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MARCH 1983 Vol. 16, Parts 1/2

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

i TA
‘ AM

MANY A .
IH | f20o
.

~~ LIBRARIES

Officers and Council for 1983

President:
B.R. Baker, B.Sc., A.M.A., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

J. Heath, F.R.E.S.
P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.

Treasurer: Secretary:
Col. D.H. Sterling Mrs. F.M. Murphy, B.Sc.
Curator: Librarian: Lanternist:
E.S. Bradford S.R. Miles R.A. Jones

Ordinary Members of Council:

M.R. Brown, R.L.C. P.J. Jewess, B.Sc.
M.A. Callow, B.Sc. R.K. Merrifield
D.J. Carter R.A. Softly
P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. A.E. Stubbs, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
R. Fairclough, F.R.E.S. R.S. Tubbs, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.
A.J. Halstead, M.Sc. D.E. Wilson

Editorial

Editor: R.W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL6 OUD

with the assistance of:

T.R.E. Southwood, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. T.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M.W.F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S. E.S. Bradford A.H. Hayes

OLD MULBERRY TREES AND SILK

JOHN FELTWELL IS LOOKING INTO THE HISTORY OF THE SILK
INDUSTRY IN BRITAIN AND WOULD LIKE TO KNOW THE WHERE-
ABOUTS OF:

a) Old Mulberry Trees, particularly those associated with royalty, cathedrals,
churches, monasteries and castles.

b) Any documentary evidence of silk factories or factory equipment.

c) Silk museums, collections and old photographs.

Please contact: JOHN FELTWELL, MARLHAM, HENLEY DOWN, CATSFIELD,
E. SUSSEX, TN33 9BN.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
‘Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 16

Vol. 16
1983

Published at the Society’s Rooms The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Gem Graphic Services, 30 Wantage Road, Didcot,
Oxon.

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 1

LEPIDOPTERA IMMIGRATION TO THE BRITISH ISLES,
1969 TO 1977

by R.F. BRETHERTON
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, GUS OLE

[continued from Vol. 15:110]

1973

1973 was a striking contrast to 1972. Spring came early and the summer was
mostly fine, with above-normal day and night temperatures lasting into November.
In all 32 scarcer immigrant species were reported, including 12 which are also
resident. The most striking event was the repetition on a much larger scale of the
1972 invasion of Hyles gallii, of which over 260 adults and some 150 larvae are
listed in a full account by de Worms (ER 87:232-239). A few may have resulted
from eggs laid in 1972, but it seems probable that the immigrations which arrived
in mid-July and again in the first fortnight of August originated in very distant
parts of east and north-east Europe or beyond. They appear to have been
associated with numbers of Eurois occulta reported in south England and near
the east coast, and possibly with two examples of Nymphalis antiopa in the
London area. Also notable were a dozen sightings of Danaus plexippus, mostly
in September and October in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, where an invasion
of North American birds was also noted.

Important single captures were Hyles euphorbiae, almost our rarest Hawk
Moth, at Selsdon, Surrey on the night of May 27; Coscinia cribraria of the Contin-
ental f. arenaria in Suffolk on June 25; the third known British specimen of
Hypena obesalis in Warwickshire on August 26. The Fritillary Issoria lathonia
was watched on August 7 and 9 in a garden in Dorset, and there was also a
probable sighting on the Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ten days later. Colias
hyale, now a very scarce species here, was seen in the Isle of Wight and also
arriving from the sea at Sandwich Bay, Kent.

Scarce immigrants recorded in good numbers were Agrius convolvuli, with
single forerunners in June, main influxes from late August through September,
and an adult, possibly bred locally, as late as November 10. Rhodometra
sacraria made a massive arrival in early September; and Acherontia atropos
adults were reported from late May until November 24, mostly in small invasions
about August 22 and mid-September. There were also a few larvae. Seven of
the eight Helicoverpa armigera were widely spread but compactly dated in
September. Orthonama obstipata was well spread over the southern counties
and also reached south Wales, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, and at least two
counties in Ireland, mostly in August and September but with records in late
October and November which probably represented offspring of earlier
arrivals.

Of the usual immigrant butterflies Vanessa atalanta had a good year. Many
were seen widely in May and June, reaching as far north as the Inner Hebrides;
there was a large immigration to the coast of Lincolnshire at the end of July;
it was reported very widely in September, and a large late brood was noted in
Essex in early October. In Ireland it was common in the east and south, where
2,400 were noted in the year at Cape Clear, co Cork. Of Cynthia cardui, by
contrast, few were seen before August and September, when it was scarce and
almost confined to the southern coastal counties in England, Wales and Ireland,
although the last record of the year came from the Isle of Canna on November 8.
Colias croceus was seen in May in west Sussex and in Dorset, where there were
a few more in August and September, as also in southern Ireland. In east Sussex

D, PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

there was a considerable immigration, 90 being counted at Peacehaven between
August 24 and September 15, and some 25 elsewhere in the county. The last
records were of only three seen in Scilly from October 16 to 22.

The common immigrant Noctuidae were all much above their usual numbers.
Autographa gamma was extremely abundant. After rather few records in May
and early June, large influxes were noted in coastal traps and elsewhere in the
first, third and fourth weeks of July, and several times in August; about
September 9 it was said to be innumerable at the Lizard, Cornwall, about 1,000
were reported in traps at Portland, Dorset, and there was another large incursion
about September 15/16. There was also probably much local breeding, and even
inland in Surrey its nightly attendance at the trap continued through most of
October, with the last on November 8 and a year’s total of 770, to compare
with only 15 in 1972. Agrotis ipsilon was also in very good numbers. It
accompanied the late June, and most of the other, influxes of A. gamma, with
the apparent addition of another in early October; it was seen in Surrey and
Dorset as late as November 23 and 26. The resident/immigrant Phlogophora
meticulosa was above its normal numbers, but possibly more as a result of
favourable local conditions than of primary immigration. The two usually
common Pyralidae, Nomophila noctuella and Udea ferrugalis were, however,
unusually scarce, being reported from few places and only in very small
numbers, despite the fact that in many seasons their arrivals and abundance tend
to fit with those of A. gamma.

This was a year which was conspicuous rather for the numbers of immigrants
rather than for variety of species. Only in late June and July were there many
arrivals from the east across the North Sea. All the later immigrations seem to
have had south westerly origins, and only those at the end of August and in the
first days of September, which contained such species as Cyclophora puppillaria,
Eublemma ostrina, Diachrysia orichalcea, Hypena obesalis, and in the first week
of October, with Danaus plexippus, Mythimna unipuncta, Heliothis armigera,
had contents which suggest sub-tropical or North American provenance. As
regards numbers of individuals recorded, it has to be remembered that the
generally high night temperatures and good weather, prolonged far into the
autumn, was favourable for trapping and field work, so that an unusually high
proportion of the immigrants available may have been recorded, and of the
common species many were bred from early arrivals.

Internal dispersal of many resident species was also wider than usual in 1973.
A striking example was provided by Autographa bractea. This northern British
species had been spreading southwards for some years, as also on the Continent.
In 1973 it was reported in some numbers in Gloucestershire and in single
examples in Gower on the coast of Glamorgan, and at Minstead in South
Hampshire. These have not been included here as immigrants, since they all
probably reflected the internal spread, which has continued in later years. Other
species, Eurrhypara perlucidalis, Heterographis oblitella, Lithosia quadra, Meganola
albula have been included, with some reserve, because of marked coincidences
of places and dates with those of undoubted immigrants during the long period
of south and south east winds in late June and July.

Scarce Immigrants, 1973

Uresipita limbalis (2) DORSET 1973 n.d. (BENHS 7:34). SUSSEX E. East

Dean, 6.10 (Ent.Gaz. 25:86).

*Eurrhypara perlucidalis (1) HANTS S. Waterlooville 9.7 (ER 86:57), probable
immigrant.

*Diasemia litterata (2) SOMERSET S. 25.7 and 8.8 (per French), possibly
D. ramburialis.

*Heterographis oblitella (1) ISLE OF WIGHT St Helens 30.6 (BG Lep. Hants:
204).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 3

*Papilio machaon (1) DORET Broadstone 10.7 (DNHAS 95:108-111).

Colias hyale (6) ISLE OF WIGHT Brighstone Down 26.6 (per French).
KENT E. Sandwich Bay 5.8 seen arriving over the sea, 26.8 female on hawk-
weed, 27.8 two males (C-H Kent 3:212-213).

*Nymphalis polychloros (2) ESSEX S. Westcliff-on-Sea 3.8, worn, on buddleia
(E.R. 85:225). HERTS Bushey August (per French).

Nymphalis antiopa (3) CORNWALL W. Treswithian, near Camborne 17.8,
seen in garden (ER 85:244). KENT W. Hayes Common 31.7, male taken on
buddleia (ER 85:269). MIDDLESEX Regent’s Park, London 22.7, one caught
and released (L.N. 53:87, 90).

Argynnis lathonia (2) DORSET Briantspuddle 7 & 9.8, watched in garden by
E.F. Coetzee (DNHAS 95:108-111). WORCS. Malvern Hills 17.8, seen by Mr Page
and watched for ten minutes, wings closed when at rest; probably correctly
identified (J.E. Green, pers. comm.).

Lampides boeticus (2) WARWICKS. Charlecote 30.8, fresh male in green-
house used for bean growing: possibly introduced as larva (ER 85:269). DERBYS.
West Melton 5.9 (Derbys. ES 34:375).

Danaus plexippus (c.13) SCILLY 4/14.10 (c. five seen). CORNWALL 20.9/
early 10 (three seen, one caught). DEVON N. Porlock 30.9, female caught.
HANTS N. Kingsclere early July, one seen. SURREY Oxted 19.10, photographed.
CARDS. Yspyty Ystwyth 16.9, caught. (For full references see ER 94:146).

Cyclophora puppillaria (2) DEVON S. Ermington 6.10 (ER 86:25). SUSSEX
E. East Dean 6/7.10 (Ent. Gaz. 25:86).

Rhodometra sacraria (c.200) DEVON S, Ermington 4/6.9, six (ER 86:24);
Buckland Monachorum 4/6.9 22 males, 4 females (Ent. Gaz. 25:85). DORSET
Swanage 7.9; Portland early 9 (DNHAS 95:108-111). Chesil Beach 4/6.9 (26)
(BENHS 6:107); Portland 9.9 female (BENHS 7:113). ISLE OF WIGHT
September (BENHS 6:107). HANTS S. Hollands Wood, New Forest 7.9, 8.9
(ER 87:75), Minstead n.d. four (ER 86:116); Pendleton Marsh c. 13.9 (BENHS
6:104). SUSSEX W. Walberton 6.9 two, 7.9, 16.9 two, 6.10 (Ent. Gaz 26:190).
SUSSEX E. Ringmer 7.9; Peacehaven 7.9, two 11.9 (CRP Sx:307). KENT E.
Dungeness 8.9 (C-H Kent 3:265). KENT W. Higham 20.8; Pembury 6.7 (C-H
Kent 3:200). SURREY Bramley faded male 25.9; Thorpe 9.9 (L.N. 53:97).
HERTS. Symondhyde mid-9 (ER 87:76). GLOS S. Avening 5.9, male;
Tetbury 7.9 (ER 86:17); Oakridge 5.9 two (ER 86:96). BRECONS.
Mountain Centre 5.9 & 6.9 four; Crickhowell 12.9 (S-B Brecon: 22). PEMBS.
Martin’s Haven 3/7.9 c. 66 plus (ER 85:299); Skomer Island 4.9 three by day on
ragwort ER 87:69). CAERNS. Rhostryfan 4.6 & 8.9; Capelulu 5.9, 7.9 four, 8.9,
9.9 two; Tregarth, 6.9 (Ent. Gaz. 33:119). DENBIGHS Colwyn Bay 5.9, 12.9;
Wenli 6.9; Glan Conway 15.9 (Ent. Gaz. 33:119). ANGLESEY Maltraeth and
Plas Lligwy, September (Ent. Gaz. 33:119). DERBYS. Darley Dene 13.9; Hilton
Gravel Pits 15.9, male (ER 86:146). LANCS N. Leighton Moss 6.9 (ER 85:270)
CHESHIRE. Alderley Edge 5.9 (Lancs and Chesh. ES 26:375). WESTMORLAND
Beetham 6.9 two females, 9.9 male; Arnside 8.9 two, 9.9 (ER 85:270); Warton
Crag n.d. (Lancs and Chesh. ES 26:375). YORKS v.c. 63 West Melton 5.9 male
(Derbys ES 34.375); Emley 8.9 two (YNU Rep., Naturalist 99:23).

Orthonama obstipata (41) SCILLY 1973 n.d. (RISR). DEVON S. Ermington
20.8, 3.9, 4, 11 & 18.11 (ER 86:25; BENHS 6:111); Starcross n.d. (RISR).
DEVON N. Great Torrington n.d. (RISR); DORSET Furzebrook 20.8, 28.8;
Arne 27.8 (DNHAS 95:111). HANTS S. Minstead 13, 20.8, 28.8 (ER 86:110);
Portsmouth 27.8, 7.9 (per French); Ringwood n.d. (RISR). SUSSEX E. East
Dean 6 & 7.10, six (ER 85:239; CRP Sx:309). SURREY Horsell 1.11 (ER 86:
26). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 19.8, 24.8, 4.11 (A.J. Dewick per French).
WARWICKS Hampton Lucy n.d. two (ER 86:163). RADNOR Llandrindod
Wells 1973 (RISR). PEMBS Martin’s Haven 6 and 7.9 (ER 85:299). YORKS
v.c.61 Spurn Head, 1973 (RISR). ISLE OF MAN Castletown 1973 (RISR).

4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 10.9, 12.9 two, 17.9 (Ent. Gaz. 25:140
and pers. comm.). Co. CORK WEST Leap 21 and 22.9 (ER 88:252).

Agrius convolvuli (44 moths, 5 larvae). SCILLY St. Mary’s c. 16.10 (ER 86:
72). CORNWALL W. Lizard 2.8, 28.8 two (per French); Mawnan Smith 12.9,
on door (Ent. Gaz. 28:273); Mousehole 15.10 (per French). CORNWALL E.
Crackington Haven 26.8, 27.8 (ER 86:124); St. Austell 15.10 (per French).
DEVON S. Yelverton 4/6.9 female (Ent. Gaz. 25:85); Chillington 9.9 (ER 85:
298), Plymouth 16.9; Honiton 22.9 (per French); Ivy Bridge late 9 five larvae
(ER 86:27). DEVON N. Lundy 30.8 (per French). SOMERSET S. Washford
1.9 (per French). WILTS N. Chippenham 27.8, on post (AES Bull. 33:113).
HANTS S. Minstead 15.9 (ER 86:116). KENT W. West Wickham 10.11 male
found in shop (ER 86:9). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 24.8 (A.J. Dewick per
French). SURREY Bramley 15.9 worn male; Bletchingley 23.9 on door (Ent.
Gaz. 25:28). BUCKS. High Wycombe 27.9 (Middle Thames NHS, per M.
Albertini). SUFFOLK E. Waldringfield 21.6 (Suff. N.H. 16:347); Reydon
September (ibid. 16:348). NORFOLK E. Norwich 13.9 (per French). GLOS
N. Oakridge 20.9 female (ER 86:96). WORCS. Broadway 4.9 (per French).
PEMBS. Martin Haven 3/7.9 five (ER 85:299). CARDS. Tregroes 4.9 (per French).
LINCS N. South Thoresby 17.8, 4.9, 28.9 (ER 86:58). WESTMORLAND
Beetham 21.7 two, 23.7 (J. Briggs in litt.); Kendal 24.8 male (ER 86:95).
ORKNEY Longhope 7.9 (per French). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown
21.8, 22.8, 9.9, 20.9 (Ent. Gaz. 25:140).

Acherontia. atropos (20 moths, 5 larvae). CORNWALL W. Porthcarne 1.7;
Cury, near Helston 18.9, 9.10 (per French); Penrhyn 19.9 on a wall (Ent. Gaz.
25:273). DEVON S. Ermington 23.8 (ER 86:24); Teignmouth 20.6 (BENHS
6:91). SOMERSET S. Castle Cary n.d.; South Petherton n.d., two larvae (ER
86:28); Sampford Brett end 9 (per French). DORSET Charmouth 24.9 (DNHAS
95:108-111). SUSSEX W. Sidlesham n.d. larvae. KENT E. Dungeness 1.10
(BENHS 6:108), 6.10, at rest on shingle (C-H Kent 3:229). SURREY Warlingham
17.9 fresh male (Ent. Gaz. 25:30); Wormley 21.9 (BENHS 7:105). ESSEX N.
Saffron Walden c. 18.6 dead (BENHS 7:47). ESSEX S. Upminster 1.10 on grass
verge (ER 86:5). MIDDSX. Enfield 7.9 (Ent. Gaz. 25:28). BERKS. Reading n.d.
two larvae (BENHS 6:104). NORTHANTS. Brixworth 22.8 (per French).
CAERNS. Aberdaron end September (per French). YORKS v.c.61 Skidby 4.11
(per French). Co. KERRY S. Caherdaniel early September (INJ 18:256). Co.
DUBLIN Goatstown 7.10 (per French).

Hyles euphorbiae (1) Selsdon 27.5 perfect male in trap (E.H. Wild ER 85:
302).

Hyles gallii (c. 70 moths and c. 230 larvae): see de Worms, ER 87:232-239, to
which should be added: SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 30.7 female. (C.R. Pratt, pers.
comm.), Ringmer 31.7 (A. Batten per CRP). YORKS v.c. 61 Barlby 1/7.9, larvae
22 (YNU Rep., Naturalist 99:23), v.c. 62 West Ayton 24.7; Scarborough 6.9,
larva, v.c. 63 Emley 2.8, Doncaster 12.9 larva, October larva; v.c. 64 Harrogate
July. (YNU Rep., Naturalist 99:22). NORTHUMBERLAND S. Haydon Bridge
n.d. one larva on rose-bay willowherb (Berw. NC 40:104-S).

Hippotion celerio (1) KENT E. Lydd 2.11 (E. Carpenter, “Field”’, 13.12.1973).

*Euproctis chrysorrhoea YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 16.7 three, Kilnsea 16.7
(YNU Rep., Naturalist 99:22).

Lymantria dispar (1) SUSSEX E. Ringmer 3.9 (CRP Sx:319).

*Lithosia quadra (8) KENT E. Dover 30.6 two males in trap; Newington 6.9
male (C-H Kent 3:326); Dungeness early July male (BENHS 6:92). SURREY
East Horsley 19.7 male (L.J.D. Wakely, pers. comm.); Wormley 7.7 (J.L.
Messenger, pers comm.): possibly internal vagrants from South Hampshire.
BERKS Silwood Park n.d. (per M. Albertini). SUFFOLK E. Great Bealings
July (Suff. Nat. 16:348).

*Coscinia cribraria arenaria (1) SUFFOLK E. Waldringfield 25.6 (A. Waller

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 5

in de Worms, Suff. NH. 16:347).

*Meganola albula (1) YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 16.7 (P.Q. Winter, BENHS 10:
6): possibly vagrant from Kent or Essex.

*Eurois occulta (16) SOMERSET N. Weston-s-Mare 1.8 pale (ER 86:57).
SUSSEX W. Findon Park 29.7 (CRP SX:322); SUSSEX E. Eastbourne 30.7
(CRP Sx:322). KENT W. Bexley 31.7, female (L.N. 53:95). ESSEX S. Coxtie
Green July (Essex Guide: 60). GLOS N. Oakridge 9.8, typical grey form (ER
86:96). DENBIGHS. Rossett 24.7 (Lancs and Chesh ES 1973-6:14). LINCS
N. Woodhall Spa 28.7; South Thoresby 29.7; Lissington 29.7 three (ER: 86:
58). YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 29.7, 1.8; v.c. 64 Knaresborough 1.8 (YNU Rep.,
Naturalist 99:22). INNER HEBRIDES Isle of Canna 25.7 one dark, possibly
native from the mainland (ER 87:10).

Mythimna albipuncta (2) ISLE OF WIGHT September (BENHS 6:107).
Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 3.9 one in trap (Ent. Gaz. 25:140):
probably the first Irish record.

Mythimna vitellina (18) CORNWALL W. Lizard 28.8, 5.9, six (ER 86:124).
CORNWALL E. Boscastle 26.8 (ER 86:124). DEVON S. Ermington 2 & 4.9;
Buckland Monachorum 4/6.9 male (Ent. Gaz. 25:85). (ER 86:24). SOMERSET
S. Williton September (BENHS 7:34). ISLE OF WIGHT September (BENHS
6:107). HANTS S. Boldre September male (R.W. Watson pers. comm.). GLOS
N. Oakridge 5.9 (ER 86:96). CARDS. Trelroes September (A.N.B. Simpson
per J. Heath) Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 3.9 two (Ent. Gaz. 25:
140).

Mythimna unipuncta (21) CORNWALL W. Lamorna Cove 15.10 (ER 86:
72). SOMERSET S. Williton 20.9/8.10 nine (BENHS 7; per French). KENT E.
Dungeness 8.9 (C-H Kent 3:247). BRECONS. Pont-ar-Dulas 11.8 (S-B Brecon:
49). INNER HEBRIDES Isle of Canna 7.1, 20.9, 22.9 three, 1.10, 3.10 two
(ER 85:298). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 8.10 (Ent. Gaz. 25:140).

*Lithomoia solidaginis (1) LINCS N. South Thoresby 22.9 (ER 86:59).

Helicoverpa armigera (8) CORNWALL W. Lizard 5.9, 9.9 (ER 86:124).
DEVON S. Buckland Monachorum 4.9 male, 6.9 female (Ent. Gaz. 25:85).
DORSET. Swanage 9.10 (per French). SUSSEX E. Ringmer n.d. (CRP Sx:330).
ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 8.9 (per French). PEMBS. Skomer Island 4.9 (AES
Bull. 33.114, ER 87:69).

Eublemma ostrina (1) DEVON S. Ermington 26.8 ab. carthami (ER 86:27).

Diachrysia orichalcea (2) HANTS S. Ringwood 21.9 (BENHS 7:34; BG Lep.
Hants: 401). SUSSEX W. Walberton 5.9 (Ent. Gaz. 26:190).

*Rivula sericealis YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 18.7, 19.7 two, 22.7, 28.7 (P.Q.
Winter, pers. comm.). Dates coincide with those of H. gallii and other undoubted
immigrants, but possibly, like E. chrysorrhoea, vagrant from colonies further
south.

Hypena obesalis (1) WARWICKS Charlecote 26.8 good female in trap. Third
British record (D.C.G. Brown, ER 85:240).

1974

This was generally a very poor year for immigrants, in a cool and wet summer
after an early spring. Of the scarcer species only 24 are listed, all in below average
numbers, including five residents which were also possibly immigrant. Almost
all the commoner species were unusually scarce. One new butterfly was, however,
added to the British list. A single example of Arethusana arethusa (False Grayling)
was caught among many Hipparchia semele on heathland in Surrey on August
21, but was not identified for some time. The date of its capture falls within the
most productive period for immigrants in the season, and it was possibly immi-
grant from France and Spain rather than an accidental introduction, or a member

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

of a temporary colony. There were also important single records of Hyles lineata
livornica in Suffolk on August 14 in Suffolk and of Clostera anachoreta at
Dungeness, Kent, on August 16. Senta flammea, trapped at Peacehaven on June
6, was only the second example known in Sussex and probably came from
marshes near the French coast, like the few examples known from East Kent,
though the possible existence of local colonies, temporary or resident, is not
excluded. Captures of the rare pyralid Uresipita limbalis on the coasts of Sussex
and Essex on September 14 and 15 are also notable. The single Nymphalis antiopa
caught on April 4 in Derbyshire had presumably overwintered successfully from
1973, an unusual occurrence.

Another interesting feature was the recurrence of Hyles gallii after its abun-
dance in 1973. Six which were taken or seen between June 11 and 22 are thought
to have been over-wintered results of the many larvae in 1973; the remaining
three, caught in Fair Isle and Shetland from July 29 to August 16 probably
represented another invasion from northern Europe. (de Worms, ER 87:232-
239).

Of other scarce species only Agrius convolvuli (20) and Acherontia atropos
(11) reached double figures: the former in the usual periods in mid August and
September, with a last record on October 7 and northern limits in South
Lancashire and co. Antrim; the latter in a compact invasion of East Kent from
July 18 to 22, from which, however, no larvae were reported later.

Of the common butterflies, there were single records of Vanessa atalanta in
Surrey and Sussex on May 15 and 19, a few in June, including six in the far
north on the Isle of Skye on June 6, and rather more in July, when larvae and
pupa were found in Co. Cork. But there seems to have been no considerable
influx later, and little local breeding, so that records remained few until the last
from Dorset on October 10. Cynthia cardui was first seen at Hastings, Sussex on
April 26; but none were reported in May and only four, in Dorset, in June, and
only scattered singles later, including the only records for the year on the Isle
of Canna on September 9 and in Anglesey on September 29. Of Colias croceus
three at Hastings, on May 20 and 22, and one in North Devon in late July or
early August seem to be the only mentions.

Of the common moths Macroglossa stellatarum alone had a fairly good year,
with over 70 reported, ranging as far north as Yorkshire and Orkney and with 17
in Ireland. There were small immigrations to East Kent, Dorset and South Devon
about July 18; a few were noted in early August but no more until the last, at
Guestling, Sussex on October 11. All the nocturnal commoners were much
below average numbers. At regularly operated traps in South Hampshire, East
Sussex, South Devon and Surrey the year’s totals for all species were almost as
low as for 1972. Even for Autographa gamma the only considerable influxes seem
to have been about June 26 and July 16 to 19 and in mid-September elsewhere.

1974 was thus a year of thin and scattered immigrations, mostly coming
across the English Channel or only moderate distances from the south west. The
most concentrated dates for arrivals were in the last ten days of June, July 18 to
22, August 14 to 20, when at least nine of the scarcer species were reported, and
mid-September; October and November yielded little. The only movement from
the east appears to have been that of the H. gallii in late July and early August.

Scarce Immigrants, 1974

Uresipita limbalis (2) SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 14.9 BENHS 8:18, ER 87:51).
ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 15.9 (Emmet, Smaller Moths of Essex: 140).
*Diasemia litterata (1) BRECONS. Pont-ar-Dulas 1.8 (S-B Brecon 1.8, BENHS
8:7): possibly immigrant.
*Dioryctria abietella (1) SURREY Bramley 25.6 male, very large, wingspan
32mm: probably immigrant (R.F. Bretherton).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 7

Pontia daplidice (1) SUFFOLK Coldharbour, Didlington 20.6 female watched
on mignionette flowers by Miss V. Leathers (de Worms per E. Ellis Suff. NH 16:
BiiD):

Colias hyale (5) KENT E. Sandwich Bay 28.7 one seen flying along foreshore
dunes, 1.9 one seen flying north (C-H Kent 3:213). HERTS. near Hitchin 29.5
(Trans. Herts N.H.S. 28:29). Co. WATERFORD Clashmore n.d. two (by R.C.
Bland, specimens preserved (INJ 19:356).

*Nymphalis polychloros (3) SUSSEX E. Scaynes Hill 6.7 at least two, 23.7
one probable, in woodland (ER 87:62, CRP Sx:305): possibly immigrant.

Nymphalis antiopa (2) KENT W. Forest Hill 13.9 (Ent. Gaz. 26:28, 152).
DERBYS. Priest Wood, near Kedleston Park 7.4 (B. Gillman, Derbys ES 34:
424). The specimen was presented to Derby Museum.

Arethusana arethusa (1) SURREY Ash Vale 21.8 male caught at rest on open
heathland, among Hipparchia semele (teste D.J. Carter, BM Nat. Hist.) (A.J.
Hedger, Ent. Gaz. 28:73). Possibly immigrant. First British record.

Danaus plexippus (2) KENT W. Eltham 15.9 one caught on flowers in a
garden (Ent. Gaz. 26:38). It was suggested, though without direct evidence, that
this and also the N. antiopa caught at Forest Hill, were releases from captivity
(B.O.C. Gardiner, Ent. Gaz. 26:152). Co. DUBLIN Glenageary, n.d. one seen by
Mrs C.W. Pearce (INJ 19:356).

Rhodometra sacraria (3) HANTS S. Minstead 11.9 (ER 87:55). KENT E.
Dymchurch October (C-H Kent 3:265). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown
9.9 (A.A. Myers, pers. comm.).

Orthonama obstipata (8) DORSET Crewkerne 19.8 male (J. Reid, pers.
comm.). HANTS S. New Forest 11.8 (BENHS 8:12). SUSSEX E. Northiam 25.5
(Hast. Nat. 12:197-200). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 7.9, 11.9, 12.9
two, 16.9 (A.A. Myers, pers. comm.).

Agrius convolvuli (20) SCILLY Tresco 15/20.9 ten. CORNWALL W. Mullion
1.9 (per French); Downderry 14.8 (ER 87:58). DORSET Furzebrook 9.9
(DNHAS 96:76-89). HANTS N. Winchester 17.9 (per French). NORTHANTS
Thrapston 7.10 (ER 87:56). WARWICKS Hampton Lucy 18.8 (ER 87:56).
MERIONETH Aberdovey 22.8 (Ent. Gaz. 33:115). Lincs N. Cawthorpe n.d.
(Trans. Lincs. Nat. Union 18:13). LANCS S. West Didsbury 5.9 one at rest (ER
87:59). Co. ANTRIM 7.9 (per French).

Acherontia atropos (11) KENT E. Sandwich Bay 18 and 19.7 eight (per
French); Dungeness 20.7 (ER 87:168); Orlestone Woods 22.7 (ER 86:246).
YORKS v.c. 63 Crofton, near Wakefield 20.6 at rest on a street lamp (YNU
Rep., Naturalist 101:28).

Hyles gallii (9) for details see de Worms, ER 87:237, to which should now
be added: FLINTSHIRE Taleare 13.6 one seen on the wing (M.J. Morgan, Ent.
Gaz. 33:115). CHESHIRE Disley 18.6 male in perfect condition in trap (J.
Muggleton & G. Kenyon, ER 86:247).

Hyles lineata livernica (1) SUFFOLK E. Great Bealings 14.8 (Suff. NY 6:
SiS)

Clostera anachoreta (1) KENT E. Dungeness 16.8 (W.L. Coster, BENHS
8.13, plate 3; ER 87:125).

*Lithosia quadra (2) DORSET Furzebrook 19.7, 16.9 (DNHAS 96:76-84):
probably immigrant.

Mythimna albipuncta (1) DORSET Swanage 11.9 (ER 87:170).

Mythimna vitellina (5) CORNWALL W. Downderry 15.8 (ER 87:58).
DORSET Furzebrook (DNHAS 96:76-84). SURREY East Horsley 17.8 (BENHS
7:95). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 7.9, 12.9 (A.A. Myers, pers. comm.).

Mythimna unipuncta (2) ESSEX S. Westcliff-on-Sea 20.7 female (ER 87:
60); BRECONS Llanfair Fawr n.d. (H.G. Parker per J. Heath).

*Senta flammea (1) SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 12.6 (ER 87:64): 2nd county
record, probably immigrant.

8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

*Eurois occulta (1) DENBIGHS. Rossett 13.6 (Ent. Gaz. 33:117).

Spodoptera exigua (5) SURREY Bramley 16.8 (R.F. Bretherton); Nutfield,
August (L.N. 55:56). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown, n.d. three (INJ
20:301).

Helicoverpa armigera (2) BEDFORDS. Sandy 27.8 (I. Woiwood per
V. Arnold, pers. comm.).

1975

With a fine and warm summer this proved to be a better but rather patchy
season for immigrants, in which to judge from the scanty material available the
south west of Ireland was more favoured than Britain. Of the scarcer species 23
were reported, 4 being also resident; but many of these were only in small
numbers. Most notable was the largest influx yet known of Mythimna loreyi
between late August and early October: a dozen were caught or seen on the
English coast, mainly in Scilly and around the Lizard but with singles also in
south Devon and Dorset, while in Ireland fourteen were taken at a single trap
in Co. Cork, from some of which fertile eggs were obtained and the larvae
described. The somewhat uneven timing of these captures gave rise to the
suggestion that some or all resulted from local breeding from an earlier un-
noticed invasion or from temporary establishment, as was previously suspected
in Cornwall between 1964 and 1969. Rather later, mostly in October, there
were also many records of Mythimna unipuncta along the south coast of England
and in Co. Cork, ending with a dramatic appearance of four examples at light on
the Isle of Canna, Inner Hebrides on December 4 and 5, in a south west wind and
a temperature of 50°F.

Also particularly interesting were records of both larvae and adults of Hyles
gallii for the fourth year in succession, and of single sightings of Danaus plexippus
at Parknasilla, Co. Kerry and Nymphalis antiopa in Worcestershire; also of single
captures of Eublemma ostrina, also in Co. Kerry, of Daphnis nerii in Hampshire
and of Catocala fraxini in Norfolk.

There were only eight single records of adults of Agrius convolvuli, all in
September and widely spread; but the twelve larvae found in Lincolnshire in
September must have resulted from an early arrival, and an adult was seen in
Co. Carlow on July 7. Of Acherontia atropos there were reports of only two
adults; but six larvae were widely spread elsewhere, the most northerly being in
Northumberland. Other scarce immigrants were also thinly recorded except for
Orthonama obstipata, of which about 25 were noted in many different places
reaching northwards to the Isle of Skye, but nowhere commonly.

In the records of the common immigrant butterflies there was a striking
difference between Britain and Ireland. In England Vanessa atalanta was first
seen at Hastings, Sussex, on April 20; but the early immigrations in May and
June were small. It became fairly common and widespread from mid-August
through September, probably more from small further immigrations rather than
from much local breeding. The last specimens reported were in Dorset in early
October. Cynthia cardui was not noted until June 26, at Peacehaven, Sussex.
An immigration in August carried examples as far north as Anglesey, Derbyshire
and Berwickshire, and a few were seen in September and one in Anglesey on
October 8. It was nowhere common, and the total covered by the available
records probably did not exceed 50. Colias croceus was no less scarce in Britain
than in most recent years. The only early record was of one at Pett, Sussex on
June 6. In August and September it was seen, usually singly, elsewhere in Sussex,
Dorset and Devon, and well inland in Wiltshire, Warwickshire, south-west
Yorkshire and Wigtonshire, with the last on the island of Rhum about September
26. The only evidence of a large influx was provided by about 40 seen at the
Lizard, Cornwall, August 24/28.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 9

In Ireland all three species were much commoner and more widespread than
usual. Of V. atalanta about 1,900 were reported, beginning on May 24. Of these
over one third were at Cape Clear Island in the extreme south west, but by
August the species was common even in the north. The last were seen at Cape
Clear on November 11. C. cardui scored a total of 530, beginning on May 24 at
Yougal, Co. Cork, with a few larvae in July, large numbers of adults especially
in the south east in August, and a final group at Cape Clear from October 22 to
November 11, which may have represented either fresh immigration or a late
home-bred generation. C. croceus scored even better with 580, of which 108 were
at Cape Clear. Immigration began on June 6 and was very widespread in August
and September, reaching even to Londonderry and Donegal. Specimens of
Colias hyale (or C. australis) were said to have been closely seen at
Castletownshend, Co. Cork, and elsewhere on August 25; but certainty is lacking
that these were not misidentifications of C. croceus f.helice. Advantage also went
to Ireland for the diurnal Hawk moth Macroglossa stellatarum, of which 32
were reported, mostly between August 24 and September 9, against about 20
in Britain at varying dates and fairly widely spread, reaching Westmorland and
the Isle of Man in September. That the Irish advantage is not traceable for the
other common immigrant moths may be only due to paucity of observers of
them there. The relative superiority of Ireland in 1975 was probably due to
meteorological causes. Most of the migrations which reached the British Isles
came in south west winds to which Ireland was fully exposed but which tended
to peter out against the anticyclonic conditions, with easterly or south easterly
air, which ruled over most of Britain at the critical times, especially in early June,
August and September.

The common diurnal moths on Britain had mixed records. Autographa gamma
was rather above average, with a good June influx and massed arrivals noticed
especially in Sussex in late July, late August and early September, with records
lasting well into November. Plutella xylostella was also described as abundant
in Sussex in August and in Denbighshire in mid-July. Agrotis ipsilon was
generally rather scarce, although the first records came in March and there were
“hoards” along with A. gamma on Durlston Head, Dorset on October 5.
Nomophila noctuella was fairly numerous near the coast in August from Cornwall
to Sussex, but was generally scarce elsewhere, and Udea ferrugalis, though widely
spread, was in small numbers except in Cornwall and Devon. Peridroma saucia
was very scarce, being noted only in the south west and in Wales, where a very
late example was trapped at Bangor on December 26.

The pattern and timing of the larger migrations to Britain was as follows.
Varied influxes in the first days of June brought in small numbers of M. vitellina,
O. obstipata, H. peltigera, as well as many A. gamma, and a few V. atalanta;
the two Senta maritima taken in the Isle of Wight and in Dorset on June 10 and
two possibly immigrant Nymphalis polychloros in Sussex and Kent may have
come across the Channel from France. In July arrivals were few, except of
A. gamma, and of a few M. stellatarum at Sandwich, Kent about July 9. About
August 6 came a small movement from the north east which brought several
H. gallii and Eurois occulta and probably the only N. antiopa noted in the year.
This was followed from August 16 onwards by a clearly southern or south
western invasion which included D. nerii, Spodoptera exigua, Rhodometra
sacraria, Hyles livornica, and the first two M. loreyi to West Cornwall, as well
as the only noted large arrival of C. croceus and many C. cardui. The other
M. loreyi seen in Britain were at the same times as the first group in Co. Cork,
between September 3 and 9, to be followed shortly after by the few
A. convolvuli. Early October was marked by the main invasion of M. unipuncta,
the only Cyclophora puppillaria, a number of records of O. obstipata which
may have been either immigrant or locally bred; and in Ireland only by a second
group of M. loreyi. In a warm autumn records of some of these species and of a

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

single R. sacraria continued from October 26 to November 8, and the only four
Heliothis armigera formed a compact group on October 29 and 30. The season
was ended by the capture of four M. unipuncta, as already mentioned, on the
Isles of Canna on December 4 and 5.

Scarce Immigrants, 1975

*Margaritia sticticalis (3) HANTS S. Minstead 15.7 (ER 88:156, BENHS 9:
8). SOMERSET S. Nettlecombe August (per French). YORKS. High Monothorpe
August (per French).

Colias hyale (3) Co. CORK W. Castletownsend 25.8 one closely seen (INJ
19:356-8); Little Island 16.8 female taken; Sandy Cove 23.8 another seen, female
(S. Fleming and N. Reardon, (INJ 18:314).

*Nymphalis polychloros (2) KENT W. Marion Wilson Park, Charlton early June,
one seen (ER 89:316). SUSSEX E. St. Leonards 7.6 (CRP Sx. 305 and pers.
comm.).

Danaus plexippus (1) Co. KERRY S. Parknasilla 24.8, one described by Miss
C. Oberhoffer (INJ 19:356-358).

Nymphalis antiopa (1) WORCS. Callow End 7.8, 10.8 one, possibly two seen
in garden by Miss Shaw (J.E. Green, Butterflies of Worcs: 13, and pers. comm.).

Rhodometra sacraria (2) DORSET Arne 26.8 male (BENHS 9:24). ISLE OF
MAN Andreas 6.9 pink male at light (ER 87:301).

Orthonama obstipata (24) DEVON S. Yarner Wood n.d. (RISR); Slapton Ley
n.d. three (RISR). SOMERSET S. Nettlecombe Court n.d. (RISR). HANTS S.
Minstead 2.10 (ER 88:156). SUSSEX W. Arundel 26.10 (CRP, pers. comm.).
SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 26.10, 31.10, 1.11, males (ER 88:43); Ringmer n.d.
two (CRP SX:309). SURREY Bramley 30.10 male (ER 88:135). CARDS.
Cardigan n.d. (RISR). BRECONS. Pont-ar-Dulas 1.11 (S-B Brecon: 22). CAERNS.
Rhostryfan 15.8 (Ent. Gaz. 33:119). LANCS S. East Didsbury n.d. (RISR).
LANCS N. Leighton Moor n.d. (RISR). CUMBERLAND Sandwith 20.6 (per
French). WIGTONS. Stranraer, 10.8 (ER 87:277). ROXBURGHS. Denholm
3.10 (Berw. NC 40:233). INNER HEBRIDES Glenbrittle, Skye 7.6 (per French);
Carbost n.d. (RISR). Co. CLARE Killinabeg 10.6 (per French).

Agrius convolvuli (8 adults, 12 larvae) DORSET Studland 7.10; Swanage
7.10 (ER 88.154). HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 16/17.9 female (ER 87:277).
WILTS S. Warminster 30.9 female at rest (ER 88:97). SUFFOLK E. Oulton
17.9 (Suff. NH. 17:122). CAMBS. Brabraham 15.10 (Ent. Gaz. 27:112).
PEMBS. Tenby 11.10, at rest on a wall (ER 88:99). LINCS S. Freiston 26.9
twelve larvae (J.H. Duddington, pers comm.). Co. CARLOW Carlow 24.7 (INJ
19:359).

Acherontia atropos (2 adults, 6 larvae) DORSET Milton Abbas one larva
n.d., moth emerged 10.11 (DNHAS 97:72-78). HANTS N. Vigne School,
Basingstoke 30.9 BENHS 9:49). KENT E. Ham Street. n.d. (BENHS 9:6). GLOS
N. Southrop 28.8, half grown larva (Ent. Gaz. 27:28). NORTHANTS. Hartwell
6.9, 12.10 two fully grown larvae (ER 88:19). NORTHUMBERLAND S.
Morpeth 8.9 fully fed larva (E.R. 88:19). Co. CORK Cork n.d. one larva brought
in (ER 87:302).

Daphnis nerii (1) HANTS N. Martyr Worthy 17/18.8 female in moderate
condition (D.W.H. ffennell, ER 87:277).

Hyles gallii (5 adults, 4 larvae) SURREY Selsdon 14.8 female, fertile ova (ER
87.278). MIDDX. Harmondsworth 20.9 larva near fuchsia hedge (AES Bull.
35:124). SUFFOLK E. Ipswich September two larvae on fuschia, moths
emerged June 1976 (Suff. NH 17:131). NORFOLK W. Thetford Chase 5.7 at
viper’s bugloss (AES Bull. 35:175). YORKS v.c. 62 Osgodby 4.8 caught by a cat
(P.Q. Winter, pers. comm.). DURHAM Brancepath 12.8 female in trap (ER 87:
301). NORTHUMBERLAND §S. Haydon Bridge 9.10 part grown larva on
Epilobium (ER 88:19). INVERNESS E. Aviemore 6.8 female, ova (ER 87:231).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 11

Hyles lineata livornica (2) CORNWALL W. Lizard 24.8, 25.8 (ER 87:276).

*Furois occulta (2) CAITHNESS Lybester 7.8 two in trap (J.H. Rosie in litt.).

Mythimna vitellina (1) SURREY Ranmore Common 1.6 male, in trap with
four A. gamma (ER 87:258).

Mythimna unipuncta (c.25) CORNWALL W. Lizard 18/19.9 one at sugar,
two at light (ER 88:186). DORSET Swanage 4.10 two (ER 88:92) Portland
5.10 (BENHS 9:25); Furzebrook 27.10 three (DNHAS 97:72-78). SUSSEX W.
Aldwick Bay 2.10 (BENHS 11:7); Arundel 28.9, 29.10 (CRP Sx.: 325 and pers
comm.). KENT E. Dungeness 4.10 (ER 87:303). KENT W. Higham 6.10 female
(ER 88:282). INNER HEBRIDES Isle of Canna 4.12 three, 5.12 one at lighted
window, 50 F, SW wind force 4 (ER 88:56). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountains-
town 4.11, 6.11, 8.11 (ER 87:302, pers comm.).

Mythimna loreyi (23) SCILLY 8.9 two males, 10.9 two females (A. Richardson,
ER 87:301). CORNWALL W. Lizard 24.8 two (ER 87:301); 18.9 one at sugar,
one at light (R. Baker (ER 88:86); Coverack 3.9 (B. Goater per B. Skinner).
DEVON S. Salcombe 3.9 (R. Dyke, BENHS 8:114). DORSET Furzebrook 7.10
(DNHAS 97:77). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 4.9/9.9 five, 18.9,
4.10/8.10 eight (A.A. Myers, ER 87:302 and pers. comm.).

*Senta flammea (2) ISLE OF WIGHT Shanklin 10.6 (ER 87:212). DORSET
Arne 10.6 (B.G. Withers, BENHS 9:17). Both probably immigrant.

Spodoptera exigua (4) KENT E. Dymchurch n.d. (C-H Kent 3:258).
NORFOLK W. Snettisham Beach 19.8 (per French). Co. CORK CENTRAL
Fountainstown 23.8 (ER 87:302). Co. CLARE. Burren 11/12.6 (B. Skinner,
pers. comm.).

Helicoverpa armigera (4) HANTS S. Ringwood 30.10 two (ER 88:99).
SUSSEX E. Ringmer 30.10 very worn (C.J. Hodge per CRP). GLOS N. Southrop
29/30.10 (Ent. Gaz. 27:122).

Heliothis peltigera (4) DORSET Studland 4.10 (ER 88:154). HANTS S.
Minstead 13.6 (ER 88:156, BENHS 9:6). BUCKS. Princes Risborough 21.9
(Herts NHS 28:29). WARWICKS Charlecote c. 10.8 (ER 88:90). LINCS N.
Little Cawthorpe n.d. (R.E.M. Pilcher, pers. comm.).

Eublemma ostrina (1) Co. KERRY N. Slea Head 15.6 female (B. Skinner,
ER 87:277).

Trichoplusia ni (3) CORNWALL W. Kynance 28.8 (ER 87:276). Co. CORK
CENTRAL Fountainstown 26.8, 8.9 (ER 87:302).

Catocala fraxini (1) NORFOLK E. Sheringham 18.9 (per French).

1976

The summer of 1976 is memorable as one of the driest and warmest of the
century, followed (after the appointment of a Minister for Drought) by one of
the wettest autumns. It is also memorable for the variety of its immigrant
Lepidoptera. 32 “scarcer” species which are immigrant only and 21 which
are resident but may also have been immigrant in 1976 are listed here. All of
the common immigrant species were also present. Spectacular events were the
greatest invasion of Nymphalis antiopa since 1872, of which a detailed
account has been given by Chalmers-Hunt (ER 89:89-105, 248-9), along with
many Catocala fraxini and other immigrants from eastern Europe. Three sightings
of Argynnis lathonia and single captures of Trigonophora flammea and
Lithacodia deceptoria in West Sussex, and of the rare pyralids Antigastra
catalaunalis in Kent and Hymenia recurvalis in Dorset are especially notable.
Two species were added to the British list: Blepharita solieri Bdv., trapped in
Roxburghshire by Andrew Buckham, and Herminia lunalis Scop. trapped near
Maidenhead, Berkshire by Wm. Parker.

Some comment is needed on the unusually long list of possible or probable
immigrants of resident species. The unusually high night temperatures which were

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

frequent and prolonged during this summer undoubtedly caused very wide move-
ments of resident species of moths, and large attendances at light traps. It is
possible that these circumstances, rather than immigration, account for some of
the records of species far from their places of residence as so far known. On the
other hand, in most of the cases listed the records of unexpected resident species
coincide in date and often in place with those of undoubted immigrants, and
sometimes the specimens are said to differ from the usual resident form.

The pattern of migrations which produced these results is an interesting one.
The anticyclonic conditions which prevailed through May and June were unfavour-
able for immigration, presumably owing to the dominant easterly or northerly
air currents broken only by very short spells of winds from the south-west or
south. Except for V. atalanta, of which considerable numbers were recorded in
the second and third weeks of June, all the usual common immigrants were
scarce, and until the end of the first week of July, although a varied selection of
the scarcer species were reported, they were found almost entirely singly. There
appears to have been no large immigration, and, except perhaps for a single
Hyles livornica in the Isle of Wight, they seem to have come only short distances
from France or the Low Countries.

With great warmth and mainly east or south-east airs continuing to the end
of July there were rather larger and probably longer distance movements from the
east. These brought in a few Spodoptera exigua, Hyles gallii and Orthonama
obstipata, the first Agrius convolvuli, and forerunners of N. antiopa which
probably originated from further south than the main invasion in August. In the
last week many V. atalanta and several more C. cardui were seen, mostly near
the south coast. These may have been early offspring of May and June arrivals
rather than primary immigrants. But records of Cyclophora puppillaria, Lampides
boeticus and Nola aerugula show that some rather thin immigration from the
south was taking place at that time, with some more species in early August.

In the first half of August the anti-cyclonic conditions with north-east or
east winds continued over the whole of Britain; but after that they began to give
way increasingly to pressures from the south and south-west, which finally
became dominant after the first week of September. This produced a curious
situation in which immigrations of widely different origin were arriving
simultaneously. The main flux of Scandinavian NV. antiopa arrived from August
20 to 26 across the east coast, midlands and south east, with probably a small
supplement in the first week of September; some fifteen C. fraxini were reported,
mainly near the east coast, between August 28 and September 9, with at least one
Lithomoia solidaginis; and many E. occulta throughout the period. In the west
and along the south coast the first large immigration of A. convolvuli was seen
from August 24 onwards, accompanied by M. vitellina, M. unipuncta, U. limbalis,
many V. atalanta and C. cardui and other usual autumn immigrants, with the
novelties B. solieri and H. lunalis, probably from the Mediterranean area. At least
26 of the scarcer species and nearly all the commoners were seen during the
second half of August.

From mid-September to the last week of October, with the anticylone finally
gone and south westerly winds with much rain instead, there was a succession of
immigrations: a second large influx of A. convolvuli from September 15, with
the only D. orichalcea reported and A. catalaunalis, and in early and mid-October
a few Rhodometra sacraria, C. puppillaria, H. armigera, mote M. vitellina and
M. unipuncta, and the single rarities 7. flammea, H. recurvalis and H. euphorbiae.
But the few records late in the month and in November were probably of earlier
arrivals or of examples locally bred, and there was no further immigration.

Though eight species of the rare immigrant butterflies were reported, the
commoners had a mixed history. V. atalanta did well, being helped by good
arrivals in late May and early June, ideal conditions for breeding in the early
summer, and a strong migratory reinforcement in August; it was certainly well

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 13

above average in Britain, and despite the bad weather some were seen in
November and two as late as December 12 in Sussex. The diurnal M. stellatarum
had a similar pattern, with about 150 adults and many larvae covered by reports.
But C. cardui, after poor initial immigration was never common except in the
south-west in August, and C. croceus was only reported in eight counties in very
small numbers. As in 1975, and probably for similar reasons, in all these species
except C. croceus Ireland fared considerably better, and in addition received at
least five V. antiopa, which very seldom reaches it.

A. gamma was not in much more than average numbers in most places, but
high peaks were noted in traps on the south coast in Sussex and Devon in late
July and in Cornwall on June 28 and about August 24, though spread inland
seems to have been poor. A. ipsilon made a good start in June and was very
common in the west and elsewhere from August onwards. U. ferrugalis was seen
mainly in Cornwall, but was noted as scarce elsewhere, and N. noctuella and
P. xylostella were little reported and in very small numbers.

Among the scarcer species Nymphalis antiopa, with about 300 seen in 61
counties in Britain from Shetland to Cornwall and in five counties in Ireland,
was outstanding both in number and range. Of Agrius convolvuli about the same
number were reported, but their range was restricted to 24 counties in Britain,
reaching northwards only to Westmorland and Northumberland, with five in
south and central Ireland. M. vitellina was extremely abundant in West
Cornwall in a single influx about August 24 and in smaller numbers later along
the south coast to Sussex and in Ireland; but it was recorded inland only in
Surrey. M. unipuncta also had a worthy total of 22 records, half of them in
Ireland, and the eighteen of C. fraxini were considerably more than in any year
since the species ceased to be temporarily resident in Kent. Of A. atropos, though
the number of adults seen was small, the distribution of these and of some 25
larvae and pupae reported included 14 English counties to Westmorland and
two in Ireland.

Against this must be set some unexpected scarcities such as R. sacraria, of
which only seven were recorded in a single small incursion to England in
October and three in Ireland in September; of O. obstipata only a dozen widely
spread in date and place, and of S. exigua only seven and P. unionalis only three.
Nevertheless, it was a year probably more prolific in immigrant species and
numbers than any since at least 1945, and not likely to be easily exceeded.

Scarce Immigrants, 1976

Uresipita limbalis (5) CORNWALL W. Lizard area 24.8 three, 25.8 two
(Ent. Gaz. 28:81, ER 89:40).

*Eurrhypara perlucidalis (1) KENT E. Aylesford 28.6 (ER 89:264): probably
immigrant.

Antigastra catalaunalis (1) KENT E. Newington 28.9 (Mrs. V. Taylor per
P.J. Jewess, ER 89:10, BENHS 10, pl. 9); one of the rarest immigrant Pyralidae,
c. six previously recorded.

Diasemiopsis ramburialis (2) CORNWALL n.d. (BENHS 10:9). BEDS.
Cockayne Hartley 1/2.10 (per French).

Hymenia recurvalis (1) DORSET Durlston Head 8/9.10 (P.H. Sterling,
BENHS 10:10, ER 89:199). First recorded in 1951, few later records.

Palpita unionalis (3) CORNWALL W. Lizard 24.8 (ER 89:40). Co. CORK
CENTRAL Fountainstown 2.9 two (INJ 20:301 and pers. comm.).

*Ectomyelois ceratoniae (1) HANTS S. Southsea 18.6 (BENHS 10:9): probably
immigrant, possibly introduced.

*Dioryctria abietella (3) CORNWALL W. Lizard 24.8 two; Porthleven 30.8
(Ent. Gaz. 28:82).

*Heterographis oblitella (many) CORNWALL W. Hayle 22.8; Kynance 24.8;
St. Keverne 1.9 (Ent. Gaz. 28:56). DORSET Lulworth n.d. (BENHS 10:10).

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

S. HANTS. Southsea 25.6/24.7 seven (BENHS 10:9). SUSSEX E. East Dean
11.8 three (Ent. Gaz. 28:56). S. ESSEX Rainham 27.7 abundant in cabbage
field and on saltings (Ent. Gaz. 28:56). HERTS Bushey 12.8, 20.9 (Ent. Gaz.
28:56). NORFOLK E. Hickling 4.7 (ER 88:282). SURREY Bramley 30.6,
11.8, 26.8 two, 29.9 two (ER 89:186). GLOS N. Waterlane 22.8 three (ER
90:140). Some or all of these may have resulted from spread from the area
of residence on the Thames estuary.

*Papilio machaon (1) KENT E. Pegwell Bay 9.7 one “tatty”, taken and
retained (C-H Kent 3:212).

Colias hyale or C. australis (2) CORNWALL E. Anthony early 8 (per
French). SUSSEX E. Eastbourne 1.8 one seen flying (CRP Sx.:301).

Lampides boeticus (1) NORTHANTS Wellingborough 25.7 male, slightly
worn, in garden. First county record. (J.H. Payne, ER 89:10).

*Nymphalis polychloros (1) KENT E. Dover 14.9 female (ER 88:280).

Nymphalis antiopa (c. 300): see detailed account in Chalmers-Hunt, ER 89:
89, 248-9, to which should be added: BUCKINGHAMSHIRE High Wycombe
date 24.8; Coombe Hill date 3.9; Penn 8.10 (Middle Thames NHS records per
M. Albertini). DERBYSHIRE Dovedale, near Alstonfield 23.8, by H.J. Wain
(Derbys ES 45:4-5). HERTFORDSHIRE Letchworth 26.9 (P. Waterton, Herts
NHS 28:29). WARWICKSHIRE Warwick 28.8, by Miss G. Cooper (R. Smith
& D.C.G. Brown, 1979, Lepidoptera of Warwickshire I:44). YORKS v.c. 62
Scotch Corner 12.9 (P.Q. Winter, pers. comm.). PERTHSHIRE Aberfoyle, near
Loch Ard 26.7 one seen briefly round an oak tree (G. Thomson, ER 89:316).

Argynnis lathonia (3) DEVON S. Wembury 27.8 (per French). HANTS S.
Bournemouth 15.8, 1.30 p.m., 70°F, flying in SE wind (A.H. Dobson, ER 89:
78). SURREY North Downs 12.7, seen again 18.7, photographed (K. Wilmott,
ER 88:333, AES Bull 37:61-63).

Danaus plexippus (2) CORNWALL W. Prah Sands 21.8 two (per French).

Cyclophora puppillaria (6) HANTS N. Micheldever 3.10 female (ER 89,
107). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 21.10 (ER 89:20); Arundel 13.10 (CRP Sx.
307). KENT W. West Wickham 30.7, female (ER 88:267). SURREY Addiscombe
8.10 male (ER 89:83); Bramley 10.11 worn male (ER 89:136).

Rhodometra sacraria (10) DORSET Arne 9.10 (DNHAS 98:126). SUSSEX
W. Plaistow n.d. three (CRP SX: 308). KENT E. Canterbury 16.10 (C-H Kent:
265). SURREY Bramley 30.9 worn male (ER 89:186); Wormley 9.9, 10.10
(J.L. Messenger, pers. comm.). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 31.8,
16.9, 17.9 (A.A. Myers INJ 20:301 and pers. comm.).

Orthonama obstipata (11) DEVON S. Beer 14.7 (G.S. Woollatt in litt.)
DORSET Arne 16.7 (DNHAS 98:127). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 30.10 (CRP
pers. comm.). HEREFORDS Ledbury 22.8 male (ER 89:44). Co. CORK
CENTRAL Roche’s Point 28.8 (ER 89:74); Fountainstown 31.8, 1.9, 15.9
(A.A. Myers INJ 20:301 and pers. comm.).

*Ennomos autumnaria (4) HERTS. Royston n.d. (BENHS 10:5);
Totteridge 26.9 (L.N. 57:88). First county records. LINCS N. Gibraltar Point
30.8; Tothill Wood, near Alford 30.8 (ER 89:54). Probably first county records.
Association with other species at this date suggests immigration; otherwise, the
result of abnormal spread from areas of residence in Kent and Essex.

Agrius convolvuli (c. 300 moths, 6 larvae) CORNWALL W. Lizard 23/28.8
(31) (ER 89:30-40), 26.8/1.9 (19) (ER 88:235); Porthgwarra, near Land’s End
19.9 2.30 p.m. one flying in from the sea (ER 90:236). DEVON S. Torquay
area 24.8, 22.9; Babbacombe 25.9; Watcombe 30.9; Dawlish 2.10 (AES Bull.
36:73); Chillington 28/31.8 five (ER 89:88). Beer n.d. (16) (G.S. Woollatt, pers.
comm.). DORSET Wareham 14.8 male, females (ER 89:18); Furzebrook 24/17.8
six, 21/25.9 four; Langton Matravers 24.8; Radipole 24.8; Swanage 26.8, 3.10;
Broadstone 24.9; Queen’s Park 30.9; Winfrith 1.10; Milton 2.10; Fordington
21.10, West Knight October; Bradford Peverell mid.10 (DNHAS 98:121-23 in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 15

all); Weymouth 24.8/1.9 six, 7.9, 25.9/1.10 — 7 males, 8 females in all (V.W.
Philpott, pers. comm.); Studland 25.9 (ER 89:119). ISLE OF WIGHT Niton
26.9 two (BENHS 10:4). HANTS S. Romsey 1.9 (BENHS exhib. 1976);
Lymington 8.9; Locks Heath 8.9 (BENHS 10:4), n.d. two (ER 80:53); Titchfield
Haven 19.9 (ER 89:78); Hayling Is. 22.9, 24.9 (AES Bull. 36:87); Burridge
22.9 two (ER 89:159); Emsworth n.d. (Church per CRP). SUSSEX W. Friston
Forest 23.8 male; Ratten Wood 1.9 at rest (ER 89:34); Worthing 22.9 (Odell
per CRP); Arundel 29.9, 16.10 (J.T. Radford per CRP); Plaistow 2.9, 22.9
(S. Church per CRP); Aldwick Bay, 3.10, 24.10 two (ER 89:20). SUSSEX E.
Peacehaven 6.7 worn male, 8/10.9 (17), 16/20.9 four, 28.9/3.10 three (CRP
pers. comm.); Cuckmere 24.9 (Hodge per CRP); Littlehampton 2.9 female at
rest (AES Bull. 35:172); Eastbourne 5.9 (BENHS 10:3), two n.d. (CRP Sx.:
314); Fairlight 28.9 (Hast. Nat. 62); Maplehurst Wood 2.10, on wall (Cootes
per CRP); Beachy Head, September (ER 89:34); Brighton n.d.; Ringmer two
n.d.; Pett n.d.; Telescombe n.d. (CRP Sx.:314). KENT E. West Marsh Levels,
24 & 25.8 three larvae, one pupa (ER 88:231); Westbere 20.9, 4.10 (BENHS
10:3). SURREY Virginia Water 27.9 (ER 89:80); Wormley 23.8, 26.8, 27.8
(J.L. Messenger pers. comm.); Tillingbourne Park 8.9 (J.D. Holloway pers.
comm.); Reigate 16.9, female, eggs (ER 89:269); Selsdon 28.8 (BENHS 10:6,
L.N. 59:85). ESSEX S. Little Baddow 25.8 (ER 88:304). HERTS. Barley
October, one found dead (AES Bull. 36:24).BUCKS. Princes Risborough n.d.
(Herts. NHS 28:29); Farnham Common 1.7 (Middle Thames NHS, per M.A.
Albertini). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 26.8/10.10 15 in all (ER 89:82);
Aldeborough 30.8 (AES Bull. 36:87); Boytom; Oulton Broad; Minsmere 28.8/
10.10 (Suff. NH 17:227). NORFOLK E. Hemsby 23.7 fully fed larva (AES
Bull. 36:87). GLOS. S. Batheaston 14/16.8 seen for three nights at Nicotiana
(AES Bulle. 35:172). HEREFORDS. Ledbury 19.9 (ER 89:44). WARWICKS
Armington 23.9, Marton 22.9 (ER 89:84). BRECONS. Pont-ar-Dulas 25.8 (ER
89:56). STAFFS. Wistaston 20.9 at rest on milk bottle (ER 89:46). CAERNS.
Pwllheli October (Ent. Gaz. 33:115). ANGLESEY Beaumaris October (Ent.
Gaz. 33:115). LINCS. S. Boston 16.9 (Trans. Lincs. N.U. 18:69-72). LINCS
N. Alkborough 12.7; Lincoln 16.9, 22.9; Scunthorpe August/October, ten
brought to museum (Trans. Lincs. N.U. 69:72); South Thoresby 28.8/20.9
many; “at least 28 in Lincs.” (ER 89:54). DERBYS. Hasland, near Chesterfield
3.9; Tipton Hall 23.9 (Derbys. ES 46:6). YORKS v.c. 61 Whitgift 23.9 two
(Derbys. ES 46:6); Driffield 29.8; Bridlington 27.9; Spurn 29.8, 23.9. YORKS
v.c. 62 Scarborough 6.9, 13.9, 16.9 at rest (J. Briggs pers. comm.). Crompton
Forest early 10, at Nicotiana; Armthorpe September; Blacktoft Sands 23.9
(per P.Q.W.). YORKS v.c. 63 Sheffield (Derbys. ES 46:6). DURHAM
Wreckenton 30.8; Gateshead, 24.9 male, 2.11 dead but not stiff (ER 89:11).
NORTHUMBERLAND S. Jesmond male 27.8; Whitley Bay 15.9; Newbiggin
27.9 (ER 89:11). WESTMORLAND Crossthwaite 18.8 female (ER 82:152).
Co. CORK CENTRAL Roche’s Point 24.8 (ER 89:74); Fountainstown 3.8,
11.9 A.A. Myers, INJ 20:301 and pers. comm.). Co. CARLOW Carlow late 9;
Co. WICKLOW Greystones early 9 larva; Co. DUBLIN Raheay c.28.9; Co.
GALWAY W. Salthill n.d. (INJ 19:88-89).

Acherontia atropos (15 moths, 19 larvae, 7 pupae) DEVON S. Babbacombe
23.10, infertile female on pavement (AES Bull. 37:61). DORSET Overmoigne
2.8 larva; Dorchester 12.8 larva; Lulworth 2.9; Creech 6.9; Wareham 21.9;
Fordington 18.10 (DNHAS 98:121); Blandford before 7.10 (BENHS 10:43).
HANTS S. Bridgemary 2.10 on lawn (ER 89:78); Sway n.d. fully fed larva (ER
89:53). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 22.9 (ER 89:20); Horsham n.d.; Wiston Park
n.d. two pupae (CRP Sx.:315). KENT E. Barham 30.9 on stones in garden;
Ash 13.10 one crippled in potato field (C-H Kent 3:229); Adisham n.d.
(BENHS 10:4). SURREY Putney August larva on jasmine (L.N. 57:85);
Normandy autumn, one attracted to bees’ nest in chimney (ER 89:344). HERTS

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

St. Albans early 9; Stevenage larva reared (Herts NHS 28:29). NORTHANTS
Daventry 12.8 larva on lettuce (AES Bull. 35:172). STAFFS Hopton September
two larvae, one pupa (ER 89:41). WARWICKS Princethorpe 12.8 larva, 18.8
pupa, two larvae discarded (ER 89:84). BRECONS Llanbedr 12.9 two larvae,
one male emerged 18.11 (S-B Brecon: 37). PEMBS. Haverford West 7.8 larva
(AES Bull. 36:30). CAERNS. Madryn Castle, Lleyn, summer, two larvae on
potatoes; Dyffryn Ardudwy late 9, early 10, two pupae (Ent. Gaz. 33:115).
ANGLESEY Newborough Forest 10.9, one on a gate (Ent. Gaz. 33:115).
WESTMORLAND Heversham 18.8 larva, 13.9 pupa (ER 89:152). Co. KERRY
N. Dingle 25.9 larva (INJ 19:89). Co. CORK W. Cape Clear Is. 14/15.10 (INJ
19:89).

Hyles euphorbiae (1) MIDDX. London, Devonshire Square 13.10, at rest on
ground (L. Smith in de Worms, L.N. 57:83).

Hyles gallii (20 moths, one larva) CORNWALL W. Lizard 24.8 (ER 89:40).
DEVON S. Beer 14.7 two (G.S. Woollatt, pers. comm.). SURREY Virginia
Water 7.7 (ER 89:79); Purley 22.8 (ER 88:320). ESSEX S. Westcliff-on-Sea
mid 8; Shenfield, August (L.N. 57:87); Brentwood c. 5.9 (ER 88:320). BUCKS
Newton Longville 17.8 (Middle Thames N.H.S., per M. Albertini). NORFOLK
W. Thetford Chase 5.7, at flowers of Echium (AES Bull. 35:175). NOTTS.
Mansfield 26.8 (Derbys. ES 46:6). DERBYS. Hilton 13.8 11 p.m., fresh female
(ER 89:46). LINCS N. near Scunthorpe July, four taken (ER 89:54); Alkborough
20.8, 15.9 (Trans. Lincs N.U. 19:69). CUMBERLAND Skiddaw 24.7, larva
almost full grown, on turf (ER 89:10). Co. CORK W. Old Head of Kinsale mid 7
two (INJ 19:89).

Hyles lineata livornica (5S) CORNWALL W. Lizard, Coverack 24.8 fresh male,
Housel Bay 24/25.8 (Ent. Gaz. 28:81, ER 89:40), Lizard 24.8 (B.K. West, pers.
comm.). ISLE OF WIGHT Godshill 27.6 11 p.m. male (ER 89:140). SUSSEX
E. Heathfield 2.9 male (ER 88:304).

*Fuproctis chrysorrhoea (3) YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 13.7 three (BENHS
10:6): possibly immigrant, otherwise from areas of residence on the coast further
south.

Clostera anachoreta (3) ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 9.5 and 16.7, males in
good condition (ER 91:284). SUFFOLK E. Southwold 4.8, male at rest near
light (Ent. Gaz. 28:1).

Lymantria dispar (2) DORSET Arne 7.8 DNHAS 121. HANTS S. Bourne-
mouth 18.8, female in good condition on tree in pier gardens (ER 88:268).

*Lithosia quadra (1) KENT E. Folkstone Warren 23.6 (ER 89.11).

*Euplagia quadripunctaria (1) CORNWALL W. Lizard, Kynance 24.8 (ER 89:
40). Probably immigrant, possibly stray from South Devon.

*Meganola albula (4) SUSSEX E. Eastbourne, at light on coast 17.7 two (ER
89:42). LINCS N. Gibraltar Point n.d. two (Trans. Lincs. NU. 19:69). Possibly
immigrants.

*Nola aerugula (2) DORSET Radipole 25.7 (DNHAS 98:118-127). Probably
immigrant. KENT E. Dover 18/19.7 (ER 88:267). Probably immigrant, though
resident at Deal c. 1878/1892.

*Eurois occulta (c. 70) HANTS S. Hayling Is. 8.7 female, a few ova (J.M.
Walters pers. comm.); Ashurst 2.9 (J.C.A. Craik ER 89:188 and pers. comm.).
SUSSEX E. Eastbourne 2.9 female, fertile eggs (BENHS 10:6). KENT E.
Canterbury 14.8; Westbere 19.8, 21.8, 30.8, 5.9; Newington 30.8 (C-H Kent
3:244). SURREY Norwood 9.9 (L.N. 57:85). NORFOLK E. Hickling 28.8
two, ten others earlier and later (ER 89:266). WARWICKS Charlecote 28.8 grey,
very worn (ER 89:84). LINCS N. South Thoresby 8.8 and seven-later (R.E.M.
Pilcher ER 89:54, pers. comm.). YORKS v.c. 61 Muston 20.8, 26:8; v.c. 62
Langdale Forest 23.8 (P.Q. Winter). DERBYS. Matlock 31.8 (Derbys. ES 46:
19). WESTMORLAND Beetham 22.8 3.30 a.m. male, 28.9 2.45 a.m. male;
(J. Briggs, pers. comm.). ABERDEEN S. Causeyton 24.8/2.9 six (M.R. Young,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 17

ER 88:299, pers. comm.). ABERDEEN N. Udney 22.8/28.8 eleven (M.R. Young
ER:88.299, R.M. Palmer, pers. comm.). INVERNESS E. Kinveachy Forest
22.8/1.9 f.typica in small numbers (ER 88:285). CAITHNESS c. 18.8 f.typica
small numbers (ibid.); Lybster 21.8 male, grey; Berriedale 27.8 male (J. Rosie,
pers. comm.).

Mythimna albipuncta (21) CORNWALL W. Lizard 24/26.8 five (ER 89:40,
Ent. Gaz. 29:83). DORSET Studland 16.10 (ER 89:119). HANTS S. Ashurst
18.8 (ER 89:188); Hayling Is. 23.8 two (AES Bull. 36:27, pers. comm.). SUSSEX
W. Aldwick Bay 11/25.10 five (ER 89:20, BENHS Exhib, 1976, 1977); Worthing
1.10 two (Odell per CRP). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 14.8, 18.8; Southease 23.8;
Eastbourne n.d. (CRP Sx. 324, pers. comm.). KENT E. Dover 14.8; Newington
11.10 (C-H Kent 3:246-7).

Mythimna vitellina (c. 430) CORNWALL W. Lizard area: Housel Bay 23.8
one male; Housel Bay, Coverack, Kynance 24.8 c. 200 in three traps; Housel
B 25.8 smaller numbers; Coverack 25.8/2.9 c. 20 nightly (ER 89:39-40, Ent. Gaz.
28:81-84); Lizard 4.9 five (BENHS exhib. 1976) Mawnan Smith 25.8 male,
26.8 male (Ent. Gaz. 30:224); Mullion 26.8 at least twenty (ER 88:335, 89:
233), Cape Cornwall 3.9 four (BENHS 10:4). DORSET Furzebrook 23.8
(DNHAS 98:118-127); Swanage 17.9 female at sugar (BENHS 10:119). HANTS
S. Lymington, August/September four (BENHS 10:4); Minstead 28.9 (BENHS
10:5). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 28.8, 29.8, 3.10 (ER 89:20); Arundel 8/20.10
four (J.T. Bradford per CRP); Worthing 9/23.10 four (Odell per CRP). SURREY
Bramley 13.10 female, 150 ova (ER 89:186); Nower Wood 15.10 male (ER 90:
55). PEMBS. St Govan’s Head 24/26.8 one (ER 88:270). Co. CORK CENTRAL
Fountainstown 31.8, 14.9, 17.9, 3.10 (A.A. Myers INJ 20:301, pers. comm.).

Mythimna unipuncta (22). CORNWALL W. Lizard: Kynance 24.8 three,
Coverack 25.8 (ER 89:40, Ent. Gaz. 28:83); Cape Cornwall 23.9 (J.R. Langmaid
Cornwall 3.9 (BENHS 10:4). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 27.10 (ER 89: 20).
SUSSEX E. Peacehaven n.d. (CRP Sx. 325). KENT W. Higham 6.10 female
(ER 88:335). Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown n.d. thirteen (INJ 20:301).

Mythimna loreyi (3) CORNWALL W. Lizard: Housel Bay 24.8 one escaped;
Coverack 25.8 (ER 89:40, Ent. Gaz. 28:83); Cape Cornwall 23.9 (J.R. Langmaid
pers. comm.).

*Lithomoia solidaginis (1) NORFOLK E. Hickling 28.8, with E. occulta and
C. fraxini (ER 88:266).

Blepharita solieri Boisduval (1) ROXBURGHS. Denholm 29.8 in light trap,
det. E.C. Pelham-Clinton (BENHS 11:7, pl. 2), Andrew Buckham.

Trigonophora flammea (1) SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 13/14.10, in trap during
south west gale (R.R. Pickering, BENHS 11:7, ER 89:9).

*Enargia paleacea (1) BRECONS. Pont-ar-Dulas 26/27.8, in trap with
A. convolvuli (ER 89:56). First county record; possibly immigrant; otherwise
from areas of residence 50 miles distant in Worcestershire.

*Photedes extreme (1) KENT E. Dungeness 2.7, very strongly marked: det.
D.S. Fletcher (ER 89:252). First county record; probably immigrant.

*Photedes fluxa (1) GLOS N. Southrop 6/7.7 in trap. First county record
(E.W. Classey, Ent. Gaz. 28:2). Possibly immigrant.

*Oria musculosa (2) HANTS S. Minstead 4.7 male (BENHS 10:5). SURREY
Bramley 4.7 female, paler than usual British specimens (BENHS 10:22, ER 89:
186). GLOS N. Southrop, 7.8, 10.7, singles (Ent. Gaz. 28:22). Probably
immigrants.

*Hoplodrina ambigua (1). Co. CORK E. Youghal 20.8 one. Probably first
Irish record (Rev. D. Agassiz, ER 89:74). Possibly immigrant from Britain, where
it is now widely resident though also sometimes immigrant.

Spodoptera exigua (7) SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 11/13.8 three (CRP, pers. comm.).
SURREY Bramley, 4.7 male (ER 89:186). BERKS Bracknell n.d. BUCKS Dorney
Reach n.d. (Middle Thames NHS, per M. Albertini). WESTMORLAND Beetham

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

3/4.7 male (ER 89:17).

Helicoverpa armigera (6) CORNWALL n.d. (BENHS 10:4). DORSET
Wareham 14.10 (ER 89:18). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 14.10 (ER 89:29).
SURREY Addiscombe 22.10 (L.N. 57:86). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 7.10
(ER 89:82). WARWICKS. Charlecote 17.10 female, fertile ova (ER 99:74).

Heliothis peltigera (2) CORNWALL W. Lizard: Housel Bay 24.8 male (ER
89:40, Ent. Gaz. 28:84). SUSSEX W. Worthing 28.9 (CRP Sx. 330, pers.
comm.).

*Heliothis viriplaca (1) YORKS v.c. 61 near Filey n.d. First Yorks. record
this century (P.Q. Winter, BENHS 10:6). Possibly immigrant, or stray from areas
of residence in Norfolk and Suffolk.

Lithacodia deceptoria (1) SUSSEX E. Brighton 7.6 in a tungsten light trap;
det. D.J. Carter (C.R. Pratt, ER 90:126). Only c.12 previous British records.

*Deltote bankiana (3) SUSSEX E. Fairlight 30.6 (Hast. Nat. 12:64) near
Eastbourne 4.7 two (ER 88:240). Probably immigrant.

Diachrysia orichalcea (1) SUSSEX W. Arundel 10.9 (J.T. Radford, CRP Sx.
331).

*Syngrapha interrogationis (3) SURREY Bramley 10.8 male of the central
European form ER 88:255, 89:186). MONMOUTHS. n.d. first county record
(BENHS 10:4). KINCARDINE Banchory R.T. n.d. one ER 89:243. Possibly
immigrant.

Catocala fraxini (20). DORSET Parkstone 11.9, at lighted window near sea
(ER 89:10). NORFOLK E. Sea Palling 28.8; Hickling 28.8; Sutton 5.9, one
found dead; Horsford 5.9, Norwich 5.9; Taverham 7.9; Cley-next-Sea 19/20.9
(ER 88:323, 266). NORFOLK W. Old Hunstanton 30.8 (per French).
HEREFORDS. Ledbury 31.8/1.9 worn male (ER 89:44). LINCS N. South
Thoresby 29.8, 7.9; Gibraltar Point 30.8 (ER 89:54); Great Coates 2.9 (Trans.
Lincs. N.U. 19:69-72). YORKS v.c. 61. Spurn 29.8 (ER 89:10), Wass 3.9 (per
P.Q. Winter). NORTHUMBERLAND S. Morpeth 21.9 male (ER 89:112).
ROXBURGHS. Wells, near Denholm 21.9 (Berw. NC 40:232-3). ABERDEEN
S. Ellon 3.9 (ER 88:299); Aberdeen n.d. (ER 89:243).

Herminia lunalis Scopoli (tarsiplumalis Hubner) (1) BERKS near Maidenhead,
end August Wm. Parker, det. P.J. Baker. First British record (BENHS 10:110,
ER 90:37).

1977

In this year the total of species listed, which includes 30 wholly immigrant
and 8 probably or possibly so, was moderately good, though for most of them
and for the commoner species the numbers of individuals were low. The
immigrants compared favourably with the native species, for which a mild winter
followed by a poor summer was generally unfavourable.

The most interesting occurrence was an early and certainly very long distance
immigration which arrived in a warm south-west airstream on March 2 and 3.
This gave records of Rhodometra sacraria (1), Utetheisa pulchella (1),
Heliothis peltigera (2), Eublemma ostrina(3), E. parva (1), and of the commoner
species Nomophila noctuella, Cynthia cardui, Macroglossa stellatarum, Agrotis
ipsilon, Autographa gamma, Plutella xylostella. These were widely spread, most
near the south coast from Cornwall to Sussex, but also inland to Oxford and
through Wales from Glamorgan and Brecon to Anglesey. Some of them
apparently lived for much of March; but there is no indication that any, except
possibly P. xylostella, raised a generation here.

Other especially interesting records were of two Hippotion celerio in October,
in Hampshire and Warwickshire, and singles of the rare pyralids Paracorsia
repandalis in Dorset and Diasemia repandalis in Essex, Lampides boeticus in
Surrey, Coscinia cribraria of the Continental form arenaria in the Isle of Sheppey,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 19

Kent, Diachrysia orichalcea in Sussex and Macdunnoughia confusa in Warwick-
shire. There were also unconfirmed reports of Everes argiades seen at Beachy
Head and of Minucia lunaris elsewhere in Sussex. An example of Danaus plexippus
identified in Gloucestershire on September 19 may have been either an immigrant
or an escape or release.

Nymphalis antiopa made an interesting showing. Some fifteen seen between
March 19 and May 22, and probably one very worn at Dunblane, Perthshire on
July 7, had presumably over-wintered from 1976. Of those seen later, the first,
in Derbyshire on July 28 may have been associated with a presumably eastern
immigrant of H. gallii; those in Oxfordshire and Middlesex on August 16 and 27
fit well in date with the large influx of Eurois occulta at that time, and the one
in West Kent on September 7 could have come with them. None were near places
where over-wintered examples were seen.

Probable immigrants of E. occulta were more than the very large numbers of
1976. As recorded, they indicate several phases of immigration. Both the dates
and the descriptions of four taken in Yorkshire, Hertfordshire and Monmouth-
shire suggest an unusual, probably south-easterly, origin. Records began again in
south-east England and of large numbers in Lincolnshire from August 7 onwards
until about August 16, accompanied by a few S. interrogationis. After this the
focus moved to Scotland, with a still larger invasion from August 20 to 26, which
included the fifth British capture of Ochropleura fennica and a probably
immigrant Apamea assimilis in Aberdeenshire and extended to Inverness-shire
and Orkney. All of these probably originated in Fenno-Scandia.

Mythimna vitellina, after some records in Devon in July, came in large
numbers about October 9, mainly noticed in Hampshire and Sussex, although it
extended in small numbers up the east coast, well inland to north Oxfordshire,
and provided one record in Westmorland. There was also a further small wave in
eatly November. The pyralid Palpita unionalis and the Geometer Orthonama
obstipata, both above average numbers, shared in these invasions, the former
being observed as far north as Westmorland and Inverness. M. albipuncta was also
prominent in Sussex at same dates, and a dozen Cyclophora puppillaria mainly
in Sussex but reaching to Oxfordshire between October 24 and 26. The other
semi-scarce immigrants were, however, unusually scarce.

Almost all the common immigrants were much fewer than usual. Vanessa
atalanta was hardly seen before July and seems to have been nowhere common
except perhaps in late August in Cornwall; but in South Devon some lasted
until the end of November, and at Torquay two were beaten out of a cypress
hedge on Christmas Eve. C. cardui started brilliantly with records in five counties
during and after the migration of March 2 and 3, but it was only once reported
again until the last week of July, when there was a small influx which reached
inland as far as Derbyshire. Five were seen, probably newly arrived with a single
Nymphalis polychloros, at Folkstone, Kent on August 23, and a few, widely
scattered, were seen in the next few days, when it was said to be common on the
coast of Lincolnshire. The last records (very few) were in October. Colias
croceus reports numbered less than twenty, thinly spread over seven southern
counties between July 12 and October 20. M. stellatarum was seen in five places
in four counties in the migration of early March, but thereafter only as scattered
singles during the next four months. All four species were unusually scarce also
in Ireland.

The common nocturnal moths were all below normal numbers except for
Phlogophora meticulosa, of which migratory swarms of about 300 were reported
in Oxfordshire on October 20 and of about 4,000 in four traps in Lincolnshire
on October 13 to 15. It is noteworthy that trap records of all the other common
species were highest either at that time or, as with Udea ferrugalis, in the first
ten days of November.

The timing, content and origins of these immigrations may be summarised as

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

follows. That of early March was an isolated episode, coming in sudden warm
south-westerly air stream which succeeded a cold week in February; its content
at this time suggests north Africa as its origin. Thereafter there was almost
nothing of note before small numbers from July 5 to 10 and again in the middle
and late in the month. These included the early E. occulta and H. gallii, possibly
from the Ardennes or eastern France, C. cribraria arenaria and Deltote bankiana
across the Channel to Kent, and also AHyles lineata livornica, Agrius convolvuli,
M. vitellina and Lampides boeticus from further south. August was dominated
in its middle weeks by the great invasion of FE. occulta and its companions from
north-east Europe; but in the last week there were also a few C. cardui and
A. convolvuli. In September records were few and dates of arrivals not clear-
cut; but they were mainly of insects of south western origin, including the only
D. orichalcea of the year and some A. convolvuli. Much the largest immigration
of the year came, probably mainly from the Mediterrean area and Iberia, in a
long spell of south-east, south, and later south-west winds from October 7 to
31, and these influxes continued on a smaller scale in the very mild first ten days
of November. In all they included some fifteen of the scarcer species and almost
all of the commoners as a good conclusion to an otherwise limited and dis-
appointing season.

Scarce Immigrants, 1977

Paracorsia repandalis (1) DORSET Radipole 8.10 (DNHAS 99:141). An
extremely rare probable immigrant, of which there are old records of larvae on
Verbascum nigrum in South Devon.

Diasemia ramburialis (1) ESSEX N. Writtle Agricultural College 25.10 (AME
SmM Essex:143).

Palpita unionalis (c.20) DORSET Arne 18.10, 21.10 (DNHAS 99:141).
HANTS S. Ashurst 25.10 (J.C.A. Craik, pers. comm.); Hayling Is. 19, 24, 27.10
(J.M. Walters, pers. comm.). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 28.10 (C.R. Pratt, pers.
comm.). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 20/25.10 five (ER 90:7). KENT E. Dover
11.10 (ER 89:345). SURREY Wotton 24.10 (J.D. Holloway pers. comm.); Leigh
10.11 (BENHS 10:11). MONMOUTHS. Usk 16/20.10 six (BENHS 11:14).
LINCS N. South Thoresby 21.8 male (R.E.M. Pilcher pers. comm.). WEST-
MORLAND Beetham 24/25.10 female (ER 90:81). INVERNESS W. Tornacarry,
Glen Garry October (ER 90:261).

Lampides boeticus (1) SURREY Surbiton 29.7, seen in cemetery (R.E. Smith
in L.N. 57:84).

Everes argiades (1) SUSSEX E. Beachy Head, Eastbourne n.d., caught by
B. Whitby, (per M. Hadley, CRP Sx. 303 and pers. comm.).

*Nymphalis polychloros (1) KENT E. Folkestone 23.8, seen with five
C. cardui after strong south east wind (ER 89:348).

Nymphalis antiopa. 15 presumed over-wintered from 1976 (for 9 see
Chalmers-Hunt (ER 89:248)). Add: PERTHSHIRE 5.7 Dunblane, one very
worn, flying westwards (ER 89:316). SHROPSHIRE The Stiperstones, 1600
feet, 4.5; another (or the same?) seen near Ludlow (16 miles distant) 9.5 (ER
90:87). SURREY Netley 27.4 seen twice by John Cranham (ER 89:340).
YORKSHIRE Burley-in-Wharfedale 1.5 seen on aubretia by J. Dixon (ER 89:
348). WORCESTERSHIRE Crews Hill, Alfrick 22.5, watched by J. Oliver,
settled on bushes (J.E. Green, ER 89:348). 5 newly immigrant or possibly locally
bred: DERBYSHIRE Elvaston Castle Country Park, 28.7 (M. Tong Derbys ES 47:
5). MIDDLESEX Northwood Golf Course 27.8 seen by a student (B. Goater,
ER 89:348). KENT W. Orpington 7.9 seen in a garden (Mrs. E. Chandler ER
89:338). OXFORDSHIRE Chipping Norton 16.8 one seen on garden compost
(P.J.D. Hugo, ER 92:154).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 PN

Danaus plexippus (1) GLOS S. Ryeford 17.9 one seen and identified (G.H.
Mansell, pers. comm.). Possibly a release.

Cyclophora puppillaria (14) DORSET Radipole 19.10 (DNHAS 99:141);
Wareham 18.10 ER 90:41). HANTS. S. Southsea 24.10 male (ER 90:56) Ashurst
23.10 (ER 90:140) Lymington n.d. (BENHS 12:3). SUSSEX W. Arundel 20.10,
24.10, 25.10, 26.10 (CRP Sx. 307). KENT E. Canterbury Field Centre 26.10
female, bright yellow form (ER 90:3). SURREY Bramley, 22.10 worn male
(ER 90.157); Croydon, October (K.L.G. Evans pers. comm.). ESSEX S. Bradwell-
on-Sea 22.10 male (ER 90:59). OXON. Caversham 24.10 (ER 90:64).

Rhodometra sacraria (7) SCILLY St. Mary’s 25.10 (D. Agassiz, Lep. of the
Isles of Scilly, 1981:12). DORSET Furzebrook 16.10 (DNHAS 99:141).
SUSSEX W. Arundel 22.8 (J.T. Radford per CRP); Plaistow 16.8 (S. Church per
CRP). KENT E. Olantigh 18.10 (C-H Kent 3:265). BERKS Botley 3.3 (ER 89:
126). WARWICKS Marton 28.10 ab. Jabda (ER 90:81).

Orthonama obstipata (58) DEVON S. Yarner Wood n.d. four (RISR).
DORSET Furzebrook 28.10 two (DNHAS 99:141); Bridport 28.10 six males
(J. Reid, pers. comm.). HANTS S. Ashurst 10.11 (J.C.A. Craik pers. comm.);
Hayling Is. 17/27.10 six (J.M. Walters pers. comm.). HANTS N. Micheldever
12/27.10 two (ER 90:56), Crawley n.d. (ER 90:95). SUSSEX W. Arundel 8.10
two, 21.10, 22.10 (CRP Sx. 309, pers. comm.); Aldwych Bay 15/25.10 seven
(ER 90:7). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 18/27.10 six (ER 90:62); Northiam, n.d.,
three (CRP Sx:309). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 17/27.10 four, two males, two
females (ER 90.59). MONMOUTHS Usk 18.10 male (ER 90:136). WARWICKS
Charlecote 21.10 female (ER 90:81). GLAMORGAN Oxwych n.d. nine (RISR).
LINCS. N. Gibraltar Point 22.8 (R.E.M. Pilcher pers. comm.).

Agrius convolvuli (8) SCILLY St. Mary’s 21.9, 23.9 (B. Skinner, pers. comm.).
SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 2.9 female, 16.9 male at Nicotiana blooms (ER 90:62).
HERTS. Cowheath Wood n.d. (Herts NHS 28(2):7). SHROPSHIRE Leighton,
near Ironbridge 25.10 male (ER 90:85). LINCS N. Thoresby late 8, dead male
on cattle grid (R.E.M. Pilcher, pers. comm.). ORKNEY Hoy, early October
(R.I. Lorimer, pers. comm.).

Acherontia atropos (2) SURREY Wormley 27.4 female (ER 89:224). ESSEX
S. Burnham-on-Crouch 6.6, trapped on apple tree grease band (ER 90:252).
HERTS. Whitewell n.d. (Herts NHS 28:217).

Daphnis nerii (1) YORKS v.c. 62 Wilton, Teesside 23.9 R. Wilson (per P.Q.
Winter).

Hyles euphorbiae (1) MIDDX. Feltham 20.8, female caught at dusk in garden
by Garry Bean (P.W. Cribb, AES Bull. 37:25). Possibly first county record.

Hyles gallii (3 moths, 3 larvae). SUFFOLK E. Felixstowe 8.7 one seen (Suff.
NH. 17:385-4). WARWICKS 26.7 Charlecote female (ER 89:283); Coventry
early 9 three larvae (ER 90:81). LANCS S. Hoghton, 10.7 (ER 89:283).

Hyles lineata livornica (2) NORFOLK E. Hickling 3.8 (ER 89:342). LANCS
N. Heysham 5.7 (BENHS 11:6).

Hippotion celerio (2) HANTS N. Micheldever 14.10 (ER 90:56). WARWICKS
Marton 28.10 with R. sacraria (R. Allen per A. Gardner, ER 90:81).

*Lithosia quadra (13) DORSET Bridport 28.10, six males (J. Reid, pers.
comm.). HANTS S. Hayling Island 17/27.10 six singles (J.M. Walters, pers.
comm.).

*Coscinia cribraria arenaria (1) KENT E. Isle of Sheppey 5.7, (G.N. Burton,
BENHS 11:4, pl. 1; ER 89:322).

Utetheisa pulchella (1) ANGLESEY Llanfair P.G., first week March, found
dying in a garden (D. Jones in Mrs. M.J. Morgan, Ent. Gaz. 33:117).

Ochropleura fennica (1) ABERDEEN N. Barthol Chapel 20.8, with Eurois
occulta (C. Marsden & M.R. Young, ER 90:84). Fifth British capture.

*Eurois occulta (c.90) SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 8.8 (ER 90:62). KENT E.

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Dymchurch n.d. (C-H Kent 3:244). SURREY 13.8 Purley worn male (ER 89:
283). HERTS Much Hadham 16/17.7 worn male (ER 90:68). NORFOLK E
Cley-next-Sea 14.8 two (ER 90:87). MONMOUTHS. Abertillery 18.7 B. Goater,
pers. comm.). WARWICKS Charlecote 17/18.7 (ER 89:283). SHROPSHIRE
Pontesbury 15.8 (ER 90:85). LINCS N. South Thoresby 7/16.8 six; Gibraltar
Point 11.8; near Lincoln 11/20.8 three (R.E.M. Pilcher pers. comm.). DERBYS
Matlock 11.8, 28.8; Middleton-by-Wirskworth 14.8 (Derbys. ES 50:13).
LANCS S. Hoghton 23.8 two pale grey (ER 90:19). YORKS v.c. 61 Malton
8.7 female: offspring reared, dark greyish; Filey 14.7 male parent of these
(BENHS 12:5). WEST Lothian Winchburgh 13.8 two (BENHS 11:7).
ABERDEEN S. Fintray 20.8 ABERDEEN N. Barthol Chapel 20.8; Udney 21/
22.8 ten, 25/6.8 three C. Marsden & M.R. Young, ER 90:84); New Dee
Rothampsted trap 15.8 four 21.8, 23.8 (R.M. Palmer pers. comm.). DUMBAR-
TONSHIRE Gartlea, August, several of immigrant form (Christie: Lomond: 22).
INNER HEBRIDES Isle of Canna 11.8 (J.L. Campbell pers. comm.).
INVERNESS E. Cairngorms National Nature Reserve, large numbers of the pale
four (ER 91:242). ORKNEY Scorradale 13.8 three pale, worn, and later — 27
in all (R.I. Lorimer, pers. comm.).

Mythimna albipuncta (c.20) CORNWALL Lizard c. 21.8 three (B. Goater
pers. comm.). DORSET Furzebrook 16.6; 11.9 (DHNAS 99:140); Swanage,
18.9, two (ER 90:54). ISLE OF WIGHT Freshwater 10.7 (BENHS 11:6).
HANTS S. Minstead n.d. with M. vitellina (ER 90:154). SUSSEX W. Aldwick
Bay 8.10 (ER 90:7); Arundel 8/20.10 four, 2/9.11 five; Worthing 9/23.10 four
(CRP Sx.: 324). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 12.9, 28.9, 14.10 (ER 90:62);
Eastbourne 15.9, male (ER 90:7). KENT E. Olantigh 23.10; Dover 11.10 (C-H
Kent 3:247).

Mythimna vitellina (c. 70) DEVON S. Malborough 13.7, 14.7 (ER 90:7).
HANTS S. Ashurst 4.10 (ER 90:140). Winchester 9.10 (ER 90:82). Hayling Is.
9.10 two, 10.10, 2.11, 6.11 three, 7.11 two (J.M. Walters pers. comm.);
Minstead n.d. one (ER 90:154). HANTS N. Micheldever 12/27.10 six very pale
(ER 90:56). SUSSEX W. Aldwick Bay 9/25.10 five (ER 90:7); Arundel
8/20.10 four, 2/9.11 five (J.T. Radford per CRP); Worthing 9/23.10 four (Odell
per CRP). SURREY Nower Wood 15.10 male (ER 90:55); Thorpe 21.10
(BENHS 11:3). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea 14.10 male, 20.10 female (ER 90:
59). BERKS. Maidenhead 2.10 dark male (ER 90:152). OXON. Steeple Barton
22.10, 30.10, males, pale (ER 90:53). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 16.10 (ER
91:24). NORFOLK E. Cley-next-Sea 30.10 two (ER 90:87). WESTMORLAND
Beetham 21.10 male (ER 90:81).

Mythimna unipuncta (2) SUSSEX E. Peacehaven 16.10, 19.10 (ER 90:62).

*Apamea exulis assimilis (1) ABERDEEN S. Udny 25.8 in farmland, trapped
with £. occulta; possibly immigrant (C. Marsden & M.R. Young, ER 90:84).

Helicoverpa armigera (4) HANTS S. Ashurst 17.10 (J.C.A. Craik, pers. comm.,
ER 90:140). SUSSEX E. Eastbourne 19.10 (ER 90:74). SURREY Addiscombe
22.10 male (ER 90:55). SUFFOLK E. Walberswick 7.10 (Suff. NH 17:227).

Heliothis peltigera (2) Leigh 2/3.3, 4/5.3, two worn males, pale (ER 89:
126).

Eublemma ostrina (3) DEVON S. Beer 4/5.3 (ER 90:126, pers. comm.).
SUSSEX W. King’s Park Wood, Plaistow 3.3 (S. Curch per de Worms). BERKS
Botley 3.3 (ER 89:126).

Eublemma parva (1) SOMERSET N. Weston-S-Mare 2/3.3 (C.S. Blathwayt,
ER 89:126, identity confirmed by pers. comm.).

*Deltote bankiana (1) KENT E. Dymchurch 23.7, one fresh (C-H Kent 3:259).

Trichoplusia ni (1) Co. CORK CENTRAL Fountainstown 8.10 (INJ 20:301,
pers. comm.).

Diachrysia orichalcea (1) SUSSEX E. Ringmer 19.10 (ER 90:85).

Macdunnoughia confusa (1) WARWICKS. Marton 24.10 (G. Robson per

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 23

A. Gardner, ER 90:81). First county record.

*Autographa bractea (1) SUFFOLK E. Needham Market 16.8 (Suff. NH.
17:285-6). Third Suffolk record.

*Syngrapha interrogationis (2) ORKNEY Orphir 14/15.8 (R.I. Lorimer pers.
comm.). LINCS N. South Thoresby 16.8 (R.E.M. Pilcher, pers. comm.).

Minucia lunaris (1) SUSSEX E. Stapleford, early June, one trapped but
released: identified from illustration in South (T. Newnham, quoted ed. ER 90:
123):

TABLE 1

Summary of species and individuals recorded.

Probable Immigrants of Common immigrant

Wholly immigrant species resident species species
year species individuals species individuals individuals of 11 spp.
1969 34 c. 4000 4) 11 very many
1970 18 c. 160 6 21 average
1971 20 c. 85 6 11 few
1972 14 81 6 34 very few
1973 20 c. 460 il) 38 many
1974 19 c. 85 5 9 few
1975 19 CHAS 4 9 average
1976 32 c. 1200 21 c. 200! very many
1977 30 c. 250 8 c. 1102 few

1 includes Eurois occulta c. 70, Heterographis obitella c. 100. 2 includes Eurois
occulta c. 90.

In the whole period 60 wholly immigrant scarce species, and 28 probably
immigrant resident species, are listed. The 11 common immigrants include
Phlogophora meticulosa, also resident.

The records listed here are believed to give broad indications of the extent
of the annual fluctuations of immigrants generally and of particular species, but
little weight should be attached to precise numerical comparisons. This is
because the levels of observation, recording and availability of records varied
considerably during these years, being probably lower from 1971 to 1975 than
earlier or later.

The author wishes to thank the many people who have helped him in the
compilation of these lists, which are inevitably still incomplete. He hopes that
readers who have or know of records of the scarcer immigrant species which are
not mentioned in them will communicate their information to him, with a view
to possible publication in a supplement.

ADDITIONAL ABBREVIATIONS

Macrolep. Glos. A.R. Richardson, 1973. A third supplement to Donovan’s
Catalogue of the Macrolepidoptera of Gloucestershire.
Middle Thames NHS_ Middle Thames Natural History Society records.

Trans. Lincs. N.U. Transactions of the Lincolnshire Naturalists Union.

Suff. NH. Suffolk Natural History.

YNU Rep., Naturalist Reports of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union (in The
Naturalist).

n.d. No exact date available.

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

THE REVIVAL OF THE SILK INDUSTRY IN THE
BASSES-CEVENNES

By JOHN FELTWELL
Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN

INTRODUCTION

For the last ten years there has been a slow but steady revival of the defunct
silk industry in the Basses-Cévennes, France. Following the collapse of the previous
silk industry earlier this century with the advent of rayon and nylon, the local
townships of Sumene and Ganges have become centres for manufacturing under-
wear and other garments using imported cotton and silk.

The current revival of silk production does not seek to compete with this
local industry, but instead it seeks to produce quality silk products for the top
end of the clothes market. It has the advantage that the silkworm-rearing rooms
(magnaneries, see Feltwell, 1982) are still present in many of the farmhouses
and that it can be revitalised as a cottage industry. The future market for quality
silk products will undoubtedly determine the viability of Cévennes silk.

The silk societies

There are several silk societies (Table 1) which act as co-operatives or co-
ordinators in the silk revival and considerable investment has already been made
into elaborate plant for processing.

TABLEI Silk societies

ASD ES: L’Association pour le Développement de la Sericiculture en
Cévennes

ale SS Orbs Association des Tisseurs en Soie de France

GAACT: Centre d’Aide par le Travail

S:EC-A: La Societe d'Interet Collectif Agricole Soie-Cévennes

At the village of Monoblet near St. Hippolyte du Fort A.D.S. has its museum
which was first opened to the public in 1982. Here one can see visual aids on silk
production and the manufacture of silk during certain months of the year, mostly
during the spring and early summer. A.D.S. was founded in 1977 and encourages
local people in each of the départements of Ardeche, Dréme, Gard, Herault and
Lozere to produce cocoons for the factory. They produced 1% tonnes in 1978
and the factory can now handle 20 tonnes of fresh cocoons each year.

In 1980 S.I.C.A. was established. It controls the price of silk each year. The
society includes producers and weavers, with the producers in the majority.
Membership of S.I.C.A. is currently 500 francs each year (1982). They are
financially supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and the local Conseil
Regional Languedoc-Roussillon and the Conseil General du Gard.

At the other market town of Le Vigan, C.A.T. caters for the local producers
as well as having factories for filature and dévidage processes. It also possesses
10 ha of mulberry trees. Twenty different silk products are made in the factory
and some of them are made from imported Italian silk at a cost of about 420
francs for a 1 kg cone. This is sufficient to make three ladies’ pullovers which sell
in the Paris market for five times this value. A.T.I.S.S.O.F. is based at St. Jean du
Gard and represents a group of weavers.

There are considerable difficulties in establishing a silk industry in the face of
cheap imported silk, but the creation of a tourist demand for pure French silk
products plus the new possibilities with the more prolific mulberry varieties have
made the project viable. The revival risks being labelled as an artisan indulgence
and in one sense is not really a Cévenol revival as it is not necessarily run by

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 25

Cévenol people in the heart of the Cévennes. The true Cévenol people remember
all too well the great time and energy expended in the magnanerie and are not
likely to return to it lightly.

A NEW MULBERRY, LE KOKUSO 21, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

A new variety of introduced mulberry has been responsible for stimulating
the revival of the Cévenol silk industry. In 1956 the Centre Agronomique de
St. Christol-lés-Ales started field trials with a new mulberry variety from Japan
called Kokuso and one of the cultivars called Kokuso 21] was chosen as it was
most suitable for the climate of the mountainous Cévennes.

The Kokuso 2/ is a small bush tree which shows a great degree of versatility.
It can be grown as a small tree (haute tige), as a goblet bush (nain, gobelet), asa
cordon (nain, cordon) or as a bush (prairie) in which case they come into
maximum productivity after 22, 10, 10 and 6 years after planting respectively.
The number of specimens which can be planted per hectare is 204, 2,500, 2,500
and 20,000 respectively. Irrigation increases productivity from 12-14 tonnes per
hectare to 16-18 tonnes per hectare and in some cases up to 50% more productivity
can be achieved. Manuring at the rate of 20-30 tonnes per hectare also increases
productivity. The trees are most usually raised from cuttings and are for sale in
the Monoblet museum for 25 francs each (1982).

This new mulberry cultivar thus confers two main advantages on the revival
of silk in the Cévennes: first, that there are now many more mulberry trees which
can be put onto the available land and second, that as the trees are so much
smaller than the conventional white mulberry it allows the same number of
leaves to be picked in a quarter to a fifth of the previous time.

REARING SILKWORMS, THE NEW METHOD

The traditional magnanerie is still used in places where it is in a fit state.
Production of cocoons is still run on a co-operative system with participating
members paying an entrance fee, the silkworms being reared at home. There
are though some new purpose-built buildings such as the one at St. Christol-
lés-Ales. It is recommended that rooms that face north or east are preferable
to other directions as the winds from these directions are ‘healthy’ (sic).

Disinfecting the room and apparatus is recommended with a formaldehyde
preparation for each 20 m° which is burnt in the closed room for 24 hours; or
disinfection with 10% javel water if the room cannot be sealed.

Controlled-temperature incubators have replaced the constant temperature
of madame’s bosom or the vagaries of the inglenook fireplace. The beds are now
made of fine wire-netting stretched across a wooden framework instead of matted
cane but they are arranged in the same tier system.

A higher rearing temperature of 21-24°C is recommended than in olden times
as it decreases the development time and therefore decreases the period when
the larvae might be susceptible to disease. In the fifth stage the temperature is
reduced to 21-22°C. For the first instar the mulberry leaves are broken up into
little pieces and laid on the silkworm beds; this is a new technique and is
presumably designed to increase the surface area available to the larvae and
decrease the number which would not otherwise start eating a leaf. Aeration
of the rearing room is essential for the millions of larvae and the humidity must
be maintained between 60-80% RH.

The time in the five instars, at the range of temperatures recommended (no
accurate figures are given) is 4,3,5,6 and 8 days respectively, i.e. a total of 26
days for development.

At pupation the traditional ‘hats’ of heath have now been replaced by
‘plastic hedgehogs’ which look like plastic bristles on a coarse brush into which
the larvae crawl and weave their cocoons. After pupation the cocoons are easily
detached from the smooth plastic.

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Fig. 1 Half of a ‘‘Plastic Hedgehog” containing cocoons.

Those who are interested in the statistics of keeping silkworms might find
Zoe Lady Hart Dyke’s figures from her silk farm at Lullingstone, Kent useful
(Hart Dyke, 1949): One ounce of eggs contains about 35-40,000 eggs and every
100 full grown larvae will need three square feet of space. If 60,000 cocoons are
being stored they will need 50 cubic metres of space. Critical problems can
arise if not enough mulberry leaves are available to feed the larvae. In France it
is said that 33 grams of eggs would require 2 tonnes of leaves and that it would
take 8 days to collect 1,500 kg. First establish your mulberry orchard! In the
Cévennes, the cooperative have increased the rate at which they will purchase
your cocoons from 43 to 72 francs/kg from 1978 to 1982.

PROCESSING THE SILK

The modern method of processing the silk can be seen in action at the museum
of Sericiculture en Cévennes at Monoblet where special machines have been
imported from several countries. The different stages in the production of silk
are shown in figure 2 and figure 3. Essentially the process of preparing silk follows
the same processes used in the cotton industry in Britain.

Stage 1 Etouffage (steaming)

Sufficient cocoons of both sexes are put aside to assure next year’s egg supply.
The living pupae within the cocoons are killed off otherwise the imagines would
break through and dissolve the continuous silk thread at eclosion. The pupae
are killed by subjecting them to a temperature of 90-110°C in a chamber and
then at 40-60°C for several hours in another during which they dehydrate to
one third of their body weight. The cocoons can then be stored for future use.

Stage 2 Filature (collecting threads)

Collecting the fine silk threads from each of the cocoons involves three stages
in this one process of filature. The cocoons are first plunged into warm water
at 60-70°C, then into boiling water for two minutes, followed by beating with
a battery of rotating brushes which are made out of dried bundles of rice stems.
This is done in cold water. In old times rice stems were presumably unavailable
(rice is now grown extensively in the Camargue) and Rye Grass, called

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 27

chiendent, (Lolium perenne) may have been used. There are always loose bits
of silk thread which detach themselves at this stage and these are collected and
thrown away. This last part is called the purgeage and the waste silk is called
the frison.

Killing off pupae by dehydration in
hot air

Stagel FEtouffage

Warm water bath at 60-70°C

Boiling water bath
Silk threads collected by brushes

Unwinding silk threads on machine

Winding silk onto bobbins

Stage 5 Moulinage and Assemblage Tensioning silk

Stage6 Teinture | Dyeing
as FE
Stage 7 Ourdissoir and Tissage | Weaving

(Tricotage)

Stage 2 Filature

Purgeage

Stage 3 Dévidage (Enroulage)

Stage 4 Décreusage incorporating
Flottage and Bobinage

Fig. 2 Preparing Silk from Cocoons
Stage 3 Dévidage (unwinding)

Having collected a handful of threads from several cocoons the worker places
the cocoons in a long trough of water where the threads are taken up auto-
matically and unwound (enroulage) (figure 3). Up to this stage the silk is raw
and is known as soie grége and it is in the form of a hank.

Stage 4 Décreusage (winding)

The hank of silk is now put onto large wheels and run onto bobbins
(bobinage). Three fils de soie are run together and twisted to make a fil pour le
tricotage which is run onto bobbins. The fil pour le tricotage will have a certain
thickness of denier which is measured in microns and this is directly related to
its resistance to breaking. The denier value might be 12 at this stage. Each bobbin
contains a kilogram of silk.

Stage 5 Moulinage (tensioning)

The bobbins of silk can now be put on a machine which tensions up the silk
fibres and increases the denier. Between 150 and 1,000 twists per metre of silk
can be applied.

Stage 6 Teinture (dyeing)

Dyeing can be carried out at three stages but whenever it is done it adds a
micron or so to the diameter and thus increase the denier. Hanks of silk and the
finished garment may be dipped in dyes or the fil pour le tricotage is passed from
one bobbin to another via a vapouriser.

Stage 7 Ourdissoir — Tissage (weaving)

The tensioned silk is run onto smaller bobbins and onto a large drum
(ourdissoir). If an article such as a scarf of 24 denier is required two bobbins of
12 denier would be run onto the drum to make the material ready for weaving.
The prepared material is called the métier a tisser.

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Dévidage
cocoon
threads (bouts)
ld :
Sel desore Décreusage

fil pour le tricotage

Fig. 3. Processes of Dévidage and Décreusage

CEVENNES SILK PRODUCTS

The prices of the new Cévennes silk products reflect the demands of the
tourists for whom they have been developed; 1,850 francs for a taffeta dress,
240 francs per metre for dress material (different colours), 170 francs for ties,
90 francs for bow ties, 180 francs for scarves, and 14 francs for reels of silk
(225-400 denier) or 26 francs for 700-800 denier. One only hopes that in a world
where cheap imported silk products are for sale in every high street and super-
market there is a place for original Cévennes silk.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Jacques Lhonoré and Patrick Ducros for explaining
some of the processes of silk production and the staff of the Monoblet
museum for answering some of my queries concerning machine production of
silk.

REFERENCES

Association pour le Développement de la Sericiculture en Cévennes. 1982 edition.
Sericiculture en Cévennes.

Feltwell, J. 1982. Traditional rearing of silkworms in the Basses-Cévennes. Proc.
Trans Br ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 16:30-33.

Hart Dyke, Zoe Lady, 1949. So spins the silkworm. Thoedore Brun Ltd., London.

29

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

*S19JJOS USUIOM XIS AQ Pasp “aeWdj S,}1 S][ej sDUeTeG 94}
jt :14310m Aq oednd y}oUryIs xes 0} pozeIqyes snjyeredde snotuesul uy 314

= <a,

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TRADITIONAL REARING OF SILKWORMS IN THE
BASSES-CEVENNES

by JOHN FELTWELL
Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN

AIMS

This article seeks to explain how the annual rearing of silkworms was carried
out in a typical farmhouse community in the Basses-Cévennes in France. Pro-
duction of cocoons was an integral part of life on a Cévennes mas (a collection of
buildings serving both domestic and animal purposes; equivalent to a farm) and
it was fitted into the daily routine of looking after sheep, goats, rabbits, chickens,
pigs, vines, potatoes and collection of fuel and timber. Some of these routines
were inter-related.

The article presents a much more detailed account of what happened in each
Cévenol mas than has been covered elsewhere, and is complete with everyday
problems of production, superstitions and local customs,

PREVIOUS STUDIES

General accounts of silk production in the Cévennes have been given by
Maurice Castanier in the local journal Le Suménois (based in the town of Sumene,
Gard) and in the Revue du Parc National des Cévennes. Exhibitions of silk
production can be found in the folk museum at Le Vigan, the new museum and
silk factory at Monoblet near St. Hippolyte du Fort and the new Musée des
Vallées Cévennes at St. Jean-du-Gard. The Association pour le développement de
la Sericiculture en Cévennes (A.D.S.), which opened the museum in 1982, has also
produced an updated edition of Sericiculture en Cévennes which, although it is
very detailed, does not cover the finer details of family production of silk.

It is instructive to see from an historical point of view how production of silk
locally in the Cévennes played such an important part in the gross national
product.

HISTORICAL

The first mention of silk in the Cévennes is in the thirteenth century, but
since then the industry has been revived twice; once in 1660 when mulberry
trees were distributed free in the reign of Louis XIV following a decline caused
by the Camisard wars, and again in the early 1700’s after a severe frost in 1709
which killed thousands of chestnuts on which the people of the Cévennes were so
dependent.

Between 1753-1761 415,000 mulberry trees were planted in the environs of
Vallerauges below Mt. Aigoual and these helped to establish the Cévennes as the
major producer of silk in France. The market town of Ganges was a principal site
for silk production. Castanier records that in 1788 there were 36 factories
containing 4,000 machines looked after by 12 chief mechanics assisted by 30
workers and 300 ladies who prepared the designs on the stockings. The intro-
duction of the steam engine in the nineteenth century boosted production, which
rose from 950,000 kg in 1820 to 26 million kg in 1853.

The Golden Age of silk in the Cévennes did not last long because of cheap
imports from the East but at the same time the Cévennes silkworm stock was
being weakened by various diseases, no doubt brought on with too much in-
breeding, and in some valleys total mortality of larvae occurred.

Louis Pasteur, the expert on pathogenic diseases, was called in to help by a
desperate Cévenol people. Some 3,574 people petitioned the Minister of
Agriculture that Pasteur should visit them and in 1869 he came to St.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 31

Hippolyte du Fort, not far from Ganges. One can still see the house and
commemorative plaque showing where he resided. Pasteur showed that the
disease was carried from one generation to the next via the egg. Later the disease
was shown to be due to a protozoan pathogen called Nosema bombycis but
Pasteur solved the problem by quarantining the gravid females and only allowing
uninfected ones to breed.

Silk production in the Cévennes was soon to die off completely in the first
half of this century. There are still many people in the Cévennes who can recount
their experiences with the ver a soie and can remember vividly all the hard work
it involved. Memories of the old system of silk production are still retained in the
local schools and in many, silkworm eggs are still given out each year in class for
all the children to rear at home. Many of the old mulberries survive, although
thousands have been cut down for fuel and their gnarled and pollarded trunks
are highly characteristic of the Cévenol mas. Today the broad leaves of mulberry
serve as useful forage for the goats.

Now that economic production of silk in the Cévennes has been dead for
nearly fifty years there is a revival of silk production which is gaining momentum.
This is the subject of my next article.

THE MAGNANERIE METHOD

Silkworms were traditionally kept in a room called the magnanerie and every
Cévennes mas had one. This modern name derives from the patois Jo manhan
which became known as Jou magnan and thus magnanerie. The magnanerie may
have been a converted outhouse or a converted chestnut-roasting room (a clede
a chataigne) which would have been unused after the frost of 1709. In other
cases rooms were especially built on the mas to house silkworms; extra storeys
were added but they were not always built very sturdily for today many of them
have fallen in or are in bad repair.

All this accommodation for the silkworms was provided for the four to five
weeks it took between hatching of the eggs to production of the cocoons. In a
typical hamlet three adults would work for two hours each, three times a day,
at morning, midday and evening, to produce about 90 kg of cocoons. The annual
income from the cocoons represented about 60-70% of each household’s liveli-
hood; the remainder was made up from bartering goods. Some statistics of
production which are quoted by A.D.S. are worth mentioning here; that a certain
M. Olivier in 1843 produced 2,500 kg of cocoons on 340 silkworm beds each of
5 m? using only 60 ounces of eggs. After Pasteur’s intervention production was
able to rise from about 1.3 kg from each gram of eggs in 1886 to 2 kg of cocoons
in 1924,

Several weeks before the eggs of the silkworm were received fumigation of the
whole room and equipment was done using formaldehyde. The magnanerie was
sealed for two days, then allowed to air for fifteen days afterwards.

Silkworm beds (Jos canis) (2% x 1% m) were purchased from craftsmen in the
local weekly market. They were made of split bamboo, otherwise called Canne
de Provence (Arundo donax), which were woven in rows of four to make the
body of the bed supported on chestnut sticks. The lip of the bed was made of a
board about 8 cm high. The number and size of beds kept in a magnanerie
depended on the size of the room but they were stacked about 45 cm apart,
perhaps six beds from floor to ceiling with a small service space for walking
between the stacks of beds. Each bed was supported on four pegs set into upright
pieces of wood.

Silkk was produced on a cooperative system. Packets of eggs were given to
each household at a time when the mulberry leaf buds were about 2 cm long
(about the beginning or middle of April) and according to the expected pro-
duction of each household the eggs were given out free in units of an ounce. The

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

eggs were then carefully wrapped in a handkerchief and placed in madame’s
cleavage so that they could incubate at a constant temperature. Alternatively
the eggs could be placed in a small pouch which was tied around the neck; one
is on view in the museum at St. Jean-du-Gard. At night they would be placed
at the foot of the bed between the blanket and eiderdown. Incubation took
about 15 days. Each day the eggs would be unwrapped from the handkerchief,
a piece of gauze placed over them and the new larvae encouraged to walk through
the gauze onto a mulberry leaf placed on top. The remaining unhatched eggs
would be rewrapped and returned to the safety of madame’s bosom. In other
households the eggs were carefully stored in the warmth of the large Cévenol
chimney.

The first-instar larvae were then kept on small beds on the floor of the warm
kitchen until their first moult, after which they were transferred to the
magnanerie. The fires were kept in at all times using green oakwood and a therm-
ometer was used to ascertain that the temperature remained between 18-19°C.
There was always the possibility of a late frost in the mountainous Cévennes and
thus the danger of chilled larvae and of the young mulberry leaves being killed as
well. Such a year was 1956 when all the larvae died and there was no income
whatsoever from silk. This spelt the end of silk in the Basses-Cévennes.

At the start of the season mulberry leaves were individually plucked from the
trees; a very tedious job, and were dropped into a large sack which was tied round
the waist. If each leaf was twisted first to the right and then to the left it could
be detached without damaging the nodal bud, which could produce another leaf.
Later in the season all the leaves along one shoot could be removed in one action
of sliding the finger and thumb up the stem; alternatively all the shoots of leaves
could be cut off using a small sickle (a serpete or “un boulam”’ in patois). This
last method was the least arduous and the branches were then laid across the
beds. In some years some households did not have enough leaves for their own
production and the rights to neighbours’ mulberry leaves were sold off between
families. In the 1840s 100 kg of leaves was worth about 25-30 francs of that
period. During collection the leaves tended to warm up under the Midi sun and
before feeding to the larvae they had to be laid out on the ground in the shade
and turned to cool them. Three times a day mulberry leaves were collected and
placed on the beds. Care had to be taken with putting the leaves on the larvae
as on occasions the point of the leaves would pierce the body of the large larvae.
Such an injured larva with its haemolymph leaking from the wound would die
quickly. The sound of silkworms eating was quite astounding and a whole
magnanerie full of them sounded like ‘falling rain approaching over the canopy
of chestnuts’.

All the frass of the silkworms was removed immediately after each of the
four moults. In order to avoid throwing silkworms and frass away at the same
time, fresh leaves were placed on the larvae and, when they had walked onto
the leaves they were collected and removed temporarily from the beds. Perhaps
10% of the late developing larvae were accidentally removed at each stage. The
frass was used as a fertiliser in the garden and was deemed especially good for the
onions.

There were several diseases the silkworms could catch and in some years
the whole stock succumbed and had to be thrown away with great effect on the
livelihood of the Cévenol people. The three main diseases were the pébrine,
the grasserie (caused by over-heating) and the flacherie, a kind of diarrhoea. The
pébrine was a particularly nasty disease when the whole of the larvae would
turn yellow and putrify with such foul smells that they are clearly remembered
forty years later.

When the silkworms were becoming fully fed branches of bruyére — in actual
fact the Tree Heath, Erica arborea — were interlocked on the beds in a hat shape
so that there was plenty of room for the larvae to spin up. The heath had to be

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 33

cut about 14 months before use and before it flowered so that it could be laid
out and dried. After the larvae had pupated in the heath branches the cocoons
were easily pulled off.

Attention had to be paid to mice which were particularly fond of pupae so
that the household cat was allowed access to the magnanerie at night. Ants could
also be a problem and these were dealt with by putting cinders down their holes
or across their paths. The maganerie had to be bird and chicken tight and there
was the occasional possibility that toads would gain access and eat larvae.

Cocoons were ready for sale on about the 23rd of June each year and on this
day an agent from the cooperative would visit the village with his scales and
wagon. Everyone would bring their sacks full of fresh cocoons in from the
surrounding hamlets to be weighed. The ‘soft’ cocoons, i.e. those which had
not been given enough time for pupation were weighed separately. All the
cocoons were then taken away to the big factories in the Cévennes to be
processed. The price of the silk was fixed at the grand fair of 24th August at
Ales for the Cévennes and the 22nd July at Beaucaire for Provence. So in the
Basses-Cévennes the producers had to wait five weeks for their money.

The 24th of June is a significant date as it is the fete of St. Jean. Thus the
production of silk in the Cévennes was a springtime occupation which was
completed by the 24th which signified the change from spring into summer.
Traditionally large fires were burnt and women would leap across the flames
from spring into summer.

One of the very local customs recounted was the action which had to be
taken to avoid the reputed deleterious effects of thunder on the silkworms.
A spade full of embers from the fire into which one or two spoonfuls of sugar
had been sprinkled, had to be carried around the magnanerie so that the sweet-
ness could be imparted into the silk. During thunderstorms the larvae would
stop feeding and raise their heads. This would indicate that the larvae are
sensitive to atmospheric pressure, a fact noted in other species. Another curious
observation is that the silkworms do not like tobacco smoke and will stop feeding.
This again is true of several other Lepidoptera.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to make special thanks to Patrick, Roland, Georgette and Marie-
Louis Ducros who have had personal experience with silkworms, for many hours
of interesting discussion on methodology. Patrick Ducros and Jacques Lhonoré
(University of Paris) have both been extremely helpful in reading various drafts
of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Association pour le Développement de la Sericiculture en Cévennes. 1982 edition.
Sericiculture en Cévennes.

Castanier, M.Y., 1973. Le Suménois (13): 12-16. Des Magnacs aux synthetiques:
Histoire d’une evolution.

Revue du Parc National des Cévennes. Several numbers published from the
P.N.C., Florac.

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

LARVAL COLOUR VARIATION IN
PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA (L.) (LEP: NOCTUIDAE).
PART I: THE VARIATION, AND ITS CONTROL IN INSTARS 1-3.

by M.E.N. MAJERUS
Department of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH

SUMMARY

One of the most widespread types of variation in the Lepidoptera involves
the occurrence of both green and brown or blackish larval forms. Larval colour
variation in the moth Phlogophora meticulosa was studied. The methods used to
quantify the colour variation are described. All larvae in the 1st and 2nd instars
are normally green, variation in the exact colour can be defined in terms of
chroma, hue and shade. In the 3rd instar, six colour types occur, these being;
third instar green, brown, olive, plain yellow, yellow-green and yellow-brown.
In the 4th and 5th instars, the same six colour types occur with the exception
that third instar green is replaced by another green colour type defined by
different chroma, hue and shade limits. The proportions of the colour types in
the later instars vary from one instar to the next. All larval colour changes in the
later instars occur at ecdyses. Experimental evidence is given which indicates
that 1st, 2nd and some of the 3rd instar colour variation is controlled by the
colour of the food ingested. It is suggested that the variation in the later instars
is controlled genetically. Evidence supporting this suggestion will be given in an
ensuing paper.

INTRODUCTION

A great deal of experimental research has been carried out on variation in
the colour and pattern of the imagines of Lepidoptera. In contrast, there has
been relatively little experimental work on variation in the colour of their larvae,
even though such variation has been noted in many species (e.g. Cockayne 1928,
Ford 1955, Robinson 1971).

One of the most widespread types of larval polymorphism is the occurrence
of both green and brown or blackish forms. This type of polymorphism is most
common amongst the Noctuidae and the Geometridae. In many species of
Geometridae with arborivorous larvae such variation is influenced by the back-
ground colour of their immediate surroundings. (Poulton 1885, 1886, 1887,
1892, 1893). However, Poulton found no indication that larval colour in the
Noctuidae was influenced by surroundings.

The work described in this paper is part of a study aimed at investigating in
depth the causes and consequences of larval colour variation in a species of
noctuid moth which has both green and brown forms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ecology and larval morphology of over eighty species of Lepidoptera were
considered before Phlogophora meticulosa (L.) (the Angleshades Moth) was
selected for this study. It was chosen because of:

the larval variation it exhibits; the ease with which it may be obtained and
bred in large quantities; and the lack of true diapause at any stage in its
development, which meant that a relatively large number of consecutive
broods could be reared in a short time.

The original stocks used in this study were obtained from females captured
in a light-trap. All these females were taken either in the grounds of the Zoology

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 35

Department, Royal Holloway College, Englefield Green, Surrey, or on Picket
Hill, near Ringwood, Hampshire.

The females were placed in circular acrylic boxes in which they readily laid
eggs. Nine days after the first eggs were laid, a few leaves of common sorrel
(Rumex acetosa L.) or sheep’s sorrel (R. acetosella L.) were put in the box.

As soon as larvae hatched they were transferred to similar boxes, 25 larvae
being put into each box. When the larvae reached the Sth instar a thin layer of
soil and leaf litter was placed on the bottom of the boxes for larvae to pupate
amongst. The larvae were fed on sorrel throughout, the foodplant being renewed
every 12 to 48 hours depending on the temperature and humidity.

When significant colour changes occurred, so that a box contained larvae of
two distinct colour-types, these were then separated so that reverse colour changes
could be detected.

The boxes were kept in an insectary during the summer months and in a
heated green-house during the winter so that the temperature did not fall below
5G.

After the larvae had pupated, the pupae were removed and those which
were required for further breeding purposes were placed in small wood and
muslin emergence cages. These were specially designed with partitions, so that
all the pupae and resulting adults would remain separate. Those which were not
needed were placed in large emergence cages and the resulting imagines were
marked with cellulose paint and subsequently released. Five times the number
of pupae likely to be needed, were kept segregated to guard against pupal
mortality and to make sure that sufficient numbers of both males and females
were acquired.

After emergence, the adult moths were put into cylindrical hanging cages of
muslin, supported by a wire frame. They were put in the cages as soon after
emergence as two suitable moths became available.

The ground colour of fully grown P. meticulosa larvae varies from pale yellow,
through ochre, green and olive to dark brown. Because of this, a constant and
reliable method of scoring colour had to be developed, to discover the extent of
the larval variation. Once the true nature of the variation had been determined,
a constant method of scoring would also be needed to investigate the frequency
of the various forms in the wild.

After careful consideration of the various techniques available, it was decided
that simple visual scoring of larvae against a colour chart under constant conditions
would be the easiest and most effective method to employ.

The techniques used by biologists to characterise colours of solid biological
objects are very unsatisfactory, particularly when working in the field. There
are a number of drawbacks and inaccuracies in all of these methods and some of
those inherent in direct methods of colour matching have particular relevance
to the system used in this study.

i) The larvae of P. meticulosa are not uniform in colour. To make an accurate
visual comparison of a composite object with a homogeneous surface,
such as paint on paper, is strictly impossible. However, by selecting one
small specific unpatterned area on the larvae, a comparison can be made,
although the result is at best a crude approximation.

ii) The incidence of light falling on an object, and the direction from which
the object is viewed, may cause apparent variation in the colour.

iii) To compare two coloured surfaces satisfactorily, it is necessary that these
should lie in juxtaposition, without the presence of another coloured
surface between them and this is often difficult or impossible with any
set of colour standards, such as the Munsell or Ridgeway colour charts,
which are bound in book form. Furthermore, the appearance of any
coloured surface, which is less than about 100 mm square will be liable

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

to interference from the surrounding surfaces when viewed directly.

iv) Even with the extensive range of colours contained in the larger colour
standard books, it is frequently impossible to exactly match a particular
sample. This is because the human eye can detect far smaller differences
in shade and hue than are portrayed in any of these books.

Sumner (1927) outlines the difficulties of direct visual colour-matching with
reference to mammal pelages. He notes that some sort of quantitative method,
whereby colour variations can be expressed in figures, is necessary for statistical
studies and observes that this is impossible to accomplish through any system of
matching standards.

Using an adaptation of Munsell’s colour index, a system has been produced
which it is believed bypasses this problem so that colour can be expressed in
figures, and different samples can be tested for homogeneity.

The method employed was to make up an extensive colour chart, containing
some 641 different colours. The chart was made up by mixing specific amounts
of various green, yellow, brown, black and white paints. Each colour on the
chart consisted of a 100 mm square patch of paint. 71 hues, (referred to as the
Mj hues) were produced by making up quantities of 15 paints, which were to me,
exactly equivalent in colour to a specific value and chroma index of the 15
Munsell chart huest , between 1OR and 5G inclusive. Four equally divided inter-
mediates between each of the adjacent Munsell base colours were then produced.
Thus, hue Mjl is equivalent to Munsell’s 1OR4/8; hue Mj2 is a mixture of 4 parts
10R4/8 and 1 part 2.5YR4/8; hue Mj3 is a mixture of 3 parts 1OR4/8 and 2
parts 2.5YR4/8, until hue 6 is purely 2.5YR4/8 and so on through each of the
other 13 Munsell hues used. Nine “shades” were made of each of the 71 Mj hues
by adding fixed amounts of black or white paints to each of these hues. Shade 0
is the undiluted Mj hue. Shade -1 is a mixture of 4 parts hue and 1 part black,
similarly, shade -2, -3 and —4 involve mixtures of 4 parts hue and 2, 3 and 4
parts black respectively. The shades +1, +2, +3 and +4 were made up in the same
fashion with white in place of black, shade +4 being the palest. The hue, value
and chroma index numbers of the 15 Munsell “base colours” used are given in
Table 1 together with the equivalent Mj index numbers.

When referring to colours from the chart, these are written with the hue
first followed by an oblique line and then the shade number. The hue type
may be represented by either the Munsell or the Mj notation, depending on
which is more appropriate; thus, the darkest shade of the first hue may be
written as either 1OR/-4, or Mj 1/-4.

The choice of Munsell value and chroma indices for the colours on which the
Mj chart was based, was made with a view to ensuring that the colour variation
exhibited by P. meticulosa larvae was covered as completely as possible, and no
attempt was made to ensure that the difference between colours were consistent.
If consistent differences had been required, then taking the same value and
chroma indices for each of the 15 base colours may have produced more similar
differences. However, picking Munsell colours in this way would have meant
that the colour of many larvae would not have been represented on the chart.
On the other hand, because the value and chroma indices of the base colours
varied, the figures should not be supposed to give an accurate quantitative
indication of one colour in relation to another, except when comparing shades
of the same hue, or colours based on the same two Munsell base colours.

To reduce errors inherent in direct visual matching, all scoring was carried
out under controlled conditions. The larva to be scored was gently rolled on a

+ In the Munsell colour system the hue of a colour indicates its relation to red,
yellow, green, blue and purple; the value, its relative lightness or darkness; and
the chroma its strength.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 37

tissue to remove any moisture which might cause light to be reflected or
refracted abnormally. The larva was then placed on a small piece of Perspex
varying from 5 mm x 10 mm to 10 mm x 50 mm, depending on the size of the
larva to be viewed. The Perspex was attached to a wire which was held in a
clamp, and was manoeuvred so as to be 1 mm above the colour chart. Two 100
watt lamps were situated, one on either side of the larva, shining down on it at
an angle of 45 degrees to be vertical and one metre distant from the subject.
One of the chart colours was then selected and the chart moved so that the
subject was directly over the centre of the colour square. Other colours were

TABLE 1 The Value and Chroma indices of the 15 Munsell hues
upon which the Majerus colour chart was based.

-—-eoerreore— rr

aaa ens Value index Chroma index aa teerin
ee
10R 4 8 Mj 1/0
2.5YR 4 8 Mj 6/0
5YR 4 6 Mj 11/0
/oeran 5 8 Mj 16/0
10YR 6 10 Mj 21/0
Ze 5 8 2. Mj 26/0
Bye 8 12 Mj 31/0
TiS 8 10 Mj 36/0
10Y 8 12 Mj 41/0
2.5GY 7 8 Mj 46/0
5GY 7 10 Mj 51/0
7 5G¥ 7 10 Mj 56/0
LOGY 6 10 Mj 61/0
2.56 6 8 Mj 66/0
5G 5 8 Mj 71/0

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE 2 Results of tests to determine the nature of larval colour variation.

Part i - First Instar Colour Scores Part iii - Third Instar Colour Scores

Munsell Majerus Majerus Shade Number Munsell Majerus Majerus Shade Number
hue No. hue No. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 _ hue No. hue No. -4 -3 -2-1 0 1 2 3

43 2.5YR 6
44 7
45 8
2.5GY 46 9
47 10
48 5YR 11 .
49 a 12 -
50 ° Q 13
5GY 51 sie e) are, 14 ° °
52 e . e . ES ° e
53 oe eeere) ac 7.5YR 16 One =
54 e ee . 17 ° . .
55 Oe, (8) 572 18 e
7.5GY 56 0) \8)- 10) Orie 19 0
57 *e@@ee 20 °
58 oe@eee 10YR 21 C
59 7° @@e -s 22
60 © e@ @e - 23
10GY 61 OOO ie 8) 24
62 . © @ @ @ 25
63 Oly ty On Os Je 2 5Y. 26
64 «i Mevie 27
65 . ones). ce 28
2.5G 66 See ° 29
67 ° 30
68 ° 5Y 31
69 32 OO
70 33
5G 71 34 °
35 .
Taeye 36
37
Part ii - Second Instar Colour Scores 38
39
40 ° °
Munsell Majerus Majerus Shade Number 10Y 41 ° °
hue No. hue No. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 42 om ae
43 Ss
44 ee ¢
43 45 Oy O14 0 °
44 2. 5GY 46 pet
45 47 . e@ ° °
2.5GY 46 D = 48 :
47 49 °
48 oi) lore 50
49 0 Creo ne 5GY 51
50 op - 52
5GY 51 eo? fret ee han we 53 Oe
52 e ° e e e 54 ry ° ° °.
53 eeiee 55 7. @ e
54 nM Ct 7.5GY 56 OOo
55 sl ek Jet ei) beh 57 *- @ @ e
7.5GY 56 EE OREOF 0 58 -* @@ee
57 ©: 2 O16 8) 59 © @e@e
58 - eee. 60 eeee
59 ° eee- 10GY 61 -_ e@ @ @
60 *_e@ees. 62 - @ @ e@
10GY 61 eeees 63 ee e
62 - @ @ e@ 64 a! el are
63 Si Aewte! Oleh fe 65 Oth th,
64 -e@ @ 2.5G 66 .
65 ee ° 67
2 -5G 66 op ver) eters 68
67 e is; ~w © 69
68 ° ° 70
69 ° ° 5G 71
70

39

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Part v - Fifth Instar Colour Scores

Part iv - Fourth Instar Colour Scores

tt
a)
N
rc
fo}
foal
'
N
i}
a)
i}
wz
'
vt
a)
w
ov
aQon
€
3
Zea
ov
uO
oO
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i]
n
oN
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ov
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=
a
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cc

10R

11

SYR

17
18
19
20
21

7.5YR

10YR

eee @ @

2X
5Y

10Y

46

2.5GY

5GY

56

7.5GY

LOGY

2.56

5G

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Key to Table 2.

For parts i - iv inclusive For Part v

(Sample size 1900) (Sample size 3000)
* O- 4 larvae * O- 12 larvae
e 5-12 larvae e 13 - 36 larvae
e 13 - 28 larvae e@ 37 - 84 larvae
@ 29 -60 larvae @ 85 + larvae

@® 61 + larvae

—— limits defined for each colour type.

weteeee adjusted to 5th instar colour type limits introduced to cater for 4th instar
larval scores.

wv The 31G limits for the lower hue values of shades -2 and -1 should strictly
speaking be Mj 51 and Mj 49 respectively, but these two values fall within
the Ol main colour type limits. Consequently the 31G limits were adjusted
so as not to overlap with those of the 01 colour type whilst still containing
all the larvae scored in the 31IG group. In fact no 3rd, 4th or 5th instar
larvae have been recorded with a score of Mj 52/-2, Mj51/-2 or Mj49/-1.

then compared until a “match” was achieved. When matching, the larva was
initially viewed as a whole to give a general impression, but for final scoring the
dorsal surface on the left of the dorsal stripe of the 7th segment was used.

Even with the large number of colours in the chart, it was frequently
impossible to exactly “match” a particular specimen, as its colour fell between
two of the chart colours and in these cases, a closest approximation was given.
When dealing with Ist, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae, a binocular microscope was
used for viewing due to the difficulty of scoring such small larvae with the naked
eye. This method could possibly cause anomalies in the scoring of Ist, 2nd and
3rd instar larvae, compared with the 4th and Sth instars, if light reflected from
the larvae and the colour standards was differently affected by the microscope
lenses. However, comparison of the scores given to the 5th instar larvae using
the microscope and naked-eye methods showed that the two methods produced
identical scores. Larvae were generally scored for colour at least 24 hours after
their previous ecdysis to ensure that the full pigmentation applicable to a
particular instar had been attained.

COLOUR ANALYSIS OF THE LARVAE OF P. METICULOSA

To investigate the type of variation which occurs in larvae of P. meticulosa,
seventeen broods — the Colour Analysis Broods (CAB) 1 to 17 — from light
trapped females, taken at Ringwood in September 1975, were studied. 3,517
first instar larvae resulted from these broods, a number which had dropped to
3,245 by the Sth instar due to larval mortality. 1,000 of these larvae taken
at random from the stock during each of the first four instars and 3,000 5th
instar larvae were accurately scored for colour.

The results from the Sth instar larvae (Table 2v), show that the distribution
was discontinuous, with larvae falling into six definite groups. These were named
the main colour types Green (Gr), Olive (Ol), Brown (Br), Plain Yellow (PY),
Yellow Green (YG) and Yellow Brown (YB). On the basis of the results in Table
2v, definite limits were assigned to each of these main colour types by taking the
limits as two Mj hues numerically higher or lower than the maximum or minimum
Mj hue number which was represented by larvae in each shade of a group. These
limits are indicated in Table 2v.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 41

The results from 4th instar larvae (Table 2iv) again show a discontinuous
distribution with six groups, and all larvae, apart from a few of the green colour,
fall within the defined limits of the six main colour types. Indeed, the distribution
for 4th and Sth instar larval colour are very similar when compared qualitatively.
The main differences are the slightly closer limits that would be assigned to the
main colour types if limits were defined from 4th instar results in the same way
as for 5th instar larvae. This difference is probably due, at least in part, to the
smaller size of the 4th instar sample. However, if the results are compared
quantitatively quite obvious differences are evident. The proportion of the four
main colour types Gr, Ol, PY and YG are all higher in the 4th instar sample,
whilst those of the other two main colour types, Br and YB, are much higher in
the 5th instar sample.

When the 3rd instar results (Table 2iii) were studied, again six groups were
evident. However, the 3rd instar green larvae had a bias towards darker shades
than the 5th instar green larvae. For this reason the 3rd instar green larvae were
grouped in a new class; 3rd instar green colour type (3IG).

The frequency of larvae in the six colour groups was also quite different
from that of 4th instar larvae, proportionally more larvae being assigned to the
3IG colour type than the Gr main colour type, and less to the five other main
colour types than in the 4th instar.

The distribution of colour scores for 1st and 2nd instar larvae (Tables 2i and
2ii respectively) is radically different from those of the later instars. The distri-
bution is continuous, with only one group. This group has a similar distribution
to the 3IG main colour type, but with slightly wider limits.

Limits were set for this distribution, which was called the early green colour
type (EG), using 1st instar scores as the distribution was slightly wider in the 1st
instar than in the 2nd instar. These limits are shown on Table 2i.

It appears from these results that the system follows a pattern in which 1st
and 2nd instar larvae are of a green colour which varies considerably in both hue
and shade. A radical change takes place between instars two and three when five
more completely distinct colour types arise, and of the remaining larvae, some fall
close to but outside, the early green colour type. Further changes in the frequency
of larvae assigned to the various colour types occur at the 3rd and 4th ecdyses.

This system indicates that the lst and 2nd instar larval colour variation is
continuous and so will probably be controlled either environmentally, or by a
polygenic hereditary system. On the other hand, 3rd, 4th and Sth instar larval
colour variation is discontinuous and is more likely to be controlled by environ-
mental factors under the influence of a threshold switch effect or by a small
number of major genes.

THE EFFECT OF FOOD PLANT ON LARVAL COLOUR VARIATION

The effect of four main groups of environmental factors were studied. These
were temperature, larval density, light and food plant.
Mote specifically the experiments were designed to determine the effects of:—

(a) low temperature (constantly 4 + 13 C)

(b) high temperature (constantly 25 + 1 5c)

(c) low variable temperature (ranging from 4 + 1 °C to12+1 °C)
(d) high variable temperature (ranging from 17 + 1°C to 25 + 1°C)
(e) rearing larvae at various larval densities

(f) various background colours

(g) varying the duration of light per day

(h) varying light wavelength

(i) feeding larvae on a range of food plants.

Of these factors, only food plant had any appreciable effect on larval colour

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

so I will confine myself to the experiments dealing with this factor.t

In common with the larvae of many other Noctuid species, the larvae of
Phlogophora meticulosa are polyphagous. In the wild state they feed mainly on
docks and sorrels (Rumex spp.), plantains (Plantago spp.), and grasses, but they
may be found on most herbaceous plants (pers. obs.). In captivity, the larvae will
also feed readily on the foliage of many deciduous trees, such as oak, birch and
sallow. When given a choice of fresh leaves in captivity, larvae show a preference
for common sorrel and sheep’s sorrel over other docks or plantains which are,
in turn, preferred to grasses. The larvae not only feed on the leaves of plants, but
also accept the petals, sepals and seed pods of many plants. Therefore, a wide
range of natural, coloured foods can be fed to larvae to investigate whether
larval variation was affected by foodplant.

Initially, 100 larvae from each of 6 broods (EFB1-6 inclusive) from lght-
trapped females were split into four groups of 25 larvae. Each sample from
each brood was given a specific suffix to the brood number, these being i or ii
when the samples were fed on common sorrel, and iii or iv for samples fed on
ribwort plaintain (Plantago lanceolata).

Rearing was carried out in Fisons growth cabinets set at a temperature of
8 + 1°C from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., when the cabinets were unlit, and at temperatures
of 16 + 1°C between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. when the cabinets were lit by four 18 inch
15 watt Cryselco bulbs. The larvae were colour scored in the same way as the
CAB broods.

To facilitate statistical analysis of the results obtained, groups of five Mj hues
were classed together in such a way that 13 hue groups, corresponding to the
Munsell base colours 2.5YR — 2.5G inclusive resulted.

Analysis showed that sampies from the same brood, which were fed on the
same foodplant, were homogeneous in all cases. Therefore the results of the two
samples from each brood which were fed upon the same foodplant were added
together. To simplify the results, scores for peripheral score groups which were
represented with irregular frequency were added to the score of the nearest
group which was represented fairly consistently, a shade of the same hue being
considered closer than a hue of the same shade. These adapted colour scores are
given in Table 3. A series of chi-squared tests for homogeneity were carried out.
(The original data from these experiments and probability values from the chi-
squared tests are given by Majerus 1978 pp. 100-111 and Appendix Table 3Bd/1).

The samples fed on sorrel were homogeneous for both the Ist and the 2nd
instars. Similarly, the samples fed on plantain were homogeneous for each of
these instars. However, sorrel-fed samples when compared with those fed on
plantain showed a high degree of heterogeneity for both the 1st and the 2nd
instars. This indicates that foodplant does affect larval colour in these instars.

Comparison of the results of the samples, fed on sorrel during both the 4th
and 5th instar gave significant heterogeneity, as did the results of the 4th and
5th instar plantain-fed samples.

However, the scores from sorrel-fed samples were homogeneous to those
from the plantain-fed samples in both the 4th and Sth instars, showing that
whilst there was great variation between the colours from different broods, this
was not affected by foodplant. It is also worth noting at this point that the
colour of some samples changed completely between the 4th and Sth instars
e.g. EFB5. This change is under genetic control and is further discussed by
Majerus (1983).

Comparison of 3rd instar scores showed significant heterogeneity whether
considering just the sorrel fed samples, just the plantain-fed samples or all the
samples together. This indicates that, in the 3rd instar, not only is there variation

+ Details of the experiments on the other environmental factors are described in
full by Majerus (1978).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE 3
Experiments to investigate the effect of foodplant colour on larval colour.

Part i — Colour Scores of 1st instar EF B samples.

|

Fed on Sorrel Fed on Plantain
Shade Shade

Hue

type Samples = =2 =I 0 ened =D ii | 0
7.5GY EFB1 2 6 ils} 11 6 14 8 2
1OGY 1 6 6 5 4 8 8 0
7. 5GY EFB2 1 7 11 13 6 16 9 3
10GY 1 6 7 6 3 6 6 1
7.5GY EFB3 1 8 1 12 6 16 7 2
10GY 1 6 6 4 4 8 7 (0)
7.5GY EFB4 2 i 11 12 9 15 9 ul
LOGY (0) 7 5 6 3 8 5 0
7.5GY EFB5 2 7 12 11 8 15 7 2
10GY 1 7 5 5 5 7 6 0
7.5GY EFB6 1 7 10 14 6 13 10 1
1OGY u 6 6 5 6 5 8 1
7.5GY TOTAL 9 42 69 71 41 89 50 11
10GY 5 38 35 31 25 42 40 2

Part ii — Colour Scores of 2nd instar EFB samples.
Fed on Sorrel Fed on Plantain
Shade Shade

Hue
type Samples si 7 ah (0) 3) =k (0)
7.5GY EFBL 1 6 13 10 8 17 7 1
10GY 1 11 3 5 4 6 7 (0)
7.5GY EFB2 1 7 10 12 5 17 10 1
10GY 0 7 7 6 3 6 7 1
7.5GY EFB3 0 8 8 16 5 22 7 0
LOGY 2 7 7 2 5 4 7 0
7.5GY EFB4 3 7 sat 12 7 15 9 2
10GY 0 6 3 8 4 6 7 ie}
Te 5GY. EFB5 iL 8 15 8 4 19 Lt iL
10GY 1 3 9 5 4 4 6 i
7 .5GY EFB6 1 9 12 13 6 19 7 1
10GY 1 5 5 4 3 6 8 fo)
7.5GY TOTAL rf 45 69 71 35 109 51 6
10GY 5) $3947 38459""30 23° 32242 2

43

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

between the colours of larvae from different broods, but also that foodplant
affects larval colour in this instar.

Further analysis showed that samples fed on the same foodplant from four
of the broods, (EFB1, EFB2, EFB4 and EFBS5), were homogeneous. These
samples were also homogeneous to the sum of 2nd instar results of samples
from the same broods fed on the same foodplant. However, comparison of the
3rd instar results from the sorrel and plantain-fed samples of these broods, showed
significant heterogeneity, indicating that in these broods 3rd instar larval colour
is affected by foodplant.

3rd instar samples from EFB3, when fed on sorrel, were significantly different
from sorrel-fed samples from all the other broods. Similarly, plantain-fed samples
from EFB3 were heterogeneous to all other plantain-fed samples. Conversely,
3rd instar, sorrel-fed EFB3 samples, were not statistically different from the
EFB3 samples fed on plantain at the 0.05 level of probability. However as
approximately half the larvae in these samples changed to brown in these instars,
it may be that the smallness of the number of green larvae masks any difference.
Indeed when the unadjusted scores were considered (Majerus 1978, Appendix
Table 3Bd/1) the plantain-fed green larvae generally seem to be slightly darker
in shade than those fed on sorrel. These tests, then, show that whilst foodplant
may affect 3rd instar larval colour in samples from EFB3, the result of this
influence is different from that produced by foodplant in any of the other
broods, or in EFB3 2nd instar larvae.

Similar comparisons carried out on the results of the 3rd instar EFB6 samples,
showed that the samples fed on sorrel were homogeneous to those of EFB1,
2, 4 and 5 broods fed on sorrel, whilst those fed on plantain were heterogenous

TABLE 3
Part iii — Colour Scores of 3rd instar EF B samples.
Fed on Sorrel Fed on Plantain

Hue Colour

type type Samples shade) —3)) —2) —1! 0 Shade) 7-5) 255-1 0
7.5GY 31G EFB 1 8 12 8 10 13 if 2
10GY 31G i 6 7 7 6 8 3 1
Ta SGY 31G EFB 1 8 12 11 10 12 8 3
10GY 31G 10) 2 6 3 4 8 4 1
7.5GY 31G EFB 0 2 6 3 2 4 4 (0)
LOGY 31G 10} 3 6 5 3 7 6 0

25 Brown larvae present 24 Brown larvae present

7.5GY 31G EFB 1 9 11 13 9 10 10 2
10GY 31G 0 5 7 4 6 8 5 0
7.5GY 31G EFB 0 8 10 11 9 14 10 1
10GY 31G 1 6 7 7 4 7 5 0
7. 5GY 31G EFB 1 7 10 10 0 10 7 7
10GY 31G 1 8 8 5 2 5 12 7
7.5GY 31G TOTALS 4 42 61 56 40 63 46 15
10GY 31G Gy 93205 42) 9834 25) 143) 335 9

Brown 25 24

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

45

to those of EFB1, 2, 4 and 5 fed on plantain. Furthermore, the EFB6 samples
fed on sorrel were homogeneous with the EFB6 samples fed on plantain,
indicating that the food plant did not affect larval colour in these samples.
Plantain-fed samples from EFB6 were also homogeneous to the sum of sorrel-
fed samples from broods EFB1, 2, 4 and 5. Moreover, the 3rd instar sorrel-fed
samples from EFB6 were homogeneous with the 2nd instar sorrel-fed samples
from the same brood, whilst comparison of the results from the 2nd and 3rd
instar plantain-fed samples of this brood showed them to be heterogeneous.

TABLE 3

Part iv — Colour Scores of 4th instar EFB samples.

Fed on Sorrel

Fed on Plantain

Hue Colour
type type Samples
Shade =] (0) 1 Shade =i 0 1
7.5GY Gr EFB1 4 14 3 2 16 1
10GY Gr TSp7 Ld 3 18 9 4
Shade -3 -2 -1 Shade =3 =2 =
7.5YR Br EFB2 5 3 (6) 2 4 (0)
10YR za oO x 2 (0) xX
Shade =3 —2 Shade = 32.
2.5GY ol 121s 10 19
Shade -1l (0) 1 Shade =] 9) 1
7.5GY Gr a 3 9 2 5 0
10GY Gr 4 2 fe) 3 3 {0}
Shade Ss} 72 = Shade =—3 —2 =i
7. 5GY Br EFB3 16-27 1 12 30 2
10GY Br 5 1 X 3 3 xX
Shade -3 =2 Shades =3 =2
2.5GY ol EFB4 2 Ss 8 18
Shade -1l ie} 1 Shade =1 9) 1
7.5GY Gr 2 7 1 fe) 5 3
10GY Gr 5 6 2 8 7 1
PY 1 4
Shade =] (0) 1 Shade -1 (a) it
7.5GY Gr EFB5 Zeist 5 5 14 3
10GY Gr PG, “TS 2 13 ) 2
Shade -1 (0) 1 Shade =i 9) 1
7.5GY Gr EFB6 O17) 4 2 13 5
LOGY Gr EY aur 1 bz] 9 4
Shade =3). = -1 Shade = a
7.5YR Br TOTALS 21-7 30 1 14 34 2
10YR Br i 1 x 5 3 X
IN 1 4
2.5GY ol Shade -3 <2 Shade =) 2.
24m 33) 18 37
Shade malt 9 1 Shade =! (0) 1
7.5GY Gr 1S 52 13 11 53 12
10GY Gr 51 43 8 59 37 11

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

From these results it was deduced that foodplant affects larval colour in
the 1st and 2nd instars, but not in the 4th or Sth instars. In the 3rd instar, larval
colour may be affected by foodplant, but the homogeneity of sorrel-fed samples
from EFB6 with those from the same brood fed on plantain show that this is
not always the case. Further experiments (see Majerus 1983) indicated that the

TABLE 3
Part v — Colour Scores of 5th instar EFB samples.

Fed on Sorrel Fed on Plantain
Hue Colour
type type Samples
Shade = te) 1 Shade =i (0) 1
7.5GY Gr EFB1 Saale 4 4 ES 2
19GY Gr L612 3 19 7 3
Shade =3 =2 ct Shade, =3' =2 =]
7.5YR Br EFB2 ily al? 3 20 9 4
10YR Br 7 2 xX 6 3 xX
Shade =) = 2 Shade =3 -2
2.5GY ol 2 5 2 3
Shade cal (0) 1 Shade -1 (9) 1
7.5GY Gr OPO) (0) (0) 0 0
10GY Gr 1 2 (0) 2 1 (0)
Shade — Seno = Shade <3 =2 -1
7.5GY Br EFB3 230 V4 2 17 18 6
10GY Br 8 3 X 7 2 xX
Shade -3 -2 Shade -3 -2
2.5GY ol EFB4 13 16 10 18
Shade =]! (0) 1 Shade -l (0) 1
7.5GY Gr 2. 4 1 3 7 2
10GY Gr 8 5 1 6 4 9
Shade -3 -2 -1 Shade =3 -2 -1
7.5YR Br U8) “2 5 18 15 4
10YR Br 8 6 xX 7 2 x
PY 1 4
Shade -3 -2 -1 Shade -3 =2 =1
7.5YR Br EFB6 12 5 1 10 7 2
10YR Br 4 1 » 4 5 3 xX
Shade -1 0 1 Shade -1 0 1
7.5GY Gr 319 6 2 2 6 3
10GY Gr 10 5 it 7 5 0
Shade =) =2 -1 Shade =3 =. =
7.5YR Br TOTALS 69 43 Er 65 49 16
10YR Br 27) 2 x 25 19 xX
BN 1 4
Shade -3 -2 Shade -3 =—2
2.5GY ol U5) (21 12 21
Shade =I 0 1 Shade = 0 1
7.5GY Gr S22 7 9 28 7

10GY Gr 35 24 5 BS) 7) 3

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 47

reason for this was that the mechanism controlling colour in the 3rd instar
involves a switch-gene as well as foodplant.

Once evidence of a connection between foodplant and larval colour had been
established, at least for the early instars, a further set of experiments was carried
out.

These tests were designed to investigate the extent to which larval colour
could be influenced by foodplant in the 1st and 2nd instars by using a range of
foodplants of different types and colours. Furthermore by rearing some samples
in total darkness, it was hoped that the experiments would ascertain whether
the effect of foodplant was caused wholly as a result of the larvae ingesting the
foodplant, or whether the foodplant colour may also cause an effect by stimu-
lating the ocelli or some other sensory receptor.

The test design resulted in 14 samples of 75 larvae from the main CAB stocks
being reared. Each sample was fed on a different foodplant. The samples were
split into three equal parts, one-third (the A samples) were reared under the
same conditions as the EFB samples. The other two thirds (the C and the D
samples) were treated in the same way, but were not illuminated at any stage.
Trying to rear larvae in complete darkness presented certain difficulties. The
method used was to place developing ova in large boxes 470 mm x 205 mm x
110 mm with the required foodplant. These were then placed in an unilluminated
growth cabinet. New foodplant was placed in the boxes by touch, each 24 hours.

A thick layer of blotting paper was placed on the bottom of each box to take
up some of the moisture resulting from the decaying foodplant, and the frass
that accumulated. Obviously, a special procedure for scoring these samples had
to be developed. When the larvae were judged to be in the Ist instar, one of
the C samples was removed from the cabinet and the contents of the box were
spread out in a flat bottomed dish in another completely dark room. A flash
photograph of the contents of the dish was then taken. Up to this point, the
whole procedure was carried out in total darkness, except for the photographic
flash. The larvae were then scored normally. After scoring, the larvae were again
photographed using flash. The photographs were taken to compare the colours
of larvae before and after scoring, to determine whether bringing larvae into the
light for scoring induced any immediate change in colour. The process was then
repeated for each of the other 13 C samples, and when larvae were judged to be
in the 2nd instar the D samples were scored using the same technique.

The 14 foodplants used were: —

Yellow broom petals

Red and yellow broom petals

Dark crimson rose petals

Flame red rose petals

Pink rose petals

Pale pink rose petals

Pink-tinged yellow rose petals

Very pale pink-white rose petals

Navy blue pansy petals

Mauve rhodedendron flowers

Red and green dock seed pods
Pelargonium leaves lacking chlorophyll
Synthetic diet, lacking plant pigments.

Full details of these foodplants are given by Majerus (1978, table 3BD/3i).

Due to the wide variety of colours produced in larvae by these tests, many
of the larvae could not be scored using the Mj colour chart, so all the larvae
were scored using the Munsell colour chart. Because of the comparatively wide
divisions between colours in this chart, the “matches” were often very approxi-
mate.

The results of these tests have been described in detail by Majerus (1978,
table 3Bd/3ii).

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

The data from the A samples when compared with those from the C or D
samples showed that the effect of foodplant on larval colour is the same in both
light and dark conditions. So, it seems unlikely that visual stimulation influences
larval colour.

With the exceptions of those fed on pansy, rhodedendron, very pale pink/
white rose, pelargonium and synthetic diet, the majority of the larvae in each
sample assumed a colour similar to that of their food. The colour of the frass
varied considerably, but in most cases seemed to be influenced by the colour of
the foodplant.

Larvae fed on mauve rhodedendron assumed a dark green or turquoise colour,
whilst those fed on pansy became pale green or yellow-green in colour. Those fed
on very pale pink/white rose petals, chlorophyll deficient pelargonium leaves, or
the synthetic diet assumed a very pale-ochre or yellow colour. Microscopic
examination indicated that this coloration was due to cuticular and epidermal
pigments.

Finally, a number of larvae from other stocks were fed on sorrel during the
lst instar, and transferred on to other foodplants about 24 hours after their
1st larval ecdysis. These larvae changed colour assuming a colour similar to that
of the new foodplant soon after commencing to feed on it. The colour changes
in these larvae began at the anterior end of the insect and proceeded down to the
posterior end. This feature, coupled with the fact that the colour of fresh frass
in most cases was more or less similar to that of the foodplant, indicates that
larval colour in early instars is due mainly to the colour of the gut contents.
Obviously, the overall appearance of the larvae will also be affected by the colour
of the cuticular, epidermal and other pigments, but these are usually pale in
colour, and at least partly translucent.

DISCUSSION

There is evidence of a very close correlation between foodplant and larval
colour in the Ist and 2nd instars. This correlation also occurs in the 3rd instar,
but not in all cases. Foodplant seemingly has little effect on 4th and 5th instar
larval colour, and the results of the EFB samples, where variation in the later
instars between broods kept under identical conditions was considerable, indicates
that this variation is genetically controlled. The change from foodplant to genetic
control of colour takes place at the 2nd or 3rd larval ecdysis.

In the light of the foodplant experiments, comparison of the distribution
of 3rd and 4th instar colour analysis scores, and in particular the changes between
the limits of the EG, 3IG and Gr colour types, leads to the deduction that the
3rd instar colour variation may be the result of a combination between the 2nd
and 4th instar variation control mechanisms. The colour of the majority of 3rd
instar larvae being influenced by foodplant, while the colour of a smaller number
of larvae including all those in the Ol, Br, PY, YG and YB main colour types, and
some of the larvae in the 3IG colour type are controlled by a different mechanism,
probably similar to that controlling 4th instar larvae colour. Which of the two
mechanisms controls variation in particular larvae is determined genetically. (See
Majerus 1983.)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Dr. A.J. Pontin of Royal Holloway College, University of London for
his supervision and guidance during the course of this study; Royal Holloway
College and Mr. & Mrs. E. Ulmann for their financial support; the paints division
of I.C.I., Slough for the use of their facilities; Mrs. M.D. Majerus for caring for
stocks when I was unable to; Dr. K.M. Goodway of Keele University, Dr. P.
O’Donald of Emmanuel College, Ms. J. Weir of Girton College for reading this

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 49

manuscript and their constructive criticism of it. And finally Ms. V.A. McLean
and Mrs. J. Hunt for typing and correcting this paper and their seemingly endless
patience.

REFERENCES

Cockayne, E.A., 1928. On larval variation. Proc, S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
(1927-1928): 55-67.

Ford, E.B., 1955. Moths. Collins, London,

Kayser-Wegmann, I., 1975. Untersuchungen zur Photobiologie und Endokrinologie
der Farbmodificationen bei der Kohlweisslingsuppe Pieris brassicae: Zeitverlauf
der Sensiblen und Kritischen Phasen, Journal of Insect Physiology, 21: 1065-
1072.

Majerus, M.E.N., 1978. The Control of Larval colour in Phlogophora meticulosa
L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and some of its consequences. Ph. D. thesis,
Royal Holloway College, University of London.

Majerus, M.E.N., 1983. Larval colour variation in Phlogophora meticulosa (L.).
Part II: Genetic Control in Instars 3-5. Proc. Trans, Br, ent, nat. Hist. Soc. 16
(in press).

The Munsell Book of Colour, (1966). Munsell Colour Co. Inc., Baltimore.

Poulton, E.B., 1885. The essential nature of the colouring of phytophagous larvae
(and their pupae): with an account of some experiments upon the relation
between the colour of such larvae and that of their food plant. Proceedings of
the Royal Society, 38: 269-315.

Poulton, E.B., 1886. A further enquiry into a special colour relation between the
larvae of Smerinthus ocellatus and its food plants. Proceedings of the Royal
Society, 40: 135-173.

Poulton, E.B., 1887. An enquiry into the cause and extent of a special colour
relation between certain exposed lepidopterous pupae and the surfaces which
immediately surround them. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 178: 311-441.

Poulton, E.B., 1892. Further experiments upon the colour relation between
certain lepidopterous larvae, pupae, cocoons and imagines, and their
surroundings. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1892: 293-487.

Poulton, E.B., 1893. The experimental proof that the colours of certain lepi-
dopterous larvae are largely due to modified plant pigments derived from
food. Proc. R. Soc., 54: 417-430.

Robinson, R., 1971. Lepidoptera Genetics. Pergamon Press, New York.

Sumner, F.B., 1927. Linear and Colorimetric Measurements of Small Mammals.
J. Mammal., 8(3): 177-206.

An overlooked record of Rhagio annulatus Degeer (Dipt: Rhagionidae). — New
characters on which this species can be satisfactorily distinguished from
R. tringarius have recently been discovered by Dr. M.C.D. Speight (1981, Proc,
Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 6-7). He had found the rarely recorded annulatus
in marshy mixed deciduous woodlands in Dorset and Co. Westmeath. He knew of
only one other recent find, by Mr. A.E. Stubbs, in a dry wooded chalk valley in
Oxfordshire, incidentally a locality where tringarius L. and strigosus Meigen also
occur.

Dr. Speight’s paper led me to re-examine my series under the name fringarius
and I was surprised to find two females of annulatus. These were collected at the
Sheep Leas, Horsley, Surrey by sweeping at the edge of fields surrounded by
beech woodland, when I visited this chalk locality with Mr. Stubbs on 9th June
1968. The habitat was similar to that in Oxfordshire, suggesting a diversity in
soil conditions tolerated by the larvae in annulatus as well as in tringarius.

The local R. strigosus, which has occurred in several localities on the North
Downs in Surrey, appears more tied to dry situations while the common
R. scolopaceus L. is nearly always found near water. Both of these dappled-
winged species settle facing downward on tree trunks while the clear winged
species discussed above are found at rest on broad leaved herbaceous vegetation.

P.J. Chandler

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983
HEMIPTERA AT THE CHELSEA PHYSIC GARDEN, LONDON

by B.N.K. DAVIS

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station,
Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon,

INTRODUCTION

Many Hemiptera are restricted to particular genera or families of host plants.
Others are more catholic in their choice but may still favour grasses or herbaceous
or woody plants. Cultivated gardens pose problems for the more restricted feeders,
partly because most of the plants are exotic species and even exotic genera, and
partly because there is usually too little of any one suitable host plant to sustain a
resident population of most insects, Individual gardens in outer residential areas
are usually quite small but together may cover extensive areas so there may be
quite large quantities of the more popular garden plants. In central urban areas,
individual private gardens are largely replaced by local residents’ gardens which
are quite isolated from each other and from the public parks. The Chelsea Physic
Garden provides an exceptionally large oasis of herbaceous vegetation in central
London. Furthermore, a substantial area is given over to beds in which represent-
atives of more than 50 dicotyledonous families are grouped together and
separated from each other by narrow paths. The larger families, like the
Umbelliferae, Leguminosae and Compositae occupy 3-6 bed units whilst the
smallest families only occupy half or less of a bed.

SAMPLING

Samples of Heteroptera and Homoptera Auchenorhyncha were collected on
4th August 1981 from twelve plant families following two earlier smaller samples
in 1979 and 1980 which were summarized by Davis (1982). The petrol driven
Dietrick (1961) vacuum net was used with a 1 ft? (0.9 m?) head; this was placed
over twelve different species of plants in the eight larger families but only six
species in the smaller family beds. Most of the plants are European but a few are
North American or Asian (Table 1).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 gives the distribution of 26 Heteroptera and Homoptera Auchenor-
hyncha over these twelve plant families. The total number of species was low for
this range of host plants and half of them were present in very small numbers
indicating casual occurrence on the particular host plants sampled, e.g. Liocoris
tripustulatus which occurs on nettles (Urtica spp.) and Orthops cervinus and
Aguriahana stellulata which both occur on lime (Tilia) and other trees. Enquiries
ascertained that some plants had been sprayed against aphids earlier in the season;
this must have affected other groups of Hemiptera locally and could also explain
some of the low numbers.

At the other extreme, the most abundant species were mostly widespread,
polyphagous or predatory feeders, which supports the view that stenophagous
insects are at a disadvantage in gardens. The Labiatae were clearly important for
Eupteryx spp. especially E. melissae several of whose favoured food plants were
sampled. The Dicyphus nymphs on Scrophulariaceae are likely to have been
D. pallicornis since two European species of its foxglove host plant Digitalis
were among those sampled in this bed. D. errans was more common and wide-
spread in the July 1980 sample. The association of Orthops campestris with
Umbelliferae might have been clearer in a later sample when more adults had
appeared.

The Chelsea Physic Garden is the only British site from which Empoasca

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

|

pteridis is as yet definitely known. Females of this genus are difficult to separate

and a fuller analysis of this group is given by Davis (1983).
All the more numerous species were recorded in July 1980 except

D. pallicornis and H. planicornis which would not have been adult then. A few
may find suitable host plants nearby but it must be assumed that all of them
find adequate resources within the Chelsea Physic Garden for population survival.

*w aww

(B)

(B)

TABLE I Plants sampled from the herbaceous family beds at Chelsea Physic Garden.
B = native, (B) = naturalised British species, * = non-European species

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Agrostemma gracilis
Arenaria saxatilis
Cerastium arvense

(B)
*

Gypsophila paniculata
Lychnis coronaria
Petrorhagia velutina *
Saponaria officinalis

Silene vulgaris =
S. maritima x
S. frivaldszkyana z

Stellaria holostea
Viscaria oculata

LABIATAE

Agastache foeniculum *
Eremostachys laciniata
Leonurus cardiaca
Marrubium catariaefolium (B)
Melissa officinalis

Nepeta cataria

Perilla frutescens
Rosmarinus sp.

Salvia verticillata

S. viridis

Teucrium flavum *
T. scorodonia

SCOPHULARIACEAE

Antirrhinum latifolium
Calceolaria chelidonioides (B)
C. flabellata

Digitalis grandiflora *
D. thapsi

Hebenstretia integrifolia
Mimulus luteus
Misopates orontium
Nemesia versicolor
Penstemon confertus
Verbascum blattaria B
Veronica paniculata (B)

(B)

ONAGRACEAE

Clarkia unguiculata
Epilobium dodonaei =
Fuchsia magellanica =

Lopezia coronata
Oenothera campylocalyx B
O. rosea

COMPOSITAE

Aster nova-angliae

Bidens ferulifolia
Chrysanthemum x rubellum
Erigeron glaucus

E. speciosus

Grindelia camphorum
Helianthus decapetalus
Inula squarrosa

Solidago canadensis
Stokesia laevis

Tanacetum macrophyllum
Xeranthemum annuum

LEGUMINOSAE

Baptisia minor
Chamaespartium sagittale
Coronilla emerus
C. varia

Galega orientalis
Genista hispanica
Lathyrus niger

L. venetus

Lotus sp.
Medicago arborea
Thermopsis mollis
Trifolium rubens

UMBELLIFERAE

Angelica sp.
Astrantia major
Astrantia sp.

Bolam glebaria
Chaerophyllum aromaticum
C. hirsutum
Eryngium spinalba
Falcaria vulgaris
Ferula tingitana
Laserpitium siler
Ligusticum scoticum
Petroselinum crispum

RANUNCULACEAE

Aconitum vulparia
Aquilegia longissima
Clematis heracleifolia
Helleborus lividus
Thalictrum minus

T. aquilegifolium

w*

*

B
(B)

CRUCIFERAE

Alyssum saxatile
Arabis procurrens
Aethionema grandiflorum
Aubretia pinardii
Bunias orientalis
Cheiranthus x kewensis
Erysimum aureum
Lepidium latifolium
Lobularia maritima
Lunaria annua

L. rediviva
Ptilotrichum spinosum

ROSACEAE

Agrimonia sp.
Alchemilla lapeyrousii
Aruncus dioicus
Filipendula purpurea
Geum x intermedium
Potentilla detommasii
P. megalontha

P. sericea

Rosa pimpinellifolia
Sanguisorba obtusa
Spiraea douglasii
Waldsteinia geoides

BORAGINACEAE

Alkanna orientalis

Brunnera macrophylla
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea
Pentaglottis sempervirens
Pulmonaria angustifolia
Symphytum asperum

SOLANCEAE

Datura innoxia
Hyoscyamus niger
Nicandra physalodes
Physalis ixocarpa
Solanum cornutum
S. sisymbrifolium

52: PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE 2. Occurrence of Heteroptera and Auchenorhyncha in family beds at Chelsea Physic Garden
4.8.81. Numbers collected from 12 different plants in suction samples except for small beds * where
only 6 plants were sampled. + indicates male Empoasca spp. positively identified.

Present in July 1980

Boraginaceae*
Caryophyllaceae
Compositae
Cruciferae
Labiatae
Leguminosae
Onagsaceae*
Ranunculaceae*
Rosaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Solanaceae*
Umbelliferae
TOTAL

HETEROPTERA

Empicoris vagabundus (L.)

Anthocoris nemoralis (F.)

A. nemorum (L.) 1 1

Orius minutus (L.) 1 9

O. niger (Wolff) 1

Plagiognathus arbustorum (F.) 4 6 1 22S )) 2 2 2

Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dur) 1

Dicyphus errans (Wolff) 1 6
4
1
1

_ _
as

nN
Roe
wr

i)

b
eR be

Dicyphus pallicornis (Meyer-Dur)

Dicyphus nymphs 2 7 33
Heterotoma planicornis (Pallas) iy (507K4 G) alg} ay 2)
Orthotylus ochrotrichus Fieber 1

Liocoris tripustulatus (F.) 1
Orthops cervinus (H.-S.) 1

O. campestris (L.) 1 5
Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) 1 1 1

Unidentified nymphs Sh. Ml 1 Ko) als 1 26 9 17

—_
_
a

_
iJ
oO

WAR BRB NORD RE DENA

w

+ +

HOMOPTERA

Aphrodes bicinctus (Schrank) 1 ati
Empoasca spp. V3 Si 145 90559
E. decipiens Paoli 2 ee Pe kG ae a Poe Re ae +
E. pteridis (Dahlbom) + a aR + + shar W
E. vitis (Gothe) + ah dh SP St +
Eupteryx aurata (L.) 13 31 5 29 en i
E. florida Ribaut 7 66 1

E. melissae Curtis iy 23 269 1 294 +
Aguriahana stellulata (Burm.) 1 i
Hauptidia maroccana (Melichar) 1 el 2 ls TS 3 39
Zygina flammigera (Geoff.)
Criomorphini indet. 1 1

tO

—_

oo

vn

_

nN

Ne

o

n

~

vn

—_

i=)

fon
+
+
ah

—
i)
Ww

TOTAL SPECIES S. SIP IES) 127 6 6) le OR 4 eae

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am very grateful to Mr. A.P. Paterson for permission to work in the Chelsea
Physic Garden. I should also like to thank Miss Diana Chambers for help in
collecting the samples.

REFERENCES

Davis, B.N.K. (1982). Habitat diversity and invertebrates in urban areas. In:
Urban ecology edited by R. Bornkamm, J.A. Lee & M.R.D. Seaward, 49-63.
Second European Ecological Symposium, Berlin. Blackwell, Oxford.

Davis, B.N.K. (1983). Empoasca species (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) in the
Chelsea Physic Garden, London, Entomologists’ Gaz, in press.

Dietrick, E.J. (1961). An improved backpack motor fan for suction sampling
of insect populations. J. econ. Ent. 59: 394-395.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 53

SPRING BUTTERFLIES IN CORFU

by I.F.G. McLean
(Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY)

The recent excellent review of the butterfly fauna of Corfu by Baldock and
Bretherton (1981) gave a comprehensive account of 79 species, of which 16 were
listed as requiring confirmation. During a two-week holiday from 28 April to
12 May 1980, a total of 15 species of butterflies were noted while recording
various groups of Diptera and Hymenoptera. Only one species, Pyrgus malvae
L., was found as an addition to the list of Baldock and Bretherton. A summary
of the species found is given below, nomenclature is that of Higgins and Riley
(1980) and place names are those given on the map of Corfu published by Fairey
Surveys Ltd., scale 1:100,000 (no date). Those species marked with an asterisk
were identified in the field.

Artogeia rapae Beside track south west of Linia, 6.V.; Agios Spiridon Marsh 9.V.

Anthocharis cardamines Gastouri, 4.V.; Mt. Pantokrator 9.V.

*Gonepteryx cleopatra Gastouti, 4.V.; Mirtiotissa 8.V.; Ag. Deka 11.V.

Leptidea sinapis Mirtiotissa 8.V.; Ag. Deka 11.V.

*Callophrys rubi Benitses 29.1V; Kavos 1.V. (observed feeding on flowers of
Asphodelus aestivus Brot.); between Perama and Gastouri 4.V., 10.V. and
11.V.; Mirtiotissa 8.V.; Kinopiastes 11.V.; Ag. Deka 11.V.

Glaucopsyche alexis Mirtiotissa 8.V.; between Perama and Gastouri 10.V.;
Kinopiastes 11.V.

Pseudophilotes baton Benitses 29.I1V.; Mirtiotissa 8.V.; between Perama and
Gastouri 12.V.

Aricia agestis Beside track south west of Linia 6.V.; beside causeway at south
end of Lake Halikiopoulou 8.V.

Polyommatus icarus Kavos 1.V.; Sidari 2.V.; beside track south west of Linia
6.V.; between Perama and Gastouri 10.V. and 12.V.

*Vanessa atalanta Between Perama and Gastouri 4.V. and 10.V.; Paleokastritsa
5.V.; beside track south west of Linia 6.V.; Ag. Deka 11.V.

*Cynthia cardui Sidari 2.V.; Gastouri 4.V.; beside track south west of Linia 6.V.;
Pelekas 8.V.; beside causeway at south end of Lake Halikiopoulou 8.V.; Mt.
Pantokrator 9.V.; Ag. Deka 11.V.; between Perama and Gastouri 12.V.

Coenonympha pamphilus Beside track south west of Linia 6.V.; between Perama
and Gastouri 10.V.

*Pararge aegeria Perama 28.1V.; Sidari 2.V.; between Perama and Gastouri 4.V.;
Kinopiastes 11.V.

Lasiommata maera One male only at Mirtiotissa 8.V.

Pyrgus malvae malvae One male only in a flower-rich area of abandoned culti-
vated terraces between Perama and Gastouri 10.V., the identification and
placement to subspecies based on examination of the genitalia and compar-
ison with the illustration on p.36 in Higgins (1975). This is the first record
for Corfu, map 342 in Higgins and Riley (1980) suggests this species is absent
from the western coasts of Albania and Greece opposite Corfu, though
present in Yugoslavia further north.

The commonest and most widespread species was Cynthia cardui, followed
by Callophrys rubi which was frequent along roadsides and in glades within
olive groves or scrub, where spring flowers crowded together in a profuse and
colourful display. These splendid localities for insects contrasted sadly with the
barren remains of a once lush ground flora in those olive groves where weed-
killers had been used. Here monotonous clumps of parched stalks and brown
leaves stood in silence where formerly there had been the vibrant hum of

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

multitudes of insects. It is to be hoped that this short-sighted and destructive
practice will not displace the traditional grazing by goats and donkeys, which
allows such a wealth of wildlife to flourish in olive groves throughout most of
the island. Some fine coastal habitats are also in danger of disappearing through
the building of hotels and associated holiday developments. For example, the
sand dunes beside Lake Korission in the south-west of the island proved to be
a superb habitat for many insects, but this fragile plant community is
vulnerable to the increased trampling from visitors which would result from a
northward extension of Agios Georgios village.

Corfu still has plenty of interest for the visiting entomologist. Further studies
of the insect fauna would be worthwhile, and should result in some interesting
discoveries.

REFERENCES

Baldock, D.W. and Bretherton, R.F., 1980. Butterflies in Corfu (Kerkyra) in
late August, 1980, with a provisional list of all species known from it. Proc.
Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 14:8-10, 101-107.

Higgins, L.G., 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. Collins, London.

Higgins, L.G. and Riley, N.D., 1980. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain
and Europe. Collins, London.

A Practical Guide to the Butterflies of Worcestershire, by Jack Green. 34 pp.,
8 colour photo plates, 2 maps. 1982. The Worcestershire Naturalists’ Trust,
the Lodge, Beacon Lane, Rednal, Birmingham. Price £2.80.

