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; All APRIL 1987 Vol. 20, Part 1

se

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £3.50

Treasurer: Secretary:
Col D.H. Sterling J. Muggleton, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.I.Biol.,
RARSEES?
Curator: Librarian: Lanternist:
P.J. Chandler, B.Sc., S.R. Miles M. Simmons
FeReES:
Ordinary Members of Council:
P.J. Baker P.J. Johnson
E. Bradford Mrs F.M. Murphy
G.N. Burton P.A. Sokoloff
K.G.W. Evans R.W.J. Uffen
C. Hart D. Young
Editorial
Editor: R.A. Jones, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.
10 Nunhead Grove
Nunhead

Officers and Council for 1987

President:

Prof. J.A. Owen M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

Vice-Presidents:

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, F.R.E.S.
I.F.G. McLean Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

London SE15 3LY

with the assistance of:

T.R.E. Southwood, K.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.
T.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.
M.W.F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.
E.S. Bradford
R.W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

- |
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, : | | Ts ae : " iy T Woe a My

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Index to Volume 20, 1987
Compiled by Richard A. Jones

Dates of publication

Part 1 April 1987
Part 2 April 1987
Part 3 July 1987
Part 4 October 1987

GENERAL

Additions to the British list of insects, 148
Annual Exhibition, 1986
British butterflies, 41
British Macrolepidoptera, 44,
British Microlepidoptera, 49
Coleoptera, 61
Crustacea, 70
Diptera, 57
Foreign Lepidoptera, 55
Hemiptera, 67
Hymenoptera, 69
Illustrations, 71
Orthoptera, 70
Annual General Meeting, 166
Anthomyza bifasciata in Suffolk, 135
in East Sussex and Norfolk, 136
Aquatic wildlife, photography (lecture), 163
Apanteles coniferae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae),
swarming males, 133
Argyresthiinae, British, 1-12
Book reviews
A complete guide to British dragonflies, by AMcGeeney, 120
A field guide to the dragonflies of Britain, Europe and
North Africa, by J.d’Aguilar et al., 120
A Selborne year. The naturalist’s journal for 1784, Gilbert
White, ed. by E.Dadswell, 40
Collins guide to the insects of Britain and Western Europe,
by M.Chinery, 118
Country Life guide to the dragonflies of Britain and
Northern Europe, by B.Gibbons, 120
Insects in camera, by C.O’Toole and K.Preston Mafham,
119

Sphingidae Mundi hawk moths of the world, by
B. D’Abrera, 160
The Aurelian or natural history of English insects, by Moses
Harris
The natural history of butterflies, by J.Feltwell, 128
The RSNC guide to butterflies of the British Isles, by
J.A.Thomas, 140
Brown-tail moth, habits and biology (lecture), 78
Butterflies in the Andes, 35
Butterfly collecting, 123
Bye-laws, change at special meeting, 164
Caddis flies, relation to moths (lecture), 79
Camouflage (lecture), 76
Coleophoridae, notes on, 151
Coleopterists’ Workshop, Maidstone, 104
Corals of the Red Sea (lecture), 166
Correction, British species of Diastata, 74
Editorial, 186
Field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera,
announcement, 159
Field meetings
Child’s Forstal Wood, East Blean, Kent, 86
Grays Chalk Pit, Essex, 84
Orlestone Forest, Kent, 85
Seabrook Stream, Kent, 83
Tantany and Pigbush, New Forest, 83
The Slade, Upper Bucklebury Common, Berks., 85
Wisley Common, Surrey, 84
Wooton Bridge, New Forest, 86
Flight of insects (lecture), 80
Fossil arachnids (lecture), 174
Fungus gnats, notes on some British species, 105
Game bird conservation, effect on insects (article), 137;
(lecture), 173
Heathlands, conservation (lecture), 81
Hyboteles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), first host record, 122

Indoor meetings

26 June 1986-27 November 1986, 75-83

11 December 1986-9 July 1987, 161-178
London Natural History Society, joint meeting, 77
Microscopy, light and electron (lecture), 161
Mollusca, British land snails and slugs (lecture), 163
National Trust, and insect conservation, 83
New Zealand wildlife (lecture), 177
Obituary, Hugh Sutherland Robinson, 87
Officers’ reports for 1986, 179
Orb web spiders feeding on slugs, 90
Orthoptera, European (lecture), 77
Pests of stored products (lecture), 75
Photography of insects (lecture), 167
Presidential address, report, 14
Ptenidium gressneri (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) in Surrey, 122
Scuttle flies, three new species, 27
Slide evenings, 82, 169, 171, 177
Song of insects and taxonomy (lecture) 165
Suburban wildlife in a cemetary (lecture), 171
Suillia (Diptera: Heleomyzidae), British species, 91
Trox scaber, unusual abundance, 34
Winkler extractor for beetles, 129
Xylophagus ater, British distribution and biology, 141
Yponomeutinae, British, 13-26

CONTRIBUTORS

Adams, M.J., 35

Agassiz, DJ.L., 1, 49, 80

Alexander, K., 58, 61, 67, 83, 141

Appleton, D., 57, 62, 67

Ashby, C.B., 71

Austin, R.A., 44, 49

Bailey, K.EJ., 41

Baker, B.R., 44, 85

Baker, P_J., 118, 128, 140

Ball, S.G., 57

Barnard, P.C., 79

Barrington, R.D.G., 42, 71, 123

Beaumont, H.E., 49

Bebbington, J., 76

Bland, K.P., 50

Bowen, I., 162

Bradford, E.S., 45, 50, 71, 72, 76, 82, 183

Bratton, J., 70

Britton,M., 45

Broome, G., 71

Brown, M., 170

Burton, G.N., 72

Callow, N.A., 72, 82, 119, 165, 169, 172

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 49, 50, 75, 76, 77, 78,79, 80, 81, 82, 147,
151, 162, 163, 164,165, 173, 177

Chandler, P.J., 57, 74, 105, 184

Chatfield, J., 40, 163

Church, S.H., 71

Classey, E.W., 45

Claugher, D., 161

Clements, D.K., 58, 141

Collins, G.A., 58

Corley, M.F.V., 50

Cottle, R., 167

Cronin, A.R., 42, 45, 55, 62

Danahar, G.W., 70, 79, 171

Dennis, R.C., 42

Disney, R.H.L., 27

Drane, A.B., 62

Elston, H.J.,

Emmet, A.M., 45, 50, 77, 78, 166, 169

Evans, K.G.W., 80, 82, 83

Eve, H.C., 77

Fenn, J.L. 43, 45, 51

Ferguson, I.D., 78

Foster, A.P., 45, 63, 78

Gibson, C.W.D., 45

Goater, B., 175

Godfrey, A., 58, 172

Goulding, V.R., 170

Hall, N.M., 55

Halsey, J., 45

Halsey, M., 45

Halstead, A.J., 63, 68, 70, 75,77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 162, 164, 166,
171, 172, 174, 175, 176

Halstead, D.G.H., 75

Halstead, K., 83

Harman, A.J.E., 76, 167, 169, 170

Harman, T.W., 46, 55

Harmer, A.S., 43, 46

H. rt, M.W., 51

Hae C. 46, 51

Harvey, P.R., 84

Hawkins, R.D., 77, 82

Heckford, R_J., 52

Henderson, M., 169, 175

Hodge, P., 58, 63

Hollier, J.A., 58, 64, 67, 68, 70

Hudson, I.R., 59, 68, 80

Hull, M., 168

Jenner, H.E., 71

Jewess, PJ., 161, 164

Johnson, P_J., 86

Jones, A.M., 43

Jones, R.A., 34, 60, 64, 67, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82, 119, 120, 162, 163,
166, 171, 174, 176, 177, 186

Jordan, M.R.J., 46, 71

Kirby, P., 59, 65, 68

Knill-Jones, R.P., 52, 56

Knill-Jones, S.A., 46, 52

Lambert, S., 59, 65

Langmaid, J.R., 46, 52

Lonsdale, D., 81, 173

MacNulty, B_J., 80

Mallett, N., 76, 125

McCormick, R.F., 46

McLean, I.F.G., 60, 136

Michaelis, H.N., 46, 53

Middleton, H.G.M., 43, 47

Miles, S., 75, 76, 77, 163, 173, 185

Morris, M.G., 65

Muggleton, J., 75, 79, 81, 164, 169, 171, 179

Mucpiy, F., 72, 170, 171, 174, 177

Nash, S., 43, 53

Nature Conservancy Council, 66

Owen, J.A., 75, 77, 81, 83, 104, 122, 129, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167,
168, 171, 174, 175

Parker, R., 73

Parker, W., 73

Parsons, M.S., 46, 53
Peet,T.N.D., 44, 49
Pelham-Clinton, E.C., 46, 53
Penney, C.C., 46

Philp, E.G., 83

Pickles, A.J., 47, 86
Pickles, C.T., 47

Pitkin, L.M., 166

Pittis, S., 84

Plant, C.W., 56, 60, 78
Porter, J., 71

Price, T., 81

Prior, G., 77, 79, 168, 169
Quicke, D.LJ., 90, 122
Revels, R.C., 43, 71
Reynolds, W.J., 164
Robinson, G.S., 56
Rothschild, M., 71
Russworm, A.D.A., 43, 47
Salmon, M.A., 43

Sattler, K., 53, 82

Scoble, M_J., 183

Seldon, P.A., 174

Senior, G.B., 1

Siddons, P.N., 53
Simmons, M.J., 79, 80
Simpson, A.N.B., 47, 54, 60
Simpson, E.C.L., 47
Skinner, B.F., 47, 85
Softly, R.A., 77, 170, 173
Sokoloff, P.A., 47, 54, 73, 160, 162, 165, 170, 171
Sotherton, N.W., 137, 173
Spalding, A., 47

Stacey, I.F., 43

Sterling, D.H., 47, 54, 180
Sterling, MJ., 47, 54

-2-

Sterling, P.H., 44, 73, 78
Stokes, D., 44
Trebilcock, G.D., 44, 56
Trembath, D.A., 48
Tremewan, W.G., 48
Tubbs, R., 41, 44, 82
Tuck, K.R., 56
Tweedie, M.W.F., 48, 71
Uffen, R.W_J., 74, 80, 16'
Valetta, A., 79

Waite, P., 48

Waring, P.M., 48, 173

West, B.K., 48, 77, 81, 83

Whitfield, J.B., 133

Wild, E., 86

Wilson, D.E.,plates III to VI, 48, 56
Wiltshire, EP, 56

Winter, P.Q., 48

Wistow, R.J., 58, 64,67, 68, 70
Withers, P., 91, 135

Wootton, R., 80

Yendall, D., 167

Young, D.A., 49

Young, L.D., 44

, 175, 176

COLEOPTERA

Acalles misellus, 66

A.roboris, 66
Acanthocinus aedilis, 77
Actenicerus sjaelandicus, 83
Aderus populnea, 65
Agapanthia villosoviridescens, 61
Agonum sexpunctatum, 63
Agrilus sinuatus, 62, 77
Aleochara curtula, 167
Alphitobius diaperinus, 171
Amalus scortillum, 66
Ampedus balteatus, 82
. cardinalis, 81, 82
cinnabarinus, 61
. elongantulus, 82
nigerrimus, 82
. pomonae, 82, 83
. pomorum, 82
. Tufipennis, 82
sanguinolentus, 82, 84
Anaglyptus mysticus, 65, 72
Anobium punctatum, 162
Anthonomus rufus, 66
Anthophagus alpinus, 62
Anthribus fasciatus, 65

A. nebulosus, 65
Aphodius villosus, 63, 65
Apion dispar, 62

A. meliloti, 65

A. reflexum, 65

A. semivittatum, 62

A. urticarium, 62
Apoderus coryli, 65
Arotrichis sanctaehelena, 149
Asaphidion curtum, 149

A. flavipes, 149

A. stierlini, 149
Atheta immigrans, 175
Athous campyloides, 63
Axinotarsus marginalis, 77
Bagous lutulosus, 63, 66

. nodulosus, 66

B. puncticollis, 64
Baris scolopacea, 65
Botocera sp. 170
Bembidion virens, 65
Bidessus minutissimus, 62, 67
Bitoma crenata, 63
Blaps mucronata, 63, 82, 174
Bolitophagus reticulatus, 65
Brachinus crepitans, 163
Brachysomus echinatus, 65
Bruchella rufipes, 149
Byrrhus fasciatus, 63
Bytiscus betulae, 65

PP PPP DPD

Caenopsis waltoni, 61
Callosobruchus chinensis, 164
Calomicrus circumfuscus, 65
Carabus intricatus, 183, 184
Cathormiocerus britannicus, 63
C. myrmecophilus, 63
Cerylon histeroides, 67
Cetonia aurata, 76
Ceutorhynchus angulosus, 63, 64, 66
C. euphorbiae, 66
C. pulvinatus, 66
C. rapae, 66
C. sulcicollis, 66
C. terminatus, 66
C. timidus, 66
C. viduatus, 63
Choleva elongata, 149
Chrysolina sp. 170
ne violacea, 61
Chrysomela populi, 84
Cicindela campestris, var, plate IV
C. maritima, 65
Cionus scrophulariae, 78
C. tuberculatus, 78
Clivina collaris, 67
Clytus arietis, 84
Cneorhinus plumbeus, 65
Coelambus nigrolineatus, 63
Conopalpus testaceus, 61
Corticaria abietorum, 149
Cryptocephalus nitidulus, 64
Ctesias serra, 67
Curculio villosus, 66
Cyanostolus aeneus, 62
Dascillus cervinus, 63
Deporaus mannerheimi, 65
Diaperis boleti, plate IV
Dienerella separanda, 144
Diplocoelus fagi, 62
Donacia clavipes, 65
Dorcatoma chrysomelina, 144
D. dresdensis, 63, 67
D. serra, 67
Dorytomus ictor, 67
Dromius quadrisignatus, 63
Drupinatus nasturtii, 61
Eledona agricola, 67, 82
Elodes pseudominuta, 84
Encephalus complicans, 162
Enicmus brevicornis, 64
Epuraea rufomarginata, 64
Euplectus bonvouloiri rosae, 149
Fleutiauxellus maritimus, 62, 63, 67
Furcipus rectirostris, 63, 66
Geodromicus longipes, 62
Georissus crenulatus, 65, 67
Grypus equeseti, 61
etron veronicae, 66
Gyrophaena hanseni, 62
G. munsteri, 62
Hadrobregmus denticollis, 63, 162
Hallomenus binotatus, 62
Halyzia sedecimguttata, 82
Haploglossa nidicola, 169
Harpalus dimidiatus, 63
H. froelichi, 63
H. punctatulus, 65
Helichus substriatus, 62
Helophorus arvernicus, 67
H. dorsalis, 65
Hydraena rufipes, 67
Hydronomus alismatis, 66
Hygrobia hermanni, 163
Hylobius transversovittatus, 62, 64, 66
Hylocoetus dermestoides, 67, 167, 171
Hypera dauci, 65
. meles, 64
H. pastinacae, 62, 64
H. suspiciosa, 66
H. venusta, 62
Ischnomera caerulea, 63, 67
I. sanguinicollis, 62, 67

Judolia cerambyciformis, 64
Kissophagus hederae, 66
Lampyris noctiluca, 81, 162
Larinus planus, 65
Lebia crux-minor, plate [V
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 72
Leptura fulva, 62
Longitarsus brunneus, 63

L. pusillus, 65
Lyctus brunneus, 165, 167
Macon cus quadrituberculatus, 62
Magdalis memnonia, 177
Malthodes fibulatus, 61
Melanophthalma curticollis, 149

M. suturalis, 149

M. transversalis, 149
Melanotus erythropus, 163
Meligethes kunzei, 64

. viduatus, 64

Melolontha melolontha, 72, 73
Meotica exillima, 168

M. hanseni, 83

M. lohsei, 83
Mesites tardii, 62, 65, 167
Miaris micros, 63
Micralymma marina, 62
Mordella villosa, 61
Mordellistena acuticollis, 149

M. holomelaena, 149

M. leucaspis, 149

M. nanuloides, 149

M. parvula, 149

M. parvuloides, 149

M. pseudopumila, 149
Mycetochara humeralis, 62
Mycetophagus populi, 62

M. quadripustulatus, 84
Nacerdes melanura, 61
Negastrius sabulicola, 62, 63, 67
Neuraphes talparum, 62
Nicrophorus vespilloides, 169
Notaris scirpi, 66
Oiceoptoma thoracicum, 169
Onthophagus ovatus, 84
Onthophilus punctatus, 62
Opilo mollis, 63, 78
Orchesia micans, 67

O. undulata, 63
Oreodytes alpinus, 149
Orthochaetes setiger, 66
Osmoderma eremita, 172
Osphya bipunctata, 65
Otiorhynchus porcatus, 62

O. rugifrons, 65

O. scaber, 65
Oulema erichsoni, 62, 64
Oulimnius major, 63

O. rivularis, 62
Oxypoda longipes, 163
Oxyporus rufus, 61
Pachytychius haematocephalus, 66
Paratillus carus, 165
Perileptus areolatus, 62, 67
Phaedon concinnus, 62
Phyllopertha horticola, 174
Phytobius olssoni, 63, 64
Phytodecta decemnotata, 84
Phytoecia cylindrica, 61, 65, 172, 174
Pissodes castaneus, 62
Platycis minutus, 61, 78
Platyrhinus resinosus, 65
Plegaderus dissectus, 61, 144
Polydrusus confluens, 65

P. flavipes, 65

P. mollis, 65
Prionocyphon serricornis, 63
Prionychus ater, 61, 67
Ptenidium gressneri, 122
Pterostichus angustatus, 75
Ptinomorphus imperialis, 67
Ptinella britannica, 163
Ptinus subpilosus, 67

Pycnometus fuliginosus, 62
Pyrrhidium sanguineum, 62
Quedius puncticollis, 163
Rhagonycha translucida, 61
Rhinocyllus conicus, 66
Rhinomancer attelaboides, 61
Rhinonchus bruchoides, 66
Rhizophagus nitidulus, 67

R. parallelicollis, 172
Rhynchites aeneovirens, 65

. cavifrons, 65

R. cupreus, 61
Saperda populnea, 63, 84, 148, 164
Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, 84
Schizotus pectinicornis, 61
Selatosomus stulus, 63

S. melancholicus, 149
Sepedophilus bipunctatus, 62
Sibinia Sedat: , 66
Silpha atratus, 169
Sitona cambricus, 65

S. gemellatus, 65
Stenagostus villosus, 67
Stenelmis caneliculata, 62
Stenostola dubia, 61, 67, 174
Stethorus punctillum, 64
Strangalia maculata, 72, 163
Strophosoma faber, 65
Synchita humeralis, 167

S. separanda, 64, 71
Tachyporus formosus, 63
Tachys parvulus, 67
Tapinotus sellatus, 61
Tetratoma ancora, 64,

T. desmaresti, 62
Thalassophilus longicornis, 62, 67
Thanasimus formicarius, 61
Thanotophilus sinuatus, 169
Tillus elongatus, 62
Timarcha goettingensis, 170

T. tenebricosa, 72, 170
Trachodes hispidulus, 64
Trichius fasciatus, 64
Trichodes apiarius, 65, 72
Tritoma bipustulata, 63, 84
Tropiphorus eievatus, 65
Trox scaber, 63
Tychius schneideri, 66

estobium rufovillosum, 67, 163
Xyleborus dispar, 63, 66
Zabrus tenebroides, 62

DIPTERA

Acinia corniculata, 60
Acrocera orbicula, 58
Alophora hemiptera, 83
Anasimyia interpuncta, 59

A. lunulata, 59
Anevrina thoracica, 32
Anthomyza bifasciata, 135, 136
Asindulum nigrum, 106
Atherix ibis,
Atylotus rusticus, 59
Beckerina umbrimargo, 32
Boletina lundbecki, 113

B. nasuta, 113, 114

B. silvatica, 105, 114
Bolitophila fumida, 105, 106

B. modesta, 105, 106

B. pseudohybrida, 105, 106
Bombylius canescens, 59

B. discolor, 84

B. major, 73

B. minor, 59, 80
Brawore bicolor, 59

B. pilosa, 58

B. scutellaris, 172
Caliprobola speciosa, 58
Callicera aenea, 59
Campichoeta griseola, 74

C. punctum, 74

Cecidomyia magna, 148
Chalcosyrphus eunotus, 60
C. nemorum, 83, 84
Cheilosia albitarsis, 84

C. argentifrons, 148

C. carbonaria, 58
Chrysogaster hirtella, 84
Cistogaster globosa, 59
Coelophthinia mira, 113
Conicera floricola 32
Criorhina floccosa, 60
Cryptaciura rotundiventris, 60
Dasysyrphus friuliensis, 58

D. venustus, 84
Diadocidia valida, 106
Diastata nebulosa, 148

D. ornata, 148

D. vagans, 74
Dichetophora finlandica, 57, 60

D. oliterata, 162
Diplonevra florea, 32

D. nitidula 32

D. pilosella 32
Docosia morionella, 115

D. pallipes, 114

D. setosa, 114, 115
Dolichopus signifer, 60
Ectinocera borealis, 57
Ectrepesthoneura colyeri, 116
Eristalis tenex, 82
Eumerus sabulonum, 59
Ferdinandea ruficornis, 58
Gonia ornata, 59
Gymnophora arcuata, 32

