, 35, 104, 106
noctuella, Nomophila, 97, 98
nodicolella, Mompha, 32, 38, 94
nubilalis, Ostrinia, 38
obesalis, Hypena, 99, 104
oblitella, Ancylosis (Heterographis), 36
obstipata, Orthonama, 100 ff.
obtusana, Ancylis, 39
obumbratana, Eucosma, 36
occulta, Eurois, 101 ff
ocellata, Smerinthus, 115
ocellatella, Scrobipalpa, 36
ocellea, Euchromius, 97,99, 101
ochroleuca, Eremobia, 16
olivana, Olethreutes, 40
oliviella, Esperia, 31, 39
olivieri, Zygaena, ssp. ganymedes, 41
omissella, Leucospilapteryx, 95
ononidis, Parectopa, 46, 95
ophisa, Euplocamus, 44

orichalcea, Diachrysia, 99, 104, 108
orobana, Cydia, 38
ostrina, Eublemma, 99, 104
palaemon, Carterocephalus, 7, Plate 1
paleacea, Enargia, 105 ff.
palealis, Sitichroa, 27, 39
pallescentella, Tinea, 38
pallifrontana, Cydia, 39
pallorella, Agonopterix, 35
paludum, Buckleria, 40
pamphilus, Coenonympha, 19,

ab. caeca, 34
pandora, Pandoriana, 99, 102
paphia, Argynnis, 27

ab. cifkai, 34, Plate 1
paripennella, Coleophora, 38
paripunctella, Teleiodes, 39
pauperana, Eucosma, 113
pectinea, Incurvaria, 38
pedella, Stathmopoda, 40
pellionella, Tinea, 36
peltigera, Heliothis, 100 ff.
perlepidella, Digitivalva, 117
phasianipennella, Calybites, 36, 39
phlaeas, Lycaena, 19, 44
phoeniciata, Eupithecia, 16, 35
pimpinellae, Depressaria, 39
pimpinellata, Eupithecia, 16
plecta, Ochropleura, 114
plexippus, Danaus, 95, 96, 102 ff., 113
plumbeolata, Eupithecia, 31
poae, Elachista, 117
podalirius, Iphiclides, 17, 40
polychloros, Nymphalis, 102, 108
pomona, Catopsilia, 41
populana, Pammene, 40
populi, Poecilocampa, 114
porata, Cyclophora, 94
pronubana, Cacoecimorpha, 38
propinquella, Agonopterix, 39
propinquella, Mompha, 38, 39
prunifoliae, Coleophora, 37, 39, 117
Pseudochazara, 41
Pseudoplusia, 44
pudibunda, Calliteara (Dasychira), 44
pulcherrimella, Depressaria, 39
pulverella, Agonopterix, 39
punctaria, Cyclophora, 40
punctidactyla, Amblyptilia, 40, 94
pupillana, Eucosma, 39
puppillaria, Cyclophora, 99, 101, 102
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 25
pyrenaeella, Calybites, 38
quadra, Lithosia, 93, 106 ff.
quadripuncta, Oegoconia, 1, 96
quercimontana, Cyclophora, 40
ramburialis, Diasemia, 99, 101
rapae, Pieris, 18, 41

raptricula, Cryphia, 99, 103
rectifasciana, Isotrias, 37
reducta, Limenitis, 21
regificella, Elachista, 116
retiella, Epichnopterix, 38
thamni, Gonepteryx, 19
thombella, Gelechia, 39
ribeata, Deileptenia, 116
richardsoni, Meesia, 39
ridens, Polyploca, 35
roboraria, Boarmia, 35
robustana, Bactra, 37
robustella, Caloptilia, 36, 113
tubi, Callophrys, 40
rubiginata, Scopula, 99, 102
rubiginosana, Epinotia, 29, 31
rufipennella, Caloptilia, 39
sacraria, Rhodometra, 94, 95, 100 ff.
salicorniae, Coleophora, 38
saligna, Phyllocnistis, 37, 94
salinella, Coleophora, 39
samiatella, Stigmella, 37
saportella, Phyllonorycter, 113
saucia, Peridroma, 98
scalella, Pseudotelphusa, 39
schmidtiellus, Telephila, 117
schoenicolella, Glyphipterix, 37
schuetzeella, Dioryctria, 36, 37, 40, 44,