This excellent book, which was on display at the BENHS Exhibition, 1982,
is aimed primarily at the non-expert observer; but it includes the results of much
intensive field work, photography, and study of past history by the author.
After some introductory pages and short notes on a dozen species recorded in
Worcestershire only in the past, a distribution table sets out the abundance,
present known distribution, and larval foodplants of 45 species. This is followed
by a chronological table ingeniously arranged to show when and where each
species is likely to be seen, and recognition features for it. There are concluding
pages on conservation and future prospect. English names only are used, but an
Appendix lists both up-to-date scientific and English names for all butterflies
regarded as British.

On the plates 64 photos show the 45 species at rest in natural surroundings,
in judiciously selected cases in both sexes and with wings expanded or closed to
reveal the undersides.

Last minute printing difficulties unfortunately defeated revision of the
colour of the photos, and the author was obliged to observe very strict space
limitations. It is unfortunate that there are no photos or descriptions of eggs,
larvae or pupae, and few hints on how to find them, and more space could well
have been devoted to the evidence about species believed to have occurred in the
past in a county the Lepidoptera of which, as the author points out, have been
generally neglected in the present century. The appetities of many readers will
be whetted, but not satisfied by the bare statements that ‘“‘the last Large Blue
was probably at Abberley Hill circa 1920” and that “the Black-veined White
finally disappeared from Craycombe in 1923”, for which the author has in fact
good though not quite conclusive indications.

This book could serve as a model for other county recorders, and it is well
worth its price, both to the beginner and to the expert. One may hope that it
may be followed by a much needed, though necessarily larger, work on the moths
of Worcestershire.

R.F.B.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 55

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS Special Meeting 24.vi.1982 at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley
Street, London W.1. The President, Mr. J. HEATH, put to the meeting the
proposal that Mr. Derek Stimpson should be appointed a trustee of the British
Entomological and Natural History Society in place of the late Mr. J.L. Messenger.
Nine votes were cast in favour of the proposal and none against. The Secretary
reported that 34 postal votes had been received in favour of the proposal and
none against it, making a total of 43 votes for the proposal and none against it.

The President declared Mr. Derek Stimpson to be duly appointed a trustee of
the Society in accordance with Bye-Law 4a.

Mr. S.N.A. Jacobs will continue in his position as the other trustee.

BENHS Meeting 8.vii.1982.— Exhibits. Lt. Col. AMM. EMMET: (1) Larval
mines of Etainia sphendamni (Hering) in keys of field maple (Acer campestre)
collected at Chigborough Lakes NR, near Malden, Essex on 7.vii.82. Normally
these mines occur at very low density, but at this locality almost every key was
attacked, often with more than one mine in a key. The bunch of seven keys
exhibited carried twelve mines. (2) Larval mines of Phyllonorycter saportella
(Dup.) on oak, collected at South Lopham, Norfolk on 3.vii.82. The mine differs
from those of all other British oak-feeding Phyllonorycter except P.roboris (L.)
in the absence of frass in the construction of the cocoon. It differs from P. roboris
in being situated on the margin of the leaf and in having numerous small creases
in the lower epidermis which cause the leaf-edge to fold over; P. roboris has its
mine in the centre of the leaf and the lower epidermis lacks visible creases. The
number of mines found at South Lopham was very small in proportion to the
number of adults observed resting on the trunks in May. This supports the
tradition that the mines are mostly high up on the tree.

Mr. K. MERRIFIELD; Female hornet (Vespa crabro) found in a building
at Mylor, Cornwall, 2.vi.82; a worker hornet was found there about 1962 and
there have been reported sightings since. He also showed a male V. rufa, one of
a number found in a mass trying to mate with one female; after this female
flew away, the males kept searching for her: possibly they were covered with a
pheromone.

Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT: E.J. van Nieukerken’s account of New and
Rare Nepticulidae in the Netherlands published in Entomologische Berichten,
1982, 42(7): 104-112, in which mention is made of the second known specimen
of Ectoedemia bradfordi Emmet.

The PRESIDENT: A specimen of Opsiphanes tamarindi Felder (Lep.,
Brassolidae), bred viii.£80 from a pupa in a bunch of bananas imported from
Belize. It was found on a market stall in Ramsey, Cambs., by Mrs. G.D. Oliver,
and is believed to be the first record of this species from Britain.

Communications: The Secretary said she had offered the larvae of the moth
Cydia nigricana F. (which had been devastating her peas) to her pet spiders,
which had relished them. Mr. Chalmers-Hunt stated that 1982 was exceptional
for the Heart Moth, Dicycla oo, a great many specimens having been noted at
light and at sugar at Ashtead, Surrey during the latter half of June and early
July, including several of the scarce f. renago Haw. (sensu lato).

Lecture: The butterflies of Bernwood Forest, by Miss C. Peachey.

BENHS Meeting 22.vii.1982.—The PRESIDENT announced the death of
Dr. J.A. Lorimer.

Announcements: The 4th European Congress of Lepidopterology will be
held in Budapest in April 1984. Mr. J. Heath has details of the possibility of an
organised visit from the UK.

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

The Society had been invited to the Royal Entomological Society’s meeting
of October 6th, when Prof. D. Spencer-Smith would speak on The Butterflies
of Florida: a study of rapid faunal change.

Communications: Mr. R. SOFTLY reported 17 Acentria nivea in his mercury
vapour light trap at Hampstead on July 18th, whilst at Ken Wood 30 had
appeared, including a mating pair.

Lecture: Mr. M.W.F. TWEEDIE celebrated Thirty years of photographing
insects, illustrated by coloured slides of the superb standard that members have
come to anticipate from him.

BENHS Meeting 9.ix.1982.—The PRESIDENT announced the deaths of
Mr. G.R. Sutton and Mr. Beowulf A. Cooper. He also announced the death of
Mrs. Ivy Classey, who was well-known to many of us as the wife of our member
Eric Classey. :

Exhibits: Mr. R. SOFTLY: a specimen of Noctua pronuba with an abdominal
outgrowth.

Dr. A.A. ALLEN: two Hymenoptera, Braconidae (1) Heterogamus dispar
Curtis, female swept from bracken under oak, 4.ix.1982, Brownsea Is., Dorset,
a rare species of unknown host preferences, and first Dorset record (the exhibitor
had shown one from S. Devon a year ago); (2) Meteorus unicolor (Wesmael),
female swept from a cliff-top lane, 16.viii.1982, Shaldon, Devon; this capture
represents the first English record, though previously recorded from Wales; the
species is apparently exceedingly rare and the present exhibit is only the sixth
record in the Western Palearctic region; it has been bred from the Zygaenidae.
The exhibitor gratefully acknowledges the help of Mr. T. Huddleston (BMNH)
(an authority on Meteorus) in confirming the identity of the specimen. He also
exhibited living examples of Coleophora maritimella Newman, obtained by
gathering seed-heads of Juncus sp. on saltmarsh, Brownsea Island, Dorset, 5.ix.
1982.

Mr. P.A. SOKOLOFF: larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hbn. (Lep: Pyralidae)
consuming moths unwisely left on the setting boards for too long: a female moth
originally escaped in the house some six years ago, and larvae are occasionally
found around the house.

Mr. P.J. JEWESS: a living example of an extreme ab. of Aglais urticae,
seemingly semiichnusoides Pronin, captured today, 9.ix, on buddleia, Woodstock
near Sittingbourne, Kent. The PRESIDENT, Part I of the Polish Insect Red-data
book dealing with the butterflies (50 spp. listed as threatened) and burnets (12
spp. listed) the full bibliographic reference of which is: Dabrowski, J. &
Krzywicki, M., 1982 ‘Ginace i Zagrozone Gatunki Motyli (Lepidoptera) W Faunie
Polski’. Czesc 1. Nadrodziny: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Zygaenoidea. Published
by the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Membership: Messrs. M. Murphy, N. Nash, P. Smithers and M.A. Walker and
Drs. A.G. Moss and F.H.N. Smith were elected.

Communications: Mr. R.K. Merrifield, a Herse convolvuli L. imago was found,
Mylor, Cornwall, 31.viii.82. Mr. C. Hart, Colias croceus Fourc., one at Ranmore,
Surrey seen lately. Mr. R.F. Bretherton, of two Cynthis cardui L. noted at
Bramley, Surrey on 27.viii, one was still there this morning.

Lecture: The establishment of the British Butterfly Fauna, by Dr. R.L.H.
Dennis.

BENHS Meeting 23.ix.1982.—The President announced that a Special Life
Member, Mr. T.H. Court, had died more than four years ago, but that only
lately had the Society been made aware of this.

Exhibits: Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET: larval cases of Coleophora tamesis from
Woodwalton Fen, Cambs. They were collected from Juncus articulatus, 19th
September. C. taeniipennella feeds on the same plant but its case is smaller,
albeit similar, but does not normally appear before October. C. tamesis was

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 Si

discovered near Oxford by Prof. Waters and named by him in 1929. Its life
history remained unknown until 1968-69, when the exhibitor found cases at
Ballyconneely, Co. Galway and reared adults. There appears to have been no
subsequent record of the rearing of this species, though adults have occasionally
been taken in light-traps.

Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT, a full-grown larva of Alispa angustella from
Dartford Heath, Kent, where the larvae had been very plentiful this September
in the berries of spindle. He also showed a full-grown larva of Simyra albovenosa,
Powdered Wainscot (Reed Dagger) from eggs laid by a female taken at Stodmarsh,
Kent.

Dr. A.A. ALLEN, a female of the rare Goedartia alboguttatus (Gravenhorst)
(Hym.: Ichneumonidae) swept 5.ix.1982 as it alighted on a rhododendron leaf
on Brownsea Island, Dorset. Little is known at present about this species in
Britain, but it has been bred from the pupa of the lymantriid Dasychira pudibunda.
Lepidopterous larvae: (1) Gastropacha quercifolia, inadvertently swept from
sallow 8.viii.1982, Dawlish Warren, Devon; (2) Agdistis bennetii (Curtis)
(Pterophoridae) commonly swept when very young from Sea-lavender, 5.ix.1982,
Brownsea Island, Dorset. The larvae were feeding well: they turned dull reddish
before each moult — whereupon a green larva was obtained.

Communications: Several among those present remarked on the recent
occurrence at light of a number of migratory Lepidoptera. Mr. Bretherton for
instance observed that at Bramley, Surrey, he had had Rhodometra sacraria,
Spodoptera exigua and Palpita unionalis in his trap. Col. EMMET recorded
seeing at Elmdon, Essex, on the 18th September, Agrius convolvuli together
with about 200 Phlogophora meticulosa, and on the same night Mr. K. EVANS
said he had taken Heliothis peltigera at Addiscombe near Croydon, Surrey.

Discussion with demonstrations: Entomological equipment and techniques —
past and present.

The PRESIDENT: (1) Lepidopterist’s Waistcoat. A cotton garment with
built-in haversack on back, large inside pocket and six pockets on front. (2)
“Fanny” bag. A pouch with zip fastener and worn around waist; useful for
full pill-boxes when used in conjunction with the waistcoat. (3) Alvah
Peterson, 1949.4 Manual of Entomological Equipment and Methods.

Mr. K. MERRIFIELD: (1) A sweep net with a sleeve of heavy polythene
sheeting to prevent the net catching in brambles, etc. (2) A modification to a
standard cylindrical pooter, where the gauze over the suction tube was replaced
by a piece of cloth across the diameter of the tube. This enabled a container of
ethyl acetate to be attached in order to anaesthetise the insects without the
collector having to inhale ethyl acetate fumes. (3) An insect trap (used by Dr.
A. Irwin) made by cutting off and inverting the top of a clear plastic 2 litre
lemonade or cola bottle.

Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT: A reproduced Clap Net, and a demonstration
of its use.

Mr. B.R. BAKER: An apparatus which had proved successful over the years
for reaching larvae on high branches. This consisted of a 3-joint, threaded
aluminium pole with an open-ferruled top joint, and a double hook attached
to 16 ft. of strong nylon rope having foot loops thereon. By placing one of the
hooks in the open ferrule the rope can be raised and placed by means of the
second hook over any chosen branch up to a height of 15 ft. The pole is then
withdrawn and the rope very gently pulled downwards, tension being held by
placing one’s foot in the appropriate loop. Both hands are then free to work a
beating tray. Having used the tray, the hook can be retrieved by using the jointed
pole and the ‘free’ hook.

It was stressed that great care should be exercised in choosing a branch of
suitable diameter and pliability otherwise damage to the tree and/or the operator
could result; the apparatus should also be used having due respect for the
habitat.

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

BENHS Meeting 14.x.1982.—From the Chair, Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH
announced the death of Mr. J.E. Delhanty of Cardiff and of Mr. G.A. Mitchell.

Exhibits: Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH, larval cases on Sueda maritima, of a
Coleophora found 9th October 1982 on the Essex coast in good numbers. He
noted that the cases have pink or red in their coloration, and are therefore not
as stated for C. suaedivora in A.M. Emmet A Field Guide to the Smaller British
Lepidoptera, p.94. [This species has been bred by Mr. N. Heal, but has not yet
been named. Ed.]

Mr. K. MERRIFIELD: Mutilla europaea L. (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), male
‘velvet ant’, New Forest, Hants., 9.x.1982.

Dr. A.J. HALSTEAD: a male and female Alophora hemiptera F. (Diptera:
Tachinidae). The male was taken on a hogweed flower just outside the RHS
Garden, Wisley, Surrey on 6.viii.1982; the female from a wild angelica flower
on Wisley Common on 12.viii.1982. This species does not appear to have been
bred in this country, but known hosts in Europe are the shield bugs Palomena
prasina and Pentatoma rufipes. A. hemiptera differs between the sexes in the
shape and coloration of the wings.

Lecture: The Invertebrate Site Register, by Mr. A.E. Stubbs.

BENHS Meeting 11.xi.1982.—Exhibits: Dr. A.A. ALLEN: a series of
Euplectrus bicolor (Swederus) (Hym: Eulophidae) bred from a larva of Cucullia
chamomillae (Lep: Noctuidae). The host larva was obtained, with others, in a
cornfield near Reigate, Surrey, 4.vii.1982. The host had several greenish-grey ova
embedded near the dorsal surface of the sixth segment. Within three days the
ova had hatched. The bluish-green ectoparasitic larvae pierced the host’s skin
and drained the larva, which slowly shrank and became discoloured. The mature
larvae spun their rudimentary cocoons of rather coarse silk, within which the
deep brownish-black pupae were clearly visible. Cocoon formation is unique to
this species among Chalcidoidea. Ten adults were reared on 26.vii.82.

Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET: (1) Leaves of common lime Tiliaxvulgaris collected
in Chelsea on 23.x.1982 during the Society’s Annual Exhibition and showing
mines, moulting cocoons and feeding of Bucculatrix thoracella. The species was
first noted in the West End of London by R.J. Heckford in 1981 and seems to be
a recent colonist. It is remarkable for its extreme abundance and the foodplant:
it usually feeds on small-leaved lime (7. cordata) and is reluctant to accept
common lime. (2) A sprig of oak with tenanted mines of Phyllonorycter
saportella. It was picked by P.H. Sterling about 25 ft. from the ground at South
Lopham, Norfolk, on 4.xi.1982. The mines were plentiful at this height but
relatively scarce near the ground. The tradition that this species prefers the
upper part of the tree is hereby confirmed.

P.A. Sokoloff: (1) freshly-emerged specimens of Bedellia somnulentella
reared from Calystegia sylvatica collected at the recent field meeting at
Addington, Surrey. (2) Several imagines of Mompha fulvescens found in a green-
house at Orpington, Kent on 6.xi.1982. 5 fulvescens, 9 Emellina monodactyla
and 5 assorted Agonopterix spp. were found hibernating there.

Membership: Miss C.A. Morris and Messrs. A.P. Middleton, P. Turner and
A.G. McGregor were elected.

Impressions of the Annual Exhibition were contributed by the official
recorders or their surrogates. The upsurge in exhibits of microlepidoptera and
the collapse of apparent interest in the formerly popular Coleoptera were noted.

BENHS Meeting 25.xi.1982.— Communications: Mr. R.W.J. UFFEN said that
Bucculatrix thoracella, exhibited at the previous meeting from Chelsea, had been
absent from Chiswick and from Hyde Park between 1946-72. He was confident
of this because of his interest in other Lepidoptera which were formerly abundant
on lime trees and had latterly disappeared. The familiar London insects

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 59

Glyphipteryx linneella and Lycia hirtaria had vanished from Chiswick. Privet-
feeding nocturnal moths no longer rested on the street side of fences. These
changes were correlated with the introduction of all-night arc-discharge street
lighting in side roads. Sodium lighting was deleterious and he was led to suspect
that it inhibits flight in many moths.

Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON reported a male Apocheima pilosaria at his Bramley,
Surrey, light trap on 12th November and an Orthosia stabilis as early as
September.

Mr. M. BROWN thought his record of Ptilophora plumigera at Park Wood,
Kent on 1st November also to be early. Its usual companion, the December Moth,
Poecilocampa populi, was absent.

The advertised lecture on badger ecology, by Mr. P. Mallinson, had been
cancelled at short notice because of political pressure on the speaker. This un-
precedented occurrence was a matter of concern to members.

Transparencies were shown by: Mrs. F.M. MURPHY (field meetings), Mr. J.
MUGGLETON (Stag Beetle larvae and pupa), Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET (photographs
by D.J. Carter of the early stages of Crombrugghia distans (Pterophoridae), dis-
agreeing with the published descriptions although the moths agreed with Zeller’s
type), Mr. D. YENDALL (aquatic insects and their larvae) and Mr. A. CALLOW
(diverse insects in the field in Cyprus, France, England and Wales).

BENHS Meeting 9.xii.1982.—Exhibits: Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ: three speci-
mens of Gelechia sabinella (Zell.) from Enfield, Middx., one on 15.viii.1971 and
two on 23.viii.1971. One of the latter records was published as the first British
specimen. The other two, rather better specimens, had remained misidentified
until now. A.N.B. Simpson took a moth in Worcester in the later 1970’s.

Mr. A.J. HALSTEAD: two cocoons and a male and female of Opogona
sacchari Bojer (Lep: Hieroxestidae) bred from stem-boring larvae attacking a
Yucca 2aloifolia grown as a pot plant. The woody part of the yucca stem con-
tained one pupa and two larvae. The larvae made clearly audible gnawing noises
as they tunnelled in the outer part of the stem. The cocoons were made of silk
and fibres from the centre of the stem.

O. sacchari occurs in most of the islands off the east and west coasts of Africa,
but it has also become established in the New World. It has been imported into
Britain with bananas, potato tubers, ginger roots, rubber plants and Hibiscus.
The yucca is believed to have come from Guatemala via Holland.

Membership: Messrs. D. Barr, M.D. Eyre, S.J. Falk, D. Heaton, P.J. Hugh,
A. Spalding and G.T. Speke and Dr. D.R. Cowden were elected.

Lecture: Some aspects of spider ecology, by Dr. E.A. DUFFEY. Topics
included records of species biting man, of which quite small British species have
been proved capable. Aerial dispersal and disjunct habitat distribution entered
into his concluding discussion of the ecology of Leptorhoptrum robustum and
Erigone longipalpis and E. arcticum in sewage beds.

An identification guide to the British Pugs: a correction

Mr. Stig Torstenius has pointed out an error in the
genitalia figures of females on Plate XIV of this book.
The wrong species is shown for E. egenaria. We apologise
for this mistake and a drawing from the correct slide is
shown. Self-adhesive copies of this drawing are available

ae
free on application. 15 egenaria

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983
FIELD MEETINGS

BENHS Field Meeting: Chobham Common, Surrey, 15th May 1982. Leader:
P.J. Baker.—A hot sunny day greeted members at this meeting, the primary
purpose of which was the seeking of larvae of the macrolepidoptera.

Gorse, broom and heather were worked for larvae of Plebejus argus. As with
previous attempts this insect was not found, though the imago was very common
in the area later in the year. The Leader would like to be advised as to the habits
of this larva by one who is better informed.

The season appeared a little backward and larvae were not generally common.
Working oak and birch produced among others:— Agriopis aurantiaria, Epirrita
dilutata, Operophtera brumata, Achlya flavicornis, Colotois pennaria, Euproctis
similis, Hydriomena furcata.

Gonepteryx rhamni was common in flight and was seen ovipositing on a
patch of buckthorn. Other imagines seen in flight or flushed were: — Pieris rapae,
Anthocharis cardamines, Pararge aegeria, Inachis io, Aglais urticae, Coenonympha
pamphilus, Ematurga atomaria, Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, Cabera pusaria,
Eupithecia nanata, Petrophora chlorosata and Anarta myrtilli.

The highlight of the day was undoubtedly the finding of a superb completely
melanic lizard. Whether this was Lacerta vivipara, the Common or Viviparous
Lizard, or the rarer L. agilis, the Sand Lizard, could not be determined due to the
complete lack of markings. At about 16.5 cms long it could well have been the
rarer species which tends to be larger than its commoner relative (both species
reportedly occur on Chobham Common).

The melanic form of this animal has been seen on several previous occasions
by the leader. Its habitat seems to be low-lying sandy areas which are flooded in
winter. In spring they dry out and are coated with a black layer of dried algae.
When stationary on a black background the lizard is all but invisible. When it
moves it is easily seen as it crosses the sandy breaks in the black algal ground
covering.

BENHS Field Meeting: Dungeness, Kent 5-6.vi.1982. Leader: Paul Sokoloff.
—Eight members attended this meeting on a warm, sunny day followed by a
clear but warm night. During the afternoon the vegetation was searched for
larvae. All the expected species were present with Lackey (WW. neustria), White
Satin (L. salicis) and Brown-tail (E. chrysorrhoea) common. The most abundant
larva was that of the Cinnabar (Tyria jacobaeae), present in all stages from freshly
hatched to fully grown. Moths were also noted. Of the microlepidoptera only
the sallow-feeding Epinotia caprana was common.

The moss-covered shingles near the old lighthouse swarmed with small moths.
Examination showed five species were present, given here in approximate order
of abundance: Teleiopsis diffinis, Monochroa tenebrella, Olethreutes lacunana,
Plutella xylostella and Clethreutes rivulana (a very early date for this last species).

About twelve lights were run at night and although nothing exceptional was
seen all the usual Dungeness specialities were noted. Calophasia lunula was well
worn by now but Hadena albimacula was in pristine condition. It was pleasing
to see reasonable numbers of the small noctuid Earias clorana and amongst the
smaller moths the Ethmia species terminella and bipunctella were quite common.
Apart from xylostella, no immigrant species were noted, although three
atalanta seen flying purposefully inland by the Long Pond may have been new
arrivals. Altogether 160 species of Lepidoptera were noted.

BENHS Field Meeting: Pamber Forest, Hants., 12.vi.1982. Leader: B. Skinner.
—Twelve members and friends attended this night meeting. Unfortunately this
annual event was once again marred by poor weather conditions for although

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 61

over twenty m.v.lamps were operated at a number of well separated sites only a
total of 68 species of macro-lepidoptera were recorded. The more interesting of
these were Mesoleuca albicillata (L.), Euphyia unangulata (Haw.), Eupithecia
plumbeolata (Haw.), Angerona prunaria (L.), Boarmia roboraria (D. & S.),
Dypterygia scabriuscula (L.), and Herminia strigilata (L.). Thanks again go to
the Pamber Forest Management Committee for permission to visit this potentially
rich locality.

BENHS Field Meeting: Markway Bridge, Oberwater, New Forest, Hants.,
19/20.vi.1982. Leaders: E.H. Wild, T. Pickles.— This was one of the four meetings
organised for the N.C.C. survey of river valleys in the Forest threatened by
drainage schemes. The Conservancy has a full list of the insects recorded.

Twelve members and friends assembled in a minor cloudburst which confined
them to their cars. After half an hour the sun came out and insects were soon
on the wing. North of the bridge the stream is bounded by woodland with wet
heath on its borders and this was the richest area. To the south numbers of roe
deer were seen on much grazed, wet grass flats, and further on very wet bogland
was examined. At night 8 lights were set up. It became rather cool and misty,
especially in the open flats. 70 species of Lepidoptera were recorded, plus a
male glow-worm. A small collection of other orders was preserved in alcohol.
These have been identified at the B.M. (Nat. Hist.).

The drainage south of the road is a serious threat to one species of rare dragon-
fly, Ischnura pumilio, Platycnemis pennipes and commoner damselflies were
recorded by Mr. Davey.

BENHS Field Meeting: Cavenham Heath NNR and Tuddenham Heath NNR,
3 L.vii-1.viii.1982. Leaders: M. Hadley and I.F.G. McLean.—19 members and
friends attended this weekend meeting at two adjacent Breckland National Nature
Reserves. Two warm and sunny days brought out many flower-visiting insects
and a calm night proved successful for moths. Among the hoverflies visiting the
umbels of wild parsnip beside the River Lark at Cavenham Chrysotoxum festivum
was of interest in this area, occurring in company with the large tachinid fly
Tachina grossa, which is also seldom seen in East Anglia.

Several rare or local aculeate Hymenoptera were found, notably Gorytes
laticinctus, Lasioglossum quadrinotatum and Omalus violaceus at Tuddenham
and Lasioglossum brevicorne at Cavenham.

13 species of butterflies were seen. During the night on dry grass heath at
Cavenham, mercury vapour lights (supplemented by an actinic fluorescent light
next to the River Lark) attracted 136 species of macro moths. The most notable
species were Amathes stigmatica, Euschesis orbona, Eustrotia uncula, Lophopteryx
cucullina, Mesotype virgata, Nonogria dissoluta, Rhyacia simulans and Sterrha
muricata. .

Altogether this was a very enjoyable meeting and a significant contribution
was made to our knowledge of the insects on these two reserves.

BENHS Field Meeting: Horsell Common, Surrey, 29.viii.1982. Leader: R.F.
Bretherton.—Only one member, mainly interested in Coleoptera, joined the
leader on this autumn holiday Sunday. The morning was spent on the Common
in good sunshine but with a rising south-west wind. The heather bloom was just
past its best, and in this early season the more interesting Lepidoptera usually to
be found here in August appeared to be over. Pupae of Scoliopteryx libatrix
were found in spinnings on Salix caprea, and many larvae of Anarta myrtilli
and of several geometers were swept from Calluna vulgaris and Erica tetralix.
Coleoptera identified were Platystethus arenarius, Scymnus suturalis, Chilocorus
bipustulatus, Exochromus quadripustulatus, Cylindrinotus laevioctostriatus,
Lochmaea suturalis, Lochmaea caprea, Derytomus rufatus. These can be con-
sidered to be indicator species for this type of locality.

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

BENHS Field Meeting: Woodwalton Fen, Cambs., 25.ix.1982. Leader:
A.M. Emmet.—The meeting was attended by nine members and friends in bright,
sunny weather. Leaf-mining Lepidoptera were the main interest but records
were also made of Diptera, Coleoptera and Arachnida.

In all, 99 species of Lepidoptera were recorded, at least seven of them
apparently new records for vice-county 31 (Huntingdonshire). These were
Ectoedemia mediofasciella (Haworth), tenanted mines on Betula; Stigmella
splendidissimella (Herrich-Schaffer), vacated mines on Rubus caesius; S. contin-
uella (Stainton), vacated mines on Betula; S. centifoliella (Zeller), vacated mines
on Rosa; Bucculatrix frangulella (Goeze), vacated mines on Frangula; Caloptilia
robustella Jackh, vacated mines and cones on Quercus; and Coleophora tamesis
Waters, tenanted larval cases on Juncus articulatus. The last species has been
reared from the west of Ireland but it is believed that these larvae were the
first ever to have been found in England.

Other species of interest included Stigmella ulmariae (Wocke), S. regiella
(Herrich-Schaffer), Tischeria angusticollella (Duponchel), Acrocercops imperialella
(Zeller), Phyllonorycter cavella (Zeller), P. quinqueguttella (Stainton) , Coleophora
potentillae Elisha, C. albidella (Denis & Schiffermuller), Agonopterix propinquella
(Treitschke), Ethmia funerella (Fabricius) and Epinotia sordidana (Hubner). A
full list of the species recorded has been sent to the Nature Conservancy, who
administer the Fen and who kindly gave permission for the field meeting to be
held.

Following the meeting, members were entertained to supper by the President
and Mrs. Heath. Thus refreshed, several members spent the evening discussing the
work involved in preparing Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland.

BENHS Field Meeting: Featherbed Lane, Addington, Surrey, and West
Wickham, Kent, 24.x.1982. Leader: J.M. Chalmers-Hunt.—In what has been
described as the wettest October on record, the five members present, including
the leader, were indeed fortunate to enjoy a dry, windless, pleasantly warm and
sunny day. One of the main objects of this meeting was to look for the local
microlepidopteron Phyllonorycter scabiosella, for which Featherbed Lane is the
best known locality. The larva mines the radical leaf of Scabiosa columbaria,
and it was not long before the first tenanted mine was spotted by Paul Sokoloff.
This was followed by the discovery of many more mines of scabiosella, though it
was often necessary to part the grass around the base of the plants in order to
see them.

Other microlepidoptera noted were: Coleophora lineola (young cases on
Stachys sylvatica), C. albitarsella (young cases on Origanum vulgare), C. dis-
cordella (a single large case on Lotus corniculatus), C. paripennella (small cases
on Centaurea nigra), Reuttia subocellea (numerous cases on seedheads of
O. vulgare found by Dr. John Langmaid), Bedellia somnulentella (larvae in mines
in leaves of Calystegia sylvestris), Bucculatrix frangulella and Stigmella catharticella
(larval mines of both species in Rhamnus catharticus), Caloptilia auroguttella
(larval leaf cones on Hypericum perforatum found by Norman Hall) and a single
freshly emerged male of Diurnes phryganella.

Among the butterflies, two Vanessa atalanta were noted on the wing as well
as a single male Gonepteryx rhamni, this being one of the best years on record
for the former. While looking for scabiosella, Norman Heal found a larva of
Ochlodes venata (the early stages of which are very seldom encountered): it was
full grown and spun up in a scabious leaf.

The second part of the meeting took place at West Wickham, where the
leader showed the way to a special locality for the local and scarce Coleophora
orbitella, and where after a brief search cases of this species were found on birch.

B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS — 1983 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST

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PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

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A special discount of 20% will be allowed on sales of 10 or more consecutive
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THE NEW AURELIANS (1972) 1-00
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hard back edition 6-00

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards
may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with
particular emphasis on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and
the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field
work, for the study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptiona-
lly, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to
exceed £250 in 1983/1984.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifi-
cations, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an
award is sought, to Lt.-Col. A.M. Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage,
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF, as soon as possible and in
any case not later than 30th September, 1983.

iv CONTENTS

Bretherton, R.F. Lepidoptera immigration to the British Isles, 1969-77 1
Chandler, P.J. An overlooked record of Rhagio annulatus Degeer (Dipt:

Rhagionidae) 49
Davis, B.N.K. Hemiptera at the Chelsea Physic Garden, London 50
Feltwell, J. The revival of the silk industry in the Basses-Cévennes 24
Feltwell, J. Traditional rearing of silkworms in the Basses-Cévennes 30
Majerus, M.E.N. Larval colour variation in Phlogophora meticulosa (L.)

(Lep: Noctuidae) Part 1: the variation and its control in instars 1-3 34
McLean, I.F.G. Spring butterflies in Corfu 53
Book Review 54
Correction to An identification guide to the British Pugs 59
Field Meetings 60
Indoor Meetings 55

Revision of MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BUCKINGHAMSHIRE

Records of all species from all parts of the county are required, particularly
those since 1968. Records should include at least species, date and location
(map ref. if possible). Please also make contact if you have records but no time
to collate them, or if you can suggest sources of records.

MARTIN ALBERTINI, 72 DROPMORE RD., BURNHAM, BUCKS. SL1 8AR.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible. Layout should follow that of the
journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no marks should be made to
define typeface.

Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints.
Extra copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but the well-
known ANNUAL EXHIBITION will take place on 29th
October, 1983 in Chelsea Old Town Hall.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the
Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application
to the Secretary.

652
OCTOBER 1983 Vol. 16, Parts 3/4

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

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W.
218

we

wo

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ORs
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Editor: R. W. J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
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with the assistance of:
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E.S. Bradford
A.H. Hayes

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 63

LARVAL COLOUR VARIATION IN
PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA (L.).
PART II: GENETIC CONTROL IN INSTARS 3-5

by M.E.N. MAJERUS
Department of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH
SUMMARY

Many species of Lepidoptera have both green and brown larval forms.

In the later instars the larvae of Phlogophora meticulosa exhibit wide
discontinuous variation. Six distinct colour types occur, these being Green, Olive,
Brown, Plain Yellow, Yellow Green and Yellow Brown.

The results of a large number of broods of Phlogophora meticulosa, reared to
determine the mechanism of inheritance of this variation are described.

Due to colour changes between instars a total of sixteen phenotypes are involved
in the system.

The larval variation is shown to be controlled by eleven alleles from five unlinked
loci.

The way in which the eleven alleles interact through dominance and epistatic
effects to produce the sixteen phenotypes is described.

The possible ways in which the genetic system may act to cause changes in larval
colour between instars is briefly discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Many species of Lepidoptera are polymorphic for larval colour. Frequently both
green and brown forms occur, particularly in the Noctuidae.

It has been shown that the larvae of the moth Phlogophora meticulosa exhibit wide
colour variation particularly in the 3rd, 4th and Sth instars (Majerus 1978, 1983). In
the wild all 1st and 2nd instar larvae are green, the hue and shade of green being
determined by the colour of the food ingested. This is also true of the majority of the
3rd instar larvae. However, five other colour types occur in the 3rd instar. These
have been named the Olive (O1), Brown (Br), Plain Yellow (PY), Yellow Green
(YG), and Yellow Brown (YB) main colour types, and their colour limits have been
defined in terms of chroma, hue and shade (Majerus Joc. cit.). These colour types
together with a green main colour type (Gr) which has different limits to the green
colour type found in the 3rd instar (3IG) also occur in 4th and Sth instar larvae.

The discontinuous nature of the larval variation in the later instars suggests that
this variation is controlled genetically or by environmental factors under the
influence of a threshold switch effect.

This paper describes work carried out to discover the exact mode of control of
larval colour in the later instars.

METHODS

To investigate the control of larval colour variation in the later instars, 67 initial
broods (IB), were raised from eggs laid by feral, fertilised females, the larval
phenotype of which was unknown. 189 further broods from parents with known
larval phenotypes were reared, these being called controlled crosses(CC or YCC).
All broods were raised under similar conditions on common sorrel, Rumex acetosa
L., using the breeding methods described by Majerus (1978, 1983). As the rate of
development of the larvae in a particular brood was generally uniform and yet there
was still wide variation in the colour of the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae, both within
a single brood and between broods, a genetic mechanism of control was indicated.
Analysis of the results of the initial broods and subsequent control crosses has led to

64

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE la Parental details of some of the broods bred to determine the mechanism controlling
the colours Green, Olive and Brown in the later instars.

Brood

IBl
IB2
IB3
IB4
IB5
IB6
IB7
IB8
IB9

Brood

CCl
cc2
CCc3
cCc4
cc5
CC6
CC7
cc8
cc9
CC10
ccll
cC12
cCc13

Details of parent 1
Origin Phenotype Genotype
Alleles of genes:
c b a
Wild Unknown (c'c')b'b? ata!
Wild Unknown c*%c*™ b'b' ata!
Wild Unknown (c*%c*)b'b® alan
Wild Unknown c'c’ b°b° Puri
Wild Unknown c*c* b'b! a’a'
Wild Unknown (c*c*)b'b! a‘a'
Wild Unknown (c*c*) b°b° a*a™
Wild Unknown (c*c*)b'b! a'a'
Wild Unknown (c*c*) (b'b°) a’ a
Details of male parent
Origin Phenotype Genotype
Alleles of genes:
c b a
IBl1 3Gr401501 c*c' b'b° ata!
IB2 3Gr4Gr5Gr c*c” b'b' ata!
IB3 3Gr4Gr5Br c*c™ b'b! Pe
IB2 3Gr4Gr5Gr cc) bb’ ala’
CC2 3Gr4Gr5Br c*c* b'b' aa!
CC3. -3Gr4Gr5Br c*c* b'b' a*a™
ccl 3Gr4Br5Br (ee bobo a‘a'
IB2 3Gr4Gr5Gr (c*c*)b'b! a\a\’
CC8 3Gr401501 c ¢' b'b° ata’
CC9. - 3Br4Br5Br c'c' b°b° ata’
IB3 3Gr4015Br (c*c*)b'b° a*a!
CCll 3Gr4GrSGr (c’c*)b'b' ata’
IB4 3Br4Br5Br c'c' b°b° aa!

Netails of parent 2
Origin Phenotype of Genotype
Alleles of genes:
c b a
Wild Unknown (c*c')b°b? a'a'
Wild Unknown c%c* b'b' ata!
Wild Unknown (c*c™)b'b° a*a*
Wild Unknown c'c' b°b°? a*a™*
Wild Unknown ero bibl altar
Wild Unknown (c*c™)b°b° ata!
Wild Unknown c%c* bb? a*a*
Wild Unknown (cx%c*)b'b°? aval
Wild Unknown (c%c*) (b°b°) a*a™
Details of female parent
Origin Phenotype Genotype
Alleles of genes:
c b a
IB2 3Gr401501 c*c' b'b® ata!
IB3 3Gr4Gr5Br Gren b'b' aa’
IB2 3Gr4Gr5Gr c*c* b'b' ata’
IB3 3Gr4Gr5Br c*c* b'b' a‘a!
cc3 3Gr4Gr5Br c*c* b'b' ata!
CC4 3Gr4cr5Br c*c* b'b' ava!
CCl 3CGr4Br5Br (c*c*)b°b° a*a*
IB4 3Br4Br5Br (c'c')b°b° a*a'
CC8 3Gr401501 c*c' b'b° a'a'
CC9 301401501 c'c' c'c® ata!
IB3 3Gr4015Br (c*c*)b'b° a’a’
CC1l 3Gr4015Br (c*c*)b'b° ava!
IB 3Gr401501 c*c' b'b° a'a'

N.B. The suffix x used with the alleles in some of the genotypes indicates that the allele present
was not known, nor could it be deduced from the information contained in this paper.

The use of brackets round some of the alleles indicates that the genotype of the parents with
respect to these alleles could have been reversed.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 65

TABLE 1b Colour type analysis of some of the broods bred to determine the mechanism
controlling the colours Green, Olive and Brown in the later instars.

Brood Third instar larvae Fourth instar larvae Fifth instar larvae
of colour types: of colour types: of colour types:
Gr Ol Br Gr ol Br Gr Ol Br
1B1 86 49 44 - 92 82 - 86 81
1B2 159 - = 156 - = 155 - -
1B3 46 - = 10 26 9 - - 43
1B4 - = 195 = = 192 - = 187
1B5 290 - = 287 = = 137 - 146
1B6 137 = = = 132 = - 132 -
1B7 56 - = = - 50 - - 49
1B8 157 = = 72 75 - 66 69 -
1B9 92 = = - 46 42 - - 84

Brood Third instar larvae Fourth instar larvae Fifth instar larvae
of colour types: of colour types: of colour types:
Gr Ol Br Gr 01 Br Gr Ol Br
ccl 52 8 4 14 31 16 14 31 16
cc2 236 - - 235 - - - - 228
cc3 136 = = 133 - = = - 130
cc4 72 = = 72 = = 34 = 37
cc5 60 = = 56 - - 2 = 43
cCc6 157 = = 153 = = 44 OS
cC7 78 = = = = 74 - = fs)
cc8 149 - - - 147 - - 74 69
cc9 111 15 7 32 68 31 29 67 31
cC10 = 62 70 = 59 66 = 56 65
CC1l 240 - - 60 126 53 18 27. ~=—189
CC12 168 - - 80 85 = 40 43 79
cCc13 76 42 38 - 79 72 - 36) 1H'3

an explanation of the larval colour variation in later instars which is based upon five
unlinked major genes, and involves a complex system of epistatic interactions.

RESULTS

To explain the constitution of the genetic mechanism only the results from 10
initial broods (IB1-9 inclusive and IB46), together with 31 of the control crosses
(CC1-13 and YCC1-18), will be discussed in detail.

The parental details of broods IB1-9 and CC1-13 are tabulated in Table la,
the colour types of 3rd, 4th and Sth instar progeny of these broods being given in
Table 1b. Similarly the parental details of broods IB 46, and YCC1-18 are given
in Table 2a, the colour types of the progeny in the last three instars being tabulated’
in Table 2b.

In all 1,391 broods were reared between 1975 and 1981 and all the results obtained
agree with the conclusions outlined in the following text.

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

The method of scoring larvae was as that described by Majerus (1983). All larvae
which fall within the limits of one or other of the colour types defined and limited by
Majerus (1978, 1983) were assigned to that colour type. Only 49 larvae, out of a total
of 55, 178 reared in the 1B and CC broods, fell outside these colour type limits. 35 of
these had scores within one hue or shade of the limits of one of these colour types,
and have been included with them. Never more than four appeared in a single brood.
The other 14 larvae, all from the same brood, were green with a distinct pink tinge in
the 4th instar. These larvae will be discussed later.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: THE Gr, Br, O01 COMPLEX

It was decided that splitting the colour types, found in the last three instars, into
two groups would appreciably ease the explanation of the results and, as many
broods contained no yellow larvae of any sort, the mechanism controlling the Gr, O1
and Br colour types will be outlined first.

When viewing the results of the initial broods which had no yellow larvae in their
progeny (Tables la and 1b), a number of points were noted.

(i) | Anumber of broods showed changes in the colour type of some, or all larvae,
between the 2nd and 3rd instars.

(ii) Some broods showed changes in the colour type of some, or all larvae,
between the 3rd and 4th instars.

(iii) In some broods changes occurred in the colour type of some, or all larvae,
between the 4th and Sth instars.

(iv) Colour type changes within broods were often not confined to one ecdysis, in
that changes occurred in some broods at all three of the later ecdyses e.g.
CC13. Furthermore, individual larvae sometimes changed colour twice,
changing either at the 2nd or 3rd larval ecdysis, and again at the 4th ecdysis e.g.
IB3; however, none of the larvae changed colour at both the 2nd and 3rd
ecdyses.

(v) Nochanges of colour from O1 or Br to Gr were observed.

(vi) Nochanges of colour from Br to Ol were observed.

(vii) All green to Ol changes observed, occurred at either the 2nd or 3rd larval
ecdysis.

(viii) Changes from green to Br occurred at either the 2nd, 3rd or 4th larval ecdysis.

(ix) All Ol to Br changes occurred at the 4th larval ecdysis.

(x) Eight phenotypes were observed, excluding those involving any of the yellow
colour types. Each phenotype was given a particular notation determined by
the colour in each instar. For example larvae which were green in all the later

instars were notated as 3Gr 4Gr 5Gr* whilst those which were green in the 3rd,
olive in the 4th and brown in the Sth were given the notation 3Gr 401 5Br.

The control mechanism detailed below is the simplest hypothesis, and in fact the
only hypothesis yet tested which is consistent with the data observed.

The first gene to be identified was given the symbol a. This caused changes of
colour between the 4th and Sth instars.

*

The abbreviation 3Gr is used for 3rd instar green larvae in this explanation because, as will be
shown later, the green colour type in the 3rd instar is made up of larvae of two genotypes which
are not phenotypically distinguishable from one another or, due to the overlapping of the 31G
and Gr colour types, from the green colour type found in the 4th instar larvae.

“+

For a discussion of some of the most likely other mechanisms tested see Majerus 1978 pp.
142-148.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 67

It has been noted that all colour changes in the Gr, Br, Ol complex between the
4th and Sth instars are from either Gr to Ol to Br. These changes are controlled by a
biallelic gene with complete dominance. One allele, a*, causes larvae to be Br in the
Sth instar, irrespective of their 4th instar colour. The other allele, a’, causes no
change in colour from the 4th instar. In CC2 and CC3 which were 4Gr SGr x 4Gr 5Br
crosses, all progeny were 3Gr 4Gr 5Br, indicating that a* is dominant to a’ and in
these two crosses the 4Gr 5Br parent is homozygous for a*. CC4, again a 4Gr 5Gr x
4Gr 5Br cross produced a 1:1 ratio of parental types, indicating that in this case the
4Gr 5Br parent was the heterozygote a*a’.

All the 5Br progeny of CC2— inclusive, should have been heterozygous, as the
4Gr 5Gr parent must be homozygous recessive for gene a. Therefore, crosses
between these 5Br larvae ought to give a 3:1 ratio of brown to green (non-brown)
larvae in the 5th instar. CCS and CC6 show that this does occur.

4th instar colour in the Gr, Br, O1, complex is controlled by a biallelic gene, b. Its
alleles b’ and b° exhibit incomplete dominance. From the progeny of IB3 which
approximates to a 1:2:1 ratio of Gr:O1:Br:, it was deduced that Gr and Br are
produced by the two homozygotes b’b’ and b°b° respectively, O1 being produced by
the heterozygote b’b°.

4Gr x 4Gr crosses give all 4Gr progeny in broods CC2-6 inclusive, showing green
to be pure breeding. Similarly 4Br x 4Br crosses produce all 4Br progeny, (e.g.
CC7). 401 x 401 give a 1:2:1 ratio of Gr to O1 to Br 4th instar progeny (e.g. CC1,
CC9 and CC11) whilst 401 x 4Gr and 401 x 4Br crosses give a 1:1 ratio of the
parental types (CC12 and CC10 respectively). Finally, 4Gr x 4Br crosses give only
401 progeny (e.g. CC8).

We may now return briefly to the 14 abnormal larvae which were of a green pink
colour. These larvae all came from brood IB61 in which the remaining 16 larvae were
green in the 4th instar, all the larvae being Br in the Sth instar. The number of
green-pink to normal Gr larvae in the 4th instar approximates to a 1:1 ratio. It seems
probable that the green pink form is caused by a unifactorial dominant allele, which
may be allelomorphic to b’ and b°. Due to its rarity, the green pink form is not
considered to be an important part of the polymorphism under consideration.
Indeed only 12 of the 14 larvae in question attained the adult state. Of these 12
imagines, seven were severely crippled and would not mate, even using hand pairing
techniques such as those described by Clarke and Sheppard (1956). The other five
imagines (four males and one female) enlarged their wings fully and two of these
seemed to pair successfully. The female laid 41 ova; however, none of these hatched.
It seems that the allele producing green pink has strong adverse affects on some
aspects of the physiology of the insects carrying it, so this allele is unlikely to be
maintained in a population.

Colour changes between the 2nd and 3rd instars appear to be controlled by two
biallelic genes, as the 3rd instar progeny of CC9 are 111 green, 15 olive and 7 brown,
which approximates to a 13:2:1 ratio.

Consideration of the results of the IB and CC broods led to the deduction that one
of the genes involved was gene b which has already been discussed. The second gene,
named c, is biallelic with complete dominance. The dominant allele of gene c, c*,
produces larvae the colour of which, in the 3rd instar, is determined to a great extent
by foodplant. The recessive allele, c’, causes the effect of gene b to be instigated at
the start of the 3rd instar. Thus, c’c’b’b° larvae will produce 301 401 larvae, whereas
c*c'b’b® or ctc*b’b* will give 3rd instar larvae which are green, the exact hue or shade
being affected by foodplant, and olive 4th instar larvae.

On the basis of the hypothesis the progeny of IB4 must be homozygous recessive
for c, as they are all Br in the 3rd instar. The progeny of CC8 must then be c*c’, as one
of the parents (from IB4) is known to be c’c’, and yet all the progeny are green in the
3rd instar, but O1 in the 4th instar. On this basis, the parents of CC9 which were
progeny from CC8 must have had the genotype c*c’b’b°. Therefore, of the 3rd instar
larvae of CC9, three-quarters would be expected to contain c*, and thus be green;

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

1/16th would be c’c’b’b’ and, again, be green due to b’ being homozygous; 2/16th
would be c’c'b’b°, producing olive due to b’b° being expressed phenotypically in the
3rd instar, and 1/16th would be c’c’b°b°, and thus brown due to b°b° being expressed
in the 3rd instar. Thus a 13:2:1 ratio of Gr:O1:Br larvae would be expected in the 3rd
instar of CC9, as was observed. All the data from other broods support this genetic
mechanism.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: THE PY, YG, YB COMPLEX

When viewing the results of broods [B46 and YCC1—18 inclusive, which are given
in Tables 2a and 2b, the following points were noted.

(i) In broods YCCI-YCC8 inclusive none of the larvae were yellow at any
stage.

(ii) _Broods YCC9-YCC18 inclusive all contained some larvae of the yellow
types, these larvae constituting approximately 1/16th of the total number of
larvae in each brood.

(iii) In some broods the yellow larvae were all of one colour type (YCC11) whilst
in others two of the yellow colour types were present (YCC9).

(iv) Insome broods yellow colour types arose at the 2nd larval ecdysis (YCC9).

(v) In one brood (YCC15) the yellow colour types arose at the 3rd larval
ecdysis.

(vi) In some broods some of the larvae of one yellow colour type change to
another of the yellow colour types at the 4th larval ecdysis (e.g. YCC16).
Such changes were always from PY to YB and changes of this type never
occurred at the 3rd ecdysis, nor were any yellow larvae ever observed to
change colour to Gr, O1 or Br.

In the light of these results a mechanism to explain the occurrence of larvae of the
three yellow colour types was formulated.

As no yellow larvae occurred in broods YCC1-8 inclusive it appears that yellow is
recessive to non-yellow. In the broods YCC9-18 inclusive yellow larvae in every case
represent approximately 1/16th of 4th instar larvae. This indicates that the parents of
these broods were heterozygous for the genes involved, and that yellow may be the
result of a double homozygous recessive.

If the results of YCC9, YCC10 and YCC11 are considered, the parents, in each
case were 301 401 501 progeny from YCC1, so the parental genotypes of these
broods must have been c’c’b’b°a’a’. Although the total number of yellow larvae in
these broods is always approximately 1/16th of the total number of larvae, the
frequencies of the three yellow types in these three crosses are quite distinct. YCC9
gives ratio of YG to PY approximating to 3:1. Similarly the yellow larvae in YCC1
approximate to a 3:1 ratio of YB to PY, whilst in YCC1 all yellow larvae are of the PY
type*.

If these ratios are considered in relation to the total number of larvae in each
brood, then in YCC9, approximately 3/64th of the larvae are YG and 1/64th are PY,
which indicates that at least three heterozygous loci are involved one of which may be
b’b°. It seems then that at least two more genes, in addition to a, b and care present in
the system. If these are both biallelic and heterozygous in the parents of YCC9, then
the observed ratio of 1:15, yellow to non-yellow larvae would be expected. However,
this system does not explain the occurrence of two distinct types of yellow larvae in
the brood. The situation is further complicated by the occurrence of 3/64th YB and

* As the number of yellow larvae in these broods is very small, statistical comparisons between
observed and expected results will not be invoked at this stage. However, more extensive data will
be introduced later in the paper.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 69

TABLE 2a Parental details of some of the broods reared to determine the mechanism controlling
the colours, Plain Yellow, Yellow Green and Yellow Brown in the later instars.

Brood Details of parent 1 Details of parent 2
Origin Phenotype Genotype Origin Phenotype Genotype

IB46 Wild Unknown c*%c*b*b*a*a*d'd' (e°e°) Wild Unknown c*c*b*b*a*a*d'd' (e'e')

YCC1] MS63 3Gr4Gr5Gr c*c'b°b°a'a'd d'or ee B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b'a'a'd'd’ e'e®
YCC2 S71 3Br4Br5Br c'c'b°b°a'a'd dor ee B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b°a'a'd'd' eve
YCC3 B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b°a'a'd'd' e'e® MS71 3Gr401501 c*c'b'b°a'a'd’d’or ee
Ycc4 MS74 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd dor ee 1B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b'a'a'd'’d' ele
YCCS5 B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b°b°a*a*d'd' e'e° S75 3Br4Br5Br c'c'b°b°a*a*d'd or ee
YCC6 MS76 3Gr4Gr5Gr c*c*b'b'a'a'd*d*or e%e~ B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b'a'a'd'd' e'e®
YCC7 B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b°a'a'd'd' e'e® MS76 3Gr4015Br cc b'b°a’a'd dor ee
YCC8 MS79 3Gr4GrSGr c*c*b'b'a'a'd*d*or e*e* B46 3PY4PYSPY c'c'b'b'a'a'd'd' eve

Ycc9 YCC1 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' ee YCC1l 301401501 c'c'b'b°ata'd’d' ee
YCC10 YCC1 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd d' e*e' YCC1 301401501 c'c'b'bea'a'd'd’ ee!

YCC11 YCC1 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' (e*e') YCC1 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' (e’e')
YCC12 YCC2 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' ee’ YCC3 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd'd' ee!

YCC13 YCC4 3Gr4GrSGr c'c'b'b'a'a'd d' (e'e°) YCC5 3Br4Br5Br c'c'b°b°a'a'd'd' (e'e')
YCC14 YCC4 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' (e'e°) YCC5 3Br4Br5Br c'c'b°b°a'a'd'd' (ee')
YCC15 YCC6 3Gr4GrSGr c’c'b'b'a'a'd'd’ e*e° YCC6 3Gr4GrSCr c’c'b'’b'a'a'd'd' eve
YCC16 YCC7 3Gr4015Br c’c'b'b’a’a'd’d' ee’ YCC7 3Gr4015Br c’c'b'b°aa'd'd' ee!
YCC17 YCC7 3Gr4Gr5Br c*c'b'b'a’a'd'd' e’e' YCC8 3Gr4Gr5Gr c'c'b'b'a'a'd'd' eve!
YCC18 YCC6 3Gr4GrSGr c’c'b'b’a'a'd'd' e'd° YCC4 301401501 c'c'b'b°a'a'd’d' eve

N.B. The suffix x used with the alleles in some of the genotypes indicates that the allele present
was not known, nor could it be deduced from the information contained in this paper.

The use of brackets around some of the alleles indicates that the genotype of the parents with
respect to these alleles could have been reversed.

1/64th PY larvae in YCC10, and 1/16th PY larvae with no other yellow type larvae in
YCCLI:

To explain the occurrence and frequencies of the three yellow colour types, one of
the two additional genes must be tri-allelic. The proposed control mechanism for the
PY, YG, YB complex, is therefore based on five unlinked genes, of which three—a,
b and c—have already been described. The other two genes have been named d and
e. Gene d is biallelic with a dominant allele, d*, which has no effect on larval colour,
and a recessive allele, d’, which gives rise to yellow pigment. Gene e is tri-allelic with
a dominant allele e* which has no effect on larval colour except to suppress the action
of d’when this allele is homozygous. The two other alleles, e’ and e°, are recessive to
e* and show incomplete dominance to one another. If e’ is present in the genotype,
either as a homozygote, or as a heterozygote with e°, then it prevents the phenotypic
expression of b’. Similarly, if e° is present, b° and a* are not expressed
phenotypically. Alleles e’ and e° are hypostatic to d*, and d’ is hypostatic to e*.

The non-yellow parent of YCC1 was known to be c*c’b°b°a‘a’. The progeny of
YCC1 are in a ratio of approximately 1:1, 3Gr 401 5SO1: 301 401 SOL. To give this
ratio, the yellow parent from IB46 must have been c’c’b’b’a‘a’. The progeny of
YCC1 will, thus, be either c*c’b’b°a’a’ or c’c'b’b°a’a’. The latter type which was
recognisable by being olive in the 3rd instar, was used in the YCC9, YCC10 and

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE 2b Colour type analysis of some of the broods reared to determine the mechanism
controlling the colours, Plain Yellow, Yellow Green and Yellow Brown in the later instars.

Brood Number of third instar Number of fourth instar Number of fifth instar
larvae of colour types:- larvae of colour types:- larvae of colour types:-
Gr Ol sBr (PY YG. sys Gr, Ol) Br) (PY YG" YB Gr Ol) Br PY Ye YS

1B46 2 oO Ssh oS = = > SHS > = = > Sis oS s
YCC1 ys Se = a S/S Se SS
YCC2 = 295 M90 ie SCY UE) SS = Ol Gf 2 > =
Ycc3 CYA Sif alg Se St Ae Oe SD US Sh = = =
YCcc4 Cyl QR) Se Se Gel Gtk SS Gy CE os = = =
YCC5 Se 20 US SS S So by SSS = = weil i
YCC6 IBY eS SSS WAS SS Se Se aS eG Se eS Se
YCC7 US) St em tS is) 8) es 4 hw = Ss
YCc8 Ay SSS Se A SS 2.00
YCCc9 A OG EAS a2 LO ee AO OZ 455 a2 oe CN Wenehs 7a Awe ee 7 NS
YCCTON 66) 119) 585 4 al G6Rt3 1575 4 (Soyghilsy Gp etal
YCC11 il S25 OO “o) by 9S} QS Ss Mey nl sis SY SS
YCCL2) 77, W637 17/5 2 = 5 75 160 75 oy lS) 13, 15h 74 gate, 1A
YCC13 SUS NS DS ee SS) = Y fs os Seley May Spe Ss
YCC14 =O 4 O22 = Ge ae lil = = = 1825 80) 1) +S
YCC15 91 = ByAy OS rs 2h ae pis el oe eae
NCCLON 2S) 432 Oe ee 3 69 143 67 Be ats 19% 38220R LS
Ndoonly? GAS SIGS We aL = = Of = EE & = F
YG Gilt 200 I/O 128 131 SU = Sy 27 SO: a ee

YCC11 broods. As all the progeny of IB46 were PY their genotype must be either
d’d’e’e’ or d’d’e’e®, as e’ must be present to prevent the phenotypic expression of b’.

Assuming that the insect from IB46 used as a parent of YCC1, had the genotype
c’c’b’'b’a’a’d'd’e’e®, and that the non-yellow parent of YCCl was
c*c’b’b’a’a’d*d*e*e*, then considering only genes d and e, a 1:1 ratio of dtd’e*e’ to
d*d’e*e® should be present in the progeny of this brood. In YCC9, if both parents
were d*d’e*e® 1/16th of the larvae should have been d’d’e°e°, and thus, of one of the
yellow colour types. Of these, as both parents were olive, and therefore
heterozygous for gene b, a 1:2:1 ratio of the genotypes b’b’, b’b° and b°b® should be
present. The former two of these genotypes would give YG larvae, due to the
presence of b’ producing green pigment, d’d’ producing yellow pigment, and e°
preventing the expression of b° in the b’b® larvae. The third group, with b°b®, will
produce PY larvae, due to the lack of b’ to produce green pigment, and the presence
of e°e®° preventing the expression of b°.

The results of YCC10 may be explained in a similar way if both parents are
d*d’e*e’. Then 1/16th of the larvae would be d’d’e’e’, and again of these a quarter
should have contained b’b’, half b’b°, and quarter b°b’. In this case, the former group
will give PY, due to the absence of any brown producing allele, and the presence of
e’e’ to prevent the expression of b’. The other two groups will both give YB larvae,
due to the presence of b° and d’d’ producing brown and yellow pigments
respectively.

The results of YCC11 are as would be expected if one parent was d*d’e*e’, and the
other d*d’e*e®, so that all progeny which are yellow must be d’d’e’e°. This would
result in neither the green producing allele b’, nor the brown producing alleles, b°

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 71

TABLE 3 Results of specific cross types, reared from parents with known
genotypes which had some yellow progeny.

Cross Genotype Genotype No. of Phenotypes of progeny Chi-squared
type of parent 1 of parent 2 broods Larval No. of Larval No. of values and
instar Larvae instar Larvae probabilities
and and
colour colour Chi? 2)
1 b'btata'd*d'e’e' b'b'ata'd*d'ete' 23 4Gr 4719 4PY 307. 0.1712 0.7-0.5
2 b'btata'd’d'e’e’ b'b'ata'd d'ee° 18 4Gr 4053 4YG 259 0.4364 0.7-0.5
3. b'bta'a'd’d'ee® b'b'ata'd’d'e’e’ 14 4Gr 2937 4PY 203. 0.2476 0.7-0.5
4 b'b'ata'd*d'e’e' b°b°a'a'd’d'e’e' 26 401 5030 4YB 322 0.4983 0.5-0.3
5) b'bla'a'd dees bobca'atd d'ee> 23 4Ol 4921 4yG 330 0.0105 0.95-0.9
6 b'btatatdtd'e’e® b°b°a'a'd’d'e’e’ 17 401 3490 4PY 218 0.8702 0.5-0.3
7 b°%b°a'a'd’d'e’e' b°b°a'a'd’d'e’e’ 21 4Br 3847 4YB 273 0.9952 0.5-0.3
8 beobfata’d d'ee° bcbca'a'd’d'ee> 16 4Br 3162 4PY 228 1.3046 0.3-0.2
(ome) A +0) 0,0 + cr
9 b b a'a'd d'e e b b a'a'd d'e e' 13 4Br 2441 4PY 170 0.3034 0.5-0.3
100) (bi btatalddteve! ibutbvatatd'dvete" 5 4PY 997
11 b'b'ata'd'd’'e’e”’ b'b'a'a'd'd'ee 7 4YG 1213
12. b'b'ata'd'd'e’e® b'blata'd'd'e'e' 6 GPY 1209
13. b'b'ata'd'd'e'e’ b°b°a'a'd'd'e'e' 6 4YB 1305
14. b'b'ata'd'd'e°e® ~b°b°ata'd'd'e°e® 4 4YG 877
15. b'b'ata'd'd'e’e® b°b°a'a'd'd'e'e! 5 4PY 966
16 b°b°ata'd'd'e'e’ b°b°a'a'd'd'e'e! 7 4YB 1505
17. b°b°ata'd'd'e’e® b°b°ata'd'd'e’e” 6 4PY 1126
18 b°boata'd'd'e’e® b°b°a'a'd'd'e'e’ 8 4py 1772
10) h'btavad dle e! b'b’a ardedtere! | 913 0 l4Gr ms 2ag08 © 4PY 202 0.8285 0.5-0.3
eS ao Ora rrp he
20 b'b'a ad d'tee b'b'a ad d'tee 16 4Gr 2931 4YG 209 0.8835 0.5-0.3
hptet ith to JOR eee care
21. b'b'a’ad’d'e'e® b'b'a'add'ee’ 11 4Gr 2167 4PY 128) wee 7723 (082-01
22 b'bta’ad'd'e'e' b'b'a'ad'd'e'e' 9 4PY 1858
23. b'b'aa’d'd'e’e bib’a'ad'dtetes 7 4YG 1325
24 b'b'a‘ad'd'e’e® b'b'a’ad'd'e'e' 7 4PY 1502
19 See above See above 13 5Br 2768 5YB 200 1.1269 0.3-0.2
20 See above See above 16 SBr 2881 5YG 201 0.7484 0.5-0.3**
7ail See above See above 1l 5Br 2128 5PY 126 1.6754 0.2-0.1
22 See above See above 9 SYB 1817
23 See above See above 7 5YG 1309
24 See above See above 7 SPY 1470

* Note, all parents were homozygous for the recessive allele of gene c.
** A 15:1 ratio of Br: YG was taken as the expected for this test; however initially the presence ot
YG larvae was not expected. See text.

and a*, being expressed phenotypically, as both e’ and e® are present in these larvae,
and therefore they would all be of the PY type.

Three further points may be noted from the results of the YCC broods. Firstly, in
several of the broods (e.g. YCC18), the number of yellow type larvae increases
between the 3rd and 4th instars. In YCC18 this seems to be because c* is present in
the genotype of one of the parents with the result that half the progeny of YCC18
would contain c*. As the number of yellow larvae approximately doubled between
the 3rd and 4th instars, it may be deduced that the genes d and e are both hypostatic

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

to gene c in the 3rd instar—that is to say the alleles d’, e’ and e° are expressed in the
3rd instar only when the allele c’ is homozygous.

Secondly, the results of brood YCC17 show that some larvae change from PY in
the 4th instar, to YB in the Sth instar. This seems to be because their genotype is
b’b’ata’d’d’e°e°, so that in the 4th instar, they are PY due to suppression of the
phenotypic expression of b’ by e®, and the lack of the brown producing allele b°. In
the Sth instar, a* expresses itself and adds brown pigment to the yellow produced by
d'd’.

Thirdly, if the yellow larvae are ignored, the ratios of the remaining Gr, O1 and Br
larvae in these broods are consistent with the hypothesis proposed to explain the
control of the Gr, Br, Ol complex.

The results of the broods tabulated in Tables 2a and 2b all concur with the
hypothesis put forward. However, the infrequency of the yellow colour types in these
broods means that statistical tests comparing this observed data with expected results
have little validity. Later during the study large numbers of larvae were reared for
investigations into the evolution and the maintenance of the polymorphisms
involved. Consequently, large numbers of broods in which parents were of known
genotypes (on the basis of the controlling mechanisms outlined previously) were
reared. Of these over 200 had some progeny of the yellow colour types. The colour
types of larvae from all the brood of each relevant type of cross are given in Table 3.
In many of these crosses both parents were homozygous for both c’ and a’ and
consequently the colour type of larvae was constant throughout the 3rd, 4th and Sth
instars. In these broods only 4th instar results are given.

Where relevant, heterogeneity chi-squared tests were carried out on all broods
from a particular type of cross. In each case the broods for a specific cross type were
homogeneous. The total results from each cross type were then compared with
expected ratios using a simple chi-squared test. The results of these tests are given in
Table 3. In only one of the tests is there evidence of a significant difference between
the observed and expected results.

In crosses which should have produced some larvae which were homozygous for
b’, a*, d’ and e®, (e.g. cross type 20) it was expected that larvae with the genotype
c'c'b’b’at*atd’d’e°e°, would change colour from being YG in the 4th instar, due to
the presence of b’ and the absence of e’, to being PY in the Sth instar, because of the
absence of any gene to produce green in the Sth instar and the presence of e° to
prevent the phenotypic expression of a*. However, in crosses of this type
approximately 1/16th of the larvae were YG in both the 4th and Sth instars all other
larvae being 4Gr, SBr. It must be assumed, therefore, that the allele e°® not only
prevents the phenotypic expression of a* in the Sth instar, but also prevents the loss
in this instar of green pigments produced by b’ in the 4th instar.

DISCUSSION

A summary of the mechanisms which control larval colour in P. meticulosa is set
out in Tables 4 and 5. Table 4 outlines the factors controlling each of the colour forms
found in each instar, and Table 5 shows the interactions between the eleven alleles
involved in the control of larval colour.

The precise way in which the genetic system acts is open to several theoretical
interpretations. As major colour changes always occur at larval ecdyses, it seems
likely that the concentration or balance of the hormones, ecdysone and juvenile
hormone are involved in the system—a possibility which is particularly relevant to
the action of the alleles of gene c, and to the similarity in the phenotypic expression of
b°b° and a*.

It must be remembered that the colour types are all variable. Mather (1943) notes
that polymorphic genes have a switching role only, the alternatives which they switch
being determined by adjustment of other genes. If this is true, then the variation in
the main colour types is probably caused by a polygenic system. The expression of a

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 73

TABLE 4 Summary of factors controlling each of the colour forms found in
each larval instar.

Instar Colour Method of Control

First Early Green (EG) Foodplant. (Other colours may be produced when larvae are fed

on non-green food). See Majerus 1978, 1983.

Second Early Green (EG) Foodplant. (Other colours may be produced when larvae are fed

on non-green food). See Majerus 1978, 1983.

Third 3rd instar green Made up of green larvae under two methods of control. (i) if ct

(31G) is present, colour is under the control of foodplant. (ii) if
c' is homozygous, the green is due to b' being homozygous.

Olive (01) Produced when c' is homozygous, b' and b° and either d* and/or
ar are present in the genotype.

Brown (Br) Produced when both c' and b° are homozygous, and either a*
and/or e are present in the genotype.

Plain Yellow (PY) Produced in any one of three ways, all of which involve the
alleles c' and d' being homozygous. Coupled with these two
homozygotes, if both e' and e° are present, or if e' and b' are
homozygous, or if e° and b° are homozygous, PY larvae will
result.

Yellow-green (YG) Produced when c', d' and e° are homozygous and b' is present.

Yellow-brown (YB) Produced when c', d' and e' are homozygous and b° is present.

F + +

Fourth Green (Gr) Produced when b' is homozygous if d and/or e are present.
Olive (01) Produced when b' and b® are present if a* and/or a" are present.
Brown (Br) Produced when b° is homozygous if d* and/or e* are present.

Plain Yellow (PY) Produced in any one of three ways, either when d' is homozygous
and e' and e° are present, or when d', e' and b! are homozygous,
or when d', e° and b° are homozygous.

Yellow-green (YG) Produced when d' and e° are homozygous and b' is present.

Yellow-brown (YB) Produced when d' and e' are homozygous and b° is present.

Fifth Green (Gr) Produced when b' and a' are homozygous if a* and/or e* are
present.
Olive (01) Produced when a' is homozygous and b"' and b° are present if

da and/or e* are present.

Brown (Br) Produced when a° is present and/or b° is homozygous, if a*
and/or e’ are present.

Plain Yellow (PY) Produced in any one of three ways; either when d is homozygous
and e' and e® are present, or when d', e' and b' and a' are
homozygous, or when d', e° and b° are homozygous.

Yellow-green (YG) Produced when d', e° and b' are homozygous.

Yellow-brown (YB) Produced when d', and e' are homozygous and b° and/or a’ are

present.

particular set of genes from this system will be controlled by the presence, or
absence, of one or more of the alleles of the major genes involved.

When this is considered in relation to the situation in P. meticulosa, the possibility
arises that some of the alleles, particularly b° and a*, may have identical actions on
the polygenic system, except for the instar in which they act. This possibility is
supported by the results of CC11, (Tables 1a and 1b) which was a cross between two
3Gr 401 5Br larvae with genotype b’b°a*a*, (where a* may be a* or a’). At least

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE 5 Basic effects of the eleven alleles of the five major genes which control
larval colour, and the interaction between these alleles.

Allele Instar in which the Basic effect of the alleles and their interactions

allele may act

a 5th Causes larvae to be brown in the 5th instar.
Dominant to a’.
Epistatic to alleles of gene b.
Hypostatic to d' when d' is homozygous and e* is absent.
Hypostatic to en when neither d* nor e* are present.

a 5th Causes larvae to retain their 4th instar colour through the
5th instar.
Recessive to a’.

b' 3rd, 4th and 5th Causes green pigment to be produced.
Incompletely dominant to b°.
Hypostatic to d' when d' is homozygous and e* is absent.
Hypostatic to e' when neither d* nor e~ are present.
Hypostatic to allele cH (only in the 3rd instar).
Hypostatic to ae unless both d' and e® are homozygous.

(Only in the 5th instar).

b 3rd, 4th and 5th Causes brown pigment to be produced.
Incompletely dominant to b'.
Hypostatic to d' when d' is homozygous and e* is absent.
Hypostatic to e° when neither d’ nor e* are present.
Hypostatic to ce (only in 3rd instar).

c 3rd Causes 3rd instar colour to be dependant on foodplant.
Dominant to c'.
Epistatic to all alleles of genes b, d and e.

(ey 3rd Causes 4th instar colour to arise in the 3rd instar.

a +
Recessive toc.

3/16th of the progeny from this cross should have had the genotype b°b’a*a*. This
genotype would produce brown 4th and Sth instar larvae. Unless b°b° blocks the
effect of a*, then the colour of the 4th instar will be that produced by those genes in
the polygenic system which are “switched on” by b°b°, whilst the Sth instar colour
will be that produced by the genes “switched on” by a*. Thus, if the genes “switched
on” by b°b° and a* are not identical, the shade of brown in the 4th and Sth instars of
some of the 4Br 5Br larvae from CC11 should vary. However, observation on CC11
and other similar broods indicated that there was no significant change in the shade
of the brown between the 4th and Sth instars. So, it seems that the phenotypic
expressions of b° and a* are identical, either because they affect the same genes in the
polygenic system, or because, although they each affect a different set of polygenes,
the difference in the action of the two sets was too small to be detected with the
methods being used to score colour variation (See Majerus 1978, 1983). The fact that
the allele e° prevents both b° and a* being expressed phenotypically also indicates
that b° and a* may have similar actions. The possibility of b°b° blocking the
expression of a* is also unlikely as a discernable difference should then be noticeable
in the 5th instar brown colours of 4Gr 5Br and 4Br 5Br larvae, unless the actions of
b°b® and a* are identical. No such difference has been observed.

On the other hand, the similarity in the phenotypic expression of b°b° and a* could
be due to these having similar effects on the hormonal system of moulting, and there

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 75

TABLE 5 (continuation)

Allele Instar in which the Basic effect of the alleles and their interactions

allele may act

+

d 3rd, 4th and 5th Causes colour to be dependant on alleles of genes a, b and c.
Dominant to d'.
Hypostatic to * (only in the 3rd instar).
Epistatic to e' and e°.
d' 3rd, 4th and 5th Causes yellow pigment to be produced.
Recessive to d*
Hypostatic to on
Hypostatic to ar (Only in the 3rd instar).
e 3rd, 4th and 5th Causes colour to be dependant on alleles of genes a, b and c.
Dominant to e' and e°.
Hypostatic to c* (only in the 3rd instar).
Epistatic to d'.
e 3rd, 4th and 5th Prevents the phenotypic expression of b'.
Recessive to e”.
Incompletely dominant to e°.
Hypostatic to dice
Hypostatic to ra (only in the 3rd instar).
Epistatic to b' in the 3rd instar if c* and d” are absent.

Epistatic to b' in the 4th and 5th instars if d* is absent.

°

e 3rd, 4th and 5th Prevents the phenotypic expression of b° and a.
Recessive to e.
Incompletely dominant to e'.
: +
Hypostatic tod.
Hypostatic to c* (only in the 3rd instar).
Epistatic to b° in the 3rd instar if c* and d° are absent.
Epistatic to b° in the 4th instar if d* is not present.

a £175 = e eh
Epistatic to b° and a in the Sth instar if d’ is absent.

a

Ss no reason to suppose that the effect on the hormonal system must involve
polygenes. This is not to say that a polygenic system may not then cause slight
variation in the hormonal system, independantly of the major genes. These slight
variations might then manifest themselves phenotypically as slight variations in the
shade or hue of the main colour types.

The variation could also be explained by environmental factors having an effect on
the shade within colour types, and the similarities in the shades of colour types
between the 3rd, 4th and Sth instars could be due to the effect being caused by the
environment at a critical phase in the development, if this point precedes the 4th
instar. However, no evidence to support this possibility was obtained from the large
series of environmental experiments described by Majerus (1978).

Finally, it may be that the variation within colour types is affected by the quantity
and type of pigments in the larval food plant, although the lack of a difference in the
shades of 4th and Sth instars, fed on sorrel and plantain in the foodplant experiments
described by Majerus (1983) opposes this view.

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I thank Dr. A. J. Pontin of Royal Holloway College, University of London for his
supervision and guidance during the course of this study. Also Mrs. M.D. Majerus
for caring for the larval stocks when I was unable to, Ms. V.A. McLean, Mrs. J. Hunt
and Mrs. A. Newman for typing and other help. And, Dr. K.M. Goodway of Keele
University and Dr. P. O’Donald for reading this manuscript and their constructive
criticism of it.

REFERENCES

Clarke, C.A., and Sheppard, P.M., 1956. Hand-pairing of butterflies. Lepid. News 10: 47-53.

Majerus, M.E.N., 1978. The control of larval colour variation in Phlogophora meticulosa Linn.
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and some of its consequences. Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Holloway
College, University of London.

Majerus, M.E.N., 1983. The Control of Larval Colour Variation in Phlogophora meticulosa
Linn. Part I: Foodplant Control in Instars I, Il and III. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 16:
34449.

Mather, K., 1943. Polygenic inheritance and natural selection. Biol. Rev. 18: 32-64.

A PALAEOMORPH OF ARTOGEIA?—¥. FUNEBRIS
LORKOVIC (LEP: PIERIDAE)

by S.R. BOWDEN

Lydeard, Merryfield Way, Storrington W. Sussex

A reader of Miller and Kautz’s monograph on Pieris bryoniae Ochs. and Pieris
napi L. (1939) will remember their obsession with Riickschlagsformen, regression-
forms, which they considered valid indications of what the primitive napi-bryoniae
must have looked like. They supposed this precursor to have been yellow with a great
deal of melanic marking; the appearance of any napi form departing from type in this
direction was to be taken as confirmation of the hypothesis. On the other hand every
unusually light form anticipated the future—an orthogenetic heresy not altogether
free from circular reasoning. Males, they remarked, remained always in the lead in
these historic changes. To some extent their scheme was parallelled by Verity’s
(1922) system of grades, but the latter, being merely descriptive, supported no
deductions of past or future.

Fig. 1. Reconstruction of the Ur-napi (Kautz 1955).
Fig. 2. “*P. canidia palaerctica ab. marginalis” (Avinoff 1910).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 77

Kautz’s last paper (1955) introduced the term ‘‘Zukunftsformen’’ for the
supposedly anticipatory light forms. Naturally, he inferred that the ultimate form of
napi would be all-white and markingless above and below. In fact, a close approach
to such a phenotype is already realized in the summer emergence of the North
American Artogeia (napi) oleracea Harris and especially of its (artificial) hybrid with
A. virginiensis Edwards, but this is irrelevant to Kautz’s argument: he knew little of
the Nearctic forms. In the same paper he roughly sketched a reconstruction of the
ancestral or ur—napi (reproduced here as fig. 1) but he envisaged also the possible
running-together of its marginal and pre-marginal bands.

One recalls Bateson’s (1894) dictum, that “it would probably help the science of
biology if the word ‘reversion’ and the ideas which it denotes, were wholly dropped”,
but though Kautz’s reasoning may appear unsound his conclusions were not
necessarily mistaken. The unformulated basis of his argument could have been that
black pigment can now be laid down only in areas that were dark in ur—napi, that
these areas are still predisposed to become black, and are now kept normally white
by subsequent genetic changes.

A fair approximation to Kautz’s hypothetical ur—napi in fact lately (1967)
appeared in Lorkovic’s (1971) f. funebris, illustrated here in figs. 3 to 6. Even more
than Kautz’s vision, it does resemble what are thought to be the more primitive
Coliadine patterns of Eurema, Colias and Leptophobia.

Lorkovic’s illustrated account (1971) of the origin of funebris is in the Serbo-Croat
language, with English abstract and a German summary. One female of the morph
appeared in the eighth generation (five broods reared together) of a cross between
A. (napi) oleracea from New Hampshire (U.S.A.) and Jugoslav A. napi, back-
crossed twice to napi but with selection throughout of oleracea-like phenotypes.
When he wrote, it was not appreciated that oleracea is distinguished from European
napi not only by a recessive gene “restricta’’ reducing or eliminating forewing
spotting, but also by a dominant “‘acuta’’ producing sharply marked underside
veining in the diapause emergence (cf. Bowden 1979). Acuta, but not restricta,
occurs also in such Asiatic species as A. melete Ménétriés. The two closely linked
genes can occur, together or separately, in combination with funebris, producing
appropriate modifications of the phenotype (see below).

A second temale funebris, eclosing from the overwintering part of Lorkovié’s same
mixed brood, was paired with a sib (?) male to produce in the F2 one-quarter funebris
phenotypes of both sexes. The morph, which turns out to be a simple recessive in the
genetic background of ssp. napi, has since been bred in large numbers by Lorkovic,
Bowden, H. Descimon and others.

The funebris phenotypes will, I hope, be treated in more detail in a further paper
dealing with seasonal wing-patterns of Artogeia. Here it will be sufficient to refer to
the non-diapause forms illustrated in figs. 3 to 6, the somewhat reduced markings
following diapause (fig. 8), the hindwing-underside when funebris is combined with
acuta (fig. 7) and the variable but always considerable reduction produced by
homozygous restricta (figs. 9, 10). Note particularly the peculiar remaining markings
of the restricta male.

At an early stage of breeding, broods with particularly heavy marking included
insects of napi type, but with a sprinkling of black scales between discal spot and
margin; these were identified by Lorkovic¢ as funebris heterozygotes. However, these
heterozygotes are generally indistinguishable.

The only known natural occurrence of f. funebris (Altai Mts., western Central
Asia) was referred to Pieris canidia ssp. palaearctica Staudinger by Avinoff (1910).
Its reference in that case to the species canidia Sparrman may or may not be correct,
but the name marginalis Avinoff cannot be used for Lorkovié’s form in A. napi, as it
is pre-dated in that superspecies by marginalis Scudder (1861). The solitary Alai
specimen (fig. 2, illustrated also by Verity 1911) presents a problem in any case. It is
so nearly identical with fig. 3 that it must surely have been very close genetically,
though apparently so remote in occurrence. It is unfortunate that we have no figure

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

KEY TO FIGURES

‘71d4—s funebris non-diapause
“68y4 s ee
‘71h24 i. underside i
"71h29 a 33 x
T1jlid a acuta zs

“70F 146 ie diapause

x72b1 - + homozygous restricta, non-diapause
"7243 a - ee % ea

SeCAEIUDMEW
+0 Os +0 O, 10 0, 10 07

—

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 79

of the underside of Avinoff’s specimen, but evidently there was little or no hindwing
veining.

One circumstance which may (or may not) be of importance, but is not mentioned
in the published account, is that Lorkovic’s second back-cross was to a male which
was not pure Zagreb napi but derived partly from bryoniae of Les Fonds (Htes.
Alpes) and the rather diluted bryoniae of Krsko (eastern Slovenia) (Lorkovi¢, in
litt.). Differences between napi and bryoniae do not go as deep as is sometimes
supposed (cf. Geiger 1981). However, bryoniae females of the summer form
supermeta Kautz may approach the funebris pattern on the upperside (compare
Bowden 1979 fig. 5 with fig. 8 of this present paper), though the significance of this is
problematic and Lorkovic (in litt.) does not regard the bryoniae element as important
here. His original (1971) conjecture was that “the morph funebris is probably not a
mutation but a rare recombination, possibly connected with some gene repressive of
the synthesis of melanin in the American taxon oleracea.”’

Initially, the simplest explanation for funebris was indeed that it was a scarce
recessive native to some population of oleracea, but not previously detected there
because even when homozygous it was not visible in the presence of oleracea’s
constantly double-dose restricta. However, breeding experiments soon showed that
in napi hybrids restricta did not completely suppress funebris, and up to now lack of
fully suitable material has prevented the present writer from returning (?) funebris to
nearly pure oleracea (which may contain additional suppressors).

EXPERIMENTAL—FUNEBRIS IN OLERACEA GENOTYPE

In August 1981 a funebris female was paired with an oleracea male; a large brood
(1981-r) resulted but 36 males only emerged, mostly in the same year: about 40
pupae, presumably female, are lying over a second winter and may never eclose. This
result differs from that of NO pairing 1964-n, using a sulphurea female, in which, too,
most of the males were non-diapause, but females emerged after one winter and
produced good F; and F; broods. In June 1982 two funebris males were caged with
two pure oleracea temales, but although the butterflies lived about a week no mating
was seen and no eggs were laid. With better stock of both oleracea and funebris, it is
hoped in 1983 to obtain this pairing and thereafter cross back repeatedly to oleracea.

EXPERIMENTAL—FUNEBRIS FROM OLERACEA HYBRIDS?

An alternative approach seeks to reproduce some of the conditions of Lorkovic’s
original breeding, preferably with closer control of the make-up of separate broods. I
consider that A. napi napi need not always be used, since A. (napi) bryoniae
probably lacks no feature of napi essential in this case.

The BO brood 1965-n, from two or three Swiss females, comprised nearly 200 F,
butterflies showing no disturbance of sexual sequence, but gave a small F, only with
difficulty, and back-crosses to oleracea in both sexual directions were moderate and
poor.

Not until 1981 was an OB pairing made; resulting F; males were crossed back
separately to 3 Swiss bryoniae and one English napi female. The back-crosses of both
sexes were paired up in 1982 to give (usually small) broods. Another BO pairing in
the same year produced a large F;, which will be bred further in 1983.

Funebris has not yet appeared in any of these experimental broods.

DISCUSSION

Even if any positive result is obtained from either series of experiments, it remains
difficult to account for the Altai specimen except as an independent mutation
revealed by natural in-breeding. If it was a consequence of hybridization, we
certainly do not know between what populations.

80 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Riedl (1978) remarks, quite generally, that in hybridization, features of acommon
ancestor are sometimes expressed. On his view of the course of evolution, as I
understand it, this can occur by the restored activation of an earlier gene-system
which has been overlaid in development by incompatible processes evolved in the
two taxa.

“There must be a pigeon-hole in the genotype in which old instructions are kept
and there must be a mechanism that can switch them on again . . . Every organism
is a historical being and can only be understood by remembering everything that it
once was . . . [In spontaneous atavism] a change in a single decision (i.e. a point
mutation) triggers the production of phenes which are . . . lacking in the normal
recent organism and appear to be meaningless for it, but were represented in its
ancestors.”

This is little better than speculation, but perhaps such a mechanism could be
supposed in the present case, though one does not know of any other such instance in
the Lepidoptera. Presumably there is a critical degree of disparity between the
parents: if it is slight, as between most subspecies, there will be no disturbance; if it is
too great there will be no hybrid.

An interesting consequence of this hypothesis of relict homoeostasis is that it
should be possible by hybridization of other subspecies of the same monophyletic
superspecies or genus to produce the identical palaeomorph. Did this happen to
canidia in the Altai Mts?

What is the nature of the past and present marking-changes in the phylogeny of a
genus? Selection does not provide a complete answer. The actual genetic change in
the present rare case is quite obscure and evidently deserves full investigation by
whatever techniques become available. Meanwhile living stock of funebris must be
maintained—by the methods usual for A. napi, with occasional outcrossing to wild
napi. { have therefore appealed to breeders to make themselves responsible for this.
Pupae are generally obtainable from the writer.

Finally one may quote Darwin’s (1882) opinion: “A new variety raised by man will
be a more important and interesting subject for study than one more species added to
the infinitude of already recorded species.”

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Z. Lorkovic for long friendly collaboration.

REFERENCES

Avinoff, A.N., 1910. (New forms of Rhopalocera in the Fergan region). Horae Soc. Ent. Ross.
39: 247-248 & P1.XIV.

Bateson, W., 1894. Materials for the Study of Variation, p.78. Macmillan, London.

Bowden, S.R., 1979. Subspecific variation in butterflies: adaptation and dissected polymorphism
in Pieris (Artogeia). J. Lepid. Soc. 33: 77-111.

Darwin, C., 1882 (reprint 1902, p.666). The Origin of Species. 6th edn. Murray, London.

Geiger, H.J., 1981. Enzyme electrophoretic studies on the genetic relationships of Pierid
butterflies I. European taxa J. Res. Lepid. 19: 181-195.

Kautz, H., 1955. Die Rtickschlags-und Zukunftsformen von Pieris napi L. Z. wien ent. Ges. 40:
151-156.

Lorkovic, Z., 1971. Pieris napi (L.) morta funebris, osebujna nova rekombinacija krizanja. Acta
entomologica Jugoslavica 7: |-9.

Miller, L. and H. Kautz, 1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. Vienna.

Riedl, R., 1978. Order in Living Organisms: a Systems Analysis of Evolution. J. Wiley,
Chichester.

Scudder, $.H., 1861. Notice of some North American species of Pieris. Proc. Boston nat. Hist.
Soc. 8: 180-185.

Verity, R., 1911. Rhopalocera Palaearctica, P\. LU, fig. 24. Florence.

— 1922. Seasonal polymorphism and races of some European Grypocera and Rhopalocera
(contd.). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 34: 124-142.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 81

SOME NEW APHID ARRIVALS TO BRITAIN’S FORESTS

by C. I. CARTER

Forestry Commission Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham

FOREST COMPOSITION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLONISATION

If an entomologist was asked to choose a type of woodland that was likely to be
good for collecting insects he would probably choose the oak wood. The oak 1s native,
deciduous and has the long established reputation that of all our trees it has the
greatest variety of insect species that feed upon it. It seems likely that only when the
deciduous woodlands were relatively well documented would the conifers receive
much attention.

Several of the familiar broadleaved trees that are grown in avenues and parklands
around our cities and towns are not truly native to Britain, and contribute relatively
little to the composition of British woodlands. On the other hand there are
substantial areas of exotic coniferous species that until recently have been
overlooked by naturalists but now contribute to the enlarged area of Britain’s forests
(see Table I). Several of the conifers, although recently introduced, have a far richer
insect fauna than many of the broadleaved species, even some of the native ones.

There have been a number of attempts to explain the differences between the
numbers of insect species on various tree species in Britain. In an early study
Southwood (1961) compared the insect faunas of various tree species in Britain and
other countries, and showed a correlation between the number of insect species of
the major plant-feeding orders on a tree species and its abundance in recent
geological history (the Quaternary period). Strong (1974) compared the numbers of
insect species and present-day host-plant distribution from the maps in the Botanical
Atlas (Perring & Walters, 1962), but these areas do not truly relate to the extensive
forest areas of certain species nor to the age class of the trees (which is significant for
some insects that require young shoots or thick bark and even essential for the
specialist species requiring flowers and seeds). Southwood (1960 & 1961) has
carefully pointed out that even among our native trees some are eminently more
favoured by insects as a food source than others. This can readily be seen from the
way in which, for example, certain Lepidoptera (although tending to be
polyphagous) have readily taken to Sitka Spruce in Britain. Although Sitka Spruce
was introduced into Britain from N. America only 150 years ago and was not widely
planted until the 1930/40 period, it has acquired from the British list at least 30
species of Lepidoptera and some 38 parasitic Hymenoptera associations (Winter,
1974).

Man has introduced the greater proportion of our tree species; two thirds of the 30
major forest tree species listed in Table I are not native to Britain. Some
introductions date back to Roman times; by 1600 AD at least 30 exotic species had
been brought here as seed and were established (A. F. Mitchell, private
communication). We should perhaps be reminded that certain of the larger
broadleaved trees that we associate as components of our landscape are thought to
be introductions. Examples are the elms (U/mus) of lowland England; the Holm Oak
(Quercus ilex) round our coasts; the Common Lime (Tilia x europea) of our avenues
and country estates; the Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) often the dominant
broadleaved tree in northern England; and the London Plane (Platanus x acerifolia)
of our towns and parkland. Recently there have been introductions of the
commercially important Western American conifers in British forestry. For example
Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in 1827, Grand Fir (Abies grandis) in 1831 and
Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) in 1832. The latter species occupied 5.57% (120,000
acres) of the total woodland area of England by 1965. 70% of the coniferous forest
area is composed of introduced species compared with only 14% in the case of
broadleaved species.

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE I. Comparison of forest tree species composition of woodland areas in 1947 and 1965
in England, Forestry Commission and private woodlands combined. (See footnote below).

Area of Woodland Introduction
Species (thousand acres) date
1947 1965
Scots pine 163.7 245.4 Native
Sitka spruce 48.2 120.5 1831
Norway spruce 42.9 100.5 c1500
European larch 76.8 84.5 c1625
Japanese & hybrid
larch 22.9 75.9 1861
Corsican pine 31.5 74.6 1759
Douglas tir a 58.9 1827
Lodgepole pine 0.8 24.4 1855
Western hemlock 0.2 11.9 1851
Red cedar 0.4 8.0 1853
Grand fir 0.1 2.0 1832
Lawson cypress 0.3 4.0 1854
Noble fir 0.1 0.6 1830
Silver fir 0.2 0.1 1630
Other conifers &
mixtures 5.6 18.7
411.4 830.0
Oak 618.8 410.5 Native
Beech 122.8 139.5 Native
Ash 115.0 111.4 Native
Sycamore 58.9 75.8 Roman
Poplar 3.0 19.9 Native/Intro
Birch 154.3 PANS II Native
Elm 18.9 7d) Pre Roman
Sweet chestnut 39.0 48.1 Roman
Alder 10.0 22.3 Native
Lime 1.3 19) Native/Intro
Hazel 55.6 78.9 Native
Willow Syl 1.3 Native/Intro
Hornbeam 15.4 2a Native
Other Broadleaved spp.
and mixtures 35.6 156.6*
1253.7 1301.1
1665.1 2131.1

* Contains a substantial amount of Thorn.

The two sets of figures are not directly comparable in that the 1947 Census figures relate to
woods of 5 acres and over whilst the 1965 Census figures relate to woods of | acre and over. Both
sets, however, include productive and unproductive wooded land. Some of the areas classed as
scrub or felled in the 1947 Census would have been upgraded by 1965 thus accounting in part for
the increase in area of a fast growing colonising species like birch. The increase in the area of hazel
is likely to have resulted from the removal of the overstory from coppice with standards crops.

In the case of woodland composed of coppice with standards the total area has been allocated
between species on the basis of the principal species of standard. This results, particularly with the
1947 Census data when the category amounted to some 228,000 acres, in a substantial under-
estimate in the figures in the table for species such as hazel and Sweet Chestnut when compared
with the later assessment where the area was little more than a tenth of the previous total. (Basic
data trom Forestry Commission (1952-53) and Locke (1971)).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 83

Contrary to what is often stated the total area of broadleaved forest in England has
changed relatively little since the end of the second world war; Forestry Commission
census figures are 1253,700 acres in woods of 5 acres and over in 1947 to 1301,100
acres in woods of | acre and over in 1965. The area of oakwood has reduced but it
should not be assumed that this has been due to conversion to conifer plantations.
Replacement of oak by other broadleaved species such as sycamore, ash and birch
and land use changes such as agricultural reclamation, new roads and building have
all played a part. In contrast the overall area of coniferous forest in England alone
more than doubled over a period of 18 years (see Table I). So the most significant
change has not been the loss of broadleaved forest but an extensive conifer
afforestation programme of new land that has changed the proportion. In fact the
British forest cover has now increased to 8% of the land surface from 4% one
hundred years ago. This has happened mainly by planting (afforestation) of poor
marginal agricultural land occurring on hill farms and moorlands and also of mining
spoil, open-cast, refuse tips and other sites reclaimed from industrial activities. On
these types of land several conifers have been found to thrive and they enrich the
habitat by developing a characteristic woodland type of flora. Results now show that
by the end of a rotation of most exotic trees when growing in the lowlands a plant
community develops similar to that occurring in an oak plantation (Anderson, 1979).

The increased usage of the infertile high rainfall uplands for forestry in the
post-war period has resulted in using various trees originating from the coniferous
forest areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Although some of these have come some
distance they have in a very short time acquired some very specialised insects as well
as their parasites, these being the same insects or close relatives of these found on
those host trees in their native lands. As a result new habitats with their own
characteristic insect faunas are being established surprisingly quickly over a wide
area of Great Britain.

TABLE II. Adelgid species recorded from the principal coniferous trees now grown in Britain.

o v ) xo
gee eg By) eee
ofO2Sft ag a hain
GG Bae Ss Se le Os
Sy GS) eS) ey ep ep Shas] Se) mh
2a & ES a 55 cS c ap earliest Present
Cie Soe om Ee 2 eas ene date Status in
Adelgid species nOd = 4277 Ono m= a recorded Britain
Adelges laricis 3 + 1871 Widespread &
common
A. cooleyi A eae ioe = eer) corte Ween eet 1913. Widespread &
common
A. viridana Ss OR eee eee eo 1949 Local, few records
A. viridis eee oth ee area ter ce eran eT ya 1883 Widespread but
local
A. abietis See et cme eee cy Sees Te 1922 Common
AMnordmannianaesees tore eee et I Ae cl1880 Widespread but
infrequent
A. piceae OTS APE eS Wa eee eee 1895 Widespread but
local
Pineus strobi = payecyectt ao Dyeing eet eacaee es Ope: 1923 Local, few records
P. orientalis a ee We ey hae eee eee 1924 Very local
P. pini nr Rape oe Somes ee eee eee oe probably Common
native
P. pineoides bilan aie lim cipe ys, haat Re tes denial 1969 Local, few records
P. similis BO ear hcla dha a Penna pauis alba 1971 One record
P. cembrae 3, Ap oak ete Shy Sle a 1981 One record

Species total Dodie Neo Al lig Ge3) 82029 lie Nos

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Most of the exotic trees produce fertile seed and many naturally regenerate
themselves in Britain. This has enabled flower, cone and seed-dwelling specialist
insects to become well established in certain older stands, for example, the seed
wasps Megastigmus spermatrophus on Douglas Fir and M. pini on Noble Fir.
Furthermore they are both accompanied by their parasites and they all are from
North America. Older stands of trees with suppressed growth or windblown stems
are suitable breeding material for Scolytid beetles. Several of these species have
become established from Europe e.g. Ips cembrae, Ips sexdentatus and more recently
Dendroctonus micans (Bevan and King, 1983).

ADELGID COLONISTS

Turning to the Aphidoidea quite remarkable changes have taken place. There is
only one species of the Adelgidae native to Britain, namely Pineus pini. The
remaining 12 species because of their limited host range could not have existed here
prior to introduction of their host plants, and five of these require trees of two
different genera to complete their life-cycle (see Table II). The earliest record of the
most travelled species, Adelges cooleyi, from Western North America, on Douglas
Fir in Britain was in 1913, but it was not until 1936 that galls were found on Sitka.
Pineus orientalis from SE. Europe requires Oriental Spruce to form galls to complete
its holocycle and was first recorded here in 1924. Pineus similis from N. America was
found to have become established in Northumberland in 1971 (Carter, 1975). Three
other species occur in the coniferous forests of Europe and are now both widespread
and common. For example, European Larch (Larix decidua) is seldom to be found
without Adelges laricis on the needles; Adelges abietis is a regular problem to
Christmas tree growers as it makes clusters of pineapple galls and disfigures the shoot
growth of Norway Spruce (Picea abies); and Adelges nordmannianae caused such
intense dieback of European Silver Fir that it precluded this tree from the class of
high volume producers to be grown in Britain and was withdrawn as a species that
could be recommended for commerical forestry in 1920.

To this list of oviparous aphids on conifers the only parallel on the broadleaved
trees that can be made is one phylloxera species Moritziella corticalis, to add to oak.
It as first recorded from Sussex in 1970 (Barson and Carter, 1972).

LACHNID AND OTHER COLONISTS

The aphids in the genus Cinara present an equally impressive list as the Adelgidae
(see Table III) for it is probable that only 4 of the 22 recorded species are native to
Britain (Carter and Maslen, 1982). It is perhaps significant that most of the species
feed on either Pinus, Picea, Abies or Larix spp, and it is of these genera that the
coniferous forests of Europe are composed. The most recent species to be recorded is
a closely related aphid Cedrobium lapportei on Cedrus atlantica: it appeared to
spread rapidly across Western Europe from North Africa within a decade. In its
wake it caused widespread damage to shade trees in Spain, Italy and France. It
arrived here in the South of England in 1974. In a further two years it reached
S. Wales and Lincolnshire.

Most of the aphids found on coniferous trees belong to the family Lachnidae.
None of these require an alternate host plant to complete their life cycle so their
establishment could be regarded as straight-forward. However, Cinara kochiana and
C. stroyani, have never as yet been found in the absence of the wood ants Formica
rufa and F. aquilonia, whilst C. pini and C. escherichi produce good-sized colonies
when ant-attended. This may account for why some species have a very fragmented
distribution as is the case of C. kochiana i.e. the New Forest, Yorkshire Moors and
County Waterford. (Carter and Maslen, 1982).

Some stages of growth of trees are much more attractive to colonists than others.
Two polyphagous species Aphis fabae and Aulacorthum circumflexum will feed in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

85

the shoot apices of young seedling conifers (Carter and Eastop, 1975). These are the
only two native aphids that have ‘captured’ conifers as a new host.

Three species of root-feeding Pemphigidae have been found on conifers in Britain.
All three have been recorded on their primary hosts. These are aspen leaves for

TABLE III. Aphid species recorded from the principal coniferous trees now grown in Britain.

Aphid species

LACHNIDAE

Eulachnus agilis
bluncki
brevipilosus

Cedrobium lapportei

Schizolachnus pineti

Cinara acutirostris

. brauni

cedri

. confinis

. costata

. cuneomaculata

. Cupressi

. escherichi

fresai

juniperi

kochiana

laricis

pectinatae

piceae

pilicornis

pinea

pini

. pinihabitans

. pruinosa

. schimitscheki

. stroyani

. tujafilina

anaaaaaanaAAAAAAAAANANANANA

APHIDIDAE

Aphis fabae

Elatobium abietinum
Aulacorthum circumflexum

THELAXIDAE
Mindarus abietinus
M. obliquus

PEMPHIGIDAE

Asiphum tremulae
Prociphilus fraxini
Stagona pini

Species Total

Lodgepole pine
Norway spruce
Sitka spruce

Corsican pine
Silver fir

Scots pine

+: +++
++ +++
+ +

+ +

++:

+ + 4

Yo 7 ik) 4

<=
Sas
a2
Sh
a
= BS A 2
gaevay
eS a 2s
mS Oa
OWS AO
+
et
+ +
Te SF
ae
fet
Sie ent
oa Sy OE 3}

2

a

a

Red cedar
Juniper

3

Western hemlock

)

earliest
date of
occurrence

1881

1881
1975
1881
1950
1968
1971
1913
1847
1847
1879
1967
1956
1847
1847
1847
1914
1881
1847
1847
1847
1847
1847
1950
1961
1935

19627
1847
19687

1904
1967

1915
1970
1915

Present
Status in Britain

LocalS & E
Widespread, local
LocalS & E
Widespread, local
Common

Rare, S England
Rare, S England
V. rare
Widespread, local
Local, England

E Britain

Rare, S & SW Eng.
Rare, S Eng.
Local, S England
Common

Rare

Common

Local
Widespread
Widespread
Common

Local, S England
Widespread uncommon
Rare

Rare, E& SEng.
Rare

Rare, S Counties

Widespread
Common
Widespread

Local
Local

Local
Rare
Widespread

Footnote: * First recorded occurrence of these species making colonies on coniferous plants

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Asiphum tremulae; ash leaves for Prociphilus fraxini; and hawthorn shoots for
Stagona pini. Occurrences are, however, far fewer on the primary host than on the
roots of their secondary hosts (see Table III), where they are sometimes very
abundant. The Green Spruce Aphid Elatobium abietinum can be found on most
spruce species. Although this aphid probably spread from the Norway Spruce forests
of Europe, it has become extremely abundant in Britain as it thrives on Sitka Spruce
growing in our more maritime climate. The European and Asian spruce species show
more resistance to this aphid than the North American ones, the needles of which
readily discolour and are prematurely shed after an attack.

Winged female aphids are often produced in many hundreds from a single tree in
summer. They are well equipped to be transported in warm air currents over many
miles. Probably less than 1% ever reach the correct host-plant, those that do (being
parthenogenetic) can rapidly establish a new colony. Aphids are therefore one of the
first groups of phytophagous insects likely to appear on the exotic tree species here.
The records of new species and their distribution illustrates this point (see Table III).

FUTURE TRENDS

So far the insects new to Britain in these new habitats have been mainly the kinds
that feed on young trees and young tissues. As the post-war plantations (the greater
proportion) pass out of the closed canopy stage by subsequent thinnings and fellings
the habitat will change for the better for other insects. More light falling on the forest
floor and rides will enable further plant species and richer communities to become
established. Fortunately the forests of Britain have not been planted with single
varieties and clones of trees which are routinely sprayed to exclude the threat of
every pest, disease and weed. Felling programmes, replanting with new species,
adopting new management systems, and the inevitable disasters such as fires and
gales will add variety to forest sites by providing opportunities for further foodplants
to grow including the sun-loving and much needed, nectar-producing flowers that are
visited by Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Three colleagues Mark Anderson, Mike Locke and Tim Winter kindly read the
draft of this article. I am very grateful for their helpful suggestions and for the
information they have provided.

REFERENCES

Anderson M., 1979. The development of plant habitats under exotic forest crops. In Ecology and
Design in Amenity Land Management (Ed. by S.E. Wright and G.P. Buckley) Wye College and
Recreation Ecology Research Group: 87-108.

Barson, G. & Carter, C.I., 1972. A species of Phylloxeridae, Moritziella corticalis (Kalt.)
(Homoptera) new to Britain, and a key to the British oak-feeding Phylloxeridae. The
Entomologist 105: 130-134.

Bevan, D. and King, C.J., 1983. Dendroctonus micans Kug.,—a new pest of spruce in U.K.
Commonwealth Forestry Review 62 (1) (in the press).

Carter, C.1., 1975. A gall forming adelgid (Pineus similis (Gill.)) new to Britain with a key to the
adelgid galls on Sitka spruce. Entomologist's Mon. Mag. 111:29-32.

Carter, C.1., and Eastop, V.F., 1975. Mindarus obliquus (Chol.) (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) new
to Britain and records of two other aphids recently found feeding on conifers. Entomologist’s
Mon. Mag. 108:202-204.

Carter, C.I. and Maslen, N.R., 1982. Conifer Lachnids. Forestry Commission Bulletin 58.

Forestry Commission 1952-53. Census of Woodlands 1947-49. In 5 parts. London: HMSO.

Locke, G.M.L., 1971. Census of Woodlands 1965-67. Forestry Commission, London: HMSO.

eee F.H. and Walters, S.M., 1962. Atlas of the British flora. Botanical Society of the British

sles.

Southwood, T.R.E., 1960. The evolution of the insect/host tree relationship—a new approach.
X1 Int. Cong. Ent. Vienna, 651-655.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 87

Southwood, T.R.E., 1961. The number of species of insect associated with various trees. J. Anim.
Ecol. 30:1-8.

Strong, D.R., 1974. Nonasymptotic species richness models and the insects of British trees. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:2766-2769.

Winter, T.G., 1974. New host plant records of Lepidoptera associated with conifer afforestation
in Britain. Entomologist’s Gazette 25:247—-258.

Further records of Rhamphomyia marginata (F.) (Dipt: Empididae)}—During a visit
to Thornden Wood, nr. Whitstable, Kent on 23.v.1982, we both were fooled into
netting what we thought to be small moths disturbed from young pines, but which
upon inspection were found to be empidid flies, later identified as Rhamphomyia
marginata (F.) by reference to the paper by P.J. Chandler published in Proc. Trans.
Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 73-76.

P.J.J. recorded another specimen in Burnt Oak Wood, Orlestone, Kent atm.v. on
26.v.1982, which is close to the Longrope Wood locality where the insect was
discovered as a British species by L.K. Evans and E.H. Wild, but the Blean record
represents a substantial extension of its known distribution.—N.F. Heal and P.J.
Jewess.

PSEUDOPOMYZA ATRIMANA (MEIGEN) (DIPTERA:
PSEUDOPOMYZIDAE), A FLY OF AN ACALYPTERATE
FAMILY NEW TO THE BRITISH LIST.
by PETER J. CHANDLER

Weston Research Laboratories, 644 Bath Road, Taplow, Maidenhead, Berks.

The identity of a small, shining black acalypterate fly with mainly yellow head and
legs, which I collected some ten years ago, has till recently remained obscure. In the
keys to British acalypterate families by Colyer & Hammond (1951, 1968), Oldroyd
(1970) and Unwin (1981) it ran to the Drosophilidae, except that the fronto-orbitals
are all reclinate, but it also differed in antennal structure, lack of dorsal preapical
bristles on the tibiae and in the well developed ovipositor. Other than the lower
fronto-orbitals not being incurved and the interfrontals not arranged serially, it
conformed to the characters given in those keys for the Milichiidae. On reference to
Hennig’s (1937) work on the Palaearctic Milichiidae it was found to agree with the
figures and description of one of the genera of uncertain position appended to that
work, i.e. Pseudopomyza Strobl, which contains the single species atrimana
(Meigen). Hennig’s key characters in that work are not entirely correct as
Pseudopomyza has the costa broken twice as in the Milichiidae and Drosophilidae,
although the break near the humeral cross-vein is narrow.

The view of several recent authors that a family Pseudopomyzidae should be
recognised to include Pseudopomyza and several more or less obviously related
genera is provisionally accepted here.

McAlpine (1966) first recognised the relationship between Pseudopomyza and the
Australian genus Heloclusia Malloch and also considered two New Zealand genera
synonymous with Pseudopomyza. He correctly observed that these genera were
allied to the Cypselosomatidae (including only the Oriental genera Cypselosoma
Hendel and Formicosepsis de Meijere) and that both families belonged to the
Micropezoidea (also including Micropezidae and Neriidae).

88 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Head and wing of female Pseudopomyza atrimana (Mg.).

Hennig (1969) referred the Nearctic genus Latheticomyia Wheeler, previously
considered of uncertain position (Wheeler, 1956; Stone et al., 1965) to the
Pseudopomyzidae and described new Neotropical species of that genus and of two
new genera, Pseudopomyzella and Rhinopomyzella. He gave a key to genera but did
not define the family. Steyskal (1970) confirmed Hennig’s suggestion that Tenuia
Malloch from the Philippines also belonged here. The presently recognised
composition of the family was completed by the description of Polypathomyia by
Krivosheina (1979) from Siberia. Thus the existence of a worldwide group, but with
relatively few genera and species has become apparent and may be recognised by the
combination of characters cited below.

The only dispute has been about the position with respect to the
Cypselosomatidae. Griffiths (1972), in his phylogenetic work based on male
postabdominal structure in the Cyclorrhapha, accepted that the two families
together represented a monophyletic group, considered to be the sister group of the
Micropezidae and Neriidae together. He studied only Heloclusia, Pseudopomyza
and Formicosepsis but found that the two latter shared apomorphies (derived
characters) in their genital structure not found in Heloclusia. His conclusion that the
group should be regarded as a single family, Cypselosomatidae, was followed by
McAlpine et al. (1981) in their key to the families of Nearctic Diptera and
Pseudopomyza runs to Cypselosomatidae in their key.

Andersson (1976), however, considered the characters on which Griffiths had
based his conclusion could be due to convergence and restricted the
Cypselosomatidae to the two originally included genera, on the basis of the many
apomorphies shared by them. Krivosheina (1979) independently came to the same

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 89

conclusion, based on a different set of characters in which the plesiomorphous
(primitive) condition was again found in the Pseudopomyzidae; she also proposed to
recognise two sub-families but without being sure of the position of some genera.

FAMILY CHARACTERS OF THE PSEUDOPOMYZIDAE

The following characters by which the Pseudopomyzidae may be recognised
among the families of British acalypterates are shared with the two genera of the
Cypselosomatidae except that the latter lack the costal break near:—

Stout flies with relatively short robust legs. Fronto-orbitals in a row, all reclinate
(upswept), without lower ones incurved. Antennae porrect (standing out from
head), with rounded third segment. Arista at most with short pubescence. Face
without tubercle. Strong vibrissae present. Proboscis short and stout. Strong ocellar
bristles. Interfrontals not serially arranged. Costa broken twice, near h and near Ri.
Vein Sc weak, close to Ri and fading apically. Vein CuAz present, forming closed but
small anal cell. Vein A: extending distinctly beyond cell but not reaching margin.
Tibiae without distinct dorsal preapical bristles. Hind metatarsus simple, elongate.

In the Cypselosomatidae, the third antennal segment is disc-shaped with a bare
arista, the mid and hind tibiae are dilated, the sternopleuron bears only short
hair-like bristles (at least one strong sternopleural in Pseudopomyzidae), two well
developed interfrontals are present and the postverticals are diverging or nearly
parallel (converging or crossed in the Pseudopomyzidae), the posterior cross-vein is
absent and M 3+ 4 does not reach the margin, but curves into Mi+».

Of these characters only the condition of the postverticals is a possible
synapomorphy of the Pseudopomyzidae with respect to the other Micropezoidea.
The superfamily grouping is based principally on the genital structure. The
Micropezidae and Neriidae, apart from their slender body and legs, differ from the
Pseudopomyzidae in lacking vibrissae and ocellars (apomorphous), vein Sc not
closely approximated to R: and vein A: reaching the margin (plesiomorphous) and in
the unbroken costa (character state uncertain).

GENUS PSEUDOPOMYZA STROBL

Pseudopomyza is distinguished from other genera of Pseudopomyzidae by the
following combination of characters: three pairs of fronto-orbitals; face bare
between antennae; 4 pairs of dorsocentrals; 2 pairs of scutellars; mesopleuron bare;
costa without spines.

Polypathomyia stackelbergi Krivosheina is the only other known Palaearctic
species. It is a longer-bodied black fly with a similar extent of yellow on the head and
legs as found in P. atrimana. It differs among other respects in the spinose costa and
presence of 3 pairs of scutellars.

Pseudopomyza atrimana (Meigen, 1830)

Opomyza atrimana Meigen, 1830, Syst. Beschr. 6: 106; Morge, 1975, Plate CLX,
Fig. 10.

Pseudopomyza nitidissima Strobl, 1893, Wien. ent. Zeit. 12: 284 (synonymy
established by Hendel, 1902, Wien ent. Zeit. 21: 261-264).

A small compact, mainly black fly but the head and legs strikingly parti-coloured
black and yellow. The body is entirely more or less shining black with thin grey
dusting evident from some angles; dusting is denser on the abdomen especially on the
basal segments. The frons and occiput are black, slightly dulled by grey dusting,
except for the narrow fore margin of the frons which is deep orange-yellow and
concolorous with the face, cheeks and jowls, proboscis and palpi. The antennae are
also yellow basally, including the narrow basal margin of the third segment, which is
otherwise dull grey-brown.

Female. Head broad, a little broader than thorax. Frons about 2.5 eye widths, about
as broad as distance from its fore margin to rear margin of head, rounded in profile.

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Eyes large, oval. Face broad, shorter than frons, with rounded protuberance below
antennae. Lower margin of head rounded with jowls nearly as broad as fore femora.
Mouth large with large fleshy proboscis and palpi.

Antennae small, with short basal segments and rounded third segment a little
longer than two basal together, flattened dorsally and bearing long dorsal arista, 4
times antennal length. Basal segments with marginal bristles, those on second
including some longer than third segment above and below. Third segment with
short hair. Arista densely clothed with short hairs.

Ocellar triangle small, not sharply separated from frons, bearing one strong pair of
proclinate ocellars in middle and very short proclinate pair behind. Two pairs of
convergent postocellars, inner pair long and crossed. Two strong pairs of (post)
verticals, inner convergent, outer divergent. Three strong reclinate fronto-orbitals
with short weak hairs between. Frons also bearing several very short scattered
interfrontal hairs each side of mid line on dark area. One pair of long, strong
convergent vibrissae; several short, scattered, proclinate jowlar hairs behind, some
longer erect bristles behind near lower margin of occiput.

Thorax compact, rounded shallowly above. Scutellum short, angular between
apical scutellars. Thorax with 1 + 3 strong dorsocentrals, prescutellar pair longer.
Acrostichals short, biserial, pre- and postsutural. Scattered weak intra-alar hairs. 1
+ 3 strong supra-alars, weak hairs between. One strong humeral with weak hairs in
front. 2 strong notopleurals, | strong long postalar, a shorter bristle behind. 2 pairs of
strong scutellars, apicals long and crossed. Pleura bare except one strong
sternopleural with several short hairs in front of it.

Abdomen broader and longer than thorax. Basal six tergites subequal, much
broader than long, bearing evenly scattered short black bristles, these a little longer
on sides apically on tegites 5 and 6. Ovipositor including tergite 7, which is tapered
and elongate, as long as 5 and 6 together, shining black with a brownish median
depression and a rounded bare protuberance on each side basally, otherwise sides
densely bristled. Cerci small, yellowish brown. Sternites longer than broad, grey
dusted, bristly, separated by membranes from ventral tergal margins.

Legs short but slender, with only short bristling except several long, curved
posteroventral bristles on apical three-fifths of fore femora, some exceeding femoral
width. Fore tarsi with long bristling below, several longer bristles below base of
metatarsus. Mid tibia with strong ventral apical spur. Hind femur with strong erect
anterodorsal seta at apical third.

Wings relatively narrow, 2.5 times as long as broad, clear with yellowish veins,
uniformly covered by microtrichia. Costa with 2 strong bristles midway between base
and vein h and a shorter pair just before each costal break. Costa broken narrowly
just beyond h and before tip of Ri. Vein Sc weak, running closely parallel with Ri,
fading apically. Median and posterior cross-veins before and beyond middle of wing
length, widely separated. Second basal cell not demarcated, although a faint fold is
present in the membrane, level with the very small anal cell, which is convex apically.
Anal vein not reaching margin. Anal lobe narrow, angular, alula broadened distally.
Halteres lost in specimen, pale yellow according to Hennig.

Wing length 2.3 mm, body length with abdomen extended (but excluding
antennae) 2.7 mm.

Male. Not seen. It was described by Frey (1952) as being a little smaller than the
female, 1.8 mm long, with a large reflexed genital capsule which he figured.
Material examined

Be ee (S.E.): Downe, Cuckoo Wood, swept in beech woodland, 23.vii.72, one
emale.

The type locality of atrimana was the vicinity of Aachen, West Germany; that of
nitidissima was Seitenstetten in Lower Austria. Hendel (1902) mentioned that
Thalhammer had collected it in Transylvania (Rumania). Hennig (1937) added a
record of one female from near Leningrad. Frey (1952) recorded it from two
localities near Helsinki, where he netted the flies in numbers over fallen tree trunks;

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 91

he also noted an inland Finnish record from Ruovesi (Tb). Rohatek (1981) swept
one male over decayed vegetation on 31.8.80 near Plesivec, Slovakia,
Czechoslovakia.

Polypathomyia was reared from larvae found beneath bark of various trees in the
extreme east of Siberia and on Kunashir Island off northern Japan, so Frey’s
observation may indicate an association with dead wood in Pseudopomyza also.

REFERENCES

Andersson, H., 1976. Revision of the genus Formicosepsis de Meijere (Diptera,
Cypselosomatidae). Ent. Scand. 7: 175-185.

Colyer, C. N. & Hammond, C. O., 1951 (2nd edition 1968). Flies of the British Isles. F. Warne &
Co., London. :

Frey, R., 1952, Uber Chiropteromyza n. gen. und Pseudopomyza Strobl (Diptera,
Haplostomata). Notul. Ent. 32 (1-3): 5-8.

Griffiths, G. C. D., 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special
reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. 340 pp. W. Junk, The Hague.

Hendel, R., 1902. Ueber die systematische Stellung der Dipterengattungen Pseudopomyza
Strobl und Rhicnoessa Lw. Wien ent. Zeit. 21 (10): 261-264.

Hennig, W., 1937. 60a. Milichiidae et Carnidae. In Lindner, E. (ed.). Die Fliegen der
Palaearktischen Region 6 (1) 115: 1-91. Stuttgart.

Krivosheina, N. P., 1979. A new member of the family Pseudopomyzidae (Diptera) in the
Palaearctic and the position of the family in the system of the Diptera. Ent. Rev. 58: 106-113
(transl. from Ent. Obozr. pp. 179-189.)

McAlpine, D. K., 1966. Description and biology of an Australian species of Cypselosomatidae
(Diptera) with a discussion of family relationships. Austr. J. Zool. 14: 673-685.

McAlpine, J. F. et al (eds.), 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1. Res. Branch Agric.
Canada. Monograph No. 27. vi + 674 pp.

Morge, G., 1975. Dipteren-Farbtafeln nach den bisher nicht ver6ffentlichten Original-
Handzeichnungen Meigens: “Johann Wilhelm Meigen: Abbildung der europaeischen
zweiflligeligen Insecten, nach der Natur” Beitr. Ent., Berlin 25 (2): 383-500, Plate CLX, Fig.
10.

Oldroyd, H., 1970. Diptera I. Introduction and key to families (3rd edition) Handbk. Ident. Br.
Ins. LX (1). 104 pp. R.ent.Soc.Lond. _ ch AA

Rohacek, J., 1981. Pruninalezceledi Pseudopomyzidae (Diptera) v Ceskoslovensku. Cas. slez.
Muz. Opava [A.| 30: 189-190.

Steyskal, G. C., 1970. The family position and additional descriptive data concerning Tenuia
nigripes Malloch (Diptera, Pseudopomyzidae). Pacif. Insects 12: 871-873.

Stone, A. etal. (eds.), 1965. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Agric. Hbk. No.
276. USDA Agric. Res. Serv. 1696 pp.

Strobl, G., 1893, Neue Osterreichische Muscidae Acalypterae. Wien ent. Zeit. 12: 280-288.

Unwin, D., 1981. A key to the families of British Diptera Field Studies 5: 513-553.

Wheeler, M. R., 1956. Latheticomyia, a new genus of acalyptrate flies of uncertain family
relationship. Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. Wash. 106: 305-314.

92 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE ‘CRUMBLES’
by M. HADLEY
c/o The Nature Conservancy Council, 20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY

THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

In response to a parliamentary question concerning the Crumbles, the Rt. Hon Jan
Gow, Conservative Member of Parliament for Eastbourne described the area as

. . . abarren featureless land . . .”. The stimulus for such a reply was the question
of the local borough council’s plans for redevelopment of the area into a Marina and
Golf driving range. This paper examines the entomological facts about the site, its
slow but deliberate destruction in the name of progress and its loss in the author’s
opinion as one of the premier sites in Sussex.

The ‘Crumbles’ is a local name for an area of stabilised shingle in many respects
similar to Dungeness in Kent. It is smaller in size, about two square miles in area and
is situated between the towns of Eastbourne and Pevensey on the Sussex coast.

As an example of habitat type the Crumbles is unique in Sussex. In a national
context Dungeness is very similar but has also suffered from shingle removal and
consequently falling water tables; in addition a significant portion of the shingle
formation has been colonised by the Central Electricity Generating Board.

The first major changes to affect the Crumbles began in 1857 with extensive
amounts of shingle removed for construction of the growing town. Ballast mining as
it is called continued unabated until 1885 and periodically up to the present day.
These activities had the effect of bringing the shingle surface nearer the water table
and resulted in the establishment of ponds, reedbeds and carr communities. At some
time during the 1930’s the ‘Crumbles Pond’ was drained, re-lined and put to work asa
paddling and pleasure boat lake. This pond must have been of great age for during
the excavation two feet of Sedge peat were removed. Prior to this happening the
pond was a noted locality amongst Eastbourne’s fishermen as early as the beginning
of the nineteenth century. Major urban encroachment on the Crumbles began in
1880, and again later in 1914 with residential building at the eastern end of the site.
This culminated in 1963 with the construction of Langney Estate, hundreds of
dwellings for the overspill from the growing population of Eastbourne. Modern
building techniques had overcome the problems of construction on the unstable
substrate.

Following the 1939-45 war, widespread dumping had disfigured the original
reedbeds and thorn-scrub that flourished in the damper parts. Ballast mining licences
terminated at the end of 1982 and the path is clear for major redevelopment as
discussed earlier. So much shingle has been removed that most of the site has been
lowered in excess of twelve feet. The open water bodies have lowered the water table
through evaporation, resulting in the drying out of the Sallow Carr and reedbeds.

HABITAT

It is regretfully outside the scope of this article to enter into a lengthy discourse on
the botanical merits of the site. The flora has been actively researched (Ash,
unpublished) in conjunction with the Sussex Botanical Recording Society, Ash lists
288 species from the area under review.

The substrate comprises variously shaped and sized flint pebbles which are bound
together by small amounts of humus and vegetative growth. The storm bank on the
coastal edge of the site has plants such as Horned Poppy Glaucium flavum, Sticky
Groundsel Senecio viscosus and plentiful Sea Kale Crambe maritima. Behind the
storm bank on the artificially lowered shingle the habitat is dominated by Sea
Campion Silene maritima and various salt tolerant grasses. Humus here is at a
premium, most of the other plants are prostrate or encrusting, many are lichens and

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 93

mosses. Further inland the humus thickens, and much of the shingle remains covered
with a near continuous carpet of lichen over an inch in depth. Floral diversity is high,
of importance for nectar feeding insects. The vegetation is structurally more complex
with tall shrubs such as Sallow Salix caprea, Gorse Ulex europeus and Bramble Rubus
fruticosus agg. in profusion.

Further inland along the edge of the B2191 is Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna
scrub and an experimental conifer plantation.

LEPIDOPTERA

Recording of Lepidoptera has been spasmodic and concentrated on the more
interesting species, resulting in a species total of one hundred and fifty-seven. This is
quite reasonable considering the extreme environmental conditions, for example—
lack of shelter, temperature extremes between day and evening and continual
exposure to sea spray.

Perhaps the most interesting record for the site is that of the Sussex Emerald
Thalera fimbrialis. The late Charles de Worms (pers. comm. 25th February 1977)
notes its presence at the site and refers to the fact that Ellison had even taken
specimens at his house in Eastbourne. This note from de Worms sheds new light on
the status of the species in the Eastbourne area in the fifties. In his authoritative work
on the Lepidoptera of Sussex, Pratt (1981) notes that both de Worms and Ellison
(1955) recorded a breeding colony in the British Isles, but doubts the authenticity of a
Sussex colony at that time. The present author feels that the details of the occurance
of fimbrialis in the town and in 1956 on the Crumbles is sufficient proof of a resident
population on the Crumbles rather than chance immigration.

Among other species indigenous to the area one can include the large populations
of Hadena perplexa. The Crumbles in common with Dungeness exhibits a range of
forms where the normal light brown coloration of the imago is replaced by various
degrees of whiteness associated with the reduction or absence of markings. The open
areas of bare shingle colonised by S. maritima are an ideal habitat for the species with
the larvae feeding inside the developing seed capsules. The aberrant white coloration
would be a distinct advantage to a species which has to conceal itself amongst the
flints during the day as there is no vegetative cover for the adult moths in this part of
the Crumbles. It is also worth noting that the species enjoys a protracted emergence
period and the writer has noted adults from the beginning of May until late August.

Another rare insect of such habitats, the moth Calophasia lunula was reported
breeding on Toadflax Linaria vulgaris during the 1960’s and 1970's. The author even
recorded adults to light in 1977 and 1978 in his own garden two miles distant.

The site was, and still is an important interception point for migrants. The small
patches of Senecio viscosus have produced several generations of Heliothis peltigera.
These have been variously recorded in the past: Adkin (1930), Banner (1951, 52 & 53
pers. comm), Parsons (1980 pers. comm.) and the author (1982). The stands of
Crambe maritima have proved a useful pabulum for oviposition of Pieris brassicae, a
regular migrant in early summer. A single specimen of Rhodometra sacraria was
taken by A. L. Rayward in 1932 (Adkin: 1934). During the B.E.N.H.S. field meeting
led by Dr. I.A. Watkinson (1976) several specimens of Heterographis oblitella
seemed to indicate a strong migration to the south coast. This last species belonging
to the Pyralinae brings us on to the second sub-division of the Lepidoptera.

Sixty-five species of microlepidoptera have been recorded from the Crumbles.
Twenty-five species representing 38 per cent of the total are noted as ‘local’ or ‘rare’
in Meyrick (1928). Both the life styles and foodplant preferences of these species are
strongly influenced by the floral composition of the site. Achillea millefolium or
Yarrow is one of the important foodplants for several species, including Thalera
fimbrialis as discussed earlier. Phycitodes carlinella, Thiodia citrana and Aethes
smeathmanniana all exhibit a strong preference for this plant. In addition these

94 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Fig. 1. Ballast removal encouraged areas of standing water, in this case the area was dominated by
thorn scrub.

Fig. 2. Unstable shingle is loosely bonded by a rich layer of lichens, mosses, salt-tolerant grasses
and the ubiquitous Sea Campion.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 95

Fig. 3. The late 1950’s saw widespread dumping of domestic refuse, particularly in the reedbeds.

Fig. 4. A late stage in shingle succession, coarse grasses and brambles flourish on a thin layer of
humus.

96 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

~—

Crumbles

Pond 3\
ZN

<a
es

1813 Ordnance Survey

(a) Map of the shingle formation at the Crumbles, also showing ‘Crumbles Pond’.

1972 O.S Revision

(b) Encroaching residential development at both ends of the site.

eeu Water Body 1982 Outline Planning Permission

= Built-up Area

777 a emer 8 (c) ae Marina and Golf Course.

Fig. 5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRUMBLES

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 97

species and many of the others listed in the appendices will feed avidly on Senecio
Jacobaeae which grows in profusion here.

Both grasses and mosses are widely employed by microlepidoptera in this sort of
environment, including many of the rare species such as Bryotropha basaltinella.
Very few species lack a suitable foodplant on the Crumbles terrain but three
Oak-feeding species have been found here, Zeiraphera isertana, Ypsolopha ustella,
and Y.parenthesella.

Butterflies are poorly represented in this type of area, nine species having been
recorded.

ORTHOPTERA

Visits were made to the Crumbles in 1966 and 1973 during a survey carried out by
E.C. M. Haes. (pers.comm.) Of the five species noted the most interesting is perhaps
the record of Chorthippus albomarginatus, which has a preference for dry coastal
areas such as estuaries, saltings, sandunes and shingle formations.

COLEOPTERA

The area has been briefly researched by three different coleopterists. The aquatic
species were examined by Foster (1967 pers.comm.) whilst the terrestrial species
have been studied by Hodge (1972-81 pers.comm.) and Jones (1982 pers.comm).

Fifty-two species were recorded of which twenty-three are either localised or rare.
The aquatic fauna of the ballast pits is quite distinctive and includes species such as
Guignotus pusillus, an attractive synanthropic species. The terrestrial fauna was on
the whole more interesting as the habitat has remained in a similar condition for
many years. The list submitted by P. Hodge includes Licinus punctatulus,
Gauropterus fulgidus, Trixagus elateroides, and Dacrila fallax. A full list is
appended.

DIPTERA

The Crumbles has been little worked by dipterists, and consequently there is only
one record of note. During a meeting of the Entomological Club on the 28th May
1932 a series of the rare fly Delia flavifrons Zett., was taken by J.E. Collin, an
eminent dipterist of the day.

From these notes and the appendices at the end of the paper the writer hopes to
have established the view amongst readers that the site is in many respects unique
and of merit. If the entomological community in the fifties and sixties had sought
conservation status for this area as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in conjunction
with the botanical and ornithological interests present, a strong case could have been
made to halt the gradual destruction of the area. As it stands now, the Crumbles is
destined for a Marina development which the majority of the populace neither need,
nor will be able to afford to enjoy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I should like to note the help and enthusiasm of several people without whose
records this paper would have been much the poorer. Dr. & Mrs. B.M. Hobby, Miss
M.A. Ash, Dr. I. A. Watkinson, Mr. C. Pratt, Mr. E.C.M. Haes, Mr. M.S. Parsons,
Mr. S.N.A. Jacobs, Mr. J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, the late C. de Worms, Dr. G. Foster,
Mr. P.T. Hodge, Mr. R.A. Jones and Dr. J. Banner. In addition I should like to
thank D. Harvey and Dr. I. F.G. McLean of the Nature Conservancy for their help
during preparation of this paper.

REFERENCES

Adkin, R.A. 1930 The Moths of Eastbourne. Part 1. Trans. Eastbourne nat. Hist. phot. and lit.
Soc.

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Adkin, R. A. 1934 The butterflies and moths of Eastbourne. Ist Supplement. Trans. Eastbourne
nat. Hist. phot. and lit. Soc.

Ash, M.A. 1981 Sussex Botanical Recording Society list of flora on the Crumbles—Unpublished.

Ellison, E. 1955 Entomologist 88:9

Ellison, E. 1968 Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 2:81

Hadley, M. 1980 An Annotated list of the Macrolepidoptera of Eastbourne. Nature Conservancy
Council. SE England Region.

Meyrick, E. 1928 A Revised Handbook of the British Lepidoptera. Watkins & Doncaster.

Pratt, C. 1981 A history of the Butterflies and Moths of Sussex. Booth Museum, Brighton.

Watkinson, I. A. 1977 Field Meeting Report. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 10(1/2):62

De Worms, C. 1957. Entomologist 90:181.

INSECTS RECORDED FROM THE CRUMBLES

Lepidoptera (nomenclature Bradley and Fletcher 1979)

HEPIALIDAE: Hepialus humuli, H. lupulinus. TINEIDAE: Nemapogon cloacella, Tinea
trinotella. GRACILLARIIDAE: Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella.

YPONOMEUTIDAE: Yponomeuta padella, Y.cagnagella, Scythropia crataegella,
Ypsolopha scabrella, Y.parenthesella, Plutella xylostella.

COLEOPHORIDAE: Coleophora albitarsella, C. spissicornis, C. onosmella.

OECOPHORIDAE: Depressaria badiella, Agonopteryx alstroemeriana, A. nervosa.
GELECHIIDAE: Monochroa palustrella, Teleiopsis diffinis, Bryotropha basaltinella,
Scrobipalpa_ obsoletella. LASTOBASIDAE: Blastobasis lignea, B. decolorella.
MOMPHIDAE: Mompha epilobiella.

COCHYLIDAE: Agapeta hamana, Aethes smeathmanniana, A.francillana, Cochylis
roseana, C. hybridella, C. atricapitana.

TORTRICIDAE: Cnephasia longana, C.stephensiana, Acleris comariana, Orthotaenia
undulana, Endothenia gentianaeana, Epinotia fraternana, Zeiraphera insertana, Epiblema
roborana, Eucosma campoliliana, E. hohenwartiana., E. cana, Thiodia citrana, Dichrorampha
alpinana.

PYRALIDAE: Chrysoteuchia culmella, Crambus perlellus, Agriphila straminella,
A.inquinatella, Catoptria falsella, Platytes cerusella, Scoparia subfusca, S. pyralella, Cynaeda
dentalis, Eurrhypara hortulata, E.coronata, Dolicharthria puntalis, Pleuroptera ruralis,
Endotricha flammealis, Eurhodope marmorea, Oncocera semirubella, Ancylosis oblitella,
Homoeosoma sinuella, Phycitodes carlinella.

PTEROPHORIDAE: Capperia britanniodactyla, Platyptilia gonodactyla.

HESPERIIDAE: Thymelicus lineola. PIERIDAE: Pieris brassicae, P.rapae.

LYCAENIDAE: Lycaena phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus.

NYMPHALIDAE: Vanessa atalanta, Cynthia cardui, Polygonia c-album.

SATYRIDAE: Maniola tithonus.

LASIOCAMPIDAE: Malacosoma neustria, Lasiocampa trifolii, L.quercus, Philudoria
potatoria. SATURNIIDAE: Saturnia pavonia.

DREPANIDAE: Cilix glaucata) GEOMETRIDAE: Thalera fimbrialis, Cyclophora
punctaria, Rhodometra sacraria, Scotopteryx bipunctaria, Epirrhoe galiata, Eulithis prunata, E.
pyraliata, Horisme tersata, Perizoma alchemillata, Eupithecia haworthiata, E.|linariata,
E.venosata, E.centaureata, E.absinthiata, Aplocera efformata, Opisthograptis luteolata, Selenia
dentaria, Crocallis elinguaria, Peribatodes rhomboidaria, Aspitates ochrearia.

SPHINGIDAE: Mimas tiliae, Smerinthus ocellata, Laothoe populi, Deilephila elpenor.

NOTODONTIDAE: Cerura vinula, Furcula furcula, Notodonta dromedarius, Eligmodonta
ziczac, Pterostoma palpina.

LYMANTRIIDAE: Euproctis chrysorrhoea. ARCTIIDAE: Eilema lurideola, Arctia caja,
A.villica, Tyria jacobaeae.

NOCTUIDAE: Euxoa obelisca, E.nigricans, Agrotis exclamationis, A.puta, Ochropleura
plecta, Noctua pronuba, N.comes, N.interjecta, Diarsia rubi, Xestia c-nigrum, X.xanthographa,
Discestra trifolii, Hada nana, Lacanobia oleracea, Hecatera bicolorata, Hadena perplexa,
H.bicruris, Orthosia incerta, Mythimna conigera, M.ferrago, M.impura, Calophasia lunula,
Aporophyla lutulenta, Acronycta rumicis, Amphipyra tragopoginis, Phlogophora meticulosa,
Cosmia trapezina, Apamea monoglypha, A.lithoxylaea, A.sordens, Mesoligia furuncula,
M.literosa, Mesapamea secalis, Eremobia ochroleuca, Arenostola phragmitidis, Hoplodrina
alsines, H.blanda, Caradrina morpheus, C.clavipalpis, Heliothis peltigera, Diachrysia chrysitis,
Autographa gamma, A. jota, Abrostola triplasia, Hypena proboscidalis.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 99

Coleoptera (Nomenclature Kloet and Hincks 1977).

CARABIDAE Nebria brevicollis, Trechus fulvus, Bembidion nigropiceum, B. femoratum,
Agonum albipes, Harpalus rubripes, Licinus punctatulus, L. depressus, Cymindis axillaris.

HALIPLIDAE Haliplus immaculatus, H. lineatocollis, H. ruficollis. HYGROBIDAE
Hygrobia herrmanni. NOTERIDAE Noterus clavicornis.

DYTISCIDAE Laccophilus minutus, Hyphydrus ovatus, Guignotus pusillus, Hygrotus
inaequalis, Coelambus confluens, C. impressopunctatus, C. parallelogrammus, Hydroporus
memnonius, H. palustris, H. planus, H. pubescens, Porhydrus lineatus, Agabus bipustulatus, A.
conspersus, A. nebulosus, Ilybius fuliginosus, Rhantus suturalis, Colymbetes fuscus.

GYRINIDAE Gyrinus marinus, G. substriatus.

HYDROPHILIDAE Helophorus minutus, Hydrobius fuscipes, Anacaena globulus, A.
limbata, Laccobius biguttatus, Helochares lividus, Cymbiodyta marginella, Berosus affinis.

HYDRAENIDAE Ochthebius marinus, O. minimus, Hydraena testacea.

STAPH YLINIDAE Gauropterus fulgidus, Staphylinus ater, Dacrila fallax.

THROSCIDAE Trixagus elateroides. APLONIDAE Apion schoenhermi.

Orthoptera
Platycleis denticulata, Chorthippus albomarginatus, C.brunneus, C.parallelus, Pholidoptera
griseoaptera.

Diptera
Delia flavitrons (flavidipennis).

1982 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall—23rd October 1982

89 exhibitors provided the usual total of over 100 exhibits. Whilst butterflies and
macro moths still occupy the greatest space, the range of material is narrow and the
reports pick out the most outstanding items. Migrants and newly established species
share with aberrations the main attentions of most exhibitors. Few do experimental
breeding, even to investigate aberrations. The lepidopterists do not evidence much
constructive research into the ecology of their favourite insects in order to assist their
conservation. Recording visitors to light traps in nature reserves is not enough.

In the microlepidoptera there is more scope for new observations by conventional
methods. The bulk of the report reflects not just the growing number of exhibits, but
the high proportion of new county records, new foodplants etc.

Diptera do not yet account for many exhibits, but they are a strong interest
amongst the members, as evidenced by the papers submitted for the Transactions.
Again the Coleoptera are in eclipse. Hymenoptera no better represented, despite
the interest evoked by the mapping scheme.

The records have been compiled by: B. F. Skinner (British macros), R. F.
Bretherton (foreign macros), A. W. Harman (British butterflies), J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt (micros), P. J. Chandler (Diptera), I. McClenaghan (Coleoptera), and E. S.
Bradford (illustrations). D. E. Wilson photographed selected specimens.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

AGASSIZ, Rev. D.J.L.—Microstega hyalinalis Hibn, Grays; new to Essex.
Metzneria aestivella Z., Purfleet; new to Essex. Brachmia inornatella Dougl.,
Mucking; second Essex record. Eucosma pupillana Clerck, West Thurrock; second
Essex record. Nothris congressariella Bruand, Herm, Channel Is., bred. A series of
each of the Oegoconia species: O.caradjai Popescu-Gorj & Capuse, O. quadripuncta
Haw. and O.deauratella H.-S.

BEAUMONT, H.E.—Caloptilia rufipennella (Hiibn.), Claythorpe, Lincs.
11.ix.82. Second Lincs. record. Phyllonorycter dubitella (H-S.), Denaby Ings, South
Yorks., moths reared March/April 1982 from mines on Salix caprea collected

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

November 1981. First Yorks. and most northerly British record. Goniodoma
limoniella (Stt.), Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR, 3.vii.82. Second Lincs.
and most northerly British record. Coleophora coracipennella (Htbn.), Denaby Ings
and Broomhill, South Yorks. Moths reared June 1982 from cases on Crataegus and
Prunus spinosa collected May 1982. Most northerly British records. Coleophora
limosipennella (Dup.), cases on Ulmus at Sprotbrough, South Yorks. in June 1981
and June 1982. Moth from same locality in July 1982. First Yorks. and most northerly
British record. Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs, Denaby Ings, South Yorks., two
cases on Crataegus 17.1v.81, moths reared June 1981. First Yorks. and most
northerly British record. Coleophora lineolea (Haw.), Denaby Ings, South Yorks.,
moths reared July 1982 from cases on Stachys sylvatica collected May 1982. Third
Yorks. record. Exaeretia allisella Stt., West Melton, South Yorks. Now recorded
fairly commonly. Specimens exhibited taken in 1979 & 1980. Metzneria aprilella
(H.-S.), Rotherham area, reared 1982 from seedheads of Centaurea scabiosa. Now
recorded from four localities in South Yorks. Most northerly British records.
Syncopacma larseniella (Gozm.), Woodthorpe, Lincs. 3.vii.82 among Lotus
uliginosus. First confirmed Lincs. record. Mompha nodicolella Fuchs, Denaby Ings,
South Yorks. Moths reared late September 1982 from larvae in seed pods of
Epilobium angustifolium collected late August. First Yorks. and most northerly
British record. Ancylis geminana (Don.), Claythorpe, Lincs. 20.vi.82. First Lincs.
record. Eucosma pupillana (Clerk), West Melton, South Yorks. 1982. Recorded
more frequently in recent years. Cydia orobana (Treits.), Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe
Dunes NNR, Lincs. 3.vii.82. First Lincs. record. Euzophera cinerosella (Zell.), West
Melton & Denaby Ings, South Yorks. 1982. Recorded frequently in the past five
years. Leucinodes sp. ? orbonalis (Guen.), moth reared from larva in aubergine of
unknown origin purchased at Halifax, West Yorks. in March 1981. Moth emerged
26.iv.81.

BLAND, Dr. K.P.—(1) Map of British Isles showing the 10 km squares from
which one or more species of Incurvartidae have been recorded (some 590 squares in
all) for Incurvariid and Heliozelid Recording Scheme (2) Glyphipterix equitella
Scop., Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh, Midlothian, 3.ix.1982; second Scottish record;
previously only known from Moncrieffe Hill, Perthshire. Dichrorampha alpinana
Tr., Blackford, Edinburgh, Midlothian, ex rootstocks of Ox-eye Daisy collected
31.v.1982 emerged 1-6.vi. 1982; new to Scotland. Bucculatrix cristatella Z., Pettycur,
Fife, ex Achillea millefolium collected 31.vii.1982, emerged 1-3.viii. 1982; second
Scottish record; rediscovered in its only Scottish locality after 88 years, but now also
recorded from Midlothian and E. Lothian. Cochylis dubitana Hiibn., Pettycur, Fife,
31.vii.1982; a rather rare species in Scotland. Diplodoma herminata Geoffroy,
Balnaguard, Perthshire, ex oak trunk, collected 25.iv.1982, emerged 30.v.1982;
Meggernie Pinewood, Perthshire, ex Scots pine trunk, collected 9.iv.1982, emerged
25.v.1982.

BROTHERIDGE, D.J.—Species taken in N. Wiltshire by the exhibitor in recent
years. Commophila aeneana Hibn (taken on a site now sadly destroyed by
‘progress’); Ptycholomoides aeriferanus H.-S. (two of five taken since the late 1960s)
and Phyllonorycter geniculella Rag.

CHALMERS-HUNT, J.M.—Bisigna procerella D. & S., Orlestone Forest,
10.vii. 1982, at light; the fourth British specimen. Agonopterix astrantiae Hein.,
Llandudno, bred 25.vi.1982, from larvae taken by H.N. Michaelis on Sanicula
europaea. Cochylis flaviciliana Westwood, Selsdon, Surrey, bred 30.vii. 1982, froma
larva collected on seed head of Knautia arvensis.

CHIPPERFIELD, H.E.—Pima boisduvaliella Guen., Adoxophyes orana F. v.
R., Eucosma tripoliana Barr. and E.maritima H. & W., all from Suffolk.
Eucosmorpha albersana Hibn. and Bohemannia quadrimaculella Boh., from
Nortolk. Aphelia unitana, from Yorks.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 101

EMMET, Lt. Col. A.M.—Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) Romford, new to
Essex. From a box of unset microlepidoptera taken by N. Nash. Adela croesella
(Scop.) Icklingham, Suffolk: three reared 26-27.v.1982 from larvae taken in
November, 1981. The larval cases were also shown. These are made of silk covered
with earth fragments, not of leaf fragments as stated in MBGBI 1: 298. A case of
A.reamurella (L.) which is made from leaf fragments was shown for comparison.
Epichnopterix retiella (Newman) and Monopis crocicapitella (Clemens) Foulness,
Essex. The case of the psychid was found attached to the spinning in dead Beta of the
tineid. The tineid ate the fragments of grass stem covering the psychid case, leaving
only the silken core. Neither insect was the worse for this strange association.
Parectopa ononidis (Zell.) Specimens from Grays and Foulness Island, Essex. The
species is new to the county and a distribution map showed its preference for coastal
localities in Essex. Phyllonorycter saportella (Dup.) Following a chance rearing of a
single adult from South Lopham, Norfolk on 26.iii.1982, freshly emerged moths
were found to be abundant on trunks of oak at this locality on 9 and 11.v.1982.
Larvae were collected on 3.vii. 1982 and further moths were reared. Both the reared
and captured specimens were exhibited. The most recent prior record was made in
1949. Phyllonorycter viminetorum (Staint.) Specimens reared from Chigborough
Lakes, Maldon, a nature reserve recently acquired by the Essex Naturalists’ Trust.
This local species is not uncommon in eastern Essex. Yponomeuta malinellus Zell.
Specimens taken on 17.vii.1982 in an abandoned apple-orchard on Foulness Island,
Essex. Larval webs were festooning the trees and the moths were abundant.
Coleophora frischella (L.) Taken at Saffron Walden, Essex on 16.ix.1982. It is of
interest because the locality is inland and the date shows it to belong to the second
generation, this being the only British Coleophora to be bivoltine. Ethmia funerella
(F.) New to Essex. A specimen captured by N. Nash at West Wood Nature Reserve,
near Thaxted during a meeting of the Essex Field Club on 24.v.1982. It may have
been a vagrant since the foodplants were not observed. Endothenia ustulana (Haw. )
Taken on 7.viii.1982 during the Society’s field meeting at Monks Wood,
Cambridgeshire. Eucosma pauperana (Dup.) Six specimens captured on 27.iv. 1982
at Fleam Dyke, Cambridgeshire, when the moth was flying freely between 1830 and
1930 hrs BST. Cydia pallifrontana (Lienig & Zell.) New to Essex. Four specimens
captured on 29.vi.1982 on the nature reserve at Hadstock, near Saffron Walden,
which has recently been acquired by the Essex Naturalists’ Trust.Crombrugghia
distans (Zell.) Three specimens reared from larvae on 2-4.vi.1982 and two from
pupae on 13—15.vii.1982 taken at Barton Mills, Suffolk. This species has not
previously been reared from the larval stage in Britain and the description of the
larva given in the text-books was found to be incorrect.

FAIRCLOUGH, R.&A.J.—Species from Essex, Surrey, Hants., Kent.
Pammene agnotana Rebel, taken 25.iv.1982, Fleam Dyke, Cambs. the second
British specimen (the first, Surrey, 15.iv.1961).

GODFRAY, C.—Live Epermenia chaerophyllella Goeze, reared from
Heracleum.

HALL, N.M.—A selection of microlepidoptera mostly taken at Portland Bill,
Dorset. The purpose of the exhibit was in part to publicise a request for further
records from the Portland Bill Observatory and Field Centre recording area (south
of the 70 line on the OS map) for which N.M. Hall is an unofficial recorder, and
whose address is 9 Edney Court, Gladridge Close, Earley, Reading, Berks.

HARMAN, T.W.—Uresphita limbalis D. & S. and Eurrhypara perlucidalis
Hubn, both from Westbere, Kent in 1982.

HEAL, N.F.—Coleophora ramosella Zell., bred 26.vi. to 30.vii.82 ex cases
collected 23/4.v.82 Thornden Wood, Whitstable, Kent; also young overwintering
cases collected 11.ix.82. First record for Kent and otherwise known from the west
coast of Ireland. Coleophora sp. indet. bred 7/24.vii.82 ex cases collected Harty,

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Kent on Suaeda maritima 3.x.81; also fresh cases collected 6.x.82. This species is
figured erroneously by Benander in Die Coleophoridae Schwedens as suaedivora
Meyrick. C.orbitella Zell., bred 6.vii.82 ex 2 cases collected 12.x.81, birch, W.
Wickham, Kent. C.saturatella Staint., ex cases collected Dartford Heath, Kent, on
Sarothamnus 1.vii.82. C.adspersella Benander bred 29.vi/1.viii.82 ex cases collected
Funton, Kent on Avriplex littoralis 10.ix.81. C.vibicella Hubn., pale form bred
27.vu1.82 ex cases collected Thorney Is., W.Sussex, 25.v.82, with typical specimens
for comparison. Caloptilia falconipennella Hiibn., bred 11/14.ix.82 ex pupae
collected Thursley, Surrey, 22.viii.82. Bedellia somnulentella Zell., bred 19/23.i1x.82
ex larvae collected Borden, near Sittingbourne, Kent, 9.ix.82. Nemaxera betulinella
F., Leigh, Surrey, 18.vii/8.viii.82. Argyresthia aurulentella Staint., Hackhurst
Down, Surrey, 6.vii.82. Ypsolopha sylvella L., Littlebourne, Kent, 27.viii.82.
Olindia schumacherana F., Denton Bank, Kent, 20.vi.82. Monopis crocicapitella
Clemens, Lower Rainham, Kent, 25.ix.82, with M.ferruginella Htbn. for
comparison. Bisigna procerella D. and S., Orlestone, Kent, at light 14/18.vii.82.
Mirificarma lentiginosella Zell., bred 6/15.vili.82 ex larvae collected Thorney Is.,
W.Sussex, 25.v.82. Phyllonorycter roboris Zell., Friday Street, Wooton, Surrey,
15.v.82, first record for Surrey. Ancylosis oblitella Zell., Murston, near
Sittingbourne, Kent 14.v.82, 6/20.viiil.82, 4.1x.82. Cydia orobana Treits., St.
Margarets-at-Cliffe, Kent, 5.vii.82. Zelleria hepariella, Staint., Park Wood,
Chilham, Kent, 25/26.vii.82. Mompha propinquella Staint., Park Wood, Chilham,
Kent, 25/26.vii.82. Apotomis sauciana Frolich, bred 21.vi.82 ex larvae collected on
bilberry from Oldbury Hill, Kent, 18.v.82. Batrachedra pinicolella Zell., Thornden
Wood, Whitstable, Kent, 27.vi.82. Phyllocnistis xenia Hering, bred 16/20.vili.82 ex
pupae collected Chislet, Kent, 13.vili.82 (second British locality). Phyllocnistis
saligna Zell., bred 25.viii.82 ex pupae collected Winkworth, Surrey on Salix
purpurea and S. fragilis 22.viii.82. Cosmopteryx zieglerella Hiibn., Sittingbourne,
Kent 8.vi.82. Olethreutes lacunana D. and S., melanic form, Fishpond Wood,
Dunkirk, Kent, 29.v.82. Cochylidia subroseana Haw., Thornden Wood, Kent,
27.vi.82. Syncopacma sangiella Staint., bred 2.vi.82 ex larvae Trottiscliffe, Kent, on
Lotus corniculatus 17.1v.82. Lampronia morosa Zell., Dungeness, Kent at light
2.vi.82. Pammene aurantiana Staud., Murston, Sittingbourne, Kent, 8.viii.82.
HECKFORD, R.J.—The following all taken or bred in 1982 unless otherwise
stated. Trifurcula griseella Wolff, Beer, Devon, 13.vi. Infurcitinea argentimaculella
Staint., Chyverton, Cornwall (VC1), bred 26—28.vi; Forder (VC2), Cornwall, bred
22-26.vi; St. Budeaux, Plymouth, (VC3), bred 29.vi-8.vii; Watermouth, Devon
(VC4), bred 6-20.vii. Caloptilia semifascia Haw., Orley, Devon, bred from Acer
campestre, 22—25.vii. Cal. leucapennella Stephens, Plympton, Plymouth, 10. vii.
Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunb., Budleigh Salterton, Devon, two bred 11-14.ix;
Heybrook Bay, Devon, three bred 15-16.ix; Axmouth, Devon, two bred 24-25. ix;
all bred from cocoons collected on Pulicaria dysenterica between 5—16.ix.82.
Choreutis sehestediana F., Plympton, Plymouth, bred 13-14.vii from Scutellaria
minor. Cosmiotes stabilella Stt., Axmouth, Devon, bred 24.ix from larva collected
10.ix mining unidentified grass; Beer, Devon, bred 30.ix from larva collected 11.ix
mining unidentified grass. Parocystola acroxantha Meyr., Shaldon, Devon, 19.ix.
Eniscostoma lobella D.&S. Budleigh Salterton, Devon, 14-16.vi. Depressaria
ultimella Staint., March Mills, Plymouth, bred 31.vii-S.viii; Saltash, Cornwall, bred
4-23.viii; Mothecombe, Devon, bred 7-16.viii; all bred from Apium nodiflorum a
foodplant not previously recognised for this species and discovered by the exhibitor.
Agonopterix nanatella Staint., Beer, Devon, bred 11-12. vii from Carlina vulgaris.
Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw., Plympton, Plymouth, 9.viii.1979 and 17.viii.1979.
O.caradjai P.—G. & C., Plympton, Plymouth, 5.ix.1980, 14. viii.1981, 22.viii.1981.
All the specimens of quadripuncta and caradjai were taken in the exhibitor’s garden.
JEWESS, P.J.—The following taken or bred in 1982. Digitivalva perlepidella Stt.,
Burnham, Kent. Crocidosema plebejana Z., Newington, Kent; first record outside
Scillies and SW England. Cydia pallifrontana L. & Z., Cobham, Kent, bred.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 103

Catoptria falsella D. & S., Bisley, Surrey. Agriphila latristria Haw. and Platyes
alpinella Hibn., N. Kent. Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, Burnt Oak Wood, Ham
Street, Kent.

KNILL-JONES, Dr. R.P.—‘‘New Scottish Species 1982”: Limnaecia
phragmitella Staint., Possil Marsh, Glasgow, 3.iv.82 (collected), 21.vi.82 (bred).
Metriostola betulae Goeze, Parkgate, Dumfries, 10.vii.82.

LANGMAID, Dr. J.R.—Leucoptera wailsella Staint., Hayling Island, two of a
series bred from Genista tinctoria, vii.82; new to Hants. Parectopa ononidis Z..,
Portsdown, Hants., four bred from Trifolium pratense, 1982. Rhigognostis
annulatella Curt., Traeth-y-Munt, Cards., two bred from Cochlearia, 1982.
Acrolepiopsis assectella Z., Southsea, two, 1980, the first Hants. specimens for over
30 years. Coleophora niveicostella Z., Leckford, 9.vii.81; new to Hants.
Schiffermuelleria grandis Desv., Porlock, Somerset, two 2.vi.1982. Depressaria
daucella D. & S., Magor Marsh, Mon., two very dark specimens bred from Oenanthe
fistulosa, 1982. D.ultimella Stt., Southwick, Hants., four of a series bred from Apium
nodiflorum, vi.1982; new to Hants. Agonopterix astrantiae Hein., East Meon, four
of a series bred from Sanicula europaeus, vi.1982; new to Hants. Chrysoesthia
drurella F., North Baddesley, four of a series bred from Chenopodium; new to
Hants. Glyphipteryx linneella Cl., Southsea, 3.viii.1982; first Hants. record for 50
years. Eucosma metzneriana Tr., Southsea, 21.vi.1982; second British specimen,
and new to Hants. Margaritia sticticalis L., Southsea, Hants., 7.iii1.1982. Palpita
unionalis Hibn, New Romney, Kent, two 10.xi.1982.

LANGMAID, Dr. J.R. and PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—A new Agonopterix
from Cornwall: original specimen, a series bred from Serratula in 1982 and a leaf
mine on Serratula. The earliest known specimen of this species, a female, was
collected by E. P.-C. at Boscastle, Cornwall in 1949. In 1981, J.R.L. collected a male
at light in the same locality. Neither specimen could be associated in appearance or
genitalia with any known species. In 1982, a search was made for larvae. Small larvae
were found commonly, mining leaves of Serratula tinctoria and later feeding in the
tips of leaves folded upwards. The feeding habit and appearance of the larvae were
distinct from Agonopterix bipunctosa Curtis which is widespread on this food-plant.
The moths bred proved to be of the same species as the two originals. So far it seems
that the species is undescribed.

MICHAELIS, H.N.—Agonopterix astrantiae Hein., Llandudno area (VC49),
bred from larvae found in plenty on Sanicula 5—25.vi.1982. Thiodia citrana Hibn.,
Llandudno (VC49), 4. viii. 1982; thought to be new to N. Wales.

PEET, Dr. T.N.D.—Sitichroa palealis D. & S., Sark; the first Channel Is. record.
Agrotera nemoralis Scop., Guernsey. Platytes alpinella Hbn., series from Hickling,
Norfolk.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—microlepidoptera taken in 1981/2, including:
Diplodoma herminata Geoff., bred from larva under bark of dead pine, Perthshire.
Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunb., bred from Pulicaria dysenterica, S.Devon. Perittia
obscurepunctella Staint., Southwick, Hants. Monochroa lutulentella Zell.,
Axminster, S.Devon. Monochroa sp., a male taken in a light trap in 1981 and which
has not yet been identified and appears to be unique, Devon. Phthorimaea
operculella Zell., in light trap, New Romney, Kent. Dichrorhampha consortana
Steph., bred from Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Traeth-y-Mwnt, Cardigan.
Eucosma conterminana H.-S., bred from Lactuca virosa, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex.
Epiblema tetragonana Steph., Hawkchurch, S. Devon. Endothenia ustulana Haw.,
Axminster, S. Devon. Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw., bred from Teucrium
scorodonia, Beer, S. Devon. Palpita unionalis Hitbn., New Romney, Kent.
Leioptilus carphodactyla Hiibn., Walton-in-Gordano, Somerset.

PICKLES, A.J. and Mrs. C. T.—Palpita unionalis, Lymington, Hants., 17.ix.82.

SIMPSON, Dr. A.N.B.—From Worcester unless otherwise noted. Orthotaelia
sparganella Thunb., 23.vii. Donacaula mucronellus D. & S., 23.vii. Coleophora
coracipennella Hubn., bred sloe, 1982. C.hemerobiella Scop., bred apple, 1982.

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Metzneria aprilella H.-S., Freckenham, Suffolk, bred Centaurea scabiosa ix.1981.
Cochylis flaviciliana Westwood, Nr. Evesham, Worcs., vii.1982._ Mompha
nodicolella Fuchs, vi.1982. Depressaria douglasella Staint., Nr. Evesham, Worcs.,
v.82. Batia lambdella Don., Mwnt, Cardigan, viii. 82.

SKINNER, B.—Palpita unionalis Hufn., Peacehaven, Sussex, 17.ix.82.
Euchromius ocellea Haw., Wye, Kent, 21.ix.81.

SOKOLOFF, P. A.—Orthopygia glaucinalis L., bred from larva found among
detritus in the previous year’s emerging cage; only the second specimen seen at
Orpington, Kent in 10 years. Ypsolopha nemorella L., Pyralis farinalis L. and
Phylloporia bistrigella Haw., all noted on Lullingstone golf-course, N. W. Kent, the
latter at m.v. in the unlikely habitat of a mature hornbeam plantation. Teleiodes
vulgella Hiibn., bred from larvae beaten from Juniper, (a most unusual foodplant)
N.E. Surrey.

STERLING, Col. D.H.—Nemophora minimella D. & S. Specimens and cases.
Bred from Succisa heads gathered in September from Chilbolton Hants VC12. The
heads were sleeved at the base of a growing plant in the open. In the early spring, the
cases were readily visible and fed on fresh leaves rather than leaf litter. A new
Vice-County record. Antispila petryi Mart. Specimens and cases. Bred from mines
on roadside Swida from Winchester, Hants VC11. Bacotia sepium Spey. Specimen
and case. Bred from cases found on lichens on dead Larix branches in Stockbridge,
Hants VC 12, collected in the spring before they had fixed for pupation. A new
Vice-County record. Triaxomera fulvimitrella Scop. Bred from larvae found in
rotting Quercus from Harewood Forest, Hants VC 12 on 12.iv.82. A new Vice-
County record. Depressaria ultimella Staint. Bred from pupae found in stems of
Apium nodiflorum from Droxford, Hants VC 11, 21.vili.82. About 90% of the pupae
were diseased or parasitised. No confirmed records from Hampshire (VC 11 or VC
12) before this year. Agonopterix astrantiae Hein. Bred from larva in spun leaf of
Sanicula from Hen Wood, Hants VC 11 (Hants & IOW NT Reserve), 10.vi.82. Not
known from Hampshire (VC 11 or VC 12) before this year. Pediasia aridella Thunb.
Taken at MV on edge of saltern at Needs Ore, Hants VC 11 (NCC National Nature
Reserve) 14.vii.82. Only 2 previous old records for Hampshire (VC 11 & VC 12).

STERLING, M.J.—Exaeretia allisella Staint. Bred from roots of Artemisia
vulgaris dug from Long Eaton, Derbys., in Apl. 1982. Agonopterix species.
Specimen of an unnamed Agonopterix taken from Lizard, Cornwall VC1. It appears
to be the same species as that bred this year by Dr. Langmaid and Mr. Pelham-
Clinton and not yet named or described. Taken at night flying over heather in the
vicinity of Serratula tinctoria on 3.ix.82. Ethmia funerella F. Specimens from Clough
Wood, Derbys., 1.vi.82. Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletch. Bred from larvae on garden
saxifrage at Holloway, Derbys., 29.v.82. Leioptilus lienigianus Zell. Long Eaton,
Derbys., 8.vii.82. A new record for VC 56. Leioptilus osteodactylus Zell. from
Attenborough and Edwinstowe Notts. July 1981 and 1982.

UFFEN, R.W.J.—Crambus uliginosellus Zell. associated with Carex on the
marshy shore of Loch Loy, Culbin Sands, Inverness-shire, 15.vi.1982.

WILD, E.H.—Species from Highcliffe, Dorset, and other named localities.
Incurvaria zinckenii (Zell.), April 82. Narycia monilifera (Geoff.), New Forest.
19.vi.82. Psychoides filicivora Meyrick, 21.ix.82. Heliozela hammoniella Sorh.,
26.iv.82. Stigmella hemargyrella (Kollar), 10.viii.82. Bucculatrix thoracella
(Thunb.), 27.vii.82. Caryocolum tricolorella (Haw.), bred 1982. Amphisbatis
incongruella (Staint.), 9.1v.82. Caloptilia leucapennella (Steph.), Brockenhurst,
12.v.82. Pleurota bicostella (Clerck), 31.v.82. Mompha subbistrigella (Haw.),
17.vi.82. Elachista apicipunctella Staint., New Forest, 30.v.82. Limnaecia
phragmitelia Staint., bred 1982. Scrobipalpa salinella (Zell.), Keyhaven, 10.vii.82.
Ancylis uncella (D. & §8.), 17.v.82. Acleris hastiana (L.), Lizard, bred 1982. Galleria
mellonella (L.), 29.vii.82. Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.), June 82. Palpita unionalis
(Hiibn.), 13/16.ix.82.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 105

BUTTERFLIES

Bred butterflies this year included several aberrations. A mixed gynandrous
Anthocharis cardamines emerged on 26th April from second generation stock bred
by D.L. FURNELL. He had seen the colouring in the pupa. B. FENSOME had bred
two Lycaena phlaeas ab.radiata and another combining the caeruleopunctata
character. He, amongst others, had tried his hand at exposing pupae to low
temperature and was rewarded by an /nachis io ab. belisaria and four Aglais urticae
ab. semiichneusoides. Semiichnusoides had also been caught wild, one by Mr.
Fensome at Potton, Beds. and another at Woodstock, Sittingbourne, Kent by P. J.
JEWESS. Many members were able to share Mr. Jewess’s thrill at capturing this
exotic-looking butterfly when he brought it alive to the indoor meeting on 9th
September. R. REVELS included a black aberration of A. urticae from a cooled
pupa.

A.S. HARMER showed F: generation crosses between a Kentish male and
Cornish female Melitaea athalia with the original stocks for comparison.

R.S. TUBBS had continued his work on breeding from stock of Hipparchia semele
L. containing the ab. holanops gene and showing the association of this gene with ab.
monocellata Lempke and a striking rayed effect in the pale areas. F: and F2 Pararge
megera from an original female ab. anticrassipuncta Lempke had produced fine
examples of this aberration in the second generation. Mr. Tubbs had also been busy
breeding four generations of Pieris napi ab. fasciata Kautz.

Amongst the caught specimens, R.M. CRASKE showed a very local repetitive
form (a candidate for breeding experiments?) of Boloria selene, a male with the
upper forewings basally blotched and the underside of the hindwings rayed with
silver centrally. A.J. and MRS. C.T. PICKLES showed Plebejus argus from a
heather-topped cliff in Anglesey, closely resembling the extinct sub-species masseyi
Tutt from the Westmorland mosses. This subspecies, with the dwart form caernensis
Thompson from the Great Orme and the southern heathland form were shown for
comparison. The implicit question seemed to be: how many genes make a sub-
species?

Messrs. A.D.A. RUSSWURM and H.G.M. MIDDLETON had found named
aberrations of eight species, but a Polygonia c-album male with greatly enlarged
black markings in the centre of the hindwings seemed to have no name. Combined
forms included a Pyronia tithonus male from the New Forest, 26.vii.82 showing both
ab. excessa Tutt and ab. /ugens Oberthur.

I.G. FARWELL saw things in black and white this year, with a male Vanessa
cardui having very dark hindwings, taken Lymington, Hants. 15.ix, another male
showing several areas of white, Lydford, Devon 23.viii, and a Pyronia tithonus male
with the whole of the lefthand background replaced by white, Okehampton, Devon
21.vii. O.A. HOLDER had a Lycaena phlaeas with pale forewings and normal
hindwings, Dungeness, Kent 7.ix, and R.C. REVELS had an Aglais urticae ab. lutea
from Biggleswade, Beds. vi.82. R.D.G. BARRINGTON had a Thymelicus
sylvestris female with the forewings mainly white.

B. FENSOME also showed an aberrant Melitaea cinxia bred from the Isle of Wight
and one of the few aberrations of European species, Lycaeides idas ab. radiata
caught at Bergerac, France, in July.

See also under ‘illustrations’.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA

BAKER, B.R.—A selection of moths taken during a five-year quantitative
trapping programme from 1978-1982 at Caversham, Berks; of special interest were
examples of Rhyacia simulans, Lithophane leautieri hesperica Boursin, Elaphria
venustula, and a single specimen of Cyclophora puppillaria taken on 24.x.77.

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

BAKER, P.J.—A specimen of Palpipher sexnotatus Moore bred from a larva
discovered within the tuber of the arum lily Arisaema speciosa which had been
imported from India. A case of the more interesting species taken over the last
twelve years at Thorpe, Surrey included Dicycla 00, Cosmia diffinis, and Rhyacia
simulans.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—A short series of Heliothis peltigera bred from larvae
collected in West Sussex during August 1982. Several charts comparing the counts of
macrolepidoptera at Bramley, Surrey between March—October 1981 and 1982.

BROTHERIDGE, D.J.—A striking example of Thalpophila matura from
Wroughton, North Wiltshire on 15.vii.82.

COLLINS, G. A.—A migrant specimen of Enargia paleacea from South Croydon,
Surrey on 16.vii.82.

ELLIOTT, B. and SKINNER, B.—A bred series of Herminia tarsicrinalis from
East Suffolk. This species has only been recorded twice before in the British Isles and
these represented the first to be bred in this country.

CRASKE, R.M.—Two specimens of Heliothis peltigera from East Sussex:—from
Lancing on 18.viii.82 and from Hove on 3.1x.82.

EMMET, A.M.—A selection of noteworthy moths taken at Saffron Walden,
Essex during 1982: /daea vulpinaria atrosignaria Lempke on 19th July, Rheumaptera
undulata on 15th July, three specimens of Rhyacia simulans during July and August,
and the fourth record for Essex of Eilema deplana; a second specimen was noted but
not taken. A specimen of Agrius convolvuli taken at light at Elmdon, Essex on
19.i1x.82.

FORSTER, A.P.—The tenth recorded specimen of Tathorhynchus exsiccata
taken at Mawnan Smith, Cornwall on 22.xi.81.

HADLEY, M.—A short series of Zygaena trifolii pallustrella Verity from West
Sussex showing much variation. Taken during 1982 at New Bradwell, Bucks were
examples of Hadena compta, Rhyacia simulans and a ‘dark’ race of Apamea sordens.

HARMAN, T. W.—An aberrant series of Ecliptopera silaceata bred from a female
taken in South East Kent during 1982.

HARMER, A.S.—A series of Catocala fraxini bred from a female taken at
Lymington, Hants. on 1.x.81.

HECKFORD, R.J.—A specimen of Eublemma parva bred from a larva feeding in
the flower head of fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica in South Devon on 28.viii.82.
Single examples of Heliothis peltigera from Plympton, Devon on 18.vii.82 and
Trichoplusia ni from East Budleigh, Devon on 7.ix.82.

HOLDER, O.A.—A yellow variety of Tyria jacobaeae (L.) taken at Bury St.
Edmunds, Suffolk on 15.v.82.

JEWESS, P.J.—Migrant Lepidoptera taken at Newington, Kent were single
specimens of Euxoa cursoria on 3.vili.82, Spodoptera exigua on 9.ix.82 and
Helicoverpa armigera on 24.ix.82.

KNILL-JONES, Dr. R.P.—A specimen of Eublemma parva from Parkgates,
Dumfriesshire on 10.vii.82.

McCORMICK, R.F. and PENNEY, C.G.—A case of Lepidoptera collected at
Conaglen, Inverness-shire from 21.vi.82—2.vii.82; of special interest were specimens
of an unusual race of Tetheella fluctuosa.

MICHAELIS, H.N.—An albino form of Orthosia gothica from Glan Conwy,
Denbighshire in April 1982.

PARSONS, M.—A male Timandra griseata ab. nigra Rebel from East Sussex on
2.1x.82, and an aberrant example of Ecliptopera silaceata from Ninfield, East Sussex
on 27.v.82.

PEET, Dr. T.N.D.—An aberration of Plusia festucae having the gold spots of the
forewing combined to form a single spangle, and the thirteenth recorded specimen
from the British Isles of Macdunnoughia confusa; both specimens were taken in East
Norfolk during August 1982.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 107

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—A specimen of Odontosia carmelita taken in
Devon during 1968 constituted a new county record.

PICKLES, A.J. and Mrs. C.T.—A variable series of Euxoa cursoria from
Findhorn, Morayshire during August 1982. A selection of migrant species included
the second recorded specimen from the British Isles of Earias biplaga from
Lymington, Hants. on 23.vii.82; two examples of Trichoplusia ni from Portland,
Dorset, 1.ix.82. and Lymington, 11.vii.82; Lithosia quadra from Lymington,
11.vui.82; and Helicoverpa armigera from Lymington, 27.ix.82.

PLATTS, J.—The first migrant record from Kent of Autographa bractea from
Dover on 14. vii.82.

REID, J.—A short series of Rhodometra sacraria bred from a female taken at
Royston, Herts. on 10.ix.82. A male Luperina dumerilii from Hertford on 16.ix.74; a
male Trichoplusia ni from Royston on 17.9.82 and a series of Hyles euphorbiae bred
from a female netted at Valerian flowers in the Purbeck district of Dorset on
21.vili.68.

SKINNER, B.—The first British bred series of Peribatodes secundaria from
females taken in South East Kent during 1981. A pair of dark Hadena caesia mananii
bred from larvae collected from Talisker, Isle of Skye in July 1981 and a male Nola
aerugula from Orlestone, Kent on 13.vii.82.

STERLING, M.J.—Local and aberrant moths mainly from Derbyshire and
Nottinghamshire. Of particular interest was a bred series of very dark Selenia
lunularia from Attenborough, Notts. and specimens of Xanthorhoe munitata from
the Goyt Valley, Derbys.

STERLING, P.H.—Lepidoptera collected at Boat of Garten, Inverness-shire
during March 1982 included a specimen of the now very local Xylena exsoleta.

WEST, B.K.—A short but variable series of Mimas tiliae bred from Orpington,
Kent. A new aberration of Chesias rufata having the central fascia absent, bred from
feral larva from Dartford, Kent in 1966. The first record for Kent of Lobophora
halterata ab. nigra Warnecke taken at Dartford on 2.vi.82.

WILD, E.H.—Migrant species noted this year at Highcliffe, Dorset included one
Cyclophora puppillaria on 31.viii.82 and two Rhodometra sacraria on the 12 and
21.ix.82.

WILSON, D.E.—A drawer of moth aberrations which included a male
Lasiocampa trifolii flava Chalmers-Hunt having unusually pale forewings, taken at
Dungeness, Kent in August 1982 and a female Trichoplusia ni from Peacehaven,
Sussex on 18.1x.82.

WINTER, P.Q.—A male Euproctis chrysorrhoea from Flamborough Head,
South East Yorkshire, a local species in this county, and on the same night a large
specimen of Eupithecia absinthiata was taken having a wingspan of 25mm.

FOREIGN MACROLEPIDOPTERA

Exhibits were fewer and less spectacular than in recent years, and were mainly
from the Palaearctic zone.

From Denmark E. P. WILTSHIRE showed both sexes of Conisania leineri Freyer,
which has recently become established there after spreading from the south east. It
somewhat resembles a small and brownish Heliophobus reticulata Goeze, and it
should now perhaps be watched for as an immigrant to Britain. From Guernsey,
D.J.L. AGASSIZ had Agrotis crassa Hiibn., which is resident in the Channel
Islands, but is also a possible immigrant to Britain; he also showed a dark example of
Ennomos quercinaria Hutn, common in the local population.

From Switzerland R.F. BRETHERTON showed contrasting series of Erebia
mnestra Hubn. from the Tesch Alp, 7,000 ft., on the north side of the Pennine Alps,
and from Laquintal, c.4,500 ft, on the south side, the latter being constantly much

108 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

larger than the former. This difference between the local races does not appear to
have been previously remarked.

From south west France R.C. REVELS had Maculinea arion ab. arthurus Melvill
and Lycaena phlaeas radiata Spuler, with British aberrations of these species.

C.J. LUCKENS exhibited butterflies collected in late May and early June 1982 in
southern France and north central Spain. These included Eurodryas desfontainii
Godart from three separate areas in Spain, including Burgete, Navarra, a new
record; also two differing forms of Plebejus pylaon hespericus Rambur from Madrid
and Albarracin, and the distinctive Spanish race of Jolana iolas Ochs.

N.M. HALL had Heterocera taken in various places in France, Spain and
Andorra, August 4/28 1982, and A.H. DOBSON Heterocera caught at an actinic
trap on the Costa Brava, Spain, including as known migrants to the U.K.
Helicoverpa armigera Hibn., Mythimna unipuncta Haw., M.vitellina Hibn., M.
loreyi Dup., Spodoptera exigua Hiibn., Eublemma ostrina Hubn. ab. carthami H-S.,
Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp., Rhodometra sacraria L., Cyclophora puppillaria Hibn.,
Palpita unionalis Hibn.

P.W. CRIBB showed Continental Lepidoptera reared in England in 1982:
Euchloe tagis Hiibn., Libythea celtis Laich. and a homeotic form of Nymphalis
polychloros L. from Var, France; Daphnis nerii L. from Yugoslavia, fed on
periwinkle (Vinca major); Zerynthia cerisyi cretica Rebel from Cretan larvae; and
Archon apollinus Herbst from larvae found near Troy, Turkey.

T.B. LARSEN showed two species, Reissita simonyi Rebel, from the Yemen
Arab Republic (which is unusual in having a dimorphic male and monomorphic
female) and Praezygaena caschmiriensis from Pakistan. Both are closely related to
the European Burnets of the genus Zygaena. P.caschmiriensis is precisely and
strictly allopatric with any species of Zygaena.

From the Far East T. W. HARMAN showed Lepidoptera from Brunei, and from
Africa M.J.S. HUBBARD had nine striking species of butterflies caught in May
1971 in the Bugongo Forest, Uganda.

COLEOPTERA

Dr. I.Mc. CLENAGHAN. (1) Some Coleoptera taken in a mercury vapour light
trap in his garden at Ingrave, Brentwood, Essex (TQ6292): Trox scaber (L.) 6.vi.82;
Malachius viridis F. 7.viii.80; Dryophilus pusillus (Gyll.) 6.vi.82, new to this area of
Essex, normally beaten from pines; Bledius diota Schiodte 2 and 5.viii.82 and B.
atricapillus (Germar) 2.vili.82. B.diota is new to Essex, is usually found in
saltmarshes, but is very rare. The nearest saltmarsh is about 13km from the trap.

(2) Other Essex material: Symbiotes latus Redtenbacher 25.iv.82, Brentwood area
(TQ59), from under dead Dutch elm diseased elm bark; Clytra quadripunctata (L.),
hatched from nest material of Formica rufa L. 26.v.82, Brentwood (TQ69); six
Mycetophagus quadrifasciatus L. with apical spots much reduced and two typical
specimens from Epping Forest and Thorndon Park, with two from Thorndon Park
(TQ6292) with extended or extra spots.

(3). Epitrix atropae Foudras 5.viii.78, from Slindon, W.Sussex (SU90), a rare flea
beetle found on Atropa belladonna.

Mr. A. P. FOSTER. (1) some aquatic Coleoptera collected from the River Teign,
South Devon, on 13.ix.82: Deronectes latus (Steph.), Gyrinus urinator IIl.,
Hydochus nitidicollis Mulsant, Helophorus arvernicus Muls., Oulimnius troglodytes
(Gyll.), Helichus substriatus (Miller).

(2) Hydraena pygmaea Waterhouse, from a small rocky stream at Trebudannon,
Cornwall. This is the first Cornish specimen and appears to be the only modern
record for southern Britain.