G. quartomollis 32

osoma rotundatum, 59

Hemyda vittata, 58
Hilara platyura, 60
Keroplatus testaceus, 106
Leia nasuta, 113
Lejogaster hirtella, 84

L. metallina, 84
Leopoldius signatus, 59
Leptomorphus walkeri, 57
Leucozona lucorum, 84
Lipoptena cervi, 81
Lophosia fasciata, 59
Medetera striata, 148
Megaselia aculeata 32

M. aequalis, 31, 32
altifrons, 32
anisodactyla, 30
badia, 28, 32
. basispinata, 32
bovista, 29
brevicostalis, 32, 32
ciliata, 31, 32
cinerea, 32
cinereifron, 30
clemonsi, 29, 32
collini, 32
correlata, 32
crassipes, 32
densior, 28
dubitalis, 33
emarginata, 33
flava, 31, 33
flavicans, 31, 33
frameata, 31, 33
frontalis, 33
fungivora, 33
fusciclava, 33
fuscinervis, 31, 33
fuscipalpis, 33
giraudii, 31, 33
hayleyensis, 27, 28, 29, 33
hibernans, 33
hilaris, 29, 33
hirticaudata, 33
hirticrus, 33
hirtiventris, 31, 33
. hortensis, 33

ZZ SSS ESSE SSSR SS SSES SSSR RRR ESESES

. ignobilis, 33
. infraposita, 33
. insons, 33
. intercostata, 33
. involuta, 33
. latior, 31, 33
. latipalpis, 33
lutea, 31, 33
melanocephala, 31, 33
minor, 33
nigra, 31, 33
nigriceps, 33
nigrescens, 28
obscuripennis, 31, 33
oligoseta, 28, 29, 33
pectoralis, 33
pleuralis, 33
propinqua, 33
protarsalis, 33
pulicaria, 27, 29, 31, 34,
pumila, 34
pusilla, 34
pygmaea, 34
tubella, 34
rubescens, 34
ruficornis, 31, 34
septentrionalis, 27, 28
simplex, 34
simulans, 34
sinuata, 34
sordida, 34
spinicincta, 31, 34
stichata, 34
styloprocta, 34
subconvexa, 34
subfuscipes, 34
subtmida, 34
superciliata, 34
surdifrons, 34
sylvatica, 31, 34
tarsalis, 34
uliginosa, 34

M. unwini, 28, 30, 34
Megasyrphus annulipes, 58
Melanostoma scalare, 84
Microdon devius, 58

M. eggeri, 58
Monocentrota comoreana, 108

M. favonii, 107, 108

M. lundstroemi, 107, 108
Mycomya collini, 109

M. fasciata, 108

M. griseovittata, 109

M. maura, 108, 109

M. pectinifera, 109

M. permixta, 105, 108, 109

M. rosalba, 109
Myolepta luteola, 58
Neoascia obliqua, 58
Neocnemodon latitarsis, 58
Neoempheria bimaculata, 57

N. lineola, 57, 58, 110

N. pictipennis, 57

N. proxima, 57

N. striata, 57, 110

N. winnertzi, 57
Neoplatyura biumbrata, 108
Nephrocerus flavicornis, 58, 77
Nephrotoma questfalica, 73
Obscuriphora ce alae 148
Ochthera mantis,
Odontomyia tigrina, 58, 59
Ogcodes gibbosus, 59
Ornithomya chloropus, 167
Oxycera dives, 58

O. morrisii, 58, 59

O. nigricornis, 57

O. rara, 59

O. trilineata, 57, 59
Pachygaster orbitalis, 77
Palaeodocosia flava, 113
Pamponerus germanicus, 59, 60

SSS SS SS SSS 55555555555 5555555552 SSSR SESESES

45.

Paraclusia tigrina, 58
Paroxyna loewiana, 148

P. solidaginis, 148
Pedicia rivosa, 73
Pelecocera tricincta, 57, 58
Pherbellia dorsata, 60
Phthinia humilis, 112, 113, 185

P. mira, 113

P. plassmanni, 112, 113
Phytomyza ilicis, 166
Platycheirus albimanus, 84

P. tarsalis, 84
Platypalpus articuloides, 148
Pocota personata, 59
Psilocephala rustica, 58
Psilota anthracina, 59
Pyratula perpusilla, 108
Rhagio scolopaceus, 141
Rhaphium elegantulum, 60
Rhingia campestris, 84

R. rostrata, 58
Saigusaia flaviventris, 113
Sarcophaga sinuata, 60
Scathophaga scybalaria, 57, 59
Schoenophilus versutus, 60
Sciomyza simplex, 60
Sciophila adamsi, 111

S. antiqua, 111

S. clavigera, 109

S. fasciata, 109

S. geniculata, 112

S. griseovittata, 109

S. nonnisilva, 112

S. plurisetosa, 112

S. quadriterga, 112

S. varia, 112
Sepsis nigripes, 148
Sitodiplosis phalaridis, 148
Spiniphora bergenstammi, 31, 34
Stratiomys potamida, 58
Subclytia rotundiventris, 58
Suillia affinis, 91-104

S. atricornis, 91-104

S. bicolor, 91-104

S. collini, 100
. dawnae, 91-104
. dumicola, 91-104
flava, 91-104
. flavifrons, 91-104
fuscicornis, 91-104
humilis, 91-104
imberbis 91-104
inornata, 98, 99
laevifrons, 91-104
miki, 91-104
notata, 91-104
. oxyphora, 91-104

S. pallida, 91-104

S. parva, 91-104

S. ustulata, 91-104

S. vaginata, 91-104

S. variegata, 91-104
Tabanus autumnalis, 60

T. sudeticus, 59, 60
Thecocarcelia acutangulata, 148
Themira biloba, 148
Tipula varipennis, 73

T. luna, 84

T. maxima, 73

T. oleracea, 73, 84

T. variicornis, 84

T. varipennis
Triglyphus primus, 58
Triphleba nudipalpis, 34
Vanoyia tenuicornis, 59

V. trilineata, 57
Volucella pellucens, 176

V. zonaria, 172

PYLRRNDDNHDHOHAH

Xanthandrus comptus, 58, 59, 60, 78

eh ne ater, 58, 141-146
. cintus, 141, 171
X. junki, 141

X. kowartzi, 141

HEMIPTERA

Agallia brachyptera, 68
Anthocoris limbatus, 67
Asiraca clavicornis, 68
Athysanus argentarius, 68
Campylosteira verna, 67
Catoplatus fabricii, 67
Centrotus cornutus, 68
Chloriona dorsata, 68
Chlorita viridula, 68
Cicadella lasiocarpae, 149
Cicadula intermedia, 68
Cixius simplex, 68
Corizus hyoscyami, plate IV
Euconomelus lepidus, 68
Gargara genistae, 68
Idiocerus herrichi, 68
I. poecilus, 68
I. vittifrons, 68

Issus coleoptratus, 85
Kelisia sabulicola, 68
Ledra aurita, 68, 77
Lyristes plebejus, 72

acroplax preyslleri, 67
Macrosteles ossiannilssoni, 68
Oliarus leporinus, 68
Onchochila simplex, 67
Ranatra linearis, 162
Stenocranus fuscovittatus, 68
Stenodema trispinosum, 67

Tettigometra impressopunctata, 68

Velia saulii, 67
Zicrona caerulea, 67

HYMENOPTERA

Abia sericea, 68
Adelius subfasciatus, 134
Agathis artemisiana, 149

A. assimilis, 149

A. glabricula, 149

A. meridionella, 149

A. minuta, 149

A. rostrata, 149

A. tibialis, 149

A. varipes, 149
Allantus togatus, 68
Amauronematus crispus, 68
Andrena florea, 70

A. minultula, 84

A. nitidiusculus, 70

A. pubescens, 84

A. saundersella, 84

A. scotica, 84
Aneugmenus padi, 85
Apanteles coniferae, 133

A. xanthostigmus, 134
Aphidius sp. 134
Aporus unicolor, 69
Ascogaster sp. 134
Aspidobracon sp. 122
Aspilota sp. 1
Auplopus carbonarius, 69
Biorhiza pallida, 66
Blacus sp. 133
Blennocampa pusilla, 85
Bracon sp. 134
Caliroa annulipes, 84
Ceratina cyanea, 70
Charmon sp. 134
Chelonus sp. 134
Chelostoma florisomne, 69
Coleocentrus exitator, 149
Colletes succinctus, 80
Cotesia glomerata, 134
Crossocerus cetratus, 68
Dasypoda altercator, 70
Dineura virididorsata, 84
Dolichogenidea lacteicolor, 134

Ectemnius borealis, 69

E. dives, 69
Eutomostethus luteiventris, 84
Gonatocerus longior, 149

G. minor, 149

G. rogersi, 149

G. thyrides, 149
Halictus tumulorum, 84
Hemichroa crocea, 68
Heterarthrus aceris, 85
Hoplitis claviventris, 70
Hyboteles toxopeusi, 122
Lasioglossum albipes, 84

L. morio, 84

L. prasinum, 70
Lasius niger, 161
Macrocentrus sp. 134
Macropis europaea, 70
Meteorus sp. 134
Methocha ichneumonoides, 69
Microdus lugubrator, 149
Microdynerus exilis, 69
Microgaster alebion, 134
Mutilla europaea, 69
Myrmica rubra, 72

M. ruginodis, 85
Nematus cadderensis, 68

N. melanaspis, 85

N. pavidus, 85

N. ribesii, 172

N. umbratus, 68
Neurtoma saltuum, 174
Nomada flava, 84

N. marshammella, 84
Odynerus melanocephalus, 69
Omalus puncticollis, 68

O. violaceus, 68
Opius curvatus, 149

O. filicornis, 149

O. fulvicollis, 149

O. phytobiae, 149
Pemphredon lugubris, 68
Philanthus triangulum, 69
Philomacroploea, 122
Phymatocera aterrima, 76
Podalonia affinis, 69
Praon sp. 166
Priophorus rufipes, 68
Pseudomyrmex sp. 167
Pseudopipona herrichii, 69
Sapyga clavicornis, 68, 69
Sathon falcatus, 134
Selandria serva, 84
Smicromyrme rufipes, 69
Stelis ornata, 70
Strombocerus delicatulus, 85
Tenthredo maculata, 84
Tenthredopsis nassata, 84
Tiphia femorata, 69
Vespa crabro, 167
Xestophanes potentillae, 75

LEPIDOPTERA

abdominalis, Argyresthia, 3, 6, plate I

abietaria, Eupithecia, 46, 47, 48, 77
abietella, Dioryctria, 51
abruptaria, Menophra, 46
acrosticta, Heteropalpia, 56
acteon, Thymelicus, plate III
acuta, Chrysodeixis, 46, 147
adjectella, Coleophora, 152
adusta, Mniotype, 49
aegeria, Pararge, 56, 139, 172
ssp. insula, 43
aemulana, Eucosoma, 85
aeratella, Augasma, 151
aeriferanus, Ptycholomoides, 85
aerugula, Nola, 46
aestuariella, Coleophora, 50, 157
agrammella, Coleophora, 152
ahenella, Hypochalcia, 51

albarregas, Altopedaliodes, 38
albella, Coleophora, 152
albicapitella, Paraswammerdamia, 18,19,21, plate II
albida, Masalia, 56
albimaculea, Chambersia, 52
albipuncta, Mythimna, 47
albistria, Argyresthia, 2, 3, 11, 52, plate I
albonotata, Altopedaliodes, 38
albuginana, Pammene, 51, 52
albula, Meganola, 46
albulata, Perizoma, 46
alchymista, Catephria, 56
alecto, Deilephila, 73
alexis, Claucopsyche, 56
alni, Acronicta, 49
alniaria, Ennomos, 73
alnifoliae, Coleophora, 152
alpinella, Platytes, 51
alpium, Moma, 85
alternata, Epirrhoe, 46
alsines, Hoplodrina, 47
Amicto, 57
anceps, Deridea, 56
anceps, Apamea, 47
andereggiella, Argyresthia, 7
anglicella, Parornix, 133
angustana, Eupoecilia, 51
aprilina, Dichonia, 47
arcella, Argyresthia, 8
arceuthina, Argyresthia, 2, 5, plate I
arcuatella, Ectoedemia, 73
arcuella, Olethreutes, 52, 53
argentana, Eana, plate IV
argentina, Spuaiis, 56
argiolus, Celastrina, 139

ab. clara, 43

ab. pallida, 43
argus, Plebejus,

ab. unielongata, 43
Argyresthia spp. 1
che Maaaleea’ 56
armigera, Helicoverpa, 56
artimesicolella, Coleophora, 74
asella, Heterogenea, 85
asiatica,Anumata, 57
assectella, Acrolepiopsis, 50
atala, Eumaeus, 71
atalanta, Vanessa, 56, 75, 76, 173

ab. klemensiewiczi, 41

ab. merrifieldi, 41
Atemelia, 13, 24
atmoriella, Argyresthia, 4
atriplicis, Coleophora, 151
atriplicis, Trachea, 44, 47, 48, 56, 71, 76, 148, plate VI
atropos, Acherontia, 73
atrosignata, Anumeta, 57
aulica, Hyphoraia, 56
aurago, Xanthia, 71, 72
aurinia, Euphydryas, 43, 56

ab. melanolinea, 41
aurulentella, Argyresthia, 3, 6, plate I
australis, Colias, 147
aversata, Idaea, 45
badiipennella, Coleophora, 152
bajularia, Comibaena, plate III
bankiana, Deltote, 46
basaltinella, Bryotropha, 52
baton, Philotes, 56
belladonna, Delias, 81
benenotata, Clytis, 56
berberata, Pareulype, 173
bergiella, Argyresthia, 12
betulae, Metriostola, 53
betulae, Thecla, 43
betulella, Acrolepiopsis, plate IV
bicuspis, Harpyia, 46
bifasciana, Olethreutes, 85
bifractella, Apoda, 149
binderella, Coleophora, 152
biskrensis, Acontia, 57
bisselliella, Tineola, 54
bistellata, Eublemma, 57

Gh

bistriga, Cryptoblabes, 85
Blastotere, 1, 4, 5
blomeri, Discloxia, 49
bonnetella, Argyresthia, 2, 3, 11, plate I
f. ossea, 11
bractella, Oecophora, 52, 74
branderiana, Pseudosciaphila, 85
brassicae, Pieris, 43, 139
britannica, Thera, 85, 168
britanniodactyla, Capperia, 53
brockeella, Argyresthia, 3, 7, 8, plate I
ab. aurivittella, 7
bucephala, Phalera, 72
buettneri, Sedina, 87
caecimaculana, Pelochrista, 53
caeruleata, Lymanopoda, 36, 37
caesiella, Swammerdamia, 18, 19, plate II
caespititella, Coleophora, 157
cagnagella, Yponomeuta, 13, 14, 15, 16, plate II
caja, Arctia, 45, 48, 71
ab. conjuncta, 48
ab. confluens, 48
ab. consolidata, 48
ab. disconjuncta, 48
ab. schizomacula, 48
c-album, Polygonia, 41
f. hutchinsoni, 42
ab. obscura, 43
ab. reichstettensis, 42, 43, plate V
caliginosa, Acostemia, 173
calodactyla, Platytilia, 52
camilla, Ladoga, 86
ab. nigrina, 42
canella, Gymnancycla, 51, 78
cardamines, Anthocharis, 72, 139, plate III
ab. costaenigrata, 43
ab. crassipuncta, 43
ab. nigrocellularis, 43
cardui, Vanessa, 76
ab. elymi, 41
carphodactyla, Leioptilus, 50
carpinella, Parornix, 148, 169, 170
casta, Eucharia, 56
catoptrana, Eucosma, 50
caucana, Lymanopoda, 36, 37
Cedestis, 13, 21
celimene, Colotis, 81
centaureata, Eupithecia, 176
cerasi, Acraea, 81
chalcites, Chrysodeixis, 46, 80, 147
chapmani, Alabonia, 168
chrysocomae, Leioptilus, 52
chryson, Diachrysia, 49
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 82, 175
cidarella, Bucculatrix, 52
cinctaria, Cleora, 47
cinerea, Agrotis, 47, 56
cingillela, Scrobipalpa, plate IV
ciniflonella, Exaeretia, 51
cinxia, Melitaea, 56
circumdata, Acantholipes, 56
cirrigerella, Eurhodope, 149
clavis, Agrotis, 47
cleopatra, Sonepen® 56
clerkella, Lyonetia, 78
clypeiferella, Coleophora, 157
c-nigrum, Xestia, plate III
combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia, 18, 19, plate II
comma, Hesperia, 72
compta, Hadena, 48
compunctella, Swammerdamia, 19,20, plate II
confusa, Macdunnoughia, 56
confusialis, Nola 84
congestella, Monopis, 56
conicolana, Cydia, 51
conjugella, Argyresthia, 2, 3, 9, plate I
t aerariella, 10
f. maculosa, 10
consortella, Cosmiotes, 52
conspicillaris, Egira, 47
f. melaleuca, 47
contaminella, Pediasia, 51

contigua, Lacanobia, 48
coracipennella, Coleophora, 152
coridon, Lysandra, 56

ab. confluens, 43

ab. fowleri, 43, 44

f: ‘apha, 56
carolina Cydia, 148, 164
cornella, Argyresthia, 8
coryli, Colocasia, 49

ab. melanotica, 49
cosmophorana, Cydia, 50
costaestrigalis, Schrankia, 49
c-nigrum, Xestia, 46
crassa, Agrotis, 48, 148, plete VI
crassalis, Hypenia, 49, 8:
crataegella, Scythropia, 25, plate II
crataegi, Aporia, 44, 56
crataegi, Trichiura, 48
craterella, Chrysocrambus, 49
crepusculella, Opostegia, 54
cribrella, Myelois, 50
croceus, Colias, 43, 56
cuculata, Catarhoe, 45
culiciformis, Synanthedon, 48
cupressata, Thera, 44, plate VI
currucipennella, Coleophora, 151, 153
curtula, Clostera, 85
curvella, Argyresthia, 4, 8, 11, plate I
decolorella, Blastobasis, 53
daedalus, Hamanumida, 81
debiliata, Chloroclystis, 85
deceptoria, Deltote, 148
defoliaria, Erannis, 162
delunella, Eudonia, 52
deplana, Eilema, 47, 49, 175
deplana, Pelosia, 48
derivalis, Paracolax, 85
deviella, Coleophora, 156
dia, Clossiana, 56
didyma, Melitaea, 56, 78
dilectella Argyresthia, 1, 4, 5, 52, 53, plate I
dipotamica, Sumeria, 56
dispar, Lycaena, 56

ssp. batavus, 44
dispunctella, Elachista, 54
disputaria, Tephrina, 56
distans, Oxyptilus, 53
distentella, Phyllonorycter, 51
divisella, Mompha, 54
domestica, Cryphia, 72
dominula, Callimorpha, 49
drurella, Chrysoesthia, 149
dryas, Minois, 56
drymo, Othomia, 81
eberti, Anumeta, 57
elinguaria, Crocallis,

ab. fusca, 46, plate VI
elpenor, Deilephila, 71
ephippella, Argyresthia, 10
Erebia spp. 35
erone, Colotis, 81
erxlebella, Roeslerstammia, 24, plate II
Euhyponomeuta, 13
euphorbiae, Hyles, 56
euphrosyne, Boloria, 43, 44

ab. confluens, 41

ab. pittonii, 41
eurema, Trifurcula, 52
evonymella, Yponomeuta, 13, 14, plate II
exanthemata, Cabera, 45
exigua, Spodoptera, 56
excisa, Panes 39
exclamationis, Agrotis,

ab. posteli, 47
extersaria, Paradarsia, 48
extimalis, Evergestis, 77
fagi, Stauropus, 56, 80, 84
fagivora, Parornix, 148, 169, 170, plate II
fasciapennella, Kessleria, 17, plate V
fasciaria, Hylaea, 45
ferruginella, Monopis, 76
filipendulae, Zygaena, 48