Plate 1
scirpi, Biselachista, 37
scopariella, Phyllonorycter, 38
scutosa, Protoschina, 99, 101, 104
scutulana, Epiblema, 115
secundaria, Peribatodes, 35, Plate 1
sedatana, Dichrorampha, 37
sehestediana, Choreutis, 36, 37
selene, (Boloria) Clossiana, 33,

ab. extenuata, Plate 1
semele, Hipparchia, 19

f. clarencis, 34

ab. holanops, 34

ssp. hibernica, 34

ab. monocellata, 34, Plate 1
semifascia, Caloptilia, 37, 39
semifulvella, Tinea, 29
serratulae, Pyrgus, 19
signaria, Semiothis, 105
simplicella, Dioryctria, 36
smaragdaria, Thetidia, 7
soladriana, Epinotia, 39
sorocula, Eilema, 31
sphinx, Brachionycha, 96
spilodactylus, Pterophorus, 39
spissicornis, Coleophora, 36
statices, Adscita, 11, 45
staticis, Agdistis, 38, 39
stellatarum, Macroglossum, 21, 98
sticticalis, Margaritia, 105

striatella, Isophrictis, 36
subfuscata, Eupithecia, 29
suffusella, Monochroa, 38
sulphurella, Dasycera, 38
sylvata, Abraxas, 29
sylvaticella, Coleophora, 36, 39
sylvestrana, Clavigesta, 39
sylvestrella, Dioryctria, 36
sylvestris, Thymelicus, 22
tamara, Zygaena

ssp. mahabadica, 41

ssp. placida, 41

ssp. zuleiga, 41
tamesis, Coleophora, 36
tenebrata, Panemeria, 117
tetragonella, Monochroa, 37
thunbergella, Micropterix, 36
tiliae, Mimas, ab. brunnea, 35
tinctella, Schiffermuelleria, 38
tithonus, Pyronia, 19
torquillella, Parornix, 93
trifolii, Coleophora, 36
tringipennella, Aspilapteryx, 96
tripoliana, Eucosma, 27, 38, 39
tripuncta, Telechrysis, 31
tristella, Agriphila, 38
tulbaghia, Meneris, 41
tullia, Coenonympha, ab. cockaynei, 34
uliginosellus, Crambus, 116
unangulata, Euphyia, 29
uncula, Eustrotia, 116
unculana, Ancylis, 115
unionalis, Palpita, 99 ff.
unipuncta, Mythimna, 35, 95, 97, 103 ff
unipunctella, Phyllocnistis, 36
unitana, Aphelia, 36
velocella, Aroga, 36
verhuella, Psychoides, 39
versurella, Coleophora, 36
viciae, Zygaena, 7,

ssp. anglica, 112

ssp. argyllensis, 112
vicinella, Caryocolum, 38
viminetorum, Phyllonorycter, 38
violacea, Coleophora, 36
virgaureata, Eupithecia, 35
virginiensis, Cynthia, 95, 104, 105, 109
viridana, Tortrix, 45, 114
vitellina, Mythimna, 35, 103, 105, 109,

110
vulgata, Eupithecia, 29
wilkella, Eulamprotes, 37, 38
xylostella, Plutella, 98
yeatiana, Agonopterix, 39
zelleri, Melissoblaptes, 37

MOLLUSCA

arenaria, Catinella, 7
cartusiana, Monacha, 7
glutinosa, Myxas, 7

MYRIAPODA
forficatus, Lithobius, 32

NEUROPTERA

carnea, Chrysopa, 32
fulvicephalus, Osmylus, 117

ODONATA

aloides, Stratiotes, 42
irene, Boyeria, 42
isosceles, Aeshna, 7
juncea, Aeshna, 42
serrata, Aeshna, 42
splendens, Agrion, 117
subarctica, Aeshna, 42
viridis, Aeshna, 42

ORTHOPTERA

campestris, Gryllus, 7
griseoaptera, Pholidoptera, 32
gryllotalpa, Gryllotalpa, 7
punctatissima, Leptophyes, 32
thalassinum, Meconema, 32
undulata, Tetrix, 32
verrucivorus, Decticus, 7