(3) Nacerdes melanura (L.), a singleton taken vi.82 in Knightsbridge, London.
Two Silis ruficollis (F.), swept from Phragmites in Walland Marsh, Kent, 2.viii.82.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 109

S.P. GARLAND and J. LEE. Coleoptera from Chatsworth Park, Derbyshire:
Scolytus intricatus (Ratz.) 31.vii.82, first Derbyshire record; Bitoma crenata (F.)
31.vil.82, first Derbyshire record; Triphyllus bicolor (F.) 27.ix.82, only recent record
from S.Yorks. and Derbys. areas. Sinodendron cylindicum (L.) 11.vi.82,
Glischirochilus quadriguttatus (F.) 24.iv.82, Dryocoetinus villosus (F.) 27.ix.82,
Cerylon ferrugineum Steph. 9.ix.82, Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Payk.) 9.ix.82,
Scaphisoma agaricinum (L.) 21.viii.82 and Dacne bipustulata (Thunb.) 15.vi.82.

DIPTERA

ELSE, G.R.—A selection of uncommon species collected in 1982 in S. England
(Hants, Dorset) and the Spey Valley, Scotland, including Stratiomys potamida
(Meigen) (Stratiomyidae), Charmouth-Lyme Regis landslip, 10.vii.82; Alophora
hemuiptera (F.) and Lophosia fasciata Meigen (Tachinidae), both Crab Wood, near
Winchester, 13.vii.82; Bombylius canescens Mik. (Bombyliidae), Stoborough
Heath, 20.vii.82; Laphria flava (Linnaeus) and Rhadiurgus variabilis (Zetterstedt)
(Asilidae), Microdon eggeri Mik. (Syrphidae) and Hypoderma diana Brauer
(Oestridae), the deer warble fly, all from near Feshiebridge, 2/4.vi.82, the last taken
at rest on sunlit rocks by the river; Blera fallax (L.) (Syrphidae), Abernethy Forest,
31.v.82, female flying around pines.

HUDSON, I.—Brachycera from South Hants, 1982, including: Stratiomys
potamida (Meigen) (Stratiomyidae), male and female on Heracleum flowers,
fenland, Gosport; Atherix marginata (Rhagionidae), Burley Street, New Forest, by
Ober Water, 26.vi; Atylotus fulvus (Meigen) (Tabanidae), female, 10.vii, flying low
over heather at Beaulieu Road Station; Tabanus autumnalis (Tabanidae), Gosport,
female biting, male on tree trunk; Machimus rusticus (Meigen) (Asilidae), male
9.viii, female 2.ix, Portsdown Hill, a known locality for this rarity, sunning on bare
ground; Asilus crabroniformis L. (Asilidae), Portsdown Hill, male and female 17.ix;
Bombylius discolor Mik. (Bombyliidae), Gosport, male sunning on a grassy bank
near woodland, 9.iv.82.

MERRIFIELD, K.—Two Diptera among other insects from Cornwall, near
Falmouth, v—vii. 1980: Tabanus sudeticus Zeller (Tabanidae), Asilus crabroniformis
Linnaeus (Asilidae).

MILES, S.R.—Uncommon Syrphidae and Tipulidae taken 1980-1982: Eriozona
syrphoides (Fallén), Broughton Plantation, Great Broughton, N. Yorks, 31.vii.80,
on umbel at 245 m.; Pelecocera tricincta Meigen, Aldershot, Hants. 22.vi.81, swept
from dry grass near bare sandy areas under Scots Pine, the first record outside the
New Forest and Dorset heaths; Xanthandrus comtus (Harris), Isle of Wight,
Downend, near Arreton, 6.vi.82, at Heracleum flowers at edge of scrubby
woodland; Didea intermedia Loew, Woolmer Forest, Hants., 3.ix.82, exploring
Scots Pine branches for aphid colonies—the common Syrphus ribesii was seen doing
the same; D. fasciata Macquart, a male at Windsor, 3.vi.81 sunning on
Rhododendron; a female at Ash Ranges, Surrey, 28.viii.82, first noticed as a loud
hum 2m from ground near small oak. Crenophora flaveolata (F.), Savernake Forest,
Wilts, 14.v.80, pair in copula at 4m from the ground on the trunk of a large beech at
6.10 p.m. at the end of a warm sunny day—a new locality for this rare species known
only from a few old woodland sites; the more frequent species C. bimaculata (L.)
from both Savernake, 1.viii.82 and Park Wood, Ruislip, 30.v.81, flying round old
hornbeam fence post in damp shady woodland.

STUBBS, A. E.—A range of species collected in 1982, most notably the following:
Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Syrphidae), Sussex, Seaford Head, 12.ix.82.
apparently a good year for this rarely reported species; Hammerschmidtia ferruginea
(Fallen) (Syrphidae), Spey Valley, Kinrara, 18.vi.82, at Conopodium flowers;
Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) (Tephritidae), Sussex, Beachy Head, 11.ix.82;
Campiglossa argyrocephala (Loew) (Tephritidae), Kinrara, 18.vi.82; Pelidnoptera
nigripennis (Fabricius) (Sciomyzidae), Inshriach, 15.vi.82; Prionocera pubescens

110 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Loew (Tipulidae), Radnor, Cors Llyn bog, 10.vii.82, the fourth British record, new
to Wales; Pachygaster orbitalis Wahlberg (Stratiomyidae) and Solva marginata
(Meigen) (Xylomyiidae), both from Ruislip, Middlesex, the former also Sudbury
Hill, reared in 1982 from larvae found under bark of black poplar and baslam poplar.

TUCK, K.R.—In a box of insects from Malaysia, one dipteron, an unnamed
species (Celyphidae), a remarkably beautiful “beetle fly”, a group with the
scutellum expanded over the abdomen and concealing the wings, with metallic green
throax and metallic violet scutellum; from Genting Tea Estate.

UFFEN, R.W.J.—A live female reared in July and a multilocular gall of
Campiglossa argyrocephala (Loew) (Tephritidae), Tayside, north of Pass of
Drumochter, 20.vi.82. Infested shoots of foodplant Achillea ptarmica with young
larvae were found at several places in Spey Valley in the preceding week but these
galls ailed to develop. These findings implied that the species will prove univoltine,
with probably both sexes overwintering to pair and oviposit in May as for Paroxyna
misella (Loew) on Artemisia.

HYMENOPTERA (SYMPHYTA)

HALSTEAD, A. J—Some uncommon and/or local sawflies and other Symphyta.
Xiphydria camelus L. female, R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, Surrey. 9.vi.80; Calameuta
filiformis Evers. female, on Ranunculus flower, Woking, Surrey. 19.vi.82; Zaraea
fasciata L. female, on Urtica leaf, Sheerwater, Woking 4.vii.82; Arge melanochroa
Gmelin male on Heracleum flower, Chilbolton, Hants, 5.vi.82; Dolerus triplicatus
Klug male, Juncus, Horsell Common, Woking 16.v.82; D. madidus Klug, male
swept Basingstoke Canal, Woking, 3.iv.82 and female on Juncus, Horsell Common,
Woking 16.v.82; Heterarthrus ochropoda Klug female bred 23.iv.82 from leaf mine
on Populus tremula collected 9.viii.81, Sheerwater, Woking; Athalia bicolor Lep.
male 25.v.82, female 27.v.81, both on Ranunculus flowers, Therfield Heath,
Royston, Herts; Pachyprotasis variegata Fall. female bred 29.iv.82 from larvae
feeding on flowers and foliage of Hieracium sp. collected 4.vii.81 from Sheepleas,
Surrey; Tenthredo amoena Gray. female on Heracleum flower, 10.vu.82,
Whitedown, Surrey; 7. omissa Foerst., male 4.viii.82, female 19.viii.81, both on
Heracleum flowers, R.H.S. Garden, Wisley; Macrophya blanda F. male 12.vi.80,
female 17.vi.82, swept from grass, R.H.S. Garden, Wisley; M. montana Scop.
female on Anthriscus sylvestris flower, 22.v.82, Pewley Down, Guildford, Surrey.

MERRYFIELD, K.—Two female wood wasps, Uroceras gigas L. and Sirex
noctilio Fab. from southwest Devon.

ILLUSTRATIONS

There were a number of exhibits containing illustrations this year, the majority
being colour prints or transparencies. The quality of the illustrations is very good and
seems to improve each year.

Two very interesting books containing over 500 colour photographs of the larvae
of British butterflies and moths were shown by S.H. CHURCH and J. PORTER.
The two gentlemen have worked out a good format for the book and size for the
larvae illustrated.

Some spectacular photographs showing the diversity of colour and form of British
and exotic jumping spiders (Salticidae) were presented by Mrs. F.M. MURPHY.
They had been assembled by Mr. F.R. WANLESS of the British Museum for the
centenary open days in 1981. Many of the photographs had been taken by Mrs.
Murphy.

Mr. M.W.F. TWEEDIE showed beautiful photographs of butterflies taken in
Greece in 1981. These were to his usual high standard.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 111

An unusual exhibit by Mr. J. HEATH was a colour photograph of the entry in the
minute book of the Spalding Gentlemen’s Society dated 28th September 1794, which
included a watercolour drawing of Lycaena dispar. taken at Dozens Bank. The
exhibitor asked whether this was the earliest record of the species, predating its
description.

Another fascinating show of pictures came from R. REVELS. Two in particular
showed cryptic spiders with their prey, one a damsel fly and the other a blue
butterfly.

The theme of the NATURE CONSERVANCY COUNCIL'S stand this year was
the invertebrate site register. It was illustrated with photographs of species, sites of
national importance and a number of histograms indicating the decrease of many
species during this century, especially since 1945.

A.S. HARMER presented a series of photographs depicting stages in the life
history of Catocala fraxini (L.)

Charts of weekly averages of nightly catches of macro moths and pyrales for 1981
and 1982 were presented by R.F. BRETHERTON. He explained differences
between the two years in terms of climate.

HOMOPTERA
SOKOLOFF, P. A.—Ledra aurita (L.) taken at mercury vapour light, Orpington,
Kent, 17.ix.82.

GENERAL

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—A selection of living exotic arachnids,
chilopods, diplopods and insects.

112 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS Meeting 15.i.1983.—Exhibits. Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ: a 25cm x 20cm
colour transparency of Argyresthia moths magnified. Mr. A.J. Halstead: a
particularly small specimen of Erannis defoliaria, Surrey, 1982.

Lecture: Rev. D.J.L. AGASSIZ spoke about the British species of
Yponomeutinae. The speaker outlined the present status of our understanding of the
Yponomeuta padella group, on which controlled breeding from clearly typed stock is
still a desideratum. His illustrations of the early stages included Y.stannella (known
in G.B. only from Dovedale) and S.passerella, on Betula nana, whilst his clear
photographs of set specimens enabled members to appreciate some of the earlier
entomologists’ confusions over identity from verbal descriptions.

BENHS Meeting 27.i.1983.—Exhibits. Mr. R.A. SOFTLY: Eupsilia transversa.
(3), Agriopis leucophaearia (1), Orthosia incerta (1); all produced by his actinic light
trap at Hampstead over the past three nights. He observed that O. incerta had shown
remarkable constancy in numbers over the past four years as follows: 1979,6.v—
4.vi(27); 1980,14.iv—3.vi(26); 1981,25.iii-29.v, one week unrecorded (20);1982,
23.ii-5.vi(30). Thus, it will be seen that there has been a wide divergence of first
appearance, but a consistent finish at the beginning of June.

New Members: Andrew Godfrey, David Peter Rees, Miss Clair E. Appleby, Colin
Wilfred Plant.

Announcement: Mrs. Mandy Watson, widow of the late Bob Watson, will be
carrying on at her new address (‘Jacobaeae’, 23 Watton Rd., Holbury,
Southampton, Hants., phone Fawley 893704) the customary annual invitation, with
the week-end of Saturday and Sunday, 26th & 27th March being chosen for the 1983
occasion.

Communications. Mr. BRETHERTON stated that at Bramley, Surrey he had
noted on the 26th January, Apocheima pilosaria (6 including one black one),
A.leucophaearia, Conistra vaccinii, Eupsilia transversa, Orthosia cruda, O.stabilis,
Tortricodes alternella and Acleris cristana f.vittana Stephens. Mr. M.R. BROWN
recorded Alsophila aescularia at Dartford, Kent on 25th January.

Abstract of lecture by Dr. R.C. Welch: The fauna of the Southern Beech
(Nothofagus) in Britain.

Before describing his recent work Dr. Welch showed members how the 41 species
of Nothofagus (southern beech) are distributed in the Southern Hemisphere.
Although most species are evergreen and occur in New Guinea and Australasia,
foresters in Britain are only really interested in two deciduous species from Chile, N.
obliqua and N. procera. Planted in Britain from 1902 and 1913 respectively,
extensive Forestry Commission trials started in 1954 and 1976.

During 1979 and 1980 a surprisingly large insect fauna was sampled from both
species at 14 sites mainly in the Cotswolds and the Forest of Dean. 81 spp. of larval
Lepidoptera were present on the two species of which 76 were foliage feeders.
Approximately 80% of these are known to feed on oak compared with 20% in a
year’s light trap catch from Monks Wood NNR., Hunts. Operophtera brumata (L.),
Agriopis aurantiaria (Hiibn.) and Erannis defoliaria (Clerck) accounted for over
50% of all larvae collected. Other insects recorded include 70 spp. of Coleoptera (10
wood-borers, 33 under bark and 17 on foliage), 22 Homoptera and smaller numbers
of other orders making a total of around 180 species.

Dr. Welch finished by stressing the limitations of published data on the fauna of
British trees and the need for more work on that of introduced species.

BENHS Meeting 10.ii.1983.—The President announced that the SSSI Code of
Guidance was now available from the Society’s Library.

The main event of the evening was the showing of (with running commentary) a
selection by Mr. Chalmers-Hunt and the Lanternist of 3% in. x 3% in. glass lantern
slides from the Society’s historical collection by Hugh Main, A. Tonge, etc.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 113

BENHS Meeting 10. iii. 1983.—Exhibits. Mr. S. PAINTER, oak galls on leaves ex
Rogate, September 1981, mounted between adhesive plastic. Gall wasps
subsequently emerged and were trapped.

Lt.Col. A.M. EMMET, on behalf of Mr. A. J. DEWICK, a specimen of
Platyptilia calodactyla D. & S. taken on 14.vii.82 in his light-trap at Bradwell-on-Sea,
Essex. An earlier specimen taken in 1976, likewise at light, on the Colne Point
Nature Reserve by Mr. M. Heath was also shown. These are the only specimens
known to have been recorded in Essex. Both were taken close to salt-marshes and far
from any goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) which is the only recorded foodplant. An
alternative such as sea-aster (Aster tripolium) seems likely.

Mr. J. ROCHE, two species of microlepidoptera taken at light in his garden in
Chestfield, Kent: (a) Zophodia convolutella Hibn., a phycitid not previously
recorded from Britain. It is found in Central Europe, France and N. America. The
moth flies in March and April. Foodplant is gooseberry, feeding in a web on the
leaves, flowers and unripe fruit. (b) The uncommon pyrale Eurrhypara perlucidalis.

Mr. G. BENINGFIELD (a visitor) gave a most interesting and entertaining talk
entitled “Illustrating Butterflies” accompanied by colour slides. This was of much
wider appeal than the title implied, and dealt also with conservation of the English
countryside. A large and appreciative audience attended.

BENHS Meeting 24. iii.1983.—In the absence of the President, Mr. P.A. Sokoloff
took the Chair.

Exhibits. Col. A.M. EMMET: living adults and leaf mines of Phyllonorycter
saportella from South Lopham, Norfolk.

Mr. C. HART: a larva of Sphecia bembiciformis in its mine in a sallow stem. The
larva was fully grown and preparing a cocoon. He also pointed out a very thin exit
cap, which was not easy to see. Found on Ditchling Common, Sussex on 5.iii.83.

Membership. Mr. P.A. Cross was elected.

Communications. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON reported on the spring moths at his
Bramley, Surrey, trap. In four days of the previous week there had appeared 126,
250, 320 and 420 moths, representing 18 macros and 2 micros.

Mr. R. FAIRCLOUGH reported three Red Admirals (V.atalanta) in Surrey and
Sussex which did not seem to coincide with any reported migration. Mr. B.K. WEST
had seen Red Admirals on 20th March and posed the question of probable
hibernation.

Col. EMMET had seen six Peacocks and a Small Tortoiseshell.

Transparencies were shown by Mrs. F.M. MURPHY and Mr. E. BRADFORD.
Mr. C.B. ASHBY showed slides of butterflies and moths of Syon Park.

BENHS Meeting 14.iv.1983.—The President announced the death on the 22nd
January 1983, of Mr. T.D. Fearnehough, of Lymington, Hampshire.

Exhibits. Col. EMMET: Galls in twigs of birch believed to be the feeding places of
Lampronia fuscatella (Tengstr6m) (Lep.: Incurvariidae). They were collected at
Bedfords Park, Romford and Hainhault Forest, south Essex (VC 18) on 9.iv.83. The
life history of L. fuscatella is described in MBGBI 1:286, where it is stated that two
larvae may occupy the same gall and that parasitised larvae fail to make the
characteristic silk-sealed exit-hole. An opened gall was shown containing
lepidopterous frass, the head-capsules of two larvae and two cocoons, presumably of
parasites, since no exit-holes had been made. The species was added to the Essex list
in 1982 by Mr. N. Nash, who took two adults near Bedfords Park at light. One of
these specimens was shown.

Mr. P.A. SOKOLOFF: Freshly emerged specimens of Alispa angustella bred from
spindle berries, Dartford Heath, Kent.

Mr. COLIN HART: Larvae of Euschesis orbona from near Barton Mills, Suffolk.
The larvae are nearly full grown and were found at night in early March when they

114 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

were half grown or less. About 40%-60% have produced parasites of several sorts.

Communications. Mr. J. BADMIN drew attention to the fact that the Society and
the Kent Field Club operated reciprocal arrangements regarding field meetings in
Kent, and he presented the Society with the KFC programme card for 1983.

Col. EMMET strongly urged that the age-old practice of reading the minutes be
continued, and that the newly adopted system of leaving on the table a copy of the
minutes of the previous meeting should cease, since he noticed very few people
troubled to read them, and this motion was supported by Mr. S.N.A. Jacobs.

Col. EMMET asked why the current issue of the Proceedings and Transactions
was devoid of the customary illustration on its front cover.

The Editor informed him that individual issues were now distinguished by cover
illustration relevant to the text. None had been available. Independent drawings of
insects or topics of current interest would be welcomed for such eventualities.

Mr. JOHN MUGGLETON gave a most interesting talk with the aid of slides,
entitled “Industrial Melanism after Kettlewell”.

BENHS Meeting 28.iv.1983.—The President, Mr. B.R. Baker introduced Prof.
N.W. Moore to give the first Hammond Memorial Lecture, on Conservation of
dragonflies.

Exhibits. Mr. A. HALSTEAD. Two beetles from an imported bamboo cane.
Both specimens were from the same cane, which presumably originated from
somewhere in the Far East. A gardener in the Glasshouse Department at the Royal
Horticultural Society’s Garden, Wisley, Surrey, noticed the larger beetle emerging
on 22.11.83 as he was using the cane to stake a plant. It was subsequently identified at
the British Museum by M.L. Cox as Diboma posticata Gahan (Cerambycidae),
which has been recorded from India, Burma, Ceylon, Laos and S.E. Asia. E.A.J.
Duffy in his 1968 *‘Monograph of the Immature Stages of Oriental Timber Beetles”
states that the host plant is Dendrocalamus Strictus.

When part of the cane was split open it was found to have been extensively
tunnelled by Dinoderus minutus F. (Bostrychidae). Several adults were found inside
but all were dead and there was no sign of the immature stages.

Mr. I.R. HUDSON. Early Spring Tachinidae. Gonia picea (R—D) Titchfield,
Hants, 25.11.1982, abundant amongst the long grass and herbage on this site.
Supposedly local. Recorded as having been bred from the larvae of Agrotid moths.

Servillia ursina (Meigen) Botley Wood, Hants 15.iv.1983. A few specimens were
seen along the rides of this deciduous wood. Supposedly not common. Probably
parasitic on lepidopterous larvae. The other British species of the genus has been
recorded from Sphingid and Agrotid moths.

Membership. Keith N.A. Alexander, Martin F.V. Corley, Dr. Terence R. Mitchell,
Michael J. Pearce and John A. Pearson were elected members.

Communications. Col. Emmet said that he hoped Volume 2 of Moths and
Butterflies of Gt. Britain and Ireland would be ready for the printer later this year,
and he urged people to send in their records either to him or to Mr. John Heath as
soon as possible so that they may be incorporated.

Mr. R. F. Bretherton said that he had had a Plutella xylostella (L.) at his light trap
at Bramley, Surrey recently.

BENHS Meeting 12.v.1983.—The President announced the death of Mr. F.C.
Stanley of Rowlands Castle, Hampshire. Although his death had taken place as long
ago as 22nd June 1980, the Society had only lately been made aware of this.

Exhibits. Mr. J. MUGGLETON. A male and female of the rarely recorded
ladybird Coccinella distincta collected from Chobham Common, Surrey on 7.v.83.
The last published record seems to be for Wyre Forest in 1957. It was discovered in
the Forest of Dean by N.J. Armes in 1975 (first Glos. record) and at Esher by Prof. J.
Owen c. 1980. The British distribution is Surrey, Sussex, Kent, Worcs. and Glos. The

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 115

species is found in association with Wood Ant nests (Formica rufa), usually on the
surrounding vegetation. It is a large species but is very difficult to distinguish from
Coccinella 7-punctata, and is probably under-recorded because of this similarity.

Col. EMMET. A_ vacated cocoon of Etainia sphendamni (Hering)
(Lep.:Nepticulidae). This had been spun in a dry, otherwise empty glass tube and
was at first pure white. So it remained for a week. Then a fresh young hawthorn leaf
was placed in the tube and within two hours the cocoon had turned dark brown. Silk
used for making larval habitations by spinning leaves together remains white;
cocoons likewise stay white in the majority of species. In certain species of
Coleophora the silk used in the construction of their cases changes from white to
brown or even black. The exhibitor asked if there was an explanation why silk spun
by different species reacted differently to moisture.

Mr. A.H. DOBSON. Two living noctuid larvae for identification taken at Ober
Water Valley, New Forest on the B.E.N.H.S. Field Meeting of 7—-8.v.83. They were
determined as Noctua comes Hubn. and N. interjecta Hubn.

Lecture. Some aspects of advisory agricultural entomology by Dr. D.V. Alford.
Dr. Alford concentrated on pests acquired by the recently introduced forms of
Brassica napus L. grown for rape-seed oil. The introduction of winter-grown,
early-flowering strains had greatly reduced the attack on the seeds by one beetle. It
was difficult to persuade farmers not to spray when they saw the beetle. Sprays were
harmful to bees attracted to the crop. The plant is automatically self-pollinated and
does not need bee pollination.

BENHS Meeting 26.v.1983.—The President announced the death of Prof. G.C.
Varley, formerly of the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford.

Exhibits. Mr. C.W. PLANT: (a) A number of living larvae, including Xylocampa
areola Esper on honeysuckle from his garden at East Ham, Essex; and Amphipyra
pyramidea L. on silver birch, from Wanstead Park, Essex. (b) A number of
unidentified preserved blown larvae from the Passmore Edwards Museum, collected
between 1860 and 1890.

Mr. R.F. McCORMICK. Living larvae of Diachrysia chryson Esper, collected
near Andover, Hampshire on the 21st May.

Col. EMMET. A copy of the recently published Moths of South East Asia, which
had been presented to the Society by the author H.S. Barlow.

Communications. Mr. CHALMERS-HUNT stated that yesterday he had gone
out to look for the dayflying micro Lampronia flavimitrella Hubner near Ashford
Kent, and believing it to be resident in this country had succeeded in taking the 4th
and Sth British specimens. However, he observed that further investigation is
needed to discover the species’ pabulum and life history, both of which appeared to
be unknown.

Mr. BRETHERTON said that in his experience it was the latest spring for some
years for moths at light at Bramley, Surrey.

New Members elected this evening: Roger K.A. Morris; David Furmage; William
J. Tennent; Nicholas A. Holford; Guy J.O. Farage.

Mrs. F.M. Murphy, Mr. B.R. Baker, Mr. A. Callow, Mr. K. Merrifield and Dr. I.
McClenaghan showed transparencies and commented upon them.

BENHS Meeting 9.vi. 1983.—Exhibits. Mr. S.N.A. JACOBS: six specimens of the
Lily Beetle Lilioceris lilii (Scop.) from East Horsley, which had been brought to him
for identification.

Mr. J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT: a living trichopteron Phryganea grandis (L.),
notable for its large size, taken at light 7th June in Epping Forest.

Communications. Mr. K. EVANS stated that he had had a Calophasia lunula
(Hufn.) at light at his home at East Grinstead, Sussex on 7th June.

116 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

Lecture. Dr. J. CHATFIELD spoke on Gilbert White and the natural history of
Selborne. The speaker covered the life and letters of Gilbert White and appraised his
approach to entomology.

BENHS Meeting 23.vi.1983.—Exhibits. Mr. R.W.J. UFFEN: a female Metzneria
aprilella (Gelechiidae) taken at an actinic fluorescent lamp the previous night at
Welwyn, Herts.

Mr. A.J. HALSTEAD: a female froghopper, Cercopis vulnerata Illiger
(Hemiptera: Cercopidae) with dirty white coloration replacing the red of the wings
and abdomen. This specimen was taken at Whitedown, Surrey on 11.vi.1983. There
is an entirely albino population in Yorkshire.

New members. Messrs. J.A. Fradgley, M.M. Parsons, M. Hughes, J.B. Rapkins,
Dr. N.M. Bailey, Misses H. Davis and C.J. Crockett.

Communications. Mr. R.F. BRETHERTON reported about 20 Brimstones
(G.rhamni), including a courting pair, at Durfold Woods, Surrey, on 18th June.
Other indications of a late season included Mr. S.L. MEREDITH’s record of Marsh
Fritillaries (E.aurinia) still flying in Hampshire.

The President, Mr. B.R. BAKER, had seen Holly Blues (C.argiolus) laying eggs
on cultivated Cornus flowers.

Mr. R.S. TUBBS had seen two male Clouded Yellows (C.croceus) on the downs
near Dorking on 12th June. Two sources of records for W.Oxfordshire were
reported.

Lecture. Dr. J.E. RIGBY conveyed her enthusiasm for Mollusca in Diversity of
form and habitat among the molluscs. The 80,000 species described may be only a
fraction of the species of insects, but they vary from primitive animals showing signs
of segmentation, dredged in recent years from the deep oceans, through reduced,
insensitive, burrowing animals to such highly mobile and sensorily developed
animals as the squid.

The asymmetrical contortions of the body plan to fit various modes of life were
outlined. The study of larval forms had become more practical and enlightening with
the development of phase contrast and interference microscopy.

The dependence of molluscs on cilia for breathing and feeding currents and their
influence on body shape were emphasised.

Dr. Rigby concluded with a rapid survey by transparencies of some of the more
bizarre and visually attractive molluscs. Such riddles as how a mollusc can consume
the protective poisoned spines of its prey and re-use them in its own defence must
surely promote the curiosity of more students in this diverse group of animals.

BENHS Ordinary and Annual General Meetings 24.ii.1983.—The President, Mr.
J. Heath, in the Chair.

Membership. Messrs. B. Brigden, B.C. Eversham, K.F. Webb, D. Reavey, C.
Charalambas were elected.

Communications. Mr. Bretherton observed that at Bramley, Surrey, he had in his
m.v.trap a specimen of the geometrid Coenotephria salicata, the second record only
for Surrey of this moth, the first having been of one taken by the late Mr. Messenger
at Witley on May 25 1962. Mr. Bretherton’s specimen occurred on May 31 1982.

The following Reports were read: Secretary's Report by Mrs. Murphy; Curator’s
Report by Mr. Bradford; Librarian’s Report by Mr. Miles; Treasurer’s Report by
Col. Sterling; Hering Memorial Fund Report by Col. Emmet.

The Council’s nominees for Officers and Council for 1983 were elected unopposed
and are listed on the cover of parts 1/2.

The retiring President then gave his address entitled “The insects of the Yellow
Balsam, /mpatiens noli-tangere’’. He then inducted the new President, Mr. B.R.
Baker, into the chair.

117

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

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118 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

OFFICERS’ REPORTS

HONORARY TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1982

The main thanks for a very satisfactory financial year must go to our Honorary
Editor, who has reversed the seemingly inevitable trend of annual cost increases by a
reduction of over £750 compared with 1981 on the net cost in the Publications
Account. Surplus from the sales of Christmas Cards and surplus equipment disposed
of at the Annual Exhibition has also increased. On the other side, stationery and
general expenses were higher for a number of reasons, the largest single item being a
bank charge of nearly £100 for carrying out administrative work necessary on the
death of Mr. J.L. Messenger whilst holding the office of Trustee. The cost of the
Annual Exhibition was also up because we are no longer able to make our own
catering arrangements at the Chelsea Town Hall, the profit from which, in the past,
has made a considerable contribution towards the cost of hiring the hall. The new
subscription rate has increased subscription income to approximately £3,900, but
members will see that the cost of running the Society in 1982 was in fact about £1,000
more than this, this balance being met from investment income. The surplus from
Special Publications sales will be used towards financing new publications.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1982

FUNDS
1981 1982
£ a
12775 General Fund — Opening balance 10228
3028 To Special Publications Fund
9747
Gain on investment redemption 150
10228 481 Excess of Income over Expenditure 1492 11870
115 Library Fund — Opening balance 450
451 Income 626
566 1076
450 116 Expenditure 497) 579
2308 ~ Housing Fund 2308
Special Publications Fund — Stock transterred/
3028 Opening balance 5281
5281 2253 Surplus from sales 1714 = 6995
10000 Hammond Bequest — Opening balance 10678
10678 678 Interest and second payment 13448
24126
Expenditure 244 =. 23882
2580 Hering Memorial Fund — Opening balance 2690
Gain on investment redemption 8
287 Income 294
2867 2992
2690 177 Expenditure 328 2664

31635 TOTAL FUNDS 48298

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 119

We received a further payment from the estate of our late member, Mr. C.O.
Hammond, bringing the balance of the bequest account including accrued income to
nearly £24,000. Your Council have decided that this and any other surplus
uncommitted funds shall be held in temporary investments such as National Savings
Investment and Deposit accounts until the position on the expiry of our lease at the
Alpine Club at the end of this year is known. Meanwhile, some of the interest will be
used for special projects such as the provision of coloured plates in the Proceedings
and a Memorial Lecture.

This year, may I couple our thanks to Mrs. S.B. Walker, wife of our Assistant
Treasurer for subscriptions, who is continuing to look after this work whilst he is
abroad, with an appeal to members to make her work a little easier by making sure
that, if they do not pay by Banker’s Order, their subscription reaches her by Jan. Ist
each year without any reminder, and, if they do pay by Banker’s Order, that it is
amended to the correct current rate. Our thanks are also again due to our Honorary
Auditors for completing the audit in time for the Annual General Meeting.

—BALANCE SHEET AS AT 3lst DECEMBER 1982 contd.—

THESE FUNDS ARE REPRESENTED BY

1981 1982
£
£ Investments at Cost (details appended)
7913 General Investments 8062
10083 2170 Hering Memorial Fund Investments 2178 10240
Stock
3028 Special Publications at cost 2390
3130 102 Coloured Christmas Cards 246 2636

(The value of the library, collections, ties and other
publications is not included in the accounts)

Liquid Assets

10799 P.O. Savings Investment Account 24260

1074 Debtors and Advance Payments 742

7824 Cash on Deposit 10000

110 Cash on Current Account 514

19807 35516

336 Subscriptions in advance 73
18422 1049 Amounts owed and provisions 21 35422
31635 48298

There is a contingent liability for £80 bookbinding which it is anticipated will be met by a British
Library grant.

AUDITORS’ REPORT

In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the Society's affairs as at

3lst December 1982 and the Income and Expenditure Accounts give a true and fair view of the
Society's results for the year.

A.J. Pickles F.C.A.

R.A. Bell

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 121

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1982

Whatever the entomologists may think about 1982, 1932 was certainly a Special
Year and in December 1982 the Society was able to elect three Special Life
Members, Mr. Peter Crow, the Rev. J.N. Marcon and Mr. W.L. Rudland. What is
more, in a very charming letter of thanks to the Society, Mr. Crow mentioned that he
and the Rev. Marcon were elected on the same day!

To come back to 1982 the Society elected 35 new members, lost 13 by death, 13 by
resignation and had to strike 22 members off for non-payment. This brings the
membership total to 735.

The new Membership Secretary, Mr. Marc Hadley, relieved the Secretary of a
good deal of work for which she is duly grateful and the new Distribution Secretary
has (or so he says) mastered the society’s Addressograph machine. The society now
has rather a lot of officers but it was thought that the work load carried by any
individual officer should be kept to a reasonably low level.

The Indoor Meetings Program was again very successful and the attendance at
Indoor Meetings has risen this year.

The Field Meetings were also appreciated and were mostly well attended. The
week-long meeting in the Forest of Dean was much enjoyed by the eight members
who went to it.

The Society sustained a sad loss when Mr. Messenger, who was one of our Trustees
died. Mr. Derek Stimpson was elected in his place.

Although there was no new publication this year, the previous years’ publications
sold well. The guide to British hoverflies will—it is hoped—be published in 1983.

Our Editor, Mr. Raymond Uffen, has been considering the form and content of
the Proceedings and would be interested to hear the members’ views on the part it
should play in the life of the Society.

Mr. Dyke designed and helped to produce for us a handsome new Christmas Card
which sold very well.

The Annual Dinner (arranged by Dr. McNulty) was, as usual, a very cheerful
occasion.

The Council is grateful to Mr. Ken Evans who, in spite of other problems, found
time to manage the Exhibition so competently.

As an experiment the Society’s rooms were opened on four afternoons this last
winter and a number of members availed themselves of this opportunity. The
Council intend to continue this arrangement and the dates in question will be
circulated in the autumn distribution.

CURATOR’S REPORT FOR 1982

The most important thing I have to report this year is the Society’s acquisition of
twelve cabinets of various sizes and their contents.

J.L. Messenger’s bequest, the first to be received, consisted of his collections of
Lepidoptera plus the seven cabinets holding them; also a number of store boxes and
sundry entomological equipment. Much of this equipment was sold at the annual
exhibition, along with other surplus items. The sale was very successful and realised a
useful profit. Mr. Messenger’s collections are to be kept as a whole, not separated or
divided in any way, it being a condition of his will on the Society accepting them. The
butterflies especially, are a welcome addition to the Society’s own collections, the
majority being of British and European origin.

One gift to the Society featured a large gilt frame of about five feet square which
contained hundreds of butterflies and moths, arranged in an elaborate pattern; a not
uncommon object in many households a generation ago. It was eventually sold to a
member of the Society.

During the year a purchase was made of the late Mr. Stoughton-Harris’s cabinets
and collections. They are contained in four Hill units and one twelve-drawer cabinet.

122 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

The collection is composed wholly of British and continental butterflies.
Unfortunately, a large number of pins holding the specimens have suffered corrosion
where the pin is in contact with the base of the drawer. As the cabinets were only
recently installed no decision has been taken for the time being regarding this
problem. Included in the purchase were a number of store boxes, some pill boxes and
a satchel.

As a result of bequests, gifts and purchases, the Society’s space is now bulging at
the seams. The more valuable cabinets and Hill units will be retained as far as
possible. Various other cabinets can be offered for sale to members when they
become available. They will need to be emptied of their contents, a time consuming
occupation, as there are some thousands of specimens to be transferred to other
cabinets or store boxes.

There are two requests I make concerning the collections, work on which
progresses slowly but satisfactorily. The first is for members to be more careful when
removing or replacing drawers into cabinets, particularly those containing the
microlepidoptera. Several appear to have been jolted or banged in some way, as
there are a number of loose bodies and wings about the drawers. My second request
concerns that menace to collections, Anthrenus museorum L. Within the last few
weeks several dead specimens and a number of larval skins have been discovered in
the Joy collection of Coleoptera. The beetles were probably introduced via bequests.
Odd specimens were found last year in the duplicates and a Diptera cabinet. This is
the first serious threat to the collections, as far as I am aware, for at least twenty five
years, possibly much longer. A systematic search and treatment of all drawers is now
under way to eliminate the beetle. I appeal to members, should they find any
evidence of infestation, to inform the curator or assistants so that action can be
taken.

The Society’s display unit, bought in 1982 was used at the Amateur Entomologists’
Society exhibition that year, although only partially complete. It is hoped to finish
work on it and make full use of the display as soon as possible.

In conclusion, I would like to thank Mr. P. J. Chandler, Mr. W. Parker and Mr. R.
Weal for their help and advice during the past year.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND
Report for 1982

Grants were made to three out of a short list of four applicants as follows:—

(1) M. Michel Martinez. £150 for field study of the Agromyzidae in France.
M. Martinez works at the National Institute of Agricultural Research at
Versailles.

(2) Senhor Angelo Pires do Prado and Senhor Yara Valenga da Rocha. £100 for field
study of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae in Brazil. Senhor do Prado is an
associate professor and Senhor da Rocha a research student at the University of
Campinas in southern Brazil.

(3) Professor C. Wilkinson, F.R.E.S. £75 for the study of the Nepticulidae in the
field and in collections in New Zealand. Professor Wilkinson is the Head of the
Department of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography at the Free University,
Amsterdam. His department is undertaking intensive study of the Nepticulidae
which will lead in due course to a world revision of the family. Knowledge of
species occurring in the southern hemisphere is essential for formulating ideas on
phylogeny and evolutionary development. In a preliminary report Professor
Wilkinson states that he discovered ten species new to science, lectured at six
universities and brought back to Europe a large quantity of living material for
further study.

Reports have not yet been received from the other beneficiaries.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 123

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT FOR 1982

The Society’s library is a recognised back-up to the British Library. This enabled
my predecessor, Mr. G. Prior, to obtain a grant towards the cost of binding a
considerable part of the backlog of foreign journals. This has now been accomplished
and completed runs of further journals are being assembled with a view to making a
further application for a grant to complete this work.

Further effort has been expended in listing and then contacting those members
who have had books out on loan overdue for two years or more, to minimise
potential losses. Notices dealing with the proper procedure both for borrowing
books and for returning them have recently been placed in the library. It would
greatly assist the smooth running of the library if members who wish to borrow books
would read one of these notices, follow its instructions and finally return the books
within the stipulated period.

Two journal exchanges were arranged during 1982: one with the Derbyshire
Entomological Society and the other, at their request, with Entomologischer Verein
Apollo of Frankfurt.

Two bequests of books, journals and slides were received during the year from our
late members M.B.S. Goodban and Mr. J.L. Messenger.

In September 1982 Mr. W. Parker very kindly offered to look after the Society’s
slide collection, to which arrangement Council agreed, although overall
responsibility is still under the function of the Librarian.

I would like to thank the following for their donations of books and journals: Mrs.
F.M. Murphy, Col. A.M. Emmet, Mr. G. Prior, Mr. S.N.A. Jacobs and finally Mr.
A. Callow for the gift of a large number of photographic slides illustrating orders
other than Lepidoptera. Thanks are also due to Gaston Prior for his help during the
year with my initiation into this Office and to Mrs. F. Murphy and Messrs. D.
Wilson, W. Parker, P. Sokoloff, R. Bretherton and E. Bradford for general library
help.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by J. HEATH

I. REPORT

You have heard from our Secretary, Treasurer, Curator and Librarian of the
affairs of the Society during the past year. To them and to all the other officers and
council members I owe an especial debt of thanks for having made my year as
President so pleasant and enjoyable. In particular I would like to thank Mr. Eric
Bradford for all his hard work in re-arranging our collections, Mr. R. Tubbs and the
Rev. D. Agassiz for the production of the Society’s special publications which have
been so successful and Mr. Steven Miles for re-organising our library procedures. I
must re-emphasize the importance of everyone conforming to the regulations
concerning the loan of books. There are prominent notices detailing the procedures
in each room in the basement at the Society’s rooms.

In addition to the monies received from the Hammond bequest detailed by our
treasurer, a donation of £200 was received from the Sarnia Trust, in Guernsey,
through our member Dr. T.N.D. Peet. This money has been used to provide new
panels for the exhibits we display at our Annual Exhibition and at the exhibitions of
other societies. In our turn we made a small donation to the Hants and Isle of Wight
Naturalist’s Trust towards the legal costs of presenting the evidence for wildlife
interests at the public enquiry held to consider the effect of oil exploitation within the
New Forest.

The Society would like to congratulate Lt. Col. A.M. Emmet on the presentation
to him of the Stamford Raffles Award by the Zoological Society of London. This

124 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

award was made in recognition of the most outstanding contribution made to zoology
by an amateur naturalist in the previous year.

During the year no fewer than three members have become Special Life
Members—a most exceptional number unlikely to be equalled or surpassed again
this century. They are Mr. P.N. Crow, the Rev. J.N. Marcon and Mr. W.L. Rudland.

Inevitably there have been deaths among our membership during the past twelve
months.

Mr. B.A. Cooper, a professional entomologist who joined our Society in 1936, had
wide-ranging natural history interests. He was best known as the person who took
over the organisation and running of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society from 1937
until 1945.

Mr. T.H. Court had been a member since 1918 and a Special Life member since
1971. He was interested in the Lepidoptera and lived at Market Rasen, Lincs.

Mr. J.E. Delhauty, an odonatist, had been a member since 1964.

Mr. C.H. Dixon, who was 91, was elected in 1945. He was a life-long entomologist
who specialized in the Macrolepidoptera. His fine collection is now housed in the
Hampshire County Museum.

Mr. R. Largen, a young man of 36, died in August 1982. He joined the Society in
1980. Specimens from his collection of British Lepidoptera were exhibited at our
Exhibition in October last.

Dr. D. Leston, a life-member of our Society since 1948 died in Florida in October,
1982. A notable heteropterist, he was joint author, with Professor T.R.E.
Southwood, of Warne’s Land and Water Bugs of the British Isles published in 1959.

Mr. J.L. Messenger joined in 1951, had been President in 1963 and a Trustee since
1968. His fine collection of Lepidoptera was bequeathed to the Society.

Mr. G.A. Mitchell, a lepidopterist, joined in 1960.

Mr. F. Stanley-Smith, an honorary member since 1967, who joined in 1927, had
been Hon. Secretary 1940-51 and President in 1938 and 1953. His special interests
were the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera.

Mr. G.R. Sutton, elected in 1934, was especially interested in recording migrant
Lepidoptera, as well as in the Coleoptera.

Mr. R.W. Watson joined in 1945. He was a well known lepidopterist who had one
of the largest and finest private collections in Britain, which he donated to the
BMNH some years before his death. The meeting held each year at his home was a
regular fixture on our programme.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 125

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II
THE INSECTS OF THE YELLOW BALSAM,
IMPATIENS NOLI-TANGERE

by J. HEATH

Four insects are specifically associated with /mpatiens noli-tangere L. in Great
Britain, viz.,

an aphid, /mpatientinum balsamines (Kaltenbach)

a leaf-mining dipteron, Phytoliriomyza melampyga (Loew)

a tortricid moth, Pristerognatha penthinana (Guenée) and

a geometrid moth, Eustroma reticulatum (Denis & Schiffermiller), the Netted
Carpet.

Between them they utilize most parts of the plant, as will be seen later.

My main interest has been in a study of the population dynamics of the Netted
Carpet. This species had been listed by the Protection Committee of the Royal
Entomological Society as being endangered as far back as the late 1940s. The other
lepidopteron, Pristerognatha penthinana had by then been lost sight of; the last
record being in 1914 (Bradley et al, 1979). Were the factors which had caused the
decline to apparent extinction of this species likely to result in a similar fate for
Eustroma reticulatum? This was the question which was posed in 1954. We can now
assess how the Netted Carpet has fared after 25 years or so.

THE PLANT—IMPATIENS NOLI-TANGERE

There are four species of Balsaminaceae in Britain, /mpatiens noli-tangere native
in the Lake District and possibly North Wales, and three introduced species—
Impatiens capensis, the Orange Balsam, in southern England; /mpatiens parviflora,
the Small Balsam, fairly widespread and occurring with the Yellow Balsam in the
Lake District; and /mpatiens glandulifera, the Himalayan Balsam which has spread
greatly along river banks and canals. All these species are characterized by their
unique flowers and explosive seed pods. The native /mpatiens noli-tangere is also
unusual in that it has cleistogamous racemes, in other words, it has self pollinating
flowers which need not open before producing seeds—an important fact for the
larvae of Eustroma reticulatum. The Yellow Balsam occurs in the central Lake
District where it grows along streams and, especially on the wet flushes of the
wooded fell-sides, just above the lake shores. Elsewhere in Britain it occurs very

Fig. 1. Eustroma reticulatum male (top) and female x 1.5.

126 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

locally in Wales and, as an introduction, in a number of other scattered localities, e.g.
Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire where it was grown by the monks for medicinal
purposes.

EUSTROMA RETICULATUM, THE NETTED CARPET MOTH

This species was first recorded from Britain in 1856 when adults were found in the
Lake District by T.H. Allis (Doubleday, 1861) and although searched for annually it
was not found again until 1869. In 1876 Hodgkinson found the ova and from then on
it was successfully reared and the larvae regularly found (Buckler, 1899). However,
during the period 1892 to 1898 it seems to have declined dramatically and was not
seen again until 1904 when it was found in a new locality. It was noted regularly from
then on until about 1914 after which date it declined to apparent absence by 1923. In
fact Lowther (1923) suggested that it was extinct. Nothing more was heard of the
Netted Carpet until it was found plentifully in 1945; a careful search made in 1940
failed to locate it (Birkett, 1951). Since 1945 it has maintained its populations and is
now known to be flourishing.

The existing records show that periods of population decline were observed from
1892-8 and from 1914—23 and a period of population increase from 1940-5.

Fig. 2. Final instar larva of E. reticulatum eating a balsam flower.

Fig. 3. Seeds of /. noli-tangere eaten out by E. reticulatum.

Fig. 4. Leat ot /. noli-tangere perforated by E. reticulatum.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 127

DESCRIPTION

The adult moth has a wingspan of about 25mm. It is rather like a small Ecliptopera
silaceata (Denis & Schiffermiller), Small Phoenix, in coloration and wing pattern
(fig. 1). The hindwing of the male has an orange-yellow discal spot; this is reduced to
a dark grey dot in the female. Prout (1911, 1912) described 14 varieties.

BIOLOGY

The ova are bluntly oval, pearl-white, opalescent and smooth without punctation
or pattern and are laid singly on the underside of a leaf, there being rarely more than
one per leaf. The egg stage lasts about one week (Littlewood, 1912b).

The first instar larva, 4-8 mm long, is almost transparent, being pale glossy white
including the appendages. Gut colour is derived from the part of the plant being
eaten—green from leaves, yellow from flowers and opaque white from seeds. The
second instar larva, c.13 mm long, has the head and legs pale brown, the body pale
green and the subdorsal line developing. The last instar larva (fig. 2) is c.25 mm long
when full-fed and has broad whitish subdorsal lines and a broken reddish brown
dorsal line. Littlewood (1912a) gives a very full description. Except in the first instar
when the leaves are preferred, the larva feeds almost exclusively on the ovaries of the
flowers or the germ cells of the seeds (fig. 3). How is this achieved when access to the
seed is through an explosive seed-pod? The answer must be that the explosive factor
does not develop until after the stage when the seed is attractive to the larva. When
neither flowers nor seeds are available the leaves are eaten; the larva perforating the
leaf, (fig 4), not feeding in the normal manner of a geometrid at the edge of the leaf.
It feeds at night, resting by day along the midrib on the underside of a leaf where it
resembles a seed-pod.

The larval stage is of about 30 days duration.

Pupation takes place in a tough cocoon amongst leaf litter beneath the foodplant.
This is normally very wet and regularly flushed with water. Pupation occurs almost
immediately after completion of the cocoon. The pupa is about 9 mm long. The head
and thorax are bright translucent green and the abdomen golden brown. The pupal
stage lasts 9 months. The main mortality of the species occurs in this stage. The
extent of this mortality depends upon the extent to which the pupation site dries out.

The moth is on the wing from early July to mid-August depending a little on
season. Newly emerged specimens may be found throughout this time indicating a
long emergence period. Asa result only a few individuals are seen on any one date. It
flies at dusk with an erratic, rapid flight. It has been taken at actinic light.

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE

Eustroma reticulatum occurs locally throughout the Palaearctic region from
Britain to Japan. The European distribution is alpine and northern (fix. 5) and in
Britain it is confined to six 10 km squares in the Lake District (fig. 6). There is an old
record from North Wales (Barrett, 1907) and one was recorded from near Bala,
1930, by R.E. Vaughan Roberts (Smith, 1950). This specimen has not been traced
but Vaughan Roberts’ identifications were considered to be reliable by his
contemporaries (H.N. Michaelis pers.comm.). However Bala is some 15 miles
distant from the nearest then known locality for the foodplant which now only occurs
very locally in Merionethshire (VC 48) and Montgomeryshire (VC 47) although it
also occurred in Denbighshire (VC SQ) in Barrett’s day. No specimens or other
records of Eustroma reticulatum from Wales have been traced. All the specimens in
the National Museum of Wales are from the Lake District (A.F. Amsden,
pers.comm. ).

In the Lake District it occurs in about 20 localities most of which are along the
shores of Windermere, Lake Coniston and Derwent Water. The most usual habitat is
on wet flushes and alongside small streams under a closed or almost closed canopy.
Plants in more open situations flower profusely but usually have a low population of

128 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

TABLE I

Mean population indices for three years

Site Eustroma reticulatum Phytoliriomyza melampyga
1955 1980 1981 1955

Windermere east

(7 sites) 40 64 69 1917
Windermere west

(6 sites) 46 55 — 2329
Stockghyll Park

Ambleside 30 141 — 281
Rusland Valley

(2 sites) Present 114 — Present
Coniston east

(7 sites) 60 68 93 2011
Derwent east

(3 sites) Absent 19 — Present
Derwent west

(2 sites) Present 22 = —_

Eustroma reticulatum; as the canopy closes the plants flower less profusely but then
produce cleistogamous racemes. When the canopy closes completely the plants
become very tall and eventually die back. In the 1955 survey larval counts were made
at 16 localities. The method used was to count as many larvae as possible over a
period of time which varied from 5 to 15 minutes from which the number which
would have been counted in one hour was calculated. This count was carried out by at
least two different observers, the mean calculated and termed the population index.
The indices so calculated enabled the populations at the various localities to be
statistically compared. The localities were classified into four habitat categories: (a)
hedgerow, (b) coppice, (c) high forest without shrub layer and, (d) high forest with
shrub layer. The larval population indices ranged from 9 in the hedgerow sites to 67
in the high forest with shrub layer sites, the differences being highly significant. It was
noted that the localities with high larval populations were much wetter than those
with lower populations, had a denser cover and would therefore be less susceptible to
drying out.

An experiment was carried out to test the effect of drying out on pupae by keeping
two batches under dry conditions in a Littlewood pupa cage and in damp sealed tins.
The pupae kept under damp conditions showed a 51% emergence whilst those kept
under dry conditions gave only 8.5% emergence. These differences were statistically
significant. Mortality was observed by noting the change in colour of the pupae which
had all been removed from their cocoons at the beginning of the experiment. On
death the pupa changed from bright green to brown. All the mortality occurred
towards the end of the pupal stage (Heath, 1959).

SEASONAL INCIDENCE

Study of the published records of Eustroma reticulatum shows that declines
occurred between 1894 and 1896 and 1913 to 1917 and the species could not be found
in 1940 but was rediscovered in 1945 and increased in abundance during the next
decade. These declines all followed periods of drought in May and June as was shown
by study of the relevant Meteorological Office records (Heath, /oc.cit.). This is the
period in which pupal mortality was shown to occur through drying out. The decline

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 129

BLACK SEA

Fig. 5. European distribution of Eustroma reticulatum.

of 1940 coincided with a particularly severe drought which was followed from 1942 by
several years of exceptionally high spring rainfall. Therefore it can be seen that the
long term seasonal fluctuations correlate well with spring rainfall amounts. Local
variations in population are linked to changes in cover brought about principally by
woodland management or lack of it. In 1980/81 the general population level as shown
from counts made at 20 localities showed an increase over that in 1955 but this
increase was not significant except at one locality. This is the colony in Stock Ghyll
Park, Ambleside where active management for the maintenance of /mpatiens noli-
tangere has been in force since 1955. Here the population has shown an enormous
increase from an index of 30 to 141.

130 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983

=

vr Keswick

hitehaven

cA

ra ae
NX ay

$Sc|SD 3 Pim Windermerg

Barrow-i e S
@ Eustroma@ reticulatum a

Fig. 6. Distribution of Eustroma reticulatum in the English Lake District.

CONSERVATION

In 1959 I wrote “If Eustroma reticulatum is to survive it is essential that its habitats
should be left undisturbed. Its major enemy is not the collector but the forester,
builder, or landscape developer’’. Well, it has survived in almost all its sites as the
changes that were feared have not, in fact, taken place except in a few localities.
However, what I said in 1959 still applies.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 131

OTHER SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH IMPATIENS NOLI-TANGERE

The other lepidopteron exclusive to yellow balsam is the tortricid Pristerognatha
penthinana which is reputed to feed from August to October in the lower portion of
the stem and roots of the plants. It used to fly in mid-May (Gregson, 1881) but has not
been recorded since 1914 (Bradley et al. [loc.cit.]). It used to occur on the west shore
of Windermere and we are told could be reared by collecting old stems of the
foodplant in October (Hodgkinson, 1878). In my experience there is nothing left of
the plant by then.

The leaf-mining dipteron, Phytoliriomyza melampyga is widespread and abundant
wherever the plant occurs in the Lake District and counts of infected leaves show that
it has similar habitat preferences to those of Eustroma reticulatum.

The aphid /mpatientinum balsamines is similarly distributed.

Finally, mention must be made of Xanthorhoe biriviata (Borkhausen) which was
discovered in 1955 in the Home Counties where it is now known to be well
established feeding on /mpatiens capensis. It is bivoltine flying in May/June and
July/August (Minnion & Goodban, 1956). The larva of this species feeds on the
leaves in normal fashion in June/July and August/September (Haggett, 1957). In
Scandinavia it feeds on /mpatiens noli-tangere together with Eustroma reticulatum
with which it does not appear to compete. The circumstances of the arrival of
Xanthorhoe biriviata in England are obscure and it is interesting to speculate as to
whether or not it will reach the Lake District. Certainly it should be looked for there
in those localities where /mpatiens noli-tangere occurs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks are due to: K. Alexander of the National Trust for granting permission
to work on Trust properties and for assisting with the survey; Paul Waring for
assisting with the survey; Mrs. B.G.P. Dobson and Dr. R.E.C. Ferreira for
permission to work on their estates, A.F. Amsden of the National Museum of Wales,
D.J. Carter of the British Museum (Natural History) and H.N. Michaelis for
information concerning the distribution of Eustroma reticulatum and Impatiens
noli-tangere in Wales.

REFERENCES

Barrett, C.G., 1907. The Lepidoptera of the British Isles, 8: 244-249, pl. 353, fig. 1.

Birkett, N.L., 1951. A short history of Eustroma reticulata Schiff. Trans. Raven ent. nat. Hist.
Soc. 1951: 37-39.

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A., 1979. British tortricoid moths, 2: 35-36, pl. 24, figs
15, 16.

Buckler, W., 1899. The larvae of British butterflies and moths, 8: 89-93, pl. 163, fig. 5.

Doubleday, H., 1861. Occurrence of Cidaria reticulata in the Lake District. Zoologist 19: 7361.

Gregson, C.S., 1881. Contribution to the life-history of the Tortricidae: Penthina postremana
bred. Entomologist 14: 143-144.

Haggett, G., 1957. Entomologist’s Gaz. 8: 167-170.

Heath, J., 1959. The autecology of Eustroma reticulata Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the
Lake District with notes on its protection. J. Soc. Br. Ent. 6: 45-51.

Hodgkinson, J.B., 1878. Penthina postremana bred; a species new to Britain. Entomologist’s
mon. Mag. 15: 14.

Littlewood, F., 1912a. The early stages of Eustroma reticulata. Entomologist 45: 85-89.

Littlewood, F., 1912b. Egg of Eustroma reticulata. Ibid 45: 277.

Lowther, R.C., 1932, Butterflies and moths in Collingwood The Lake counties, 203-222.

Minnion, W.E., & Goodban, B.S., 1956. Xanthorhoe biriviata Bkh. in southern England (Lep:

Geometridae). Entomologist’s Gaz. 7: 3-4, pls. 1, 2.

Moss, A.M., 1897. On the habits of Cidaria reticulata. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 8: 99-101.

Prout, L.B., 1911. An interesting aberration of E. reticulata. Entomologist 44: 59.

Prout, L.B., 1912. On the variation of Eustroma reticulata (Schiff.). Ibid 45: 1-3.

Smith, S.G., 1950. The butterflies and moths found in the county of Cardiganshire etc. Proc.
Chester Soc. nat. Sci. Lit. Art. 4: 39.

132 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983
BOOK REVIEWS

Danske natsommerfugle, by Michael Fibiger & Poul Svendsen. Scandinavian
Science Press Ltd., Klampenborg, Denmark, 1981. 272 pp. £16.90.

This book entitled ‘Dansk Faunistisk Bibliotek. Bind 1’ is the first of a set of books
on macrolepidoptera which are designed to update and replace the well known
trilogy by the late Bishop Skat Hoffmeyer.

It comprises chiefly descriptions of 50 species added to the Danish list from
1966-1980 with a careful analysis of the regions of the world from which they
originated and into what categories they fall: e.g. migrants, or species extending their
range, species newly recognised as distinct from similar ones and so on. About half of
the 50 species described are also on the British list, but only a few like E. imbecilla
and A. berbera have been added to our list in the same period. In addition to
treatment of species new to Denmark there are brief notes on many species the status
of which has significantly changed since Hoffmeyer’s books were published. The
Psychidae are included along with the macrolepidoptera.

Each species is described, with illustration of genitalia or other critical characters
where appropriate. 84 descriptions or notes are supported by distribution maps.
Some of these are of Denmark only, whilst others show northern Europe including
the British Isles.

The page size is about 10” x 61/2”. The work is pleasantly case bound. Apart from
the systematic section there are some 24 pages of introduction, including a brief
summary in English (and German). The set adults on the three fine photographic
colour plates are natural size except Psychidae which are x2. These illustrations are
of the highest quality on a blue background — which seems to be becoming popular.
These are followed by three plates of drawings of larvae, 40 species being figured at
about twice natural size. There follows a full bibliography and index, the whole book
amounting to 272 pages.

Since the text is in Danish this is bound to be a disincentive to British
entomologists, for few have the devotion and application of Michael Tweedie, who
learnt the language so as to be able to use Hoffmeyer’s books. However the Danish
fauna has some similarities to our own, and their entomologists are among the most
helpful and cooperative of our European counterparts. This book will alert
macrolepidopterists to some species the range of which is spreading and the excellent
illustrations can make us watch out for subtle differences to prevent allied species
from being overlooked.

The volume is well produced and we can look forward with encouragement to the
remainder of the series. The only puzzle to me is why this book should be felt
necessary if all the species included are to be fully described in the remaining
volumes.

D.JGAL

A complete Guide to British Butterflies, by Margaret Brooks and Charles Knight.
pp. vill, 159. Numerous colour illustrations, text diagrams. Cloth 4to.dw.
Jonathan Cape Ltd. 1982. £10.95.

The greatest interest in natural history photography as an offshoot of two very
popular interests, photography and entomology, has been aided over the past two
decades by the advent of small sophisticated cameras. The recording of life history
details in photographs is now an important addition to the traditional collection of set
insects. A landmark in butterfly books appeared in 1947 with the publication of
‘Butterfly Lives’ by S. Beaufoy, a superb collection of black and white photographs
of live insects and their stages. One still marvels at the quality obtained by equipment
of that era.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 16, 1983 133

This present work, ‘A Complete Guide’ takes the coverage of butterflies into the
world of colour photography. The result is an attractive volume with popular appeal
which contains some very helpful and informative studies of life cycles of our native
butterflies. Some aspects of the illustrations fall short of the quality needed to
identify specimens, particularly those of some ova and smaller larvae. The
photographer has apparently frequently limited herself to pictures taken under
natural conditions and light which has resulted in some indistinct illustrations. The
colour balance of some plates has gone awry. The pictures of the Brimstone butterfly
have suffered from a very unfortunate colour cast as have several other insects, such
as the Scotch Argus and the underside of the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.
Perhaps the most unsatisfactory aspect of the illustrations is the use of photographs
of set insects on natural backgrounds. Where ever did these tatty, ancient specimens
come from?

In other instances the illustrations are informative and pleasing. The coverage of
the larva of the Chequered Skipper is very good.

The text is divided into a brief guide covering distribution, habitiat, life cycle,
larval foodplants and a coloured wheel calendar. The rest of the text describes the
insects’ four stages, together with notes on occurance and habitats. These are
generally quite helpful detailed sections which show a good degree of personal
experience with the butterflies. In several instances the distribution of an insect
seems misleading. The Dark Green Fritillary in Ireland is indicated as being of
coastal distribution only; there is no mention of Irish localities for the Purple
Hairstreak. The use of the term ‘rare’ has been applied to the Purple Emperor and
the Black Hairstreak. They are not rare, though the occurance of the latter might be
described as local. The nomenclature used for both the High Brown and the Marsh
Fritillaries is now obsolete. The American Painted Lady has been omitted, which in
view of its irregular but repeated sightings, seems unfortunate. It is also unfortunate
that space was not found to include habitat photographs.

Despite these criticisms, this is an attractive volume, which offers a good collection
of studies of our native butterflies, at a time when the other titles of complete guides
are out of print. It is a well bound and presented book and by today’s standards, good
value.

DIE. We

ili
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A NEW AES PUBLICATION

BREEDING THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES
by Peter W. Cribb

60 pp. with line drawings of equipment and five plates. This new
addition to the Amateur Entomologist’s series describes the
equipment and methods of breeding all the butterflies on the
British list, including hand-pairing methods, foodplants and
breeding tips acquired by the author and other members of the
Society over many years of practical experience. There is also an
appendix listing relevant articles in our own and other publications
dealing with particular aspects.

Price £2.30 incl. postage
Obtainable from AES Publications Agent,

4 Steep Close, Green St. Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS
(Please make cheques payable to A.E.S. Publications)

CONTENTS

Bowden, S.R. A palaeomorph of Artogeia?—f. funebris Lorkovi¢ (Lep:
Pieridae)

Carter, C.I. Some new aphid arrivals to Britain’s forests

Chandler, P.J. Pseudopomyza atrimana (Meigen) (Diptera: Pseudo-
myzidae), a fly of an acalypterate family new to the British list

Hadley, M. An entomological history of the ‘Crumbles’

Heal, N.F. and Jewess, P.J. Further records of Rhamphomyia marginata
(F.) (Dipt: Empididae)

Heath, J. The insects of the Yellow Balsam, /mpatiens noli-tangere

Majerus, M.E.N. Larval colour variation in Phlogophorn
meticulosa (L.). Part If: genetic control in in instars 3-5

Annual exhibition
Book reviews
Indoor meetings

Officers’ reports

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible. Layout should follow that of the
journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no marks should be made to

define typeface.

Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints. Extra

copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

76
81

87
92

87
125

63
99
132
112
117

are held regularly at the Society’s Rooms, but the well-

known ANNUAL EXHIBITION takes place
October at Chelsea Old Town Hall.

in

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the

Summer. Visitors are welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on

application to the Secretary.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES 1984

London members £9.50, Ordinary members £5.50

H

B45 Z. APRIL 1984 Vol. 17, Parts 1/2

nt,

Proceedings and Transactions of _
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £5.00

Officers and Council for 1984

President:
P.A. Sokoloff, M.Sc., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

B.R. Baker, B.Sc., A.M.A., F.R.E.S.
PJ. Baker, |@-Eng:, FREES.

Treasurer: Secretary:
Col. D.H. Sterling Mrs. F.M. Murphy, B.Sc.

Curator: Librarian: Lanternist:
E.S. Bradford S.R. Miles R.A. Jones
Ordinary Members of Council:

M.R. Brown, R.I.C. R.K. Merrifield
M.A. Callow, B.Sc. C.W. Plant
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S. R.A. Softly
A.J. Halstead, M.Sc. A.E. Stubbs, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
P.J. Johnson, B.A. R.S. Tubbs, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.
D.E. Wilson
Editorial

Editor: R.W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL6 0UD

with the assistance of:
Prof. Sir Richard Southwood, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

T.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M.W.F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S. E.S. Bradford A.H. Hayes

ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE FOR SALE

THE SOCIETY HAS FOR SALE A RUN OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE
UNBOUND AND IN GOOD CONDITION, COMPLETE FROM ITS BEGINNING IN 1950
TO THE END OF 1981 INCLUDING ALL INDEXES.

Collection from the society's rooms at the Alpine Club to be arranged with the purchaser. Offers
should be sent to the Hon. Librarian at the Alpine Club.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
“Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 17

Vol. 17
1984

Published at the Society’s Rooms: The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Bocardo Press, Cowley, Oxford.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 1

EDITORIAL

New look.—For parts 3/4 of volume 16, our printer changed from IBM to
phototypesetting. This removed some constraints that have been with us since vol14.
We shall now use a point larger type size to improve legibility and offset the loss of
words per page by changing to a wider A5 page size. This also eases the problem of
setting tabular data which has been prepared for a grander page. I trust that the
improvements will be seen to compensate for the irritating step in your row of bound
volumes.

Illustrations.—Since vol. 14 we have been using photo-lithographic reproduction.
Camera-ready line or continuous tone illustrations cost less per page than setting text.
There is no justification for surcharging authors for illustration. Letterpress printers
used to charge little for the process engraving but so much for the nailing it onto a bit
of wood and aligning it with the text that typesetting the same space was cheaper.
Hand work tidying up a figure and adding lettering is of course still expensive, unless
we exploit the skills of our editorial panel.

We chose a matt paper to eliminate the glare from the glossy paper that used to be
essential to good litho reproduction. The loss of quality in reproducing photographs
is now more likely to be a result of poor platemaking than of incorrect choice of paper
(vol. 14, pls. 1-2).

Congratulations to Prof. Sir Richard Southwood on his knighthood and vice-
presidency of the Royal Society. Prof. Southwood’s perception of the quality of a
paper and its aptness for our publication restores editorial confidence in our
objectives when they seem unattainable.

Why proceed with the Transactions?—The Society’s meeting on 12th April is
scheduled as a discussion meeting on the function of the Proceedings and
Transactions. How very dull, you may say—what will be on ‘telly’ that night? Your
Editor’s introduction promises to be anything but dull, encompassing a salutary
review of the rise and collapse of similar journals, an analysis of our compulsion to
record and a reminder that he spends more of your subscription than any other
Officer of the Society. Come and state your views— a typescript for publication in the
Transactions guarantees admission.

R.W.J.U.

Correction—In the paper by S.R. Bowden (16:76-80), the locality of the unique
wild specimen of f. funebris of Artogeia on p. 77, 79, and 80 should read Alai Mts.

A pierid butterfly alighting on water—The episode took place in the Olokemeji
Forest Reserve, West Nigeria on the 2nd of January 1972, one of the last remaining
areas of virgin forest in the western part of the country. The species in question was a
medium-sized member of the Dismorphiinae, Leptosia marginea (Mabille). Several
specimens were drinking along the edges of a small pool on the banks of the Ogun
River, accompanied by various Appias and Belenois spp.

A specimen flying out from the forest floor suddenly alighted very gently on the
surface of the pool, near the far bank. The surface tension was more than enough to
ensure it did not sink. The next few minutes it spent on the surface of the water,
probing with its proboscis, incongruously surrounded by a multitude of swirling
Gerris spp. Its wings acted as a sail, and gradually it drifted towards the near end of
the pool, a distance of more than half a metre. It flew away without incident before
reaching the bank and disappeared.—Torben B. Larsen, Danida, 7 Golf Links, New
Delhi, 110 003, India.

tN

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

1983 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall—29th October 1983

113 exhibits were recorded. These completely filled the hall. The hot summer was
most obviously reflected in numerous caught and bred Clouded Yellow butterflies
and Vestal moths. More members than ever showed microlepidoptera. There was a
welcome increase in the number of Coleoptera shown. The accompanying notes
show how students of some of the less popular orders make much more effort to
record the macro- and micro-habitat in which their specimens have been captured
than do lepidopterists. This awareness is invaluable when recording for the purpose
of conservation of a habitat.

Recorders were: R.S. Tusss (British butterflies), B.F. SKINNER (macromoths),
J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt (micromoths), R.F. BRETHERTON (foreign Lepidoptera), P.J.
CHANDLER (Diptera and Odonata), Dr. I. McCLENAGHAN (Coleoptera), A.J.
HALSTEAD (other orders), E.S. BRADFORD (illustrations).

D.E. WILSON photographed selected specimens.

The Editor will welcome new offers to record groups or to give second opinions on
the selection of specimens for photography at the 1984 exhibition. The day is hectic
for those of our recorders who perform other duties too.

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

Once again many of the exhibitors tried to cast some light on the biology or genetics
of the butterflies concerned rather than just showing rows of unrelated aberrations.
Many exhibits also reflected the large immigration of Colias croceus which began
early in June along the whole of the south coast with further generations breeding
here.

BritisH Museum NatTIoNAL COLLECTION—Six drawers of C. croceus Geoff.
including one drawer of fm. helice. It was good to see again the splendid row of eleven
male and female albino specimens bred by R.E. Warrier and originally exhibited by
him both at an ordinary meeting and then at the Annual Exhibition of our Society in
1949. They were bred from a very worn female taken at West Wickham, Kent, on
June 12th 1949. (The brood consisted of 16 albinistic and 41 normal specimens. )
(Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1949-50: 46). The present B.M. exhibit also
included one row of specimens of colour intermediate between type and fm. helice. I
have bred two of this form but do not know its genetic basis.

BARRINGTON, R.D.G.—A fine exhibit of which the outstanding section was a series
of eleven aberrant forms of Maniola jurtina L. all taken in one North Dorset field in
July 1983. This included two female ab. postmultifidus and a pair of ab. fracta
(probably the variable effect of the same gene), an almost unique female ab.
postatrescens-antinigromargoglabrata, in which the underside was suffused with
charcoal black and a female upperside antiaurolancia with the orange band broken
with cross-bars. Also shown from a Hants locality: Plebejus argus L. including a
mixed gynandromorph, affecting three wings. Minor forms of bred C. croceus were
exhibited.

Dyson, R.C.—Lysandra coridon Poda. Five male and two female obsolete forms
taken at Portland, Dorset 1983. This form is relatively common there but the gene
frequently causes some wing deformity.

Eston, Captain H.J.—Series of Vanessa cardui L. and C. croceus both of which
Captain Elston found plentiful along the south coast in 1983.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 3

Harmer, A.S.—Among a range of minor aberrations of various species, two were
particularly noteworthy—a fine ab. anticrassipuncta of M. jurtina with greatly
enlarged ‘“‘eye”’ spots and an impressive male ab. suffusa of L. bellargus Rott. This
specimen had a black suffusion from the margins crossing over half the fore-wings.
Other bellargus aberrations had spots joined together on the underside.

HarMan, T.W.—Nine C. croceus taken in Kent and Sussex 1983 including three
fm. helice.

JENKINS, A.—C. croceus taken South Devon and Dorset in August 1983 and also
eight fm. helice bred from two females. 75% of the females that emerged from the
brood were the helice form. This form is controlled by a single gene which is dominant
in the female but can also be carried by the male in which it produces no visible effect.
Thus from a female helice which has paired with a typical male 50% of the offspring
should statistically be helice, whereas if the helice paired with a male carrying the
gene, the percentage would be 75%. In the present case the numbers bred were not
sufficient to be significant.

KNILL-JONES, S.A.—Twenty-one different species taken near Freshwater, Isle of
Wight, including C. croceus—an original June migrant (10.vi.83), some first brood
specimens taken in August and some second brood found on the wing in September/
October. It was particularly interesting to note a Nymphalis polychloros L. which
flew into his sitting room window 29.vii.83. Although this may have been a locally
bred specimen, it might also have been an immigrant as the species seems to need
constant reinforcement from the Continent to maintain a population in England.

MELLING, T.M.—Coenonympha tullia Miller, a selection of males showing the
range of variation between samples taken from various localities throughout England
and Scotland during 1983.

McCormick, R.F. and PENNEY, C.—specimens bred from ova. Colias croceus
Geoff., Thecla betulae L., Hamearis lucina L., Polygonia c-album L., and
Euphydryas aurinia Rott.

PayNE, J.H.—Specimens of a pathological form of Vanessa cardui bred in the F2
generation from a May 1982 female. This form occurred in approximately forty
specimens amongst one thousand bred. Pieris brassicae L. bred 1980-82. Aberrations
shown were from bred stock of ab. coerulea Gardiner from selected matings.
Specimens included ab. maria Mellaerts (the two dots in the female joined by a
sprinkling of black scales) ab. striata Rocci (apical blotch joined to upper discal spot
by black scales) ab. fasciata Kiefer (discal spots joined to each other and to the apical
blotch by fine black scales) and two ab. nigroviridescens Rocci. Pieris rapae L. F1
generation from wild-caught female ab. fasciata which included three ab. fasciata.
The exhibit also included one P. rapae ab. immaculata, bred 1983, with totally white
uppersides to wings. This prompted a discussion on what is an albino. The specimen
was, of course, not an albino which is when there is a total absence of melanin in those
scales which should normally be black, a good example being the albinistic C. croceus
in the B.M. exhibit already described.

PickLes, A.J. and C.T.—A series of Leptidea sinapis L. ssp. juvernica from the
Burren Co. Clare, showing the darker, creamy tones of this sub-species together with
three typical English specimens for comparison, looking very white! Also Gonepteryx
rhamni L. ssp. gravesi Huggins from the Burren with typical English ones for
comparison. The Irish specimens have a slightly greenish tint.

Pittis, Rev. S.C.—A drawer of C. croceus including some fm. helice caught or bred
June—September 1983. A range of minor varieties of different butterflies including an
attractive Celastrina argiolus L. ab. obsoleta with no spots on the underside. Also a
bred series of Apatura iris L. from wild female taken in Hampshire. This female had

4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

been put in a net cage 3 feet high by 2 feet wide over a growing plant of Salix caprea,
had laid 101 eggs and had then been taken back to the original wood and released.

Pratt, C. on behalf of AsBeLL, D.—Pyronia tithonus ab. pallidus with the orange
colour replaced by a paler tone similar to ab. mincki, taken at Swanage, Dorset.

RevELs, R.—A drawer of bred aberrations of Pyronia tithonus (a) from female ab.
excessa 1974-76. There were 31 specimens in the F1 generation (16 typical and 15
extra-spotted to some degree) and the F2 generation consisted of 6 normal males, 7
male aberrations and 21 females with some additional spots. The results suggest a
multifactorial basis. (b) from pale straw coloured female, ab. mincki, taken in
Wiltshire wood in August 1981. The F1 generation had all proved normal but some
good pale forms occurred in the F2 generation.

RusswurM, A.D.A. and MippLeton, H.G.M.—amongst various aberrations
there was a good example of M. jurtina ab. postmultifidus taken in the same field near
Shaftsbury in which R. Barrington took his jurtina aberrations previously mentioned;
a female Hipparchia semele L. underside ab. monocellata captured Portland
5.viii.83— this aberration is genetically associated with ab. holanops; a good series of
C. croceus including an impressive melanic female ab. striata with black suffusion
extending along forewings in rays and other aberrations.

ScANES, J.T.—C. croceus with ground colour reduced to light chrome, captured
Boldre, Hants 3.8.83.

TREBILCOCK, G.D.—specimens taken 1976-83 including a male Anthocharis
cardamines L. ab. auroflavescens with pale lemon yellow tips—a form which it would
be most interesting to breed (the difficulty, of course, is having a virgin female
available); homeotic M. jurtina with part of male upperside on the underside and a
number of minor L. coridon and other aberrations.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—a specimen of Vanessa atlanta L. ab. klemensiewiczi taken wild
at Gwithian, Cornwall, 16.8.83. This aberration has the white spots, blue markings
and the red band blurred and suffused both on the upper and the underside.
Although this aberration has occasionally been taken wild for a very long time (it was
figured by Esper in 1777), it has also recently resulted from low temperature
experiments on the pupa. Indeed some specimens so produced were shown at the
1981 Anuual Exhibition. Pieris rapae ab. fasciata from Portcadjack near Portreath,
Cornwall, 17.8.83.

Tusss, R.S.—(1) 27 bred Aphantopus hyperantus L. ab. arete Miller, being an F2
generation from an ab. arete taken near Winchester in 1981. The brood comprised
three categories—29% ab. arete, 21% specimens with much reduced spots and 50%
typical specimens. Ab. arete is caused by a simple recessive gene. The genetic basis of
the specimens with reduced spots is at present unknown.

(2) F2 generation Pyronia tithonus L. from pale straw coloured female ab. mincki
taken August 1981 by R. Revels in a Wiltshire wood. (See note on R. Revels’s
exhibit). Eggs kindly given to R. Tubbs. There were 19 pale specimens out of 54
which emerged = 35%. This aberration is, therefore, almost certainly a recessive.

(3) Maniola jurtina L. F2 generation from female ab. postmultifidus taken in 1981
in Dorset by R. Barrington. Eggs kindly given to R. Tubbs. This gene seems to have a
serious weakening effect on the strain. Only ten reached imaginal state out of 130
eggs, and only one of these was ab. postmultifidus and this was slightly deformed.

(4) Lysandra coridon Poda. Five specimens of ab. syngrapha bred in 1983 being
the sixteenth generation from ab. syngrapha female taken wild in 1967.

TuRNER, P.—A fine exhibit of aberrations beautifully set, including Argynnis
paphia L. with sandy cream ground colour, similar to but not quite so pale as ab.
cifkai. As specimens of both these very rare forms have been taken from situations

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 5

close to each other, they are probably associated with the same gene. Lycaena
phlaeas L: a male ab. alba, ab. subradiata, and ab. antipallidula. Anthocharis
cardamines: ab. reducta, ab. crassipuncta, ab. striata and ab. costaenigrata and
Coenonympha pamphilus ab. pallida.

WINTER, P.Q.—a male Colias croceus taken Scarborough 20.vi.83.

YounG, L.D.—An aberration of Papilio machaon L. with rounded wings and
shortened tails bred August 1983 (S. Morel collection). Aricia agestis D. & S. Several
underside aberrations, Polyommatus icarus Rott: four undersides including two near
ab. obsoleta. Lysandra bellargus: a male and female ab. discoelongata and a male and
female ab. caeca, all from the North Downs.

BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA

AGaSsiZ, Rev. D.J.L.—A specimen of Arctia caja L. with yellow hindwings, and a
dark banded form of Nola cuculatella L., both taken at Grays, Essex during 1983.

ALBERTINI, M.—Some of the less common species found in Buckinghamshire over
the last four years including four new to the county; these were Mythimna pudorina
D. & S., Archanara dissoluta Treits., A. geminipuncta Haw., and Autographa bractea
D. & S. Other interesting records were Mythimna straminea Treits. and Herminia
strigilata L.

Baker, B.R.—Seven drawers of clearwing moths (Sesiidae) displaying life-
histories; and an unusual variety of Epirrhoe alternata Mill.

Barr, B.—Lepidoptera from the Inner Hebrides, including a short series of Polia
hepatica Cl. from Mull.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—Abberations of Lepidoptera noted at m.v. light at Bramley,
Surrey included an unusually dark Agrius convolvuli L. on 7.ix.83, and an extreme
melanic Dryobotodes eremita F. Scarce species included Rhyacia simulans Hufn. on
16.vii.83, Euphyia biangulata Haw. 26.viii.83, Trichiura crataegi L. on 10.ix.83,
Euphyia biangulata Haw. on 24 & 27.vii.83, and Dicycla oo L. on 24.vii.83. Unusual
second broods were four Scopula aversata L. between 24.ix and 8.x.83, and three
Laspeyria flexula D. & S. between 26.ix. and 3.x.83. Finally a series of twenty
Rhodometra sacraria L. showing variation in size and colour, taken between 21.viii.
and 8.x.83.

BritisH Museum (NaTurRAL History)}—Two drawers of Dasypolia templi Thunb.
showing variation, taken on Mainland, Orkney by R.I. Lorimer. The historic
specimen of Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott. taken at Tubney, Berkshire in June 1924
by R. Swift.

CHIPPERFIELD, H.E.—Suffolk Lepidoptera included single examples of
Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours. and Idaea vulpinaria atrosignaria Lempke,
both from Walberswick.

Cuurcu, S.H. and Porter, J—Coloured photographs illustrating 650 species of
larvae and 420 species of live adults. Also living larvae of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd..,
Heliothis armigera Hibn. and Lithosia quadra L.

Corey, M.F.V.—Noteworthy Lepidoptera from southwest Oxfordshire were two
Enargia paleacea Esp. from Faringdon on 18.vii. and 7.viii.82, two Photedes fluxa
Hubn. from Abingdon on 27.vii.82, and two Cryphia muralis Forst. from Faringdon
on 6.vili.81 and 7.viii.82.

CRASKE, R.M.—A dark suffused specimen of Phlogophora meticulosa L. taken at
Hove, Sussex on 13.v.83.

CuLPIn, J.—Eurois occulta, female, Clapwell, Derbyshire, 10.ix. 1983.

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Davey, P.—An example of Dysgonia algira L. taken at m.v. light near Swanage,
Dorset on 23.ix.83. This suspected immigrant has been recorded on three previous
occasions; twice in England and once in the Channel Islands.

E..iotr, B.—Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1982 and 83 included a series of
Xylena exsoleta L. from Rannoch, Perthshire; two Mythimna loreyi Dup. from the
Lizard, Cornwall in August 1982; and a variable series of Dryobotodes eremita Fabr.
from Nottinghamshire, including a number of melanic forms.

Emmet, Lt. CoL. A.M.—A pale aberration of Apamea anceps D. & S. from Great
Bendysh Wood, North Essex on 8.vii.83; and a selection of uncommon Essex species
from Saffron Waldron including Catarhoe rubidata D. & S., C. cuculata Hufn., Thera
juniperata L., Eupithecia pusillata (Common where there is no native juniper.)
Distribution maps for other species in Essex.

Evans, K.G.W.—Eight generations of Rhodometra sacraria bred from
Addiscombe, Surrey, and showing a wide range of variation, including many extreme
forms.

Foster, A.P.—A male Thaumetopoea processionea L., probably the first
authentic British record, and a male Lymantria dispar L. Both specimens were taken
at m.v. light Mawnan Smith, Cornwall on 19.vii.83

Hai, N.M.—A male Aspitates ochrearia Rossi taken near Greenham Common,
Berkshire, and apparently new to the county.

HARMAN, T.W.—Single specimens of Agrius convolvuli L. and Acherontia atropos
L. taken at m.v. light at Westbere, Kent during 1983.

Hart, C.—Larvae, adults, and photographs of Pelosia obtusa H.-S. originating
from the Norfolk Broads. This is the first time this species has been reared in this
country. A male Eurois occulta L. taken near Reigate, Surrey in 1983.

HEAL, N.F.—Notable records from Kent were Nola strigula D. & S. and Euphyia
biangulata Haw. from Whitstable on 13.vii.83, and Heliothis armigera Hibn. from
Detling Hill, near Maidstone on 27.ix.83.

Jackson, B.C.—Lepidoptera from Yorkshire.

KniLt-JoNEs, Dr R.P.—A selection of Scottish Lepidoptera included Amphipyra
berbera svennsoni Fletch. and Lacanobia suasa D. & S. from Glasgow; L. suasa D. &
S. and Eilema complana L. from Galloway; and a series of Diaphora mendica Cl.
from Kintyre in which the males were intermediate between the dark brown English
form and the cream-coloured Irish form (f. rustica Hubn.).

KniL_-JoNEsS, S.A.—The more notable of resident and immigrant species taken
near Freshwater, Isle of Wight during 1983 were Heliothis armigera Hubn. on 25.ix,
Spodoptera exigua Hubn. on 23.ix, and Standfussiana lucernea L. on 28.ix.

McMornmick, R.F. and PENNEY, C.—Species bred from ova included Orgyia recens
Hitibn., Hypena rostralis L., Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours., and Clostera
anachoreta D. & S.

MacNutty, Dr B.J.—Lepidoptera from the Gower Peninusula, Glamorgan; of
special interest were specimens of Standfussiana lucernea L., Ochropleura praecox
L., Alcis jubata Thunb., and Rhodometra sacraria L.

MIDDLETON, H.G.M. and Russworm, A.D.A.—Immigrants to Hampshire:
Diachrysia orichalcea at Boldre on 27.ix.83; Eurois occulta L. at Brockenhurst on
9. viii.83; and a short series of Rhodometra sacraria L. from Boldre during August and
September.

Parsons, M.—A male Scopula nigropunctata Hufn. from Ninfield, East Sussex on
17.vii.83.

Peet, Dr T.N.D.—A selection of immigrant and vagrant Lepidoptera taken on
Guernsey during 1983. New to the Channel Islands was Mythimna loreyi Dup., and to

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 7

Guernsey were Agrotis ripae Hiibn. and Hypena crassalis F.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—A male Mythimna loreyi Dup. taken at Axminster,
Devon on 17.viii.83.

PickLes, A.J. and C.T.—A female Eublemma ostrina from Portland, Dorset on
17.vi.83, and a display of Irish specialities taken in the Burren, Co. Clare during 1983.

Pittis, Rev S.C.—Two specimens of Tyta luctuosa D. & S. taken at Portland,
Dorset in July 1983, and a male Alcis jubata Thunb. taken at Poole, Dorset.
Immigrants were represented by Trichoplusia ni Hiibn. from Poole on 15.ix.82;
Heliothis armigera Hiibn. from Poole on 22.ix.83; bred and caught series of
Rhodometra sacraria L.; and a pair of Agrius convolvuli L. taken in August and
September 1983.

Porter, Dr B.I.—A male Ochropleura fennica from Rugby, 14.viii.1983.

Pratr, C.—Uncommon and immigrant Lepidoptera from Sussex were Moma
alpium Osbeck, Mythimna loreyi Dup., Diachrysia chryson Esp. and Atolmis
rubricollist L.

RapForD, J.T.—The first recorded specimen from Britain of Ochropleura
leucogaster Frey. taken at Walberton, West Sussex on 17/18.x.83.

REVELL, R.J.—Interesting records from the Cambridge area during 1983 were
Rhodometra sacraria L., Xanthia ocellaris Borkh., and Cryphia muralis impar
Warren.

Simson, Brig. E.C.L.—A display of the fourteen species of macrolepidoptera, all
of which have apterous females.

SKINNER, B.—A mixed gynandromorph Angerona prunaria L. from Ham Street,
Kent on 3.vii.83; a halved gynandromorph Agrotis puta puta Hubn. from Addington,
Surrey on 21.vii.83; an extreme aberration of Arctia caja L. from Addington on
17.vii.83. L. having the forewings with reduced brown markings hindwings without
the blue-black spots and the abdomen without the black bars; a dark suffused
example of Phlogophora meticulosa L. from Addington on 16.v.83 and almost
identical to the specimen exhibited by R.M. Craske; a male Nola aerugula Hiibn from
Aldeburgh, Suffolk on 18.viii.83 and a female Acherontia atropos L. from Swanage,
Dorset on 30.1x.83.

SoFrTLy, R.—A comparison of actinic light trap catches of selected species
apparently showing different flight level habits.

SoxoLorF, P.A.—A small series of aberrant Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. from
Orpington, Kent, and specimens of Perizoma taeniata Steph. taken in
Merionethshire in August 1982.

STERLING, M.J.—Examples of Eupithecia distinctaria constrictata Guen. and
Agrotis cinerea D. & S. from Dovedale, Staffordshire; and bred melanic and typical
examples of Apatele menyanthidis Esp. from Beeley Moor, Derbyshire.

STERLING, P.H.—The fifth recorded specimen of Cryphia raptricula Hubn. taken
at Dungeness, Kent on 19/20.vi.83; one Rhodometra sacraria L. ab. sanguinaria Esp.
from Winchester, Hampshire on 12/13.ix.83; and two Parascotia fuliginaria L. from
Ham Street, Kent on 15/16. vii.82.

TREMBATH, D.A.—Moths taken at Dorking, Surrey included a short series of
Rhodometra sacraria L. taken between the 25—30.ix.83.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—An Agrius convolvuli L. taken at Blackwater, Cornwall on
22.vili.83.

TWweEeEbDIE, M.W.F.—Suspected immigrant species taken at Playden, Sussex during
1983 were single examples of Eurois occulta L. and Pelosia muscerda Hufn.; and a
male Hypena obsitalis Hiibn. captured in a garage on 6th March. Colour photographs
of seven British moths.

8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

WiLp, E.H.—Species of interest taken at m.v. light at Highcliffe, Dorset were
Diachrysia orichalcea F. on 27.viii.83; Agrotis trux lunigera Steph. in 1983; and
Euphyia biangulata Haw. in 1983.

WINTER, P.Q.—Macrolepidoptera taken in the Scarborough District during 1983
included Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. taken as pupae in birds’ nests from a large
hawthorn hedge on 9th January; Panemeria tenebrata Scop. in late May; Rhyacia
simulans Hufn. on 3rd August; Eupithecia linariata D. & S. on 7th August; and two
Rhodometra sacraria L. flushed from stubble on 28th September. On behalf of A.S.
Ezard a specimen of Abraxas grossulariata L. ab. varleyata Porritt taken at m.v. light
at Rudston, Yorkshire on 12.viuii.83.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

Acassiz, Rev. D.J.L.—Leioptilus carphodactyla Hbn., Caryocolum proximum
Haw., Crambus pascuella L. (tending to melanism), Epiphyas postvittana Walk.; all
from Grays, Essex. Coleophora linosyridella, Mucking, Essex. Scythris grandipennis
Haw., bred from Ulex gallii, Cosmopterix orichalcea Stt.; both from Pembrokeshire.
Agriphila tristella D. & S., Orkney. Synclita obliteralis Walk., Enfield, Middx., in
nurseries. Aethes rutilana Hibn., Swammerdamia compunctella H.-S.; both bred,
Beinn Eighe, W. Ross.

BEAUMONT, H.E.—New records for S. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and
Herefordshire. Eriocrania sparrmannella (Bosc.) near Alford, Lincs. (VC 54) First
Lincs. record. Niditinea piercella (Bent.) West Melton, S. Yorks., 3.vi.82. First
Yorks (VC 63) record. Previously unrecorded north of Warwicks. Phyllonorycter
tenerella (Joann. ) near West Melton, S. Yorks. (VC 63) 15.vi.83. First Yorks. record.
Parornix finitimella (Zell.) Woodthorpe, Lincs. (VC 54). First Lincs. record.
Ocnerostoma friesei Svens. near Alford, Lincs. (VC 54). First Lincs. record. Beaten
from pine, 8.v.83. Zelleria hepariella Stt. near Alford, Lincs. (VC 54), 9.vi.83. First
Lincs. record. Monochroa lucidella (Steph.) West Melton, S. Yorks. (VC 63),
13.vii.83. First VC 63 record. Rhynchopacha mouffetella (L.) West Melton, S.
Yorks. (VC 63), there are few county records and only one other in the past seventy
years. Teleiodes alburnella (Zell.) Queenswood, Hereford (VC 36), 3.viii.83. Second
Herefordshire record. Synocpacma sangiella (Stt.) reared from spinning on Lotus
corniculatus at Sprotbrough, S. Yorks. (VC 63). Stathmopoda pedella (L.) Denaby
Ings, S. Yorks. (VC 63), 17.vii.83. First Yorkshire record. Possibly the first record
north of Norfolk. Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Geyer) Wormelow, Hereford (VC
36), 6.viii.83. Three previous county records. Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.) West
Melton, S. Yorks. (VC 63), 14/15.viii.83. First recorded in Yorkshire in 1979, there
have now been several records from the south of VC 63. Epinotia pygmaeana
(Hiibn.) near Alford, Lincs. (VC 54). Several disturbed from spruce, 8.v.83. First
Lincs. record. Agriphila latistria (Haw.) West Melton, S. Yorks. (VC 63), recorded
commonly at m.v. light in August ’83. First recorded in the county in 1976 and only
occasional records thereafter. Leioptilus lienigianus (Zell.) Denaby Ings, S. Yorks.
(VC 63), 17.1x.83, a late date (text books give July/early Aug.). First VC 63 and
second county record.

BLAND, Dr K.P.—(1) Second records for Scotland. Phyllonorycter trifasciella
Haw., previously only from VC 92, now reared from Lonicera from: Boltonmuir
Wood (NT5168), E. Lothian, VC 82; Arniston (NT3360), Midlothian, VC 83. P.
quinqueguttella Stt., previously only from VC 96, now reared from Salix repens from:
Toraston, Isle of Coll, Mid Ebudes (VC 103), collected 2.viii.83, emerged 15.viii.83.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 9

Coleophora lixella Zeller, previously only from VC 91, now found at Pettycur
(NT2686), Fife, VC 85 on thyme (1.iv.83) and then on grass (1.v.83). (2) Scarce
Scottish species. Strophedra nitidana F ., previously recorded from VC 77, 81 and 86;
first record for 50 years: Inchcailloch, Loch Lomond (VC 86), 26.vi.83. Diplodoma
herminata Geoff., previously recorded from Perthshire and Sutherland, now found in
S. Scotland at Aiky Wood, Berwicks. (NT7961), VC 81 on 12.iv.83. Caryocolum
vicinella Douglas, previously recorded from VC 91 & 106, now reared from Silene
maritima from St. Abbs, Berwickshire (VC 81); collected 12.iv.83, emerged 2.vii.83.
Lobesia reliquana Hibn.., a scarce species in the north of Britian; this specimen from
Ross Point, Loch Lomond, 28/29.vi.1983 (at light). (3) New larval substrates.
Monopis weaverella Scott, reared from fox faeces collected on Flanders Moss,
Perthshire, May, 1981. M. rusticella Hibn., reared from eagle pellets collected in
Dubh Loch area, Wester Ross, February 1983. (4) Five species of Nematopogon
(Incurvariidae) including: N. variella F., Rannoch, 19.vi.1977, recently recognised as
British. N. pilellaD. & S., Burnley, Lancs., only confirmed in Britain in from Lancs.
& Mid-Ebudes. N. panzerella F., not yet discovered in Britain but probably here.

BLAND, Dr K.P. on behalf of I.C. CuristrE, Garlocharn, Dumbartonshire—(1)
First Confirmed Scottish Record. Nematopogon pilella D. & S., Toraston, Isle of
Coll, Mid-Ebudes (VC 103), 27.vi.1983, taken by I.C. Christie. (2) Second Scottish
Record. Trifurcula griseella Wolff, previously known from Fife, now taken near Ben
Hogt, Isle of Coll, Mid-Ebudes (VC 103), 2.vii.1983 by I.C. Christie.

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M. A remarkable melanic specimen of the local sand dune
pyrale, Melissoblaptes zelleri Joannis, taken by the exhibitor, Sandwich Bay, Kent,
30. vil. 1983.

CHIPPERFIELD, H.E.—Schoenobius gigantella D. & S., 10.vii.83, Eurrhypara
perlucidalis Hiibn., 9.vii.83, Evergestis extimalis Scop., 16.viii.69, Gymnancyla
canella D. & S., 28.vii.83, Catoptria falsella D. & S., 4.vii.83, Batia lambdella Don.,
18.vu.83, B. lunaris Haw. , 31.vii.83, Scrobipalpa instabilella Douglas, bred 18.vii.83;
all from Walberswick, Suffolk. Platytes alpinella Hibn., Dunwich Forest, Suffolk,
about a mile from the beach, 29. vii.83. Ancylis siculana Hiibn., Wicken Fen, 5.vii.83.

CHRISTIE, I.C.—see under Dr K.P. Bland.

Corey, M.F.V.—Metzneria aprilella H.-S., Dry Sandford, Abingdon, Oxon..,
25.vi.83. Pammene trauniana D. & S., 19.v.80, Yponomeuta rorrella Hbn., 25.vii.82,
Pyralis lienigialis Zell., 9.vii.82; these last three species from Faringdon, Oxon.

Emmet, Lt. Col. A.M.—(1) Distribution maps of 13 species of microlepidoptera

added to the county list since the publication of The smaller moths of Essex in 1981.
The maps were supported whenever possible by specimens from the county; where
specimens from elsewhere were used, the name of the species is preceded by an
asterisk and the county is give after the name.
Lampronia fuscatella Tengst., *Nemapogon personella P. & M. (Middlesex) * Tinea
columbariella Wocke (Herts.), Parectopa ononidis Zell. Coleophora frischella L.,
*Metneria aestivella Zell. (Wilts.), Monochroa elongella (Hein.) (no specimen),
Oegoconia caradjai Pop.-G. & Cap., Syncopacma larseniella Gozm., Cydia palli-
frontana (Lien. & Zell.) *Microstega hyalinalis Hiibn. (Kent), *Leioptilus carpho-
dactyla Hubn. (Kent).

(2) Species new to VC 19 (North Essex). Opostega crepusculella (Zell.) Great
Bendysh Wood, 8.vii. 1983. Eurrhypara perlucidalis (Hibn.) Bocking, 14.vii.1983.

(3) Species seldom recorded in VC 19. Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm. Saffron
Walden, one 28.vii.1983. Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H.-S.) Saffron Walden, one
12.vii. 1983. Apotomis lineana (D. & S.) Saffron Walden, one 28.vii.1983. Pammene
aurantiana Stdgr. Saffron Walden, several 14~26. vii. 1983.

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

(4) Species seldom recorded in VC 18. Glyphipteryx linneella Cl. Wanstead, two
6.vii. 1983. Eucosma pupillana Cl. Mucking, two 17.vii.1983.

(5) Life histories. Etainia sphendamni Hering Chigborough Lakes Nature Reserve,
Maldon, one reared from the overwintering generation of larvae. These feed in the
developing buds, moving externally from bud to bud. Tenanted buds show little sign
of occupation and those that have been vacated soon drop off. This explains why the
life history of this generation was hitherto unknown. Argyresthia dilectella Zell.
Reared from Chamaecyparis, a hitherto unrecorded foodplant.

(6) Species from Devon. Epinotia demarniana F. v. R. Woodbury, one 17.vi.1983;
new to Devon. Cydia cosmophorana Treits. Woodbury, one 17.vi.1983; new to
Devon. Parocystola acroxantha Meyr. Shaldon, two 26.ix.1983.

(7) Species from Pembrokeshire. Cochylis pallidana (Zell.) Newport, two
24.vi.1983. Anania funebris Stro6m Maiden Castle, one 22.vi.1983. Eurrhypara
terrealis Treits. Newport, one 24.vi.1983.

FaircLouGH, R. & A.J. The following all bred or caught in 1983. Lampronia
flavimitrella Hbn., Kent, 29.v; Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stt., Tunbridge Wells,
bred; Phyllonorycter roboris Z., Surrey bred (? new county record); P. saportella
Dup., Norfolk, bred; Coleophora vitisella Gregs., Aviemore, bred, C. orbitella Z.,
Ashdown Forest, Sussex, bred Betula; C. ochrea Haw., Kent, bred; C.
currucipennella Zell., Kent, vii; C. machinella Brad., Surrey, bred; C. ramosella
Zell., Kent, bred; C. suaedivora Meyr., Essex, bred; Coleophora sp. (awaiting
identification), Kent (see N.F. Heal’s exhibit); Bisigna procerella D. & S., Kent, vii;
Phalonidia luridana Gregs., at m.v., Winchester. Also, two new forms of Acleris
cristana D. & S. (1) a number of examples of a melanic variety of f. subpurdeyana
Manley, bred from a Sussex/Essex cross; (2) a single specimen of f. cristalana
Donovan, but with the red streak and buttons of f. desfontainana F., taken
Huntingdon (VC 31), 13.viii.

Foster, A.P. Maruca testulalis Gey., a single specimen taken at light, Mawnan
Smith, Cornwall, 16.viii.1983, possibly the third British example. Scythris sinensis
Feld. a Rogen., det. Dr K. Sattler, one of two examples taken in a shopping store in
Margate, Kent, v.1980.

Ha. , N.M. (1) From Portland, Dorset: Uresiphita limbalis D. & S., Sitochroa
palealis D. & S., Ephiphyas postvittana Walk. (2) The total yield of Acleris hastiana
L. bred from Salix repens spinnings collected in Castle Gregory, Co. Kerry.

Heat, N.F. Coleophora ochrea Haw., a rediscovered species from two new
Kentish localities, Gillingham, bred 22.vii/11.viii.83 ex larvae 10/11.vi.83,
Stockbury, bred 28.vii.83 ex larvae 13.vi.83. Coleophora sp., previously throught to
be C. suaedivora Meyr. but now appears possibly to be a new species, Harty, Kent,
bred 24.vii/20.viii.83, ex larvae 6.x.82, on Suaeda maritima; Peldon, Essex, bred
25.vii/31.vii.83, ex larvae 14.x.82, on S. maritima. C. suaedivora Meyr., Peldon,
Essex, larval cases 14.x.82 not bred (Note: Identification of this species has lately
been confirmed by breeding, see R. Fairclough’s exhibit). C. palliatella Zinck.,
Dorking, Surrey, bred 1.vii/6.vii.83 ex fixed cases 13.vi.83; Orlestone, Kent, 5.vii.83.
Anania funebris Str6m, Whitstable, Kent, bred 26.vi/4.vii.83 ex larvae 11.ix.82 on
Solidago. Eucosma pupillana Clerck, Dartford, Kent, 3.viii.83. Bisigna procerella D.
& §S., Orlestone, Kent, 12/18.vii.83; Bethersden, Kent, 11.vii.83. Coleophora
conspicuella Zell., Whitstable, Kent, 13.vii.83, at m.v. C. serpylletorum M. Hering,
Sandwich, Kent, 3.viii.82 (Note: first Kent record; only known elsewhere from Wales
and SW England). C. niveicostella Zell., Folkestone Warren, Kent, 17.vi.83. Esperia
oliviella F., Whitstable, Kent, 19.vi.83. Phalonidia luridana Gregs., Winchester,
Hants, m.v., 23.vii.83. Digitivalva perlepidella Stt., Sittingbourne, Kent, bred 31.v/

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 11

6.vi.83 ex larvae 1.v.83. Ethmia dodecea Haw., Mickleham, Surrey, bred 10/19.vi.83
ex larvae 28. viii.82. Apotomis sauciana Fr0l., Friday Street, Surrey, at m.v. 15.vii.83;
Oldbury Hill, Kent, bred 10/18.vii.83 ex larvae 3.vi.83. Coleophora currucipennella
Zell., Orlestone, Kent, m.v. 12/18.vii.83; Bethersden, Kent, m.v. 11.vii.83.
Eurrhypara perlucidalis Hiibn., Sittingbourne, Kent, m.v. 4.vii.83. Paramesia
gnomana Clerck, East Sussex, m.v. 26.vii.83. Lampronia flavimitrella Hbn.,
Bethersden, Kent, 25.v/2.vi.83. Cydia pallifrontana Lienig & Zell., Kent, bred
23.vi.83 ex larvae 16.viii.82 from a new Kent locality which has since disappeared
beneath the bulldozers. Eriopsela quadrana Hiibn., Whitstable, Kent, 6.v.83
Caryocolum blandulella Tutt, Sandwich, Kent, bred 6.vii.83 ex larvae on Cerastium
semidecandrum 31.v.83. Parectopa ononidis Zell., Sittingbourne, Kent, 27.vi.83;
Stockbury, Kent, 4/14.vi.83 ex larvae 29.viii/5.ix.82 on Trifolium pratense;
Folkestone Warren, Kent, 17.vi.83. Commophila aeneana Hiibn., 4/14.vi.83.

Heath, J. Coleophora ochrea Haw. From four larval cases taken on Helianthemum
on the limestone hillock at La Place, Valais, Switzerland, in the Rhone Valley,
11.vi.83. One female emerged 19.1x.83, surely an exceptionally late date!

HEcKForD, R.J. Lampronia morosa Zell. , Thorne Moor near Stibb Cross, 16.vi.83
(new to VC4). Oinophila v-flava Haw., Painton Zoo, 19.vii.83, new to Devon.
Phyllonorycter staintoniella Stt., Near St. Agnes, Cornwall, 2-8.viii.83 ex larvae on
Genista pilosa; discovered as new to Britain by the exhibitor. Glyphipterix minorella
Snellen, (equitella auct.) Torquay, Devon, 3.vii.83. Coleophora tamesis Waters,
Plymouth, Devon, cases and moths ex larvae Juncus articulatus, 26/27.vi.83; new to
Devon. C. taeniipennella H.-S., together with cases, Seaton, Devon, ex larvae J.
articulatus 22.vi.83; for comparison with C. tamesis. Elachista gangabella Zell.,
Elberry Cove near Brixham, Devon, ex |. Brachypodium sylvaticum 1+.vi.83; new
to Devon. Schiffermuelleria subaquilea Stt., Heddon’s Mouth, Devon, 13.vi.83; not
previously found south of Hereford. Agonopterix scopariella Hein., Haldon Hill,
Devon ex larva. Sarothamnus 1.viii.83; new to Devon. Monochroa lucidella Steph..,
Penhape, Perranporth, Cornwall, 23.vii.83; new to Cornwall. Sorhagenia
janiszewskae Riedl, Woodbury Common, Devon, ex larva Frangula alnus 12/
13.vii.83. Epiblema cnicicolana Zell., Seaton, Devon, 20.vi.83. Cydia gemmiferana
Treits. Branscombe, Devon, 26.vi.83.

KNiLL-Jones, Dr R.P. Monopis rusticella Hibn., Kessleria saxifragae Stt.,
Evergestis pallidata Hufn.; all from Kintyre. Eurhodope advenella Zincken, Phycita
roborella D. & S.; both from Galloway. Monopis imella Hbn., Glasgow. Catoptria
pinella L. ab., Argyll. Argyresthia curvella L., white form, Nottingham.

KNILL-Jones, S.A. The following all taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Agriphila
selasella Hiibn., 20.viii.83, A. tristellaD. & S., Catoptria falsella D. & S., 14.vi.83,
Platytes alpinella Hiibn., 16.viii.83, Catoptria pinella L., Ebulea crocealis Hubn..,
Pyrausta cespitalis D. & S., Sitochroa palealis D. & S., 31.i.83, Eurrhypara coronata
Hufn., Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (plentiful in 1983), Palpita unionalis Hbn., 22.ix
(1), 30.ix.83 (1), Hypsopygia costalis F., Pyla fusca Haw., Euzophera pinguis Haw..,
20.viii.83, Udea elutalis D. & S., U. ferrugalis Hibn., Emmelina monodactyla L.,
Cydia aurana F., Dichrorampha alpinana Treits., Rhyaciona pinicolana Dbldy.,
Agapeta hamana L., Phalonidia alismana Rag., Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hibn.,
Epinotia solandriana L., Crocidosema plebejana Zell.

LANGMAID, Dr J.R. Lampronia morosa Zell., Leigh-on-Sea, Essex, two bred from
Rosa. Monopis crocicapitella Clemens, Southsea, Hants, extra-large specimen, wing
span 18mm. Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb., Ampfield, Hants, three bred from Tilia
cordata. Caloptilia falconipennella Hibn., Matley Bog, Hants, two bred from Alnus
glutinosa. Yponomeuta rorrella Hiibn., Peasmarsh, Sussex, one, Emer Bog, Hants,

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

one; new to South Hampshire. Coleophora hydrolapathella M. Hering, Catfield,
Norfolk, two. C. tricolor Wals., Barton Mills, Suffolk, 10.vii.83 at lights. C.
currucipennella Zell., Ham Street, Kent, 17.vui.83. Cosmiotes consortella Stt.,
Southsea, 13.vili.83; new to Hampshire. Batia lambdella Don., Southsea, two bred
from dead Ulex twigs. Esperia oliviella F., Harewood Forest, Hants, one bred from
rotten oak. Oecophora bractella L., Harewood Forest, Hants, four bred from under
dead oak bark and new to Hampshire; Monmouthshire, four bred from under dead
conifer bark. Depressaria sp. (?badiella Hubn.), a large, dark, well-marked specimen
with striking orange palpi, Dungeness, 19.vii.83.

Peet, Dr T.N.D. Species taken in Guernsey in 1983. Uresiphita limbalis D. & S.,
new island record; Palpita unionalis Hibn. Agdistis bennetii Curtis (possible resident
or vagrant); Nothris congressariella Bruand, bred from Scrophularia scorodonia,
Crocidosema plebejana Zell., bred from Tree Mallow; the latter two being new
breeding records for Guernsey.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C. The following collected in 1983. Coleophora
hydrolapathella M. Hering, Catfield, Norfolk, in light trap; C. tricolor Wals., Barton
Mills, Suffolk, light trap; C. saturatella Stt., Barton Mills, Suffolk, light trap; C.
niveicostella Zell., Barton Mills, light trap; C. lassella Stgr., Axminster, Devon, light
trap; C. therinella Tengstrém, Williton, Somerset, light trap; C. salicorniae Wocke,
Porlock, Somerset, three showing variation from pale ochreous to dark brown;
Amphisbatis incongruella Stt., Freathy, Cornwall, one bred and the only moth
resulting from several larvae collected ix.1982; Monochroa divisella Douglas,
Catfield, Norfolk, light trap; Chrysoesthia drurella F., Lydd, Kent and Leckford,
Hants, bred from larvae mining Chenopodium, ix.1982; Psamathocrita argentella
Pierce & Metcalfe, Portsmouth, Hants, active at sunrise amongst Agropyron spp.;
Gelechia muscosella Zell., Dungeness, Kent, at m.v. light; Scrobipalpa or
Scrobipalpula sp., Axmouth, Devon, at m.v. light, a female specimen of distinct
appearance which is so far unidentified and which appears by the genitalia to be
distinct from other known British species; Sitochroa palealis D. & S., Dungeness,
Kent, at m.v. light; Diasemia litterata Scop., Porlock, Somerset, light trap.

PickLes, A.J. & C.T. Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher, Burren, Co. Clare, series
bred from larvae collected 1983.

REVELL, R.J. Eurrhypara perlucidalis Hibn., Wicken Fen.

Rocue, J. (1) An exhibit of the less common British Scythrids. (2) A specimen of
Zophodia convolutella Hibn., from Chestfield, Kent; new to Britain.

Simpson, Dr A.N.B. Griselda myrtillana Humph. & Wesw., Tregroes, Cardigan,
vili.1982; Trifurcula cryptella Stt., Windmill Hill, Worcs., vi.1982, ex Lotus
corniculatus; Parectopa ononidis Zell., Worcester City, v.1983, ex Trifolium
pratense; Phyllonorycter ulicicolella Stt., Hartlebury Common, Worcs., vi.1983;
Elachista regificella Sirc., Eyemore Wood, Worcs., vi.1983, ex larva, Mompha
terminella H. & W., Trench Wood, Worcs., ix.1982, ex larva; Metzneria aestivella
Zell., Oxwich Burrows, S. Wales, v.1983; Monochroa suffusella Douglas, Grimley,
Worcs., vii.1982; Gelechia rhombella D. & S., Leicester City, vii.1983; Recurvaria
nanella D. & S., Crowle, Worcs., v.1983, ex 1. on Pyrus; Parachronistis albiceps Zell.,
Wyre Forest, Worcs. vi.1983; Caryocolum alsinella semidecandrella Threlfall,
Oxwich, S. Wales, v.1983, ex |. Cerastium semidecandrum; Coleophora fuscocuprella
H.-S., Monk Wood, Worcs., x.1982; C. saturatella Stt., Hartlebury Common,
Worcs., vi.1983; Epischnia bankesiella Rich., Horton, Gower, S. Wales, v.1983,
reared from Jnula crithmoides; Platyptilia ochrodactyla D. & S., Worcester, vi.1983,
reared from Tanacetum, Leioptilus tephradactyla Hiibn., Mwnt, Cardigan, viii. 1982,
reared from Solidago; Agdistis staticis Mill., Pembroke, viii. 1983, ex larva.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 13

SmitH, Dr F.H.N. (1) Phyllonorycter staintoniella Stt. New to Britain, discovered
by R.J. Heckford in Cornwall in 1983, the larvae found mining a leaf of Hairy
Greenweed, Genista pilosa. Four photographs: two of adult moth alive; one of
earliest stage of mine, found by P.N. Siddons, on tip of leaf of G. pilosa; one of a leaf
containing a pupa, showing effect on the leaf, also found by P.N. Siddons. (2) Luffia
lapidella Goeze. Larval cases first discovered in 1981 by Mrs. W.G. Bennett at
Marazion, Cornwall, subsequently brought to the exhibitor’s attention, and in due
course producing the first male moths of the species to be positively identified on the
British mainland (cf. Ent. Rec., 95: 53). Case showing L. lapidella; four adult males,
one female; larval cases and emerged pupal cases of each sex. Also, four
photographs: one of adult male moth alive, one of adult female moth alive, one of
larva and case, one of set male specimen.

SoKoLorF, P.A. Calamotropha paludella Hibn., Mucking, Essex, 12.viii.83, a
form with pure white ground; Ancylosis oblitella Zell., Mucking, dark and typical
forms; Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs and Bisigna procerella D. & S., Orlestone, Kent,
captured specimens; Micropterix mansuetella Zell., near Andover, Hants, swept
from flowers of Caltha palustris; Coleophora orbitella Zell., West Wickham, Kent,
bred; Calybites auroguttella Steph., Addington, Surrey, bred from Hypericum;
Bedelia somnulentella Zell., Addington, bred from Calystega.

STERLING, Col. D.H. (1) Species bred from larvae collected from dead wood in
Hampshire in 1983. Nemapogon cloacella Haw., Triaxomera parasitella Hbn., Batia
lambdella Don., Esperia sulphurella F., Oecophora bractella L. and Blastobasis
lignea Waals. (2) Selection of other species from Hampshire and Isle of Wight bred in
1983.

STERLING, M.J. Opostega auritella Hbn., Barton Broad; Phyllonorycter roboris
Zell., Dovedale, Staffs.; Phyllocnistis saligna Zell., Leckford, Hants VC 12, bred
from mines on Salix purpurea; Coleophora hydrolapathella Her., Norfolk;
Schiffermuelleria similella Hibn, Straun, Perthshire, bred from fungus; Monochroa
conspersella H.-S., Norfolk; M.divisella Douglas, Norfolk; Phalonidia minimana
Carad., Barton Broad; Eurrhypara perlucidalis Hibn, Catfield, Norfolk.

STERLING, P.H.—Monopis weaverella Scott, a solution to the ‘continuing mystery’
of the larval pabulum (c.f. Pelham-Clinton, Ent. Rec., 95:212)—a dead rabbit
picked up in early April 1983 at Dungeness, Kent contained large larvae feeding on
the fur and skin and produced several adults by the end of the month. Platytes
cerussella D. & S., a most unusual bilateral form of this species, taken Dungeness,
Kine, 3.vii.1983. Melissoblaptes zelleri Joann. , specimen taken at the Society’s Field
Meeting at Orlestone Forest, Kent on the night of 15/16.vii. 1983.

UrFren, R.W.J.—A stem of Great Water Dock bearing three old cases of
Colephora hydrolapathella Her., from The Mere, Thorpeness, Suffolk. New county
record. The previous year’s stems were still standing in mid-July after the emergence
of moths from the attached cases. Parasites emerged in August from several cases.

WHITEBREAD, S.E.—A selection of Swiss microlepidoptera, mainly Gelechiidae,
including three species new to Switzerland. Caryocolum vicinella Douglas, Martigny,
VS, bred ex Silene otites, 1983. C. leucomelanella Zell., Martigny, VS, bred from
larva Dianthus carthusianorum, 1983; possibly the first confirmed Swiss record. C.
rougemonti Rbl., Zermatt, VS, bred from Gypsophila repens, 1980. Tila capsophila
Chrét., Zermatt, VS, bred from larva Gypsophila repens, 1980; identified when
preparing for this exhibit; new to Switzerland, previously known only from one
locality each in France and Germany. Klimeschiopsis discontinuella Rebel, Soglio,
GR, 1981; freshly emerged female on lichen covered rock; a pupal case found
amongst silken galleries in a grey fleshy lichen in rock crevices indicates this as being

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

the larval substrate. Syncopacma coronillella Treits., Leuk, VS, bred from larva 1983
from? Medicago; a local central European species. Xystophora pulveratella H.-S., La
Place, VS 1983. In Switzerland only known from the Valais. Scrobipalpa ariemisiella
Tr., Martigny, VS, reared from larva on Thymus, 1983. S. proclivella Fuchs,
Salquenen, VS reared from Artemisia absinthium, 1983. Lixodessa albifrontella ,
Hein., Zermatt, VS, Astragalus australis, 1981 & 1982; a very local central European
species. Nothris lemniscella Zell., Varen, VS, bred ex 1 Globularia, 1983; in
Switzerland known from only two localities. Cosmardia moritzella Treits. Versoix,
GE, 1982; few records for Switzerland. Teleiopsis rosalbella Fol., Martigny, VS,
reared from Rumex scutatus, 1983; one of a number of Gelechiidae feeding on this
plant. Sattleria dzieduszyckii Nov., Zermatt, VS, 1982, male; Moiry, VS, 1983,
female. Eulamprotes libertinella Zell., Zermatt, VS, male, female, 1980 (Note: the
females of these last two alpine galechiids have greatly reduced wings).
Phyllonorycter pastorella Zell., Sicssach, BL, bred ex mine Salix babylonica
(Weeping Willow), 1983; new for Switzerland. Ectoedemia atrifrontella Stt. (or
possibly longicaudella Klim.), Erschmatt, VS, female bred ex mine in bark of
Quercus pubescens, 1983; new for Switzerland; the species has only ever been bred
twice.

WILD, E.H. (1) Taken in m.v. trap, 1983, Christchurch, VC 11. Ethmia bipunctella
F., second VC record; Oncocera genistella Dup.; Apomyelois bistratella neophanes
Durrant, new to VC. (2) Elachista littoricola Le Marchand, Keyhaven, Hants, two
taken; new to Britain (cf. Ent. Rec., 95: 65)

WINTER, P.Q. The following from Yorkshire Wolds (VC 61). Euzophera pinguis
Haw., m.v. light, 28.vii.83; new VC record. Hypochalcia ahenella D. & S.,m.v. light,
4.vii.83; last Yorkshire records were mid-19th century from Huddersfield (VC 63).
Pterophorus tridactyla L., flushed from downland, 16.vii.83. Marasmarcha
lunaedactyla Haw., flushed from downland, 16.vii.83.

FOREIGN MACROLEPIDOPTERA

The 17 exhibits of which notes were provided, rather more than last year, were
mainly from the Palaearctic zone, but they included some tropical species.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—North Greece, 1—13.vii.1983. (1). 26 species of Lycaenidae,
the more notable being Tarucus balkanicus Frr., Everes decoloratus Stgr,
Polyommatus eroides Frv., and a large ‘blue’, so far unidentified.

(2). 26 other species, including Kirinia climene Esp., from a colony found in the
north Pindos mountains; Zerynthia cericyi ferdinandi Stichel, Coenonympha leander
orientalis Esp., Erebia medusa D & S., Erebia ligea L. and Melanargia russiae Esp.

Broome G.,—Some butterflies taken in the Spanish Pyrenees, July 1983.

CHIPPERFIELD, H. E.—Two specimens of Lythria purpuria L. from Yugoslavia,
donated by Mr. Peter Collins. Only two specimens have been reliably reported in the
British Isles, near Perth in 1965, although its western range includes much of France.

Criss, P.W.—(1). Two cases showing butterflies taken in North Greece, near the
borders of Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania 1st—-14th July 1983. Over 100 species
were recorded, including Kirinia climene Esp. from a small colony found in the
Smolikas massif (only once before recorded from Greece, as a singleton). Other
species included Elphinstonia charlonia Donzel, Zerinthia cericyi ferdinandi Stichel,
Polyommatus eroides Fry. and examples of moths, beetles and Ascalaphus species
(Neuroptera).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 15

(2). A case of species bred in captivity in 1983 included an unusual form of female
Colias croceus Geoff., a series of Archon apollinus Herbst from Turkey, Saturnia
pyri, and S. pavonia from Var, France, and Acherontia atropos L., F3 generation of
Canary Islands origin.

Derry, N.J. and A.C.—(1). Canary Islands: 22 species of butterflies collected on
Tenerife and Gomera, 19th July to 2nd August 1978. For details see Ent. Rec. J. Var.
91: 275-278.

(2). From Corfu, 45 species of butterflies taken 16-29.viii. 1976. These include five
species not previously recorded from this island: Artogeia manii Mayer above
Nissaki, 17.viii.76; Quercusia quercus L. Mt. Pantokrator, 18.vili.76; Everes argiades
Pallas Sidari, 24.vii.76; Hyponephele lupina Costa Mt. Pantokrator, 18 & 21.vili.76.
A specimen of Erynnis marloyi Bdv. from the summit of Mt. Pantokrator, 18.viii, is
only the second recorded, and is the first of the summer generation. Identifications
have been cross-checked, by dissection where necessary, with the help of I.G.F.
McLean. The specific identity of a single female of the genus Pyrgus, Mt.
Pantokrator, 21.viii.76, cannot be determined with certainty.

Ha.i, N.M.—A selection of moths collected in Andorra, June-July 1983.

Harman, T.W.—Five species of Sphingidae, of the genus Marumba, from Brunei,
North Borneo.

MIDDLETON, A.P.—A sample of 51 specimens of European butterflies taken in
1982 and 1983, mainly in the Italian Dolomites and the French and Swiss Alps.

REVELL, R.J.—From Yugoslavia 1983, the moths Panthea coenobita Esp.,
Calliergis ramosa Esp., Hada nana Hufn., Hadena caesia D. & S., Hypena crassalis
F., Odonestis pruni L., Peribatodes secundaria D. & S., Amata phegea L., and an
unidentified geometrid, all from Bohinj, Slovenia; Euphyia scriptulata Hubn. from
Mt. Ucka, Istria.

RosINSON, GADEN, TucK, K., BRENDALL, M., (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
expedition to Nepal, 1983)—Two drawers of selected specimens from above 10,000
ft., where the Lepidoptera become distinctly Palaearctic in character. Many
specimens new to the Museum collections or even to science: of particular interest
Gaurena albifasciata nepalensis, G. forsteri, Xestia cervina, Diarsia tenuis, previously
unrepresented or only by single specimens in the BM(NH); also, among the
microlepidoptera, long series of Leontochroma species.

SAMUELS, K.D.Z.—A representative selection of the 136 species of butterflies now
known in Andorra: 265 specimens of 103 species, taken in seven weeks in 1981 and
1983. Notable species shown included Carcharodus lavatherae Esp., Eumedonia
eumedon Esp., Pseudaricia nicias Meigen, Agriades glandon de Prunner,
Polyommatus eros Ochs., Erebia neoridas Bdv. (previously reported only in 1926).
Most of these species were in newly found colonies of which localities were given.

TorsTENIUs Stic, and Asupy B.C.—a sample case of butterflies and Geometridae
from Scandinavia. This included some additions to the Society’s permanent
collection of Scandinavian Lepidoptera, and a short series of the geometrid Baptria
tibiale Esp. ssp. fennica Lank. from the central Swedish county of Jamtland. This
mainly Asiatic species is scarce and local in Europe.

TREMBATH, D.A.—butterflies collected in the spring of 1983 in the Algarve,
Portugal, including [phiclides podalirius feisthamelii Dup., Zerynthia rumina L.,
Euchloe ausonia Hibn., E. belemia Esp., Colias croceus f. helice Hibn., Gonepteryx
cleopatra L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Celastrina argiolus L., Eurodryas aurinia beckeri
H.-S., Melanargia ines Hoffsg., Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp., Pararge aegeria L.,
Lasiommata megera L.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—Zygaenidae from Morocco, High and Middle Atlas mountains.

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Z. algira telealgira Dujardin, Z. algira selenion Dujardin, Z. alluadi dedita Wiegel, Z.
youngi youngi Rothschild, Z. maroccana gundafica Reiss & Tremewan, Z. trifolii
mideltica tizeragis Wiegel, Z. aurata blachieri Rothschild. The specimens of Z.
maroccana gundafica were re-discovered in the type locality near Kasbah Goundafa
at 1500 m. in the High Atlas, where it has not been found since the original type-series
was caught in 1914.

WALKER, D.H.—Eastern Arabia. Examples and account of Melitaea persea sargon
Hemming (Persian Fritillary), from Tuwayq Hills, Central Saudi Arabia: flight time
February to April, larval food Teucrium oliverianum. Only five specimens are known
to exist outside the collections of D.H. Walker and A.R. Pittaway. For further details
see forthcoming publication on ‘Insects of Central and Eastern Arabia’.

COLEOPTERA

APPLETON, D.—Two melyrids (Coleoptera) from South Hampshire. Sphinginus
lobatus Olivier new to Britain 15.vili.82 by beating oak at Titchfield Common. I am
grateful to Mr A.A. Allen and Mr P.Hammond for naming this beetle. It is
widespread in western Europe. Axinotarsus marginalis (Lap.) This species was added
to the British list from examples collected at Botley Wood in the 1960s. This locality is
only a couple of miles from Titchfield Common where the Sphinginus was found. A.
marginalis is now to be found in many Hampshire sites. The example exhibited is
from Emer N.R. by sweeping 9.vui.83.

Darsy, M.—Coleopterological literature. (1) T. Martyn, The English
Entomologist, 1792, the first volume entirely on Coleoptera. (2) A set of all the
separately published catalogues of the British Coleoptera from G. R. Waterhouse
(1861) to R.D. Pope’s revision of ‘Kloet and Hincks’ (1977). (3) Several early
exchange lists. (4) The Coleopterist’s Newsletter, to solicit subscriptions. (5) The
biographical dictionary of British coleopterists being serialised in the newsletter.

Foster, A.P.—A selection of rare and local species taken in 1983 on the Somerset
Levels during an NCC survey: Oodes helopioides (Fab.), Catcott Heath, 18.v.1983;
Ocacantha melanura, Catcott Heath, 18.v.1983, Haliplus mucronatus Steph.,
Westhay Moor, 21.v.83; Laccornis oblongus (Steph.), Catcott Heath, 24.v.83;
Hydrochara caraboides (L.), Tadham Moor, 21.iv.83; Cantharis fusca L., Catcott
Heath, 24.v.1983; Donacia crassipes F., Muchelney, 14.vi.83; Donacia dentata
Hoppe, Wet Moor, 14.vii.83; Bagous nodulosus Gyll., West Moor, 20.vi.83.

GARLAND, S.P.—six species collected from Chatsworth Park, Derbyshire—a rich
site for lignicolous Coleoptera. Stenostola ferrea (Shrank) 3.vii.1983; Dorcatoma
chrysomelina Sturm and Anitys rubens (Hoffm.) bred from red-rotted oak wood,
collected June 1982, hatched spring 1983. Rhizophagus ferrugineus (Payk.) 7.ix.1982
from Polyporus sulphureus;, Leiopus nebulosus (L.) 16.vii.1983; Ctesias serra (F.)
16.vii. 1983, larvae abundant.

Hopce, P.J.—A selection of recently taken British Coleoptera including the
following species. Agonum sexpunctatus (L.) new to West Sussex; Quedius maurus
(Sahl.); Dryops ernesti des Gosis; Hadrobregmus denticollis (Crev.); Apion
intermedium new to E. & W. Sussex; Amara praetermissa (Sahl.); Ceutorhynchus
pilosellus Gyll.; Gabrius keysianus Sharp; Tychius quinquepunctatus (L.) from S.
Wales; Pseudocistela ceramboides (L.) bred from larvae taken in Herefordshire;
Tachys scutellaris Steph; Philonthus punctus (Grav.); Malachius vulneratus Abeille
from Essex (perhaps a northerly extension to the range of this species in Britain);
Gabrius velox Sharp and G. subnigritulus (Reitter) from the New Forest;

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 17

Stenolophus teutonus (Shrank) and Apion gyllenhali Kirby, although not nationally
rare are noteworthy in Sussex.

Jones, R.—Panagaeus bipustulatus (F.) from flood refuse, Camber, E. Sussex,
26.viii.81 and from grass tussocks, Arundel Park, W. Sussex, 2.i1i.81; Harpalus
azureus (F.) crawling on sand, Newhaven Undercliff, 8.viii.78; Leiodes cinnamomea
(Panzer) swept under trees, Friston, nr. Eastbourne, 27.ii1.76; Hydnobius perrisi
Fairmaire swept rushes, Rye gravel pits, E. Sussex, 30.vi.76; Xestobium rufovillosum
(Deg.) flying, Lewes, 21.v.80; Trigonogenius globulus Sol. crawling on an office wall,
Holborn, London WC1 (usually associated with stored food); Strangalia aurulenta
(F.) Rewell Wood, nr. Arundel, 22.vii.79 (quite common in this part of W. Sussex);
Platycis minutus (F.) Arundel Park, 1.ix.79, very common sitting on small logs at
dusk; Pycnomerus fuliginosus Erich. in wooden palings, Kingspark Wood, 4.viii.79
(recently established in this country: now has a foothold in Sussex); Oryzaephilus
surinamensis (L.) in a sugar bowl in a hotel in London WC1; Dasytes niger (L.) swept
under trees, Ambersham Common, W. Sussex, 4.viii.79; Malachius vulneratus
Abeille and Dolichosoma lineare (Rossi) swept from grasses, Faversham
saltmarshes, 1.vii.78; Orsodacne lineola (Panzer) on hawthorn blossom, Ashington,
W. Sussex, 25.v.80; Donacia sparganii Ahrens on water-lily pads, Wicken Fen,
13.viii.83; Orthocerus clavicornis (L.) under lichen-covered stones on sandy bank,
Camber, E. Sussex, 26.viii.81; Helops caeruleus (L.) in rotten willow log, West
Ichenor, Chichester Harbour, 11.ii.78; Anthicus bimaculatus (Ill.) running on sandy
bank, Rye gravel pit, 17.v.78; Mordellistena parvula (Gyll.) swept, Mildenhall,
Suffolk, 14.viii.83; Hypera dauci (Oliv.) under Erodium cicutarium, Mildenhall,
14.viii.83; Dorytomus validirostris (Gyll.) under poplar bark, Hampstead Heath,
24.ix.83; Baris lepidii Germar under Reseda lutea, Mildenhall, 14.viii.83 and on leaf
of Mercurialis perennis, Southwater, W. Sussex, 17.v.80; Sibinia primitus (Herbst)
swept Bognor Common, W. Sussex, 27.vili.79.

KniLt-Jones, S.A.—Coleoptera all taken in a small area of Spinfish, Freshwater,
1.O.W. and at the exhibitor’s address, an area of half a mile by 300 yards. Oedemera
nobilis (Sp.), Clytus arietis (L.), Pyrochroa coccinea L., Staphylinus olens Mu.:
Dorcus parallelipipedus L., Chrysolina staphylaea (L.), Arhopalus tristis (F.)
17.viii.83 (at m.v. light trap) and Chrysolina banksi (F.).

Owen, Prof. J.A.—Beetles from Scotland, with photographs of specimens and
habitats, including specimens of: Harminus undulatus (Deg.) Glen Lyon, Perthshire,
May 1983 and Rannoch, Perthshire, July 1983; Endectus whitei Sharp, in moss at
900m, Sgurr Mor, Wester Ross, July 1982; Thalassophilus longicornis (Sturm), in
riverside shingle, Glen Fruin, Strathclyde, July 1983; Prenidium brenskei Flack,
under a small stone at the edge of a stream, near Hawick, Roxburghshire, July 1983;
Gabrius scoticus Joy & Tomlin, in moss at 700m, Speyside, Invernesshire, September
1983; Atheta procera (Kraatz), from carrion, Loch Morlich, Invernesshire, July 1976,
Neohilara subterranea (M. & R.), in pitfall trap in pine wood, Loch Garten,
Invernesshire, September 1983 and Coeliodes nigritarsis Hart., beaten from birch,
Loch Garten, Invernesshire, July 1983.

DIPTERA

APPLETON, D.J.—Ten species of Diptera, chiefly Syrphidae, from South Hants in
1983, including Asilus crabroniformis (L.) (Asilidae) about horse dung, Portsdown,
14. viii.83; Eriozona syrphoides (Fallén) (Syrphidae), new to Hampshire from Botley
Wood, 18.vi.83, at Oenanthe flowers.

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

CHANDLER, P.J.—The single female on which Pseudopomyza atrimana (Meigen)
(Pseudopomyzidae) was added to the British list (1983, Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc. 16: 87-91).

Goprray, H.C.J.—An exhibit on the parasite complex of leaf mining Diptera also
included examples of Chromatomyia (Phytomyza partim) spinaciae (Hendel), mining
Cirsium vulgare and an undescribed related species mining Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum, running to spinaciae in keys but distinguished by genitalia and a
yellow face.

Jones, R.A.—The elusive conopid Leopoldius signatus (Wiedeman in Meigen),
from Hedera blossom, Street churchyard, East Sussex, 26.ix.83.

KNILL-JONES, S.A.—A selection of Diptera from near Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
included Chorisops nagatomii Rozkosny (Stratiomyiidae), 11.ix.83 and Zophomyia
temula (Scopoli) (Tachinidae), 6.vii.83, both local southern species; an older
specimen of Asilus crabroniformis from the same area, vi.1965.

WALKER, D.H.—A very striking newly discovered mydaid fly, Rhopalia species,
the holotype from the Tuwayq Hills of Saudi Arabia, 2.v.1980.

HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA)

APPLETON, D.—Some Heteroptera collected in 1982-83 in Hampshire and the Isle
of Wight. Specimens from the latter area taken in late Sept. 1983 were Sehirus dubius
Scop., at roots of Bastard Toadflax; Berytinus hirticornis Brulle, in grass roots,
Heterogaster artemisiae Sch., Peritrechus gracilicornis Puton and Drymus latus
Douglas and Scott, all from chalky soil; Saldula arenicola Schultz, on damp sandy
cliff. From Hants were Spathocera dahlmanii Sch., 12.viii.82 at roots of sorrel,
Browndown; Ceraleptus lividus Stein, 2.vii.83, sand dunes, Hayling Island; the rare
winged form of the common Himacerus mirmicoides Costa, 29.vii.83 swept at Brown-
down; Pachybrachius fracticollis Sch., 29.1.83 in sphagnum, Emer N.R.; P. luridus
Hahn, 24.viii.83, swept in bog, New Forest; Nysius helveticus H.-S., 23.vii.83, swept
from heathland, New Forest; Lasiosomus enervis H.-S., 6.iii.83, in moss, Portsdown;
Lamproplax picea Flor, 28.viii.83 in sphagnum, Shedfield Common, Drymus pumilio
Puton, 16.ix.82, in moss, Oxenbourne N.R.; Capsodes sulcatus Fieber, 29.vi.83,
swept at Browndown; Tuponia carayoni, 16.vii.83 on tamarisk, Hayling Island.

Hopce, P.J.—Some recently taken uncommon or local Heteroptera.
Pachybrachius fracticollis Sch. from Moccas Park, Herefordshire; Berytinus
hirticornis Brullé—a species originally discovered in S. Devon, but now found in most
coastal counties from Cornwall to Essex; Catoplatus fabricii Stal, a very local lace bug
taken at Uckfield, Sussex; Brachysteles parvicornis Costa, new to Sussex, swept in an
old clay pit at Uckfield; a variety of Halticus luteicollis Panzer from Barton Mills,
Suffolk.

Jones R.—Some Heteroptera taken mainly in southern England in recent years.
Thyreocoris scarabaeoides L., in grass tussock 4.iii.77 S. Heighton, E. Sussex;
Odontoscelis fuliginosa L., under herbage near sea wall, 31.vii.77, Deal Sandhills,
Kent; Sciocoris curtisans F. swept, 8.ix.76, Deal Sandhills; Rhacognathus punctatus
L., swept from heather, 4.viii.79, Ambersham Common, W. Sussex; Alydus
calcaratus L., netted, 14.viii.83, Mildenhall, Suffolk; Jschnodemus sabuleti Fallén, a
formerly rare species now locally common, taken 11.v.75 at Henfield, W. Sussex;
Beosus maritimus Scop., under herbage, 8.ix.76, Deal Sandhills; Graptopeltus
lynceus F., under herbage, 14.viii.83, Mildenhall; Macrodema micropterum Curtis,
beaten from pine, 27.viii.77, Chobham Common, Surrey; Berytinus hirticornis

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 19

Brullé, a species spreading eastwards along the south coast from Devon, taken
26.vili.81, Camber Sands, E. Sussex; B. montivagus Meyer, in grass, 26.viii.81,
Camber Sands; B. signoreti Fieber, in grass 26.viii.81, Camber Sands and 4.ii1.77 at S.
Heighton, E. Sussex; Neides tipularis L. in grass 14.viii.83, Mildenhall; Gampsocoris
punctipes Germar, in dead grass, 18.vii.76 Newhaven, E. Sussex and 24.viii.81, S.
Heighton; Dictyonota stichnocera Fieber, swept 24.viii.81 S. Heighton Downs,
15.vii.77: White Downs, Dorking, Surrey and 3.ix.77 Cuckmere Haven, E. Sussex;
D. tricornis Sch., beaten from pine, 27.vili.77, Chobham Common; Catoplatus
fabricii Stal swept 26.vi.76 at Lewes Downs and 19.vi.77 at Friston Forest near
Eastbourne, E. Sussex; Agramma laeta Fallén, swept from sedges 26.viii.81, Nagden
salt marshes, Faversham, Kent; Empicoris culiciformis Deg., in office, 26.1x.83,
London, W.1; Capsus wagneri Remane, swept 13.viii.83 at Wicken Fen, Cambs.—
the classic location of this very local bug; Pilophorus clavatus Douglas and Scott,
beaten from broom, 14.viii.76, Dungeness, Kent; P. cinnamopterus Kirsch. and P.
perplexus Douglas and Scott, beaten from pine, 27.viii.77, Chobham Common.

ODONATA

Davies, A.L.—Vacuum-dried exotic species of dragonflies were displayed
together with freeze-dried fungi and lepidopterous larvae, showing the good
retention of colour patterns.

KNiLL-Jones, S.A.—Six species of Odonata from Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

HYMENOPTERA

ALLEN, Dr A.A.—{1) A display of British Phaeogenini which are solitary
ichneumonid parasites of microlepidopteran larvae and pupae. The specimens from
Salfords, Surrey, were all beaten from wild privet in old woodland. Assistance with
naming was given by Herr. E. Diller of Munich. The species shown were
Nematomicrus tenellus Wesmael from Littlehampton, Sussex; Herpestomus arridens
Grav. 2.v.82, Salfords; H. nasutus Wesmael, 6.iii.77, Salfords; H. wesmaeli Perkins,
bred vi.80 ex pupa of Cedestis subfasciella, Brownsea Island, Dorset; Eriplatys
ardeicollis Wesmael, bred 16.vi.79 from pupa on pine, Reigate Heath, Surrey;
Thyraeella collaris Grav., i.v.83, Salfords; Diadromus varicolor Wesmael, 22.v.83,
Salfords; Colpognathus divisus Thom., 1.ix.82, Hawkhurst, Kent; C. celerator Grav.,
8.vili.83, Brixham, Devon; Centeterus confector Grav., 24.vili.79, Brownsea Island;
C. opprimator Grav., 13.viii.83, Widecombe in the Moor, Devon; Aethecerus
discolor Wesmael, 10.v.82, Salfords; A. nitidus Wesmael, 28.vuili.82, Gomshall,
Surrey; Phaeogenes opthalmicus Wesmael, 22.v.83 Salfords; P. maculicornis
Stephens, 5.v.80, Salfords; P. elongatus Thom., 9.vili.81, Ashcombe, Devon; P.
coriaceus Perkins, Brownsea Island.

(2) Some parasites taken or bred in 1983. These included the braconids Aleoides
geniculator Nees, bred from a mummified larva of Arctia villica found 4.vi at
Eastbourne, Sussex; Meteorus pulchricornis Wesmael, bred from a larva of
Apocheima pilosaria on oak 9.v, Brownsea Island, Dorset; M. versicolor one of
several bred singly from late instar larvae of Euproctis chrysorrhoea taken 25.v at
Camber, Sussex on sea buckthorn. The other specimens were collected by sweeping.
Two uncommon braconids were Microgaster russatus Haliday, 13.viii, Widecombe in
the Moor, Devon; Protomicroplitis abdominator Nees, one of two females taken

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

27.viii near viper’s bugloss at Rye, Sussex. The remainder were the ichneumonids
Heteropelma amictum F., 8.viii Galumpton, Devon; Eurylabus torvus Wesmael,
26.vi, Gomshall, Surrey; Chasmias motatorius F., one of two females found under the
bark of pine logs, 13.iv. Little Haldon, Devon; Aoplus ochropis Gmelin, beaten from
wild privet 22.v, Salfords, Surrey; Jchneumon bucculentus Wesmael, under pine
bark, 13.iv, Little Haldon; Ctenichneumon panzeri Wesmael, 13.viii, Widecombe in
the Moor; Limerodes arctiventris Boie, 6.viii, Dawlish Warren, Devon;
Barichneumon maculicauda Perkins, one of several taken in August at Dawlish
Warren.

CHIPPERFIELD, H.E.—A specimen of the wood wasp Sirex gigas L. and its
ichneumonid parasite Dolichomitus mesocentrus Grav. Both taken at Wicken Fen,
Cambs.

GARLAND, S.P.—Some Sphecidae collected at Chatsworth Park, Derbys. between
3-16.vii.83. included Pemphredon lugubris F., Passaloecus gracilis Curtis,
Crossocerus annulipes Shuckard, C. tarsatus Shuckard, Psenulus pallipes Panzer,
Nysson spinosus Forster and Ectemnius continuus F. Also displayed were some
uncommon species collected by D. Gibbs from the Ford (Moss) Valley, S. Sheffield,
S. Yorks. These were Stigmus solskyi Morawitz, 5.viii.83; Rhopalum coarctum Scop.
9.viii.83 and Pemphredon moria Van der Linden, 5.viii.83. The last mentioned was
new to Derbyshire and not previously recorded north of Cambridgeshire.

Goprray, Dr H.C.J.—display of the parasite complex of the leaf-mining fly
Chromatomyia (Phytomyza) syngenesiae Hardy.

HaAtstEAD, A.J.—Some uncommon or local sawflies, the following taken at
R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, Surrey. Diprion simile Hartig, bred 6.iv.83 from a cocoon
found on Pinus radiata; Allantus togatus Panzer, 7.vii.83 in a polythene tunnel;
Tomostethus nigritus F., found 23.v.83 on grass under the host plant ash;
Rhadinoceraea micans Klug, on Iris sp. taken 17.v.83; Nematus lucidus Panzer,
7.vi.83 in a polythene tunnel. Other specimens were Strongylogaster xanthoceros
Stephens and Amauronematus lateralis Konow from Baynes Wood, Greenham
Common, Berks., 14.v.83; Brachythops flavens Klug, netted Wisley Common,
Surrey, 9.viii.83; Selandria sixii Voll., netted on Horsell Common, Woking, Surrey,
18.vi.83; Tenthredo moniliata Klug, in a water trap, East Fen, Malham Tarn, N.
Yorks, 21.viii.83. A specimen of Sterictiphora geniculata Gmelin, collected by A.A.
Allen at Salfords, Surrey, 2.v.82 was also shown.

HeEATH, J.—A female ichneumonid Megarhyssa macrurus Westwood taken
21.vii.77 at Inglis Falls, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. Its 5” ovipositor is used to
locate the larvae of a wood wasp Tremex columba Say.

KNILL-JoNEs, S.A.—Some common Sphecidae and Ichneumonidae, together with
other Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera taken at Spinfish and the exhibitor’s
home, both at Freshwater, I.o.W.

ARACHNIDA

KniLL-Jones, S.A. An example of the spider Argiope bruennichi collected
29.vili.83 at Spinfish, I.0.W. This is the second record for the island.

ILLUSTRATIONS
L.W. Burcess exhibited three water colour paintings; two of rather novel
appearance. The first depicted five butterflies as arranged on a setting board, and
looking very realistic. The second, equally realistic, consisted of a display case
containing eleven species of tropical butterflies. The third and more conventional

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 21

picture showed the butterflies Morpho menelaus and M. deidamia resting on a leaf
plant.

TERRY JENVEY showed photographs of butterfies and moths seen flying at the New
Forest Butterfly Farm during 1983.

RICHARD REVELS displayed colour prints of butterflies, dragonflies, hoverflies,
birds and wild flowers.

ALAN StuBps and STEPHEN FALK displayed a mock-up of the text and illustrations
of the Society’s forthcoming publication on the British Hoverflies. There were
favourable comments from many people on the twelve coloured plates executed by S.
Falk, a talented young artist. On top of this there were no less that five hundred and
forty thumb-nail sketches throughout the text by A. Stubbs, who also, it appears,
seems to have a flair for illustration. The identification of this family of flies has now
been made easier for anyone showing an interest in them. This will surely encourage
more people to take up the study of hoverflies. All in all a very fine book to add to
other publications by the Society.

One map which caught the eye was shown by Kevin D.Z. SAMUELS. It was a nicely
delineated and coloured map of Andorra, visually attractive and easy to understand.
The place names however could have been printed somewhat larger without losing
the locations.

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS Meeting 14.vii.1983— Exhibits. Mr. B. C. EversHAM exhibited a stratiomyid
fly, Stratiomys potamida taken on 2.vii.83 in a fenland ditch near Thorne Moors,
South Yorkshire. This is the first authenticated record for the county of this scarce
and mainly southern species. Also shown was a specimen of Stratiomys furcata F.
taken on 10.vii.82 in a saline ditch near Thorne Moors. The only previous northern
record for this species was from Spurn Point in the 1940s. Mr. Eversham reported that
Mr. P. Skidmore of Doncaster Museum has since taken another specimen of S.
potamida at Thorne Moors and found that S. furcata was abundant in the area. Mr.
A. Stubbs thought these records remarkable and well beyond the usual range of the
species.

Announcements. The Exhibitions Secretary asked for a volunteer to take over Mr
Ventom’s role in selling the Society’s Christmas cards etc at the Annual Exhibition.

The Secretary reported that the Society had sent a donation of £25 to the
Hampshire and Isle of Wight Naturalists’ Trust to help pay for their recent purchase
of Emer Bog. She also announced that Andrew Halstead had taken over the post of
Field Meetings Secretary for the 1984 season. Anyone wishing to lead a field meeting
should contact him to make the necessary arrangements.

Communications. Dr. B.J. McNutty, reported by letter from Rhossili, near
Swansea that he was catching at light Bupalus piniaria (L.), including 15 in one night
which were all female, even though he was not aware of any pine trees within 3-5
miles of his home. He wondered if this was evidence of a migration or whether there
was an alternative non-coniferous host plant.

Mr. K. Evans stated that catches of Autographa gamma L. and Phlogophora
meticulosa L. at his East Grinstead trap were unusually low for the time of year.

Mr. A. Stusss said that Baddesley Common, Hants, which is adjacent to Emer
Bog, has been the subject of the first appeal against SSI notification. Entomological
evidence was given at the enquiry and the case was decided in favour of the
conservation interests.

PLD PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Mrs. F. Murpny noted that there had been large numbers of egg nests of the spider
Pisaura mirabilis on plants in her garden.

Lecture. Dr. G. C. McGavin gave a lecture on the acorn gall of oak, in which he
described the life cycle and biology of the cynipid wasp Andricus quercuscalicis.

BENHS Meeting 28.vii.1983—Exhibits. Mr. A.J. HatstTEAp exhibited a
pheromone trap for Codling Moths (Cydia pomonella). The pheromone emitted by
female Codling Moths can be sythesized and used as a bait in a trap where males are
caught on a sticky surface. Such pheromone traps are being used increasingly by
commercial apple growers to indicate the main period of moth emergence. Sprays
against the hatching larvae can then be timed more accurately. Similar types of trap
are now available for monitoring some other tortricid moths, such as Pea Moth, Plum
Moth and Carnation Tortrix. In answer to a question, Mr. Halstead confirmed that a
few related species were attracted.

Mr. S.N.A. JAcoss exhibited a female specimen of the megalopteran Corydalus
cornutus L. taken at Putnam, Connecticut, U.S.A.

Communications. Several members commented on the abundance of the Clouded
Yellow (Colias croceus) this summer.

Lecture. Dr. M.S. WARREN gave an illustrated talk on The ecology and conservation
of the Wood White butterfly. This produced many questions and comments from the
audience.

BENHS Meeting 8.ix.1983.—The President announced the deaths of Messrs. H.C.
Allcard and J.H.C. Phillips.

Exhibits. Col. A.M. Emmet: (1) Two living larvae of Stigmella minusculella (H.-S.)
mining leaves of pear (Pyrus communis) collected at Lampton Park, Middx, 8.1x.83.
This is one of three currently known British localities for this species. (2) Larvae of
Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunb.) feeding on leaves of common lime (Tilia x vulgaris),
also from Lampton Park. This species is normally univoltine in Britain, with the
larvae feeding in July. It is regularly bivoltine on the continent and the exceptionally
warm weather in July and August seems to have induced it to adopt its continental
behaviour in this country.

COLIN Penney: larvae of Hyppa rectilinea (Esp.) (feeding on bramble) from eggs
laid by a female caught at mercury vapour light in July near Inverness.

Mr. P.A. Soxo.orr: (1) An aberration of Caradrina clavipalpis (Scop.),
Orpington, Kent, 11.vii.83) a dark specimen with the orbicular and reniform stigmata
clearly outlined in white. (2) Specimens of Calamotropha paludella (Hbn.) from
Mucking, Essex, including one with almost pure white forewings.

Lecture. Mr. J.G. BLower spoke on The natural history of centipedes and
millipedes. The speaker related structure to function in the various families and dwelt
on the number of instars and lengths of life varying from one to several years
demonstrated by recent sampling studies.

BENHS Meeting 22.ix.1983.—Exhibits. Mr. S.N.A. Jacoss: Galls of the Cynipid gall
wasp Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf which have appeared in quantity on a 50-year
old oak in his Bromley (Kent) garden for the first time. The galls consist of distinctive
outgrowths from the acorn cup and are covered, whilst on the tree, with a sticky-

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 28

sweet substance. They drop at the same time as the acorns, and the sweet coating
disappears. Parthenogenetic females emerge from the galls in the following spring.
These deposit eggs on the catkins of the Turkey Oak, causing galls which produce a
bisexual generation, the females of which produce the parthenogenetic female
generation. Turkey Oak is not known to occur in the region of this Bromley garden,
and probably the spring females oviposit also on the Quercus robur catkins, but this is
unconfirmed. The species was first recorded as British by M.F. Claridge
(Entomologist 95: 60-61).

Mr. P.A. Soxo.orr: Larvae of Rhodometra sacraria (L.), the Vestal moth, from a
female taken in Orpington, Kent 20.viii.1983. On the night in question, no other
immigrant species were noted, but two males of Orgyia antiqua (L.) (Vapourer) and
over 100 Acentria nivea (Olivier) were also noted in the trap, nivea being an
uncommon species at the trap site. Other members present commented on the
occasional appearance of large numbers of nivea.

Announcements. Mr. Evans appealed for help in manning the Society tables at the
Exhibition.

Communciations. Col. EMMet recorded Polygonia c-album (L.) in the grounds of
the BM(NH) today, and Mr FaircLouGu reported the capture of a female Mythimna
loreyi Dup. on 30th August at Reigate, Surrey. Mr. VALETTA reported two Colias
croceus Geof. at Rotherhithe on 16th September. Members commented on the small
numbers of Autographa gamma (L.) seen this year.

Lecture. Mr D.M. ARMITAGE gave an interesting talk on insectivorous plants
illustrated by slides and specimens of a range of carnivorous plants.

BENHS Meeting 24.ix.1983.—Exhibits. ALAN StuBBs showed copies of ‘British
Hoverflies’ recently published by the Society.

Membership. Messrs. J.W. Lavery, C.W.D. Gibson, J. Taplin, E.G. Smith, M.H.
Smith, J.A. Hollier and M.E. Archer were elected.

Communications. Mr Jacoss reported that he had seen no spangle galls on oak
leaves this year as compared with the large numbers he had reported last year.

Col. Emmet reported observations concerning the defaecating habits of
Rhodometra sacraria larvae. He noted that the frass pellet remains attached to the
‘tail’ and has to be removed by the larva grasping it with its true legs and mouth. Dr.
SATTLER reported similar behaviour in Eupithecia actaeata.

Lecture. Dr. P. BRAKEFIELD then gave a most interesting talk on “The Evolutionary
Significance of Spot Pattern in Satyrine Butterflies’. Dr. Brakefield proposed a
model linking spot frequency with butterfly activity which was supported by many
examples. A lively discussion following questions indicated the interest generated by
this talk.

BENHS Meeting 13.x.1983.— Exhibits. Dr. A.A. ALLEN Several empty shells of
the Gastropod Patina pellucida L. (Archaeogastropoda) taken when live from all
parts of the seaweed Laminaria digitata Hudson, 11.viii.1983 nr. Brixham, Devon.
Although common, the species (sometimes known as the Blue-rayed Limpet) is
seldom observed, for the seaweeds on which the species feeds are only uncovered at
spring low tides, these occuring on only a few days each year. Laminaria species are
very tough plants but they are considerably weakened by the depredations of the
gastropod. The specimens shown were rather young, but can reach 15 mm when fully
grown.

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Membership. Mssrs. P.C. Hooker and J.A. Abbot were elected.

Communications. Mr. K. Evans reported his observations on the larvae of
Rhodometra sacraria (L.) (Vestal moth). Apparently a larva discovering a pellet of
frass on a piece of leaf it wishes to consume studies the offending object for some
time, then strikes the pellet with its head, thus removing the frass from the food.
Strikes of up to 5 inches had been recorded by Mr. Evans. On some occasions the rear
end of the larva is used for this purpose. Mrs. Murpny noted that some spiders could
eject excrement for some distance, presumably to assist in keeping the web clean.

Dr. A.A. ALLEN recorded the capture of 9 specimens of Parocystola acroxantha
Meyr. at light, Dawlish, Devon on 1st & 2nd October, suggesting an unusual second
brood for this species. He also commented that A. gamma had occurred regularly at
this locality during 1983, in contrast with the experience of other members.

Mr. M. JorDAN had recently taken Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) at mercury
vapour light at around 10.45 pm, an unusual time for this day-flying species.

Mr. S. MEREDITH reported seeing a crane-fly imbibing liquid on a discarded mint
sweet. Other members commented on the attraction of insects for unusual
substances.

Dr. D. LoNSDALE reported an instance of cannibalism in woodlice when an injured
specimen was attacked by others.

Mr. S.N.A. JAcoss reported that the apple sawfly had been troublesome this year,
although the codling moth had caused little damage in his garden.

Lecture. Mr. P.H. STERLING gave a talk on the natural history of Aldabra, an island
of the Seychelles complex. He described his experiences as part of a joint university
survey team on the island, a unique habitat currently threatened by political
instability in the area. The talk focused on the large population of tortoises and the
problems they encountered in this often hostile environment. The talk was copiously
illustrated with slides, and a lengthy discussion followed.

Field Meetings. A brief report was received from Mr Softly on the recent meeting at
Hampstead Heath. The Swanage meeting had been rained off, but Mr K. Webb had
attended as the sole member, and been rewarded with a specimen of Agrius
convolvuli (L.)

BENHS Meeting 10.xi.1983.— Exhibits. Mr. R.W.J. UFFEN: Machine colour prints
of insects and plants photographed mostly in poor natural light on Kodak VR1000
film. The results are imperfect, but could not have been obtained on slower film.

Mr. K. MErRRIFIELD: Ctenophora flaveolata (F.) (Dipt: Tipulidae), a scarce species
which breeds in dead wood and is associated with ancient forests (probably less than
six post-1960 sites known), found by Mr. M. Cor -ey on the Society’s field meeting at
Wychwood Forest, 4th June 1983.

Mr. C.W. PLant: Leaves of beech, Fagus sylvaticus, bearing galls induced by
Oligotrophus annulipes Hartig (Dipt: Cecidomyiidae). The galls are unilocular, and
at maturity become detached from the leaf. In late autumn they are fairly easy to spot
as there is a conspicuous ring of green leaf around the gall on the otherwise
completely brown background. This oasis is usually margined with yellow. In some
years the gall, and presumably therefore the fly also, is abundant, whilst in other years
it is often quite rare. 1983 appears to be a year of plenty. These specimens were from
Wanstead Park, Essex, (TQ4187): 1983.

Mr. R.T. Lowe: Two exhibits from flowers imported into Covent Garden Flower

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 25

Market. (1) A Plusia* species from Dutch spray chrysanthemum, found as a larva and
bred out, the moth emerging 9.xi. 1983. (2) Tree Frog from carnations imported from
Bogota, Columbia as yet unidentified by BMNH.

Mr. P. Soxotorr: A very dark female Ptycholoma lecheana L. (Lep: Tortricidae),
Shooters Hill, S.E. London, 6.vii.1983. The normal yellow-ochreous colouration is
absent from the forewings, and is represented by only a few yellowish hairs on the
thorax.

Announcements. Dr. K. SatrLer: A workshop dealing with elementary techniques
for the dissection of small Lepidoptera for identification and taxonomic studies will
be held in the Entomology Department, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, on Saturday, 25th February 1984 (10 am to 4
pm). Members interested in participating should contact Dr. G.S. Robinson at the
above address for further details. This meeting will be limited to 12 people.

Mr. G. MuLrorp: Mr Barry Watson was beginning an ecological survey of Thames
Side Park, and would be glad to hear from anyone with records (of all natural history
objects?), or would otherwise be interested. Mr. Watson’s address is 54 Bromhall
Road, Dagenham, Essex RM8 2HN. (Tel. 592-8941, home; 594-8449, office).

Slides. An interesting selection with running commentaries was shown by Mrs.
F.M. Murphy, Dr. A.A. Allen, Mr. N.A. Callow, Mr. R.W. Uffen, Mr. R.A. Jones
and Mr. K. Merrifield.

BENHS Meeting 8.xii.1983.—The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. A. Bliss,
a Special Life Member who joined the Society in 1926.

Exhibits. Mr. A.J. HALSTEAD: A poster, circulated by the Ministry of Agriculture,
publicising the recent outbreak of the vine Phylloxera.

Mr. R. SorTLy: a male winter moth, Operophtera brumata L., taken on the evening
of the meeting, in cop ona poplar trunk in Hyde Park. He observed that males seen at
rest head down were invariably in cop, unencumbered males resting head up.

Mr. P.A. SoxoLorrF: A sample of domestic flour, which had been stored for some
months in a “tupperware” container, infested with Tribolium confusum Jacq.
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and when examined in early December several
hundred beetles were found in an estimated 300-400 g flour. Origin: Bromley, Kent.

Lecture. Mr J. Muggleton gave a talk entitled “Fungi observed” copiously
illustrated with slides of fruiting bodies from a wide range of families, and several
localities. This indoor fungus foray was well received by the members present.

# Eater determined as the American Pseudoplusia includens Walker, presumably transferred from asparagus
from Florida. An Indian weevil Xanthochelus faunus (Oliver), also on Dutch flowers, may have come off
orchids from Bangkok.

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

BOOK REVIEWS

The Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands, by R.I. Lorimer. E.W. Classey Ltd,
Faringdon, 1983. ISBN 0 860960 17X. 103pp. and map. Price £6.00 inclusive.

This is a valuable addition to our knowledge of island fauna, by an author who is
now resident in Orkney and who has previously published records of many species
new to it.

Early pages give a brief critical history of previous collecting and recording,
followed by some general notes on the environment and on the conservation which is
now needed; on predation by birds; and on the origins and affinities of the
Lepidoptera. These are shown to owe much to past and continuing immigration, both
long distance from the south, from the east in Scandinavia, and locally, usually in
smaller numbers, from the British mainland; some other established species probably
result from accidental importation with plants and trees. But influence from Shetland
appears to be negligible, being probably prevented by lack of flight in north easterly
air streams.

Most of the book consists of a detailed systematic list of species, their recording,
and particular forms in Orkney. Though no total is mentioned, 379 species are
covered, though 25 are discounted in square brackets as being probably based on
early misidentifications, which the author has himself avoided by the deposit of
voucher specimens with the British Museum (Natural History). In the net total,
macrolepidoptera, including 15 butterflies, slightly exceed the micros; but it is
evident that among the latter many discoveries remain to be made.

Appendices give map references for all localities mentioned, thus, supplementing
the cover maps of Orkney parishes and minor islands, and also a list of entomological
visitors since 1950. There are full references to previous publications, and indexes of
both scientific and vernacular names of species.

The tithe CUCULLINAE is mis-spelt on p.72. Otherwise this is an accurate and
clearly printed work, which could be a model for other, much needed, accounts of the
Lepidoptera of British off-shore islands.

R.F.B:

The study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddisflies, by T.T. Macan. The Amateur
Entomologist, vol.17. 44pp., 10 line drawings. The Amateur Entomologists’
Society, Hanworth, Middlesex. 1982. AES Publications, 4 Steep Close, Green
Street Green, Orpington, Kent. £2.70 p.p. incl.

In his introductory remarks, the author, whilst admitting that these three orders
have never been popular among amateur naturalists, concedes that there is still an
important niche for the amateur to play in the study of natural history. However, on
reading the following 42 pages one might be forgiven for thinking that the informa-
tion therein is more for the academic than for the amateur. This is readily under-
standable for the author, an eminent scientist and long-standing member of the staff
of the Freshwater Biological Association, has been responsible for a number of that
Association’s scientific publications. Following the introduction there are notes on
Collection and Preservation; Equipment; Methods and Identification—all amply
dealt with though we learn with regret that that excellent and long-tried piece of
equipment, the F.B.A. net is no longer made for sale.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 27

The rest of the volume is given over to aspects of study of the three orders with least
space (8/2 pages) going to the Plecoptera, 12'/2 pages to the Ephemeroptera and 1312
to the Trichoptera. Section headings are simplest for the Plecoptera (Habitat of
larvae; Habitat of adult; Life History and Food of larvae), and most detailed for the
largest order, Trichoptera.

There is indeed a wealth of interesting detail packed into these pages but the
emphasis is always on the ‘study’ of the insects as implied by the title of the volume.
Perhaps a little more of the flavour of the Society’s leaflet of 30 years ago on
‘Collecting Caddises’ would not have come amiss—this leaflet also had a plate of set
adults intimating that there is a place for pinned specimens as an attractive addition to
the essential fluid collection.

The list of references completing this scholarly A.E.S. publication is preceded by a
statement that there is ‘space only for a selection other than for those devoted to
taxonomy’. With space unused on the last page some notable names could have been
included. One can understand the exclusion of the time-honoured Mosely whose
keys would nowadays need much modification, but not to have mentioned Nickin’s
considerable contribution to the study of Trichoptera seems unexplainable.

B.R.B.

The Dragonflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Second Edition), by the late Cyril O.
Hammond, revised by Robert Merritt. Harley Books, Colchester. 1983. 116pp., 20
colour plates.

The first edition of this excellent introduction to the Odonata appeared only in
1977 but its popularity has made a further edition desirable. The format, centring on
Cyril Hammond’s beautiful illustrations of all native and regular immigrant species,
remains the same although the order of plates and maps has changed a little. A newly
discovered species, Coenagrion lunulatum, proving to be widespread in Ireland, is
described and is illustrated by Roderick Dunn in the same style as other plates.

The work of the Odonata Recording Scheme has, however, enabled the addition of
a further 7,500 records to the distribution maps, indicating unexpectedly larger
ranges of several species. Some records on the first edition maps have been omitted
but without explanation. The distinction of Sympetrum nigrescens from S. striolatum
is doubted and a single distribution map is provided for the two species.

The introduction has been rewritten, with additional comments on larval habitats
and seasonal occurrence; paper envelopes rather than glass tubes are suggested for
transporting live dragonflies and the preservation of colours by freeze drying is
superseded by a method employing acetone. There is, however, less emphasis on
collecting and photography is advised as an alternative.

A new section on conservation replaces the comments on decline of Odonata in the
first edition; it is perhaps a little complacent, with the implications that most species
are protected somewhere. This view, is no doubt, fuelled by additional data now
available, suggesting that some species such as Ceriagrion tenellum are less in danger
than had been supposed. The list of species considered extinct in Britain is, however,
raised to four but a footnote in the Preface draws attention to the recent rediscovery
of one of these, Lestes dryas.

In the text to the plates slight changes are made to the flight periods but the
comments on distribution and status are thoroughly revised and unfortunately
rendered more prosaic by the omission of the anecdotal comments in the first edition.
Most technical information is reproduced as before but the wing span measurements

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

of Lestes spp. are corrected and greater variation is indicated in the colour pattern of
Coenagrion hastulatum. The contribution on larvae by Eric Gardner has not been
revised except in respect of the description of habitats.

Some nomenclatural changes are introduced: Agrion becomes Calopteryx and
Sympetrum scoticum becomes S. danae. These synonyms are curiously omitted from
the check list, to which five vagrant species not discussed in the text are added.
Vernacular names are wisely reduced to the entirely English versions introduced in
the first edition.

New records for the Channel Islands have been added to the maps but four species
absent from the mainland and thus not dealt with in the text are only mentioned in
passing.

The overall map of records received to the end of 1982 clearly shows the much
better coverage now achieved, but there are still very few records in the north and
midlands of Ireland, the Scottish Lowlands and more remarkably an extensive area in
central southern England. The further interest in Odonata that the second edition
will engender should soon ensure that these gaps are filled.

A few typographical errors have crept in as a result of changes in text but the
standard is almost as flawless as the first edition.

PGE

Practical hints for collecting and studying the microlepidoptera by Paul Sokoloff. The
Amateur Entomologist vol.16. The Amateur Entomologists’ Society, 1980. pp.40.
£3.30 incl. AES Publications, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent.
BR66DS.

The tenor of recent AES publications has swung erratically from the academic to
the practical and the standard from exemplary to poor. The output in this series has
always been limited by the availability of willing and suitable authors. The title under
review is surely one of the finest booklets of practical technique that the AES has ever
issued. It is the perfect complement to the BENHS Field guide to the smaller British
Lepidoptera and the reviewer is left wondering why something very similar was not
provided as an introduction to our own publication.

Practical hints is divided into chapters on collecting adult insects, collecting
immature stages, rearing, preparing for the collection and finally bibliographical and
trade sources. A balanced view of the value of the techniques is presented, leavened
with wry comment on things that can go wrong, which are uncomfortable reminders
of one’s own avoidable failures. The differences of emphasis from modern methods
of collecting macrolepidoptera are clearly stated, such as the lower value of light traps
and the importance of searching for individual larvae in their feeding places.

The chapter on immature stages describes symptoms of attack on the various parts
of plants, with simple sketches of some of the commonest types. Bryophytes and
other pabula are briefly dealt with. Considerable attention is paid to the best methods
of maintaining pabula in healthy condition and to providing larvae with the correct
conditions for overwintering, pupation and emergence.

The account of killing, setting and storing is conventional wisdom applied to
modern materials. As an inept setter myself, I consider the usual description of
pinning irrational and wholly inadequate. Many micros, especially plumes, have a
muddle of legs beneath them which does not offer a predictable resistance to the
pressure of a pin from above. Others have short front legs folded against the body and
tip forward and scuttle backward when one attempts to pierce the top of the domed

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 29

thorax. Legs can be shed in relaxed specimens. The safest procedure is sometimes to
pin from beneath. For this reason and to facilitate mounting some specimens upside
down to show the occasional diagnostic character, a supply of double-ended pins
would be useful. Upwardly directed points would not be a significant hazard in a
collection mounted on fine headless pins that already have to be handled exclusively
with forceps.

We can tease the author that he has misidentified the moths on his sketch of a
sample mount in fig. 11. This does make the point that multiple labels on a mount
without some unique cross-referencing are at some risk of muddling when a staged
strip of moths has to be removed from its mount for examination.

The section on identification and bibliography makes concise and apt comment on
the value of available works and the gaps therein. The author rightly points out that
the beginner’s basic problem is to deduce the family of a moth from the key literature.

The advice in this booklet is equally valuable to students of other phytophagous
insects. It deserves wide sales.

R.W.J.U.

British Hoverflies, by Alan E. Stubbs and Steven J. Falk. B.E.N.H.S., London,
1983. 253pp., 13 col.pl., many figs. £18 softback ISBN 09502891 4 0, £21 hardback,
ISBN 09502891 3 2 (reductions to members).

This splendid work, subtitled, ‘An illustrated identification guide’ begins by setting
out our state of knowledge of the hoverflies with chapters on observing and
photographing hoverflies, collecting, habitats and seasons, early stages, and the
character of adult hoverflies. These chapters enable the beginner to pick up the
subject and indicate how he can help to fill out the picture.

Chapter 7 begins with some highly practical advice on the use of keys. Next, a key
directly to tribes, apart from Syrphinae, seems a lot simpler than interpolating a
subfamily key. There follow new keys to genera and species of all groups. The
couplets are commendably simple and are copiously illustrated by thumbnail
diagrams in the margin. Other admirable features of the keys include an illustrated
glossary of terminology for features of pattern, a separate key to melanic female
hoverflies, keys to furry bee-mimics, and an introductory key to common Cheilosia.

Chapters 8 to 10 give further distinguishing features of each species and brief notes
on habitat, distribution and life cycle where known. Several species are recognised as
British for the first time. It has not always been possible to ascribe the correct names
to these. In Cheilosia, five species have to be referred to as ‘species A to E’ to permit
keying and discussion.

A major aim is to provide workable keys for recorders in the British mapping
scheme.

The bold approach in this work is spelt out by the introduction to the check list in
chapter 11, which begins:

‘A stark choice has developed during the final years of preparation of this book.
Either wait for five to ten years while a revised check list sorts itself out or press ahead
regardless. A delay of publication would stifle work on British hoverflies when the
main need is for a set of keys to which everyone can relate their specimens.’

In twenty years we have come from the complexity of Coe’s typical Royal
Entomological Society Handbook with its pseudo-completeness leaving the user
bewildered, through failed sponsorship of the present work by an organisation that
could not face our imperfect knowledge of the real world, to a book that is a milestone
in scientific integrity in publication. This author states when he does not know the

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

answer to a problem, and moreover states the problem clearly so that others can
participate in its solution. The result is a book that should enable the beginner to
tread confidently and to be spurred to tackling some of the problems raised as his
experience grows. It should goad professional taxonomists (and editors) so fearful for
their reputation that they can publish only stale news.

The twelve coloured plates by Steven Falk are very fine and a worthy follow-on to
those by Cyril Hammond in Flies of the British Isles. They depict 190 of the 256 species
in dorsal view, including the major variation in the common Syrphini and even a
sample of the subtly hair-patterned Cheilosia. A monochrome plate illustrates mainly
the front legs of Platycheirus, more convincingly than Coe’s figures and better
arranged for comparison. The coloured cover and frontispiece by Ken Merrifield
showing courtship behaviour of Evistalis nemorum is eloquent testimony both to the
alertness of the photographer and the part that photography can play in recording the
often swift events in insects’ lives. It is fitting that this book should have been
dedicated to Cyril Hammond, whose generous legacy helped to launch it, along with
a grant and loan from the Royal Society.

R.W.J.U.

FURTHER RECORDS OF SPRING BUTTERFLIES IN CORFU

by A.J. SHOWLER
12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks HP14 4PA.

The recent article by McLean (1983) on butterflies in Corfu reached me just before
I left for a spring holiday in the island and by reference to this paper and that of
Baldock & Bretherton (1981) it seems that the period I spent there was earlier than
that of all the authors referred to by those above. For this reason, my findings seem
worth recording.

In fact the visit proved to be a little too early, since for the first few days the weather
was rather poor, so that only 20 species were noted in all. Botanically, however, the
holiday was of much more interest, with a very large number of interesting plants in
flower, including 23 different species of orchid (for which a pilgrimage to the British
Cemetary in Corfu Town is a must).

Of the butterflies, only Colias croceus, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Leptidea sinapis,
Cynthia cardui and Lasiommata megera could be described as common; [phiclides
podalirius, Pieris brassicae, Artogeia rapae, Euchloe crameri, Anthocharis carda-
mines, Lycaena phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus, Nymphalis antiopa, N. polychloros,
Vanessa atalanta and Pararge aegeria failed to reach double figures (of most of these
only 4 or 5 were seen). Single specimens only were seen of Callophrys rubi, Lampides
boeticus and Glaucopsyche alexis. Since all the above have already been recorded,
further detail seems unnecessary.

Of particular interest was a yellow orange-tip seen only briefly in the hills above
Nissaki; its bright yellow colour suggests that it was Anthocharis damone (Bdv.)
rather than A. gruneri (H-S.), but further observations are needed in early spring to
positively identify a species not previously recorded on the island.

PLATE 1. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1982

Chesias rufata Earias biplaga Timandra griseata
Dartford 17.iv.66, B.K.West Lymington 23.vii.82, A.J.Pickles E. Sussex 2.ix.82, M.Parsons
Herminia tarsicrinalis Ecliptopera silaceata E. silaceata
E.Suffolk bred 1982, B.F.Skinner S.E.Kent bred 1982, T.W.Harman Ninfield 27.v.82, M.Parsons
Aglais urticae ab. semiichneusoides A. urticae ab. /utea
Sittingbourne 9.ix.82, P.J.Jewess 1982, R.C.Revels
Maniola tithonus, N.Forest 26.vii.82,A.D.A. Russwurm Cynthia cardui, Lymington 15.ix.82, |.G.Farwell

Tetheella fluctuosa, Conaglen vi.82, R.F.McCormick L. coridond , Portland 1982, R.Barrington

PLATE 2. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1983

Thymelicus acteon Lysandra bellargus ab. parallela L. bellargus ab. discojuncta
Lulworth 30.vi.82, S.C.Pittis Purbeck 30.viii.83, A.S.Harmer Purbeck 6.ix.83, A.S.Harmer
Maniola jurtina? homeotic Melitaea cinxia

E.Knoyle 29.vii.78, G.D.Trebilcock l.o.W. reared 1983, H.G.M.Middleton
Vanessa atalanta ab. klemensiewiczi Colias croceus
Gwithian 16.viii.83, W.G.Tremewan Dorset 2 bred 1983, A.S.Harmer
Papilio machaon Colias croceus ab. striata

3rd. gen. bred L.D.Young Corfe 5.viii.83, A.D.A.Russwurm

PLATE 3. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1982-3

Arctia caja, Addington 17.vii.83, B.F.Skinner Angerona prunaria, Ham Street 3.viii.83, B.F.Skinner
Ochropleura leucogaster Rhodometra sacraria Rhodometra sacraria
Walberton 17.ix.83, J.T.Radford bred E.Grinstead 1983, K.Evans
O. plecta for comparison Calamotropha paludella Xanthorhoe alternata
B.F.Skinner Mucking 12.vii.83, P.Sokoloff Caversham 20.viii.83, B.R.Baker
Apamea anceps, Essex vii.83, A.M.Emmet Grammodes algira, Swanage 23.ix.83, P.Davey
Plusia festucae (1982 exbn.) Pyralis lienigialis Thalpophila matura (1982 exbn.)

Hickling 3.viii.82, T.N.D.Peet Faringdon 9.vii.82, M.Corley Wroughton 15.vii.82, D.J.Brotheridge

PLATE 4.
Ornithoptera victoriae archeri, subsp. nov. (top) male holotype, upperside; (bottom) female allotype, upperside.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 31

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF ORNITHOPTERA VICTORIAE GRAY
(PAPILIONIDAE) FROM CHOISEUL, SOLOMON ISLANDS

by PETER CALDERARA

Blake Cottage, Malthouse Lane, West Ashling, nr Chichester, West Sussex

The spectacular birdwing butterfly Ornithoptera (Aetheoptera) victoriae Gray is
endemic to the Solomon Islands, in the South West Pacific. The females of Queen
Victoria’s Birdwing, particularly those found on Malaita, are amongst the largest
butterflies in the world. This species was first captured by gunfire, having been shot
down by John McGillivray, naturalist on the voyage of the ‘Herald’, in about 1854.
The precise location at which this specimen was captured is not known, but it is now
the holotype of victoriae, it is preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) at
South Kensington, and is considered to have originated from Guadalcanal. The first
male victoriae was obtained some 30 years later, also by gunshot, off Malaita Island.
Subsequently, most of the major islands of the Solomons (including Bougainville,
which politically belongs to Papua New Guinea), and a few smaller islands in the
group, have proved to be habitats for the butterfly.

N
BOUGAINV!ILLE 9
REGIS

es

ee pe |
(VICTORIAE) 8 i :
los
SOLOMON ISLANDS E
EERE pra NESS
ISQE asa OTE +.

Fig. 1 Map of Solomon Islands
indicating known distribution and subspecies of Ornithoptera victoriae.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 33

The volcanic Solomon Islands are surrounded by deep ocean, and form a relatively
close chain—some of the main islands are only 20 miles apart (fig. 1). Local
differentiation of O. victoriae occurs, and six subspecies are generally recognised:

O. victoriae victoriae Gray, 1856. Type-locality: Guadalcanal
O. victoriae reginae Salvin, 1888. Type-locality: Malaita

O. victoriae regis Rothschild, 1895 Type-locality: Bougainville
O. victoriae isabellae Rothschild, 1901. Type-locality: Santa Isabel
O. victoriae rubianus Rothschild, 1904. Type-locality: Rendova

O. victoriae epiphanes Schmid, 1970. Type-locality: San Cristobal

Subspecies rubianus is known from several of the New Georgia group of islands,
including New Georgia (Racheli, 1980), Vella Lavella (material in BMNH), and
Ganongga, Gizo, Kolombangara, Rendova and Gatukai (Ohya, 1983), and shows
quite considerable variation in size and pattern from island to island. The
nominotypical subspecies, taken to be from Guadalcanal, also occurs on the nearby
Florida Islands. In addition to San Cristobal, subspecies epiphanes also flies on the
offshore islands of Bauro (Schmid, 1970), Santa Ana and Ugi. The Bougainville race,
regis, has also been doubtfully recorded from Alu (Haugum & Low, 1978), Shortland
(Ohya, 1983), and Choiseul (see discussion below). The two remaining subspecies are
only known to fly on their respective major islands (reginae on Malaita, and isabellae
on Santa Isabel). With the possible exception of rubianus, the known subspecies
show considerable phenotypic instability and ‘overlap’ (Haugum & Low, 1978: 48).