flammealis, Endotricha, 51
flavicaput, Spuleria, 53
flavifrontella, Pseudatemelia, 54
flaviventris, Synanthedon, 49
fletcherella, Scythris, 53, 54
florentina italica, Lycia, 175
florida, Diarsia, 45, 87
floslactella, Stigmella, 73
flucuata, Xanthorhae, 45
fluctuosa, Tetheella, 85
fluxa, Photedes, 48
formosa, Pempelia, 54
forsterana, Lozotaenia, 51
franciscae, Penrosada, 36
fraxinata, Eupithecia, 45
fraxinella, Prays, 24, 49, plate II
f. rustica, 24
friesei, Ocnerostoma, 22, 23, plate II
frischella, Coleophora, 51, 1
frugalis, Mocis, 56
fuciformis, Hemaris, 56
fuliginaria, Parascotia, 46, 48, 84, 85
fulminea, Ephesia, 56
fundella, Argyresthia, 12
funebrana, Cydia, 53
funebris, Anania, 50
funerella, Ethmia, 53
furuncula, Mesoligia, 46
fuscatella, Lampronia, 78
fuscicornis, Coleophora, 153
fuscolimbatus, Pterophorus, 52
fuscosa, paludis, Amphipoea, 48
fuscovenosa, Idaea, 48
galactodactyla, Pterophorus, 51
galathea, Melanargia, 72, plate III
gallagheri, Armada, 57
gallicana, Cydia, 53
gamma, eee ha, 173
gardesanella, Coleophora, 156
geminipuntcta, Archanara, 49
geoffrella, Alabonia, 168
gerningana, Philedone, 50, 53
geryon, Adscita, 46
gilvago, Xanthia, 46
glabratella, Argyresthia, 1, 2, 4, plate I
glaucicolella, Coleophora, 149, plate I
glaucinella, Argyresthia, 4, 9, 49, plate I
goedartella, Argyresthia, 1, 2, 3, 7, plate I
f. literella, 7
f. splendidula, 7
gothica, Orthosia, 47
gracilis, Orthosia, 47
gracilis, Plusia putnami, 45
griseata, Lithostege, 46
griseocapitella, Swammerdamia, 18
griseella, Trifurcula, 52
griseola, Eilema, 49, 80
ab. stramineola, 49
grossulariata, Abraxas, 80
gryphipennella, Coleophora, 73
gularis, Paralipsa, 52
sseleniella, Cedestis, 21, plate II
arrisella, Phyllonorycter, 49
hastata, Rheumaptera, 48
ssp. nigrescens, 47
hedemanni, Atomorpha, 57
hemerobiella, Coleophora, 54, 73, 74
hemidactylella, Caloptilia, plate IV
hepariella, Zelleria, 18, 161, plate II
hepatariella, Levipalpus, 51
hepatica, Lithophane, 48
heroldella, Swammerdamia, 18
heterodactyla, Pselnophorus, 52
hilgerti, Anumeta, 57
hirtaria, Lycia, 45
huilana, Lymanopoda, 39
hyale, Colias, 56, 76, 147
hydrolapathella, Coleophora, 152
hyperatnus, Aphantopus, 139
ab. arete, 44
icarus, Polyommatus, 80, 139, plate III
ab. basielongata, 44

ab. discoelongata, 44
illigerella, Epermenia, 53
illuminatella, Argyresthia, 1, 4, S, plate I
illutana, Cydia, 53
impressella, Monopis, 56
incarnatella, Rhigognosis, 54
incongruella, Amphisbatis, 52
inconspicuella, Dahlica, 50
inconspicuella, Marycia, 54
innexa, Gnamptonyx, 56
insectella, Haplotinea, 54
instabilella, Scrobipalpa, 53
interpunctella, Plodia, 81
inulae, Coleophora, 151, 156
io, Inachis, 139
ionius, Lymanopoda, 39
ipsilon, Agrotis, 173
iris, Aptura,

ab. iolata, 42

ab. lugenda, 42
irriguata, Eupithecia, 48
irrorella, Yponomeuta, 13, 16, plate II
ivella, Argyresthia, 3, 7, plate I
jacobaeae, Callimorpha,

ab. albescens, 48

Jacobaeae, payee, late III
japhleta, Pedaliodes, 37
Juniperata, Thera, yplate Ill
Haas Maniola, 139

bilateral gynandromorph, 42, plate V

ab. anommata, 43

ab. antiaurolancea, 42

ab. antialba, 43

ab. anticastanea, 42

ab. atrescens, 42, 43

spp. cassiteridum, 43

ab. cinerea, 42

ab. crassipuncta, 42

ab. fracta, 42, 43

ssp. iernes, 42

ab. postmultiidus, 42
juventina, Callopistria, 56
kabylaria, Drasteria, 57
Kessleria, 13
klimechi, Scrobipalpa, 148
kneuckeri, Acrobyla, 57
laburnella, Leucoptera, 78
lactea, Lymanopoda, 39
lactearia, Jodis, 48
laevigatella, Argyresthia, 1, 2, 4, 5
l-album, Paropta, 56
lanestris, Eriogaster, 71
lapella, Metzneria, 72
lassella, Coleophora, 52, 156, 157
lathonia, Issona, 56
lautella, Phyllonorycter, 86
leautieri, Lithophane, 45
leucocheilus, Pedaliodes, 37
leucographa, Cerastis, 48
leucostigma, Calaena, 49
libatrix, Scoliopteryx, plate III
lichenaria, Cleorodes, 45
lienigianus, Leioptilus, 73
ligustri , Craniophora, 48
ligustri, Sphinx, 47

ab. albescens, 47

ab. obscura, 47

ab. palida, 79
limoniella, Goniodoma, 151
linearia, Cyclophora, 45, plate V
lineata, Hyles, 46
lineata, Siona, 173
lineatella, Anarsia, plate IV
lineatella, Chrysocrambus, 49
lineola, Eudonia, 50
lineola, Thymelicus, 43, 77
linosyridella, Coleophora, 156
litoralis, Mythimna, plate III
litura, Spodoptera, Bs
liturata, Semiothisa, 45
ljungiana, Argryoteania, 54
locupetella, Mompha, 54

-9-

loreyi, Mythimna, 47, 73
lubricipeda, Spilosoma,
ab. postmagnipuntcata, 83
ab. brunnea, 83
lucapennella, Coleophora, 152
lucella, Ypsolopha, 53
lucida, Tarache, 56
luctuosa, Tyta, 47
lunularia, Selenia, 48
lutarea, Metriotes, 151

lutarea, Swammerdamia, 18, 19, 21, plate II

luteum, Spilosoma, 47

lutipennella, Coleophora, 149
lychnitis, Cucullia, 46

machaon, Papilio, 55

machinella, Coleophora, 156
macularia, Pseudopanthera, plate III

malinellus, Yponomeuta, 13, 14, 15, plate II

malvae, Pyrgus, 72

marcidella, Acrolepiopsis, 52, 148
marginata, Agriopsis, 45
marginata, Lomaspilis, 47, 49, plate, VI
marginea, Tischeria, 73
maritima, Armada, 57
maritimella, Coleophora, 156
maritimus, Chilodes, 47, 49
megera, Lasiommata, 139
melia, Lymanopoda, 39
mendica, Argyresthia, 9
mendica, Diaphora, 47
meticulosa, Phlogophora, 71
metzneriella, Metzneria, 50
miata, Chloroclysta, 49

micale micale, Narathura, 122
microdactyla, Adaina, 50
microtheriella, Stigmella, 73
milhauseri, Hybocampa, 56
millfoliata, Eupithecia, 76, 79
milvipennis, Coleophora, 152
miniata, Miltochrista, 49
minimus, Cupido, 44, plate V
miniosa, Orthosia, 48
mirabilis, Lymanopoda, 40
mnemosyne, Parnassius, 172
modestella, Metriotes, 151
moeniacella, Coleophora, 157
molesta, Cydia, 51

monacha, Lymantria, 48
murina, Amicta, 57
muripennella, Coleophora, 157
mutatella, Dioryctria, 51

napi, Pieris, 75, 139

nerii, Daphnis, 73

neurica, Archanara, 46
neuropterella, Metzneria, 51
neustria, Malacosoma, 80
nevada, Lymanopoda, 36, 39
ni, Trichoplusia, 44, 56
nigricostana, Endothenia, 49
nitidella, Argyresthia, 11
notata, Semiothisa, 48

notha, Archiearis, 48

nubilalis, Ostrinia, 52
nymphaeta, Elophila (Nymphula), 52
nymphagoga, Catocala, 56
obeliscata, Thera, 49

obsoleta, Mythimna, 45, 48, 49, 85
obstipata, Orthonama, 46
ocellea, Euchromius, 47, plate 1V
ochrea, Coleophora, 153
ochroleuca, Eremobia, 46
Ocnerostoma, 13, 22

olivana, Olethreutes, 53
oliviella, Esperia, 50

00, Dicycla, 46, 48

opima, Orthosia, 47

or, Tethea, 48, 84

orbitella, Coleophora, 54
orobi, Leucoptera, 78

ostrina, Eublemma, 47
oxyacanthella, Swammerdamia, 18

padella, Yponomeuta, 13, 14, 15, 16, plate II

palealis, Sitochroa, 77
paleamon, Carterocephalus, 76
paleana, Aphelia, 53

pallens, Mythimna, 71, plate III
pallorella, Agonopterix, 53
pallustris, Athetis, 46, 48
palpella, Aplota, 54, 148
palpina, Pterostoma, 71
paludella, Calamatropha, 53
palumbella, Pempelia, 52
pamphilus, Spang Sd 139

aphia, Ar; is, 55, 72

ae peiay hes 41, 42, 44

mixed gynandromorph, 42, plate V

ab. nigricans, 41

ab. ocellata, 41

f. valezina, 41, 42, 44, plate V
paramera, Lymanopoda, 39
parasitella, Ephestia, 51, plate IV
Paraswammerdamia, 13, 18
pariana, Choreutis, 54
paripunctella, Teleiodes, 54, 73
parthenoides, Mellicta, 56
passerella, Swammerdamia, 19, plate II
pastinum, Lygephila, 48
paupella, Ptocheuusa, 149
pauperana, Eucosma, 50
pectinataria, poses, 47, plate VI
peltigera, Heliothis, 44, 45
pennaria, Colotois, 71
pentadisca, Monopis, 56
perlucidalis, Phlyctaenia, 51
perplexa, Hadena, 46
persicariae, Melanchra,

ab. unicolor, 48
perviaria, Tephrina, 56
petasitis, Hydraecia, 45
phlaeas, Lycaena, plate III
phoebe, Melitaea, 56
piercei, Aethes, 54
pieridina, Lymanopoda, 39
pilella, Nematopogon, 50
piletta, Pedaliodes, 37
pinastri, Hyloicus, 56
pini, Dendrolimus, 56
piniariella, Ocnerostoma, 22, 23, plate II
pinivora, Thaumetopoea, 56
plantaginella, Scrobipalpa, 53
plantaginis, Parasemia,

f. hospita, 46
plumbella, Yponomeuta, 13, 16, plate II
plumbeolata, Eupithecia, 85
podalaris, Iphiclides, 55
poesia, Pedaliodes, 37, 38
polychloros, Nymphalis, 43

ab. testudo, 41, plate V
polycommata, Trichopteryx, 45
polygrammata, Costaconvexa, 175
polyodon, Actinotia, 75, 147
polyxaena, Zerynthia, 72
populella, Anacampis, 53
populeti, Orthosia, 48
populi, Laothoe, 45
porata, Cyclophora, 48
porphyrana, Eudemis, 53, 54
postvittana, Epiphyas, 161
potatoria, Philudoria, 80
praecocella, Argyresthia, 2, 3, 5, plate I
prasina, Anaplectoides, 45
Prays, 13, 24
profundana, Eudemis, plate 1V
pronubella, Roeslerstammia, 24, plate II
propinquella, Agonopterix, 53
proserpina, Proserpinus, 56
pruinata, Pseudoterpna,48

ssp. atropunctaria, 47
prunaria, Angerona, 48, plate VI
pruni, Strymonidia, 43
pruniella, Argyresthia, 2, 3, 10, plate I
genolies. Coleophora, 152

seudoswammerdamia, 13, 18

pudibunda, Dasychira, 71

-10-

pulchella, Argyresthia, 12
pulveraria, Plagodis, 48
purdeyi, Clavigesta, SO
purpurata, Rhyparia, 56
putnami, Plusia, 45
pygmaeata, Eupithecia, 48
pygmaeella, Argyresthia, 3, 8, plate I
pyramidea, Amphipyra, 80
pyrella, Swammerdamia, 19, 20, plate II
pyri, Saturnia, 56, 72
quadra, Lithosia, 56
quadriella, Argyresthia, 7
quadrifasciata, Xanthorhoe, 48
quadripuncraria, Euplagia, 56
quercifoliella, Phyllonorycter, 49
rancidella, Athrips, 75
rapae, Pieris, 79, 139

ab. fasciata, 43
ramburialis, Diasemiopsis, 47
ramosella, Coleophora, 156
ravida, Spaelotis, 45, 46
reducta, Limenitis, 56
regificella, Elachista, 54
remmi, Mesapamea, 44, 46, 71, 148
repandaria, Epione, 47
resinella, Petrova, 50
reticulatum, Eustroma, 47, 74
retinella, Argyresthia, 4, 9, 12, plate I
rhamni, Gonepteryx, 139
rhomboidea, Xestia, 45
ribeata, Deileptenia, 48, 85
ripae, Agrotis, plate III
roboraria, Boarmia, 48
roboris, Phyllonorycter, 49
Roeslerstammia, 13, 24
rorrella, Yponomeuta, 13, 14, 15, plate II
rostralis, Hypena, 75
rubi, Diarsia, 45, 48
rubiginosana, Epinotia, 49
rubricollis, Atolmis, 46
ruficiliana, Falseuncaria, 54
tuficornis, Drymonia, 45, 47
rurestrana, Celypha, plate IV
turicolella, Nemapogon, 54
rushi, Eublemma, 5
sabella, Arenipses, 56
saccharopa, Semutophila, 56
sacraria, Rhodometra, 46
sagittigera, Pachetra, 56
salicorniae, Coleophora, 74, 157
sambucaria, Ourapteryx, 71
samius, Lymanopoda, 39
saturatella, Coleophora, 151, 156
saucia, Peridroma,

v. nigricosta, 44
saxifragae, Kessleria, 17, plate II
saxifragae, Stenoptilia, 51
schawerdae, Evisa, 175
schmidti, Lymanopoda, 39
schreberella, Phyllonorycter, 49
schuetzeella, Dioryctria, 51, 77, 85
schumacherana, Olindia, 85
scoliaeformis, Synanthedon, 47
scolopacina, Apamea, 45
scriptella, Teleiodes, 54
Scythropia, 13, 25
secalis, Mesapamea, 148
secundaria, Peribatodes, 85

f. nigrata, 85
sedella, Yponomeuta, 13, 16, 51, plate II
selene, Boloria, 43
semela, Hipparchia,

ab. holanops, 42
semiargus, Cyaniris, 56
semifusca, Argyresthia, 1, 3, 10, 12, plate I
semifusciana, Apotomis, 49
semitestacella, Argyresthia, 3, 12, plate I
senex, Thumatha, plate III
sericata, Polyphaenis, 44, plate VI
serpylletorum, Coleophora, 52, 156
serricornis, Biselachista, 53
sexguttella, Chrosyesthia, 149

signaria, Semiothisa, 44, 45, 46, 148
. ata, Pericyma, 56

aceata, Eceaoneea, 48
sinntlia Euproctis, plate III

ab. nyctea, 48
simulans, Rhyacia, 45, 48
sinuella, Homoeosoma, 50
siterata, Chloroclysta, 49
smeathmanniana, Aethes, 50
solidaginis, Lithomoia, 47, 48
solutella, Lita, 52, 53
sorbiella, srpyrosvies 4, 8, plate I
sororcula, Eilema, 4'
sparagdaria, Thetidia, 173
sparganella, Orthotaelia, 49
spartiella, Anarsia, 52
spheciformis, Synanthedon, 49
spilodactylus, Pterophorus, 54
spilota, Anumeta,
spiniella, Argyresthia, 1, 10
spinosella, Argyresthia, 3, 9, plate I
squamosella, Coleophora, 80
staintonella, Alabonia, 168

stannella, Euhyponomeuta, 17, plate II
stellatarum, Macroglossum, 49, 56, 75, 76

straminea, Anumeta, 56

strangei, Scrobipalpa, 53, plate IV
striatipennella, Coleophora, 52
strigilata, Herminia, 48
strigillaria, Perconia, 84

strigula, Meganola, 48, 49
suadivora, Coleophora, 157
suasa, Lacanobia, 46

subaquilea, Schiffermuelleria, 52, 53
subbimaculella, Ectoedemia, 86
subbistrigella, Mompha, 51
subfasciella, Cedestis, 21, 22, plate II
subocellea, Reuttia, 79

subtusa, Ipimorpha, 85

suecicella, Syncopacma, 148, plate IV
surcoufi, Anumeta, 57

suspecta, Parastichis, 47, 48
suspectana, Pammene, 50
suspiro, Pedaliodes, 37

svenssoni, Stigmella, 52
Swammerdamia, 13, 18

sylvata, Abraxas, 46

sylvata, Hydrelia, 85

sylvaticella, Coleophora, 53
sylvestris, Thymelicus, 77, 139
taenialis, Schrankia, 85
taeniipennella, Coleophora, 51
tamesis, Coleophora, 52
tenebrosana, Cydia, 53
tetralunaria, Selenia, 74
Thaumetopoea, 71

therinella, Coleophora, 50, 52, 157
thoracella, Bucculatrix, 52
thuiella, Argyresthia, 12

tiliae, Mimas, 47, 72

tinctella, Schiffermuelleria, 54
tithonus, Pyronia, 139

tityrella, Stigmella, 73

tityrus, Heodes, 56

tityus, Hemaris, 56

torquatella, Atemelia, 24, plate II
triatomea, Elachista, 49

tricolor, Coleophora, 151, 153
tridactyla, Pterophorus, 52
tridens, Calamia, 87

trifasciata, Argyresthia, 1, 3, 6, plate I
trifolii, Zygaena, 48

trigammica, Charanyca, 47
trigemina, Abrostola, 45,
trigeminata, Idea, 48
trigeminellam See es 153
triplasia, Abrostola, 71

tristalis, Paraclox, 85

tritophus, Tritophia, 56
opioids, Coleophora, 149
turbidella, Ectoedemia, 54
turcorum, Iranada, 57

ait

uliginosellus, Crambus, 54
umbrana, Acleris, 51
unangulata, Euphyia, 46, 49
uncula, Deltote, 48
unicolor, Canephora, 56
unipunctata, Mythimna, 46
unipunctella, Phyllocnistis, 78
unitana, Aphelia, 52, 53
unitella, Batia, 49
upupana, Ancylis, 52
urticae, Aglais, 139

ab. conjuncta, 41
venata, Ochlodes, 139
venustula, Elaphria, 47, 85
versicolor, Oligia, 45
vetulata, Philereme, 48
vetusta, Heteropalpia, 56
v-flava, Oinophila, 52
vibicegerella, Coleophora, 151, 156
vibicella, Coleophora, 153
viciae, Zygaena, 173
vier eema, 6 Yponomeuta, 16, 51

asama,

villica, Arctia, 76
vilosella, Pachythelia, 75
virginiensis, Vanessa, 43
viridata, Chlorissa, 46
viriplaca, Heliothis, 46, 48
viscarella, Caryocolum, 53
vittata, Orthonama, 48
viventieri, Lymanopoda, 39
vulnerariae, Coleophora, 156
xenia, Phyllocnistis, 78
xylostella, Plutella, 50
Yponomeuta, 13
Zelleria, 13
zonaria, Lycia, 47

ab. obscura, 47

OTHER INSECTS

Bacillus cyprius, 73

B. rossius, 73
Eurycantha calcarata, 170
Gomphus vulgatissimus, 79
Hynes talpee, 163

antis religiosa, 170

Osmylus fulvicephalus, 174
Platycleis, 70
Proisotoma filifera, 148

P. fitchi, 148
Sturnidoecus sturni, 167
Tetrix subulata, 70
Tramea sp. 177
Yaukianura aphoruroidea, 148

ARACHNIDA

Achaeranea lunata, 85
Aelorinius vittatus, 73
Aelurillus v-insignitis, 73
Agyneta conigera, 84
Aotearoa magna, 178
Araneus quadratus, 73
Argas vespertilionis, 167
Argiope bruennichi, 72, 90
Atypus affinis, 69, 84
Centuroides sculpturatus, 170
Cercidia prominens, 85
Clubonia corticalis, 73
Dictyna arundinacea, 72
Dolomedes fimbriatus, 178

D. minor, 178
Popeelintes jacksonii, 85

cronyssus diversipilis, 148

Micaria subopaca, 85
Micrommata virescens, 72
Philodromus rufus, 85
Pianoa isolata, 178
Pirata tenuitarsus, 85

P. uliginosus, 85
Pistius truncatus, 73

Salticus scenicus, 172
Sericopleura commune, 73
Theridion blackwalli, 85

T. pictum, 85
Thomiscus annitus, 73

T. onustus, 72, 73
Trochosa terricola, 73
Xysticus cristatus, 72

X. ulmi, 85
Zodarion italicum, 84

CRUSTACEA AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Agriolimax sp. 90

Aphrodite aileata: 72
Asterias rubens, 72

Carcinus maenas, 72
Chirocephalus diaphanus, 70
Cochlicella acuta, 163
Helicella spp. 163

Helix spp. 163

Leiostyla anglica, 143
Phallusia mammillata, 72
Triops cancriformis, 70
Vitraea sp. 31

Zenobiella subrufescens, 143

PLANTS

Abies alba, 4, 12

A. nordmanniana, 12
Acacia, 74, 167
Acer campestre, 85

A. pseudoplatanus, 64, 144
Achillea millefolium, 50, 79

A. ptarmica, 156
Aesculus, 9, 77
Agarics, 97-101

iaria, 64
Alisma pier aguas 66
Alnus, 7, 8, 60, 61, 62, 63, 144, 153
Anthyllis vulneraria, 66, 156
Arabis, 73
Arctium, 50
Armeria maritima, 66
Artemisia, 73

A. maritima, 80, 156

A. vulgaris, 74, 156
Aster tripolium, 156
Auricularia, 98

Betula, 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 24, 49, 51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 63, 68, 71, 78,
144