PLANTS

Acer, 30471272. 77
campestre, 38, 39, 46

pseudoplatanus, 29, 30, 46,71
Achillea millefolium 36, 72, 74

ptarmica, 37, 38
Aegopodium, 42
Aesculus hippocastanum, 46
Agrimonia, 37
Alliaria petiolata, 80
Alnus, 71, 77, 93
glutinosa, 36, 40, 85
Alyssum, 80, 81
Ammophila arenaria, 69, 73
Anacardium occidentale, 88
Anemone nemorosa, 77
Anthyllis vulneraria, 12, 73
Arabis, 80
Arbutus, 93
Armeria maritima, 69, 70, 72
Artemisia maritima, 37, 38
vulgaris, 39, 40
Asparagus plumosa, 41
Aster tripolium, 27, 39, 72

Atriplex littoralis, 39
Azalea, 38, 70
Bellis perennis, 70
Beta, 28
vulgaris, 37
Betula, 29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 45, 71 ff.,
85
verrucosa, 70
Bixa orellana, 88
Cacao, 88
Cakile maritima, 81
Calluna vulgaris, 70, 73, 78, 79
Capsella bursa-pastoris, 80, 81
Cardamine pratensis, 80
Carex, 83
Carpinus betulus, 30, 38
Castanea sativa, 17, 19
Centaurea, 45
nigra, 39
scabiosa, 38, 39, 40
Chamomilla suaveolens, 81
Chenopodium, 28
Cirsium arvense, 38, 73, 76, 80
Clematis vitalba, 20
Cochlearia officinale, 80
Convallaria majalis, 70
Convolvulus arvensis, 20
Cornus, 42
Corylus, 29, 30, 36, 38, 46, 70 ff.
Crataegus, 16, 28, 29, 30, 45, 46, 70 ff.,
96
Crepis capillaris, 113
Cytisus scoparius, 73, 75
Dactylis, 30
Dactylorchis praetermissa, 45
Daucus carota, 20
Deschampsia flexuosa, 28
Dianthus, 41
Dipsacus fullonum, 38
Echium vulgare, 20
Epilobium, 117
angustifolium, 94
montanum, 39
tetragonum, 38
Equisetum, 78
Erica, 79
Erodium cicutarium, 73, 76
Euonymus europaeus, 38
Eupatorium, 42
Euphorbia amygdaloides, 45
Fagus, 29, 70 ff.
Festuca indigesta, 41
ovina, 41
Frangula, 46
Fraxinus, 77, 84
Fumaria officinalis, 81
Geranium molle, 70, 71
sanguineum, 79

Glaux maritima, 83
Halimione portulacoides, 72
Heather, 29
Hebe, 42, 113
Hedera, 42
helix, 28, 70, 72
Heracleum, 42
sphondylium, 73, 74
Hydrangea, 28
Hypericum, 29
Hypochoeris radicata, 70, 71
Ilex, 77
aquifolium, 46
Inula crithmoides, 37
conyza, 117
Iris, 28
Juglans regia, 20
Juncus, 29, 30, 32
Juniperus, 12
Laburnum anagyroides, 28
Lactuca serriola, 28
Lathyrus pratensis, 74, 75
Laurus nobilis, 46
Lichen, 39
Limonium binervosum, 39
Linaria vulgaris, 85
Lotus, 39, 46
corniculatus, 69 ff.
uliginosus, 38
Lythrum salicaria, 82
Magnolia, 46
Malus, 46
sylvestris, 38, 84
Marrubium vulgare, 39
Matricaria, 42
chamomilla, 81
maritima, 70, 74, 81
suaveolens, 81
Medicago sativa, 27
Mentha aquatica, 42
Mercurialis perennis, 74
Moss, 70, 77
Musa, 41
Myrica, 39
Nardus stricta, 28
Nasturtium, 81
officinale, 80, 83
Oenanthe, 42, 45
Olea europaea, 17
Ononis repens, 70, 74, 76
Origanum, 117
vulgare, 20
Phragmites, 117
Pinus, 43, 77
nigra, 41
Plantago, 96
coronopus, 70, 71, 79, 84
lanceolata, 70 ff.

maritima, 69 ff.