The six subspecies also account for the occurrence of O. victoriae on all the main
islands of the Solomons—except Choiseul. Until now there have been conflicting
reports and opinions concerning the presence of victoriae on this island. According to
Haugum & Low (1978), in their extensive account of the butterfly, “The populations
of Choiseul Isl. was given the name resplendens by Ehrman [sic] (1925) but placed in
synonymy of regis by Schmid (1970).’ They also write that ‘Whenever new data and
material enables a wider survey of the victoriae-complex to be undertaken, we suggest
that the Choiseul Isl. populations of victoriae regis (= resplendens Ehrm.) also be
taken into consideration.’ Ehrmann (1926) described O. resplendens from
Choiseul, apparently based on abundant specimens secured by ‘Prof. Wm Reiff—
however, the wording of the original description is ambiguous. Of potentially greater
significance is the fact that Ehrmann compared resplendens with victoriae from
Guadalcanal, Malaita, New Georgia group and Santa Isabel—but not Bougainville.
His rather surprising ignorance of Rothschild’s earlier description of regis is made
understandable by the introductory comments of Holland (1927), who also illustrated
the ‘male and female types’ of resplendens, noting that the female was said to have
been collected by Meek’. A.S. Meek is known to have collected many regis on
Bougainville for Walter Rothschild (Haugum & Low, 1978), but the Rothschild
Collection (now in BMNH) appears never to have contained any victoriae from
Choiseul.

Schmid (1970), who studied eight males and fifteen females of victoriae in the
American Museum of Natural History labelled ‘Choiseul’, in addition to the ‘male
and female types’ of resplendens, was emphatic that the latter was a synonym of
regis—an opinion easily appreciated by comparing the illustration of the female type
in Holland (1927) with typical Bougainville regis. Schmid’s synonymy has been

Fig. 2 Ornithoptera victoriae archeri, subsp. nov. (top) male holotype, underside; (bottom)
female allotype, underside.

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

followed by D’Abrera (1975), Racheli (1978), Haugum & Low (1978) and Ohya
(1983) (but not by Igarashi, 1979, who treated resplendens as a valid Choiseul race).
In the light of the fresh Choiseul material described below, which is quite unlike regis
from Bougainville, or the victoriae races from neighbouring Santa Isabel or the New
Georgia group, I am forced to conclude that the provenance of Ehrmann’s
resplendens, and the AMNH Choiseul victoriae studied by Schmid, is erroneous.
However, this possibly does not apply to the bright reginae-like male reported from
‘Choiseul, Sasamuga, 5.iii.1970, D.M. Wilson’ by Schmid (1970)—this specimen is
either a natural variation of the newly described Choiseul race, or a migrant
individual which had flown to Choiseul from another island (a possibility suggested
by the discussion of Haugum & Low, 1978: 48).

In 1974 Mr E.N. Archer spent over a month exploring the long and rugged island of
Choiseul, where he found victoriae flying in many areas. The butterfly was
immediately noticed to be very different from the much more colourful regis of
Bougainville. Surprisingly, the Choiseul race appears to differ much more sharply
from its neighbours regis and rubianus than it does from eastern Solomons
subspecies. A prominent feature, in the male, is the absence of golden markings (save
two small submarginal spots in hindwing cells M2 and Ms). In the Choiseul race, all
the more extensive golden areas of typical regis are replaced by a non-iridescent sap
green colour, somewhat like that of rubianus. The female has much larger white
patches and spots than regis, and a brownish base to the wings in place of yellow. All
specimens observed were essentially constant in appearance; Mr Archer brought
back four males and three females, which form the basis for the following description.

Ornithoptera victoriae archeri subsp. nov. (P1.4 upperside and fig.2 underside)

Male. Forewing length 75 mm. (average).

Upperside. Ground colour velvety black. Forewing preapical patch non-iridescent
sap green, roughly triangular, and divided into three sections by veins Rs and Rs.
Forewing base also broadly sap green, with an overtone of burnished scales.
Hindwing broadly pastel green from base to just beyond discal cell, with this area
connected through the anterior cells to a distinct green submarginal band which
encompasses two bright, golden-yellow submarginal spots in cells Mz and Ms. The
black ground colour of the hindwing upperside is largely restricted to a narrow
marginal band, and an interrupted, curved post-discal band, extending from cell Rs
through Mi, M2 and Ms, becoming wider and more solid posteriorly, until it becomes
confluent with a large wedge-shaped marking filling the anal angle. The veins
delimiting the discal cell are clearly marked with green scaling, which also follow the
branches of the median up to the black margin. The central area of the discal cell is
blackish, having an overlay of green scales. Overall, the dorsal hindwing pattern is
most similar to that of O. v. reginae.

Underside. Ground colour and veins black. A large part of the forewing and most
of the hindwing sap green. On forewing a large triangular black mark extends broadly
about the anterior apex of the discal cell. In addition, a series of five black, chevron-
shaped submarginal marks runs from cell Rs to cell M2, both points of each chevron in
the three posterior cells being confluent with the black marginal band. On hindwing,
apices of veins Rs to Cum marked with black, the marks on M2 and Ms being largest
and somewhat rounded. Gold spots occur in cells M2 and Ms, corresponding to the
gold spots of upperside. Anal margin suffused with golden scales. Overall, the
underside is quite similar to that of other races (e.g., O. v. regis, as illustrated by
Ohya, 1983: pl. 1, fig. 4).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 35

Abdomen. Light cream ground colour, with lateral black spots on each segment,
dorsal surface creamy mauvish-pink, claspers yellow.

Female. Forewing length 105 mm. (average).

Upperside. Dull black ground colour with a pattern of white patches, similar to
nominotypical subspecies, i.e. much larger patches than in subspecies regis. On
forewing white patches occur in discal cell, with up to nine large and small post-discal
white areas, a preapical white spot in cell Rs, and a row of seven submarginal white
spots, from cell Rs to cell Cutb. Base of discal cell has a brownish streak, and a similar
sized and coloured mark occurs at base of anal cells, with a small brown streak in cell
Cu adjacent to base of vein 2A. On hindwing, five whitish submarginal patches in
cells Rs to Cula, and a post-discal series of six larger patches from Rs to Cub. The
posterior portion of cell Ri and extreme base of discal cell brownish-biscuit coloured,
with the anterior margin of the patch strongly sinuate.

Underside. Forewing very similar to upperside, but brownish marking at base of
discal cell slightly more orange, smaller and clearly defined. Hindwing also similar to
upperside, but all anterior and posterior pale areas coloured brownish-biscuit.

Abdomen. Creamish above except at extreme base, black beneath with orange-
brown spots on the more distal sternites, ostial area all orange-brown.

Holotype ¢. Solomons, west Choiseul Island, Siravanga, 7.ix.1974, E.N. Archer.
Allotype 2°. Solomons, west Choiseul Island, Vudutaru Village, 11.ix.1974, E.N.
Archer.

Paratyes, 3d, 22, Choiseul Island, 1974, E.N. Archer.

All specimens in collection of E.N. Archer, Barnet, England.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author, and Mr Archer, are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Cultural
Affairs, British Solomon Islands Protectorate, for kind permission to take specimens
for research, and to Dr Rienk de Jong (Rijksmuseum, Leiden), Dr. E.G. Mathews
(South Australian Museum), Dr I.F.B. Common (CSIRO, Canberra), Dr C.N.
Smithers (The Australian Museum, Sydney), Dr A. Sibatani (Lindfield, New South
Wales), Mr Christopher Samson (Maidstone), and Mr R.I. Vane-Wright (BMNH)
for advice and information.

REFERENCES

D’Abrera, B., 1975. Birdwing butterflies of the world. Melbourne, Landsowne Press.

Ehrmann, G.A., 1926. New species of exotic Papilionidae. Encycl. ent. (Lep.) 1(2): 88-92
(NOTE: this work appeared in January 1926, not in 1925 as widely cited).

Haugum, J. & Low, A.M., 1978. A monograph of the birdwing butterflies, vol. 1, part 1:
Introduction, Ornithoptera (Aetheoptera). Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian
Science Press.

Holland, W.J., 1927. The Lepidoptera named by George A. Ehrmann. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 17:
299-364, 6 pls.

Igarashi, S., 1979. Papilionidae and their early stages. Tokyo, Kodansha.

Ohya, T., 1983 Birdwing butterflies. Tokyo, Kodansha.

Racheli, T., 1980. A list of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) of the Solomon Islands, with notes of
on their geographic distribution. Australian ent. Mag. 7: 45-S9.

Schmid, F., 1970. Sur quelques sous-espéces d’Ornithoptera victoriae Gray (Papilionidae).
Naturaliste can. 971: 467-475.

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

VESPULA GERMANICA (F.) WASPS HUNTING
DUNG BEETLES APHODIUS CONTAMINATUS (L.)

by RICHARD JONES
29 Dean Road, Willesden Green, London NW2 SAB

On 24.1x.1983 the BENHS held a field meeting on Hampstead Heath. A patch of
fresh, strong-smelling dog dung was attracting a number of flies—Scatophaga
stercoraria (L.), Lucilia, Calliphora and Sarcophaga spp. On approaching, I noticed a
wasp, flying low around the dung, stop in mid air, and fall the few inches to the
ground. It seemed to struggle for a few seconds before resuming its hovering/
searching flight about the dung. The wasp shortly repeated this act, and I was able to
see that it had attacked a beetle on the wing. The beetle however, easily escaped,
leaving the wasp searching through the grass.The beetle was the common Aphodius
contaminatus (L.) which was on the wing in the warm sunshine, also being attracted to
the dung.

Four or five workers of Vespula germanica (F.) were all hunting in the same
manner around the dung. While I watched, several Aphodius flew towards the dung
and, as each closed in, a wasp darted towards it in mid-air, and both insects fell to the
ground. Each time, the beetle escaped from the wasp’s grip and pushed its way
through the grass leaving the wasp urgently searching about for its lost prey. After a
few seconds the wasp got up and resumed its stalking flight.

Not once did I see a wasp successfully capture and carry off one of these beetles,
although several wasps were attacking them. The wasps paid very little attention to
the other insects in the area. Occasionally a wasp collided with a fly or another wasp in
the crowded grass around the dung, but no attempt at capture was ever made.
Neither did the wasps pay any attention to the other beetles which were flying
about—Philonthus spp. and other, smaller staphylinids.

Rau (1934) described a wasp hunting around a patch of dung, but that insect sat in
wait on the dry dung and pounced upon flies as they flew down; he did not mention
beetles.

Because of their hard bodies, Coleptera are only rarely recorded as prey of other
insects. Hobby (1931, 1932, 1933) lists several beetle species preyed upon by
Asilidae, including two species of beetles (Polydrosus mollis (Str6m) and a
Phyllobius sp.) as prey of Vespula. All of the predated beetle species (weevils,
chafers, cantharids and dung beetles) can be hunted on the wing or in flowers and this
may explain why asilids are able to capture them, but wasps are not.

Asilids are said to kill instantaneously (Hobby 1933) whereas wasps knock their
prey to the ground before killing it. Perhaps asilids are able to capture beetles more
easily by piercing the relatively soft abdomen under the elytra while the beetle’s wings
are extended. Wasps however, after knocking their target to the ground may find that
the elytra close too quickly, rendering the beetle much more difficult to deal with.

Spradbury (1973) lists several flies as prey of wasps (including Lucilia, Fannia,
Polietes, Mesembrina and Phaonia spp.) but why these wasps continued their
apparently futile quest after Aphodius, ignoring the many, more vulnerable flies
remains a mystery.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 37
REFERENCES

Hobby, B.M., i931. The British species of Asilidae (Diptera) and their prey. Trans. ent. Soc. S.
Engl. 6: 1-42.

Hobby, B.M., 1932. Records of prey of Dioctria (Diptera, Asilidae). J. ent. Soc. S. Engl. 1(2):
35-6.

Hobby, B.M., 1933. Supplementary list of the prey of Asilidae (Dipt.). ibid 1(3): 69-74.

Rau, P., 1934. The wasp Vespula maculata stalking prey, Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 29: 171.

Spradbury, J.P., 1973. Wasps. An Account of the Biology and Natural History of Social and
Solitary Wasps. Sidgewick and Jackson, London.

EMPOASCA PTERIDIS AND OTHER HEMIPTERA
FROM THE GARDEN OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE

by B.N.K. DAVIS

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station,
Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon

INTRODUCTION

In August 1981 a collection of Hemiptera was made from herbaceous plants in the
Chelsea Physic Garden in order to see what species were adapted to living on
cultivated plants in urban areas. Twelve of the family beds were sampled separately
(105 genera in all) and these yielded 15 species of Heteroptera and 11 species of
Homoptera Auchenorhyncha (Davis 1983a). The most abundant insect genus was
Empoasca which was repesented by three species of leaf hopper E. vitis (Gothe), E.
decipiens (Paoli) and E. pteridis (Dahlbom). This last species had not previously been
definitely recorded elsewhere in Britain, but it was clearly polyphagous and, in view
of its occurrence here in large numbers, it seemed unlikely that it did not occur in
other similar situations. The next largest area of cultivated herbaceous plants in
central London is probably the herbaceous border in the garden of Buckingham
Palace. This was briefly described by McClintock (1964) when the natural history of
the royal garden was the subject of a special natural history study. The insect survey in
that study produced a list of 34 Heteroptera and 14 Auchenorhyncha, but almost all
appeared to have been taken in a light trap, or off trees by beating. Several of the
more common Hemiptera found at Chelsea Physic Garden were not recorded in that
survey and it seemed probably that a collection specifically from the herbaceous
border might produce additional species.

SAMPLING

Insects were sampled in Buckingham Palace Garden on 11.viii.82 with a petrol
driven vacuum net (Dietrick 1961). Nine large patches of flowers in the border were
chosen on the basis of contrasting botanical affinity and growth form though these
were mainly bedding plants rather than perennials. Insects were also collected from
patches of heather and dwarf azaleas growing at the western end of the border, and a
single bulk sample was taken from mixed lakeside vegetation for comparison. Details
of the plants sampled are given in Table 1.

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

TABLE 1 _ Plants sampled at Buckingham Palace garden.

Plant Cultivar Family

Salvia X superba Labiatae
Antirrhinum majus Coronette hybrid Scrophulariaceae
Calceolaria hybrid Sunshine Scrophulariaceae
Pelargonium zonale Princess of Wales Geraniaceae
Tagetes erecta African marigold—Jubilee mixed Compositae
Tagetes patula French marigold—Nell Gwyn Compositae
Solidago hybrid Golden thumb Compositae
Chrysanthemum ptarmicaefolium Golden moss Compositae
Verbena hybrid Tropic Verbenaceae
Calluna vulgaris and Erica

x darleyensis (Heathers) Ericaceae
Rhododendron Kurume hybrids Ericaceae

Lakeside vegetation: grasses, sedges, Convolvulus arvense and Oenanthe crocata

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Empoasca species were among the most abundant leaf hoppers from the
herbaceous border. All males were dissected and 61 E. pteridis were identified from
seven of the samples, thus confirming the hypothesis that the species is more
widespread, at least on garden plants, than hitherto recognised. The preferred hosts
here were Tagetes species. Now that the species can be more readily distinguished
from its close relatives (le Quesne & Payne 1981; Davis 1983b), it should be possible
to determine its distribution more fully. The species has recently been found on or
near field beans (Vicia faba L.) in Cambridgeshire and Buckinghamshire (Le
Quesne, pers. comm.).

Altogether eight species of Heteroptera and eighteen Auchenorhyncha were
collected. Half of the Heteroptera had been recorded in the 1960s survey of the
garden but only one of the Auchenorhyncha. This was the introduced Graphocephala
fennahi (formerly recorded as G. coccinea), heavy attacks by which reduce flowering
in Rhododendron. Eight species were quite widespread on the cultivated plants but
the rest were mostly confined to single samples. Thus eight occurred only on the
lakeside vegetation and are all known to be associated with sedges and grasses. Four
are associated mainly with trees and bushes and were probably from trees growing
behind the herbaceous border. The heather sample produced a single species of bug
known to be associated with these particular host plants. The absence of the normally
common bug Anthocoris nemorum, which was commented on in the earlier survey,
may again be noted. Its relative in the Cimicidae, Orius minutus, was particularly
abundant on Solidago.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This survey was made by gracious permission of H.M. the Queen. I am also most
grateful to the Head Gardener, Mr David Mitchell who conducted me around the
garden and supplied the names of the plants that were sampled in the herbaceous
border. I should also like to thank Dr M.G. Morris for checking my specimens of
Amblytylus.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 39

TABLE 2 Occurence of Hemiptera
on plants sampled in Buckingham Palace garden 11.8.1982.

* = species recorded in 1960s study. T = species associated with trees and bushes.
S =
3 2s = S
SAU ES Rkes 3
J ~ = 3S n s o
= S = v Q rr) = 3 2 y =
SRS eY IGE SORLS RRS AReee! aor Fe
= = o eS > = a vo S& <8 F
CSS SoS ee oe
=e 3 ~
SL OEE SM ae Sa SIR TY ape ames =a
HETEROPTERA
Orius minutus (L.) 1: i a a eee =" = pe Se eee Se
Amblytylus nasutus (Kirsch.) Pe De Ve a ee a) eee ee ee re
* Dicyphus errans (J.F. Wolff) (1) TS Fra ae eee a ee (eo

|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|

T * Malacoris chlorizans (Panzer)
Orthotylus ericetorum (Fallen)
* Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) SVEN ils eon a earn TSS
Stenodema calcaratum (Fallen) ~
* §. laevigatum (L.) Ses, YS Sane, SSS ail

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
oO
|
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
—

HOMOPTERA-AUCHENORH YNCHA
* Graphocephala fennahi Young —— a ee a ee
Arthaldeus pascuellus (Fallén) -
Cidadula ? quadrinotata (F.)(2) - -
Macrosteles sexnotatus (Fallen) -
Notus flavipennis (Zett.) - -
Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) male 1
E. pteridis (Dahl.) male
T E. vitis (Gothe) male
Empoasca spp. female
Eupteryx aurata (L.)
E. florida Ribaut
E. melissae Curtis
E. stachydearum (Hardy) =
T Fagocyba carri (Edwards) Nh ee =
T Zygina flammigera (Geoff.) SS Se ee a a ae
Kelisia punctulum (Kirsch. ) = NES, eS ERS Fe" RSS
K. vittipennis (Sahlberg) ey Sa eS) =e Sas Se
Javesella dubia (Kirsch. ) Shil Ce3eq So 2 ate Ahab le hie 1 = OS
J. pellucida (F.) = =- =- = = = = = = = = 4

Notes: (1) Calceolaria sample includes 128 nymphs. (2) female could be C. persimilis.

i} iy I
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Le |lewl £1

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REFERENCES

Davis, B.N.K. 1983a. Hemiptera at the Chelsea Physic Garden, London. Proc. Trans. Br. ent.
Nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 50-52.

Davis, B.N.K. 1983b. Empoasca species (Homoptera, Auchenorhyncha) in the Chelsea Physic
Garden, London. Entomologist’s Gaz. 34:97-100.

Dietrick, E.J. 1961. An improved backpack motor fan for suction sampling of insect
populations. J. econ. Ent. 59: 394-395.

Le Quesne, W.J. & Payne, K.R. 1981. Cicadellidae (Typhlocybinae) with a check list of the
British Auchenorhyncha (Hemiptera, Homoptera). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 2 (2C).

McClintock, D. 1964. Natural history of the garden of Buckingham Palace. Layout of the
garden. Proc. Trans. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 part II: 4.

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984
CYRIL HAMMOND MEMORIAL LECTURE 1983

THE CONSERVATION OF DRAGONFLIES
by N.W. MOORE

The Farm House, Swavesey, Cambridge

INTRODUCTION

It is a great honour to be asked to give the first Cyril Hammond Memorial Lecture.
I hope, and believe, that the subject of my talk would have pleased him. The last time
I saw him was on a survey of the dragonflies of the Norfolk Broads, which he
undertook for the Nature Conservancy Council: I know how strongly he felt about
the conservation of dragonflies.

To the scientist nearly all life is valuable and should be conserved, but we have to
admit that some groups are more equal than others. Of course I am biased, but I do
think dragonflies are particularly worth preserving. They belong to an immensely
ancient group: close relations of many living species were contemporary with the
dinosaurs, and there are some which have changed little since the Trias. Huge insects
allied to dragonflies were on the wing in the Carboniferous. To look at a dragonfly
and realise that it is a contemporary with the dinosaurs and Archaeopteryx is very
exciting.

Also, they are extremely beautiful—large and diurnal; elsewhere I have called
them the ‘“‘Birdwatcher’s Insect” (Corbet et al., 1960). Like birds and ourselves they
are dependent on vision: theirs is extremely good.

Dragonflies have no close relations today, and they have numerous features which
are unique among insects. For example, the larva has a prehensile labium which is
shot out under hydrostatic pressure to catch its prey. The larval rectum is used for
respiration and, in the Anisoptera, for jet propulsion. Adult dragonflies, unlike most
other insects, move their wings by direct musculature. The secondary accessory
genitalia on the second and third abdominal segments of the male, and hence the
method of copulation ‘in a wheel’”’ are unique among insects, and so is the use of the
head as a balancing organ. Like birds, most dragonflies are territorial and many
species have spectacular displays.

Over 5,000 species of dragonflies have been described and there may well be twice
that number. Again, they resemble birds, of which about 9,000 forms have been
described. Dragonflies are essentially tropical, their main centres of speciation being
South America and South East Asia including Indonesia, although very rich faunas
also occur in tropical Africa and Australia. Not surprisingly for a tropical group we
have a very poor fauna in the British Isles and there are far more species in the south
than the north. There is only one in Shetland. However we are fortunate in having
representatives of no less that nine families out of the world’s total of 28.

THE STATUS OF BRITISH DRAGONFLIES AND THEIR CONSERVATION

In 1945 we had 41 regularly breeding species and received three species as
immigrants, but since then no less than four species have become extinct. The only
known habitat of the little damselfly Coenagrion scitulum was destroyed by the North
Sea floods of 1953. Oxygastra curtisii was exterminated in the 1960s by sewage
pollution in its only habitat, incidentally, the habitat where it was first discovered in
1820 and subsequently described as a new species. Another rare European species,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 41

Coenagrion armatum, was lost in the Norfolk Broads in the 1950s as a result of habitat
changes caused by lowering the water table. Similar causes exterminated Lestes dryas
throughout East Anglia and South East England, though it still survives in Ireland*.
These cases all demonstrate how vulnerable a species is when it is confined to a few
localities (Moore, 1976 & 1980).

It is the duty of the Nature Conservancy Council to notify Sites of Special Scientific
Interest, and the more important dragonfly sites have been notified as SSSI.
However, until the passing of the Wildlife and Countryside Act in 1981 there was no
mechanism by which farmers and landowners were obliged to consult about
agricultural changes on SSSI, and so there was no way of preventing them draining
notified wetlands. Informal persuasion saved many sites, but many others were lost.
On the other hand, the NCC’s policy of selecting National Nature Reserves on a
habitat basis has been successful in providing refuges for most of our species.
Although no NNR was declared for its dragonflies alone, no less than 32 of our 38
species occur in National Nature Reserves and of the remainder, 4 occur on reserves
managed by Naturalists’ Trusts and a river species occurs on rivers the water quality
of which is well protected by the relevant Water Authorities. Nevertheless some of
the protected populations are small and further conservation measures are required.

Many water bodies are transient habitats and therefore the species which breed in
them have evolved good dispersal mechanisms. This means that if you dig a pond or
lake it quickly becomes colonised by dragonflies. Therefore, there is great scope for
providing habitats for dragonflies in gardens, farms, and above all, in nature reserves.

The local Coenagrion mercuriale has been persuaded to colonise one of the NCC’s
NNRs in Dorset in this way, and another local damselfly, Jschnura pumilio, an RSPB
reserve in the same county. I had 20 small ponds dug in a field at Wood Walton Fen
NNR in 1961 for experimental purposes. Fourteen species have subsequently visited
the ponds and eight breed in them regularly, including the local Sympetrum
sanguineum.

At one time much of the Fens were covered by acid peat and dragonflies dependent
on acid water—Aeshna juncea, Sympetrum danae, Orthetrum coerulescens and
Ceriagrion tenellum used to breed there. They disappeared from the Fens in the first
quarter of this century when the acid water disappeared. Three more ponds were dug
at Wood Walton Fen ten years ago. They were dug in acid peat in order to discover
whether they would be recolonised by the acid water species. Individual Aeshna
juncea have visited the ponds, but have not yet bred in them, although they have bred
in the much larger mere excavated nearby at the Holme Fen NNR. The other species
are under close surveillance in East Anglia. They are now extremely rare there and so
it is not surprising that they have not reached the experimental ponds. Meanwhile,
experiments are being made in order to introduce Ceriagrion tenellum, the species
most unlikely to reach Wood Walton under its own steam. This damselfly has bred on
one of the ponds, but the population has not been maintained, and further work is
required before it can be established. I would like to make a strong plea for work of
this kind, because reintroductions of species to nature reserves will become
increasingly necessary if rare species are to survive at a time when the total amount of
available habitat is in decline. Such studies must be based, of course, on careful
autecological work.

* Since this lecture, Lestes dryas has been found again in several places in England. This was
probably, though not certainly, due to recolonisation from the continent.

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

WORLD CONSERVATION OF DRAGONFLIES

The British dragonfly fauna is a poor one and has no endemics; the main
conservation effort must be done overseas, principally in the tropics. Until 1980,
dragonfly conservation throughout the World was purely incidental, but that year the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources decided
something should be done. Sir Peter Scott, at that time the Chairman of IUCN’S
Special Survival Commission asked me to set up an Odonata Specialist Group to
advise IUCN and the World Wildlife Fund on the conservation requirements of
dragonflies, with particular emphasis on research and research priorities. In doing
this I received much help from Dr Robert Pyle, the Chairman of the Lepidoptera
Specialist Group.

We held the first meeting of the Odonata Specialist Group at Kyoto in Japan in
August 1980 on the occasion of the 16th International Entomological Congress. Each
member represents a Continent or large subcontinental region. At the Kyoto meeting
we reviewed the present state of knowledge, drew up a list of research priorities and
made suggestions for species to be included in IUCN’s International Red Data Book
(Moore, 1982). Our main problem is the great unevenness of knowledge—we are
particularly ignorant about the status of dragonflies in the Third World, where
species are most abundant and the most threatened. However, we could make some
proposals. Our first was for a study of Epiophelebia laidlawi in Nepal. This species,
and a related one in Japan, are living fossils; they are the only surviving members of a
suborder, the Anisozygoptera, which is intermediate between the Anisoptera (the
true dragonflies) and the Zygoptera (the damselflies). E. laidlawi is threatened by
forest clearance in the Himalayan foothills. With financial help from the World
Wildlife Fund, Professor Syoziro Asahina, who represents East Asia on the Odonata
Specialist Group, made a survey in the mountains in 1981, and discovered the local
requirements of the species. (Asahina, 1982).

In 1982 I was able to help with another of our priority projects. This one was in
Hawaii. The Hawaiian Archipelago is extremely isolated, being about 2,000 miles
from Japan, Alaska and California. Very few insects have got there naturally—for
example only two butterflies. The entire dragonfly fauna is descended from three
insects. There is a gigantic aeshnid (Anax strenuus), a small aberrant sympetrine
Libellulid (Nesogonia blackburni) and about 27 species of Megalagrion. Megalagrion
is an outstandingly interesting endemic genus of damselflies. It has ““done a Darwin’s
Finch” in a most spectacular way. Its species have radiated out and become adapted
to every possible niche on the Hawaiian islands, so that there is as much variation of
life history in this one genus as in the whole of the Odonata. The larvae of different
species have become adapted to living in ponds, rivers, mountain streams, wet moss,
the axils of epiphytic plants and even leaf litter. Most of the species have survived in
the rain forest, but one, Megalagrion pacificum, which was once abundant in the
lowlands, is practically extinct. In 1982 Wayne C. Gagné and I made a search for this
species. We rediscovered it where it had last been seen, found another locality for it
and obtained evidence that its disappearance was largely due to the introduction of
the Mosquito fish Gambusia to control mosquitoes (Moore & Gagné, 1982).
Fortunately the two localities occur on land bought by the American Nature
Conservancy and we were able to make suggestions to them on how this much
endangered species might be conserved.

The Odonata Specialist Group meets biennially on the occasions of the
international symposia of the Societas Internationalis Odonatologica. For example,
the second meeting was at Chur in Switzerland. At this meeting we drew up a

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 4B

resolution for the use of IUCN. It emphasised that habitat destruction was a much
more important cause of dragonfly decline than collecting—a point that is obvious to
entomologists but not to politicians. We considered further research projects and
made further recommendations to IUCN. The Group publishes occasional reports by
a much appreciated arrangement with the Editor of Odonatologica.

There is of course an immense way to go. There is no possibility of Third World
countries setting up nature reserves for dragonflies alone, but we have already found
that the information which we provide can strengthen the case for conservation of
particular waters and forests which should be conserved both on economic and
conservation grounds. At least we have made a start; yes, I hope Cyril would have
been pleased.

REFERENCES

Asahina, S., 1982. Survey of the relict dragonfly Epiphlebia laidlawi Tillyard in Nepal, May
1981. Rep. Odonata. Specialist Group Int. Union. Conserv. Nature, No. 1.

Corbet, P.S., Longfield, C. and Moore, N.W., 1960, Dragonflies. Collins, London.

Moore, N.W., 1976. The Conservation of Odonata in Great Britain. Odonatologica 5(1):
37-4.

Moore, N.W., 1980. Lestes dryas Kirby—a declining species of dragonfly (Odonata) in need of
conservation: a note on its status and habitat in England and Ireland. Biol. Conserv. 17:
143-148.

Moore, N.W., 1982. Conservation of Odonata—first steps towards a world strategy. Adv.
Odonatol. 1: 205-211.

Moore, N.W. and Gagné, W.C., 1982. Megalagrion pacificum (McLachlan)—a preliminary
study of the conservation requirements of an endangered species. Rep. Odonata Specialist
Group Int. Union Conserv. Nature No. 3.

LATE AND PARTIAL THIRD BROODS AND
SIGHTINGS OF RARE BUTTERFLIES IN WEST WIGHT

by S.A. KNILL-JONES
Roundstone, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, PO40 9AL.

1983 will be remembered for having one of the most prolonged summers this
century. The first frost occurred on the morning of 23rd October, although there was
no marked drop in temperature until 14th November, a day that had the first true nip
of winter during a month in which local people reported having apple and pear
blossom on their fruit trees.

The fine weather began in June after a series of hail storms at the beginning of the
month. On 5th June there was a heavy hail storm shortly after mid-day which lasted
for ten minutes and I recorded hail stones measuring up to */s inch in diameter and
recall that the tennis court assumed a white blanketing which remained for over an
hour. July was an exceptionally dry, warm and sunny month with only three days of
rainfall, the wettest day being 31st July. A temperature of 32°C (90°F) was recorded on
12th July making this the hottest and driest July this century with less than 6mm of

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

rain being recorded. August, September and October were also exceptionally dry
months with few wet days, the wettest period being in mid-October when there was
some quite wet and stormy weather with over 25mm of rain falling on 16th October.

This fine spell produced a memorable year for butterflies and all other flying insects
and I was able to spend a great deal of my time observing the wild life in a small district
of Freshwater known as Spinfish (Sheepwash) and in my Mother’s private garden
which is not more than a stone’s throw from this locality.

The most notable migrant butterfly was the Clouded Yellow Colias croceus
(Geoff.) and the emergence of a second brood in this country is unusual. The original
migrants arrived in southern England at the beginning of June and British bred
imagines were on the wing up to the end of October. They were in welcome
abundance at Compton Bay in early August and were regarded as an unusual but
pleasing sight by local people and holiday makers.

RECORDS

The main purpose of this paper is to recall some exceptional late sightings of some
species together with observations & capture of some of our rare butterflies.

The most notable capture was a male Large Tortoiseshell Nymphalis polychloros
which flew into the sitting room during the afternoon of 29th July. There have been
very few records of this butterfly in recent years and with a sighting last year at
Shanklin by Lt. Cdr. J.M. Cheverton it is quite possible that it is breeding on the
Island. Before 1939 it was found in the north west of the Isle of Wight notably the
Bouldnor district and now that the elm tree saplings are of a considerable size it is
quite likely that this lovely insect will make a come-back, as it has characteristically
done so in the past.

On the following day I saw a worn White Admiral Ladoga camilla on a blackberry.
This must have strayed some distance from its breeding ground. It is known to occur
at Cranmore which is over four miles from the centre of the village of Freshwater.

A sighting of a Camberwell Beauty Nymphalis antiopa, was reported to me on 5th
September by Mrs. M.C. Kiszely which she witnessed with her husband sunning itself
on their patio at Totland Bay.

There was a partial second brood of Small Heaths, Coenonympha pamphilus in
September and on the 23rd of this month I captured a fine ab. partimtransformis in
the meadow. This also happened to be the last Small Heath to be seen there this year.

It is always pleasurable for the entomologist to see insects, especially butterflies on
the wing after October and I shall now diarise my findings.

On 4th October I saw my last Painted Lady, Cynthia cardui. This was freshly
emerged and was sunning itself in the meadow at Middleton. This butterfly was quite
numerous at the height of the summer and there was a second brood which appeared
in September. A rather battered female seen feeding on flowers of Plumbago
willmottiae, on 14th November was the last butterfly seen in West Wight. The
disappearance of the September brood so soon in favourable weather supports
existing evidence of southward autumnal migration.

Also on 4th October I saw a freshly emerged Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae and
another worn example on 10th October. This butterfly was not at all plentiful this
year and [ am of the opinion that needless cutting of its foodplant nettle (Urtica
dioica) may account for it being less numerous in a number of localities.

One of the more interesting captures was again on 4th October when I netted a
female Chalkhill Blue, Lysandra coridon, which had white streaks on both forewings,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 45

*
Es x October
= L.coridon © November
ol R rainfall
=70 PR brassicae
Ez x |Prapae
= af \ |Picarus
/ x— A.urticae G.rhamni
i Far | Colias croceus_
60. om Y i: yas < ~ an Pararge aegeria
o-O7 \ So ae \ Ln
Ny A JA N y, * x
x x sa

50.

°
(e) R—X /
L. phlaeas
P.c-album afer x \
V.atalanta

C. cardui |

5 10 IS 20 25 DATE 30

Fig. 1 Last sighting dates of butterflies in West Wight in 1983, set against daily maximum
temperatures and days with rainfall recorded at Totland Bay by P. Lucas.
October rainfall totalled 52mm on 8 days.
November rainfall totalled 47mm on 6 days.

notably the right one. This was a freshly emerged butterfly and the streaks were
probably caused through difficulty whilst emerging. In 1962 this species was seen as
late as the third week of October and I suggest that it is probable that Lysandra
coridon may occasionally overwinter as a pupa. I saw four examples of this butterfly
in late September which were all females.

On 5th October I netted a Large White, Pieris brassicae and a pair of Small Whites,
Pieris rapae. It is recorded that only in exceptional years may there be a third brood of
Pieris brassicae, which are small in size. The male which I netted sunning itself on the
flowers of a single artichoke plant in the back garden was 47mm expanse, about three
quarters the normal size of the summer brood. Pieris rapae has a partial third brood in
favourable years, although these specimens were no smaller than the accepted norm,
the male being slightly darker but more lightly spotted.

On 19th October a male Brimstone Gonepteryx rhamni was seen flying by the side
of the brook in the mid-day sunshine. This was only the third that I had occasion to
see this year.

The last two Colias croceus were seen on 23rd October after the first frost of winter,
the first flying high over buildings at the entrance to Spinfish and a second, a female,
was netted in the garden. It deposited ova, but due to a marked drop in temperature I
was only able to breed as far as fully grown larvae. The last died on 1st December, in
spite of my making use of an airing cupboard, which was also subject to variations in
temperature. A male undersized example of a third brood, reared from a wild female
of a second generation taken at the end of September, emerged on 17th November.

The Comma, Polygonia c-album, has proved to be quite common locally and I was
fortunate to net some fine abberations, which included an extremely pale f.
hutchinsoni and ab. extincta. Aberrant forms of this butterfly seem to be
concentrated at Freshwater. The autumnal brood was nearly as numerous as the

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

summer one and the undersides of these imagines were much darker with the
majority approaching black. Ab. variegata was present in this brood although these
were dark compared with the earlier brood. I saw this species in the garden as late as
6th November.

There was an exceptional third brood of Small Coppers, Lycaena phlaeas, and the
numbers observed were considerably higher than in either of the earlier broods. I saw
a half a dozen pairs in copula, an event that was occasioned by early morning sunshine
and which lasted for over two hours. I saw this butterfly on 6th November, an
unusually late date for this species.

Red Admirals Vanessa atalanta, were observed in November on several occasions.
One was seen in the village on 3rd November and I saw a freshly emerged example
basking in the sun by a hedge at Middleton on 7th November, which was an unusually
warm day for this month with the temperature rising to over 15.5°C (60°F). Dr. John
Waring of Totland saw this butterfuly, which was also a recent emergent, feeding in
the sun on an Arbutus plant (Strawberry Tree) on Friday 11th, Veterans’ Day. I now
believe that in some years, when there has been a prolonged summer coupled with a
mild and dry autumn, a partial second brood of Vanessa atalanta may occur in
October and November and that it seems likely that the afore-mentioned sightings
were such speciments.

Dr. Waring’s observation of Cynthia cardui on 14th November has been detailed
above.

The prolonged summer of 1976 will also be remembered for some late sightings,
notably Peacocks, Inachis io. Baron Charles de Worms observed fully grown larvae
at the end of September and second brood adults in his Surrey garden during
October. Mr. G.R. Else reported seeing this species on the wing as late as 27th
November. I also reported seeing Vanessa atalanta on the wing as late as 21st
November, which gives further evidence of a second brood.

In conclusion the most significant difference between these two years was that
there were more species (12) on the wing after Ist October in 1983 and that Colias
croceus was seen in fair numbers right up to the end of this month and was the third
most numerous butterfly. Whereas 1976 was the greatest year since 1872 for
Nymphalis antiopa, 1983 was the greatest year for Colias croceus since 1947.

SOURCES

Howarth, T.G. South’s British Butterflies. Warne

Russwurm, A.D.A. Aberrations of British Butterflies.

Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1977

Lucas, P. (pers comm.) Meteorological records for West Wight.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 47

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE LEAF-MINER
PARASITE EXOTELA CYCLOGASTER FORSTER
(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

by H.C.J. GODFRAY

Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire
INTRODUCTION

Exotela cyclogaster Forster (Braconidae, Alysiinae, Dacnusini) is a common
parasite of leaf-mining Phytomyza species (Diptera, Agromyzidae) on Umbelliferae
and less frequently on Compositae. In the most recent treatment of this genus,
Griffiths (1966) recognises three subspecies on morphological grounds which also
correlate with host associations. As part of a wider study of the parasitoid community
structure of Dipterous leaf-miners, a number of specimens of two of the subspecies
have been reared. Measurements indicate that the chief characters used to separate
the two subspecies are linearly related to parasite size which in turn is related to the
size of the host.

Though Exotela cyclogaster was described by Forster (1862), it remained
unrecognised until Griffiths (1964) re-examined the type. In the interim, Nixon
(1937) had described this species as Dacnusa bellina. Later, Nixon (1954) transferred
bellina to Toxelea and described a second species umbellina, which differed from
bellina in colour and in the number of antennal segments. Between 1964 and 1968,
Griffiths revised the Dacnusini parasitizing agromyzids using both morphological and
biological criteria. In discussing the parasites of Phytomyza (Griffiths 1966), he
reduced umbellina to a subspecies of cyclogaster (= bellina). He also described a third
subspecies, sonchina which was not encountered in this study and is not considered
further.

Griffiths (1966) gives the following differences between cyclogaster and umbellina.
Antennal segment number. E.c. cyclogaster, 24-28; E.c.umbellina, 20-25.

Thorax length/height ratio. E.c. cyclogaster, 1.1-1.2; E.c. umbellina, c.1.0

Colour. The legs, the base of the antennae and the mouthparts of E.c. cyclogaster are
more extensively yellow than in E.c. umbellina.

Hosts. E.c. cyclogaster: Phytomyza heracleana Hering, P. spondylii Robineau-
Desvoidy, P. pastinacae Hendel, P. spondylliivora Spencer and P. aegopodii
Hering (all miners on Umbelliferae), a total of 23 specimens bred from these hosts.
In addition Griffiths records single specimens from two Compositae miners,
P.?.simmi Beiger and P. virgaureae Hering. E.c. umbellina: Phytomyza adjuncta
Hering, P. anthrisci Hendel, P. aurei Hering, P. chaerophylli Kaltenbach, P. conii
Hering, P. conopodii Hering, P. ferulae Hering, P. melana Hendel and P.
obscurella Fallén (all miners on Umbelliferae), a total of 42 specimens bred from
these hosts. In addition, a series from P. angelicastri Hering was considered
intermediate.

BREEDING RECORDS

E. cyclogaster was reared from the following hosts.

Phytomyza chaerophylli (= anthrisci sensu Griffiths 1966) 38 females, 30 males.
Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire. Collected May 1982, emerged October-
November 1982.

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Phytomyza angelicae Kaltenbach (new host record) 5 females, 1 male. Silwood Park,

Ascot, Berkshire. Collected May-June 1981, emerged June 1981—March 1982.
Phytomyza spondylii

1 female, 2 males. Selbourne, Hampshire. Collected and emerged July 1981.

2 females. Roddam Dene, Northumberland (mines collected by M.J. Crawley).

Collected June 1981, emerged July 1981.

12 females, 1 male. Windsor Great Park, Berkshire (mines collected by A.

Sheppard). Collected September 1982, emerged November 1982.

The specimens from P. chaerophylli agreed with Griffiths’ description of E.c.
umbellina while those from P. angelicae and P. spondylii conformed to E.c.
cyclogaster.

TABLE 1 The distribution of antennal segment number in the subspecies of Exotela
cyclogaster.

Antennal E.c. umbellina E.c. cyclogaster
segments male female male female

20 1 1

zi 5 5

22 14 10

23 15 10

24 1 4 Vi 1

25 1 9

26 1 2

Di 1

MORPHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

For each specimen, the following data were recorded.
Sex
2. The number of antennal segments.
3. Length of the thorax (a measure of size that can be taken with less ambiguity
than total length).
4. The ratio of the length to the height of the thorax.
In addition 20 fresh puparia of Phytomyza chaerophylli and P. spondylii were taken
and the following measurements made.
1. Maximum length.
2. Maximum width (puparia viewed dorsally with both spiracles visible).
3. Maximum depth (puparia viewed laterally with one spiracle obscured by the
other).

RESULTS

The number of antennal segments

Table 1 shows the distribution of antennal segment numbers in the two subspecies.
In both cases there is a tendency for males to have more segments than females
though neither comparison is significant (comparisons were made using a T test with
independent variance estimates and 95% confidence limits). E.c. cyclogaster has a
greater number of antennal segments than E.c. umbellina and this difference is
highly significant (Ts2=11.1, p< 0.001). However, antennal segment number is

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 49

strongly dependent on the size of the insect. If antennal segment number is regressed
against the length of the thorax in E.c. umbellina, the resulting relationship is highly
significant (Fi, = 41.7, p<0.001). Similarly for E.c. cyclogaster, the two
measurements are related (Fi,2 = 12.9, p <0.005). However. E.c. cyclogaster is a
bigger insect than E.c. umbellina with an average thoracic length of 0.675mm as
opposed to 0.601mm, a small difference in absolute terms but highly significant
(T2. = 6.3, p< 0.001). If the records of E.c. umbellina and E.c. cyclogaster are
included together and antennal segment number plotted against thorax length
(Figure 1), it can clearly be seen that the difference in antennal segment number
between E.c. umbellina and E.c. cyclogaster is merely a reflection of the differences
in the sizes of the insect.

In Table 2 the dimensions of the 20 puparia of P. chaerophylli and P. spondylii are
given together with the significance of the difference. P. spondylii is larger than P.
chaerophylli in length, depth and width. Larger hosts frequently give rise to larger
parasites (Charnov 1982) thus the larger size and antennal segment number of
parasites from P. spondylii is probably only a reflection of the size of the host.

TABLE 2 The differences in the dimensions and the ratios of the dimensions of Phytomyza
spondylii Robineau-Desvoidy and P. chaerophylli Kaltenbach puparia.

Significance

P. spondylii P. chaerophylli of difference
Length (L) 2.03 1.74 p< 0.001
Depth (D) 1.06 0.94 p< 0.001
Width (W) 1.14 1.07 p<0.01
L/D 1-92 1.86 p <0.05
L/W 1.78 1.64 p<0.001
D/W 0.93 0.88 p< 0.001

The ratio of the length to the height of the thorax

The average ratio in E.c. cyclogaster was 1.13 and in E.c. umbellina 1.08. The
difference is significant (T32 = 5.1, p< 0.001). The thorax of cyclogaster is thus more
elongate than umbellina but it can be seen from Table 2 that the puparium of the host
of cyclogaster is relatively more elongated and cylindrical in comparison with the
puparium of the host of umbellina. At eclosion, the braconid almost completely fills
the shell of the puparium and it is suggested that the shape of the thorax is probably
influenced by the shape of the puparium.

Colour

E.c. umbellina in most cases appears a darker insect than E.c. cyclogaster and the
differences noted by Griffiths normally hold. However, as Griffiths pointed out,
colour is very variable and there is some overlap in this character with some
specimens of cyclogaster in particular being very dark.

DISCUSSION

It is suggested here that the differences between the two subspecies are merely a
result of differences in the hosts from which they were reared. The size of the host
determines the size of the parasite and the number of antennal segments while the

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

shape of the host puparium may influence the shape of the thorax. No suggestions of
how host species influences colour are put forward but the minor, variable differences
in colour are not considered significant in the absence of stronger morphological
differences. The presence of intermediates from P. angelicastri also casts doubt on the
distinctiveness of the subspecies. It is suggested that E.c. umbellina should be
synonymised with the nominate subspecies and that the third subspecies, E.c.
sonchina, should be examined to see if it too warrants reduction in status. The
possibility of host-related variation should be taken into account in the taxonomy of
other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera.

A
26 A A 24

A 3 24 24 A
24 BA Ree SAS e A

A VA6A) GAS 3A SA 3A

22 AA AN 7A TAD 2A 2A

24 4A 4A

Number of Antennal Segments

Length of Thorax (in mm.)

Fig. 1 The relationship between the length of the thorax and the number of antennal
segments. Solid triangles refer to E.c. cyclogaster and open triangles to E.c. umbellina.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Andy Sheppard and Dr. Mick Crawley for giving me reared
leaf-miners and their parasites and Tom Huddleston and Dr. Val. Brown for useful
discussion.

REFERENCES

Charnov, E.L., 1982. The Theory of Sex Allocation. Princetown University Press.

Forster, A., 1862. Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Braconen, Verh. naturh. Ver.
preuss. Rheinl. 9: 225-288.

Griffiths, G.C.D., 1964. The Alysiinae (Hym. Braconidae) parasites of Agromyzidae
(Diptera). I. General questions of taxonomy, biology and evolution. Beitr. Ent. 14:
832-914.

Griffiths, G.C.D., 1966. ditto, III. The parasites of Paraphytomyza Enderlein, Phytagromyza
Hendel and Phytomyza Fallén, Beitr. Ent. 16: 775-951.

Nixon, G.E.J., 1937. The British species of Dacnusa (Hym., Fam. Braconidae), Trans. Soc.
Brit. Ent. 4: 1-88.

Nixon, G.E.J., 1954. A revision of the European Dacnusini (Hym. Braconidae Dacnusinae)
(part), Entomologist’s Mon. Mag., 90: 257-290.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 51

OBITUARY

ROBERT W. WATSON

Robert Watson was born on the 20th October 1916 in Bournemouth. His father
was a Canadian killed in the first world war and Robert never saw him.

The family lived with his grandmother and it was in the parks of Bournemouth that
he first discovered the commoner Lepidoptera. he knew no entomologists but was
greatly encouraged by his mother. He received little help from his school teachers but
friends brought him many specimens. His equipment was most primitive and he only
acquired proper apparatus at fourteen.

In 1929 his mother married again and they moved to Hordle. For the next two years
he happily explored the New Forest.

A flair for accountancy resulted in his being articled to an accountant. He had to
live at home during training, but his stepfather refused to keep him and so Bob left
home.

A farmer gave Bob an old cottage in return for work on the farm. He kept himself
with a paper round, the sale of farm rabbits and by selling farm produce on a 50:50
basis with the farmer; but often went hungry. He also wrestled at fairs, usually
winning. He was extremely strong and a photo of the period shows him to be thin and
lanky. Later Bob became a milk roundsman. He was so efficient that within a year he
was branch manager, a post he held until the outbreak of war.

In 1940 Bob joined the army: by memorising all the common eye-test charts he
passed the medical despite being congenitally almost blind in one eye. After a year
the disability was discovered and he was discharged. Bob then worked in A.R.P. until
on the founding the R.A.F. regiment he re-enlisted. Again he was discharged after a
year.

A variety of jobs linked to the military occupied him until 1945 when he set up his
own accountancy business in Lymington.

In 1942 Bob had married Betty, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Haytor of
Shaftsbury by whom he had a son and a daughter, but the marriage was not a success
and they parted in 1945. Eventually Bob married his first wife’s sister Nora who for
seventeen years helped to build up the Watson collection, breeding and finding many
rare varieties. In 1964, thinking she had cancer, she committed suicide.

Bob’s dormant interest in Lepidoptera was rekindled on meeting F. S. Reeves and
seeing his collection in 1943.

Bob aimed not for a complete collection, but one of perfect specimens perfectly
set. Many times rare varieties, caught in the field, but slightly damaged were freed.
Specimens obtained by gift or purchase were, if not to his satisfaction, relaxed and
reset. When we remember that he was virtually one eyed his setting was a miracle of
perfection. The magnificent collection housed in 65 Hills units is now in the British
Museum (Natural History).

By the early fifties his business was flourishing and with the help of friends he built
‘“‘Porcorum’’* at Sandy Down, residing there from 1957. Because of the house name
his friends began to give him china pigs and eventually the collection numbered
several hundred.

In 1966 Bob obtained ten pupae from a female of the red form of the Cinnabar
Moth (Tyria jacobaeae) which he subsequently named ab. coneyi. He also had access
to the material of A.W. Coney and D.E. Dodwell. He bred from these and obtained a

* So called because of a bet that he would not name the house after his nickname “‘Porker”’.

52 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 53

magnificent assembly of the possible variations. These were shown at Annual
Exhibitions and described in the Entomologist’s Record. (1967, 1968, 1972, 1975.)

Two aspects of Bob’s work do not seem to be generally known. Early work proved
that ab. coneyi was dominant and that there were weak broods in jacobaeae, i.e.
pairings produced few offspring. To preserve the strength of the stock and offset the
results of inbreeding he occasionally introduced wild normal specimens into the
stock. To combat the effect of weak broods he used to put six males and six females
together and treat the progeny as a single brood. Certainly his methods were effective
for he had a considerable and strong stock after twenty five years, whereas broods
inbred in the normal way died out in two or three.

When Nora his second wife died Bob was desolate, but at length he remarried his
first wife who was of great help to him in the early work on the Cinnabar moth. She
died in 1968.

Within months Bob married Rosemary but it was a far from happy affair and by
mutual consent they parted in 1975.

In December 1975 after a whirlwind courtship he married Amanda only daughter
of Sir Charles and Lady Cooke; it was a stormy but on the whole a happy marriage.

In the early seventies Bob set up the ‘“Watson Trust for Entomology” by which he
gave his collection and books to the British Museum (Natural History) with the
proviso that they remained at Porcorum during his life. At the same time Bob and his
wife began to hold open days yearly for entomologists to view the collection. These
were a great success and the hospitality lavish.

In 1982 Bob’s health deteriorated rapidly. He attended the Verral Supper, entering
hospital immediately afterwards. He rallied for the open days and was in great form,
but it was obvious that he was not well. He died at home on 26th May, aged 65. Over
one hundred and fifty mourners attended the funeral, at which the Society was
represented by myself.

Bob left a thriving accountancy business in Lymington in his own name.He was
very proud that his was the only firm that had not undergone an amalgamation. He
served on many Accountancy Committees and was an authority on income tax and
several other branches of the law.

He was a member of a local shoot and a first class shot. He was also a good
fisherman.

He greatly encouraged young entomologists, often sending them away with gifts of
store boxes and setting material. Besides his membership of this society he was a
Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society, and a member of the AES, and of the
Hampshire & I.0.W. Societies.

Personally I always found him a most kindly, helpful and generous soul. He will be
greatly missed by all who knew him.

He is survived by his widow, Mrs. Amanda Watson who intends to continue some
of the work on the cinnabars. We extend to her our deepest sympathy.

B.J.M.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1967. New Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae (Linn) (Lep. Arctiidae) Ent. Rec. J. Var. 79:
33-35.

1967. Notes on larval habits of Eriogaster lanestris Linn. (Lep. Lasiocampidae) Ent. Rec. J.
Var. 79: 85-86.

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

1968. Notes on the Hod Hill, Dorset, Colony of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Lep. Nymphalidae)
Ent. Rec. J. Var. 80: 220-221.

1968. New Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn, (Lep. Arctiidae) Ent. Rec. J. Var. 80:
181-183.

1969. Notes on Melitaea cinxia L. 1945-1968. Ent. Rec. J. Var. 81: 18-20.

1972. Further Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep. Arctiidae) Ent. Rec. J. Var.
84: 11-12.

1975. Aberrations of Diacrisia sannio Hiibner (Lep. Arctiidae) Ent. Rec. J. Var. 87: 258.

1975. New Aberrations of Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lep. Arctiidae) Ent. Rec. J. Var, 87: 258.

THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA OF MITCHAM COMMON,
NORTH-EAST SURREY

by R.K.A. MORRIS
241 Commonside East, Mitcham, Surrey, CR4 1HB

INTRODUCTION

Mitcham Common has been described as a “dreary waste’ (Abercrombie, 1944).
This description was to some extent refuted by Lousley (1971), whose excellent
record of the flora reflects some of the qualities of Mitcham Common. It was
unfortunate that Lousley emphasised only the botanical aspects of the Common.
However, Morris (1976) provided further evidence of the Common’s richness in his
review of the avifauna.

To date, entomological records for the Common are incomplete, although
frequent references to Mitcham Common are made by Evans and Evans (1973). It is
the purpose of this paper to provide a more complete and up to date record of the
macrolepidoptera based upon my own observations and augmented by those of other
recorders.

HABITAT

The Common is situated on the Taplow terrace of the Thames gravel deposits,
overlying London Clay. It is these gravels that give the Common its varied habitat.
Extraction of gravel during the 19th century left low-lying areas that developed as
wetter ground providing to this day the habitat of a number of rare plants.

Geographically the Common can be divided into six separate areas (fig. 1):

1. Golf course: varied with roughs providing a valuable habitat for many grassland
plants, whilst the ditches have a rich wetland flora.

2. Football pitches: quite barren and uninteresting.

3. Modern rubbish dumps: these are still in the process of ecological stabilisation.
However they have a distinct ecological significance, being the home of Creeping
Thistle Cirsium arvense L. Mallow Malva sylvestris L., Stinging nettle Urtica dioica L.
and Hemlock Conium maculatum L.

4. Landscaping; a recent addition to the geography, which is increasing pressure
on the original ecology. It is noteworthy that the original pH of the Commonis acidic,
however, included in the recently deposited material is lime. This policy was intended

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 55

to provide the required conditions for a downland flora. It is quite conceivable that
this action may in the long term, have a deleterious effect on the original flora and
fauna.

5. Original gravel deposits upon which the majority of grassland and woodland is
situated.

6. Ponds: these are the result of early gravel extraction. The varied fauna of these
sites is too extensive to consider in this paper. Worthy of mention is the presence of
the Bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata L.

Botanically the Common can be divided into seven major habitats:

1. Grassland, invaded in places by such species as Petty Whin Genista anglica L.,
Dwarf Furze Ulex minor Roth, and Spiny Restharrow Ononis spinosa L. Much of the
more varied grassland is to be found on the golf course and the site opposite The Goat
public house.

2. Temporary wetland, with standing water throughout much of the winter.
Associated with these conditions are such species as Tufted Hair Grass Deschampsia
cespitosa L., Parsley Water Dropwort Oenanthe lachenalii C.C. Gmelin, and Marsh
Cudweed Gnaphalium uliginosum L. These damp areas are on the decline, hence
much of their flora is in jeopardy. Unfortunately, space does not permit a full review
of the flora of these sites.

3. Deciduous woodland, mainly mature oak. Very few mature oaks exist on the
Common, the best being small patches of woodland on the golf course and the area
opposite The Goat public house.

4. Sallow scrub, mainly associated with the areas of standing water. Remarkably
this habitat is on the increase. This environment is mainly to be seen in the area
bordered by the Croydon Road, Commonside East, Windmill Road and Cedars
Avenue.

5. Dense hawthorn scrub in two forms:

(a) Tight canopy of hawthorn with very little ground cover. Botanically rather sterile
but it provides a valuable food source and roost for birds.

(b) Loose canopy with many other species present. This would appear to be the
transition from hawthorn scrub to oak/birch woodland.

6. Open scrub consisting of hawthorn, blackthorn, some small oaks, and in places
dense thickets of birch. Left alone, much of this would form dense oak and birch
woodland.

TECHNIQUES

Most records have resulted from a static mercury vapour light trap run in my back
garden. This site is directly opposite the Common. Because of the close proximity of
this site to the Common, it is reasonable to assume that its records are representative
of the Common. In addition to these records, searching by day and night has provided
much useful information on distribution.

RECORDS 1979-1983

For convenience these have been subdivided into Heterocera and Rhopalocera.
The records include all migrant species taken during the survey period.
* denotes a single record during the survey period.
** denotes species which are locally common but do not visit the static trap regularly.
Some of these species have been considered in greater depth in the final analysis.

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

HETEROCERA

HEPIALIDAE: Hepialus humuli L., H. sylvina L., H. lupulinus L.

COSSIDAE: Zeuzera pyrina L.

ZYGAENIDAE: Zygaena filipendulae L., Z.trifolii Esp.

LASIOCAMPIDAE: Malacosoma neustria L.

DREPANIDAE: Falcaria lacertinaria L., Drepana binaria Hufn. D. falcataria L., Cilix
glaucata Scop.

THYATIRIDAE: Thyatira batis L., Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. Tethea ocularis ssp
octogesimea Hbn.

GEOMETRIDAE: Alsophila aescularia D. & S., Pseudoterpna pruinata ssp. atropunctaria
Walker, Geometra papilionaria L., Hemithea aestivaria Hbn., Cyclophora albipunctaria Hufn.,
C. punctaria L., Timandra griseata Petersen, Scopula marginepunctata Goeze, S. immutaria
Hbn., /daea vulpinaria ssp. atrosignaria Lempke, I. fuscovenosa Goeze, I. seriata Shrank, I.
dimidiata Hufn., I. subsericeata Haw., I. trigeminata Haw., I. emarginata L., I. aversata L.,
Rhodometra sacraria L., Orthonama obstipata* F. Xanthorhoé spadicearia D. & S., X.
ferrugata Clerck, X. montanata D. & S., X. fluctuata L., Scotopteryx chenopodiata L., Catarhoe
cuculata Hufn., Epirrhoe alternata Miller, Camptogramma bilineata L., Larentia clavaria**
Haw., Pelurga comitata L., Cosmorhoé ocellata L., Eulithis prunata L., E. mellinata F.,
Ecliptopera silaceata D.& S., Chloroclysta truncata Hufn., Plemyria rubiginata D. & S., Thera
obeliscata Hbn., Thera britannica* Turner, Electrophaes corylata Thunb., Hydriomena furcata
Thunb., Horisme tersata D. & S., Epirrita dilutataD. & S., Operophtera brumata L., Perizoma
alchemillata L., P. flavofasciata Thunb., Eupithecia tenuiata Hbn., E. linariata D. & S., E.
venosata F., E. centaureata D. & S., E. intricata ssp. arceuthata Freyer, E. absinthiata Clerck,
E. vulgata Haw., E. tripunctaria H.-S., E. icterata ssp. subfulvata Haw., E. succenturiata L., E.
nanata ssp. angusta Prout, E. abbreviata Steph., Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille, C.
rectangulata L., Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Haw., Aplocera efformata Guenée, Asthena albulata
Hufn., Hydrelia flammeolaria Hutn., Lobophora halterata Hufn., Pterapherapteryx sexalata
Retz., Acasis viretata Hbn., Abraxas grossulariata L., Lomaspilis marginata L., Semiothisa
clathrata L., 8. wauaria L., Pterophora chlorosata Scop., Opisthograptis luteolataL., Ennomos
alniaria L., E. fuscantaria Haw., E. erosariaD. & S., Selenia dentaria F., Odontopera bidentata
Clerck, Crocallis elinguaria L., Ourapteryx sambucaria L., Colotois pennaria L., Apocheima
pilosaria D. & §., Lycia hirtaria Clerck, Biston strataria Hutfn., B. betularia L., Agriopis
leucophaearia D. & S., A. aurantiaria Hbn., A. marginaria F., Erannis defoliaria Clerck,
Menophra abruptaria Thunb., Peribatodes rhomboidaria D. & S., Alcis repandata L., Serraca
punctinalis Scop. Ectropis bistortata Goeze, Aethalura punctulata L., Cabera pusaria L., C.
exanthemata Scop., Lomographa bimaculata F., L. temerata D. & S., Campaea margaritata L.,
Hylaea fasciaria L.

SPHINGIDAE: Sphinx ligustri L., Mimas tiliae L., Smerinthus ocellata L., Laothoe populi
L., Deilephila elpenor L., D. porcellus L.

NOTODONTIDAE: Phalera bucephala L., Cerura vinula L., Harpyia furcula Clerck,
Notodonta dromedarius L., Pheosia gnoma F., P. tremula Clerck, Ptilodon capucina L..,
Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Drymonia ruficornis Hufn., Clostera curtula L.

LYMANTRIDAE: Orgyia antiqua L., Euproctis chrysorrhoea L., E. similis Fuessly,
Leucoma salicis L.

ARCTIIDAE: Thumatha senex* Hbn., Eilema complana* L., E. lurideola Zincken, Arctia
caja L., Spilosoma lubricipeda L., S. lutea Hufn., Diaphora mendica Clerck, Phragmatobia
fuliginosa L., Tyria jacobaeael L.

NOLIDAE: Meganola albula* D. & S., Nola cucullata L.

NOCTUIDAE: Euxoa nigricans L., Agrotis segetum D. & S., A. clavis Hbn. A.
exclamationis L., A. ipsilon Hufn., A. puta Hbn., Axylia putris L., Ochropleura plecta L.,
Noctua pronuba L., N. comes Hbn., N. fimbriata Schreber, N. janthina D. & S., N. interjecta
ssp. caliginosa Schawerda, Graphiphora augur F., Paradiarsia glareosa Esper, Lycophotia
porphyrea D. & S., Peridroma saucia Hbn., Diarsia mendica F., D. rubi Vieweg, Xestia
c-nigrum L., X. triangulum Hufn., X. sexstrigata Haw., X. xanthographa D. & S., Naenia typica
Le

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 57

HADENINAE: Discestra trifolii Hufn., Hada nana Hufn., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Mamestra
brassicae L., Melanchra persicariae L., Lacanobia w-latinum Hufn., L. oleracea L., Ceramica
pisi L., Hecatera bicolorata Hufn., Hadena rivularis F., H. perplexa D. & S., H. compta D. &
S., H. confusa Hufn., H. bicruris Hufn., Cerapteryx graminis L., Tholera cespitis D. & S., T,
decimalis Poda, Orthosia cruda D. & S., O. miniosa D. & S., O. opima** Hbn. O. gracilis D. &
S., O. stabilis D. & S., O. incerta Hufn., O. mundaD. & S., O. gothica L., Mythimna conigera
D. & S., M. ferrago F., M. pudorina D. & S., M. impura Hbn., M. pallens L., M. comma L.

CUCULLINAE: Cucullia absinthii L., C. umbratica* L., Aporophyla lutulenta D. & S., A.
nigra Haw. Lithophane ornitopus ssp. lactipennis* Dadd, Xylocampa areola Esper, Allophyes
oxyacanthae L., Polymixis flavicincta D. & S., Eupsilia transversa Hutn., Conistra vaccinii L.,
C. ligula Esper, Agrochola circellaris Hufn., A. lota Clerck, A. macilenta Hbn., A. helvola**
L., A. litura L., A. lychnidis D. & S., Atethemia centrago Haw., Opmhaloscelis lunosa Haw..,
Xanthia citrago L., X. togata Esper, X. icteritia Hufn., X. gilvago D. & S., X. ocellaris**
Borkhausen.

ACRONICTINAE: Acronicta megacephala D. & S., A. aceris L., A. leporina L., A psi L.,
A. rumicis L., Cryphia domestica Hufn.

AMPHIPYRINAE: Amphipyra pyramidea L., A. berbera ssp svenssoni Fletcher, A.
tragopogonis Clerck, Mormo maura L., Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Rusina ferruginea Esper,
Thalpophila matura Hufn., Euplexia lucipara L., Phlogophora meticulosa L., Ipimorpha
subtusa D. & S., Enargia ypsillon D. & S., Cosmia trapezina L., C. pyralina D. & S., Apamea
monoglypha Hufn., A. lithoxylea D. & S., A. characterea Hbn., A. remissa Hbn., A. sordens
Hufn., A. scolopacina Esper, A. ophiogramma Esper, Oligia strigilis L., O. latrunculaD. & S..,
O. fasciuncula Haw. Mesoligia furuncula D. & S., M. literosa Haw., Mesapamea secalis L.,
Photedes minima Haw., P. pygmina Haw., Luperina testacea D. & S., Amphipoea oculea L.,
Gortyna flavago D. & S., Hydraecia micacea Esper, Celaena leucostigma Hbn., Charanyca
trigrammica Hufn., Hoplodrina alsines Brahm, H. blanda D. & S., H. ambigua D. & S.,
Caradrina morpheus Hufn., C. clavipalpis Scop., Heliothis peltigera D. & S., Pyrrhia umbra
Hufn.

ACONTIINAE: Eustrotia uncula Clerck. CHLOEPHORINAE: Earias clorana* L., Bena
prasinana L., Pseudoips fagana F. SARROTHRIPINAE: Nycteolina revayana Scop.

PLUSIINAE: Diachrysia chrysitis L., Polychrysia moneta F., Autographa gamma L., A.
pulchrina Haw., A. jota L., Abrostola trigemina L., A. triplasia L.

CATOCALINAE: Catocala nupta L., Callistege mi Clerck, Euclidia glyphica L.

OPHIDERINAE: Tyta luctuosa* D. & S., Lygephila pastinum Treits., Scoliopteryx libatrix
| Be

HYPENINAE: Laspeyria flexula D. & S., Rivula sericealis Scop., Hypena proboscidalis L.,
H. rostralis L., Polypogon tarsipennalis Treits. P. nemoralis F.

RHOPALOCERA

The following are confirmed sightings by the author, during the survey period.

HESPERIIDAE: Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, T. lineola Ochsenheimer, Ochlodes venata
ssp. fauna Turati.

PIERIDAE: Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi L., Anthocharis cardamines ssp.
britannica Verity.

LYCAENIDAE: Quercusia quercus L., Lycaena phlaeas ssp. eleus F. Polyommatus icarus
Rott., Celastrina argiolus ssp. britanna Verity

NYMPHALIDAE: Vanessa atalanta L., Cynthia cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Inachis io L.,
Polygonia c-album L.

SATYRIDAE: Pararge aegeria ssp. tircis Butler, Lasiommata megera L., Maniola jurtina L.,
Coenonympha pamphilus L.

Other records:
PIERIDAE: Colias croceus Geoff. Seven in 1983 by B.W. Conway.
LYCAENIDAE: Callophrys rubi L. By B.W. Conway.

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984
HISTORICAL RECORDS (HETEROCERA)

A number of records have been made by other observers over the past 25 years.
Included below are those which have not been revealed during the recent survey. It is
possible that these species are still extant on the Common, but do not reach the
catchment area of the static M.V. light trap.

LASIOCAMPIDAE: Poecilocampa populi L. Larva by J. Porter.

GEOMETRIDAE: Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. Recorded as common by D.J. Wilson in
Evans & Evans (1973). Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S. One at m.v. light by P.A. Martin.

NOTODONTIDAE: Harpyia bifida Brahm. Not uncommon in the vicinity during the
1960’s, but has not been seen during this survey despite many searches.

LYMANTRUDAE: Dasychira pudibunda L. Larvae beaten by J. Porter.

CUCULLINAE: Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. One by J. Porter.

AMPHIPYRINAE: Rhizedra lutosa Hbn. Two at m.v. light by P.A. Martin. This is an
unusual record since the pabulum of R. /utosa, Phragmites, is not found on the Common.

PLUSIINAE: Plusia festucae F. Earlier records suggest that P. festucae was resident; 1970
several (A.A. Wilson in Evans & Evans 1973). Mid 1970’s to m.v. light, by P.A. Martin.

SESIIDAE: Records are few. Synanthedon vespiformis L. One in July 1970 (Evans & Evans
1973). Conopia myopaeformis Borkh. Regular records until 1972 (Evans & Evans 1973). The
author has found old exit holes but no new ones. C. formicaeformis Esper. One record in 1950
(Wild in Evans & Evans 1973). After many searches I have yet to find this species on the
Common.

ASSESSMENT OF THE MORE LOCAL SPECIES

Probable vagrants

Meganola albula D. & S. One specimen in 1981. This was presumably a vagrant
from its breeding grounds on the N. Downs.

Lithophane ornitopus ssp. lactipennis Dadd. A single specimen taken in September
1983 represents this species. To my knowledge this is only the 4th record of this
species in N.E. Surrey. Until further specimens are taken, this species cannot be
considered a resident. L. ornitopus is apparently increasing its range nationwide and
may possibly become resident on the Common with the increase in the number of
mature oaks.

Residents

Xanthia ocellaris Borkh. This species is well estabished although rather local. It is
not a regular visitor to the static trap although the adult is seen most years at
brambles.

Eustrotia uncula Clerck. An infrequent visitor to the static trap. This species is
threatened by proposals for further landscaping.

Tyta luctuosa D. & S. Although this species is known to be resident, it is not a
regular visitor to the static trap. Over the past 15 years, 3 specimens have been taken
at m.v. light: two by P.A. Martin and one by myself. The known breeding ground for
this species is also threatened by further landscaping.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

‘

Avi

Gor Course.

=
s,
s
~
\

HUTTE Eee

n
g
U0
a
a
Sl
aQ
aQ
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a

eeees Landscaping

EF Buildings

Plan of Mitcham Common, N.E. Surrey. (Map ref. SK 290678). Scale lem = 100m

Fig. 1.

59

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984
CONCLUSION

It is obvious from the records that the macrolepidoptera are well represented on
Mitcham Common. A number of resident species have either national or local
significance, including: Tyta luctuosa, Eustrotia uncula, Xanthia ocellaris and
Orthosia opima. The first two are threatened by further landscaping. Harpyia bifida
Brahm has not been seen during this survey despite many searches and may have
been lost.

The apparent decline of such species as Colostygia pectinataria Knock and Plusia
festucae F. is hard to explain although the latter seems to have declined after a
number of the marshy areas were filled in.

With further landscaping proposed, it is hoped that this account will provide a basis
upon which an assessment of the effects of man’s intervention can be made.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most grateful for the supplementary records provided by B.W. Conway, P.A.
Martin and J. Porter.

REFERENCES

Abercombie, P. 1944, Greater London plan. HMSO.

Agassiz, D. & Skinner, B. 1980. The apparent absence from Britain of Thera variata and
related changes in the nomenclature. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 162-166.

Evans, L.K. & K.G.W. 1973. A survey of the macrolepidoptera of north-east Surrey. Croydon
Nat. Hist. Sci. Soc.

Lousley, J.E. 1971. Mitcham Common and its Conservation. Proc. Croydon Nat. Hist. Sci.
Soc. 15 (3): 3546.

Montague, E.N. 1970. The History of Mitcham Common. Mitcham Common Preservation
Society.

Morris, P.G. 1976. Mitcham Common and its conservation: The Status of the Avifauna. Proc.
Croydon Nat. Hist. Sci. Soc. 16: 76-81.

Are some rogadine (Hym.: Braconidae) puparia hoverfly mimics?—During the late
summer I found the puparia of several species of Rogas Nees and Aleiodes Wesmael
attached high up on dry grass flower stalks. These dark-red to brown-black puparia,
formed within the larval skin of their hosts, displayed a considerable resemblance to
small, dark hoverflies which frequently settled in the same sort of situation. The latter
are very quick in taking flight when disturbed, making these relatively unprofitable
prey items for insectivorous birds which may therefore avoid (ignore) them. The fast
escape reactions of some tropical flies apparently gives them sufficient protection
from predation to allow the evolution of Batesian mimics and of Mullerian
convergence (Hespenheide, 1973 J. ent. (A) 48: 49-56). It seems possible therefore
that the resemblance of these rogadine puparia to resting hoverflies may be at least
partly mimetic. Similar mimetic resemblance by Rogas puparia has been reported by
Giard (1894, Ann. Soc. ent. France 63: 124-128) in which instance the parasitized
larvae and mummies of an arctiid moth mimic fungus infected Zygaena larvae which
are avoided by birds.—D.L.J. Quicke

Correction—The specimen of Acherontia atropos L. attributed to Saffron Walden,
Essex by Mr Bretherton (Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 4) was in fact taken
in Cambridgeshire as stated in the reference cited (ibid. 7: 47). The exact locality was
Shudy Camps—A.M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex, CB11 3AF.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 61

FIELD MEETINGS

BEHNS Field Meeting: Markway Bridge, Ober Water, New Forest, Hants 7.v.83.
Leaders: E.H. Wild and A. Pickles. —This was one of the four meetings held in the
Forest as part of the N.C.C. conservation study of river valley fauna.

17 members and friends joined Tony Pickles and myself in rather cool grey
conditions. The afternoon was spent searching and beating, especially the old
blackthorn hedges where larvae of Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. were obtained. This
is anew locality. Some eight M.V. lights were run that night and 41 species of macros,
but only 6 micros were recorded. The macros included most of the species of mixed
woodland to be expected. Mention may be made of Orthosia miniosa D. & S.,
Eupithecia irriguata Hbn., E. dodoneata Guen., and Trichopteryx carpinata Bork.
The only micro of interest was Pammene argyrana Hbn. Much of the area was under
water following the very wet spring here, so there was much cheerful splashing about
in ‘wellies’. The area south of the A.35 was very unproductive and difficult to work
under these conditions.

BEHNS Field Meeting: Baynes Reserve, Thatcham, Berkshire, 14/15.v.1983.
Leader: Caroline Peachey.—The meeting was attended by ten members and friends
in bright, sunny weather. The morning was spent exploring the alder woodland in the
valley—a habitat of considerable interest in the Newbury area. After lunch the party
moved onto the higher ground consisting of birch woodland and bracken-dominated
heathy slopes. Although the season was late, the sunshine brought out a number of
flower-visiting insects including the butterflies Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieris napi, P.
rapae, Anthocharis cardamines, Polygonia c-album and Pararge aegeria, and the
moth Saturnia pavonia. Minings of Sesia bembeciformis were found in Salix stumps.

Amongst the hoverflies, 2 old woodland species were seen—Ferdinandea cuprea
and Criorhina berberina. Other woodland species of note include the harvestman
Megabunus diadema, the tree slug Limax marginatus, and the beetles Orchesia
undulata and Mycetophagus quadripustulatus—both dead wood feeders found under
elm bark.

Ten species of sawflies were recorded, including 2 local species: Amauronematus
lateralis and Strongylogaster xanthoceros.

In the evening 5 lights were run and a number of good woodland species of
Lepidoptera were recorded. The most notable species were Lithophane
semibrunnea, Ectropis consonaria, Cyclophora albipunctata, Cerastis rubricosa and
C. leucographa.

The entomological interest of these alder gullies has only recently been
appreciated. The presence of several good woodland species indicates that further
surveys are likely to be productive.

BEHNS Field Meeting: Chobham Common, Surrey, 2.vii.1983. Leader: P.J.
Baker— The day started dull with occasional drizzle, but the sun appeared about
mid-day to give a hot afternoon. The morning was spent hunting for caterpillars,
those of Saturnia pavonia (L.) being found on Calluna vulgaris, Orgyia antiqua (L.)
on Salix spp. and Tyria jacobaeae (L.) on Senecio jacobaea. Several cinnabar moths
were also seen.

Relatively few adult Lepidoptera were seen—the season appearing to be some 7 to
10 days later than normal—but the following were noted, either flying in the
afternoon sun or flushed from vegetation: Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), Maniola

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

jurtina (L.), Plebejus argus (L.), Ochlodes venata (B. & G.), Schrankia costaestrigalis
(Steph.), Diacrisia sannio (L.) (including two females), Lithacodia pygarga (Hufn.),
Anarta myrtilli (L.), Ematurga atomaria (L.), Phytometra viridaria (Clerck),
Eupithecia nanata (Hubn.), Pseudoterpna pruinata (Hufn.), Chlorissa viridaria (L.)
(this moth has been quite common in a narrow band right across the common in
1983), Xestia c-nigrum (L.) and Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.).

Undoubtedly the best record for the day was of a couple of specimens, found some
distance apart, of Buckleria paludum (Zell.), the small Plume which feeds on
Drosera. This insect has been sought for many years on the common, until now
without success.

Diptera noted included Anasimyia lineata (F.) and Hybomitra distinguenda
(Verrall). Rhogogaster viridis (L.) and Eumenes coarctatus (L.) were the only
Hymenoptera recorded.

The local flora produced several items of interest including a number of plants of
the white form of Erica tetralix and a beautiful stand of one of the species of marsh
orchids.

BENHS Field Meeting: Orlestone Forest, Kent, 16/17.vii.1983. Leader: J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt.—The weather on this occasion was dry, sunny and very warm.
Around mid-day, the party enjoyed a walk through Burnt Oak with Michael Enfield
(the KTNC warden), noting the usual butterflies there for the time of year, including
Ladoga camilla L., which was clearly enjoying a good season as evidenced by the
numbers. After a picnic lunch, with the temperature around 90°F., there was
naturally little inclination for exercise until early evening, when more members
joined the party, some of whom hailed from as far as Hampshire, Bedfordshire,
Oxfordshire, Suffolk, Norfolk and one, Mr. C. Nissen, from France!

The night was exceptionally favourable for moths, with the light traps operating in
Long Rope producing over 150 different species of macro and a great many micro
species. Both Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. and Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs
appeared in numbers, including a few of the black ab. of the former; also, the
interesting oecophorid Bisigna procerella D. & S. of which at least a dozen examples
put in an appearance. Other notable species were: Pelosia muscerda Hufn., Hylaea
fasciaria L. (about six of the green form), Heterogenea asella D. & S. (both sexes in
numbers), Moma alpium Osbeck, Parascotia fuliginaria L., Schrankia taenialis Hbn.
(about 15, including several at dusk), Paracolax derivalis Hbn. (a few), Coleophora
currucipennella (two), Stathmopoda pedella L., Spatalistis bifasciana Hfn.,
Mellissoblaptes zelleri Joannis (male, doubtless a casual) and a host of other local and
interesting species.

Many of those present found it worthwhile to collect till the early hours of the 17th,
with several remaining till nearly 5am.

The leader wishes to thank the Forestry Commission and the Kent Trust for Nature
Conservation, for kind permission to lead this meeting.

BEHNS Field Meeting: Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Abbots Ripton,
Huntingdon, 17.ix.1983. Leader: J. Heath—Nine members and friends attended,
and after lunch at the Wheatsheaf Hotel the afternoon was spent searching for
microlepidoptera. Some 40 species were recorded, the outstanding species found
being Stigmella confusella, Coleophora taeniipennella, C. tamesis and C.
caespititiella, all new to Monks Wood. Five species of butterflies were noted and in
the evening six species of macrolepidoptera were seen at sugar and fifteen at M.V.
lamp.

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of
work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the
study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of
publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1984/1985.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, of
their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Dr.
M. Scoble, Hope Collections, University Museum, Parks Road, Oxford, as soon as possible
and not later than 30th September, 1984.

CONTENTS

Calderara, P. A new subspecies of Ornithoptera victoriae Gray (Papilionidae) from

Choiseul, Solomon Islands 31
Davis, B.N.K. Empoasca pteridis and other Hemiptera from the garden of Buckingham

Palace 37
Godfray, H.C.J. Intraspecific variation in the leaf-miner parasite Exotela cyclogaster

Forster (Hymenoptera: Braconide) 47
Jones, R.A. Vespula germanica (F.) wasps hunting dung beetles Aphodius

contaminatus (L.) 36
Knill-Jones, S.A. Late and partial third broods and sightings of rare butterflies in West

Wight 43
Larsen, T.B. A pierid butterfly alighting on water 1
Moore, N.W. The conservation of dragonflies 40
Morris, R.K.A. The macro-lepidoptera of Mitcham Common, north-east Surrey 54
Quicke, D.L.J. Are some rogadine (Hym: Braconidae) puparia hoverfly mimies? 60
Showler, A.J. Further records of spring butterflies in Corfu 30
Annual Exhibition 2
Field Meetings 61
Indoor Meetings Pil
Obituary Robert W. Watson 51
Book reviews 26
Editorial l
Corrections to vol. 16 1, 60

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Address: 4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL60UD.

with the assistance of:

Prot. T. R. E. Southward, K.B., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.
T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.

E. S. Bradford
A. H. Hayes

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 63

LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS ON THE COMMA
BUTTERFLY POLYGONIA C-ALBUM (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE)

by K. E. J. BAILEY

Ashbrook, Lincombe Lane, Boars Hill, Oxon.

INTRODUCTION

The Comma Butterfly is one of the few British species that has increased its range
during fairly recent decades. From a very restricted area around Herefordshire and
Monmouthshire in the early part of this century, it has spread and is now not
uncommon throughout the southern half of Britain.

There are two generations each year, the first in midsummer and the second in late
summer and early autumn. The majority of midsummer specimens are slightly
different from the type form, having a paler, brighter upperside and a more straw-
coloured underside, but with the dark pattern unaltered in shape. The wings are a
little less jagged and the butterflies are sexually mature on emergence, for they mate
and lay eggs shortly after emergence and then die off. This form is called hutchinsoni.
A small proportion of this summer brood is of the type form, having a darker ground
colour with more jagged wings. These do not mate, but after feeding for a short
period appear to go into hibernation or blend with the second (autumn) brood that
arises from eggs laid by hutchinsoni stock. All the autumn brood are type commas and
these feed for a while before hibernating. In the following spring, the awakened
hibernators (all type commas) mate and lay eggs which give rise to the next
midsummer brood—mainly form hutchinsoni.

There are other very rare colour variations which have from time to time been seen
in the wild, some with the normal ground colour replaced by different shades,
probably genetic in origin, and some with the black markings distorted and blurred
together as if the ‘paint had run’. Many of these varieties have received special names.

EXPERIMENTS WITH DAY LENGTH

In the spring of 1983, the author decided to test the effect of day length during the
larval period relative to the production of the type or the Autchinsoni form.

In April 1983, several awakened wild females of the type form were captured and
placed in a cage over nettle. Eggs were laid but these proved to be infertile, the
females presumably not having paired before capture, no doubt due to the shortage
of summery weather prevalent that spring. This incidentally strongly suggests that
type comma pairings must occur after hibernation.

On 21st July 1983, a female hutchinsoni form was captured and placed in a cage
over nettle. She commenced laying the next day. Some of the eggs were transferred to
another nettle as controls. After about one week with the eggs about to hatch during
the continual warm weather, the whole nettle plant was placed inside a large box in
darkness but artificial lighting was arranged using a single 60 watt tungsten reflector
bulb suspended | m over the plant. This was connected to a time switch set to give an
18 hour day length and the whole system was kept in a warm greenhouse. The average
day temperature was about 30°C and fell to around 18°C. The controls were placed
alongside but were subjected to natural day length (August). The larvae under 18
hours day length developed rapidly compared to the controls and by the time these
larvae were beginning to pupate, the control larvae were still only in the second
instar. On 17th August 1983 the first 18 hours stock pupa hatched—a male
hutchinsoni form. In all nineteen commas were bred from the 18 hour stock of which

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

eighteen were hutchinsoni and one was the type form. All the controls subsequently
gave the type form. This test suggests that hutchinsoni/type forms can be produced
artificially by varying the day length.

EXPERIMENT TO TEST THE FECUNDITY OF ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED
HUTCHINSONI STOCK

On 17th August 1983, the first male hutchinsoni of 18 hour stock was placed in a
pairing cage in the greenhouse and on subsequent days, the rest of this stock were
placed in the cage (all hutchinsoni form). These were fed on fresh flowers and i0%
honey solution on pads. On 22nd August 1983, at about 5.30 p.m., the first pairing
occurred and on 23rd August 1983 the female was placed in a separate cage over
nettle. On 24th August 1983 she started laying the first of many eggs and these started
hatching one week later. Further pairings occurred among the 18 hour stock and the
females were then liberated to give the local population a boost.

This shows that artificially induced hutchinsoni commas are sexually mature on
emergence.

TEMPERATURE EXPERIMENTS TO MODIFY WING PATTERN

During the early summer of 1982, the author subjected comma pupae, resulting
from eggs laid by a wild hibernated female, to cold shocks. The pupae were placed in
a refrigerator for four periods of three hours per day at —5°C. This was for the first
two days of pupal life and starting when the pupae were about six hours old. Each
pupa received eight cold shocks and was then allowed to develop at room
temperature. About 20% of the resulting butterflies had aberrant wing patterns. A
full range of varieties were produced from extreme varieties with the black markings
on fore and hind wings confluent and extended to minor varieties with only the wing
margin pattern altered. All were of the hutchinsoni form as might be expected from
the day length that the larvae were reared in.

On 30th August 1983 one pupa from the control series of the light experiments was
placed in an electric incubator when about twelve hours old and was given a single
heat shock of 42°C for twelve minutes. It was then returned to room temperature for
the rest of its development. On 12th September 1983 a male comma emerged with
extreme hindwing pattern variation. It was of the type form, as was to be expected
from the day length that the larva was reared in.

From eggs laid by the artificially induced female hutchinsoni on and after 24th
August, a further batch was raised again under 18 hour day length but in slightly
cooler conditions. (The remainder were set aside as controls). When the resulting
larvae :pupated, they were given three 12 minute heat shocks at 43°C at 12 hour
intervals starting at around the twelfth hour of pupal life.

Out of thirty-six pupae, thirty-four were of the hutchinsoni form and six of these
specimens exhibited varying degrees of variation of the black pattern. All the control
stock gave type form specimens with normal wing patterns.

CONCLUSION

The form hutchinsoni of the comma can be induced artificially over several
generations by manipulating the day length and this is very probably the main factor
governing its occurrence naturally in the midsummer brood. Towards the north of
Britain the comma becomes a rarity. In that region with a shorter summer but a
longer day length there is probably only time for a single brood and these would all be

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 65

hutchinsoni, leaving few if any, hibernators (type form) to continue the race into the
next year.

The wing pattern may be altered by extreme temperature shocks (both high and
low) on the young pupae and this may be an important factor where these rare forms
occur naturally.

MONARCHS ON THE MOVE—DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.)
AND D. CHRYSIPPUS (L.)

by R.F. BRETHERTON
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE

INTRODUCTION

There were a dozen sightings of Danaus plexippus along the south coast of England
in 1983, and one in Co. Wicklow, Ireland. Most of these were seen between 17 and 26
September, with further sightings in October. September arrivals coincided with a
large invasion of other immigrant Lepidoptera. These clearly came from the south
west, and a meteorological check kindly made by Mr P.A. Davey includes the Canary
Islands and Madeira as probable sources.

In the second week of November, 1983, Mr D.W. Baldock, while on holiday in
Funchal, Madeira, found D. plexippus to be almost the commonest butterfly present,
and he has given me a specimen of each sex which he brought home. In the past it
seems to have been only an occasional immigrant there, though it has been long
established in the Canaries. Local inquiries showed that it had overrun Funchal in
1981 and has since spread inland more thinly (G.E.Maul). On 9 February 1984
another visitor, Mr C.F. Tebbutt, tells me that he witnessed an invasion which came
up over the cliffs on the south of the island; this went on for several days and single
butterflies were still about until he left on 22 February. These presumably came from
the Canaries, 300 miles to the south, as no colony is known on the African mainland.

D. chrysippus is also established in the Canaries, and is the African and Asian
counterpart of D. plexippus; but until recently it was known in Europe, apart from an
ancient account of temporary residence near Naples in 1806 and 1807, only singly in
Greece, some of the Aegean islands, and Malta. In that island, however, after a gap
of 26 years, one was caught on 19 October 1978, 23 were seen between April and
October 1980, and two in October 1981 (Valetta, Ent.Rec.J.Var. 93: 210-12). In
Spain it appears to have been first seen in September 1980, in numbers on the edge of
a cotton field in prov. Alicante, where it was found again in 1982 (Fco. Gutierrez eral.
Shilap no.31), and there are several later records of both adults and larvae in prov.
Murcia and prov. Malaga in 1982 and 1983. At Torrox, prov. Malaga on 13 March
1983 plants of Asclepias curassavica were found defoliated by several hundred larvae
of D. chrysippus and also by c.30 of D. plexippus (Feo. A.Naclo, Shilap no. 42:131).
Adults of both were also found flying among Asclepias species near the coast in prov.
Granada on 14 September 1982 (S. & D. Howell, Ent. Rec. J. Var. 95: 120). To these
records of D. chrysippus may now be added an account given to me by Mr S. Swanson
of finding large numbers of imagines mating and ovipositing on a white flowered
Asclepias (possibly A. lanceolata) on 13 October 1983 in the semi-dry Rio Fuengirola,
prov. Malaga, the plants being covered with ova and larvae of various sizes. He kindly

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

gave me one of his captured adults, and several more emerged between 29 October
and 11 November from pupae which he brought back.

There is as yet no evidence of successful over-wintering of either D. plexippus or D.
chrysippus in these new areas of relative abundance; it is still possible that this has
resulted from successful local immigrations and local summer breeding, rather than
from established residence. But it seems that both for some reason unknown have
recently made determined attempts to extend their range. Their larvae are normally
confined to various species of Asclepiadaceae (Milkweeds): several of these are
common on waste ground in Mediterranean Europe, and some, including A. syriaca,
are more or less hardy, but not frequently grown, in gardens in Britain.

I am much indebted to Mr D.W. Baldock, Dr G. E. Maul, Mr C.F. Tebbutt, and
Mr S. Swanson for their unpublished accounts which I have used above.

Some Ichneumonidae reared from spiders and their eggs.—Four species of
polysphinctine ichneumons that have been reared as ectoparasites of adult spiders
are:

(1) Schizopyga frigida (Cresson) male and female reared from Clubiona terrestris
Westring (Clubionidae).

The hosts were found inside the hollow stems of umbelliferous plants in early
spring. Development of the parasite is rapid—approx. 9 days from | mm larva to full
size (7 mm) and 12-14 days as a pupa.

(2) Acrodactyla degener (Haliday) male and female reared from Lepthyphantes
tenuis (Blackwall) and L. mengei Kulczynski (Linyphiidae).

One host was found low down amongst long grass and the other was taken whilst
attempting to ‘balloon’ from a fence post. In both cases the parasitic larvae were fairly
well developed when discovered.

(3) Zatypota bohemaini (Holmgren) male and female reared from Theridion
mystaceum L. Koch (Fam. Theridiidae).

The hosts were found on and under loose tree bark in early spring. Parasite larval
development took approx. 17 days from 0.5 mm to full size (4.5 mm) and pupation
lasted 16-18 days.

(4) Polysphincta tuberosa Gravenhorst male and female reared from Araniella
cucurbitina Clerck (Fam. Araneidae).

The hosts were found on the leaves of low growing trees and bushes during spring
and early summer. The development of this species is very slow with the larva taking
4-5 weeks to grow from 0.5 mm to full size (5 mm). Pupation took between 10 and 15
days.

Two species have been reared from spider egg cocoons.

(1) Trichosis tristator (Tscheck) male and female (Sub-family Phygadeuontinae)
reared from Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck) eggs, (Fam. Pisauridae).

The host lays her eggs usually during July and August, at first carrying them around
with her and later depositing them in a silk “‘tent’” amongst herbage. These specimens
were reared from cocoons found inside the “tents” and emerged the following year.

(2) Tromatobia oculatoria (Fab.) female (Sub-family Pimplinae) reared from eggs
of Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer) (Fam. Thomisidae).

The female spider was guarding the egg sac which was low down, amongst heather.
The parasite had already pupated and emerged 3 days after collection.

The above material was exhibited at the 1982 exhibition.—I.R. Hudson.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 67

LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS AND NOTES FROM
NORFOLK ISLAND, 1981-1983

by J.D. HOLLOWAY
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, 56 Queen’s Gate, London SW7

The results of the monthly light-trap sampling programme conducted on Norfolk
Island by Mrs M. Jowett since 1971 have been published up to the end of August, 1981
(Holloway, 1977, 1982). This paper presents the items of interest in the records from
then to early August, 1983.

Most of these items concern migrant species and the six newly recorded species all
fall into this category. The newly recorded species are Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller
(Pyralidae), Gnathothlibus erotus Cramer (Sphingidae), and Earias parallela Lucas,
Avatha discolor Fabricius, Othreis fullonia Clerck and Speiredonia spectans Guenée
(Noctuidae). Earias parallela is found throughout Australia, §. spectans in the north
and east of Australia, and the other four species are widespread in the Indo-
Australian tropics and, except for G. erotus, are also found in Africa.

An analysis of the weather conditions over eastern Australia and the Tasman Sea at
the times of major migrant arrivals will be the subject of a separate publication
planned in conjunction with Dr R. A. Farrow. Major influxes were noted from 26
September to 4 October 1981 (51 individuals, 8 species) and on 24 and 25 February
1982 (16 individuals, 4 species) ‘spring’ and ‘summer’ migrations respectively
(Holloway, 1982).

There is additional information on some of the resident species and discussion of a
change of opinion on the taxonomic status and probable biogeographic affinities of
the Norfolk Island Agathia species.

To date during the survey there have been no instances of moth species establishing
on Norfolk Island though occasionally there are indications of migrants giving rise to
one intrinsic generation. However, for butterflies there are two instances: of
Anaphaeis java peristhene Boisduval in 1972 (Smithers & Evans, 1974) and of Danaus
chrysippus petilia Stoll in 1980 (Evans, 1981).

MIGRANT RECORDS
Pyralidae

Loxostege affinitalis Lederer was taken amongst the large ‘spring’ influx of 1981, 9
individuals in all. Further singletons were taken on 22.v and 17.xi. 1982. The species
has been recorded only once previously.

Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller was taken singly on three occasions: 23.v.1982 and
18.v and 8.vi.1983. All individuals were worn so the coincidence of the last two
records at a site north of Mission Road in an area where Brassica crops are grown (the
host-plant) may be fortuitous. The native Crocidolomia is a Capparis feeder
(Holloway, 1982).

Maruca testulalis Geyer and Terastia meticulosalis Guenée were recorded singly on
16.v.1983, the third specimens of each taken during the survey and the second
occasion when the two species have been taken on the same night. M. testulalis was
also taken singly on 12.vii. 1983.

Sphingidae

Hippotion scrofa Boisduval was recorded singly on 22.i.1982 after a long absence.
The second and third specimens of H. velox Fabricius for the survey were taken on
24.11 (in the big influx) and 13.xii. 1982 (in isolation).

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

A specimen of Gnathothlibus erotus Cramer was taken inside a house at the
beginning of May 1982.

Several Macroglossum hirundo Boisduval were taken in January, February (6 in
the major influx) and April 1982, singletons in June and November, and in 1983 the
species was recorded in January, March and April (3 on one night). The frequency of
records of this species has increased during the course of the survey, and it has been
taken in most years since 1976, mainly in the early months of the year (Holloway,
1982).

Arctiidae
Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson was only taken at the beginning of October 1981
in the large ‘spring’ influx mentioned.

Noctuidae

Agrotis munda Walker was a major component of the 1981 ‘spring’ arrival with 25
individuals being taken. The species was recorded singly in February and September
1982 and in January and February 1983. Agrotis infusa Boisduval contributed one
individual to the 1981 ‘spring’ influx and three to the 1982 ‘summer’ one. It was also
taken in January and November 1982.

Heliothis punctigera Wallengren was only recorded in the 1981 ‘spring’ influx (5
individuals). Heliothis assulta Guenée was taken singly on 30.iv and 16.xii. 1982, and on
12.1.1983. These arrivals of assulta are consistent with the ‘summer migrant’ pattern
noted for this species and Macroglossum hirundo by Holloway (1982).

Cosmodes elegans Donovan occurred singly in the 1981 ‘spring’ arrival and also on
24.v and 16.xi.1982. In each case Loxostege affinitalis was also recorded within a few
days.

Platysenta conducta Walker was represented by a singleton in the major 1981
arrival. Platysenta dolorosa Walker was recorded singly on 15.ii.1982 and 10.v, 5 and
11.vi. 1983, arrivals that are consistent with the‘autumn’ pattern noted for this species
by Holloway (1982).

All the new noctuid species were represented by singletons, Earias parallela Lucas
on 3.v.1982, Avatha discolor Fabricius on 11.vii.1983 and Speiredonia spectans
Guenée on 17.vi. 1983. Othreis fullonia Clerck was taken at light by an island resident
in late January 1982 and given to Mrs Jowett.

Tathorhynchus exsiccata Lederer was represented only in the 1981 ‘spring’ arrival
(5 individuals). Hypocala deflorata Fabricius appeared only in the ‘summer’ arrival of
February 1982 with six individuals, most with bleached hindwings suggestive of
sustained flight during the daytime as noted before for this species (Holloway, 1982).
Anomis involuta Walker was recorded in low numbers in May and June 1982.

NOTES ON RESIDENT SPECIES

Epermeniidae

Gaedike (1979) has published on material collected during the survey, describing a
new species, Epermenia insularis, from material from the Mt Pitt Reserve. He related
E. insularis to a Tasmanian species. Two further worn specimens of this family were
labelled by Gaedike tentatively as being related to aphronesa Meyrick and allies, now
placed in the genus Gnathifera which includes a dozen Australian species and one
from New Caledonia (Gaedike, 1981).

Geometridae
Agathia jowettorum Holloway stat. nov. was originally placed as a subspecies of the
Australian asterias Meyrick. Dissection of males of the various taxa attributed to

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 69

asterias as subspecies from Kei through New Guinea to the Solomons and Fiji and
also of related taxa such as eromena Prout, subcarnea Warren and prasinaspis
Meyrick has revealed the existence of a species complex. Most taxa have some sort of
process from the centre of the valve costa and a ventral lobe distal to the sacculus,
usually with an interior excavation just dorsal to it.

The costal process is broadly double in asterias, narrowly so in pisina Butler
(Solomons) and subcarnea Warren (Trobriand Is.), single, asymmetric, triangular in
diversilinea Warren (Fergusson I.), ampla Prout (New Guinea), irregularis Prout
(Kei) and the externally distinct prasinaspis Meyrick, and single, narrow, parallel-
sided in eromena Prout (Sulawesi) and dimota Prout (Fiji). There is an undescribed
species in the Solomons with an obtuse central angle and spatulate apical process to
the valve costa, and with the distal lobe to the sacculus modified to a stout hook.

A. jowettorum has no costal process and the distal part of the sacculus is not
significantly modified (Holloway, 1977: fig. 75), a loss of characteristics shared with
the externally more heavily marked New Caledonian taxon (erroneously attributed
to dimota Prout by Holloway (1979)), which is perhaps best regarded as a race of
Jowettorum, which itself cannot be subordinated readily to any of the taxa discussed
above. It is therefore accorded specific status. This reassessment adds a New
Caledonian connection to the group of forest species on Norfolk Island at the expense
of an Australian one.

Chloroclystis insigillata Walker has been recorded infrequently during the period
covered here, but always in the Mt Pitt Reserve, supporting the conclusion of
Holloway (1982) that it is resident. The spring to early summer seasonal pattern is
also endorsed by these records, made from November to March. Eccymatoge
callizona Lower has also been recorded on a number of occasions in the forest area,
again during the spring period.

A single female of Ziridava smithersi Holloway was taken near the summit of Mt
Pitt in December 1982 but Austrocidaria ralstonae has not been captured since 1972.

The relationships of Cleora idiocrossa Turner have been re-examined by Holloway
(1983). It is allied to three species in New Caledonia and Vanuatu, and the group of
four appears to have more distant affinities with a pair of species in the Society Is. and
on Rapa I.

Arctiidae

Nesiotica cladara Turner has been recorded on several occasions in the current
period from the Rocky Point Reserve, which is densely vegetated with Norfolk Pine.
The species is otherwise only known from the native forest of the Mt Pitt Reserve.

Noctuidae

Three Amyna natalis Guenée were taken in April and May of 1983 at Anson Bay
and the Rocky Point Reserve respectively. The specimens were in good condition.
Records to date suggest that this species is a rare resident and virtually restricted to
coastal localities, especially the Rocky Point Reserve where six out of the nine
specimens have been taken. The seasonal range is from January to May.

Pantydia sparsa Guenée was recorded singly in 1982 and on several occasions in
1983, mainly from the site north of Mission Road notable for numerous Uresiphita
ornithopteralis Guenée which appear to be associated with an abundance of the
introduced legume Genista monspessulana (Holloway, 1982). Pantydia species also
feed on Leguminosae so the high numbers of P. sparsa at this site might also be
related to the presence of the Genista. Other records during this period have been
made in the Rocky Point Reserve, another area where the species has often been
taken previously (Holloway, 1982).

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Achaea janata Linnaeus was not recorded in 1982 but two specimens were taken in
1983 at Anson Bay and near Ball Bay. These records continue the coastal trend of
occurence noted subseqent to the abundance in 1974 when the species was found all
over the island. The species is most frequently encountered in the months from
February to June; it has not been taken from August to October and is rare in other
months. Year by year captures are as follows: 1972, 27; 1973, 11; 1974, 120; 1975, 0;
1976,-65 1977, 53-1978; 115, 1979525:1980 1 1981-16; 1982205 1983" 2:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The records in this paper are due to the indefatigable enthusiasm of Maurge
Jowett, supported by her husband Freddie. To both of them go my deepest thanks.

REFERENCES

Evans, B., 1981. Establishment of the Lesser Wanderer, Danaus chrysippus petilia (Stoll)
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on Norfolk Island. Aust. ent. Mag., 8: 54.

Gaedike, R., 1979. Katalog der Epermeniidae der Welt (Lepidoptera). Beitr. Ent., Berlin, 29:
271-288.

Gaedike, R., 1981. Zur kenntnis der ausserpalaarktischen Epermeniidae (Lepidoptera).
Reichenbachia, 19: 209-211.

Holloway, J.D., 1977. The Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, their biogeography and ecology.
Series Entomologica 13. The Hague: W. Junk.

Holloway, J.D., 1979. A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New
Caledonia. Series Entomologica 15. The Hague: W. Junk.

Holloway, J.D., 1982. Further notes on the Lepidoptera of Norfolk Island, with particular
reference to migrant species. J. nat. Hist., 16: 351-365.

Holloway, J.D., 1983. The biogeography of the macrolepidoptera of south-eastern Polynesia.
GeoJournal, 7: 517-525.

Smithers, C.N. & Evans, O.R., 1974. The reappearance of Anaphaesis java peristhene
(Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on Norfolk Island. Aust. ent. Mag., 2: 9-11.

BOOK REVIEW

Papilio International. Vol. 1, parts 1-2. The Lepidoptera group of 1968.
Lundhusve} 33, 7100 Vejle, Denmark.

A new journal on papilionid butterflies might be expected to be a semi-popular one
to cater for the large number of collectors attracted by these spectacular insects. Not
so this publication, which lists its regular features as: lists of recent literature (these
are mainly taxonomic and are abstracted with commentary), descriptions, taxonomic
lists and revisions, papilionid genitalia illustrated, news and views of entomology,
book reviews and notices, field studies, subscribers’ wants and exchanges.

It may be questioned whether primary taxonomic studies should be committed to
such a specialised and immature journal. The contents of these first two parts are well
written, but almost entirely by the editors. The original contributions could have
been published equally well elsewhere, assuming the availability of space. Of most
general interest is the first part of a series illustrating the genitalia of selected species
from dry dissections. There is also a preliminary list of threatened species for a
papilionid Red Data Book.

The literature cited reveals another journal called Papilio, so this one is
unfortunately titled.

RW.U:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 71

EVIDENCE FOR THE FUNCTION OF
WHITE-TIPPED OVIPOSITOR SHEATHS IN
BRACONINAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)

by DONALD L.J. QUICKE
Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD

ABSTRACT

Museum specimens of 32 species of tropical, Old World Braconinae displaying
white-tipped ovipositor sheaths have been examined in an attempt to discover what
function(s) this distinctive feature of coloration might serve. Five hypotheses were
formulated and for each of these, a set of predictions was derived concerning the
relationships between a number of measurable variables (lengths of white sheath tip,
ovipositor, fore costa (=C+SC+R) and body). Comparison of the observed and
expected relationships permitted an assessment to be made regarding the validity of
each hypothesis.

The length of the black basal sheath region was found to approximate to wasp body
length, an observation which is in good agreement with a visual feedback hypothesis;
i.e. the wasp in some way may assess the position of its ovipositor (or ovipositor
sheaths) by observing the border between the black and white sheath regions. Some
evidence was also consistent with an attack deflection hypothesis, both the relative
lengths (compared with that of the fore costa) of the black basal and white apical
Ovipositor sheath regions increasing with relative ovipositor length. Thus if a
potential predator mistakenly attacks the conspicuous sheath tip, the wasp will have a
good chance of escaping without serious injury. It is suggested that this factor may be
particularly important during oviposition when the wasp is likely to be especially
vulnerable and the ovipositor not encased between its protective sheath halves.

INTRODUCTION

The adaptive significance of coloration amongst the aculeate Hymenoptera has
been the subject of many studies (Wickler, 1968; Stiles, 1979; Plowright & Owen,
1980). However, considerably less work has been carried out on the adaptive features
of coloration in the parasitic wasps. The involvement of several tropical Braconidae
and Ichneumonidae in mimicry complexes together with noxious lycid beetles
(Marshall, 1902), and the mimicry of these wasps by cerambycid beetles (Gahan,
1913; Linsley, 1959; Quicke, submitted) have been briefly described. Many of the
larger species of parasitic wasp display aposematic patterns and are mimicked by
other parasitic wasps.

The present work is concerned with a single, widespread, though not particularly
common, aspect of the coloration of parasitic wasps, namely the presence of a white
annulus or tip region on the ovipositor sheaths. In the Stephanidae,
Gasteruptionidae and some Braconidae, the sheaths are marked white, whereas in
the members of the subfamily Braconinae, the sheaths appear white due to the
presence of pale coloured hairs. Sheaths which appear white distally are displayed by
the members of several Afrotropical and Indo-Australian genera of Braconinae
though this feature is apparently absent from the Palaearctic and New World species.
The possible significance of this feature does not appear to have been discussed
previously.

Unfortunately, the larger parasitic wasps, in which white ovipositor sheath tips are

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

most frequently observed, are generally unsuitable for captive breeding and in the
vast majority of species, oviposition has never been observed. In fact, there are very
few host records for tropical braconines (Quicke, 1983), and only one pertains to a
species with a white ovipositor tip: a species of Zaglyptogastra Ashmead is recorded
as a probable parasite of a coffee stem boring cerambycid in Uganda. The majority of
large braconines are parasites of either wood or stem boring Coleoptera or Lepidop-
tera larvae. Because of the practical difficulties of working with living tropical
braconines, a non-experimental approach has had to be adopted. Thus, predictions
based on each of five hypothetical functional roles of white ovipositor tips have been
compared with observed correlations between the relevant factors. Using this
approach, circumstantial evidence is presented supporting a visual feedback model.

HYPOTHESES AND ASSOCIATION EXPECTATIONS

Five possible explanations for the occurrence of white-tipped ovipositor sheaths
have been considered; these are:

(1) Warning coloration—as a direct indication of the ability of the wasp to deliver a
sting to a vertebrate predator.

(2) Warning coloration—as a part of a distinctive colour pattern probably shared by a
number of species and related to general unpalatability; members of at least some
braconine genera (e.g. Bathyaulax Szépligeti and Zaglyptogastra) emit a charac-
teristic odour when handled (personal observations) and may thus be distasteful
to birds.

(3) Attack deflection—to draw the attack of a bird away from the body to the less
vulnerable ovipositor; although vital, the ovipositor is a very strong and resilient
structure.

(4) Visual feedback—border between black and white sheath hairs could signal
information to the wasp about the position of its ovipositor.

(5) Inter- and intraspecific signal—as an indication to other parasitic wasps that prey
at a given range of depth, within an infested log for example, are likely to have
already been parasitized by the signal senders; females of several, often similarly
coloured, species often congregate around cerambycid infested trees and may
share the same hosts.

The above hypotheses are discussed at greater length below, and a set of expected
correlations are proposed for each.

(1) Females of the larger Afrotropical Braconinae at least, can often deliver a

noticeable sting (personal experience—Bathyaulax sp.). Thus, in those species

capable of delivering a relatively potent sting, evolution might be expected to favour
an enhancement of the conspicuousness of the sting (ovipositor or its sheaths),
because potential predators could more readily learn to avoid them. It seems unlikely
that wasps with exceptionally long ovipositors (2-10 times the body length) would be
able to manipulate these organs with sufficient accuracy to sting a potential predator
during an attack; such species would not therefore be expected to have conspicuous

Ovipositor sheaths. However, for wasps with shorter, more easily manipulated ovi-

positors, stinging ability would probably be at most only poorly correlated with

ovipositor length, and thus accordingly, no correlation would be expected between
the length of the ovipositor and its conspicuousness (e.g. length of white tip, length of
white hairs, contrast with rest of animal or its environment).

(2) The second warning coloration hypothesis suggests that the length of the white

sheath mark relative to that of the body and ovipositor combined (i.e. total pattern

length) should remain relatively constant for insects in a given area. From this it

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 73

follows that: (i) the length of the white tip relative to body size should increase
linearly with the relative length of the ovipositor, with a positive intercept on the
relative tip length axis; (ii) the length of the white tip relative to the ovipositor length,
should decrease asymptotically with increasing relative ovipositor length.

(3) The attack deflection hypothesis suggests that white ovipositor sheath tips should
occur most commonly in those species with long or relatively long ovipositors in
which the risk of the body being damaged in an attack is most reduced. Similarly, the
conspicuousness of the white tip (as determined by colour and length) should increase
with ovipositor length, but not so much that the centre point of the white tip (target
for attack) does not also recede from the body with increasing ovipositor length.
Although the ovipositor is a resilient organ, it is undoubtedly important that it should
not be damaged in an attempted bird attack, and therefore the white sheath mark
should not present too good a target.

(4) At least some ichneumonoids which parasitize concealed hosts (e.g. Rhyssa
persuasoria (L.)) bring their ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths forward between their
fore legs during the initial phase of oviposition. Thus white markings on the sheaths
could aid the wasp in positioning them prior to insertion of the ovipositor, or the
border between the black and white sheath regions could signal information about
their position and/or separation to their possessor. In both cases the white mark
would need to be present only where it could be seen by the wasp. For many of the
Braconinae with white tips this would be from just over one body length along the
Ovipositor because they nearly all have a long, thin, rather inflexible metasoma
(= gaster; see Achterberg, 1979) that has been termed merinotoid by Quicke (1984)
after the genus Merinotus Szépligeti. Under these circumstances, the length of the
black basal sheath region should approximately equal the body length irrespective of
overall size. Further, the length of the white mark relative to ovipositor length would
be expected to increase with relative ovipositor length.

(5) Potential hosts for tropical braconines (mostly cerambycid larvae) occur at a
range of depths in pieces of rotten wood, and consequently, different wasps have
evolved ovipositors of a range of lengths in order to reach these. Presumably where
there is an overlap in host ranges between species that differ in ovipositor lengths, the
wasp with the longer ovipositor would be able to parasitize hosts living at a greater
range of depths than the other. Thus those species with short ovipositors will
therefore, on average, be subject to higher levels of inter-specific competition than
those with longer ones. In consequence, it could be particularly advantageous for
wasps with short ovipositors to advertise their presence at a prey locality to others
with similar potential host ranges if as a result, the signal receiver searched for other
prey localities with fewer potential competitors; both signal sender and signal
receiver could therefore benefit. To be effective, such an ovipositor length indicating
signal would need to be highly conspicuous; since the large tropical braconines
usually display aposematic coloration, a conspicuous ovipositor would probably have
little effect upon the incidence of bird predation.

MEASUREMENTS AND MATERIALS

Ovipositor length (O) was measured from the apex of the metasoma and the length
of the white tip (W) was measured from the apex of the ovipositor sheath though in a
few species the extreme apex of the sheaths was blackish. Ovipositors actually insert,
and therefore flex, at the base of the hypopygium which is somewhat anterior to the
metasomal apex; however, in many of the braconines displaying white ovipositor

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

sheath tips the metasoma is merinotoid (see above) and the ovipositor insertion is
relatively far closer to the metasomal apex than its base. When possible, body length
was measured from the front of the head to the apex of the metasoma. Unfortunately
some specimens were damaged or bent making it impossible to measure body length
accurately, therefore fore costa length (F) was usually employed as an alternative
estimator of size. For practical purposes, F is linearly related to body length, though
the correlation is not perfect: for the 21 specimens with white ovipositor tips in which
body length and F could be measured,
body length = 2.13 F+ 0.59. (r = 0.922; P< 0.01).

With white ti W,
P 08 Mo
10
s s
0.6
7) T
a
20. Without white tip 04 A s .?
Sele As
so 358 =
0.2 at - =
Ls

%

Qi ee Se ee eee ee eee

0 O05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 >4 2. 4 6 (8. 10.12, lege
O/F
Fig. 1. Frequency histograms of relative ovipositor length (O/F) for 31 braconines with

white-tipped ovipositor sheaths (above), and for 75 tropical species of Braconinae
without white tips, selected at random from the author’s collection.

Fig. 2. The relationship between relative ovipositor length (O/F) and the relative length of the
black basal region, (O-W)/F.

ie)
2 4 6 8 0 2 4 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 4 16 18

Fig. 3. The relationship between the proportion of the ovipositor sheath with white hairs
(W/O, and relative ovipositor length.

Fig. 4. The relationship between the relative length of the white sheath region and that of the
Ovipositor.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 75

Thirty two species of Braconinae with white-tipped ovipositor sheaths have been
examined; these belonged to 9 genera of which seven appear to have been
described—Bathyaulax Szépligeti, Cratobracon Cameron, Monilobracon Quicke,
Nesaulax Roman, Rostraulax Quicke, Shelfordia Cameron and Zaglyptogastra
Ashmead. Unfortunately, only a few of the specific names are known with certainty,
and these are listed below (figures in parentheses are the number of species with
white-tipped ovipositor sheaths examined in each genus): Bathyaulax (2), B.
cyanogaster Szépligeti; Cratobracon (6), C. kinabaluensis (Cameron & Strand);
Monilobracon (1), M. speciosus Quicke; Nesaulax (3); Rostraulax (6), R. vechti
Quicke; Shelfordia (6), S. lineativentris (Cameron), S. syleus (Cameron);
Zaglyptogastra (6), Z. plumosus (Kirby); undescribed genera (2).

RESULTS

The mean relative ovipositor length (O/F) of braconines with white-tipped
Ovipositor sheaths is considerably longer than that of those lacking this character
(4.14 cf. 2.36; fig. 1). The smallest value of O/F found in the former group was 1.73
for a Zaglyptogastra species, whilst the largest was 18.06 for a member of a genus near
Rostraulax; however, the latter value was for a species in which the white apical
region was rather indistinct, and 95% of the white-tipped species had O/F values of
less than 6.5. No other braconines with abnormally long ovipositors, such as
Rhamnura Enderlein and Euurobracon Ashmead, in which the ovipositor may reach
up to 14 times the body length (Achterberg, 1981), are known which possess white
Ovipositor sheath markings, but since these genera and species represent only a small
proportion of tropical braconines, it is difficult to determine whether or not white tips
are under-represented amongst these.

As relative ovipositor length (O/F) increases, both W/O and W/F increase, the
former apparently tending towards a limit (Fig. 3); the relationships are even
more pronounced when only the Indo-Australian species are considered. W/F is
clearly correlated better with O/F than is W/O. However, without a knowledge
of the underlying, non-linear distributions involved, it would be unwise to
attempt to compare the correlations statistically. By eye, the intercept on the W/F
axis of the relationship between W/F and O/F is close to zero. These observations are
clearly inconsistent with the predictions of the second warning coloration hypothesis.

In addition to that of the white tip, the relative length of the black basal region of
the ovipositor sheath (O-W)/F, also increases with relative ovipositor length, O/F
(Fig. 2; see attack deflection hypothesis). The relationship is non-linear with the
relative length of the basal region tending towards a limit with increasing relative
ovipositor length; the variance of the data also increases with O/F. Importantly, if the
length of the white region was independent of O/F (as for the second warning
coloration hypothesis) then a positive, linear relationship would have been expected.

For the sample of wasps studied, relative ovipositor length has a significantly
greater variance than the relative length of the black basal sheath region (F value =
11.8, mi, nz = 32, P<0.01). Neither O nor O-W are correlated significantly with fore
costa length (r = 0.041, n= 32 andr = 0.241, n = 32 respectively), but whereas O is
not correlated with body length (r = 0.12, n = 21), O-W is (r = 0.457, n = 21,
P<0.05) (Fig. 5). The regression slope obtained from the entire data set was 0.659,
however, members of two Afrotropical genera (Bathyaulax and Zaglyptogastra) have
relatively short black sheath regions (labelled ““B” or “*Z”’ in Fig. 5). This observation

76 ' PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

is particularly relevant to the visual feedback hypothesis, since in most Bathyaulax
and Zaglyptogastra species the metasoma is not merinotoid (see above), but instead is
shorter and clearly flexible between the Ist and 2nd, and 3rd and 4th tergites: thus,
members of these genera can probably bring the base of the ovipositor further
forward during oviposition than those with merinotoid metasomas. The data were
therefore re-analysed, first omitting the measurements corresponding to the 2
Bathyaulax spp. (regression slope = 0.846, r = 0.55, n = 19) and secondly excluding
the data from the total of 6 Bathyaulax and Zaglyptogastra spp., giving a regression
slope of 1.057 (r = 0.65, n = 15).

8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Body length mm

Fig. 5. The relationship between the length of the black basal ovipositor sheath region (O-W)
and body length: data pertaining to members of the genera Bathyaulax and
Zaglyptogastra are indicated by the letters ‘B’ and ‘Z’ respectively. The solid line is the
best fit line for the whole data set, whereas the 45° line is shown broken.

In some Zaglyptogastra species (e.g. Z. cristatula (Szépligeti)) the hairs forming the
boundary between the black and white sheath regions are abnormally long, thus
emphasizing the boundary, but the white hairs become shorter distal to the
boundary. Such coloration appears to reduce the conspicuousness of the white tip.
Similarly, in numerous Indo-Australian species with especially long white sheath tips,
the hairs involved are short, resulting in less obvious white coloration than that seen
in species with shorter white tips.

Finally, before discussing the above data it should be emphasized that the
incorporation in several of the correlated variables of a common divisor (F) is to avoid
spurious correlations resulting from the considerable variation in the sizes of the
wasps considered, i.e. larger wasps are likely to possess longer ovipositors and also
therefore, longer white sheath tips.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 77

DISCUSSION

The absence of white sheath tips in braconines with ovipositors shorter than the
body (approximately 2F) seems to be strong evidence against the possible role of this
coloration as an intra- or interspecific signal to other wasps to reduce time-wasting at
an over-exploited oviposition site. In contrast, other aspects of coloration in
braconines do appear to correlate body size or ovipositor length. Within the
Afrotropical region, the majority of braconine species display one of about a dozen
distinct colour patterns, some of which are characteristic of wasps with a particular
range of body sizes or ovipositor lengths across numerous genera. The possible
significance of these correlations will be dealt with elsewhere (Quicke, In
preparation).

The relative ovipositor lengths of the braconines with white sheath tips do not
appear to correlate particularly well with stinging ability. During recent visits to
Sierra Leone and Kenya, the author encountered many braconines which were
capable of delivering a sting but which did not possess white-tipped ovipositor
sheaths.

The second of the warning coloration hypotheses, which proposed that the white
tips are merely part of distinctive pattern signalling general distastefulness to
potential predators, suggested that W/F should be positively and linearly related to
O/F with a positive intercept on the W/F axis, and that W/O should be negatively
related to O/F. Neither of these predictions was born out by the available data; W/F
was not linearly related to O/F and the intercept was close to zero, while W/O was
positively related to O/F.

Members of several Indo-Australian genera possess white markings at the apex of
the metasoma (e.g. Callibracon Ashmead, Megalommum_ Szépligeti and
Poecilobracon Cameron) which probably demark a Miillerian mimicry complex.
However, these markings are transverse rather than longitudinal as is the case with
the ovipositor sheath marking, and it therefore seems unlikely that the latter
represents an extension of this particular pattern. Further, among the Afrotropical
species with white sheath tips, there are representatives of at least two major colour
pattern groups (Monilobracon speciosus, those Zaglyptogastra species with white tips
and Bathyaulax cyanogaster are red-brown anteriorly with a black metasoma,
whereas the second Bathyaulax species involved is bright yellow except for a black
metasomal apex and dark wing tips).

Some of the regressions obtained clearly support the attack deflection hypothesis.
White sheath markings do not occur in species with short ovipositors (Fig. 1), and
both the relative length of the black basal region, (O-W)/F, and that of the white tip,
W/F, increase with relative ovipositor length (Figs. 2, 4). However, white tips appear
to get less conspicuous with increasing relative ovipositor length, and white tips are
unknown among those species with exceptionally long ovipositors in which attack
deflection would probably be most efficient. Both of these observations suggest that
there may be some other factor influencing the extent and occurrence of white sheath
tips in these wasps. The slope of the regression of O-W against body length (Fig. 5) is
close to unity when only those species with merinotoid and therefore rather inflexible
metasomas were considered, indicating that the border between black and white
sheath regions would be just anterior to the insect’s head if they and the ovipositor
were held forward between the fore legs during oviposition. Unfortunately, there
appear to be no published records of the manner of use of very long ovipositors in the
Ichneumonoidea (Achterberg, 1981), and it is therefore only possible to offer
conjecture upon this. The possibility that the white markings of some Ichneumonidae
are used for visual feedback has already been suggested by Shaw (1980). The wasp

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Mesostenidea obnoxius (Gravenhorst), a pupal parasite of the Burnet moth, Zygaena
filipendulae (L.) appears to assess the size of a potential host pupae before
oviposition by observing the separation of the white antennal markings when the
antennae are moved along the host cocoon. It is important to note that unlike the
warning coloration hypotheses, both the attack deflection and visual feedback
hypotheses are likely to be distribution independent and therefore the same
correlations would be expected for morphologically similar species from all parts of
the world.

Ovipositor sheaths with white tips or with a white, pre-apical annulus are to be
found in genera belonging to several other subfamilies of Braconidae, e.g. Spathius
Nees (Doryctinae), Zele Curtis (Zelinae) and Macrocentrus s.1. (Macrocentrinae). In
many of these, O-W is often much shorter than the body length. In Zele albiditarsus
Curtis, the ovipositor is considerably shorter than the metasoma and the sheaths are
almost entirely whitish. This species displays a typical ‘ophionoid’ facies (Gauld &
Huddleston, 1976), and is parasitic upon free living lepidopteran larvae (Achterberg,
1979). During oviposition, this species probably bends its whole metasoma ventrally
and forward, and thus it could easily bring its ovipositor sheaths into view. Despite
being largely nocturnal, Z. albiditarsus has large compound eyes indicating that
vision may play an important role during its crepuscular and nocturnal activity.

In conclusion, variation in the length of the white apical region of the ovipositor
sheaths of some Braconinae suggests that this coloration may enable a wasp to assess
visually the position of its ovipositor during oviposition, assuming that the latter and
its sheaths are brought forward at that time. A second, possibly subsidiary, function
of the white tip could be to deflect a bird attack away from the body of the wasp; this
function may be particularly important at the time of oviposition when the insect is
especially vulnerable because of its inability to escape quickly and when the
Ovipositor is not encased between its sheaths and therefore liable to damage. If the
visual feedback hypothesis is correct, there are essentially two possible ways in which
the wasps could be using the white sheath mark: (i) they could detect the boundary
between the black and white region thereby gaining information about the anterior
extension of the ovipositor; (11) the white mark may simply contrast against a darker
background thus allowing lateral displacement of the ovipositor to be assessed.
Unfortunately, because of our ignorance about the mechanisms of oviposition in
these wasps we cannot distinguish between these possibilities with any certainty,
however, it should be noted that they are not mutually exclusive.

SUMMARY

The ovipositor sheaths of several tropical braconid wasps appear white distally. In
the subfamily Braconinae this coloration results from white sheath hairs, and occurs
in numerous species belonging to a range of genera. Several possible functional roles
for this coloration character are considered, and the expected relationships between
various measures connected with the relative lengths of the black and white sheath
regions are described for each of these. The observed and expected relationships are
compared in order to determine the most likely role(s) of this coloration.

The observations that white tips occur most frequently in wasps with relatively long
Ovipositors, and that the relative lengths of both the black basal and the white apical
sheath regions are positively related to relative ovipositor length suggest two possible
roles for the white sheath tips: (i) as a device to deflect the attacks of birds away from
the body region; (ii) as part of a visual feedback system providing information to the
wasp about the position of its ovipositor. It has not been possible to distinguish

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 79

unambiguously between these possibilities, however, the linear relationship between
the length of the black region and body length with a slope of 0.73 suggests that the
second hypothesis may be correct with the border between black and white regions
being particularly important. This conclusion is also supported by observations of
species in other subfamilies in which the ovipositors are shorter and the body more
flexible than in the Braconinae; in such wasps, the relative position of the white tip is
much closer to the base of the ovipositor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the numerous people who have loaned me material which is
referred to here, and Dr P. Kirby, Dr K. Harrison and Miss A. Donoghue for helpful
discussion and for reading versions of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Achterberg, C. van, 1979. A revision of the subfamily Zelinae auct. (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae). Tijdschr. Ent. 122: 241-479, figs. 1-900.

idem, 1981. The position of the genus Rhamnura Enderlein among the Braconidae
(Hymenoptera). Ent. Ber., Amst. 41: 88-91.

Gahan, C.J., 1913. Mimicry in Coleoptera. Proc. §. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1912-13: 28-38.

Gauld, I.D., and Huddleston, T., 1976. The nocturnal Ichneumonoidea of the British Isles,
including a key to the genera. Entomologist’s Gaz. 27: 35-49, figs 1-20.

Linsley, E.G. 1959. Mimetic form and coloration in the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Ann. ent.
Soc. Am. 52: 125-131.

Marshall, G.A.K., 1902. Five years’ observations and experiments (1896-1901) on the
bionomics of South African insects, chiefly directed to the investigation of mimicry and
warning colours. Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1902: 287-584, figs 9-23.

Plowright, R.C. and Owen, R.E., 1980. The evolutionary significance of bumble bee color
patterns: a mimetic interpretation. Evolution, 34: 622-637.

Quicke, D.L.J., 1983. Some new host records for genera and species of Braconinae (Hym.,
Braconidae) including economically important species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 119:
91-92.

Quicke, D.L.J. 1984. Two new genera of Afrotropical Braconinae with a partial review of those
genera with merinotoid metasomas (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Entomologist’s mon.
Mag. 120: 37-45.

Shaw, M. 1980. July’s cover. Antenna 4: 109.

Stiles, E.W. 1979. The evolution of color pattern and pubescence characteristics in male
bumble-bees: automimicry vs. thermoregulation. Evolution 33: 941-957.

Wickler, W. 1968. Mimicry in plants and animals. World Univ. Lib., London.

BENHS Field Meeting: Hampstead Heath, Middx, 24.ix.1983. Leader: R.A.
Softly.—Eight members met at Jack Straws Castle (map reference 263866). The day
was clouded but mild.

The morning walk encompassed the former West Heath bog at the junction of
Bagshot and Claygate Beds, an area of wet acid grass heath now become largely
mixed deciduous woodland dominated by birch and oak.

After lunch the party moved to the south end of the East Heath at the junction of
Claygate Beds and London Clay, where a drier grass heath community was bordered
by scrub including blackthorn. The expertise of those present was concentrated
largely on leaf miners, spiders and beetles.

80 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF HAPLOTINEA,
A GENUS DISTINCT FROM EPISCARDIA
(LEPIDOPTERA: TINEIDAE)

by GADEN S. ROBINSON
Dept of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD

Haplotinea Diakonoff & Hinton, 1956, contains two Holarctic species, both of
which occur in Britain. They are small tineids of less than 20mm wingspan, with
forewings speckled light and dark brown. Species of Episcardia Ragonot, 1895, have
unicolorous glossy forewings: many are large with wingspans up to 35mm and the
genus is distributed throughout the Old World tropics.

Petersen (1982) has characterized the genitalia of Episcardia as follows: “‘valves
with one or several basal projections, which in many species is divided into a strongly
sclerotized costal arm and a more membranous ventral arm. Aedeagus usually fairly
simple, i.e., without a complicated jointed connection to the vinculum [as in
Neoepiscardia Petersen]. In the female the [anterior] end of the ductus bursae has a
complicated funnel-shaped sclerotization. This can be modified as far as a ring-
structure with two long, hanging pegs.”’.

The genitalia of the two Haplotinea species, insectella (F.) and ditella (Pierce,
Metcalfe & Diakonoff) have been figured by Diakonoff & Hinton (1956), Petersen
(1957) and Zagulajev (1964). The valva of Haplotinea does not have basal processes
of the type found in Episcardia: at best, Haplotinea has shallow and strongly
sclerotized nodular projections. The aedeagus is slender and curved, unlike the short,
stumpy aedeagus of Episcardia; a saccus is developed in Haplotinea but not in
Episcardia.

Diakonoff (1968) described three new species of Haplotinea and transferred a
further three species to the genus. Five of the six species are typical Episcardia:
Haplotinea cymopelta (Meyrick) is not. Gozmany & Vari (1973) were led by
Diakonoff’s paper into believing that the two genera were the same and they
erroneously synonymized Haplotinea with Episcardia. This synonymy was not
accepted by subsequent authors, notably Zagulajev (1975). He considered
Haplotinea and Episcardia to be separate genera and transferred to Episcardia five of
the six species that Diakonoff had included in Haplotinea. However, he
unaccountably failed to mention Haplotinea hemilampra Diakonoff. Its transfer to
Episcardia is here formalized: Episcardia hemilampra (Diakonoff, 1968) comb. n.
(from Haplotinea). Episcardia cymopelta (Meyrick) is the atypical member of the six;
the forewing is greenish yellow with a broad purple-brown terminal fascia. It 1s
referable to Chrysoryctis Meyrick, 1886 (type-species: Oecophora irruptella Walker,
1864) gen. rev. (from synonymy with Tinea).

Despite its rejection by Zagulajev (1975), Davis (1983) has repeated in the
Holarctic context the synonymy of Episcardia and Haplotinea established by
Gozmany & Vari. This results in the transfer of Haplotinea insectella (F.) to
Episcardia. This transfer is erroneous—Episcardia and Haplotinea are separate
genera and insectella is here restored to its traditional placement: Haplotinea
insectella (F.) comb. rev. (from Episcardia).

The larvae of Haplotinea have been described by Diakonoff & Hinton (1956) and
Hinton (1956). These authors placed Haplotinea in the Nemapogoninae (as did
Zagulajev, 1964) but stressed the notable difference between Haplotinea and
Nemapogon in the reduced number of larval ocellar lenses in the former genus.
Similarly, while considering Haplotinea a “typical member of the Nemapogoninae”,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 81

Zagulajev (1964) stressed the differences that it exhibits from other genera of
Nemapogoninae and suggested an affinity with the tribe Cephimallotini of the
Myrmecozelinae.

With the exception of the larval meso-and metathorax SV-group being unisetose,
all larval similarities between Haplotinea and the Nemapogoninae would appear to be
plesiomorphies. By contrast, the adult differences between members of the two
groups are substantial, highlighting the similarities between Haplotinea and the
Cephimallotini. The wing pattern of Haplotinea is atypical of Nemapogoninae,
resembling more the speckled patterns of the genera of the Cephimallotini. Similarly,
the stout and flattened labial palpi resemble much more those of the Cephimallotini
than the Nemapogoninae. In the male genitalia the aedeagus is short and curved as in
Cephimallotini, not elongate and straight as in the Nemapogoninae. A gnathos is
absent and the uncus lobes are strongly sclerotized, specialized, and articulated as in
the Cephimallotini. The eighth stenite is strengthened and specialized; the valva lacks
the digitate subcostal process present in most Nemapogoninae but is specialized with
strongly sclerotized processes at the ventral margin and costa as in many
Cephimallotini. The female genitalia of Haplotinea lack the sclerotizations that are
present in the bursa copulatrix of many Nemapogoninae. They do not exhibit the
characteristic lepidote pattern present on the internal surface of the ductus bursae of
many Nemapogoninae but instead the ductus bursae is lined with microtrichia as in
many Cephimallotini.

Although the similarities between Haplotinea and the Cephimallotini may be the
result of convergence, it makes most sense at present to consider Haplotinea as
belonging to that tribe. Unfortunately, Zagulajev (1964) erected a family-group
name Haplotineini based on Haplotinea and this must therefore become the senior
subjective synonym of Cephimallotini Zagulajev, 1965 (syn. n.). The tribe
Haplotineini is here placed within the subfamily Myrmecozelinae: its constituent
genera are Haplotinea, Cephitinea, Cephimallota, Anemallota, Aphimallota, Dinica,
Janseana and Phthoropoea.

REFERENCES

Davis, D.R., 1983. Tineidae. /n: Hodges, R.W. et al., Check list of the Lepidoptera of America
north of Mexico. 284 pp., Classey & The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation,
Faringdon.

Diakonoff, A., [1968]. Microlepidoptera of the Philippine Islands. U.S. National Museum
Bulletin, 257: 1483, figs 1-846.

Diakonoft, A. & Hinton, H.E., 1956. Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting stored
products. XV. On a new genus of Nemapogoninae (Tineidae). Entomologist, 89: 31-36,
figs I-18.

Gozmany, L.A. & Vari, L., 1973. The Tineidae of the Ethiopian region. Transvaal Museum
Memortr, 18: 1-238, figs 1-570.

Hinton, H.E., 1956. The larvae of the species of Tineidae of economic importance. Bulletin of
entomological Research, 47: 251-346, figs 1-216.

Petersen, G., 1957. Die Genitalien der palaarktischen Tineiden (Lepidoptera: Tineidae).
[Part 1.]. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 7: 55-176, figs 1-149.

Petersen, G., 1982. Insects of Saudi Arabia. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tineidae. Fauna of Saudi
Arabia, 4: 333-346, figs. 147.

Zagulajev, A.K., 1964. Tineidae; part 2—subfamily Nemapogoninae. Fauna SSSR, 86: |+434.
385 figs, | col. pl.

Zagulajev, A.K., 1975. Tineidae; part 5—subfamily Myrmecozelinae. Fauna SSSR, 108:
1-428, 319 figs. 8 col. pls.

Footnote: Gardike, R., 1984, Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 47: 141-154, figs 1-16 recognizes
the species placed in Haplotinea by Diakonoft [1968] as Episcardia.

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

THE CAUSE OF GREEN ISLANDS INDUCED BY THE NEPTICULIDAE

by ADRIAN R. PLANT
26 Tittensor Road, Clayton, Newcastle, Staffs. ST5 3BS

Col. A.M. Emmet writing in Heath (1976), states that the cause of the “green
islands” surrounding the mines of many nepticulid larvae has never been
satisfactorily explained. This observation provoked Wild (1976) to suggest that larval
respiration and the deposition of frass provides carbon dioxide, water and
nitrogenous material to a localised area of the leaf, and that this is sufficient to
maintain normal cellular metabolism and tissue integrity in the mined area which
would otherwise undergo senescence owing to the formation of the abscission zone in
the leaf petiole. This hypothesis implies a very general control over the physiology of
the leaf by substances that can reasonably be expected to be produced by most
leaf-mining Lepidoptera, yet not all such larvae induce green islands.

A more specific mechanism explaining green islands has been provided by the
experimental evidence of Engelbrecht and Orban (1969), and as apparently few
lepidopterists are familiar with this work, Col. Emmet has suggested that it be
brought to wider attention.

Leaves of Betula pendula mined by Ectoedemia argentipedella (Zeller) and
Populus tremula mined by E. argyropeza (Zeller) accumulate significantly high levels
of a group of substances known as cytokinins, which Engelbrecht and Orban held to
be responsible for the induction of green islands. Cytokinins are one class of a diverse
group of chemicals known as plant growth regulators or phyto-hormones which can
exert profound control over the growth and development of plants even when present
in only vanishingly small amounts. For instance, it has long been known that their
application to excised leaves can prevent leaf senescence, maintaining a local area of
healthy tissues, whilst the rest of the leaf continues to yellow. The treated area has a
striking resemblance to the green islands induced by leaf miners. Although
Engelbrecht and Orban could not totally exclude the possibility that cytokinins were
synthesized in the leaf or translocated to it from other parts of the tree under the
influence of the larvae, they provided strong experimental evidence that cytokinin
was produced by the larvae themselves and found high levels in the frass, gastro-
intestinal tracts and particularly in the labial glands which are possibly responsible for
their synthesis. Cytokinin biosynthesis was not investigated by these workers but
there is every likelihood that they are produced as a side effect of normal purine
metabolism or as products of nucleic acid catabolism.

Auxins form another class of phyto-hormones which is perhaps worthy of
investigation as an alternative causative agent of green islands in other larva/host-
plant associations, as the exogenous application of auxin to excised leaves can also
induce green islands similar to those caused by the application of cytokinins. In
general, auxins have this effect on the leaves of woody plants whilst cytokinins are
active on herbaceous plants. It is interesting to note that Populus and Betula used by
Engelbrecht and Orban are woody plants, yet cytokinins rather than auxins were
found to mediate in green island formation.

It seems valid to look on the green island habit as an intermediate state between
simple leaf mining which does not involve modification of the pabulum and gall
formation, which involves a chemical “hijack” of the invaded tissues resulting in their
modification to provide food and shelter for the larvae. Although a green island
miner does not manifest the same degree of homeostatic control over its environment
as does the gall inhabitant, it does achieve an obvious ecological advantage by

PROC. TRANS. BR.'ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 83

increasing the longevity of its food supply, thus enabling it to continue development
during leaf fall. There might also be advantages in feeding late in the year at a time
when fewer parasites may be active.

REFERENCES
Engelbrecht, L. & Orban, U., 1969. Leaf-miner caterpillars and cytokinins in the ‘green
islands’ of autumn leaves. Nature, 223: 319-321.
Heath, J., 1976. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1, Blackwell
Curwen.
Wild, E. H., 1976. Green islands of the Nepticulidae. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 88: 103.

BOOK REVIEW

An Annotated Catalogue of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) named by
Roger Verity. 105pp. Reprinted from J. Res. Lepid. 21(1). The Lepidoptera
Research Foundation, U.S.A. 1983. $8.00. ISBN 0 9611464 00.

A short introduction explains the aims and methods of the book and also contains
an interesting description of the difficulties resulting from Verity’s unorthodox way of
classifying species first into exerges, which do not precisely agree with modern
concepts of sub-species, and then into races and sub-races which, though they often
appear to be geographical, are based on wider considerations than geographical
isolation. Many of his race names have been used by later authors for sub-species.
Verity himself criticised the practice as being likely to lead to an undue multiplication
of sub-specific names, and the author himself considers that the most recent changes
in the definition of sub-species in the International Code for Zoological
Nomenclature may lead to still wider extension.

The core of the book consists of a list, with references in chronological order, of
Verity’s 120 publications, and an annotated catalogue of over 1400 of the names
which he bestowed on Holarctic butterflies. These are arranged alphabetically within
families; but, regrettably, do not cover the Hesperioidea (Skippers). The information
in it is largely derived from the author’s own close study of Verity’s collection, which is
is now in the care of the Museo Zoologica de la Specola in Florence; his preliminary
survey was assisted by a grant from the Hering Memorial Fund of this Society. For
each name are given: the taxonomic rank which Verity intended or implied for it, the
combination in which it was described, places and dates of types and syntypes which
are in the collection, and a cross-reference to the list of publications. Names intended
by Verity for species or sub-species are printed in capitals, and trinominal names for
races, which may now be eligible for use as sub-species, are preceded by an asterisk.

This is by no means a book for the specialist only. Most people who are interested
in European butterflies have come across Verity’s names and have been puzzled as to
how and when they may properly be used. Some will already have consulted the
splendid masses of colour figures of racial forms in his major book on Italian
butterflies, and may be encouraged to see the originals of these and others during a
visit to Florence.

R.F.B.

Correction—Annual Exhibition report, vol. 17:5. Delete Archanara dissoluta new to
Buckinghamshire.

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Monarch resident in Spain (Danaus plexippus (L.)).—On a recent visit to the
Malaga district of Spain, I found an area in which the Monarch Butterfly, (Danaus
plexippus) now appears to be resident. On 29th March 1984 I was walking along a
valley looking for Spanish Festoons when my wife pointed out what she thought was a
plexippus and a few moments later I saw a beautiful specimen sitting on some low
growing Geranium with its wings open in the sunlight. It soared away over the cliffs.
Riley and Higgins state that D. plexippus is a rare migrant in Spain and I thought it
unlikely that I would see one again. However, that evening, in the same spot, I saw it
again and caught it with ease, an almost perfect female. The next day was very hot; in
a valley about a mile awav from the original capture I watched another in all its glory
soaring impossibly out of reach up and down among the trees. Two more were flving
together over the original site at mid-day. Over the seven days, 29th March until 4th
April, we found Monarchs to be quite common in the area. On one occasion four
were seen together, on several occasions three.

At this early part of the vear the small vallevs of Malaga are green and full of plants
and flowers all of which drv up in the intense summer heat. It was to these valleys that
plexippus restricted itself. The steep intervening hillsides were already dry and
hot. Onlv once were two seen following each other at speed across the intervening
hills. We spent many hours trving, without success, to establish what, if anvthing, was
being used as a food plant. Two or three settled each evening at about 7.15 p.m.
Spanish time in a pine high in the side of the valley. They seemed to be confined to
two vallevs over an area of 2-3 square miles. I walked extensively outside this area
without seeing anv.

So it seems that this magnificent butterfly already, established in the Canaries anda
known coloniser, has at least established a temporarv colony on mainland Europe
and with luck will spread and become permanent.—Peter J. Edwards, Park Cottage,
Lower Hartwell, Stone, Bucks.

BOOK REVIEWS

The Butterflies and Larger Moths of Lincolnshire and South Humberside, by J.
Duddington and R. Johnson. 299pp., including four maps and black silhouettes of
imagines and larvae of 25 families. Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, Lincoln, 1983.
Obtainable from Mrs. E.V. Pennel, 47 Ridge Road, Bracebridge Heath, Lincoln
LN4 2LH. Price £7.95 (post free).

Lincolnshire is much less well known to lepidopterists, especially to those outside
its boundaries, than its fauna deserves, and this attractive book is fullv worthy of their
attention. The core of it provides a check list and details of a careful and critical
up-dating of the only previous county list by G.W. Mason, which was published by
the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union in parts from 1905 to 1912. This new list includes
57 species of butterflies and 599 moths, of which, however, the text mentions no
records of 16 butterflies and about 90 moths since 1960. It is preceded by excellent
chapters by several authors on the county’s geology, flora, weather, wild life and
conservation, and the ecology of certain butterflies. Sketch maps illustrate the
general topography, soil regions, and the location of nature reserves, which are
listed.

The front cover shows a good colour photograph of the Peacock butterfly feeding
at Sedum blossom, and the whole text is immaculately produced and free of
misprints. It must, however, be regretted that the numbering, order and
nomenclature of species follow, for both English and scientific names, Heslop’s now

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 85

outdated revised check list of 1964. This may be convenient for the elder generation,
but will not bring up their grandchildren in the way they should go.
R.F.B.

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 10 (Part II) Noctuidae
and Agaristidae. Editors: J. Heath, A.M. Emmet. Harley Books, 1983. 459pp. 13
colour plates. Price £40.

When the review of Vol. 9 of this outstanding series appeared 1n our Proceedings in
March, 1980 it was noted therein that “the plates of imagines and larvae tempt one to
look for the text of Vol. 10”. This is now before us and brings to completion an
authoritative account of the Noctuidae under the proven authorship of R.F.
Bretherton, B. Goater and R.I. Lorimer. Before delving into that family we have
Chapter | comprising R.F. Bretherton’s ‘The Incidence of Migrant Lepidoptera in
the British Isles’. This is an all-embracing account embodying a wealth of information
given under some 16 sub-headings from ‘Introduction’ and ‘Recognition’ to
‘Conservation’ and ‘The impact of immigration on the British lepidopterous fauna’.
On p. 35 The systematic section reminds us of families already dealt with in earlier
volumes and of those which will relate to subsequent volumes.

The authorship of the subfamilies of the Noctuidae is shared between:

R.F. Bretherton — overseas distribution for all species; migrant, adventive and

extinct species in all subfamilies; Heliothinae, Acontiinae and Hypeniinae.

B. Goater — Amphipyrinae; and keys to species for all subfamilies.

R.I. Lorimer — Cuculliinae, Acronictinae, Chloephorinae, Sarrothripinae, Panthe-

inae, Plusiinae, Catocalinae and Ophiderinae.

The information on the various species follows the excellent pattern of the previous

volume and distribution maps have again been provided by the Biological Records

Centre. Clear line drawings of genitalia will assist identification of ‘problem’ species

within the genera Cucullia, Acronicta, Amphipyra, Oligia, Luperina, Amphipoea,

Hoplodrina, Plusia and Schrankia, though those of Oligia females (p.208) are

unavoidably placed in reverse order to their underlying legend. Figures of female

genitalia of Luperina and Amphipoea are omitted, though in the case of Amphipoea
their form is indicated in the text but without reference to the classic Tams paper of

1941.

A corrigenda slip, enclosed with the volume, corrects the very few typographical
errors, though this reviewer has also noted a partially incorrect attribution to the
paper on Parascotia fuliginaria. The 13 colour plates by Brian Hargreaves are much
better than those prepared for vol. 9 and where some difficulty in identification is
experienced it invariably proves to be a rarity for which one has no mental picture!

A comprehensive index and index of host plants complete this splendid work and
the editors who, in their preface welcome Harley Books as their new sponsor and
publisher, deserve our congratulations.

B.R.B.

Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol VI, Part 2 (a) Symphyta (except
Tenthredinidae) Hymenoptera, by J. Quinlan and I.D. Gauld. Royal
Entomological Society, London 1981. pp.67. £5.50.

This key is a revised version of the one written by R.B. Benson for the R.E.S. in
1951. The format of the key is basically the same as in the original but some changes
have been made which make it more informative. In line with other recent R.E.S.
keys, there are now introductory sections on biology, collecting and preserving.
Other additions are a key to the families of mature larvae, a check list of the 83 species

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

covered by this booklet and a list of their larval food plants. The illustrations
associated with the key have been extensively redrawn and in most cases are larger
than in the earlier version. The authors have taken the opportunity to update the
records of foodplants and distribution in the British Isles but information concerning
the overseas distribution has been deleted. Hymenopterists who study sawflies while
abroad may regret this change but on the whole this publication is an improvement on
Benson’s earlier work.

Al: H:

Biology of Spiders by Rainer F. Foelix. 306pp., 179 photographs and drawings. ISBN
0-674-07431-9. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London,
England. 1982. £21.

When one considers what an important and interesting group of invertebrate
predators the spiders form, it is surprising how little has been written about their
biology. Previous books on the biology of spiders by Savory 1928 and Neilson are out
of date. The more recent ‘The World of Spiders’ by W.S. Bristowe 1958 is confined to
the behaviour of British spiders and the excellent books on New Zealand, American
and Australian spiders are also limited in scope as their titles make clear.

Recent research has revealed many fascinating facts which Dr Foelix has gathered
together. This is a book to be owned (if possible) and read slowly. It has something of
the effect of Christmas pudding—plums on every page—and too rapid a consumption
would bring indigestion. The subjects considered are anatomy, metabolism, neuro-
biology, webs, locomotion and prey capture, reproduction, development, ecology
and systematics. All these are treated thoroughly in clear and concise English. The
numerous drawings and photographs help to clarify many points.

The book is well printed and stoutly bound and as, no doubt, in many hands it will
get a lot of use, it certainly needs to be. It is well worth £21 and is enthusiastically
recommended to all naturalists.

F.M.M.

FIELD MEETINGS

BENHS Field Meeting: Wychwood Forest, Oxon. 4.vi.1983. Leader: G. Prior.—
This meeting was held in Wychwood Forest National Nature Reserve by permission
of the Nature Conservancy. The weather was in every way excellent and fifteen
persons, members and friends, attended. The purpose was to look for and record
insects other than the macro-lepidoptera which have already been fairly thoroughly
recorded. Wychwood is an ancient forest with a variety of old broad-leaved trees,
open rides, stream, ponds and marshy places and it is ideal for the study of the other
orders. Several interesting insects were noted although the beetle Gynandropthalma
affinis Iliger, a prize for which Mr C. Mackechnie-Jarvis travelled from Salisbury,
eluded us. Another field meeting is scheduled for 1984 and so we hope for better luck.
The following is a list of the insects that members attending have notified me has
having been seen.

LEPIDOPTERA: Xanthorhoe montanata D. & S., X. spadicearia D. & S.,
Epirrhoe alternata Mull., Petrophora chlorosata Scop., Thecla quercus L. larvae,
Crambus nemorellus Hbn., Glyphipterix simpliciella Steph., Anthophila fabriciana
L., Spuleria flavicaput Haw., Pammene rhediella Clerck, Incurvaria masculella D. &
S., Stephensia brunnichella L., Pieris brassicae L., P. napi Steph., Gonepterix rhamni
L., Anthocharis cardamines L.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 87

COLEOPTERA: Adalia 10-punctata L., Calvia 14-guttata L., Coccinella 7-
punctata L., Propylea 14-punctata L., Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba, Cantharis
nigricans Mull., Rhagonycha femoralis Brullé, Podabrus alpinus West., Tachyporus
hypnorum F., Anaspis maculata Fourc., Polydrusus pterygomalis Boheman,
Phyllobius oblongus L., P. pyri L., Cionus scrophulariae L., Eubrychius velutus
Beck, Lochmaea crataegi Forst., Chrysolina polita L., Chalcoides aurata Marsh..,
Demetrias atricapillus L., Donacia vulgaris Zschach, Anaglyptus mysticus L.,
Sinodendron cylindricum L.

ODONATA: Agrion splendens Harris, Ischnura elegans Van der Linden,
Enallagma cyathigerum Charpentier, Coenagrion puella L.

HEMIPTERA: Rhopalus subrufus Gmel., Harpocera thoracica Cutt.

HOMOPTERA: Craspedolepta nebulosa Zett.

HYMENOPTERA: Athalia cordata Lepel., Strongylogaster xanthocera Steph.
Pachyprotasis rapae L., Eutomostethus ephippium Panz.

DIPTERA: Bombylius major L., Lunatipula vernalis Meig., Acutipula maxima
Poda, Ctenophora flaveolata F.

BEHNS Field Meeting: Burley Street, New Forest, 30/31.vii.1983. Leader: Steve
Pittis.—Twelve members and friends attended for all or part of this meeting on a
warm sunny day followed by a clear but warm night. This was one of a series of
meetings organised for the N.C.C. survey of river valleys in the Forest threatened by
drainage schemes. The river valley at Burley Street is bordered by heathland and
mixed woodland giving a varied habitat.

In the afternoon 14 species of butterflies were encountered with Plebejus argus
argus and Hipparchia semele semele quite common on the heathland. A number of
Quercusia quercus were seen flitting around oak trees and a Purple Hairstreak later
came to m.v. light! In what turned out to be a “Clouded Yellow Year” it was thrilling
to see 4 specimens of Colias croceus careering across the heath.

Of the moths, several male Lasiocampa quercus were observed flying wildly in the
sunshine and Autographa gamma were abundant. Larvae of Macrothylacia rubi,
Tyria jacobaeae and Ceramica pisi were found along with mines of Phyllonorycter
corylifoliella and P. oxyacanthae on hawthorn and a pupa of Tischeria marginea on
bramble.

At night 6 lights were set up yielding a total of 133 species of moths. Among the
more noteworthy were Microthrix similella, Buckleria paludum, Hyloicus pinastri,
Clostera pigra, Parastichtis suspecta, Cosmia affinis, Eustrotia uncula, Bena
nrasinana and Hypenodes turfosalis.

A small number of species of Coleoptera, Diptera and Odonata were also
identified and a full list of insects recorded has been forwarded to the N.C.C.

BENHS Field Meeting: Dungeness, Kent, 2.vi.1984. Leader: Paul Sokoloff.—At
various times during the day some sixteen members and friends attended this meeting
despite warnings of flood and tempest from the national weather forecasters. The
afternoon was warm and sunny, and time was equally divided between avoiding
larvae of the ghastly Euproctis chrysorrhoea (L.) (which was present in depressingly
large numbers) and searching for more interesting species. Oncocera genistella
(Dup.) was common on gorse, but Capperia britanniodactyla (Greg.) was local and
difficult to find. Despite this, diligent searching turned up some 40 larvae of this
species. Coleophora otitae Zell. seemed rather scarce, with only a few clumps of
Silene nutans having an appreciable number of cases. A few examples of Lasiocampa

88 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

trifolii flava Chalmers-Hunt were noted during the day, but searching after dark with
a lantern was more productive when this species, together with L. quercus (L.) were
to be found feeding on broom.

After some liquid refreshment, nine MV lights were set up on the shingle and
amongst the sallows. This was a signal for the temperature to drop, and the wind to
increase. Very few moths were seen although singletons of all the expected species
were noted, including Hadena albimacula (Bork.), Calophasia lunula (Hufn.),
Macrothylacia rubi (L.) Ethmia bipunctella (F.) and Agrotis cinerea (D. & S.) The
highlight of the evening was the capture of a single male Clostera anachoreta (D. &
S.), believed to be the first recorded Kentish first-brood specimen of this problematic
species.

BEHNS Field Meeting: Wanstead Park, East London, 9/10.vi. 1984. Leader: Colin
W. Plant.—Members were rewarded by the warmest weather of the year to date. The
daytime was spent searching for Lepidoptera and Diptera. The 24 species of
hoverflies recorded included five new records for the area.

In the early evening the sky remained clear and the temperature plummeted,
resulting in a rather poor moth-trapping session. Notwithstanding this, a total of 47
moths were recorded during the day, of which two were new records.

Diptera: Syrphidae. Syrphus ribesti (L.), S. vitripennis Mg., Epistrophe eligans
(Harris), E. grossulariae (Mg.), Metasyrphus luniger (Mg.), Melangyna labiatarum
(Verrall), Xanthogramma pedisequum (Harris), Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), Baccha
obscuripennis Mg., Baccha species females, Melanostoma mellinum (L.), M.scalare
(F.), Platycheirus albimanus (F.), P.manicatus (Mg.), P. scutatus (Mg.) Cheilosia
albitarsis Mg., Ferdinandea cuprea (Scop.), Chrysogaster hirtella Loew, Neoascia
podagrica (F.), Anasimyia lineata (F.), Helophilus pendulus (L.), Eristalis
sepulchralis (L.), Merodon equestris (F.), Pipiza austriaca Mg.

Arachnida. Dictyna arundinacea, XySticus cristatus, Pardosa amentata, Meta
mengel.

Heteroptera. Eysarcoris fabricti (Kirkaldy).

Lepidoptera (including larvae and leaf mines). Ectoedemia argentipedella (Zell.),
Trifurcula immundella (Zell.), Stigmella hybnerella (Hbn.), Psyche casta (Pallas),
Bucculatrix crataegi Zell., Tinea semifulvella Haw., Glyphipterix simpliciella
(Steph.), Anthophila fabriciana (L.) Elachista argentella (Clerck), Esperia
sulphurella (F.), Alabonia geoffrella (L.), Mompha subbistrigella (Haw.), Clepsis
spectrana (Treits.), Tortrix viridana (L.), Olethreutes lacunana (D. & S.), Cydia
succedana (D. & S.), C. rusticella (Clerck) (nigricana (F.)), Crambus nemorella
(Hbn.), Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.), Pyrausta aurata (Scop.), Pieris brassicae (L.),
P. rapae (L.), P. napi (L.), Anthocharis cardamines (L.), Lycaena phlaeas (L.),
Polyommatus icarus (Rott.), Aglais urticae (L.), Inachis io (L.), Pararge aegeria (L.),
Coenonypha_ pamphilus (L.), Drepana binaria (Hufn.), Timandra_ griseata
(Petersen), Xanthorhoe ferrugata (Clerck), X.montanata (D. & S.), Ecliptopera
silaceata (D. & S.), Perizoma flavofasciata (Thunb.), Chloroclistis v-ata (Haw.),
Gymnoscelis rufofasciata (Haw.), Lomaspilis marginata (L.), Aethalura punctulata
(D. & S.) (new record), Cabera pusaria (L.), Pterotoma palpina (Clerck) (new
record), Orgyia antiqua (L.), Agrotis exclamationis (L.), A.puta (Hbn.),
Ochropleura plecta (L.), Diarsia rubi (Vieweg), Orthosia gothica (L.), Phlogophora
meticulosa (L.).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 89

The mixed nature of the woodlands in the Park provides varied habitats ranging
from secondary planting of beech to primary woodland containing native,
unpollarded hornbeam, and is in sharp contrast to the more popular areas of Epping
Forest. Large areas dominated by grasses, kept cropped by rabbits, separate the
woodlands in what was in the seventeenth century part of the huge estate of
Wanstead House. In the aftermath of dutch elm disease, scrub including birch, sallow
and bramble has grown up in the areas that were clear-felled to allow for replanting of
oak, beech, hornbeam, hazel and other species.

The River Roding forms the eastern boundary of the Park and four semi-natural
lakes, formed from a diversion of the river, create a chain which provides a barrier
retaining most visitors in the areas nearest the gate. The lakes have a good variety of
vegetation, both submerged and emergent.

BENHS Field Meeting: Durlston Country Park, Swanage, Dorset, 1/2.xi.1984.
Leader: P.J. Baker.—Once again this field meeting date coincided with the
departure of summer and the onset of winter. It was fortunate that one member
attended the venue on the preceding Friday night. His records, as shown below,
indicate that the local Lepidoptera population had been reinforced by a recent
migration. On the Saturday wind and showers accompanied a fall in temperature.
This resulted in a poor night with the only record of note being Agrius convolvuli(L.)

Lepidoptera recorded on the 30th September were: Cyclophora pupillaria (Hbn. ),
Xanthorhoe fluctuata (L.), Chloroclysta siterata (Hufn.), C. truncata (Hufn.), Thera
obeliscata (Hbn.), Peribatodes rhomboidaria (D.& S.), Campaea margaritata (L.),
Agrius convolvuli (L.), Acherontia atropos (L.), Agrotis segetum (D. & S.), A. ipsilon
(Hutn.), Noctua pronuba (L.), N. comes (Hbn.), Peridroma saucia (Hbn.), Xestia
c-nigrum (L.), X. xanthographa (D. & S.), Mythimna I-album (L.), Leucochlaena
oditis (Hbn.), Aporophyla australis (H. & W.), A. nigra (Haw.), Allophyes
oxyacanthae (L.), Eumichtis lichenea (Hbn.), Agrochola lychnidis (D. & S.),
Omphaloscelis lunosa (Haw.), Amphipyra tragopogonis (Clerck), Phlogophora
meticulosa (L.), Gortyna flavago (D. & S.), Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.),
Autographa gamma (L.) and Hypena proboscidalis (L.).

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS meeting 12.i.1984.—Exhibits. Col. A.M. Emmet: A specimen believed to
be of Euzophera bigella (Zell.) If so, it is the second British specimen, the first having
been reared by E.C. Pelham-Clinton at Edinburgh in 1955 from a larva feeding in a
peach imported from Italy. This example was taken indoors on the 2.xii.1983 at
Saffron Walden. Most probably the larva had been brought into the house in fruit of
foreign origin. The range abroad extends from Belgium to Turkestan.

Mr P.A. Soxotorr: Two early colour-tinted postcards, circa 1900-1910, of
Wicken Fen, from the collection of the late G.R. Sutton.

Mr K. Wess: A specimen of Sesia bembeciformis recently found in an emerging
cage. The larva had been collected from a small colony on sallow in South
Bedfordshire, its first recorded appearance here since Victorian times.

Mr R. Jones: A beetle, Anommatus duodecemlineatus (Muller) from a heap of
grass cuttings in a small suburban garden in Bromley, Kent. 21.xi.83. A rare beetle
associated with rotting vegetable refuse, grass cuttings, seed potatoes and the like. It
is thought to be subterranean and people have found it in their gardens in buried
wood and rotting bulbs. Its scarcity might be due to its retiring habits although even in
a large pile of grass cuttings, only one specimen was found. It is interesting that this

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

beetle is one of about six species of British beetles to be blind, completely lacking the
eyes.

Membership: Mr P.R. Harvey and Lt. Col. Hall-Smith were elected as members.

Communications: The President announced the award of a Knighthood to Prof
(now Sir Richard) Southwood, a distinguished member of the Society. He also
congratulated those concerned with the production of Volume 10 of MBGBI. Col.
EMMETT appealed for records of Microlepidoptera, particularly the Psychidae for
inclusion in Volume 2. A supplement to Volume 1 was also in preparation, and
additional records would be welcome.

R.F. BRETHERTON announced that the hardback edition of British Hoverflies
was now sold out, but more were being rebound in this format.

Lecture: Mr N.A. CALLow gave a talk entitled “Larger than life-size” in which he
described the techniques he used, including many personalised modifications for
obtaining close up photographs of natural history objects. The talk was copiously
illustrated with slides of insects and plants that amply demonstrated the
photographer’s skill. Mr Callow dealt with numerous technical questions at the end of
his talk.

BENHS' meeting 26.i.1984.—Exhibits. Mr RicHarp Jones. Pycnomerus
fuliginosus (Erichson) (Col.: Colydiidae), from under bark of an oak stump,
Chidingly, East Sussex, on 27.xii.83. This beetle is a recent colonist from Australia
and Tasmania, first taken in Britain in June 1962, from under bark of a small log
washed up on the shore at Slapton Devon. It was found in Epping Forest in 1964.
There are a few published records of its spread through this country, but he had taken
it previously in two other places in Sussex many miles apart. These Sussex specimens
occured several miles from the nearest habitation, were well established in several
stumps and were quite active despite the cold wet weather.

Dr M.G. Morris. (1) A case of insects (butterflies and weevils) from Papua
New Guinea (with Troides oblongomaculatus oblongomaculatus substituting for the
PNG ssp.) to illustrate his talk. (2) Two NAS publications on butterfly farming and
crocodile farming, for the Society’s library. (3) Pictorial guide to male Ornithoptera
spp. of PNG made for customs (UK).

Membership. The following were elected. Messrs E. Mclean, E.G. Hancock, J.P.
Young and A.D. Sclater; Mrs. K. Emmet; Drs M.A. Salmon, P.A. Bond and A.R.
Plant.

Dr M.G. Morris then gave his talk entitled Butterflies: farming, commerce and
conservation, which was almost entirely concerned with Papua New Guinea, and was
accompanied by a series of fine coloured slides.

A Microlepidoptera Dissection Workshop.—At the 1983 annual exhibition of the
Society the staff of the microlepidoptera section of the British Museum (Natural
History) extended an invitation for members to attend a workshop session on
dissection techniques as applied to the microlepidoptera. This session was duly held
on Saturday 25th February 1984. Ten members attended, arriving from destinations
as far away as Devon and Glasgow. We were each provided with a binocular
microscope, appropriate reagents, and specimens of Depressaria, whose ample
genitalia were ideal for beginners to work with. A number of members also brought
their own specimens for dissection and examination.

The BM staff provided constant expert advice and assistance. All those who
participated, whether novice or experienced dissector, found the day both enjoyable

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 9]

and very useful. Our thanks go to Dr Sattler and his staff: Dr G.S. Robinson, Mr M.
Shaffer, Mrs L. Pitkin, Mr K.R.C. Tuck and Miss M.A. Tobin for arranging and
supervising this novel and rewarding ‘indoor field meeting’’.—Paul Sokoloff.

BENHS meeting 9.ii.1984.—The death was announced of Mr F.S. REEvEs, who
died at his home at Telford, Lincolnshire on 21.1.1984.

Exhibits. The PREesIDENT, Mr B.R. BAKER: A male Eresus niger (Petagna), a spider
which could not well be mistaken for any other British species, taken in Switzerland,
1969. This species was thought to be extinct in Britain but has in recent years been
rediscovered here.

Mr J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt: Two male tarantulas taken by him in September and
October 1983, while entomologising on a 6000 mile motor drive in California and
Nevada. A total of some 20 examples were seen during the journey, all apparently
referable to Avicularia californica Bankes (det. P.D. Hillyard), a species until now
not represented in the British Museum (Natural History).

Col. A.M. Emmet: Distribution maps for Phyllonorycter and Stigmella species,
showing the excellent response made by members to a request for records to be
shown in The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Volume 2 and the
Supplement to Volume 1.

Communications. Mr P.A. SOKOLOFF saw two Gonepteryx rhamni (L.) (The
Brimstone) in Bromley, Kent, on 9.11. 1984.

Lecture. Mr R. Jones (a visitor) spoke on the subject of Feeding behaviour in
Spiders, his talk being accompanied by a series of coloured slides.

BENHS Ordinary Meeting 23.ii. 1984—The Ordinary Meeting business, with the
PRESIDENT, Mr B.R. Baker in the chair, preceded the Annual General Meeting.
Exhibits. Rev. D.J.L. AGassiz and Mr B. Goarter: Series of two recently
segregated species, Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and M.secalella Remm,
1983. They are separable on structural differences in the male genitalia, but
unfortunately can only be separated externally when long series are compared.
M.secalella is slightly smaller and in this species the plain form is the most frequent
one. Described from Estonia, U.S.S.R., it has been discovered in Denmark
(Fibiger), Sweden (Moberg) and Finland (Mikkola)*. Both species appear
widespread in Great Britain and Ireland. Both occur in Herts., Middx., Hants.,
Kent, Essex, Surrey; both have been found as far north as Edinburgh and in western
Ireland (Co. Galway). Photographs and drawings of the genitalia were exhibited and
copies of the drawings were made available to Members.

Mr R.A. Jones: Three specimens of Dorytomus validirostris (Gyll.) (Col.:
Curculionidae), from under bark of Black Poplar, Hampstead Heath, 16.ii.84. This
pretty little weevil is associated with the Black Poplars Populus nigra (L.) and
P. x canadensis (Moench) var. serotina (Hartig). Despite the widespread occurance
of these trees, the beetle is very local. These specimens were found hibernating with
several other beetle species under the bark of a large poplar—most likely the more
common P. x canadensis; numerous dead specimens were also found. Recent
records have usually been of single specimens swept or taken at mercury vapour
lights. The larvae attack the catkins and terminal buds and may normally occur out of

* We are grateful to Dr K. Mikkola of Helsinki for information on these two species.

92 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

reach of collectors. There are records of large numbers being taken from the lower
branches of poplars and in the surrounding herbage after storms.

Mr C.W. PLant: A longitudinal section of a banana, (country of origin unknown),
containing a mine; exhibited for identification/general interst.

The mine begins in the basal portion of the banana, and travels towards the distal
end in a straight line in the centre of the seed-zone. It was only discovered after the
exhibitor had eaten the distal portion of the fruit. A close examination of the
discarded skin failed to reveal any exit hole, and the exhibitor assumes that he has
eaten the larva! No oviposition site was observed: possibly the mine began in the stalk
of the banana which was not available for examination, or else the ovum may have
been laid in the undeveloped fruit which then expanded to hide the entry site. This
exhibit, which has been freeze-dried, was purchased at the Asda Superstore at
Beckton in east London, on 16th February 1984.

Mr P.R. Harvey: A microslide by our late member Mr Fred Enoch (loaned by his
great niece Joan Enoch), probably dating from the 1880's, and consisting of a deep
cell containing a complete male of Pellenes tripunctatus (Arachnida: Salticidae), but
with no date or locality, though labelled ‘new to Britain’. Locket and Millidge state
that both sexes were taken at Folkestone in 1888; Locket, Millidge and Merrett
record a sub-adult male from Dungeness as a recent record. Dick Jones found one
specimen in 1981 at Dungeness.

Membership. Mr R.F. Newton and the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter,
were elected members.

BENHS Annual General Meeting 23.ii. 1984, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley
Street, London W.1. The Presipent, Mr. B.R. BAKER in the Chair and 43 members
present.

Minutes ot the last Annual General Meeting were read and approved.

Reports were read by the Secretary (for Council), the Treasurer, the Curator and
the Librarian and are published herewith. The Hering Memorial Research Fund
report, read by that Fund’s committee chairman, Lt.Col. Emmet, is also appended.

The PRESIDENT proposed the adoption of the reports, Rev. AGassiz seconded the
proposal, which was adopted unopposed.

No questions were asked by members under bye-law 25b.

1984-5 Officers and Council. The PRESIDENT declared the following elected
unopposed:

President: P.A. Sokoloft, Vice-presidents: B.R. Baker, P.J. Baker.

Treasurer: Col. D.H. Sterling, Secretary: Mrs F. M. Murphy, Editor: R.W.J.
Uffen.

Curator: E.S. Bradford, Librarian S.R. Miles, Lanternist R.A. Jones.

Ordinary members of Council: M.R. Brown, N.A. Callow, J.M. Chalmers-Hunt,
A.J. Halstead, J. Heath, P.J. Johnson, R.K. Merrifield, C.W. Plant, R.A. Softly,
A.E. Stubbs.

The PRESIDENT also announced that Col. Emmet was retiring from secretaryship of
the Hering Memorial Research Fund, to which Dr M.J. Scoble was appointed.

The PRESIDENT read his report and gave his address, following which he installed
the new President, Mr P.A. Sokoloff.

Mr Soxko_orF proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring President and sought and
was granted permission to publish the Presidential Address.

Mr.S.N.A. Jacoss proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Council.

The Auditors, Messrs A.J. Pickles and R.A. Bell, were re-appointed.

93

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

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OFFICERS’ REPORTS
HONORARY TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1983

The modest surplus of income over expenditure of £481 is considered satisfactory,
especially as this is after charging the net cost of £716 for Hill cabinet units.
Subscription income rose by £360 over 1982, mainly because a number of members
who paid at the pre-1982 rates in 1982 put this matter right in 1983. There are still
some members who continue to pay at the old rates and it will now be necessary to
suspend distribution to these until the arrears are paid. The cost of running the
general activities of the Society in 1983 was approximately £1800 more than the
receipts from Members’ subscriptions, this balance being met from investment
income.

Special publications continue to sell well, especially the new Hoverfly book, and
the Special Publications Fund now stands at over £9600, but it must be realised that
most of the assets of this fund are stocks of publications and not cash.

Half of the capital of the Hammond Bequest Fund has now been placed in
long-term investments, but the remaining capital is still held in the National Savings
Investment Account, to be ready for eventualities which may arise concerning the
Society’s rooms, which, on termination of the lease, are now occupied only on a
monthly licence. It is intended that the accrued income of the Fund will be used on
such items as a projector and coloured plates for the Proceedings.

The rather large current account balance at the end of the year arose on account of

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1983

FUNDS
1982 1983
i ft *e £
10288 General Fund—Opening balance 11870
150 Gain on investment redemption :
11870 1492 Excess of Income over Expenditure 481 1235]
450 Library Fund—Opening balance 579
26 Income 381
1076 960
579 497 Expenditure 169 791
2308 Housing Fund 2308
528] Special Publications Fund—Opening balance 6955
6995 1714 Surplus trom sales 2631 9626
10678 Hammond Bequest Fund—Opening balance 23882
13448 Interest (and second payment 1982) 2349
24126 26231
23882 244 Expenditure 25 26206
2690 Hering Memorial Fund—Opening balance 2664
é& Gain on investment redemption
294 Income 302
2992 2966
2664 328 Expenditure 253 2713

48298 TOTAL FUNDS 53995

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 95

cash held to meet pending bills of over £2000 and the estimated cost of a projector, to
which was added at the end of December some £4000 special publications sales for
that month. Since then, the unexpended balance has been put where it will earn
interest.

Mrs S.B. Walker, wife of our Assistant Treasurer for Subscriptions, continued to
look after this work during 1983 and our thanks are due to her and also to our
Honorary Auditors.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1983 contd.—

THESE FUNDS ARE REPRESENTED BY

1982 1983
ee 3 £ £
Investments at cost (details appended)
8062 General Investments 20722
10240 2178 Hering Memorial Fund Investments 2343 23065
Stock
2390 Special Publications at cost 6324
2636 246 Christmas cards 187 6511

(The value of the library, collection, ties and Proceedings
back numbers is not included in the accounts)

Liquid Assets
24260 N.S. Investment Account 15813
742 Debtors and advance payments 1218
10000 Cash on deposit 3221
Cash in transit 111
514 Cash on current account 7701
35516 28064
Eess:—
Royal Society Loan 1500
35422 94 Subs. in advance, amounts owed & provisions 2145 24419
48298 TOTAL ASSETS 53995

AUDITORS’ REPORT

In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the Society’s affairs as at 31st December
1983 and the Income and Expenditure accounts give a true and fair view of the Society’s results for the year.

A.J. Pickles F.C.A.

R.A. Bell

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1983

1983 was a curious year from the entomologist’s point of view, but for the Society
all went well. 39 new members were elected, five members died, seven members
resigned, 21 were struck off for not paying their dues and by the end of the year the
society had 754 members.

We were very pleased to hear that Professor Southwood had been given a
knighthood and offer him our congratulations also on his vice-presidency of the
Royal Society.

The Society’s new publication British Hoverflies by Alan E. Stubbs with colour
plates by Steven J. Falk, surmounted a variety of problems and was published in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 97

October in memory of Cyril Oswald Hammond (whose bequest made this project
feasible). It has proved very popular and, indeed, a single glance at the beautiful
plates is enough to sell the book to any naturalist! The council wish both to thank and
to congratulate the Publications Committee.

The Hammond Bequest has also been used to buy a Leitz projector (recently we
have been borrowing one from the Alpine Club). This has a very good lens and is fully
automatic. The Council is grateful to David Wilson, Andy Callow and Richard Jones,
the experts who advised on and who arranged this purchase.

For some time it has been felt that our bye-laws, last revised in 1960, were in need
of revision to suit the gradually changing circumstances as the Society became more
national (and, indeed, international) and less local. Col. Sterling, our Treasurer,
undertook this task also and the new bye-laws will be circulated in March and a
Special Meeting will be called in June to propose their adoption. We are very grateful
to Col. Sterling.

The Editor will be taking advantage of some changes at our Printers to introduce a
new format for the Proceedings.

The Council—who are ever optimistic—are hoping that members borrowing
books will read and follow the Librarian’s instructions when taking books out of the
Library. It would be very helpful if books were returned on time but the Librarian
welcomes back books however overdue. Recently a book was gratefully received on
being returned to the fold after 40 years. Is this a record?

The indoor meetings programme went very well and attendance has risen again this
year. Mr Muggleton is retiring as Indoor Meetings Secretary and Mr Richard Jones is
taking over.

Mr Prior, who has also been President, Secretary and Librarian in his time has
retired as Field Meetings Secretary and has been succeeded by Mr Andrew Halstead.
The Council wishes to thank Mr Prior for all his many years of service to the Society.

The attendance at the Annual Dinner, a very cheerful meal arranged by Dr
McNulty, rose encouragingly in 1983.

Mr Ken Evans our indefatigable Exhibition Manager was pleased with this year’s
Exhibition and so, we believe, was everybody else.

CURATOR’S REPORT FOR 1983

1983 was a quieter year from the curator’s point of view, apart from one incident in
October. Fears were expressed when it came to the Society’s notice that holes had to
be drilled into the floor of the basement where the collections are housed. We were
informed that it was necessary for engineers to inspect the foundations and structure
of the buildings. There was some concern that the drill’s vibrations would shake and
dislodge specimens and do irreparable damage to the collections. Fortunately our
fears were unfounded; the drill used caused no discernible damage. A fine layer of
dust was all we had to contend with.

The Anthrenus problem is still with us, but the infestation is being contained. To
date a number of cabinets have been inspected and treated. It is hoped this pest can
be eradicated in the near future.

Three cabinets were sold during the year. This still leaves four members who would
like to purchase cabinets when they become available. As mentioned last year, the
emptying of cabinets before offering them for sale is the obstacle. It will be more
difficult in the coming year, as there is little room in other cabinets in which to transfer
specimens. A slight thinning of the Society’s main collection of Lepidoptera is to be
undertaken. This will ease the situation and provide duplicate specimens for members.

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Work on the collections progresses satisfactorily. All specimens in the Hammond
cabinets have been staged and the Syrphidae checked. Some specimens of Lepidoptera
from the surplus cabinet are in the meantime transferred to spare drawers until
re-arrangements can be worked out. Several specimens from the collections have
been loaned for research.

Donations of specimens were made to the collections during the year. The thanks
ot the Society go to Col. A.M. Emmet, J.M. Chalmers-Hunt and E.S. Bradford for
their contributions.