B. nana, 20
Boleti, 97-101
Calendula, 45
Cantharellus, 97
Carduus, 157
Carex lasiocarpa, 149
Carpinus betulus, 64, 144
Castanea sativa, 144
Centaurea nigra, 51, 53, 148, 153
C. scabiosa, 53
Chamaecyparis, 5
Cirsium, 157
C. arvense, 53
Clavaria, 98
Corylus, 7, 12, 58, 64, 65, 73, 74
Cotoneaster, 25

Crataegus, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 25, 54, 59, 60, 62, 63, 73, 82,

133, 144

Cupressus, 44
Cycads, 71
Daucus, 59, 62, 70

D. carota, 64, 66, 69, 77
Deschampsia cespitosa, 162
Descurainia, 66

D. sophia, 66
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, 77
Doica urticae, 62
Dolichus biflorus, 165
Epilobium montanus, 51

E. obscurum, 54

Erigeron acre, 80

Equisetum, 61, 135

Euonymus, 14
E. europaeus, 15, 16
E. japonica, 15

Eupatori cannabinum, 50

Fagus, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 144, 170
F. sylvatica, 12, 73

Festuca ovina, 54

Fraxinus 18, 25, 82, 144, 161

Fungi (general), 31, 57, 62, 64, 97-101

Galeopsis tetrahit, 64 ,66
Ganoderma, 63
Genista pilosa, 52, 148

G. tinctoria, 156
Hedera helix, 51, 59, 66
Helianthemum, 54

H. chamaecistus, 153
Heracleum, 50, 59, 69, 106

H. sphondylium, 60, 78
Humulus, 75
Hypoxylon, 99
Ilex, 77, 166
Jasione nen 63
Juncus bulbosus, 51

J. effusus, 157
Juniperus, 18

J. communis, 5, 6

J. phoenicea, 6

J. sabina, 6

J. thurifera, 6
Lactarius, 100
Kentranthus ruber, 76
Larix decidua, 4,

L. kaempferi, 4
Ligustrum, 73
Limonium vulgare, 151
Lotus corniculatus, 52, 66

L. uliginosus, 65
Luzula campestris, 157

L. pilosa, 54
Lycoperdon, 99
Lysimachia vulgaris, 61, 70
Lythrum salicaria, 64, 66

alus, 7, 9, 14, 15, 20

M. domestica, 54

M. sylvestris, 54
Marrubium vulgare, 54
Matricaria, 62
Medicago lupulina, 65
Mercurialis annua, 62
Myosotis, 66
Myrica, 47, 54, 73

M. gale, 52, 59
Nastrutium officinale, 61
Olea europea, 171
Onobrychis viciifolia, 65
Ononis spinosa, 65
Ophrys sphegodes, 72
Origanum vulgare, 79
Paeonia, 81
Parnassia palustris, 17
Pastinaca, 59
Peplis portula, 64
Peziza, 98
Phalaris arundinacea, 148
Phallus, 97
Phragmites, 136
Picea, 149, 168, 175

P. abies, 5, 12
Pinus, 22, 51, 57, 62, 77, 144, 177

P. sylvestris, 21, 22
Pittosporum crassifolium, 52
Plantago lanceolata, 51
Polygonum, 57

P. aviculare, 151

P. persicaria, 66
Polypilus, 98
Polyporus, 98

P. sulphureus, 82
Populus, 77

P. canescens, 54

P. tremula, 63, 144, 148
Potentilla angiics, 75

P. aurea, 75

P. nepalensis, 75

P. reptans, 75

P. x tonguei, 75
Primula, oS
Prunus, 174
P. cerasus, 11, 15
P. padus, 10, 63, 66
P. persica, 51
Pp qe, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21,
, 66, BE

Pulicaria dysenterica, 156
Pyrus, 20, 174
Quercus, 9, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61, 66, 68,
73, 81, 86, 144, 165
Ribes, 172
Rosa, 174
Rosmarinus officinalis, 170
Rubus, 70, 133
R. idaeus, 64
Rumex hydrolapathum, 152
Salicornia europaea, 157
S. fragilis, 157
S. ramosissima, 157
Salix, 8, 9, 57, 144
S. alba, 16
S. cinerea, 16
S. fragilis, 162
S: eae 68
Salsola kali, 78
Sambucus, 62
Saxifraga aizoides, 17
S. hirstua, 17, 51
S. oppositifolia, 17
S. spathularis, 17
Scleroderma, 98
Scrophularia, 78
Sedum telephium, 16, 17
Senecio, 61
Silybum marianum, 176
Sisymbrium, 66
S. officinale, 66
Solidago, 52
S. virgaurea, 148, 157
Sorbus, 59
S. aucuparia, 8, 10, 12, 20, 21, 144
Stachys palustris, 63
Stellaria holostea, 151
Suaeda maritima, 157
Thalictrum flavum, 63
Thuya, 12
Thymus, 52, 63
Tilia, 24, 62, 144, 174
Tx vulgaris, 52
Trifolium, 51
T. repens, 64, 153
T. subterraneum, 83
eae maritima, 53
. palustris
Tuber, 99, 100
Typha, 76, 135
T. angustifolia, 136
T. latifolia, 136
Ulmus, 24, 49, 68, 122, 144
Urtica dioica, 62
Veronica beccabunga, 66
V. serpyllifolia, 59
Vicia cracca, 66
V. tetrasperma, 153

=13-

OTHER PABULA

Bamboo, 54

Birds’ nests, 34,56
Carrion, 31, 169
Cellars, 174

Charcoal of bonfire, 75
Coconut, 62

Dung, 65

Grapes, 54

Hay and straw, 54
Lichens, 54

Moles’ nests, 83, 149, 163, 169
Peanuts, 52

Poultry house, 170
Rabbit burrows, 62
Railway sleepers, 61
Rock cracks, 62

Rotten fruit, 83

Sand martins’ nests, 169
Shingle, 63

Slug eggs, 31

Smut, 64

Snails, 31, 162
Squirrels’ dreys 132
Stored products, 75, 165
Sunflower seeds, 52
Sweetcorn, 52

Wooden broom head, 162

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Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

The correct abbreviation of THIS Volume is:
‘Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 20°

Vol. 20
1987

Published at the Society's Rooms: The Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street,
London, W.1., and printed by Bocardo Press Ltd, Oxford.

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 l

THE BRITISH ARGYRESTHIINAE
AND YPONOMEUTINAE

by Davin J.L. AGassiz
The Rectory, 10 High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU
With colour photographs by G.B. SENIOR

THE BRITISH ARGYRESTHIINAE

Moths of the genus Argyresthia are familiar to most entomologists because some
species are so common; the tumbling flight among birch trees of A. goedartella, for
example, must have been seen by almost every field worker. They are easily
recognised by their resting attitude for they ‘stand on their heads’ with the abdomen
and hind legs elevated at a considerable angle to the surface. The name Argyresthia
means silver garment, and many of the species are of shining silver or gold coloration.

The species form a compact group. They all have one brood in the summer, there is
similarity in their size and appearance and the majority have shoot-feeding larvae; for
this reason some species are known as economic pests. Two species have larvae living
in berries or fruit and another in bark.

There are at present 22 species known to be resident in Britain. A. trifasciata has
also been found and could become established. The number has been reduced in
recent years, for A. i/luminatella seems to have been recorded from our Islands only
in error and A. spiniella has been sunk as a synonym of A. semifusca. It is conceivable
that one or two other continental species could be found here, especially those
feeding on conifers.

CLASSIFICATION

All authors seem to agree that the genus Argyresthia is closely related to the
Yponomeutidae. Many continental authors have tended to regard the species treated
as belonging to a family Argyresthiidae alongside Yponomeutidae and related
families. British authors, and more recently Schnack in the Danish list, have
restricted them to subfamily rank within the Yponomeutidae. This notation is
followed as I would not venture to revise the higher classification.

Within the subfamily there was originally the one genus Argyresthia, although
Meyrick distinguished two groups within it which differed in wing venation. Pierce
and Metcalfe placed three species in Blastotere on account of the corniform signum in
the female genitalia, however their specimens of i//uminatella which they cited as the
type species were misidentified specimens of glabratella. A. illuminatella has a
scobinate signum more like the rest of Argyresthia.

More recently some continental authors have assigned the species which Meyrick
called group A to the genus Blastotere and his group B to Argyresthia. In Kloet &
Hincks (2nd edition) these groupings are accepted as subgenera which seems a good
solution in view of the strong generic similarity in other respects. However dilectella is
placed by them in the wrong subgenus.

IDENTIFICATION

Most species can be identified readily by the wing pattern. Caught examples of the
unicolorous conifer-feeding species /aevigatella and glabratella can be more difficult
to separate as the colour is liable to change with time. In this case the genitalia,

2 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

especially of the females, are quite distinct. For the most part it is not necessary to
make dissections, and the genitalia, which are weakly sclerotised, may not make
certain determination easy. For this reason it has not been felt necessary to illustrate
them in this paper.

The majority of moths are likely to be taken in the vicinity of their foodplants, and
whilst this cannot be relied on for identification it may well give a helpful clue. This is
especially so for example with pruniella and bonnetella.

Hasits

Larvae of most species can be found in affected shoots in the spring, the two
berry-feeding species praecocella and conjugella being obtainable in the late summer.
Most will be found readily as adults by tapping branches of their host plant in dull
weather over a beating tray. This method is particularly effective for juniper-feeding
species. All species are on the wing in the day, some also come to light at night, the
very common species goedartella and laevigatella being two of the more likely ones to
be encountered in this way.

The majority of species are monophagous, but a few will infest two or more species
of tree as given in the description of species. Most species are widespread and often
common throughout the British Isles where their foodplants occur. A few become
rare or absent as one moves northwards and westwards.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS

Head with tuft of hairs above, face smooth, labial palpi fairly long and pointed,
terminal segment about as long as second; antenna: scape with pecten below,
flagellum %4 length of forewing, annulated. Forewing elongate ovate; hindwing
lanceolate. Hindleg with two pairs of tibial spurs, midleg with one pair.

Male genitalia: uncus absent, gnathos developed into a pair of lobes with
specialised scales, valvae weak, ovate; aedeagus long and simple. Saccus variable. On
the eighth abdominal segment is a two- or three-pronged plate often of a
characteristic shape for each species. A pair of long coremata in eighth segment.

Female genitalia: simple, ductus usually bearing a sclerotised ring below the
ostium, signum usually scobinate with two prongs. In /aevigatella and glabratella the
signum is corniform, single and variable in the former, double in the latter.

GENUS ARGYRESTHIA HUBNER

i. | Forewing unicolorous, or nearly unicolorous’ -..-.2-.5-.:- +. «oer ee fz
—— Forewing not unicolorous--s..- = foe eee cee nt ee 11
2. Forewing deep purplish browm'er brown!’ .5-2-.-.--5-. ssc. eae nee 3
— Forewing apale colour or shining bronzy gold —-!-:.....-. ea eee 4
3. Head and forewing deep purplish brown .................. conjugella (part)
— Head white, forewing purplish brown or brown .............. albistria (part)
Go © PNOLAX WHILE Soin Bog ts vie ce othe cece ses eee ce oo meee en 5
Thorax not whtes 34. sae tesa ce nedde teat OOF ee eee ee ee 6

).) Borewinge shimmp golden: § 52:05, ie oe eodouso oie, Me eee arceuthina
— Forewing creamy white, a few fuscous scales at apex ....... bonnetella (part)
6. Forewing greyish or greyish ochreous, head ochreous ................+00- 7
— Forewing golden, yellowish or pale greyish ochreous, head not ochreous ...8
7. Forewing shimiig mid-orey or Drolzy stey...:.™...0). 0.) eee laevigatella

Forewing pale shining grey or greyish ochreous ................. glabratella

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 3

18.

19:

Forewing golden metallic, moth associated with birch or alder ............ 9
Forewing pale brown or ochreous, associated with juniper ............... 10
Horewing,. deep DIONZy POlA aria. « accpajerpencye slpahsmsagsm steps lielsts brockeella (part)
Hone wing ellowisbigoOld. 26 <8. 5. sticyecd one mpspes sicly depres siete goedartella (part)
Forewing broad, yellowish or pale brown, adult May. ........... praecocella
Forewing narrow, greyish ochreous, adult July toSeptember .... aurulentella
Forewing with basal third white, except on costa .................5.5. ivella
Basal.third withimore maskings 34:icthaocay)> 2: ons Beier -meteaies a « « 12
Forewing with a white or ochreous dorsal streak, uninterrupted for at least the
AEST EITGOMAOTSUM ye eek eee nk eae a eee wid ion Si oiate se ate 13
Forewing with dorsum darker, or interrupted before /2 ................. P|
Forewing with a second white streak along fold ................ abdominalis
Withoutasecond!stneake o,.ct tatters Ul cent art natin nea, rons vst alts ae 14
White dorsal streak continuous to tornus ................. brockeella (part)
Dorsal streaksnotiteachine tormmus <..9e ee aes. aS IS et Ae Se 15
Dorsal streak terminated by a fascia, distinct at least half way across forewing

Ee Co Soe tna A ae pe Cine ac ath aie eree even iaats Me a ntain mire eras atl 16
Dorsal streak terminated or constricted by a dark spot, not clearly continued
ITMC@raetaASCl ae seen wee trem NG teat eee Me eter attra Ae MeL tS Sete tara Steet ahs 18
Pale markings of forewing ochreous tinged, dark fuscous markings with
PUNPLISMMTEHECHONS: a oN tee ee es ele ee Fe een le nee conjugella (part)
Pale markings of forewing white or creamy white, markings brown ....... 17

Median fascia slender and curved towards termen, nearing costa towards apex
BUS otal ser tk Pires ta ete 12 os Riana aad Ores cas sainaers 9s wauetes shy bonnetella (part)
Median fascia bold, bent outwards to meet or nearly meet the costa before 4 of

AESHOM OGM ae. terycey ak aeretensians fone erences sto hayacs yor bed aisles, ae sams eae she pruniella
Forewing above dorsal streak largely plain golden brown, a large species,
WANES AMC NCES OIE IGN) cree vege ees ciate re susan ... semitestacella
Forewing purplish fuscous, dark brown or brown ...............:0:eseseeeeree seen 19
Forewing with pronounced whitish costal strigulae, markings purplish fuscous,
adults befonemmmiG= July asst «ise tae tc nerds meictatagn Syste cetpseaewt 3 spinosella
Forewing brown, dark brown or purplish brown, with at most shallow costal
strisulae;adullts:attermid—ulyie ety yey tee Sn oeisiey- lee G ee kale lly. 20
Forewing dark brown, dorsal streak interrupted by a well-defined nearly square
SPOteeh tiie Saaee o tn dee as te ain ee US hie las semifusca
Forewing brown, rich brown or purplish brown, dorsal streak tapered or
ODSCUTE Rs Tre eee oes, a ees as inhi albistria (part)
Forewing with three straight white fasciae on gold ............... trifasciata
Borewme withoutthiee clear fasciae 45-2. 3%. eet Ss Soe. Yam. 2 te 22
Rorewing with boldidark fasciamear base. 2-2): 2G8i. a's. 2 eee 23
Forewine without such atascia =. . aiamsereiine seer Loto )-26 stfele ROLE 24

Thorax and tegulae metallic, pale brassy, darker central Y-shaped fascia
normally separated from terminal markings, darker markings golden brass
Se age oy eae LRA eee tats ER ee Popa SS is ri AM Lee a goedartella (part)
Thorax and tegulae white, darker central Y-shaped fascia connected to terminal
markings to form a W-shape, darker markings golden bronze brockeella (part)
Costal half of forewing predominantly pale shining brass ........ pygmaeella
Costal half of forewing reticulated or shining purplish fuscous ............25
Forewing heavily suffused golden brown or deep shining fuscous, markings
TRIGISEUINC Dera aces ere enol ks ens Seto etre serena sole ocene oe ae 26

=

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Forewing with ground colour whitish, with fuscous or brownish reticulation 27

26. Forewing heavily suffused golden brown ................00000005 dilectella
— Forewing shining purplish fuscous, interrupted dorsal streak shining pale

OCHFEOUSRM:.: s57 Soe 20. 0e nts eadee nee shee: «. WS Pee glaucinella
27. Forewing with median fascia replaced by a suffused fuscous spot... . retinella
— Forewing with a curved or bent median fascia .................000000005 28
28. Markings golden brown, associated with rowan ................... sorbiella
— Markings greyish brown, associated with apple .................... curvella

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES

Subgenus Blastotere Retz.

Forewing with veins 7 and 8 stalked.

Argyresthia laevigatella Herr.—Schaff. (atmoriella Bankes) Plate I, Fig. 1

Wingspan 9-13 mm. Head ochreous, face and scape creamy white; antenna ringed
grey and whitish. Thorax and forewing shining bronzy grey, female more ochreous
tinged, hindwing dark grey.

Larva pale yellow, head black with two triangular brownish plates, blackish
posteriorly, prolegs and anal claspers black. It mines a shoot of larch, normally
European (Larix decidua), but also attacks Japanese (L. kaempferi) and the hybrid,
feeding through the winter until April. The leaves beyond the mine become
discoloured and then fall off. Pupa within the mine in May. A circular hole covered
with silk on the underside of the twig betrays its presence. Pupal state lasts about one
month.

On the wing May to July. Comes to light, sometimes well away from larch trees.

Widely distributed throughout the British Isles and often very common amongst
larch plantations, populations occasionally reaching pest proportions.

A. illuminatella Zell.

8-10 mm. Head ochreous-white, foreleg dark brownish; thorax and forewing pale
straw, a slight grey-black costal strip between base and 4.

Larva yellowish-white to pink, head shining black, prothoracic and anal plates
brown. Overwinters until April or May in a shoot of silver fir (Abies alba) causing the
leaves to become discoloured and then the affected tip to drop off; the open end of
the mine is then sealed by the larva with silk. Shortly before pupation the silk is
removed and the pupa is formed at the base of the mine where it is enclosed by a
silken membrane. The pupa has on its head four short spines with which the
membrane is ruptured before emergence.

All records from Britain are misidentitications of /aevigatella or glabratella,
especially the ochreous grey form of the latter. On the continent it is local and
uncommon and is unlikely to occur here when so little of its foodplant is to be found.

A. glabratella (Zell.) Plate 1, Fig. 2

8-11 mm. Head ochreous, face creamy white, scape whitish, antenna ringed light
and dark fuscous. Forewing pale shining greyish ochreous, females more ochreous
than males. Hindwing grey.

The genitalia shown and described as of this species by Pierce & Metcalfe are

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Nn

laevigatella, whereas those named illuminatella are in fact this species.

Larva whitish, head black, prothoracic plate small and grey. In a shoot of Norway
spruce (Picea abies) feeding until April. The pupa is within the mine. A small circular
hole, usually on the underside of the shoot a few cm from the tip betrays its presence.
Leaves of affected shoots become discoloured and eventually fall off.

Adults on the wing May—June.

Widely distributed in Britain, but not recorded from Ireland, records from the
north are few. Sometimes common in plantations.

A. praecocella Zell. Plate I, Fig. 3

9-10 mm. Head and scape ochreous, face greyish; antenna ringed fuscous and
ochreous. Thorax and forewing light ochreous brown. Hindwing grey.

Larva greenish, head light brown; prothoracic plate spotted brown, in green fruits
of juniper (Juniperus communis), July-September. Overwinters as a pupa in a feeble
shining pink cocoon on the ground. It is best found by searching for berries with holes
in during August.

On the wing in May. It may be beaten out of juniper and can be distinguished from
arceuthina by its distinctive colour and slower more direct flight.

Local and seldom common in southern England and the Highlands of Scotland.
There are old records from Nottinghamshire.

A. arceuthina Zell. Plate I, Fig. 4

8-9 mm. Head and thorax white, scape ochreous-white, antenna ringed white and
pale fuscous. Tegulae and forewing shining brass. Hindwing light grey.

Larva mines a shoot of juniper (Juniperus communis), overwintering when small
and feeding up in the spring. Affected shoots dry out and turn yellow. Pupa within the
mine.

Adults on the wing April—June, they may readily be tapped out of the foodplant,
on a dull day a beating tray is useful but they are very lively if it is warm.

Widely distributed in Britain and often common among its foodplant.

A. dilectella Zell. Plate I, Fig. 7

7-9 mm. Head white, scape ochreous, antenna distinctly ringed fuscous and
whitish. Thorax white, tegulae golden. Forewing with ground colour purplish-white,
basal third much suffused brassy-gold with some pale fuscous scales, white along fold
and dorsum. Median fascia oblique, golden brown, from middle of dorsum more or
less joining blotches on costa before 1/2 and at */s. A further indistinct oblique fascia
from tornus and three strigulae on costa. Two fuscous lines in terminal cilia.
Hindwing pale grey.

Larva light green, sometimes with reddish rings, in a shoot of juniper (Juniperus
spp.) including ornamental varieties, and other conifers such as Chamaecyparis spp.,
in which it overwinters until May. In the late spring affected shoots dry out and
become discoloured. Pupa in a cocoon inside a silken web, not within the mine.

Moths on the wing July-August.

Widely distributed in Britain. Often found in gardens as well as on wild junipers.

Subgenus Argyresthia Hubn.

Differs from Blastotere in having veins 7 and 8 of forewing separate.