Platanus, 46

Polyanthus, 70

Polygonum, 73
amphibium, 82
aviculare, 26, 82, 83
hydropiper, 80, 83
lapathifolium, 82, 83
persicaria, 82, 83

Populus, 29, 30
tremula, 29

Potentilla erecta, 30, 73, 82, 93
palustris, 82

Primula, 70

Prunus, 37, 46
padus, 71, 84
spinosa, 17, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 70 ff.
93

Pteridium aquilinum, 19, 29

Punica granatum, 17

Pulicaria dysenterica, 27, 39

Quercus, 29, 30, 37, 40, 43, 46, 70 ff.
113,114

Ranunculus repens, 70, 74, 77

Raphanus raphanistrum, 81

Robinia pseudoacacia, 20

Rorripa, 80, 81

Rosa, 29, 30, 39, 46, 71 ff., 112

Rubus, 17, 19, 20, 29, 30, 32, 42, 46,
Melee La

Rumex acetosa, 82, 83
acetosella, 70 ff.
crispus, 73, 76, 82, 83
maritimus, 73, 76, 82
obtusifolius, 28, 70 ff.

Salix, 29, 30, 45, 46, 71 ff., 94
atrocinerea, 70, 71, 78
aurita, 30, 37
babylonica, 29
caprea, 29
purpurea, 46, 94
viminalis, 38, 40

Salvia horminoides, 32

Sanicula, 39

Sarothamnus, 38
scoparius, 19

Scabiosa, 29

Scrophularia nodosa, 70, 76

Scutellaria minor, 36, 37

Senecio squalidus, 42
jacobaea, 70

Serratula, 39

Silene didica, 70, 74 _
maritima, 38

Sisymbrium officinale, 80, 81

Skimmia japonica, 46

Sonchus oleraceus, 26

Sorbus aucuparia, 70 ff.

Spergula arvensis, 76
Stachys palustris, 74, 81
Stellaria holostea, 117
Stranvaesia, 42
Suaeda maritima, 39
Suurkanol chathmanthe, 41
Tanacetum, 37
Taraxacum officinale, 26,70, 74, 81
Taxus, 116
Teucrium scorodonia, 36
Thymus drucei, 70, 73, 74
praecox, 70
Tilia, 20, 46
Trifolium, 74, 84
campestre, 73, 74, 76
pratense, 27, 74 ff., 95
repens, 72 ff.
Tussilago farfara, 114
Ulex europaeus, 70 ff.
Ulmus, 29, 30, 46, 71
glabra, 29
Umbilicus rupestris, 26
Urtica, 32
dioica, 70 ff.
Vaccinium myrtillus, 70
Verbascum, 20
Viburnum, 16
Vicia, 72
cracca, 75
sepium, 45, 72 ff.
Viola canina, 83

PLECOPTERA
stagnalis, Holocentropus, 13

PSOCOPTERA
fasciatum, Trichadenotecnum, 27

VERTEBRATA

bat, Beckstein’s, 13
bat, greater horseshoe, 13
chough, 13
dormouse, 115
geese, brent, 13
newt, common, 32
peregrine, 13
raven, 13
slowworm, 32
curlew, stone, 12
toad, natterjack, 14

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B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS — 1982 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST

For non-members add 50%. Postage and packing extra.

PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

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A CHECK-LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH,
WESTERN & SOUTHERN EUROPE
by P. W. CRIBB

NEWLY REVISED A.E.S. PUBLICATION — MARCH, 1981

First published in 1966, it has been revised and

expanded to cover changes in nomenclature and

additional species included in ‘A Field Guide to

Butterflies of Britain and Europe’, by L. G. Higgins

and N. D. Riley (Collins 1980). Included are important

subspecies and races as well as the English names
of all the species.

The 20 pages are printed on one side only (A65 size). It
may be used as a label list and those who collect and
study European Butterflies will find two copies
an advantage.

Available from A.E.S. Publications Agent,
Price £1.80 including postage and packing.
4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS

iv CONTENTS

Bretherton, R.F., Lepidoptera immigration to the British Isles, 1969-

1977 98
Lever, R.A., Amblypelta spp. (Hem: Coreidae), new Australian records 88
Plant, C.W., Atlas of butterflies of the London area : 97
Read, R.W.J., Records of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) mainly from

West Cumbria 68
Stubbs, A.E., Conservation and the future of the field entomologist BS
Stubbs, A.E., An identification guide to British Clusiidae 89
Book reviews 66, 87, 88, 111
Editorial 47
Indoor meetings 1981 93
Indoor meetings 1982 112
Obituary 111
Officers’ reports 48, 88
Field Meetings: Pewley Down, Guildford, Surrey 1S

Beaulieu River, New Forest 115

Monmouth 116

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

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at Chelsea Old Town Hall.

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Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application
to the Secretary. -

54 24538.

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