Finally I would like to thank Mr. W. Parker, Mr. P.J. Chandler, Mr. R.D. Weal
and other members for their help and advice during the year.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND
Report for 1983

Grants of £125 each were made to two out of a short list of four applicants:

(1) Mrs Radoslava Spasic of the Entomology Department of the Agricultural
Faculty, University of Belgrade, for the study in the field of the Agromyzidae of
Yugoslavia, with particular reference to species of economic importance.

(2) MrF.H. Donner of the Free University, Amsterdam for a visit to New Zealand to
study the Nepticulidae of that country. Little financial aid is available from his
university and he will have to bear most of the expense personally. His work is in
continuation of that begun in 1983 by Professor Chris Wilkinson (a member of
the British Entomological & Natural History Society), who received a Hering
Memorial Fund grant last year. Their research forms part of the world-wide study
ot the Nepticulidae which is being undertaken at the Free University.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by B.R. BAKER

I. REPORT

From the reports that you have heard this evening it is very evident that the health
ot our Society gives no cause for concern, but we have not always been in such a
fortunate situation. When you have a spare moment look again at your copy of Dr
M.J. James’s excellent Centenary History of 1972 and you will read therein that after
only 11 years of existence the death of the Society seemed imminent. Annual
addresses lingered on our declining fortunes and as a last resort a few senior members
faithfully promised to attend meetings regularly unless prevented by illness—how
different thankfully from the situation today.

Much ts owed to those who have laboured quietly and often unheralded behind the
scenes and it has been my privilege over the past two years to learn firsthand of the
immense amount of work undertaken by our Officers, Council and other officials.

I therefore welcome the opportunity this evening of being able to thank them all for
their industry on our behalt and also for making my term of office a very pleasant one.

Our Secretary, Mrs Frances Murphy has already in her report drawn your attention
to certain noteworthy happenings during the past year and I make no excuse for
repeating some of these. We are indebted to Col. D.H. Sterling who, as well as
guiding our financial affairs, has tackled the daunting task of a revision of the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 99

Bye-laws, to Alan Stubbs for his industry in writing the hoverfly book, and to our
Editor Raymond Uffen and to all concerned with the Publications Committee for
ensuring that we have no shortage of important reading material.

Our Curator Eric Bradford and Librarian Steven Miles continue to provide a
splendid service under ever increasing space restrictions in the rooms downstairs, and
for the organisation of the many lectures we have enjoyed in this room we must thank
our retiring Indoor Meetings Secretary, Mr John Muggleton. Finally, on the subject
of indoor meetings, I would remind you of the happy occasion last April when Prof.
N.W. Moore delivered the first Cyril Hammond Memorial Lecture.

The deaths of the following five members were reported to us during the year:

Mr A. Bliss who was a Special Life Member and who joined the Society in 1924,
died on the 30th November aged 94. He specialised in Lepidoptera and began
collecting as a boy of 10 in 1899, many of his specimens coming from Streatham
Common.

Mr T.D. Fearnehough, who joined the Society in 1977 was also interested in
Lepidoptera. One of his most remarkable achievements was the successful rearing of
the Queen of Spain Fritillary Argynnis lathonia (L.) from eggs laid by a female taken
in 1949 at Stoke Point near Plymouth.

Mr J.H.C. Phillips became a member in 1953. He died tragically as the result of a
car accident on 10th June last. We had heard from him shortly beforehand when he
wrote enquiring if any members had knowledge of South American butterflies as he
hoped to visit Brazil later in the year.

Mr F.S. Reeves died on January 22nd at his home in Tetford, Horncastle, Lincs. at
the age of 81. He was elected to membership in 1963, being interested in Lepidoptera.
He always took a keen interest in our activities but was unable to come to meetings
other than the Annual Exhibition.

Prof G.C. Varley, Hope Professor Emeritus of Entomology at Oxford joined our
Society in 1951. He was one of the foremost ecologists of this century, his most
famous work being that of the population dynamics of Operophtera brumata at
Wytham. He remained active right up to the time of his death, one of his latest
interests being in acorn cup galls.

BENHS meeting 22.iii.1984—Exhibits. The PresipENT: (1) A specimen of the
fungus Daldinia concentrica collected from a dead birch stem at Keston, Kent,
21.iii.84. The fungus was inhabited by larvae of the pyralid moth Apomyelois
bistriatella neophanes Durrant. The larval feeding is apparent only when the fungus is
broken away from its substrate, when black frass mixed with dirty white silk can be
seen. At the time of collection, the larva had spun up in a silken cocoon in the centre
of the fungus. Other larvae seen had spun up beneath bark that was covered by the
fungus. The moth is not often seen, and there are very few records for Kent.

(2) Some incurvariid cases collected from litter in a birch wood at Bromley, Kent,
March 1984, and probably made by the larvae of /ncurvaria pectinea Haw.

Mr R.A. Jones: Ants found in a box of ‘ants’ eggs’ fish food, identified as Formica
rufa or a close ally. From the small packet of about 250 cocoons, there were 28 nearly
complete ants and dismembered bits from about as many again. Had the ants been
alive when they were packed, it is likely that they would have chewed their way out of
the soft cardboard packet. The fish devoured both ‘eggs’ and ants with equal relish.

Mr K.R. Wess: A specimen of Carabus granulatus L. found under the bark of
alder at Clop Hill, Beds., 18.11.84.

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Colour slides with comments were shown by Messrs. R. JoNES, K.F. Wess, R.
SorTLy, P.A. Soko.Lorr and N.A. CALLow, in place of the advertised lecture.

BENHS meeting 8.iii. 1984—Exhibits. Mr S. PAINTER: five weevils (Otiorhynchus
sulcatus F., the Vine Weevil) of some 150 found in a Northolt, Middlesex, house on
6/7.111. 1984.

Communications. Mr CHALMERS-Hunrt stated that on the night of 6.11.84, Mr B.K.
West had had some 50 moths of Apocheima hispidaria to his mercury vapour light in a
locality in Surrey.

Lectures. Mr P.J. JOHNSON and Dr H.C.J. Goprrey gave talks, illustrated by
coloured slides, upon The British species of Momphidae and Epermeniidae
respectively.

BENHS meeting 12.iv.1984—Evxhibits. Mr R.F. BRETHERTON: The following
Lepidoptera collected in Madeira in November 1983 by Mr D.W. Baldock: two
Danaus plexippus L., Pararge aegeria aegeria L., P. xiphia F., Artogea rapae L. and
the pyralid Uresiphita limbalis D. & S.; and in South Spain on 13.x.83 by S. Swanson:
Danaus chrysippus L.

Mr M. Hap_ey: A specimen of Typhoeus typhoeus L. (Col.) taken at mercury
vapour light at Friday Street, Surrey, 11.iv.84.

Communications. Mr BRETHERTON Said that it was intended that, on midsummer’s
day, thousands of butterflies would be released on Hampstead Heath, a gift from the
Guernsey Government to the Greater London Council. The livestock, all bred in
redundant crop glasshouses in Guernsey, was a preliminary to more widespread
releases. Fears were expressed that such action could render butterfly recording
worthless, as well as having a detrimental effect on the status of native butterflies in
this country.

[The councils of this and other entomological and conservation bodies
subsequently appraised the promoters and recipients of this offer of its naivity and it
was dropped.—Ed. |

Mr R. Tusss reported that the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta had been seen in
Dorset this year during the first week of April.

A discussion, What part should the Proceedings play in the Society’s activities, led by
the Editor, Mr. R.W.J. UFFEN, was the main subject of the night’s meeting. A
summary will be published in the Proceedings.

BENHS meeting 26.iv.1984—Exhibits. Lt.Col. A.M. Emmet: A twig of birch
showing the gall made by Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.), the hole prepared for the
emergence of the adult being capped by silk mixed with frass. It was collected at
Upper Bucklebury, Berkshire on 17.iv. 1984 and is a new record for the county.

Mr A.J. Hatsteap: Some live Oeciacus hirundinis (Jenyns) (Hemiptera:
Cimicidae), collected 26.iv.84 from a 1983 house martin’s nest taken from the eaves
of the laboratory, RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey.

Hon. Secretary, Mrs. F.M. Murpuy: (1) A culture of the booklouse Liposcelis
bostrychophilus Badonnel, useful for feeding small spiderlings. (2) A_ living,
immature Brachypelma smithi, a popular pet tarantula, of Mexican origin. (3) A
living amblypigid or ‘whip scorpion’, from near Canas, Costa Rica, taken by the
exhibitor.

Membership. Ms P.C. Daniel, Messrs R.A. Austin, K.L. Halfpenny, A.J.E.
Harman, P. Granger, Dr. J.A. Daniels and the University of Queensland were
elected members.

Communications. The PRESIDENT stated that the Rev. Pittis had seen a male
Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus, in the Isle of Wight on 14th April this year.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 101

Lecture. Mrs FRANCESMurpuy spoke on Spiders as pets, illustrating her subject by
excellent colour transparencies.

BENHS meeting 10.v. 1984, held jointly with the Ecology and Entomology Section
of the London Natural History Society in the Linnean Society’s rooms Burlington
House. LNHS vice-president K.H. Hyatr in the chair.

Exhibits. Mr P. HOLLAND: Some myxomycetes housed in matchboxes.

Communications. Lt.Col. A.M. Emmet stated that from the gall of Lampronia
fuscatella (Tengst.) from upper Bucklebury, Berks., exhibited at the last meeting, he
had since bred the host-specific hymenopterous parasite Panteles schuetzeana
(Roman) and had presented the specimen to the BMNH together with the gall
containing the exuviae. It is not yet known to which subfamily this species of parasite
should be assigned, and it is hoped that study of the exuviae will provide the answer.

Several members reported having seen the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, of late,
notably at Cheam, Surrey 28th April, Dorset 17th April and at Keston, Kent.

Lecture. In the unavoidable absence of the scheduled speaker, Mr P.A. SOKOLOFF
had volunteered at very short notice to give a talk. The audience was treated to a
fascinating account of Recent changes in the butterfly fauna of London and the
south-east, accompanied by slides.

BENHS meeting 24.v.1984.—Exhibits. The President, Mr P.A. SoKOLorF: (1)
Freshly emerged Melitaea cinxia (L.) from an introduced colony in his garden at
Orpington, Kent. (2) Larvae of Setina irrorella (L.) (Dew Moth), recently collected
at Hurst Castle, Hants.

Mr R.F. BRETHERTON: A chart showing numbers of macrolepidoptera and
Pyralidae trapped at Bramley, Surrey on nights in March, April and May 1983 and
1984, with corresponding dusk to dawn maximum and minimum temperatures. The
trap was operated only when dusk temperatures exceeded S°C.

Contrasts between 1983 and 1984 are remarkable, especially until the end of April.
In 1983, after a mild winter, large catches, mainly Orthosia noctuids, began early,
from 11th to 19th March, with a peak of 356. These continued, after a cold spell, on
9th and 13th to 17th April. After a further cold spell, moderate numbers, not
exceeding 70, continued from 22nd April to 7th May. Thereafter, with declining
emergences of the Orthosia group and generally low temperatures, numbers fell
sharply, only reaching 22 on two nights to 23rd May.

In 1984, because of low temperatures, the trap was operated only twice in March,
attracting about 20 moths. Large catches began only on 9th April (217) and again on
18th April, with a peak of 235 on 21st, then declining until Sth May. Thereafter, with
warm days, but generally cold nights, catches consistently exceeded those of 1983,
reaching 62 on 16th May and 45 on 23rd.

First records of 23 species were noted by 31st March 1983, but of only 15 in 1984.
They had equalised at 41 by 30th April and in 1984 reached 80 on 23rd May, against 62
in 1983.

Mr R.A. Jones: Attagenus smirnovi (Zhantiev) (Col.: Dermestidae). This beetle
was first described in 1973 in the USSR and has since been discovered in various
places throughout the world. It was first found in Britain in 1978, in a flat in South
Kensington. The exhibited specimen was taken by Andrew Foster from the second
British locality—the offices of the Nature Conservancy Council in Belgrave Square,
where it was recently discovered in some numbers. Attagenus species are mainly
found indoors and are associated with dry dust, furs, skins, etc. The males have
greatly enlarged last antennal joints and the only really indigenous species, the
common A. pellio (L.) was shown for comparison.

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Lecture.—Dr K.S. SATTLER, Assistant Keeper of the Department of Entomology,
BMNH, spoke on The entomological collections of the Natural History Museum—
organisation and function.

BENHS Special Meeting 14.vi. 1984, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London W.1.

The PresipDENT, Mr. P.A. SokoLorF, read the motion placed before the meeting:

That the proposed revised bye-laws of the British Entomological and Natural
History Society be adopted forthwith.

It was decided that voting should be by show of hands. 24 members voted for the
proposal, none against and there were no absentions.

The SECRETARY reported receiving 66 postal votes in favour of the motion and none
against.

The PRESIDENT declared the motion carried.

BENHS meeting 14.vi.1984.—Exhibits. Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HuntT: Two living
spiders taken by him in Sardinia and determined by Mr Hillyard (BMNH): Synaema
globosum (F.) (Thomisidae) female, Gairo, 3.vi.84 and Micrommata ligurinum C.L.
Koch (Sparassidae) immature female, Mamoiada, 5.vi.84.

Mr A.J. HALSTEAD: a living female wood wasp, Xiphydria camelus (L.) (Hym.:
Xiphydriidae) found in a walk-in polythene tunnel at RHS garden, Wisley, Surrey on
13.vi.84. This insect occurs throughout Britain, but is local and not often seen. Its
larvae tunnel in the stems of alder and birch. :

Mr R.A. Jones: An adult beetle reared 18.v.84 and the pupal skin of Ctesias serra
(F.) (Col.: Dermestidae), resulting from a larva taken from beneath black poplar
bark on Hampstead Heath on 16.11.84. The larva (some slides of which were shown
later) is most peculiar, having numerous tufts of bristles over its tail half, some of
which it can vibrate rapidly. It is very active under bark of various trees, is quite
widespread and easy to breed, but the live adult is rarely found.

The PresIDENT: A pair of Rhamphomyia marginata (Dipt.: Empididae) taken
mating on a sheet beneath a mercury vapour lamp at Ham Street, Kent on 19.v.84.
The species had been noted earlier in the evening, when the females began swarming.
(2). A specimen of Apomyelois bistriatella ssp. neophanes Durrant bred from the
fungus Daldinia concentrica exhibited at the meeting on 22nd March. The fungus had
been collected from Keston in Kent.

Dr K. Satter: A handlens used by Edward Meyrick and two medals of his,
recently presented to the British Museum (Nat.Hist.) by members of the Meyrick
family.

Edward Meyrick (1854-1938) was probably the most prolific tepidopterist ever.
Between 1875 and 1939 he published over 420 books and papers and described
between 15,000 and 20,000 species of Lepidoptera. J.F.G. Clarke in his catalogue of
the Meyrick types of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) listed
14,199 names of Microlepidoptera (excluding Pyraloidea). It is remarkable that
Meyrick did all his studies with the aid of a handlens (here exhibited) and never
appears to have used a microscope.

Meyrick received many honours, amongst them a medal from King Leopold III of
Belgium and the Captain Scott Memorial Medal of the South African Biological
Society (both here exhibited).

Membership. Messrs R.D. Hawkins and M. Colvin were elected.

Lantern slides were shown by Messrs M. NewcomsBeE, R.A. JONES, P.A. SOKOLOFF,
P. Harvey, Mrs F.M. Murpny, Dr K.S. SATTLeR and others.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 103

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II

THE BRITISH CLEARWING MOTHS (SESIIDAE)
by B.R. BAKER

When you accorded me the honour of becoming your President, the voice of Alan
Stubbs (who sounded me out on the telephone) was still clear in my ear saying “‘the
first year as Vice-President is easy, the busy time is the second year’. He was
absolutely right, and for some time the subject for tonight’s Part II has exercised my
thoughts because there is so much expertise in field entomology possessed by
members of this Society that it becomes difficult to choose a group within the
Lepidoptera which has not already been the subject of past presidential addresses or
other lectures throughout the years. Indeed the group that I have chosen this evening
was that taken by our late member and past president, Capt. R.A. Jackson, but since
that paper was given over forty years ago I know that I am on sure ground when I say
that some of you were not present on that evening of 19th June, 1943.

Synanthedon culiciformis (L.)

Clearwings are a fascinating group to study, for not only are they elegant creatures
when adult and a joy for the man with a single lens reflex camera, but their lengthy life
cycles invite one to make expeditions in search of immature stages in mid-winter, a
time when other fieldwork can be at a low ebb. Some of my earliest recollections in
entomology are of winter rides as a schoolboy to the heathlands of south Berkshire
where we would spend the day sawing at likely-looking birch or alder stumps in search
of clearwing larvae. There were no field guides available to say which species were
best sought in mid-winter and Tutt’s works were unknown to us, but enthusiasm was
high and we worked in hope. Other recollections, as clear as those far off excursions,
are that no moths whatsoever resulted from any of them, and we deemed all
clearwings to be great rarities. Not that these field trips were totally unproductive, for
they were the means of a steady supply of firewood which lasted well into spring.
Much time could have been saved had that excellent A.E.S. publication of 1946 been
available, for leaflet No. 18 on Collecting Clearwings is essential reading for anyone
contemplating field trips with sesiids in mind today. We now also have Fibiger and
Kristensen’s 1974 Sesiidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark available in an English
edition which, however, does contain a few inaccuracies.

Clearwings are almost worldwide in distribution and Naumann, 1971, estimates
that there are about 1000 species so far described. There are about 100 known from
the Palaearctic Region but so far only 15 recorded from the British Isles.

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

They are exclusively day-flying insects. Though living in colonies they are not
frequently seen as adults, unless one knows of a good host tree and can visit it in the
early mornings during the whole of the emergence period.

The best way therefore to acquire specimens is to breed them through from cut
stumps, twigs or roots which themselves have to be given careful housing in aquaria
tanks, or similar containers, with a bedding of about six inches of damp sand and a
topping of sphagnum moss. It has proved very convenient to have the perforated zinc
tops of the tanks provided with two lift-up doors. This allows one to reach into either
end of a tank and still have half of the top closed off when boxing a newly emerged
specimen. Clearwings can be remarkably skittish and have the disconcerting habit of
jumping backwards when disturbed—hence it pays to afford them all care and
respect. They really do give one the impression of being rather special insects and no
matter how many times one may have bred even the commonest species it still makes
the day to see the steely blue wings of a newly hatched specimen in the breeding cage.

Most of you will be all too familiar with the tools necessary for undertaking
entomological carpentry, but as well as a variety of saws, secateurs, chisels and mallet
we have to thank the Scandinavians for thinking of the wire brush, an invaluable aid
for revealing most capped emergence holes. It is also worth adding a rasp or Surform
to your toolkit. This will remove the caps from the tunnels of Sesia apiformis (Cl.)
which are otherwise too tough to be broken by the wire brush.

In recent years in our own Society there seems to have been an added interest in
clearwings and they have figured fairly regularly in our annual exhibitions.
Nevertheless the legend of scarcity dies hard and the prototype Lepidoptera record
card first proposed by the Biological Records Centre in the 1960’s was devoid of any
clearwing names. Happily this was rectified following an open meeting when
comments were invited on the composition of the cards before the finalised version
went out on general release.

The species which most readily comes to mind when one mentions clearwings to
other lepidopterists is Synanthedon tipuliformis (Cl.). Referred to as ‘common’ in
earlier works (though not found so commonly today) this moth is widely distributed
from English southern coasts northwards to Dumfries. Compare that distribution
with that for $. anthraciniformis (Esper) which is also widespread on the downland of
southern England extending up to Worcester and across to Huntingdon. Yet this was
regarded as a very rare species until its association with the wayfaring tree was
discovered. This state of rarity is inferred by Eustace R. Bankes in a paper to the
Entomological Society of London in 1906 wherein he writes ‘On July 26th last I
received through the generosity of the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild a portion of the
stem of Viburnum lantana that he knew by deduction must contain a feeding larva of
the extremely rare Trochilium andrenaeformis’. When mistaken assessments of rarity
like that are made is it not likely that other species, which we still regard as very
localised, are awaiting discovery in unworked localities? Possibly more inviting is the
opportunity to turn up a species new to the British list such as Pennisetia hylaeformis
(Lasp.) which is common in all Scandinavian countries ranging northwards beyond
the arctic circle. This species feeds on raspberry and pupation takes place in the dead
stems.

There are several other foodplants such as Ulex, Epilobium and Euphorbia with
which clearwings are associated abroad and, perhaps, also in Britain, therefore when
examining these often worked plants it might pay to look at stems and roots after
attending to other micros on the leaves.

Some of the clearwings, and particularly so the larger species, bear a fair
resemblance to certain Hymenoptera, and this resemblance is best seen when form is

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 105

combined with movement. The sight of Sesia apiformis flying around a poplar trunk
or S. bembeciformis intent on its inspection of the sallows strengthens one’s belief in
mimicry!

The very characteristic appearance of clearwings arises from the combination of a
number of unusual features such as:

1. A very reduced anal region of the forewing which produces an elongated, narrow
wing.

2. Clear areas devoid of scales in both wings, best seen when the insects have taken
their first flight, and

3. A brightly coloured abdominal pattern.

The eggs are all of a uniform pattern—a flat ovoid disc with one end of the disc
somewhat straight. Their reticulate sculpturing can only be seen under high
magnification. Such eggs as I have been able to examine vary in colour from pale
green through reddish and varying shades of brown to completely black. The eggs are
laid on bark, in stump crevices, on leaves or twigs or on exposed roots.

The larvae are internal feeders in the wood of oak, birch, poplar, sallow, alder and
other trees, a few mine the roots of birds-foot trefoil, dock, sorrel and thrift. Their
colour varies from white to yellowish, sometimes opaque, sometimes semi-
transparent, when the dorsal vessel and gut contents become visible. The larvae are
beautifully adapted for their specialised mode of life, having powerful jaws within a
sclerotised head capsule and a prothoracic segment also with varying degrees of
sclerotisation. This combination of features thus produces an efficient means for
chewing and tunnelling through wood, for the head, as and when required, can be
withdrawn into the prothoracic segment thus creating a greater length for forward
thrust.

The pupae also exhibit several specialisations. The head is furnished with ridges
which act as cutting plates for rupturing both cocoon (when present) and tunnel cap.
The shape of this frontal process can also be used for identifying empty sesiid pupae.
The movable abdominal segments with their rows of spines give the entire pupa
mobility, essential for extruding from its tunnel. Pupae may be sexed by examining
the spines on segment seven, which bears a double row in males and a single row in
females. This is a useful character enabling one to monitor the hatch of a given species
after the daily collection of empty pupae from one location over the complete
emergence period.

Clearwing colonies can be detected by:

1. looking for old emergence holes in host trees.
2. by the appearance of frass issuing from trunks or stumps, and
3. by looking for extruded pupae.

Old emergence holes can be sought at any time of year, frass is best observed in
early spring and the presence of extruded pupae will coincide with the particular
hatching period. These extruded pupae are not as ephemeral as one might think and
though many will drop and be blown away, others, if well protected within bark
crevices, have been known to remain there for as long as a year.

Clearwings hatch in early morning from about 9 a.m. until 11 a.m., the time varying
with the species—sometimes pupae may extrude from a trunk and then dry
prematurely and fail to split. In 1968 a colony of Sesia apiformis (Cl.) was kept under
observation for a period of three weeks from early June until early July during which
time a total of 11 imagines were recorded. On one of the mornings a pupal head was
visible at 08.40 and it remained motionless and partially extruded for 40 minutes.
Fearing that the pupa would dry it was finally stroked with damp grass and emergence
proper then began and lasted for a further 30 minutes ending with the wings being

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

lowered flush with the trunk surface. This lengthy hatching time may be compared
with S§. culiciformis (L.) which has been timed as 40 minutes but one cannot be
dogmatic about exact times and these are doubtless affected by prevailing weather
conditions.

S. apiformis occurs predominantly in central, southern and south-eastern England
though it was formerly recorded from Durham, north and south Wales and Ireland.
There are few records of clearwings being so common as to cause the death of their
host tree but R. Neil Chrystal in his Insects of the British Woodlands writes thus of S.
apiformis. ‘“The moth is sometimes responsible for causing the death of large poplars.
One instance of this can be recorded concerning two poplar trees which early one
season suddenly produced quantities of flowers and a few weeks later drooped and
shed all their leaves. On examination of the lower part of the stem and roots, it was
found that the caterpillars of the hornet clearwing had been working in the tree for at
least three years and had completely destroyed the cambial region of the whole lower
stem and root system. In other cases, however, the attack seems to persist for a much
longer time without any fatal effects”.

S. bembeciformis (Hbn.) our other large species, is a particularly good
Hymenoptera mimic as recalled by a friend of mine when holidaying at a Devonshire
caravan site. A hatch of bembeciformis took place from a group of sallows growing
close to the camp shop, but despite assurances to the proprietor that the insects were
but harmless moths, the public health men were called in to clear the breeding site!

Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkh.) might well be termed a town species for its
larvae may be found within infected apple and pear trunks growing in urban gardens
in many localities of southern England. This clearwing can easily be overlooked for
the moths often favour one particular tree to the total exclusion of similar ones in a
garden. Extruded pupae are a helpful sign in discovering the breeding tree and one
such tree that was kept under annual inspection for more than a decade would
produce 30 to 40 imagines each season. The owner of the garden finally decided to fell
the tree and one winter the trunk was transported to my own garden. The following
summer at least 30 myopaeformis flew off into neighbouring gardens! A careful
excavation of the total trunk surface gave no sign of any larvae therein and provided
good evidence of a one year life cycle.

Synanthedon spheciformis (D. & S.) is a local species, generally thought to be most
prevalent in alder stems, where its presence is betrayed by copious frass and, later on,
by extruded pupae. Sometimes this species is heavily preyed on by birds, the ripped-
open tunnels plainly visible on alder stems, but I have never been able to spot the
culprit at work even when seated within easy ear-shot of the tell-tale tapping. On the
heathlands of Berkshire and north Hampshire S. spheciformis can be quite common
at times in the birches, its presence in such places being best revealed when the
besom-makers have been at work.

S. culiciformis (L.) is also a common inhabitant of heathlands but has a much wider
distribution than has S. spheciformis. I was pleasantly surprised to find it in the Lake
District a few years ago and other workers have taken it in Scotland. It is always worth
making a note of any birch cutting you come across in your own district with an added
reminder to visit the spot again in mid-May. Female S. culiciformis, though quick of
flight, are not difficult to see when they are intent on ovipositing around fresh birch
stumps. Should you find them at work, leave them in peace, but return the following
spring to work for the pupae!

Synanthedon flaviventris (Stdgr) is our most recently discovered species, though
Fassnidge’s discovery was made almost 60 years ago when he was working for Cydia

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 107

servillana (Dup.). Many of you will be familiar with the pear-shaped gall to be found
on sallow stems every other year, this indeed being a favourable winter in which to
search, but it puzzled Fassnidge not to find galls the year following his initial
discovery, despite a careful search. I have yet to read a convincing explanation of the
seemingly rigid adherance of all flaviventris populations to the odd-even years. S.
flaviventris has so far been recorded only from a few vice counties in southern and
central England but systematic search could well extend its present known limited
range.

Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esp.) is another gall-former upon sallows, though
the larvae seem to be obtained with greater regularity by examining osier stumps or
by cutting branches which show frass exuding from broken twig bases or from scars
made by storm damage. If one knows of a good formicaeformis locality it is an
interesting exercise to try and find the eggs upon osier stumps for you will discover
that a tiny erophyiid mite, clamped tight against the bark, is a fair egg mimic. This
clearwing has a long emergence period from late May until early April but I had not
appreciated that it was a May insect until a happening in 1971. On 17th April of that
year an osier stump was found to be well tenanted by formicaeformis larvae and
rather than disturb them it was decided to cut the stump at some later date. This
proved an unwise decision for, when I revisited the locality on 31st May, the stump
top was found to be decorated with a halo of extruded pupae.

S. vespiformis (L.) provides a good example of the rapid colonisation of an area by
clearwings when provided with man-made egg-laying sites. No entomologist regards
the felling of oak woodland with anything but alarm, but when, sadly, some of the
trees have to be harvested it can reveal the unsuspected presence of this clearwing. In
one Oakwood in north Hampshire I had searched unsuccessfully for vespiformis by
examining the various bumps and excrescences with which the trunks are sometimes
disfigured. Then some large oaks were felled on the edge of the wood and the
following year 75 extruded pupae were visible around the circumference of one giant
stump. The moth must surely have been present in that locality all the time but this
example does illustrate how easily one can overlook the presence of clearwings even
in a well-worked locality. §. vespiformis is not only a common inhabitant of oak
woods but has also been recorded from sweet chestnut, beech, walnut, wych elm and
birch.

Bembecia scopigera (Scop.) Most clearwings are best obtained by working for the
immature stages but scopigera is easier to detect as an adult. The use of a sweep-net
over patches of birds-foot trefoil on July evenings has revealed several new colonies
on the chalk in my district. It is equally true that not all specimens obtained by this
means are always in mint condition, but, having detected a colony, the perfectionist
can then resort to a careful search of the grasses and find specimens at rest. The larvae
mine the roots of birds-foot trefoil but to find them can be a tedious business, for no
helpful signs appear visible above ground level. However, if one selects plants on the
edges of the patches, or those which have been isolated by disturbance of the ground,
patient digging will eventually reveal them. Eggs, appearing as tiny black, ovoid discs
on the leaves or stems of the foodplant, are much easier to find.

All of the clearwings that we have looked at so far this evening have fairly wide
distributions and we now conclude by considering those species with either maritime
or very limited distributions.

Bembecia chrysidiformis (Esp.). The extreme south-eastern corner of England is
the most noted locality for this beautiful species, but it could well exist undetected in
other parts of our southern seabord. There is for instance a documented account of its
occurrence at Southsea, though admittedly the account is an ancient one, and in the

108 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

Entomologist’s Record Vol. 95 Nos 3 there is an intriguing reference to a possible
sighting on the Isle of Portland.

Care should be exercised in view of the present very limited distribution of
chrysidiformis, but if one has taken an infected root and failed to breed the moth the
same year remember that the larva lives through a second winter.

B. muscaeformis (Esp.). This is a truly maritime clearwing to be found commonly
around the coasts of western England and west and north Wales. It is also known
from the Isle of Man, southern Ireland, north-eastern Scotland and a single record
from the Scottish west coast. The adults are not difficult to detect along sheltered cliff
faces and patches of thyme are favoured feeding places. A good sign of the activities
of the larvae in the thrift stems and roots is the browning and dead appearance of
parts of the thrift cushions. Little, if any frass is obvious in my experience until one
has lifted up and broken a dead looking clump of thrift when the workings become
visible. Mid-May is a good time to search for larvae. The adults, which are on the wing
throughout July, hatch around 10a.m. and sit quietly for a while on the thrift stems. It
is in this pre-first flight period, before any of the superficial wing scales have been
lost, that the protective resemblance of muscaeformis to its surroundings can best be
appreciated.

Synanthedon scoliaeformis (Borkh.) The discontinuous distribution as at present
known makes one think that scoliaeformis must be awaiting discovery in some of the
intervening regions. Persistent searches in recent years around Llangollen, where
Ashworth discovered the species in the early 1860’s, have finally convinced me that
the insect no longer occurs in its original wood. There have been some disastrous fires
there and much suitable habitat destroyed, though in some of the remaining well
grown birches a wood-boring Coleopteran has on more than one occasion raised false
hopes. Yet there must be many unexplored valleys in this mountainous region where
well grown birches flourish and where scoliaeformis is awaiting discovery—how
otherwise can you have a ‘Welsh’ clearwing. In Scotland the known localities are well
separated and lepidopterists working the intervening districts would do well to devote
some of their stay to an inspection of well grown birch trunks. In southern Ireland the
moth is well established in Kerry but favoured trees require some finding. One such
tree showed signs of immature larval borings and also nine newly formed cocoons—it
was the only tree found during several hours of searching.

Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) This clearwing has been described as our least
known resident and that would seem to be a fair assessment. The few records of its
occurrence surely cannot all relate to accidental introduction with trees such as black
poplar and aspen. In Scandinavia tabaniformis seems to occur with regularity, most
easily found by searching for pear-shaped galls on aspen. In France it has been
recorded, most recently by Barry Goater, from a very different foodplant namely
Hippophae rhamnoides, Sea Buckthorn. The late W. Parkinson Curtis also relates
finding tabanifermis from the same foodplant at Uvernet when in the company of
William Fassnidge. Curtis suggested that it might well be worth seeing if the moth
could be found on the same foodplant in this country and suggested Burnham-on-
Sea, Somerset where Hippophae grows in quantity by the golf links. Others have
made investigations on the east coast so perhaps we may hear more of tabaniformis,
which was last recorded in Britain from Berkshire in 1924.

For some of you we may not have travelled much fresh country this evening, but for
others, for whom perhaps sesiids are new territory, the foregoing remarks are offered
as an invitation to discover what may exist in their own districts. Keep a weather eye
for frass exuding from almost any kind of tree and then make the effort to breed out
the cause of that frass. Should the insect prove to be other than a clearwing there are

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984 109

many other attractive micros which will repay your efforts.

The illustrations this evening would have been incomplete without help from
several members. My thanks are therefore due to John Heath and Col. A. Maitland
Emmet for allowing me to make slides from distribution maps prepared for Vol. 2 of
M.B.G.B.I. for which they Editors; to David Wilson for the slide of eggs of Sesia
bembeciformis (Hbn.) and to David Carter for the slide of Paranthrene tabaniformis
(Rott.) kindly prepared from the Berkshire specimen in the collections of the British
Museum (Natural History).

[The President’s address was abundantly illustrated by colour transparencies of the
species taken by him in the field and in captivity—Ed]

The Hon. Secretary, Frances Murphy attracting the unanticipated interest of the residents of
Magor Marsh in her spider photography. Monmouthshire field meeting, May 1982.

110 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 17, 1984

BENHS meeting 28.vi. 1984.—Exhibits. Mr Colin W. Plant: (1) Hadena albimacula
(Borkh.), Clostera anachoreta (D. & S.) and Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregson), all
from the field meeting at Dungeness 2.vi.84. The first two moths were taken at
mercury vapour light, the last bred from one of four larvae collected on Wood Sage,
Teucrium scorodonia, the other three larvae producing ichneumonid parasites. (2) A
live Eidophasia messingiella (F.v R.), taken at Barking, Essex, a local and seldom
common species in Essex according to Emmet, and recorded from only eight of the 57
10 km squares in the county.

Dr ApriAN R. PLANT: Sisyra terminalis Curtis (Neuroptera: Sisyridae), taken at
light in the Wyre Forest, Shropshire, 20.vi.84. S. terminalis is very local in Britain, but
has no doubt been overlooked in many suitable localities.

Although the biology of this species is poorly understood, it is known that the
larvae of other Sisyra species live as parasites within the osteoles of, or at the surface
of, fresh water sponges. The aquatic and parasitic habit of Sisyra is unusual amongst
the Neuroptera, which are mostly predators of terrestrial insects.

Mr R.A. Jones: The very local chafer Amphimallon ochraceus (Knoch), taken
from many on the wing in bright sunshine above very short sheep-cropped turf in the
ruins of the castle at Newcastle Emlyn, Dyfed in mid-afternoon on 8.vi.84. The much
commoner A. solstitialis (L.) (also exhibited) flies at dusk. A. ochraceus is recorded
from scattered localities in England, from Holyhead and Tenby and from
Carnarvonshire and Glamorgan (Allen, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 90:17, 278). Mr J.M.
CHALMERS-Hunrt had also taken this species flying in numbers above Llandudno
Junction, Carnarvonshire.

Mr R.F. McCormick: (1) Larva of Papestra (Lacanobia) biren (Goeze), the
Glaucous Shears, from a female moth captured at Thackthwaite, near Penrith,
2.vi.84. (2) Larvae found feeding abundantly on Salix phylicifolia L. (Tea-leaved
Willow), near Penrith in mid-June. This Salix, wherever found in this district, was
similarly infested. [Some moths from these larvae have since hatched and are
referable to Yponomeuta evonymella (L.), which was recorded only from Prunus
padus— J.M.C.-H.].

Lantern slides. In place of the advertised lecture, Mr. A. CaALLow showed a fine
selection from his collection of coloured slides under the title Larger than life. The
transparencies and running commentary were much appreciated.

iii
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CONTENTS

Bailey, K. E. J. Light and temperature experiments on the Comma butterfly Polygonia

c-album (Lep.: Nymphalidae) 63
Baker, B. R. The British clearwing moths (Sesiidae) 103
Bretherton, R. F. Monarchs on the move — Danaus plexippus (L.) and D. chrysippus

(E.) 65
Edwards, P. J. Monarch resident in Spain 84
Holloway, J. D. Lepidoptera records and notes from Norfolk Island, 1981-1983 67
Hudson, I. R. Some Ichneumonidae reared from spiders and their eggs 66
Plant, A. R. The cause of green islands induced by the Nepticulidae 82
Quicke, D. L. J. Evidence for the function of white-tipped ovipositor sheaths in

Braconinae (Hym.: Braconidae) 71
Robinson, G. S. The systematic position of Haplotinea, a genus distinct from Episcardia

(Lep.: Tineidae) 80
Sokoloff, P. A. A microlepidoptera dissection workshop 90
Field Meetings 79, 86, 110
Indoor Meetings 89, 110
Annual General Meeting 92
Special Meeting (Bye-laws) 102
Officers’ Reports 93
Book Reviews 70, 83, 85
Correction (1983 Annual Exhibition) 83

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 1
1984 ANNUAL EXHIBITION

Chelsea Old Town Hall— 27th October 1984

131 exhibits were recorded and these are reviewed below from the notes supplied
by exhibitors, supplemented by reviewers’ observations and enquiries. Exhibitors’
records must include a statement of the point of interest of a specimen as wellas a bald
record to ensure that it does not get overlooked. The Editor also wishes to have the
attention of himself or the reviewers drawn on the day to photogenic specimens of
interest and novelty for inclusion in the colour plates. As the specimens have to be
assembled into whole plates for photography at the exhibition, it is not possible to
photograph overlooked material later and to substitute it for less interesting
specimens already recorded. It is not generally policy to photograph known
aberrations or species already illustrated elsewhere, but this is happening because
there is apparently space available, which is not disputed until too late. We do not yet
have an economic method of recording in colour very small species at greater than life
SIZE:

The 1984 exhibition plates will be published later when other colour plate work is to
hand, for economy.

The exhibition location was photographed by R.W.J. cies and individual
members by Mrs McCormick.

Reviewers were: C.J. Luckens (British butterflies), B.F. Skinner (British
macrolepidoptera), J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (microlepidoptera), R.F. Bretherton
(foreign macrolepidoptera), P.J. Chandler (Diptera), I. McClenaghan (Coleoptera),
A. Halstead (other insects) and E.S. Bradford (illustrations).

DIPTERA

AppPLeTON, D.M.—A male of Melangyna quadrimaculata (Verrall) (Syrphidae)
taken at Corylus catkins, Botley Wood, Hants., 1.11.84.

Hopce_, P.J.—Leopoldius signatus (Wiedemann) (Conapidac), two taken at
Hedera flowers, Malling Down, near Lewes, E. Sussex, 22.1x.84; five species of
Syrphidae from Sussex, including Myolepta luteola (Gmelin), a male from Heracleum
flowers, near Framfield, 14.viii.84; also Volucella zonaria (Poda) and V. inanis
(Linnaeus), from near Lewes, 7.vili.84.

Hupson, I.R.—A selection of uncommon larger Brachycera, Conopidae,
Syrphidae and Tachinidae trom S. Hants and W. Sussex, 1983—4. These included
among the Syrphidae: Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi), a female flying slowly around a
damaged but living beech trunk at Mark Ash, New Forest, 8.vi.84 and a male sunning
itself in a hollow in an old beech stump at Denny Wood, New Forest, 15.vi.84; Pocota
personata (Harris), a female investigating a damaged area of a beech trunk 8 feet from
the ground, at Mark Ash Wood; Myolepta luteola (Gmelin), feeding at Mentha
aquatica flowers in a damp meadow at Roydon Woods, 21.vili.84; Brachypalpus
laphriformis (Fallén), on beech trunk, Mark Ash, 2.vi.84. Other notable species
were: Leopoldius signatus (Wiedemann) (Conopidae), sunning itself low amongst
undergrowth in small copse, Hilsea, Portsmouth, 28.i1x.82; Alophora hemiptera (F.)
(Tachinidae), a male from Mentha aquatica flowers at Botley Wood, 18.vili.84 and a
female also at M. aquatica flowers, at Roydon Wood, 21.viii.84.

2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

KNILL-JONES, S.A.—A collection of Diptera, mainly Syrphidae, from Freshwater,
Isle of Wight, including Volucella inflata (F.), V. zonaria (Poda) (Syrphidae) and
Bombylius discolor Mikan (Bombyliidae).

Mies, S.R.— Pelecocera tricincta Meigen (Syrphidae), female from Ash Ranges,
Surrey, 26.vili.84, first record from Surrey and first outside Dorset and S. Hants;
Mallota cimbiciformis (Fallén) (Syrphidae), male at rest adjacent to a large rot hole in
a living beech at Micheldever Spoil Heaps, Hants, a county naturalist’s trust reserve,
11.vui.83.

PLant, C.W.—A _ collection of Syrphidae taken during 1984, including
Meligramma triangulifera (Zetterstedt), Burnt Oak Wood, Kent, 19.v.34, female;
Neoascia interrupta (Meigen), Aveley, Essex, 13.v.84.

SokoLorF, P.A.—A pair of Rhamphomyia marginata (F.) (Empididae), taken
from a mating swarm at Ham Street Woods, Kent, 19.v.84; further examples were
also seen at mercury vapour light at about 11 p.m. on the same night.

Stusss, A.E.—A selection of scarce or interesting Diptera from many parts of
Britain. The following more notable records were among them: Tipula cheethami
Edwards (Tipulidae), associated with seepages on basalt cliffs at Calgary, Mull,
7.vi.83, first record from west of Scotland; Arctoconopa melampodia (Loew)
(Tipulidae), at shaded oxbow lake, Mauld, Ross & Cromarty, 20.vi.83, third British
record; Limonia frontalis (Staeger) (Tipulidae), from Downton Gorge N.N.R.,
Herefordshire, 10.vii.82, second British record; Argyra_ grata Loew
(Dolichopodidae), same data as last, fifth British record; A. atriceps Loew, another
scarce species taken at the same time as the last; Syntormon tarsatus (Fallén)
(Dolichopodidae), Turner’s Puddle, Dorset, 4.vii.84, northern and western species
scarce and local in the south; Syneches muscarius (F.) (Empididae), one male and two
females from same locality as last, the second British locality for this Dorset
speciality; Melangyna guttata (Fallén) (Syrphidae) from Langford Meadow, Dorset,
4.vi1.84, one female; Campiglossa argyrocephala (Loew) (Tephritidae), Strath Rory,
Ross & Cromarty, 13.vi.84, a new county record; Clusiodes geomyzina (Fallén)
(Clusiidae), swept from pine stump in Abernethy Forest, Inverness, 9.vi.84.

COLEOPTERA

AppPLETON, D.—Cafius cicatricosus (Erichson), Warsash, Hants, 30.vi.84, one of
several taken on and about this date below seaweed; Sphinginus lobatus (Olivier),
two exhibited from Netley, near Southampton, 24.vi.84 and 30.vi.84, where about a
dozen were found by sweeping below oaks (now evidently established following
discovery at Titchfield Common, Hants in 1982); Agrilus viridis (L.), one beaten
from sallow, New Forest, 15.vii.84; Triplax lacordairii Crotch, four off fungus on
elder, Brading Down, Isle of Wight, 11.vi.84; Baris analis (Olivier), (known in
Britain only from Isle of Wight, last seen in 1887) one of three found in moss 31.i11.84
was exhibited, together with one swept 26.iv.84, all from a very restricted area of low
cliffs on East Wight.

Foster, A.P.—(1) individual species records: Amara strenua Zimm., one from
Pawlett Level, Somerset, 12.vii.1983, second record in the county; two examples of
the rare buprestid Agrilus biguttatus (F.), which was found to be breeding in some old
oak trees on Hampstead Heath, Middlesex in June 1984 (recorded from this locality
by Stephens in the 1800's, but not recorded since); Korynetes caeruleus (Deg.), one
from a pavement in the town centre of Ludlow, Salop; Attagenus smirnovi Zhantiev

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 3

found commonly in an office in Belgrave Square, London during the winter months
of 1983/84 (probably the second British record, the first being from a flat in
Kensington in April 1978); two Potamonectes griseostriatus (Deg.) from Birkdale
Tarn, North Yorks., probably the first record for England of this Welsh and Scottish
upland species.

(2) A selection of dead wood Coleoptera taken on the BENHS meeting to Whitley
Wood, New Forest on 3.vi.1984—Tomoxia biguttata (Gyll.), on oak log, the
following by beating hawthorn blossom; Ampedus pomonae_ (Steph.),
A.cinnabarinus (Esch.), Selatosomus nigricornis (Panz.), Anaglyptus mysticus (L.)
and Pogonocherus hispidus (L.).

Hopce, P.J.—Twenty-five species taken during 1984 were exhibited, of which the
following were the most interesting. Elaphrus uliginosus in marshy meadow on bank
of small stream near Dorchester, Dorset, 4.vii; Perileptus areolatus and Medon
ripicola on bank of Afon Vyrnwy near Oswestry; Bembidion quadripustulatum on
mud beside boggy pond, Arundel Park, W. Sussex, 5.v; Badister peltatus Rye
Harbour, E. Sussex, 23.v; Philonthus pullus on roots of Juncus and under stones,
Oxwich Dunes, S. Wales, 30.v (a very rare species away from the Gower Peninsula);
Mycetoporus punctatus, Dermestes maculatus, Axinotarsus marginalis all new to
Sussex; Ptinus dubius new to Kent, Lydd on pine 11.vi, otherwise only known from
Suffolk; Arena tabida, one under dry horse dung, Cromlyn Burrows, Swansea, 18.v;
Atheta (Dilacra) difficilis Arundel Park, 5.v on mud by boggy pond (a rare species
with a few records for London district and S.E. England); Aphodius putridus, in
rabbit burrows on the downs at Hollingbourne, Kent, 17.vi; Cryptocephalus
biguttatus, Lavingham Common, W. Sussex on Erica tetralix, 18.vi, a scarce species.
Bagous lutulosus, two swept off Juncus, Stedham Common, W. Sussex, 16.vi,
probably new to W. Sussex; Ceutorhynchus verrucatus, Lydd Ranges Kent, at roots
of Yellow-horned Poppy, 11.vii. Also a species of beetle not recorded from Britain,
discovered in the collection (now in the Booth museum, Brighton) made by the late
G.B. Alexander—Uloma culinaris, Bushy Hall, in rotten wood, 20.vii.50. This
tenebrionid breeds in rotten wood in Scandinavia but further evidence is required
before it can be admitted onto the British list.

HEAL, N.F.—Clytra quadripunctata (L.), Church Wood, Blean, Kent, 4.viii.84,
Ampedus sanguinolentus (Schrank), Horsell Common, Surrey, 20.iv.84, Dascillus
cervinus (L.), Darland Bank, Gillingham, Kent, 27.vi.84, Chlaenius vestitus
(Paykull), Longrope Wood, Orlestone, Kent, at light 5.vii.83, Thanatophilus
sinuatus (F.), Nagden, Kent, 8.vi.83, Stenagostus villosus (Fourcroy), Hoads Wood,
Bethersden, Kent, at light 11.vii.83, Liparus germanus (L.), Canterbury Golf
Course, Kent, 6.vii.84, Arhopalus rusticus (L.), Blackheath, Surrey, at light
29.vii.84, Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Olivier, Reigate, Surrey, 9.vi.84, Lebia
cruxminor (L.), Ditchling, Sussex, 19.v.84, Peranus bimaculatus (L.), Bagham,
Kent, 23.vi.84.

The following all from Murston, Kent: Korynetes caeruleus (Deg.), 14.v.84,
Crioceris asparagi (L.), 9.vi.84, Nitidula rufipes (L.), 14.v.84, Grypus equisiti (F.),
2.vi.84, Gronops inaequalis Boheman, 26.viii.84, G. lunatus (F.), 26.vili.84, Sibinia
arenariae Steph. , 26.viii.84, Demetrias imperialis (Germar), 10.1ii.84.

Deleaster dichrous (Graven.), Stodmarsh, Kent, at light 17.viii.84, Hankley
Common, Surrey at light 29.viii.84, Anthicus instabilis Schmidt, Funton, Kent,
16.ix.84, Brachygluta helferi (Schmidt-Goebl), Funton, Kent, 16.ix.84, Dolichosoma
lineare (Rossi), Nagden, Kent, 8.vi.83.

4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Hyman, S.P., Kirsy, P., PLANT, C.W. and Lambert, S.J.—Rare and interesting
beetles collected mainly in S. Essex. Demetrias imperialis (Germ.) Cuckolds Haven,
S. Essex, 22.vi.84; Dytiscus circumflexus F., Thames Side Park, S. Essex, iii.84; and
at Running Water Wood, Belhus Park, S. Essex, 29.1x.84; Opilo mollis (L.),
Ingrebourne Marsh, S. Essex, 25.x.84; Axinotarsus marginalis (Lap. de Cast.),
Dagnam Park, S. Essex, 3.vui.84; Coccidula scutellata (Herbst), Eastbrookend,
Dagenham, S. Essex, 6.vii.84; and at Murston Marshes, Kent, 2.ix.84; Stethorus
punctillum (Weise), St. Mary’s Museum Nature Reserve, S. Essex, 8.viii.84 and
9.viii.84; Adonia variegata (Goeze), Cuckolds Haven, S. Essex, 22.vi.84 and
Hornchurch Airfield, S. Essex, 20.vii.84; Harmonia quadripunctata (Pontoppidan),
Dunwich Woods, Suffolk, 14.x.84; Pycnomerus fuliginosus Er., Black Down, E.
Sussex, 12.vii.83; Lissodema cursor (Gyll.), Dagnam Park, S. Essex, 3.viii.84;
Anthicus tobias (Mars.), East Tilbury, S. Essex, 24.viii.84; Bruchella rufipes Ol.,
Galleons Hotel, S. Essex, 1.x.84 and 4.x.84; Apion limonii, Kirby, Murston Marshes,
Kent, 2.1x.84; Apion foveatoscutellum Wagner, Burton Court, Kent, 2.ix.84; Apion
semivitellatum Gyll., Bully Fen, Stratford, S. Essex, 29.vii.84; Apion intermedium
Eppelsheimer, Friston Forest, Sussex, 23.vi.84; Baris picicornis Marsh., Friston
Forest, 23.vi.84; and Limmo Peninsula, S. Essex, 25.ix.84; Baris scolopacea Germ.,
Canvey Island salt marsh, S. Essex, 16.vili.84; Mecinus collaris Germ., East
Aberthow, S. Wales, 25.ix.83; Mecinus janthinus Germ., Limmo Peninsula, S.
Essex, 16.vili.84; and Murston Marshes, Kent, 2.ix.84; Gymnetron collinum (Gyll.),
Limmo Peninsula, S. Essex, 25.1x.84; Scolytus laevus Chapuis, Castle Eden Dene,

Co. Durham, 82.

Jones, R.A.—A section of bark and three rare beetles taken from the same felled
oak stump, Hampstead Heath, London, 18.vii.84; Phloiotrya vaudoueri Mulsant,
under the thick oak bark; Platypus cylindrus (F.), crawling across the log; Agrilus
panonicus (Piller & Mitterpacher), removed dead from the characteristic semi-
circular exit hole. The bark was punctured by many hundreds of these exit holes and
for several weeks previously the beetle had been active and frequent about the log
(A. Foster, NCC, personal communication).

Anommatus duodecimstriatus (Miller), Bromley, 21.xi.83, from a heap of grass
cuttings in a small suburban garden. Normally thought of as subterranean, it
completely lacks eyes; Dryophilus pusillus (Gyll.), Cringoed, Oakford, Mid-Wales,
6.v1.84 flying across an open meadow at dusk.

Moles’ nest insects out of their normal habitat at the height of the host’s breeding
season: Grammostethus marginatus (Erichson), Maidcross Hill, Cambridgeshire,
under stone in small gulley at edge of sandy track, 16.v.81, Hystrichopsylla talpae
(Curtis) (Siphonaptera), in heaps of cut reeds, Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire,
16.v.81.

Amphimallon ochraceus (Knoch), from the ruins of the old castle, Newcastle
Emlyn, Mid-Wales, 8.vi.84. In some numbers flying in bright afternoon sunshine
across short sheep-cropped turf; Cicindela sylvatica L., running and flying over bare
sand in hot sunshine, Ambersham Common, W. Sussex, 28.vii.84; Elaphrus
uliginosus F., Arundel Park, W. Sussex, 22.iv.84. Running under herbage at edge of
small pond—new to Sussex; Saprosites mendax Blackburn, Arundel Park, W.
Sussex, 22.iv.84, under bark of fallen beech. Arundel is still the headquarters of this
insect in Britain; Ampedus cinnabarinus (Esch.), Arundel Park, W. Sussex, 22.iv.84,
under bark of a fallen beech; Ctenicera cuprea (F.), Trichrug, Llanarth, Mid-Wales,
7.vi.84, on the wing through a clearing in a conifer plantation; Melasis buprestoides

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 5

(L.), Hampton, Middlesex, bred by Mrs F. M. Murphy from a log brought indoors.
The adults started to emerge from 8.11.84 and continued to appear in numbers until
the end of the month; Pycnomerus fuliginosus (Erichson), Muddles Green,
Chiddingly, E. Sussex, 27.xii.84, under bark of oak stump and quite active despite the
cold weather. This Australian insect, first discovered in Britain in 1964, is now
spreading.

MACKECKNIE-JARVIS, C.— Carabus clathratus L., Kenmare, Co. Kerry; Dyschirius
obscurus (Gyll.), Shanes Castle, Antrim; Bembidon virens Gyll., Loch Maree, Ross
& Crom.; Lebia cruxminor (L.), Lough Dearg, Co. Clare; Lathrobium fennicum
Renk., Tresco, Scillonia; Philonthus varius (Gyll.), var. shetlandicus, Spiggie,
Shetland; Actocharis readingi Sharp, St Mary, Scillonia; Atomaria scutellaris
Motsch., Scillonia; Cetonia aurata (L.), ab. nigra, St Mary, Scillonia; Athous
subfuscus (Mill.), Lerwick, Shetland; Anaglyptus mysticus (L.), ab. hieroglyphicus
Wychwood, Oxon; Oberea oculata (L.), Wicken Fen, Cambs.; Stenostola ferrea
(Schrank), Brampton Bryan, Hereford; Psylliodes luridipennis Kutschera, Lundy,
Devon; P. sophiae Heikertinger, typical form, ab. tricolor and ab. nigrifrons, all from
Icklingham, Suffolk; Ceuthorhynchus insularis Dieck, Lundy, Devon.

Owen, Pror. J.A.—Photographs of beetles and of stages in their life histories and
also a number of beetles from Scotland including: Proteinus crenulatus Pand., Loch
Garten, ix.83; Phyllodrepa puberula Bernhauer, Loch Garten, x.81; Quedius
fulvicollis Steph., Loch Garten, vii.83; Microdota boreella Brundin, Lochinver,
vii.83; M. excelsa Bernhauer, Loch Garten, v.84; M. soedermani Bernhauer, Loch
Garten, v.84; Cyphon kongsbergensis Munster, Dornie, vii.84; Corticaria longicollis
(Zett.), Nethy Bridge, v.81; Cis lineatocribratus Mellié, Loch Garten, vii.83 and
Tetropium castaneum (L.), Inveraray, v.71.

Peet, N. and Austin, R.A.—Dytiscus marginalis, L., and Hydrophilus piceus
(L.), taken at mercury vapour light, Hickling, Norfolk, 1984; Agapanthia
villosoviridescens (Deg.), noted frequently on herbage in July and August 1984 at
Hickling; Clytus arietis (L.), Guernsey, vii.84; Cetonia aurata (L.), a memorable
sight, numerous on bramble flowers, Sark, 1983; Dorcus parallelipipedus (L.), one of
three noted in woodland at Slapton, Devon, vili.84; Staphylinus olens (Mull.), from
bare rocks on a beach, Sark, Channel Is., ix.82.

Porter, D.A.—Ampedus elongantulus (F.), Priddy, 9.vi.84, new to Somerset?;
A. sanguinolentus (Schrank), new Sussex record, Lavington Common, 16.vi.84;
Ischnodes sanguinicollis (Panz.), Windsor, 14.1v.84; Curculio rubidus (Gyll.),
Wiggonholt Common, 9.ix.84, new to Sussex; Euophryum confine Broun, new to
Dorset?, 4.1v.80; Aepus marinus (Str6m), Eastbourne 29.vi.79, new to Sussex, a
considerable extension to range on south coast; Pselaphaulax dresdensis (Herbst),
Brockenhurst, New Forest, 28.v.84; Dyschirius angustatus (Ahrens), Camber,
Sussex, 18.v.83, (a rare carabid); Halyzia 16-guttata (L.), Arundel, Sussex, 2.vi.83,
(an uncommon ladybird); Aphodius niger? (Panz.), questionably this species from
classical locality in the New Forest, Brockenhurst, 8.vii.84; Platycis cosnardi (Chev.),
Duncton 16.vi.84, the 4th British specimen and the second record from Sussex;
Sitona gemellatus Gyll., Eype, 29.viii.77, new to Dorset, previously recorded only
from Devon; Grammoptera variegata (Germar), Wapping Thorn Wood, 16.vi.84,
perhaps the second Sussex record (recorded previously by Bedwell from Eridge
Park); Apion vicinum Kirby, Wool, 6.viii.84, (uncommon species, previously from
Dorset by Ford who gives no locality); Nanophyes gracilis Redten., Stedham
Common, 10.vi.84; Scydmaenus rufus Mull. & Kunze, Old Windsor, 2.vi.82, a rare

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

species even in this classical locality; Syagrius intrudens Waterhouse, taken on
bracken, Leonards Lee, 28.v.81; Pterostichus lepidus (Leske), 3.vi.79, new Sussex
record, Midhurst.

SoKoLorF, P.A.—Beetles bred from the fungus Daldinia concentrica: (1) the
common Biphilus lunatus (F.); (2) Malachius bipustulatus (L.), acommon beetle, but
an unusual habitat for the larva which is normally predatory, living under bark or in
rotten wood (possibly the larva was feeding on the early stages of the Pyralid moth
Apomyelois bistriatella neophanes which was also present in the fungus); (3) Synchita
humeralis (F.), a rather scarce beetle usually found under bark or occasionally under
tree fungi and known from Daldinia. Locality: Keston, Kent on dead and dying birch.

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

BARRINGTON, R.D.G.—(1) A drawer of butterfly aberrations taken in Dorset and
S. Wiltshire. Many of the fine varieties of Maniola jurtina (L.), shown such as
postmultifidus Lipscomb, subtusalbida Silb., fracta Zweight, antiaurolancia Leeds
and hueni Kruhl were all taken in the same Dorset field; M. jurtina from elsewhere
included ab. commaculo and another female ab. fracta. Also shown Hipparachia
semele (L.), ab. monocellata Lempke, holonops Brouwer and suffusa Tutt, L.
coridon (Poda), ab. marginata Tutt, P. argus ab. discreta+juncta Tutt, A. urticae ab.
ichnusa (and a homoeotic example), A. hyperantus ab. brunnocellata.

(2) Butterflies taken in Eire (counties Clare, Galway and Wexford) in June/July
1984. These included the distinctive Irish ssp. juvernica Williams, of Leptidea sinapis
(L.), with their greenish, strongly-marked undersides, (English examples were
shown for comparison), and a series of P. icarus (Rott.), from county Clare. These
latter showed some of the characteristics of ssp. mariscolore but produced a partial
second brood when reared in captivity. Also shown were Irish forms of H. semele and
A. hyperantus and Maniola jurtina ssp. iernes Graves.

BROTHERIDGE, D.J.—Butterfly varieties including an extreme aberration of Aglais
urticae (L.), (taken in the wild by A. Sloan).

Crips, P.W.—A specimen of Weaver’s Fritillary. Clossiana dia (L.), captured by
Dr Phillip Cribb on the Surrey Downs in viii.84. (Subsequent inquiry has revealed
that bred specimens of continental Clossiana dia have been recently released in that
area by another collector).

Dyke, R.A.—A specimen of Nymphalis antiopa (L.), taken on 25.ix.84 at Grange
Park, London N21.

FENSOME, B.—A selection of butterflies collected or bred in 1984 including a fine
aberration of P. tithonus and a bred gynandromorph of P. icarus.

Harmer, A.S.—A well presented exhibit of aberrations of various species such as
T. lineola ab. suffusa+marginata, C. rubi ab. caecus, two homoeotic L. phlaeas, L.
coridon ab. inaequalis Tutt, and ab. tithonus Meig., and some bred syngrapha
inframarginata forms, a homoeotic L. bellargus, A. iris with extra rufous markings at
costa and apex of forewings, B. selene ab. extenuata Cabeau, A. aglaia spp. scotica ab.
fusca Tutt, a fine A. paphia subtusaurea Reuss+caroffana Cabeau, M. jurtina abs.
anticrassipuncta Leeds, and postmultifidus Lipscomb, C. pamphilus ab. obselitissima
Leeds, and ab. obliquajuncta Leeds, and A. hyperantus ab. arete Mull.

Jones, A.M.—The highlight of an interesting selection of aberrations was a fine
female ab. iolata of A. iris captured in Surrey on 13.vii.82. An impressive series of 14

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 7

L. camilla was mainly obliterae/nigrina forms. Other bred and captured varieties
were shown of P. icarus, H. lucina, B. selene, B. euphrosyne, L. phlaeas and there
were several good aberrations of M. jurtina such as two female ab. alba Blackie and
abs. cinerea Cosmovici and atrescens Leeds.

KNILL-JoNES, S.A.—Butterflies collected within walking distance of his home at
Roundstone, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, including obsoleta forms of P. icarus and L.
coridon, and T. sylvestris ab. pallida. The normally single-brooded P. malvae had
been captured on dates from 24.iv to 3.vii. Series showed seasonal variation of C.
pamphilus and the British Pieris species.

Lear, N.W.—A selection of butterflies from the City of Bristol Museum
Collections. Many of these were from the I.R.P. Heslop collection which is rich in
varieties of A. iris. These included abs. iole, maximinus, sari and sorbioduni. The
histories of several of these famous insects are described in graphic detail in Notes and
Views of the Purple Emperor. Various aberrations of N. io, L. camilla and A. urticae;
gynandromorphs of 7. sylvestris, P. rapae and G. rhamni and some rare migrants
were shown, as well as L. coridon ab. dextra semi-syngrapha taken in Somerset in
1983 by the exhibitor.

MiIpDLETON, A.P.—Amongst various aberrations were A. artaxerxes ab.
quadripuncta Tutt, Dumfries, 4.vii.84. P. argus ab. albopunctata with pale brown
colour. L. coridon abs. puntatamargino and inaequalis, M. jurtina abs. atrescens,
grisea-argentacea and pupillonulla and C. pamphilus ab. partimtransformis (Leeds).
A series of C. tullia from Shropshire showing a tendency towards ab. cockaynei
Hopkins, were also exhibited.

PHELPS, H.G.—M. jurtina ab. alba and another variety.

PLantT, C.W.—Amongst other varieties a magnificent A. aglaia with confluent
markings captured in South Hertfordshire.

Russwurm, A.D.A. and MippLeton, H.G.M.—An exhibit of varieties taken in
1984 with a fine H. semele ab. grisescens from Portland taking pride of place. There
were further varieties of H. semele showing variety in spotting, and, also from
Portland, M. jurtina ab. commaculo, C. pamphilus ab. pallidula and L. coridon ab.
crassicherra+ discreta+compuncta. E. aurinia ab. melanoleuca was shown along with
T. sylvestris ab. intermedia, a homoeotic P. brassicae, P. rapae ab. atomaria and
varieties of C. argiolus and P. argus.

Reip, I1.G.M.—Some interesting varieties of A. urticae with blotching of the dark
markings. These blotched forms are surely modifications of a single variety. Names
such as ab. dannenbergi and semi-ichnusoides have been applied to each variant. The
latter name has always puzzled me as it presumably dervies from A. urticae ichnusa
the form endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, characterised by paucity not extension of
dark markings. Also present were a dwarf L. bellargus, an undersized variety of C.
tullia from Shropshire, and two L. coridon ab. obsoleta. The latter were taken
between innings during a cricket match at Blandford. Congratulations to the
collector on good use of time!

SaLMon, Dr M.—An interesting exhibit of butterflies from collections of historic
interest. Specimens from the collections of F. W. Frohawk, J. W. Tutt, P. Siviter-
Smith, L. A. Sabine, H. A. Leeds, E. A. Cockayne, and H. J. Turner were
shown—also a specimen of P. argus ssp. masseyi from the original series collected by
H. Massey.

ScaANES, J.T.—An example of P. icarus ab. discreta+crassipuncta captured at
Banstead, vi.84.

8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

SIMNER, J.B.A. and D.R.—(exhibited by R.D.G. Barrington on behalf of the
above). Two varieties of A. urticae with blotched markings, one a somatic mosaic, a
pair of H. semele ab. monocellata, C. rubi ab. partimtransformis, N. io ab.
semiocellata, C. croceus ab. pseudomas, M. jurtina ab. postexcessa and P. tithonus ab.
partimtransformis and antiexcessa+ postexcessa.

Simpson, M.—Aberrations of Nymphalidae: A. urticae, V. atalanta and L.
camilla.

SIMSON, Bric. E.C.L.— Underside varieties of L. coridon including ab. nigrescens
and a possibly unique anticaeca+ neurata+ postfulvescens.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—A female T. sylvestris ab. obscura Tutt, captured at
Gwithian, Cornwall 3.vii.84, with the normal fulvous coloration mostly replaced with
dark brown shading.

Trew, D.—Two very fine pale B. euphrosyne ab. albinia. Also C. croceus ab.
alba, P. tithonus ab. crassiexcessa and C. pamphilus ab. anticastanea.

Tusss, R.S.—A further showing of the superb male A. paphia ab. cifkai Silb.,
taken in 1981 and two further examples taken in the same locality near Winchester in
1984. Two pale forms of C. euphrosyne ab. xanthos taken in 1948 were shown for
comparison. Only males of the white form of A. paphia have ever been recorded (7
examples known from 1980 to date). The genetics of this form are unknown.

YounG, L.D.—Aberrations bred in 1984—3 of P. icarus and three of L. phlaeas.

BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA

AaGassiz, Rev. D.J.L.—A series of Luperina nickerlii (Freyer), from Essex, with
series of L. nickerlii gueneei Doubl., L. nickerlii leechi Goater, L. nickerlii knilli
Bours., and L. testacea (D. & S.), for comparison.

Baker, B.R.—some recent records for Berkshire were Aleucis distinctata
(H.-S.), recorded in the V.C.H. 1906 and rediscovered in the same area in 1984; the
first county record of Xanthorhoe biriviata (Borkh.), bred from larvae found in
vili.84; and on behalf of Lt. Col. G. G. Eastwick-Field a melanic example of
Paradarisa (Ectropis) extersaria (Hbn.).

BROTHERIDGE, D.J.—A _ selection of uncommon species from N. Wiltshire
including Euphyia biangulata (Haw.), and Serraca punctinalis (Scop.), from
Savernake Forest.

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M.—Single examples of Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.), ab.
flavescens Schultz, from East Malling, Kent on 16.viii.65, and Ourapteryx
sambucaria (L.), ab. olivacea Standfuss, taken at Sheppy, Kent by F. Clouter on
8.vil.76.

CLassey, E.W.—A specimen of the rare Arctia caja (L.), ab. decolor Cockayne,
from Uffington, Oxfordshire on 28. vii.84.

DERBYSHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETY—The first county record of Lampropteryx
otregiata (Metc.), taken at Ashbourne, Derbyshire on 5.ix.84.

Dosson, A.H.—The first VC 12 recorded Hadena compta (D. & S.), from
Oakley, Hants on 23.vi.83 (see also Sterling, D.H.); and a specimen of Lithophane
leautieri hesperica Bours., found at rest 1.2 metres up from the ground on foliage of
Juniperus communis in an area well away from any introduced conifers at Danebury
Hill, Hampshire on 30.x.78. Also from Oakley an Ochropleura plecta (L.), ab.
rubricosta Fuchs.

Euiotr, B.—Local and aberrant Lepidoptera taken or bred during 1984 included

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 9

a varied series of Zygaena filipendulae stephensi Dupont, from Holy Island,
Northumberland; a bred series of Furcula bifida (Brahm), from Warwickshire and a
bred series of Alcis repandata (L.), from North Nottinghamshire, ranging from
typical to ab. nigra Tutt.

Exuiotr, B. and SkINNER, B.—Specimens of Eupithecia abietaria (Goeze), from
Northumberland in vii.84, together with photographs of the locality, full grown
larvae and tenanted spruce cones.

Emmett, Lt Col A.LM.—The third Essex record this century of Eupithecia
insigniata (Hbn.), from Elmdon on 12.v.84; an Oligia versicolor (Borkh.), from
Bindbrook, Essex on 12.viii.84; and one Heliothis peltigera (D. & S.), from Little
Leighs, Essex on 19.vii.84.

FaiRCLOoUGH, A.J. and R.—A short series of Herminia tarsicrinalis (Knoch),
taken at Thorpeness, Suffolk on 14.vii.84.

Fenn, J.L.—A halved gynandromorph Peribatodes secundaria (Esp.) bred from a
female from Hamstreet, Kent. A female Semiothisa signaria Hbn., taken at
Hamstreet, Kent on 31.vii.84 being the second record for the British Isles; together
with four preserved larval skins. A female Alcis repandata (L.), with bipectinate
antennae bred from a female from Gussetts Wood, Buckinghamshire.

Gipson, Dr C.W.D.—Aberrant and immigrant species taken during 1984
included a male Lithosia quadra from Wychwood, Oxfordshire. Notable captures
from Sherbourne, Dorset in 1969 were examples of Archanara sparganii (Esp.) and
Egira conspicillaris (L.).

Hatt, N.M.—A series of the hybrid hAybridus Steph., including two
gynandromorphs, resulting from a pairing between a female Laothoe populi(L.), and
a male Smerinthus ocellata (L.), in 1984.

Ha sey, J.C. and M.—A selection of aberrant specimens of which the most
extreme were two Pseudoips prasinana britannica Warr., ab. leucozona Cockayne,
from Downham Market, Norfolk on 8.vii.84; Selenia dentaria (F.), ab. brunnearia
Mansbridge, from Warwick on 25.iv.82; a melanistic Archanara sparganii (Esp.),
from Shell Bay, Dorset on 5.viii.83 and a bred specimen of Diloba caeruleocephala
(L.), from Warwick in vi.82 having the forewing stigmata extremely confluent.

Harmer, A.S.—A specimen of Heliothis armigera (Hbn.), bred from a larva
found in capsicum imported either from France or Spain. Emerged 19.i.84.

Harper, Dr M.W.—An albinistic aberration of Orthosia gothica (L.), from
Ledbury, Herefordshire on 12.iv.84.

Hart, C.—A male and female Pelosia obtusa (H.-S.), bred from a female from the
Norfolk Broads, together with photographs of the fully grown larva figured in vi.84
feeding on the green alga Desmococcus.

JorDAN, M.J.R.—A selection of species taken in the Scottish Highlands in April
and July 1984 including examples of Brachionycha nubeculosa (Esp.), Hyppa
rectilinea (Esp.), and Plusia festucae (L.).

KNILL-JoNes, Dr R.P.—specimens of Hadena perplexa (D. & S.), conforming to
ssp. capsophila (Dup.), bred in 1984 from Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire; an isolated and most
northerly colony.

LaMBERT, S.J.J.—A specimen of Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esp.), from
Eastbrookend, Essex being one of the few records of this species from Essex this
century.

LaNGMaID, Dr J.R.—A specimen of Catocala sponsa (L.), trom Southsea,
Hampshire on 2.viii.84.

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Lear, N.W.—A< selection of historical specimens from the City of Bristol
Museum; these were a Catocala elocata (Esp.), taken on the wall of a house at St
Saviour’s, Jersey on 20.x.03 by G. B. Coney; a short series of Fagivorina arenaria
(Hufn.), from the New Forest in the 1830’s; six specimens of Sabra harpagula (Esp.),
bred from a female from Leigh Woods, Bristol in 1939; a drawer of aberrant Abraxas
grossularjata (L.), most of which were bred by the Rev. G. H. Raynor; specimens of
Conistra erythrocephala (D. & S.), taken in Pine Wood, near Canterbury, Kent; and
single specimens of the following: Hyles lineata livornica (Esp.), from Clifton, Bristol
on 2.vi.13 by Dr C. Walker; H. gallii (Rott.), labelled Deal, 1900, Tutt and Hippotion
celerio (L.), from Arundel, Sussex on 24.ix.13 by Miss A. Middleditch.

MacnuLty, Dr B.J.—Recent captures from the Gower Peninsular, Glamorgan
included A grotis trux (Hbn.), Xestia agathina (Dup.), and Agrius convolvuli (L.).

Parsons, M.—Bembecia scopigera (Scop.), with root sections that had contained
larvae.

Peet, Dr T.N.D. and Austin, R.A.—Interesting captures from Guernsey in 1984
included Tristateles emortualis (D. & S.), on 23 July; two male Lymantria dispar (L.),
on 24.vili and 13.ix; Agrotis crassa (Hbn.), in August; Trachea atriplicis (L.), on
28.vii, new to the Island and Mythimna litoralis (Curt.), also new to the Island and
probably resident.

PENNEY, C.C. and McCormick, R.F.—Interesting species captured during 1983
and 1984 included Setina irrorella (L.), from Hampshire, Noctua orbona (Hufn.),
from Suffolk and Luperina nickerlii (Freyer), from Essex.

PickLes, A.J. and C.T.—A case of aberrant and local species taken or bred in
1984, of special interest were specimens of confluent Zygaena filipendulae (L.), from
Mull; an example of Hoplodrina ambigua (D. & S.), ab. confluens Vorbrodt, and
specimens of Standfussiana lucernea (L.), Cleorodes lichenaria (Hufn.), and Alcis
jubata (Thunb.), from the Gower Peninsular, Glamorgan.

PLant, C.—A specimen of the rarely recorded first brood of Clostera anachoreta
(D. & S.), from Dungeness, Kent on 2.vi.84. A series of Luperina nickerlii (Freyer),
from Shoeburyness, Essex in 1984. Aberrations taken in 1984 included a melanic
male Stauropus fagi (L.), from S.W. Essex; Nola confusalis (H.-S.) ab. columbina
Image from Epping Forest, Essex and Menophra abruptaria (Thunb.) ab. fuscata
Tutt from East Ham, Essex.

Pratt, C.R.—Local macrolepidoptera taken in Sussex in 1984 were Lasiocampa
trifolii trifolii (D. & S.), and L. trifolii flava Chalmers-Hunt; Eilema pygmaeola
(Doubl.); Dicallomera fascelina (L.); Rhyacia simulans (Hutn.); Hydrelia sylvata
(D. & S.), f. goodwini Bankes, and Scopula nigropunctata (Hutn.), from the newly
discovered resident population in Sussex.

Reip, J.—A case of Rhodometra sacraria (L.), bred from two females taken on
Guernsey in September 1983 showing much variation as the result of temperature
experiments.

REVELL, R.J.—Single specimens of Mythimna loreyi (Dup.), from Charmouth,
Dorset on 29.viii.84 and Apamea furva (D. & S.), from Clearbrook, near Yelverton,
Devon in June 1964.

Russwurm, A.D.A. and MippLeton, H.G.M.—A small selection of aberrations
taken at mercury vapour light in the New Forest during 1984. These included
Orthosia gracilis (D. & S.), ab. rufescens (Cockerell), from Boldre on 28.iv and a
melanistic Ceramica pisi (L.), also from Boldre on 7.vi.

Simson, Brig. E.C.L.—Short series of both Scotopteryx mucronata (Scop.), and

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 ll

the Scottish and English races of Eupithecia intricata (Zett.).

SKINNER, B.—A variable series of Luperina nickerlii (Freyer), collected from the
coastal marshes of Essex and Kent in September 1984. Aberrant species taken during
1984 included extreme melanic examples of Lymantria monacha (L.), from
Hertfordshire; a halved gynandromorph Agrotis exclamationis (L.), from
Addington, Surrey on 1.vi; a melanic male Agrotis puta (Hbn.), from Addington on
14.vi; several extreme forms of Agrotis clavis (Hufn.), from Addington in June and
July; and a variable series of Agrotis cinerea (D. & S.), from Dovedale, Derbyshire/
Staffordshire in early June.

Soko.orF, P.A.—A specimen of Acherontia atropos (L.), bred from a larva found
feeding on potato growing in an allotment in Farnborough, Kent in vili.84 and a short
series of Luperina nickerlii (Freyer), from Benfleet, Essex on 3.ix.84.

STERLING, Col. D.H.—Taken at mercury vapour light in Winchester, Hampshire
in 1984 were single specimens of Eurois occulta (L.), on 1/2 August and Hadena
compta (D. & S.), on 23/24 July, the latter being the first record for VC 11.

STERLING, M.J.—Local and aberrant species taken during 1984 included a melanic
Odontopera bidentata (Clerck) bred from a larva found feeding on Chamaecyparis
lawsoniana at Long Eaton, Derbyshire and Perizoma taeniatum (Steph.) from
Dovedale, Staffordshire.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—Three examples of the orange form, f. aurantia (Tutt) of
Zygaena filipendulae (L.), from Ranmore Common, Surrey in July 1984 and the first
authentic six-spotted form of Z. /onicerae (Scheven) from near Basingstoke, Hants
on 1.vii.84.

TweepbiE, M.W.F.—An extreme dark grey aberration of Timandra griseata
(Peters) from Playden, Sussex. A specimen of Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda) from
Playden on 7.viii.84. Other interesting captures at Playden in 1984 included
specimens of Craniophora ligustri (D. & S.) and Aporophyla australis (Boisd.).

Ty_Ler, D.B.—A variable series of bred Mimas tiliae (L.).

Warinc, P.—A specimen of Hyles gallii (Rott.) taken at light in Bentley Wood,
Wiltshire on 14.vii.83, probably being the first record for the county. A specimen of
Catocala nupta (L.), taken at light, marked and released on 25.1x.83 at Kidlington,
Oxfordshire and recaptured 6.5km away on 28.ix.83 at Wytham Wood, near Oxford.

West, B.K.—Aberrations from N.W. Kent were Biston betularia (L.), a form of
ab. carbonaria Jord. from Dartford on 18.vii.79, resembling early forms of this
aberration which occurred in the 19th century; an example of Semiothisa liturata (Cl.)
in which the post discal brown band of the forewing is replaced by blackish brown,
bred from Dartford in 1982; Eupithecia centaureata (D. & S.) ab. centralisata Stdgr.
bred from Greenhithe in 1977; and Lomaspilis marginata (L.), ab. diluta Cockayne
from Dartford on 20.vi.75.

Wi_p, E.H.—A specimen of Mesoligia furuncula (D. & S.) ab. vinctuncula (Hbn.)
taken at mercury vapour light at Highcliffe, Dorset on 1.viii.84.

WiLson, D.E.—A series of Lymantria monacha (L.), from Hertfordshire in
August 1984 showing a range of melanism. A female Lasiocampa quercus (L.),
referable in some respects to ab. rufescens-virgata Tutt, taken at light at Much
Hadham, Hertfordshire on 14.vii.83. A specimen of Eurois occulta (L.), from Much
Hadham on 11.viii.84. Three pale aberrations of Apamea anceps (D. & S.) from
Much Hadham in June 1983 and 1984. Examples of Hylaea fasciaria (L.), ab.
prasinaria (D. & S.) and another form from Hamstreet, Kent in 1984 and other bred
green and grey forms of the same species also from Hamstreet.

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Winter, P.Q.—A selection of interesting species from eastern Yorkshire taken in
1984 which included Lacanobia suasa (D. & S.) from Muston on 24 May, the first
record from this site in 20 years continuous trapping; Rhodometra sacraria (L.), from
Muston on 7 September; Acherontia atropos (L.), found on a beach chalet at
Scarborough on 15 August and a specimen of Earias clorana (L.), from Howden,
probably the first record for VC 61.

FOREIGN MACROLEPIDOPTERA

Ba.tpock, D.W.—Examples of 35 species of butterflies caught 2nd to 4th
September 1984 between 2,000 m and 2,500 m above St Anton, Austrian Tyrol; to
illustrate size and condition of high level fauna at this late date for collecting in the
Alps. Species shown: Parnassius phoebus sacerdos F., Artogeia bryoniae Hbn.,
Pontia daplidice Hbn., Colias phicomene Esp., Hypodryas cynthia D. & S. Boloria
napaea Hftsg., B. pales D. & S., Clossiana selene D. & S., C. titania Hbn.,
Mesoacidalia aglaia L., Erebia ligea L., E. euryale Esp., E. aethiops Esp., Erebia
pluto de Pr., (on scree at 2,500 m), E. manto D. & S., E. epiphron Knoch, E.
melampus Fuessly, E. gorge Hbn., E. tyndarus Esp., E. montana de Pr., E. meolans
de Pr., Coenonympha gardetta de Pr., Heodes virgaureae L., H. tityrus subalpina
Spr., Cupido minimus Fuessly, Maculinea arion L., Vacciniina optilete Knoch,
Eumedonia eumedon Esp., Aricia allous Geyer, Albulina orbitulus de Pr., Agriades
glandon de Pr., Cyaniris semiargus Rott., Lysandra coridon L., Hesperia comma L.
Also seen were Aglais urticae L., Inachis io L., Vanessa atalanta L.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—Examples of 26 species of butterflies caught 16th/25th July
1984, in a very late season, in S. Switzerland and N. Italy: c.100 species were seen in
all. The more notable were Colias palaeno L., 2,000 m, Pontresina, Engadine; and
Neptis rivularis Scop., and Heteropterus morpheus Pall., 600 m, near Lake Orta,
Piedmont.

Crips, P.W.—(1) A case of butterflies caught in mid-July in the Swiss Engadine,
N. Italy, and Valais, including Neptis rivularis Scop., Hypodryas intermedia
wolfensbergeri Frr., H. cynthia D. & S., Plebejus pylaon trappi Verity. (2) A case of
butterflies and moths reared during 1984, including Zerynthia cerisyi ferdinandi
Stichel, (Falakron Mt., N. Greece), Coenonympha leander katarae Coutsis (Katara
Pass, Pindos Mts., Greece), Acherontia atropos L., (F2 generation from Canary
Islands).

Derry, A.C. and J.A.—37 species of butterflies collected on Crete, 8th to 21st
June 1981. Of particular interest are: a Colias erate Esp., on the Nida Plateau, 9th
June, probably first brood, may be the first record for the island; Gegenes
nostrodamus F., the first confirmed record; a few colonies of G. pumilio Hffsg. were
also found in S. Crete; Charaxes jasius L., not rare near Lakki; Artogeia ergane
Geyer, three males in the Lasithi area, probably only the second record; also Kretania
psylorita Frr., Coenonympha thyrsis Frr., and Allancastria cerisyi cretica, which are
endemic in Crete.

Dosson, A.H.—Sample of 26 moths from the east coast of Mallorca, Spain, taken
at a Heath actinic light trap on limestone scrub and hotel balcony and lights at Cala
Ratjada, loth to 23rd August 1984.

Epwarps, Dr P.J.—Danaus plexippus L., two specimens caught in S. Spain,
April 1984; also two photographs ot its habitat and a distribution map, to illustrate his
note in the Proceedings (Proc. Trans. Br.ent.nat. Hist. Soc. 17:84).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 13

GoaTerR, B.—Heterocera taken in France or bred from French stock: (1) two
species recorded only twice previously in France: Apotomis inundana D. & S.
(Torticidae), Bois de Merles, Meuse, 24.vu.84; the larva feeds on aspen, which is
common there; Lycia florentina Harrison italica Harrison (Geometridae), Col de
Braus, Alpes maritimes, male at light, 12.iv.84. (2) Species of Conistra (Noctuidae)
bred from eggs from hibernated females in April; C. vaccinii L., much larger than
British specimens and very variable; all from one brood, la Garde Freinet, Var 1983;
C. rubiginosa Scop., (vau-punctatum Esp.), typical form, with several ab.
immaculata Stdgr., from one brood, Entraumes, Alpes maritimes 1984; C.
erythrocephala D. & S., one brood, mainly typical, Ardéche; another brood, mainly
ab. glabra Hbn., 1983; C. ?veronicae Hbn., a variable brood from la Garde Freinet,
the genitalia appearing to agree with veronicae; C. rubiginea D. & S., Vence, Alpes
maritimes, one brood very variable, another with little variation; C. staudingeri de
Graslin, two broods, both very variable, Pyrenées orientales, 1982, Var 1983; C.
torrida Lederer, Alpes maritimes, 1984, five invariant females at light on 1 m snow at
1,800 m. Said to be rare in France. (3) Interesting species complexes: Standfussiana
lucernea cataleuca Bdvy., and S. nictymera (Bdv.); Chersotis larixia Guenée, Ch.
elegans Eversman, and Ch. grammiptera (Rambur); Chersotis ocellina D. & S., Ch.
alpestris Bdv., and Ch. oreina Dufay, 1984; Hoplodrina blanda D. & S., H. respersa
D. & S., H. hesperica Dufay & Boursin, and H. superstes Ochs.; Abrostola triplasia
L., and A. trigemina Werneb., British, compared with A. agnorista Dufay, and A
asclepiadis D. & S. from France. (4) Local or uncommon species in France: Arctia
flava Fuessly, Col du Galibier, Savoie July 1984, ten seen; Proserpinus proserpina
Pall., Bois de Merles, Meuse 1984, seven seen; Pachypasa lineosa Serres, bred from
Juniperus oxycedrus, Ardeche 1983, and males at light, Alpes maritimes 1984; Euxoa
culminicola Stdgr, Alps, common at high altitudes; Ochropleura candelisequa (D. &
S.), Valdeblore, Alpes maritimes, not uncommon 1983, 1984; Standfussiana wiskotti
(Standfuss), Alps, high altitudes; Perigrapha i-cinctum D. & S.,S.E. France, April;
Dasypolia ferdinandi Ruhl, southern Alps, hibernated femaies at m.v. lights on snow
above 1,800 m; Apamea rubrirena Treits. Jura and Alps; Autographa aemulaD.&S..,
Alps and Pyrenees, three in two localities 1984; in appearance resembles British A.
bractea D. & S.; Clytie illunaris Hbn., le Canet, Pyrenées orientales, bred from small
larvae beaten from Tamarisk in August 1984.

Ha.ti_, N.M.—Arctia caja L., with yellow hindwings; Proserpinus proserpina Pall.;
Aplasta ononaria Fuessly, from Ile D’Oloron, S.W. France.

JAMES, R.J.—Pontia daplidice L., two aberrations in which the ochreous-green,
black tesselations in the underside are partially or completely replaced by ochre.
Both appeared during breeding, stock from S. France.

PHELPS, H.G.—Selection of butterflies taken in north and central Spain in July
1984, including a fine male albino Maniola jurtina L.

ReveELL, R.J.—From Argeles-Gazoste, Hautes Pyrenées, France, Ist to 7th April
1984, netted or captured in a Heath trap: Clossiana dia L., Erebia triaria de Pr.,
Anticlea badiata D. & S., Menophra abruptaria Thunb., Lycia hirtaria Clerck,
Orthosia munda D. & S., Orthosia cruda D. & S., O. stabilis D. & S., O. incerta
Hufn., O. gothica L., Valeria jaspidea de Vill., Conistra erythrocephala D. & S., C.
rubiginea D. & S., C. vaccinii L., Xylocampa areola Esp.

TreBiLcock, G.D.—From the Pyrenees, 7th July to Ist September 1984:
interesting Mellicta athalia Rott., Lysandra coridon L., ab. fowleri South, L.
bellargus Rott., ab. krodeli Gillmer, Aglais urticae L., ab. ?.

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

TREMEWAN, W.G.—From Morocco, bred series of Zygaena trifolii mideltica Reiss
& Reiss, and Z. trifolii tizeragis Wiegel, and a series of hybrids obtained by crossing
these two subspecies. The hybrids show variable intermediate characters.

WINTER, P.Q.—A tropical butterfly imported to Britain: Opsiphanes sp. ?, male
found among bananas in warehouse at Bridlington, 5.v.84. Cargo arrived 3rd May,
supposedly from Windward Islands, and had been ripened at 57°/70°F. and fumigated
with ethylene gas. Trinidad and Tobago is considered to be a more likely source.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

AGassiz, Rev. D.J.L.—(1) The often confused species Neofriseria peliella
(Treits.), from Kent; and N. singula (Staud.), from Middx., and S. Essex. (2)
Parapoynx obscuralis (Grote), from nurseries at Enfield, Middlx. (3) From S. Essex:
Cataplectica profugella (Stt.), Bryotropha basaltinella (Zell.), Syncopacma cinctella
(Clerck), Telephila schmidtiellus (Heyd.), Brachmia inornatella (Doug.), Sorhagenia
rhamniella (Zell.), (genitala not yet checked) and a Monochroa sp.

AusTIN, R. and Peet, T.N.D.—From Guernsey: Dioryctria abietella (D. & S.),
at mercury vapour light, 28.vii.84, new to island list; Bankesia conspurcatella (Zell.),
Forest, by day, new to island list.

Baker, B.R.—(1) Cydia illutana (H.-S.), a specimen from Berkshire, tentatively
identified by Dr J. D. Bradley. If confirmed this will constitute a species new to
Britain. C. illutana is widely distributed in Europe, occurring in Denmark, Germany,
Finland to USSR and in central Europe. The larva is recorded on Picea abies and
Abies. (2) Pediasia contaminella (Hbn.), a specimen from Berkshire being a new vice
county record. [The identity of C. illutana was subsequently confirmed—Ed. |

BLAND, Dr K.P.—(1) Anacampsis temerella (Lien. & Zell.), reared from pupae in
spun shoots of Salix repens from near Cornaigbeg, Isle of Coll (VC 103), collected
25.vu.84, emerged 27-31.vii.84, apparently new to Scotland. (2) Biselachista
trapeziella (Stt.) (i) Arniston Mains, Midlothian (VC 83), reared ex Luzula sylvatica,
collected 9.iv.84, emerged 22.v.84; (ii) Maggie Bowie’s Glen, Midlothian (VC 83),
reared ex Luzula pilosa, collected 31.v.84, emerged post-10.vi.84, apparently new to
Scotland. (3) Lampronia capitella (Clerck), Ballater, Aberdeenshire (VC 92), taken
by M. R. Young, 24.vi.84; Ballater is the only recorded Scottish locality for this
blackcurrant ‘pest’, last recorded there in 1955. (4) Coleophora genistae Stt., Muir of
Dinnet, Aberdeenshire (VC 92), taken by K. P. Bland and R. Knill-Jones, 24.vi.84;
Dinnet is only the third Scottish locality. (5) C. orbitella Zell., two specimens reared
from birch: Creinch Island, Loch Lomond (VC 99) and Camghouran, Rannoch (VC
88) (Note: Emmet, Field Guide description of case is erroneous; two pieces of leaf
used in making case).

BRADFORD, E.S.—(1) some species taken at actininc blue fluorescent lamps at
Pean Hill, Whitstable E. Kent: Agriphila latistria 27 .viii.84, Platytes alpinella (Hbn.),
13.vi.84 (and one from East Blean, 29.vii.84); Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Geyer),
16.vu.84, Adoxophyes orana (F.vR.), 8.ix.84; Coleophora clypeiferella Hofmann,
28.vil.84, Eutromula pariana (Clerck), 30.vii.84, Ypsolopha horridella (Treits.),
20.viii.84. (2) other species from E. Kent: several Nemapogon ruricolella (Stt.), bred
out of dead oak wood collected, E. Blean, 29.vii.84; Triaxomera fulvimitrella
(Sodoffsky), 7. caprimulgella (Stt.), swept by day, E. Blean, 19.vii.81; Nemapogon
wolffiella Karsh. & Niel., (albipunctella auct.) at actinic lamp, E. Blean, 8.vii.84;

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 15

several Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Stt.), bred from the lichen Lepraria incana
growing on an old wall in a car park near Dane John, Canterbury, vii.84; Bedellia
somnulentella (Zell.), bred from larvae mining leaves of Calystegia soldanella,
Chestfield, 4.xi.83 and from C. sepium, Whitstable 31.x; Caloptilia azaleella
(Brants), larvae found mining azalea in Canterbury; Syncopacma larseniella
(Gozm.), several swept from Lotus in Church Wood, Blean, during the BENHS field
meeting on 4.viii.84; Coleophora solitariella Zell., bred from larvae on Stellaria
holostea, Pean Hill, Whitstable, 11—21.vii.84; Reuttia subocellea (Steph.), bred from
larvae on Origanum vulgare, Detling, 10—16.vii.84; one Esperia oliviella (F.), netted
by day in Church Wood, Blean, during the BENHS field meeting on 4.vili.84; two
Scoparia truncicolella (Stt.), taken at actinic fluorescent lamp, East Blean, 26.viii.84.

BritisH Museum (NaT. Hist) MICROLEPIDOPTERA SECTION—(1) An aberration of
Scythropia of unusual colour, probably representing a partial second generation. (2)
Cnephasia tyrrhaenica (Amsel): a species which could occur in Britain. Until now this
species has been considered rare and to have only a southern European distribution.
However, recent work on pheromones by W. Niassig (Zoological Institute,
University of Frankfurt) has revealed its presence in the Rhine valley (unpubl.).
Superficially it looks very like Neosphaleroptera nubilana (Hbn.), but can be
distinguished by its narrower hindwings with slightly shorter fringes. The labial palpi
of nubilana are about 1.25x the horizontal diameter of the eye, whereas those of
tyrrhaenica are about 2x the horizontal diameter of the eye. Razowski (Acta
zool.cracov., 4:378-9, 408-9; 382-3, 410-11, 1959) illustrates the genitalia of both
species.

Britton, M.—Phyllonorycter spp. from Norfolk, London and Yorks.

BROTHERIDGE, D.J.—A number of unusual species from N. Wiltshire including
Morophaga boleti (F.), Sitochroa palealis (D. & S.), Palpita unionalis (Hbn.),
Ancylis myrtillana (Treits.), and Pyralis lienigialis (Zell.), (two specimens, the first of
which had remained misidentified as P. farinalis (L.), for seven years).

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M.—Monochroa niphognatha (Gozmany), (Gelechiidae), a
species new to Britain. One of two males taken by the exhibitor at light at Stodmarsh,
E. Kent, 26.vi.84. Determined by Dr. K. Sattler (British Museum, Natural History).

Cronin, A.—An unidentified micro bred from a larva found on Cotoneaster at
Portslade.

DERBYSHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETy.—(1) Archips argyrospila (Walker),
Matlock, Derbyshire, 29.iv.84. Species new to Britain. Full account to appear in
Entomologist’s Record. (2) Parapoynx diminutalis (Snell.), Holloway, Derbyshire,
12.iv.74.

Emmet, Lt Col. A.M.—(1) Species which have come to mercury vapour light in
the period 1982-1984 at Labrey Cottage, Saffron Walden, which is not close to their
characteristic habitats.

(a) Coniferous woodland: Cedestis gysseleniella (Zell.), Exoteleia dodecella (L.),
Batrachedra pinicolella (Zell.), Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H.-S.), Lozotaeniodes
formosanus (Geyer), Olethreutes bifasciana (Haw.), Epinotia nanana (Treits.),
Zeiraphera diniana (Guen.), Z. ratzeburgiana (Ratz.), Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.),
Dioryctria mutatella Fuchs.

(b) Fenland: Orthotaelia sparganella (Thunb.), Elachista cerusella (Hbn.),
Agonopterix angelicella (Hbn.), Acentria nivea (Clerck), Eurrhypara perlucidalis
(Hbn.), Nascia cilialis (Hbn.).

(2) A larval case and leaf of Potentilla sterilis showing feeding of a coleophorid

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

species. This could either be Coleophora albicostella (Duponchel), new to Britain, or
C. gryphipennella (Hbn.), on a hitherto unrecorded foodplant.

(3) Other species: Epermenia insecurella (Stt.), Therfield Common, Herts., two
23.vu1.84; Coleophora hydrolapathella E. M. Hering, Catfield, Norfolk, eight reared
9—14.vii.84 from cases found on old stems of Rumex hydrolapathum (case shown);
Batia lambdella (Donovan), Southsea, Hants., one reared from Ulex, 15.vi.84;
Oecophora bractella (L.), Harewood Forest, Hants., two reared 26.v.84 from larvae
under dead bark of Quercus; Depressaria pulcherrimella Stt., Saffron Walden, two 7
& 13.viii.84 (new to Essex); Agonopterix kuznetsovi Lvovsky, Kynance Cove,
Cornwall, eight 18.1x.84; Metzneria aprilella (H.-S.), Saffron Walden, one 16.vii.84
(new to Essex); Euzophera bigella (Zell.), Saffron Walden, one 2.x1.83 (second
British record); Ephestia parasitella unicolorella Staud., Saffron Walden, eight
12.vii.83 and 7-18.vii.84.

(4) Distribution maps for 20 species of microlepidoptera recorded for the first time
in Essex since the publication of The smaller moths of Essex in 1981, together with
notes.

(5) Leaves of oak from Barton Mills, Suffolk showing the “green islands”
surrounding the mines in leaves which had fallen and otherwise withered. One fresh
leaf containing mines as follows: 30 Ectoedemia quingella (Bed.), 7 E. subbimaculella
(Haw.), 2 E. albifasciella (Hein.), 1 Phyllonorycter sp.

FaircLoUuGH, A.J. and R.—Short series of species caught or bred in 1984:
Bankesia conspurcatella (Zell.), March, Sittingbourne, Kent; Nitidinea piercella
(Bentinck), Fingringhoe, Essex, bred June, and Wicken Fen, Cambs., caught 25.vi;
Lampronia rubiella (Bjerk.), Winchester, Hants., 4.vi; L. capitella (Clerck), Leigh,
Surrey, 2.vi; Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella (Bouché), Reigate, Surrey, bred, Feb.
from Symphoricarpos; Coleophora salicorniae (Wocke), Peldon, Essex, bred July—
August; two Agonopterix astrantiae (Hein.), West Meon, Hants., bred June—July;
Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.), Winchester, second brood bred July-August;
Pammene albuginana (Guen.), Whitmorr, Surrey, bred Feb—March; Eurrhypara
perlucidalist (Hbn.), Wicken Fen, June-July. Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.),
Matching, Essex, one in M.V. trap, 13-14.vii. Acleris cristana (D. & S.), new form
related to webbiana (Sheldon).

FENN, J.L.— Euzophera bigella (Zell.), bred from pupa found in a peach kernel,
Hochwold, Norfolk, 15.viii.83.

Hai, N.—(1) Commophila aeneana (Hbn.), Knowle Hill, Berkshire, new county
record. (2) Variation among: Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella (Hbn.), P. cavella (Zell.),
P. strigulatella (Zell.) (only recent Berks. record), P. lantanella (Schrank) (only
recent Berks. record).

Harper, Dr. M.— Periclepsis cinctana (D. & S.). A short series from Tiree, Inner
Hebrides, taken by Dr. Mark Young and Dr. M. Harper, 30.vi. to 1.vui.84. The
species is new to Scotland, and its occurrence there demonstrates an extraordinary
distribution in the British Isles, as the only other records of it are for chalk grassland
sites in Kent. These Tiree specimens appear to differ from those from S.E. England in
being slightly larger and more irrorated with grey especially on the hindwings.

HEAL, N.F.— Bankesia conspurcatella (Zell.), some of dozens flying in light rain at
9 a.m., Sittingbourne, Kent, 6—19.111.84; Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.), Dartford
Heath, Kent, 4.vi.84 and bred 23.11.84 from galls collected Elstead Common, Surrey
14.11.84; L. capitella (Clerck), Reigate, Surrey, 2—9.vi.84; Phyllonorycter roboris
(Zell.), bred 4—16.11.84 from mines collected Friday St., Surrey, 12.x1.83;

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 17

Coleophora deviella Zell., (suaedivora Meyr.), bred 1—31.vui.84 from larvae on
Suaeda maritima, Peldon, Essex, 28.1x.83 and Shellness, Kent, 1.x.83; C.
aestuarinella Bradley, bred 20.vii.—20.viii.83 from larvae on Suaeda maritima, Harty,
Kent, 6.x.82 and Peldon, Essex 14.x.82 (new to science); Brachmia inornatella
Douglas, at mercury vapour light, Stodmarsh, Kent, 21.vii.84; Monochroa
niphognatha (Gozm.), Stodmarsh, Kent, at mercury vapour light, 8.vii.84;
Syncopacma vinella (Bankes), bred 20.vi.84 from larvae on Genista tinctoria,
Ditchling, Sussex, 19.v.84 and caught there 18.vi.84; Cosmopterix lienigella (Lien. &
Zell.), at mercury vapour light, Stodmarsh, Kent, 8.vii.84; Agonopterix carduella
(Hbn.), bred 18.vii.—2.viii.84 from larvae Stockbury, Kent, on Centaurea nigra,
16.vi.84; Ancylis upupana (Treits.), Ashdown Forest, Sussex, 9.vi.84; Eurrhypara
perlucidalis (Hbn.), Murston, Kent, 14.vii.84 and Stodmarsh, Kent, at mercury
vapour light 8—12.vii.84.

HECKFORD, R.J.—Heringocrania chrysolepidella (Zell.), Parke, nr. Bovey
Tracey, Devon, 28.iv.84, new to Devon; Etainia decentella (H.-S.), Plympton,
Plymouth, 20.vi.84 and 25.viii.84, at mercury vapour light, new to Devon;
Coleophora genistae Stt., Mount Hermon, nr. Lizard, Cornwall, ex larva Genista
anglica, 1—-10.vii.84; Elachista biatomella (Stt.), 26.vii.84, Braunton Burrows,
Devon, new to VC 4; Batia lambdella (Donovan), Beatland Cross, nr. Shaugh Prior,
Devon, ex larva Ulex, 6—9.vi.84; Telechrysis tripuncta (Haw.), Chudleigh Knighton
Heath, Devon, 9.vi.84; Agonopterix kuznetzovi Lvovsky, Mullion Cove, Cornwall,
ex larva Serratula tinctoria, 8.vii.84, third British locality; A ulicetella (Stt.), nr.
Lizard, Cornwall, ex larvae Genista pilosa, 15—24.vii.84, new foodplant; Monochroa
elongella (Hein.), Braunton Burrows, Devon, 16—17.vii.84; Syncopacma suecicella
(Wolff), nr Lizard, Cornwall, ex larva Genista pilosa, 25.vi—13.vii.84, new to Britain;
Mompha conturbatella (Hbn.), Bullers Hill, Haldon, Devon, ex larva 2—23.vi.84,
Epilobium angustifolilum, new to Devon; Adoxophyes sp. ?privatana (Walker),
Plymouth, ex larva 28.iv.84, imported cut orchids; possibly not previously recorded
in Britain. Eudonia lineola (Curtis), Croyde Bay, Devon, 23.vii.84; Buckleria
paludum (Zell.), Bicton Common, Devon, 28.vii.84, first confirmed Devon record;
Leioptilus carphodactyla (Hbn.), St. Mary’s Bay, Brixham, Devon, ex larva, 23-
27.vill.84, new to Devon.

KNILL-JoNES Dr. R.P.—Interesting Scottish microlepidoptera, 1984. Lita
solutella (Zell.), Morrone Wood NNR, Aberdeenshire; Eucosma obumbratana
(Lien. & Zell.), Glasgow Zoo (VC 77) and Kirkdale, Galloway (VC 73),
confirmation of an old Scottish record; Eurrhypara coronata (Hutn.), Lochtaula
Farm, Glasgow (VC 77), new to Scotland; Nepticula dryadella (Hotmann), from
Dryas octopetala, Ben Lawers NNR (VC 88) at 2,000 ft., mines also found on Dryas
at similar altitude on Ben Lui (VC 98).

Lanomalb, Dr. J.R.—Coleophora deviella Zell., Southsea, two vili.84, new to
Hampshire; Pyrausta aurata (Scop.), ab. without reddish coloration of forewings, but
with strong dusting of yellow scales, Southsea, 18.vi.84; Assara terebrella (Zinck.),
one bred from spruce cones, Rhinefields, New Forest, 1984; Ancylosis oblitella
(Zell.), Southsea, 9.viii.84; two Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher, Threshfield, 1984,
new to Yorkshire?

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—Caloptilia robustella Jackh, Ballater, Aberdeenshire,
24.vi.84, furthest north record in Britain; Epermenia insecurella (Stt.), Thertield,
Herts., two taken on the wing, 23.vii.84; Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.),
Axmouth, Devon and Gweek, Cornwall, forms with unusually extended markings,

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

bred v.84; two Scrobipalpula tussilaginis (Frey), Axmouth, Devon, new to Britain,
bred v.84 from four larvae found mining leaves (one shown) of Tussilago farfara,
x.83, following collection of an uncertainly determined moth; Pammene fasciana
(L.), Ballater, Aberdeenshire, 24.vi.84, furthest north record in Britain; taken with
Caloptilia robustella in old oak woodland.

Penney, C.C.—Interesting pyrales taken in the first two years of collecting this
group.

PLANT, C.W.—Agdistis bennetii (Curtis), Wallasea Island, Essex; Leioptilus
carphodactyla (Hbn.), Grays Chalk Quarry, Essex, bred from larva; Capperia
britanniodactyla (Gregson), Dungeness, Kent, bred from larvae on Wood Sage.

Rosinson, R.S. & G.S.—Nemapogon ruricolella (Stt.), new to Essex, plus a host
record. 11 were bred 28.vi—11.vii.84 from a piece of wild cherry stick infested by
Chondostereum purpureum (Silver-leaf fungus) collected by RSR at Warwick Wood,
Rainham, Essex, iv.84. The N. ruricolella are smaller (9.5—10.3 mm wingspan) than
N. cloacella (11.0-16.0 mm) from other sticks collected at the same time. The fascia
distal to the end of the cell is uniformly bronze in ruricolella but streaked with grey in
cloacella. Identification has been confirmed by examination of the genitalia of a
female from the series.

Sippons, P.N.—Spatalistis bifasciana (Hbn.), Bodmin, 10.vii.84; Mompha
lacteella (Steph.), Chyverton near Perranporth, 1.vi.84; M. propinquella (Stainton),
Trencreek near Newquay, 26.vii.84. Coleophora artemisicolella Braund, Trencreek
near Newquay, bred 20.vii.84. Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.), Perranporth, 26.vii.84;
Caryocolum marmoreum, (Haw.), Padstow, 8.vii.84; Elachista megerlella (Hbn.),
Chyverton near Perranporth, 24.v.84. E. gangabella Zell., Chyverton near
Perranporth, 9.vi.84; E. luticomella Zell., Chyverton near Perranporth, 2. vii.84;
Biselachista serricornis (Stt.), Gossmoor, Cornwall, 11.vi.84. Pammene albuginana
(Guen.), Chyverton near Perranporth, 30.vi.84.

Simpson, Dr. A.N.B.—Coleophora ochrea (Haw.), Horton, Gower, S. Wales,
bred from cases on Helianthemum, v.84; Lobesia occidentis (Falk.), Wyre Forest,
Worcs., bred from shoots of Euphorbia amygdaloides, vii.84; Glyphipterix
haworthana (Steph.), Sutton Park, Warwks., bred seed heads of Eriophorum, iv.84;,
Caryocolum vicinella (Douglas), Llangranog, Cardigan, bred Silene maritima v.84;
Depressaria ultimella (Stt.), Mwnt, Cardigan, on Apium nodiflorum, bred viti.84;
Coleophora orbitella Zell., Monk Wood, Worcs., cases on birch x.83, bred; Psyche
betulina (Zell.), Monk Wood, Worcs., cases on Crataegus and Lonicera, iv—v.84,
bred; Phyllonorycter junoniella (Zell.), Sutton Park, Warks., on Vaccinium vitis-
idaea, iv.84, bred; Cosmiotes stabilella (Stainton), Windmill Hill, nr Evesham,
Worcs., larvae mining Brachypodium sylvaticum, 11.84, bred; Ephestia parasitella
unicolorella Staud., Colletts Green, Worcs., at light, 20.vi.84.

Sokxo.LorFr, P.A.—A selection of microlepidoptera taken or bred in 1984 including
Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.), taken at mercury vapour light, Ham Street, Kent; A/ucita
hexadactyla (L.), bred from an ornamental Dutch honeysuckle, Orpington, Kent;
Apomyelois bistriatella neophanes Durrant, bred from Daldinia concentrica growing
on dead and dying birch, Keston, Kent.

STERLING, Col. D.H.—Amphisbatis incongruella (Stainton), New Forest, flying in
sunshine, iv.84; Sitochroa palealis (D. & S.), and Evergestis extimalis (Scop.), garden
mercury vapour light trap, Winchester.

STERLING, M.J.—Commophila aeneana (Hb.), Nottinghamshire, new to VC 56;
Eucosma maritima (H. &. W.), Gibraltar Point, Skegness, Lincs.; Gymnancyla

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 19

canella (D. & S.), Gibraltar Point, Skegness, Lincs., a normal and a melanic
example; Caryocolum blandella (Douglas), Iron Tors, Derbyshire, bred from seed-
head of Stellaria; new to VC 57; Eudonia vandaliella (H.-S.) (resinella auct.),
Tintern, Mon., one taken at mercury vapour light; Ypsolopha vitella (L.),
Willington, Derbyshire, normal and melanic bred from U/mus.

STERLING, P.H.—(1) An old tramp’s blanket found in a disused shed near
Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, and the following species which were bred from it.
Monopis rusticella (Hbn.), Niditinea fuscipunctella (Haw.), N. piercella (Bent.),
Tinea pellionella (L.), and T. pallescentella Stt.

(2) Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Stt.), Emer Bog (VC 11), bred from silken tubes
in the lichen Leparia on old trees; Digitivalva perlepidella (Stt.), Grays, Essex, bred
from larvae in /nula conyza leaf; Coleophora linosyridella Fuchs, Mucking Marsh,
Essex, bred from cases on Aster tripolium; Pammene albuginana (Guen.), Ham
Street, Kent, at mercury vapour light; Cydia pactolana (Zell.), Botley Woods, Hants.
(VC 11), a very fresh specimen taken by day. Melissoblaptes zelleri (Joann.),
Dungeness, at mercury vapour light.

UFFEN, R.W.J.—An unidentified species of Monochroa (Gelechiidae), probably
new to science, found mining leaves of Scrirpus maritimus at Mucking reedbed,
Essex. The mines are not represented in the Hering herbarium.

WarreEN, R.G.—Staffordshire microlepidoptera. From moorlands: Schif-
fermuelleria subaquilea (Stt.), Lita virgella (Thunb.), Philedone gerningana (D. &
S.), Philedonides lunana (Thunb.), Exapate congelatella (Clerck), Acleris
caledoniana (Steph.), Olethreutes mygindiana (D. & S.), (bred from Vaccinium
vitis-idea).

From the limestone of Dovedale and the Manifold Valley: Euhyponomeuta
stannella (Thunb.), (apparently restricted, in its only known locality in Britain, to a
single hillside), Cataplectica profugella (Stt.), Ethmia funerella (F.), (occurs in woods
where there is no Symphytum and larvae have been found on Myosotis sylvatica),
Aethes hartmanniana (Clerck), Aphelia unitana (Hbn.), Epiblema_ turbidana
(Treits.), Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregs.).

From Cranberry Bog, Balterley Heath: Olethreutes schulziana (F.), Buckleria
paludum (Zell.), first Staffs. record since 1964 and probably the site referred to as a‘a
small bog near Crewe’ by Tutt c. 1850.

WiLb, E.H.—Crambus pascuella (L.), melanic specimen taken on the field
meeting at Emery Down, New Forest, 29.vi.84. (Note: the example is referable to ab.
obscura Kuchlein—J.M.C.-H.). Eudonia pallida (Curt.), Highcliffe, Hants.

WIntTER, P.Q.—Myelois cribrella (Hbn.), Burdale, S.W. Yorks, found at rest ona
thistle at dusk, 28.vi.84. A species becoming increasingly frequent in VC 61.

DICTYOPTERA

Braprorp, E.—A specimen of the dusky cockroach, Ectobius lapponicus (L.),
collected by sweeping at Church Wood, Blean, Kent, 4. viil.84.

ORTHOPTERA

Kirsy, P.—The rare macropterous form of the bush cricket, Conocephalus
dorsalis (Latr.), taken at the RSPB reserve, Elmley, Kent. Also shown were the
normal brachypterous form and the macropterous C. discolor (Thunb.), with notes
on their separation.

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985
HEMIPTERA

ApPLETON, D.—Some rare or local Heteroptera taken in the New Forest, Hants.
in 1984. Two specimens of Eysarcoris aeneus (Scop.), swept from rushes, 25.viii;
Physatocheila costata (F.), beaten from a lichen-covered apple tree 27.viii; Acalypta
brunnea (Germ.), found on a mossy stump, 15.ix; Cryptostemma alienum (H.-S.),
from the shingle beside a stream, 13.1x.

Hea, N.F.—Some Hemiptera from Kent, unless otherwise stated. Chorosoma
schillingi (Sch.), Bishopstone, 11.viii.84; Muris striatus (L.), Thornden Wood,
Whitstable, 19.vi.83; Dicranocephalus medius (M. & R.), Folkestone Warren,
17.vi.83; Berytinus hirticornis (Brullé), Murston, 10.1i1.83. Picromerus bidens (L.), at
m.v. light, Hankley Common, Surrey, 29.viii.84; Cyphostethus tristriatus (F.),
Hackhurst, Surrey, 26.v.83; Rhacognathus punctatus L., Hothfield Bog, 5.v.84;
Macrodema micropterum (Curtis), Elstead Common, Surrey, 14.11.84. The exhibit
also included the two British species of the Membracidae, Centrotus cornutus (L.),
Hoads Wood, Bethersden, 11.vi.84, and Gargara genistae (F.), Canterbury Golf
Course, 1.viii.84.

Hopce, P.G.—Some Heteroptera taken in 1984. Odontoscelis dorsalis (F.), from
Lydd Camp, Kent; Aeschyntelus maculatus (Fieb.), at Wool, Dorset; the tingid
Dictyonota fuliginosa (Costa), on old broom brushes at Dungeness, Kent;
Atractotomus mirificus taken at m.v. light in the exhibitor’s garden at Ringmer,
Lewes, Sussex. This last species is associated with Scots pine and is probably new to
Sussex.

KirsBy P.—Some local or rare Heteroptera taken in 1984, including Phytocoris
insignis (Reuter), from Sussex; a wholly melanic specimen of Piezodorus lituratus
(F.), taken by P. Harvey at Claygate, Surrey; Deraeocoris scutellaris (F.), swept from
heather on Thursley Common, Surrey, 22.vii; the very local lacebug Tingis reticulata
(H.-S.), taken 1.1x at Arundel Park, Sussex; Nysius helveticus (H.-S.), found on
Chobham Common, Surrey, 11.viii; Anthocoris minki Dohrn found in Pemphigus
aphid galls on Lombardy poplars along the towpath at Kew, Surrey, 28.1x;
Taphropeltus hamulatus (Thomson), White Downs, Surrey; Drymus latus Doug. &
Scott, from two East London sites, Dogkennel Hill, Redbridge, and Bully Fen,
Newham; Micranthia marginalis (Fallen), Thursley Common, Surrey, 22.viii;
Microvelia umbricola (Wrob.). The last species is a local insect which was taken by J.
Bratton on 11.vili.84 at Wicken Fen, Cambs.

Porter, D.A.—Some local Heteroptera taken in southern England 1982-84.
Eysarcoris aeneus (Scop.), Brockenhurst, Hants., 27.vu.84; E. fabricii (Kirk.),
Bridport, Dorset, 15.viii.82 (mew county record); Saldula arenicola (Scholtz), Eype,
Dorset, 3.vili.83; Deraeocoris olivaceus (F.), Hailsham, Sussex, 10.vii.82, 8.vii.83
(new county record and possibly a distinct immigrant colony as this is well outside its
usual range); Oncochila simplex (H.-S.) and Eremocoris podagricus (F.), Arundel,
Sussex, 9.ix.84 (both new county records); Miridius quadrivirgatus (Costa),
Effingham, Surrey, 22.vili.82 (new county record for this normally coastal species);
Cyphostethus tristriatus (F.), Friston Forest, Sussex, 18.vi.83. This last species
normally feeds on juniper but at Friston Forest it seems to be feeding on Lawson
Cypress.

Exhibitor 62—A specimen ot the leathopper Ledra aurita (L.), taken in Wytham
Woods, Oxon, 29.1x.84.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 21

HYMENOPTERA

ArcHER, M.E.—Both sexes of two local solitary wasps, Crossocerus leucostoma
(L.), and Philanthus triangulum (F.), with maps of their British distribution. The
former is a northern species and its capture at Strenshall Common, Yorks., is the first
for the county and the most southern record. P. triangulum was taken at Nacton
Heath, Suffolk. This local species occurs on the Isle of Wight but has not been
recorded on mainland Britain this century. The female was taken near a burrow and
was carrying its honey-bee prey, which indicates a breeding record. The exhibitor
would be pleased to hear of any further records of these species.

Ha stEAD, A.J.—Some uncommon or local sawflies taken in 1984 in Surrey,
except where otherwise stated. Pamphilius balteatus (Fallén), 19.v, Sheepleas, and P.
hortorum (Klug), 6.vi, R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, Both of these species are widely
distributed but the adults are often elusive. Arge ciliaris (L.), male on hawthorn
flowers, Therfield Heath, Royston, Herts., 30.v, and female on the larval host plant
Filipendula ulmaria, Basingstoke Canal, Woking, 2.vi. The very local Arge rustica
(L.), found on vegetation beneath oak trees near the River Wey, R.H.S. Garden,
Wisley, 12.vi, both sexes of Athalia rosae (L.), taken 11.viii and 18.viii on flowers of
wild angelica at Mayford, Woking. This was a notorious pest of turnips in the 18th
and 19th centuries but has been uncommon in recent years. It is a migratory species
which is favoured by warm dry summers and was present in some numbers at the
above site. Other local or infrequently seen species included Allantus calceatus
(Klug), Basingstoke Canal, Woking, 19.v; Claremontia alternipes (Klug), R.H.S.
Garden, Wisley, 21.v; Halidamia affinis (Fallén), Mayford, Woking, 16.vi;
Tenthredo olivacea Klug, Whitedown Woods, 11.vi; Hop/ocampa ariae (Benson), on
Sorbus aria flowers, Sheepleas, 3.vi; Pristiphora subbifida (C. G. Thomson),
Sheepleas, 19.v.

Mices, S.R.—Some local solitary bees taken 1983-84. Female Osmia pilicornis
Smith taken at bush vetch flowers, Savernake Forest, Wilts., 19.vi.83; female
Andrena florea (F.), at flowers of white bryony, Ash Common, Surrey, 3.vii.83; male
Nomada pleurosticta (H.-S.), which is associated with Andrena humilis (Imhoff), at
Aldershot, Hants., 30.v.84.

NEUROPTERA

BapmIN, J.—A live specimen of the rare lacewing Drepanepteryx phalaenoides
(L.), beaten from holly at Selling, near Faversham, Kent, in September, 1984. It had
been fed with aphids since its capture. At least seven records of this lacewing have
been made in S.E. England since 1976 and it may be on the increase.

Kirsy, P.—Specimens of the local lacewing Psectra diptera (Burmeister), taken at
Aveley Clay Pit, Essex, 30.viii.84, and at Arundel Park, Sussex, 1.ix.84. These are
both first records for these counties.

ILLUSTRATIONS

TweepicE, M.W.F.—Colour photographs of seven British Pyralidae. 398
monochrome photographs of British Lepidoptera. Among the monochrome
photographs was a fascinating series entitled “The Faces of Moths’, a visual aspect one
does not always observe when studying these creatures.

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Owen, J.A. and D.J.M.—Photographs of Coleopterous larvae and adults of
various species, including several showing Lampyris noctiluca (L.), emitting light.

Porter, J. and Cuurcu, S.H.—Photographic illustrations of British
macrolepidoptera, figuring 725 larvae and 630 species of adult insects, among which
were three representing Oecophora bractella (L.), one of the rarer micros discovered
recently in Hampshire and bred from dead wood.

NATURE CONSERVANCY COUNCIL. A stand containing maps depicting the progress of
the Invertebrate Site Register, also showing habitat destruction and loss through
agriculture and development in all its forms, such as forestry, roadways, housing,
drainage and industrial development.

Harmer, A.S.—Photographs of British butterflies and moths, including several
life histories.

ArcHER, Dr. M.E.—A number of large scale and detailed paintings representing
some of the world’s vespine hornets and wasps, as well as British bumble bees,
painted since 1976 by Mr. John Ruddick, Dr. Archer’s father-in-law.

PLANT, C.W.—London Butterfly Atlas. An exhibit organised by the London
Natural History Society. Distribution maps were shown covering the period 1980-
1984 for Aglais urticae (L.), and Lysandra coridon (Poda), based on tetrads, (2 x 2
km squares), within 20 miles centred on St. Paul’s Cathedral, thus taking in all
Middlesex, parts of Essex, Kent, Surrey, Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire. The
display makes an appeal to B.-E.N.H.S. members for records of all butterflies in the
London area. The project ends in 1986.

Hatt-SmitH, D.H.—An exhibit constructed from clear and transluscent flexible
plastic sheet, showing three-dimensionally the genitalia of Lepidoptera. This novel
and excellent idea is used when teaching genitalia dissection and preparation at
Leicestershire Museums Service. The models can be fixed or taken apart to show the
arrangement of the various structures.

SoKOLorF, P.A.—Two colour postcards of Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, circa
1900-1910, from the collection of the late G. R. Sutton.

JoNES, R.A.—Some (10 in. x 7 in. and 7 in. x 5 in.) prints taken from 35 mm
slides, produced cheaply by a commercial processing house. Rhagonycha fulva
(Scop.), in cop., Amaurobius similis (Blackwall), Araneus quadratus (Clerck),
Opilio perietinus (Degeer) and Porcellio scaber (Latreille).

Murpny, F.M.—Colour photographs showing the courting postures adopted by
the spider Saitis barbipes (Simon) (Salticidae).

Revets, R.—Colour photographs illustrating the insects and wildlife of Skokholm
Island Nature Reserve.

Harvey, P.R.—Cibachrome prints made from Kodachrome slide originals of: (1)
Various spiders and insects of Chobham Common, Surrey. (2) Four Cionus spp. on
figwort and Verbascum blattaria in a Surbiton garden and Symmorphus gracilis wasp
preying on Cionus larvae.

Stusss, J.—A display with the title ‘A wife’s-eye view of entomologists’. The
display included a number of cartoons, photographs and pictures, giving us a
humorous peep at entomology and entomologists in general.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1984

Top: Maitland Emmet with Mark Shaw
Behind, left: Ted Archer

Middle: Peter Baker, Bernard Skinner,
Ken Evans (Exhibition organiser)

Bottom: Basil MacNulty

de ee

, 27TH OCTOBER, 1984

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 25

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS meeting 12.vii.1984.—The PresiDENT announced the death of Mr G.H.
Mansell, who was elected in 1960.

Exhibits. Mr J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt: Two males of a micro-moth newly identified
from British material by Dr K. Sattler (Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.) The two males
identified were taken by the exhibitor at Stodmarsh National Nature Reserve, E.
Kent. A description of the moth will appear in the Entomologist’s Record.

Mr A. Goprrey: (1) The buprestid beetle Agrilus pannonicus caught flying in
bright sunshine in a ride in Windsor Forest, 17.vi.84. A.A. Allen (Entomologist's
mon. Mag. 85, 1973) summarised the records of this rare species and surmised that it
may breed in old, rotten oak stumps.

(2) Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi) from a well known locality in the New Forest,
where 10-20 were seen on 9th, 10th and 16th June. The hoverflies showed a
preference for basking in sunshine on logs and tree stumps in the beech woodland.
The flies appeared to have definite territories, defending them from other hoverflies
and, in one instance, from a bumble bee. The exhibitor had also noted a pair mating
at the base of a large beech tree in the woodland.

Mr I.R. Hupson: Three species of rare hoverflies collected in the New Forest
during early June 1984. All are associated with ancient woodland, especially beech.
(1) A male and female Brachypalpus laphriformis (Fall.) collected at Mark Ash
Wood during the BENHS field meeting on 2nd June. The male was sunning low down
on a beech trunk and the female was crawling over a damaged area of another tree,
where a branch had fallen off at some time, about 1.5m up. (2) Pocota personata
(Harris), also from the field meeting. This convincing bumble bee mimic was flying
slowly around a damaged area on a beech trunk, about 2.5m up, where a large branch
had broken off in the past. (3) A male and female Caliprobola speciosa (Rossi), taken
on separate occasions in different areas of the Forest. The female was flying slowly
around the base of a beech tree that had been damaged to expose the heartwood and
the male was sunning on the ground within an old beech stump.

Mr R.A. Jones: Ctenicera cuprea (F.) from the Forestry Commission woods at
Trichrug, near Cilcennin, Dyfed, where it was on the wing in numbers on 7.vi.84.
This rather handsome click beetle is absent from southern England and is widespread
but local in Wales.

BENHS meeting 26.vii.1984.—The PrEsIDENT announced the death of Mr H. E.
Chipperfield, of Walberswick.

Exhibits: Mr P.A. Soxo.orr: Living examples of Bisigna procerella (D. & S.),
(Lep.: Oecophoridae) and Spatalistis bifasciana (Hbn.), (Lep.: Tortricidae), two
rather scarce moths taken at Long Rope, Orlestone in Kent on 25th July.

Mr R.A. Sortiy: A Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.), having extensively black-marked
forewings, from a light trap at Mill Hill, London, 17th July.

Mr R.A. Jones: Phloiotrya vaudoueri (Mulsant), (Col.: Melandryidae) from
under very thick bark of an old oak stump, Hampstead Heath, 18.vii.84. Little is
known of this rare beetle, except that it is found under thick bark of old trees, notably
oak. It is recorded mainly from ancient woodlands like Windsor and Sherwood
Forests.

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Mr K. MerriFIELD: A specimen of Synanthedon vespiformis (L.), netted at the
recent field meeting at Baynes Wood, Berks. From Pollards Wood, Bucks, an
example of the wood-feeding cranefly Ctenophora pectinicornis (L.). This is the most
frequently recorded species of Crenophora, which occur in old woodlands.

Membership: Messrs Lear, Siewruk and Marson were elected.

Communications: Mr R. McCormick reported the capture of a specimen of Tyta
luctuosa (D. & S.) (the Four-Spotted) from his garden in North Cheam, Surrey, on
14/15.vii.84.

Lecture: Dr J. WAAGE gave a talk on the Biology of Heliconiid butterflies, which
outlined their life histories and complex inter-relationships with plants of the genus
Passiflora. The talk was well illustrated, and provoked a lively discussion.

BENHS meeting 13.ix.1984.— Exhibits. Mr E.S. Braprorp: Specimens of
Caloptilia azaleella (Brants), (Lep.: Gracillariidae) bred from an azalea bought in a
shop in Canterbury, Kent early in 1984.

Mr P.J. JOHNSON: A specimen of the bee-mimic Trichius fasciatus (L.), a beetle
found locally in Scotland, northern England and N. Wales. The beetle had been
feeding on an umbellifer head at Aigas, near Inverness, Scotland (VC 96) in
afternoon sunshine on 26.vii.84.

Mr R.A. JoNEs: Asiraca clavicornis (F.) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), found in
great numbers sweeping a dry grassy bank on “The Muchute’ Farm, Isle of Dogs, on
25.viii.84. The greatly enlarged and flattened fore and middle legs (used for
burrowing among the roots of grass) and the long, stout antennae, give this local
species a peculiar appearance.

Miss S. LaMBerT: Synanthedon formicaeformis (Esp.), (Lep.: Sesiidae), taken at
TQ 514858, Dagenham, Essex, 11.vii.84. The insect was taken at rest on bramble
blossom at about 11.30 a.m., and is apparently the first record for Essex of this species
this century.

Communications: Mr E.S. BRapFrorp: a Cynthia cardui (L.), at Stanmore,
Middx., on the 13th September. Mr K. Wess: a Vanessa atalanta (L.), at Clophill,
Beds., on 8th September.

The Rev. AGassiz reported that Luperina nickerlii (Freyer) (Lep.: Noctuidae) had
lately been found in numbers at several saltmarsh localities on the coast of Essex.

Lecture: Dr C.F. Curtis spoke on The problem of insecticide resistance in
mosquitoes, and accompanied his talk by a series of slides, mainly diagrammatic.

BENHS meeting 8.xi.1984.— A vice-president, Mr P.J. Baker, in the Chair.

Exhibits: Col A.M. Emmet: Mines of the alder-feeding species of the
Phyllonorycter, P. rajella (L.), P. froelichiella (Zell.), and P. kleemannella (F.),
showing characters useful for species determination. P. stettinensis, which alone
mines the upperside of the leaf presents no problem and was not shown.

P. rajella pupates in a relatively narrow cocoon flanked by frass visible as dark lines
if the mine is held up to the light. The other two pupate in ovoid, inflated chambers
devoid of frass. That of P. kleemannella is smaller (c. 5 mm long) and dark when
viewed against the light. That of P. froelichiella is larger (c. 7 mm long) and paler,
being almost translucent. The larger size of the mine of P. froelichiella is a reliable
character, but there is little difference in size between the mines of the other two
species.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 27

Prior to pupation, the mines may be distinguished by the colour of the larvae. That
of P. froelichiella is grey with the anal segment whitish. The larvae of the other two
species are whitish, that of P. rajella with a greenish tinge and that of P. kleemanella
with a yellowish tinge.

Mr R.A. Jones: Specimens of a golden brown variety of the leaf beetle Chrysolina
menthastri (Suffrian), taken on 28.viii.71 and 3.viii.74 from a colony of this so far
unrecorded form, at Danehill near Ashdown Forest, E. Sussex.

Mr C. Hart: An adult and empty pupa case of Ephestia cautella (Walker), (Lep.:
Pyralidae), bred from a larva taken by Mark Colvin in early October in Tesco's
supermarket, Lewes, Sussex. The moth emerged 5.xi.84.

Membership: Mr S.J. MCWILLIAM was declared elected.

Communications: Mr R. Tusss reported two Vanessa atalanta (L.), seen at
Petersfield, Hants., on 4.xi.84. Mr C. Hart reported capturing a female Mythimna
vitellina (Hbn.), at mercury vapour light near Reigate on 18.x.84.

Lecture: Dr A.M. PoweLt spoke on the subject of Some fish/arthropod
interactions, and accompanied her talk by a number of slides, mainly diagrammatic.

FIELD MEETINGS

BENHS and Kent Field Club Field Meeting: Burnt Oak Wood, Orlestone, Kent,
19.v.1984 and 23.vi.1984. Leader: M.A. Enfield.—Apart from providing general
records to help monitor the effects of management on this Kent Trust for Nature
Conservation reserve, we hoped to see two local rarities, namely the empidid fly
Rhamphomyia marginata and the Lesser Belle moth, Colobochyla salicalis. We saw a
few of the flies on the reserve, and large numbers flying in swarms in the rides just
across the road in Longrope Wood. Sadly, we were unlucky with the Lesser Belle
and, for the seventh year running, I have not heard of any being seen at Orlestone.
There must be doubts about its continuing survival in England.

We did note a few new records for Orlestone, but these were common species that
may not have been thought worth recording before. Among the micro moths,
Pseudotelphusa scalella 19 May, and Spatalistis bifasciana 23 June, were the most
noteworthy.

BENHS Field Meeting: Odiham Common, Hampshire, 7.vii. 1984. Leader: Stephen
Miles.— Excellent weather greeted the eight people who attended this meeting. This
site includes a variety of habitats within its boundaries; marsh and adjacent neutral
meadows, damp oak/hazel coppice on clay soils and birch scrub on sand and gravel.

The meeting was timed to coincide with the normal ovipositing period of the
syrphid fly Volucella inflata (F.). Unfortunately this event was not observed and only
one female of this species was seen. The fourth British example of the fungus gnat
Manota unifurcata (Lundstrom), was taken. Previously this species had only been
recorded from Monks Wood, Huntingdonshire, Chippenham Fen, Cambs., and
Windsor Forest, Berks. It is also considered a scarce mycetophilid in Europe as a
whole. M. unifurcata has been reared from dead wood which had a myxomycete upon
it but the association is not confirmed. Peter Chandler also took: the local
mycetophilids Leptomorphus walkeri Curtis, Coelosia flava (Staeger), and

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Brachypeza bisignata (Winnertz), the local dead wood feeding (in the larval state)
empidid Oedalea tibialis (Macquart) and the platypezids Agathomyia antennata
(Zett.), and A. elegantula (Fallen).

Ata small area of bare sand, numbers of the local sphecid wasp Crabro scutellatus
(Scheven), were seen attending to their nest holes in the soil. One female of the rare
and local wasp Crossocerus styrius (Kohl), the nesting habits and prey of which are
unknown, was taken in flight by the leader.

Of the eight butterfly species seen Ladoga camilla (L.), Aphantopus hyperantus
(L.), and Melanargia galathea (L.), were the most notable, the last named, seen by
one member, being interesting as this species had only been seen twice before in the
locality by the leader. The nearest chalk downland is approximately one mile away.

Some members of the party were pleased to see a small patch of Bog Pimpernel
(Anagallis tenella (L.)) growing in a very wet area crossed by a track.

In addition to the twenty-five species of spiders listed below four other more local
species were taken, these being: Philodromus collinus Koch, P. rufus Walck., Ballus
depressus Walck., and Erigonidium graminicola (Sund.), the latter being very
numerous in both sexes at the locality. During the meeting our secretary, Frances
Murphy was fortunate to find a spider of the family Tetragnathidae bearing a
hymenopterous parasitic larva on the dorsal surface of its abdomen. The parasite was
later reared out and found to be a male Acrodactyla quadrisculpta (Grav.), this is
interesting in that it represents a ‘true’ rearing record.

Other insects and arachnids seen or taken were:

Oponata: Ischnura elegans (Van der Linden), Enallagma_ cyathigerum
(Charpentier), Libellula depressa L.

NeuropTeERA: Chrysopa perla (L.), C. carnea Stephens, C. ciliata Wesmael, C.
albolineata Killington, Hemerobius humulinus L., H. marginatus Stephens.

MeEcopterRA: Panorpa germanica L.

HyMENOPTERA: SyMPHYTA, Calameuta filiformis (Evers.), Strongylogaster lineata
(Christ), Athalia bicolor Lep., A. circularis (Klug), A. scutellariae Cam., Macrophya
ribis (L.), Tenthredo mesomelas L., Blennocampa pusilla (Klug), and Endelomyia
aethiops (F.), larvae of both on wild rose, Croesus latipes (Vill.), larvae on birch.

HyMENOPTERA: APOCRITA, Argogorytes mystaceus (L.), Andrena flavipes Panzer,
Bombus lucorum (L.), B. terrestris (L.), B. pascuorum (Scop.), B. lapidarius (L.),
Lasius niger (L.).

Co.LeopterRA: Chilocorus renipustulatus (Scriba), Phyllobrotica quadrimaculata
(E.):

DipTeRA: Oxycera formosa Mg., Leptogaster cylindrica (Deg.), Laphria marginata
(L.), Chrysogaster solstitialis (Fallén), Eristalis arbustorum (L.), E. horticola (Deg.),
E. nemorum (L.), Volucella bombylans (L.), V. pellucens (L.), Sphegina
kimakowiczi Strobl.

ARACHINDA: Clubiona lutescens Westring, Anyphaena accentuata (Walck.), Diaea
dorsata (F.), Heliophanes cupreus (Walck.), Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Anelosimus
vittatus (C. L. Koch), Achearanea lunata (Clerck), Theridion sisyphium (Clerck), T.
varians (Hahn), T. pallens (Blackwall), Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck), Araneus
diadematus Clerck, A. quadratus Clerck, A sturmi (Hahn), Araniella cucurbitina
(Clerck), Zilla diodia (Walck.), Cyclosa conica (Pallas), Gongylidium rufipes
(Sund.), Diplocephalus picinus (Blackwall), Erigone atra (Blackwall), Meioneta
rurestris (C. L. Koch), Lepthyphantes obscurus (Blackwall), L. flavipes (Blackwall),
Linyphia triangularis (Clerck), L. montana (Clerck).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 29

BENHS and Kent Field Club Field Meeting: Gibbins Brook, Kent, 12.viii.1984.
Leader: J.S. Badmin.—There are few sites in E. Kent that rival Gibbins Brook for its
rich assemblage of wetland plants and interesting invertebrate life. Indeed there was
so much to see and record that few of the 22 members who attended this joint
meetings with the Kent Field Club managed to walk further than 100 m from the cars
before lunch.

Most of the southern area of the SSSI is marsh with willow scrub and extensive
alder carr. Plants of interest, otherwise local in Kent, were bogbean, marsh
pennywort, bog stitchwort, marsh willowherb and the heath spotted and southern
marsh orchids. Those who ventured further afield discovered tussocks of Carex
paniculata (L.), nearly a metre high, growing beneath the alder trees.

On the higher ground to the north was an area of grass heath and birch scrub
dominated locally by bracken.

Insect numbers were exceptionally high. 37 species of leafhoppers were recorded
and these appeared to be the most prevalent group in terms of biomass from sweep
net catches. Several unusual macropterous forms were noted. The spittle bugs
Neophilaenus lineatus (L.), N. campestris (Fall.), and Philaenus spumarius (L.), ina
variety of colour forms were so abundant as to cause incipient hopper burn.
Appreciable numbers of the large blue-green Cicadella viridis (L.), and yellow and
black cicadellid Evacanthus interruptus (L.), were a welcome sight. Other
Homoptera were: Aphrodes makarovi Zachvatkin, Aphrophora alni (Fall.), Allygus
mixtus (F.), Alebra albostriella (Fall.), lassus lanio (L.), Oncopsis alni (Schrank), O.
flavicollis (L.), Eupteryx stachydearum (Hardy), E. vittata (L.), Typhlocyba quercus
(F.), Kybos butleri (Edwards), Doratura stylata (Boheman), Conomelus anceps
(Germ.), Cixius nervosus (L.), Psylla alni(L.), Trioza remota Forster.

The short winged conehead Conocephalus dorsalis (Latr.), was the commonest of
the five species of Orthoptera recorded. To our delight we also captured quite a
number of long winged bushcrickets and presumed them to be the related C. discolor
(Thunb.). This species has only once been recorded from Kent, and considerable
doubt now surrounds this record, despite its continued occurrence in nearby Sussex.
More detailed reading of Ragge’s 1965 Wayside and Woodland book on grasshoppers
indicated that the specimens belonged to the taxon C. dorsalis burri (Ebner), a rare
macropterous form of the shortwinged conehead. It may be distinguished trom C.
discolor by the presence of extra long wings, a lack of spines on the underside of the
hind femora, and a more strongly curved ovipositor.

Twelve butterfly species were observed including the large skipper and ringlet.

Mr Wilberforce made a cursory investigation of the microfungi and recorded
Dasyscyphus virgineus S.F. Gray, on a decaying Rubus stem, D. palearum (Desm.)
Massee on grass stems, Orbilia xanthostigma (Fr.), Fr. and O. auricolor (Blox. ex
Berk) Sacc., on rotten wood, and Mollisia palustris (Roberge) Karst., on rotting
herbaceous stems.

Subsequent light trapping with Mr Jewess on a rather inhospitable night produced
a total of 60 species of Lepidoptera, and 9 species of leafhoppers. The most notable
record was the local pyralid Nephopteryx genistella (Dup.), in only its second
recorded locality in Kent.

BENHS and Kent Field Club Field Meeting, Burnt Oak Wood, Kent, 2.ix. 1984.
Leader: Mr J.S. Badmin.—The weather was warm and hazy, but not too overcast for
insect activity. Two members joined the leader and his family in the search for the

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

rare attractive leafhopper Platymetopius undatus (Degeer), last recorded from the
area by Col Duffield in the 1930s. It was decided to tackle Burnt Oak Wood in
preference to Fagg’s Wood so that Mr Enfield could conduct his regular butterfly
census of the area. His tally of 8 species and 12 individuals was much lower than in the
preceding weeks, but did include a late individual of Pyronia tithonus (L.).

The search for Platymetopius was hampered by the fact that its hostplant is not
known with any certainty, and so many potential hostplants—sallows, oak, birch and
bracken, were sampled regularly with sweepnet and beating tray, but without
success. The search was by no means exhaustive and there is every reason to believe
that Platymetopius still occurs in the Ham Street woods complex. Homoptera
observed were: Graphocephala fennahi (Young), Cicadella viridis (L.), Issus
coleoptratus (F.), Idiocerus vittifrons (Kirschbaum), Macropsis prasina (Boheman),
Aphrophora salicina (Goeze), Balclutha punctata (Thunb.), Alebra albostriella
(Fall.), Javasella pellucida (F.), and Cixius nervosus (L.).

Dragonflies were very much in evidence and Mr Philp recorded Aeshna mixta
Latr., A. cyanea (Miller), Sympetrum sanguineum (Miller), S. striolatum
(Charpentier), Coenagrion puella (L.), and Lestes sponsa (Hansemann).

BENHS Field Meeting: Church Wood, Blean, Kent, 4.viii.1984. Leader: E.S.
Bradford.—Twelve members and friends attended this meeting. Church Wood, an
RSPB reserve, covers an area of about 420 acres. Adjoining Church Wood is the
Blean National Nature Reserve. With these two reserves there are, in all, about one
thousand acres of continuous woodland in this section of the Canterbury ring woods.

Only a small part of Church Wood was surveyed during the meeting. The weather
was fine but cooler than had been the case during the previous few weeks. This was
noted especially in the evening when the light traps were operating. The temperature
between 9.30 p.m. and 12.30 a.m. was 16°C, with a cold breeze. Even so, the light
traps did well.

During the day members worked the extensive rides, where Pyronia tithonus (L.),
was very common. Along one ride several small cockroaches Ectobius lapponicus
(L.), were caught. In one of several open areas along the main ride there were a
number of large logs and old tree stumps. Running around one of the logs was a
specimen of the local Coleopteron Leptura quadrifasciata (L.). Also in this clearing
Chrysops caecutiens (L.), made its presence known.

In the evening one mercury vapour lamp and one Heath trap were run, about 250
yards apart, until approximately 12.45 a.m.

Little was attempted on the second day of the meeting: rain put in an early
appearance and persisted, driving everyone and everything to shelter.

The following is a list of insects and leat mines taken or seen during the day, and of
insects recorded at the light traps in the evening.

LEPIDOPTERA: Ectoedemia angulifasciella, E. mediofasciella, E. pulverosella,
Fomoria septembrella, Stigmella aurella, S. continuella, S. plagicolella, S. salicis, S.
floslactella, §. tityrella, S. perpygmaeella, S. hemargyrella, S. atricapitella, S.
crataegella, S. distinguenda, S. luteella, S. lapponica, S. confusella, Tischeria
ekebladella, T. marginea.

Phylloporia bistrigella, Incurvaria pectinea, Taleporia tubulosa, Psyche casta,
Leucoptera spartifoliella, Lyonetia clerkella, Parornix anglicella, P. devoniella, P.
betulae, Phyllonorycter harrisella, P. quercifoliella, P. oxyacanthae, P. corylifoliella,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 31

P. maestingella, P. quinnata, P. ulmifoliella, Argyresthia brockeella, A. goedartella,
A. retinella, A. pruniella, A. curvella, A. albistria, Yponomeuta evonymella,
Swammerdamia caesiella, S. pyrella, Prays fraxinella, Ypsolopha nemorella, Y.
dentella, Y. scabrella, Y. sylvella, Y. parenthesella, Y. ustella, Schreckensteinia
festaliella.

Coleophora lutipennella, C. flavipennella, C. serratella, C. glaucicolella, Batia
lunaris, B. unitella, Esperia oliviella, Carcina quercana, Pseudatemelia josephinae,
Paltodora cytisella, Eulamprotes atrella, Monochroa tenebrella, Recurvaria nanella,
Exoteleia dodecella, Rhynchopacha mouffetella, Bryotropha senectella, Sophronia
semicostella, Syncopacma larseniella, Anacampsis populella, A. blattariella,
Brachmia blandella, Batrachedra praeangusta, B. pinicolella, Mompha raschkiella.

Agapeta hamana, Eupoecilia angustana, Pandemis cerasana, Ptycholomoides
aeriferanus, Clepsis consimilana, Epagoge grotiana, Ditula angustiorana, Cnephasia
incertana, Croesia forsskaliana, Acleris notana, Celypha_ striana, Olethreutes
lacunana, Apotomis turbidana, A. betuletana, Endothenia pullana, Bactra
lancealana, Eudemis profundana, Ancylis uncella, A.- unculana, Epinotia
brunnichana, Zeiraphera isertana, Gypsonoma sociana, Epiblema uddmanniana,
Eucosma cana, Spilonota ocellana, Rhyaconia pinicolana, Lathronympha strigana,
Cydia fagiglandana, C. splendana.

Chrysoteuchia culmella, Crambus perlella, Agriphila selasella, A. straminella, A.
tristella, A. inquinatella, A. geniculea, Catoptria pinella, Acentria nivea, Scoparia
ambigualis, Eudonia mercurella, Parapoynx stratiotata, Pyrausta aurata, Eurrhypara
lancealis, Anania verbascalis, Opsibotys fuscalis, Pleuroptya ruralis, Hypsopygia
costalis, Endotricha flammealis, Acrobasis consociella, Oncocera palumbella.

Thymelicus sylvestris, Pieris brassicae, Polyommatus icarus, Inachis io, Pyronia
tithonus, Maniola jurtina, Aphantopus hyperantus.

Falcaria lacertinaria, Drepana_ falcataria, Habrosyne_ pyritoides, Tetheella
fluctuosa, Ochropacha duplaris, Geometra papilonaria, Cyclophora albipunctata, C.
porata, Timandra griseata, Idaea biselata, I. fuscovenosa, I. dimidiata, I. aversata, I.
emarginata, Xanthorhoe ferrugata, X. quadrifasiata, Epirrhoe alternata, Ecliptopera
silaceata, Hydriomena furcata, Rheumaptera undulata, Eupithecia haworthiata,
Chesias rufata, Lomaspilis marginata, Semiothisa notata, S. liturata, Crocallis
elinguaria, Biston betularia, Alcis repandata, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthemata,
Lomographa temerata, Campaea margaritata, Notodonta dromedarius, Eligmodonta
ziczac, Pheosia gnoma, P. tremula, Ptilodon capucina, Pterostoma palpina.

Miltochrista miniata, Eilema complana, Phragmatobia fuliginosa, Meganola
albula, Agrotis exclamationis, Axylia putris, Ochropleura plecta, Noctua pronuba, N.
comes, N. janthina, Lycophotia porphyrea, Xestia triangulum, Mythimna ferrago, M.
impura, Parastichtis suspecta, Acronicta psi, Thalpophila matura, Euplexia lucipara,
Cosmia trapezina, Apamea monoglypha, Mesoligia furuncula, Mesapamea secalis,
Photedes minima, Hoplodrina blanda, Colocasia coryli, Autographa gamma,
Herminia tarsipennalis, Paracolax derivalis.

HETEROPTERA: Lygocoris pabulinus, Stenodema calcaratum, Amblytylus nasutus,
Phylus melanocephalus, Dolichonabis limbatus, Phytocoris ulmi, Stenotus binotatus,
Orthotylus virescens, Plagiognathus arbustorum, Capsodes flavomarginatus,
Phytocoris tiliae.

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

NOTES ON SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE
REARED AS ECTOPARASITES OF SPIDERS

by I. R. HUDSON
12 North Close, Alverstoke, Gosport, Hants.

During the last few years I have been rearing polysphinctine ichneumonids from
spiders that I have collected in Hampshire and West Sussex. This paper records my
observations on the seven species that I have reared to date, with full data of those
recorded in Hudson, Proc. Trans. Br.ent.nat. Hist.Soc. 17:66, 1984. Because these
ichneumon larvae are ectoparasites it is possible to monitor their development
closely. Sizes are approximate, accurate measurement not always being possible.

Schizopyga frigida (Cresson) reared from Clubiona terrestris Westring (Family
Clubionidae).

The sub-adult and adult hosts of both sexes were found inside hollow, dead stems
of umbelliferous plants, in wooded areas around Gosport and Hilsea, Hants. They
usually occupied silk cells that they spun as daytime retreats. Most were found in
early spring although one parasitized host was collected in early November.

Sex Collection Size (mm.) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm. ) Date
2 26.3.81 1.5 Seok 6.5 11.4.81
2 10.4.81 6.0 12.4.81 7.0 26.4.81
3 MES ESe 1.0 28.3.82 7.0 13.4.82
2 17.3.82 hess 28.3.82 7.0 13.4.82
3 18.3.82 1.0 30.3.82 6.0 14.4.82
& 3.4.82 1.0 12.4.82 6.5 25.4.82
& 221283 0.5 24.4.83 7.0 14.5.83

Polysphincta tuberosa Gravenhorst reared trom Araneus cucurbitinus Clerck
(Family Araneidae).

The small immature hosts were found in woods at Hilsea, Portsmouth on the leaves
of low growing trees and bushes, where they had spun characteristic, tiny orb webs.
The two hosts that were collected in March and April moulted during captivity but
remained immature until they were killed. All fed well during confinement.

Sex Collection Size (mm.) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm.) Date

is) Dea yeS)atsy2 0.5 30.4.82 6.0 16.5.82

3 28.4.82 0.5 5.6.82 6.0 17.6.82

= 7.5.82 ).5 1.6.82 5.0 12.6.82

Zatypota bohemani (Holmgren) reared from Theridion mystaceum L. Koch
(Family Theridiidae).

The hosts were found on and under loose bark of trees growing in open playing
fields at Hilsea, Portsmouth, where they had spun small webs of tangled silk. The
spiders were small and immature when collected. The two that were collected in April
had almost fully mature larvae on them and were killed within 2 days, whereas the
one taken in March survived for 17 days and was actively feeding for most of that
time.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 33

Sex Collection Size (mm.) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm.) Date

fe) Desey” 0.5 21.3.82 4.5 11.4.82

2 19.4.82 2.0 20.4.82 3°5 6.5.82

2 19.4.82 2.0 21.4.82 3.5 7.5.82

Zatypota percontatoria (Miller) reared from Theridion spp.

The hosts, which were all tiny spiderlings and therefore not identifiable, were
found by sweeping the heather on open heaths at Browndown, Gosport and
Rhinefield, New Forest and were of two species. They all produced male parasites. A
female was sent to me after being reared from a mature Theridion tinctum
Walckenaer) collected at Blackheath Common, Surrey.

Sex Collection Approx. Pupation Final Emergence
Date Size (mm.) Date Size (mm. ) Date

3 27.4.83 0.5 26.5.83 3.0 9.6.83

3 12.5.83 1.0 26.5.83 3.0 7.6.83

3 20.5.83 1.0 5.6.83 3.0 16.6.83

Q 27 BSS Not known Not known 4.5 8.8.83

Zatypota albicoxa (Walker) reared from Achaearanea simulans (Thorell) (Family
Theridiidae).

This parasite is previously unrecorded from Britain, although specimens
apparently exist in J.P. Brock’s collection from Oxford, 1968, now in Ulster Museum.
The host, itself not common, was collected by beating oak tree foliage in Botley
Wood, Hants. I also have a female specimen, reared from Achaearanea lunata
(Clerck) which was collected in Southern France.

Sex Collection Size (mm. ) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm.) Date
3 9:57.83 15 10.7.83 4.0 30.7.83

Acrodactyla degener (Haliday) reared from Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall)
(Family Linyphiidae).

The adult 2 host was found low down amongst long grass at Hamble Common,
Hants. The larva was quite well developed at the time of collection, being about
two-thirds final size, although the spider did remain active for a few days. Another
female specimen was sent to me after being reared from Lepthyphantes mengei
Kulczynski collected at Arundel Park Woods, Sussex on 18.7.82.

Sex Collection Size (mm. ) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm. ) Date
2 10.4.82 2.0 17.4.82 3.0 2.5.82

Acrodactyla quadrisculpta (Gravenhorst) reared from Tetragnatha sp. (Family
Tetragnathidae).

The hosts were immature and could not be specifically identified. The first was
collected by sweeping undergrowth in Downpark Wood, Hants. The larva was almost
fully developed when found and pupated within two days of collection. The 1984 host
was swept from undergrowth in Swanpond Copse, Isle of Wight.

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Sex Collection Size (mm.) Pupation Final Emergence
Date Date Size (mm.) Date
e 6.5.83 3.0 8.5.83 5.0 22nSE8S
g 27.4.84 3:5 1.5.84 5) 23.5.84
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Mark Shaw of the Royal Scottish Museum for identifying
specimens and offering invaluable advice. Mr. Dick Jones kindly supplied many of
the specimens, and identified a number of the hosts.

A Royal Entomological Society handbook on the Pimplinae, which includes the
tribe Polysphinctini, is currently in preparation and this will give a broader picture of
the distribution and biology of the species mentioned.

BOOK REVIEW

Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland, by J. Heath, E. Pollard and J. E. Thomas.
Viking, London, October 1984. £17.95.

This new work fills a genuine gap in the present butterfly literature. Most field
guides suffer from maps reduced so much in size that they become irrelevant, but here
are maps large and legible. This book is a compilation of the butterfly records sent to
the Biological Records Centre at Monk’s Wood, which started in 1967 under John
Heath’s direction, and finished, to many entomologists’ regret, in 1982. Many earlier
records are mapped, having been extracted from collections and the literature. Each
map is accompanied by a commentary on the adult insect’s behaviour and notes on
recent populations trends. Smail ink drawings of the butterflies, in characteristic
pose, head each species’s page.

The maps are only as good as the records submitted and while some enthusiasts
may quibble about the odd misplaced dot, present distribution and trends are
revealed at a glance. The star symbol used for pre-1940 records is not as distinct from
the solid dot symbol as it should be.

The commentaries though brief, are very useful. They contain references to the
most recent literature, and take particular note of the increasing emphasis on the
study of butterfly behaviour.

The final chapter presents an essay on insect ecology and discusses the relationship
between butterfly populations and environmental influences. The story is a gloomy
one, but the authors hope to stimulate further understanding of butterfly ecology and
through this, insect conservation.

I feel the price is too high for most private individuals, but the book should be a

valuable asset to public libraries and schools of biology.
TN: De:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 35

SECONDARY NESTS OF THE HORNET,
VESPA CRABRO (L.) (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE),
PRODUCE QUEENS

by MICHAEL E. ARCHER
College of Ripon and York St. John, York, YO3 7EX

During 1983 and 1984 three colonies of V. crabro were collected which contained
more adults than could have been reared in their respective nests. Two such colonies
were also collected in 1981 and were called secondary nests as they did not represent
the original or primary foundation of the colonies (Archer 1984). The 1984 colony
would have started to produce adult queens a few days after the capture of the colony.

The first 1983 colony was taken on 21st August near Groton, Suffolk (TL 9541).
The nest was situated inside an outhouse at the apex of the roof, being about five
metres above the ground. The two combs were covered by an envelope and the
entrance to the nest was ventral. The older comb consisted of 115 small cells
containing 65 sealed brood, 38 larvae, 4 eggs and 8 empty cells. The sealed brood
were all workers and would have probably started to emerge the day following
capture of the colony. The younger comb consisted of 27 small cells containing 13
larvae, 9 eggs and 5 empty cells. Since no empty cell with a meconium was found this
nest had not yet produced workers, yet 21 workers plus the mother queen were
collected with the nest. Clearly these 21 workers had been reared in another nest,
probably the primary nest, and had moved with the queen to another site to establish
the secondary nest.

The second 1983 colony was taken on 23rd August at Elsworth, north-west of
Cambridge (TL 3163). The nest was situated inside an outhouse in a corner about 2.7
metres above the ground. The two combs were covered by an envelope on the top and
at the sides but the bottom of the nest was open and the combs were clearly visible.
The older comb consisted of 174 small cells containing 25 sealed brood, 114 larvae
and 35 eggs. The sealed brood consisted of worker pupae which had only recently
pupated and would have probably emerged as adults about two weeks after the
capture of the colony since the sealed brood stage lasts for about 16 days (Matsuura,
1979 personal communication). The younger comb consisted of 124 small cells
containing 61 larvae, 61 eggs and 2 empty cells. Again this nest had not produced
workers yet 38 workers plus the mother queen were collected with the nest. This
colony was observed to have started about the Sth August and was, therefore, about
two and a half weeks old. Thus about 18 days were required for the oldest brood to
reach the early sealed brood stage; a time period closely agreeing with the data given
by Matsuura, 1979 personal communication.

The 1984 colony was received on 11th September and had been taken from a hole
in an ash tree, about 5 metres above the ground, at Boxworth, near Cambridge (TL
3464). The tree had been felled the previous day and no adults were recovered with
the nest. An envelope was only present at the top of the nest which consisted of three
combs. The oldest comb consisted of 116 small cells containing 71 sealed brood, 28
larvae, 6 eggs and 11 empty cells. The sealed brood consisted of 68 workers, nine of
which had emerged since the nest was collected, and three males which would have
emerged a few days later. Of the empty cells eight contained a meconium each and
thus each had produced a worker. The other two combs of 129 large cells contained 55
sealed brood, 42 larvae, 8 eggs and 24 empty cells. The sealed brood consisted of 25

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

queens and 30 males which would have probably started to emerge about one and a
half weeks later. This colony had thus produced a maximum of eight workers yet it
contained 245 cells, 210 cells of which contained brood: clearly a secondary nest.

Two further comments can be made about the 1984 colony. First that a secondary
nest, although smaller than the mature size of a primary nest (mean size 1545 cells,
range 618-3316 cells, Archer, 1980), it is still capable of producing queens and hence
of successful development. Secondly, since large cell brood has a developmental
period of some ten days longer than small cell brood (Archer, unpublished based
upon Janet (1985), Matsuura (1979, personal communication), Wafa & Sharkawi
(1972)) then in the 1984 secondary nest the start of the building of the large cell comb
must have started a few days after the start of the small cell comb.

Finally, how common are secondary nests compared with nests which only show
primary development? Between 1981 and 1984 I have collected 20 hornet nests during
August and September, of which five (a quarter) were secondary nests. Secondary
development is, therefore, far from an uncommon phenomenon. Archer (1984)
offered three explanations for the occurrence of secondary nests: destruction of the
primary nest possibly by a predator, a late starting colony that recruited workers from
other colonies and the abandonment of the primary nest because it was in a cavity too
small for expansion. From the three secondary nests described, no direct evidence
exists to support any of these explanations. However, the small size of secondary
nests and the lack of evidence for worker recruitment (Archer 1984) suggests that
destruction of the primary nest is the most likely explanation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank E. Milne-Redhead, W. A. Clark and many other people who
helped me in the locating of hornet colonies.

REFERENCES

Archer, M.E. 1980. Numerical characteristics of nests of Vespa crabro (L.) (Hym., Vespidae).
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 116: 117-121.

Archer, M.E. 1984. Secondary nests of Vespa crabro (L.) (Hym., Vespidae). Entomologist’s
mon. Mag. 120: 125.

Janet, C. 1895. Sur la Vespa crabro (L.); Histoire d’un nid depuis son origine. Mem. Soc. Zool.
Fr, 8: 1-140.

Wata, A.K. andS.G. Sharkawi. 1972. Contribution to the biology of Vespa orientalis Fab. Bull.
Soc. ent. Egypte 56: 219-226.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 37

A PROVISIONAL LIST OF THE
LARGER BRACHYCERA, SYRPHIDAE AND CONOPIDAE
OF THE EPPING FOREST AREA

by M. W. HANSON

15 Lower Park Road, Loughton, Essex

INTRODUCTION

Epping Forest has long been a favourite haunt of the insect collector and there are
numerous references to the Forest in the entomological literature. There are,
however, very few groups that have been systematically and thoroughly dealt with,
though among them are the Coleoptera (beetles) (Buck 1955 and Hammond in Corke
1979), Odonata (dragonflies), Hymenoptera—Cynipoidea (gall wasps) (see Payne
1968) and more recently the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) (Emmet 1978).

Apart from short notes on some of the rarer species to be found in Epping Forest
and in my recently completed work on the flora and fauna of Lords Bushes (Hanson
1983) there are full accounts of only 2 of the 87 Diptera families found on the British
check-list (Kloet and Hincks 1975). These cover the Tipulidae (crane-flies) (Payne
1968) and the Culicidae (gnats) (Snow and Fallis 1982).

In order to widen our knowledge I have written an account of a further ten families,
those found in the larger Brachycera (soldier flies, robber flies, horse flies etc.), the
Syrphidae (hover-flies) and Conopidae (thick-headed flies).

HISTORICAL

In 1888 the entomologist E.A. Brunetti had appealed in the Essex Naturalist for
assistance in compiling a list of the Diptera of Epping Forest. The appeal met with
little response and two years later Brunetti published a list of just 52 species he had
recorded in the Forest, though of relevance to this paper he included ten common
species of hover-fly.

William Cole in Buxton’s ‘Epping Forest’ wrote “The Diptera are a vast race,
Britain contains about 3,000 species of which probably one half occur in and around
our Forest . . . Epping Forest is almost unexplored in this department’.

References to the Forest are conspicuously absent in Verrall’s volume eight ot
‘British Flies’ published in 1901 and W.H. Harwood, the Colchester entomological
dealer who contributed the very fine Insect section to the Victoria County History
published in 1903, mentions only the Brunetti Diptera records in connection with
Epping Forest. A few records of interest were made; F.B. Jennings collecting in 1906
took the rare Conopid Myopa tessellatipennis (Motsch), and in 1912 Philip Harwood
took the rare hover-fly Brachypalpus laphriformis (Fall.), (as B. bimaculatus Macq. ).
In the years immediately after World War I and again in 1929 F.W. Edwards collected
in the Forest, although as far as I am aware he confined his attentions to the
Nematocera (crane-flies, fungus gnats, etc.). In the late 1940°s and early 1950's
Epping Forest was visited by a number of prominent dipterists among them C.N.
Colyer, C.O. Hammond, L. Parmenter and J.F. Shillito. In the 1960's A.A. Allen,
E.H. Moss and particularly R.M. Payne have added to our knowledge of Epping
Forest Diptera. More recently collectors (though mainly in families not under
consideration in this paper) have included D.J. Henshaw, D.A. Smith and Dr I.F.G.

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

McLean. I myself started collecting in about 1977 and this paper is based largely on
my own recording over the last 6 years though I have made full use of the records
made by the collectors listed at the end of this section. Two invaluable sources of
information have been R. M. Payne’s ‘Hoverflies of Essex’ published in 1973/4 and L.
Parmenter’s card-index formerly at the British Museum (Natural History) now
unfortunately destroyed.

THE LIMITS OF THE RECORDING AREA

Recording for this paper has largely been confined to the area under the
jurisdiction of the present Conservators of Epping Forest (this is defined on the 1983
Ordance Survey map of Epping Forest). In practice I have done most collecting in the
central area between Leyton Flats in the south and Sunshine Plain in the north. I
have, however, included a few records taken outside Epping Forest sensu stricto for
example from the Roding Valley at Loughton and Claybury Woods at Woodford (the
latter locality is about 134 miles S.E. of Lords Bushes).

DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

I shall only give a brief description of Epping Forest here: a very comprehensive
account is to be found in ‘Epping Forest—the natural Aspect’ (Ed. D. Corke 1978).
The 6,000 acres of the Forest lies predominantly on London Clay which in places is
overlain by Claygate Beds, Pebble Gravel and Glacial Sands and Gravel with Boulder
Clay at the extreme north of the Forest. The Forest is a relict wood-pasture; in such a
system so that the grazing of animals could be combined with the production of wood,
the trees were pollarded, that is cut at 2-3 m above ground level leaving a base called
a bolling which sprouts much as does a coppice stool but at a height at which animais
could not browse. Pollards are characteristic of much of Epping Forest. In addition to
this, there are discrete grassy plains, areas of heathland, marshes, bogs and ponds:
hence there is a rich mosaic of habitats in a relatively small area maintained by what
was a very conservative and ancient system of management. A species-rich flora and
fauna characterised this particular group of habitiats. This relatively stable system
had operated in Epping Forest probably for well over 900 years until the passing of
the Epping Forest Act in 1878. The cessation of lopping with this Act has resulted in
many places in the Forest becoming dense, floristically poor woodland with many of
the historic pollards, particularly oak, being overshadowed by the more vigorous
trees, such as beech (Fagus sylvatica). Decline in grazing pressure has enabled coarse
grass species and scrub to invade the grassy plains, ousting the less competitive
species of plant and birch has invaded many of the heathy areas and bog with a
concomitant decline in the flora and ultimately the fauna.

COLLECTING

As tar as 1am aware (apart from rearing records) all collecting has been done witha
net. At some time in the future I hope Malaise and water traps will be used to study
the Dipteran fauna and probably many new species will be added to the Epping
Forest and indeed the county list. In compiling this list I have assiduously collected
voucher specimens and for most records if not all a voucher specimen is available.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 39

The following are mentioned in the text by their initial letters: —

A.A. Allen W.H. Forster E.H. Moss
C.H. Andrews K.M. Guichard L. Parmenter
P. Bush C.O. Hammond R.M. Payne
C.N. Colyer P. Harwood J.F. Shillito
J.T. Eagles F.B. Jennings R.D. Weal
D.A. Earey A.W. Jones R.W. Uffen
S.J. Falk E.T. Levy Epping Forest

Conservation Centre

INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEMATIC LIST

Nomenclature for the hover-flies follows Stubbs and Falk (1983) while the
remaining families follow Kloet and Hincks (1975). General comments refer to
Epping Forest only and not to the other locations mentioned in the text. For the more
frequently encountered species only the month (in Roman numerals) they were taken
is given; for less frequently encountered species usually a specific date is given. A
number of records are not localised and they appear merely as Epping Forest.
Localities mentioned in the text are listed on the map at the end of this paper.

* Species new to the Essex list (including those due to taxonomic revision) are
labelled with an asterisk.

n.d. Indicates that no date is known.

Records without ascription are my own.

BRACHYCERA
The determination of this group follows Oldroyd 1969.

STRATIOMYIDAE

Many members of this family, the soldier-flies, are typically found in aquatic
habitats, often in coastal areas. To date I have recorded just 13 of the 49 species from
the Epping Forest area. Many of these, for example those in the sub-families
Beridinae and Sarginae, have larvae that inhabit decaying vegetation, dung, etc.
Pachygaster spp. feed in beetle burrows in decaying trees. The Forest seems to be
particularly poor in aquatic species, only two of which have been taken: Oxycera
pulchella Mg., and Odontomyia tigrina (F.).

Beris chalybeata (Forst.), v.-vi. widespread in shady places. Warren Hill, North Farm, Lords
Bushes and Fairmead. B. geniculata Cur., | 2 swept from hedgerow in the Roding Valley at
Loughton on 21.vi.81. B. vallata (Forst.), viii. Infrequent, Lords Bushes, North Farm and
Gilbert Slade.

Chorisops tibialis (Mg.), | d and 1 9° taken at North Farm 27.vii.80.

Oxycera pulchella Mg., 1 ° on bramble leaf at Fairmead, July 1978 and | 2 trom ditch by
Gilbert Slade on 21.vii.83.

Pachygaster atra (Pz.), Monks Wood, 28.vi.51 (L.P.), | 2 North Farm, 28.vu.79 and | &
Leyton Flats, 21.vii.83. P. leachii Cur., 1 ¢ Gilbert Slade, 21.vii.83, swept from elm (U/mus
sp.), suckers.

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Chloromyia formosa (Scop.), vi-vil. Never found in any numbers, Lords Bushes, Leyton Flats
and Gilbert Slade.

Microchrysa polita (L.), v-viil. Frequent throughout.

Sargus bipunctatus (Scop.), ix-x. A number of records from Lords Bushes and a garden in
Buckhurst Hill. $. cuprarius (L.), Epping, 14.vil.67 (E.H.M.). S. iridatus (Scop.), High
Beach, n.d., (C.O.H.), Epping, 13.vu.64 (E.H.M.).

Odontomyia tigrina (F.), 1 d and 2 22 Goldings Hill Pond, 14.vi.83, 1 2 Fairmead Pond,
22.v1.83.

XYLOMYIIDAE

The three members of this family are rarely taken; the larvae have been found
beneath bark on rotting stumps and many records come from ancient woodland
though Solva marginata (Mg.), is not restricted to this habitat; I captured a specimen
in the cab of a J.C.B. whilst working on a country coalyard near Ongar some distance
from any ancient woodland!

Solva maculata (Mg.), Epping Forest, 26.vu.50 (W.H.F.), R.W. Uffen reared 2 2 2 from

beech wood mould from Epping Forest on 12.vi.75. S$. marginata (Mg.), Epping Forest, n.d.

(CLOlEE):

RHAGIONIDAE

I find most members of this family on or about hedgerows or woodland margins
bordering onto herb rich meadows; the exception, Rhagio lineola (F.), seems to be a
true woodland species.

Chrysopilus cristatus (F.), vi-viul. Kemps lawn, North Farm, Goldings Hill and Gilbert Slade.

Symphoromyia immaculata (Mg.), 2 2 2, Roding Valley at Debden, 21.vi.81.

Rhagio lineola (F.), vi-ix. Lords Bushes, High Beach and Gilbert Slade. R. scolopacea (L.),
v-vi. North Farm, Whitehall Plain and Fairmead. R. tringarius (L.), vi. In some numbers in
old meadows in the Roding Valley at Loughton.

TABANIDAE

This tamily includes the troublesome biting horse-flies. Sadly they seem to be
rather uncommon in Epping Forest and I have only taken one and have records of
two other species. | would think that when larger herds of grazing animals were
present, they would have been rather more frequently met with.

Haematopota pluvialis (L.), vi-vil. North Farm, Warren Hill and Fairmead.

Hybomutra bimaculata (Macq.), Epping Forest n.d., reared from a larva found under the bark
of a rotten oak stump; the larva (and a record of its bionomics) is tigured in Colyer and
Hammond 1968. H. distinguenda (Verr.), Epping 27.v.48 (C.H.A.). 1 saw what was
probably this species on cattle in the Conservators’ Nursery Road pound at Loughton on
23.vi.83.

ASILIDAE

The robber-flies are a distinctive group of very bristly predatory flies. The fine
Asilus crabroniformis (L.), is probably extinct; it is a species more often found on
heaths and heathy commons.

Asilus crabroniformus (L.), Epping Forest n.d. (C.O.H.).
Epttriptus cingulatus (F.), Epping forest, 22.vili.37 (K.M.G.).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 41

Machimus atricapillus (Fall.), 1 6 High Beach, September 1978, 1 d and | 9 Staples Road,
7.1x.80.

Neoitamus cyanurus (Loew), 2 6 6 Lords Bushes, 22 and 23.vii.79, | 2 Warren Hill, 9.vii.80.

Leptogaster cylindrica (Deg.), A number of specimens from North Farm on 5.vii.80.

Dioctria atricapilla (Mg.), 1 2 Warren Hill, July 1978, 1 3 Leyton Flats, 4.vii.81. D.
baumhaueri (Mg.), vi-vili. Warren Hill, Hatch Forest, Lords Bushes, Gilbert Slade and
Leyton Flats. D. linearis (F.), vi-vii. Warren Hill, Lords Bushes and Earls Path. D. rufipes
(Deg.), 1 d Fairmead, 21.vi.81. In numbers Whitehall Plain, 1976 (E.F.C.C).

SCENOPINIDAE

Commonly called window-flies because they are almost invariably found as adults
on windows. The one species recorded below is truly a domestic species; its larvae
living on carpets etc., predating the larvae of clothes moths and fleas.

Scenopinus fenestralis (L.), 1 2 Buckhurst Hill, 26.vii.81, 1 2 Loughton, 30.vi.83.

ACROCERIDAE

This is the only family of Diptera under consideration in this paper for which all the
known British species have been recorded in Epping Forest. The small, rotund,
bizarre adults are rarely recorded. The larvae are internal parasites of spiders.

Acrocera globulus (Panz. in Mg.), Near the Wake Arms, 16.vili.41 (J.T.E.), Sunshine Plain,
2.vill.80 (possibly this is the same locality as the 1941 record).

Ogcodes gibbosus (L.), Epping Forest, 28.vi.47 (J.T.E.). O. pallipes (Latr.), Epping Forest
12.vui.48 (P.B.).

BOMBYLIIDAE

The bee-flies are so called because of their mimicry of bees and the fact that the
larvae of many species are parasitic upon those of bees. I have taken only one of the
12 British species.

Bombylius major (L.), iv-v. This species graces many of the grassy rides in the Forest in early
spring. Warren Hill, Strawberry Hill, Fairmead, Broadstrood, Staples Road and Connaught
Waters.

SYRPHIDAE

The hover-flies are probably the most studied of all groups of British flies and in
collecting for this paper I have paid particular attention to this family. The Epping
Forest area still retains a rich syrphid fauna. I have collected over 110 species during
the six years of the survey and including historical records and records from the
literature I now have a list totalling 126 species from the Epping Forest area of the 256
on the British list, with 119 species coming from Epping Forest sensu stricto. The
larvae of hover-flies exploit a wide variety of micro-habitats as diverse as sap-runs,
decaying wood, rot-holes in trees, rotting vegetation, plants and dung. In addition, a
number of species feed on aphids and a few are found as commensals in the nests of
bees, wasps and ants. Thus a hover-fly fauna rich in species is indicative of a great
diversity of habitat as for example is found in a wood-pasture such as Epping Forest.

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

The most important habitat within Epping Forest is undoubtedly the ancient
woodland component. Stubbs (1982) has drawn up a provisional list of 46 species
which have a strong association with this habitat in lowland Britain giving each of
these species a code which represents: (1) how strongly the species is associated with
ancient woodland, and (2) how frequently the species is met with. It is interesting to
compare the numbers of species from within this selected group for different localities
for which data has so far been obtained.

Hayley Wood, Cambs. 5
Wharnecliffe Wood, S. Yorks. 12
Monks Wood, Hunts. 13
Epping Forest, Essex 20
Windsor Forest, Berks. 29

No doubt in part due to their superior size (Hayley Wood for example is 122 acres,
Epping Forest is 6,000 acres) the Forests have a greater proportion of associated
ancient woodland species. Windsor with 29 of the 46 is an exceptional site but Epping
also has a rich ancient woodland fauna. Interestingly only three species recorded
from Epping: Brachypalpus laphriformis Fall., Brachypalpoides lenta (Mg.), and
Epistrophe nitidicollis (Mg.), are considered by Stubbs to be grade 1 (i.e. only ever
found in ancient woodland) indicator species out of the 12 grade 1 species on the list
and just three species on the list found in Epping are Red Data Book status. These
species are Ferdinandea ruficornis (F.), Mallota cimbiciformis (Fall.), and Pocota
personata (Harris). (Note: the Red Data List has recently been modified by Stubbs
(pers. comm. )).

Larvae of the majority of species on the list of ancient woodland indicators are
found associated with one or other of the micro-habitats found on over-mature trees
(i.e. pollards) or dead trees.

Another important habitat type in the Forest is the acid bog and wet heathland
which is now greatly reduced in Essex as a whole. This habitat too has its
characteristic species including Chrysogaster macquarti Loew, and Sericomyia silentis
(Har.). Epping may in fact be the only place in Essex where Sericomyia still occurs.
Typical grassland species include most of the Platycheirus spp. and Chrysotoxum spp.
Aquatic habitats are also very important; the Forest contains innumerable wet
ditches and small ponds, home for species such as Anasimyia lineata (F.), A. contracta
Torp & Claus., and the uncommon A. transfuga (L.), as well as more frequently
encountered species such as the Helophilus spp. Eristalis spp., Neoascia spp. and
Lejogaster metallina (F.). Interestingly a number of species recorded have a more
usually coastal distribution including Fristalinus aenus (Scop.), Helophilus trivittatus
(F.), and Cheilosia intonsa Loew.

It is difficult to state definite absences from any given area but I have been baffled
by the apparent absence or rarity of a few species. One such is Pyrophaena
granditarsa (Forst.). I have taken this species in a number of places including counties
other than Essex but I have never seen it in Epping Forest. The Criorhina spp. are
also somewhat enigmatic. They are typically found in ancient woodland, but I have
taken only Criorhina berberina (F.), in the forest. Other species such as C. asilica
(Fall.), and C. floccosa (Mg.) (the latter I have recently taken in nearby Hainault
Forest) should be present. Criorhina spp. always appear to have been uncommon in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 43

Epping Forest though in other ancient woodland sites such as Windsor Forest they
can be comparatively abundant as adults. More Cheilosia spp. will no doubt be added
to the list. Interestingly Epping Forest is probably one of the very few sites in Britain
where all five species of Volucella have been taken.

Nomenclature follows Stubbs and Falk 1983.

Syrphus ribesii (L.), iv-ix. Common throughout. S. torvus Osten-Sacken, iv. North Farm,
Broadstrood, Connaught Waters and Lords Bushes. S. vitripennis Mg., iv-vi, ix, xi. Frequent
throughout.

Epistrophe eligans (Har.), v-vi. Frequent throughout. FE. grossulariae (Mg.), vi-vii. Baldwins
Hill (R.M.P.), Fairmead, Earls Path and Broadstrood, almost invariably I take this species
on flowers of Umbelliferae in woodland margins. E. nitidicollis (Mg.), 2 22 and 1 3
Roebuck Green, 17.vi.79, and 1 ¢ here on 1.vii.79, taken on flowers of heath bedstraw
(Galium saxatile).

Metasyrphus corollae (F.), vi-ix. Sunshine Plain, Lords Bushes and South Woodford (E.H.M.)
probably more frequent than my records suggest. M. /atifasciatus (Macq.), iv-ix. North
Farm, Roebuck Green, Lords Bushes, Warren Hill, Whitehall Plain, Sunshine Plain and
Fairmead. M. luniger (Mg.), iv-x. Frequent throughout.