6 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

A. abdominalis Zell. Plate I, Fig. 5

7-9 mm. Head white, antenna ringed white and pale golden, tegulae golden.
Forewing white, pattern golden orange comprising a broad irregular streak from base
to middle between costa and fold, another between fold and dorsum; median fascia
from dorsum beyond middle outwardly oblique to about half-way across wing, a spot
on costa opposite; a futher inwardly oblique fascia towards tornus sometimes
confluent with costal spot, irroration in the terminal area. A few fuscous scales on
termen below apex, terminal cilia pale brownish-white. Hindwing whitish.

Larva reddish-yellow, spots reddish-brown; head black, prothoracic plate dark
grey, spotted black. In leaves of juniper (Juniperus communis). It is uncertain when
the egg hatches. The larva eats its way from base to tip of a leaf and back, then under
the bark into the next leaf. The leaves become discoloured: only the last eaten has a
hole after the larva has left for pupation. This takes place on the leaves or the ground
in a tissue-like cocoon. The larva is fully grown in May, the pupal state lasting about
three weeks.

Moths on the wing in June and July.

Not uncommon among its foodplant, but local, being recorded only from the
Chilterns and downs of the south of England.

A. aurulentella Staint. Plate I, Fig. 6

7-9 mm. Head light ochreous, scape ochreous, antenna indistinctly ringed whitish
and fuscous. Thorax whitish-ochreous, tegulae golden-ochreous. Forewing
appearing almost unicolorous but with indistinct streaks; ground colour pale greyish
ochreous with pale purple reflections, a golden streak from base below fold towards
tornus, another between costa and fold more or less reaching termen, terminal cilia
ochreous golden. Hindwing whitish, ochreous tinged.

Larva green, posteriorly reddish-tinged, head black, prothoracic and anal plates
slightly darkened. The larva mines leaves of juniper (Juniperus communis) in April
and May; its entry hole is covered with silk and it either uses the same hole or makes
another for exit. Affected leaves remain on the tree and are whitish-yellow,
containing hardly any frass. Pupa in a white network cocoon on the ground,
remaining in this state for about seven weeks.

Adults on the wing in July and into August.

Local throughout Britain, but not recorded from Ireland.

A. trifasciata Staud. Plate I, Fig. 8

c.9mm. Head white, antenna ringed whitish and black, indistinct beneath. Thorax
and tegulae shining golden. Forewing shining golden, white fasciae at one-fifth and
two-fifths, a further oblique fascia at three-fifths, irregular spots at tornus and before
apex tending to form a fourth fascia, white spots on costa at one half and at apex.
Hindwing pale grey.

Larva not known: it is stated by Lhomme to feed on Juniperus sabina, J. phoenicea
and J. thurifera.

The moth is on the wing on the continent from April to June.

One specimen has been recorded in Britain from Hampstead where it was taken by
Mr R.A. Softly on or about 3.vi. 1982. It is possible the species could become locally
established on introduced Juniperus spp.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 i

A. ivella (Haw.) (andereggiella Dup.) Plate I, Fig. 12

This species was originally described by Haworth as [V-ella, the IV being an
attempt to portray the wing pattern (although Stainton comments that this is of
‘doubtful latinity’!), it seems to have been misunderstood as the number 4 giving rise
to the name quadriella.

10-12 mm. Head, thorax and tegulae white, scape ochreous, antenna ringed
ochreous and fuscous. Forewing white, costa suffused ochreous towards base;
median fascia broad and strong on dorsum before middle dark golden brown with
darker edges, it curves towards termen reaching costa at */3, it also branches in a curve
towards base, but this does not reach costa. A further oblique fascia from costa at */s
to tornus also a branch to the apex. Hindwing grey.

Larva pale reddish, head and prothoracic plate brown. It mines a shoot of apple
(Malus spp.) or hazel (Corylus) until May.

Adults on the wing in July and August.

Local in England as far north as Durham.

A. brockeella (Hiibn.) Plate I, Figs 13-15

10-12 mm. Head, thorax and tegulae white; scape ochreous, antenna ringed
ochreous and fuscous. Forewing most simply described by taking as chief colour the
dark shining bronze, basal area white, a white fascia at /3, broader on dorsum,
beyond this three white spots on costa and one on dorsum before tornus. Hindwing
grey.

There is considerable variation which happens principally in two ways; firstly the
pattern is modified in a variety of ways: in ab. aurivittella Haw. (Fig. 14) the bronze
coloration is modified to form an irregular streak from base to apex, costa and
dorsum remaining white. Such forms occur widely with the type but are seldom
common. Secondly the white becomes suffused with bronze and in the most extreme
form (Fig. 15) the pattern is scarcely discernible. In such specimens the head and
thorax also become dark coloured. This variation is also infrequent and local, e.g. in
Argyll and the Isles. Intermediate forms of all kinds occur between the type and both
extremes described.

Larva pinkish-brown, head brown, prothoracic plate blackish-edged. In late
summer it feeds on a bud of birch (Betula spp.) or alder (Alnus). Later the larva
usually goes into a male catkin where it hibernates almost fully fed, in a partially spun
hibernaculum. Tenanted catkins are often distorted or dried up; frass is ejected
through a hole at the tip. Pupates in May on the ground or under bark.

Adults early June to mid July or later.

Widely distributed and often common throughout Britain.

A. goedartella (L.) Plate I, Figs 16-17

10-12 mm. Head and scape white, antenna ringed fuscous and white, thorax pale
brassy, tegulae brassy. Forewing yellowish-white, pattern golden-brassy. A fascia
from ¥4 on dorsum to costa and along costa to base, median fascia Y-shaped,
reaching costa at /3 and 7/3, an oblique fascia from tornus to before termen,
sometimes touching median fascia, and also connected to termen leaving a small
white spot on both costa and dorsum before termen. Hindwing rather dark grey.

There is considerable variation, in f. literella Haw. the fasciae in middle of wing do
not reach costa; in f. splendida Reutti (Fig. 17) the white ground colour is suffused
golden-brass like the pattern, the colour extending to the thorax. Other variation

5 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

includes the interruption of fasciae in a variety of ways. Unicolorous specimens are
less easily distinguished from brockella but the golden coloration is not so deep.

Larva pinkish-ochreous, head shining dark brown, prothoracic plate brown
indistinctly marked with black. In shoots or male catkins of birch (Betula spp.) or
alder (A/nus spp.) until the spring; tenanted catkins are often distorted and have one
or two holes in the side, one often covered with silk, frass is ejected from one of these
holes in the side of the catkin. In late March or April the larvae spin down to pupate
under bark where they can congregate, sometimes remaining many weeks before
pupating although it is not clear whether or not they feed there. Occasionally
pupation occurs on the ground. Pupa in a cocoon, 4—6 weeks.

Adults on the wing June—August.

Very common amongst birch throughout the British Isles.

A. pygmaeella (D. & S.) Plate I, Fig. 18

10-13 mm. Head and scape whitish-ochreous, face pale shining brown, antenna
ringed dark fuscous and whitish. Thorax pale shining yellow, tegulae golden.
Forewing pale shining brass, a gold streak from base to /3 meeting a spot on dorsum
at 4; a transverse streak from dorsum beyond middle, curved towards termen
reaching just over half-way across wing. A small gold dot on costa at 2, an indistinct
third dorsal spot near tornus, apical dot golden-fuscous. Hindwing rather dark grey.

Larva green, prothoracic and anal plates brownish-black. Overwinters until late
April in a leaf-bud of sallow or willow (Salix spp.); it then mines into the core of a
young shoot. Pupa in the feeding place or on the ground.

Adults June—August.

Common throughout the British Isles.

A. sorbiella (Triets.) Plate I, Fig. 19

11-13 mm. Head and scape ochreous-white, antenna ringed ochreous-white and
dark fuscous. Thorax and tegulae ochreous-white. Forewing white, a brown
transverse marking from dorsum at 44 to fold, thence towards base; median fascia
becoming weaker towards costa, a number of irregular costal strigulae and some
mottling in costal half of wing, intensified towards apex and extended to tornus.
Hindwing grey.

_ Larva dull whitish-ochreous, head and prothoracic plate black. In an undeveloped
shoot of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) or whitebeam (S. aria).

Adults on the wing in June and July.

A local species, found more commonly in the north and west of England and
Wales, also in Scotland and Ireland, and it has been recorded as far southeast as Kent.

A. curvella (L.) (arcella (F.) cornella auctt.) Plate I, Fig. 20

Examination of the Linnaean type of curvella shows it to be a senior synonym for
this species (Agassiz, 1987).

10-12 mm. Head and scape white, antenna ringed white and fuscous. Thorax and
tegulae white. Forewing white, transversely brown in basal half, oblique median
fascia brown, further strigulated beyond and an ill-defined fascia from tornus to apex.
Hindwing grey.

There is much variation in the boldness of the markings, the median fascia is
sometimes interrupted or reduced to little more than a spot, at other times it is
connected to the terminal blotch.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 Y)

Larva yellowish-white, head brown, prothoracic and anal plates pale brownish.
From eggs laid on the bark of a branch the larvae emerge and in the spring they eat out
flowering shoots of apple (Malus spp.) causing the flowers to become brown and
deformed. Pupa in a light cocoon on the ground, 3—4 weeks.

On the wing in June and July.

Fairly common throughout Britain; can be a pest in apple orchards.

A. retinella Zell. Plate I, Fig. 9

9-10 mm. Head, thorax and tegulae white, antenna ringed fuscous and white.
Forewing white, irregularly strigulated brownish fuscous, an obscure streak from
near base between costa and fold, median fascia replaced by an ill-defined central
spot, a further diffuse spot before apex, brownish-fucous; dorsal half of forewing
whiter than costal half. Hindwing grey.

Larva yellowish-white, head brown. It feeds in April in shoots and buds of birch
(Betula spp.) causing them to droop (continental authors also give Salix and Quercus
spp.), also in catkins. Pupa in a cocoon on the trunk.

Adults in June and July.

Common throughout the British Isles.

A. glaucinella Zell. Plate I, Fig. 10

8-10 mm. Face and head pale yellowish-white, antenna obscurely ringed whitish
and dark ochreous. Thorax shining yellowish-white, tegulae shining dark bronzy
fuscous; forewing yellowish-white heavily suffused shining dark bronzy fuscous,
median fascia darker than surrounding area, a whitish spot on dorsum before fascia,
some whitish scales towards termen. Hindwing grey.

Larva whitish, head dark brown; in the bark of oak (Quercus spp.) or horse-
chestnut (Aesculus). Its presence may be detected by the red frass exuded from
crevices in the bark; usually mature old trees are affected. Pupa in a cocoon within the
bark.

Adults are to be found in June, seldom seen on the wing, but can be found on the
trunks of host trees, especially in the morning.

Local in Britain, probably overlooked because of its retiring habits.

A. spinosella (Staint.) (mendica Haw.) Plate I, Fig. 11

9—11 mm. Head and thorax white, antenna whitish most distinctly ringed fuscous
on middle segments; Tegulae golden brown. Forewing purplish fuscous, purple
tinged, more brownish gold towards base; a white dorsal streak from base which
diffuses and disappears near tornus. It is interrupted by a median fascia slightly
darker than ground colour. Costal margin irregularly strigulate whitish from just
before the median fascia. Hindwing grey.

Larva pale greyish-green, head and prothoracic plate black, Hatches from the egg
in March and bores into a flowering shoot of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) which it
eats out in about five weeks. Larvae can be beaten out. Pupation takes place ina light
cocoon on the ground, the pupal state lasting about three weeks.

Moths on the wing from May until July.

Widespread in Britain, but scarcer northwards.

A. conjugella Zell. Plate I, Figs 22-24

10-14 mm. Head pale ochreous, scape ochreous, antenna ringed pale ochreous and

10 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

dark fuscous. Thorax anteriorly purplish fuscous, posteriorly pale ochreous, tegulae
purplish fuscous. Forewing ochreous-white, a streak from base along fold, median
fascia obtusely angled towards termen, a costal dot at 2 and some suffusion in
terminal area deep brown, purplish suffusion between fold and subcostal line before
median fascia, further purplish suffusion beyond fascia. Hindwing grey.

f. aerariella Staint. (Fig. 23) has head ochreous-brown, antenna wholly dark
fuscous; thorax, tegulae and forewing unicolorous deep brownish fuscous. Hindwing
grey.

This form is found from Staffordshire and Derbyshire northwards.

f. maculosa Tengst. (Fig. 24) is marked as the typical form, but without any
purplish suffusion. On the ground colour of clear pale ochreous are deep brown
markings: a basal dash along fold, a spot on costa at /2, a spot between them, median
fascia, terminal fascia, terminal spot and two dots near tornus. Hindwing grey.

A local and uncommon form found mostly in Scotland and Ireland.

Larva dull whitish-yellow, pink when fully grown, head, prothoracic and anal
plates pale brown. In unripe berries of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) from June to
August. The young larva hatches from the egg in just under two weeks and bores into
the green fruit where it becomes fully fed in about six weeks, tenanted berries redden
prematurely and are often spun together. The larva then descends to the ground ona
silk thread and just beneath the surface spins a double-walled cocoon, the inner layer
being dense and silky, the outer being an open network. Usually it hibernates as a
pupa, but sometimes as a fully grown larva. On the continent it also attacks apples
and other fruits causing extensive damage.

Adults on the wing from May to July.

Generally distributed throughout the British Isles, commoner northwards.

A. semifusca (Haw.) (spiniella Zell.) Plate I, Fig. 25

10-13 mm. Head and thorax white, antenna ringed white and dark fuscous, tegulae
golden brown. Forewing brownish fuscous, faintly purplish tinged, some white costal
strigulae and terminal suffusion. A white dorsal streak interrupted at 2 by a square
dark brown spot. Hindwing grey.

Larva greenish-grey, dorsal line faintly rosy, head dark brown. In May and June it
feeds on a shoot of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) or hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). It may be
detected by the slight swelling caused and the impeded development of the shoot,
also by a hole which may be partially filled with frass or spun up with the cast off calyx
from a bud; affected shoots of rowan droop conspicuously. Continental authors also
give bird cherry (Prunus padus) and blackthorn (P. spinosa) as foodplants. Larvae
leave the feeding place to pupate on the bush or on the ground, where they remain
pupae for three to four weeks.

Moths on the wing from late June into early September.

Widespread throughout Britain, but not met with as commonly as most others in
the genus.

Formerly the hawthorn-feeding moths were referred to semifusca whilst those on
rowan to spiniella, this latter name was placed in synonymy by Friese and there seems
no good reason to dispute his decision.

A. pruniella (Clerck) (ephippella (F.)) Plate I, Fig. 26

10-12 mm. Head and thorax white, antenna ringed white and dark fuscous, tegulae
golden brown. Forewing ochreous-white, a white dorsal streak interrupted by a

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 Ll

brown median fascia at ¥2; a broad orange-brown streak from base along fold to ¥,
median fascia angulated towards termen on fold reaching or nearly reaching costa
above tornus, some brown irroration before it, terminal area much suffused brown;
two brown lines in terminal cilia. Hindwing grey.

Larva yellowish-white, head brownish-black becoming paler with age. After
hatching from the egg in March or April the young larva attacks flowering shoots of
cherry (Prunus cerasus), later it bores into the heart of the shoots and developing
fruits drawing them together in a light spinning. Pupates on the ground in a double
cocoon, the outer layer being reinforced with grains of dirt; a pupa for six or seven
weeks.

Adults on the wing in June and July.

Common and widespread throughout Britain.

A. bonnetella (L.) (curvella auctt.; nitidella (F.)) Plate I, Figs 27-28

9-11 mm. Head and thorax white, antenna ringed ochreous and dark fuscous,
tegulae light brown; forewing creamy white somewhat suffused with brown especially
towards termen. A white dorsal streak to 2, a light brown streak below fold from
base to 3, median fascia curved towards termen, two dark lines in terminal cilia.
Hindwing dark grey.

f. ossea (Haw. ) (Fig. 28) has tegulae ochreous brown, forewing unicolorous creamy
white; but there is often a trace of the normal markings comprising a white streak
along dorsum except at /2 where the base of the median fascia is pale ochreous. Two
lines in terminal cilia fuscous. Hindwing grey.

Occurs widely with the type, with intermediate forms.

Larva greenish-yellow, head and prothoracic plate dark brown. It usually hatches
in the autumn and hibernates in a spinning, then in the spring it attacks terminal
shoots of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), later mining within a twig or shoot. It descends
to the ground to pupate in a coarse network cocoon, remaining a pupa for between
two and three weeks.

Adults on the wing from June to August.

Widespread and very common throughout the British Isles.

A. albistria (Haw.) Plate, Figs 21, 30

9—11 mm. Head and thorax white, antenna ringed white and dark fuscous, tegulae
ochreous brown. Forewing ochreous brown suffused purplish brown, especially in
middle and in terminal area. A white tapered dorsal streak to /3, an ochreous white
area on dorsum towards tornus, two dark lines in terminal cilia. Hindwing grey.
There is considerable variation in the depth of the ground colour of the forewing,
some specimens being quite dark.

Larva pale green, a red band on each segment, head and prothoracic plate black.
From eggs laid singly in cracks or depressions in the bark or under an old shoot the
larvae hatch in about two months. These hibernate and mine in the spring in
flowering shoots of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). In about five to six weeks the larva
leaves the feeding place to spin a light cocoon on the ground. The moths emerge five
or six weeks later, but the actual pupal period may be only half that time.

Adults on the wing from late June into September, in one extended brood.

Very common and widespread throughout the British Isles.

12 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

A. semitestacella (Curtis) Plate I, Fig. 29

11-14 mm. Head and thorax whitish ochreous, antenna ringed pale ochreous and
dark fuscous. Tegulae and forewing pale golden brown, a white dorsal streak to
tornus; often constricted or interrupted beyond middle; two brown lines in terminal
cilia. Hindwing grey.

Larva grey-whitish, head black, prothoracic plate brown. In shoots of beech
(Fagus sylvatica) in May and June.

Adults in August and September. Larger than other species in the genus and
appearing later in the year. It is normally only seen if one taps branches of the
foodplant.

Occurs throughout the British Isles.

APPENDIX
Continental species which might be found in Britain

A. bergiella Ratz. A small unicolorous golden species whose larvae feed on Norway
spruce (Picea abies).

A. fundella (F.v. R.). A small species not unlike retinella but lacking conspicuous
dark markings on the forewing. The larva feeds on Abies alba and A. nordmanniana.
Whilst these species are not commonly planted it would still be worth searching for in
plantations of any Abies species.

A. thuiella Packard. A small white species, also not unlike a weakly marked
retinella. A north American insect which has become established in Holland, the
larva feeds on Thuya in the terminal leaves and shoots.

A. pulchella Zell. A species similar to semifusca, but having the forewing of a more
purplish colour. The larva is thought to feed in the buds of hazel (Corylus) and rowan
(Sorbus aucuparia).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 13
THE BRITISH YPONOMEUTINAE

This paper completes the family Yponomeutidae in our current classification. The
Plutellinae, Orthoteliinae and Acrolepiinae were treated in the paper by L.T. Ford in
1949 entitled Plutellidae, and the Argyresthiinae are covered in the preceding pages.

The classification at family level is not universally agreed. Many continental
authors assign to the family Yponomeutidae the genera Yponomeuta,
Euhyponomeuta, Kessleria, Zelleria, Pseudoswammerdamia, Swammerdamia,
Paraswammerdamia, Cedestis, Ocnerostoma and one or two others of which there are
no British representatives. The remaining genera: Roeslerstammia, Atemelia, Prays
and Scythropia are thus separated from the family by these authors, although Leraut
in his list of the French Lepidoptera concurs with Kloet & Hincks (2nd edition) and
includes them with the Yponomeutinae. More recently Kyrki has shown that
Roeslerstammia belongs to the Australian family Amphitheridae, which therefore
becomes Roeslerstammiidae; he tentatively places this family in the Tineoidea, but
for the purposes of this paper the classification of Kloet & Hincks is followed.

In terms of their habits most allies of Yponomeuta are distinctive for their web-
spinning larvae (hence the German name for the family: Gespinstmotten) and a
tendency to be gregarious as larvae. Cedestis and Ocnerostoma are of course
exceptions, for it is difficult to be gregarious inside a pine needle!

THE GENUS YPONOMEUTA

The adults are all white or grey with black spots, and the larvae are conspicuous for
the webs in which they live gregariously. The biological races of the padella complex
constitute a well known problem because they seem still to be in the process of
speciation. Insects of this group occur at times at such density as to be regarded as an
economic nuisance.

GENUS YPONOMEUTA LATREILLE

le orForewine with black or/ereyishispotin fold’! . i. .32..06. Ree a 2
= Forewing without anoticeable'spotmiold (. 2/22 1.....0 .e0 ves. Pe. ee ee 3
2. Forewing with conspicuous apical black spot ..................... plumbella
— Forewing without apical spot, and with grey suffusion in disc ......... irrorella
3. Head grey, forewing without dots in terminal area ................... sedella
— Head white or greyish white, forewing with dots in terminal area ........... 4
4. Forewing with 5 or 6 rows of small dots, more than 8 in lowest row. . evonymella
— Forewing with 3 or 4 rows of dots, less than 8 in lowest ..................-. 5
5. Forewing white in dorsal half and on costa before termen, greyish suffusion in

CISC pets eye Pa a re EE Toe CS SOI eee ie Seen ious bpe tare rorrella
— Forewing more evenly coloured grey, white or grey and white .............. 6

Beyond this point it is not possible to determine insects with certainty, see text on
padella complex, what follows is a rough guide.

6. Forewing white, including terminal cilia, larvae on Euonymus ..... cagnagella
— Forewing grey or whitish, terminal cilia more or less grey .................. i
ipa Ore wiltD WhitIShs ldkvVde Oialple st. ete ee Meee ke eee ee malinellus

Forewing grey, larvae on hawthorn, blackthorn, etc. ................ padella

I4 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Y. evonymella (L.) Plate I, Fig. 1

Wingspan 19-25 mm. Head white, thorax white with two small spots, tegulae white
with one spot each. Forewing white with 5S—6 rows or partial rows of fine dots, 9-11 in
the row nearest the dorsum, terminal area with a group of fine dots, black. Hindwing
dark grey.

Larva dark greenish-grey with rows of black spots, the subdorsal black dots are
each divided in two, in contrast with those of the padella complex; head black.
Overwinters when young and in the spring causes a shoot to droop, feeding
gregariously thereafter in a web on bird cherry (Prunus padus). In the south of
England it must feed on other plants, probably Prunus spp. for the moths occur
where there is no bird cherry except for planted trees in housing estates which are
seldom attacked.

Pupa within a cocoon, still gregariously situated in the web.

Common and widespread, especially northwards where it often causes much
defoliation of the foodplant.

THE PADELLA COMPLEX

The problems posed by this group have long been recognised, and have been the
subject of much research. One of the earliest and best studies for a starting point was
by Adkin, published in the Proceedings and Transactions of the South London
Entomological & Natural History Society for 1928. It can be summarised as follows.

Y. cagnagella has white adults, the larvae feed on Euonymus.

Y. padella has grey adults, the larvae feed on blackthorn and related plants, those
on hawthorn being generally a little paler.

Y. malinellus has whitish adults, the larvae feed on apple.

The situation is not quite as clear cut as that, as padella and malinellus are so
variable as to overlap considerably, and Adkin thought that padella would sometimes
feed on apple! He claimed to find slight but constant differences in the saccus of the
male genitalia between cagnagella and malinellus, but padella varies across the whole
range. Further studies were made by Thorpe at about the same time and published in
the journal of the Linnaean Society in 1929 and 1930.

Then in 1960 G. Friese published a revision of the Yponomeutidae based largely on
the genitalia, and in it he sunk all these species into one, and at the same time made
rorrella a synonym in the same taxon.

More recently a group of Dutch entomologists have engaged on numerous studies
using highly developed techniques, no less than 44 papers had been published by
them by the end of 1982. There is not space here even to summarise this research,
sufficient is it to quote from a paper by Gerrits-Heybroek et. al. (1978) *. . . the
divergence (between cagnagella and the rest of the padella complex) may still be ina
semispecies phase, in which interspecific crossings appear fully viable, or at least
compatible. The host-races of Y. padella may be ina very early stage of speciation and
in time, could become further differentiated into (sub) species.’

From this it can be seen that for the field worker Adkin’s summary 1s still adequate;
one cannot with certainty state whether the biological forms on different foodplants
are distinct species or not, and therefore no caught specimen can be determined with
complete accuracy. All have similar life histories, but the colour of the larva varies
according to the foodplant.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 15

Y. padella (L.) Plate II, Fig.2

Wingspan 19-22 mm. Head white or in very dark specimens greyish white; thorax
and tegulae white or greyish white, two dark spots on thorax and one near the front of
each of the tegulae. Forewing grey, whitish, or white suffused with grey, chiefly in
disc; three or four rows of black dots, 4-7 in lowest row; terminal cilia grey or greyish
white. Hindwing grey. Specimens from larvae feeding on Prunus are often, but not
always a little darker than those on hawthorn etc.

The eggs are rounded and flat, laid in batches on spines or stems of hawthorn,
blackthorn, plum or cherry. The batches, which average about 40 eggs are covered
with a protective secretion. They are laid in July or August, hatching in about three
weeks. The young larvae remain under their protective shield through the autumn
and winter until May when they burrow into the buds, causing some drooping of the
shoots. As they grow they spin a dense web around the shoots in which they live
gregariously, wriggling when disturbed and spinning a thread on which they will
descend to the ground. Larvae are sometimes very abundant causing extensive
defoliation. The fully grown larva is 15 mm long, dark leaden grey or greenish grey,
darker above, with a row of conspicuous subdorsal spots on each side. These spots are
not divided.

Pupation takes place in June, within a flimsy, grey, silken cocoon. Cocoons are
often clustered together within the web.

Moths are on the wing late June to August. The species is common and
widespread, especially in southern Britain.

Y. malinellus Zell. Plate II, Fig. 6

Wingspan 20-23 mm. Head, thorax and tegulae white with spots as in padella.
Forewing whitish, sometimes suffused light grey in disc, terminal cilia greyish,
pattern of spots as in padella. Hindwing grey.

Larva similar to that of padella but tends to be yellowish grey in colour. The
cocoons are white and are arranged neatly in rows side by side, usually attached
beneath a leaf or branch. In all other respects the life history resembles that of padella
except that the foodplant is apple, both cultivated and wild.

Whilst this species has been noted as a pest of orchards, it is now less frequently met
with, but is widespread in Britain, being commoner in the south.

Y. cagnagella (Hiibn.) Plate II, Fig. 5

Wingspan 19-26 mm. Head, thorax and forewing white, including the terminal
cilia, pattern of spots as in padella. Hindwing grey.

Larva pale yellowish grey, pattern of spots as in padella. The cocoons are white and
arranged neatly in rows, usually situated near the bottom of the nest, among dead
leaves or foliage close to the ground. In other respects the life history is the same as
that of padella except that the foodplant is spindle (Euonymus europaeus) or
evergreen euonymus (E. japonica).

Common and widespread throughout the British Isles, but scarcer northwards.

Y. rorrella (Huibn.) Plate II, Fig. 3

Wingspan 19-24 mm. Head white, thorax white with 5 black spots, sometimes light
grey at front; tegulae white with one spot each. Forewing white, suffused grey in
costal half except for a line along outer half of costa which is wider before apex,

16 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

terminal cilia grey. A row of 3-6 black dots along first halt of costa, a subcostal row of
3-5 dots, a row of 6-8 dots along fold, a further subdorsal row of 4~7 dots, two
variable subterminal rows of small dots. Hindwing grey.

Larva blackish grey to green, with black spots as in padella; head, prothoracic and
anal plates shining dark brown. In May and June the larvae live gregariously in a web
on Salix alba, occasionally S. cinerea. It is likely that the ova and small larvae are
protected in the same way as padella but this has not been observed.

This moth is local and sporadic in appearance, recorded only from the south of
England.

Y. irrorella (Hiibn.) Plate I, Fig. 7

Wingspan 19-25 mm. Head white, thorax with up to 5 black dots, tegulae with one
on each. Forewing white, dots arranged in a similar pattern to padella, a small greyish
blotch on fold at 3, a larger elongate grey blotch in disc. Hindwing grey.

Larva almost indistinguishable from cagnagella. Eggs are laid on a stem or leat of
spindle (Euonymus europaeus) in the summer and the life history proceeds as in
cagnagella except that the larvae scatter in the last instar and pupate individually
instead of gregariously; this is the best time to find it with hope of breeding this
species. The pupa is in a loosely woven silk cocoon and is clearly visible, the yellow
markings being very conspicuous.

Local and inclined to be scarce, being recorded only from north Kent and north
Hants.

Y. plumbella (D. & S.) Plate II, Fig. 4

Wingspan 17-19 mm. Head white, thorax white and five black spots, tegulae white,
each with one anterior spot, antennae dark grey. Forewing white, some light grey
suffusion along costa, 4 or 5 incomplete rows of black dots, a conspicuous black spot
in fold before 2, a large black spot at apex. Hindwing grey.

Ova laid on spindle (Euonymus europaeus) in small batches.

Larva clear brownish, yellower at each end, spots black, arranged as in padella,
prothoracic plate divided, dark brown. Young larvae remain under their protective
membrane until the spring when they burrow into the shoots causing them to droop.
Later they feed in a web, usually only a few larvae in each web. Pupation takes singly
in a light spinning among the leaves.

Common in Britain, becoming scarcer northwards and not recorded from
Scotland.

Y. sedella Treits. (vigintipunctata (Retz.)) Plate II, Fig. 8

Wingspan 15-18 mm. Head, thorax and forewing ground colour light grey. Five
black spots on thorax, one on each tegula. Forewing with 4 rows of black dots, 3 or 4
along first half of costa, a subcostal row of 3-5 dots, 4-5 along fold, a subdorsal row of
5-6 dots, terminal area devoid of spots but one in apical cilia. Hindwing grey.

Larva grey with a paler dorsal line, spots black; head yellow, prothoracic plate
divided, dark brown. The young larvae mine a leaf, making numerous small galleries
each just wider than the larva, later on they feed communally in a web. Only recorded
in Britain on orpine (Sedum telephium) and closely related cultivars, but found on the
continent also on Euonymus. Since the moth is sometimes found more commonly
than the Sedum it may also feed on Euonymus or another foodplant in Britain.
Double-brooded, larvae in June and July giving moths in August, larvae in

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 17

September and October overwintering as pupae and giving moths in April and May.
Local in Britain from Lincolnshire southwards.

Euhyponomeuta stannella (Thunb.) Plate I, Fig. 9

Wingspan 16-20 mm. Head ochreous. Thorax and forewing bronze. Hindwing
fuscous.

Larva dark brown with a shining black head; it lives in a web spun amongst moss
around the stems of orpine (Sedum telephium) on which it feeds. Up to 6 larvae in a
web, usually 2 or 3 and sometimes only 1.

Very local in Britain being recorded only from Dovedale, on both Derbyshire and
Staffordshire sides. It has years of abundance followed by several years of scarcity or
apparent absence.

GENUS KESSLERIA NOWICKI

1. Forewing with sharp dark lines in apical cilia, median fascia not reaching

isubcostal vein. adults on wingun June’ 2.) 22 oe a ee ee saxifragae
— Forewing without dark lines in apical cilia, median fascia reaching subcostal vein,
adults. Seplembento Maye jad. Gocmmar Meneadec! lade 1 ateuie. fasciapennella

K. fasciapennella (Staint.) Plate II, Fig. 10

Wingspan 15-18 mm. Head white, mixed light fuscous. Thorax fuscous mixed
whitish. Forewing light greyish fuscous irrorated whitish; a curved fascia from
dorsum at ¥3 reaching subcostal vein and then on towards termen, a darker fuscous
spot on costa before ¥2, 3 or 4 rows of dark fuscous dots along veins; apical area
darker with a distinct white costal spot before it and a whitish spot in cilia beneath.
Hindwing grey, paler towards base.

Larva light reddish grey, dorsally reddish brown, head brown, prothoracic plate
and thoracic legs yellowish brown, anal plate light grey with a central reddish brown
spot. At first it mines a leaf of Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) but soon goes
to the base of the foodplant where it makes a small whitish spinning between the bases
of the leaf-stalks (Kyrki, 1985). Larva in June and July, giving moths in August which
overwinter until the following spring. It requires both a habitat where the foodplant
grows and where there is suitable dense shelter nearby in which the moths may
overwinter.

Recorded in Britain only from the Pentland Hills near Edinburgh in the mid-
nineteenth century. Possibly overlooked.

K. saxifragae (Staint.) Plate I, Fig. 13

Wingspan 11-15 mm. Head white, brownish centrally. Thorax pale fuscous,
tegulae white mixed pale brown. Forewing white, suffused pale whitish brown,
costal, subcostal and subdorsal rows of dark fuscous dots, sometimes obsolete; a
curved brownish fascia from dorsum beyond 4 obscurely angled towards apex and
not reaching as far as the subcostal vein, 2 dark lines in apical cilia, strongest at apex.

Larva dull olive green with a faintly darker dorsal line, reddish brown markings on
the sides of each segment, head and prothoracic plate black; tapered slightly to each
end with short hairs, underside green. In a slight web, usually low down, among
Saxifraga aizoides, S. oppositifolia or making blotch-mines in S$. hirsuta or S.
spathularis. Sometimes there are several larvae in a web and they make white

18 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

blotches on the leaves. Pupates in the web. Larvae in May and June giving moths in
June and July.

Locally common on the mountains of Scotland where it is recorded from
Sutherland, Aberdeen, Perth, Argyll, Mull of Kintyre and Rhum, also in Co. Kerry
in south west Ireland.

Zelleria hepariella Staint. Plate II, Fig. 11

Wingspan 10-15 mm. Head whitish ochreous to ferruginous. Thorax reddish
brown. Forewing reddish brown or ochreous brown, paler centrally for the length of
the wing, cilia dark grey except at apex where they are concolorous with the wing.
The apex of the forewing is curved dorsally so that when at rest the wings appear
upturned at the end. Hindwing dark grey.

Larva pale green, dorsal line darker, head yellowish brown. In a thick silken web
on ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in shoots or among spun leaf tips in June. Pupa in July ina
dense white cocoon on a leaf. Adults overwinter from August to April in dense cover
such as yew or juniper, from which the moths can sometimes be beaten.

Widespread throughout the British Isles, but local and usually uncommon.

THE SWAMMERDAMIA GROUP

The Swammerdamia group of species are treated as one unit, as they were
considered to comprise a single genus until Friese (1960) separated the genera
Pseudoswammerdamia and Paraswammerdamia according to differences in the
genitalia.

Several species are very similar to each other and difficult to separate. This has
caused some confusion in the nomenclature. This is particularly so with caesiella
(Hiibner, 1796), for he then seems to have applied the same name in 1813 to another
species which we now call albicapitella. Recent papers by Germans such as
Hanneman (1977) still call the former species heroldella, by which name we used to
know it (e.g. Meyrick (1928)), and they use caesiella for the blackthorn feeding
albicapitella. Amusingly Stainton (1870) states “I think one matter which has tended
to cause confusion in this genus is that German entomologists seem to have applied
the name caesiella to the Birch-feeder, and to have constituted the hawthorn-feeder
into a new species, oxyacanthella whereas English entomologists, applying the name
caesiella to the hawthorn-feeder, have given a new name, griseocapitella to the
birch-feeder.”’ Thus the position a century later is almost reversed, although Stainton
was confusing /utarea the hawthorn-feeder with albicapitella the blackthorn-feeder,
unless he knew not the latter.

The adults of the genus are characterised by the rough head, short proboscis and
antennae about *4 length of the wing. The hindwings have a characteristic ‘window’
without scales near the base between veins Ic and 2. The larvae live usually singly, but
sometimes two or three together in a slight web, often across the top of a leaf which is
a little bowed, and gnaw away the top surface of the leaf. In their younger stages they
mostly mine the leaves of the foodplant. They are characteristically tapered at each
end.

GENUS SWAMMERDAMIA (SENSU LATO)

lL. “Forewing with Gistinct'copperiapex® ...55 Sei ayes a. Sages ees combinella
= Forewing with*apex not copper coloured... 9220) 2 eee Ree eee 2

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 19

Forewing with median fascia clearly interrupted on fold .......... albicapitella
Forewine with mediantasciaentire or obscure! oi) a2ae.). Yes bel Pe 3
Ground colour of forewing white, asmall mountain species ........ passerella
Ground colour of forewing predominantly some shade of grey or fuscous ....4
Terminal cilia of forewing coppery tinged, wingspan less than 12 mm ... pyrella
iemmunialicilia of forewinemot.eoppery tinged = 0760) aad. se. 282): 5
Tegulae evenly coloured, pale ochreous grey, large species wingspan greater
ince 4 ranma eee th Oe eee cme ae oe cee meee one ga aes compunctella
— Tegulae contrastingly scaled fuscous and white, wingspan 14mm. or less ..... 6
6. Distinct white costal spot before apex, male genitalia with ventral edge of valve

gentlycunved lanvaroml bincll sc seer eaiteiae pecs tees oat encle Micel so aueceles caesiella
— Three or four small white clusters of scales near costa before apex, male genitalia
with a spined tip to the valve on its ventral edge, larvaon hawthorn .... /utarea

WI RI WIN

Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hitibn) Plate II, fig. 12

Wingspan 13-16 mm. Head white with a few fuscous scales, scape whitish,
antennae grey, faintly ringed. Thorax white, speckled fuscous, posteriorly purplish
fuscous; tegulae white, speckled fuscous. Forewing white, suffused light grey; a
sequence of dark fuscous dots along first half of subcosta, 4 or 5 indistinct longitudinal
broken lines of fuscous scales. Basal area suffused ferruginous, a distinct copper spot
in the apex, surrounded by dark purplish fuscous, preceded by a white spot on the
costa, a second dark line in the terminal cilia. Hindwing grey.

Larva dull yellowish, dorsal line yellowish green, a subdorsal line of dull red dots.
At first making a white blotch in a leaf of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) from which
frass is ejected; later in a thick web, often several larvae together in a web. July to
September. Pupa under the web in a white cocoon.

Adult May to June, widely distributed throughout the British Isles as far as
Ross-shire. Whilst it can be common over much of its range it is often found at low
density.

Swammerdamia caesiella (Htbn.) Plate II, Fig. 15

Wingspan 9-13 mm. Head whitish, often heavily suffused ochreous or brown, face
white. Antennae annulated fuscous and white or ochreous. Thorax and tegulae slaty
grey, irrorated whitish. Forewing grey, paler in dorsal half; a white subapical spot on
costa, 3 or 4 indistinct longitudinal rows of blackish scales. An obscure darker grey
fascia from the middle of the dorsum curving towards the termen and hardly reaching
the costa; terminal area suffused purplish grey. Hindwing grey. Male genitalia (by
external examination) lacking any cusp arising from the edge of the valva.

Larva green, yellowish green on each segment subdorsally and along the sides,
dorsal line darker green. Head brown. It feeds on birch (Betula spp.), gnawing the
upperside of a leaf and living under a slight web, in July and again in September or
later. The pupa is in a dense white cocoon; adults on the wing in May—June and
August.

Widespread and usually common where birch occurs throughout the British Isles.

S. passerella (Zett.) Plate II, Fig. 16

Wingspan 8’2—11 mm. Head white, sometimes greyish fuscous, especially in the
centre; thorax and tegulae white, with a few grey scales. Forewing with apex

20 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

rounded; white suffused with grey, an oblique dark grey fascia in the middle of the
wing, base, costa and terminal area greyish, terminal cilia dark grey. A distinct
subapical white spot on the costa, sometimes extending across the wing. Females
tending to be whiter than males. Hindwing light grey.

Larva reddish brown with a slightly darker, thin dorsal line and broader subdorsal
lines; along the sides and beneath it is whitish. Head, prothoracic plate and a small
anal plate black. It feeds from July to September on leaves of Betula nana, at first
mining the leaves, then in a light web gnawing the surface of the leaves, often two or
three larvae per web. Pupa in a dense white cocoon in which it overwinters.

Adults in June (although the moth has never been taken in the wild in Britain).

Recorded in Britain only from Inverness and Aberdeenshire where it is found on
mountains between 1000 ft and 2000 ft where the foodplant grows. It is likely to occur
in other parts of the Scottish Highlands where the foodplant grows.

S. pyrella (Vill.) Plate I, Fig. 19

Wingspan 10-13 mm. Head white, sometimes ochreous tinged. Scape white,
antennae greyish fuscous, faintly ringed. Thorax and tegulae shining grey, irrorated
coppery fuscous. Forewing light grey irrorated coppery fuscous, a diffuse and
indistinct darker oblique fascia from the dorsum before the middle almost to the
costa, a white spot on the costa before the apex, apical cilia deep copper. Hindwing
pale grey.

Larva yellowish, with a very fine red dorsal line and stronger deep reddish
subdorsal lines. Head reddish brown. It feeds on apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus) and
hawthorn (Crataegus) in July and September in a light web. Pupa in a dense white
cocoon on the ground or in a protected part of the foodplant.

Adult on the wing in May and August.

Common and widespread in Britain as far north as Perthshire.

S. compunctella Herr.-Schaft. Plate II, Fig. 14

Wingspan 14-15 mm. Head white, sometimes tinged ochreous. Scape pale
ochreous or fuscous, antennae grey, faintly ringed; thorax whitish ochreous, tegulae
irrorated pale fuscous. Forewing grey, irrorated dark grey and white, median fascia
almost indiscernible; a conspicuous white subapical spot on the costa. Dorsal half of
the forewing often slightly paler than costal half. Hindwing grey. In the male genitalia
the valva is narrower and more triangular than other species with which it might be
confused.

Larva rich deep red to dark brown, dorsum paler or whitish with a dark central line.
The sides are white, sometimes interrupted by a reddish patch on each segment. The
body is dark brown beneath, the thoracic legs dark brown or black. Head and
prothoracic plate blackish, divided by a pale central line. The larva begins life in the
late summer and then overwinters in a dense white cocoon while still small. In the
spring it makes a loose web among the leaves of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), preferring
seedlings growing in open woodland. Webs are often at knee-height with two or three
larvae each. The pupa is in a semi-opaque white cocoon which is slung in a light
spinning on or near the ground.

Adults are on the wing in June and July.