Scaeva pyrastri (L.), vii-viil. Lords Bushes, Warren Hill, Buckhurst Hill and South Woodford
(E.H.M.). The occurrence of this migratory species seems to fluctuate greatly year by year.
S. selenitica (Mg.), Wanstead 25.iv.60 (E.H.M.).

Dasysyrphus albostriatus (Fall.), v-vi, vili-ix. North Farm, Earls Path and Lords Bushes. D.
tricinctus (Fall.), v-vi, viii. North Farm, Potkiln Wood and Lords Bushes. D. venustus (Mg.),
v-vi. Warren Pond, Warren Hill, North Farm, Lords Bushes and the Lower Forest.

Leucozona lucorum (L.) v-vi. Warren Hill, Kemps Lawn and the Lower Forest.

Melangyna labiatarum (Verr.), vi. Warren Pond, Warren Hill, Staples Road and Woodredon.
M. lasiopthalma (Zett.), iv-v. North Farm, Warren Hill, Lords Bushes, Roebuck Green and
Connaught Waters. Taken on the flowers of maple (Acer campestre), sallow (Salix caprea)
and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). M. umbellatarum (F.), Epping Forest n.d. (C.O.H.). M.
cincta (Fall.), v-vil. Pole Hill, Warren Hill, Broadstrood, Roebuck Green and Lords Bushes.
I often find this species hovering in dense shade and feeding on the blossom of sycamore
(Acer pseudoplatanus). M. triangulifera (Zett.), 3 ¢ ¢ Warren Hill, 12.v.84 (S.J.F.).

Parasyrphus punctulatus (Verr.), iv-v. North Farm, Whitehall Plain, Connaught Waters, Lords
Bushes and Broadstrood. I have found this species on blackthorn, sallow and cherry laurel
(Prunus laurocerasus) blossoms.

Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (Deg.), 1 2 North Farm 17.v.80. X. pedissequum (Har.), vi-vii,
ix. Pole Hill, Warren Pond, Lords Bushes and Fairmead.

Meliscaeva auricollis (Mg.), iv-ix. North Farm, Lords Bushes, Roebuck Green, Warren Hill
and Pole Hill. I have netted this species on the flowers of sallow. M. cinctella (Zett.), v, viii.
Broadstrood, Warren Hill and Lords Bushes. I have taken this species on flowers of
sycamore and wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris).
number of dead specimens at the end of four small tunnels in a dead beech tree at Hill Wood,
presumably the work of a Crabronid wasp.

Sphaerophoria menthastri agg. Epping Forest 31.v.59 (E.T.L.). S. scripta (L.), iv-ix. Frequent
throughout in grassland. S. taeniata (Mg.)* 1 ¢ Roebuck Green 25.v.80.

Chrysotoxum bicinctum (L.), vi-viii. Yardley Hill, North Farm, Hatch Forest and Warren Hill.
C. cautum (Har.), vi. Warren Hill, Warren Pond, Lords Bushes and Epping (E.H.M.). C.
festivum (L.), 1 2 7.vii.79 and 1 ¢ 25.vii.79 Lords Bushes, 1 ¢ North Farm 11.vii.83. C.
verralli Col., 1 2 North Farm, July 1978 and 1 2? Hatch Forest, 13.viii.78.

Baccha sp. v-x. Frequent throughout. There is still some uncertainty over the specific status of
this species, though the specimens I have key to B. obscuripennis Mg.

Melanostoma mellinum (L.), v, vii-vili. Warren Hill, North Farm, Lords Bushes, Hatch Forest

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

and Gilbert Slade. M. scalare (F.), iv-x. Common throughout. I found 122 of both sexes
attached to the stems of common ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) plants on Warren Hill. All were
dead, infected with a fungus, presumably Entomophthora muscae.

Platycheirus albimanus (F.), iv-x. Common throughout. P. angustatus (Zett.), v-vil, ix. North
Farm, Lords Bushes, Chingford Plain and Gilbert Slade. P. clypeatus (Mg.), v-ix, xi.
Frequent throughout. P. fulviventris (Macq.), vi-vil. Lord Bushes, Staples Road and Wake
Valley Pond. P. manicatus (Mg.), v-vi. Frequent throughout. P. peltatus (Mg.), V-vi, vill.
Hawk Wood, Lords Bushes and North Farm. P. scutatus (Mg.), v-vi, vill. Frequent
throughout. P. tarsalis (Schum.)*, v. Warren Hill, Pole Hill, North Farm and near the Robin
Hood. This apparently rare species flies, in my experience, only in the last two weeks in May.
I have taken it on flowers of Ladies’ Smock (Cardamine pratensis) and Greater Stichwort
(Stellaria holostea). P. ambiguus (Fall.), iv-v. Whitehall Plain, North Farm, Roebuck Green
and Warren Hill. An early spring species almost always taken on blackthorn, occasionally
apple (Malus sylvestris) blossom.

Pyrophaena rosarum (F.), v-ix. North Farm, Broadstrood, Chingford Plain, Staples Road,
Fairmead and Hill Wood. Almost always swept from damp areas with buttercups
(Ranunculus spp. ).

Paragus sp. 1 2 Claybury Woods, Woodford 14.vi.81.

The taxonomic characters which separate the members of the genus Pipiza tend to be rather
variable and the specific status of some species is not yet fully known. It would thus be
advisable to treat the records of P. bimaculata and P. fenestrata with some caution.

Pipiza austriaca Mg., 1 2 Hawk Wood, June 1978, 1 ¢ Fairmead 1.vili.82 and 1 2 Fairmead
22.v1.83. P. bimaculata Mg., Loughton. 28.vii.63 (R.M.P.). P. fenestrata Mg., 1 2 Roding
Valley at Loughton, 17.1v.81. P. luteitarsis Zett., v. Warren Hill, Whitehall Plain, Pole Hill
and Lords Bushes. Quite frequent in the Forest and always an early spring species, I have
taken it on maple, sycamore and apple blossom. P. noctiluca (L.), v-vi, vill. Frequent
throughout.

Pipizella varipes (Mg.), v-vil. Frequent throughout. P. virens (F.), 1 9 Fairmead 15.vi.80.

Heringia heringi (Zett.), 1 ¢ Claybury Woods, Woodford 4.v.81.

Neocnemedon latitarsis (Egger), | 6 Epping Forest 25.vii.46, taken as the prey of the spider
Meta segmentata (L.P.). N. vitripennis (Mg.), v, vii-vill. Lords Bushes, Whitehall Plain and
Warren Hill.

Cheilosia albipila Mg., Epping Forest 7.i1v.1896 (F.B.J.). C. albitarsis Mg., v-vii. Frequent
throughout, always found on buttercup (Ranunculus spp.). C. fraterna (Mg.) High Beach
28.v.50, (C.O.H.). C. grossa (Fall.), 1 2 Lords Bushes 14.iv.79, | ¢ North Farm 4.v.79, 1
Staples Road 18.iv.79. C. honesta Rond., 1 ¢ Yardley Hill 15.v.79 on chickweed (Stellaria
media). C. illustrata (Har.), Epping 28.vii.62 (E.H.M.), this species in my experience is
rather uncommon in Epping Forest. C. intonsa Loew, | 2 Hatch Forest 8.x.78. C. paganus
(Mg.), iv-vi, ix-x. Frequent throughout. C. praecox (Zett.). | ¢ North Farm, | ¢ Warren
Hill, 1 ¢ Strawberry Hill all taken 13.v.79. C. proxima (Zett.), (The species D. of Stubbs and
Falk (1983)) 1 2 North Farm 18.v.79. C. scutellata (Fall.), vi-ix. Locally frequent
throughout, almost invariably on flowers of Umbelliferae. I have taken it on hemlock
water-dropwort (Oenanthe crocata), wild angelica, ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria)
and also gipsywort (Lycopus europaeus). C. vernalis (Fall.), iv-x. Frequent throughout. C.
variabilis (Panz.), v-vi. Potkiln Wood, Warren Hill, Whitehall Plain, Fairmead and the
Lower Forest.

Portevinia maculata (Fall.)*, Claybury Woods, Woodford May 1981. This species was seen in
numbers (all males) flying about ramsons (Allium ursinum). | have looked for this species on
the big patch of ramsons behind the Robin Hood but have so far not seen it there.

Rhingia campestris Mg., v-ix. Hatch Forest, Fairmead, Pole Hill and Whitehall Plain. This
species with its dung-feeding larva presumably would be met with more frequently if more
cattle grazed the Forest.

Ferdinandea cuprea (Scop.), 1 ¢ Lords Bushes 10.vi.79, Wanstead Park 25.vi.60 (E.H.M.),
Epping 4.v1.60 (E.H.M.). F. ruficornis (F.), Epping Forest 21.v.46 (C.O.H.).

n

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 4

Myolepta luteola (Gmel.), 1 d Earls Path 15.vi.80, also in numbers here on 21.vi.81,2 6 ¢d Hill
Wood 22.vi.83. I have found this species feeding on ground elder flowers.

Chrysogaster hirtella Loew, | 36 Warren Pond 11.v.80, 2 ¢d Staples Road 7.vi.80 and
Fairmead Pond 22.vi.83. C. macquarti Loew, 2 646 Fairmead on 3.vi.81 and 21.vi.81. C.
solstitialis (Fall.), 1 6 Earls Path 21.vi.81, 2 ¢¢ Fairmead 21.vii.81. Lejogaster metallina
(F.), v-vill. Whitehall Plain, Warren Pond and Fairmead in wet flushes.

Orthonevra brevicornis (Mg.)*, 3 6d and 1 2 Whitehall Plain 17.v.80. O. nobilis (F.),
Roebuck Green 17.vi.79 taken on flowers of Heath Bedstraw. O. splendens (Mg.),
Whitehall Plain 17.v.80.

Brachyopa insensilis Col., 1 2 North Farm 16.v.83 taken on a horse chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum) sap-run by the road.

Sphegina clunipes (Fall.), Wake Valley 16.vii.69 (A.A.A.), 1 2 Warren Hill 27.vui.80. S.
kimakowiczi Strobl., | 6 Lords Bushes 5.vii.83.

Neoascia meticulosa Scop., (aenea sensu Coe 1953), Epping 20.vii.52 (C.H.A.), Loughton in
pond by the High Road in numbers 16.v.83. N. tenur Har., (dispar sensu Coe 1953), 1 d
Fairmead Pond 7.1x.80, 1 2 Kemps Lawn 14.vi.81. N. obliqua Coe, (Loughton), 18.v.46
(C.N.C.). This record requires confirmation. N. podagrica F., v-ix. Frequent throughout.

Eumerus strigatus (Fall.), 1 2 High Beach 27.vu.79. E. tuberculatus Rond., v-viii, x. Earls Path,
Chingford Plain and Lords Bushes, also very common in local gardens.

3d
3d

NM bP

Fig. 1 Sericomyia silentis (Har.)

Volucella bombylans L., vi-viii. Pole Hill, North Farm, Lords Bushes and Fairmead. V. inanis
(L.), vii-vili. North Farm, Warren Hill, Whitehall Plain, Fairmead and Wanstead Park
(E.H.M.). I have taken this species feeding on the flowers of bramble (Rubus fruticosus) and
creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense). V. inflata (F.), 1 2 Wintry Wood 27.vi.48 (A.W.J.). V.
pellucens (L.), vi-viii. Frequent throughout. V. zonaria (Poda), vii-ix. Fairmead, also
numerous records from gardens in Wanstead (E.H.M.), Leytonstone (D.A.E.), South
Woodtord (E.H.M.), and Buckhurst Hill.

Sericomyia silentis (Har.), | 2 Sunshine Plain 2.x.78 and a further ° here on 7.1x.80, also | d
and | 2 Hill Wood 22.vi.83. [have found this species on flowers of bramble and ling (Calluna
vulgaris).

Xylota abiens Mg.*, | 6 Furze Ground 14.vii.83. X. segnis L., v-ix. Frequent throughout. X.
sylvarum L., vi-viii. Broadstrood, Warren Hill, Warren Pond, Lords Bushes, Hill Wood and
Earls Path. X. xanthocnema Col., 1 d Hill Wood L.vi.83.

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Chalcosyrphus nemorum (F.), vi-vii, ix. Broadstrood, Lords Bushes, Earls Path and Hill
Wood.

Brachypalpoides lenta (Mg.), 1 56, 1 2 Roebuck Green 17.vi.79, 1 d Earls Path 21.vi.81, 1 3
Hill Wood 22.vi.83. I have taken this species feeding on the flowers of heath bedstraw.

Brachypalpus laphriformis Fall., Epping Forest 12.v.12 (P.H.); Epping Forest 6.vi.22 and a
further specimen a week later (F.B.J.).

Syritta pipiens (L.), v-xi. Frequent throughout.

Pocota personata (Har.), J. F. Shillito reared a series of 41 specimens of this magnificent insect
in its lemon-yellow form from pupae collected from a cavity in a beech tree at High Beach;
emergences of the adult fly took place between 23rd April and 2nd May 1947. Shillito
released the majority of these insects on the edge of the Forest (Payne 1973/4). Possibly the
lemon-yellow colour is teneral: the six Shillito specimens in the B.M.N.H. collection are
now typical.

Criorhina berberina (F.), Lower Forest 2.vii.51 (A.W.J.), 2 6 d Hill Wood (inc. f. oxyacanthae
(Mg.)), 1 d and 1 2 Woodredon 15.vi.80 and 1 2 Fairmead 23.vi.83.

Merodon equestris (F.), v-vii. Frequent throughout.

Helophilus hybridus Loew, v, vii-vili, x. Hatch Forest, Lords Bushes, North Farm, Pole Hill
and Fairmead. H. trivittatus (F.), 1 2 Hatch Forest 19.viii.78, Lords Bushes 24.vi.79 and
another specimen seen on 15,vii.79. H. pendulus (L.), v-ix. Frequent throughout.

Anasimyia contracta Torp and Claus.*, 1 ¢ Staples Road 7.vi.80, 2 6d Fairmead Pond on
21.vi.81 and 1.vii.83. A. lineata (F.), v-vii. Warren Pond, Whitehall Plain, North Farm,
Lords Bushes and Fairmead. A. transfuga (L.), 1 2 Staples Road 7.vi.80.

Parhelophilus frutetorum (F.), vi-vii. Warren Pond, Hill Wood, Lower Forest and Leyton
Flats. P. versicolor (F.), vi-vii. Lords Bushes, Baldwins Hill, Staples Road, Earls Path and
Fairmead.

Mallota cimbiciformis (Fall.)* , Of 7 or 8 specimens seen, I took 1 2, 1 d and2 6 ¢ at Hill Wood
on 22.vi.83 and 1|.vii.83 respectively. This fine insect was flying with great speed low over
bramble patches; | d was also noted feeding at bramble flowers.

Eristalis arbustorum (L.), v-ix. Frequent throughout. E. horticola (Deg.), | 2 Warren Hill
14.vi.80, 1 2 Earls Path 15.vi.80, on the latter occasion feeding on ground elder flowers. E.
intricarius (L.), 1v-vii. Frequent throughout. E. nemorum (L.), vi-ix. Hatch Forest, Lords
Bushes, Staples Road and South Woodford (E.H.M.). E. pertinax (Scop.), iv, vi-ix,Xx1.
Frequent throughout. E. tenax (L.), iv-xi. Frequent throughout.

Eristalinus aeneus (Scop.), Epping 12.vii.62 (E.H.M.), 1 2 North Farm 22.1v.79 (S.J.F.). E.
sepulchralis (L.), v-vii. Strawberry Hill Pond, Warren Pond, North Farm, Lords Bushes,
Fairmead and Lower Forest.

Myathropa florea (L.), v-xi. Frequent throughout.

CONOPIDAE

The so-called thick-headed flies (most species have unusually wide heads) as larvae
are endoparasitic on adult bees and wasps. I have records of just 7 of the 24 British
species.

The identification of this family follows Smith (1969).

Conops flavipes L., viii. North Farm, Staples Road and Whitehall Plain. C. quadrifasciata
Deg., vill-x. Fairmead, near Wake Arms, North Farm, Lords Bushes, Chingtord Plain and
Sunshine Plain.

Leopoldius signatus (Wied.)*, 1 ¢ Buckhurst Hill 14.1x.78, taken about flowering ivy (Hedera
helix) on a garden wall.

Physocephala rufipes (F.), Loughton, Epping Forest 15.vii.34 (L.P.), 1 ¢ North Farm July
1978.

Myopa tessellatipennis (Motsch.), 3 6 d Epping torest 26.iv.1896 and 19.iv.06 (F.B.J.). M.
testacea (L.), 1 d Potkiln Wood 19.v.79, | 2 Pole Hill 11.v.80.

Sicus ferrugineus (L.), 1 d North Farm July 1978.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 47

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the Superintendent of Epping Forest, John Besent, for
granting the necessary permission to do field work in the Forest, Mr Alan Stubbs and
Mr S.J. Falk for determinations or looking over the Epping Forest material, also Mr
D.A. Smith, the County Diptera recorder and Dr I.F.G. McLean for reading over
the manuscript. I would also like to thank Epping Forest Conservation Centre for
allowing me access to their record index and permission to use their base-line
recording map which I have adapted for inclusion at the end of this paper.

MAPS AND REFERENCES

Brimble, J.A., 1982 Guide to Epping Forest for Ramblers and Riders (Revised by M. Johnson
for Field Studies Council).

1:25000 Map of Epping Forest 1983. Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Brunetti, E., 1890. Remarks on collecting Diptera with notes on the Diptera of Epping Forest.
Essex Naturalist 4:85—92.

Buck, F.D., 1955. A Provisional List of the Coleoptera of Epping Forest. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag. 91:174-192.

Buxton, E.N., 1905. Epping Forest (7th edn. revised) p. 92.

Chandler, P.J., 1969. the Hover-flies of Kent. Trans. Kent Field Club 3(3):139-202.

Coe, R.L., 1953. Syrphidae, Diptera. Handb. Ident. Br. Ins. Vol. 10(1): 1-98.

Colyer, C.N. and Hammond, C.O., 1968. Flies of the British Isles (2nd edition) pp. 91-123,
154-181.

Corke, D. (Ed.), 1978. Epping Forest—the natural aspect? Essex Naturalist no. 2 pp. 79.

Corke, D. (Ed.), 1979. The wildlife of Epping Forest. Essex Naturalist no. 4 pp. 60.

Emmet, A.M. 1978. The Lepidoptera of Epping Forest (Handwritten M.S. in the library of
E-E.C.C,).

Hanson, M. W., 1981. Diptera in Epping Forest. J. Wren Cons. Group 2(1):10-13.

Hanson, M.W., 1983. Lords Bushes: The history and ecology of an Epping Forest woodland.
Essex Naturalist no. 7 pp. 72.

Harwood, W.H., 1903. Insecta. Victoria County History of Essex Vol. 1.

Kloet, G.S. and Hincks, W.D., 1975. A Check List of British Insects (2nd. edn.): Diptera and
Siphonaptera. Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects Vol. 11(5): 1-139.

Oldroyd, H., 1969. Diptera, Brachycera. Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects Vol. 9(4) pp. 132.

Payne, R.G., 1982. Hover-flies of Essex. Provisional Distribution Maps. Southend Museum
Biological Records Centre: 1-8.

Payne, R.M., 1973/4. The Hover-flies of Essex. Essex Naturalist 33(2):79-103.

Payne, R.M., 1968. The Crane-flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) of Epping Forest. Entomologist's
Gaz. 19:33-43.

Payne, R.M., 1968. Hover-flies in an Essex Garden, Essex Naturalist 32(2):161—163.

Shillito, J.F., Notes on Insects Visiting Diseased Elms. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 83:290-292.

Smith, K.G.V., 1969. Conopidae, Diptera Handb. Ident. Brit. Insects 10(3a):1-19.

Smith, K.G.V., 1970. The identity of Myopa polystigma (Rondani), and additional British and
Continental Species of the genus (Diptera, Conopidae). Entomologist 103:186-189.

Snow, K.R. and Fallis, S.P., 1982. The Mosquitoes of Epping Forest. Lond. Nat. 61:65—71.

Stubbs, A.E. and Chandler, P.J., 1978. A Dipterists Handbook. The Amateur Entomologist
Vol. 15 pp. 255.

Stubbs, A.E., 1982. Hoverflies as Primary Woodland Indicators with Reference to
Wharnecliffe Wood. Sorby Record 20:62-67.

Stubbs, A.E. and Falk, S.J., 1983. British Hoverflies. pp. 253. British Entomological and
Natural History Society. London.

Uffen, R.W.J., 1976. Xylomyia maculata in Epping Forest. Proc. Trans. Br.ent.nat. Hist. Soc.
9(1/2):12.

Verrall, G.H., 1901. British Flies Vol. 8, (repr. by Classey in 1969).

48

THE EPPING FOREST AREA

SO Sh i) GS A ab re oe

WW AWA a ss ONON OUND UN ON OY OND OR Oe BP OB OR Oe Re me BS Be
. . . . . . . .

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

TL 40 45

EPPING

Baldwins Hill
Broadstrood
Chingford Plain
Connaught Waters
Earls Path

F airmead

Furze Ground
Gilbert Slade

Goldings Hill
Hatch Forest ; —S DEBDEN
Hawk Wood : oo
High Beach S\/
Hill Wood LOUGHTON
Kemps Lawn

RODING
Leyton F lats

VALLEY

Lords Bushes 95
Lower Forest
Monks Wood
North F arm
Pole Hill
Potkiln Wood
Robin Hood
Roebuck Green
Rushey Plain
Speakmans Pond
Staples Road
Strawberry Hill

Sunshine Plain

Wake Valley 90
Wanstead Park
Warren Hill

=e
‘ Epping Forest

/~ Roads

Warren Pond
Whitehall Plain
Whitehouse Plain
Wintry Wood

; \ WANSTEAD

Woodredon See (ee
Yardley Hill

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 49

Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles, by B. Skinner and
D. Wilson, x + 163 pp. of text and appendices, 42 coloured plates, i + 57 text
figures. Viking, London, 1984. Price £20.

The author states in the Preface that the prime object of this book is to provide
coloured illustrations which will enable those interested to identify by wing pattern
almost all those species of larger moths traditionally called macrolepidoptera which
are likely to be encountered in the British Isles. The second aim is to contain all the
illustrations and text material within a single, moderately sized volume. The result is a
beautiful, concise, accurate and informative book which comes within the price range
of any committed lepidopterist.

Very nearly all the species recorded in the British Isles are included among the
1,600 or more colour illustrations, together with many local races and interesting
forms; a further 29 are mentioned in the text, all of which refer to single specimens or
species that have not been reported in the region for many years. The illustrations
themselves are mostly of specimens in Mr. Skinner’s own immaculate collection.
They are very good indeed, and far superior to any others available in British
literature, though something has been lost in making reproductions from Mr.
Wilson's excellent original photographs. On the whole, the greens have failed to
come out properly, as in the Chloroclystis spp. (P1.10), the green forms of Hylaea
fasciaria (P1.17) and Calamia tridens occidentalis (P1.39), but the moths are readily
recognisable. A few of the plates are a trifle ‘wishy-washy’, but again this hardly
detracts from their usefulness as aids to identification. I find only one figure that fails
to convey the message, that of Hydrelia sylvata f. goodwini (P1.11, fig. 27), which
looks no darker than the typical individual next to it. The use of a faintly tinted
background and subtle use of a hint of shadow makes the subjects stand out in a most
realistic manner. The captions are tabled opposite the plates and cross referred to the
text.

The brief text is under the subtitles Similar species, Variation, Imago and Larva,
though not every species is given a mention under the first two of these sections. For
the sake of brevity, the Similar species section is often just a cross reference to the
alternative species and to appropriate colour figures; it is sometimes reinforced by
delicate and accurate line drawings, again by Mr. Wilson, and it is unfortunate that
some of these, too, have lost their sharpness in reproduction. The reviewer feels that
the use of a little more space to spell out some of the more subtle differences would
have been justified, and regrets the authors decided against including genitalia
figures, which would have completed the book as a tool for identification of our
moths. The one genitalia study which has been included, comparing the male valvae
of Acronicta tridens and A. psi (fig.40) as seen after brushing away the scales at the tip
of the abdomen, shows what the artist could have achieved. The section on Variation
is treated erratically, and may include information on sexual and seasonal
differences, local races or well known aberrations. Under /mago, the wingspan is
always stated; information on similar species and on habitats and distribution is
provided here, when appropriate. Details of ail records of the very rare vagrants are
given in full. Rightiy, in the reviewer’s opinion, there has been no attempt to describe
the Larva, but notes on habits, foodplants and other scraps of useful information are
given, and the readers is invariably told in what stage the species overwinters.

The Glossary which precedes the text is rather trivial and one wonders whether its
inclusion was necessary (we are told, for instance, that frass = larval droppings).

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

There is, however, a very good figure showing the superficial features of body and
wings of a moth, clearly and usefully labelled.

Following the colour plates there is a page which includes a list of species which it is
now illegal to collect or molest in any way, a short Bibliography and further reading
section, and the addresses of the three national entomological societies. Next comes a
two page list of the scientific names of foodplants mentioned in the text, a compact
and non-repetitive way of including this information. Finally, there are separate
Indices of scientific and English names. The last entry in the English index is the
Yorkshire Y, referred to p.151 as a synonym of Essex Y. According to the text, the
only two British specimens are from Essex and Hampshire, and ‘Yorkshire Y’ is not
mentioned! The anomaly has been resolved by Mr. Skinner: there 7s an ancient
record from— Yorkshire!

The nomenclature used is that of Bradley and Fletcher (1979), A Recorder's Log
Book of British Butterflies and Moths, updated. The book seems to be almost entirely
free of misprints: the only one of any consequence, perhaps, is under Lymantria
monacha (p.76) where the black f. eremita is incorrectly spelt.

One feels that it would be impertinent to criticise this fine book. Those of us who
knew it was on the way can scarcely be disappointed now that it has been published,
for it fulfils all one could reasonably expect from the pen of the Master and the camera
of one of our best amateur photographers. To those who were unaware of his other
talent, Mr. Wilson’s drawings came as a surprise and a delight. B.G.
Spiders of the World, by Rod and Ken Preston-Mafham. Blandford Press, 1984.

191pp., 61 col. pls., 69 figs., appendix and glossary. £8.95.

It is indicated in the preface that the purpose of this book is to provide a much
needed general introduction to spiders for the non-specialist, thus filling the gap
which existed at this level in natural history books. The book clearly reaches this
target and is a beautifully illustrated and clear descriptive account of the range of
diversity in both structure and life-styles to be found in spiders throughout the world.

The opening chapters are a very readable account relating spiders to other
arthropods with text figures showing their internal and external features. This
naturally leads on to a chapter on classification where some 26 families are described
and illustrated with photographs.

Chapters on the behavioural aspects of spider biology: courtship, mating, life
histories, prey capture and defence mechanisms run to over 100 pages of text with
illustrations. The chapter on defence mechanisms is where the book is probably most
appealing and where the authors have been able to provide from their foreign travels
such superb illustrations of crypsis and mimicry.

It is perhaps an indirect tribute to former distinguished arachnologists, in particular
the late W. S. Bristowe, that some of their very familiar line-drawings appear to be
re-drawn for this present volume. A few errors have crept in here, the most
noticeable being the conversion of the stridulating file on the linyphid chelicera into
setae on p. 23, and a moulting spider defying the laws of gravity on p. 97!

The book is well indexed and the useful appendix and glossary will help the novice
graduate to a higher level. Above all, acknowledgement must be given for the variety
and high quality of fine photographs which surely represent a vast amount of time,
patience and photographic skill. The colourful and bizarre forms shown can only
make the reader more fascinated by the variety of these small animals that occur in
every continent. Cases

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

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London, SW7, as soon as possible and not later than 30th September, 1985.

CONTENTS

Archer, M. E. Secondary nests of the hornet, Vespa crabro (L.) (Hymenoptera:

Vespidae), produce queens 35
Hanson, M. W. A provisional list of the larger Brachycera, Syrphidae and Conopidae of

the Epping Forest area 37
Hudson, I. R. Notes on species of Ichneumonidae reared as ectoparasites of spiders Sy)
Annual Exhibition 1
Book Reviews 34, 49
Field Meetings 2,
Indoor Meetings 25

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ia]

ne H. E. HINTON, PH.D., B.SC.

.R.S., F.R.E.S. (dec.)
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>. MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
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feed

. S. TUBBS, O.B.E.. F.R.1.B.A., F.R.E.S.
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(2)

SLI ER

+ AsM-A.,) E2RS ESS;
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MEO-SARPOV

>nim

Editor: R. W. J. Utfen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
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AR:
Tr

M. W.F

with the assistance of:

Ee
G.
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R. A. Jones

Southwood, K.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.
Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 51

VOLTINISM IN BRITISH AGLAIS URTICAE (L.)
(LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE): VARIATION IN SPACE AND TIME

by R. L. H. DENNIS

The Manchester Grammar School, Manchester M13 0XT

Several British butterflies are known to vary in the number of broods they have.
This variation can be geographical, with fewer broods to the north in P. brassicae L.,
P. napiL., C. minimus F., C. argiolus L. P. aegeria L. and C. pamphilus L. (Heath er
al. 1984; Lees 1962, 1965, 1969, 1970, Dennis 1977). Voltinism can also differ from
year to year and many butterflies do occasionally have additional broods, e.g. P.
machaon L., L. sinapis L., A. cardamines L., L. phlaeas L. (a third brood), C.
minimus F., L. coridon Poda, I. io L., B. selene D and S, A. euphrosyne L. (Heath et
al. 1984, Collier 1961; Payne 1972). These additional broods are generally partial, of
very small size and occur but infrequently. However, annual variation in voltinism of
the Small Tortoiseshell seems to be on a very different scale. The typical pattern
allegedly comprises two broods in England and one brood in Scotland (Thomson
1980). In England, overwintering adults appear in April and lay eggs which produce
adults in June and early July. These in turn mate and lay eggs resulting in a second
brood in August. In Scotland, overwintering adults appear later and produce a single
brood in mid-July onwards. As with second brood adults in England, these then feed
up for hibernation. In fact, the situation is more flexible than this as the number of
broods varies from year to year, both in this country and on the continent, for
instance in Scandinavia (Pyornila 1976a; Henriksen and Kreutzer 1982). In Cheshire
(U.K.), evidence from distinct periods of larval webs points to two large broods in
1982 and 1984, but apparently only one in 1983. More recent evidence from the
British Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (see Pollard 1979; Heath er al. 1984) has
confirmed these observations. It has also provided indirect evidence that the second
brood in southern England may often be a partial one, with late emerging adults of
the first brood teeding up and then entering hibernation.

These observations have encouraged a more careful examination of the BBMS
data for several widely spaced sites over the past three years. The BBMS data
comprise weekly counts made from transects (between April 1 and September 30
each year) at some 80 sites covering the length of mainland Britain. Details of the
transect technique, conditions under which transects are carried out and tests of
accuracy (error between observers, influence of weather) are discussed elsewhere
(see Pollard et al. 1975; Pollard 1977 and 1979). However, before referring to details
from this scheme some of the limitations of the data should be briefly considered;
those, that is, which may influence the interpretation of A. urticae broods. It is
especially important to realize that the transects are discontinued at the end of week 26
in September, even though some A. urticae have not emerged at this time in some
years (Luker 1984). The size of broods along a BBMS transect depends on the
availability and proximity of the hostplants (Urtica dioica L. and U. urens L.) and
nectar sources. The behaviour of butterflies procreating a new generation is very
different to those preparing for hibernation. The first set up territories around nettle
patches and the second are involved in intensive nectaring (Baker 1972). As a result,
the adults from the first and second broods can differ in their local geography and
therefore in their seasonal occurrence along transects. Thus counts from diffe ent
sites are not comparable, particularly as transects vary in length, nor strictly

52 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

(depending on what is being compared) are counts from the same site during different
broods. It has been suggested that late butterflies in Scotland could comprise
individuals that have migrated north. Thomson (1980 p. 138) suggests that these
butterflies can be distinguished from local ‘non-migrants’ by the amount of wing wear
and by differences in marking. It is possible too that the longevity of some adults may
confuse the pattern of broods.

WHAT PATTERNS OCCUR IN ADULT EMERGENCE?

BBMS data for the past nine years reveal distinctive and changing patterns of
emergence (see figure 1; Pollard 1981; Heath et al. 1984). The variation has three
obvious components.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 53

The number of broods can vary from year to year over much of the British Isles. For
instance, two broods occurred well into Scotland in 1982 and 1984, but only in the
southern half of Britain is there some evidence of a second brood in 1983 and this may
not have been successful. Luker (1984) reports on a batch of some 100 larvae in
October which pupated as late as December (in open conditions). Although some of
those emerged, all died by Christmas having failed to feed.

Fig. 1. Weekly counts of Aglais urticae along transects at eight sites in mainland Britain for
three years: (a) 1982: (b) 1983; (c) 1984. Sites: LG, Loch Garten; TP, Tentsmuir Point
and Morton Lochs; GB, Gait Barrow and Castle Hili; RM, Rostherne Mere; EM, East
Midlands (Woodwalton Fen, Monks Wood, Woodhurst, Holme Fen, Bevills Wood);
AR, Aston Rowant north and south; S, Swanage and Radipole Lake; CH, Castle Hill,
Woods Mill and Lullington Heath. Week | starts on April Ist in each year. Courtesy of
Dr. E. Pollard (data from ITE BBMS).

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Secondly, partial broods appear to be a characteristic feature of A. urticae
phenology. Typically, larger numbers of adults occur for second broods than first
broods in southern England. During 1979 and 1983, this pattern broke down and
implies that at most only the first of the summer butterflies to emerge mated to
produce a second brood. Partial broods may be more common in northern Britian.
There is perhaps some suggestion from the Rostherne Mere data (figure 1b) that a
very small second brood occurred in Cheshire in 1983 (not witnessed during the
egglaying survey in the Bollin valley; Dennis 1984), but the September adults this
year could also have been late first brood individuals feeding up for autumn. Transect
data certainly require careful interpretation. Even when two obvious broods occur,
as along the southern English coast in 1984, it cannot be assumed that all the
individuals of the first brood mate to produce a second. That many ‘tail-enders’ of the

PLATE 1. ANNUAL EXHIBITION

T. griseata A. aglaia M. furuncula ab. vinctiuncula
Playden 5.x.84, M. Tweedie A.Moon Highcliffe, Dorset, E.Wild
Paraclepsis cinctana
Tiree 30.vi.84, M.Harper, M.Young
Agrotis clavis, Addington, Sy vi.84, B.Skinner Agrotis puta, Addington 14.vi.84, B.Skinner
Boloria dia, N.Downs, Sy 26.viii.84, P.J.Cribb M. tithonus Waresley, Beds. 6.vili.84, B.Fensome

Lasiocampa quercus
Hadham, Herts. 14.vii.84, D.Wilson

PLATE 2 ANNUAL EXHIBITION

Aglais urticae
Mere Downs, Wilts 29.viii.84, G.Trebilcock

Orth. gracilis Ledbury, Heref. 12.iv.84, M.Harper

Archanara sparganii, Shell Bay, Sflk 5.viii.84 and
P.fagana, Downham Mt, Nflk 8.vii.84 both M.Halsey

L. coridon, Hants 15.viii.84 E.Simson

Diloba caeruleocephala
Larva Warwick vi.84, J.Halsey

Boloria euphrosyne ab. a/binia
Parkhurst, l.o.W. 30.v.84, D.Trew

Maniola jurtina ab. alba, H.Phelps

O. sambucaria ab. olivacea
Sheppey, Kent 8.vii.72, F. Clouter

Apatura iris ab. /olata
Surrey 13.vii.84, A.Jones

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 55

first emergence feed up and pass directly into hibernation is perhaps suggested by
much lower adult numbers 7 to 9 weeks later when their progeny would be expected
(but see below for other factors involved). Thirdly, the timing and duration of
corresponding broods in different years is considerably influenced by weather
conditions. The pattern of emergence within broods can also vary to produce more
than one peak (polymodality). Occasionally, bimodal peaks may simulate the
appearance of separate broods and the two phenomena can then only be
distinguished by relating development under controlled conditions to the pattern of
weather.

All these features of voltinism in A. urticae are illustrated in transect counts from
1982, 1983 and 1984 (figures la, 1b and 1c) which can be compared with weather data
obtained from the London Weather Centre. Figures for maximum temperatures,
rainfall and sunshine are displayed in figure 2 as deviations from mean conditions for
the period 1941 to 1970 to highlight better the contrasts between different years. In
1982 and 1984, two broods occurred throughout much of Britain, although the
pattern is less clear and difficult to interpret in Scotland, especially in the far north.
Certainly, a second brood occurred at Tentsmuir/Morton Lochs in 1984. In 1983,
evidence for second broods (probably partial) is found as far north as the English
Midlands, but it would be unwise to interpret the small late peaks in Cheshire,
Lancashire and further north as such. It is noticeable, in this year, that spring adults
had an extended flight period. Thus it is more probable that the two peaks have been

1982 1983 1984
(a)
L
c
2 5
ee =
: :
2
+
=
40 &
(c)
40 % @
40 a
Month Month Month

Fig. 2. Mean monthly weather conditions (temperatures, rainfall and sunshine) at Rostherne
Mere for 1982, 1983 and 1984, illustrated as deviations from normal conditions
(averages from 1941 to 1970).

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

produced by egg batches laid early and late in the spring respectively, as indeed is
implied by the bimodality in the appearance of post-hibernating adults. The reasons
for these differences between years is clear from the climatic data. The fourth coldest,
dullest and wettest spring since recording began was experienced in 1983. This led to
the long spring flight period, slow development of early stages and a late first brood.
Throughout much of Britain, adults hibernated after nectaring in spite of July
receiving the highest mean temperatures this century. By contrast, in 1982 and 1984,
both sunshine levels and temperatures have been higher than usual during the spring
and summer months.

A more intriguing feature to emerge in the transect data is the occurrence of triple
peaks during the summer months of 1982 for sites along the south coast. This feature
is particularly distinctive for Swanage and Radipole Lake and to some extent
simulates the appearance of a third brood, though the developmental period (5
weeks) is too short. The feature elsewhere is either absent or poorly developed (cf.,
Woods Mill/Castle Hill/Lulington Heath; Rostherne Mere). To investigate these
examples more closely, data for three of the sites have been redrawn and sunshine
and temperature figures overlaid (figures 3a, 3b and 3c).

Two hypotheses may account for the polymodality during the second brood at
Swanage/Radipole Lake in 1982. First, the transect counts may simply reflect the
response of adult butterflies to weather during those weeks. Although transects are
carried out only if minimal conditions have been established (see Pollard 1979),
nevertheless, different butterflies do not share the same response to different
conditions of sunshine and temperature. Secondly, the ‘trough’ in the second brood
may imply arrested development of early stadia forming part of that brood.

The coincidence of the first peak in numbers with the peak in temperatures and
then of falling numbers with falling temperatures initially suggests the direct impact of
weather on adult activity. The number of insects seen on transects depends on
conditions when the transects are being made, but some observations point away
trom the direct impact of temperature and/or sunshine levels in producing the trough
in adult numbers. Temperatures during week 19 (21.7°C), when butterfly numbers
are declining, were much higher than during week 23 (20.1°C) when the second peak
of adults was recorded on the transect that year. Also peak numbers have been
recorded on different sites in poor conditions. For instance, at Rostherne, record
numbers of adults (93, 161) were recorded during weeks 23 and 24, which
experienced relatively low temperatures (18.1°C and 18.9°C) and sunshine (28 hours
and 29 hours). Compare the minimal figures for temperature (18.6°C) and sunshine
(36 hours) for the ‘trough’ at Radipole Lake and Swanage. Moreover, peak numbers
for spring broods occur in much lower temperatures.

With reference to the second hypothesis, it is interesting that in each of the three
examples graphed, the shape of the sunshine hours curve (two or three weeks earlier)
and of the trough in the adult numbers corresponds very closely. It is particularly
significant that the decline in the sunshine hours occurs some two to three weeks
betore the drop in adult numbers. The trough in adult numbers is probably explained
by the contrasting dependence of larvae and pupae on sunshine and temperatures
respectively. In a parallel example Dr. Keith Porter (1982, 1984) has shown that E.
aurinia larvae use sunshine, both corporatively (when gregarious) in early instars and
singly later on (by a bask-feed cycle), to raise their body temperatures and by doing so
assimilate food faster and develop more rapidly. A. urticae are similarly gregarious in
early instars and are coloured black later on. As pupae are generally suspended under

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 57

cover their development probably depends more on ambient temperatures.

The first peak at Radipole Lake then has been produced by pupae (from early egg
batches) which have developed rapidly in the high temperatures of weeks 15 to 18.
The second peak, however, represents the arrested development of individuals (from
later egg batches) first as larvae, subject to low sunshine levels in weeks 18, 19 and 20,
and then as pupae affected by lower temperatures in weeks 20, 21 and 22. Much
depends on temperature-sunshine-stadia interaction, and though the timing is
different for the three localities, the scenario can be seen to be much the same.

1
110 oki
400 28
90 26
i
80 Hy A 24
a i Nd
5 70 i RT ee 22
= pease \
~ 60 ! 2 1 \ 20
= i ! ' i \
gs 50 mil \y yf \r18
Z ath \
\
rao Ma 6
Cc 4
Berg Fin ae
\ _—
Sati 2 &
7) \ 1 a
5 "i E

80 24, (a) 24 (b)
uv
5 70 22 v
- F
@ 60 20 A
= =
“ L=
5 50 18 v
ca a
3 40 16 08
£ vy £ v
2 30 it Locus w
S 207. ie he Sc
: z 2 a
0 E
2 10 1D ihe 5

1 5 0 5 20 25

Week

Fig. 3. Transect count histograms and weekly weather conditions (sunshine and temperatures)
for three BBMS sites for 1982: (a) Swanage and Radipole Lake; (b) Castle Hili, Woods
Mill and Lullington Heath; (c) Rostherne Mere. Temperatures (dashes) are mean
weekly maxima whereas sunshine hours (solid lines) are cumulative weekly totals.

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Bimodality in the second brood is least obvious at Rostherne perhaps for two
reasons. First, both temperatures and sunshine levels rose consistently during the
first brood and for several reasons this has probably led to a more compressed second
brood emergence. Egg laying was more synchronized, having been delayed early on
in the first brood; larvae from egg batches laid later on in the first brood grew more
rapidly, the gap in development between early and later batches narrowing as a
result. Secondly, the slump in sunshine levels which affected the development of
larvae at the southern localities presaged the second brood at Rostherne, thereby
arresting the development of most larvae forming the second brood, especially as the
earliest eggs laid would have been held back by the lower temperatures before week
14.

WHY DOES THE NUMBER OF BROODS VARY?

The varied occurrence of broods suggests a fluctuating balance of advantage and
disadvantage influenced by weather conditions. What might these advantages and
disadvantages be? A bivoltine strategy, it has been argued, acts much as a multiplier
and has the capacity for greatly increasing population numbers. For instance, the
earliest recoveries amongst butterfly populations severely depleted by the 1976
drought belonged to the second broods of bivoltines in 1977 (Thomas and Merrett
1980). From such numbers, it may be expected, more will survive hibernation to mate
in the following spring, especially as the hibernation period will be shorter for
bivoltine than for univoltine butterflies. The length of the hibernation period is
important as energy reserves (fat content) are continually depleted throughout the
winter (see Chaplin and Wells 1982).

Against this, however, bivoltine A. urticae have a more restricted choice of suitable
hostplants and perhaps a shorter period for nectaring. A. urticae oviposits
preterentially on short nettle patches with new growth rather than on older tall nettles
(see Dennis 1984). Although older larvae spread out and eat taller nettles in the
centre of nettle beds as they develop, it is very likely that older nettles are less
nutritious, more difficult to digest and that growth is slower for larval batches placed
on them. By the time egglaying is about to proceed for the second brood (early July),
most of the nettle patches have grown tall and the nettles ‘tough’. Choice of egglaying
sites are then greatly restricted, the number of suitable sites depending much on
human interference. Larvae in those batches laid on tough nettle beds may fail to deal
efficiently with the mechanical and chemical defence of the plants. By growing slowly
they may also expose themselves for longer periods to parasitoids (see Pollard 1979)
and predators and leave less time tor nectaring. In an early, warm and sunny season,
nectaring in itself may not be a problem as the butterflies will often have until the end
of September and early October to feed up. But second broods are frequently late
(Figure 1b), in which case nectar resource quality and weather conditions in
September become more critical. The cooler the September and the longer the
nectaring period, the more exposed adults are to birds and dragonflies. Moreover,
weather conditions during the hibernation period will also be significant.
Unfortunately, so little is known of the response of our butterflies to different
hibernation conditions.

Other factors remain which cannot be ignored. Do the increased numbers
associated with a second brood result in a density-dependent response from parasites
and predators? (but see Dempster 1983, 1984 for a discussion on the significance of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 59

density-dependent controls). How does a second brood affect parasitoid-host
synchronization and what are the effects on population numbers? (see Pyornila 1976
a, b, c). Do first brood adults intent on producing a second brood and facing a
shortage of suitable hostplants migrate further north than those inclined to nectar and
hibernate and spring adults faced with pristine nettle beds? These, at least, are
important questions and are interdependent.

Second broods in 1982 and 1984 depended very much on the cutting of verges and
river banks and the mowing of ley grass fields for silage. Along one stream bank on
Alderley Edge golf course in Cheshire (1984), where part of the nettle beds had been
shaved and part left over the same distance, egglaying was clearly biased to the new
growth (Dennis, in press). Second brood larval batches tend therefore to have a
clumped distribution. What effect does this have on survival? (see Dennis 1984).
Large numbers of adults entered the nearby suburban gardens from this second
brood. Of these, a small percentage (10% ) were dwarted; some were little more than
half the size of normal specimens. Does this imply a shortage of hostplant for the
developing larvae? Many, if not all, displayed wing damage; some with beak marks
on the wing, most having tears. Another A. urticae was seen being neatly picked off
the wing by a patrolling dragonfly Aeshna cyanea, taken up into a nearby conifer and
devoured head to tail. Of course, none of this is evidence of a density-dependent
response on large numbers of second brood urticae. Wing damage does not measure
successful predation so much as the insect’s potential for escape. The Small
Tortoiseshell sports warning colouration on the wing uppersides exposed when
feeding and this suggests that it may be distasteful (although wing tears compared to
beak marks are argued by some, I suspect incorrectly, to point to palatability (Bowers
and Wiernasz 1979; Pough and Brower 1977)).

All these factors have to be weighed against fluctuating weather conditions from
year to year. A mild sunny spring has a chain reaction on several tactors—emergence
from hibernation, mating, oviposition, larval development and eclosion from pupae,
leaving more than sufficient time for a second brood. Against this, a late first brood
continuing into a second brood could be critical, larvae and pupae failing to develop
before the onset of colder weather and adults similarly being unable to build up
resources for hibernation. These conditions can eliminate any ‘multiplier’ effect of
the second brood. The likelihood of this increases northwards to Scotland (and with
altitude) where summer weather is cooler and wetter (see Meteorological Office
1975); there, single broods are usual. Henriksen and Kreutzer (1982) describe
numbers of larvae and pupae (2nd generation) failing to eclose or survive both during
1968 and 1978 in Scandinavia. Luker (1984) reports a similar situation from Surrey
(UK) in 1983. The other extreme of weather conditions, drought, can also result in
brood failure. In 1976, second brood larvae had to cope with leathery hostplants and
subsequently the adults with viscous nectar, both of which apparently took their toll
(see Heath et al. 1984).

HOW IS THE NUMBER OF BROODS CONTROLLED?

Despite a late first brood, a second brood could probably pass through to
hibernation if the summer was sunny and warm. However, the dismal spring of 1983
led to one brood in Cheshire, which after nectaring passed quickly into hibernation,
even though the spring was followed by an unusually hot, dry summer. Although the
control of diapause has not been thoroughly researched in A. urticae (as far as I

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

know), it probably synchronizes its developmental cycle with seasonal weather
conditions much as does /. io (Danilevski 1961; Beck 1980) being sensitive more to
photoperiod or changing photophase (in the larval or pupal stage) than to
temperature, although some interaction with temperature is likely. This is the case in
Araschnia levana L. (Kratochwil 1980) where lower temperatures increase the critical
day length and reduce the risk of a diapause-free development at the end of
favourable conditions. Clearly, some sensitivity to temperature could provide an
adaptive advantage for A. urticae inhabiting high altitude sites as on the Pennine
Moors.

The objective of this note, intentionally highlighting more questions than
providing solutions, has been to signal our profound ignorance on many aspects of
one of Britain’s commonest butterflies. It is hoped that by touching on a few of the
issues, some research on this interesting and ubiquitous insect might be encouraged,
especially as larval webs are easily found. It has also demonstrated, once again, the
value of simple observation techniques, and in particular the synoptic BBMS transect
data (see Pollard and Welch 1977).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Grateful thanks are due to Dr Ernie Pollard and Mrs Marney Hall for so kindly
making the BBMS data readily available and for guidance and comments on the
paper, and to Mr. Leslie Musk of the Department of Geography in the University of
Manchester for supplying me with data from the London Weather Centre. I am also
indebted to Mr Norman Bardsley for photographically reducing the diagrams in
Figure 1 and to the BBMS recorders at the sites mentioned in the text. The BBMS has
its headquarters at Monks Wood Experimental Station and is supported by the
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and the Nature Conservancy Council.

REFERENCES

Baker, R.R. 1972. Territorial behaviour in Nymphalid butterflies Aglais urticae (L.) and
Inachis to (L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 41: 453-469.

Beck, S.D. 1980. Insect Photoperiodism. Academic Press, London.

Bowers, M.D. and Wiernasz, D.C. 1979. Avian predation on the palatable butterfly Cercyonis
pegala (Satyridae). Ecol. Entomol. 4: 205-209.

Chaplin, $.B. and Wells, P.H. 1982. Energy reserves and metabolic expenditures of monarch
butterflies overwintering in southern California. Ecol. Entomol. 7: 249-256.

Collier, A.E. 1961. Lysandra coridon Poda: the adverse influence of a bivoltine tendency. Ent.
Rec. J. Var. 73: 71-73.

Danilevski, A.S. 1961. Photoperiodism and Seasonal Development of Insects. Oliver and Boyd,
London.

Dempster, J.P. 1983. The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths. Biol. Rev. 58:
461-481.

Dempster, J.P. 1984. The natural enemies of butterflies. In Vane-Wright R.I. and Ackery,
P.R. R.E.S. Symposium The Biology of Butterflies. Academic Press.

Dennis, R.L.H. 1977. The British Butterflies: their Origin and Establishment. Faringdon:
Classey.

Dennis, R.L.H. 1984. The edge-effect in butterfly oviposition: batch siting in Aglais urticae (L.)
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomologist’s Gaz. 35: 157-173.

Dennis, R.L.H. in press. The edge effect in butterfly oviposition: hostplant condition, edge-
eftect breakdown and opportunism. Entomologist’s Gaz.

Heath, J., Pollard, E. and Thomas, J.A. 1984. Adlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland.
Viking.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 61

Henriksen H.J. and Kreutzer, I1.B. 1982. The Butterflies of Scandinavia in Nature. Skandinavisk
Bogtorlag. Odense. Denmark.

Kratochwil, A. 1980. Die Anpassung der Generation enfolge von Araschnia levana L. (Lep.
Nymphalidae) an den jahreszeitlichen Witterungsverlauf. Verhandlungen Gesellschaft fur
Okologie Band VIII, 395-401.

Lees, E. 1962. On the voltinism of Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) (Lep. Satyridae).
Entomologist 95: 5—6.

Lees, E. 1965. Further observations on the voltinism of Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) (Lep.
Satyridae). Entomologist 98: 43-45.

Lees, E. 1969. Voltinism of Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Lep., Lycaenidae) in Britain.
Entomologist 102: 194-196.

Lees, E. 1970. A univoltine race of Pieris napi L. in the Yorkshire Pennines. Entomologist
103: 260-262.

Luker, W. 1984. Note on late A. urticae brood in 1983. News. Br. Butterfly Conserv. Soc.
33: 11-12.

Meteorological Office 1975. Maps of mean and extreme temperature over the United Kingdom
1941-1970. Climatological Memorandum No. 73. Bracknell.

Payne, J.H. 1972. Clossiana selene (Denis and Schiffermuller). Ent. Rec. J. Var. 84: 114.

Pollard, E. 1977. A method of assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biol. Conserv.
12: 115-134.

Pollard, E. 1979a. A national scheme for monitoring the abundance of butterflies: the first
three years. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 77-90.

Pollard, E. 1979b. Population ecology and change in range of the White Admiral butterfly
Ladoga camilla L. in England. Ecol. Entom. 4: 61-74.

Pollard, E. 1981. Monitoring Population Changes in Butterflies. Inst. Terrestr. Ecol. (NERC)
Project 204. Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton.

Pollard, E., Elias, D.O., Skelton, M.J. and Thomas, J.A. 1975. A method of assessing the
abundance of butterflies in Monk’s Wood National Nature Reserve. Entomologist’s Gaz.
26: 79-88.

Pollard, E. and Welch, J.M. 1977. Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. Instructions for recorders.
Obtain from ITE, Monk’s Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Cambs. PE8 2LS.

Porter, K. 1982. Basking behaviour in larvae of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia. Oikos 38:
308-312.

Porter, K. 1984. Sunshine, sex ratio and behaviour of Euphydryas aurinia larvae. In Vane-
Wright, R.I. and Ackery, P.R. The Biology of Butterflies. R.E.S. Symposium Number 11.
Academic Press.

Pough, F.H. and Brower, L.P. 1977. Predation by birds on Great Southern White butterflies as
a function of palatability, sex and habitat. Am. Midl. Nat. 98: 50-58.

Pyornila, M. 1976a. Parasitism in Aglais urticae. 1. The developmental cycle of the host species.
Ann. Ent. Fenn. 42: 26-33.

Pyornila, M. 1976b. II Parasitism of larval stages by Tachinids (Diptera). Ann. Ent. Fenn.
42: 133-139.

Pyornila, M. 1976c. III. Parasitism of larval stages by Ichneumonids. Ann. Ent. Fenn. 42: 156—
161.

Thomas, J.A. and Merrett, P. 1980. Observations of butterflies in the Purbeck Hills in 1976 and
1977. Proc. Dorset nat. Hist. archaeol. Soc., 99: 112-119.

Thomson, G. 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland. Croom Helm.

Hibernating first and second brood Aglais urticae (L.)—From late July 1984 a Small
Tortoiseshell hibernated on the wall of my shower room until December, when it battered itself
at the window and was released. In late August a second A. urticae hibernated in a bedroom,
but died in January. Both losses are attributable to heating in December. See Dennis (antea) for
brood dates.—R.W.J. Uffen, Welwyn, Herts.

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

WILDLIFE LINK IN 1984

Wildlife Link is a forum for concentrating the concerns of all bodies interested in
wildlife conservation and communicating them to government departments and
major landowners holding power over wildlife habitats. The Society subscribes one
third of a joint membership with the Royal Entomological Society and the Amateur
Entomologists’ Society. The entomological representative on the Link, Dr P.E.S.
Whalley, reports directly to the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British
Insects, on which the Society is represented.

Dr Whalley reports for 1984 that the Link is now actively and productively
established as a source of advice on policy and priority which has earned the attention
and respect of government and can be used in practical conservation.

The diversity of organisations assembled in the Link means that many topics are
not of universal interest, so progress is expedited by declarations being negotiated
and signed only by those bodies committed to the relevant subject. None the less, an
immense amount of paperwork has to be scanned for potential conflicts of interest
and to confer a wide basis of support to issues which merit it.

Wildlife Link played a large part in formulating the strategic document Nature
Conservation in Great Britain (Nature Conservancy Council, April 1984, pp 111,
£7.50). Comments on that document will be welcomed. A plan of recommended
action is being formulated in conjunction with the N.C.C. and it is hoped that
conservation movements in Britain will be widely involved in the collection of data
and the monitoring of local conservation issues. This is clearly an activity which relies
on the active participation of members of such societies as our own.

The politics of definition of, import, export and collection of endangered species
has been contentious. E.E.C. regulations have been made without full understanding
of the protection of butterfly foodplants gained in Papua New Guinea by the
development of butterfly farming. This was the subject of a lecture to the Society by
Dr M.G. Morris on 26th January 1984. European nations expect Britain to take the
lead in making rational proposals for a list of protected European species, but the
Department of the Environment has shied off promoting at Berne Convention
negotiations the recommendations made to it. Presumably lack of expertise and low
vote-winning priority contribute to this timidity.

Wildlife Link has pressed its views on the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and
the conservation lobby is being heard in its opposition to the absolute rights to the
exploitation of land and the unbalanced improvement grants enjoyed by farmers.
The House of Commons Environment Committee has asked the Link to provide
submissions on improving the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) and associated
societies will submit separate reports to the House of Commons Committee. Link will
comment particularly on the vulnerability of S.S.S.I. during the first three months
after proposition and on the abuse of demands for payment for ‘conservation’
projects, which can mean maintaining the status quo. Ona similar topic, the D.O.E.
has been pressed as far as expressing intent to revise its 1977 circular on planning
permission, which had resulted in damage to S.S.S.I.

The Link has been asked to help the N.C.C. in identifying British wetland sites of
European significance in a move to broaden the traditional use of the Ramsar
Convention on protection of wetlands of international importance beyond the
subject of wildtowl. Submissions should be made through the Society to the
J.C.C.B.1. in relation to insects.—Ed.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 63

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CLUSIIDAE AND REDUCTION OF
CLUSIODES FACIALIS (COLL.) TO SYNONYMY

by P. WITHERS
27 Beech Way, Dickleburgh, Diss, Norfolk

A recent paper dealing with this family (Stubbs, 1982) provided a welcome key to
the adults of this distinctive group of acalypterate flies. Since few ecological
observations appear to have been published, the following notes on selected species
may be found to be of interest.

Clusiodes albimana (Mg.) Although this species and the following have been
reared repeatedly from dead wood sources, the precise trees involved have
apparently escaped record. I have a female bred from a damp rotten ash (Fraxinus
excelsior) in Enderby, Leicestershire (SP 5399), on 27.vi.1977. Males of C. albimana
and C. gentilis were plentiful around a shaded beech log (Fagus sylvaticus) in the
Axmouth Undercliffs NNR (SY 2690) on 19.vi.1980. A female was taken on a beech
log in Priory Park, Southend, Essex (TQ 8785).

Clusiodes gentilis (Coll.) I possess a male and female ex pupae in rotten willow
(Salix sp.) from Narborough Bog, Leicestershire (SP 5497), found 9.iii.1977, and
emerged 7th April. Two males and a female emerged from pupae found in a rotting
birch (Betula sp.) in Ulverscroft NR Leicestershire (SK 5214) on 1.v.1977.

Clusiodes (Columbiella) verticalis (Coll.) A pupa found in rotten birch in
Horseshoe Wood, Malham Tarn, N. Yorkshire (SD 8967) on 5.v.1978 produced a
male of this species on 2nd June.

Clusiodes (Clusaria) facialis (Coll.) Whilst on the Diptera Recording Schemes field
meeting in Epping Forest on 26.ix.1982, I found several clusiid larvae and pupae
beneath the bark of a recently felled hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) by Wake Valley
Pond (TQ 4298). A male and two females emerged on 6.v. 1983, and I was delighted
to find that these were the very local C. facialis, which I had not previously
encountered.

The illustration of the right outer lobe of the male genitalia in Stubbs (I.c.) implies
that the lower process projects ventrally. In the specimen I have, the processes of
both right and left surstyli curve inwards and almost meet medially—seen from the
side they do indeed closely resemble the figure in Séguy (1934, fig. 472) purporting to
be ruficollis Mg.

The two females noted above have very varied facial darkening, thus:

Fig. | Fig. 2

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

It is evident that if the dark area can be as reduced as in fig. 2, it is not inconceivable
that in some specimens it may be altogether absent, thus conforming to the condition
claimed for ruficollis. An urgent examination of Meigen’s type of this close relative
was required to clarify this dilemma, as it appeared that Stubbs’ doubt as to the
validity of ruficollis might be justified.

Whilst in Paris recently, Dr Martin Speight kindly examined both the Meigen
collection and the general collection in the Musée National d’ Histoire Naturelle.
There are no specimens above the name ruficollis in the Meigen collection, and both
the specimens above this name in the general collection (a male, det. Benard, and a
female, det. Séguy) are in reality Clusia flava (Mg.). There is a significant size
dimorphism between male and female flava, which is not found in Clusiodes sp.
Meigen, however, originally described all these Diptera in one genus, and may not
have appreciated this; it may be significant that there are no flava in the Meigen
collection either. It thus seemed eminently possible that he recognised the females as
flava, while the males he considered to be ruficollis.

An examination of Meigen’s catalogue revealed that both species were described
‘from specimens contained in the Winthem collection, now in Vienna. Through the
kindness of the Vienna museum I was loaned a male ruficollis and a female flava. The
specimen of flava differs in many respects from that of facialis, not least in the absence
of post-vertical bristles and the number of dorsocentrals. It was quite clear that this
was a valid species. The male ruficollis differs from my facialis in only minor details:
the face is pale yellow, and the thorax has no lateral dark bands, being paler overall.
In all other respects they are identical, and most significantly the male surstyli show
no differences. It is therefore evident that facialis must be taken as a junior synonym
of ruficollis (syn. nov.), a species much more variable in the extent of facial darkening
than has previously been appreciated.

Dr Speight found that the specimen standing in the Meigen collection as C. nubila
is a female C. albimana. There is no material above the name albimana, nor as
already stated, any ruficollis or flava. Two specimens of unrecorded sex standing
above C. geomyzina are genuinely this species.

The figure in Séguy of the ruficollis pupa (fig. 475) appears to have posterior spines
which curve in towards each other. This is at variance with the puparia of my own
bred material, and verticalis, which have these spines curved ventrally, but laterally
divergent. Excepting that the pupa of verticalis is much paler than that of ruficollis,
there appears to be little to distinguish between them.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to Henry Disney, who passed on the specimen of C. verticalis for
my consideration, and to D.C. Lewis for his gift of the material herein cited from
Leicestershire. Martin Speight was both generous and thorough in his investigations
of the Parisian material. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to Frau
Contreras-Lichtenberg for the loan of critical material from Winthem’s collection in
the Vienna Natural History Museum.

REFERENCES

Stubbs, A.E. 1982. An identification guide to the British Clusiidae. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc. 15: 89-93.

Seguy, E. 1934. Dipteres (Brachyceres) (Muscidae Acalypterae et Scathophagidae). Faune de
France vol. 28.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 65

IS THERE A FUTURE FOR BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN BRITAIN?
by ALAN E. STUBBS

Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough, PEI 1UA

The Society held a discussion meeting on this topic on 25 April 1985. The President
invited publication so that the membership as a whole may reflect on the issues raised.
This paper draws upon the introductory presentation, takes account of the views
expressed and considers a possible way forward.

Notes on the pros and cons of collecting (see Appendix I) were circulated among
those present at the start of the meeting so that a lot of the basic points could be taken
as read, enabling discussion to centre on essentials.

The issue of butterfly collecting, and whether it should be controlled, is a fraught
and emotive subject that none of us would wish to raise—least of all myself who found
himself in the hot seat. It is a measure of the seriousness of the subject that I should
raise it. We could all have a jolly good pillow fight as an entertaining evening but a
cool logical approach is essential (it is to the full credit of the Society and the 50 or so
members present that a very constructive approach was achieved).

Over the years I have been encouraging entomologists to participate in the
conservation effort. The reciprocal part of the equation is that your interests should
be defended—and I can reassure you that this is very much the case (See Presidential
Address—1982, Proc. Trans. Br.ent.nat. Hist.Soc. 15: 55—67).

On key issues, such as legislation, this and other leading Societies have been
consulted, directly or via the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects.
I have felt it right that if there is an issue where I cannot speak for current Society
policy, or I cannot maintain the status quo, then I should openly step forward to
discuss it. Though billed as a discussion meeting, this is in fact a consultation meeting
to help the membership, and Council in particular, gain the perspective on which
future decisions can be made when the need arises.

My role in the Nature Conservancy Council is to develop and implement policy on
invertebrate conservation (and bear in mind that NCC is a public body that is there to
serve the general public, including you). It is one thing to develop policy but
implementation has two particularly important pre-requisites.

1. The case must be logical, consistent and convincing, in order to get the attention
and resources in NCC and elsewhere.

2. It must carry the support of the entomological community. As part of that support
is the trust that entomologists are being treated fairly, as referred to above.

Make no doubt about it, your support for the Invertebrate Site Register, the Red
Data Book (shortly to be published) etc. has worked wonders—and these are the
trump cards in defence of the reasonable needs and activities of field entomologists. It
is nowadays possible to show that the entomological community is responsible, and
increasingly concerned and helpful towards conservation. There will always be
people who are out of tune with that image but by and large they are not in Societies
such as ours.

There is one glaring blot on the image of the entomological community, and one

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

that is difficult to live down from the past. The butterfly collector is no longer viewed
as an eccentric but harmless fellow, rather he is conspicuously an enigma in this
conservation conscious age. When other naturalists have forgone birds’ egg
collecting, as well as collecting and uprooting of plants—and that took a certain
amount of legal pressure—why should entomologists collect butterflies? Such insects
can be identified without the need to collect and any argument in defence of this
activity tends to be treated as special pleading, and with some disbelief that
entomologists should try to defend the indefensible.

Of course we recognise that butterfly collecting is not pursued in the Victorian style
of amassing vast series of specimens, and indeed many entomologists have given up
butterfly collecting because they do not regard it as justified in this day and age. Thus
we come to a key question. If entomologists are so responsible, and so sympathetic to
conservation, why do they still want to be able to collect butterflies? And if it is true
that this activity is dying out voluntarily, why not legislate to put pressure on those
who are still behaving unreasonably?

The status of butterflies in the countryside has been declining, in some cases rapidly
(e.g. the retreat of violet eating fritillaries) and it is predictable that further decline is
inevitable, especially in woodland. At the same time the conservation movement,
and public at large, are recognising the need for action and are increasingly trying to
manage sites to protect butterflies.

The declining graph of butterfly numbers, set against the rising graph in effort to
protect butterflies, clearly raises the question as to what happens when the two graph
lines cross. Superimpose one group of people wanting to collect what the other group
wants to protect, and here we have a situation that cannot do the image of
entomologists any good at all.

Some entomologists would argue that their type of collecting assists conservation,
especially to rear stock and release it so as to boost numbers—thus increasing
butterfly numbers rather than reducing them. There may well be a case for rearing
release schemes where they form part of a designed and monitored conservation
plan. Unfortunately, most of this rearing release is done surreptitiously and in
consequence many conservation bodies have become very critical of such ‘cowboy’
activities. Too many people are quietly trying to establish their own introductions,
causing great annoyance to those who are trying to record natural distribution and
natural migration patterns. Even if butterflies are being released back at their source
site, this can make it difficult to assess whether the management of the site is right or
not (indeed it is possible to be lulled into continuing a bad management policy). Also
it brings into question whether the genetics have been weakened and in some
circumstances whether too many caterpillars/butterflies have been released for the
food supply! What matters is the natural carrying capacity of the site and in the
majority of cases rearing/release is irrelevant as a conservation tool-—site
management is the real conservation issue. Thus one of the main justifications of
collecting has very awkward flaws in practice.

When it comes down to serious debate, the collecting case is full of weaknesses.
There are endless refinements that one can invoke in support of collecting, including
the fact that often it may do no harm. However, we are dealing not just with logic, but
also with fear, and a protectionist code of ethics among conservationists. This makes
it difficult to argue the case when the collecting logic is not terribly sound to start with.
Thus the position of entomologists is inherently weak with regard to butterfly
collecting.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 67

There are several circumstances that could lead to early apprehension among
entomologists.

1. The Quinquennial Review of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981 is being
prepared this year. For historic and illogical reasons the list of protected species
has anomalies that many of us would like to remove. There is no scientific reason
why the swallowtail should be on (but it has now become a conservation flag) and
the chequered skipper is not even a Red Data Book species. Such anomalies set
standards that could suck in other species, or to try to take off anomalous species
may in itself open up a backlash. The protected list can be changed at any time by
the Secretary of State for the Environment (this should be on the advice of NCC,
but there are many pressure groups far stronger than entomological societies).

2. The Acct itself is up for amendment. The government is currently resisting much
change, but there is strong pressure to introduce a whole series of changes. There
is no knowing what ideas may come into vogue.

3. Conservationists are becoming more sophisticated in their questioning of the need
to collect. It is their issue, not just ours. Even without legislative implications, it
would only take one or two incidents involving butterfly co!lectors to generate a
fraught situation.

4. Trading and commercial trends are becoming increasingly conspicuous and the
need for controls may well be a further catalyst for legislation or other action.

The entomological community has been caught on the defensive before (witness
the last rounds of legislation). This time we would do well to anticipate events and get
used to thinking about the issues. It would be far better to be seen to be positive and in
control of the initiative rather than risk falling into disarray—and at present a sudden
challenge over collecting would catch us without a coherent policy.

The meeting was invited to discuss 4 main issues.

1. Is it practical to develop a pro-collecting argument that will satisfy the conservation
movement?

I believe it is impractical (see Appendix I) and within the time available no one
was able to come up with a convincing line. Some of the audience agreed that there
was no sustainable justification.

A point of particular concern is that youngsters are drawn into entomology
through starting to collect butterflies (as with myself). There was a sense that
draconian measures were undesirable. To what extent other parties would accept
this or say that everyone must move with the times cannot be fully anticipated.

One speaker reminded us that there is a good deal of effort on rearing parasites
from wild caught stock in early stages (this point was not in the Appendix).

2. Should we seek to control trading and related issues?

This can easily be done by putting butterflies on Schedule 5 with the annotation
(with respect of section 9 (5) only)’. Section 9 (5) prohibits sale etc. except under
licence. This would allow individuals to collect for their own reasonable purposes
but would discourage collecting to sell or to pass on to dealers for sale. The
maximum fine for even offering tor sale is £1000 per specimen (even a butterfly
egg) without a licence. Reasonable trading would be able to continue. Thus it
would reassure the conservation bodies that the trade was kept respectable via
licences.

68

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

It is also possible to control rearing and release indirectly. Licence holders could
be required to send an NCC approved leaflet on release policy to anyone buying
livestock. Butterfly display houses (which are doing a good job in interesting the
public in live butterflies) would need a licence to buy or sell British species.

Project Papillon (a Guernsey based venture that would have meant large scale
release of butterflies had not the conservation bodies protested), and any akin
schemes, would realise that any gift promotion cannot lead to commercial
application and there would be greater moral pressure against these promotions.

The audience seemed to accept the logic of this idea. There also seemed to be
acceptance that the free for all in releasing butterflies needed restraint. One
speaker reminded us that the Botanical Society of the British Isles had similarly
expressed its concern over the promotions to spread wildflower seed in an
uncontrolled manner. (Subsequent to the meeting I am able to quote from a joint
NCC/BSBI leaflet, and am able to confirm that it has RSNC support speaking for
the county trusts: “Wild flower seeds should NEVER be scattered in the
countryside’ as an uncontrolled introduction. Butterflies are clearly in a parallel
category).

How do either of the above issues relate to avoiding the wider escalation of
legislation that may spread collecting controls to other insects?

Within NCC there is an unambiguous answer which is increasingly shared by
other conservation bodies. If the conservation movement wants entomological
records and other information, the source is the field entomologist and he has to
be allowed to collect in order to provide accurate identification in practically all
groups of invertebrates.

This implies an element of trust both ways, and that trust is being successfully
built. If there are people who rock the boat, then they cannot expect much
sympathy from any quarter.

Butterflies are in a league of their own (together with dragonflies). They are
pretty, a high public profile group, and one where identification of all the species is
practical in the field. There is no way that the conservation movement is going to
see collecting as necessary in most circumstances (specific needs have to be clearly
presented). It is therefore best to concede this difference from other invertebrate
groups.

We were reminded of a few circumstances where field identification of British
butterflies can cause problems. Mr. Bretherton said that it is essential to have a
voucher sent for records of the two pale clouded yellows (Colias hyale and C.
australis )—these are migrant species that rarely breed here.

. The broader tactical policy

To discuss matters is one thing, to reach a tactical policy is another.

(a) We could let matters ride, leaving decisions to others. That does not seem
wise—we usually complain at what happens outside our control.

(b) Itis possible to cover butterflies under Section 9 (5). That is a positive stance,
which does not restrict the individual yet it does plug the fear of dubious
trading.

(c) Prepare to counter on the basis of a reasoned statement supporting butterfly
collecting. That may be neither practical or wise.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 69

(d) Any other ideas.
The question of which alternative should be pursued was put to the meeting.

Perhaps foremost was the need to control farming and other habitat loss, these
being the culprits for the loss of butterflies, not the entomologist. The existing
legislation does of course deal with habitat protection on SSSI, this already being
tighter under the 1981 Act and there are strong moves to close the remaining
loop-holes. There has also been a big public and parliamentary swing in attitudes
as regards agricultural subsidies and there is already a wind of change of opinion,
to their credit even among the farming community.

Our discussion centres on species legislation, not habitat legislation, even
though the two are related. To argue, as one member of the audience attempted,
that species should be listed to protect their habitat is a dangerous road to follow,
since this opens the door to huge numbers of species being ‘protected’. Species
legislation, in so far as it can be made relevant to insects, should (in my view) be
restricted to collecting controls where really necessary. We can use habitat
protection law to protect insect habitat without raising the collecting spectre.

It was generally accepted that collecting had not caused the extinction of British
species—habitat destruction was to blame. None-the-less we have to recognise
that at a local level, there are locally scarce butterflies that local people wish to

target for blame over any declines.

We did not attempt a conclusion, since as much as anything the occasion was one
the purpose of which was to acquaint ourselves with the issues, leaving time to reflect
pending the day when decisions by the Society would have to be made. I would,
however, offer one theme followed by a draft statement:

If the entomological societies, and their respective memberships, as well as
entomologists in conservation bodies, are to be treated seriously, they must be seen
to be objective and logical. To argue against the odds that butterfly collecting is
necessary in turn brings into question whether we are logical over the need to collect
other insects, and indeed whether we are worth listening to at all. Other parties will
then take decisions for us—‘for our own good’.

Butterfly collecting, in the Victorian sense, is virtually a inate of the past in Britain
as far as a Society such as ours is concerned and the reasonable needs of members can
be catered for even if there is increased legislation. It is not worth fighting a
non-existent or lost cause which as a minimum will be counter-productive as far as the
image of the entomologist is concerned.

Draft statement on butterfly collecting policy*

This is a head point statement that could be used as a basic model. It may well need
modification, but if all Societies were able to endorse a common statement that can be
made available to conservation bodies, the initiative and respect gained could be of

*[Members’ comments on this draft statement will be welcomed by Council, and should be sent
to the Editor for collation. At the meeting, no members spoke about collecting varieties. As this
activity can be construed as affecting the genetic balance of a population, the aspirations ot
members collecting varieties particularly need ventilating. — Ed. ]

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

considerable benefit. | would hope to gain approval to put NCC’s name to such a
statement.

1. The entomological community is playing a major role in gaining knowledge on the
status of invertebrate species in Britain and increasingly in providing advice to the
conservation movement.

. The JCCBI Code for Insect Collecting is the guideline that members are expected
to follow.

3. There is, in general, a need to have the facility to collect some material as part of
the process of providing accurate identification and records of insects and other
invertebrates. This does not usually apply to resident species of butterflies.

4. Butterfly collecting for its own sake is outmoded, though there are circumstances
where individuals have reason to take material with due restraint and it is to be
expected that they should be prepared to offer good cause for doing so.

5. A total ban on collecting would be currently felt unduly draconian, noting that
many youngsters find their way into entomology by being able to find and keep
butterfly caterpillars, and for that matter collecting a few adults. Youngsters
should be educated to be sparing and to take common species only.

6. There is cause for concern over the developing nature of trading in butterflies and
over the activities of some commercial or promotional organisations. It is noted
that it is possible to list butterflies under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981, with respect to Section 9 (5) only. This would go a long way
towards establishing confidence that trading was kept respectable via licensing,
whilst not penalising the responsible individual or trader.

7. The conservation bodies are fully supported by the entomological community that
there should be no collecting of butterflies at all on reserves or other areas
managed for butterflies (unless there should be a specifically approved reason).

8. Whilst the position has been lax and unsatisfactory in the past, it is essential that
butterflies should not be released for any purpose except by prior agreement and
arrangement with NCC as part of a purposeful conservation programme.

in)

APPENDIX 1
The for and against arguments for butterfly collecting

The following notes list pro-collecting arguments and give the anti-collecting
response that might be received. There are many different combinations and
refinements that could be made. If an attempt is to be made to defend butterfly
collecting, or to anticipate wider issues, then it is as well to know what one may be up
against. The anti-collecting comments are phrased in the context of legislation being
used to bring control (as the ‘worst’ scenario) whereas it would be hoped that
voluntary restraint would not result in the need for licences.

PRO-COLLECTING ANTI-COLLECTING RESPONSE
—It does no harm —Well, entomologists would say that
wouldn’t they.
—Special pleading.
—It brings youngsters into entomology; —Youngsters should be educated to

observe, not kill.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

PRO-COLLECTING

—The study of entomology will shrivel
up without the facility to collect
butterflies.

—Butterflies have more young than
birds and can recover populations
rapidly.

—The mortality of butterflies is
enormous in the wild so collecting a
few does not matter.

—Rearing and releasing butterflies is
assisting conservation and hence is a
positive outcome of collecting.

—Collecting enables the study of genetic
and geographic variation.

—The study of the natural history/
ecology of butterflies will be halted.

71

ANTI-COLLECTING RESPONSE

—Nowadays there are plenty of books,
keys, BRC schemes etc to enable
people to start with other groups if
they wish to collect.

—Attitudes must move with the times.
—That was said about egg collecting, yet
the study of birds is strong.

—True, but nowadays in many localities
butterflies are in low numbers so the
removal of even a few could tip the
balance or create fear that this is so.

—Well, why aren’t butterflies common
then?

—We lack your confidence.

—What matters is the natural carrying
capacity of a site.

—Release masks whether site conditions
are favourable or deteriorating.

—The conservation movement is getting
ted up of what has become a
widespread cowboy activity.

—There are circumstances where the
population may be boosted too high
for the food supply, causing a
population crash.

—An excuse for collecting.

—There is a fear for local genetics,
especially if not released at source site.

—BBCS has abandoned this idea as a
general policy.

—In cases where this is appropriate, it
can be done under licence.

—Surely there is enough material in
collections by now!

—Excuse for ‘stamp collecting’.

—Licensing can permit serious study,
including breeding.

—There is plenty of work relevant to
conservation that does not require
collecting (monitoring behaviour of
adults, location of the early stages).

—Licensing can provide for studies that
involve handling etc.

—Licensing has actually led to increased

72

PRO-COLLECTING

—It is not really possible to identify all
butterflies without taking them home.

—Some butterly species may have to be
caught to identify them.

—There is no harm in rearing butterflies
in captivity if source stock can be
obtained without harming wild
populations

—Cannot schools and individuals have
some concession as regards rearing?
—Butterfly houses are good publicity for
native butterflies, yet they will be
unable to rear and display livestock.

—It does not matter selling old
collections.

—Protecting butterflies is ridiculous
when it is habitat protection that is the
real requirement.

—It is reasonable to take unusual
varieties. The chance occasion cannot
be anticipated.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

ANTI-COLLECTING RESPONSE

scientific study of birds and bats
because of the kudos of owning a
licence.

—There are so few species that even a
beginner ought to learn to identify
things in the field (as with birds).

—With patience it is possible to find
individuals sitting in a position where
they can be identified (as with birds).

—If this really is a significant problem
then there may well be ways round this
as regards permissible activities (e.g.
catch and immediate release).

—There is fear as to the real source of
stock.

—There is concern over the subsequent
uncontrolled release of stock
(expressed above).

—The pest species can be excluded from
protection (small white, large white).

—Licences can provide for this.

—Admittedly a problem area, and
perhaps not beyond solution.

—There is a lack of confidence that all
old stock is legitimate.

—The concept of amassing private
collections of dead butterflies is out of

date and unjustified.

—You cannot argue for one without the
other.

—Why should we spend time and effort
protecting habitat if entomologists are
going along to fill up their collections?

—What sympathy do you expect when

the conservation movement is
increasingly taking action over
habitat?

—Don'’t you realise that it looks bad to
see some people collecting butterflies,
of all things, when other people are
trying to save them in their habitat?

—Ornithologists cannot shoot rare
varieties of birds.

—If you are serious about breeding and

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

PRO-COLLECTING

—lIf a legal ban on butterflies were in
force, then everyone with a net (even
those not collecting butterflies) could
find themselves castigated and
reported to the police.

—We are on a slippery slope once more/
all butterflies are protected.

1S

ANTI-COLLECTING RESPONSE
the study of genetics, then licences
could be obtained in advance by bona
fide people.

—This is one scenario but it may not be
the case. It is up to entomologists to
present a favourable image to the
public.

—It’s up to entomologists, to be
convincing why this should not be so.

APPENDIX 2

Stop press developments

1. This issue was first raised at the autumn 1984 meeting of the Joint Committee for

the Conservation of British Insects and mentioned under communications at the
BENHS December 1984 meeting. April 25th 1985 was the first meeting of the new
calendar.

Thus on April 25 1985 we were still speaking theoretically and with some
uncertainty whether and how this issue would be raised by other parties. On May
Ist DoE asked NCC to advise on a written parliamentary question, which appears
in Hansard for 7 May. The Secretary of State was asked if he would list those
species of butterflies found in the United Kingdom which the Nature Conservancy
Council regards as having significantly or substantially declined or as threatened
or endangered. Whilst this question from Dr. David Clark does not seem to have
been directed at adding to protected lists, it does show how bolts can come out of
the blue.

. The East Midlands Trade Fair, held at Leicester in April 1985 permitted trading
without licence of protected species which are listed on Schedule 5. This has also
brought to a head the concern about increasing levels of abuse of the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The licensing authority,
the Department of Environment, is seriously considering sending enforcement
officers to future trading exhibitions. A North London Trade Fair has its first
event in May 1985 and various other trading outlets seem to be increasing. This
focus of attention on trading in butterflies is likely to result in disquiet about the
whole question of butterfly collecting.

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

FIELD MEETINGS

BENHS Field Meeting: Dancers End, Bucks., 18.viii.1984. Leader: R.K.
Merrifield.—Dancers End, a Site of Special Scientific Interest, is a reserve of the
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire naturalists’ Trust (BBONT) in the
Chilterns near Tring. It includes beechwood, post-war conifer plantations and
regenerating woodland, areas of which are now coppiced. There are also areas of
open grassland and a gradation in soil types providing a wide diversity of habitats,
trom which 264 species of vascular plants have been recorded.

Six people attended the meeting on a hot summer’s day and the Warden, Mick
Jones, took us on an informative conducted tour of the reserve. We saw the original
meadows on which Dr Miriam Rothschild undertook her studies, in the early 1960's,
on the use of sheep-grazing to prevent the encroachment of scrub onto chalk
grassland after the decline of the rabbit population. Annual grazing is being
continued to maintain the chalk flora in these meadows and new experiments are
being conducted to evaluate methods to control dogwood regeneration in newly
felled clearings.

The weather stayed clear into the night and became too cool to expect large
numbers of moths. However, 50 species were recorded at the two lights that were run.

BENHS Field Meeting: Featherbed Lane, Addington, Surrey, 28.x.1984. Leader:
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt.—Although wet weather was forecast and it was in fact
drizzling up until the start of the meeting, the rain fortunately cleared altogether until
late afternoon, so enabling the 12 assembled lepidopterists (mostly micro-
lepidopterists) to enjoy a reasonably pleasant day.

Among those present we were pleased to welcome trom abroad, Messrs W. De
Prins from Antwerp, and F. Coenen from Brussels.

One of the chief specialities of Featherbed Lane is Phyllonorycter scabiosella
(Douglas), but although we managed to find a number of larvae in their blister-like
mines on the undersides of the lower leaves of Scabiosa columbaria, the species
appeared to be much less plentiful than usual. Other interesting micro larvae noted
were: Reuttia subocellea (Steph.), (cases numerous on the seed heads of Origanum
vulgare); Bucculatrix frangulella (Goeze), and Stigmella catharticella (Stainton), on
the leaves of Rhamnus catharticus; Caloptilia auroguttella (Stephens), cones on
Hypericum; Coleophora discordella Zeller, cases on Lotus corniculatus, some full
grown, others quite small; C. albitarsella Zeller, cases on O. vulgare; C.
gryphipennella (Hbn.), cases on rose; C. anatipennella (Hbn.), a case on hawthorn.
The only moth seen was a single fresh example of the plume Emmelina monodactyla
(L 2):

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS meeting 27.ix.1984.— Exhibits. Rev. D. AGassiz: A series of Luperina
nickerlii (Freyer), from Essex, together with ssp. knilli Boursin, leechi (Goater), and
gueneei (Doubleday), and also L. testacea (D. & S.) for comparison. He also showed
a distribution map prepared by Mr B. Skinner, showing the known distribution of all
subspecies of L. nickerli in the British Isles.

Mr R.A. Jones: Micralymma marina (Strom), (Col.: Staphylinidae) from
Aberystwyth on 4.vi. 1984, apparently the second Welsh record of this species.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 75

Mr A.J. HALsTEAD: Larvae of the Sedum Small Ermine Moth: Yponomeuta
vigintipunctella (Retz.), feeding on Sedum ‘Ruby Glow’ (thought to be a form of
Sedum cauticolum). The larvae were collected in the R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, Surrey.
He also exhibited an adult fish louse, Argulus (sp.), a parasitic crustacean collected
from the dorsal fin of a goldfish in an aquarium.

Membership. Messrs I.A. Johnson, E.F. Hancock, D.A. Pozorski and R. Harris
were declared elected members.

Communications. Mr R.K. MErRIFIELD transmitted an appeal for entomological
records for the Lizard Peninsula on behalf of the Lizard Peninsula Project run by the
University of Bristol.

Mr B.O.C. GarpDIner reported the recent occurrence of Acherontia atropos (L.),
in Huntingdonshire; and Mr A.J. HALsTEAD a larva of the same species at Ripley,
Surrey on 18.1x.84.

Lecture. Mr B.O.C. GARDINER spoke on Laboratory breeding techniques, and
initiated a discussion on the subject in which he answered questions on artificial diets,
the effects of prolonged inbreeding and other topics.

BENHS meeting 11.x.1984.—Exhibits. Mr E.S. Braprorp: Specimens of the
microlepidoptera Cydia janthinana (Dup.), Blastodacna hellerella (Dup.), and the
longhorn beetle Gracilia minuta (F.), allemerging from old dead rose stems collected
trom a hedge at Whitstable, Kent.

Communications. Mr BRADFORD stated that a Vanessa atalanta (L.), was seen by his
sister in Blean Woods, Kent on the 8th October. Mr D. WILson reported that a Colias
croceus (Fourc.), was seen at Thorpeness, Suffolk by Miss K. Robinson on 2nd
September.

Lecture. Mr P.W. Crips gave a most interesting talk entitled A naturalist in the
mountains of Europe, mainly concerning butterflies and which was accompanied by
many splendid coloured slides of insects and their habitats. Several members present
had had the pleasure of accompanying Mr Cribb on his expeditions and were
reminded of many memorable captures and places from France to Greece.

BENHS meeting 22.xi.1984.—The PresipENT announced the deaths of Lt Col
Hall-Smith and Mr K. Webb. Both gentlemen had joined the Society within the past
tive years.

Exhibits. Mr R.F. McCcormick: (1) Collection of photographs taken during the
Annual Exhibition of 27.x.84 by his wite: *“Entomologists studying entomologists”
(2)-Eggs of Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.), laid by a female taken at North Cheam,
Surrey. He noted that between 29.ix and 11.x1.84 he had found 13 L. leautieri in his
garden light trap, all males except the one female, and that this was the first time the
species had appeared there.

Mr N.M. Hatt: A colour transparency taken by Peggy Heard, a wildlite
photographer from Bracknell, of a male Mythimna ferrago (F.), (Lep.: Noctuidae),
with the brush organs, at the ends of the black V marks on the ventral surtace of the
abdomen, extended.

Mr F. Murpny: A coloured photograph of an exotic Papilio from Mrs J.E. Cain ot
Horsham, Sussex, who noted the insect in her garden in July 1984 and wrote
requesting its name and place ot origin. (Note: The photograph is of a female Papilio
aegeus (Don.), distribution of which extends from New Guinea to New South Wales.
One suspects the specimen shown was an escape from captivity.—J.M.C.-H.).

Membership. Miss J.J. Lambert, Drs M.J. Dumbleton, P.S. Hyman, P. Kirby,

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Messrs D.C. Holton, R.J. Worthy, H.K. Barton, M.J. Parker, L.T. Wooldridge, and
C.R. Lee were declared elected.

Lecture. Dr C.T. Davin, of the Imperial College, Silwood Park, spoke on How
male gypsy moths find females in the field.

BENHS meeting 13.xii.1984.—Mr J.M. CHALMeERS-HuntT: Athrips rancidella
(H.-S.), (Lep.: Gelechiidae), a species new to Britain, taken by the exhibitor in his
garden at West Wickham, Kent, and determined by Dr K. Sattler (British Museum,
Natural History).

Communications. Mr ALAN E. Stusss: (1) NCC is to receive an extra £7m. next
financial year, bringing the total budget to over £22m. It is most heartening that
government has at last accepted the need for increased resources—linked to
implementation of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. There will be some benefit
to entomology, both directly and indirectly. (2) The Quinquennial Review of the list
of protected species is underway, for completion early in 1986. The Council of the
Society will be invited to comment on the revision of the list. (3) Project Papillon, a
Guernsey based project involving the release of huge numbers of migrant and
resident butterflies, is still being promoted though less vigorously than last year when
NCC, backed by a number of Societies, largely quashed the idea. This and related
issues deserve the Society’s attention if matters are not to get out of hand.

Lecture. Mr F.A. Hunter read a paper entitled Some aspects of woodland beetle
ecology, which was accompanied by slides.

BENHS meeting 10.i.1985.—The PresipDENT announced the death on 10th
November 1984, of Professor O. W. Richards, at the age of 82. This distinguished
entomologist was an honorary member of this society.

Exhibits—The PresipENt: A female of the Scarce Umber Moth (Agriopis
aurantiaria (Hbn.)), found on a wooden paling fence at Orpington, Kent, on the 8th
January. The outside temperature was —4°C, with a substantial covering of snow on
the ground.

Mr RicHarD A. JONES: Two male and one female Sinodendron cylindricum (L.),
(Least Stag Beetle), from a half submerged log, floating on Crummock Water,
Cumbria, 30.x1.84. Despite the freezing water, the adults were active and larvae and
pupae were present in the waterlogged, soft white wood.

Membership. Messrs S. Swift, D. McNamara, Dr E. Benton, I.F. Stacey and S.
Button were elected.

Communications. Sqn Ldr PARKER reminded the meeting of the effective effort by
the Ministry of Defence Conservation Officer, Lt Col C.N. Clayden (who gave a talk
to the society in 1981). One of the M.O.D. sites, the range at Newtown, Isle of Wight,
would be the subject of a spider survey on 11.v.85. The survey was being organised by
Mr P.D. Hillyard (of B.M.N.H.), who might welcome a few more specialists.

Mr S.H. CuHurcH reported seeing at Lurgashall, W. Sussex, Agriopis leucophaearia
(D. & S.), on Ist January. He also reported seeing there specimens of Peridroma
saucia (Hbn.), and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), ina mercury vapour light trap on 10.xi.84,
the same specimens of which were still alive in the trap on 1.1.85.

Colour transparencies. In the unavoidable absence of Mrs A. Hughes, the
scheduled programme, the film The land provides, was postponed. Instead, those in
the audience were favoured with an excellent series of colour slides shown by Mrs F.
Murpny and Messrs R. Jones, N.A. CALLow and E. BRADFORD.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 Ti

BENHS meeting 24.i.1985.—Exhibits. Mr RicHarp A. JONES showed Thymalus
limbatus F. (Col.: Peltidae) from Lurgashell, W.Sussex, 28.xii. 1984.

Mr T. Fox had reared two female Chlosyne janais Druce (Lep.: Nymphalidae)
from larvae found near Porto Limon, Costa Rica, 1.xi.84.

Lecture. Mrs A. HuGHEs presented a film entitled The land provides, showing
aspects of her dairy farm in Hampshire being run with a view to the conservation of
wildlite there.

BENHS meeting 14.ii.1985.—Mr B.R. Baker (vice-president) announced from
the Chair the deaths of Mr D.W. Daly, who died on 19th December 1984, and of Mr
R.D. Hilliard.

Exhibits. Mr J.M. CHaAtmers-Hunt: Several triangular cases of Solenobia
triquetrella Hbn., collected by him that morning from beneath the copings of an old
concrete fence at West Wickham, Kent.

Mr R.A. Jones: Aphrophora major Uhler (Hom.: Cercopidae) from Wicken
Fen, Cambs., 13.viii.83, by sweeping. This rather local bug was first recognised as
British in 1926; it feeds on Myrica gale.

Lecture. Dr B.J. MAcNuLty read a paper entitled Outline life histories of some
West African Lepidoptera: Geometridae, which was accompanied by a series of
coloured slides of the insects.

BENHS Ordinary Meeting 28.ii.1985.—Exhibits. Rev. D. Acassiz: Scrobipalpa
klimeschi Povolny, taken by him at Chippenham Fen, Cambs., 22.vi.1973 (2) and
6.vi.1973 (3) and only lately recognised as new to Britain.

The Presipent, Mr P. A. Soxko.torr: Paintings by Eric Bradford illustrating
the genus Teleiodes, the subject of part of his presidential address.

New members elected. Paul Carney, Valerie Carney, Barry Cook, John Dobson,
Dr Andrew Duff, Ernest Emmett, Catherine Griffith, John Kramer, Ann Piatkus,
Bryan Pickess, Peter Ryan, Michael Simmons, David Stokes, Brian Taylor, Terry
Triggs.

BENHS Annual General Meeting 28.ii.1985, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley
Street, London W.1. The Presipent, Mr Paut Soxovorr, in the chair and 47
members present.

Minutes ot the last Annual General Meeting were read and approved.

Reports were read by the Secretary Mrs F.M. Murpuy (for Council), the
TREASURER, Col. D.H. STERLING, the Curator, Mr E.S. Braprorp and the
LipraRiAN, Mr S.R. Mites. The Hering Memorial Research Fund report was read
on behalf of its secretary, Dr M. J. Scoble. These reports are appended.

The President proposed the adoption of the reports, Mr COLIN PENNEY
seconded the proposal and it was adopted unopposed.

1985-6 Officers and Council. The President declared the following elected
unopposed:

President: P.J. Baker, Vice-Presidents: P.A. Sokoloft, J.M. Chalmers-Hunt.

Treasurer: Col. D.H. Sterling, Secretary: Dr J. Muggleton, Editor: R.W.J. Utfen.

Curator: E.S. Bradtord, Librarian: S.R. Miles, Lanternist: R.A. Jones.

Ordinary members of Council: C.B. Ashby, B.R. Baker, R. Dyke, J. Heath, P.J.

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Johnson, I. McClenaghan, C.G. Penney, B.F. Skinner, D.H. Walker, D.H.
Yendall.

Question under bye-law 22d: Mr G. Prior asked about the terms on which the
Society rented its rooms at the Alpine Club. He was told that the Society has ‘a licence
to occupy’ since its formal lease expired. Mr Prior thought this to be an unsatisfactory
arrangement, but did not suggest an alternative.

The PRESIDENT read his report and gave his address. He then installed the new
President, Mr P.J. Baker.

Mr Baker proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring President and asked for
permission to publish the Presidential Address. Permission was granted.

Mr S.N.A. Jacoss proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Council,
seconded by Mr Prior.

The Auditors, Messrs A.J. Pickles and R.A. Bell were re-appointed.

BENHS- meeting = 14. iii.1985.—Exhibits. Mr CuHatMerS-Hunt: Bankesia
conspurcatella Zeller (Lep.: Psychidae), living male and female together with larval
case, all collected by the exhibitor in East Kent, 13.11.1985.

Communication. The PRESIDENT stated that /nachis io L., Vanessa atalanta L.
and V. urticae L. had all been seen in his garden the weekend of 9/10.111.85.

Lecture. Dr J.A. THOMAS read a paper entitled The increase of the Lulworth
Skipper and the decline of the Adonis Blue—two side effects of modern farming.

BENHS meeting 28.iii.1985.—Exhibits. Mr RicHAarp A. Jones: Silvanus
bidentatus F. (Col.: Silvanidae), a single example from under the thick bark ofa felled
oak tree, Hampstead Heath, 16.x.1984, in company with the common and closely
related S. unidentatus Olivier.

Membership. The tollowing were declared elected: Dr Peter C. Howard, Howard
Mendel, Erica Cecille Farrow, Amanda Jane Gipson, Robert Dore; Christopher
Townsend.

Communication. Mr P. Soxo.orr stated he had captured a specimen of
Phyllonorycter messaniella Zeller on 28.iii. 1985, at Bromley, Kent.

Lecture. Mrs L.M. Pitkin gave an interesting talk on British marine life, which
was accompanied by some excellent coloured slides.

BENHS meeting I1.iv. 1985.—The PresipENT announced the death of Mr Alan
Hayes at the early age of 46.

Exhibits. Mr. R.D. Hawkins: (1) The ladybird Chilocorus bipustulatus L. found
at Guildford on an ornamental Chamaecyparis sp. in an abandoned nursery. The
bush also harboured a scale insect, possibly its prey, which was also found on a
neighbouring bush ot Juniperus communis.

Mr Co in Hart: The Dew Moth, Setina irrorella L., three larvae recently out of
hibernation, bred trom South Hampshire stock. The larvae appear on pebbles in
good weather at about 10 a.m. and 6 p.m., but rarely in the afternoon.

Mr RicHArD A. Jones: Myrmecina graminicola Latreille (Hym.: Formicidae),
trom The Underclitf, Newhaven, East Sussex, 7.iv.85, under a fallen sandstone rock
on the landslip.

Communications. Mr Brian Baker: Hyles livornica Esper, Rushmoor, Surrey,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 79

one, 2.iv.85; Weymouth, Dorset, five, weekend of 6-7.iv.85; Aldermaston, Berks..,
one, 9.iv.85. Spodoptera exigua Hbn., Burghclere, one, 3.iv.85. Mythimna unipuncta
Haw., one, Portland Bird Observatory, weekend of 6-7.1v.85.

Mr Coun Hart: H.livornica, one, Lymington, Hants, 6.iv.85.

Two shieldbugs were found in Sheffield the weekend of 6/7 April 1985:
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale L. and Cyphostethus tristriatus F.

Lecture. Dr L.K. Warp gave an interesting talk on The fauna of juniper, which she
illustrated with slides.

BENHS meeting 25.iv.1985.—The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr. G.B.
OLIVER.

Exhibits. Mr A.S. WHEELER: The following Australian butterflies. Trapezites
symmomus symmomus Hbn., Hesperilla ornata ornata Leach, Cephrenes trichopepla
Lower, Pelopidas agna dingo Evans, P.lyelli lyelli Rothschild, Gettoneura acantha
acantha Donovan, Oreixenica lathoniella herceus Waterhouse & Lyell.

Mr RicHarD JONES: Brachygaster minuta Olivier (Hym.: Evaniidae), found
crawling on the sand-dunes of Hengistbury Head, Bournemouth, 26.vii.1977.

Membership. The following were declared elected: Robert John Tremayne
Cartwright, Richard Vigant Goulding, Daphne Joan Goulding, Ian Dan Ferguson.

Communications. Mr R.F. BRETHERTON read a note on migrant Lepidoptera in
April, recording Hyles lineata, Cynthia cardui, etc.

Lecture. Mr A. Stusss led a discussion meeting entitled “‘Is there a future in
butterfly collecting?” a resumé of which will be published in the Proceedings.

BENHS meeting 9.v.1985.—The PresipENT, Mr Peter Baker announced the
deaths of Mrs A.M. McClure and F.D. Lawton, who died in 1983, and A.E. Wright,
J.G. Gully and M. Walker, who died in 1984.

Exhibits. CoLtN PLant showed a weevil, Otiorhynchus aurifer Boheman, which
was new to Britain. The specimens, dated 12.viii.78, 19.iv.80, 19.vi.81 and 28.vili.81,
were found by D.A. Smith at Harold Hill, Romford, Essex. Their identity had been
determined by Dr R.T. Thompson at the B.M. (Natural History). Otiorhynchus
aurifer is native to Turkey, Algeria, Italy and Corsica. It closely resembles the
common pest, the vine weevil O. sulcatus, but can be distinguished by the absence of
a spine on the swelling at the distal end of the hind femora.

RICHARD JONES showed some beetles, Cicones undatus Guer. (Col.:
Colydiidae), found in some numbers under dry flaking bark on a dead standing
sycamore in Windsor Forest on 27.iv.85. This species was new to the British list when
found at Windsor by Howard Mendell in 1984. Also exhibited was the other British
member of this genus, the rare C. variegatus (Hellw.) which occurs under beech and
oak bark.

Communications. COLIN Hart reported finding a Ruby Tiger moth on a shed at
Reigate, Surrey, on 6.v.85. It was generally agreed that the recent cool weather was
causing the late emergence of most insects.

Lecture. Dr MicHAEL Proctor gave a talk on Adaptive trends in insect-
pollinated flowers. He outlined the ways in which the association between tlowers and
insects may have evolved and gave examples of flowers that are designed to be
pollinated by particular types of insect. The talk was illustrated with slides of
outstanding quality.

80 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

BENHS meeting 23.v.1985.—Exhibits. Mr R.F. HAyNes: Rheumaptera undulata
L.: Scallop Shell, one bred trom Raggatt Plantation near Peel, Isle of Man, larger and
darker than the mainland form.

Mr C. Hart: (1) Photo of a larva and pupa of the plume moth Crombrugghia
distans Z. on its foodplant Crepis capillaris. Larvae and one pupa were tound near
Barton Mills, Suffolk, 11.v.85. Emmet (Ent. Rec., 95:15) gives a good description of
the early stages. (2) Larvae and pupae of the two British Agdistis (a) A.bennetii
Curtis, Nagden near Faversham, Kent, larvae common on Limonium humile,
16.v.85. (b) A.staticis Milliere, Ope Cove, Dorset, larva and three pupae on
Limonium binervosum, 19.v.85.

Mrs F. Murpuy: The salticid spiders taken in Majorca in April 1985: Aelurillus
monardi Lucas, male, temale; A.cervinus Thorell, male, temale.

Mr R.W.J. Urren: Eriocrania (Lep.) larvae and mines from Oxwich N.N.R.,
Glamorgan: E.chrysolepidella Zeller (also trom Ilston Valley), confirmed trom
Hering’s key by the larval prothoracic markings; E.sangii Wood, and another sp. on
birch,

Mr E.S. Braprorp: (1) An immature spider, thought to be Thomisus onustus by
the exhibitor, but suspected by Mrs Murphy to be a much rarer species (see minutes
of 13.vi.85), from E. Blean, Kent, 19.v.85. (2) Dorcus parallelopipedus L. (Lesser
Stag Beetle), found breeding in a rotten elm stump at Borstal Marsh, Rochester,
Kent, 22.v.85.

RICHARD A. JONES: Leptinus testaceus Miller (Col.: Lepitinidae), trom wood
mould and litter in a large hole in a hollow poplar tree, Hampstead Heath, 17.v.85.
This very local beetle is associated with the nests of bees, birds and small mammals,
and has also been found in bat droppings. It is extremely active despite lacking eyes
and wings.

Membership. Royston James Ledgerton was declared elected.

Transparencies. An interesting and varied selection of coloured slides of as usual
the highest quality was shown by Messrs. A. CaLttow, M.W.F. Tweepik, R.A.
Jones, and Mrs F.M. Murpny.

BENHS meeting 13.vi.1985.—Exhibits. Mr I. R. Hupson. Two rare hoverflies
taken by the exhibitor in the New Forest in 1985: (1) Brachyopa pilosa Collin, several
males hovering over fallen beech trunk, Mark Ash Wood, 29.v.85, (2) Psilota
anthracina Meigen, female taken feeding at hawthorn blossom, Denny Wood,
29.v.85.

Mr R. Lovect-Pank: (1) Living third instar larvae of Drymonia ruficornis Hutn.
and Peridea anceps Goeze trom eggs from a female taken Hillsford Bridges, North
Devon, 18.v.85. (2) D.ruficornis, aberrant male with median area of forewings
almost immaculate, and strongly patterned hindwings; same locality as above,
L785.

Mr E.S. Braprorp: (1) A female of the spider Pistius truncatus Pallas, which had
emerged from some dead branches and sticks collected in East Blean, Kent in
March-April 1985. The species was last found in this country about 100 years ago in
the New Forest. Little is known of its biology. On the continent the species in
widespread but local. This is the tirst record of its occurrence in Kent. (2) From the
same dead wood specimens ot the beetle Melasis buprestoides L.

Lecture. Dr A.G. Irwin of the Castle Museum, Norwich, gave a talk illustrated
with slides entitled The magnificent maggot. He described how the simple external

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 81

form of the cyclorrhaphous fly larva copes with many different habitats and pabula.
He demonstrated his subject with the aid of a cuddly giant model maggot which
appeared destined to replace the usual teddy bear in his children’s toy collection.

BENHS meeting 27.vi.1985.—Mr RicHArp A. Jones: Pentarthrum = huttoni
Wollaston (Col.: Curculionidae), from frass in open ‘wound’ of an old ash tree,
Willesden Green, London NW2, 24.vi.85; also the very similar Euophryum confine
Broun for comparison.

Mr A.J. HALsTEAD: A specimen of the local chrysomelid beetle Cryptocephalus
bipunctatus L., White Downs, Surrey, taken on a wild rose bush, 16.vi.85.

Mr A. VALLetTta: (1) Maniola jurtina hispulla female, with right wing smaller
than left and with eye-spot missing. (2) Pontia daplidice, all-black form. (3) Pontia
daplidice, gynandromorph.

Mr R. Hawkins: A female Doros conopseus F. (Dipt.: Syrphidae) which was
Ovipositing on a trunk of an isolated ash tree surrounded by chalk downland and
scrub, Banstead, Surrey, 16.vi.85.

Transparencies. In the absence of Mr R.J. Paxton with the scheduled programme,
Mr MicHae_ Tweepie kindly showed a selection from his superb collection of
colour slides together with commentary. They included microlepidoptera,
Coleoptera, shield bugs, lacewings and spiders.

BENHS meeting 11.vii.1985.—Exhibits. Mr E.S. Braprorp: Small psychid
moth cases, found under stones on shingle with lichens but devoid of vascular plants,
at Dungeness, Kent. Many stones had once case, some two and occassionally three
attached to the underside.

Mr Ricuarp A. Jones: A snaketly, Raphidia notata L., tound resting on the
bole of a large pine tree at the BENHS field meeting at Chobham Common, Surrey,
26.v.85.

Mr A.J. HAvstTeEApD: (1) A Mordella villosa Schrank (Col.: Mordellidae) found on
flowers of hogweed at the Sheepleas, Surrey, 6.vii.85. This species is locally
distributed in England up to Cambridgeshire. The larvae are associated with
decaying wood. (2) A longicorn beetle, Leptura scutellata F., found on a bracken
frond alongside the Basingstoke Canal at Sheerwater, Woking, Surrey 7.vii.85. This
uncommon species is usually associated with beech trees. 7

Mr R.W.J. Urren: (1) A moth, Leioptilus carphodactyla (Hbn.), captured in the
exhibitor’s garden, where /nula conyza had been grown from seed the previous year.
There is a colony of the moth about 0.5km away beyond a wood. (2) Larvae of
Coleophora ochrea (Haw.) trom the lip of the Avon Gorge, Bristol, whence they
were recorded over 100 years ago (Stainton: /nsecta Britannica, p. 212). This micro
moth is enjoying a resurgence which has led to its detection in Glamorgan and E.
Kent. The exit holes beneath the mines are ragged like those made by Mompha
miscella and not always neat round holes as for most coleophorids. (3) Larvae of
Coleophora leucapennella (Hbn.) trom the Wickwar Woods locality in Avon
discovered by Newton and Price. Some seedheads are lightly spun together before
the seedhead cases are made.

Membership. Dr R.S. Key and Messrs. J. Bisconti and D.A. Moore were declared
elected.

Communications. Mr Braprorp recorded a Large Tortoiseshell, Nymphalis
polychloros, tlying in his garden at Pean Hill, Whitstable, Kent on 20.vi.85.

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

The PRESIDENT noted two late dates, one of Orthosia gothica in S.Devon on
4.vii.85, the other being Lysandra bellargus, the Adonis Blue, still in good condition
at Brighton on 6.vu1.85.

Lecture. Dr STEPHEN SUTTON of Leeds University spoke on High life in the
tropical rain forest. Dr Sutton outlined the development of his project (carried out
jointly with Dr Christopher Rees of the University of York) to investigate the spatial
distribution of flying insects in tropical rain forest. Using specially developed traps
and access techniques, it had proved possible to make strictly comparative studies in
all three major blocs of rain forest (South-East Asia, Africa and the Americas).
Initially the work concentrated on the vertical distribution; the majority of
individuals and species were shown to be concentrated in the upper canopy 20-40 m
above the ground. Using Operations Drake and Raleigh as vehicles of support, the
use of aerial walkways had been developed, and currently work was under way to
look at the distribution of insects between the crowns. The lecture was illustrated with
numerous coloured slides showing the localities studied, some of the insects found
and the equipment used for trapping and observing insects within the canopy. A
lengthy discussion then followed, and Dr Sutton answered a number of questions
from the floor.

OFFICERS’ REPORTS

CURATOR’S REPORT FOR 1984

The thinning of the Society’s main collection of Lepidoptera, discussed with
members last year, is in abeyance for the time being. The re-organisation would be a
major undertaking, involving very many hours of concentrated work. It has not yet
been decided exactly how to proceed with this task.

I am pleased to report that the Cyril Hammond collections are completed, thanks
to Mr P. J. Chandler’s work on these groups. I am also grateful to Mr W. Parker for
sorting and rearranging many Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, a behind-the-scenes
activity that goes on all the time. Progress on the restaging of the microlepidoptera
has, however, been slow, due mainly to the infrequent visits to the Society’s rooms
during the past year. A few more Anthrenus have been found and dispatched, and
several more cabinets have been treated for this pest. The situation regarding the
Anthrenus infestation is improving.

Our Swedish member Mr Stig Torstenius has made a further donation of
Scandinavian Lepidoptera to the Society. As a result of this generous gift, one more
ten drawer Hill unit has been earmarked for the Torstenius collection. Mr C. B.
Ashby has kindly agreed to arrange this cabinet in keeping with the other three of this
collection.

Lists of the numbers of specimens of each species in the Society’s collections have
been compiled for the Coleoptera and the Torstenius collection. It is proposed to
complete an inventory of all specimens in the Society’s main collections, other than
duplicates. There are still a number of duplicate macro- and microlepidoptera
available to members should they wish to avail themselves of such.

During the year specimens from the Society’s collections have been loaned to
members for research purposes.

Finally, I would like to thank, on behalf of the Society J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, Rev.
D. J. Agassiz, B. Skinner and E. S. Bradford for the donation of insects to the
collections.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

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84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

HONORARY TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1984

Financially, the Society has had a very satisfactory year. You will notice that the
cost of the Proceedings shown in the Publications Account was £1400 higher than last
year, but this includes some plates not yet used. A grant of £1100 for all the coloured
plates was made from the Hammond Memorial Fund and also receipts from sales
rose, so the net cost to the Income and Expenditure Account was only increased by
£150. General expenditure was just over £200 up, mainly because an extra
distribution to members had to be made. No expenditure was necessary on cabinets
and collections and investment income increased by 25%, partly due to 1983
investment changes and partly to the interest on the inflow of cash from Special
Publication sales. Receipts from subscriptions also rose and as a consequence of all
this, our overall excess of income over expenditure rose by nearly £1000, so unless
unforseen circumstances arise, the current rate of subscriptions introduced in 1982
should not need altering for 1986. It must however be realised that the routine
running costs of the society in 1984 exceeded by some £2250 the receipts from
members’ contributions, the balance being met mainly from investment income.

Turning to the Balance Sheet, the Library Fund appears as a separate item for the
last time, as, from January Ist, it has been merged with the General Fund. The
Special Publications Fund has risen to over £13700 with sales of over £7600 in 1984.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1984

FUNDS
1983 1984
£ £ £ £
11870 General Fund—Opening balance 12351
12351 451 Excess of Income over Expenditure 1472 13823
579 Library Fund—Opening balance 791
381 Income 203
960 994
791 169 Expenditure 353 641
2308 Housing Fund 2308
6995 Special Publications Fund—Opening balance 9626
9626 263] Surplus from sales 4088 13714
23882 Hammond Bequest Fund—Opening balance 26206
2349 Interest and dividends 2539
26231 28745
26206 25 Expenditure 2043 26702
2664 Hering Memorial Fund—Opening balance 2713
302 Income 324
2966 3037
2713 253 Expenditure NIL 3037

53995 TOTAL FUNDS 60225

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 85

Only £3500 of this fund is now represented by stock at cost, the rest being temporarily
held in short term investments, to be available when the Publications Committee
have suitable material for a further publication. In addition to providing coloured
plates for the Proceedings, as already mentioned, income from the Hammond
Memorial Fund has been used to purchase projection equipment, cloths for covering
tables at the Annual Exhibition and has borne the cost of printing the revised
bye-laws. About half of this fund is still held in the National Savings investment
account for quick access if necessary, as the Society’s rooms continue to be occupied
on a monthly licence.

Mr D.H. Walker, who has been Subscriptions Treasurer since 1979, is handing
over his duties to Mr G.N. Burton. On behalf of you all, I would like to thank both Mr
Walker and his wife, who has acted for him whilst he has been abroad, for all the very
hard work that they have both put in, and to welcome Mr Burton in his place. I would
ask all members to make this exacting task as easy as possible by ensuring that their
subscriptions are paid at the correct rate on or before January Ist each year. Our
thanks are also again due to our Honorary Auditors for carrying out their annual
audit.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1984 contd.—

THESE FUNDS ARE REPRESENTED BY

1983 1984
£ fe £ £
Investments at cost (details appended)
20722 General Investments 20722
23005 2343 Hering Memorial Fund Investments 2343 230605
Stock
6324 Special Publications at cost 3539
S11 187 Christmas cards 333 3872

(The value of the library, collections, ties and back
numbers of Proceedings is not included in the accounts)

Liquid Assets
15813 N.S. Investment Account 28354
1218 Debtors and advance payments 1280
22] Cash on deposit 3430
ll Cash in transit
7701 Cash on current account 2264
25064 35328
Less:
1500 Royal Society Loan 1500
24419 2145 Subs. in advance, amounts owed and provisions 540 33288
53995 TOTAL ASSETS 60225

AUDITORS’ REPORT

In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the Society's affairs as at 31st December
1984 and the Income and Expenditure accounts give a true and fair view of the Society's results for the year.

A.J. Pickles F.C.A.

R.A. Bell

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 87

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY IN 1983-84

A guide to habitat creation C. Baines & J. Smart
Chalk grassland—its conservation and management Nature Conservancy Council
Wildlife Introductions to Britain Nature Conservancy Council
A nature conservation review, parts | & 2 Nature Conservancy Council
Ecology and nature conservation in London Greater London Council

A bibliography of the entomology of the smaller British offshore islands
K.G.V. & V. Smith
Entomology—a guide to information sources P. Gilbert & C.J. Hamilton
A directory of natural history and related societies in Great Britain and Ireland
A. Meenan
A bibliography of Irish entomology J.G. Ryan, J.P. O'Connor & B.P. Beirne
Bibliography of Palaearctic Lepidoptera 1982 P. Gilbert
The butterflies and larger moths of Lincolnshire and South Humberside
J. Duddington & R. Johnson

A practical guide to the butterflies of Worcestershire J. Green
The Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands R.I. Lorimer
An Introduction to the moths of South East Asia H.S. Barlow
Eupithecia of Japan H. Inoue
Catalogue of the Geometridae of J apan H. Inoue

The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 10 Noctuidae
(Cucullinae and Hypeninae) and Agaristidae
R. Bretherton, B. Goater & R.I. Lorimer

Breeding the British and European hawkmoths P. Sokoloff
Practical hints for collecting and studying the microlepidoptera P. Solokoff
Mariposas de Venezuela T. Raymond
The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the London Area 1964-1982 E.W. Groves
Biology of spiders R.F. Froelix

The Syrphidae of North Western Europe and European Russia
V.S. Van Der Goot

A provisional atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of Essex

Essex Biological Records Centre
Flora of the London area R.M. Burton
Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, vol 2 H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse
Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica series. Vols. | & 2 are already in the library.

The rest of the volumes published so far, purchased in 1984 are:

3 The Tachydromiinae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark M. Chvala
4 The Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark O. Lomholdt
5 The Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark K.A. Spencer

6 The Elachistidae (Lepidoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark
E. Traugott-Olsen & E. Schmidt Nielsen
7 The Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark
F. Ossiannilsson
8 The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark
C.A. Collingwood

9 & 11 The Aphidoidea of Fennoscandia and Denmark O.E. Heie
10 The Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark S. Bily
12 The Empididae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark M. Chvala

13 The Scythrididae (Lepidoptera) of Northern Europe B.A. Bengtsson

88 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT FOR 1983

This report was read at the AGM minuted in vol. 17: 92.

As a result of the numerous British and foreign journals exchanged by the Society
and the quantity of accessions in recent years, there is now a shortage of shelf space.
Therefore the major task of the year has been to sort out duplicate and less desirable
journals and separates for disposal. These rasied £230 for the library fund in sales at
the Society’s annual exhibition.

Further reductions in library holdings are possible where the society has more than
two copies of some infrequently borrowed books. Subject to Council’s agreements to
library committee proposals, space can be made available for the purchase of
recently-published works, particularly key works on orders other than Lepidoptera,
in which the library is somewhat deficient. | am reviewing the value to the Society of
the British and foreign journals exchanged, continuing a pruning of the exchange list
begun by my predecessor.

One library committee meeting was held during the year, at which a decision was
made to extend the limited conditions of reference and borrowing applicable to the
very rare and valuable books to some additional volumes. These will come under a
restricted borrowing category and will be kept on view, but in a locked cabinet, so
that the permission of the librarian or his assistant (as keyholders) will be necessary to
enable a member to borrow such books. It is noped that this will ensure the proper
completion of the borrowing record so that such books remain fully traceable, so
reducing the risk of loss and the consequential cost of replacement.

During the year the Society received the bequest of the P. Neave Headley
photographic colour slide collection illustrating butterflies and moths, with many of
larvae not previously represented in our collection. This fine collection had been
prepared and collated by one of our members, Mr M. Enfield, and was therefore
recommended as a worthwhile addition. We are particularly indebted to Mr
Headley’s wife for the donation, because he was not amember. These slides are being
kept as a separate collection as requested by the donor. A start has been made by Mr
W. Parker on transferring the main slide collection to plastic sheets to facilitate ease
of reference.

Thanks for the gift of books and papers are due to Mr R.F. Bretherton, Mr H.S.
Barlow, Mr E.W. Groves, Dr H. Inoue, Dr M. A. Scoble, Mr O. Kudrna, Mr R.I.
Lorimer and Dr M.G. Morris. I also thank those members and officers of the Society
who have assisted me in the running of the library.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT FOR 1984

This year has been mainly one of examination of the library contents and
consideration of its future requirements. At the request of the library committee a
major task has been and continues to be to produce an up-to-date list of all journal
exchanges. In the course of producing this list I decided that I should also
concurrently note for internal library usage a number of other facts: the current
exchange organisation address; the date period and completeness of volumes held;
the amount of space that these journals take up; the content as to quality,
geographical coverage and entomological subject matter. Knowledge of the above
should enable assessment of the tuture space required for this material and whether
reductions are considered to be necessary. Production of this list represents an

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 89

arduous and time-consuming task but it is essential I believe, for the future efficient
running of the library.

One library committee meeting was held during the year at which the main decision
was to recommend to Council that future purchasing of new books, apart from
additions to existing series, should be directed principally towards the Society
acquiring major works on entomology. The type of works in this category would be
those that members would wish to borrow but would not normally be able to afford
for themselves or borrow easily from their local public library.

A list of books purchased and donated during 1983/84 has been produced and will
be printed in the next edition of the Society’s Proceedings.

Continuing the pruning of surplus books, journals and separates raised £196 in
sales during the year for the Society’s funds, as following implementation of the new
bye-laws there is now no separate library fund.

Further batches of separates have been sorted into appropriate subject headings
and this material has been placed in box-files and deposited on the library shelves.
The titles added this year have been: Genetics, Palaearctic Rhopalocera and
Collecting Trips Abroad—Lepidoptera.

Mr W. Parker has continued to ably assist me in maintaining the Society’s slide
collection. During this period he has carried on with the task of transferring the slides
to plastic wallet binders to facilitate their easy examination, a service for which I am
most grateful.

I would like to thank all those who have donated books to the Society during the
year and especially to the following members: Mr B.W. Weddall for a set of thirteen
volumes of H.T. Stainton’s ‘Natural History of the Tineina’, to Mr B. Skinner for a
copy of his new book a ‘Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles’
and to Dr P.H. Langton for a copy of his recent work, ‘A key to pupal exuviae of
British Chironomidae’.

Finally I would like to thank Messrs M. Brown, E. Bradford, P. Sokoloff, Mrs F.
Murphy and the library committee for their help in running the library during the
year.

COUNCIL’S REPORT 1984

1984 has been and gone, fortunately failing to live up to George Orwell’s nightmare
vision. There would have been no room for the British Entomological and Natural
History Society on Airstrip One.

The Society has pressed on regardless, as it has done for the last hundred years or
so. We lost 7 members by death, 28 by resignation and 44 had to be struck off for
non-payment of dues. The introduction of the new bye-laws has meant that two lots
ot defaulters were struck off in 1984. 55 new members were elected. The society now
has 720 members.

The new bye-laws were adopted at the Special Meeting in June. The 24 members
present at the meeting and the 66 members who sent postal votes to the secretary
were all in favour of adopting the new bye-laws. The Council record their gratitude to
Col. Sterling for all his hard work in revising the bye-laws.

The Council were very pleased to elect Dr John Bradley to Honorary Membership
in recognition of his services to the Society especially through his support of
members’ researches into the microlepidoptera. They were also happy to elect to
Special Life Membership Mr R. P. Demuth, who joined the Society in 1933.

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

No new Special Publication was produced in 1984 but ‘British Hoverflies’
continued to be very popular and about 750 copies have already been sold.

Dr Muggleton’s final indoor meetings program was very successful. A new venture
was the joint meeting with the London Natural History Society. The venue was
provided by the L.N.H.S. and we met in the rooms of the Linnean Society in
Burlington House. The B.E.N.H.S. provided the speaker and our President, Mr
Paul Sckoloff gave a most interesting talk entitled ““Recent Changes in the Butterfly
fauna of London and the South-east’, taking at the last moment the place of Mr
Uffen who was unfortunately unable to be present. Mr Andrew Halstead’s first field
meetings programme was well attended.

The Annual Dinner, arranged by Dr McNulty, was enjoyed by a number of
members and the Exhibition, master-minded by Mr Ken Evans was also successful.

Mr. Bretherton has handed over as Sales Secretary to Mr Andy Callow. Mr
Bretherton has been on the council for 20 years, holding office for 19 of these years
and has done an immense amount for the Society and no doubt will continue to care
for and watch over us in the years to come!

Now I am resigning as secretary and handing over to Dr John Muggleton and I
would like, if I may, to make one or two personal remarks. The Society goes in for a
large variety of activities, indoor meetings, the dinner and exhibition, field meetings,
publishing the Proceedings and various Special Publications, maintaining a very good
library and invaluable collections and it has a lot of hard working, devoted and totally
unpaid officers to manage all these activities. Many of these jobs (including the one in
which I served) are interesting and enjoyable, at least in part, but some, for example
those of the Assistant Treasurer and the Distribution Secretary need careful,
conscientious work and are not exciting. It is irritating for them to reflect that their
work load is more or less doubled by the 200 or so members who cannot spare 15
minutes to send their subscriptions in on time or, if they cannot afford to pay, at least
lash out 13p to write in and resign.

I have to confess that I myself am in no position to throw stones and one reason that
I put all this to you is that I never realised before becoming secretary how tiresome my
own carelessness must have been. It is not even as if our officers are glad of a little
work to fill their empty hours: they are all longing to finish the job and get back to
their bugs.

Finally my grateful thanks to the Council and particularly the Assistant Secretaries
who have made the job so much easier and with whom I have greatly enjoyed
working.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND, 1984

One award of £100 was made this year to Mr Ashley Kirk-Spriggs (an associate of
the Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales) towards the cost of his
study of the predators and parasites of rice pests planned for July 1985. The work is to
be carried out under the auspices of the Project Wallace Expedition organised by the
Royal Entomological Society of London.

The aims of the project are to collect parasites and predators of rice pests tor
biological cultures to be started at the Rice Unit, University College, Cardiff, and
also to collect immature stage of shoot-flies (Chloropidae) of agricultural importance
tor taxonomic studies of the group at the National Museum of Wales. (Both these
institutes are among the sponsors. )

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 91

A report was received from Mrs Radoslava Spasic, University of Belgrade, who
received an award last year for a project on the Agromyzidae of Yugoslavia with
particular emphasis on those of agricultural importance. Mrs Spasi¢ reared nine
species of Agromyzidae from a great variety of plants of agricultural importance from
sixteen field locations and four greenhouses. She spoke about her work at a plant-
protection meeting in Yugoslavia in October 1984.

MrJ.H. Donner, from the Vrije University, Amsterdam, submitted a report on his
entomological visit to New Zealand in April and May 1984. He was also in receipt of
one of last years awards. Mr Donner collected Nepticulidae from sixteen sites, and by
rearing examples of almost all known New Zealand species he has extended our
knowledge of host-plants. In addition, specimens representing twelve new species
were reared. Mr Donner’s visit enabled him to study material in several collections in

the country.
M. Scoble

Migrant Lepidoptera in April 1985.—As many members will already know, there
has been a large early immigration, which included at least six species. It apparently
began on April | and 2, when a front crossed west and south Britain, with strong
warm winds from SW and §S, with similar airstreams continuing until April 8; and
there seem to have been further arrivals in similar conditions about April 16. Mr Peter
Davy, whom I have consulted and who has provided several records, agrees that both
wind directions and species suggested that these probably came from North Africa.

So far I have records as follows:

Striped Hawks (H.lineata livornica): Surrey, Rushmoor, night of 2/3.4, male;
Bramley, 9/10.4 in trap after a SW.gale; North Lancashire/Westmorland border, 5.4
and 6.4, two; Sussex, Brighton, 6.4; SW. Cornwall, Scorrier, 8.4 on house wall, still
there a.m. 9.4; Dorset, Portland, four, dates not yet available; St Alban’s Head, 16.4,
faded male; Furzebrook, 17.4.

Painted Ladies (C.cardui): Surrey, 14.4, in garden; Frensham, 6.4; Furness &
N.Lancs., 5/7.4, at least four; Cornwall, 6/8.4, nine in four places; Worcestershire, 5
& 6.4, two; S.Devon, 6 & 8.4, two; Dorset, Furzebrook, first 1.4, many more to 18.4;
Ringstead, 10.4, six; Cornwall, Mawnan Smith, c.19.4, two.

There are two much earlier records: Aldermaston, Berks., c. February 5;
Cornwall, Mullion 27.2.

Spodoptera exigua: Sussex: Ninfield, before 5.4; Cornwall: Mawnan Smith, c.
18.4.

Heliothis peltigera: Sussex, one; Dorset, St Alban’s Head, 16.4.

Nomophila noctuella: Surrey, 16.4, one worn; Dorset, St Alban’s Head, 16.4, one.

Agrotis ipsilon: Surrey: South Croydon, 5.4; Dorset, Furzebrook, before 18.4, a
few; Cornwall: Mawnan Smith, 18.4, four.

This was clearly an important immigration, which should be fully recorded. I
should be very grateful for further records. The influx of Striped Hawks is particularly
interesting, both because of its early date and its numbers. A few have been reported
in many years; but the last big invasion was in 1965, when about 40 were reported,
mostly in mid-May. Before that one has to go back to the great years of the 1940s,
with over 500 in 1943. A watch should be kept for larvae, of which a few were seen in
that year.—R.F. Bretherton, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey,
GUS OLE. Read at meeting 25.1v. 1985.

9? PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by PAUL A. SOKOLOFF

I. TOPICAL REMARKS

I am pleased to report that my year as President has been devoid of major
catastrophies. On this basis I hope to keep my remarks brief, although I am conscious
of the comment by Cherin that **. . . sermons on brevity and chastity are about
equally effective. . .”. We have heard the reports of your officers, and it is pleasing to
note that our Society is continuing to prosper. I must confess that I am still staggered
by the amount of work put in by the officers and members of Council on our behalf,
and no vote of thanks can ever do justice to the efforts of those who administer our
Society, organising the myriad of activities we have come to expect, such as indoor
and field meetings, exhibition, annual dinner, publications sales, production and
distribution of our Proceedings, management of the Society membership, finances,
collections and library. I must single out two members for special mention: Russell
Bretherton is now retiring from Council, having held the offices of President,
Treasurer and Sales Secretary at various times during his long association with us. I
wish him well in his retirement from “official duties”’.

I must also mention our retiring Secretary, Frances Murphy. Of all the officers the
Secretary has the most onerous of tasks, being expected always to know the answer to
the most obscure of administrative enquiries. I suspect that one of the more trying
tasks is keeping the President in order. Presidents are, by their very nature, an
ephemeral and univoltine species. With only Chairman’s duties written into the
general job description, it is easy to plan great schemes and projects, and it is often
necessary for the Secretary to exert a firm but diplomatic hand. I am certainly
personally grateful to Frances for helping me avoid a number of blunders during my
term of office, and I extend my best wishes to her for the future.

Our thanks are due to Mr R. Dyke for designing and supervising the production of
our excellent new Christmas card. It is disappointing that we have been unable to
launch any new publications this year, but sales of existing material are buoyant, and
there are ample funds available for new publishing ventures in the future. At the last
Annual Meeting, Col. A.M. Emmet retired as the Honorary Secretary to the Hering
Memorial Research Fund, being succeeded by Dr M.J. Scoble. I would like to
publicly record the Society’s thanks to Col. Emmet for his work over the years in
administering this fund on our behalf.

We have been in existence as a Society for 113 years and it is inevitable that the
aspirations and requirements of members will have changed over this period. The
Society has always tried to respond to change, and this year our new bye-laws, so ably
revised by Col. Sterling, have been adopted. I am sure that to an active entomologist
the bye-laws of a Society are very dry bones indeed. They are, however, important in
providing the constitutional framework within which we operate as a Society. Our
ability to communicate effectively with each other, and our long tradition gives us the
strength and conviction to face the challenges of the future. It may seem a little
overdramatic to use phrases such as “‘challenges of the future” in an address to those
for whom entomology is an interest and a hobby, but I do not think so. It is a sad fact
that the cancers of legislation and bureaucratic control permeate our lives and,
increasingly, our hobbies. If we do not take care the faceless denizens of Whitehall
and Brussels will further threaten our individual interests as well as the wider goals of
insect conservation.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 93

I am convinced that the Society will have an increasingly important role in
influencing the future status of insect conservation and entomological activity. | am
sure that members will be pleased to learn that the Society has for some time been
active in making its views known to Official Bodies, but I suspect that the pressure on
us will increase with the passage of time. We must listen carefully to our advisors and
prepare cogent and rational argument to counter proposals, such as collecting bans,
which may be made by those with an eye more for political expediency than common
sense. | have no doubt our voice will be heard—I only hope those who matter will
listen.

It is now my sad duty to remember with you those of our members who have died
during the past year: ~

G.S. MANSELL diect om July 8th at the age of 73. He was by profession an
architect, publishing several books and papers on the subject. He joined BPI in 1947
later becoming editor of “The Architect and Building News”. He subsequently
became the managing editor of Iliffe Technical Publications, joining their Board in
1967. He had many interests including golf, photography and a life long passion for
butterflies. During the last ten years he concentrated his efforts on the genus Erebia,
particularly their early stages. He joined the Society in 1960.

H.E. CHiprerFIELD died on 11th July at the age of 77. He joined the Society in
1958, although his interest in entomology began at the age of 7 when he started
collecting in the New Forest, under the guidance of his local vicar. He moved to East
Anglia in 1917, joining Lloyds Bank in 1923. He remained with the Bank, at various
eastern localities, until his retirement in 1966. He was Treasurer of the Suffolk
Naturalists’ Trust for 33 years and collected extensively on the Broads, Breckland
and fens, and during his retirement turned his attention to tortricoid moths and leaf
miners. “Chip”’ will be fondly remembered by many members for his good
companionship in the field, and generous hospitality towards all those who visited his
home at Walberswick.

K.F. Wess died suddenly on 11th October. An engineer by profession he joined
the Society in 1983 as a novice lepidopterist. He was a regular visitor to both indoor
and field meetings, rapidly building up a comprehensive knowledge of the
Bedfordshire Lepidoptera. He was fortunate enough to capture the third British
specimen of the Pyralid moth Daraba laisalis Walker in his garden in 1984.

D.H. Ha.i-SmitH died suddenly on 9th November at the age of 64. Although he
only joined the Society in 1984 he was well known to members living in the Midlands,
and more generally for his publication in 1983 of the index to Bradley and Fletcher’s
Recorder's Log-book and Label List of British Butterflies and Moths. He was a soldier
by profession, joining the cavalry as a trooper in 1938, transferring to the Royal
Armoured Corps during the Second World War. In 1945 he transferred to the Royal
Veterinary Corps working mainly with horses and tracker dogs. He served with
distinction in Singapore and Cyprus before being commissioned in 1960 and posted to
Malaya, where he began to assemble his extensive collection of tropical Lepidoptera.
He retired from the army in 1975 with the rank of Lt Colonel and joined the staff of
the Leicester museum as an Assistant Keeper. He re-organised the museum biology
collections, and set up a County recording scheme. As a result of this scheme an Adlas
of Leicestershire Butterflies and Moths is being prepared for publication.

Prof. O.W. RicHarps died on 10th November at the age of 82, following a long
illness. he joined the Society in 1945 and was elected an Honorary member in 1965. A
distinguished entomologist, he joined the staff of Imperial College as a research

94 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

assistant in 1927, remaining at Imperial for the rest of his career, retiring in 1967 as
Head of the Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology. He was an authority
On many areas of entomology, including the Sphaerocerid flies, aculeate
Hymenoptera and insect ecology. His many publications included The Variation of
Animals in Nature in 1936, two editions of Imms’s General Textbook of Entomology,
the later in 1977, and The Social Wasps of the Americas in 1978.

D.W. DALEy, an overseas member, died at his home in Zimbabwe on 19th
December. He was a keen collector of African butterflies, specialising in the
Charaxes. He joined the Society in 1951.

R.D. HILviarp died on 31st January at the age of 70. He was a banker by
profession until his retirement in 1974. He was a keen and expert photographer with a
wide interest in natural history, particularly the Lepidoptera. He will be fondly
remembered for his cheerful disposition, wide knowledge of natural history and his
talent for fostering and encouraging an interest in entomology amongst both the
young and the less experienced naturalists. He was one of the founder members of the
Amateur Entomologists’ Society and joined this Society in 1976.

You have already stood in memory of these members, so I will not ask you to do so
again.

Entomologists often ensnare their prey by employing various trapping techniques,
and in many cases Presidents are obtained by these traditional methods. I hasten to
add that I do not suggest your Presidents are selected from the random influx to light
traps or carrion traps, but rather by more subtle device, perhaps analogous to the
pheromone trap. I refer of course to that most insidious of snares, the telephone. This
trap was used in my own case, and I well remember the siren voice of John Heath
offering a nomination for Vice President, and my own flustered and incoherent
response. Nevertheless I have very much enjoyed my year in office, although it has
not been the sinecure I anticipated. The pleasure afforded by this unexpected honour
soon became tinged with a faint horror that I would be expected to address this august
body. A great many Presidential addresses have been masterpieces of expertise and
erudition, and looking through the list of past Presidents I wondered what I had to
ofter. It soon became clear that I did have a unique quality: I was not an expert on
anything, an amateur in all senses of the word. However, this has never stopped me in
the past, and I do not intend that it does so now.

BOOK REVIEWS

Woodlice in Britain and Ireland: Distribution and Habitat, compiled and edited by
Paul T. Harding and Stephen L. Sutton. Biological Records Centre, Institute of
Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon 1985. Pp 151. £5.50 including postage.

Here, admirably presented, are the results of a dedicated band of Isopod mappers
who set out to devise a mapping scheme that could extract the maximum amount of
information from the countless hours of field work and gallons of petrol expended in
gathering data from all such projects. The faint-hearted who opted out rather than
bother to fill in the accurate description of habitat required by the record card for
analysis should now be ashamed at their indifference. Many other scheme organisers
should be feeling very sheepish that nothing more than spots on a map will come out
of their own schemes.

The book gives a check list of species, notes key works and appends descriptions of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 95

four species added to the British fauna since the mapping scheme began. It describes
the origins of the scheme, illustrates the record card, reproduces the collector’s
instructions and describes the verification and treatment of data. Each species is
accorded a page for its map and summary distribution of records, and a page of text.
This describes the fascies of the animal, the percentage of records in the habitat
categories, habitat notes, behaviour and distribution in and beyond the British Isles.

The book concludes with descriptions of the major habitat types and their
associated species, an excellent list of references, an analysis of records by habitat and
a discussion of rare and vulnerable species.

Woodlice in Britain and Ireland is a real appetiser, well produced, enthusiastically
written and inexpensive. The 442 recorders listed should be well pleased.
Coleopterists should find this scheme tailor-made, but mappers sampling flying
insects have much greater problems in associating their captures with defined
habitats. They should at least now be spurred to make a real effort.

Also available from ITE publications sales without charge are a leaflet describing
the BRC and introducing the recording schemes (Biological Records Centre: a
National Data Bank) and a bibliography of published sources of distribution maps of
the British flora and fauna (Current Atlases of the Flora and Fauna of the British Isles).

R.W.J.U.

Coléopteres de Il’ Ardéche, by J. Balazuc. 334 pp, 47 ink drawings and a map. Société
Linnéenne de Lyon, 33, rue Bossuet, 69006 Lyon, France. Price 220 francs.

In 1982 the Société Linnéenne de Lyon appealed for the publication of captures of
insects from the Ardeche region and M. Balazuc responded after spending more than
50 years collecting beetles in the area. The result is an excellent commentary on over
2500 species.

The area covers about 5600 square kilometres and includes the south-east of the
Massif Central and the middle of the Rhone Valley, hence the area roughly divides
into two areas: the north-west, formed by high crystalline mountains; and the south,
tormed by calcareous plateaux. The systematic list and commentaries are based both
on existing lists and museum collections and on the author’s own researches, and
entries for individual species vary in length from one line to several pages depending
on the number of records available and the interest and importance of the species.
Many of the most interesting ones are illustrated with the author’s excellent ink
drawings. Because of the position of the Ardeche, the beetle fauna has a mixed
origin; some elements are typically Mediterranean, while others are restricted to the
cold of the mountains or the deep caves for which the area is renowned. Cave dwellers
(many of them blind) are things we know little of in this country and it is fascinating to
see and read about some of these peculiar insects. The author’s activity in the area is
reflected by the fact that of the 45 species illustrated, three species and two subspecies
are named after him and one species is named by him.

As usual with Continental works, the bewildering diversity of species compared to
our almost impoverished British fauna is both intriguing and daunting, but as British
collectors become more aware of the important works coming out of Europe, it is
obvious that despite being an island, we cannot cut ourselves off from the European
study of Coleoptera either trom the point of view of nomenclature and taxonomy or
ot distribution.

This book is very well produced: despite being a paperback, it is well printed on

96 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

good quality paper with superb illustrations. My only criticism is that the map of the
area is rather scrappy and confused, a shame given the author’s obvious artistic
ability. Nevertheless, the book can be considered as an important contribution to the
knowledge of the fauna of the south of France and a fine example of how a ‘local’ list
should be produced.

R.A.J.

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 2 Cossidae—Heliodinidae,
Edited by J. Heath, A.M. Emmet. Harley Books, Colchester, 1985. £45.00.

This volume deals with Cossoidea, Zygaenoidea, Tineoidea and part of
Y ponomeutoidea, but not Yponomeutidae.

New volumes of this monograph are always eagerly awaited and provoke earnest
controversy at society meetings, in public houses and over mercury vapour light
traps. With volume prices comparable to the inflated antiquarian values of the classic
nineteenth century standard works, the question is essentially whether the format of
the series provides such information as to make this work an essential item in the
average entomologist’s library. If so, why is it highly priced and if not, what
readership is it aimed at? The editors must see quite another viewpoint: at what level
is it possible to find authors to give complete coverage of the British Lepidoptera?

The conceptual content of this series seems to have been an illustrated update of
Meyrick’s taxonomic Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. An up-market
presentation, a decision to include quarter-page distribution maps and irrelevant
introductory articles in a basically taxonomic work, presumably to contrive expanded
sales, led to an eleven-volume library work instead of the modern vade-mecum that is
the real requirement of so many lepidopterists. The micro-lepidopterist will be
obliged to buy the relevant volumes, but the initial volumes on macrolepidoptera
have already provoked production of Skinner and Wilson’s illustrated guide to cater
tor the light-trapper’s requirement for a replacement for South’s Moths of the British
Isles.

In some respects, this volume breaks out of the strait-jacket of the imposed format.
Tremewan’s contribution on Zygaenidae toes the line of the details included under
each species, but precedes it with an essay on Zygaena ranging from detailed
chaetotaxy of the larvae to dispersal, hybridisation and conservation. Sound advice is
given on rearing Zygaena, with consideration of the diapause that can extend
development to extra years.

A further break with the general scheme here is the provision of a key to larvae and
a fine plate of coloured drawings of Zygaena by Colin Threadgall. In Gracillariidae,
the problem of identifying Phyllonorycter from their mines has been in most cases
resolved by reference to description of the pupation habits within the mine and a key
to pupae of species on popular foodplants is provided.

In one respect this volume remains stubbornly Victorian. Figures of genitalia are
regarded as a last resort. Pierce and Metcalfe’s figures of genitalia of Tineina were the
last to be published (other than the females of Noctuidae) and Pierce drew them
himself to a standard far below that of earlier volumes. There were also errors ot
identification, inevitable in such a pioneer work, but nobody has ever published a list
of corrections, even though this work has been reprinted and is still in use. MBGBI
makes no synonymic or taxonomic reference to Pierce and Metcalfe. Blank quarter
pages are liberally scattered throughout the text, whilst the few genitalic illustrations

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 97

are strewn over complete pages. This is a major omission, as anyone attempting to
map species from worn light trap catches will testify.

MBGBL is the first British book on the whole of the Lepidoptera to be published
since the establishment of a reasonably rational family classification. The apparently
readily workable key to families, following that of Sattler in Fauna von Deutschland,
should prove a revelation to anyone starting out with Meyrick.

The introductory chapter is an extensive and fascinating review of British
aposematic Lepidoptera by the Hon. Miriam Rothschild, so why is the frontispiece of
an exotic species? Unless one has an aptitude for turning a blind eye to everything in
parentheses, the flow of this contribution is marred by incessant appeals for support
of every statement made from the 210 references cited. I doubt whether this will
encourage the interest of the probable readership of these volumes.

The most suitable medium for coloured illustrations of moths has been a
contentious issue throughout this series and remains so. The artistic licence used to
fill in areas of constant tone or little detail with brush or pen marks along the wings
gives a scratchy appearance and precludes conveying sheen and texture. Even the
fold that is so conspicuous in many Lepidoptera is barely indicated. The hindwing
cilia have been drawn coarsely, perhaps to withstand the loss of detail in
reproduction. The opportunity in drawing whole moths of angling the lighting to
convey the sometimes great differences in pattern contrast on the pair of wings
illuminated basally compared to that illuminated apically has not been used. Would it
not therefore be better to halve the artist’s work by showing one pair of wings and
spend some of the saving on larger drawings with more confident detail? Similar
techniques are used with more success by Scandinavian illustrators when the linear
infill represents single scales.

The illustrator is also handicapped by the universal use of a white background,
which, in the absence of a printing in metallic ink, leaves no possibility for
representing metallic tints or whites. The translucent white of the leopard moth
cannot be shown and the glistening white of Leucoptera is parodied by grey
scratchings.

What seems to be required is a modern equivalent of the 19th century process of
hand-coloured lithographs. Detail and critical shading were provided in a grey line
printer and colour was applied quite crudely by hand. The same principle is used
today in compressing the information bandwidth transmitted in television. The poor
quality of the old plates was as much in the economy of the number of tints used as the
lack of detail in colour. Modern electronic platemaking aimed at long print runs takes
all the neutral component of colour out and puts it into the black printer, which
therefore has to be black and has to be screened. This does not seem to be the way to
go for our sort of work. The three colour dye system used by the Society’s platemaker
makes a very adequate black on its own.

I have a cruel editorial test for the value of coloured plates. Can you key out the
coloured figures in the text? I tried it on one of the most awkward genera, Parornix
and failed miserably, both on shade and pattern. I had more success with the figures
ot Stainton’s Natural History of the Tineina! The figures are not always of specimens
showing the characters described as normally diagnostic, and there are no
supplementary text figures to show these. Legs are not shown on the plates, and
nowhere is there a figure of the characteristic leg embellishments of Caloptilia, or the
resting posture of the moths, though both are described and used as diagnostic
characters. Emmet puts forward a hypothesis of mimicry of parasitic Hymenoptera

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

by micro moths with certain wing patterns, yet this is not supported by any figure of a
resting moth. These authors and editors have been brought up to identify their moths
from the entirely unillustrated Meyrick’s Revised Handbook and the often
inadequate original descriptions of species. Illustration does not come easily to them.

The strictly defined format of the presentation of species assists materially in
welding the contributions of many authors into a uniform whole. The scholarship
and patience of the editors in checking all that comes before them ensures a high
standard of accuracy. The choice of a colour-blind author tor one family must be
viewed as a self-inflicted wound trom which I hope that the editors have by now
recovered! Other problems, such as collectors who inconsiderately add species to the
British list in the middle of the preparation of plates and text, have been mastered
without perceptible difficulty.

This work is greatly needed for its contribution to updating and collating published
information on microlepidoptera, but we shall all continue to wish that the immense
effort that goes into it could be tailored to our individual needs.

R.W.J.U.

The Macrolepidoptera of Gloucestershire, compiled by J. Newton (Moths) and
G.H.J. Meredith (Butterflies). Proceedings of the Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field
Club, 1984, 39 (1), 133 pp. Reprinted as Macrolepidoptera in Gloucestershire. R.P.
Beckinsale, 194 Iffley Road, Oxford OX3 ISD. £4.50 incl. p.&p.

This consolidates Donovan’s Catalogue of the macrolepidoptera_ of
Gloucestershire, 1942, Austen Richardson’s three Supplements of 1945, 1953, 1972,
with later information to 1982 assembled by the compilers. After a new general
introduction, those to the earlier parts are reprinted in their original form, and all the
information on each species is now brought together, using the nomenclature of
Bradley and Fletcher’s 1979 label list. Eight species of moths have been added since
1982, bringing the total listed to 676.

It will be a great help to all those interested in the rich and varied Lepidoptera ot
Gloucestershire to have the present information thus brought together in a single list.
The compilers note, however, that many parts of the county, particularly in the forest
of Dean and the north east, are still very little recorded. For the moths the up-dating
since 1972 has been very thoroughly done in appropriate detail; but for the
butterflies, alas, the compiler has confined it to generalities without places or dates,
though there is a half-promise of distribution maps at some time in the future. This
reviewer also expresses his hope that soon at least a preliminary list may be produced
of the county’s microlepidoptera.

RF.

Correction to vol. 17.—p.107, line 15: emergence of S. formicaeformis extends trom
late May to early August [not April].

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 99
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS II

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GELECHIIDAE
by PAUL A. SOKOLOFF

A general introduction to the family is followed by descriptions of the British
species of the genera Teleiodes and Teleiopsis.

The Gelechiidae are a fascinating and challenging group to study. Although there
are probably in excess of 160 resident British species, distributed between some 55
genera, members of this family are often inconspicuous, secretive in their habits and
do not readily come to the notice of the general lepidopterist. The family name
derives from the type genus Gelechia of Htibner, a loose approximation of the Greek
for “resting on the ground”’. Heslop? in his attempt to assign English names to all the
British microlepidoptera chose group names including “groundling”’, “sober” and
“obscure” for the Gelechiidae. Whilst this is certainly appropriate for some members
of this family, it is a gross injustice to many.

Fold Plical Discal Costal Torn
spots spots patch pat

i] KK S

fii) i ui ho \\
OTN K\ KY
IN\\ a

Fig. 1. Gelechiid wing markings

I do not propose to provide a definitive taxonomic description for this family—the
entomologist will notice two distinctive features: in the resting insect the long,
recurved labial palps, with pointed terminal joints, are striking and in the set insect
the trapezoidal hindwings usually have a markedly emarginate termen, the classical
“pointing finger’. Not all species have this feature, although an at least sinuate
termen is found in all other species bar those of the Symmocinae which have
elongate-ovate hind wings. The general features of gelechiid wings are shown in
figure 1.

The adult insects are mainly crepuscular or nocturnal, although many species are
easily disturbed during the day. Moths are often very active, running or flying away at
the least disturbance, and concealing themselves with remarkable rapidity. It is
appropriate to quote J.W. Douglas’ writing in 1860 of Teleiodes fugitivella (Zell.)
*. . . common in chinks and crannies of the oak palings under the elm trees, whence
they surveyed the world, always with an eye to the main chance of escape, which they

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

evidently considered to be the whole duty of moths . . . wary and practiced in the
shuffling arts as any of their race ever were. . .”. This description could apply to
many of our native gelechiids.

TABLE 1: Larval habits of British Gelechiidae

External on or under ground 8
In roots 4
In stems 9
External in webs 10
Shoots 25
Spun leaves 31
Leaf mines 9
Buds 2
Flowers 5
Seeds 18
Lichens 1
Moss 10
Detritus 4
Unknown 23

Approximate total 159

The larvae of this family are without particular distinction, having five pairs of
prolegs, rarely being apodal. Like the adult moth the larva is often either active or
very active when disturbed. The feeding habits of this group are perhaps amongst the
most catholic of any lepidopterous family (table 1), with many species feeding in
webs, silken tubes or spinnings. One must not be too dogmatic in playing the numbers
game as the larvae of many species will feed on all or any available parts of their
particular foodplant. One species, Reuttia subocellea (Steph.) constructs a portable
case made from a floret or husk of Origanum or, less commonly, Mentha aquatica,
whence it feeds on the seeds of these plants.

The gelechiid pupa has the first four abdominal segments fixed, and is not
protruded from the cocoon on emergence. In comparison with other families of
Lepidoptera we are woefully ignorant about the general biology of many of our
species, and much work needs to be undertaken in this field. A number of species
overwinter in the larval stage, especially those which feed on seeds. Only Teleiodes
decorella (Haw.), Scrobipalpa costella (Humph. & Westw.) and perhaps a few
individuals of Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.) are known to hibernate as adults. One may
conjecture that most overwinter in the egg or pupal stage.

Since the publication in 1979 of the “Log Book” by Bradley and Fletcher’ nine
species of gelechiid moth have been added to the British list. In 1980 Teleiodes wagae
(Nowicki) was recognised by Dr Sattler from specimens taken in Co Clare and
Hampshire**. Also in 1980 Metzneria aprilella (Herr.-Schatf.) was spotted by Dr
Sattler in a series of moths exhibited by Dr Bland at our annual exhibition’. In 1982
the Rev. D.J.L. Agassiz published a paper in our Proceedings separating Oecogonia
caradjai Popescu-Gorj from its congeners quadripuncta and deauratella’. 1984
proved to be a bumper year for the disclosure of new species: Mr R. Heckford bred
Syncopachma suecicella (Wolff) from Genista pilosa in Cornwall*, and Mr E.C.
Pelham-Clinton bred specimens of Scrobipalpula tussilaginis (Frey) trom larvae
collected in Devon in 1983 mining the leaves of Tussilago farfara.’ Mr. J.M.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 101

Chalmers-Hunt has taken specimens of Monochroa niphognatha Goz. from a marsh
in Kent!® and has also identified a moth taken over a period of years in Kent as
Athrips rancidella (Herr.-Schaff.)'°, and finally in February 1985 at a British
Museum workshop for members of this Society two further species of Scrobipalpa
were revealed. Perhaps the surprising aspect of these discoveries is that most are
probably resident British species. A number of other “mystery” moths are under
investigation at present, including possible new species of Monochroa, Eulamprotes
and Teleiodes.

I would like now to briefly consider those species referable to as “pests”. Most
major groups of Lepidoptera contain some species of economic importance, and the
Gelechiidae are no exception. Whilst the major culprits are well known, the status of
minor pest species is poorly understood. This is unfortunate, as opportunistic species
are often able to take advantage of changes in, for example, farming practice by
switching from their natural foodplants to those supplied so abundantly by man. Thus
new pests may arise which may be of considerable economic significance, particularly
in Third World countries which have limited resources available for pest control.

Exotelia dodecella (L.) is occasionally a minor pest in plantations of Pinus species
in Europe and Canada. The pre-hibernation larva mines in needles, ejecting frass
from holes in each end of the needle. After hibernation the larva feeds on buds and
shoots. Recurvaria nanella D. & S. is occasionally a minor pest in orchards where the
post-hibernation larva feeds in the buds of apple, plum and cherry, as well as wild
Prunus and Malus.

The Peach Twig-borer, Anarsia lineatella Zell. has been bred from imported
apricot in this country''. It is essentially a Southern European species that has now
spread throughout Central Asia, the Far East and North America. Although mainly a
pest of peach and almond it feeds on a wide variety of trees including plum, cherry,
apricot and many Prunus species. The larva feeds on leaves and buds, but the
principal economic damage is to twigs and fruit, into which the larva bores. In
northern areas the moth is bivoltine, hibernating when small. In hotter areas there
may be up to four generations during the summer months.

Phthorimaea operculella Zell., the Potato Tuber Moth, or Tobacco Splitworm,"*
is a widely distributed and often significant pest in tobacco, potato, tomato, and
occasionally egg plant and sugar beet. In growing plants the eggs are laid mainly on
the underside of leaves. On hatching the larva mines a leaf (which may be of
particular significance in crops such as tobacco) or may bore through the stem into the
tuber. Females may lay directly onto potato tubers, for example in dry and cracked
soils where the moth can gain direct access to the roots and tubers, or around the
‘‘eyes”’ in stored tubers. In storage the moth may continually breed if the temperature
is sufficiently high. Larval damage provides a focus for secondary microbial infection
as well as causing weight loss and shrinkage through evaporation. Control of this
moth is mainly by dusting and fumigation, but recently biological controls using
parasites and pathogenic viruses has been tried.

A less well known crop is pistacio nuts, harvested predominately from Pistacia
verum. These nuts are widely grown in Middle Eastern and mediterranean countries,
where arid and desert-like conditions are particularly favourable to this plant. Iran,
for example, has a considerable area where pistacio is the only useful crop. Several
gelechiid moths are associated with pistacio, and four may be classified as pests".

Telphusa pistaciae Sattler was first noticed as an unidentified pest in Iran in 1969,
and was described by Sattler as a species new to science in 1982. The larva of this

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

species bores into buds, thus damaging the flowers. In one survey 27% of all buds
were found to be attacked by larvae'*. Schneidereria pistaciicola Danilevsky feeds in
the larval stage on developing fruitlets and may cause significant damage. It is
interesting to note that damage by this species can be substantially reduced by simple
hygienic measures such as scraping loose bark, and reducing the amount of litter
around the base of trees. S$. pistaciella Weber, although of uncertain taxonomic
status, attacks half-ripe nuts destroying the kernel. The last pest in this complex is
Gelechia pistaciae Filipjev, whose larva feeds on the leaves, flowers and fruit. Perhaps
no single plant is host to so many pest species of the same family.

The Angoumis grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Oliver is a pest of whole cereal
grains, including rice, in warm, temperate regions and throughout the tropics. It is
recorded in the U.K. although it is rarely of economic importance here. Infestation
can occur both in the field prior to harvest as well as during storage. It is an interesting
species as the larva develops within a single grain. As mobility is not important to the
larva, the prolegs are greatly reduced. In stored grain infestation is usually confined
to the outermost exposed areas as the moth is too delicate to penetrate densely
packed grain.

Of great economic importance is the Pink Boll-worm, Pectinophora (Platyedra)
gossypiella Saunders, one of the many pest species associated with cotton, occuring
wherever the crop is grown. The moth is bivoltine, with the first brood larva feeding
in a web inside the cotton flower. Larvae of the second brood complete their
development within the boll, reducing the yield in infested crops. Control is usually
by spraying, but increasingly pheromone traps are being used.

Keiferia lycopersicella (Wals.), the “tomato pinworm” is widely distributed
through the Americas where it feeds on a variety of solanaceous plants, being a
particular pest of cultivated tomato. The moth lays eggs on the leaves and fruits, and
the larva on hatching bores into the tissue, producing the characteristic pinholes.

I conclude this section by mentioning four recently recognised pest species'*:
Ephysteris promtella (Staud.) is widely distributed throughout the dry grasslands of
the arid zones of the Old World, where it presumably feeds on various grasses. In the
mid 1970’s this species was found in Turkey boring the stems of wheat (Triticum sp.),
causing considerable crop damage. Scrobipalpa ergasima (Mey.) has caused damage
to cultivated solanaceous plants, particularly egg plant and potato, in tropical and
sub-tropical regions of the Eastern hemisphere. Eurysacca melanocampta (Mey.)
damages potato and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in Peru, and also in Peru Keiferia
colombiana Pov. has been found damaging melon pear (Solanum muricatum).

To the new student of the Gelechiidae, the British literature has very little to offer.
After 60 years, Meyrick’ is still a fine work of reference, although difficult to use.
Pierce & Metcalfe'’ figure a reasonable selection of genitalia, and Stainton’s
‘Natural History of the Tineina”’'* offers the only recognisable illustrations of British
moths, but very few species are figured. Emmet’s “‘Field Guide’’’” is indispensable to
the field worker, but apart from these the student must scour the journals for
information. The need for coloured illustrations of moths of this family is pressing,
and the society hopes to remedy this defect in part with a series of occasional papers
on this group. Ultimately, the “Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland’’*? will provide an accessible source of reference for those interested in the
Gelechiidae.

PLATE 3. THE BRITISH SPECIES OF TELE/ODES AND TELE/IOPSIS

1. vulgella 6. wagae

11. paripunctella

2. scriptella 7. proximella

12. luculella

3. decorella 8. alburnella
13. sequax

pgcccolene 9. alburnella
14. diffinis

5. notatella 10. fugitivella

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 103

APPENDIX
THE BRITISH SPECIES OF TELEIODES AND TELEIOPSIS (Lep.: GELECHIIDAE)

The genus Teleiodes was erected in 1960 by Sattler*', on the basis of genitalic
characteristics, separating species formerly in the collective genus Telphusa
Chambers. Eleven species are currently recognised as British. They show broad
similarities in their biology, with larvae feeding between spun leaves, predominantly
of trees. Only one species, Teleiodes decorella, hibernates as an adult, the remainder
overwintering in the pupal or egg stage. The genus Teleiopsis was similarly erected in
1960?', the sole British representative of this genus being Teleiopsis diffinis,
formerly assigned to the genus Gelechia.

Teleiodes vulgella (Hiibn.).(aspersa (Haw.)) Fig. 1

‘Wingspan 11-13 mm. Forewings grey with scattered black scales. Indistinct darker
spots on costa near base, at one-third and three-fifths. Most noticeable feature a
black bar from tornus at two-thirds stretching towards, but rarely reaching, the costa.
Bar composed of raised scales, although this is often difficult to see in a set specimen.
The only appreciable variation is in the ground colour which varies from light grey to
dark grey.

Moth June and July. Common and widely distributed in England and Wales, but
apparently absent from Scotland.

Larva greenish-grey with black spots; head light brown; thoracic plate black and
bisected. Feeding April and May between spun leaves of Crataegus spp. or Prunus
spinosa, making a brownish blotch. Has been bred from juniper**. Pupates in
spinnings, or in a flimsy cocoon on the ground.

Teleiodes scriptella (Hiibn.) Fig. 2

Wingspan 12-13 mm. Ground colour of forewings white, mixed with black and
brown scaling. Black mark on costa from base to about one-fifth; a smaller costal spot
at one-half and a larger patch beyond at three-fifths. Wings dorsally suffused with
darker scaling, but the three black spots are clearly visible, with distinctly raised
scales. Dark scaling often ends abruptly forming a transverse line at three-fifths.
Some variation in ground colour.

Moth June. A local species with a predominantly south-eastern distribution.

Larva light green with black spots; head yellowish; thoracic plate yellowish edged
black with two dark spots. Feeding August and September in a flat folded leaf of Acer
campestre. Pupa overwinters in a light cocoon amongst surface rubbish.

Teleiodes decorella (Haw.) (humeralis (Zell.)) Figs. 3, 4

Wingspan 13-14 mm. A very variable species. The “white”’ form (fig. 3) usually has
the base of the forewing white with a very distinct black costal mark from base to
about one-fifth; costa white, sprinkled with black scales, sometimes forming darker
spots. Dorsum black-scaled from one-fifth to about three-fifths with lesser scaling
beyond. Head and thorax white. The black scaling is often intense, much more so
than in scriptella. The “brown” torm (fig. 4) has head, thorax and ground colour of
wings brown. The black costal marks and two black bars are usually visible, but may
be absent or difficult to distinguish in very dark, unicolorous forms.

Moth July, hibernating soon afterwards, but not often seen in the spring. Widely
distributed, although local, in England, Scotland and Wales.

Larva light green with head and thoracic plate light brown. Feeding May and June
in a folded leat of Quercus spp. or Swida.

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

Teleiodes notatella (Hiibn.) Fig. 5

Wingspan 12-15 mm. Ground colour of forewings varying from light grey to dark
brown-grey; sometimes paler in apex beyond an indistinct angular fascia at four-
fifths. Markings on wing in streaks and indistinct. Often a difficult species to
characterise, and worn specimens require examination of the genitalia. Note that the
male genitalia figured in Pierce and Metcalfe'’ under this species are those of
Teleiodes wagae.

Moth May and June. Widely distributed and reasonably common.

Larva pale grey-green with black spots; head and thoracic plate black. Feeding
August and September on parenchyma under the down on the underside, or between
two leaves of Salix caprea. Pupa overwinters in a light cocoon on the ground.

Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki) Fig. 6

Wingspan 12-14 mm. Forewings grey-brown, lighter near apex, with small black
spots: three in a line across wing at one-fifth, rather indistinct on costa but distinct in
cell and fold. Four dots at two-fifths: one on costa, two in cell and one in fold. Pair of
dots at end of cell. Fresh specimens are reasonably distinctive but worn examples
require genitalia examination. In the past this species has been confused with both
notatella and paripunctella.

Moth April and May. A recently discovered** and presumably resident species
known at present from only four widely dispersed localities (Western Ireland,
Hampshire, Kent and Yorkshire).

Larva pale green; head light brown; thoracic plate greenish yellow. Feeding in
August and September between spun flat or occasionally folded leaves ot Corylus,
making irregular blotches at first, then holes. Pupa overwinters in a flimsy silken
cocoon on the ground.

Teleiodes proximella (Hubn.) Fig. 7

Wingspan 13-16 mm. Ground colour of forewings varying from white to grey with
diffuse black scaling. Discal and plical spots dark and elongate. A series of black dots
around apex and termen.

Moth May and June, widely distributed and reasonably common in England,
Scotland and Wales.

Larva pale green, often reddish tinged, with black spots; head yellowish. Feeding
August and September in a tolded leat of Betula spp. or Alnus glutinosa. Pupa
overwinters in a flimsy cocoon on the ground.

Teleiodes alburnella (Zell.) Figs. 8, 9

Wingspan 12—14 mm. Rather variable. The typical form with ground colour of
forewings white. One or two small black spots on costa at base with varying amount of
black scaling on costa leading to a well defined costal blotch at three-fifths (fig. 9).
Individual specimens, and some localised colonies throughout its range show
considerable variation in the degree of black scaling (fig. 8) which may extend trom
the base to around three-fifths. Although the costal blotch is present, it is confluent
with the background scaling. Some forms superficially resemble proximella and
others could be confused with the white torm of decorella. However the dorsum is
predominantly white in alburnella whereas the costa is mainly white in decorella.

Moth late June to August, widely distributed and locally common.

Larva light green with black spots; head and thoracic plate yellow. Feeding in May
and June between a spun or folded leaf of Betula spp. Probably overwinters in the

egg.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985 105

Teleiodes fugitivella (Zell.) (fumosella (Douglas)) Fig. 10

Wingspan 12-15 mm. Ground colour of forewings grey with varying amounts of
black scaling extending from base to around three-fifths, with reduced scaling
beyond. Dark streak on costa at base, blackish streak along fold. Superficial colour
may be light grey, dark grey or occasionally with a faint reddish-brown hue.

Moth June and July. Widely distributed and locally common.

Larva light green, tinged with pink above, with black spots; head and thoracic plate
light brown. Feeding in May in a folded or spun leaf of Ulmus spp. readily dropping
trom a silken thread when disturbed.

Teleiodes paripunctella (Thunb.) (triparella (Zell.)) Fig. 11

Wingspan 11-12 mm. Ground colour of forewings varies considerably. Usually
yellow-brown tending towards grey-brown, particularly in specimens bred from
Myrica. Three pairs of distinct spots at one-, two- and three-fifths. Six or seven spots
at the apex. Usually a distinctive species, although worn, dark specimens could be
confused with wagae. The pattern of the black spots readily distinguishes the two
species.

Moth May and June, widely distributed.

Larva yellowish-green, occasionally pink tinged, with black spots; head pale
brown. Feeding August and September between, and skeletonising leaves of Quercus
spp. or Myrica. There appear to be two ecologically distinct populations: a woodland
form on Quercus and an open moorland form on Myrica. Pupa overwinters amongst

23

surtace debris?>.

Teleiodes luculella (Hubn.) Fig. 12

Wingspan 10-12 mm. A very distinctive species not given to significant variation.
The semi-circular white costal blotch is characteristic.

Moth May and June. Widely distributed in oak woodlands of England and Wales.

Larva whitish green with black spots; head yellow brown; thoracic plate yellow
brown with black marks. Feeding in September between spun leaves of Quercus spp.
Pupa overwinters in a loose cocoon on the ground.

Teleiodes sequax (Haw.) Fig. 13

Wingspan 11-14 mm. Ground colour of forewings white with dense red-brown or
black scaling. Angular fascia at one-third and another at three-quarters: sometimes
two black dashes beyond. Little variation, although some worn individuals could be
contused with Recurvaria nanella.

Moth July, widely distributed in England, Scotland and Wales.

Larva whitish tinged with dull green; spots grey; head and thoracic plate brown.
Feeding May and June between spun shoots, often drawn together in a “ball” ot
Helianthemum chamaecistus (common rockrose) or H.canum (hoary rockrose).
Pupates amongst surface litter in a flimsy cocoon.

Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.) Fig. 14

Wingspan 14-16 mm. Ground colour of forewings grey-brown, often tinged with
violet. Very little variation and the angular, oblique fascia at one quarter is
characteristic.

Moth May and June with a partial second brood in September and October.

Larva green, tinged brown with red markings; head and thoracic plate yellow
brown. Feeding August to April (occasionally July and August as well) in a silken
gallery amongst roots or occasionally along the stem and in seeds ot Rumex acetosella.

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 18, 1985

There is slender evidence** that a few individuals of the second brood may hibernate,
but most overwinter as a larva.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank D.J.L. Agassiz for the loan of specimens, and E.S. Bradford
for providing the magnificent colour paintings used to illustrate this paper.

REFERENCES

|. Bradley, D.J., Fletcher, D.S. & Hall-Smith, D.H. 1979-83. Recorder's Log Book of
British Butterflies and Moths, Index, Addenda and Corrigenda. London and Leicester.

2. Heslop, 1.R.P. 1947. Indexed Check-List of the British Lepidoptera with the English Name
of each of the 2313 Species. London.

3. Douglas, J.W. 1860. The Weather and the crops (of insects). Entomologist’s Weekly
Intelligencer 8: 166-167.

4. Sattler, K. 1980. Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki, 1860) new to the British List. (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae). Entomologist’s Gaz. 31: 235-42.

5. Langmaid, J.R. 1980. The biology of Teleiodes wagae (Nowicki) (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae) and its discovery in England. Entomologist’s Gaz. 31: 253-254.

6. Sattler, K. 1981. Metzneria aprilella (Hering—Schaeffer, 1854) new to the British fauna.
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 83-90.

7.* Agassiz, D.J.L. 1982. Oecogonia caradjai Popescu-Gor] & Capuse (Lep.: Gelechiidae)
recognised as British Proc. Trans. Br.ent.nat. Hist.Soc. 15: \-S.

8. Hecktord, R. (on Syncopachma suecicella (Woltt) Entomologist’s Gaz. in preparation).

9. Pelham-Clinton, E.C. (on Scrobipalpula tussiliaginis (Frey) Entomologist’s Gaz. in
preparation).

10. Chalmers-Hunt, J.M. 1985. Monochroa niphognatha Gozmany, 1953 and Athrips
rancidella Herrich-Schaefter 1854 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) new to the British fauna.
Ent. Rec.J. Var. 97: 20-24.

ll. Uffen, R.W.J. 1959. Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Britain.
Entomologist’s Gaz. 10: 57-58.

12. Haines, C.P. 1977. The Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller): a
bibliography of recent literature and a review of its biology and control on potatoes in the
field and in store. Rep. Trop. Prod. Inst. G 112.

13. Sattler, K. 1982. A review of the Western Palaearctic Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera)
associated with Pistacia, Rhus and Cotinus (Anacardiaceae). Entomologist’s Gaz. 33:
13-32.

14. Samet, K. 1982. The life history of the Pistacio Bud Moth, Te/phusa pistaciae Sattler on
Pistacia vera in Iran. Entomologist’s Gaz. 33: 33-34.

15. Povolny, D. 1979. On some little known moths of the tamily Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) as
pests of crops. Acta. Univ. Agric. Brno (A). 27: 139-165.

16. Meyrick, E. [1928]. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. London.

17. Pierce, F.N. & Metcalfe, J.W. 1935. The Genitalia of the Tineid families of the
Lepidoptera of the British Isles. Northants.

18. Stainton, H.T. 1865, 1867. The Natural History of the Tineina vols. [1X and X. London.

19. Emmet, A.M. [1979]. A Field Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera. London.

20. Heath, J.. and Emmet, A.M. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland.
Volume 4 (in preparation).

21. Sattler, K. 1960. Generische Gruppierung der europaischen Arten der Sammelgattung
Gelechia (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Dt.ent.Z. (N.F.) 7: 10-118.

22. Sokolotf, P. 1983. Teleiodes vulgella (Htibn.) on Juniper. Ent. Rec.J.Var. 95: 116.

23. Wakely, S. 1958. Notes on Telphusa triparella Zell. Ent. Rec.J.Var. 71: 154.

24. Sokoloft, P. 1979. The voltinism of Teleiopsis diffinis (Haw.) Lep.: Gelechiidae
Ent. Rec.J.Var. 91: 329-330.

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CONTENTS
Dennis, R. L. H. Voltinism in British Aglais urticae (L.)

(Lep. Nymphalidae): Variation in space and time 51
Withers, P. Notes on some British Clusiidae, and reduction of Clusiodes facialis (Coll.)

to synomymy 63
Stubbs, A. E. Is there a future for butterfly collecting in Britain? 65
Sokoloff, P. A. Presidential Address 92
Sokoloff, P. A. Introduction to the Gelechiidae 99
Uffen, R. W. J. Hibernating first and second brood Aglais urticae (L.) 61
Book Reviews 94
Correction to vol. 17 98
Additions to Library 88
Field Meetings 74
Indoor Meetings 74
Officers’ Reports 82
Wildlife Link in 1984 62

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P PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS BAA THSONI An,
A BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL

+4 HISTORY SOCIETY FFB 02 1987

INDEX VOLUME 18 (1985)

LIBRARIES

Compiled by N. Hall
Dates of publication: part 1 lst April 1985, parts 2

Additions to the Library in 1983-84, 87 on CRM ee
Aglais urticae (L.) (Lep. : Nymphalidae), Voltinism ‘in’ British,
Variations in Space and Time, 51
Aglais urticae (L.), Hibernating first and second Brood, 61
Annual exhibition 1984, 1-24
Book Reviews
Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland, 34
Coléoptéres de l'Ardéche, 95
Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles, 49
Macrolepidoptera of Gloucestershire, 98
Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 2, Cossidae -
Heliodinidae, 96
Spiders of the World, 50
Woodlice in Britain and Ireland: Distribution and Habitat, 94
Brachycera, Syrphidae and Conopidae of the Epping Forest area, A
provisional list of the, 37
Butterfly Collecting in Britain, Is there a Future for?, 65
Clusiidae, Notes on some British, and reduction of Clusioides facialis
(Coll.) to synonymy, 63
Correction to vol. 17 re formicaeformis, 98
Field Meetings 1984
Burnt Oak Wood, Orlestone, Kent, 27, 29
Church Wood, Blean, Kent, 30
Dancers End, Bucks., 74
Featherbed Lane, Addington, Surrey, 74
Gibbins Brook, Kent, 29
Odiham Common, Hampshire, 27
Gelechiidae, An introduction to, 99
Hering Memorial Research Fund Report, 90
Hornet, Vespa crabro (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Secondary nests of
the, produce queens, 35
Ichneumonidae reared as ectoparasites of spiders, Notes on species of, 32
Indoor Meetings, 25, 74
Migrant Lepidoptera in April 1985, 91
Officer's and Council's Reports, 82-90
Presidential Address, 92-94, 99-106
Wildlife Link in 1984, 62

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Hada mNie Mle people ploy amie

Hall-—Sm¥thi,, Di, Hie, 22

REVISE Ag (GhA YS!

Halsey, M., 9

Halistead). Ace Uicts tle Dims

Hanson, M. W., 37

Hammer, tA cic) (Ope o, ea2

Harper, M. W., 9, 16

Harter oc meio O ASO

Hanvieys al Rist eae

Hawkins, R. De, 73), Si

Haynes, R. F., 80

Healy Nie. bases eon a0

1a

Heckford;, Re o., 17

Hodge, PieGrm20

Hodge, Pawia, LS

Hudson) tier Relea

Hughes, A., 77

Hunter, F. A., 76

Hyman, S. P., 4

[i arftioue. INS es 5a tsho)

James, R. J., 13

Johnson, .P'..C., 26

Jones, A. M., 6

Jones),;, (Rs Aver o45e22uke one Ceca
143.87 Of eieh eS); 880), nc

Jordan Misr Olam ao

Laban Wag OF BO, Bil

Knill-Jones, R. P., 9, 17

Knill-Jones, S. A., 2, 7

Lambert, S. J. J., 9, 26

HangmaLa) als ki eo ele,

WATS i wNic aig o Ag LO

Lovell-Pank, R., 80

weveInbulia® hy wang IMs a7

Mackecknie-Jarvis, C, 5

MeCormmicky, (Rs) b<, 6 O)m2 6),

Merrbveld Re Kia, 120, 0 Lain aS

Middleton, A. P., 7

Middleton, shcnGeaM sp dO

Ma Lesin1S tive arene clas ca

Mumph yj e8) <M eis) 92 2)ned Ol OLS

Nature Conservancy Council, 22

OWeNie Diewudlene Mier oe

Owen 20. wAn aD wee

Parsons, M., 10

Peet) vl aNicee Disi st it re Orel

Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 17

Penney, C. C., 10, 18

Phelps sian Gree pels

PiCwWCS. mA needle aL O

PiEkKamipeelss eo

PilLant 5 uC. Wis; a2 ede LOF ee ESiae2
79

Porter, D. As, Se 20

PoBter, Wiss 22

ROwe lever) Misuse mead,

lyeeheia ny OS 5 7 No)

Proctor, Mn 2

itenuclh he aelg Iles 7

Reid), Jie, 10

Revell Re dies, 10, 38

Revels, PResiG el, wee.

RUSSWOLIM,;aAe uD Als bt pelo

Salmon, M., 7

Seanes,, We Lean 7

Scoblie, M. J., 91

Siddons, P. N., 18

Simner,, D., Ris 799

Simner, Ji. Bs As, 8

Simpson, A. N. B., 18

Simpson, M., 8

Simson, Ean ey, (oO

Skinner, Bia, 9 Lt

Soft V7.0 Rev Arey) 42>

Sokolofl. Pie Aw sneeoO, all, lS,
225-925), 16,478; 827 99

Stermlaingy Davhern Lin Ls

Sterling, Ms. J.«, 11, 18

Sterising,; Ps He 7 eL9

Stubbs As sb. 2, 05 e716, 279

Stubbs) od:.., 1.22

Sutton, S, 82

Taplin, J. 23

Thomas, J. A., 78

Trebilcock, “Ge Da, 13

Tremewan, W. G., 8, ll, 14

Trew, W., 8

Tips eRe Cn 15 2 F

Tweedier Me We Eo ,0 1) yell, SO peat

Tyler, Die Blew Ll

WtEfen, Reo We vie, LO, Ol) SOP eSL

Valletta, A., Si

Waage, J., 26

Ward, i. Ko, a9

Waring, P., ll

Warren, R- G., 19

Webb, K., 26

West; Beka, 22:

Wheelers “AcoSen 79

Wilder eh 72179

Wilson; 2D. Ema, ilpe75

Winter, "PaeO pp el2sel4, a9

Withers, P., 63

Young, L.oDs,08

COLEOPTERA

Cionus spp., 22
analis, Baris, 2
angustatus, Dyschirius, 5
arenariae, Sibinia, 3
areolatus, Perileptus, 3
arietis, Clytus, 5
asparagi, Crioceris, 3
aurata, Cetonia, 5

ab. nigra, 5
aurifer, Otiorhyncus, 79
bidentatus, Silvanus, 78
biguttata, Toxomia, 3
biguttatus, Agrilus, 2
biguttatus, Cryptocephalus, 3
bimaculatus, Peranus, 3
bipunctatus, Cryptocephalus, 81
bipustulatus, Chilocorus, 78
bipustulatus, Malachius, 6
boreella, Microdota, 5
buprestoides, Melasis, 4, 80
caeruleus, Korynetes, 2, 3
castaneum, Tetropium, 5
cervinus, Dascillus, 3
cicatricosus, Cafius, 2
cinnabarinus, Ampedus, 3, 4
circumflexus, Dytiscus, 4
clathratus, Carabus, 5
collaris, Mecinus, 4
collinum, Gymnetron, 4

confine,

cosnardi,
crenulatus,

Euophryum,

ecruxminor, Lebia,
culinaris, Uloma,

cuprea,
cursor,

cylindricum,
cylindrus,
dichrous,

difficilis,
dresdenensis,

dubius,

Ctenicera,
Lissodema,

Ptinus, 3

duodecimstriatus,

elongantulus,

equiseti, Grypus,
Microdota,

excelsa,

fasciatus,
fennicunm,

ferrea,

fuliginosus,

Platycis,
Proteinus,

Be

3
4
4

Platypus,
Deleaster,
Atheta (Dilacra),
Pselaphaulax,

5,
5

5

Ud

4
3

2

81

5

5

Sinodendron,

76

Anommatus,

3

Trichius,
Lathrobium,

Stenostola,
foveatoscutellun,

fulva, Ragonycha,

fulvicollis,
gemellatus,

germanus, Liparus,
gracilis, Nanophyes,

griseostriatus,

helferi,

hispidus,
humeralis,

huttoni,

imperialis,

Ampedus,

5
2

5

6
5

5

Apion,

22

3

Quedius,
Sitona,

5

5

Brachygluta,

Pentarthrum,

inaequalis, Gronops,

instabilis,
insularis,

intermedium,
intrudens,
janthinus,

Demetrias,

8

Anthiscus,
Ceuthorhyncus,
Apion,
Syagrius,
Mecinus,

4
6
4

5

3

Pogonocherus,
Synchita, 6

8

kongsbergensis, Cyphon,

lacordairii,

laevus,
lepidus,

limbatus,

limonii,
lineare,

Scolytus,

4

Triplax,

Pterostichus,

Apion, 4

Thymalus,

Tal

Dolichosoma,

lineatocribratus,
Sphinginus,

lobatus,

longicollis,

lunatus,
lunatus,

luridipennis,

Biphilus,
Gronops,

lutulosus, Bagous,

maculatus,

Ci

6
3

3

Ss,
2

Dermestes,

2

3

3

Pycnomerus,

al
3

3

6

5

Corticaria,

4
4

3

’

5

5

Psylliodes,

’

4

5

5

5

5

Potamonectes,

marginalis, Axinotarsus, 3, 4

marginalis,
Marginatus, Grammostethus, 4

Marina,
marinus,
mendax,

minuta,

ataual

Micralymma,

Aepus, 5

Saprosites,
menthastri, Chrysolina,

Gracilia,

75

Dytiscus,

74

4

5

27

4

3

3

mysticus, Anaglyptus, 3, varius, Philonthus

ab. hieroglyphicus, 5 var. shetlandicus, 5
niger, Aphodius, 5 vaudoueri, Phloiotrya, 4, 25
nigricornis, Selatosomus, 3 verrucatus, Ceutorhyncus, 3
noctiluca, Lampyris, 22 vestitus, Chlaenius, 3
obscurus, Dyschirius, 5 vicinum, Apion, 5
ochraceus, Amphimallon, 4 villosa, Mordella, 81
oculata, Oberea, 5 villosoviridescens, Agapanthia, 5
olens, Staphylinus, 5 villosus, Stenagostus, 3
pannonicus, Agrilus, 4, 25 virens, Bembidon, 5
parallelipipedus, Dorcus, 5, 80 viridis, Agrilus, 2
peltatus, Badister, 3
piceus, Hydrophilus, 5 DIPTERA
picicornis, Baris, 4 ;
pomonae, Ampedus, 3 Agromyzidae, 91
puberula, Phyllodrepa, 5 Chloropidae, 90
pullus, Philonthus, 3 Paragus sp., 44
punctatus, Mycetoporus, 3 abiens, Xylota, 45
punctillum, Stethorus, 4 aeneus, Eristalinus, 42, 46
pusillus, Dryophilus, 4 albimana, Clusiodes, 63
putridus, Aphodius, 3 albimanus, Platycheirus, 44
quadrifasciata, Leptura, 30 albipila, Cheilosia, 44
quadrimaculata, Phyllobrotica, 28 albitarsis, Cheilosia, 44
quadrimaculatum, Scaphidium, 3 albostriatus, Dasysyrphus, 43
quadripunctata, Clytra, 3 ambiguus, Platycheirus, 44
quadripunctata, Harmonia, 4 angustatus, Platycheirus, 44
quadripustulatum, Bembidion, 3 antennata, Agathomyia, 28
readingi, Actocharis, 5 anthracina, Psilota, 80
renipustulatus, Chilocorus, 28 arbustorum, Eristalis, 28, 46
ripicola, Medon, 3 argyrocephala, Campiglossa, 2
rubidus, Curculio, 5 asilica, Criorhina, 42
rufipes, Bruchella, 4 atra, Pachygaster, 39
rufipes, Nitidula, 3 atricapilla, Dioctria, 41
rufus, Scydmaenus, 5 atricapillus, Machimus, 41
rusticus, Arhopalus, 3 atriceps, Argyra, 2
sanguinicollis, Ischnodes, 5 auricollis, Meliscaeva, 43
sanguinolentus, Ampedus, 3, 5 austriaca, Pipiza, 44
scolopacea, Baris, 4 balteatus, Episyrphus, 43
scutellana, Coccidula, 4 baumhaueri, Dioctria, 41
scutellaris, Atomaria, 5 berberina, Criorhina, 42, 46
scutellata, Leptura, 81 bicinctum, Chrysotoxum, 43
semivitellatum, Apion, 4 bimaculata, Hybomitra, 40
sexdecimguttata, Halyzia, 5 bimaculata, Pipiza, 44
sinuatus, Thanatophilus, 3 bipunctatus, Sargus, 40
smirnovi, Attagenus, 2 bisignata, Brachypeza, 28
soedermani, Microdota, 5 bombylans, Volucella, 28, 45
sophiae, Psylliodes, 5 brevicornis, Orthonevra, 45

abies “tricolor,” 5 caecutiens, Chrysops, 30

ab. nigrifrons, 5 campestris, Rhingia, 44
strenua, Amara, 2 cautum, Chrysotoxum, 43
subfuscus, Athous, 5 chalybeata, Beris, 39
sulcatus, Otiorhyncus, 79 cheethami, Tipula, 2
sylvatica, Cicindela, 4 cimbiciformis, Mallota, 2, 42, 46
tabida, Arena, 3 cincta, Melangyna, 43
testaceus, Leptinus, 80 cinctella, Meliscaeva, 43
tobias, Anthicus, 4 cingulatus, Epitriptus, 40
uliginosus, Elaphrus, 3, 4 citrofasciatum, Xanthogramma, 43
undatus, Cicones, 79 clunipes, Sphegina, 45
unidentatus, Silvanus, 78 clypeatus, Platycheirus, 44
variegata, Adonia, 4 conopseus, Doros, 81
variegata, Grammoptera, 5 contracta, Anasimyia, 42, 46
variegatus, Cicones, 79 corollae, Metasyrphus, 43

iv

crabroniformis, Asilus, 40
cristatus, Chrysopilus, 40
cuprarius, Sargus, 40
cuprea, Ferdinandea, 44
cyanurus, Neoitamus, 41

cylindrica, Leptogaster, 28, 41

discolor, Bombylius, 2
distinguenda, Hybomitra, 40
elegantula, Agathomyia, 28
eligans, Epistrophe, 43
equestris, Merodon, 46
facialis, Clusiodes, 63
fenestralis, Scenopinus, 41
fenestrata, Pipiza, 44
ferrugineus, Sicus, 46
festivum, Chrysotoxum, 43
flava, Clusia, 64
flava, Coelosia, 27
flavipes, Conops, 46
floccosa, Criorhina, 42
florea, Myathropa, 46
formosa, Chloromyia, 40
formosa, Oxycera, 28
fraterna, Cheilosia, 44
frontalis, Limonia, 2
frutetorum, Parhelophilus, 46
fulviventris, Platycheirus, 44
geniculata, Beris, 39
gentilis, Clusiodes, 63
geomyzina, Clusiodes, 2, 64
gibbosus, Ogcodes, 41
globulus, Acrocera, 41
granditarsa, Pyrophaena, 42
grata, Argyra, 2
grossa, Cheilosia, 44
grossulariae, Epistrophe, 43
guttata, Melangyna, 2
hemiptera, Alophora, 1
heringi, Heringia, 44
hirtella, Chrysogaster, 45
honesta, Cheilosia, 44
horticola, Eristalis, 28, 46
hybridus, Helophilus, 46
illustrata, Cheilosia, 44
immaculata, Symphoromyia, 40
inanis, Volucella, 1, 45
inflata, Volucella, 2, 27, 45
insensilis, Brachyopa, 45
interrupta, Neoascia, 2
intonsa, Cheilosia, 42, 44
intricarius, Eristalis, 46
iridatus, Sargus, 40
kimakowiczi, Sphegina, 28, 45
labiatarum, Melangyna, 43
laphriformis, Brachypalpus, l,
25), tsdi7i 42 C46
lasiopthalma, Melangyna, 43
latifasciatus, Metasyrphus, 43
latitarsis, Neocnemodon, 44
leachii, Pachygaster, 39
lenta, Brachypalpoides, 42, 46
linearis, Dioctria, 41

lineata, Anasimyia, 42, 46
lineola, Rhagio, 40

lucorum, Leucozona, 43
luniger, Metasyrphus, 43
luteitarsis, Pipiza, 44
luteola, Myolepta, 1, 45
macquarti, Chrysogaster, 42, 45
maculata, Portevinia, 44
maculata, Solva, 40

major, Bombylius, 41
manicatus, Platycheirus, 44
marginata, Laphria, 28
mMarginata, Rhamphomyia, 2, 27
Marginata, Solva, 40
melampodia, Arctoconopa, 2
mellinum, Melanostoma, 43
menthastri, Sphaerophoria, 43
metallina, Lejogaster, 42, 45
meticulosa, Neoascia, 45
muscarius, Syneches, 2
nemorum, Chalcosyrphus, 46
nemorum, Eristalis, 28, 46
nitidicollis, Epistrophe, 42, 43
nobilis, Orthonevra, 45
noctiluca, Pipiza, 44

nubila, Clusiodes, 64
obliqua, Neoascia, 45
obscuripennis, Baccha, 43
paganus, Cheilosia, 44
pallipes, Ogcodes, 41
pectinicornis, Ctenophora, 26
pedissequum, Xanthogramma, 43
pellucens, Volucella, 28, 45
peltatus, Platycheirus, 44
pendulus, Helophilus, 46
personata, Pocota, 1, 25, 42, 46
pertinax, Eristalis, 46
pilosa, Brachyopa, 80
pipiens, Syritta, 46
pluvialis, Haematopota, 40
podagrica, Neoascia, 45
polita, Microchrysa, 40
praecox, Cheilosia, 44
proxima, Cheilosia, 44
pulchella, Oxycera, 39
punctulatus, Parasyrphus, 43
pyrastri, Scaeva, 43
quadrifasciata, Conops, 46
quadrimaculata, Melangyna, 1
ribesii, Syrphus, 43

rosarum, Pyrophaena, 44
ruficollis, Clusiodes, 63
ruficornis, Ferdinandea, 42, 44
rufipes, Dioctria, 41
rufipes, Physocephala, 46
scalare, Melanostoma, 44
scolopacea, Rhagio, 40
scripta, Sphaerophoria, 43
scutatus, Platycheirus, 44
scutellata, Cheilosia, 44
segnis, Xylota, 45
selenitica, Scaeva, 43

sepulchralis, Eristalinus, 46
signatus, Leopoldius, 1, 46
silentis, Sericomyia, 42, 45
solstitialis, Chrysogaster, 28,
45
speciosa, Caliprobola, 1, 25
splendens, Orthonevra, 45
strigatus, Eumerus, 45
sylvarum, Xylota, 45
taeniata, Sphaerophoria, 43
tarsalis, Platycheirus, 44
tarsatus, Syntormon, 2
tenax, Eristalis, 46
tenur, Neoascia, 45
tessellatipennis, Myopa, 37, 46
testacea, Myopa, 46
tibialis, Chorisops, 39
tibialis, Oedalea, 28
tigrina, Odontomyia, 39, 40
torvus, Syrphus, 43
transfuga, Anasimyia, 42, 46
triangulifera, Meligramma, 2
tricincta, Pelecocera, 2
tricinctus, Dasysyrphus, 43
tringarius, Rhagio, 40

trivittatus, Heliophilus, 42, 46

tuberculatus, Eumerus, 45
umbellatarum, Melangyna, 43
unifurcata, Manota, 27
vallata, Beris, 39
variabilis, Cheilosia, 44
varipes, Pipizella, 44
venustus, Dasysyrphus, 43
vernalis, Cheilosia, 44
verralli, Chrysotoxum, 43
versicolor, Parhelophilus, 46
verticalis, Clusiodes, 63
virens, Pipizella, 44
vitripennis, Neocnemedon, 44
vitripennis, Syrphus, 43
walkeri, Leptomorphus, 27
xanthocnema, Xylota, 45
zonaria, Volucella, 1, 2, 45

HEMIPTERA

Pemphigus galls, 20

aenus, Eysarcoris, 20
albostriella, Alebra, 29, 30
alienum, Cryptostemma, 20
alni, Aphrophora, 29

alni, Oncopsis, 29

alni,, *Psylblayo29

anceps, Conomelus, 29
arbustorum, Plagiognathus, 31l
arenicola, Saldula, 20
aurita, Ledra, 20

bidens, Picromerus, 20
binotatus, Stenotus, 3l
brunnea, Acalypta, 20
butleri, Kybos, 29
calcaratum, Stenodema, 31

campestris, Neophilaenus, 29
clavicornis, Asiraca, 26
coleoptratus, Issus, 30
cornutus, Centrotus, 20
costata, Physatocheila, 20
dorsalis, Odontoscelis, 20
fabricii, Eysarcoris, 20
fennahi, Graphocephala, 30
flavicollis, Oncopsis, 29
flavomarginatus, Capsodes, 31
fuliginosa, Dictyonota, 20
genistae, Gargara, 20
haemorrhoidale, Acanthosoma, 79
hamulatus, Taphropeltus, 20
helveticus, Nysius, 20
hirticornis, Berytinus, 20
insignis, Phytocoris, 20
interruptus, Evacanthus, 29
lanio, Iassus, 29

latus, Drymus, 20

limbatus, Dolichonabis, 31l
lineatus, Neophilaenus, 29
lituratus, Piezodorus, 20
maculatus, Aeschyntelus, 20
major, Aphrophora, 77
makarovi, Aphrodes, 29
marginalis, Micranthia, 20
medius, Dicranocephalus, 20
melanocephalus, Phylus, 31
micropterum, Macrodema, 20
minki, Anthocoris, 20
mirificus, Atractotomus, 20
mixtus, Allygus, 29
nasutus, Amblytylus, 31
nervosus, Cixius, 29, 30
olivaceus, Deraeocoris, 20
pabulinus, Lygocoris, 31
pellucida, Javasella, 30
podagricus, Eremocoris, 20
prasina, Macropsis, 30
punctata, Balclutha, 30
punctatus, Rhacognathus, 20
quadrivirgatus, Miridius, 20
quercus, Typhlocyba, 29
remota, Trioza, 29
reticulata, Tingis, 20
salicina, Aphrophora, 30
schillingi, Chorosoma, 20
scutellaris, Deraeocoris, 20
simplex, Oncochila, 20
spumarius, Philaenus, 29
stachydearum, Eupteryx, 29
striatus, Miris, 20
stylata, Doratura, 29
tiliae, Phytocoris, 3l
tristriatus, Cyphostethus, 20
ulmi, Phytocoris, 31
umbricola, Microvelia, 20
undatus, Platymetopius, 30
virescens Orthotylus, 3l
viridis, Cicadella, 29, 30
vittata, Eupteryx, 29

vittifrons, Idiocerus, 30
HYMENOPTERA

Ichneumonidae on spiders, 32
aethiops, Endelomyia, 28
affinis, Halidamia, 21
albicoxa, Zatypota, 33
alternipes, Claremontia, 21
ariae, Hoplocampa, 21
balteatus, Pamphilius, 21
bicolor, Athalia, 28
bohemani, Zatypota, 32
calceatus, Allantus, 21
ciliaris, Arge, 21
circularis, Athalia, 28
crabro, Vespa, 35
degener, Acrodactyla, 33
filiformis, Calameuta, 28
flavipes, Andrena, 28
florea, Andrena, 21
frigida, Schizopyga, 32
gracilis, Symmorphus, 22.
graminicola, Myrmecina, 78
hortorum, Pamphilius, 21
humilis, Andrena, 21
lapidarius, Bombus, 28
latipes, Croesus, 28
leucostoma, Crossocerus, 21
lineata, Strongylogaster, 28
lucorum, Bombus, 28
mesomelas, Tenthredo, 28
minuta, Brachygaster, 79
mystaceus, Argogorytes, 28
niger, Lasius, 28
olivacea, Tenthredo, 21
pascuorum, Bombus, 28
percontatoria, Zatypota, 33
pilicornis, Osmia, 21
pleurosticta, Nomada, 21
pusilla, Blennocampa, 28
quadrisculpta, Acrodactyla, 28,
33
ribis, Macrophya, 28
rosae, Athalia, 21
rustica, Arge, 21
scutellariae, Athalia, 28
scutellatus, Crabro, 28
styrius, Crossocerus, 28
subbifida, Pristiphora, 21
terrestris, Bombus, 28
triangulum, Philanthus, 21
tuberosa, Polysphincta, 32

LEPIDOPTERA

Monochroa sp., 14, 19
Nepticulidae in New Zealand, 91
Opsiphanes sp., 14
Phyllonorycter, 15, 16
Scythropia, 15

abietaria, Eupithecia, 9

abietella, Dioryctria, 14
abruptaria, Menophra, 13

ab. fuscata, 10
acantha, Gettoneura, 79
acteon, Thymelicus, 78
aegeria, Pararge, 5l
aegeus, Papilio, 75
aemula, Autographa, 13
aeneana, Commophila, 16, 18
aeriferanus, Ptycholomoides, 15,

ehil
aestuarinella, Coleophora, 17
aethiops, Erebia, 12
agathina, Xestia, 10
aglaja, Argynnis, 12, Plate l

spp. scotica ab. fusca, 6
agna, Pelopidas

dingo, 79
agnorista, Abrostola, 13
albicostella, Coleophora, 16
albifasciella, Ectoedemia, 16
albipunctata, Cyclophora, 31
albistria, Argyresthia, 31
albitarsella, Coleophora, 74
albuginana, Pammene, 16, 18, 19
albula, Meganola, 31
alburnella, Teleiodes, 103,

Plate 3
allous, Aricia, 12
alpestris, Chersotis, 13
alpinella, Platytes, 14
alternata, Epirrhoe, 31
ambigua, Hoplodrina

ab. confluens, 10
ambigualis, Scoparia, 31
anachoreta, Clostera, 10
anatipennella, Coleophora, 74
anceps, Apamea, 11
anceps, Peridea, 80
angelicella, Agonopterix, 15
anglicella, Parornix, 30
angulifasciella, Ectoedemia, 30
angustana, Eupoecilia, 31
angustiorana, Ditula, 31
antiopa, Nymphalis, 6
aprilella, Metzneria, 16, 100
arenaria, Fagivorina, 10
areola, Xylocampa, 13
argentimaculella, Infurcitinea,

157 eels
argiolus, Celastrina, 7, 51
argus, Plebejus, 7

ab. albopunctata, 7

ab. discreta+juncta, 6

ssp. masseyi, 7
argyrospila, Archips, 15
arion, Maculinea, 12
armigera, Heliothis, 9
artaxerxes, Aricia

ab. quadripuncta, 7
artemisicolella, Coleophora, 18
asclepiadis, Abrostola, 13

vii

astrantiae, Agonopterix, 16
atalanta, Vanessa, 8, 12, 26,

Oar 7 / Gwe Tits}
athalia, Mellicta, 13
atrella, Eulamprotes, 31
atricapitella, Stigmella, 30
atriplicis, Trachea, 10
atropos, Acherontia, 11, 12, W'5)
aurata, Pyrausta, 17, 31
aurella, Stigmella, 30
aurantaria, Agriopis, 76
aurinia, Eurodryas, 56

ab. melanoleuca, 7
auroguttella, Calybites, 74
australis, Aporophyla, 11
australis, Colias, 68
aversata, Idaea, 31
azaleella, Caloptilia, 15, 26
badiata, Anticlea, 13
basaltinella, Bryotropha, 14

bellargus, Lysandra, 6, 7, 78, 81

abl krodelas,: 3
bennetii, Agdistis, 18, 80
betulae, Parornix, 30
betularia, Biston, 31

ab. carbonaria, ll
betuletana, Apotomis, 31
betulina, Psyche, 18
biangulata, Euphyia, 8
biatomella, Elachista, 17
bidentata, Odontopera, ll
bifasciana, Olethreutes, 15
bifasciana, Spatalistis, 18, 25,

2,
bifida, Furcula, 9
bigella, Euzophera, 16
biplaga, Earias, Plate l
biriviata, Xanthorhoe, 8
biselata, Idaea, 31
bistriatella, Apomyelois

neophanes, 6, 18
bistrigella, Phylloporia, 30
blanda, Hoplodrina, 13, 31
blandella, Brachmia, 31
blandella, Caryocolum, 19
blattariella, Anacampsis, 31
boleti, Morophaga, 15
bractea, Autographa, 13
bractella, Oecophora, 16, 22
brassicae, -Pileris, ) S15, Si
brittaniodactyla, Capperia, 18,

19
brockeella, Argyresthia, 31
brunnichana, Epinotia, 31
bryoniae, Artogeia, 12
caeruleocephala, Diloba, 9,

Plate 2
caesiella, Swammerdamia, 31
caja, Arctia, 13

ab. decolor, 8
caledoniana, Acleris, 19

viii

camilla, Limenitis (Ladoga), 7,
82428

f. obliterae, 7

£. nignina,, 7
cana, Eucosma, 3l
candelisequa, Ochropleura, 13
canella, Gymnancyla, 19
capitella, Lampronia, 14, 16
caprimulgella, Triaxomera, 14
capucina, Ptilodon, 31
caradjai, Oegoconia, 100
cardamines, Anthocharis, 51
carduella, Agonopterix, 17
cardui, Cynthia, 26,) 79,7, ol
carphodactyla, Leioptilus, 17,

18, 81
casta, Psyche, 30
catharticella, Stigmella, 74
cautella, Ephestia, 27
cavella, Phyllonorycter, 16
celerio, Hippotion, 10
centaureata, Eupithecia

ab. centralisata, ll
cerasana, Pandemis, 31
cerealella, Sitotroga, 102
cerisyi, Zerynthia,

cretica, 12

ferdinandi, 12
cerusella, Elachista, 15
chrysolepidella, Heringocrania

(Eriocrania), 17, 80
cilialis, Nascia, 15
cinctana, Periclepsis, 16,

Plate 1
cinctella, Syncopacma, 14
cinerea, Agrotis, 1l
clavis, Agrotis, 1l, Plate l
clerckella, Lyonetia, 30
cloacella, Nemapogon, 18
clorana, Earias, 12
clypeiferella, Coleophora, 14
colombiana, Keiferia, 102
comes, Noctua, 31
comma, Hesperia, 12
complana, Eilema, 31
compta, Hadena, 8, 11
confusalis, Nola

ab. columbina, 10
confusella, Stigmella, 30
congelatella, Exapate, 19
consimilana, Clepsis, 31
consociella, Acrobasis, 3l
conspicillaris, Egira, 9
conspurcatella, Bankesia, 14,

l6o aS
contaminella, Pediasia, 14
continuella, Stigmella, 30
conturbatella, Mompha, 17
convolvuli, Agrius, 10
coridon, Lysandra, 8, 12, 22,

51, Plate 2
ab. anticaecatneurata
+postfulvescens, 8

crassicherratdiscreta
+compuncta, 7

ab.

ab. dextra semi-syngrapha,
ab. fowleri, 13

ab. inaequalis, 6, 7

ab. marginata, 6

ab.
ab.
ab.
ab.
ab. tithonus, 6
coronata, Eurrhypara,
coryli, Colocasia, 31
corylifoliella,
30
costalis, Hypsopygia, 31
costella, Scrobipalpa, 100
crassa, Agrotis, 10 :
crataegella, Stigmella,
cribrella, Myelois, 19
eristana, Acleris, 16
f. webbiana, 16
croceus, Colias,
ab. alba, 8
ab. pseudomas, 8
cruda, Orthosia, 13
culmella, Chrysoteuchia,
culminicola, Euxoa, 13
curvella, Argyresthia,
cynthia, Hypodryas, 12
cytisella, Paltodora,
daplidice, Pontia, 12,
deauratella, Oegoconia,
decentella, Etainia, 17
decorella, Teleiodes, 100,
Plate 3
dentaria, Selenia
ab. brunnearia, 9
dentella, Ypsolopha,
derivalis, Paracolax,
deviella, Coleophora,
devoniella, Parornix,
dia, Clossiana, 6, 13,
diffinis, Teleiopsis,
103, Plate 3
dimidiata, Idaea, 3l
diminutalis, Parapoynx,
diniana, Zeiraphera, 15
discordella, Coleophora,
dispar, Lymantria, 10, 76
distans, Crombrugghia, 80
distinctata, Aleucis, 8
distinguenda, Stigmella,
dodecella, Exotelia, 15,
dromedarius, Notodonta,
dryadella, Nepticula, 17
duplaris, Ochropacha, 31
ekebladella, Tischeria,
elegans, Chersotis, 13
elinguaria, Crocallis,
elocata, Catocala, 10
elongella, Monochroa,

nigrescens, 8
obsoleta, 7
punctatamargino, 7

7

30

75

31
ai
31

LSI,
100

81

10

shal
31
1
30
Plate
18, 100

15

74

30

31,
S$)
30
31

17

7

syngrapha inframarginata,

Phyllonorycter,

3,

2

,

101

6

emarginata, Idaea, 31
emberizaepenella,
Phyllonorycter, 16
emortualis, Tristateles,
epiphron, Erebia, 12
erate, Colias, 12
ergane, Artogeia, 12
ergasima, Scrobipalpa, 102
erythrocephala, Conistra,
ab. glabra, 13
eumedon, Eumedonia, 12
euphrosyne, Boloria, 7, 51
ab. albinia, 8, Plate 2
ab. xanthos, 8
euryale, Erebia, 12
evonymella, Yponomeuta,
exanthemata, Cabera, 31
exclamationis, Agrotis,
exigua, Spodoptera, 79,
extersaria, Ectropis, 8
extimalis, Evergestis, 18
fagana, Pseudoips, Plate 2
falcataria, Drepana, 31
farinalis, Pyralis, 15
fascelina, Dicallomera,
fasciana, Pammene, 18
fasciaria, Hylaea
ab. prasinaria,
ferdinandi, Dasypolia,
ferrago, Mythimna, 31, 75
ferrugata, Xanthorhoe, 31
festaliella, Schreckensteinia,
festucae, Plusia, 9
filipendulae, Zygaena,
£o aunantia, “Li
stephensi, 9
flammealis, Endotricha,
flava, Arctia, 13
flavipennella, Coleophora,
florentina, Lycia
italica, 13
floslactella, Stigmella,
fluctuosa, Tetheella, 31
formicaeformis, Synanthedon,
26
formosanus, Lozotaeniodes,
forsskaliana, Croesia, 3l
frangulella, Buccalatrix,
fraxinella, Prays, 31
froelichiella, Phyllonorycter,
fugiglandana, Cydia, 31
fugitivella, Teleiodes,
Plate 3
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia,
ab. flavescens, 8
fulvimitrella, Triaxomera,
funerella, Ethmia, 19
furcata, Hydriomena,
furuncula, Mesoligia,
ab. vinctuncula, ll,
furva, Apamea, 10
fuscalis, Opsibotys,

10

LO} 3

31

DEAS Sil

91

10

49
3

ll,

31

10

31

31

30

9,
14, 15
74

26
9977 S05),
she 7S)
14

Sal

Syl

Plate l

31

atbre

fuscatella, Lampronia, 16

fuscipunctella, Niditinea, 19
fuscovenosa, Idaea, 31
galathea, Melanargia, 28
gallia, Hylesy. 10;

gamma, Autographa, 31
gangabella, Elachista, 18
gardetta, Coenonympha, 12

geniculea, Agriphila, 31
genistae, Coleophora, 14, 17
genistella, Nephopteryx, 29
gerningana, Philedone, 19
glandon, Agriades, 12
glaucicolella, Coleophora, 31
gnoma, Pheosia, 31
goedartella, Argyresthia, 31
gorge, Erebia, 12
gossypiella, Pectinophora,
gothica, Orthosia, 13, 81
gracilis, Orthosia, Plate2
ab. rufescens, 10
grammiptera, Chersotis, 13
griseata, Timandra, 1l, 3l,
Plate l
grossulariata, Abraxas, 10
grotiana, Epagoge, 31
gryphipennella, Coleophora,
74
gysseleniella, Cedestis, 15
hamana, Agapeta, 31
harpagula, Sabra, 10
harrisella, Phyllonorycter, 30
hartmanniana, Aethes, 19
haworthana, Glyphipterix, 18
haworthiata, Eupithecia, 31
hellerella, Blastodacna, 75
hemargyrella, Stigmglla, 30
hesperica, Hoplodrina, 13
hexadactyla, Alucita, 18
hiprtarnia, Lycilay,) 23
horridella, Ypsolopha, 14
hyale, Colias, 68
hybridus Steph., 9
hydrolapathella, Coleophora, 16
hyperantus, Aphantopus, 6, 28, 31
ab. arete, 6
ab. brunnocellata, 6
i-cinctum, Perigrapha, 13
icarus, Polyommatus, 6, 7, 8, 31
ab. discreta+crassipuncta, 7
ssp. mariscolore, 6
ab. obsoleta, 7
illunaris, Clytie, 13
illutana, Cydia, 14
impura, Mythimna, 31
incerta, Orthosia, 13
incertana, Cnephasia, 3l
incongruella, Amphisbatis, 18

102

16,

inornatella, Brachmia, 14, 17
inquinatella, Agriphila, 31
insecurella, Epermenia, 16, 17

insigniata, Eupithecia, 9

intermedia, Hypodryas

wolfensbergeri, 12
intricata, Eupithecia, 1l
inundana, Apotomis, 13
i0;,. Inachiss 77a) Olas,

78

ab. semiocellata, 8
ipsilon, Agrotis, 76, 91
iris, Apatura, 6

ab. iolata, 6, Plate 2

ab dole a7

ab. maximinus, 7

abs sani

ab. sorbioduni, 7
irrorella, Setina, 10, 78
isertana, Zeiraphera, 31
janais, Chlosyne, 77
janthina, Noctua, 31
janthinana, Cydia, 75
jasius, Charaxes, 12
jaspidea, Valeria, 13

51, 60,

josephinae, Pseudatemelia, 31
jubata, Alcis, 10
junoniella, Phyllonorycter, 18
qUBtinay, Mandollay ease pes mes:
ab... alba’; 7,* Plate 2
ab. antiaurolancia, 6

ab. anticrassipuncta, 6

ab. atrescens, 7
ab. cinerea, 7

ab. commaculo, 6, 7
ab. fracta, 6

ab. grisea-argentacea, 7

ssp. hispulla, 81

ab. hueni, 6

ssp. iernes, 6

ab. postexcessa, 8

ab. postmultifidus, 6

ab. pupillonulla, 7

ab. subtusalbida, 6
kleemannella, Phyllonorycter, 26
klimeschi, Scrobipalpa, 77
kuznetsovi, Agonopterix, 16, 17
lacertinaria, Falcaria, 3l
lacteella, Mompha, 18
lacunana, Olethreutes, 31
laisalis, Daraba, 93
lambdella, Batia, 16, 17
lancealis, Eurrhypara, 31
lanceolana, Bactra, 31
lantanella, Phyllonorycter, 16
lapponica, Stigmella, 30
larixia, Chersotis, 13
larseniella, Syncopacma,
lathoniella, Oreixenica

herceus, 79
latistria, Agriphila, 14
leander, Coenonympha,

katarae, 12
leautieri, Lithophane, 75

hesperica, 8
leucapennella,

LS ),g 73

Coleophora, 81

leucophaearia, Agriopis, 76
levana, Araschnia, 60
lichenaria, Cleorodes, 10
lienigella, Cosmopterix,
lienigialis, Pyralis, 15
ligea, Erebia, 12
ligustri, Craniophora,
lineata, Hyles
Llivornica, 10,78,
lineatella, Anarsia,
lineola, Eudonia, 17
lineola, Thymelicus
ab. suffusa+marginata, 6
lineosa, Pachypasa, 13
linosyridella, Coleophora,
litoralis, Mythimna, 10
liturata, Semiothisa, 11,
lonicerae, Zygaena, 11
loreyi, Mythimna, 10
lubricipeda, Spilosoma,
lucernéa, Standfussiana,
cataleuca, 13
lucina, Hamearis, 7
lucipara, Euplexia,
luctuosa, Tyta, 26
luculella, Teleiodes,
Plate 3
lunana, Philedonides,
lunaris, Batia, 31
luteella, Stigmella, 30
luticomella, Elachista, 18
lutipennella, Coleophora,
lycopersicella, Keiferia,
lyelli, Pelopidas, 79
machaon, Papilio, 51, 67
maestingella, Phyllonorycter,
malvae, Pyrgus, 7
manto, Erebia, 12
Margaritata, Campaea,
marginata, Lomaspilis,
ab. Giluta, aT
marginea, Tischeria,
maritima, Eucosma, 18
mMarmoreum, Caryocolum,
matura, Thalpophila, 31
mediofasciella, Ectoedemia,
megerlella, Elachista, 18
melampus, Erebia, 12
melanocampta, Eurysacca,
meolans, Erebia, 12
mercurella, Eudonia, 31
messaniella, Phyllonorycter,
Miniata, Miltochrista, 3l
minima, Photedes, 31
minimus, Cupido, 12,
miscella, Mompha, 81
monacha, Lymantria,
f. eremita, 50
monodactyla, Emmelina,
monoglypha, Apamea, 31
montana, Erebia, 12
morpheus, Heteropterus,

iy)

11

Pep eu
101

19
31
25

10
31
105,

ibe)

Shit
102

31
31

30
18

30

102

78

51
a:

74

12

31

5 gal

mouffetella, Rhynchopacha, 31
mucronata, Scotopteryx, 10
munda, Orthosia, 13
mutatella, Dioryctria, 15
mygindiana, Olethreutes,
myrtillana, Ancylis, 15
nanana, Epinotia, 15
nanella, Recurvaria,
napaea, Boloria, 12
napi, Pieris, 5l
nebeculosa, Brachionycha, 9
nemorella, Ypsolopha, 31
nickerlii, Luperina, 8,
26, 74
gueneei,
gtk itatat
leechi,
nictymera, Standfussiana,
nigropunctata, Scopula, 10
niphognatha, Monochroa, 15,
101
nivea, Acentria, 15,
noctuella, Nomophila,
nostrodamus, Gegenes,
notana, Acleris, 31
notata, Semiothisa, 31
notatella, Teleiodes,
Plate 3
nubilana, Neosphaleroptera,
nupta, Catocala, 11
oblitella, Ancylosis,
obscuralis, Parapoynx,
obtusa, Pelosia, 9
obumbratana, Eucosma,
occidentis, Lobesia,
occulta, Eurois, 1l
ocellana, Spilonota, 31
ocellata, Smerinthus, 9
ocellina, Chersotis, 13
ochrea, Coleophora, 18,
oliviella, Esperia, 15,
Ononaria, Aplasta, 13
operculella ,Phthorimaea,
optilete, Vacciniina, 12
orana, Adoxophyes, 14
orbitella, Coleophora,
orbitulus, Albulina, 12
orbona, Noctua, 10
oreina, Chersotis, 13
ornata, Hesperilla, 79
otregiata, Lampropteryx, 8
oxyacanthae, Phyllonorycter,
pactolana, Cydia, 19
palaemon, Carterocephalus,
palaeno, Colias, 12
palealis, Sitochroa,
pales, Boloria, 12
pallescentella, Tinea,
pallida, Eudonia, 19
palpina, Pterostoma,
paludum, Buckleria,
palumbella, Oncocera,

19

hil ent

LO) els,

8, 74

8, 74

8, 74
13
ibe
shal

91

1s

104,
15

17
14

iL7/
18

81
3

101

14, 18

30
67
Mis ales!
TS
31

ig,
31

9

pamphilus, Coenonympha, 7, 51

ab. anticastanea, 8

ab. obselitissima, 6

ab. obliquajuncta, 6

ab. pallidula, 7

ab. partimtransformis, 7
paphia, Argynnis, 8

ab. cifkai, 8

ab. subtusaureat+caroffana, 6
papilionaria, Geometra, 31
parasitella, Ephestia

unicolorella, 16, 18
parenthesella, Ypsolopha, 31
pariana, Eutromula, 14
paripunctella, Teleiodes,

Plate 3
pascueila, Crambus

ab. obscura, 19
pectinea, Incurvaria, 30
peliella, Neofriseria, 14
pellionella, Tinea, 19
peltigera, Heliothis, 9, 91
perlella, Crambus, 31
perlepidella, Digitivalva, 19
perlucidalis, Eurrhypara, 15,

Ge,
perplexa, Hadena

ssp. capsophila, 9
perpygmaeella, Stigmella, 30
phicomene, Colias, 12
phlaeas, Lycaena, 6, 7, 8, 51
phoebus, Parnassius

sacerdos, 12
piercella, Niditinea, 16, 19
pinella, Catoptria, 31
pinicolana, Rhyacionia, 31
pinicolella, Batrachedra, 15, 31
pisi, Ceramica, 10
pistaciae, Gelechia, 102
pistaciae, Telphusa, 101
pistaciicola, Schneidereria, 102
plagicolella, Stigmella, 30
plecta, Ochropleura, 31

ab. rubricosta, 8
plexippus, Danaus, 12
pluto, Erebia, 12
polychloros, Nymphalis, 81
populella, Anacampsis, 31
populi, Laothoe, 9
porata, Cyclophora, 31
porphyrea, Lycophotia, 31
praeangusta, Batrachedra, 31
prasinana, Bena

brittanica

ab. leucozona, 9

privatana, Adoxophyes, 17
procerella, Bisigna, 25
profugella, Cataplectica, 14, 19
profundana, Eudemis, 31
promtella, Ephysteris, 102
pronuba, Noctua, 31
propinquella, Mompha, 18

105,

baal

proserpina, Proserpinus,: 13
proximella, Teleiodes, 104,

Plate 3
pruniella, Argyresthia, 31
psi, Acronicta, 31, 49
psylorita, Kretania, 12
pulcherrimella, Depressaria, 16
pullana, Endothenia, 31
pulverosella, Ectoedemia, 30
pumilio, Gegenes, 12
punctinalis, Serraca, 8
purdeyi, Clavigesta, 15
pusaria, Cabera, 31
puta, Agrotis, 11, Plate 1
putxi's Axylna, 31
pygmaeola, Eilema, 10
pylaon, Plebejus

trappi, 12
pyrella, Swammerdamia, 31
pyritoides, Habrosyne, 31
quadra, Lithosia, 9
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe, 31
quadripuncta, Oegoconia, 100
quadripunctaria, Euplagia, 11
quercana, Carcina, 31
quercifoliella, Phyllonorycter,

30
quercus, Lasiocampa, Plate 1

ab. rufescens-virgata, 11
quinnata, Phyllonorycyter, 31
quinquella, Ectoedemia, 16
rajella, Phyllonorycter, 26
ramburialis, Diasemiopsis, 16
rancidella, Athrips, 76, 101
rapae, Pieris, 7

ab. atomaria, 7
raschkiella, Mompha, 31
ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera, 15
rectilinea, Hyppa, 9
repandata, Alcis, 9, 31

ab. nigra, 9
respersa, Hoplodrina, 13
retinella, Argyresthia, 31
rhamniella, Sorhagenia, 14
rivularis, Neptis, 12
roboris, Phyllonorycter, 16
robustella, Caloptilia, 17, 18
rubi, Callophrys

ab. caecus, 6

ab. partimtransformis, 8
rubiella, Lampronia, 16
rubiginea, Conistra, 13
rubiginosa, Conistra, 13

ab. immaculata, 13
rubrirena, Apamea, 13
rufata, Chesias, 31
ruficiliana, Falseuncaria, 16
ruficornis, Drymonia, 80
ruralis, Pleuroptya, 31
ruricolella, Nemapogon, 14, 18
rusticella, Monopis, 19
sacraria, Rhodometra, 10, 12

salicalis, Colobochyla, 27 subaquilea, Schiffermuelleria, 19

salicis, Stigmella, 30 subbimaculella, Ectoedemia, 16
salicorniae, Coleophora, 16 subocellea, Reuttia, 15, 74, 100
sambucaria, Ourapteryx suecicella, Syncopacma, 17, 100

ab. olivacea, 8, Plate 2 superstes, Hoplodrina, 13
sangii, Eriocrania, 80 suspecta, Parastichtis, 31
saucia, Peridroma, 76 sylvata, Hydrelia
saxifragae, Stenoptilia, 17 £. goodwini, 10, 49
scabiosella, Phyllonorycter, 74 sylvella, Ypsolopha, 31
scabrella, Ypsolopha, 31 sylvestris, Thymelicus, 7, 31
scalella, Pseudotelphusa, 27 ab. intermedia, 7
schmidtiellus, Telephila, 14 ab. obscura, 8
schulziana, Olethreutes, 19 ab. pallida, 7
scopigera, Bembecia, 10 symmomus, Trapezites, 79
scriptella, Teleiodes, 103, taeniatum, Perizoma, 11

Plate 3 tarsicrinalis, Herminia, 9
secalis, Mesapamea, 31 tarsipennalis, Herminia, 31
secundaria, Peribatodes, 9 temerata, Lomographa, 31
selasella, Agriphila, 31 temerella, Anacampsis, 14
selene, Boloria, 7, 51 tenebrella, Monochroa, 31

ab. extenuata, 6 terebrella, Assara, 17
selene, Clossiana, 12 testacea, Luperina, 8, 74
semele, Hipparchia, 6 thyrsis, Coenonympha, 12

ab. grisescens, 7 tiliae, Mimas, ll

ab. holonops, 6 titania, Clossiana, 12

ab. monocellata, 6, 8 tithonus, Pyronia, 6, 30, 31,

ab. suffusa, 6 Plate l
semiargus, Cyaniris, 12 ab. antiexcessa+postexcessa, 8
semicostella, Sophronia, 31 ab. crassiexcessa, 8
senectella, Bryotropha, 31 ab. partimtransformis, 8
septembrella, Fomoria, 30 tityrella, Stigmella, 30
sequax, Teleiodes, 105, Plate 3 tityrus, Heodes
serratella, Coleophora, 31 subalpina, 12
serricornis, Biselachista, 18 torrida, Conistra, 13
sexguttella, Chrysoesthia, 17 trapeziella, Biselachista, 14
signaria, Semiothisa, 9 trapezina, Cosmia, 31
silaceata, Ecliptopera, 3l tremula, Pheosia, 31
simulans, Rhyacia, 10 triangulum, Xestia, 31
sinapis, Leptidea, 51 triaria, Erebia, 13

ssp. juvernica, 6 trichopepla, Cephrenes, 79
singula, Neofriseria, 14 tridens, Acronicta, 49
sociana, Gypsonoma, 31 tridens, Calamia
solitariella, Coleophora, 15 occidentalis, 49
solutella, Lita, 17 trifolii, Lasiocampa, 10
somnulentella, Bedellia, 15 flava, 10
sparganella, Orthotaelia, 15 trifolii, Zygaena
sparganii, Archanara, 9, Plate2 mideltica, 14
spartifoliella, Leucoptera, 30 tizeragis, 14
splendana, Cydia, 3l trigemina, Abrostola, 13
sponsa, Catocala, 9 triplasia, Abrostola, 13
stabilella, Cosmiotes, 18 tripuncta, Telechrysis, 17
stabilis, Orthosia, 13 triquetrella, Solenobia, 77
stannella, Euhyponomeuta, 19 tristella, Agriphila, 31
staticis, Agdistis, 80 tristriatus, Cyphostethus, 79
staudingeri, Conistra, 13 truncicolella, Scoparia, 15
stettinensis, Phyllonorycter, 26 trux, Agrotis, 10
straminella, Agriphila, 31 tubulosa, Teleporia, 30
stratiotata, Parapoynx, 31 tullia, Coenonympha, 7
striana, Celypha, 31 ab. cockaynei, 7
strigana, Lathronympha, 31 turbidana, Apotomis, 31
strigulatella, Phyllonorycter, 16 turbidana, Epiblema, 19
suasa, Lacanobia, 12 tussilaginis, Scrobipalpula, 18,

100

pcalatak

tyndarus, Erebia, 12
tyrrhaenica, Cnephasia, 15
uddmanniana, Epiblema, 31
ulicetella, Agonopterix, 17

ulmifoliella, Phyllonorycter,
16, 3

ultimella, Depressaria, 18

uncella, Ancylis, 31

unculana, Ancylis, 31
undulata, Rheumaptera, 31
unionalis, Palpita, 15
unipuncta, Mythimna, 79
unitana, Aphelia, 19
unitella, Batia, 31
upupana, Ancylis, 17
urticae, Aglais;,, 6,07,88, "12;
13% 22)-51=o8, 78), ePlate2

ab. dannenbergi, 7

ab. ichnusa, 6, 7

ab. semi-ichnusoides, 7
ustella, Ypsolopha, 31
vaccinii, Conistra, 13
vandaliella, Eudonia, 19
verbascalis, Anania, 3l
veronicae, Conistra, 13
versicolor, Oligia, 9
vespiformis, Synanthedon, 26
vicinella, Caryocolum, 18
vigintipunctella, Yponomeuta, 75

vinella, Syncopacma, 17
virgaureae, Heodes, 12
virgella, Lita, 19

vitella, Ypsolopha, 19

vitellina, Mythimna, 27

vulgella, Teleiodes, 103, Plate 3
wagae, Teleiodes, 100, 104,

Plate 3
wiskotti,
wolfiella,
zelleri,
ziczac,

Standfussiana, 13
Nemapogon, 14
Melissoblaptes, 19

Eligmodonta, 31

ODONATA

cyanea, Aeshna, 30
cyathigerum, Enallagma, 28
depressa, Libellula, 28
elegans, Ischnura, 28
mixta, Aeshna, 30

puella, Coenagrion, 30
sanguineum, Sympetrum, 30

sponsa, Lestes, 30

striolatum, Sympetrum, 30
ORTHOPTERA

discolor, Conocephalus, 19, 29

dorsalis, Conocephalus, 19, 29

burri, 29

xiv

NEUROPTERA

albolineata,
carnea,

Chrysopa, 28
Chrysopa, 28

ciliata, Chrysopa, 28

diptera, Psectra, 21

humulinus, Hemerobius, 28
marginatus, Hemerobius, 28
notata, Raphidia, 81

perla, Chrysopa, 28
phalaenoides, Drepanepteryx, 21

ARACHNIDA

Ectoparasites of spiders, 32

Endoparasites of spiders, 41

Tetragna spp. with parasite,
33

Theridion spp. with parasite, 33

accentuata, Anyphaena, 28

atra, Erigone, 28

barbipes, Saitis, 22

cervinus, Aelurillus, 80

collinus, Philodromus, 28

conica, Cyclosa, 28

cucurbitina, Araniella, 28

cucurbitinus, Araneus, 32

cupreus, Heliophanes, 28

depressus, Ballus, 28

diadematus, Araneus, 28

diodia, Zilla, 28

dorsata, Diaea, 28

flavipes, Lepthyphantes, 28

graminicola, Erigonidium, 28

lunata, Achearanea, 28, 33

lutescens, Clubiona, 28

mengei, Lepthyphantes, 33

mirabilis, Pisaura, 28

monardi, Aelurillus, 80

montana, Linyphia, 28

mystaceum, Theridion, 32

obscurus, Lepthyphantes, 28

onustus, Thomisus, 80

ovata, Enoplognatha, 28

pallens, Theridion, 28

picinus, Diplocephalus, 28

quadratus, Araneus, 22, 28

rufipes, Gongylidium, 28

28,

rufus, Philodromus, 28
rurestris, Meioneta, 28
segmenta, Meta, 44
similis, Amaurobius, 22

simulans, Achaearanea, 33
sisyphium, Theridion, 28
sturmi, Araneus, 28
tenuis, Lepthyphantes, 33
terrestris, Clubiona, 32
tinctum, Theridion, 33
triangularis, Linyphia, 28
truncatus, Pistius, 80
varians, Theridion, 28
vittatus, Anelosimus, 28

OTHER CREATURES

Argulus sp. (Crustacean), 75

Ectobius lapponicus, Dusky
cockroach (Dictyoptera), 19, 30

germanica, Panorpa (Mecoptera),

perietinus, Opilio, 22

scaber, Porcellio, (Isopoda), 22

talpae, Hystrichopsylla,
(Siphonaptera), 4

PLANTS, FUNGI ETC.

Abies, Fir, 14

Acer campestre, Maple, 43, 44
pseudoplatanus, Sycamore, 43,
44

Aegopodium podagraria, Ground
Elder, 44, 45, 46

Aesculus hippocastanum, 45

Allium ursinum, 44

Alnus, Alder, 29

Anagallis tenella, Bog
Pimpernel, 28

Angelica, 21, 44
sylvestris, 43

Apium nodiflorum, 18

Aster tripolium, 19

Azalea, 15, 26

Banana, 14

Betula, Birch, 6, 14, 18,°28, 63

Blackcurrant, 14

Bog Stitchwort, 29

Bogbean, 29

Brachypodium sylvaticum, 18

Bracken, 6, 81

Bush vetch, 21

Calluna vulgaris, Heather, 20,
337,45

Calystegia sepium, 15
soldanella, 15

Capsicum, 9

Cardamine pratensis, 44

Carex paniculata, 29

Carpinus, Hornbeam, 63

Centaurea nigra, 17

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, ll,
207° 278

Chondostereum purpureum,
Silver-leaf fungus, 18

Cirsium arvense, 45

Corylus, Hazel, 1

Cotoneaster, 15

Crataegus, Hawthorn, 3, 18, 21,

74, 80

Crepis capillaris, 80

Daldinia concentrica (Fungus),
6) 28

Dasyscyphus palearum, 29
virgineus, 29

Desmococcus (Alga), 9

Dryas octopetala, 17
Entomophthora muscae (Fungus), 44
Epilobium angustifolium, 17
Erica tetralix, 3
Eriophorum, 18
Euphorbia amygaloides, 18
Fagus, Beech, 1, 2, 4, 46, 63
Figwort, 22
Filipendula ulmaria, 21
Fraxinus, Ash, 63
Fungus, 2, 6
Galium saxatile,
43, 44, 45
Genista anglica, 17
pilosa, 17
HANncEOT a, sky
Hedera, l
Helianthemum, 18
Heracleum, 1
Hogweed, 81
Holly, 21!
Hypericum, 74
Inula conyza,
Juncus, 3
Juniperus, Juniper, 8,
oxycedrus, 13
Leparia (Lichen), 19
Lepraria incana (Lichen), 15
Limonium binervosum, 80
humile, 80
Lonicera, Honeysuckle, 18
Lotus, 15
corniculatus 74
Luzula pilosa, 14
sylvatica, 14
Lycopus europaeus, “44
Malus, Apple, 44
Marsh Pennywort, 29
Marsh Willowherb, 29
Mentha aquatica, 1
Mollisia palustris, 29
Moss, 2
Myosotis sylvatica, 19
Myrica gale, 77
Oenanthe crocata, 44
Orbilia auricolor, 29
xanthostigma, 29
Ovrehuds;, 177,329
Origanum vulgare, 15, 74
Picea, Spruce, 9, 17
abies, 14
Pinus, Pine, 2, 37,720
Poppy, Yellow-horned, 3
Populus, Poplar, 20
tremula, Aspen, 13
Potato, ll
Potentilla sterilis, 15
Prunus laurocerasus, 43

Heath Bedstraw,

ib), fehl

20),,, 79

persica, Peach, 16
spinosa, Sloe, Blackthorn, 43,
44
Quercus), Oak, 2; 3, 4, 18, 33

XV

Ranunculus, 44
Rhamnus, Buckthorn, 74
Rice, 90
Rosa, Rose, 28, 74, 75, 81
Rubus, Bramble, 5, 26, 29, 39,
45, 46
Rumex hydrolapathum, 16
Rush, 20
Salix, Sallow, Willow, 2, 29, 63
caprea, 43
repens, 14
Sambucus, Elder, 2
Sarothamnus, Broom, 20
Scabiosa columbaria, 74
Scirpus maritimus, 19
Seaweed, 2
Sedum, 75
Senecio jacobaea, 44
Serratula tinctoria, 17
Silene maritima, 18
Sorbus aria, 21
Stellaria, 19
holostea, 15, 44
media, 44
Suaeda maritima, 17
Symphoricarpos, 16
Symphytum, 19
Tamarisk, 13
Abbbaeayjeiy Z4it
Tussilago farfara, 18
Ulex, Gorse, 16, 17
Ulmus, Elm, 19, 39
Umbellifers, 32, 43, 44
Urtica dioica, Nettle, 5l, 58
urens, 51
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 18, 19
Verbascum blattaria, 22
White bryony, 21
Wood Sage, 18

OTHER PABULA AND HABITATS

Bark, 4, 5, 6, 16, 25:78 3207040),
Usp we)

Cut reeds, 4

Dung, 3

Galls, 16, 20

Goldfish, 75

Grass cuttings, 4

Mole's nest, 4

Rabbit burrows, 3

Tramp's blanket, 19

Wood, Dead or rotten, 3, 6, 14,
21. 2 5),0 2 OS OO

SELECTED TOPICS
Albinos & pale forms, 9, 11, 13

Cases, 14, 15, Le
Collecting varieties, 69

xvi

Distinguishing features
Phyllonorycters on alder, 26
dorsalis / discolor (Orthop.),
29

ruricolella / cloacella
(Lep.), 18

sulcatus / aurifer (Col.), 79

Dwarf forms, 7, 59

Gynandromorphs, 6, 7, 9, ll, 81

Hibernation, 61

Homeosis, 6, 7

Hybrids, 9, 14

Macropterous forms, 19, 29

Marking moths, 11

Melanics & dark forms, 8, 9, 10,
IFA LOl S20; ea COR Ler

Mines, 40 in one leaf, 16

Moths in the snow, 13, 76

New or unusual foodplants, 16,
17h Oe 20

Parasites & Parasitoids, 28,
32=34, 41), 46, 58a 595m Cri aod

Photographs of insect stages, 9,
P29), 1330)

Polymodality, 55, 56

Psychid feeding on lichens?, 81

Releasing bred butterflies, 6, 68

Six spotted lonicerae, ll

Somatic mosaic, 8

Species new to Britain, 3, 14,
15, 16),) 17, 28, 25, 83), veaeee

Species new to science, 17, 19

Temperature experiments, 10

Unexpected second broods, 6, 7

Unidentified species, 15, 19

H WERE

95 2./

PROCEEDINGS AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE
Ve j BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY

INDEX VOLUME 19 (1986)

Compiled by N. Hall
Date of publication: parts 1/4 November 1986

Annual Exhibition 1985, 43
British Butterflies, 43; British Macrolepidoptera, 45;
Foreign Macrolepidoptera, 48; Coleoptera, 49; Hemiptera, 54;
Microlepidoptera, 55; Hymenoptera, 62; Odonata, 63; Arachnida, 63;
Illustrations, 63

Asaphidion (Col: Carabidae) Species Occurring in Great Britain and
Ireland, The, 17

Book Review
The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, by M.J. Roberts, 21

British Species of Diastata Meigen and Campichoeta Macquart
(Diptera: Drosophiloidae), The, 9

Butterfly Collecting Policy, 2

Changes in the Status of the Lepidoptera of a North West Surrey
Locality, 33

Collecting Insects in Saudi Arabia, Some Observations on, 22

Eana rastrata (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Andorra, A
Record of, 26

Editorial, 1

Emergence and Flight Periods of Some Butterflies at Freshwater,
I.O.W. in 1984, 3

Field Meetings 1985, 64
Chobham Common, Surrey, 26 v 1985
Darenth Wood, Kent, 3 xi 1985
Frame Heath, New Copse and Ladycross, New Forest, Hants, 10 viii 1985
Pigbush, New Forest Hants, 6 vii 1985
Wooton Coppice, New Forest, 3 viii 1985

Field Meetings 1986, 66
Chobham Common, Surrey, 24 v 1986
Thornden Wood near Herne, East Kent, 23 iii 1986

Flight Period of the Dryad (Minois dryas (Scop.), Lep: Satyridae) in
Northern Italy, 28

Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister) (Odonata) in Hampshire, 86

Indoor Meetings, 68

Inheritance of Three Common Forms of Acronicta aceris
(L.)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), The, 27

Liancalus virens (Scop.) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) on Brickwork
Seepages in East London, 86

Microlepidoptera Workshop 1985, 29

Notices:
Bees Wasps & Ants, National Recording Scheme, 26
Professor Hering Memorial Research Fund, iii (inside rear cover)
Small Ecological Project Grants, 29

Obituary, L. G. Higgins, 84

Officers Reports and Accounts, 79-84

Presidential Address, 29, 33

Adams, M
Agassiz,

CONTRIBUTORS

Uke: 2G
Dedicy uct) 457, >

Alden, A. Ax, 62

Appleton
Archer,

B
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Bland, K.

Bowden,
Bradford
Thos vfs}
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71, 84
British

fDi Mic eo O,) tO
Met, (62
eBoy, 49)
6 OR Sa SS
ROO Oh Sa eye SSR AS
Doe neeas
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i ee eae Aa
Ong let bietge er
Dai SSA
SS tan
pe BiatSee4clepoOp, O45 69%,
On, eRe bart aes. Son OF

Museum, 43, 45, 49

Brotheridge, D. J., 43, 45, 57

Brown, M
Callow,
Carter,
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bi OD
Chandler
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Collins,
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Erzincli
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Haes, E.
Haley as
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Harman,
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Harris,
erty Gre
Harvey,
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1S ASKO)

-Hunt, J. M., 43, 46, 48,
preOtae OSes ar
m IDS wae ed)
Shiehiwe eos
GaeAwi 43

Mi Us vuViep Ow
SulWiates Re CLS
Shia ae sih
Wo Ren 465 20
De pea 45
Se pe RO
Reset
Dea Hiei Die

B; 74

Se CA RSMATIA UO TOR 7/3
OGLUy) Zi ie

Ren RSA TAS}
Gh Ae Ui) Ol
gh, R., 46, 57

Yoo 9s)

INS CS ORO en!
x-Davies, J. N., 48, 63
Sateingeteht

Cl Mee ro

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Mee 4607 Sey oie

SUNS wag SoM se Gio Gels

past, PuSe WE BS

M. W., 86

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Te Wey 63S

Ne GG Se SAS

M. W., 58

Wie pid seeAAte tg ene
Hee ass = azial

P. R., 21, 63, ‘64
Ree Den oo

Hayes, A. H., 30

Hayward,

R., 46

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Heckford, R. J., 58

Higgins, L. G., 32, 84

Hodge, Pa Je, 20) ol, D>

HuGSOny) coer os

Hyman, Pe Say, OO, S2y063

Jewess, P. J., 74

Jones, A. M., 44

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les “Wy ASS Thigh ZA}

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Key, Rs 0, os

Kirb¥e, 2s oo

Knill-Jones, R. P., 59

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Lambert; Ge Ue Win oD

Langmaid, J. R., 46, 59

Dawconyn Lo smiDicn ic:

Lear, N. W., 46

Legg, G., 72

Lever, R. A., 28

London Natural History Society,

Long, Ra» 63s

Lonsdale, D., 71

Lovell-Pank, R., 32

Luckens, C. J., 49

APES WS Ab L7/

Lumb; Ce, 70

MacNulty, B. J., 47

Majerus, M. E. N., 27

Martinez, M., 17

Maunder, J. W., 75

McClenaghan, I., 49, 53

McCormick, R. F., 46

MecLure, A. M., 31

Meneascthy sie aliens iL

Michaelis, H. N., 59

Middleton, A. P., 44

Middleton, H. G. M., 44, 47

Mides)) S. Re, 70

Moor, D., 74

Moore, D. A., 70

Moore, P. D., 78

Morris, M. G., 49, 50

Muggleton, J., 68, 71

Muxphy,, Bi. Ma, dla 47

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Nature Conservancy Council, 64

Oliver Ge en Sic oe

Qweneeds) Naw OOnn S44 a Osment
Wess TSG. WAS

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Parsons; Mer ain os

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Plant, Cs We, 47, 68, 78

Pilates, ecw Lae

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Porter, J., 63

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Rothschild, M., 47

Royal Entomological Society
Russworm, A. D. A., 44, 47
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Souhimen IDa lee 507 a4

Siddons, P. N., 60
Sammons, Me cian 70), 71, 716
Simpson, A., 58

Simpson, A. N. B., 60
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Weoweintef, Wie Reg ily 7/7

COLEOPTERA

aedilis, Acanthocinus, 50,
aenea, Triplax, 54

aeneus, Cyanostolus, 53
aeneus, Malachius, 51
alpinus, Oreodytes, 75
angustatus, Dyschirius, 5l
angustula, Epurea, 50
anoboides, Dryophilus, 51,
arietinus, Byrrhus, 54, 63
astragali, Apion, 52
aurora, Dictyoptera, 54
betulae, Bytiscus, 50, 52
bicolor, Corticeus, 78

’

,

54,

52

bifasciatum, Rhagium, 54

biflexuosa, Abdera, 50
biguttatus, Cryptocephalus, 64
bilamellatus, Cis, 71
bimaculatus, Anthiscus, 53
binotatus, Hallomenus, 71
bipunctata, Adalia, 68
bipunctata, Osphya, 50, 51, 54
bipunctatus, Cryptocephalus, 64
bipustulata, Tritoma, 78
bipustulatus, Selatosomus, 51
poleti, Diaperis, 50, 53
brevicornis, Enicmus, 53
brevis, Hydrochus, 51
brunsvicensis, Chrysolina, 5l
buprestoides, Melasis, 52
campestris, Cicindela, 49, 53
campyloides, Athous, 54
caprea, Lochmaea, 67
cardinalis, Ampedus, 50, 52
carinatus, Hydrochus, 5l, 52
ceramboides, Pseudocistela, 52
cerasi, Orsodacne, 53
championi, Phalacrus, 51
chlorocephala, Lebia, 53
chrysanthemi, Mantura, 52
cinnamomea, Leiodes, 51
coccineus, Endomychus, 51
collaris, Mecinus, 52
collignensis, Bagous, 52
collinum, Gymnetron, 51, 52
confine, Euophryum, 53
contaminata, Atomaria, 54
corticalis, Dryopthorus, 52
crux-minor, Lebia, 49, 51
cuprea, Cetonia, 50, 51, 54
cupreus, Elaphrus, 53

cursor, Lissodema, 50, 51
curtum, Asaphidion, 19
czwalinai Bagous, 50, 54
decempunctata, Adalia, 67
delaporti, Batrisodes, 52
depressus, Licinus, 53
dichrous, Deleaster, 50
dissectus, Plegaderus, 76
diversipunctata, Hypera, 52
duodecimstriatus, Anommatus, 54
ericeti, Altica, 52
fasciatus, Byrrhus, 63
fasciatus, Trichius, 53
fastuosa, Chrysolina, 52
fastuosa, Pilemostoma, 52
ferruginea, Zilora, 54
flavescens, Drilus, 51
flavicornis, Paromalus, 71
flavipes, Asaphidion, 19

Flea beetle key ring, 50
fornicatus, Stenus, 52
fuliginosus, Pycnomerus, 52
fuscus, Anthrenus, 53

gibbus, Phylan, 51

glabratus, Tychobythnius, 51
glabrirostris, Bagous, 52
gressneri, Ptenidium, 50
helopioides, Oodes, 51

hemipterus, Megarthrus, 54
hieroglyphica, Coccinella, 68
hirtus, Trinodes, 53
huttoni, Pentarthrum, 53
imperialis, Ptinomorphus, 52
impressus, Selatosomus, 54
inquisitor, Rhagium, 54
intermedium, Ptenidium, 50
iota, Rhynchaenus, 64
janthinus, Mecinus, 51
lacordairii, Triplax, 50, 54
laevioctostriatus, Cylindrinotus,
67

laminatus, Cercyon, 5l
lapponicus, Cryptophagus, 54
limbatus, Thymalum, 52
lineata, Orsodacne

var. humeralis, 53
lineola, Orsodacne, 52, 53
livens, Agonum, 53
livida, Nebria, 53
luridipennis, Psylliodes, 52
Macer, Pterostichus, 53
mandibularis, Manda, 50
Marginalis, Axinotarsus, 54
matthewsi, Mantura, 52
melanarius, Prionychus, 50
melanura, Odacantha, 51
mMetallicum, Scaphidema, 53
micros, Tachys, 54
Minimus, Microscydmus, 73
minor, Molorchus, 52
Minor, Orchesia, 52
minuta, Liocyrtusa, 50
Minutus, Platycis, 51
misellus, Acalles, 52
mixtus, Ceutorhynchus, 52
mollinus, Omias, 53
montivaga, Amara, 5l
multipunctata, Blethisa, 53
museorum, Anthrenus, 30
nebulosa, Mesosa, 54
Neuwaldeggiana, Mordellistena, 5l
nigra, Strangalia, 51
nitens, Attelabus, 67
nitidus, Hemicoelus, 73
Nivalis, Nebria, 53
oblongoguttata, Neomysia, 68
Obscura, Donacia, 53, 54
Olivacea, Phytodecta, 67
Opaca, Aclypea, 50, 51
palliatus, Tanymecus, 53
Pallipes, Apion, 51
pallipes, Asaphidion, 19, 51
Palustris, Hydraena, 51
parallelepipedus, Cossonus, 53
Parallelus, Tychius, 52
parvulus, Cryptocephalus, 51
Parvulus, Tachys, 5l, 54
pectinicornis, Schizotus, 63
pictus, Prodaticus, 24
planata, Uleiota, 53
Planus, Larinus, 50
populi, Rhynchaenus, 5l
pratensis, Rhynchaenus, 52

praetor, Thinobius, 54
proctor, Thinobius, 63
pulvinatus, Ceutorhynchus, 52
punctiger, Cryptocephalus, 51
pusillus, Aphanisticus, 51
pygmaea, Hapalarea, 50
quadrifasciata, Strangalia, 51
quadrimaculatus, Notiophilus, 50
quadripunctata, Phyllobrotica, 52
quattuordecimpunctata, Propylea, 68
quinquepunctatus, Tychius, 52
rachifer, Adrastus, 51

rapae, Ceutorhynchus, 52
roboris, Acalles, 52

roboris, Anoplus, 52

rubens, Anitys, 50

rubidus, Curculio, 51

rubra, Leptura, 54
rubripennis, Philonthus, 53
ruficollis, Axinotarsus, 50
ruficollis, Platyderus, 78
ruficornis, Aleochara, 52
rufus, Scydmaenus, 73
rugiceps, Hypocaccus, 53
ruricola, Omaloplia, 51
saginatus, Lamprinodes, 54
sanguineum, Pyrrhidium, 53
sanguinolenta, Leptura, 54
sanguinolentus, Ampedus, 64
scaber, Trox, 52

schwarzi, Ptinolinum, 50
scolytus, Scolytus, 78
scoticus, Gabrius, 78
scrobiculatus, Trachys, 53
scrophulariae, Cionus, 54
scutellaris, Triplax, 31
sedecimuttata, Halyzia, 51
separanda, Synchita, 52

serra, Ctesias, 53
serricornis, Prionocyphon, 50, 64
sexguttata, Leptura, 50, 54
sexmaculata, Judolia, 54
sexpunctatum, Agonum, 64, 78
similaris, Dryops, 51
sinuatus, Agrilus, 50
sinuatus, Thanatophilus, 50, 51
solidus, Meligethes, 5l
stierlini, Asaphidion, 20
strandi, Thinobius, 63
striatum, Asemum, 54, 64
subdeplanata, Caenoscelis, 50
subniger, Bledius, 51
subrugosus, Meligethes, 53
subtillisima, Hydrosmectina, 54
sylvicola, Atheta, 54
tarsatus, Scydmaenus, 72
terricola, Laemostenus, 53
testaceus, Leptinus, 53
tibialis, Procraerus, 50, 54
tibialis, Tychius, 5l
translucida, Rhagonycha, 52
transversalis, Hydraticus, 52
trisulcum, Aulonium, 78
tuberculosus, Cionus, 54
uliginosus, Elaphrus, 53

umbilicata, Corticaria, 5l
Undatus, Cicones, 53

undulata, Orchesia, 75, 78
unistriatus, Bidessus, 52
vaporariorum, Myrmechixenus, 50
variegata, Epuraea, 54
variegatus, Cicones, 53
Variegatus, Haliplus, 51
vaudoueri, Phloiotrya, 54
ventralis, Quedius, 52, 53, 54
viduatus, Ceutorhynchus, 52
Villosoviridescens, Agapanthia,
villosus, Micrambe, 51
viminalis, Phytodecta, 67
vulneratus, Malachius, 54
Vulneratus, Plegaderus, 50, 76

DIPTERA

adusta, Diastana, 14
Ceriaeformis, Conops, 68
cinctus, Lasiopogon, 67
costata, Diastana, 14
eggeri, Microdon, 78
flavitarsis, Trichopsomyia, 64
fuscula, Diastana, 14
gJeniculata, Orthonevra, 67
gyps, Rhopalia, 25

inanis, Volucella, 70
interpuncta, Anasimyia, 68
nebulosa, Diastana, 13
notatus, Scellus, 86
Obscuripennis, Campichoeta, 11
ornata, Diastana, 13
Punctum, Campichoeta, 11
rosaria, Rhabdophaga, 67
Salicis, Rhabdophaga, 67
striata, Medetera, 74
tricincta, Pelecocera, 64
vagans, Diastana, 15
venustus, Dasysyrphus, 67
viduatus, Chrysops, 70
virens, Liancalus, 86
zonaria, Volucella, 70

HEMIPTERA

acuminiata, Aelia, 55
agilis, Dicranocephalus, 55
antennatus, Megalonotus, 55
brevipennis, Plinthisus, 55
calcaratus, Alydus, 55
Carayoni, Tuponia, 55
carinata, Acalypta, 55
Clavatus, Pilophorus, 55
dilatatus, Megalonotus, 55
dorsalis, Odontoscelis, 55
enervis, Lasiosomus, 55
falleni, Arenocoris, 55
grandis, Scolopostethus, 55
griseus, Conastethus, 55
holosericeus, Tropistethus, 55
hyoscyami, Corizus, 55
laticeps, Henestaris, 55
lundi, Peritrechus, 55

lynceus, Graptopeltus, 55

maritimus, Beosus, 55

maura, Eurygaster, 55
obligquus, Cymus, 55
parumpunctatus, Rhopalus, 55
picipes, Legnotus, 55

pini, Rhyparochromus, 55
praetextatus, Megalonotus, 55
psammaecolor, Trigonotylus, 55
pseudoferus, Nabis, 55
reclairei, Agnocoris, 55
roseus, Conostethus, 55
rufipes, Acompus, 55
sabulicola, Megalonotus, 55
saulii, Velia, 55
scutellaris, Deraeocoris, 55,
subapterus, Coranus, 55
Sulcatus, Capsodes, 55
thunbergi, Hoplomachus, 55
unifasciatus, Polymerus, 55
wagneri, Lygus, 55

HYMENOPTERA

albipes, Ametastegia, 62
alpina, Hoplocampa, 67
argentatus, Oxybelus, 62
augur, Urocerus, 63
betuleti, Scolioneura, 67
bicinctus, Gorytes, 62
brunneus, Lasius, 52
cadderensis, Nematus, 67
claviventris, Osmia, 62
coarctata, Ponera, 51
coarctatus, Eumenes, 62
crabro, Vespa, 62, 65
crassicornis, Pristiphora, 63
cyanea, Ceratina, 73
distinguenda, Tenthredo, 63
dives, Ectemnius, 62
fasciatus, Amauronematus, 63
femorata, Tiphia, 62
gracilicornis, Ichneumon, 62
halophilus, Colletes, 62
hattorfiana, Andrena, 62
herrichii, Pseudepipona;, 62
linearis, Hartigia, 62
nigerrimus, Anoplius, 62
nigrinus, Cephus, 62
ochropus, Arge, 62

ornatula, Stelis, 62

pagana, Arge, 62

pinguis, Astata, 62
pratensis, Dolerus, 62
pumila, Empria, 62

sixii, Selandria, 62
stramentarius, Ichneumon, 62
sylvestris, Dolichovespula, 68
trimaculatus, Nysson, 62
triplicatus, Dolerus, 67
violacea, Xylocopa, 63
violaceus, Omalus, 62, 73

LEPIDOPTERA

abietana, Acleris, 61
abietaria, Eupithecia, 47
abietella, Dioryctria, 56
absinthii, Cucullia, 39
aceris, Acronicta, 47

f. candelisequa, 27

f. intermedia, 27

f. typica, 27
achilleae, Cucullia, 48
acteon, Thymelicus

ab. alba, 44
aegeria, Pararge, 3
aeneana, Commophila, 58
aestuariella, Coleophora, 57
affinis, Cosmia, 34, 42
agestis, Aricia

ab. pallidior, 45
aglaja, Argynnis

ab. wimani, 69
agrimoniae, Ectoedemia, 66
albersana, Eucosmomorpha, 56
albicostella, Coleophora, 60
albipuncta, Mythimna, 47
albipunctata, Cyclophora, 67
albitarsella, Coleophora, 66
albovenosa, Simyra, 48
alexanor, Papilio, 49
alismana, Phalonidia, 59
alluaudi, Zygaena

lamprotes, 49
alni, Acronicta

ab. suffusa, 47
alniaria, Ennomos, 48, 68
alpinella, Platytes, 61
alternaria, Semiothisa, 47
alternella, Tortricodes, 67
ambiguella, Eupoecelia, 61
anceps, Apamea, 46
anglicella, Parornix, 66
angustella, Alispa, 59
anomalella, Stigmella, 66
apicipunctella, Elachista, 61
apollinus, Archon, 48
aprilella, Metzneria, 57
aprilina, Dichonia, 41, 42
aquilonaris, Boloria, 48
arceuthina, Argyresthia, 59
argentana, Eana, 56, 59
argentimaculella, Infurcitinea, 59
argentula, Coleophora, 66
argiolus, Celastrina, 3, 44, 76
arion, Maculinea, 68
armigera, Heliothis, 47
artemisicolella, Coleophora, 56
astrantiae, Agonopterix, 58, 59, 60
atalanta, Vanessa, 8

ab. angustfasciata, 44

ab. bialbata, 71

ab. fracta, 44
atomaria, Ematurga, 67
atra, Blastodacna, 60
aurantiana, Pammene, 59

aurantiaria ,Agriopis

ab. fumipennaria, 46
aurata, Zygaena

tachdirtica, 49
aureatella, Micropterix, 60
aurelia, Mellicta, 49
aurella, Stigmella, 66
aurinia, Eurodryas, 43, 44

ssp. anglica, 44

ssp. scotica, 44

ab. glabrus + obscura, 44
auroguttella, Calybites, 66
australis, Colias, 68
autumnata, Epirrita, 41
badiana, Ancylis, 66
badiata, Earophila, 77
badiella, Depressaria, 57

brunneella, 57
ballus, Tomares, 48
basaltinella, Bryotropha, 58
basiguttella, Stigmella, 66
beatricella, Aethes, 56, 58
bellana, Cnephasia, 26
bellargus, Lysandra, 43

ab. czekekii, 43

ab. krodeli, 45
berbera, Amphipyra, 76
betulae, Thecla, 69
betularia, Biston, 65
betulella, Acrolepiopsis, 55, 56,

61

betulina, Psyche, 58
biangulata, Euphyia, 45
bicoloria, Leucodonta, 63
bifractella, Apoda, 69
bigella, Euzophera, 59
bipunctella, Ethmia, 59
bipunctosa, Agonopterix, 59, 60
biriviata, Xanthorhoe, 38, 41
blomeri, Discoloxia, 47
boeticus, Lampides, 45
bractea, Autographa, 47
bractella, Oecophora, 58
brumata, Operophtera, 41
brunnichana, Epinotia

f. brunneana, 57
bubageki, Cucullia, 48
Charaxes spp., 49
c-album, Polygonia, 8, 36, 74
c-nigrum, Xestia, 47
caecimaculana, Pelochrista, 59
caespititiella, Coleophora, 60
camilla, Ladoga, 8
canella, Gymnancyla, 61
capucina, Ptilodon, 63, 65
cardamines, Anthocharis, 44

ab. caulotosticta, 44

ab. macula-punctata, 44

ab. minora, 44

ab. ochrea, 44

ab. umbrosa, 44
carduella, Agonopterix, 57

cardui, Cynthia, 3, 43 deplana, Eilema, 47, 65

ab. inornata, 43 devoniella, Parornix, 66

ab. ocellata, 43 didyma, Melitaea

ab. rogeri, 43 meridionalis

ab. varini, 43 ab. nigratstriata, 49
carmelita, Odontosia, 77 aiffinis, Cosmia, 34, 42
carpinata, Nephopterix, 77 diluta, Cymatophorima, 42
carpinella, Parornix, 73 dilutata, Epirrita, 41
casta, Psyche, 66 disjuncta, Acraea, 49
castanea, Xestia, 67 dispar, Lycaena
Ccelerio, Hippotion, 71 batavus, 44
cespitis, Tholera, 42 dispar, Lymantria, 48
Chalcites, Chrysodeixis, 48 dispunctella, Elachista, 58
choragella, Morophaga, 59 distinguenda, Stigmella, 66
Christi, Erebia, 48, 49 dodoneata, Eupithecia, 41, 42
christyi, Epirrita, 41 dolabraria, Plagodis, 63
Chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 45, 46 douglasii, Bankesia, 56
ciliella, Agonopterix, 60 dryas, Minois, 28
Cinctaria, Cleora, 77 dromedarius, Notodonta, 63
cingillella, Elachista, 59 dubitata, Triphosia, 42
Cinxia, Melitea egenaria, Eupithecia, 47

ab. wittei, 44 ekebladella, Tischeria, 66
circellaris, Agrochola, 37 elpenor, Deilephila, 45
clerckella, Lyonetia, 66 emutaria, Scopula, 47
Clorana, Earias, 38, 42 epilobiella, Mompha, 59
coffeella, Callisto, 61 eppingella, Psyche, 58
collitella, Elachista, 59, 60 ericetana, Endothenia, 59
combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia, 56 ericetella, Neofaculta, 67
comes, Noctua eris, Colotis, 49

ab. sagittifer, 47 euphrosyne, Boloria
complana, Eilema, 65 ab. stramineus, 44
compositella, Cydia, 61 eurema, Levanarcha, 60
compta, Hadena, 42 eurema, Trifurcula, 63, 70
consonaria, Ectropis, 78 exigua, Spodoptera, 46
coridon, Lysandra, 3, 43 extrema, Photedes, 47

ab. arcuata, 45 fagata, Operophtera, 41

ab. fowleri, 43 fagivora, Parornix, 73

ab. inaequalis, 43 falcataria, Drepana, 67

ab. inframarginata, 43 falsella, Catoptria, 59

ab. lavendula, 43 farinalis, Pyralis, 57

ab. obsoleta, 8 fascelina, Dicallomera, 67

ab. parisiensis, 45 fasciana, Pammene, 57, 61

ab. postbrunnescens, 43 f. herrichiana, 56

ab. punctata, 43 festaliella, Schreckensteinia, 67

ab. suavis, 70 festucae, Plusia, 38, 42

ab. semisyngrapha, 43 filipendulae, Zygaena

ab. tithonus, 43 stephensi, 39

ab. ultrafowleri, 43 flammea, Trigonophora, 47, 48
corylifoliella, Phyllonorycter, 66 flaviciliana, Cochylis, 57
costaestrigalis, Schrankia, 42 flavimitrella, Lampronia, 73
Crassa, Agrotis, 47 flavipennella, Coleophora, 61
crataegella, Scythropia, 56 flavofasciata, Erebia, 48, 49
Crawshayi, Belenois, 49 floslactella, Stigmella, 66
croceus, Colias, 3, 43, 44 foenella, Epiblema, 59

ab. dentata, 43 formosanus, Lozotaeniodes, 59

ab. pseudomas, 43 fraternana, Epinotia, 58, 60

ab. punctifera, 43 friesei, Ocnerostoma, 57
cuculipennella, Caloptilia, 56, 60 fulvimitrella, Triaxomera, 58
Curvatula, Drepana, 63 furcata, Hydriomena, 65
cydoniella, Phyllonorycter, 66 fuscatella, Lampronia, 57, 58, 67,
Delias spp., 49 75
decorella, Teleiodes, 58 fuscovenosa, Idaea, 42
defoliaria, Erannis, 70 galathea, Melanargia, 3, 43
dentella, Phaulernis, 57, 59, 60 ab. flavescens, 44

denticulella, Callisto, 66 ab. nigricans, 43

gamma, Autographa, 46

ab. bipartita, 73

ab. nigrescens, 73
gemmella, Stenolechia, 58
gillippus, Danaus, 49
gilvago, Xanthia, 34
glaucinella, Argyresthia, 66
glossulariata, Abraxas

ab. subviolacea, 46
goedartella, Argyresthia, 65
graminis, Cerapteryx, 41, 42
Graphium spp., 49
griseata, Timandra, 65
Griseella, Trifurcula, 58
grossulariata, Abraxas, 42
gryphipennella, Coleophora,
gysseleniella, Cedestis, 67
halimede, Colotis, 49
harrisella, Phyllonorycter, 66
haworthana, Glyphipterix, 59
hecabe, Eurema, 49
heinemanni, Tischeria, 67
helenus, Papilio, 49
helvola, Agrochola, 42
hemidactylella, Caloptilia, 57
hepatica, Polia, 78
heracliana, Agonopterix, 66
herminata, Diplodoma, 58
hexadactyla, Alucita, 56, 59
hildebrandti, Colotis, 49
hippocastanaria, Pachycnemia, 67
himtarialy, ly.citars ai,
hispidaria, Apocheima, 42
hohenwartiana, Eucosma

fulvana, 59
horsfeldi, Mycalesis, 49
hospiton, Papilio, 49
humuli, Hepialus, 37
hyale, Colias, 68
hyperantus, Aphantopus, 42, 44
hypolitus, Troides, 69
icarus, Polyommatus, 8, 37, 43, 70

ab. antico-striata

+ apicojuncta, 45

ab. apicalis, 44

ab. eongata, 45

ab. postobsoleta, 71

ab. postpluripuncta, 71

ab. transiens, 43, 45
iercei, Aethese?????, 61
imella, Monopis, 57
inconspicuella, Solenobia, 57, 58
incretus, Colotis, 49
indica, Vanessa, 43
inopiana, Hysterosia, 59
insignitella, Phyllonorycter, 57,
Le5e 78
internana, Cydia, 59
io, Inachis, 66
ione, Colotis, 49
iris, Apatura, 45

ab. iolata, 45
isodactylus, Platyptilia, 61
jacobaeae, Tyria, 39, 45, 47
juniperata, Thera, 46

60, 66

jurtina, Maniola, 43, 44

ab. antiaureolancea, 43

ab. postmultifidus, 43
kirbyi, Graphium, 49
klimeschi, Scrobipalpa, 55
knysma, Zizeeria, 49
kuznetsovi, Agonopterix, 60
l-album, Mythimna, 48
lacertinaria, Falcaria, 63
lacteella, Mompha, 58, 59
lacunana, Olethreutes, 59
lanthonia, Issoria, 69
lappella, Metzneria, 58, 66
latimarginata, Baliochiyla, 49
leautieri, Lithophane, 42, 46

leucostigma, Celaena, 41, 42
lichenella, Solenobia, 66
lienigialis, Pyralis, 57
ligustri, Sphinx, 47
limacodes, Apoda, 46
lineata, Hyles

livornica, 45, 46, 47, 48
lineatella, Anarsia, 57
lineola, Thymelicus, 37
literana, Acleris, 57
litoralis, Mythimna, 46
littoricola, Elachista, 59, 60
liturella, Agonopterix, 60
logiana, Acleris, 56
lonicerae, Zygaena

latomarginata, 37
loreyi, Mythimna, 72, 76
lorquinana, Acleris, 61

uliginosana, 61

striana, 61
lubricipeda, Spilosoma, 77
luridana, Phalonidia, 57
luteago, Hadena

barettii, 46, 63
luteolata, Opisthograptis, 47,

73

ab. quadrilineata, 47
luteum, Spilosoma, 47
luticomella, Elachista, 60
lutipennella, Coleophora, 61
lutosa, Rhizedra, 42
lycaon, Hyponephele, 48
maccana, Acleris, 57
machaon, Papilio

hippocrates, 48
machinella, Coleophora, 58
malella, Stigmella, 66
malvae, Pyrgus, 3
mandanes, Bicyclus, 49
Margaritana, Aethes, 56, 69
margaritata, Campaea, 70
marginaria, Agriopis, 73
marginea, Tischeria, 66, 67
mMaritimella, Coleophora, 58
maturna, Bypede ae 49
maura, Mormo, 3
megera, Lasiommata, 8
megera, Parage, 37
menyanthidis, Acronicta, 46
messaniella, Phyllonorycter, 66

Ur

mMetaxella, Nematopogon, 56
mi, Callistege, 39
Milvipennis, Coleophora, 56
miscella, Mompha, 56
mitterbacheriana, Ancylis, 66
molesta, Cydia,
monacha, Lymantria, 42, 65
monodactyla, Emmelina, 66
monoglypha, Apamea, 65
moroccana, Zygaena

irhris, 49
mucronella, Ypsolopha, 60
Mundella, Bryotropha, 60
mutatella, Dioryctria, 59
myopaeformis, Synanthedon, 69
myrtilli, Anarta, 67
Nanata, Eupithecia, 67
napi, Pieris, 67
neavei, Abisaria, 49
neuropterella, Metneria, 57
nickerlii, Luperina, 45
nigrescentella, Phyllonorycter,

58, 66

nigricomella, Buccalatrix, 60
niobe, Fabriciana, 48
niphognatha, Monochroa, 57
Niveicostella, Coleophora, 61
nubeculosa, Brachionycha, 77
nubilalis, Ostrinia, 56, 59
nupta, Catocala

ab. nigrata, 45

obductella, Oncocera, 65
obliquella, Stigmella, 66
oblonga, Apamea, 47

obscurana, Pammene, 61
obsitalis, Hypena, 48

occulta, Eurois, 47

ocellea, Euchromius, 57, 59, 60,
Ochroleuca, Eremobia, 42
ochsenheimeriana, Pammene, 60
Ocnerostomella, Tinagma, 56
oehlmanniella, Lampronia, 67
Olerella, Depressaria, 57
Oliviella, Esperia, 58
Omissella, Leucospilapteryx, 66
oo, Dicycla, 41, 42

Orana, Adoxophyes, 57

orbona, Noctua, 46
Orichalcea, Cosmopterix, 58
osteodactylus, Leioptilus, 61
Otregiata, Lampropteryx, 45
oxyacanthae, Allophyes, 63
oxyacanthella, Stigmella, 66
Papilio spp., 49

Pactolana, Cydia, 60
pagenstecheri, Ariadne, 49
Palaeno, Colias, 48

europome, 48
Paleacea, Enargia, 47
palliatella, Coleophora, 61
pallidana, Cochylis, 59
pallifrontana, Cydia, 61
Pallustris, Athetis, 48
paphia, Argynnis,

ab. nigricans, 69

61

papilionaria, Geometra, 67
paradoxa, Euphaedra, 49
paradoxa, Stigmella, 72
parasitella, Ephestia
unicolorella, 61

paripennella, Coleophora, 56
paripunctella, Teleiodes, 75
parthenias, Archiearis, 67
pastinum, Lygephila, 38, 41, 42
Ppavonia, Saturnia, 42, 46, 67
penziana, Eana

colquhounana, 59
peranthus, Papilio, 69
permutana, Acleris, 57
perplexa, Hadena, 42
persephone, Zygaena, 49
phedima, Melanitis, 49
phicomene, Colias, 48
phlaeas, Lycaena, 67, 69

ab. extensa-conjuncta, 44

phoeniciata, Eupithecia, 46
phragmitella, Limnaecia, 59
piceaella, Pulicalvaria, 61
pilella, Nematopogon, 56, 58
pilosaria, Apocheima, 71
pinastri, Hyloicus, 65
pinguis, Euzophera, 59
plecta, Ochropleura, 48

plumbeolata, Eupithecia, 46
polychloros, Nymphalis, 68
polytes, Papilio, 49
pomona, Catopsilia, 49

porcellus, Deilephila, 37
praecox, Ochropleura, 48
procellata, Melanthia, 46
profundana, Eudemis, 59
promissa, Catocala, 65
propinquella, Mompha, 59
proserpina, Proserpinus, 47
pruni, Strymondia, 69

ab. caudatanulla, 45
prunifoliae, Coleophora, 57
pudorina, Mythimna, 42
pulchellana, Argyrotaenia, 75
punctalis, Dolicharthria, 59
pupillana, Eucosma, 61
puta, Agrotis, 47
pyralina, Cosmia, 34
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 65, 76
quadrimaculella, Bohemannia, 58,
quercifoliella, Phyllonorycter,
quercus, Lasiocampa, 67
quercus, Quercusia, 40, 42, 45,
ramburialis, Diasemiopsis, 60
rapae, Pieris, 3, 67
rastrata, Eana, 26
ravida, Spaelotis, 42
regificella, Elachista,
repandata, Alcis, 45
revintella, Elachista, 61
rhediella, Pammene, 67
rhomboidea, Xestia, 46
ripae, Agrotis, 46
roboris, Phyllonorycter, 57
rubi, Callophrys, 67, 69

60, 61

59

66

69

rubi, Macrothylacia, 67
Yubiginea, Conistra, 47
rufipennella, Caloptilia, 57, 58,
59

rurestrana, Celypha, 59, 60
ruricolella, Nemapogon, 56
sacraria, Rhodometra, 45, 48
Salicorniae, Coleophora, 60
salmachus, Synanthedon, 41
Samadensis, Scrobipalpa

plantaginella, 60
Samiatella, Stigmella, 57
sangei, Scrobipalpa, 60
Sannio, Diacrysia, 64
satyrata, Eupithecia, 42
Scalella, Pseudotelphusa, 60
schalleriana, Acleris, 65
Secalella, Mesapamea, 46
secalis, Mesapamea, 46
selene, Argynnis, 38
selene, Boloria, 42
semele, Hipparchia, 37
senex, Thumatha, 37, 42, 47
Sepium, Bacotia, 57
serratella, Coleophora, 66, 67
servona, Acraea, 49
similella, Microthrix, 58
Similis, Euproctis, 65

ab. nigrostriata, 48
simulans, Rhyacia, 41, 42, 47
sinapis, Leptidea, 69

ab. brunneomaculata, 44
sinuella, Homoeosoma, 61
Sororcula, Eilema, 46
spinosella, Ectoedemia, 65
Staintoniella, Phyllonorycter, 59
stellatarum, Macroglossum, 46
Stratiotata, Parapoynx, 56
strigana, Lathronympha, 66
Strigilata, Herminia, 46
strigillaria, Perconia, 67
Strobilella, Cydia, 58
subbimaculella, Ectoedemia, 66
Subeida, Belenois, 49
suberivora, Stigmella, 58
Subocellea, Reuttia, 66
succedana, Cydia, 67
Suecicella, Syncopacma, 59, 60
suffumata, Lampropteryx, 77
sylvata, Abraxas, 42, 47
sylvaticella, Coleophora, 58
sylvella, Ypsolopha, 61
sylvestris, Thymelicus, 37
Syringella, Caloptilia, 66
tages, Erynnis, 3, 69
tamesis, Coleophora, 57
tedella, Epinotia, 60
tera, Larinopoda, 49
testata, Eulithis, 42
tetraquetrana, Epinotia, 75
tiliae, Mimas, 46
tithonus, Pyronia

ab. excessa, 45

ab. obscurior, 44
trapeziella, Biselachista, 59

trapezina, Cosmia, 65
tricolorella, Caryocolum, 67
trigemina, Abrostola, 42
triseriatella, Elachista, 58
tristella, Agriphila, 61
tristrigella, Phyllonorycter, 66
EGREMCL, Euxoa, 42), 4:7
troglodytella, Coleophora, 66
truncata, Chloroclysta, 45, 70
tubulosa, Teleporia, 67
tullia, Coenonympha, 43
turpelia, Gelechia, 58
typhae, Nonagria, 42
ulicetella, Agonopterix, 59
ulmivora, Stigmella, 66
umbra, Pyrrhia, 48
unangulata, Euphyia, 47, 78
unifasciella, Elachista, 60
unionalis, Palpita, 59
unitana, Aphelia, 59
unitella, Batia, 59
unticae, Aglais, 3), 43/7 166

ab. derennei, 43, 44

ab. flavotesselata, 43

ab. semiichnusoides, 43, 44

ab. seminigra, 43
ustella, Ypsolopha, 66
uvui, Acraea, 49
valerianata, Eupithecia, 37
variata, Thera, 42
variella, Nematopogon, 56
venosata, Eupithecia, 47
venustula, Elaphria, 78
verbascalis, Anania, 57
versicolora, Endromis, 77
vestalis, Colotis, 49
vestigialis, Agrotis, 42
victoriae, Ornithoptera

archeri

epiphanes

isabellae

reginae

regis

resplendens

rubianus
vaddlicaly, Anctial,, 3i, 42
vilosella, Pachythelia, 68
vinula, Cerura, 42
virginiensis, Cynthia, 43
viridis, Antichloris, 48
viriplaca, Heliothis, 46
vitalbata, Horisme, 42
vulpinaria, Idaea, 47
w-album, Strymondia, 36, 42
wauaria, Semiothisa, 46
weaverella, Monopis, 57
wolfiella, Nemapogon, 58

ORTHOPTERA

Cockroach from bananas, 70
nigra, Nauclidas, 70
sylvestris, Nemobius, 78

ODONATA

ephippiger, Hemianax, 86
mediterranea, Anax, 86

Odonata from Sulawesi,Ternate and

Bacan Islands, 63
vansomeri, Enallagma, 24

OTHER INSECTS

asini, Haematopinus, 75
humanus, Pediculus, 75
suis, Haematopinus, 75

ARACHNIDA

acalypha, Mangora, 64
arcuata, Evarcha, 67
arundineti, Robertus, 64
Cucurbitinus, Araneus, 67
fimbriatus, Dolomedes, 67
hamata, Singa, 64
heterophthalmus, Oxyopes, 64
inornata, Dipoena, 64
italicum, Zodarian, 63
mengei, Meta, 67
mirabilis, Pisaura, 67
Onustus, Thomisus, 64
pusilla, Microlinyphia, 67
Pygmaea, Hyposinga, 64
redii, Araneus, 67
Sanguinea, Hypsosinga, 64
scenicus, Salticus, 86
spinimana, Zora, 67
striatus, Thanatus, 64
tepidariorum, Archearanea, 69
tinctum, Theridion, 67
ulmi, Xysticus, 64

PLANTS, FUNGI ETC.

Abies grandis, 61
Acer
campestre, Maple, 74
Pseudoplatanus, Sycamore,
DS), GF
Achillaea millefolium, 69
Agrimony, 62
Alexanders, 62
Allium ursinum, 55, 61
ALTWS);ALder, 1S7)525-"59),8 73,
Ammophila arenaria, 55
Angelica, 68
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 58
Apricot, 57
Arctium, 58
lappa, 66
Artemesia
absinthium, 39
millefolium, 66
Vulgaris, 66
Aster tripolium, 69
Astragalus, 61
Banana, 48, 70

Beta vulgaris

ssp. maritima, 47
Betula jy Barch, esi, | Soy 41), Dol,

BOR Gan ile 7/55

Broad Helleborine, 68
Buttercup, 62
Calluna vulgaris, Heather, 67
Carpinus, Hornbeam, 54
Castanea, Chestnut, 66
Centaurea

nigra, 57

scabiosa, 59
Chaerophyllum temulentum, 60
Choisia, 54
Cirsium, 58

arvense, 56, 66
Conium maculatum, 56
Corydalis clavicula, 52
Corylus, Hazel, 48, 56, 66
Crataegus, Hawthorn, 51, 54,

66, 37

Dactylis, 60
Deschampsia, 61

Echium vulgare, Viper's Bugloss,

Epilobium, Willow-herb
hirsutum, 59
montanum, 58

Fagus, Beech, 50

Fragaria vesca, 60

Frangula, 61

Fraxinus, Ash, 51, 53, 66

Fungus, 50, 54, 58

Genista pilosa, 59, 60

Hedera, Ivy, 45, 76

Helianthemum, 58

chamaecistus, 5l, 52

Hogweed, 62, 63

Holly, 54

Hypericum, 66

Impatiens capensis, 42

Inula conyza, 52

Iris pseudacorus, 38

Juncus, 54

Knautia arvensis, 57

Larix, Larch, 38

Lathyrus montanus, 58

Linaria vulgaris, 52

Lotus corniculatus, 60, 63, 70

Luzula silvatica, 58, 61

Lythrum, 60

Malus, Apple, 60, 66, 69

Manyanthes trifoliata, Bogbean,

Meadowsweet, 62

Moss, 51, 78

Mugwort, 56

Myrica gale, 57, 75

Olive, 48

Origanum, 66
vulgare, 65

Peach, 59

Picea, Spruce, 56, 76
abies, 58, 59
omorika, 58

Pilosella.officinasum, 55

Pinus, Pine, 41, 54, 63, 74
sylvestris, 67
Piptoporous betulinus, 71
Plantago maritima, 52
Pleurotus, 50
Potentilla, 60
Populus, Poplar, 53
tremula, Aspen, 62
Potamogeton, 54
Prunus spinosa, Sloe, 65, 69
Quezcus;, Oak, 37, 41, Sil) 527 53),
Gila Ap lp Ws
lexi oS
Ribes, 36
Rosa, Rose, 62, 66
Rubus, Bramble, 66, 67, 73
Rumex, Dock, Sorrel
acetosella, 51
obtusifolius, 77
Sagina procumbens, 51
Salux, iSalillow, Willow, Sil 36) (O35
66
Caprea, 62
phylicifolia, 61
Salsosa, 61
Sanicula, 59, 60
europaeus, 58
Sarothamnus, Broom, 51, 52
Scirpus sylvaticus, 55

Senecio vulgaris, Groundsel, 39, 77

Smyrnium, 58
Solidago, Golden-rod, 68, 70
Sorbus

aria, 58

torminalis, 58
Stellaria holostea, 67
Tamarisk, 55
Tilia, Lime, 51, 68

petiolaris, 70
Trifolium

pratense, 58, 78

repens, 58
Triglochin

maritima, 60

palustris, 60
Ulmus, Elm, 34, 66, 78
Urtica dioica, Nettle, 36, 53
Vaccinium myrtillus, 58
Vicia sepium, 66
Viola palustris, Marsh Violet, 66
Vitis vinifera, Grape, 75
Water Lily, 56
Wood, Freshly cut, 50
Yarrow, 56

OTHER PABULA AND HABITATS

Antes nest, 50; dil!
Bark D2 DSi:
Driftwood, 53
Exhibitors shoulder, 53
Farmyard debris, 73
Gallic

Garden compost, 73
Grass roots, 50

Leaf litter, 53

Rotting leaves, 50

Spiders webs, 53

Wood, Dead or rotten, 50, 53, 58,
33

SELECTED TOPICS

3/4 mm Beetle, 50
Albinos & pale forms, 48
Beetles associated with ants, 51,
52
Birds at field meetings, 66, 67
Bug boxes, 71
Chromosomal inbalance, 44
Clearwing attracted to urine, 74
Cleptoparasites, 62
Early or late records, 3, 70, 73,
Wes D7
Exporting butterflies from
Guernsey, 70
First record of food plant, 47
Frass, 66
Gynandromorphs, 44, 47
Homeosis, 43
Lectures (selected)
Bio-geographical curiosities
of Sulawesi, 69
Biology and Ecology of British
Butterflies, 68
Biology of Pseudoscorpions, 72
Distribution of Bumblebees, 73
Ecology and Genetics of
Ladybirds, 68
Forensic Entomology, 77
Insects and Tree Health, 74
Lice on birds and mammals, 75
Lizard at Chobham, 66
Melanics & dark forms, 27, 46, 47,
B35, Gilp GS, 7}
Nest parasite, 73
New or unusual foodplants, 58
Newt at Chobham, 66
Parasites, 76
Pathological forms, 44
Perineural forms, 44
Photographs of insect stages, 53,
GO, @sl_ 7h
Scale-defect forms, 45
Sexual mosaic, 46
Sexual selection, 68
Species new to Britain & Ireland,
Ne), Ba, is, Sp CO, Si, 7,
Use UES
Spider associated with ants, 63
Unexpected third brood, 44
Unidentified coleophorid cases,
58, 60
Variable gene expression, 43
Wildlife and plants in Saudi
Arabia, 22-26

VBL

9, Parts 1/4

— LIBRARIES Lx

RTI
Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

-EMBER 1986

Price: £5.00

Officers and Council for 1986

President:
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

PJ. Baker, © Ene reReH-S:
Prof. J.A. Owen M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

Treasurer: Secretary:
Col D.H. Sterling J. Muggleton, Ph.D., M.I.Biol.,
F.R.E:S:
Curator: Librarian: Lanternist:
P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., S.R. Miles R.A. Jones; F.R.E.S.
F-REE:S:
Ordinary Members of Council:
C.B. Ashby I. McClenaghan, Ph.D.
B.R. Baker C.C. Penney
G.N. Burton B.F. Skinner
R. Dyke D.H. Walker
P.A. Sokoloff D.W. Yendall
Editorial

Editor: R.W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.
4 Mardley Avenue, Welwyn, Herts. AL6 0UD

with the assistance of:

T.R.E. Southwood, K.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.
T.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M.W.F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
E.S. Bradford
R.A. Jones, F.R.E.S.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
‘Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 19

Vol. 19
1986

Published at the Society’s Rooms: The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Bocardo Press Ltd, Oxford.

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4

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1985 1

EDITORIAL

Is anybody out there?

Editing this journal has been like working in an anechoic chamber: nothing seems
to provoke a response from the members. The silence is at first perplexing, then
frustrating and finally demoralising.

We get the odd faulty copy returned. Occasionally a member objects to a
typographical error. The recapture rate in these mark and release experiments is very

ow.

In the November 1985 issue we published the proceedings of a discussion meeting
on how we should approach growing opposition to collecting butterflies. Although
this could profoundly affect the activities of many members interested in butterfly
varieties, I had but one member express an opinion.

This issue is several months late, yet I personally have received only one enquiry
about this. I am led to doubt whether most members value the publication in its
present form.

Editorial policy

The Proceedings content of this journal has for many years set out to document the
factual natural history content of our meetings and other non-ephemeral business.
We are trying to be more effective in conveying the content of the many fascinating
lectures enjoyed by members able to attend the meetings at South Audley Street.
Many lectures are copiously illustrated and difficult to precis in words.

The Transactions, to be of interest to the membership, should reflect the fruits of
members’ researches. Unfortunately, the papers received have not been very
representative and have been so few that it has not been possible to exert a clear
editorial policy by selection.

Without the generous support of Council members, the contents would be even
less representative. Only the annual exhibition report would indicate the long-
standing and increasing role that Society members play in studying microlepidoptera.
The five papers published on micros in the last five years have comprised three
presidential addresses, one paper by a Council member and one co-authored by the
Editor.

In April 1984 I led a discussion meeting on the role that our publication should play
in the affairs of the Society. I described how the Proceedings was started to record
original work read at meetings and was heavily subsidised out of the pockets of
members of Council until it became accepted as a proper reason for expenditure. This
aspect developed very slowly, in part because lectures tend to be chosen for the
speaker’s ability to entertain the members with prior-published knowledge. There
was also a long period when the editor of the Proceedings was the same person as the
editor of the Entomologist’s Record. This probably polarized the contents of the two
publications.

For the past twenty-five years, successive councils and editors have done all they
could to promote the journal as an important service to the whole membership. The
Transactions now publish much original work, but some of our most gifted and
productive amateurs eschew publication in it, even when there are long publication
delays elsewhere.

One myth is that the editorial standard is too high for members’ work to be
acceptable. Simple but accurate observations are of just as much merit as work of a
bulk and complexity that is beyond the time and resources of the amateur. You
should find that you get the best presentation of your knowledge by negotiation with

2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

a strong, but sympathetic editor of a journal of repute. He will not let you make a fool
of yourself, like the editor of a lesser publication. He may point out a really new
aspect of your observations and encourage you to add to it before your publish.

Professionals complain that amateurs do not record for public benefit what they
know from long experience. Such knowledge forms the starting point for quantitative
investigation. I have heard amateurs berating professionals for investigating what is
already known when it is not to be found in the literature.

A new outlook

The 1984 discussion meeting on the future of the Proceedings and Transactions did
not visibly update my working brief. I have lost the conviction that the use made of
the publication in its present form by members justifies our spending more on it than
on any other single activity.

Council has accepted that it must agree objectives for our regular publication and
that their implementation must be a collective responsibility. A new editor will be
appointed for this phase. If Council decides upon substantial re-orientation, I hope
that the new editor will find as much stimulus in creating a new image as I did in
getting as much as | could out of the traditional style.

Editing a journal is tantamount to running a small technical business, with
additional requirements such as an appreciation of design. It is a rare editor who has
all the qualities required. The teamwork with which his assistants supplement his
skills is important. We use only a small editorial panel and this editor is certainly
indebted to them for their support. The next editor will need to call upon a different
blend of skiils. I shall see that he does not have to start from cold.

R. W. J. Uffen

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Butterfly-Collecting Policy

The presentation by Alan Stubbs in the Proceedings is very well and clearly done. I
notice that the purpose is to protect members against legislators, etc., rather than to
protect butterflies against collectors.

If butterflies are to be protected, as no doubt they should be, why not burnet
moths? If burnets, why not other moths? Should not UV lamps and traps be made
illegal? Those nocturnal encounters with the police, so often recounted by collectors,
might henceforth have less happy endings.

If I were going to have to have a licence to take (say) five green-veined whites for
breeding every year or two, it might not be long before nets had to be licensed by the
police.

If there is to be a policy that is in any respect one of principle, should it not extend
to collecting outside the U.K.? Should the exhibition of dead specimens be
prohibited?

It is difficult to keep a reasonably logical sense of proportion. It might be that I
could be fined for catching a meadow brown, but could safely plough up a paddock
killing 500 of the larvae. The same difficulty has arisen in respect of flowering plants.

My conclusion would be that legislation must be avoided, except in respect of the
most vulnerable insects and (?) some commercial activities. For myself, | soon gave
up “collecting”, and don’t see why others go on with it—S.R. BOowDEN

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 3

EMERGENCE AND FLIGHT PERIODS OF SOME BUTTERFLIES
AT FRESHWATER, I.0.W. IN 1984

by S. A. KNILL-JONES
Roundstone, School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight, PO40 9AL

Following a late mild autumn, 1984 had the mildest winter for nine years and the
earliest spring since 1949. There was the driest April since 1938. I can report the
effects on the emergence and flight periods of the butterflies at Freshwater, Isle of
Wight.

March was a wet though mild month with 75.4 mm of rainfall and only two days
gave the conditions for butterflies. On March 30th I saw five species, which included a
dark male Small White (Pieris rapae) and the four major hibernating species.

April began with snow showers early on the first and it was not until Sth April that
the weather pattern changed, which resulted in one of the warmest and sunniest
Aprils this century.

The numbers of butterflies recorded include a two-hour period from 11 a.m. to
1 p.m. Each butterfly seen was recorded during that time. The species of butterflies
(Pyrgus malvae, Erynnis tages, Melanargia galathea and Lysandra coridon) that were
only recorded on the downs had a shorter time of an hour whereas the vanessids and
satyrids were recorded for the whole period including the afternoons which were
spent in the garden. The distance covered was a little over a mile from the centre of
Freshwater via Spinfish to Middleton and then to the foot of Tennyson Down.
Spinfish is a footpath which runs close to a stream where there is luxuriant vegetation
which leads to a meadow next to a farm at Middleton. The area worked on Tennyson
Down consists of open downland with three chalkpits with small areas of woodland
and shrub.

By the end of the third week of April the Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) and
the Peacock (Inachis io) were the mainstay of the population and it was not until the
28th that the Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) became far more frequent as more
spring species started to emerge. The flight period for these two hibernating species
was nine months for urticae and two months for its first brood, whereas it was nine to
ten months for io with peaks on May 4th and April 26th respectively. Examples of io
were seen up to the middle of June and these were mostly spent females that had a
lazy flight and liked to bask in the sun. Likewise examples of urticae were seen up to
the middle of June when the first brood began to emerge and these reached a peak on
June 27th when there were plenty of wild flowers out.

The temperature rose to 22°C on April 22nd and the first male Holly Blue
(Celastrina argiolus) and the Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) were seen on the 21st
April. By the end of the month Pararge aegeria was the most frequent butterfly. It was
not until the 17th May that I witnessed the first female Celastrina argiolus, which was
over three weeks since the first emergent in a population of over fifty males. This was
not the case with the second brood, when both sexes were out together in the first few
days.

The first Grizzled Skipper (Pyrgus malvae) was recorded on the early date of 24th
April on Tennyson Down and over a dozen were observed by the end of the month,
although the Dingy Skipper (Erynnis tages) were not seen until 7th May, after the first
rain for several weeks. The second half of May was quite wet with 86.5 mm rainfall for
the month. Whilst the population of malvae built up steadily in its first two weeks of
flight this season tages built up to a peak in ten days after sightings of only two or three

19, 1986

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8 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC, 19, 1986

individuals for a fortnight. The total flight periods of the species were 62 days for tages
and 72 days for malvae.

The summer was very warm and sunny, similar to 1983 although there were not the
extremes of temperature.

The Marbled White (Melanargia galathea) was first seen on June 29th and there
were over fifty in the locality by the end of the first week of July. It was interesting to
watch the males flying close to the ground waiting for the females to emerge. On one
occasion I noted that mating had taken place before the female had time to dry her
wings and that the same pair were in copula for one hour forty minutes.

The White Admiral (Ladoga camilla) seems to be extending its range in the
western part of the island as there is now a small colony at the foot of Tennyson Down
in the wooded area. I also saw two in the garden and it is quite possible that they are
breeding on cultivated land in the village.

The second brood of the Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus) was far more
numerous than the first and there was a gap of two weeks clearly separating the
broods. A much smaller ‘race’ was present which was especially noticed amongst
second brood specimens. These insects were 12 mm expanse compared to 25 mm
found in the majority. I observed that these small specimens selected mates of a
similar size. The Chalk Hill Blue (Lysandra coridon) was plentiful and I was fortunate
in netting some fine ab. obsoleta here.

South states that a partial second brood of the Dingy and Grizzled Skippers may
occasionally be met with during the middle of August. Shortly before noon on August
16th I observed a fine dark example of Erynnis tages at rest on the side of the chalk pit.
In spite of continuing fine and sunny weather no other specimens were seen and I
conclude that this is indeed a rare occurence which still takes place along the south
coast in isolated areas which are protected from severe weather and experience those
conditions which long dry summers provide.

The butterfly which has made a marked decline during this last decade has been the
Wall (Lasiommata megera). As a boy I can remember that it was as plentiful as
Pararge aegeria. | only saw six examples during the year and if hot and dry summers
are in any way a part cause for their decrease in numbers, these last two years like
1975-76 will be a further set-back for this butterfly and it will be interesting to monitor
its progress over the next few years.

Compared to 1983 this was a poor year for migratory butterflies. The Red Admiral
(Vanessa atalanta) did not appear until June 4th and I saw only three Clouded
Yellows (Colias croceus) and two Painted Ladies (Cynthia cardui), all during the
third week of September.

The autumn was far wetter than the previous year’s and nine species were seen
after October Ist. Jnachis io was seen basking in the late autumnal sunshine. There
were some remarkably mild and sunny days in November and on the first I saw
Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae and Vanessa atalanta all within the space of half an
hour at ivy blossom.

The Red Admiral was the last butterfly to be seen on November 15th.

Mr P. Lucas kindly supplied the weather data used above.

SOURCES

Howarth, T.G. South’s British Butterflies. Warne.
Pollard, E. 1979. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 12:77-90.
Knill-Jones, S.A. 1984. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 17:43-6.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 0)

THE BRITISH SPECIES OF DIASTATA MEIGEN AND CAMPICHOETA
MACQUART (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILOIDEA)

by PETER J. CHANDLER
Weston Research Laboratories, 644 Bath Road, Taplow, Maidenhead, Berks. SL60PA

The Drosophiloidea as constituted by Hennig (1958) and Griffiths (1972) include
two large, well defined families, the Drosophilidae and Ephydridae and several
rather isolated genera of uncertain relationships to these prolific taxa but classified in
the families Camillidae , Curtonotidae and Diastatidae by most recent authors.

The Diastatidae have been taken to comprise three genera. However, Chandler (in
press) has accepted the view of Griffiths (1972) that the genera Campichoeta
Macquart (4 species in Europe, 2 in Britain) and Euthychaeta Loew (one species in
southern Europe) should be placed in a separate family, Campichoetidae, while
retaining the family Diastatidae for Diastata Meigen (9 species in Europe, 6 in
Britain), which Griffiths proposed to include in the Ephydridae on the basis of
synapomorphy in the genital structure.

Although superficially resembling Drosophilidae, Diastata and Campichoeta are
readily distinguished from them by the anterior of the reclinate (upswept) fronto-
orbital setae being inset from and anterior to the strong proclinate (downswept)
bristle, by the angular cross-vein closing the anal cell and by the presence of distinct
spinules on the costa beyond the tip of vein R1.

Species of both genera have a grey or brown dusted thorax, usually darker more
shining abdomen, more or less yellow legs and head often partly yellow. The wings
are often strongly marked with simple specific patterns. Apart from characters
indicated in the key below, the chaetotaxy is very similar in both genera, even to the
extent of a series of anteroventral spinules on the apical half of the fore femur of both
sexes. Diastata also has a similar series of posteroventral spinules on the apical half of
the middle femur, present only in the male.

The wing venation is similar in the two genera, except that Diastata has two distinct
costal breaks, while Campichoeta lacks the humeral break. This difference has been
overlooked in family keys, which have always indicated two distinct costal breaks for
the Diastatidae, although a single costal break was clearly stated for Campichoeta by
McAlpine (1962) in his revision of the world species of that genus and was cited for
the whole family by Griffiths (1972).

The recognition of separate families for these genera is, however, based principally
on characters in the genital structure of both sexes. This was initially based on the
female structure. Campichoeta has a simple unmodified ovipositor and paired
spermathecae, while Diastata shares with the Ephydridae the atrophy of the
spermathecae, of which the common duct is sclerotised as a U-shaped ventral
receptacle; in Diastata it is enclosed within a ring-shaped sixth segment, the tergite
and sternite being fused, a character which Griffiths only mentioned in the unrelated
Notomyzidae. There are specific differences within Diastata in the sclerotisation of
the seventh segment, which may be a complete ring like the sixth or with a distinct
sternite, which is of a specific form in each species examined.

The male genitalia also differ markedly. Campichoeta has simple claspers
(gonostyli or ‘‘surstyli’), either articulating with or fused to the ‘‘epandrium”
(periandrium of Griffiths) and in one species (C. obscuripennis (Meigen)) claspers
are absent; they are also barely separated in Euthychaeta. Diastata, on the other
hand, always has two pairs of articulating claspers, the outer accessory pair being
usually smaller with long bristles. All Diastata species examined (at least 34 in the

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

world) have a distinctive specific shape to these structures.

Although a small group of fairly distinctive flies, there has been much confusion as
to the correct nomenclature in the genus Diastata. A revision of European species
included in Chandler (in press) has established that at least four additional species
have been confused with one or other of the five species of Diastata Meigen
recognised in the most recent revision by Duda (1934) and one of these, D. ornata
Meigen, is here added to the British list.

The British Check List (Kloet & Hincks, 1976) follows Duda’s usage of names but
also cites ? adusta Meigen, which should have followed unipunctata Zetterstedt as a
possible synonym. The few references to the family in British literature (e.g. Collin,
1911; Basden & Collin, 1958), however, use different names for some species. This
and the absence of a key to our species in English has led to persistent confusion over
nomenclature. Colyer & Hammond (1951, 1968) cited vagans Loew as a common
species, ‘which may be swept from dead leaves in woods’ but vagans is a decidedly
local, mainly Scottish species and the reference was clearly to the species called
inornata Loew by Duda (op. cit.) and fuscula Fallén by Collin (1911) and in the
present work; the error evidently stemmed from use of Séguy’s (1934) key, in which
vagans is said to be clear winged and examination of Séguy’s material has shown that
both his inornata and vagans were fuscula.

Chandler (op. cit.) explains the revised nomenclature adopted here, so only
synonymy affecting the British list is cited below.

The adults of both Diastata and Campichoeta have a long flight period and most
species may be found commonly by sweeping over leaf litter or amongst herbaceous
vegetation in woodland, marsh or bog. The patterned wings are possibly used for
specific recognition in courtship displays as in some other acalypterate groups but
little has been recorded of their habits. The larval biology is surprisingly still
unsubstantiated for both genera, although there are records of a possible association
of Campichoeta with rotten wood (Hennig, 1952, describes a larva of uncertain
origin, but refers to Séguy (1934) who mentioned C. punctum being associated with a
rot hole of an ‘Acacia’, presumably Robinia). The normal association of Campichoeta
with marsh vegetation in carr woodland, however, suggests that this is unlikely to be
the regular habitat and one wonders whether the confused usage of the name tristis
Fallén, correctly belonging in Drosophila, has led to an error in attribution of the
record. An association with decaying vegetation or leaf litter seems more likely in
both Campichoeta and Diastata.

Key to British Genera

1. Arista short-plumose, at least half as deep as the third antennal segment, which is
relatively short, not nearly reaching mouth margin and bearing long pubescence.
Anepisternum (mesopleuron) with short bristles scattered on upper and
posterior part, strongest on hind margin. Anterior reclinate inner fronto-orbital
bristle strong, set in front of strong proclinate outer fronto-orbital. Costa broken
twice, near h and near tip of Sc. Posterior cross-vein (dm-cu) about its length
from wing margin. . . . . . .Diastata Meigen

— Arista and third antennal segment with ‘only short pubescence; third antennal
segment elongate, almost reaching mouth margin in male, a little shorter in
female. Anepisternum bare. Anterior reclinate inner fronto-orbital short and
weak but posterior reclinate bristle strong, the strong outer proclinate bristle set
at a level between the two. Costa broken once only, near tip of Sc. Cross-vein
dm-cu about twice its length from wing margin. . . .CampichoetaMacquart

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 11

GENUS CAMPICHOETA MACQUART

McAlpine (1962) recognised seven species, four occurring in Europe. Chandler (in
press) provided a revised key to the European species as the external characters cited
by McAlpine to separate the south European grandiloba McAlpine from C. punctum
have not proved constant and reliance can presently be placed only on the male
genitalia. Campichoeta are smaller, more delicate flies than are Diastata, their wing
length in the range 2.6 to 2.9 mm.

Key to British species
1. Head entirely grey dusted. Antennae dark brown and palpi blackish. Thorax
uniform brownish grey. Abdomen darker brown, more or less shining apically.
Wings light brown, a little darker in radial sector. Male tergite 7 grey, with 2 pairs
strong black setae. . . . . .obscuripennis (Meigen)
— Head with face, fore margin of frons, basal antennal segments and palpi yellow;
frons dark brown behind. Abdomen grey-brown, often yellowish on tergites 2-3.
Wings light brown, darker in cell rl and anterior half of cell r2+3; a more or less
clearly defined clear hyaline area of membrane extending from radial sector
distal to cross-vein dm-cu. Male genitalia yellow, tergite 7 with weak bristles only
Sok . punctum (Meigen)

cw

2

Figs. 1-2. Male genitalia of Campichoeta species, posterior view, including tergite 7, but
omitting hypandrial complex. 1. C. obscuripennis (Meigen). 2. C. punctum
(Meigen).

Campichoeta obscuripennis (Meigen) (Fig. 1)

Diastata obscuripennis Meigen, 1830

Common in southern Engiand, north to Norfolk and Yorkshire (Ashberry
Pastures). Also seen from Wales (Powys, Dyfed, Glamorgan), Ireland (Down,
Antrim, Clare, Sligo) and Channel Is. (Jersey). Wooded marshes, carr and
alderwoods. iv—x.

Campichoeta punctum (Meigen) (Fig. 2)

? Diastata basalis Meigen, 1830

Diastata punctum Meigen, 1830

The name basalis, which has page priority, has often been used for this species but
as the type of basalis is lost and Meigen’s figure (Morge, 1975) does not fit punctum
very well, it is regarded as a nomen dubium by Chandler (in press).

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

C. punctum is frequent in marshy woodland in the south and there are scattered
records throughout Britain north to Inverness (Glen Affric); it is widespread in
Ireland (Mayo, Down, Laois, Monaghan). vi-xi; also 1 d ,3 2 from grass tussocks on
31.xii. at Conisbrough, S. Yorks. (P. Skidmore).

GENUS DIASTATA MEIGEN

Chandler (in press) recognised 19 species from the Palaearctic region and Nepal, 9
of them occurring in Europe, and figured male genitalia for all species and the
ovipositors for most, including all the European species. Apart from the key
characters cited below for the six British speices, all Diastata are very similar
externally. The face has a silvery or greyish sheen. The frons and antennae are yellow
in contrast to the face and the mainly grey dusted occiput. The third antennal segment
may be darkened dorsally and apically (fuscula, nebulosa, ornata) or largely brownish
(adusta). The palpi are whitish dusted on a yellow ground. The thorax is thickly grey
dusted with darker shades in adusta, and indistinct brownish stripes in nebulosa and
ornata. Legs are pale yellow, with darker shades in some species (nebulosa, ornata) or
entirely brownish (adusta).

Key to British species

1. Wing intensely marked, with two broad dark brown patches over cross-veins r-m
and dm-cu, extending at least from R4+5 to CuA1; area between them and a
patch beyond outer one white. Most of second costal cell (c) and base of cell rl
also dark brown, membrane otherwise aug brown, sometimes a pale area basal

to spot over r-m. . 2
— Wing with any dark markings 1 more restricted and r-m without any dark
marking: 0." 38

2. Cross-vein r-m more distal, well beyond level of tip of RI. White area beyond r- m
angular and shorter than spot over dm-cu. White patch basal to r-m usually
distinct, reaching from R2+3 to CuA1. Costal setulae reaching tip of R4+5. d
wing 2.8-3.2 mm, 2 3.2-3.4mm. . . . . .nebulosa (Fallén)

— Cross-vein r-m only a little beyond level of tip of RL (as in other species below).
White area beyond more straight-edged and usually as long as or longer than
brown marking over posterior cross-vein. White basal patch usually small or
absent. Costal setulae alae short of a of R4+5. 3 wing 2.1-2.6 mm, 2

2.3-3.0 mm.) ~. . . .ornata (Meigen)
3. A well-marked brown patch over cross-vein dm- SCU:. os "spac gamee ce ee
— At most a vague shade on cross-veindm-cu. . . )
4. Radial cells (rl, r2+3) faintly brown-tinged but no ‘discrete dark marking on

costa beyond tip of R1. Spot on dm-cu larger, broadly extending forwards into

cell r4+5. Third antennal segment strongly brownish. Legs brownish, tibiae
usually lighter. d wing 2.6-2.9mm, 93.1-3.2mm. . . . .adusta Meigen

— A continuous brown band along costa from R1 to tip of R445. Third antennal
segment only faintly brownish; legs pale yellow. d wing 2.8 mm, @ 3.1-3.3
mm. . . vagans Loew

5. A brown band along costa from RI to tip of Rac, Cell G strongly dark brown
except at base. Cross-veins completely clear. Antennae pale yellow, third
antennal segment at most faintly brownish. ¢ wing 2.5-2.6 mm, 2? 2.62.9
mm. . ~ » »«COStala Meigen

— Costal margin only light greyish except for vague ‘shade apically on margin of
second costal cell and extreme base of cell r1. Slight dark shade often present on
dm-cu. Third antennal segment with brown shade dorsally. ¢ wing 2.8-3.4 mm,

9 3.24.00 mm. . . 2. ws ew nee se ee ee pen (alien?

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 13

Diastata nebulosa (Fallen) (Fig. 3)

Geomyza nebulosa Fallén, 1823

Diastata nebulosa (Fallén); Meigen, 1830

Most material under nebulosa in collections belongs here. It is locally abundant in
marshy woodland, carr and bog on acid soils. It is widespread in the Scottish
Highlands (north to Sutherland, seen from Rhum) but more local in the south:
common in the New Forest, also Surrey (Chobham Common, Cosford Mill), Sussex
(Ambersham Common, Inholm’s Copse, Rogate), Hants (Buckler’s Hard),
Hereford (Tarrington, Haugh Wood, Golden Well) and Gwynedd (Coed
Maentwrog). The record from Glengarriff, Co. Cork (Yerbury, 1902) can be
confirmed as the specimen is in Collin’s collection (Hope Department). Beirne (1943)
recorded it from Killarney and I have seen it from Offaly, Clara Bog, 3.vu.1984 (M.
deCourcy Williams). ii—x, xii.

Figs. 3-8 Male genitalia of Diastata species, lateral view of right cerci and claspers, the outer
bristly accessory claspers in antero-external position. 3. D. nebulosa (Fallén). 4. D.
ornata Meigen. 5. D. adusta Meigen. 6. D. vagans Loew. 7. D. costata Meigen. 8. D.
fuscula (Fallén).

Diastata ornata Meigen (Figs. 4, 9)

Diastata ornata Meigen, 1830

This was first recognised as a good species on material from Chobham Common,
but has since been found mixed with nebulosa in most collections examined. Most
authors have placed ornata as a synonym of nebulosa but Meigen’s figures (Morge,
1975) clearly indicate the specific differences in wing markings. Like nebulosa it
appears to be confined to bog, marsh and carr on acid soils. iv—ix.

14 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Material examined:

INVERNESS: Loch Garten, RSPB Reserve, shore of Loch Mallachy, 16.vi.1982, 3
(Irwin); Abernethy, 14.vi.1982, 2 moor pools (Cole); Rothiemurchus, 14.vi.1982, 2
3d (McLean); Aviemore, 24.vi.1908, ¢ (King, Glasgow Univ.), 1.vi.1913, ¢
(Yerbury, BMNH), 25.v.1913, 2 (Collin, Hope Dept.), 20.v.-10. vi.1934, ¢ @
(Lamb, Camb. Mus.), 11.1x.1945, ¢ (Harwood, Hope Dept.); Nethy Bridge,
vi. 1905, 2 6 (Lamb, Camb. Mus.), 24.vii.1905, ¢ (Yerbury, Collin collection, Hope
Dept.), 10—11.vi.1906, 6, 32 (King, Glasgow Univ.), vi.1908, ¢ (Sharp, Camb.
Mus.), 24.v.1911, 2 (King, BMNH); Glenmore, 11.vi.1904, 2 (Yerbury, BMNH);
Tullochgruie, 13.vi.1979, ¢ (P. Withers).

Ross: Pitmaduthy Moss, 15.vi.1976, ¢ 2 (Irwin), 2 (Chandler); Dingwall,
16. viii. 1909, ¢ (King, Glasgow Univ.).

NairRn: Nairn, 4.vii.1904, ¢ (Yerbury, BMNH).

Moray: Forres, 22.vii.1904, ¢ (King, Glasgow Univ.).

ABERDEEN: Balmoral Forest, 14. vii. 1937, ¢ (Coe, BMNH).

ARGYLL: Arisaig, top lake, 30.vi.1981, ¢ (P. Skidmore).

GwyYNEDD: Capel Garmon, Garthmyn Bog, 27.vi.1978, 2 d, 1 2 (Skidmore).

Yorks: Langsett, 13.vui.1968, 2 (Skidmore).

NorFoLk: Dersingham Bog, 29.1.1982, ¢ 2 (Irwin).

SuRREY: Chobham Common, birch carr by Long Arm stream, 30.iv.1966, 2 2;
23.1V.1967, ¢ (taken with 2 ¢ nebulosa); 27.iv.1968, 3; iv.1984, 2; 5.vii.1984, ¢
(Chandler).

Diastata adusta Meigen (Fig. 5)

Diastata adusta Meigen, 1830

Diastata unipunctata Zetterstedt, 1847

Several authors have cited adusta as a possible earlier name for unipunctata but the
synonymy is now accepted on the basis both of Meigen’s figure (Morge, 1975) and the
specimen under the name adusta in Meigen’s collection (MNHN).

D. adusta is common in acid and neutral marshes and at pond and lake margins,
principally in wooded districts but occurring throughout Britain north to Caithness.
Also seen from Barra, Lundy Island and Irish localities in Wicklow, Kerry, Clare,
Mayo and Dublin. iv—x.

Diastata fuscula (Fallén) (Fig. 8)

Drosophila fuscula Fallén, 1823

Diastata fulvifrons Haliday, 1837

Diastata inornata Loew, 1864

As indicated above the interpretation of synonymy first proposed by Collin (1911)
was re-established by Chandler (in press).

Common throughout the British Isles in more or less dry woodland, often swept
over leaf litter, from herbaceous vegetation or occasionally from tree branches or
foliage. North to Sutherland. Irish material seen from Wicklow, Kerry and Down in
addition to Haliday’s specimens under fulvifrons. vi-vil, ix—x.

Diastata costata Meigen (Fig. 7)

Diastata costata Meigen, 1830

Diastata fuscula: Duda, 1934 nec (Fallén, 1823)

The name fuscula (Fallén) was suggested to be synonymous with costata by
Zetterstedt and recent authors have followed Duda (1934) in applying the name to
this species. Fallén did not mention the wings in his description, which could apply to

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 15

either species, but his types were said to have been received from Zetterstedt, who
later (1838) described costata as marginella. Loew (1854) did not recognise fuscula
but used costata for that species and described the species here called fuscula as
inornata. Collin (1911) first suggested the present interpretation of the name fuscula
and this has been confirmed by examination of types (Chandler, in press).

D. costata is widespread in both dry woodland and wetter wooded and fen habitats,
throughout Britain but most records from the south. Only two Irish examples have
been examined: Wicklow, Lough Dan, 30.ix.1909, 2 (J. N. Halbert) and Down,
Holywood, ¢ (A. H. Haliday; under Campichoeta obscuripennis) (both National
Museum, Dublin).

Fig. 9. Diastata ornata Meigen, lateral view of male.

Diastata vagans Loew (Fig. 6)

Diastata vagans Loew, 1864

Collin (1911) first recorded this as British on a female taken at Nairn by Yerbury. It
has proved to be widespread but very local in the Scottish Highlands, occurring both
in woodland and on boggy lake margins. A recent record from oak forest in the south
is surprising but the habitat resembles some of the Scottish localities. Late v—viii.

Material examined:

Ross: Pitmaduthy Moss; Monadh More.

Moray: Grantown, pinewood by Spey.

INVERNESS: Aviemore; Loch Alvie.

ABERDEEN: Dinnet oakwood NNR.

ARGYLL: Glen Nant.

PERTHSHIRE: Loch Tummel.

Hants: Alice Holt Forest, 22.vi.1982, ¢ (Chandler).

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study of the British fauna has been aided by loans of material from Dr A. G.
Irwin (Norwich Castle Museum), Dr G.E. Rotheray (Royal Scottish Museum), Dr
W. Foster (Cambridge University Mueum), Ms M. Reilly (Glasgow University
Museum), and Mrs A. Smith (Hope Department of Entomology). Study of the
collections at the British Museum (Natural History) was facilitated by Mr B.H.
Cogan and Dr I.M. White. The following persons kindly enabled me to make use of
the data from their collections: Mr A.A. Allen, Mr J.H. Cole, Dr I.F.G. McLean, Mr
P. Skidmore, Dr M.C.D. Speight, Mr A.E. Stubbs and Mr P. Withers.

REFERENCES

Basden, E.B. and Collin, J.E., 1958. On the examination of some Meigen and Zetterstedt
specimens of Campichoeta Macquart (Diptera, Diastatidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B).
27: 133-144.

Beirne, B.P., 1943. Some Diptera from Ireland. Jr. Nat’s J. 8:182-187.

Chandler, P.J., (in press). The families Diastatidae and Campichoetidae (Diptera,
Drosophiloidea) with a revision of Palaearctic and Nepalese species of Diastata Meigen.

Collin, J.E., 1911. Additions and corrections to the British list of Muscidae Acalypterae.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 47:182-187.

Colyer, C.N. and Hammond, C.O., 1951. Flies of the British Isles. 383 pp. Frederick Warne &
Co. Ltd., London. First edition; 1968. Do. 384 pp. Second edition.

Duda, O., 1934. 58e. Diastatidae. In Lindner, E. (ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region.
18 pp. 2 pl. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.

Fallén, C.F., 1823. Geomyzides Sueciae. 12 pp. Lund.

Griffiths, G.C.D., 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha with special
reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Series Entomologica. No 8. 341 pp. Dr
W. Junk. N. V. The Hague.

Haliday, A.H. 1837. Notes, etc. upon Diptera. Ent. Mag. 5:147-152.

Hennig, W. 1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. III Teil. 628 pp., 328 figs., 21 pls. Berlin.

Hennig, W., 1958. Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen
Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen. Beitr. Ent. 8:505—688.

Kloet, G.S. and Hincks, W.D., 1976. A check list of British Insects. Second edition. Part 5:
Diptera and Siphonaptera. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., Handbk. Ident. Br.Ins. 11(5):ix+ 1-139.

Loew, H., 1864. Uber die europdischen Arten der Gattung Diastata Meig. Berl. ent. Z.
7:357-368.

McAlpine, J.F., 1962. A revision of the genus Campichoeta Macquart (Diptera Diastatidae).
Can. Ent. 94:1-10.

Meigen, J.W., 1830. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europdischen zweifliigeligen
Insekten. Vol. 6, 1v+ 401 pp., pls. 55-66. Hamm.

Morge, G. 1975. Dipteren-Farbtafeln nach der bisher nicht verdéffentlichten Original-
Handzeichnungen Meigens ‘Johann Wilhelm Meigen: Abbildung der europaeischen
zweifliigeligen Insecten nach der Natur’. Beitr. Ent. 25: 383-500, 305 pls.

Séguy, E., 1934. Faune de France. 28. Diptera (Brachycera). Muscidae Acalypterae et
Scathophagidae. Lechevalier, Paris.

Yerbury, J.W. 1902. A list of the Diptera met with in Cork and Kerry during the summer of
1901. Ir. Nat. 1902:74-93.

Zetterstedt, J.W., 1838. Dipterologis Scandinaviae. Sect. 3. (Diptera, p. 477-868). In his
Insecta Lapponica. vit+ 1140 pp. Leipzig.

Zetterstedt, J.W., 1847. Diptera Scandinaviae. Disposita et descripta. Lundae (= Lund).
6:2 163-2580.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 17

THE ASAPHIDION (COL.: CARABIDAE) SPECIES
OCCURRING IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

by MARTIN C.D. SPEIGHT”), MICHEL MARTINEZ”) AND MARTIN L. LUFF°)

Turin (1981) lists 10 species of Asaphidion as occurring in Europe. Most of these
are primarily southern European, but five of them reach as far north as northern
France and three—A. curtum (Heyden), A. flavipes (L.) and A. pallipes
(Duftschmid)}—are known from Scandinavia. The latter two species are the only ones
generally recognised as occurring in Great Britain and Ireland, both of them
supposedly being found in both islands. However, Focarile (1964) recorded A.
stierlini (Heyden) from Great Britain, re-affirming, at the same time, the presence
there of A. flavipes. On re-examining all British and Irish ‘A. flavipes’ available to us
we have found that A. curtum is widely scattered in Ireland and England. A. stierliniis
seemingly confined (as suggested by Focarile) to southern England and A. flavipes is
present in both Ireland and Great Britain. We can also re-confirm the presence of A.
pallipes in both islands but have not come across any specimens of the closely related

b

c Imm.

Fig. 1 Asaphidion species, thorax and elytra, dorsal view; a- A. curtum; b- A. flavipes, c- A.
Stierlini.

1. Speight: Research Branch, Forest and Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray, Co.
Wicklow, Ireland.

to

. Martinez: Station de Zoologie, CNRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, 78000 Versailles, France.

3. Luff: Department of Agricultural Biology, The University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE]
7RU, England.

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

A. caraboides (Schrank), which might be expected to occur in the British Isles
because it is known from continental Europe as far north as the Netherlands. A.
caraboides occurs in sandy places by rivers and lakes, especially in mountainous
country.

The five species mentioned above are keyed out below and figures are provided of
their aedeagi. The aedeagus of A. caraboides var. nebulosum Rossi is also figured (Fig.
2f). This taxon is regarded by some authors as a separate species. The key we have
constructed is based in part upon existing keys but also incorporates new features,
which we have tested using both British Isles and continental specimens of all the
species involved.

A. curtum and A. flavipes are sufficiently similar that it can be very difficult to
distinguish females of these species from one another, although apparent differences
in spermathecal characters are figured by Focarile (/oc.cit.) and Jérum and Mahler
(1985). In the males aedeagal shape and size provide valuable features for segregating
all five of these Asaphidion species from one another, but the shape of the proximal
end (on the left in the accompanying figures) of the aedeagus should not be regarded
as diagnostic. Internal aedeagal structures are also useful in fully cleared and
mounted preparations. Alternative illustrations of the aedeagi of these species may
be found in Focarile (/oc. cit.), Jorum and Mahler (loc. cit.), Lohse (1983) and
Schweiger (1975).

KEY
1. Prosterna with short, sparse hairs, anterior to fore coxae; head aneag wider
than prothorax; length lessthanSmm. . ate, Ree
— prosterna bare; head hardly wider than prothorax; length 51 mmormore. . .4

i)

. Antennal segments all pale or progressively but gradually darkening from segment
5 on, at least segments | to 4 all yellow; legs usually all pale; pronotum typically
more sharply angled at lateral seta (Fig. la); aedeagal length 0.65-0.85 mm;
aedeagal shape see Fig. 2a. . . . . . curtum (Heyden)

— Antennal segments abruptly darker brown from segment five (inclusive) on,

segments | to 4 yellow or with brown tips; at least femoro-tibial joint of legs

darkened; pronotum more rounded laterally (Figs. lb,c). . . . . . me)

3. Sub-apical (largest) segment of maxillary palps dark brown or black dorsally:
femero-tibial joints and tarsi of all legs darkened (almost black) and metallic;
elytra rather long and parallel-sided (Fig. 1c); aedeagal length 0.75-8.0 mm;
aedeagal shape see Fig 2c... . . . Stierlini (Heyden)

— Sub-apical segment of maxillary palps usually uniformly yellow (may be vaguely
brownish) dorsally; fore legs (at least) normally uniformly brownish yellow
(femero-tibial joint may be brownish and slightly metallic); elytra typically less
parallel-sided (Fig. 1b); eee ra 0.85—0.95 mm; aedeagal shape see
Pio 2b: iis : » «+ ue 8, esau)

4. Segment | (and often ass se fiinsnt 2) af antennae enottcabty darker (almost black)
and more metallic than segments 3 to 5 (which are at least partly yellow-brown);
tibiae and parts of tarsi (at least) yellow-brown and scarcely at all metallic (femora
varying from yellow-brown to very dark brown and when brown also somewhat
metallic); femero-tibial joints metallic; Se length 1.10 mm; aedeagal shape
see Fig. 2d. af, Seog . . . . pallipes (Duftschmid)

— Antennae ae black cca (ni contrast in colour between segments | + 2
and succeeding segments); segments 1-3 metallic, succeeding segments duller; all

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 19

leg segments highly polished, metallic, and usually almost black, but tibiae may be
yellow-brown except apically; aedeagal length 1.10-1.15 mm; aedeagal shape see
igh 2c: Aes Tn eal arte uns det Vile pages’, Oc caraboides"(Scehrank)

A. curtum (Heyden, 1870)

In addition to the features mentioned in the key, A. curtum is generally a slightly
smaller, more rounded insect that A. flavipes; the elytra are on average broader in
proportion to their length (measured from tip of scutellum to apex — mean ratio
1.43) and the antennae are slightly shorter (mean length 1.86 mm). A. curtum has
fully-developed wings (1.5 times as long as the elytra) which Focarile argues should be
regarded as functional. The apparent body colour differences between A. curtum and
A. flavipes cited by J@rum and Mahler may be clear in fresh specimens, but were not
distinct in our museum material. Published records of A. curtum suggest that in
continental Europe it is nearing the northern limit of its range in north Denmark. It
becomes more frequent in the Mediterranean basin, including North Africa.
Available records are: ENGLAND—Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Devon, Dorset,
Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight,
Kent, Lancashire, London, Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Surrey,
Worcestershire; IRELAND—Carlow, Cork, Dublin, Kerry, Limerick, Westmeath. We
have not seen any specimens from Wales or Scotland, despite having examined all
material in the British Museum (Natural History) and the Welsh and Scottish
National Museums. A. curtum occurs typically on open ground on heavy soils,
including farmland.

A. flavipes (Linnaeus, 1761)

Typical A. flavipes are more elongate than A. curtum; the mean elytral length to
breadth ratio being 1.46 and the antennal length 1.96 mm. The wings are shorter
(only just longer than the elytra) and the upper surface is sometimes more strongly
punctured. Reliable continental records demonstrate that the species extends from
Siberia southwards to the Mediterranean, but it becomes increasingly montane
towards the southern end of its range. There are no North African records and its
southern extreme is Corsica and Turkey. The British and Irish distributions of A.
flavipes obviously now require re-appraisal. Available records are: ENGLAND—
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cheshire, Cumberland, Dorset, Essex,
Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Norfolk,
Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Somerset, Surrey, Sussex, Worcestershire,
Yorkshire; © WALES—Glamorgan, Monmouth; ScotTLanp—Dumtries-shire,
Inverness-shire; IRELAND—Kerry. It is generally found near water.

A. pallipes (Duftschmid, 1812)

Many British records of A. pallipes are from Scotland but there are also scattered
English and Welsh localities (Luff, 1982). Specimens from the English south coast
(Dorset, Lyme Regis to Weymouth) and from south Wales (Glamorgan, Porthcawl)
were found by us to have darker legs than are typical for this species, approaching the
condition seen in A. caraboides. However, the middle antennal segments of these
southern A. pallipes are partly pale as in the more typical form and their aedeagi
confirm their identity as A. pallipes. Available data on the distribution of A. pallipes
require no re-assessment unless A. caraboides is at some date recorded in the British
Isles. Both species occur in sandy places beside rivers and lakes in mountainous
country on the continent.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

f

Fig. 2. Asaphidion species, aedeagus, a-c showing internal structures, a and c also showing
larger paramere; a - A. curtum; b - A. flavipes; c - A. stierlini; d - A. pallipes;
e - A. caraboides; {- A. caraboides v. nebulosum.

A. stierlini (Heyden, 1880)

This species is darker and more slender than the commoner A. flavipes and A.
curtum. The elytra are longer in proportion to their breadth (mean ratio 1.55) and the
antennae are shorter than in both the previous species (mean length 1.70 mm). In
addition to the small size of the slender aedeagus, the species differs in the less
angular shape of the larger paramere (Fig. 2c) which has four setae (three in the
previous species). On the Continent, A. stierlini is most frequent in the
Mediterranean basin, occurring from Spain through Italy to Turkey and round into
North Africa. Available British records are: ENGLAND—Cambridge, Dorset, Essex,
Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Somerset, Surrey. It occurs on open ground on light
soils including suburban gardens and chalk pits. However the habitat preferences of
A. curtum and A. Stierlini are not always so different as these notes may suggest.

REFERENCES
Focarile, A. 1964. Gli Asaphidion de gruppo flavipes (L.), con particolare riguardo alla fauna
Italiana. Mem. Soc. Entomol. Italiana 43: 97-120.
Jgrum, P. and Mahler, V. (1985). Asaphidion curtum (Heyden, 1870}—en ny dansk lIgbebille
(Coleoptera, Carabidae). Ent. Meddr. 53: 46-48.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 21

Lindroth, C.H. 1985. The Carabidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna ent.
Scand. 15(1). 225pp.

Lohse, G.A. 1983. Die Asaphidion-arten aus der Verwandtschaft des A. flavipes L. Entomol.
Blatter 79(10): 33-36.

Luff, M.L. (ed.) 1982. Preliminary Atlas of British Carabidae (Coleoptera). Institute of
Terrestrial Ecology, Huntingdon. 122pp.

Schweiger, H. 1975. Neue Asaphidion-formen aus der Verwandtschaft des flavipes L. (Col,
Carabidae). Koleopt. Rund. 52: 105-111.

Turin, H. 1981. Provisional checklist of the European groundbeetles (Col., Cicindelidae and
Carabidae). Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, Monograph No. 9. 249pp.

The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, (Volumes 1 and 3), by Michael J. Roberts.
Harley Books, 1985. Vol. 1, 229 pp, £45, ISBN 0 946589 05 4 (hb); Vol. 3, 256 pp,
£55, ISBN 0 946 589 07 0 (hb). Both volumes together cost £85.

Volume 1 contains the Introduction, Key to Families and descriptions of all the
species in the families Atypidae to Theridiosomatidae found in Britain. The key to
families with the accompanying drawings, mainly of carapaces and spinners of the
various families and genera, are easy to use.

The identification of spiders ultimately depends on their genitalia. The author has
examined large numbers of specimens when making the drawings of male palps and
female epigynes and so he has been able to take considerable account of the
variability found in some species. The drawings are of high quality, and a major
advance on those previously available for British spiders. Their accuracy and artistry
have made them much easier to use for the identification of most species, though
there are some groups where ventral views of male palps in addition to the side views
given, would have made identification of males considerably easier. Descriptions of
species are brief, limited to information to assist in distinguishing the species.

The 237 colour plates forming Volume 3 were all painted by the author. 307
representative species are illustrated, in some cases as both sexes, showing the
appearance of the spiders in alcohol. The plates are large format and of excellent
quality. They will be of great help to beginners and non-specialists using the book.

Volume 2, to be published at the end of 1986, will describe and illustrate the
genitalia of the Linyphiidae, give a check list of British spiders and include
corrections, changes of nomenclature and subsequent new species. The genitalia
drawings of the Linyphiidae should prove to be an important aid to identification of
these spiders.

Interest in spiders has been limited in the past by the lack of generally available
literature particularly for their identification. The two volumes ‘British Spiders’ by G.
H. Locket and A. F. Millidge with its third volume in collaboration with P. Merrett
provided the first comprehensive work to fill this gap, but is difficult for beginners to
use. The Country Life Guide to the Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe by Dick
Jones now admirably provides for the field identification of over half the British
spiders using the colour photographs and accompanying descriptions, and at a price
low enough to encourage widespread interest. The new volumes by Mike Roberts are
a major work supplementing and complementing these other publications.

Although the price of the volumes is high for the individual, the quality of the
publication justifies the price. The work will no doubt become a valuable set for
collectors in the future.

P.R. HARVEY

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON COLLECTING INSECTS IN
SAUDI ARABIA

by D.H. WALKER

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers nearly 900,000 square miles which is over
nine times the size of the United Kingdom. It straddles the Tropic of Cancer and is
bounded on the west by the Red Sea and on the east by the Arabian Gulf. The annual
rainfall over most of the country is sparse and for the greater part of the year it is
non-existent. February, March and April is the coolest time of the year and this is the
usual time for rain. The capital is Riyadh which is situated in the centre of the country
where the average rainfall is 25 mm. It is not unusual for a year to occur when no rain
falls and I have witnessed heavy rain falling from the clouds and the water evaporating
before reaching the ground. There are no permanent rivers and only one sizable
permanent lake. Exceptionally high temperatures occur: 49°C in Riyadh is not
uncommon, but it is also possible to experience frost and hailstorms. Most of the
terrain is very arid but is immensely rich in minerals and has a great potential for
modern farming and industry. In the west the small area of the Azir has mountain
peaks of 10,000 feet with lush valleys, and this is reputed to be the original home of
the coffee plant.

This lecture is limited to my experiences in central and eastern Saudi Arabia. The
vast part of the country is a plateau of rock or sand desert, rock escarpments and
isolated oases of date palms. Water is pumped in many places from an aquifer, the
extent of which is unknown. The level of this underground source has fallen due to
the demands of modern life but huge new desalination plants are now in operation
and purify sea water which is pumped hundreds of miles across the desert to Riyadh.

The population of Saudi Arabia is approximately 8 million people. They are
Moslems with a strict code of behaviour, who are proud of their country and their
beliefs. Although many of them now live in the cities, most of them love the desert
and have Bedouin origins. Their hospitality in the desert is exceptional. However,
tourists are not permitted and it is generally necessary to obtain a work permit to gain
a visa. It is also necessary to have a sponsor, a Saudi Arabian national who will be
responsible for your behaviour. Travel within the country is not encouraged unless it
concerns your work. I am by profession a civil engineer and my sponsor was Prince
Abdullah who is a nephew of the present king. He was aware of my interest in
entomology and my desire to record the findings in a book, consequently he assisted
me in my endeavours. I do not speak Arabic so he wrote a letter in Arabic which I
could produce if the necessity arose. In 312 years I only felt the need to produce this
letter on one occasion. I was alone sitting under a Sodom’s Apple Tree which gave the
only available shade, eating my lunch when an Arab arrived. He was a big man witha
revolver and looked very serious. We shook hands and made the customary greetings
“Salam a lecum”; “Valacum Salam’’. I offered him water and fruit which he
accepted. I then showed him my net and some boxed insects. He was obviously not at
ease so I showed him my letter which he pondered for some time. Then he rose,
smiled, we shook hands and he left. I also relaxed and smiled because he “read” my
letter, upside down. Normally I found the local people very friendly and even though
they could not speak English they would not leave until they had seen that I had water
and I was not lost.

In certain areas life did not appear to exist and people were a great rarity. This was
the case in Wadi Dawasir on the edge of the Rub Al Khali known to the world as “the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 23

Empty Quarter’. Over 200,000 square miles, it is probably the largest unexplored
area in the world.

It soon became apparent to me that if I was to gain the maximum enjoyment from
my exciting new environment then I must expand my interests to encompass all forms
of life and especially all orders of insects. The weekend in Saudi is our Thursday and
Friday, days that I earmarked for expeditions. Living the monastic life of “‘single
status” in Riyadh I had every evening free to study the other insect orders and to set
my specimens. Fortunately I had the use of a powerful American car and to begin
with limited my efforts to exploring Riyadh and Wadi Hanifah, where I collected
everything. I soon became familiar with the local insects and even though I had no
idea what the names were of the individual species I did recognize a species if I had
encountered it previously and so avoided unnecessary duplication.

I also explored the Riyadh River. Riyadh, with a population of approximately
750,000 people, uses a lot of water and the excess after treatment runs out across the
desert for about 20 miles. Its course is marked by a 10 to 30 foot width of vegetation
that has grown up on either bank which is a haven for all forms of life. Insects are in
great abundance including cicadas, preying mantids, dragonflies and butterflies. It is
a stopping off place for birds on a migratory route and many exciting birds turn up
such as Blackwinged Stilts, Bee Eaters and Egrets. Resident Marsh Harriers, Steppe
Eagles and Lesser Kestrels enjoy an abundance of prey. Feral dogs hunt in packs and
I once saw a lone Arabian Wolf. Snakes and lizards are present and several species of
scorpions and spiders.

With such a variety of interest I always carried in the car a butterfly net and a fishing
net. I used pill boxes because I prefer to transport live captures, these being less liable
to damage in transit. I also carried a killing jar and relaxing boxes (packed with laurel
leaves brought from Britain). I always left binoculars out of their case and ready for
use. Likewise an automatic 35 mm camera with 400 mm lens and rifle butt holder
already set up for immediate use. I carried wide-angle lens for landscape photography
and tubes for close-ups, plus a-spare film and spare camera batteries. I used to use
Ektachrome film but found it gave too much blue so I changed to Kodachrome 64. (I
always took slides. )

When I came home on leave I met Tony Pittaway who was now living in Britain
after spending several years in Arabia. We agreed to pool our knowledge and to write
a book on the insects of Central and Eastern Arabia. I sent him my collection of
insects for identification with the assistance of the British Museum staff. My son
Allan illustrated the book. It describes 367 species in 11 orders and we hope it will act
as a useful introduction to the insects of this exciting land. Many of the slides which
you will see are photographs from some of the plates in the book.

During the first year of collecting I learnt some very important rules which dictated
my actions during the later years and saved me from the dangerous and even fatal
errors that had caused the death of two Britons whilst I was in Riyadh. The first rule is
never, ever, to leave the villas without water, a compass and a penknife even if only
going to Riyadh. The second rule is to tell someone where you are going, even if only
going into Riyadh. Opportunities and problems occur suddenly and can escalate. Our
catering manager had a car accident in Riyadh and spent the next week in jail. This is
a common procedure for drivers and witnesses until insurance claims are agreed. The
car should always contain a first aid kit, matches, spare wheel, shovel, timbers for soft
sand, tools, jump leads, jerry can of spare petrol, jerry can of spare water and a fire
extinguisher is mandatory. It was my experience that clothing should be loose and
comfortable and cover as much of the body as possible, especially the back of the

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

neck. I have seen some severe cases of heat stroke and sunburn and one of my
colleagues suffered from a skin cancer. I also found that the local people were
embarrassed by some Europeans who wore too few clothes and in the case of women
this could lead to their arrest. Stout desert boots were most important to protect the
feet and strengthen the ankles, but knock them out before putting them on in case
they harbour a scorpion! The main hazards on a trip out are getting lost, motoring on
to soft sand, intrusion on the privacy of other people including the military, sunstroke
and bilharzia. All of these hazards must be considered before a trip is started; it is too
late to do much later. I also came to the opinion that a companion was usually an
asset, because the driving could be shared, problems discussed and a second pair of
eyes assisted in the detection of hidden interests. However, the old maxim was also
true that “‘two is company and three is not’. Most of my colleagues were Americans
and spent their spare time by the swimming pool, but I was never short of volunteers
who wanted to venture out into the midday sun with the mad dogs and the
Englishman.

A lot of the time was spent in the valleys and on the limestone escarpments of the
Tuwayq Mountains. During the summer this country was generally barren with a few
leafless acacias and the heat in the Box Canyons stifling, like an oven. In the spring
fierce thunderstorms brought rain and within days the whole area would be a delight
of wild flowers with hundreds of insects in attendance. The glorious scent of the
yellow acacia bloom welcomed a dozen different species of wasps and bees but the
sharp thorns could rip yeur net to pieces. Desert Foxes and hedgehogs were quite a
common sight here and occasionally a hare, while up in the bright blue sky Egyptian
Vultures would soar effortlessly.

Pools of water formed which attracted a variety of insects, birds and animals as well
as hundreds of tiny frogs. I discovered fifteen of these pools which I visited regularly
and I never ceased to be amazed at the variety of aquatic life that they contained
because only four of the pools could be termed permanent. The remainder became
dust bowls, rock hard and devoid of any sign of life after about 2 months. However,
during their brief existence they supported mosquito larvae, tadpoles, fairy shrimps
and the crustacean 7riop granarius as well as dragonfly larvae, water boatmen, water
scorpions and many different species of water beetles. Triop is parthenogenetic and
lays eggs which can survive for years in the mud. Only one pool at En Heet contained
fish. This pool was in a cavern 60m below the escarpment. I only once found the pool
dry and I suspect that it was linked to the aquifers. Two specimens of the water beetle
Prodaticus pictus were of great interest as there were only three known specimens in
existence and none from Arabia. The pool I caught them in was now dry and I
returned the following year but found no sign of the beetle. I returned during the
third year and although the pool had many water beetles there was no sign of it.
Despondent, I climbed high up the escarpment where I found another deep but tiny
pool, the size of a bath. Here I caught another specimen and after handling it I had
great delight in returning it to the water.

Layla Lakes are the only permanent lakes that I know of in Arabia. They are a sight
for sore eyes in a rock desert. The water is bright blue, cold and the depth is unknown.
Shoals of fish attract Purple Herons and I found it a good place to collect dragonflies.
The colours of dragonflies soon fade after death, so I always took close-up photos of
the captured insects. The species Enallagma varsomeri had not been recorded in
Arabia before and so we gave this race the English name of Layla Damselfly. It is
tempting to relax by swimming but most unwise as there have been reports of
bilharzia, a debilitating disease caused by flatworm parasites that can enter the skin

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 25

and live in the intestine. The life cycle alternates between man and certain species of
freshwater pulmonate snails.

Another one of my favourite collecting grounds I called the vulture site, a remote
valley in the hills where Gryphon Vultures had nested. It was a great place for
hover-flies. Here I captured a species of fruit fly new to science, Rhopalia gyps
Bowden. One could often travel for hours without seeing any sign of life, either plant
or animal. I soon discovered that any sign of death was worth investigating,
consequently I always stopped where there was a carcass of a dead sheep or camel,
then making sure that I was upwind I would turn the body over. If the death was
recent the smell was quite appalling but the amount of life was unbelievable, mostly
Diptera and Coleoptera in various stages of development and my harvest was
invariably rich. I made a practice of washing my hands with Dettol after my
investigations and I never suffered any ill consequences, although my American
colleagues would lock themselves in the car with the airconditioner on full blast. My
other tactic was to stop and investigate any tree or plant that was either new to me or
the area and this invariably yielded a new wasp or fly and sometimes Hemiptera. I
also used to take random sweeps of flower and seed heads which I boxed and
investigated later by using a magnifying glass.

The other main source of material was the farms, these were quite small areas
perhaps 3-4 acres of ground and referred to by the Saudis as gardens. The places were
little heavens, generally isolated from the desert by a ring of tamarisk trees; a cool
haven of palm trees, pomegranates, figs, oranges, grapes and many other exotic
plants. The whole garden hummed with the sound of life, grasshoppers, locusts, huge
black bees, frogs and birds. The call of the Bulbul ringing through the trees and the
distant thump of the diesel pump recall memories of many hours of effortlss and
exciting collecting. Tiny channels directed the pumped water to fields of sweet
smelling alphalpha, radish and mint. The number of Clouded Yellow butterflies in
one of these fields was so great that I could not fail to collect at least twenty specimens
with each sweep of the net. I generally kept a low profile, taking care not to cause any
offense. I was often invited to join the farmer for Chi — a very sweet tea usually
strongly flavoured with mint, but conversation was generally limited to sign language.
On one such occasion I had shown my host my binoculars to view a Hoopoe and then
turned it up in Heinzel to show him the illustration. Now, as a true bird watcher, he
smiled broadly and disappeared into his house, then returned with his pride and joy, a
shotgun.

Two other hazards are worthy of mention. The first is sandstorms: they do not
occur often. I experienced a total of three. The best policy is to remain in the car and
wait for it to abate and I found that after an hour or two it was possible to drive slowly
but with headlights on, the main danger being from other traffic or camels. Camels
haven’t got headlights but they all have owners, and a dead camel can prove
expensive. The second hazard is flash floods. Dry wadis are often used as roads. I
talked to two Surveyors who were motoring on a bright cloudless day in a mountain
area up a wadi. They heard a roar like thunder, drove up the bank of the wadi to
obtain a better view. They could not believe their eyes. A 15 foot wall of water was
approaching driving huge boulders in front of it. I only experienced water a foot deep
also on a hot sunny day but it could have immobilised the car. On searching the
horizon I spotted a few clouds over the hills at least 10 miles away. That is the reason
why nobody ever camps in a wadi.

I hope that this discussion of some of my experiences may be of assistance to other
Entomologists on future trips. To conclude for myself, I wish to thank the people of

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Saudi Arabia for their hospitality and allowing me to savour some of the joys and
problems of their beautiful country.

A RECORD OF EANA RASTRATA (MEYRICK) (LEPIDOPTERA:
TORTRICIDAE) FROM ANDORRA

by KEVIN R. TUCK
British Museum (Natural History), London SW7 5BD

During the Third BMNH/BENHS Microlepidoptera Workshop, Mr Norman Hall
drew my attention to a male specimen of an Eana species which he had collected in
Andorra. I suspected it to be Eana rastrata (Meyrick) and subsequent dissection
confirmed this. The record is of interest because, as far as | am aware, rastrata has not
been recorded since its original description by Meyrick (1910).

Meyrick’s examples came from Saas Fee, Switzerland, at an altitude of 1800-
2100m, in August. He stated that he had collected seven specimens, of both sexes,
‘from rough vegetation growing amongst rocks; the species was common, occurring
in company with a large and very white form of Cnephasia bellana, which it equals in
size, though conspicuously different in colour and markings’.

Mr Hall’s specimen was collected at Coll de la Botella (altitude 2100m), about 8km
northwest of Andorra la Vella. He ran a Tilley lantern and mercury vapour light traps
on the night of 24. vii. 1985, but he cannot now recall to which light the moth came.
The lights were run from shortly before dusk until about 1.30 a.m. and they
overlooked a steep east-facing slope with a very rich calcareous flora. The night was
warm with a light westerly breeze, and high cloud had spread from the west.

The life-history of rastrata apparently is unknown but the adult and genitalia have
been figured by Razowski (1965). I am indebted to Mr Hall for presenting his
specimen to the BMNH,; the genitalia of the specimen are on slide no. 24001.

REFERENCES

Meyrick, E. 1910. A new European species of Tortricidae. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 46:211.
Razowski, J. 1965. The Palaearctic Cnephasiini (Lep., Tortricidae). Acta zool. cracov. 10:199-
343.

The national Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Scheme (BWARS), initiated some
eight years ago, has recently been rejuvenated with the intention of renewing interest
in the scheme and recruiting fresh talent. BWARS has been run almost single-handed
by George Else (B.M.N.H.) until May of this year when its organisation was
restructured, and it is now steered by a team of hymenopterists liaising with the
Biological Records Centre and the Nature Conservancy Council.

Changes include: a greater emphasis on training and education; more field
meetings to support this work; and the compilation of an “information pack”’
containing notes on identification, data collection, distribution maps and general
observations.

Requests for further information and enquiries should be addressed to the
BWARS General Secretary, J. Field, Dept. of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EJ.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 27

THE INHERITANCE OF THREE COMMON FORMS OF
ACRONICTA ACERIS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

by M. E.N. MAJERUS
Dept of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH

The typical form of Acronicta aceris (L.) has the forewings grey. The form
intermedia Tutt is distinguished from the f. typica in being generally darker and
having a more yellow or ochreous tint with the lines and stigmata more distinct. This
form seems to be intermediate between f. typica and a melanic form, f. candelisequa
Esper (syn. f. infuscata Haworth). F. candelisequa has forewings dark ash-grey,
almost unicolorous, being somewhat paler only towards the outer margin. Kettlewell
(1973) notes this form to be an ancient melanic that has become commonly industrial
in London and elsewhere. Here I present data from a series of crosses involving these
three forms which show them to be controlled by a single triallelic gene locus with an
ascending dominance hierachy correlated to the increase in melanism.

The stock used originated from larvae taken on sycamore in Surrey during 1979.
The resultant imagines were used to produce five broods in 1980, and a further
eighteen F, crosses were made in 1981 from the subsequent progeny. Two of these
produced no progeny, but the remaining 16 resulted in imagines in 1982. Some
variation within each form class was noted. This was particularly so when examining
trap-caught specimens, and in these the three forms, particularly f. typica and f.
intermedia, could not always be categorically differentiated. However in fresh, bred
specimens, the generally paler colour of the forewing in f. typica could be used to
distinguish it from f. intermedia. The dusting of whitish scales on the outer costa in f.
intermedia distinguished this form from f. candelisequa. There was some variation in
the expression of the forms between broods, but within families the differentiations
into forms and the segregations were quite clear cut.

The results of the 21 broods are given in Table 1.

From the data it is obvious that f. typica (typ) must be recessive to f. intermedia (int)
as brood 2, a cross between these two forms, produced only int progeny. Similarly typ
must be recessive to f. candelisequa (cand) for all the progeny of brood 23, a typ x
cand cross, were cand. This deduction is supported by the results of two crosses
(broods 1 and 19) in which both parents were typical, for in both cases only typical
progeny resulted. The dominance relationship between int and cand is revealed by
brood 21 in which a cross between these forms only produced cand imagines.

It is therefore suggested that the three forms are each controlled by a different
allelomorph of the same gene, the candelisequa allele (M©) being dominant to both
the others, with the intermedia allele (M') dominant to the typical allele (M"). If this is
so typ X typ should always breed true (broods 1 and 19). /nt x int should produce a 3:1
ratio of int : typ (broods 6, 7 & 8) or should breed true (not produced in any of these
crosses). Int X typ should give a 1:1 ratio of the parentals (brood 16) or should give all
int progeny (brood 2). Typ x cand crosses should give all cand (broods 17 & 23), ora
1:1 of typ : cand (broods 11, 12, 13 and 22) or if the cand parent is heterozygous for
the int allele (i.e. M© M!), a 1:1 ratio of int : cand (brood 3). Cand x int crosses could
produce 3 progenic ratios. If the cand parent is homozygous for the MC allele, all
progeny will be cand (brood 21). If the cand parent has the heterozygous genotype
MC M! a 1:1 ratio of cand : int should be produced (brood 15). Were both the cand
and int parents heterozygous for the M! allele (i.e. MC M' and M! MI! respectively) a
2:1:1 ratio of cand : int : typ should result (broods 4 and 10). Finally cand x cand

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

TABLE 1 Results of 21 broods reared to investigate the inheritance of f. typica (typ), f.
intermedia (int) and f. candelisequa (cand) of Acronicta aceris.

Brood Phenotype and origin of parents: Number of progeny
Male Female Typ Int Cand

1] typ feral larva typ feral larva 21

») typ feral larva int feral larva 32

3 typ feral larva cand feral larva 16 12

4 cand feral larva int feral larva 5 8 14

5 cand feral larva cand feral larva 9 24

6 int ex 2 int ex 2 4

7 int ex 2 int ex 2 14 yl

8 int ex 3 int ex 3 5 15

9 cand ex 3 cand ex 3 21 55
10 int ex 3 cand ex 3 2 3 8
11 typ ex4 cand ex 4 ; 19 18
12 typ ex4 cand ex 4 26 33
13 cand ex 4 typ ex 4 4] 34
15 cand ex 4 intex 4 29 24
16 int ex 4 typ ex 4 9 9
17 cand ex 5 cand ex 5 34
18 cand ex 5 cand ex 5 ; 10 4]
19 typ ex 5 typ ex 5 9
21 cand ex 5 int ex 4 29
22 cand ex 5 typ ex 1 12 10
23 typ ex | cand ex 5 19

crosses may give 3 progenic ratios. If either parent is homozygous for MC all cand
progeny will be expected (brood 17). If one parent is heterozygous for the M! allele
(i.e. M© M!) and the other for either M! or M!, a 3:1 ratio of cand to int should be
produced (not applicable to any of these crosses). Similarly, if both parents are
heterozygous for the M! allele (i.e. M© M‘) a 3:1 ratio of cand : typ is produced
(broods 5,9 & 18).

All the results obtained are thus consistent with this simple one gene locus, three
allele model.

REFERENCE
Kettlewell, H.B.D. 1973 The Evolution of Melanism. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Flight period of the dryad (Minois dryas (Scop.), Lep.: Satyridae) in northern Italy.
Most recent authorities on Continental butterflies appear to be unanimous in citing
the flight period of Minois dryas (Scop.) as restricted to July and August. However,
up to the third week of September 1983 in the hills to the north and east of the
northern end of Lake Garda (Trento to Alto Adigo) this satyrid was observed on the
wing. It seems, therefore, that the normally accepted duration of this butterfly’s
activity in northern Italy could now be extended. The weather for the month in
question was typical for that time of the year.—R.A. Lever, 51, Links Road,
Ashtead, Surrey 21KT 2HL.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 29

Microlepidoptera workshop 1985.—Following the success of a dissection
workshop held at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1984 (Proc. Trans. Br. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc. 17:90-91) the staff of the microlepidoptera section announced at the
Annual Exhibition in 1984 that a second workshop would be held at the museum on
23rd February 1985.

This workshop was attended by fourteen members of the Society, and
concentrated on the identification of problematic groups of British microlepidoptera,
in particular the genera Scrobipalpa (Gelechiidae), Nemapogon and Tinea
(Tineidae). Emphasis was placed on the male and female genital characteristics. Each
genus was introduced by a specialist, and members were able to watch a video
recording of Scrobipalpa genitalia! Microscopes, specimens, prepared slides and
diagnostic keys to British and European species were supplied and members were
able to work with either their own or museum material, under the expert guidance of
the BM staff. Using the excellent keys supplied, two species of Scrobipalpa new to
Britain were noted during the day!

There were also opportunities for members to produce boxes of unidentified
specimens for comment. There is no doubt that all those who attended found the day
both interesting and rewarding. Our sincere thanks are due to the organisers, Dr K.
Sattler and Dr G.S. Robinson and their expert back-up team, Mr M. Shaffer, Mrs L.
Pitkin, Mr K.R.C. Tuck and Miss M.A. Tobin.

Paul Sokoloff

Small ecological project grants.—The British Ecological Society’s small ecological
project grants notified to us seem an ideal form of support for members undertaking
local surveys and other ecological projects. The awards are made several times a year
and are usually in the £200-£500 range. The same Society also has grants for more
ambitious projects. Application forms are available from the British Ecological
Society (SEPG), Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OLQ.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
by PETER J. BAKER

I. TOPICAL REMARKS

My year of office has seen no major dramas and has otherwise proceeded in a calm
and orderly manner, thanks entirely to those who have given so much of their time to
the organisation and running of the affairs of the Society. It may be invidious to pick
out any particular person by name — though this I will risk later — I trust with
sufficient cause. Let it be said that no less than thirty nine appointed individuals have
managed particular aspects of the Society’s affairs and another six have volunteered
to organise and run certain of those events which are an essential part of our
programme. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to these unstinting helpers, without
whom the Society could not function.

Any President may think he has cause for concern when his term of office coincides
with the change of so vital an officer as the Secretary. In my case any worries would
have been completely groundless as the handover of duties from Mrs Murphy to Dr
Muggleton has taken place without any trauma and I have had the advantage of good
advice from each of them. I offer my heartfelt thanks to you both.

Mr Eric Bradford is retiring from the post of Curator this year and this position is
being taken up by Mr Peter Chandler to whom we offer our thanks for his good

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

services in the future. Our gratitude is also due to Mr William Parker who has agreed
to continue as Assistant Curator.

Eric Bradford has served the Society in a variety of roles over the years — many of
them ex-officio. Since he took up the duties of Curator in 1976 he has done much to
collate, rationalise and improve the Society’s collections. One of his most significant
tasks commenced in 1982, when an outbreak of museum beetle was detected in part
of the collection. This pest has now been brought under control and steps have been
taken to prevent its re-occurrence. One needs only to close the eyes for a moment to
conjure up a vision of Eric as a latter day St. George, with several Anthrenus
museorum L. impaled on his sword in place of the hapless dragon. He has also found
the time to continue his studies, primarily of the microlepidoptera, but also of amuch
wider range of our flora and fauna in recent years.

In recognition of his services to the Society and his contributions to entomology I
have great pleasure in announcing that Council has agreed that he should become an
Honorary Member of the Society.

On paper, the current membership is slightly down in numbers compared with that
of a year ago. In fact the situation is now much more healthy than in March 1985
when, of 709 Members on the books, 61 were two years in arrears with subscriptions,
70 were unpaid for 1985 and a further 53 had paid too little for at least one year. This
resulted in a total of only 519 fully paid up Members at that time. Mr Geoff Burton,
our new Assistant Treasurer, has continued the work of his predecessors in the
attempt to entice all delinquent payers back to the straight and narrow. His efforts
have met with some success and many of the arrears have been collected. Chasing up
errant subscriptions is expensive for the Society and entails many hours of work on
the part of the Assistant Treasurer and others. Please help by paying your correct
subscription on time. Members who underpay without good reason may not receive
their copies of the Proceedings and other Society communications. Those who are
two years in arrears with their subscriptions, without good reason, may lose their
Membership of the Society. Only fully paid up Members are entitled to the privileges
of Society Membership.

The first tentative steps have been taken which will ultimately result in the
computerisation of many aspects of the Society’s business affairs, including
subscriptions. Once implemented, this technology will reduce the load on the
Society’s administrators and provide a better service to Members.

In the past year anew Membership List has been circulated to all Members. For the
preparation of this we are once more indebted to the Rev. David Agassiz. Another
Society publication, that on the hoverflies, has been very successful and by now is
almost completely sold out. A second edition will be available in August this year.
Further ahead, it is planned to produce a new volume — on the Heteroptera of the
British Isles. Work on this is now underway and an issue date of October 1989 is
anticipated. Thus there is a period of some three years without a Society publication.
It may be possible to do something to fill this gap if anybody can come up with a
feasible proposal. If you have any ideas on this, advise a Member of Council or the
Publications Committee. The most useful suggestion will also include
recommendations as to authorship and method of preparation of the proposed title.

I now ask you to spend a few minutes in remembrance of those of our fellow
Members whose deaths have been reported during the past year.

A.H. Hayes, who joined the Society in 1980, died on 29th March at the age of 46.
Born in East London, his early career included service with the RAMC in Germany
and a period at New Scotland Yard as a fingerprint specialist. Most of his working life

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 31

was spent at the British Museum (Natural History) where he specialised in the
Sphingid group of the Macrolepidoptera. He also had an interest in exotic birds and
judged these at competitions.

G.H.B. OLIver was a professional musician who played a variety of woodwind
instruments during the Big Band era of the 1930s and continued, with music for films
and the theatre, into the 1960s. He inherited an interest in the Lepidoptera from his
well known father G.B. Oliver and in later years built up a reputation as a breeder of
the Geometridae. He joined the Society in 1943 and attended many meetings
including the Annual Exhibition held before he died on 7th February, aged 76.

A.E. WRIGHT, who joined the Society in 1969, died in May 1984 in his 44th year.
After leaving Cambridge he entered the Foreign Service. He then decided to read law
and having qualified as a barrister was called to the Bar in 1967. After several years he
went into teaching and became headmaster of his own school. He was widely
travelled and formed a significant collection of exotic butterflies including many from
Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, which he visited in 1980.

J.G. GuLty, a Member of the Society since 1950 who died on December 28th
1984, was a man of the open air. After an early essay into poultry farming he took up
dairy cattle and he owned the first attested herd in this country. He was a keen
horticulturalist, with an exceptional garden in Lincolnshire. He formed an extensive
collection of Lepidoptera, much of it from Africa.

F.D. Lawton, who died on 15th November 1983, was educated at Epsom College
and became a solicitor in 1937. He entered the Civil Service and became Solicitor to
the Department of Employment in 1967. He was Master of the Scriveners Livery
Company in 1970/71 and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1972. On
retirement he found more time for his hobbies which included music, orchid growing,
gardening and entomology and he joined the Society in 1976.

A.M. McC ure, who joined the Society in 1953, died in early 1983 aged 75 years.
He was born in Entebbe, Uganda and educated at Dover College. On leaving school
he spent several years overseas before he settled permanently in England and joined a
firm associated with Lloyds as a broker. He subsequently became an underwriter. His
recreations were mending and restoring clocks and collecting butterflies in Britain
and Europe.

M.A. WALKER was another member lost to the Society at a tragically early age.
When he died in the 27th August he was 30. He had wide ranging interests in the field
of natural history and will be remembered for his work on the Coleoptera. He
translated from the German several keys in Die kafer Mitteleuropas (1965-83) by
Freuse, Harde and Lohse. That on the genus Quedius appeared in the Coleopterists’
Newsletter and it is hoped to publish others later. Other published articles are ‘A
pitfall trap study on Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Col.) in County Durham’,
Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 1985, 121: 9-18 and, as a joint author with M.L.
Luff and M.A. Walker, ‘Triplax scutellaris Charp (Col., Erotylidae) and other
interesting Coleoptera recently found in Northumberland’, Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine 117: 62.

P.J. Crorr was born in Weybridge, Surrey, in 1901 and trained as an electrical
engineer. He emigrated to Canada in 1920, where he established himself as a
professional electrical engineer, taking up posts of increasing seniority over the years.
He was a keen photographer, painter, carpenter and musician but his greatest passion
was natural history. He was the author of several books on technical and
photographic subjects and his last work Nature Diary of a Quiet Pedestrian will be
published posthumously. He died on June 11th.

32 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

R. LoveLt-PANK, who was born in London, was educated at Rugby then Wye
College. Having obtained a degree in horticulture he took up a stage career. Together
with his late wife Hannah, he performed in Britain and the United States, where this
partnership was regularly given star billing. After the death of his wife he qualified as
a guide and became active in tourism until his death on 12th September. As Chairman
of the Guild of Guide Lecturers he did much to promote the interests of professional
guides in his dealings with the GLC and Parliament. His interests included Persian
cats and music but above all he had a profound love for the countryside and nature.
He joined the Society and was interested in the Lepidoptera.