A local and little known species which seems to be commoner in the north. It has
been recorded from Hampshire, East Sussex, Surrey, Staffordshire, Herefordshire,
Gloucestershire, West Lothian, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire and West Ross.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 21

Paraswammerdamia albicapitella (Scharf. ) (spiniella (Hiibn.)) Plate II, Fig. 17

Wingspan 10-13 mm. Head white, scape whitish, antennae pale greyish fuscous.
Thorax white, tegulae white with some fuscous scales anteriorly. Forewing white,
irrorated grey, especially near the base and in the costal half of the wing; often
subcostal and plical rows of dark fuscous dots; an interrupted ill-defined dark fascia
of which the spot on the dorsum before half way is most conspicuous. A white
subapical spot on the costa, preceded by a dark diffuse spot, apical cilia dark fuscous
slightly coppery tinged. Hindwing light grey.

Larva dark reddish brown, dorsum paler, sides yellowish white; head honey
coloured, prothoracic plate dark brown. It first mines a leaf of blackthorn in
September, then spins a small white hibernaculum in the axil of a leaf. In the spring it
feeds up in a web, sometimes several together, and usually low down, deep inside the
bush. It is a pupa in June and the moth is out in July.

It is common and widespread, less so in Scotland.

P. lutarea (Haw.) Plate II, Fig. 18

Wingspan 11—14mm. Head white to ochreous, scape whitish fuscous, antennae
greyish fuscous, faintly ringed. Thorax and tegulae mixed white and fuscous.
Forewing grey, finely irrorated white and fuscous, a very small subapical spot on the
costa, median fascia only a little darker than ground colour, extending from dorsum
to costa. Hindwing greyish fuscous.

Larva deep brown, white subdorsal lines with an orange spot on each segment,
sides white with orange spots above posteriorly. Head, prothoracic and anal plates
golden brown. On hawthorn (Crataegus) or rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), mining the
leaves in September, then overwintering under a small white spinning attached to a
twig; in the spring in a light web, often two or three together in early instars. The larva
is fully grown at the end of May. Pupa in a dense white cocoon on a twig amongst the
leaves. Adults on the wing in July.

Widely distributed throughout the British Isles, as far north as the Caledonian
Canal; often common.

The male genitalia have a spined cusp pointing down from the edge of the valve
which can be seen without dissection.

GENUS CEDESTIS ZELLER

i. , Forewing witha narrow angled fasciae...-.S. s3.... 2 eee ae oe subfasciella
— Forewing with two straight fasciae, ora broad band ............. gysseleniella

Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. Plate II, Figs. 21, 22

Wingspan |1—13 mm. Head and scape white mixed fuscous, antennae ringed white
and fuscous. Thorax and tegulae white irrorated dark brown or golden. Forewing
white with the tip of each scale edged dark brown, a straight golden fascia between '/s
and 4, another before middle, some golden suffusion at *4 and in the terminal area.
In another form (Fig. 22) the golden suffusion is greatly extended, the first fascia is
broadened and the second extends trom 4 to #4, except on the costa. Hindwing pale
grey with a hyaline patch as in the Swammerdamia group.

The egg is laid near the base of a needle of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).

Larva greenish, with small black dots, head brown. It feeds within the needle
mining towards the tip, then if necessary feeds externally in a very loose web. Larva in

22 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

April and May. The pupa is in a dense white cocoon on the ground.

Moths June-July.

Widespread in England and Scotland, not recorded from Waies or Ireland but
possibly overlooked.

C. subfasciella (Steph.) Plate I, Fig. 20

Wingspan 9-11 mm. Head and scape white mixed dark fuscous, antennae ringed
dark fuscous and white, thorax and tegulae white irrorated golden brown. Forewing
white, with dark-tipped scales and suffused golden brown, basal area whitish on
dorsum, more irrorated fuscous towards the costa, a distinct angulate fascia before
halfway, preceded by much golden brown suffusion; beyond the fascia clear white,
then suffused golden brown and fuscous towards the termen, a white spot on the
tornus and on the costa opposite, terminal cilia white with three fuscous lines and a
scattering of black scales. Hindwing light grey, with hyaline patch.

The egg is laid near the tip of a needle of pine (Pinus spp.).

The larva is shining green or pale greenish brown, a faintly darker dorsal line, head
brown, prothoracic and anal plates black, forelegs inclined to black. It mines within a
leaf from tip to base, then when full grown it descends to the ground on a thread of
silk and pupates in a white cocoon on the ground. Larvae December to April.

Adults March to July.

Widely distributed throughout Britain, seemingly less common in the north and
west.

GENUS OCNEROSTOMA ZELLER

lat Antennae wholly erey 3.9 03.4 Sen 20.8 Os a Ee Se friesei
= «Antennae white, or ringed white’ ©... 15 ..2+ ce ate een ane piniariella

Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell. Plate Il, Fig. 25

Male. Wingspan 8-10 mm. Face whitish, head with greyish fuscous hairs sometimes
mixed white, antennae whitish grey with indistinct light and dark rings. Forewing
uniform pale grey, sometimes with a few whitish scales in the middle and in the dorsal
cilia towards the termen. Male genitalia (Fig. 1) with the aedeagus having a sheath
which extends for only '3 of its length.

Female (Fig. 24). Wingspan 7-9 mm. Face white, head with white hairs, sometimes
ochreous tinged and greyer at the sides; antennae white, sometimes ringed greyish.
Forewing pale grey with white scales scattered all over, especially at the apex and in
the middle; hindwing grey. Female genitalia (Fig. ii) with ductus bursa markedly
scobinate.

The egg is laid at the tip of a needle of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris).

The larva is at first chestnut brown, in later instars appearing yellowish in the mine,
head black, prothoracic and anal plates black. It mines the needle towards the base.
When fully grown it pupates in a slender white cocoon slung between three or four
needles drawn together. Larvae in April or May.

Single brooded, flying in June.

The distribution is not well known owing to contusion with the next species, from
which it was distinguished in 1960. Apparently widespread and sometimes common
throughout the British Isles, but under-recorded and often overlooked.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 23

Figs i-iv. Genitalia of Ocnerostoma spp. A = aedeagus. O. piniariella:1 3,11 2. O. friesei:
itd ,1V 2,

O. friesei Svensson Plate II, Figs. 23, 24

Male(Fig. 23). Wingspan 8-10 mm. The whole moth is grey or pale grey, antennae
dark grey except sometimes at base, face dark grey to pale grey. Male genitalia (Fig.
i11) with aedeagus having a sheath extending for %4 of its length.

Female (Fig. 22). Wingspan 7-9 mm. Face whitish, head white with some fuscous
hairs, antennae dark grey. Forewing almost entirely white except tornal cilia pale
grey. Hindwing grey. Female genitalia with (Fig. iv) ductus of weak tissue, not
scobinate, also behind the ostium is a pad connected to the apophyses anteriores.

Early stages not as yet distinguished from those of piniariella q.v. At least two
generations per year, larvae may sometimes be found in December and January until
April, giving adults March to May, larvae again in June and July giving adults in
August. A third generation has been noted; larvae in September yielding adults in
November.

Distribution incompletely known, a scattering of widespread confirmed records
from the British Isles: it is often common in plantations.

24 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

GENUS ROESLERSTAMMIA ZELLER (ROESLERSTAMMIIDAE)

]:,. MAR pp yell 4) 2k. ee cee Sy tka ns, EDA get) aan aerate pronubella
— Hindwing bronzy fuscous ............: TOS Ss Re eS rite erxlebella

Roeslerstammia pronubella (D. & S.) Plate II, Fig. 30

Wingspan 11-13 mm. Head dark fuscous, ochreous centrally, antennae entirely
dark fuscous; forewing shining bronzy fuscous with a purplish tinge. Hindwing pale
straw, terminal area and cilia dark fuscous.

Early stages unknown. Only two specimens recorded in Britain, one in Sutherland
in May 1854, another at Salcombe, Devon in June 1873. Possibly imported: the
species is scarce in Europe.

R. erxlebella (Fabr.) Plate II, Fig. 27

Wingspan 12-15 mm (on the Continent given as 15-18 mm). Head deep ochreous
above, face pale ochreous, a transverse black band between antennae. Scape and
antennae deep purplish black with a broad white band before the tip. Thorax, tegulae
and forewing shining coppery bronze. Hindwing dark bronzy fuscous.

The egg is laid at the tip of a leaf of lime (Tilia) or birch (Betula).

Larva green, somewhat darker dorsally, head brown. For the first two instars the
larva mines in a gallery near the tip of the leaf. Later it feeds externally in a slight web
beneath a leaf. It pupates in a white silken cocoon under the turned-down edge of a
leaf. The pupa protrudes before emerging.

Larvae teed in September and October, pupae overwinter and the moth is on the
wing in May and June. The next generation of larvae in July give moths in August and
September.

Widely distributed, but local in Britain, not recorded from Ireland.

Atemelia torquatella (Zell.) Plate I, Fig. 26

Wingspan 8-11 mm. Head, antennae and thorax dark fuscous. Forewing dark
fuscous, a white spot on the fold at 3, a white tornal spot and a white subapical spot
on the costa. Hindwing fuscous.

Larva dull reddish brown, marbled whitish, head pale brown. It feeds in a blotch
mine in birch (Betula) or elm (Ul/mus). The larva can sometimes be found in a web
beneath the leaf, or just half within the mine; it overwinters fully fed within the mine
pupating in the early spring. Pupa in a light cocoon amongst litter on the ground.
Larvae from August, moths in June and July. Seedling trees are preferred.

Found locally from Durham and Lancashire northwards through Scotland.

Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) Plate II, Figs. 30, 31

Wingspan 14-17 mm. Head white, antennae dark grey. Thorax whitish, tegulae
whitish anteriorly grey. Forewing white, costa with a dark fuscous triangular patch
from near base to ¥4 reaching down just below the fold, sometimes some dark fuscous
irroration from tornus to apex. Hindwing grey. f. rustica Haw. (Fig. 29) has the head
dull ochreous, thorax and forewing plain dark fuscous. Intermediate forms occur
with white ground colour varying from dirty white to fuscous.

The late J. Kyrki (pers. comm.) intended to publish a paper describing small
unicolorous specimens (Fig. 32) which appear after other fraxinella as a distinct

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 25

species. He said the differences were only biological, the genitalia being very similar.
Specimens of this ‘form’ are found in Britain in September or later.

The fully grown larva is greenish, marbled reddish brown dorsally, yellowish green
along the sides, head pale brown, prothoracic plate with two black marks, anal plate
black. The juvenile larva ia pale yellowish with black head and anal plate.

At first, in the autumn the larva mines a leaf of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), then
mining the bark where it overwinters, in the spring it mines a shoot or feeds externally
in a slight web, causing the leaves to droop. It pupates in an open network cocoon
either in the shoot or in some protected part of the tree.

Adults are found in June and July.

A common species throughout the British Isles.

Scythropia crataegella (L.) Plate II, Fig. 29

Wingspan 11-15 mm. Head white mixed dark fuscous, antennae mixed fuscous and
whitish, thorax and tegulae white irrorated dark fuscous. Forewing white, dark
fuscous fasciae at 3 and 7/3, a sequence of dark fuscous scales along the costa in the
terminal area, some fuscous irroration between fasciae. Hindwing grey.

Larva when fully fed mottled reddish brown and greyish fuscous, dorsal stripe
somewhat paler, and especially ochreous on first few segments. Head black with
some whitish and brown lines, anal claspers deep reddish brown.

The larva feeds on hawthorn (Crataegus), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) or
Cotoneaster spp. from September mining a leaf, often several larvae per leaf, then it
feeds externally in a web, mining again to spin a hibernaculum. After hibernation the
larvae continue to feed gregariously in a web. Pupation takes place in the web and the
pupa is of attractive shape and colouration, to be found in June and July.

The moths on the wing in July.

Common in the south of England, extending north to the Mersey and Humber.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My thanks are due to the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) for the loan of
specimens for photography, and also to J.R. Langmaid, E.C. Pelham-Clinton and
R.W.J. Uffen for constructive comments and advice.

REFERENCES (Argyresthiinae and Yponomeutinae)
Adkin, R., 1929. Notes on the Genus Hyponomeuta, with special reference H. cognatellus Hb.,
H. padellus L. and H. malinellus Z. Proc. §.Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1928: 48-54.
Agassiz, D., 1981. Swammerdamia passerella (Zetterstedt) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), a
valid species resident in Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 217-224.

Agassiz, D., 1984. Microlepidoptera in Wester Ross. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 96: 12-13.

Beirne, B.P., 1943. The Biology and Control of the small Ermine Moths (Hyponomeuta spp. )
in Ireland. Econ. Proc. R. Dublin. Soc. 3: 191-220.

Emmet, A.M., 1976. The early stages of two species on Yponomeutidae. Entomologist's Rec.
J. Var. 88: 318.

Ford, L.T., 1949. Plutellidae. Proc. S$. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1949-50: 85-93, reprinted in
Illustrated Papers on British Microlepidoptera [ed. D.J.L. Agassiz], 1978: 87-95.

Friese, G., 1960. Revision der Palaarktischen Yponomeutidae unter besonderer
Beriicksichtigung der Genitalien. Beitr. Ent. 10: 1-131.

Friese, G., 1969. Beitrage zur Insekten-Fauna der DDR: Lepidoptera—Argyresthiidae. Beitr.
Ent, 19:\693-—752.

Gerrits-Heybroek, E.M., 1978. Host plant preference of five species of small ermine moths
(Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Ent. exp. appl. 24: 160-168.

26 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Hannemann, H.-J. 1977. Kleinschmetterlinge oder Microlepidoptera III. Federmotten
(Pterophoridae) Gespinstmotten (Yponomeutidae) Eche Motten (Tineidae). Die
Tierwelt Deutschlands 63. Teil. pp. 1-275.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1972. A check list of British Insects, 2nd edn, Part 2.
Lepidoptera.

Kyrki, J., 1983. Roeslerstammia Zeller assigned to Amphitheridae, with notes on the
nomenclature and systematics of the family (Lepidoptera). Ent. Scand. 14: 321-329.
Kyrki, J., 1984. The Yponomeutoidea: a reassessment of the superfamily and its suprageneric

groups (Lepidoptera). Ent. Scand. 15: 71-84.

Kyrki, J., 1985. Description of the life history and immature stages of Kessleria fasciapennella
and remarks on related species (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae s.str.). Notulae Ent. 65:
19-24.

Leraut, P., 1980. Liste Systématique et Synonymique de Lepidopteres de France, Belgique et
Corse. Supplément a Alexanor et Bull. Soc. ent. Fr., 334 pp. Paris.

Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. London.

Pierce, F.N. & Metcalfe, J.W., 1935. The genitalia of the tineid families of the Lepidoptera of
the British Isles. Oundle.

Schnack, K. (ed.), 1985. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Denmark. Ent. Meddr. 52 (2-3):
1-163.

Stainton, H.T., 1849. A monograph on the European species of the Genus Argyresthia. Zool.
1849 Suppl. i-xxiv, PI.4.

Stainton, H.T., 1870. The Natural History of the Tineina 11: 1-125

Thorpe, W.H., 1929. Biological races in Hyponomeuta padella L. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 36:
621-634.

Thorpe, W.H., 1930. Further observations of biological races in Hyponomeuta padella L. J.
Linn. Soc. Zool. 37: 489-492.

Werner, K., 1956. Die Larvalsystematik einiger Kleinschmetterlingsfamilien
(Hyponomeutidae, Orthoteliidae, Acrolepiidae, Tineidae, Incurvariidae und Adelidae).
Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, Nr. 2. 145 pp. Berlin.

A i a | 7 ‘i
nie

© «
@ ie og ¢@

1. Y. evonymella

5. Y. cagnagella

9. E. stannella

12. P. combinella

15. S. caesiella

19. S. pyrella

23. O. friesei ¢

27. R.erxlebella

30. R. pronubella

Plate Il British Yponomeutinae

2. Y. padella 3. Y. rorella

6. Y. malinellus 7. Y.irrorella

10. K. fasciapennella

13. K. saxifragae

16. S. passerella 17. P. albicapitella

20. C. subfasciella 21. C. gysseleniella

24. O. friesei ¢ 25. O. piniariella

28. P. fraxinella

31. P. fraxinella

Figs 1-8: x 1.1;
9-32: x 2.2.

4. Y. plumbella

8. Y.sedella

11. Z. hepariella

14. S.compunctella

18. P.lutarea

22. C. gysseleniella

26. A. torquatella

29. S. crataegella

32. P. fraxinella ?

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 27

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE SCUTTLE FLIES OF
HAYLEY WOOD, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES

R.H.L. DISNEY

Field Studies Council Research Fellow, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 3EJ

Dennis Unwin passed to me the scuttle flies (Diptera, Phoridae) collected in a
Malaise trap he operated in Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire (Grid ref. 52/2953)
during 1980 and 1981. A total of 81 species were present in these collections. This
amounts to about 25% of the British list. Eight species have already been reported as
additions to the List (Disney, 1983, 1984, 1985a, 1986). The present paper describes
three new species from Hayley Wood, tabulates all species recorded with their
months of capture, and comments on this preliminary list of scuttle flies for the wood.

Megaselia hayleyensis sp. nov.

Megaselia septentrionalis auctt. nec (Schmitz, 1919), misident.

Only male known.

Head. Frons broader than high, brown and with 30-70 hairs. Upper supra-antennal
bristles closer together than pre-ocellars and a little longer and more robust than
lower pair. Antero-laterals at about same level as upper supra-antennals. Antials a
little lower and somewhat, to clearly, closer to former than to latter. Antennae
brown, tending to pale. Palps yellow with 6-8 bristles which are about as strong as
lower supra-antennals. Proboscis with yellowish-brown labrum and simple labella
bearing few short, colourless spines below.

Thorax. Brown. Notopleuron with only two bristles and without a notopleural
cleft. Scutellum with a posterior pair of bristles and an anterior pair of hairs, which
are at most as strong as those on scutum. Mesopleuron bare.

Abdomen. Tergites brown with short hairs, except for longer ones at posterior
margin of tergite 6. Venter yellowish grey, with hairs on segments 3-6. Hypopygium
as Fig. 1, being brown with dusky yellow anal tube.

Wing. Length 1.2-1.6 mm. Costal index 0.460—0.485. Costal ratios 2.41—2.88:
1.48-1.84: 1. Costal cilia 0.10—-0.13 mm. Axillary ridge with 2 or 3 bristles. A fine hair
at base of vein 3. Membrane distinctly grey tinged. All veins brownish. Vein Sc fades
away before reaching R1. Haltere with brownish stem and yellowish knob.

Legs. Dusky yellow apart from brown apex of hind femur. Hairs below basal half of
latter longer and stronger than those of antero-ventral row in distal half. Postero-
dorsals of hind tibia differentiated but not strongly developed.

Material examined. Holotype male, Hayley Wood, Cambs., England, 11/
18.viii.1980, coll. D.M. Unwin deposited in University Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge.

Paratypes. Two males same data as holotype. One male from Monks Wood,
Abbots Ripton, Cambs., 23/30.vii.1981, coll. R.S. George. All deposited in Zoology
Museum, Cambridge. One male from Delamere Forest, Cheshire, 17.vi.1959, coll.
C.N. Colyer and labelled ‘M. septentrionalis’. In British Museum (Natural History).

Affinities. In the keys of Lundbeck (1922) this species will run to couplet 52 on page
228, to M. pulicaria (Fallén). However it is immediately distinguished from all
members of the M. pulicaria complex by the fading out of vein Sc before reaching R1.
The largely yellowish legs, weak pair of hairs in front of the bristles on the scutellum,
the two notopleurals, lack of notopleural cleft and the simple labella with few spines

28 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

below rule out most other species, including M. septentrionalis (Schmitz). I have
previously reported confusion of M. badia Schmitz with the latter species (Disney,
1985b), and removed M. septentrionalis from the British list (none of the specimens
from England, in the British Museum being this species). Subsequently (Disney,
1986) I have reported the true M. septentrionalis from Scotland. To add to the
possible confusion a further member of this complex, M. densior Schmitz, was added
to the British list (Disney, 1985b). It had been persistently misidentified as M. badia
or M. nigrescens (Wood). M. densior sometimes has the anterior scutellars reduced.
Such specimens differ from M. hayleyensis by having longer, down-curved, hairs on
the posterior process of the left side of the hypandrium, and the posterior third of the
lower margin of the left side of the epandrium emarginate to make it concave.
The next species also keys out at the same couplet in Lundbeck’s key.

Figs 1-3. Male hypopygia viewed from left side. 1. Megaselia hayleyensis sp. nov. 2. M.
oligoseta sp. nov. 3. M. unwini sp. nov. (Scale bars = 0.1 mm).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 29

Megaselia oligoseta sp. nov.

Megaselia hilaris Parmenter, 1966 nec Schmitz 1927, misident.

Only the male is known.

Head. Frons broader than high, brown and with 80-110 hairs. Upper supra-
antennal bristles closer together than pre-ocellars and clearly longer and stronger
than lower pair. Antero-laterals distinctly a little higher on the frons than antials,
which are a little closer to former than to upper supra-antennals. Antennae brown.
Palps yellow with 5-7 well developed bristles. Proboscis with pale brown labrum, and
labella somewhat enlarged and with numerous short, almost colourless, spines
below.

Thorax. Brown. Notopleuron with three bristles. Scutellum with an anterior pair
of minute hairs and a posterior pair of strong bristles. Mesopleuron bare.