W.H.A. Harris, who died in the middle of the year, was a longstanding member
of the Society, having joined in 1936. Over the years he formed a comprehensive
collection of British Lepidoptera.

R.P. DEMUTH who was born in Birmingham, ultimately studied at Cambridge
before qualifying as an architect, a profession he followed all his life. Besides moths
he was also interested in travel, railways, birds, trees and flowers. He supported
several organisations with a concern for conservation and was an active member of
the Gloucester Trust for Nature Conservation. He published a number of articles
over the years but his magnum opus will be his delightfully written “Reminiscences of
an Elderly Entomologist’ which appeared in the four successive issues of the
Entomologist’s Record commencing with Vol. 96, November/December 1984. He
was a happy man.

Dr L.G. Hicains took a medical degree at Cambridge before qualifying at St.
Thomas’s Hospital. During the first world war he served on HMS Revenge and
peacetime saw him established in practice in Woking, Surrey. He later became
Consultant Gynaecologist and Obstetrician for North West Surrey. He collected
widely in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, the Himalayas and North America
and the large collection he formed is now with the British Museum (N.H.). He also
amassed a superb entomological library which has been donated to the Hope Library
in Oxford. He is most widely known for the volume produced in collaboration with
the late N.D. Riley, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, which was
published in 1970. Possibly more significant is his Classification of European
Butterflies which was published in 1975. He joined the Society in 1960 and was
appointed an Honorary Member in 1982. He died on October 9th 1984, aged 94
years.

As you have previously stood in memory of these gentlement I will not ask you to
do so again.

We now come to that part of the evening’s business which has given me most cause
for thought. My pleasure in the pursuit of Lepidoptera has not been particularly
scientific, though I have amassed a fund of ‘field lore’. This did not make it difficult to
choose a theme for my discussion — the problem was to keep matters within
reasonable limits. The presentation as originally conceived ran to more than ten
thousand words and, as such, would have strained the patience of my most
sympathetic listener. As a result of the editing required to bring matters within
bounds, some statements made are not supported by the level of proof required to
satisfy the scientific purist. For this I apologise and offer to expand any particular
feature of my thesis at a future date.

The slides you will see can be blamed on nobody but myself. During my attempts at
taking the shots required to illustrate this lecture I consumed many rolls of film. I also
developed a strong admiration towards those of our members who regularly entertain
us with slides of such exceptional quality at our meetings.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 33

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II

CHANGES IN THE STATUS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF A NORTH
WEST SURREY LOCALITY

by PETER J. BAKER
SUMMARY

This paper suggests possible reasons for changes observed in the status of resident
species of Lepidoptera recorded from a site in the Thorpe/Virginia Water region of
north west Surrey.

INTRODUCTION

Detailed records of the Lepidoptera seen in and about my garden in the Thorpe/
Virginia Water area of north west Surrey have been kept since I took up residence
there in 1969. This locality (map ref. TQ 008678) was chosen largely because of the
richness of the resident Lepidoptera as reported by many observers over the years
and especially by Bretherton (1955, 1965) in his comprehensive list for N.W. Surrey.
The choice of site has been well vindicated as the total number of species of larger
Lepidoptera recorded up to the end of 1985 stands at 467 with a further 6 species
known to occur within a three quarter kilometer radius. This is a very high count for a
semi-suburban area and the numbers are a substantial part of the total of 532 species,
recorded as residents or annual migrants, by Bretherton, for the whole of N.W.
Surrey. It is outside the scope of this discussion to suggest reasons for the observed
high population diversity. The intention now is to show that the resident population
has altered quite significantly over the review period as the result of a number of
modifications to the environment.

At this stage it is necessary to define the insects which are the subject of this paper.
These are all groups of the Macrolepidoptera or larger moths, together with the
Papilionoidea, Cossidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae and Hepialidae.

Continuing observations suggest that the discussion which follows is equally valid if
all groups of the Lepidoptera are considered. However, the detailed quantitative lists
tor the larger insects were not extended to include most of the microlepidoptera until
recently.

Figure | shows the total number of species seen each year from 1970 to 1985. As
often happens with records mainly achieved with the aid of persistent light trapping,
the first year gave the highest numbers. This chart suggests that there has been a
possible decline in the overall number of species seen over the years that records have
been kept — this will be referred to again later.

Figure 2 shows the number of new records from the garden each year after 1970. As
is to be expected, the earlier years gave higher figures due to initial under-recording
but subsequent records tend to a much more steady situation. The records from later
years indicate that, on average, one new, potentially resident, species enters the area
each year. This tendency is emphasised in figure 3, which has been derived by
eliminating vagrant species from figure 2 and is even more pronounced if the 1976/77
period — which will be discussed later — is ignored.

Vagrant species are defined as those well-known occasional migrants from the
Continent and species not confirmed as breeding and for which the habitat does not
seem suitable, within a radius of approximately 1.5 km from the garden.

Figure 4 shows the insects previously recorded, but which have not been seen since
the year indicated. Once again this has been filtered to remove vagrants. This shows

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

an increase in the number of absences in the most recent years, to some extent
because of the less common species which exhibit a gap of several years between each
appearance. However, some of this increase is due to an actual loss of species. On the
positive side, a few new species have entered the area and are now an established part
of the locally resident population.

O'71°72'73°74' 75°76" 777879 B08! 82 °83°B4 B85

Fig. 1. Annual Species Count 1970-1985

The changes seen are undoubtedly caused by many factors — both natural and
resulting from human interference. The latter has been dominant in most years as the
intense development pressure felt throughout S.E. England is even more apparent in
N.W. Surrey. A few examples of these pressures will now be cited as will their
possible effect on the resident population of Lepidoptera.

DEMISE OF THE ELM

In 1969 various species of British elm were generally common along most paths and
roadsides and occurred in one of three forms. Sadly, by 1975, all the magnificent
specimens of mature trees, many of which reached 24 to 28 metres in height, had been
killed by the Dutch elm disease which was first noted in the area in 1972. Elm saplings
up to 6 metres tall were also very common as pure stands and in hedgerows. These
were almost completely eradicated but, to some extent, they have now made a
recovery though they are still liable to be killed by the Dutch elm fungus when the
trunk diameter exceeds some 8 to 13 cm. The third category of elm is trimmed
hedgerow (none including Ulmus glabra Hudson is known). This has largely
remained unattacked by the disease to date and it is still common.

The Lepidoptera affected by the change in status of the elm are:- the three Cosmia
species, C. diffinis L., C. affinis L. and C. pyralina D. & S., also Xanthia gilvago D. &

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

16
15

GO Tl 72 73°74 Te) TAS TIE AS TS) 80°81 82 83 84°85

Fig. 2. New Species Records

70°71 72°73 '74' 75/1677 78°79 80 81 82 83 84°85

Fig. 3. New Species Records (filtered)

35

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

S., Polygonia c-album L. the Comma and Strymonidia w-album Knoch the White
Letter Hairstreak.

C. diffinis larvae were located on one occasion only, when two were found between
spun leaves at the top of a large elm which had recently been felled. This suggests that
diffinis was possibly a feeder in the canopy of larger trees, the last of which was felled
or killed by disease by 1975. Apart from a single specimen in 1978, this insect has not
been recorded since 1975. C. affinis larvae were regularly found between spun leaves
by looking up into saplings some 4 to 6 metres high. This moth vanished with the last
sapling in 1979 and has not made a recovery as saplings have become re-established,
though a single record in 1982 suggests that it might still be resident at very low
density. C. pyralina was abundant as larvae between the spun leaves of both saplings
and hedgerow elms. Larvae have not been found on any elm since 1975 though the
moth, after a virtual absence between 1973 and 1979, is again common. It seems likely
that it has re-established on one of its alternative foodplants.

10° TW 720573) T4715) (6) 7FET8) 19) 80 81182) 83e84

Fig. 4. Species not seen since (filtered)

It has been previously reported that, in N.W. Surrey, possibly the only pabulum for
P. c-album larvae was the taller elm sapling or smaller tree (Baker 1977b). This
butterfly has been common in the area since at least 1969 and apart from 1975 has
always been evident in quite large numbers. The larvae are now generally found on
gooseberry and blackcurrant — Ribes uva-crispa L. and R. nigrum L. — and in 1984
were found on stinging nettle Urtica spp. for the first time. This seems to suggest a
successful behavioural change at a time when this insect is in an active phase of range
extension.

S. w-album, which has probably always been scarce in N.W. Surrey, was recorded
twice — in 1970 and 1972. The only U. glabra in the immediate vicinity was pollarded
in 1974 and killed by disease a year later. However, another healthy stand of wych elm
in full fruit was found about a kilometre away in 1985. This could act as the base for
recolonisation by the White Letter Hairstreak, which may have remained in the area
at extremely low density as has X. gilvago the Dusky Lemon Sallow. A. circellaris has

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 37

always been abundant and larvae were found on wych elm fruits in 1985, though this
insect probably exists primarily on alternative food-plants.

HORSE GRAZING

The next aspect of change is very obvious though its consequences are difficult to
assess in the medium and long term.

N.W. Surrey is inhabited by many affluent families and popular pastimes for all
ages are various activities which involve the horse. Consequently, the horse
population is very high and grazing, being at a premium as evidenced by the many
advertisements in the local press, can provide good returns to the owners of otherwise
unproductive small fields. Large fields are also used for grazing. These are often
divided into many small lots which are let at inflated rents to those horse owners who
do not have their own grass.

On the slopes leading up to Surrey heaths there are still good dry pastures which are
lightly grazed—usually by beef cattle—and which contain a rich flora and associated
fauna. Generally these fields have been unaffected by horse grazing.

On the Thames Valley levels good meadows are also found. These have a very
different flora as they tend to be damp for most of the year and are often flooded in
winter. This region of the Thames Valley is in fact a catchment area for the river
Bourne. The quality of the flora in these damper fields can be judged from the fact
that one small area of some five hectares contains six species of Orchis. Many of these
damper fields which are used to support the over-abundant horse population, are
grazed at a density which may cause no permanent damage. In too many other
instances the pressure of numbers is such that overgrazing is inevitable. At one
location, up to seven horses are regularly kept for most of the year on a site which is
under one hectare in extent. Not only can this result in severe, though possibly
reversible, damage to the herb layer. All too often the malnourished horses
supplement their diet by eating the bark of accessible trees. This often results in the
death of the affected trees—usually Betula, Crataegus, Salix and Alnus—though
Quercus is also chewed in extreme cases.

Up to five years ago one particularly rich field supported three species of Orchis
and a wide range of trefoils and other plants characteristic of damp sites. Now, most
of these have been grazed to extinction, though isolated plants remain in boundary
ditches and hedges. This example, which is but one instance of a widespread
situation, has definitely resulted in the elimination of colonies of Zygaena lonicerae
latomarginata Tutt and Comacla senex Hbn.. It has also resulted in a reduction in
numbers of Hepialus humuli L., Eupithecia valerianata Hbn., Arctia villica L.,
Deilephila porcellus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Hipparchia semele L. and
possibly Parage megera L., though this last insect has become much scarcer over a
wider area in the past few years for no generally obvious reason.

MOTORWAY CONSTRUCTION

In 1969 the only sign of the pending M3 motorway was a cleared swathe cut through
woodland lying in its path. The ground exposed was rapidly colonised by many plants,
the majority of which were grasses. Over the period 1969 to 1972 Thymelicus lineola
Haw., the Essex Skipper, swarmed on the cleared areas but virtually disappeared
when concrete was laid. Now, T. sylvestris Poda is by far the commonest skipper
hereabout with /ineola being practically restricted to one small site. This change in the
relative status of these two species can, of course, be explained by the alteration in

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

distribution of their respective food-plants but it is a good example of the profound
and rapid modification wrought upon the area by the arrival of the M3 and later the
M25 motorways.

The first phase of motorway construction included the realignment, straightening
and widening of most of the secondary roads in the vicinity. Many attractive country
lanes with rich hedgerows and bordering trees disappeared and were replaced by a
more open aspect. The new, sterile, roadside verges which resulted have now been
improved by the planting of much hawthorn and other hedgerow in the name of
amenity and this is now becoming well established after seven years or so. It is the
herb layer which has suffered most severely and this will take many more years to
return to its former richness, though the current county policy of minimum verge
cutting may accelerate the process. Amenity planting of trees has also taken place
along motorway verges in an attempt to reduce noise levels. The trees employed are a
strange mixture of mainly Betula, Larix and Salix species interspersed with a few
exotics including conifers. Partly due to deliberate seeding but also as the result of
natural spread, the herb layer on the motorway verges is now richer than in adjacent
areas.

It was not only the country lanes which were processed to conform to the master
plan. Many lush water courses, including brooks, streams and tributaries of the
Bourne were straightened, ditched, encased in concrete and in some instances
bridged over. The level of biological degradation due to these changes was increased
in subsequent years when it was found that the faster water flow which resulted from
the initial works increased the chance of blockage in unimproved reaches further
downstream. This, together with reduced floodplain areas resulted in occasional
serious flooding. To rectify this, further deepening and widening of water courses
resulted in an even greater reduction of waterside and aquatic vegetation together
with the associated fauna. Hopefully, this environmental damage will remedy itself
over the next few years as the one or two water courses which remain undamaged can
act as dispersal centres for the recolonisation of affected areas. There are signs that
this is, in fact, taking place in spite of occasional setbacks caused by the well meaning
efforts of bands of County Project Corps workers who tidy land and water with an
excess of zeal but a lack of ecological sympathy.

Undoubtedly, the most serious damage done by motorway construction was the
destruction of what was probably the richest area of wetland in N.W. Surrey. This
marsh which was a riot of many of the plants characteristic of slightly acid southern
wetlands, also included in the vicinity good plants such as Epipactis helleborine Cran.
Scirpus sylvaticus L. and several others. It also contained a shallow stream which, by
flooding most winters, helped maintain the marsh. The stream was ditched and run in
a tunnel over which the M3 was constructed. The small remaining area of marsh dried
out and reverted to birch scrub. Plusia festucae L., the larvae of which used to be
found on /ris pseudacorus L., vanished and has not been seen since, though the
yellow iris and possible alternative food-plants are still common a short distance
away. Lygephila pastinum Treits., abundant here, was eliminated but remained in
low density nearby until 1976. Xanthorhoe biriviata Bork. swarmed until the last of its
foodplant dried and disappeared in 1973. It was not recorded again until 1977 since
when one or two are seen each year, probably from foodplant established at low
density along a couple of stream edges and in a nearby, somewhat drier area of
preserved marshland. Faris clorana L. occurred on osiers at the side of the marsh but
has only been seen three times after 1971 though much other seemingly suitable Salix
spp. occurs nearby. Argynnis selene D. & S., the Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary, seen

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 39

here in 1970, has not been noted since. Though its previous status is uncertain an
elderly neighbour advised that “small brown and black butterflies used to be
everywhere about the wet ground”.

There was some benefit from the initial stages of motorway workings, which were
rapidly, though briefly, covered in coarse vegetation including Artemisia absinthium
L.. The larvae of Cucullia absinthii L. were very common for a few years from 1974,
though the imago was always very much less in evidence. Tyria jacobaeae L. was
present in incredible quantity and it was sometimes difficult to see how it survived as
one stripped stem of Senecio often appeared to be the only sustenance for a dozen or
so half grown larvae.

The biggest gain, however, was a lake and surrounding ground which was created
by the need to excavate material for nearby M25 embankments. The lake currently
enjoys something of a protected status as it is the venue of a windsurfing club. A rich
flora has rapidly developed from nearby relict species as there is an undisturbed
stream and a good hedgerow along one side. This spot supports the only local colony
of Zygaena filipendulae stephensi Dupont and also other unexpected moths such as
Callistege mi Clerck. Many of the more generally occurring species have become
abundant and hopefully, will enjoy a secure future as the isolated situation of this site
would seem to make further development difficult.

One other, continuing aspect of the motorway is worthy of consideration. The
M3/M25 intersection is a sea of the orange light produced by high pressure sodium
vapour lamps. In spite of many assurances to the contrary I am of the opinion that
high levels of sodium lighting act as a flight suppressant to nocturnal Lepidoptera.
When driving along an unlit road on a warm summer night many moths are seen in the
vehicle headlamps. Little or nothing may be noted in flight when an area, illuminated
to Grade A standards by sodium lighting, is entered. On the other hand, I well
remember one BENHS field meeting at Swanage in the 1970s. On this occasion two
Mormo maura L. were seen battering themselves on one of the isolated high pressure
sodium lamps situated at the Swanage end of the Durlston Road.

CLIMATIC INFLUENCES

The last phenomena to be considered are a couple of aspects of that standby of all
raconteurs, the weather. Inevitably, memories of past climatic interludes revolve
around gentle winters, soft springs and golden summers. However, it is possible to
consider reality, by reference to diaries kept since 1959. These show that a signifcant
change in the prevailing weather has taken place in recent years. This new pattern
first became evident in 1973 and has, with minor variations, become established as a
permanent feature since.

Before 1973 the general situation was a fairly mild winter, with several colder
intervals. March winds gave way to April showers which lead into an often wet,
changeable summer including a couple of fine weeks—sometimes. Autumn was
often wet and windy, though Indian summers were quite frequent, and leaves were
off the trees by mid-October. Significantly, winds from the south west predominated
for most of the year.

Since 1973 the weather has tended to be more often affected by high pressure zones
over Central Europe and Scandinavia and less by Atlantic conditions. Anticyclonic
phases have resulted in long periods with cold and dry winds from the north east.
Frequently, winters, mild in the first part have given snow in February and March
followed by a long, cold, dry spring. This has suddenly given way to summer which

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

has produced much sunny weather. Wet westerlies have appeared some time after
mid-August but, overall, the rainfall has been much lower than the long term annual
average and spring, especially, has become a very dry season. Leaves can be found on
certain trees until mid-November.

The sunnier weather has benefitted the resident butterflies, most species of which
have become more widespread and common in the last few years. It has probably
aided the increase of Quercusia quercus L., the Purple Hairstreak, which is now
abundant. Though this insect can be inconspicuous as it tends to favour the tree
canopy and feeds on the honeydew of tree-feeding aphids, the large numbers now
seen could surely not have passed notice prior to the first record in 1982.

100

50

20

81 82

Fig...

The anticyclonic weather pattern results in many cool clear nights which greatly
reduce the efficiency of the mercury vapour light trap as a recording device. This has
undoubtedly been the reason why certain of the scarcer species in the area are now
recorded less often. However, I will speculate that a succession of cold, dry springs
has greatly reduced the population levels of various autumn-flying species such as
Geometridae and the sallow group of Noctuidae—Conistra spp. through to Xanthia
spp. (Kloet & Hincks 1972). The late spring reduces the pabulum available to newly
hatched larvae which later find it difficult to pupate in the hard ground and dry litter
layer.

Bird predation is also a significant factor which assumes even greater importance if
spring is particularly cold and late or gets off to a false start. 1985 gave a classic
example of this latter situation when broods of Great and Blue Tits, Parus major and
P. caeruleus, hatched in the warmer interlude between two very cold spells. The
parent birds seemed to spend all daylight hours working the buds of apple, pear, plum
and certain wild trees for larvae of geometrid species. As a result, the leaves of these
trees remained almost undamaged through the summer—a unique event. In the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 4]

autumn the imagines of such usually abundant species as Epirrita dilutataD. & S., E.
autumnata Bork. and E. christyi Allen could be counted on one hand. Only five of
that usually plague species Operophtera brumata L. and a single O. fagata Scharf.
were recorded.

Another aspect of this same situation was the loss of certain soft fruits as the result
of Great Tit predation. These birds damaged blackcurrants by pecking the stems to
extract larvae of Synanthedon salmachus L., the Currant Clearwig. This pecking
killed or weakened the stems of the bushes resulting in a greatly reduced fruit crop
and the complete absence of what is normally a quite common insect.

That long hot summer of 1976, which remember was preceeded by a cold dry
spring, gave many warm nights which encouraged high levels of flight activity, as
evidenced by the large numbers of moths found in light traps over the period (Baker
1977a). But for many of the resident insects this season was a disaster. It resulted in
population crashes for most species in 1977 and the local extinction of many, some of
which have still not reappeared in the area. Figure 5 shows the number of species
listed in 1976 which were not seen in subsequent years. Note that in 1977 83 species,
or some 18% of the local list, were not recorded. This was not only due to poor
weather conditions inhibiting flight activity and trap records: larvae were also in very
low numbers or absent. Many lost species recolonised in the next few years but some
took much longer and three have possibly vanished permanently, with several
remaining at very low levels.

On the positive side the high level of flight activity in 1976 led to extensive dispersal
which resulted in a significant increase in the number of new species recorded in 1976
and 1977. Figure 2 shows that sixteen new species were noted in these two years,
seven of which appeared for up to five following years and another four which seem to
have become a permanent part of the local population.

Probable losses due to 1976 weather conditions are: Cerapteryx graminis L.,
Celaena leucostigma Hbn. and Lygephila pastinum Treits.. Possible gains are:
Eupithecia dodoneata Guen., Dicycla oo L., Rhyacia simulans Hufn. and Dichonia
aprilina L.

CONCLUSIONS

Mote species have been lost from the local recorded list since 1969 than have been
added to it. Also, there has been an increase in the time between appearances of
certain less common insects, due only in part to the effects of weather on light trap
catches.

Several of those insects which have become much scarcer or which have vanished
are, to a greater or lesser extent, associated with wetlands. Several of those which
appear to have recently become established in the area are associated with trees—
especially oak.

Some wetland has been destroyed and the lower average rainfall of the past few
years, together with increased drainage associated with motorway construction, has
resulted in the area becoming drier. In general, the water table has fallen some 30 to
45 cms. This can be verified if any of the older gravel workings in the vicinity are
examined—when a miniature raised beach can be observed—this being indicative of
the higher water table which existed up to about 1975. The drying out process has
allowed scrub oak, birch and pine to become established in ground which was
previously too waterlogged to permit successful colonisation by these species.

Until the end of the second world war, freely ranging pigs were commonly farmed
locally, but all pig farms adopted modern farming methods by 1962 at the latest. This

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

permitted acorns and seedlings—including species other than oak—previously eaten
by the pigs, to survive and become established. Consequently, oak, birch and pine
trees 30 to 40 years old are now evident in a number of places. The colonisation by
oak-feeding species is continuing as several specimens of Lymantria monacha L. were
added to the local list in 1985.

Hopetully, some of the wetland species will return, to achieve better than relict
status, in the future. An isolated patch of /mpatiens capensis, which appeared three
years ago along a nearby stream, supported a thriving colony of Xanthorhoe biriviata
in 1985, these being in addition to those mentioned earlier. Also, several larvae of
Nonagria typhae Thun. and Rhizedra lutosa Hbn. were found in a spot where they
had not been seen before.

Finally, I would ask Members to report on two once very common insects which
have disappeared not only from the Thorpe area but also most other sites I have
worked in recent years. What is the current status of Cerapterix graminis L. and
Agrochola helvola L.?

APPENDIX

Species lost and gained in the Thorpe/Virginaia Water area since 1969. The first or
last year of record is shown in parentheses. Uncertain status indicated (7?).

Losses

Strymonidia w-album Knoch (1972), Saturnia pavonia L. (1971) (2), Idaea
fuscovenosa Goeze (1978), Eulithis testata D. & S. (1978), Horisme vitalbata D. & S.
(1979), Triphosia dubitata L. (1974), Eupithecia satyrata Hbn. (1977), Abraxas
grossulariata L. (1973), Cerura vinula L. (1978), Thumacla senex Hbn. (1982), Arctia
villica L. (1978), Euxoa tritici L. (1979), Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. (1978), Spaelotis
ravida D. & S. (1980), Hadena perplexa D. & S. (1978), Tholera cespitis D. & S.
(1979), Mythimna pudorina D. & S. (1981), Agrochola helvola L. (1979), Cosmia
affinis L. (1982), C. diffinis L. (1978), Celaena leucostigma Hbn. (1976), Earis
clorana L. (1979), Plusia festucae L. (1971), Lygephila pastinum Treit. (1976),
Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. (1979), Boloria selene D. & S. (1970) (?), Abraxas
sylvata Scop. (1970) (?), Cerapteryx graminis L. (1976).
Gains

Quercusia quercus L. (1982), Aphantopus hyperantus L. (1973) (?),
Cymatophorima diluta D. & S. (1973), Thera variata D. & S. (1982), Eupithecia
dodoneata Guen. (1977), Lymantria monacha L. (1985( (?), Rhyacia simulans Hutn.
(1977), Lithophane leautieri Bois. (1981), Dichonia aprilina L. (1976), Dicycla oo L.
(1977), Abrostola trigemina Wern. (1977), Apocheima hispidaria D. & S. (1972),
Hadena compta D. & S. (1973), Eremobia ochroleuca D. & S. (1974).

REFERENCES

Baker P.J., 1977a. 1976 in north west Surrey. Ent. Rec. J. Var. 89:79-80.

Baker P.J., 1977b. The Polyphagous Habits of Polygonia c-album (L.). Ent. Rec. J. Var.
89: 156-157.

Bretherton R.F., 1955. A list of the Macrolepidoptera and Pyralidina of north west Surrey.
Proc. S. Lond. ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1955:94-151.

Bretherton R.F., 1965. Additions to the List of Macrolepidoptera and Pyralidina of North West
Surrey. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1965: 18-30.

Kloet and Hincks, 1972. A Check List of British Insects vol. xi Part 2: Lepidoptera. Royal
Entomological Society of London.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 43

1985 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall—2nd November 1985

The following account has been compiled by Messrs A. S. Harmer (British
butterflies}, B. F. Skinner (British moths), J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (micro-moths), R.
F. Bretherton (foreign Lepidoptera), A. E. Stubbs (Diptera), R. A. Jones
(Coleoptera and Hemiptera), A. J. Halstead (other groups) and E. S. Bradford
(illustrations).

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

The coolest, wettest and windiest summer for many decades caused the reduced
numbers of exhibits this year. Many of the regular exhibitors were absent from their
usual haunts.

BritisH Museum NationaAL CoLLecTioN—three drawers of Cynthia cardui
aberrations, including the striking and beautiful ab. rogeri Meilh. and ab. varini
Meilh. One ab. rogeri was the specimen figured by Frohawk in Natural History of
British Butterflies, p\.26 figs.15S—16. (This same insect was later reproduced in his
Varieties of British Butterflies, wrongly named as ab. inornata Brams. )

The strong influx of Painted Ladies in April unfortunately did not give rise to many
progeny. Coincidentally, Frohawk commented that *.. . the great “‘cardui year”
previous to 1903 also occurred in this country during the wettest summer on record,
that of 1879’.

Also included in the drawer were two specimens of C. virginiensis and one Vanessa
indica indica.

BARRINGTON, R.D.G.—A strong exhibit of fine aberrant forms of Maniola jurtina
taken in a north Dorset hay meadow during June/July 1985. Three ab.
antiaureolancea Leeds showed the range of expression of this form which, according
to the exhibitor, is always associated with ab. postmultifidus Lipscomb. A homeotic
example had a large forewing area of orange reproduced on the underside of the
hindwing.

Also included in the exhibit were: M.galathea female approaching ab. nigricans
Cul.; female L.coridon ab. inaequalis Tutt, male obsoleta Tutt+ ab. postbrunnescens
B. & L.; three A. urticae, all from the same web of larvae in October 1984—ab.
seminigra Froh., ab. derennei Cab., ab. flavotesselata Tayn.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—L. coridon ab. semisyngrapha Tutt, L.bellargus ab. czekekii
Aign.

BROTHERIDGE, D.—C. cardui transitional to ab. ocellata Rbl. taken in North Wilts.

CoLuins, G.A.—A. urticae ab. semiichnusoides Pronin, taken in South Croydon
27.1x.85.

Crisps, P.W.—A selection including FE. aurinia bred in stock since 1955 and some
C.tullia Mull, from Cumbria.

HARMER, A.S.—(1) female forms of C. croceus bred Nov/Dec 1984: ab. pseudomas
Cock., ab. punctifera Braun, ab. dentata Carvel.

(2) P. icarus F, progeny from a Purbeck female ab. transiens Tutt. One specimen
approached the form of the parent. This gene seems variable in its expression.

(3) Variations in L. coridon ab. tithonus Meigen: ab. tithonus + lavendulaB: & L.,
ab. tithonus + punctata Tutt, ab. tithonus + inframarginata B. & L. These and two
female ab. fowleri South, two male ultrafowleri B. & L. and two female ab.
tithonus + fowleri were among the progeny from a captive pairing between a male
carrying ab. tithonus and a female ab. tithonus + fowleri. The former was from R.
Revels’s stock and the latter bred by R. Barrington from stock supplied by R.S.

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Tubbs in 1983. The sithonus gene has been kept going for 18 years now. The fowleri
and inframarginata genes have also been deliberately introduced to the stock over the
years.

(4) B. euphrosyne female ab. stramineus Frohawk, one of two taken in half an
hour. Larvae have been obtained.

Jones, A.M.—An interesting exhibit including the following aberrations, nearly
all taken in Surrey.

(1) Two male and one female P. icarus ab. apicalis Tutt bred April 1985 from a
female captured in August 1984.

(2) Three male L. phlaeas ab. extensa-conjuncta Tutt bred September/October
1985 from a female caught in August.

(3) A bilateral gynandromorph C.argiolus bred with nine typical butterflies in
September 1985.

(4) a fine A.urticae ab. semiichnusoides captured in E. Sussex 23.vii.85.

KNILL-JONES, S.A.—A small male C.croceus thought by the exhibitor to be the
first known British example of a third brood. Bred from a wild second brood
Freshwater, I.o.W. female, it emerged on 17.xi.83. A female M. jurtina taken at
Tennyson Down on 19.x.85, illustrating the delayed emergence of some species
because of the appalling summer.

Mipp.eton, A.P.—three L. sinapis ab. brunneomaculata Staud. captured in July
1985 in Northants; three M. cinxia approaching ab. wittei Geest; E.aurinia bred from
Dorset and Oxford colonies; a female A.cardamines, Leicester 30.v.85 with the
discoidal spot extended towards the apex (similar to ab. /unaextensa B. & L. in L.
coridon); a pathological specimen of A. hyperantus ab. arete Muller, Hants. 15.vii.85.

RusswurmM, A.D.A. and Mippieton, H.G.M.—The splendid showing by
V.atalanta in September and October was reflected in three butterflies caught in Mr
Russwurm’s garden: female ab. fracta Tutt, ab. angustfasciata Lempke and a
specimen with the red bands reduced to greyish-pink.

Other aberrations: A. urticae ab. derennei female Boldre, Hants., 10.vili.85; two
female P. tithonus, one ab. obscurior Schultz, Brockenhurst, one with enlarged
orange areas on the hindwings, taken near Wool, Dorset, August 1985; a female M.
galathea ab. flavescens Goetghebuer, Portland 7.viii.85.

Scanes, J.T.—A splendid female T.acteon ab. alba Bolton taken near Wool,
Dorset 6.viii.85. This is probably the only one taken since Bolton’s type from
Swanage in 1950.

Stacey, I.F.—(1) F, progeny from a typical female A. cardamines taken on
31.v.83: a male ab. macula-punctata Frohawk, a similar male but incorporating ab.
umbrosa Culot (having black scaling on the inner edges of the orange apical
blotches), four female ab. cau/otosticta Williams + maculata-punctata, two female
ab. ochrea Tutt, one of them also being ab. minora Selys.

(2) Some perineural forms resulting from pairing between E.aurinia ssp. anglicana
(W.Sussex) and ssp. scotica (Mull). Also a glabrous + obscura female. Large losses
of larvae were reported by the exhibitor, mainly during the third and fourth moults or
at pupation and all five females had abnormally long and heavy abdomens and lacked
the normal responses in feeding and mating. Such results would suggest a
chromosomal imbalance. It is considered doubtful by some whether Scottish
butterflies merit a subspecific status, because most cannot be separated from English
ones, there being no constant character. More breeding along these lines may help to
clarify the situation.

(3) four L. dispar batavus Oberthiir with additional basal spotting on forewings and
a male with an extra spot on the left upperside forewing.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 45

(4) Scale defect forms: male Q. quercus with pale ground colour and very pale
purple (this specimen also has the underside orange markings reduced to ochreous
yellow; male and female A.iris with mottled ground colour on forewings and
hindwing basal areas; a female underside of the same form with a wide flush of lilac at
the wing margins.

Stokes, D.—An impressive male A.iris ab. iolata Cab. from Northants and S.
pruni ab. caudatanulla B. + L., a tailess form, from Oxfordshire.

TrEMBATH, D.A.—Aberrations of butterflies taken in the Dorking area: A.agestis
ab. pallidior Oberthiir, L. bellargus ab. krodeli Gillm. and L. coridon ab. parisiensis
Gerhard = arcuata Coury.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—a male P.tithonus ab. excessa Tutt, an aberration which Mr
Stacey also showed a female of.

WiILp, E.H.—a female of the rare migrant L.boeticus, caught in a one-inch tube
whilst sunning itself on a hedge below some ivy blossom at Highcliffe, near
Christchurch, Dorset 21.x.85.

Younc, L.D.—An interesting exhibit of bred aberrations of P. icarus. (1) F, and F,
specimens bred from a female ab. transiens Tutt captured in Surrey, June 1985. This
produced a fine female combination form antico-striata + apicojuncta Tutt in the F,
generation, emerging on 29.ix.85.

(2) F, and F, examples from a female taken in Hampshire 25.viii.84, with extended
basal spotting (referable to ab. elongata Tutt). Both generations produced 50%
aberrations. An F, female paired with a wild, typical male from Surrey similarly
produced 50% aberrations in the F, and F,. The most extreme example emerged in
the F, generation in September 1985.

BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA

AGassiz, Rev. D.J.L.—The British races of Luperina nickerlii Frey. together with
examples of the nominate subspecies from Bohemia and the race from Halle, East
Germany.

Baker, B.R.—A specimen of Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. bred from a wild larva
taken in North Hampshire by Col. G.G. Eastwick-Field in 1985. This species was first
discovered in North Hampshire in 1983 by Col. Eastwick-Field and constituted a new
vice-county record. It has also turned up this year for the first time in Berkshire.

Baker, P.J.—Interesting records from the garden light trap at Thorpe, Surrey
included the first specimens of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. on 14.vii.1983 and Euphyia
biangulata Haw. on 1.viil. 1985.

BANNER, Dr J.V.—A selection of Alcis repandata L. taken from various localities
between 1952 & 1985. Aberrations included an unusual form of Chloroclysta truncata
Hufn. taken in Kent in 1985.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—Noteworthy specimens taken from the garden light trap
during 1985 were two Euphyia biangulata Haw. on Sth and 10th August; two
Rhodometra sacraria L. on 22nd September and single examples of Hyles lineata
livornica Esp. on 11th April and Catocala nupta L. ab nigrata Lempke on 25th
August.

BritisH Museum (Natura History}—From the National Collection of British
Lepidoptera (RCK) were two drawers of recently curated material of Tyria jacobaeae
L. and one drawer of forms of Deilephila elpenor L.

BROTHERIDGE, D.—A small selection of resident and immigrant Lepidoptera taken
at Wroughton, North Wiltshire included Hyles lineata livornica Esp. on 6.iv.1985;

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Spodoptera exigua Hbn. on 3.iv.1985 and Thera juniperata L. on 16.x.1985.

CHALMERS-HuntT, J.M.—A male Agriopis aurantiaria Hbn. ab. fumipennaria
Hellwejer taken at Mitcham Common, Surrey in November 1984.

Cronin, A.R.—Moths bred 1983-85.

Davey, P.A.—Two specimens of Hyles lineata livornica Esp.; one from
Rushmoor, Surrey on 2/3.iv. 1985, the other from Swanage, Dorset on 16/17.iv.1985.

Emmet, Lt Col A.M.—A small series of Apamea anceps D. & S. from north-west
Essex showing minor variation and an example of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. being
one of several specimens taken at Saffron Walden, Essex.

FAIRCLOUGH, R.—A specimen of Abraxas grossulariata L. conforming to f.
subviolacea Raynor from Leigh, Surrey on 20. viii. 1985.

Foster, A.P.—A specimen of Spodoptera exigua Hbn. taken flying in sunshine on
Rosemullion Head, Cornwall on 17.iv.1985 and a male Apoda limacodes Hufn. taken
at light at Castor Hanglands, Cambridgeshire on 25.vii. 1985.

Hati, N.M.—Examples of a second brood of Acronicta menyanthidis Esp. bred
from a female from Scotland; the entire progeny were female. (This phenomenon has
occurred before on at least two occasions with this species—B.S.) Also of interest was
a record of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. from Berkshire and specimens of Saturnia
pavonia L. showing the reversal of the ground colour of the fore- and hindwings when
comparing the upper and undersides.

Harmer, A.S.—A sexual mosaic specimen of Saturnia pavonia L., mostly female
having the antennae chiefly male and the right forewing streaked with male
coloration.

Hart, C.—A series of Hadena luteago barrettii Doubleday bred from wild pupae
from the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall together with prints of the locality and a
distribution map of the species.

Haywarpb, R.—A selection of 28 specimens of Mimas tiliae L. showing a wide
range of variation in colour and markings.

JorRDAN, M.J.R.—Specimens of Mesapamea secalis L. and the recently discovered
M. secalella Remm together with genitalia photographs and text highlighting the
features of major importance. This exhibit is part of a larger study as a thesis for the
University of London. The exhibit also included some locally scarce species from
North Hampshire; the most noteworthy of these were four Noctua orbona Hufn.
from a total of five taken at Weyhill during 1984/5; anda male Euproctis chrysorrhoea
L. from a total of four taken at Bransbury Common on 25. vii. 1985.

KniLi-Jones, S.A.—A selection of moths taken at light at Freshwater, Isle of
Wight; of special interest were single specimens of Macroglossum stellatarum L. on
13.vii.1985; Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. on 27.vii.1985; Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. in
1985 and Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb. on 8.1x.1985.

LaNGmalb, Dr J.R.—A melanistic Melanthia procellata D. & S. from Petersfield,
Hampshire on 6.vii. 1985 and an aberrant Autographa gamma L. with an exaggerated
gamma mark from Southsea, Hampshire on 24.ix. 1985.

Lear, N.W.—A display of some of the more interesting aberrations from the City
of Bristol Museum and Art Gallery Collections. The most outstanding of these, all
from the C. Bartlett collection were a melanic Mythimna litoralis Curt., Hartlepool
1903, J. Robson; a melanic Semiothisa wauaria L. bred 3.iv.1922 and an extreme
form of Agrotis ripae Hbn. from N.Cornwall.

McCormick, R.F. & PENNEY, C.C.—Some interesting species recorded at BENHS
field meetings between 1979 & 1985. Of special note were Eilema sororcula Hufn.,
Eupithecia plumbeolata Haw. and Herminia strigilata L. from Pamber Forest,
Hampshire on 12.vi. 1982; Noctua orbona Hufn., Xestia rhomboidea Esp. and Eurois

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 47

occulta Clerck from Tuddenham Heath, Suffolk on 31.vii. 1982; Euxoa tritici L. and
Apamea oblonga Haw. from Kings Forest, Suffolk on 15.viii.1981 and Euphyia
unangulata Haw., Eupithecia egenaria H.-S. and Abraxas sylvata Scop. from
Swaffham, Norfolk on 4.vi.1983.

Myers, Dr A.A.—A male Agrotis crassa Hbn. taken at Fountaintown, Co.Cork
on 24.viii. 1984. The first Irish record and the first confirmed record for the British
Isles although it is known to be resident in the Channel Islands.

MacNutty, Dr B.J.—A selection of moths from the Gower Penninsula,
Glamorgan included specimens of Discoloxia blomeri Curt., Semiothisa alternaria
Hbn. and Autographa bractea D. & S.

Parsons, M.—Moths taken at Ninfield, Sussex in 1985 included examples of
Enargia paleacea Esp. on 14th July; Rhyacia simulans Hufn. on 18th September;
Idaea vulpinaria Lempke on 6th August and an extreme aberration of Xestia c-
nigrum L. on 5th October.

PickLtes, A.J. & C.T.—A specimen of Hyles lineata livornica Esp. from
Lymington, Hampshire on 6.iv.1985; a series of Eupithecia venosata F. bred from
larvae from the Ardnamurchan Peninsula, Inverness-shire (a form slightly darker
than that found in southern England); and a bred series of Conistra rubiginea D. & S.
from the New Forest, Hampshire.

Pittis, Rev. S.C.—Local and immigrant species and aberrant forms caught or bred
in 1984/5 included Acronicta alni L. ab. suffusa Tutt bred ex female from
Worcestershire and a single example of Mythimna albipuncta D. & S. from the
Lizard, Cornwall on 23.viii. 1985.

PLant, C.W.—A halved gynandromorph of Agrotis puta Hbn. having the left side
female, taken at East Ham, Essex on 29.viii. 1985.

Pratts, J.—A male Scopula emutaria Hbn. bred from wild larva found feeding on
sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) at Faversham, Kent in October 1984. This is
probably the first time the larva have been taken in the wild and the foodplant
recorded in this country. Two larvae beaten from sea beet from the same locality on
8.ix and 12.x.1985.

Pratt, C.R.—The second Sussex record of Photedes extrema Hbn. taken at Rye on
4.vi1.1985. On behalf of S. Curson the first British record of Proserpinus prosepina
Pallas taken at Newhaven, Sussex on 25.v.1985.

ROTHSCHILD, Dr Miriam—An extreme example of Tyria jacobaeae L. ab. nigrana
Cabeau taken at Ashton Wold, Northamptonshire in 1985.

Russwurm, A.D.A. & MippLeton, H.G.M.—A female Hyles lineata livornica
Esp. taken at light at Brockenhurst, Hampshire on 3.iv.1985. Aberrant moths
captured at Brockenhurst included two examples of Sphinx ligustri L. on 24.vi.1976
and 23.vi.1985; two examples of Acronicta aceris L. with the hindwings heavily
veined and banded with black and one specimen of Opisthograptis luteolata L. ab.
quadrilineata Nordstrom, a form in which the markings on all the wings are enlarged.

Scanes, J.T.—A new aberration of Opisthograptis luteolata L. taken at light at
Tolworth, Surrey on 2.1x.1985.

SKINNER, B.—A bred series of Eupithecia abietaria Goeze from Northumberland.
Immigrants taken from Pagham, Sussex in 1985 were Heliothis armigera Hbn. on 9th
October and Trigonophora flammea Esp. on 10th October. Aberrations included a
male Spilosoma luteum Hufn. with dark brown fringes and thorax from Norfolk; a
melanistic female Eilema deplana Esp. from Hamstreet, Kent and a male Thumatha
senex Hbn. with banded forewings from Stodmarsh, Kent.

SortLty, R.A.—A specimen of Noctua comes Hbn. ab. sagittifer Cockayne from
Hampstead, Middlesex on 22.ix.1985.

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Soxko.LorrF, P.A.—A melanic example of Ennomos alniaria L. taken at Stodmarsh,
Kent on 27.vii. 1985.

STERLING, P.H.—An example of Antichloris viridis Druce bred from a pupa in
bananas obtained in Newhaven, Sussex.

TREMBATH, D.A.—A variable bred series of Rhodometra sacraria L. bred from a
female taken in the Dorking area, Surrey in September 1983.

TweeEDIE, M.W.F.—New records for garden light trap at Playden, Sussex in 1985
were Hyles lineata livornica Esp. on 17th April; Simyra albovenosa Goeze on 22nd
August; Ochropleura praecox L. on 9th August and Mythimna l|-album on 7th
October. Also an aberration of Ochropleura plecta L. lacking the pale costal streak.

Watters, J.M.—A notebook of illustrations covering over 100 species of moths
from live specimens caught mainly on Hayling Island, Hampshire during 1985.

WarInG, P.M.—Specimens of Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. reared from larvae found
feeding on young hazel coppice in Waterperry Wood, Oxfordshire.

West, B.K.—The most spectacular specimen in a small selection on aberrations
from Kent was a male Euproctis similis Fuess. ab. nigrostriata Cockayne.

WiL_p, E.H.—A male Lymantria dispar L. taken at light at Highcliffe, nr
Christchurch, Dorset (V.C.11) on 29.vili.1985 and an example of Chrysodeixis
chalcites Esp. also at light at Highcliffe on 9.ix.1985.

WiLson, D.E.—A male Trigonophora flammea Esp. taken at Dungeness, Kent on
5.x.1985 and a male Athetis pallustris Hbn. from Lincolnshire in June 1985.

YoupDEN, G.H.—A specimen of Hypena obsitalis Hbn. taken at light at Dover,
Kent on 18.viti.1985 being the ninth specimen noted in the British Isles and the first
record for Kent.

FOREIGN MACROLEPIDOPTERA

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M.—High altitude Erebia spp.: E.christi Ratzer, Laquintal,
Switzerland, July 1985; E. flavofasciata Heyne, Campolungo, Switzerland, July 1985.

Criss, P.W.—Examples of butterfly species taken in the Swiss Engadine, Austria
and France between 22.vii and 3.vii.1985, including Erebia flavofasciata from a
locality previously unrecorded. Examples of butterflies bred in captivity in 1985,
including spring and summer forms of Papilio machaon hippocrates from Japan.

Cronin, D.R.—A tray of butterflies and moths taken in the front garden of a house
in San Pablo, Philippines Islands, September 1985.

GREATOREX-Davies, J.N.—Butterflies collected in Switzerland, canton Valais,
1-13.vii.1985. In all nearly 100 species were recorded, including Boloria aquilonaris
Stichel above Saas Grund, Colias palaeno L. at Riffelalp, near Zermatt, Fabriciana
niobe L. of an interesting silver-spotted form, from Zennegan, Hyponephele lycaon
Kuhn from Zennegan and Lalden, near Visp.

Hatt, D.—Aberrations of three European butterflies and their normal forms: (1)
Tomares ballus F.—Provence Hairstreak, female having normal orange ground
replaced by pale primrose yellow. Tangier, Morocco, 5.iv.1983. (2) Colias palaeno
europome Esp.—Moorland Clouded Yellow, female albino, all black markings
absent and replaced by pale pinkish silver. Bernina Pass, Switzerland, 17.viii. 1984.
(3) Colias phicomene Esp.—Mountain Clouded Yellow, female lacking discoidal
black spot on forewing, Col du Tourmalet, French Pyrenees, 7.viii. 1985.

Specimens of Archon apollinus Herbst—False Apollo, from the Greek island of
Lesbos, common in old olive groves on Mt. Rhoditis near Plomari, 2.iv. 1984.

Hatt, N.M.—A selection of Macrolepidoptera obtained in France and Spain,
which have occurred in the British Isles or are very similar to species found here;
Cucullia bubaceki and C. achilleae, both endemic to Spain.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 49

Luckens, Dr C.J.—Selected butterfly species collected in northern France, Cote
d’Or, Dréme, Valais, Ticino, north Italy and Sardinia. These included Papilio
alexanor Esp. and P.hospiton Gené, both bred, Hypodryas maturna L. Mellicta
aurelia Nickl., Erebia flavofasciata Heyne from Campolungo, and Erebia christi.

Painter, S.A.A.—Melitaea didyma meridionalis Stgdr. ab. nigra+striata Skala
male, shown with two typical males and two females obtained by A. Hinitt and M.
Somes at Encamp, Andorra, 1977 to 1979.

Morris, M.G.—Delias butterflies collected in New Guinea. The main localities in
Irian Jaya (the Indonesian western half) were the Arfat Mountains (few only), the
Ibele valley, Modio in the Paniae (= Wissell) Lakes region, Oksibil and Admisibil in
the Star Mountains. In Papua New Guinea a few butterflies were from Mt. Kaindi
near Wau, Morobe Province, and a few from the Bulolo area in 1981. Dr Morris’s
formal work was to assess the potential for butterfly utilisation, particularly by
farming. This could contribute both to the welfare of the very poor Papuan people of
Irian Jaya and to focus attention on the conservation of the New Guinea rain forest.

RoyaL ENTOMOLOGICAL SoctETY OF LONDON, and B.M. (Nat.Hist.). Butterflies
taken in Sulawesi (Celebes) on the R.E.S. “Project Wallace” expedition. This
included a very fine show of Graphium, Charaxes and Papilio.

TorstENtus, S. and Asupy, G.B.—Short series of 30 species recently received from
Norway, Sweden and Swedish Lapland, as additions to the Society’s Torstenius
collection.

TREMBATH, D.A.—Lepidoptera collected in Kenya, December 1984 to January
1985, the more interesting or local being Pieridae: Colotis hildebrandti, C.halimede,
C.eris, C. incretus, C.vestalis, C.ione in differing forms, Belenois crawshayi,
B.subeida; Nymphalidae: Euphaedra paradoxa, Ariadne pagenstecheri; Acraeidae:
Acraea servona, A. disjuncta, A. uvui; Satyridae: Bicyclus mandanes; Papilionidae:
Graphium kirbyi; Lycaenidae: Baliochiyla latimarginata, Larinopoda tera, Abisaria
neavel.

TREMEWAN, W.G.—Zygaena collected in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco,
June to August 1985: Z.moroccana irhris Wiegel, Z.alluaudi lamprotes Dujardin,
Z.persephone Zerny and Z. aurata tachdirtica Reiss.

Wacker, D.H.—Insects from Hong Kong, collected during February 1985 in poor
weather until two sunny days prompted mass emergence: Pieris canidia males and
females, Eurema ? species, E.hecabe, Catopsilia pomona, Papilio polytes, P.helenus,
Zizeeria knysna males and females, Amatidae ? species, Danaus gillippus, Mycalesis
horsfeldii. Also Melanitis phedima, a giant brown butterfly which flew most evenings
under trees as dusk fell.

WHEELER, A.S.—Two drawers of Lepidoptera collected in Australia, December
1982—-June 1983, during a long and serious drought. These included several familiar
migrants to Europe or their close relatives.

COLEOPTERA

The Coleoptera exhibits were particularly fine this year. Both the interest of the
specimens (and photographs) and the careful and varied displays continue the high
standard. 1985 also saw more beetle exhibits than any other BENHS annual
exhibition in the last ten years. There were some spectacularly rare and interesting
species shown.

One of the most eye-catching specimens was a colourful variety (usually the
province of lepidopterists) of Cicindela campestris, the common green tiger beetle,

‘exhibited by Dr I. M’CLENAGHAN. Two extremely rare and pretty species made their
return after many years: Lebia crux-minor from Ditchling Common, Sussex (MrN. J.

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

HEAL) and Diaperis boleti from Holme Fen, Huntingdonshire (Mr R. Key).

The greatest number of species in an exhibit was 72 Dorset weevils shown by Dr M.
G. Morris; these included many new to the county and included both rarities like
Larinus planus and some common species which had been missed before. Mr P.
HyMaN showed 36 species, including the two beautiful species Ampedus cardinalis
and Bytiscus betulae.

Mr P. J. HopGeE showed various beetles including some new to Sussex; one of these
was the unusual Silphid Aclypea opaca, very similar to the common Thanatophilus
sinuatus. Mr D. APPLETON showed some very local insects from the neighbouring
Hampshire including Anitys rubens. Other interesting species shown included
Osphya bipunctata from Cambridgeshire and Cetonia cuprea bred from a Formica
nest in Speyside (Mr A. Foster); Agrilus sinuatus from Gloucestershire (Mr I.
CARTER) Leptura sexguttata from the New Forest and Acanthocinus aedilis from
Speyside (Dr D. SHirt). Acanthocinus from the same occasion also appeared in Prof
J. A. Owen’s exhibit, and both exhibitors showed photographs of this fine insect.
Numbers of this beetle had been attracted to freshly cut wood—quite a spectacular
sight, especially when on the wing.

Prof Owen must take the prize for the smallest specimen in the entire hall—the 4
mm Ptinolium schwarzi; the prize for the largest (heaviest) perhaps going toMr A. R.
CRONIN for an unidentified scarabaeid from the Philippines. The most
unconventional exhibit was the giant flea-beetle embedded in plastic and made into a
key-ring, a souvenir of Malaysia (Mr R. D. Hawkins). The most unpronounceable
name for a beetle must be Bagous czwalinai a very rare weevil shown by Mr D.
Porter. Perhaps I could claim for myself the largest exhibit of Coleoptera; which,
boosted by a number of photographs, hid the fact that I had not been as active in 1985
as others.

Interest in the Coleoptera continues to grow, and more exhibits in 1986 may mean
the other ‘other orders’ being relegated to the second table at Chelsea Old Town
Hall!

ApPLETON, D.—Coleoptera from Hampshire, 1985. three Notiophilus
quadrimaculatus Dejan from a colony at the roots of grass on a dry bank at Bucklers
Hard, 24.ix.85. Two Oxyporus rufus (L.) from fungi on beech stump, Micheldever,
27.1x.85. These are the first specimens that the exhibitor had taken for 20 years, so
this species is evidently scarce in Hampshire. Four Deleaster dichrous (Gravenhorst)
found in fair numbers in rotten leaves on a river bank, New Forest, 14.viii.85. Anitys
rubens (Hoffman), one of several found in red-rotten oak, New Forest, 16.vi.85.
Triplax lacordairii Crotch, one of a number found at two New Forest woods in this
year. The exhibited specimen was from fresh Pleurotus on beech, 21.1x.85.

Carter, I.—Some rare and interesting beetles new to Gloucestershire.
Myrmechixenus vaporariorum (Guerin-M.), 19.viii.85, Cranham wood; Plegaderus
vulneratus (Panzer), 14.viii.85, Crickley Hill Park; Ptenidium gressneri (Erichson),
14. viii.85, Crickley Hill Park; Epurea angustula (Sturm), 13.vili.85, Crickley Hill
Park; Caenoscelis subdeplanata (Brisout), 14.viii.85, Crickley Hill Park; Liocyrtusa
minuta (Ahrens), 31.vii.84, Hailey wood; Prionocyphon serricornis (Muller),
31.vii.84, Hailey wood; Ptenidium intermedium (Wankowicz), 17.vii.85, Hasfield
Ham; Hapalarea pygmaea (Paykull), 17.vii.85, Hasfield Ham; Manda mandibularis
(Gyllenhal), 30.vi.85, Hasfield Ham; Procraerus tibialis (Boisduval), 30.vi.85,
Hasfield Ham; Axinotarsus ruficollis (Olivier), 30.vi.85, Whitcliff Park; Prionychus
melanarius (Germar), 30.vi.85, Lower Apperley; Agrilus sinuatus (Olivier),
29.vii.85, Leckhampton Hill; Lissodema cursor (Gyllenhal), 30.vii.85, Leckhampton
Hill; Abdera biflexuosa (Curtis), 30.vu.85, Leckhampton Hill.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 51

Foster, A.P.—A selection of noteworthy species taken from Foulden Common,
Norfolk, during the past twelve months. Odacantha melanura (L.), 11.vi.85, one by
sweeping; Haliplus variegatus Sturm, 14.vii.85 one; Hydrochus brevis Herbst),
8.x1i.84, one; Hydraena palustris Erichson, 8.x11.84, one.

Two scarce aquatic species from Orton Mere, Peterborough. Hydrochus carinatus
Germar., 16.v.85 one; Dryops similaris, 16.v.85, one (This species has not yet been
formally added to the British list.)

Asaphidion pallipes (Duftschmidt) examples from two coastal localities in Norfolk;
Overstrand cliffs, 9.vii.85; Happisburgh, 10.vii.85.

Selatosomus bipustulatus (L.), one specimen swept under lime trees in Burghley
Park, Northamptonshire.

Two noteworthy species from Castor Hanglands NNR, Cambridgeshire; Osphya
bipunctata (F.) one female beaten from hawthorn blossom 2.v.85; Leiodes
cinnamomea (Panzer) one male at m.v.light, 3.x.85.

Cetonia cuprea, single adult bred through from a larva collected from the Loch
Garten RSPB reserve in Speyside; in a Formica nest on 4.vii.85.

HEAL, N.F.—Lebia crux-minor (L.) Ditchling, Sussex, 19.v.84 and 30.v.85;
Cryptocephalus parvulus (Miller), Elsted Common, Surrey, 8.vii.85; C. punctiger
(Payk.), Horsell Common, Surrey 14.v.85 (bred).

Kentish beetles (mostly 1985): Endomychus coccineus (L.), Stodmarsh, 27.viii;
Platycis minutus (F.), Goudhurst, 7.ix; Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Grav.),
Goundhurst, 7.ix; Strangalia quadrifasciata (L.), Stodmarsh, 27.viii; Apion pallipes
(Kirby), Newnham, 26.x; A.intermedium (Eppelsheim), St Margaret’s-at-Cliffe,
24.ix; Curculio rubidus (Gyll.), Littlebourne, 27.viii; Tychius tibialis (Boheman),
Deal, 10.viii; Gymnetron collinum (Gyll.), Gillingham, 30.viti. (bred); Cercyon
laminatus (Sharp), Sittingbourne, 16.vii.84, MV _ light; Meligethes solidus
(Kugelann), Gillingham, 28.vi; Rhynchaenus populi (F.), Stodmarsh, 14.x.84;
Mecinus janthinus (Germar), Sittingbourne, 2.vi.84, 23.vi.85; Drilus flavescens
(Fourcroy), Gillingham, 27.vi, 4.vii; Oodes helopioides (F.), Westbere, 4.v.; Amara
montivaga (Sturm), Lydden Hill, 20.vii; Adrastus rachifer (Fourcroy), Ham Fen,
10. viii; Micrambe villosus (Heer), St Margarets-at-Cliffe, 24.ix; Odacantha melanura
(L.), Westbere, 4.v; Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana (Panzer), Deal, 10.viii;
Omaloplia ruricola (F.), Stockbury, 16.vi.

Hopce, P.J.—Four species new to Sussex: Aclypea opaca (L.), Wilmington, on
Rumex acetosella near rabbit warren, 19.v.85. (Thanatophilus sinuatus, a similar
species, but more frequent, was exhibited for comparison.) Bledius subniger
Schneider, Thorny Island, on sandy shore, 11.vii.85. Lissodema cursor (Gyll.),
Ringmer, sweeping beneath old ash tree, 24.vii.85. Phylan gibbus (F.), East Head
Dunes, 9.vii.85.

Other species: Dyschirius angustatus (Ahrens), Rye Harbour, East Sussex, Sandy
pond bank, 24.v.85. Tachys parvulus Dejean, Uckfield, East Sussex, on concrete
path in garden at roots of Sagina procumbens, 26,ix.85. Tychobythnius glabratus
(Rye) Detling Downs, Kent, in moss, 20.iv.85. This very rare species is associated
with the ant Ponera coarctata. Aphanisticus pusillus (Olivier), Detling Downs, Kent,
in moss, 20.iv.85. Dryophilus anoboides (Chevrolat), Near Herringswell, Suffolk, on
dead broom twigs, 14.vi. 85. Malachius aeneus (L.), South Gorley, Hampshire,
16.vi.85. Meligethes solidus (Kugelanm), Collyweston, Northamptonshire, on
rockrose, 11.viii.85. Halyzia sedecimuttata (L.), Duncton Chalkpit, West Sussex,
1.vi.85. Corticaria umbilicata (Beck), Eridge, East Sussex, at roots of grass in heathy
woodland clearing, 17.iv.85. Phalacrus championi (Guill.) Windsor Great Park,
Berkshire, sweeping under old oak, 29.vi.85. Strangalia nigra (L.), Chailey

52 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Common, East Sussex, 15.vi.85. Mantura matthewsi (Curtis) Lewes, East Sussex, on
rockrose, 4.vui.85. Pilemostoma fastuosa (Schaller), Lewes, East Sussex, on Inula
conyza, 27.v.85. Anoplus roboris Suffrian, Fairwarp, East Sussex, on alders, 16.v.85.
Bagous collignensis (Herbst) Brockenhurst, Hampshire, in pond, 1.vi.85.
Ceutorhynchus mixtus (Mulsant & Rey), Gorley Hill, Hampshire, on Corydalis
clavicula, 16.vi.85. Tychius parallelus (Panzer), Barton Mills, Suffolk, on broom,
14.vi.85. Gymnetron collinum (Gyllenahl), Lewes, East Sussex, on Linaria vulgaris,
17.vi1.85. Mecinus collaris Germar, Thorney Island, West Sussex, pupae in galls on
stems of Plantago maritima, 11.vi1.85.

Hyman, P.S.—Interesting Coleoptera collected during 1985. Bagous collingensis
(Herbst), in field, Pembrey Forest, Carmarthenshire, 6.viii.85; B.glabrirostris
(Herbst), Ffrwd, Carmarthenshire, 6.viii.85; Tychius parallelus (Panzer), Forest
Heath, Mildenhall, West Suffolk, 14.vi.85; T.quinquepunctatus (L.), Kenfig,
Glamorganshire, 11.vili.85; Apion astragali (Payk.) Bedford Purlieus,
Northamptonshire, 31.vui.85; Acalles roboris Curtis, Wychwood Forest,
Oxfordshire, 28.vii.85; A. misellus Boheman, Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire,
29.vi.85; Hypera diversipunctata (Schrank), Mouse Hall, Thetford, Norfolk,
21.viil.85; Bytiscus betulae (L.), Blackmoor Copse, Wiltshire, 2.vi.85; Rhynchaenus
pratensis (Germar), Collyweston Quarry, Northamptonshire, 22.vii.85;
Ceutorhynchus pulvinatus Gyll., Great Carr, Thetford, Norfolk, 21.viii.85; C.rapae
Gyll., Forest Heath, Mildenhall, Suffolk, 7.vii.85; C. viduatus (Gyll.), Castlemorris,
Western Cleddau, Pembrokeshire, 10.viii.85; Ptinomorphus imperialis (L.),
Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire, 15.vi.85; Melasis buprestoides (L.), Bentley Wood,
Wiltshire, 2.vi.85; Ampedus cardinalis (Schiodte), Windsor Great Park, Berkshire,
8.v1.85; Rhagonycha translucida (Krynicki), Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire,
29.v1.85; Psylliodes luridipennis Kuts, Lundy, 14.vii.85; Phyllobrotica
quadripunctata (L.) Great Carr, Thetford, Norfolk, 21.vii.85; Mantura
chrysanthemi (Koch), Lundy, 15.vui.85; Chrysolina fastuosa (Scop.), Castlemorris,
Western Cleddau, Pembrokeshire, 10.viii.85; Altica ericeti (Allard), Mouse Hall,
Thetford, Nortolk, 21.viii.85; Orsodacne lineola (Panzer) dark blue variety,
Blackmorr Copse, Wiltshire, 2.vi.85; Pseudocistela ceramboides (L.), High Standing
Hill, Windsor Forest, Berkshire, 8.vi.85; Orchesia minor Walker, Great Carr,
Thetford, Norfolk, 21.viii.85; Dryophilus anoboides Chevrolat, Forest Heath,
Mildenhall, Suffolk, 7.vii.85; Synchita separanda (Reitter), Windsor Great Park,
Berkshire, 8.vi.85; Molorchus minor (L.), Wychwood Forest, Oxfordshire, 29.vi.85
collected by B. J. Tigar; also taken at Bentley Woods, Wiltshire, 2.vi.85; Quedius
ventralis (Aragona), High Standing Hill, Windsor Forest, Berkshire, 8.vi.85;
Aleochara ruficornis Grav., Waterperry Woods, Oxfordshire, 28.v.85; Stenus
fornicatus Steph., Ludham Marsh, Norfolk, 17.viii.85; Hydaticus transversalis
(Pontoppidan), Upton Fen, Norfolk, 17.viii.85; Bidessus unistriatus (Schrank),
Home Mere and West Mere, Thetford, Norfolk, 11.x.85; Hydrochus carinatus
Germar, Bagmore Pit, Thetford, Norfolk, 11.x.85.

Jones, R.A.—Some beetles associated with trees. Lurgashall, West Sussex,
December 1984: a selection of beetles from a dead standing oak tree including
Pycnomerus fuliginosus Erichson, discovered new to Britain in 1962 and now known
from several localities in Sussex; Thymalum limbatus (F.); Trox scaber (L.), and
others.

Windsor Forest, April 1985: Dryopthorus corticalis (Payk.), under bark of a log in
runs of the ant Lasius brunneus (Latr.) (also exhibited); Batrisodes delaporti (Aube)
in red birch wood also infested with L.brunneus. These two species of beetles were
first discovered new to Britain in Windsor, by Donisthorpe in the 1920s. Cicones

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 53

undatus (Guerin) under sycamore bark, discovered new to Britain in 1984, and
exhibited along with the original British member of the genus C. variegatus (Hellwig).
Enicmus brevicornis (Mannerheim) another rare beetle associated with sycamore,
and also curious to find in this predominatly oak forest.

Hampstead Heath, May 1985: beetles found in wood mould and leaf litter from a
large open hole in the side of an old poplar. Quedius ventralis (Aragona), Leptinus
testaceus Miiller (a blind species) and Euophryum confine (Broun). Closely related to
Euophryum is Pentarthrum huttoni Wollaston. A specimen was shown from frass in a
hole in a large ash, Willesden Green, London NW2.

Richmond Park, some beetles bred from spiders’ webs: Ctesias serra (F.),
Anthrenus fuscus Olivier and Trinodes hirtus (F.). All the larvae of these species have
long stiff bristles, perhaps to protect them from the depredations of the spiders.

Along with the specimens in these exhibits, photographs of the adults, the larvae of
the beetles from spiders’ webs, and a selection of views of the localities were also
shown.

Key, R.—Recent notable Coleoptera.

Yorkshire: Nebria livida (L.), Cayton Bay, rediscovered after about thirty years;
Pterostichus macer (Marsham), also Cayton Bay, very uncommon this far north;
Laemostenus terricola (Herbst), Cockayne Moor, normally synanthropic; Agonum
livens (Gyll.), Wheldrake Ings; Licinus depressus (Payk.), Wharram Chalk Quarry,
only three recent northern records; Lebia chlorocephala (Hoffman), South Cave,
second Yorkshire record in 30 years; Omias mollinus (Boheman), Wharram quarry,
very rare species; Meligethes subrugosus (Gyll.), Kiplingcoates Quarry, uncommon
species omitted in error from current checklist; Scaphidema metallicum (F.), Askham
Bog and East Dale.

Cumbria: Nebria nivalis (Payk.), Scafell Summit, a survey of Cumbrian peaks over
3000 feet in 1985 failed to find additional localities.

Radnorshire: Trichius fasciatus (L.), Rhos Goch, common throughout the county;
Blethisa multipunctata (L.), Rhos Goch, uncommon species, very abundant in short
cropped fen vegetation during dry spell; Elaphrus uliginosus F., Aberithon Turbary,
a single specimen among dozens of E. cupreus; Cyanostolus aeneus (Richter), Builth
Wells, abundant under bark of driftwood oak in River Wye, normally very
uncommon; Philonthus rubripennis Stephens, Presteigne Withy Beds, species
common in vegetated shingle by most Radnor rivers; Donacia obscura Gyll.,
Aberithon Turbary.

Breconshire: Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L.) Llysdinam Park, extremely rare species
regularly found only at Moccas. This specimen landed on the exhibitor’s shoulder
while he was drinking coffee! No source population found to date.

Huntingdonshire: Diaperis boleti (L.), very rare, this appears to be the first UK
record since the 1950s and the first outside Hampshire since the turn of the century.

Anglesey: Hypocaccus rugiceps (Dufts.), Rhosneigr Dunes, usually very
uncommon species, very abundant all over dunes; Anthicus bimaculatus
Newborough Warren.

Northamptonshire: Tanymecus palliatus (F.), Great Morton Sale, very uncommon
species, found on nettle in old quarry; Trachys scrobiculatus Kiesen., Great Byards
Sale, local species, swept in woodland ride.

McCLENAGHAN, I.—Cicindela campestris L., an aberration having yellow streaks
on the middle of the elytra, Mark Ash Wood, New Forest, vi.1984. Uleiota planata
(L.), 29.v.85, Epping Forest, S.Essex, taken jointly with David Nash, new to Essex.
Orsodacne lineola (Panzer) and O.lineata var. humeralis, S.Thorndon Park, Essex,
4.vi.84. O. cerasi (L.) Rivenhall, Essex, TL8416. Cossonus parallelepipedus

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

(Herbst), S.Thorndon Park, vi.85, new to Essex. Osphya bipunctata (F.),
S.Thorndon Park, 25.v.85, beaten from hawthorn: rarely taken outside the
Huntingdon area and the first seen in Essex for many decades. Quedius ventralis
(Aragona), in wet rot hole in chestnut, N.Thorndon Park, 15.iii1.85, third Essex
locality. Malachius vulneratus Abeille, Canewdon saltmarsh, Essex, 9.vii.77 and
30.vi.85, widespread in Essex, but rare elsewhere. Megarthrus hemipterus (Ill.),
Epping Forest, 18.vii.82, new to Essex. Mesosa nebulosa (F.), Running Water
Wood, S.Essex, TQ5682, 9.vi.85, not seen in Essex for many years. Anommatus
duodecimstriatus (Miiller), on root of dead Choisia in the exhibitor’s garden,
TQ6292, new to Essex. Procraerus tibialis (Bois), on hornbeam in a wood near
N.Thorndon Park, 17.ii.80. Athous campyloides Newman, in moth trap in garden,
TQ6292, vi.83. Cionus tuberculosus Scop., Running Water Wood, 9.vi.85, much
rarer than C. scrophulariae in S.Essex.

Owen, Prof J.A.—A number of beetles from Scotland, including: Thinobius
praetor Smetana and Hydrosmectina subtillisima Sharp, Glen Feshie, July 1985;
Atheta (Acrotona) sylvicola (Kraatz) Aviemore, September 1985; Lamprinodes
saginatus (Grav.), Byrrhus arietinus Steff, Cryptophagus lapponicus Gyll., Atomaria
contaminata Erich., Judolia sexmaculata (L.) and Leptura sanguinolenta L. from
Loch Garten, July 1985; and Epuraea variegata Herbst from Cannich, Inverness-
shire, May 1985.

Porter, D.A.—Axinotarsus marginalis Laporte, Aston, Hertfordshire, 6.viii.78,
sweeping herbage under trees by stream. Probably the first Hertfordshire record for
this species which was first taken in Britain by D. Appleton in Hampshire in 1966.
Tachys micros (Fischer von Waldheim) Eype, Dorset, 17.iv.79. Pleasing to note that
this species is still thriving in this locality. It was also found in numbers in April 1981 at
Charmouth, Dorset. Bagous czwalinai Seidlitz, Brockenhurst, Hants, 31.v.85. 11
were found in old sand/gravel pit containing Juncus spp. and Potamogeton spp. A
single specimen was taken here by P. Hodge in 1983. Most records for this species are
apparently singletons. Triplax lacordairii Crotch, Brockenhurst, Hants, 13/14.vii.85.
Several specimens of this uncommon species were taken in company with T. aenea on
fungus in the rot pocket at the base of the trunk of a holly tree. Tachys parvulus
(Dejean), Waterford, Hertfordshire, 5.viii.78. Running on gravel near base of grass
tussock in small pit. This was possibly the first Hertfordshire record. The same
species was taken at Hailsham, East Sussex, 31.vii.85, running on a path by a lawn
edge. It had possibly bred in the garden at roots of grass in this rather wet season!
Phloiotrya vaudoueri Mulsant, Brockenhurst, Hants, 13/14.vii.85. Ten were found
under dead bark of a small dead holly.

Suirt, Dr D.B.—Beetles of the ancient Caledonian pine forests. Cetonia cuprea
F., Loch Garten, 4.vii.85; Selatosomus impressus (F.), Loch Garten, 4.vii.85;
Dictyoptera aurora (Herbst), Loch Garten, 30.vi.85; Zilora ferruginea (Payk.), Loch
an Eilein, 2.vii.85; Asemum striatum (L.), Speyside, 2.vii.85; Rhagium inquisitor
(L.), Loch Garten, 30.vi.85; Judolia sexmaculata (L.), Loch Garten, 4.vii.85;
Acanthocinus aedilis (L.), Speyside, 2.vii.85; Donacia obscura Gyll., near Loch
Garten, 30.vi.85.

Some southern longhorn beetles: Rhagium bifasciatum F., New Forest, 3.vi.84,
unusual colour variety; Leptura rubra F., Thetford, 15.vii.85; Leptura sexguttata F.,
New Forest, 2.vi.85; Agapanthia villosoviridescens (Deg.) Thetford, 14.vi.85.

HEMIPTERA

The Hemiptera exhibits for 1985 were slightly less exciting than in previous years,
in that there were only four. Despite this, a number of interesting things appeared:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 55

Mr D. Appleton showed the unusual Velia saulii; Mr D. Porter the graceful
Trigonotylus psammaecolor; Mr P. Hodge the Mediterranean newcomer Tuponia
carayoni and Messers P. Kirby and S.J.J. Lambert a fine selection of 31 species
including the lovely Corizus hyoscyami.

APPLETON, D.—Deraeocoris scutellaris (Fabricius), one swept from healthland,
New forest, 6.vii.85; and Velia saulii Tamanini, two exhibited of several examples
hibernating at roots of grass, Lower Test, 26.x.85, near where a dead specimen was
found under loose bark on a log, 17.x.85; both species are new to Hampshire.

Hopce, P.J.—Three species new to Sussex: Conastethus griseus Douglas and
Scott, Thorney Island, by sweeping salt-marsh, 11.vii.85; Tuponia carayoni, East
Head Dunes, on Tamarisk, 11.vi.85, a mediterranean species first discovered in the
Isle of Wight a few years ago. Capsodes sulcatus (Fieber), Chichester Harbour local
nature reserve, 9.vii.85. A slight easterly extension of the known British range of this
very local species.

Other species: Lasiosomus enervis (Herrich—Schaffer), Newhaven, East Sussex, at
base of chalk cliffs, 21.1v.85. Cymus obliquus Horvath, near Uckfield, East Sussex,
on Scirpus sylvaticus, 11.vi.85. Hoplomachus thunbergi (Fallén), near Nottingham,
on Pilosella officinasum, 14.vii.85.

KirBy, P. & LAMBERT, S.J.J—Heteroptera captured in 1985:

1. Characteristic species of the Norfolk and Suffolk Breckland: Aulia acuminiata
(L.), Eurygaster maura (L.), Legnotus picipes (Fallen), Odontoscelis dorsalis (Fab.),
Arenocoris falleni (Schilling), Alydus calcaratus (L.), Rhopalus parumpunctatus
Schilling, Peritrechus lundi (Gmelin), Graptopeltus lynceus (Fab.), Megalonotus
praetextatus (H.-S.), Megalonotus sabulicola (Thomson), Coranus subapterus
(DeGeer), Nabis pseudoferus Remane, Conostethus roseus (Fallen), Plinthisus
brevipennis (Latreille), Polymerus unifasciatus (Fab.)

2. Species from the coasts of Devon and Cornwall: Arenocoris falleni (Schilling),
including a melanic specimen, Dicranocephalus agilis (Scopoli), Henestaris laticeps
(Curtis), Beosus maritimus (Scopoli), Nabis pseudoferus Remane, Corizus
hyoscyami (L.), Rhyparochromus pini (L.), Megalonotus dilatatus (H.-S.)

3. Species from Dungeness, Kent: Tropistethus holosericeus (Scholtz), Pilophorus
clavatus (D. & S.)

4. Species from East Midlands woods and gravel pits: Agnocoris reclairei
(Wagner), from Cambridgeshire gravel pits; Acalypta carinata (Panzer),
Scolopostethus grandis Horvath and Lygus wagneri Remane from Morkery Wood,
Lincs.; Megalonotus antennatus (Schilling) and Acompus rufipes (Wolff) from
Bedford Purlieus, Cambs.

Porter, D.—Trigonotylus psammaecolor Reuter, Norfolk, Great Yarmouth,
23.vill.84. Four specimens of this species taken by sweeping two clumps of
Ammophila arenaria, apparently new to the Norfolk list, the late date of capture is
also of interest.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

Acassiz, Rev. D.J.K.—Acrolepiopsis betulella Curtis, a series bred from Allium
ursinum from Inverpolly NNR, West Ross: a specimen had been taken there by Dr
M.R. Young in 1984; previous British specimens were taken at Castle Eden Dene,
Co. Durham between 1837 and 1878 and one at Richmond, Yorks. Scrobipalpa
klimeschi Povolny, a series taken at Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire, in June 1972
and 1973: identified at a BM(NH) workshop in February 1985.

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

BAKER, B.R.—Pammene fasciana L. f.herrichiana Hein., E. Berkshire, one, vi.
1985. Dioryctria abietella D. &. S. Larvae of a Dioryctria thought to be this species,
found feeding in green cones of Picea in Unhill Woods, Berkshire, viii. 1985; they are
now overwintering except for one which produced a moth in ix. 1985: Picea is not the
usually recorded foodplant of D.abietella (See also Dr J.R. Langmaid’s exhibit. )

Baker, P.—Alucita hexadactyla L., Thorpe, Surrey, where it was common in a
garden.

BEAUMONT, H.E.—Nematopogon variella (Brandt) A specimen taken in
Wadworth Wood, South Yorks. (VC63) in 1904 by L. S. Brady and discovered in his
collection at Doncaster Museum standing as N. pilella (D. & S.) The first English
record. Bankesia douglasii (Stt.) Specimens taken on a sap-covered birch stump at
Thorne Moors, South Yorks. (VC63) on 31.11.1985 by Mr. M. Limbert. The first
Yorkshire and north of England record. Nemapogon ruricolella (Stt.) A specimen
taken at Denaby Ings, South Yorks. (VC63) on 28.vi.1984. Probably the first
Yorkshire record, northern England records in MBGBI:2 are shown as unconfirmed.
Tinagma ocnerostomella (Stt.) Reared in numbers from stems of Echium collected at
Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR, Lincs. The most northerly British locality.

Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hbn.) Specimens taken at Denaby Ings, South
Yorks. in 1984 and near Brodsworth, South Yorks. in 1985. The first VC63 records.
Scythropia crataegella (L.) First recorded in Yorkshire at Old Rossington (VC63) in
1983. A larval web was found at the same locality in June 1985 and some of the moths
reared exhibited. Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand Larval cases found on seeds of
mugwort at Denaby Ings, South Yorks. (VC63) in September 1983 from which moths
were reared in July 1984. The first Yorkshire record. Aethes beatricella (Wals.) A
moth reared from a larva in a stem of Conium collected at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe
Dunes NNR, Lincs. (VC54) in May 1985. The first Lincs. record? Eucosmomorpha
albersana (Hbn.) A moth taken at Stainton Wood, South Yorks. (VC63) on
29.v.1985. The first VC63 record, otherwise known in Yorkshire only from the
Scarborough area (VC62).

BLAND, Dr K.P.—Nematopogon metaxella Hbn., Milton of Drimmie Wood NNR,
Perthshire (NO1650;VC 89), taken 23.vi.85: third Scottish record. Caloptilia
cuculipennella Hbn., Arniston Engine, Midlothian (NT3361;VC 83), specimens
beaten from overhanging vegetation, 2.iv.85: third Scottish record. Acrolepiopsis
betulella Curtis, Roslin Glen LNR, Midlothian (NT2762;VC 83), two hibernating
specimens beaten from overhanging vegetation, 2.11.85: second Scottish locality.
Coleophora milvipennis Zeller, Maggie Bowie’s Glen, Midlothian (NT3960;VC 83),
early case found on hazel, 22.vi.85: very under-recorded in Scotland. C. paripennella
Zeller, Aberlady LNR, East Lothian (VC 82), reared from cases on Cirsium arvense
collected 8.vi.85, moths emerged 4-11.viii.85. Mompha miscella D. & S., Fealar
Gorge, Perthshire (NN9979;VC 89), reared from larvae mining leaves of
Helianthemum chamaecistus collected 18.v.85, motn emerged 8.vii.85: second
Scottish record. Eana argentana Clerck, Glen Tilt, Perthshire (NN9475;VC 89),
rediscovered 18.viii.85: last seen there by F.G. Whittle, 20.vii.1920. Acleris logiana
Clerck, Petersmuir Wood, East Lothian (NT48866;VC 82), hibernating specimen
beaten 17.11.85: substantiates old S.E. Scotland record. Parapoynx stratiotata L.,
Black Loches SSSI, Argyllshire (NM9231;VC 98), reared from pupa in case under
water lily leaf collected 6.vii.85, moth emerged 13—25.vii.85: new to Scotland.

BraprorbD, E.S.—A selection taken or bred in 1985, including Aethes margaritana
Haw., Faversham, Kent, series bred from yarrow.

BRETHERTON, R.F.—Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., Bramley, Surrey, 3/4.x.85; thought
to be immigrant.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 57

BROTHERIDGE, D.—A small selection of the more interesting 1985 specimens from
north Wiltshire, and some queries.

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M.—The following taken or bred in 1985. Acleris maccana
Treitschke, Trinafour, Perthshire, bred September from a larva on Myrica gale. A.
literana L., one at light, Dungeness, Kent, 18.ix. Cochylis flaviciliana Westwood,
Otford, Kent, bred August from larvae taken in 1984 on Knautia arvensis. Acleris
permutana Duponchel, Dungeness, Kent, 18.ix. Epinotia brunnichana L.
f.brunneana Sheldon, Rannoch, Perthshire, 19.viii.

Corey, M.F.V.—Caloptilia hemidactylella D. & S., Wychwood Forest,
Oxfordshire, 17.x.85; the third British locality. Depressaria badiella brunneella
Ragonot, Dungeness, Kent, 29.viii.85 and D.badiella badiella Hbn., Isle of Rhum,
Inner Hebrides, 5.viii.84. Anarsia lineatella Zeller, reared from an apricot imported
from Spain. Pyralis species taken in farm buildings, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, 1985:
P.lienigialis Zeller, six males, four females; P. farinalis L., two males, two females.

Dosson, A. H.—Microlepidoptera from North Hampshire (VC 12).

Emmet, Lt. Col. A.M.—Stigmella samiatella (Zell.) Barham, east Kent, 9.1x.85.
New to VC 15. Although the most common oak-feeding nepticulid on the Continent,
it is very local in Britain and mainly submaritime in the south-eastern counties.
Monopis weaverella (Scott), Thorpness, east Suffolk, 3.ix.85. Confirms the open-
circle record shown for VC 25 in MBGBI 2: map 62 (p.187). Caloptilia rufipennella
(Hbn.), St Margaret’s Bay, east Kent, from larvae collected on 10.1x.85. New to east
Kent; probably a recent colonisation from the Continent, since the site is well
separated from other British localities. Phyllonorycter roboris (Zell.), Boxted (VC
19), 28.vii.85. New to Essex. Ocnerostoma friesei Svensson, Shapwick (VC 6), reared
13.xi.84. New to Somerset and the first British record of the 3rd generation
(Entomologist’s Rec.J. Var. 97:175). Phaulernis dentella (Zell.), Grays Chalk Quarry,
29.vi.85 and Ashdon, 30.vi.85, new to Essex (VCs 18, 19).

Coleophora prunifoliae (Toll), Kewstoke and Lympsham, north Somerset (VC 6),
reared 6-9.vi.85. New to Somerset. Coleophora aestuariella Bradley, St Osyth, reared
12-23.vii.85: a second locality from north Essex (VC 19). Coleophora tamesis Waters,
High Wood, Duddenhoe End (VC 19), 8.vii.82. Recognised after larvae had been
found in the same locality in September, 1985. The earliest Essex record. Metzneria
neuropterella (Zell.), Lewes (VC 14), 18.viii.85. Confirmed records are needed for
this species since many early records are likely to refer to M. aprilella (Herrich-
Schaffer). Anarsia lineatella Zell. Reared from a larva in an imported peach by Mr
K.G.W. Evans.

Phalonidia luridana (Gregson), Lewes, east Sussex, 18.vili.85. A rare species.
Adoxophyes orana (F. v R.), Barham, east Kent, 9.ix.85. Still a rare species in Britain.
Pammene fasciana (L.), Boxted (VC 19), 28.vii.85. Rare or under-recorded in north
Essex, this being only the second record this century. Anania verbascalis (D. & S.)
Only the second certain record for this species in VC 19 in the last 50 years.

FArIRCLOUGH, R. & A. J. (a) Singletons or short series of species taken or bred in
1985. Lampronia fuscatella Tengst., bred Surrey, with gall and pupa case. Narycia
inconspicuella Stainton, bred Sussex. Bacotia sepium Speyer, bred Surrey. Monopis
imella Hbn., Greatstone, Kent. Phyllonorycter insignitella Zeller, bred Kent with
N.F. Heal; new county record. Depressaria olerella Zeller, bred Hants. Agonopterix
carduella Hbn., bred Kent, Centaurea nigra. Monochroa niphognatha Gozmany,
netted Stodmarsh, Kent. (b) A cushion cover, done in cross-stitch by R.F’s
grandaughter Janet (aged 10), depicting a totally unknown form of Acleris cristana D.
& S. A note on the moth’s numbers this year accompanies this.

Hatt, N. M.—(a) A selection including: Euchromius ocellea Haw., Portland Bill,

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Dorset, taken at light, 21-11.ix.85. Aethes beatricella Wigm., Portland Bill, bred from
stems of Smyrnium. Stigmella suberivora Stt. bred from Quercus ilex; new to VC 22.
Triaxomera fulvimitrella Sodoffsky, Bucklebury Common, Berks., bred fungus.

(b) A selection of microlepidoptera obtained in 1985 from the Vendée (France)
and Huesca Province (Spain) including several species which are rare immigrants to
the U.K.

Harper, Dr M. and Simpson, Dr A.—Stigmella sp. new to Britain. Old mines
found on Sorbus torminalis in 1981, in Herefordshire. Later, tenanted mines were
found both on this and on S.aria. The species is unnamed so far. The first moths were
reared in 1984. The species is bivoltine, the larvae appearing in July and September,
the moths in May and June.

Agonopterix astrantiae Hein., bred from Gloucestershire and Herefordshire from
Sanicula europaeus in 1984 and 1985: new species to the latter county and a
rediscovery in the former. Nematopogon pilella D. &. S., moths taken flying over
Vaccinium myrtillus in Herefordshire in 1977 and 1985; confirmed by genitalia
examination.

HEAL, N.F.—Phyllonorycter insignitella Zeller, Herne Bay, Kent, bred 29.i/
21.11.85 ex mines in Trifolium pratense and T.repens collected 6.x.84; new to Kent.
Diplodoma herminata Geoffroy, Darland Bank, Gillingham, Kent, 27.vi.85. Psyche
betulina Zeller = eppingella Tutt, larval case, Oxshott, Surrey, 24.iv.85. Solenobia
inconspicuella Stainton, Tilgate Forest, Sussex, bred 17/18.111.85; Blean Wood, Kent,
24.i1v.85. Cosmopterix orichalcea Stainton, Sellindge, Kent, 6.vii.85; later found to be
breeding there on Anthoxanthum odoratum, Sweet Vernal Grass; new to Kent.
Lampronia fuscatella Tengst., Brotherhood Wood, Dunkirk, Kent, bred 23.iv.85;
Tilgate Forest, Sussex, bred 28.11.85. Caloptilia rufipennella Hbn., St. Margarets-at-
Cliffe, Kent, bred 26.ix/2.x.85 ex larvae 15.ix.85. Bohemannia quadrimaculella
Boheman, Ham Fen, Kent, 10.viii.85; Stodmarsh, Kent, 27.viii.85. Gelechia turpella
D. &S., Bexley, Kent, 17/25.vii.85. Esperia oliviella F., Winterbourne Wood,
Dunkirk, Kent, 21.vii.85. Coleophora sp., Herne Bay, Kent, cases on Cirsium
15.ix.84, not bred, but size of case max. 16.25 mm. is extraordinary. Coleophora
machinella Bradley, Milton Creek, Sittingbourne, Kent, bred 22.vii/8.viii.85.
Epinotia fraternana Haworth, Lyminge Forest, Kent, 5.vii.85; new to Kent. Cydia
strobilella L., Bedgebury, Kent, bred 25.iv/3.vi.85 ex fallen cones of Picea abies and
P.omorika. Microthrix similella Zincken, Ebernoe, Sussex, at light, 11.vii.85.
Commophila aeneana Hbn., Leysdown-on-Sea, Kent, 18.vi.85.

HeckForD, R.J.—Trifurcula griseella Wolff, Branscombe, Devon, ex pupa
amongst Helianthemum (almost certainly not the foodplant), 12.v.85; Branscombe,
Devon, 1.vii.85. Nemapogon wolffiella Karsh. & Niel., Hembury Woods, nr.
Buckfastleigh, Devon, 26.viii.85—a late date. Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Logan,
Hembury Woods, Devon, ex larva 22.1x.85 on Lathyrus montanus, a previously
unrecorded foodplant in this country. Coleophora sylvaticella Wood, Steps Bridge,
Devon, ex pupa 30.iv.85-2.v.85, Luzula sylvatica. Coleophora maritimella Newman,
Braunton Burrows, Deven, 23.vii.85; new to VC 4. Elachista triseriatella Stt. (gen.
det, RJH), Brixham, Devon, 9.vi.84; new to Devon. E. dispunctella Dup., exhibited
for comparison with E. triseriatella. Oecophora bractella L., Spitchwick, Devon, ex
larva 2.v.85 dead birch stump; new to Devon. Metzneria lappella L., East Budleigh
Common, Devon, ex larva 24-27.v.85 Arctium sp.: new to Devon. Stenolechia
gemmella L., Hembury Woods, Devon, 29-31.vili.85. Teleiodes decorella Haw.,
Hembury Woods, 26-27.viii.85. Bryotropha_ basaltinella Zell. 16.vi.84,
Brixham,Devon. Mompha lacteella Steph., Dewerstone, Devon, ex larva 18.v.85
Epilobium montanum (coll. 13.iv.85); the textbooks give the larva as occurring in vili

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 59

on E.hirsutum. M.propinquella Stt., exhibited for comparison with M. lacteella.
Cochylis pallidana Zeller. Kynance Cove, Cornwall, 7.vi.84. Celypha rurestrana
Dup., Ilfracombe, Devon, 26.vii.85; new to Britain. Olethreutes lacunana D. & S.,
exhibited for comparison with C. rurestrana. Eudemis profundana D. & S., Hembury
Woods, Devon, 26.viii.85, an extreme form having the forewings ochreous with some
blue grey scaling, together with the normal form. Pelochrista caecimaculana Hbn.,
Orley Common, Devon, 3.vii.85; new to Devon. Cydia molesta Busck, Plympton,
Plymouth, ex larva 3.ix.85 imported peach. Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., East Budleigh,
Devon, ex larva 1.vi.85; new to Devon.

KNILL-JoNES, Dr R.P.—Mompha epilobiella D. & S., Glasgow (VC 76), bred; Old
Kilpatrick (VC 99), bred; new to Scotland. Biselachista trapeziella Stt., Glasgow (VC
77), bred two sites; Glasgow (VC 76), mines. Eana argentana Clerck, Glen Tilt,
18.viii.85. Hysterosia inopiana Haw., Glasgow (VC 77), confirmation of old Scottish
record. Phalonidia alismana Rag., Glasgow (VC 77, VC 99); Old Kilpatrick (VC 99),
bred; new to Scotland. Endothenia ericetana Humph. & Weston., Glasgow (VC 77);
confirmation of old Scottish record. Eucosma hohenwartiana f. fulvana Steph.,
Galloway (VC 73); new to Scotland.

KNiLL-JonEs, S.A.—Palpita unionalis Hbn., 14.x.85. Euchromius ocellea Haw..,
23.ix.85. Dioryctria mutatella Fuchs (?), 16.vii.85. Gatoptria falsella D. & S., 27 &
28.vii.85. Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer, 15.vii.85. Alispa angustella Hbn.,
31.viti.85. Alucita hexadactyla L., 11.ix.85. Morophaga choragella D. & S., 4.vi.85.
All taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

LANGMAID, Dr J.R.—Caloptilia rufipennella Hbn., St. Margaret’s Bay, four, bred
sycamore ix.85; new to Kent. Phaulernis dentella Zeller, Torbryan, Devon, two,
14.vi.85. Elachista collitella Dup., Noss Mayo, Devon, four, 13.vi.85; locality
courtesy of R.J. Heckford. E. littoricola Le March., Hurst Castle, Hants, four,
4.vi.85; locality courtesy of E.H. Wild. E.cingillella H.-S., Linton, Herefordshire,
25.v.82; new to Herefordshire, and over 100 miles from only other known locality.
Syncopacma suecicella Wolff, Cornwall, four bred 1985, Genista pilosa; locality R.J.
Heckford. Euchromius ocellea Haw., Southsea, Hampshire, one at light, 6.x.85.
Dioryctria sp., two bred Moulsford, Berks, larvae 10.vii.85 in green cones of Picea
abies, moths emerged 22-23.ix.85.

MicuHae.is, H.N.—Eana penziana T. & B. ssp.colquhounana Barr., Great Orme,
Llandudno (VC 49), occasional. Euzophera pinguis Haw., Llangollen (VC 50), taken
by S. Coxey, 1984. Aphelia unitana Hbn., Bodysgallen near Llandudno (VC 49),
1984; new to VC 49. Agonopterix astrantiae Hein., Millers Dale, larvae very scarce on
Sanicula, 1983; new to VC 57. A.bipunctosa Curt., Litton Dale, one among
Centaurea scapiosa, 1985; new to VC 57. Glyphipterix haworthana Steph., Cors
Bodgynedd near Trefriw (VC 49), one bred 1985; also found in VC 50 and VC 52.

Parsons, M.—Euzophera bigella Zell., from an Italian peach from an Eastbourne
greengrocer; second British record. Ethmia bipunctella Fab., Ninfield, Sussex, one
26.v.85, one 30.viii.85. Dolicarthia punctalis D. & S., Solva, Pembrokeshire, 9.vii.85.
Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stt., Hampshire. Argyresthis arceuthina Zeller,
Hampshire. Epiblema foenella L., Hampshire. Limnaecia phragmitella Stt.,
Pevensey and Lullington Heath NNR, Sussex. Cydia internana Guen., Lullington
Heath NNR, 27.v.85, 16.vi.85. Pammene aurantiana Stdgr., Friston, Sussex,
25.vii.85. Agonopterix ulicitella Stt., Ninfield, 24.ix.85. Batia unitella Hbn., Vert
Wood, Sussex, 14.vii.85.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C.—British microlepidoptera collected, or discovered, in
1985. Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Boheman), Preston-on-Wye, Hereford,
21.vii.1985, under alder leaf. Phyllonorycter staintoniella (Nicelli), St. Agnes,

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Cornwall, two bred 17.vi.1985, from mines on Genista pilosa. Phaulernis dentella
(Zell.), Torbryan, Devon, 14.vi.1985, three taken on Chaerophyllum temulentum
flowers. Coleophora sp., East Meon, Hants., 1.vi.1985, vacated case and mined
leaves of Fragaria vesca: this might be C. gryphipennella (Hbn.) on the wrong food
plant, or C. albicostella (Duponchel), a continental species which feeds on Fragaria
and Potentilla. Elachista littoricola Le Marchand, Hurst Castle, Hants. (E.H. Wild’s
locality), 4.vi.1985, six taken on the wing. Elachista collitella (Dup.), Noss Mayo,
Devon (R.J. Heckford’s locality), 13.vi.t985, six taken on the wing. Syncopacma
suecicella (Wolff), Lizard, Cornwall, three bred 4-7. vii, 1985, from larvae on Genista
pilosa. Cydia pactolana (Zell.), Botley Wood, Fareham, Hants., 2.vi.1985, taken on
the wing. Pammene ochsenheimeriana (Lien. & Zell.), Botley Wood, Fareham,
Hants., 2.vi.1985, taken on the wing. Celypha rurestrana (Dup.), Tintern, Mon..,
16.vi. 1962, taken at light: a specimen of this species was collected by R.J. Heckford in
Devon in 1985: after this news reached me I searched for it in my series of Olethreutes
lacunana (Den. & Schiff.) and found this male specimen, the identity confirmed by
dissection. Euchromius ocellea (Haw.), Axminster, Devon, 12.x.1985, at light.
Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.), Axminster, Devon, 8.x.1985, at light.

SATTLER, Dr K.—Scrobipalpa stangei (Hering) in Britain. Specimens of
Scrobipalpa stangei (Hering), a species of Gelechiidae not previously known from
Britain, were discovered in the Bankes and Whittle collections (BMNH)
misidentified as Scrobipalpa samadensis plantaginella (Stainton). Most of the
specimens are without data but two were collected on the Isle of Wight, Yarmouth,
11.vu.1882 (collector unknown).

On the Continent S. stangei is known mostly from coastal habitats in Fennoscandia
and northern Germany but also from inland salt areas in Germany and Austria. The
larva feeds in the roots and leaves of Sea Arrow-grass (Triglochin maritima) and
Marsh Arrow-grass (Triglochin palustris).

An attempt by members of the Microlepidoptera Section (BMNH) to find S.
stangei in the Isle of Wight in June 1985 was unsuccessful.

Sippons, P.N.—The following from Cornwall. Micropterix aureatella Scop.,
Ladock Wood (VC 2), 30.v.84. Bucculatrix nigricomella Zeller, Ellanglaze (VC 1),
13.vi.85. Caloptilia cuculipennella Hbn., Pendower (VC 2), bred 13.ix.85 ex larvae.
Ypsolopha mucronella Scop., St. Clement (VC 2), bred 6.vili.85 ex larvae.
Coleophora caespititiella Zell., Trendeal (VC 2), 16.vi.85. C.salicorniae Wocke,
Newquay (VC 1), 30.vui.85. Elachista regificella Sircom, Bodmin (VC 2), 23.vii.84.
Agonopterix ciliella Stt., Chyverton (VC 1), bred 6.vili.85 ex larvae. A.liturella D. &
S., Perranporth (VC 1), bred 21.vii.84 ex larvae. A.bipunctosa Curt., Perranporth
(VC 1), bred 11.vii.85 ex larvae. A. kuznetzovi Lvovsky, Kynance Cove (VC 1), bred
4.vili.85 ex larvae. Bryotropha mundella Douglas, Padstow (VC 1), Epinotia tedella
Clerck, Trendeal (VC 2), 9.vi.84. E.fraternana Haw., Ladock (VC 2), 27.vi.84.

Simpson, Dr A.N.B.—Agonopterix astrantiae Hein., locally abundant in beech
woods near Cranham, Gloucestershire, bred Sanicula vi.85. Blastodacna atra Haw.,
Colletts Green, Worcestershire, bred Malus cultivar shoots v.85; new county record.
Pseudotelphusa scalella Scop., Sutton Park, Birmingham, beaten from birch trunk,
16.vii.85.

SmitH, Dr F.H.N.—A series of photographs illustrating the life history of a grey
Nepticulid discovered in a coastal habitat near Perranporth in 1984. The larva mines
Lotus corniculatus. It may prove to be Levarchama eurema Tutt, though there has
been some doubt regarding its identity.

STERLING. Col. D.H.—(a) Elachista luticomella Zeller, bred from Dactylis; second
record from VC 12. E.unifasciella Haw., bred from Dactylis; new to Hampshire.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 61

Pulicalvaria piceaella Kearf.; taken at light, Winchester (VC 11) and new to
Hampshire; there are about half a dozen records of this species for England since it
was first discovered here in 1952, all others being in London area or the South-East.
See Entomologist’s Rec.J. Var. , 97:139(1985). Acleris lorquinana Dup., Gosport (VC
11), three forms bred from Lythrum: typical, uliginosana H. & W. and striana
Sheldon.

(b) Exhibited on behalf of J.C.K. WELLS. Euchromius ocellea Haw., Winchester,
Hants., at light, 5.iv.85.

STERLING, M.J.—Elachista regificella Sirc., Leicestershire, bred from Luzula
sylvatica; new country record. E.apicipunctella Stt., Derbyshire, bred from Dactylus,
new county record. E.revinctella Zell., Derbyshire and Leicestershire, bred from
Deschampsia; new county records. Aethese iercei Obraz., Derbyshire Dales, flying by
day. Gymnancyla canella D. & S., Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire, bred from larvae on
Salsola.

STERLING, P.H.—Coleophora_ niveicostella Zeller, third known Hampshire
specimen, flying over downland by day. Eupoecilia ambiguella Hbn., with larval
hibernating cases; when full fed, the larvae leave the Frangula berries and descend to
the ground to construct a portable case, after which they ascend, Coleophora-like, up
to a maximum of about 8 inches and fix the case for hibernation. Cydia pallifrontana
L. & Z., flying by day over Astragalus in Wytham Wood, Oxford. Euchromius
ocellea Haw., one taken in Hampshire (VC 11) at light.

TWEEDIE, M.W.F.—Species taken at Playden near Rye, Sussex in 1985, and
recorded from here for the first time. Platytes alpinella Hbn., Ephestia parasitella
Stdgr.ssp.unicolorella Stdgr.

WarrEN, R.G.—Species new to Staffordshire. (a) Industrial waste land/disused
railway lines. Eucosma pupillana Clerck, Biddulph, 14.vii.76. Cydia compositella F.,
Apedale, 22.vi.81. Homoeosoma sinuella F., Gmosall, 19.vi.85. Leoptilus
osteodactylus Zell., Apedale, 19.vii.82. (b) Oak/birch woodland. Ypsolopha sylvella
L., Bishops Offley, 24.vii.76. Pammene obscurana Steph., Trentham, 3.vi.79.
P.fasciana L., Cannock Chase, 22.vii.77. (c) Wet meadow. Platyptilia isodactylus
Zeller, Aqualate, 16.viii.80.

Younc, Dr M.R.—1 Acrolepiopsis betulella Curtis: 1 specimen netted 9 May 1984
and 4 specimens from a series of 18 reared from flower buds of Allium ursinum
collected 2 June 1985. Buds were found to harbour larvae when some failed to open
properly due to larval spinnings and damage. These specimens are the first ever
reared in Britain. Cocoons show the open mesh structure characteristic of the genus.
Locality: Inverpolly National Nature Reserve, Wester Ross.

2. Possible larval feeding signs of Callisto coffeella Zett. A leaf of Salix phylicifolia
showing a short mine, leading to a ““Phyllonorycter-type”’ blotch, and also a folded
leaf edge. These may well be the larval feeding signs of C. coffeella since the leaf was
collected from a sallow within 100 metres of the site of discovery of the only British
specimen. Leaf collected 6.1x.84, Locality: Glen Callater, Aberdeenshire.

3. Acleris abietana Hbn. 3 specimens bred from pupae found within obliquely set
crossed needles of Abies grandis, presumed to be the foodplant. Pupae collected
September 1982 Near Kemnay, Aberdeenshire. The only bred British specimens.

UFFEN, R.W.—Larvae of Coleophora palliatella Zincken from Bagley Wood,
Oxford, with their patches of pin-head mines on oak and scattered mines of
C.lutipennella Zeller and C.flavipennella Dup. for comparison.

Witson, D.E.—Euchromius ocellea Haw., Dungeness, Kent, 5.x.85.

YoupDEN, G.H.—Agriphila tristella D. & S., extreme melanic, Dover, Kent, light
trap, 8.vili.85.

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

HYMENOPTERA

Despite having more British species than any of the other insect orders, the
Hymenoptera were once again thinly represented at the Annual Exhibition. Why this
should be so is unclear, since hymenopteran biology is no less interesting than that of
beetles, flies or moths. Identification can be difficult in some families but recently
published Royal Entomological Society keys on solitary wasps, cuckoo wasps, and
the forthcoming key to bees, should improve this situation and, hopefully, will
encourage more interest in the Hymenoptera.

ALLEN, Dr. A. A.—Two boxes of various hymenopterous families taken in 1985
were shown. Among the more interesting species were the wood wasp Xiphydria
prolongata Geof. taken at Littlehampton, Sussex, on 22.vili; the potter wasp
Eumenes coarctatus L. taken 29.viii at Hankley Common, Surrey; a spider wasp
Anoplius nigerrimus Scop. taken 21.viii at Lewes, Sussex, and a solitary wasp Tiphia
femorata F. at Hankley Common, Surrey, on 29.viii. The sphecid wasps included
Astata pinguis Dahl. found in some numbers on Salix caprea at Dawlish Warren,
Devon, on 5.viii; Ectemnius dives Lep. and Brullé taken 15.vi at Newhaven, Sussex;
Oxybelus argentatus Curtis taken 3.viii at Dawlish Warren, Devon; Nysson
trimaculatus Rossius at Dawlish Warren on 5.vili. The last mentioned is a
cleptoparasite of Gorytes spp. and at the above site it may be associated with G.
bicinctus Rossius. Both were found in some numbers together around isolated
sycamore trees in the sand. The parasitic wasps included Jchneumon stramentarius
Grav. and /. gracilicornis Grav., both taken in early May at Lewes, Sussex, on the
flowers of Alexanders.

ARCHER, Dr. M. E.—Six local species of aculeate wasps and bees mostly taken in
1985. The cuckoo wasp Omalus violaceus Scop. was taken viii.85 at Duncombe Park,
Helmsley, N. Yorks—this is the first Yorkshire record of a species not previously
recorded north of Leicestershire. A potter wasp, Pseudepipona herrichii Saus. and a
bee Andrena hattorfiana F., both taken in vul.85 in the Axmouth—Lyme Regis
N.N.R., Dorset. Both these species have an N.C.C. vulnerable rating. The bee Stelis
ornatula Klug, which is a cleptoparasite of Osmia claviventris Thom., was taken in
vii.83 and vi.85 at Ainsdale sand dunes, Merseyside, and is a new record for this site.
Colletes halophilus Ver. was taken in sand dunes at Saltfleetby—Theddlethorpe
N.N.R., Lincs., in vili.84. This coastal bee is also known from Norfolk, Suffolk and
Essex. The hornet, Vespa crabro L. seems to be regaining lost ground and the
exhibitor reported a nest found at Gainsborough, Lincs., in vili.85. He also showed a
queen hornet taken in vi.84 at Thorngumbald, N. Yorks. This is the fifth confirmed
record for Yorkshire and indicates a northward spread by this species.

HALstTEAD, A. J.—Some local Symphyta taken in 1985 mostly in Surrey. Hartigia
linearis Sch., whose larvae are stem borers of common agrimony, was found on a
hogweed flower at Sheepleas, Surrey, on 6.vii.85. Cephus nigrinus Thom. was taken
on a buttercup flower near the Hoe Stream, Mayford, Woking, Surrey, on 25.v.85.
This is said to be a woodland species but in the two sites known to the exhibitor it
occurs in boggy meadows. Arge ochropus Gmelin, taken at the R.H.S. Garden,
Wisley, Surrey, on 18.vi.85. The larvae of this species feed on rose and it is often
described in garden books as a pest. In Surrey, however, it is the larvae of a related
species, A. pagana Panzer, which are much more frequently found on roses. Other
sawflies shown were Selandria sixii Voll. taken 1.vii.85 at Longstock Garden, Hants.;
Dolerus pratensis L. taken 22.v.85 at R.H.S. Garden, Wisley; Empria pumila Konow
swept off the larval food plant, meadowsweet, near the Hoe Stream, Mayford,
Woking, on 25.v.85; male and female Ametastegia albipes C. G. Thomson taken
25.v.85 and 8.vi.85 respectively on aspen on Wisley Common, Surrey; Tenthredo

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 63

distinguenda R.v.Stein, taken on a hogweed flower at White Downs, Surrey, 7.vii.85;
Pristiphora crassicornis Hartig taken 25.vi.85 at R.H.S. Garden, Wisley, on
hawthorn; Amauronematus fasciatus Konow taken 1.v.85 near Salix spp. at R.H.S.
Garden, Wisley.

Lonc, R.—Two recently determined vagrant Hymenoptera taken in Jersey. These
were the wood wasp Urocerus augur Klug taken viii.83 at St. Lawrence and a bee
Xylocopa violacea L. taken 6.vii.79 at Grouville.

ODONTATA
Harman, T. W.—Twenty one dragonflies taken on Sulawesi, Ternate and Bacan
Islands dring Project Wallace in 1985.

ARACHNIDA
Harvey, P. R.—The exhibitor showed some breeze block and chalk rubble bearing
the silk and grit retreats of Zodarian italicum, a species new to Britain. It was
discovered in 1985 in two old chalk quarries at Grays, Essex. This spider feeds on ants
and appears to be associated with Lasius sp. nests.

ILLUSTRATIONS

TweebDIE, M.W.F.—A volume of photographs of invertebrates and botanical
subjects, including snails, slugs, woodlice, spiders and lichens, plus flowers taken in
daylight or tungsten and ultra-violet light. Seven colour photographs of larvae of
Allophyes oxyacanthae Linn., Falcaria lacertinaria Linn., Drepana curvatula Borkh.,
Ptilodon capucina Linn., Notodonta dromedarius Linn., Plagodis dolabraria Linn..,
and Leucodonta bicoloria D. & S.

CuHurcH, S.H. & Porter, J.—Three volumes of photographs showing over 750
species of larvae of British macrolepidoptera.

FALK, S.J.—Twelve beautiful large and detailed ink drawings of British bees, for
inclusion in the forthcoming R.E.S. Handbook by George Else.

SmiTH, Dr N. H. S.—A series of photographs illustrating the life history of a grey
Nepticulid moth, discovered feeding on the leaves of Lotus corniculatus in a coastal
habitat near Perranporth, Cornwall, in 1984. There was some doubt as to its identity.
Since the exhibition it has been proved, on dissection, to be Trifurcula eurema Tutt.

WaRING, P.M.—On behalf of Oxford Polytechnic, a collection of maps and
photographs of Hell Coppice/Bernwood Forest, and a request for pre-1960
photographs of this historic entomological site.

OweEN, J.—Photographs of Coleoptera, some rare, from Scotland, including a
female of Acanthocinus aedilis Linn. egg-laying beneath pine bark. One photograph
of a male Schizotus pectinicornis Linn. Drawings showing diagnostic features of
Byrrhus arietinus Stetf., B.fasciatus Forster, Thinobius strandi Smet. and T. proctor
Smet.

GREATOREX-Davis, T.—Photographs taken in the Valaise Canton of Switzerland,
showing a variety of interesting habitats rich in butterflies.

Hyman, P.S. and Ticar, B.J.—A map and photographs taken during the Lundy
Survey of 1985 for the Oxford Polytechnic.

JONES, R.—Photographs of various Coleoptera and coleopterous larvae from West
Sussex, Richmond Park, Hampstead Heath and Windsor Forest.

WALTERS, J.M.—Over 100 A4 size illustrations from life in colour and pencil of
Lepidoptera, lepidopterous larvae and spiders.

Hart, C.—A series of photographs, taken in Cornwall, showing the habitat,
foodplant and feeding habits of Hadena luteago D. & S. ssp. barrettii Doub.

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

BRADFORD, E.S.—Watercolour illustrations of twenty-one species of the
Gelechiidae, to be included in future colour plates for the Society’s Proceedings and
Transactions.

LONDON NATURAL History Socitety—The exhibit included a number of
distribution maps, photographs of species, and a series of publications showing many
interesting aspects of the natural history of the London area.

NATURE CONSERVANCY Councit—lllustrations, photographs, maps, and
photographs of members involved in work covering all aspects of the environment
and threats to habitats.

FIELD MEETINGS

BENHS Field Meeting: Chobham Common, Surrey, 26.v.1985. Leader: P. R.
Harvey.—Eight members and friends attended this meeting. Although it was a warm
morning, heavy rain and thunder at lunchtime continued at intervals into the
afternoon. Faced with the very wet vegetation, we finished early, although not before
a number of interesting species had been found.

Dick Jones found an uncommon spider, Robertus arundineti, in the car park before
we set off. The rare spider, Oxyopes heterophthalmus, was common in places. Other
interesting spiders recorded amongst a list of 46 species were Thomisus onustus,
Xysticus ulmi, Thanatus striatus, Dipoena inornata and Hypsosinga sanguinea.
Richard Jones recorded 33 species of Coleoptra including the very rare chrysomelid
Cryptocephalus biguttatus. Single specimens usually occur about every five years. It
was taken in Surrey near Esher in the late 19th century and one specimen was found at
Chobham in 1969. It has also turned up in a couple of localities in Kent and Sussex in
the last few years. Other beetles included Agonum sexpunctatum, Ampedus
sanguinolentus and Asemum striatum.

BENHS Field Meeting: Pigbush, New Forest Hants, 6.vii.1985. Leader: K.H.
Halstead.—Although the weather was fine, only four members attended, one
showing his true dedication as a dipterist to search for marsh-loving flies by removing
his socks and shoes to wade through the bog. Beside the bog, the area included typical
New Forest healthland and deciduous woods, part of which adjoined private grazing
land.

Several dolichopodid species were recorded, two being very local, also several
larger Brachycera and many syrphids including Trichopsomyia flavitarsis (Meigen)
and Pelecocera tricincta (Meigen). some aculeate Hymenoptera were noted.

Our coleopterist reported the better finds as follows: Rhynchaenus iota (F.),
Prionocyphon serricornis (Miller) and Cryptocephalus bipunctatus (L.), as well as
the heteropteran Deraeocoris scutellaris (F.) unrecorded for Hampshire in
Southwood and Leston. The clouded buff moth was also noted.

Interesting arachnids swept in the locality of the bog included Mangora acalypha
(Walckener), Singa hamata (Clerck) and Hyposinga pygmaea (Sundervall).

BENHS Field Meeting: Wooton Coppice, New Forest, 3.viii.85. Leader: A.J.
Pickles.—This was one of a series of meetings organised for the N.C.C. survey of
selected sites in the New Forest. Unfortunately it took place on a wet cold day when

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 65

the four members who attended in the afternoon found little of note. The evening was
even more depressing with temperature decreasing and rain increasing, when eleven
members and friends found they were only just outnumbered by the moths.
Eventually 23 species of macros were recorded at sugar and light on the wet heath
bordering the coppice and within mixed woodland. Of these none are worthy of note.

BENHS Field Meeting: Frame Heath, New Copse and Ladycross, New Forest,
Hants, 10.viii.1985. Leaders: Steve Pittis, John Phillips.—Despite continuous rain
for several days prior to the field meeting, ten members and friends attended for all or
part of the meeting and were thankful for a dry, if cool, afternoon and evening.

Few insects were encountered during the day and so attention was focused on the
evening when it was hoped the use of sugar and mercury vapour lights would elicit an
appearance of the two beautiful catocalid moths, C. promissa D. & S. and C. sponsa
L,. which are both resident in this ancient oak woodland.

Oaks were duly sugared and with three lights set up we sat and waited as the
temperature dropped! The first visitor to light was a hornet. No moths appeared and
conversation turned to stories of convolvuli at the Lizard, atropos at Swanage, fraxini
at Ham Street and generally to exploits of yesteryear.

Eventually it was decided to ‘do a round’ of the sugared trees and to the delight of
two of the members, each boxed a pristine male C. promissa as it imbibed the sticky
brew. This was the high spot of the day but it immediately became clear that the
later-emerging C. sponsa was unlikely to appear. Nothing else of note was seen at
sugar and visitors to light were virtually non-existent.

Just before packing up, one of the leaders of the meeting, casually investigating
some ‘unsugared’ oaks, came upon a male C. promissa at rest on a tree trunk about a
foot from the ground. Evidently the insect had not long emerged. Another member,
a former secretary of the Society and veteran of many field meetings, claimed that he
had obeyed the call of nature against that tree trunk a short time earlier and this
action had clearly attracted the moth.

Lepidoptera recorded: Timandra griseata Pet., Hydriomena furcata Thunb.,
Biston betularia L., Hyloicus pinastri L., Ptilodon capucina L., Euproctis similis
Fuess., Lymantria monacha L., Eilema complana L., Eilema deplana Esp.,
Amphipyra pyramidea L., Cosmia trapezina L., Apamea monoglypha Hufn.,
Catocala promissa D. & S.

A small number of species of Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera were also
identified and a full list of insects recorded is being forwarded to the N.C.C. as part of
the New Forest Invertebrate Survey.

BENHS Field Meeting: Darenth Wood, Kent, 3.xi.1985. Leader: J.M. Chalmers-
Hunt.—For this post-exhibition meeting, the leader and 12 members and friends
enjoyed as fine a day as one might wish for; it being dry, windless and blessed with
uninterrupted sunshine. Microlepidoptera were the main object of search and study,
and several unusual finds were reported. Mr Paul Johnson found a larva on Origanum
vulgare seemingly that of the rare Oncocera obductella Zeller, which appeared to be
about one-third grown; however, he will need to breed it out to confirm the
identification. Mr Sokoloff spotted an abnormally late imago of Argyresthia
goedartella L. (which was photographed), perhaps a second generation specimen,
though so far as we are aware this species does not produce more than one brood per
annum. Dr R. Knill-Jones, besides energetically beating out a number of hibernating
moths, including Acleris schalleriana L., discovered in a sloe leaf the larval mine of
the local nepticulid Ectoedemia spinosella Joan. (perhaps new to Kent). He also drew

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

our attention to the interesting fact that there were numerous patches of reddish-
brown frass exuding from the trunk of an ancient oak—the work of the larvae of
Argyresthia glaucinella Zeller.

Other micros noted were: Leucospilapteryx omissella Stt. (empty mine on
Artemisia vulgaris), Coleophora argentula Steph. (cases plentiful on Artemisia
millefolium), C. gryphipennella Hbn. (larval feeding on rose), C.serratella L. (case on
birch by Mrs Finch), C.troglodytella Dup. (? this sp.), some half dozen small cases
fixed to the base of Cirsium arvense stems Emmelina monodactyla L. (several moths),
Phyllonorycter tristrigella Haw. (mine on Ulmus), P.cydoniella D. & S. (mines on
Malus by R.K.-J.), P.corylifoliella Hbn. (mine), P.harrisella L. (mine on Turkey
oak), P.quercifoliella Zeller (an imago), P.messaniella Zeller (mine on Castanea),
Stigmella aurella F. (mines on Rubus), S.ulmivora Fologne (mine on Ulmus),
S.malella Stt. (mine on Malus), S.floslactella Haw. (mine on hazel), S.anomalella
Goeze (mines on rose), S.oxyacanthella Stt. (mine on Crataegus), S.distinguenda
Hein. (mine on Betula), S.basiguttella Hein. (mine on oak), S.obliquella Hein.
(mines on Salix), Ectoedemia subbimaculella Haw. (mine on oak), Calybites
auroguttella Steph. (spun leaves with larvae on Hypericum sp.), Caloptilia syringella
F. (on ash), Parornix devoniella St.. (on hazel), Callisto denticulella Thunb. (mine on
Malus), Lyonetia clerkella L. (mine on Malus), Parornix anglicella Stt. (lobe on
Crataegus), Psyche casta Pallas (case), Reuttia subocellea Steph. (case on Origanum),
Tischeria marginea Haw. (mines on Rubus), T.ekebladella Bjerk. (mines on oak),
Solenobia lichenella L. (case on tree trunk), Ypsolopha ustella Clerck (one),
Agonopterix heracliana L. (one), Ancylis badiana D. & S. (a larva in Vicia sepium by
R.K.-J.), Metzneria lapella L. (larvae in seedheads of Arctium lappa),
A.mitterbacheriana D. & S. (on oak), Lathronympha strigana F. (on Hypericum),
Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Logan (mines plentiful on Vicia sepium), Coleophora
albitarsella (case on Origanum), Ectoedemia agrimoniae.

Mrs Rosemary Ferguson reported seeing or identifying from their song (marked *)
the following birds in Darenth Wood during the meeting: Wren*, Green
Woodpecker*, Magpie, Chaffinch*, Blackbirds, Rooks, Starlings, Robin, Crow,
House Sparrows.

With a light meal brought with us, refreshments were taken in the garden adjoining
the Fox and Hounds, an ancient hostelry with entomological associations dating back
to the first half of the nineteenth century.

BENHS Field Meeting: Chobham Common, Surrey, 24.v.1986. Leader: P.J.
Baker.—Seven members enjoyed a cool windy day with a little sunshine later. The
wind made beating and sweeping hard work, but all the expected species of
Lepidoptera were recorded — albeit in low numbers — and interesting species of
other groups were noted.

The very local marsh violet (Viola palustris L.) was found in bloom in a restricted
area and the bogbean (Manyanthes trifoliata L.) was a superb display of blossom, very
attractive to the peacock (Vanessa io L.) and small tortioseshell (Algais urticae L.)
butterflies.

The common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) lived up to its name with a number being
seen, especially in the sunny interludes later in the day. A small pond contained a
number of small, very dark specimens of the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris). This
latter is now common in the area and represents the first reported sighting from the
common for a number of years.

Birds were very much in evidence, with practically the first sighting of interest

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 67

being of a cuckoo chased by a meadow pipit. Also seen were kestrel, stonechat, crow,
wren, green woodpecker, skylark and greater spotted woodpecker. The warden
reported the first sighting of a hobby this year and that the nightjars were once again
in residence (some seventeen pairs nested this year).

Other Lepidoptera imagines recorded were:- Callophrys rubi (L.), Lycaena
phlaeas (L.), Pieris rapae (L.), P. napi (L.), Saturnia pavonia (L.), Anarta myrtilli
(L.), Ematurga atomaria (L.), Pachycnemia hippocastanaria (Hbn.), Macrothylacia
rubi (L.), Eupithecia nanata (Hbn.), Cyclophora albipunctata (Hufn.), Drepana
falcataria (L.), Cydia succedana (D. & S.), Neofaculta ericetella (Hbn.), Pammene
rhediella Clerck), Lampronia oehlmanniella (Hbn.).

Heather produced the following larvae:- Xestia castanea (Esp.), Perconia
strigillaria (Hbn.), Lasiocampa quercus (L.), Dicallomera (L.) (Dasychira) fascelina
(L.), Birch: Coleophora serratella (L.), Archiearis parthenias (L.), Geometra
papilionaria L.

Hymenoptera: Hoplocampa alpina (Zett.), Scolioneura betuleti (Klug), Dolerus
triplicatus Klug, Nematus cadderensis Cameron.

Coleoptera: Attelabus nitens (Scop.), Phytodecta olivacea (Forster), P. viminalis
(L.), Lochmaea caprea (L.), Cylindronotus laevioctostriatus (Goeze), Adalia
decempunctata (L.).

Diptera: Rhabdophaga rosaria (Loew), R. salicis (Schrank), Dasysyrphus venustus
(Meigen), Orthonevra geniculata (Meigen), Lasiopogon cinctus (F.).

Spiders: Zora spinimana (Sundeval), Tibellus spp., Evarcha arcuata (Clerck),
Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck), Dolomedes fimbriatus (Clerck), Ero spp., Theridion
tinctum (Walck.), Meta mengei (Blackwall), Araneus redii (Scop.), A. cucurbitinus
(Clerck), Microlinyphia pusilla (Sund.).

BENHS Field Meeting: Thornden Wood near Herne, East Kent, 23.iii. 1986.
Leader: J.M. Chalmers-Hunt.—On the night of 18/19.viii. 1984, Mr N.F. Heal took
at light in this wood a specimen of Tischeria heinemanni Wocke, a microlepidopteron
new to the British fauna. According to continental authors the larva of T. heinemanni
mines the leaves of Rubus and reaches full growth in March. Suspecting heinemanni
to be resident here, this meeting was held specially to try to discover the larva of this
moth, and about a dozen members and friends enjoyed a dry and for the most part
sunny day for the occasion. It was hoped that Mr Heal would act as co-leader, but
unfortunately he was unable to be present. However, he had indicated precisely the
location of his capture, and in due course tenanted mines were collected that appear
to be those of heinemanni. The first of these was found by Mr P.A. Sokoloff within a
few yards of the moth’s place of capture, and nearby two more by the leader and Mr
E.S. Bradford. Further search produced a few mines in Rubus of T. marginea
Haworth, but no more heinemanni, whose mine is said to be appreciably larger than
that of marginea. It is earnestly hoped that we may breed out the moth from these
larger mines, and so confirm heinemanni as a resident British species.

Other Lepidoptera noted during the meeting were: Orange Underwing Archiearis
parthenias L. (flying in the sun), Tortricodes alternella D. & S., Schreckensteinia
festaliella Hbn. (larva on Rubus), Lampronia fuscatella Tengst. (galls in twigs of
young birch trees), Cariocolum tricolorella Haw. (larva in spun leaves of Stellaria
holostea), Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. (larva in needles of Pinus sylvestris), Taleporia
tubulosa Retz. (several cases on cut logs).

Several interesting species of birds were observed, including Siskin, Crossbill and
Woodcock.

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

INDOOR MEETINGS

BENHS meeting 25.vii.1985.—The PRESIDENT announced the recent death of a
former member, Lt. Col. W.B.L. Manley, well known in particular for his joint
authorship, with the late H.G. Allcard, of the book The butterflies and burnets of
Spain.

Exhibits. Mr J.M. CHALMerS-Hunt. Young larvae of the local psychid moth,
Pachythelia vilosella Ochsenheimer, from eggs laid by a bred Dorset example.

Dr J. MuGGLeton. Specimens of Propylea quattuordecimpunctata (L.) collected
from lime trees at Le Puy, Auvergne region, France, a coccinellid beetle only once
recorded for Britain from Cobham, Surrey by Stephens (1839).

Membership. A. Lisecki, C.P. Yates, K.C. Greenwood, R.M. Harris and M.K.
Henderson were declared elected.

Lecture. Dr P.W.E. Kearns of the Department of Genetics at Cambridge
University spoke on The ecology and genetics of ladybirds. Many British ladybird
species had been cultured in the laboratory, in Petri dishes, feeding on the pea aphid
and a synthetic diet of nutrients in agar. The Department of Genetics is working ona
variety of species, but in particular Adalia bipunctata (L.), Coccinella hieroglyphica
L. and Neomysia oblongoguttata (L.). By selective breeding, the genetics of some of
the melanic and other colour forms was beginning to be understood. An area of
especial interest, was the role of sexual selection in maintaining these colour
variations in natural populations. Colour slides of most of the species and colour
forms were shown. The talk was followed by questions from the audience.

BENHS/London Natural History Society meeting 12.ix.1985.—Held at S.Audley
St.: Chairman Mr. P. A. Soxo.orrF (Vice-president).

Exhibits. Mr P.A. SoxoLorr: A melanic female Ennomos alniaria L. (Canary-
shouldered Thorn) taken by him at Stodmarsh, Kent, on 27.viii.85.

Mr C. PLant: A male and female of the nationally rare hoverfly Anasimyia
interpuncta Harris, taken at Rainham, Essex in 1985.

Mr R. JONES: Conops ceriaeformis Meigen (Diptera: Conopidae), which had been
attracted to flowers of Solidago growing in a Peckham garden, on 8.1x.85.

Mr A.J. HatstEap: A worker of the tree wasp, Dolichovespula sylvestris Scop.
collected at Sheerwater, Woking, Surrey on 18.viii.85, on the flower of wild
Angelica. It has three orchid pollina stuck to its face, possibly those of the Broad
Helleborine.

Minutes of the LNHS of 12.ix.85 and those of the BENHS of 25.vii.85 were read
and approved.

Membership. Mr G.A. GRaAySOn was declared an elected member.

Communications. Mr R.F. BRETHERTON asked any members who have reliably
separated specimens of British Colias hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow) and C. australis
(Berger’s Clouded Yellow), for details of them with places and dates of capture or
breeding. These are needed for writing accounts of these species for the forthcoming
volume of Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland.

Lecture. Mr K.J. Wit_mortr lectured on The biology and ecology of British
butterflies. The talk was illustrated with 150 slides covering the entire British fauna
with the exception of the Large Blue (Maculinea arion) and the Large Tortoiseshell
(Nymphalis polychloros), the former being extinct and the latter probably on the
verge of extinction. It was emphasised that the majority of the photographs were
taken in the field. Early stages as well as adults were shown, including several species
caught in the act of depositing their eggs on the foodplant. These included the Wood

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 69

White (Leptidea sinapis), Dingy Skipper (Erynnis tages) and the Green Hairstreak
(Callophrys rubi). The rare Black Hairstreak (Strymonidia pruni) and Brown
Hairstreak (Thecla betulae) were shown crawling down the twigs of Blackthorn
(Prunus spinosa) searching for sites to deposit their overwintering eggs singly.
Perhaps the rarest photograph of the evening was that of the Queen of Spain Fnitillary
([ssoria lanthonia) taken on the North Downs in the hot summer of 1976. Several rare
aberrants were shown including ab. nigricans of the Silver-washed Fnitillary
(Argynnis paphia) and ab. wimani of the Dark Green Fnitillary (Argynnis aglaja) both
of which are almost entirely black. The silvery-white aberration of the Small Copper
(Lycaena phlaeas) was also shown. One of the photographs, that of the Purple
Hairstreak (Quercusia quercus) was recently published in The Butterflies of Dorset by
Dr Jeremy Thomas and Nigel Webb. An interesting commentary accompanied the
photographs, the lecturer presenting some original little-known field observations
which he had discovered over many years carefully watching and photographing
butterflies.

BENHS meeting 26.ix. 1985.—The PRESIDENT, Mr P. BAKER, announced the deaths
of Mr R.P. Demuth, Mr R. Lovell-Pank and Mr W.H.A. Harris.

Exhibits. Mr E.S. Braprorp. (1) Specimens of Apoda bifractella Dup. (Lep.,
Gelechiidae) being some of more than 100 that emerged from a handful of Aster
tripolium. The dead stems and flower heads were collected near one of the RSPB
reserves at Dungeness, Kent and the moths emerged between 16.vii to 15.vi. 1985.
(2) Aethes margaritana Haw. (Lep., Cochilidae). Specimens bred 10.vii to 4. viii. 1985
from dead stems with flower-heads of Achillea millefolium collected near Faversham,
Kent in late March 1985.

Mr A.J. HAtsteap: The spider Achearanea tepidariorum C.L. Koch: a female with
egg sacs and spiderlings found in a walk-in polythene tunnel at the R.H.S. Gardens,
Wisley, Surrey.

Mr R. Sortty: One of a number of empty pupa cases protuding from an
ornamental crab apple trunk at the entrance to the B.M.(N.H.) in Cromwell Road,
presumably those of the Red-belted Clearwing: Conopia myopaeformis Borkhausen.

Membership. Messrs. A.C. Linsell, D.L. Clarke, M.A. Howe and T. W. Fairless
were declared elected.

Lecture. Mr R.I. VANE-WriGut of the British Museum (Natural History) described
some of the bio-geographical curiosities of Sulawesi (formerly called Celebes) which
Alfred Russel Wallace had considered to be “‘faunistically the most interesting island
on Earth’’. Despite its position at the heart of the South East Asian islands, Sulawesi
has a relatively poor butterfly fauna (about 430 species) compared with New Guinea
to the east, or the Malay Peninsula to the west. Many S.E. Asian butterflies (e.g.
Ragadia, Cheritra) are absent from Sulawesi, even though they occur throughout the
islands to the north (Philippines), west (Borneo) and south (Java). Similarly, certain
New Guinea region groups, such as Ornithoptera and Tellervo, also fail in Sulawesi,
despite their presence in the Moluccas immediately to the east. Mr Vane-Wright went
on to describe particularly Philippine (e.g. Zethra), Moluccan (e.g. Troides
hypolitus) and Sundanian (e.g. Papilio peranthus) links in the Sulawesi fauna, and its
very high endemicity (about 40% at species level in the Papilionidae and Danainae).
He suggested that careful analysis of such data might shed light on current theories of
a complex geological origin for Sulawesi. After brief reference to the curious
phenomena of ‘gigantism’ and ‘Sulawesi forewing’ supposed to affect the butterflies
of the island, the talk was concluded by an account of some of the butterflies
encountered during the Royal Entomological Society ‘Project Wallace’ expedition to

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

the Dimoga-Bone Valley, northern Sulawesi, during 1985. All of the work described
in the talk will eventually be incorporated into a multi-author book, The Butterflies of
Sulawesi, scheduled to appear in 1990/91.

BENHS meeting 10.x.1985.—The PresIDENT announced the death of Dr L.G.
Higgins at the age of 94.

Exhibit. Mr D.A. Moore: A presumed immature exotic cockroach, captured in St.
Albans market, Herts., on 29.ix.1985. The specimen crawled out of a bunch of
bananas, origin unknown.

Communications. Mr B. K. West: (1) Very early appearance of Erannis defoliaria
L. at light at Dartford, Kent on 22nd September 1985. (2) Despite the poor summer
weather, several moths produced relatively abundant second generations in
N.W.Kent (a) Campaea margaritata L., as many as 12 at mercury vapour light at
Dartford, 8th September. (b) Chloroclysta (Dysstroma) truncata Hufn., the first
brood of which in Kent has been very low in numbers in both 1984 and 1985, but the
second brood commoner in both years. (c) Opisthograptis luteolata L.

Lecture. Mr D.H. WALKER read a fascinating paper (accompanied by a series of
coloured photographic slides) entitled Some observations on collecting insects in
Saudi Arabia. A summary of this account of the difficulties of collecting in an Islamic
desert country is printed elsewhere as a practical guide.

BENHS meeting 24.x.1985.—Exhibits. Mr A.J. HALSTEAD: A male and female
Chrysops viduatus F. (Diptera: Tabanidae), taken at the RHS Garden, Wisley,
Surrey. The female was found in a polythene tunnel on 5.viii.85 and the male while
feeding on nectar of a lime tree (Tilia petiolaris) on 12.viii.85.

Mr RICHARD Jones: The handsome hoverflies Volucella zonaria Poda and V. inanis
L. (Diptera: Syrphidae) from a south London garden on 8.ix.85; both species were
attracted to the flowers of the garden Golden Rod.

Mr M.J. Simmons: A photograph of Lysandra coridon Poda ab. suavis Schultz,
observed in a wood near Eynsford, Kent.

Mr D.A. Moore: A re-showing of the juvenile cockroach exhibited at the last
meeting, and since identified by Mr R. G. Adams as Nauclidas nigra (Brunner). It is
an inhabitant of the West Indies and Central America.

Membership. Mr N.P. Mallett was declared elected.

Communication. Mr A. J. HALSTEAD drew attention to a note in The Grower of
24th October regarding the Guernsey based ‘Project Papillon’, wherein it was stated
that in 1985, over 3,000 pupae of Guernsey butterflies have been sent to destinations
all over the U.K. This was despite requests by this Society and other responsible
bodies not to do so. The writer of the Note, a Ms Cecilia Sparrow says ‘we look
forward to sending off more butterflies from Guernsey in the Spring of 1986.’

Dr C. Lump of the Nature Conservancy spoke on the subject of Seashores, which
he accompanied with slides. Dr Lumb demonstrated the wide range of conditions on
shores around Britain, with particular reference to their seaweed floras. The effects
of grazing by shellfish and of oil pollution on the succession of seaweeds were
amongst the topics that provoked discussion at the end of a well-balanced dip into the
enormous subject of intertidal marine life.

BENHS meeting 14.xi.1985.—Exhibits. Mr E. BRADFoRD showed on behalf of Dr
F.N.H. SmitH some adults of the nepticulid moth Trifurcula eurema Tutt. These were
bred from larvae mining the leaves of Lotus corniculatus at Perrenporth Cornwall, in
1985 and is anew county record. At the Annual Exhibition the identity of these moths

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 71

had been queried since, unusually for 7. eurema, some of the larvae had made their
cocoons inside the mines. Their identity had been subsequently confirmed by
examination of the genitalia.

Mr M.J. Simmons showed some colour prints of spot pattern aberrations on the
undersides of the hindwings of the Common Blue, Polyommatus icarus Rott. These
photographs showed one example of var. postpluripuncta and two of var.
postobsoleta. They were taken on the North Downs, near Eynsford, Kent, in 1984
and 1985.

Announcements. The Secretary, Mr J. MUGGLETON, showed some “Bug Boxes”’
that had been sent to the Society. These are small, clear, perspex boxes that
incorporate a lens for viewing insects, etc. placed inside the box. The Society receives
many circulars and advertisements from firms and the Secretary announced that in
future these would be placed in a red folder marked “Current Information” and kept
in the collections room on the magazines bench.

Communications. Mr. R. BRETHERTON reported that weather conditions in the
autumn had been unfavourable for migrants and moths in general. Despite this, one
silver striped hawk moth, Hippotion celerio L. had been recorded on 28th September
on Orkney.

Slide Evening. Five members showed an excellent selection of their own slides.
MICHAEL TWEEDIE showed some remarkable close-ups of aphids, followed by some of
moths and their earlier stages. FRANCES Murpny showed slides of insect and spiders,
some of which were taken in the Dordogne. STEVEN MEREDITH showed slides of
butterflies taken on a recent trip to Bolivia and Peru. Davip WILSon’s slides were
mainly of moths and their larvae, some of which had been taken in France. RICHARD
Jones showed a wide range of slides, including some of dermestid beetles, a recent
Chobham field meeting, and syrphid flies on golden rod flowers in the jungle that he
calls his new garden.

BENHS meeting 28.xi. 1985.—Exhibits. Mr M.J. Simmons: Vanessa atalanta L. ab.
bialbata Cabeau, Friston Forest, E.Sussex, 5.vii.84.

Mr Ricuarp A. Jones. Hallomenus binotatus Quensel, attracted to m.v. light ina
South London garden, 2.ix.85. This rare fungus-feeding beetle is recorded generally
from the London area, but there is a specific record from Forest Hill (22 miles away)
from the 18th century.

Membership. The following were declared elected. N. G. Elvidge, P.D.M. Costen,
M.L. Price, A.M.V. Hoare, R.J. Wootton, C. Causton, J. Damrel, G.T. Menendez,
A.M. Wass, R. Child, R.A. Southon, R. Kemp, B. O’Brien, B.S. Harper.

Lecture: In the absence, owing to illness, of Mr J. E. BEBBINGTON the scheduled
speaker, Dr JoHN MUGGLETON at very short notice kindly favoured the audience with
an interesting talk entitled ‘Flowers of the Pyrenees’, which was illustrated by a series
of his own beautiful coloured photo slides.

BENHS meeting 12.xii.1985.—Exhibits. Mr CoLin Hart. A male of the geometrid
moth Angerona pilosaria D. & S., attracted to light at Reigate on 6.xi1.85, an early
date for this species.

Dr D. Lonspa_e. Specimens of Cis bilamellatus Fowler (Coleoptera: Ciidae), bred
November 1985 from dried bracket fungus Piptoporous betulinus collected from
Alice Holt Forest, Hants, summer 1985.

Mr RicHarD Jones. Dendrochernes cyrneus (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae),
from under thick oak bark, Windsor Forest, 28.iv.85. This is Britain’s largest false
scorpion. One specimen had hold of the beetle Paromalus flavicornis (Herbst) in its

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

claws, and appeared to be feeding on it.

Abstract of lecture: The biology of pseudoscorpions, by Dr GERALD LEGG.

False scorpions belong to the Arachnid order Pseudoscorpiones. Although
superficially resembling scorpions, with their pincer-like pedipalps, they are far
removed from them. As a small group of minute animals, they have been
considerably neglected and overlooked by amateur and professional alike. Little is
known in any detail of their physiology, ecology and general biology, although during
the past fifteen years our knowledge of the group has increased 100-fold. As
predators, they are at the top of the food chain and because they can occur in quite
high numbers (although they are still difficult to find in the field) they are of
considerable importance in the food web and overall ecology of the habitats in which
they occur.

False scorpions have many intriguing and unusual habits, building silken chambers
resembling miniature igloos in which to hibernate, moult, and secrete themselves
when rearing a family. Females feed their eggs and larvae in external sacs with ‘milk’
derived from their ovaries; many keep their first instars (protonymphs) within the
silken chambers until they moult into deutonymphs. They all mate using an indirect
method: spermatophores. These silken pillars upon which a packet of sperm rests are
deposited in some species at random, in others only in the presence of females, while
some carry out an elaborate scorpion-like dance with or without contact with the
female. some species can run backwards (and prefer to do so) quicker than forwards.
Others are slow and ponderous in their movements. To get to a new habitat, several
species hitchhike on various insects and harvestmen.

Much more can be learnt about these intriguing animals, not least of which are their
distributions throughout Britian. The sorts of habitats in which they can be found
include many that entomologists examine for other types of animals, including leaf
litter, beneath tree bark, within birds’ nests, in debris within barns and warehouses,
within ants’ nests and compost heaps. Phoretic species are often found on beetles and
flies.

Dr Legg will welcome records or specimens for identification at The Booth
Museum of Natural History, Dyke Road, Brighton, Sussex.

The Linnean Society publication on pseudoscorpions is shortly to be reprinted in a
larger and updated edition featuring line drawings of all the British species.

BENHS meeting 9.i.1986.—Exhibits. Col. A.M. Emmet. Volume 1 of Moths and
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland was published on the 16th January 1976.
During the ten years which have lapsed since then the number of vice-county records
of Nepticulidae has more than doubled, rising from 2,242 to 4,815; the average
number of species recorded from each vice-county has risen from 15 to 32 and the
average number of vice-counties from which each species is recorded from 23 to 51.
Consolidated maps showing this increase were exhibited, together with the vice-
county figures for 1976 and 1986. A distribution map for Stigmella paradoxa Frey,
also exhibited, showed an increase of vice-county records from 17 to 55.

The increase is the result of fieldwork carried out almost entirely by members of the
society, and has been stimulated by the publication of the distribution maps in
MBGBI Volume | and accounts of the early stages in sufficient detail to make
determination possible.

Mr P.A. Soxo_orr. A living specimen of Mythimna loreyi Dup. bred from a female
taken by B.K. West in Cornwall during the autumn 1985 immigration. The specimen
emerged 20.x1i1.85, escaped in the house, and was recaptured early January.

Prof. J.A. Owen. Three scydmaenid beetles. Scydmaenus tarsatus Mill., garden

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 73

compost, Epsom, August 1975; S.rufus Mull, farmyard debris, Headley, December
1985; Microscydmus minimus Chaudoir), red rotten oak, Windsor Forest, February
1982. He commented on their distribution in Britain.

Membership. S. M. Palmer, M.J. Dawson-Brown, S. Nash, G.W. Danahar, M.A.
Elan and J.G. Williams were elected.

Communications. Col. A.M. Emer. In MBGBI vol. 2 Parornix fagivora Frey and
P.carpinella Frey (Lep., Gracillariidae) are synonymised. The Swedish
entomologist, Ingvar Svensson, has pointed out differences in the female genitalia
which have been confirmed by examination of British material. P.carpinella is
therefore added as a new species to the British list.

A request was made for records of these two species of Parornix which can be
confirmed from the foodplant.

Mr A.J. HA.LsTEAD. Reported a specimen of Agriopis marginaria F. (Lep.,
Geometridae) at Wisley, Surrey on Christmas eve, 1985.

Lecture. Dr M.J. ADAMS gave a talk accompanied by slides, entitled Butterfly
search and research in the northern Andes. He specialised in the satyrid genus
Pedaliodes, and his talk mainly concerned these. He kindly agreed to supply an
epitome for publication in the Society’s Transactions.

BEHNS meeting 23.i.1986.— Exhibits. Mr 1.R. HuDson: Ceratina cyanea (Kirby),
specimens collected at Oxenbourne Down Nature Reserve. This is the only British
representative of a large widespread genus. It is a rare and local bee largely confined
to south-facing chalk downland in south-east England.

The adults hibernate from late August to mid-May, depending on the weather,
inside dead stems of plants such as Rubus which they excavate and then enter head
first. The stems may be still attached to the main plant or may be lying on the ground.
The length of the hibernaculum varies considerably, from 3 to 30 cms. and from one
to six or more adults of both sexes can be found in the same stem. At Oxenbourne, a
Hants and Isle of Wight Naturalists’ Trust Reserve the scrub is regularly cleared and
fresh Rubus stems are cut for hibernacula each year. Consequently the bee is
common on this site.

Communications. Mr E.S. BRADFoRD reported an occurence of Opisthograptis
luteolata at Whitstable about mid-December 1985.

Lecture. Dr P.H. WiLtiams gave a talk on The distribution of bumblebees.
Bumblebees originated in palaearctic Asia and spread through Europe and North
and South America. They are largely absent from Africa and Australia. In Britain,
three groups can be identified: those with a northern and western distribution, on the
southern end of their range; those found everywhere, in the middle of their range;
and those found in the south east, on the northern end of their range. The northern
limit of the last group appears to coincide with the summer isotherm of 15°C.

Dr Williams illustrated his talk with diagrams and slides of representative species
and their habitats. He also discussed local variations in distribution and the change of
habitats due to changes in recent farming practices and other factors.

BEHNS meeting 13.ii.1986.— Exhibits. Mr A.J. HALSTEAD showed a specimen of
the cuckoo wasp Omalus violaceus Scop. (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) taken
21.vili.82 on an alder bush near the Basingstoke Canal at Sheerwater, Woking,
Surrey. This uncommon species, which is a nest parasite of certain sphecid wasps, has
been recorded from most of the southern counties of England, but is possibly a first
record for Surrey.

Prof. J.A. OWEN showed a specimen of the woodboring beetle Hemicoelus nitidus

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

(Herbst) (Anobiidae) bred in August 1985 from logs of field maple collected in
February 1984 from Windsor Forest. This is only the second example of this species to
be found in Britain. The same batch of maple logs had earlier yielded the first
confirmed British specimen of the wood wasp, Xiphydria longicollis Geoffroy.

B.K. West showed a possibly undescribed species of a clearwing moth taken in
Tapah Forest, Perak, Malaya, on 14.11.59. It was one of several attracted to urine
used as a butterfly bait, and in flight it resembled a sweat bee. Also shown were some
aberrations of the Silver Y moth, Autographa gamma L. These were ab. bipartita
Orstadius, taken 14.x.85 at the Lizard, Cornwall, and ab. nigrescens Th.-Meig.,
taken 6.viii.85 at Dartford, Kent.

- Mr P.J. JEwess showed some specimens of Lampronia flavimitrella (Hbn.) (Lep.:
Incurvariidae) taken in an m.v. trap in Mr J.S. Badmin’s garden at Perry Wood,
Selling, Kent. Two further examples were taken a week later at the same site in a
Rothamsted trap. This species is usually taken flying in sunshine.

Dr C.E. Dyte showed a female Medetera striata Parent (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
taken 1.viii.85 on pine logs at Heath Warren, Hants. This appears to be the first
English record for this scarce fly, which is otherwise found in old pine woods in the
Spey Valley, Inverness.

Communications. Mr D. Moor reported a comma butterfly, seen flying over the
snow on 8.11.86 at London Colney, Herts.

Prof. J.A. Owen asked for help in identifying a person or organisation with the
initials ‘““F.M.”. This appears along with the initials of other coleopterists in a list of
beetles recorded on Esher Common, Surrey, taken between 1900-1963.

Lecture. Dr M. SpeicHt of Oxford University gave a stimulating talk on the
relationships between insects and tree health. Dr. Speight described how factors such
as soil nutrients, altitude, climatic conditions and the age of trees affect their vigour
and susceptibility to insects. Insect infestations affect their host plants by causing a
loss of increment, height and seed production, while defoliation in successive years
can quickly exhaust the tree’s food reserves and cause its death.

BEHNS meeting 27.ii. 1986.—The PrEsIDENT, Mr P. BAKER, announced the death.
of special life member Mr W. Lewis Rudland.

Membership. The names of Cavan Barry Collins, Stephen Walter Street, Gordon
Pringle, Stephen Carroll, David Astell, Jeremy Paul Field, R.I. Heppenstall and
Henry John Egglishaw were read for the second time and duly elected.

The meeting was followed by the Annual General Meeting.

BEHNS Annual General Meeting at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London W.1. The PRESIDENT, Mr Peter BAKER, in the chair and 37 members present.

Minutes ofthe last Annual General Meeting were read and approved.

Reports were read by the Treasurer, the Secretary (for Council), the Librarian and
the Curator. The Secretary then read the report of the Hering Memorial Research
Fund for Dr Scoble, who was unable to be present. The President proposed the
adoption of the above reports, Mr C. Plant seconded the proposal which was passed
unopposed. The reports are appended.

1986-7 Officers and Council. The PRESIDENT read the names of the Officers and
members of Council recommended by Council for 1986-7 and, as no other names had
been submitted, he declared the following to be duly elected:

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 75

President J.M. Chalmers-Hunt Editor R.W.J. Uffen
Vice-Presidents P.J. Baker Curator P.J. Chandler

Prof. J.A. Owen Librarian S.R. Miles
Treasurer Col. D.H. Sterling Lanternist R.A. Jones
Secretary Dr J. Muggleton

Ordinary Members of Council, C.B. Ashby, B.R. Baker, G.N. Burton, R. Dyke, Dr
I. McClenaghan, C.C. Penney, B.F. Skinner, P.A. Sokoloff, D.W. Yendall, E.
Bradford.

The SecrETARY then read By-law 22d and invited motions or questions: there were
none.

The PRESIDENT read his report and gave his address. He then installed the new
President, Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

Mr CuHatmers-Hunt proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring President and asked
for permission to print the Presidential Address. Permission was given.

Col. A.M. Emmet proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Council.

Auditors. The re-election of Messrs A.J. Pickles, F.C.A. and R.A. Bell was
proposed by the President, seconded by Dr Muggleton and passed unopposed.

BEHNS meeting 13.iii.1986.—The PrestpENT, Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HUuNnT, in the
chair.

Exhibits. Mr A.J.E. HARMAN showed some microscope slides of three species of
sucking lice from mammals and three species of biting lice from birds. The sucking
lice were the human louse, Pediculus humanus L., the pig louse, Haematopinus suis
L. and the horse louse, H. asini L. The biting lice were a Halipeurus sp. from a manx
shearwater, a Goniocotes sp. on a peacock and an undetermined species taken on a
blackbird.

Mr R.A. Jones showed two specimens of Orchesia undulata Kraatz (Coleoptera:
Melandryidae) taken in Richmond Park on 8.3.86. This rather local beetle was found
under the bark of a small log which was probably oak.

Lecture. Dr J.W. MAUNDER gave a lively and humorous account of lice,
concentrating particularly on the three species that infest man. Despite their
uncomfortably close association with man, there are many misconceptions
concerning the biology of these parasites and Dr Maunder’s talk clarified the
situation and dispelled the myths.

BEHNS meeting 10.iv.1986.— Exhibits. Mr M. Brown showed a shoot of birch
collected 23.111.86 at the Blean Woods, Kent field meeting. The shoot axils were
swollen as a result of feeding by the microlepidopterans Epinotia tetraquetrana Haw.
or Lampronia fuscatella Tengst. Descriptions in the literature of the galls caused by
these two species appear to be inadequate to identify with certainty the causal insect
so it remains to be seen what will emerge from the galls.

Prof. J.A. Owen showed two examples of a water beetle Oreodytes alpinus
(Paykull) (Dytiscidae) collected at Caithness on 21.iii.86. This boreal species has only
recently been added to the British list.

Mr P.A. SoKOLoFF showed some live specimens of the gelechiid moth Teleiodes
paripunctella Thunb., bred from larvae on bog myrtle collected in August 1985 in
Skye. He also showed some live and set specimens of the tortricid Argyrotaenia
pulchellana Haw. These were bred from larvae found feeding on grapes (Vitis
vinifera) growing on vines in Battersea, London, in October, 1985. This is a
polyphagous species normally associated with heathland and moorland.

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Membership. Rystek Czeslaw Malinsky, Eileen Thorpe, Donald Willoughby
Thorpe- Young, Adam Philip James and Paul K.S. Hartley were elected as members.

Announcements. The Librarian, Mr S. MILEs, announced that he had received a
report on ‘Administrative Commentary on Butterfly Conservation in North
America’ by Pat Torrie and that it could be consulted in the library.

Mr A. HALSTEAD drew attention to the 1986 programme of field meetings received
from the Kent Field Club. Some of their meetings are in areas likely to be affected by
the Channel Tunnel Fixed Link route and they are most anxious to obtain and update
records forthese sites during 1986. Members of the BEHNS were urged to help in this
matter if they could.

The Lecture. Mr E.C.M. Hass gave an excellent talk on The distribution of
crickets, grasshoppers and groundhoppers in the British Isles. Five species are of
widespread occurrence but the other 28 are more frequently found south of the
Severn-Wash line. Two local species, the long-winged cone-head and Roesel’s bush
cricket, have shown significant increases in their range in recent years.

BEHNS meeting 24.iv.1986.— Exhibits. Mr N.A. CALLow showed a nest of a
leaf-cutting bee (Megachile sp.) found in a seed box in a greenhouse at Surbiton, on
23.iv.86.

Mr M.J. Simmons showed some live and pinned specimens of an unidentified
ichneumonid wasp bred from pupae of the Holly Blue butterfly, Celastrina argiolus
Verity, that had been collected as larvae of mixed age on ivy at Lewisham, South
London. One parasite emerged on 28.xi.85, while others emerged on 22.iv.86 about
7-10 days after the emergence of the host butterflies. Eighteen of the 23 pupae were
parasitized.

Mr R.A. JoNEs showed specimens of Plegaderus vulneratus (Panzer) and P.
dissectus Erichson (Col.: Histeridae) found under spruce bark at Windsor Forest on
9.iv.85. Plegaderus vulneratus is associated with conifers, whereas P.dissectus is
normally found on broad-leaved trees. It is therefore unusual to find both species on
the same tree. Several scolytid beetle species were breeding under the bark and were
probably providing food for the Plegaderus spp.

B.K. West showed a series of Mythimna loreyi Dup. taken at the Lizard, Cornwall.
One specimen was taken at sugar on 1.x.85 and the others were bred in December
from a female taken at light on 14.x.85. He also showed a final instar larva of the
Copper Underwing, Amphipyra pyramidea L. and indicated how it ditfered from A.
berbera Rungs larvae. The larva was raised from eggs laid by a female taken at
Darttord, Kent, in September, 1985.

Membership. Christopher John Creighton, David John Wedd, Henry Arthur
Edmunds, Tom Sidney Hawes Wordsworth, Howard Edward Bishton, Ronald
Edward Smith, Susan Edith Southway, John W. Maunder and Harry I’Anson
Heyworth were elected to membership.

Announcements. The Secretary, Mr J. MUGGLETON, displayed a letter from the
firm of Binnie Taylor, who are conducting a water services survey for the Wessex
Water Authority. They are interested in receiving records of insects and other natural
history information in the S.E. Dorset and W. Hants area covered by this survey.

The Indoor Meetings Secretary, Mr R.A. JONES, drew attention to a misprint in the
membership card. The date of the second lecture in October should be the 23rd and
not the 12th as printed.

Mr P. BAKER announced that he had been asked to dispose of the entomological
books and equipment of our late member Mr R. Lovell-Pank. Some lists were made
available and more would be provided for the next meeting.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 Hii

Slide Evening. A selection of slides illustrating the interests of five members were
shown. Dr K. SaTrLer showed a series of slides of the immature stages of gelechiid
moths of the genus Scrobipalpa. Mrs F. Murpuy showed spiders and other animals on
a recent visit to Singapore and New Zealand. Mr A.J.E. HARMAN showed slides of
seven species of stick insects from the Far East which he is currently rearing in Britain.
Mr N.A. CaL_ow showed a large selection of insects and other invertebrates, fungi,
lichen and higher plants photographed in Britain, Andorra and the French Alps.
Finally, Mr R.A. Jones showed some slides of last year’s Annual! Exhibition and
some beetles seen in Richmond Park and at Pegston, Herts.

BEHNS meeting 8.v.1986.—The death of Mr L.F. Crick was announced by the
PRESIDENT.

Announcements. The secretary, Mr J. MUGGLETON announced that Council had
considered the matter of subscription fees and had decided that an increase was
necessary. From January Ist, 1987, London rates will be £11.50, Ordinary Members
rates will be £6.50 and Junior Membership will be £3.00. The rate for life membership
has been increased to £200 with effect from 8th May 1986. The Secretary drew
attention to the fact that persons over 65 years of age could pay £2.00 less than the
appropriate annual rate, and those suffering financial hardship could apply to
Council for dispensation to pay a lower rate.

Mr P. Baker made available lists of books and entomological equipment being sold
trom the estate of our late member, Mr. R. Lovell-Pank.

Communications. B.K. Wrst commented on the lateness of the season as
evidenced by a recent trip to the Scottish Highlands. During the first week of May at
Grantown-on-Spey, Morayshire, the commonest moths taken at light were Lycia
hirtaria Clerck, Lampropteryx suffumata D.& S., Nephopterix carpinata Borkh. and
Earophila badiata D. & S. At Struan, Perthshire, only one Cleora cinctaria D. & S.
was found. Ail of these were freshly emerged specimens. Near Aviemore three
Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. were seen at hotel lights, as was a male Endromis
versicolora L., which is normally a day-flying moth. Mr West also commented on the
fact that in the Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 9, it is
stated that the white ermine, Spilosoma lubricipeda L. is polyphagous on herbaceous
plants without showing any particular preference. He had offered young larvae of an
F, generation a choice of groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) and dock (Rumex obtusifolius)
and they had ignored the former and fed exclusively on the dock leaves.

Dr M.R. Young stated that males of the Kentish Glory, Endromis versicolora,
were taken in large numbers in Rothamsted light traps in central Deeside.

Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT reported that the Scarce Prominent moth was now fully
out in Kent.

Lecture. Dr Z. ERZINCLIOGLU gave a fascinating lecture on Forensic entomology.
He showed by reference to case histories in which he and others had been involved
how a knowlege of the rate of development of insects associated with corpses could
give an estimate of the minimum length of time that had elapsed since death. He also
explained how the types of insect and other arthropods found with a body can
indicate whether it has lain undisturbed or if it had been moved to a new place of
concealment. Although forensic entomology is a comparatively new science in
Britain, its value in criminal investigations is now fully appreciated by the police and
the courts.

BEHNS meeting 22.v.1986.—The PRESIDENT announced the death of Mr HS.
Robinson.
Exhibits. The Presipent, Mr J.M. Chalmers-Hunt: living examples of

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Phyllonorycter insignatella Zeller bred from mines on Trifolium pratense collected at
Herne Bay, Kent, October 1985. The species is extremely local in Britain with a very
wide discontinuous distribution: Western Ireland, N.E. England and East Kent.

Pror. J.A. Owen: a pair of the staphylinid beetle Gabrius scoticus (Joy & Tomlin)
sieved from moss at 750m on Mt. Morrone, Braemar 14.v.1986. This constitutes the
third British locality. This is a boreo-alpine species, occurring in northern
Scandinavia but not in central Europe.

RICHARD A. JONES: Platyderus ruficollis (Marsham) (Col.: Carabidae), from under
a stone in a Peckham garden 26. iv. 1986. This beetle is widespread but local; it usually
prefers sandy or chalky soils and it is rather unusual to find it in a locality with rather
more than its fair share of London clay. The small area in which it was found had been
used to store sand during building work and a lot of sand and gravel had been mixed
into the soil.

Membership. P. Waite, K. Ward, J. Milner and H. Roberts were elected members.

Communications. B.K. WEsT related a recent experience whilst collecting in the
New Forest. A number of constables had been attracted to light following
observations from members of the public. The officers had suggested that collectors
inform the police prior to setting up lights to avoid any waste of police time.

Lecture. B. EversHamM of the Biological Records Centre gave a talk entitled
Farming, conservation and invertebrates. After briefly outlining the work of the BRC,
the speaker provided an interesting exposition on the changes in distribution of
various insect species that could be linked with changes in farming practice.

BEHNS meeting 12.vi.1986.— Exhibits. Mr R.A. JoNes showed specimens of the
elm bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus F. (Scolytidae) which is the vector of dutch elm
disease. Also shown were specimens of two other beetles, Corticeus bicolor Oliver
(Tenebrionidae) and Aulonium trisulcum Fourcroy (Colydiidae), both found in
Scolytus tunnels and thought to be predators of the bark beetles. All three species
reached a peak in 1976 but have since declined and become more local due to the loss
of elm trees.

Mr A.J. HALSTEAD showed some local insects likely to be found on the forthcoming
field meeting on Wisley Common, Surrey. These were the wood cricket, Nemobius
sylvestris Bosc, the puparium of a syrphid Microdon eggeri Mik, three beetles
Agonum sexpunctatum L. (Carabidae), Tritoma bipustulata F. (Erotylidae),
Orchesia undulata Kraaz (Melandryidae), and three moths Polia hepatica Clerck,
Elaphria venustula Hbn. and Euphyia unangulata Haw.

Mr C.W. PLant showed the nest of an unidentified solitary bee which had made its
nest in a 12-bore shot-gun cartridge case. The nest was found by Mr M. Marney in
Cordes, S.W. France in May, 1986. Mr Plant also displayed a copy of his recently
published book “The Birds of Newham”.

Announcements. Mr R. A. JONES read a letter from Mr G. McGavin, Assistant
Curator at the Hope Collection, inviting members to attend a weekend field meeting
to be held on 27-29th June at Wychwood Forest and Aston Rowant N.N.R., with
accommodation available at Keble College, Oxford.

Communications. Mr M. Brown reported finding a single melanic specimen of the
Square Spot moth Ectropis consonaria Hbn. in mid-May at light at Hoads Wood,
Ashford, Kent, and another specimen during the day at rest on a tree trunk at
Shoreham, Kent.

Lecture. Dr P.D. Moore gave an account of the rise and decline of the elm in
Britain in prehistoric times based on pollen records, and compared this with the more
recent decline due to dutch elm disease.

79

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

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OFFICERS’ REPORTS

HONORARY TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1985

The Society had another satisfactory financial year. As you will see from the
Publications Account (which deals only with the production and distribution of
Proceedings), the net cost of these rose by some £550, mainly due to an increase in
distribution costs and a fall in receipts from sales to outside bodies and of back
numbers. Apart from this, expenditure varied little from 1984. Subscription income
rose by £200 and investment income by just over 50%, so our overall surplus rose by
over £700. This level of investment income is unlikely to be maintained even if
interest rates remain high, as apart from other items, the £1500 interest-free loan
from the Royal Society is due for repayment this year and the Special Publications
Committee are planning a second edition of the Hoverfly book, so the amount of cash
available for short-term investment can be expected to fall sharply.

It should be noted that the routine running costs of the Society exceeded the
amount received from subscriptions, most of the balance being made up from
investment income.

Turning to the balance sheet, the library fund is now merged with the general fund.
The special publications fund (which deals with publications for sale) received nearly
£1500 from surplus on these, even though 1985 saw no new publication. The cash part
of this fund is held in short-term investments to be available as needed for further
publications. Half of the Hammond Memorial Fund capital is similarly held in case of
quick need, as the Society’s rooms continue to be occupied on a monthly licence. The
income from the Hammond Memorial Fund has been used to provide coloured plates
for the Proceedings, the 1985 membership list, a donation to the Royal
Entomological Society towards Project Wallace and provision for a new stock of
woven ties for sale to members.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1985

FUNDS
1984 1985
£ 2s £ £
13142 General Fund—Opening balance (Inc. old Lib. Fund) 14464
14464 1322 Excess of Income over Expenditure 2204 16668
2308 Housing Fund 2308
9626 Special Publications Fund—Opening balance 13714
13714 4088 Surplus from sales 1473 15187
26206 Hammond Bequest Fund—Opening balance 26702
2539 Interest and dividends 2947
28745 29649
26702 2043 Expenditure 1909 27740
2713 Hering Memorial Fund—Opening balance 3037
Gain on investment disposal 191
324 Income 366
3037 3594
3037 NIL Expenditure 450 314

60225 TOTAL FUNDS 65047

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 81

Our thanks are due to our new Subscriptions Treasurer, Geoff Burton for the
excellent work that he has been doing and may I again appeal to you all to ease the
burden of his duties by paying your subscriptions correctly and promptly by Ist.
January each year.

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31st DECEMBER 1985 contd.—

THESE FUNDS ARE REPRESENTED BY

1984 1985
£ £ £ £
Investments at cost (details appended)
20722 General Investments 20722
23065 2343 Hering Memorial Fund Investments 2936 23658
Stock
3539 Special Publications at cost 1681
3872 333 Christmas cards 234 1915

(The value of the library, collections, ties and back
numbers of Proceedings ts not included in the accounts)

Liquid Assets
28354 N.S. Investment Account 36248
1280 Debtors and advance payments 1268
3430 Cash on deposit 3742
2264 Cash on current account 2007
35328 43265
Less:
1500 Royal Society Loan 1500
33288 540 Subs. in advance, amounts owed and provisions 2291 39474
60225 TOTAL ASSETS 65047

AUDITORS’ REPORT

In our opinion the annexed Balance Sheet gives a true and fair view of the Society's affairs as at 31st December
1985 and the Income and Expenditure accounts give a true and fair view of the Society's results for the year.

A.J. Pickles F.C.A.

R.A. Bell

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND, 1985

Two awards were made this year, one of £250 to Miss Beatrice Tengecho, a
postgraduate student at University College, Cardiff, and the other of £100 to Dr J.P.
Brock of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

Miss Tengecho’s award will cover a portion of the costs of her fieldwork in Kenya
for her study of the taxonomy of leaf-mining and stem-boring Agromyzidae of
Leguminosae occurring in that country. The primary aims of this work are to make a
faunal study of Kenyan agromyzids and to produce keys. A further aim is to
characterise the juvenile stages, and to describe the appearance of the damage to the
plants. An extensive itinerary is planned.

Dr Brock’s principal aim is to make a detailed study of the phylogeny of the lower
Ditrysia, which includes so many predominantly leaf-mining lepidopterans. His
project is a follow-up to his earlier work on lepidopteran phylogeny. The award will
chiefly help Dr Brock to meet travel costs for collecting and for visiting museums.

M.J. ScoBLE

19, 1986

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC.

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 83

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1985

1985 has been a quiet year for the Society’s Council, with no matters of great
moment or contention to be discussed. In consequence Council meetings have been
marked by an unaccustomed, if welcome, brevity. The 1985 season was a poor one for
insects and alas, also for membership of the Society. We have lost 11 members by
death, 9 by resignation and 31 members were struck-off for not paying their dues.
Against this 45 new members were elected. Membership now stands at around 700,
the lowest total for ten years. While this is in part due to the pursuit of longstanding
subscription defaulters by our Assistant Treasurer, we cannot afford to be
complacent. Comments by members, especially those from outside the London area,
on how the Society’s services and activities could be improved are always welcome.

No new publications have been produced in 1985, but all the Society’s publications
have continued to sell well and our most recent publication, British Hoverflies, has
now sold out. The demand for this book greatly exceeded expectations. A second
edition is in preparation and should be available in the autumn. A new publication on
the Hemiptera: Heteroptera is in preparation.

Mr Richard Jones’s first indoor meetings programme has produced some very good
talks on a wide range of subjects. Particular attention should be drawn to the slide
evenings, for the Society is fortunate in having some excellent photographers
amongst its members, and it is a great shame that their efforts can only be appreciated
by members able to attend the meetings. The field meetings programme was again
arranged by Mr Andrew Halstead and a number of favourite, and some new,
localities were visited. The bias towards meetings in southern England is not
intentional, but merely reflects those areas from which offers to lead meetings have
been received. The Council hopes that more members from other regions will come
forward with offers of help.

The Annual Exhibition was again well attended and the exhibits were of a high
quality in spite of the inclement weather this year. Exhibits of Coleoptera, which had
almost disappeared in recent years, showed a welcome increase. Once again the
Society is indebted to Mr Ken Evans for ensuring that all went well. Attendance at the
Annual Dinner fell to 50 and the Council feels that this continuing lack of support
suggests that members may prefer an alternative arrangement. A buffet meal has
been suggested, as has the possibility of moving the event to the evening of the
Exhibition. Members’ opinions on this will be canvassed during 1986. In the meatime
arrangements will have to remain unchanged for 1986, and we are very grateful to Dr
MacNulty for ably organising the event.

Mr Eric Bradford is resigning as Hon. Curator after ten years of overseeing the
Society’s collections and keeping the Anthrenus at bay. His efforts in maintaining the
collections will be appreciated by all who use them. He also serves the Society in
many ways behind the scenes and we hope he will continue to do so. The Council was
very pleased, therefore, to elect Eric Bradford to Honorary Membership.

The previous Secretary, Mrs Frances Murphy, greatly eased the Secretary’s burden
by devolving a number of the Secretary’s duties. The present incumbent greatly
appreciates this, but the reorganisation has escaped many members’ attention and
much mail has to be redirected, incurring extra postal charges to the Society and
delaying replies to members’ letters. A list of where to write will appear on the next
programme card; it is hoped that members will follow this where possible.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT 1985
As a result of earlier reviews of the Society’s journal exchange arrangements with
other entomological and natural history organisations a total of eight foreign

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

exchanges have been terminated this year. One European and three British exchange
arrangements have been brought up to date following long periods where the
exchange journals due were not forthcoming. This pruning of exchanges will assist
the Society in reserving shelf-space for those runs of journals which it wishes to retain.
In the long term a close eye will need to be kept on our exchange arrangements so that
such material does not over-dominate the library in the demand for shelf-space,
especially with the continuing increases in binding costs.

A further grant from the British Library has been applied for to defray binding
costs on the Society’s stock of foreign journals. At the time of writing this report it is
not known whether the application will be successful.

More batches of separates have been sorted this year into the appropriate subject
headings and these have been placed in box files and put on the library shelves. The
titles added this year were:- British Diptera Local Lists, Obituaries, Lepidoptera
Local Lists and a further two boxes on Palaearctic Lepidoptera.

I would like to thank all those individuals and organisations who have given books
and separates to the Society during the year and especially to the following members:-
Mr. E.P. Wiltshire, Mr. S.N.A. Jacobs, Mr. B. Harley, Mr. A. Stubbs, Mr. C.L.
Nissen and Mr. R.F. Bretherton. I would also like to thank Messrs. W. Parker, E.
Bradford, P. Sokoloff, C. Ashby, Mrs. F. Murphy and the library committee for their
assistance in organising the library during the period of this report.

OBITUARY
L. G. HIGGINS

Dr Lionel George Higgins, M.A.,M.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.E.S. died on October 9,
1985. He was one of the leading experts of recent times on Palearctic, especially
European, butterflies. He built up his knowledge of them from his early boyhood
until his last year at the age of 93 by active collecting and travel with his devoted wife
Nesta, in an astonishing number of places; by making contacts both personally and by
correspondence with other collectors, and by obtaining specimens from them over a
much wider area, and by acquiring a splendid library of entomological books and
separates, including many of those by the early fathers. He was also for many years,
with his friend and collaborator Norman Riley, a continuous student at the British
Museum (Natural History). He also visited many museum collections abroad, some
of which are almost unknown to British entomologists. He gave most of his library
some years ago to the Hope Department at Oxford, and his collection of Palearctic
butterflies, probably the finest ever made by a British amateur, to the British
Museum.

Lionel made large contributions to classification and nomenclature in his three
descriptive catalogues of the Nymphalid genera Melitaea, Euphydryas and Mellicta,
published by the Royal Entomological Society of London between 1940 and 1955,
and in 1975 by his book, The Classification of European butterflies, in which he
figured and discussed the male genitalia of almost all of them. Some of this work is
inevitably controversial, and it may be thought that he paid too little attention below
the generic level of their earlier stages, which he did not himself collect or rear.

Amateur collectors and observers, especially, owe much to Lionel’s help. He
published, mostly in the Entomologist, many accounts of his collecting abroad, such
as his articles on his lepidopterological expedition to Piedmont in 1930 and on
butterflies in Norway in 1936. Among his later articles his check list of Turkish

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986 85

butterflies (1966), in which nearly two thirds of the species mentioned had been seen
there by himself, is still the only guide which is readily available for that little-known
country. He was also always ready with help and advice to the many people who
asked him where to go and what to look for, and then to check identifications of their
results by seeing his collection.

Finally, there is his joint book with N.D. Riley, the Field guide to butterflies of
Britain and Europe. This was published in 1970, but was much revised and extended
in later editions to 1980, and was translated into several foreign languages, with its
excellent distribution maps and colour plates by Brian Hargreaves. This is likely to
remain for many years a lasting memorial as the best and most widely available
introduction to the subject. —R.F. BRETHERTON, August, 1986

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 19, 1986

Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister) (Odonata) in Hampshire.—On 18.vii.1984 a
male H.ephippiger (Aeshna mediterranea) was caught on the windscreen wiper blade
of my neighbour’s car at Dibden on the very eastern boundary of the New Forest,
Hampshire. It was shown to me within an hour of this happening when the dragonfly
was still alive but dying from a split thorax. The brilliant blue on the second segment
of the abdomen was very oustanding at the time but gradually faded over the next few
days and finally disappeared. é

This insect had not previously been recorded from Hampshire, there being only
two previously confirmed records in Britain (see Corbet, Longfield and Moore, 1960
Dragonflies, Collins); the first, a female, taken on 24.11.1903 in Devonport (J.H.
Keys), the second, also a female, on the 12.x.1910 in Dublin (A. Douglas).
According to a report in the Odonata Recording Scheme Newsletter No. 5, a third
specimen of this very rare vagrant was found in Cornwall in 1980, but no details are
given of the observer, exact date or location. The Devonport specimen is in the
British Museum (Natural History) collection, as is another specimen reputed to have
been collected by B.P. Pickles at Feltar in the Shetlands but again there is no date for
the capture.

Hemianax ephippiger is a migrant, which is known to fly considerable distances
even over open sea, which is why it occasionally turns up in this country. The species
is very common in the Middie-East and Arabia, where it breeds in desert oases and
temporary pools. Its range covers the Mediterranean region, East Africa south to
Tanzania and extends eastwards to India. Sometimes individuals appear in Northern
Europe and it is the only species of dragonfly to have been recorded from Iceland.

I am indebted to Tony and Noelle Welstead for confirming the identity of the
specimen and to Stephen Brooks of the BM(NH) for further information on the
habits of this species —K.H. Halstead, East Boldre, Brockenhurst, New Forest.

Liancalus virens (Scop.) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) on brickwork seepages in East
London.—This distinctive fly has mainly a northern and western distribution in
Britain, being found wherever fresh water is trickling down a vertical rock face. The
south-east is very much lacking in the necessary rock exposures so it was something of
a surprise to note this species in urban Leystone in east London (grid ref. TQ 394868).

At first I passed the insect over as Scellus notatus (F.) which is widely distributed in
small numbers in Essex. However, the habitat was wrong and the fly seemed
particularly attached to seepages coming through the brick-work of four railway
arches (one of which I was working in). The seepages could date back to bomb
damage sustained between 1939-45. Closer examination revealed a fly very different
to Scellus: the males had very distinctive genitalia and the long wings, although
partially clouded along the costal edge had a small but very noticeable opaque white
spot at the wing tip. Derek Smith, the county Diptera recorder confirmed the species
to be Liancalus virens (Scop.)

Between August 1984 and October 1985 the following observations were made.
The adult insects were present in the months March—November inclusive with the
earliest date being 12.1ii.85 (one female) and the latest 30.xi.84 (three males). The
numbers of adults peaked in the months July-September with 24 males and females
on 30.ix.85 on the four seepages. On 1.viii.85 a male was seen to be predated by a
zebra spider Salticus scenicus (Clerck). 1985 has been at times a particularly wet year
and I assume this has benefitted the flies.

I thank Mr Derek Smith for his help with this note—M.W. Hanson.

iil
B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS— 1986 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST

For non-members add 50%. Postage and packing extra.
BENHS PUBLICATIONS SALES, 25 Cranes Park Avenue, Surbiton, KTS 8BS

PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

per volume per volume

A. For sale separately only to £ p_ C. 1924-5 to 1935-6; Lap

members, or in a long run: 1946-47 to 1962 4.00

1921-2; 1936-7 to 1943-4; D. 1963 part 1 1.00

also second hand copies of other 1963 part 2 (Buckingham

volumes now out of print, 9.00 Palace garden) 2.00
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PROCEEDINGS: BENHS series
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A special discount of 20% will be allowed on sales of 10 or more consecutive volumes.
Separate parts of volumes so published can be supplied on demand at prices proportionate to
those of the whole volumes (except 1963 and 1968, listed above). No copies are at present
available of 1920-1, 1922-3, 1944-5

THE NEW AURELIANS (1972) 1.00
LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY BUCKLER 10.00
FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA (1979) 6.00
IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO BRITISH PUG MOTHS (1981): soft cover 4.00
hard back edition 6.00
BRITISH HOVERFLIES: 2nd edition (hard back) 15.00
Supplement to Ist edition 1.00

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GELECHIIDAE (8 pp., 1 col. pl.
Teleiodes & Teleiopsis) 1.60

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of
work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the
study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of
publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1987.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, of
their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Dr.
M. Scoble, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat.Hist.), Cromwell Road,
London, SW7, as soon as possible and not later than 30th September, 1987.

CONTENTS

Baker, P. J. Changes in the status of the Lepidoptera of a north west Surrey locality 33
Chandler, P. J. The British species of Diastata Meigen and Campochaeta Macquart
(Diptera: Drosophiloidea) 9
Halstead, K. H. Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister) (Odonata) in Hampshire 86
Hanson, M. W. Liancalus virens (Scop.) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) on brickwork
seepages in east London 86
Knill-Jones, S. A. Emergence and flight periods of some butterflies at Freshwater,
I.o.W. in 1984 3
Lever, R. A. Flight period of the Dryad (Minois dryas) (Scop.) (Lep.: Satyridae) in
northern Italy 28
Majerus, M. E. N. The inheritance of three common forms of Acronicta aceris (L.)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 27
Speight, M. C. D., Martinez, M. and Luff, M. L. The Asaphidion (Col.: Carabidae)
species occurring in Great Britain and Northern Ireland 17
Tuck, K. R. A record of Eana rastrata (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from
Andorra 26
Walker, D. H. Some observations on collecting insects in Saudi Arabia 22
Annual exhibition 43
Book reviews. The Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland 21
Editorial 1
Field Meetings 64
Indoor Meetings ¢ 68
Letter to the Editor Butterfly collecting policy 2
Microlepidoptera workshop 29
National bees, wasps and ants recording scheme 26
Obituary. L. G. Higgins 84
Officers’ Reports 79
President’s Remarks 29
Small ecological project grants 29

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Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
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Line and continuous tone figures are accepted. Writing on figures is best listed
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Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints. Extra
copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY
are held regularly at the Societys Rooms, but the well-known ANNUAL
EXHIBITION and ANNUAL DINNER are planned for 24th October 1987 at
Imperial College, London SW7.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer. Visitors are
welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application to the Secretary at 32
Penton Road, Staines, Middx, TW18 2LD.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES 1987
London members £11.50, Ordinary members £6.50, Juniors £3.00. Send to:
Asst. Treasurer, Mar-y-Mar, Minster Drive, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent, ME122NG.

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