Abdomen. Tergites dark brown; the hairs short, except at posterior margin of
tergite 6. Venter dusky with short hairs on segments 3-6. Hypopygium as Fig. 2,
being brown with a dirty yellow anal tube and pale posterior process from the left side
of the hypandrium (but which is in a more nearly median position than usual).

Wing. Length 1.25-1.55 mm. Costal index 0.437-0.462. Costal ratios 3.074.110:
1.14-1.43: 1. Costal cilia 0.10-0.12 mm. Axillary ridge with 2 bristles. A minute hair
at base of vein 3. Membrane tinged greyish. Veins pale brown. Vein Sc ends before
reaching R1. Haltere with dark stem and yellowish knob.

Legs. Brown, but palish brown in part. Hairs below basal half of hind femur longer
than those of antero-ventral row of apical half. Posterodorsals of hind tibia only
weakly differentiated from rest of hairs.

Material examined. Holotype male, Hayley Wood, Cambs., England, 18/
26.ix.1980, Coll. D.M. Unwin deposited in University Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge.

Paratypes. One male same data as holotype except dated 25.viii/4.ix.1980; one
male from Tremadoc NNR, (Merioneth, Wales (Grid ref. 23/5640), deciduous
woodland, 16.vui.1976, coll A.G. Irwin, and one male from Larkrigg Spring,
Cumbria (Grid ref. 34/513879), coppice woodland, |.vi.1982, coll. C.M. Drake, both
in Zoology Museum, Cambridge. One male in British Museum (Natural History)
(ref. ex. coll. C.N. Colyer B.M. 1970-489) from Coulsdon, Surrey, 14.vi.1965: coll.
L. Parmenter (ref 65791); published Parmenter (1966) as ‘M. hilaris’.

Affinities. In the keys of Lundbeck (1922) this species also runs to couplet 52 page
228, to M. pulicaria. Like M. hayleyensis however, the vein Sc does not reach R1. It
differs from this species in having three notopleural bristles, not two, and in having
spinose labella. It shares this combination with M. hilaris Schmitz and M. clemonsi
Disney, the male hypopygia of which have recently been illustrated (Disney, 1984,
Figs | and 2). M. hilaris is immediately distinguished by the lack of hairs on the dorsal
half of the epandrium. In M. clemonsi the posterior process of the left side of the
hypandrium is a broad plate, contrasting with the small tapered process of M.
oligoseta. Furthermore the latter species has less densely spinose labella and fewer
hairs on the epandrium (hence the name oligoseta.). Specimens of M. oligoseta witha
costal index 0.44 will run to couplet 39 page 231 in Lundbeck’s key, to M. exigua (a
synonym of M. bovista (Gimmerthal)). This species, however, lacks the fields of
numerous spines below the labella, has very dark brown legs, and brown palps.

30 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Megaselia unwini sp. nov.

Only male known.

Head. Frons a little broader than high, brown and with 125-145 hairs. Upper
supra-antennal bristles closer together than pre-ocellars and a little longer and a little
more robust than lower pair. Antials lower on frons than antero-laterals and midway
between latter and upper supra-antennals, or a little closer to the latter. Antennae
brown. Palps yellowish with about 7 strong bristles, the terminal 4—5 being as long and
strong as supra-antennals. Proboscis with pale labrum and simple labella with only a
few scattered spines below.

Thorax. Brown. Notopleuron with three bristles, Scutellum with an anterior pair
of short, fine hairs and a posterior pair of bristles. Mesopleuron bare.

Abdomen. Tergites brown with short hairs, even those at posterior margin of
tergite 6 being only a little stronger. Venter brownish grey with hairs present on
segments 3-6, but these hairs are short and fine, and only a little stronger on segment
6. Hypopygium as Fig. 3, being brownish with a pale brownish anal tube. While the
left side of the hypandrium is more strongly developed than right side, it does not
appear as a distinct posteriorly-directed lobe when viewed from left side.

Wing. Length 1.26 mm. Costal index 0.453. Costal ratios 3.05: 1.32:1. Costal cilia
0.09-0.10 mm. Axillary ridge with 2 bristles. A minute hair at base of vein 3. Wing
membrane greyish. Veins grey. Vein Sc ends before reaching R1. Haltere with dark
stem and pale knob.

Legs. Mainly brown, but fore legs in part yellowish. Fore tarsus with metatarsus
somewhat stout (it being only 3.5 times as long as broad and about 0.7 of maximum
breadth of tibia). Hairs below basal half of hind femur short, being subequal to those
of antero-ventral row of distal half. Postero-dorsals of hind tibia only weakly
differentiated.

Material examined. Holotype male, Hayley Wood, Cambs., England, 11/
18.viii. 1980, coll. D.M. Unwin, Deposited in University Museum of Zoology,
Cambridge.

Affinities. In the keys of Lundbeck (1922) this species runs to couplet 21 on page
226, to M. anisodactyla (a synonym of M. cinereifrons (Strobl)). In M. cinereifrons,
however, the antial bristles stand close to, and nearly directly below, the antero-
laterals; the anal tube is longer relative to the length of the dorsal face of the
epandrium; the left side of the hypandrium is extended posteriorly as a distinct lobe;
the hairs below the basal half of the hind femur are clearly longer than those of the
antero-ventral row of the apical half; and the bristles of the palps are much shorter.

RESULTS OF SURVEY

Table | presents the results of the survey. There are certain conspicuous omissions
from this list. For example the dearth of Metopina species, Phalacrotophora, and
Phora, as wellas the single species of Triphleba. This probably reflects the restriction
to a single method of collecting (see Disney et a/., 1982). In addition a number of
species only occur in the winter months. Indeed it is surprising that such selective
collecting, in terms of method and seasonal coverage, should produce a quarter of the
British list of scuttle flies. This suggests that Hayley Wood is unusually rich
entomologically. This is reflected in the number of rare species, including those new
to Britain and new to science.

The seasonal data are plotted in Fig. 4 (H—H) and compared with a survey of
upland moorland habitats in northern England, using pitfall traps (Disney et al.,
1981; Fig. 4 uh—uh) and a survey of Phoridae emerging from English lowland pasture

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 31

60

50

MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

Fig. 4. Phenology plots for number of species in Hayley Wood survey (H—H), lowland
pastures survey (1p—l1p) and upland habitats survey (uh—uh).

soils (Disney et al., 1981; Fig. 4 lp—I1p). The actual numbers of species cannot be
directly compared because of the differences in the methods employed. However the
shapes of the curves can be compared in broad terms at least. The much steeper rise in
number of species at Hayley Wood as the summer progresses contrasts with the
upland habitats survey. The scuttle flies emerging from lowland pastures, however,
showed a peak in August and a significant drop in species richness in September.
Only future surveys will establish if these differences are characteristic of the different
habitat types.

The late summer peak in species richness at Hayley Wood perhaps reflects a
seasonal change in suitable ecological resources available to scuttle flies. We are still
very ignorant of scuttle fly biology. For only a quarter of the species listed in Table | is
there hard evidence on larval biology. Four of these are breeders in small carrion,
such as dead snails or insects (M. brevicostalis, M. giraudii, M. ruficornis and S.
bergenstammi); whilst nine species breed in fungi (M. flava, M. flavicans, M.
frameata, M. hirtiventris, M. latior, M. lutea, M. nigra, M. spinicincta and M.
sylvatica): and six species are known to be specialised predators or parasitoids:- M.
aequalis and M. ciliata larvae feed on slug eggs; M. melancocephala and M. pulicaria
on spider eggs; M. fuscinervis parasitises Vitraea snails and M. obscuripennis
parasitises Trichosia (Sciarid midge) larvae. The fungus breeding species tend to be
more in evidence later in the summer, suggesting the increase in fungi at this time of
year may be one factor responsible for the increase in the species richness of the
scuttle fly fauna.

Hayley Wood clearly invites more detailed investigation by entomologists. The
provisional survey of the scuttle flies suggests an unusually rich fauna.

ios)
i)

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

REFERENCES

Disney, R.H.L., 1983. Four species of Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae) new to Britain from
Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire. Entomologists’ Rec. J. Var. 95: 181-182.

Disney, R.H.L., 1984. Six species of Megaselia (Diptera, Phoridae) from northern England
new to Britain, and including two new to science. Naturalist, Hull 109: 11-18.

Disney, R.H.L., 1985a. Records of scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Flatford Mill,
including two species new to Britain. Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc. 21: 13-17.

Disney, R.H.L., 1985b. Additions and amendments to the list of British Megaselia (Dipt.,
Phoridae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 121: 243-248.

Disney, R.H.L., 1986. Two new species of scuttle fly (Diptera, Phoridae) from Malham Tarn,
North Yorkshire. Naturalist, Hull 111: 113-121.

Disney, R.H.L., Coulson, J.C. & Butterfield, J., 1981. A survey of the scuttle flies (Diptera:
Phoridae) of upland habitats in northern England. Naturalist, Hull, 106: 53-66.

Disney, R.H.L., Henderson, I.F., Perry, J.N. & Clements, R.O., 1981. Phoridae (Diptera)
from English pasture soils. Pedobiologia, 22: 366-378.

Disney, R.H.L., Erzinglioglu, Y.Z., Henshaw, D.J. de C., Howse, D., Unwin, D.M.,
Withers, P. & Woods, A., 1982. Collecting methods and the adequacy of attempted fauna
surveys, with reference to the Diptera. Fld. Stud. 5(4): 607-621.

Lundbeck, W., 1922. Diptera Danica part VI Pipunculidae, Phoridae. London: Wesley.

Parmenter, L., 1966. Megaselia (Megaselia) largifrontalis Schmitz (Dipt., Phoridae) new to the
British list and some other Phoridae taken in April to July 1965. Entomologist 257-260.

Table 1. Scuttle Flies (Phoridae) recorded from Hayley Wood during 1980 and 1981.

Species May June July August Sept
Anevrina thoracia (Meigen) af = a5 ar
Beckerina umbrimargo (Becker) ats

Conicera floricola Schmitz te + TF
Diplonevra florea (Fabricius) + sf

D. nitidula (Meigen) =F ar ats ar
D. pilosella Schmitz + ote + ats
Gymnophora arcuata (Meigen) oF aL az

G. quartomollis Schmitz IF

Megaselia aculeata (Schmitz) + ar
M. aequalis (Wood) AE a + oF aie
M. altifrons (Wood) +

M. badia Schmitz a a 4c +
M. basispinata (Lundbeck) af ay

M. brevicostalis (Wood) ate
M. ciliata (Zetterstedt) + F aa +
M. cinerea Schmitz + a ar
M. clemonsi Disney + aa oF
M. collini (Wood) + a ag
M. correlata (Schmitz) +

M. crassipes (Wood) +

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Table 1 continued.

Species May

M. dubitalis (Wood)

M. emarginata (Wood)

M. flava (Fallen)

M. flavicans Schmitz

M. frameata Schmitz

M. frontalis (Wood)

M. fungivora (Wood) oa
M. fusciclava Schmitz

M. fuscinervis (Wood)

M. fuscipalpis (Lundbeck) 4:
. giraudii (Egger)

. hayleyensis Disney

. hibernans Schmitz

. hilaris Schmitz

. hirticaudata (Wood)

. hirticrus (Schmitz)

hirtiventris (Wood) -
. hortensis (Wood)

. ignobilis (Schmitz)

infraposita (Wood)

insons (Lundbeck) +
. Intercostata (Lundbeck)

. Involuta (Wood)

. latior Schmitz

. latipalpis (Schmitz) +
lutea (Meigen)

melanocephala (von Roser)

minor (Zetterstedt)

nigra (Meigen)

. nigriceps (Loew)

. obscuripennis (Wood)

. oligoseta Disney

. pectoralis (Wood) +
. pleuralis (Wood) ae
. propinqua (Wood)

wae < =< <= 5 Sk. = << Ss SSS SSS Se SASS

. protarsalis Schmitz -

June

+ + + +

July

+ + + + +

August

+ + + +

+ + + 4+

Sept

+ + + + +

+ + + + + + +

34 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Table 1 continued

Species May June July August Sept
M. pulicaria (Fallen) - + + + oe
M. pumila (Meigen) + zfs ae +
M. pusilla (Meigen) + = Ee +4:
M. pygmaea (Zetterstedt) + + Bs
M. rubella (Schmitz) au

M. rubescens (Wood) + + j + +
M. ruficornis (Meigen) cb + + + +
M. simplex (Wood) +
M. simulans (Wood) af +
M. sinuata Schmitz +: +
M. sordida (Zetterstedt) -
M. spinicincta (Wood) ar + + + +
M. stichata (Lundbeck) + +

M. styloprocta Schmitz + St

M. subconvexa (Lundbeck) + + + +
M. subfuscipes (Schmitz

M. subtumida (Wood) “+ ate
M. superciliata (Wood) + +
M. surdifrons (Wood) + + +
M. sylvatica (Wood) + + +
M. tarsalis (Wood) + .
M. uliginosa (Wood) +
M. unwini Disney aF
Spiniphora bergenstammi (Mik)

Triphleba nudipalpis (Becker) ah <P +
Totals (81 species overall) 20 35 45 48 50

Unusual abundance of Trox scaber L. — Having always considered Trox scaber L.
to be a very local beetle, I was pleased and surprised to find it in some numbers
recently. During the period 25-31.v.86, between | and 17 specimens per night were
attracted to an MV light in my Peckham garden. A large Black Poplar close by
presumably houses an owl’s nest (or similar) from which the beetles were emerging.
— Richard A. Jones, Garden Flat, 131 Chadwick Road, London SE15 4PY.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 35

BUTTERFLY SEARCH AND RESEARCH IN THE NORTHERN ANDES

(Transcript of the talk given to the British Entomological & Natural History Society,
9th January 1986)

M.J. ADAMS
Coombe Cottage, Blandford Road, Shillingstone, Dorset DT11 OSF

When I made my first butterfly-collecting trip to South America, I'd already had 11
years’ collecting experience — but all the same I was a very recent, very green
graduate.

On the first excursion, and the one the following year, to a tiny mountain range on
the north coast of Colombia, the aim was to collect from all families and at all
altitudes. Very successful they were too, bringing back over 600 species to the British
Museum of Natural History. Yet, early on, my heart went out to a group of high-
altitude Browns that reminded me of the alpine Erebia spp. and my efforts during
four further trips to the northern Andes concentrated on this satyrid tribe, the
Pronophilini. Working on the systematics, biogeography and evolution of its species
has been like doing a jigsaw puzzle: at first I was collecting pieces without having
invented the puzzle; later, when the puzzle took form in my mind, the pieces slotted
together beautifully, but several missing ones still had to be searched for. Enough of
metaphors; let’s get to South America!

Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta
Serrania de Valledupar
(Sierra de Perija)
PANAMA

Cordillera de
Merida

Western

Cordillera VENEZUELA

Eastern
Cordillera

Central cordillera

*

COLOMBIA

BRAZIL

Main

ECUADOR Andean
Stem

Fig. 1. Map of the Andes of Colombia (and Venezuela). i = Land over 2000 m.

36 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

From the north Colombian town of Barranquilla, on a good day, the Santa Marta
mountain massif can be seen. Its slopes rise out of the Caribbean up to the highest
point between Canada and Ecuador (5775 m) in just 30 miles. Tropical rain-forest
gives way to cloud-forest and, above that, grassy moors are overlooked by permanent
snow and glaciers. The whole range is the size of Yorkshire.

I could talk all evening about the attempts my friend and colleague George
Bernard and I made to get high up into the Santa Marta mountains; but I’ll mention
just one of them, beginning in the hot and dusty village of Atanquez in its southern
foothills with the purchase — for £10 — of a donkey, something we never did again! On
the first day of the ascent, we were already lugging the rucksacks ourselves and
tugging at the reluctant beast. Indigenous mountain Indians pored over a letter from
the British Museum of Natural History (upside-down!) and accepted it as a permit to
travel in their territory, but warned us of the lengthy and dangerous journey ahead.
Very soon, however, we were safely encamped at 2300 m at an idyllic site in primaeval
cloud-forest, replete with huge sprays of orchid flowers, tree-frogs ... and
butterflies, including the first members we'd seen of the Pronophilini: many are dark
brown and drab, with undersides disguised as dead leaves, but Lymanopoda nevada
is largely white — and an important piece in the jigsaw-to-be (see Fig. 5).

Hardly surprisingly in a mountain range so high and yet so isolated, endemism is
rife. On our return, we found that 12 of our 22 pronophiline species are unique to the
Santa Marta massif.

To the south-east, appearing to hover over the haze of the deep valley between, is
the northernmost ‘finger’ of the main Andes. On our third trip to South America,
with the help of a sturdy mule, we were at last able to reach its cloud-forests on our
ascent to an isolated farmhouse on the border with Venezuela. No fewer than 12 of
the 35 pronophiline species in this Valledupar range turned out to be totally new, but
several were clearly closely related to the ones we knew from Santa Marta. In each
case, the ‘cousin’ species occupied the same — often very limited — altitude ranges and
behaved in similar ways. Some were very close in appearance to each other, while the
relationship between others (like the blue Lymanopoda caeruleata and the brown L.
caucana — Fig. 2) could only be recognized from ‘insignificant’ characters like white
dots on the forewings and ‘invisible’ characters such as male genital structure; and
19th-century taxonomists had — or would have — classified them in different sections
of their genus, so much did they differ in their more obvious morphological patterns.

Venezuela also has its own Andean cordillera, the Mérida range. Not liking the
country much — and having spent three days in jail for ‘lack of respect’ to an official —I
won't say much about the time we spent there, save that it too has an area of
cloud-forest and Espeletia-studded moors above the tree-line, and 35 pronophiline
species, many again different from those in the nearby Santa Marta and Valledupar
mountains. Penrosada franciscae illustrates a common form of disruptive underside
pattern, its straight yellow band dividing its hindwing into two parts, neither
recognizable to a predator as buttertly-shaped.

Normally ‘whistle-stop’ collectors who can reckon to find all the resident species
during three days in each place and are then keen to move on, George and I did find
time in the Mérida range to search for pronophiline early stages. Most of the forest
species of the tribe are associated with climbing bamboos of the genus Chusquea, and
on two species we found a dozen different larvae. All are wonderfully camouflaged by
day, green ones resting at the tips of the ‘chusque’ leaves, brown ones near the nodes
on the leaf-sheaths: we could only find them by searching by torchlight at night.
Pupae also came in different shapes and colours — but unfortunately the whole lot
turned to ‘pulp’ when we took our collection on a long hot journey.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 37

WA os

Fig. 2. Lymanopoda caer and L. caucana (right).

p

am

fr

Fig. 3. Pedaliodes leucocheilus (top left), P. suspiro (bottom lett), P. piletta (top nght), P.
Japhleta (middle right) and P. poesia (bottom right).

38 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Fig. 4. Altopedaloides albonotata (top; underside) and A.albarregas (bottom; underside).

The Venezuelan Andes allowed us to fit more pieces into the biogeographical
jigsaw as we found species (and subspecies) closely related to those in the Santa
Marta and Valledupar ranges (e.g. the Pedaliodes poesia group in Fig. 3.). But — as
we'd suspected in the Valledupar forests — the jigsaw has more than a ‘horizontal
dimension’: it has a vertical component too. When we found an Altopedaliodes
species zipping between flowering trees just below the tree-line, we thought it looked
distinct from the ground-loving moorland species, A. albonotata: indeed it was, anda
new species, which we named albarregas (Fig.4). The two occupied adjacent bands of
altitude on the same mountain slope. The difference in the habitats they lived in
didn’t seem to be necessary for this side-by-side existence up the altitude gradient,
however, because within the cloud-forests, other pairs and trios of closely-allied
species displayed this parapatric distribution without their being any habitat changes
at the elevations where they met. There is plenty of scope for ecological research into
the mechanisms which keep these species in such tightly-defined altitude bands, if—as
seems likely — their larval food-plants have much broader distributions up the
mountainsides. It is significant that morphologically — especially on the uppersides
which are only visible in flight — they are often surprisingly distinct, keeping only their
‘insignificant’ characters in common: maybe the differences act as courtship or
territorial signals designed to exclude neighbouring species?

As far as the origin of this vertical zonation is concerned, I have proposed a theory
which depends on the effects of the Pleistocene Ice Ages on the Andes, as gleaned by
pollen analysis in Colombia: spread of an ancestral species was permitted between

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 39

isolated mountain ranges when temperatures dropped and cloud-forests descended;
the subsequent warm period separated the mountain populations from each other, as
they rose up the mountainsides, and allowed speciation. In the next glacial period,
‘cousin’ species could have spread into each other’s mountains and competition
forced them to partition the available habitat into mutually-exclusive bands of
altitude. The species moving into the uppermost bands would then have stood less
chance of re-spreading in future glacials and might have diverged in isolation for ever
more. Certainly, the degree of endemism at the species and genus levels in the
northern Andes is highest among those confined to the highest elevations. When this
theory was formulated, the boundaries of the jigsaw puzzle were finally fixed.

In my latest three trips to the Andes, I have worked all three of the main cordilleras
of Colombia, extending the jigsaw to include a total of six main ‘mountain islands’.
Although the weather is wetter in central and southern Colombia, and I spent days in
the tent waiting for drizzle to stop and clouds to evaporate, the pronophiline fauna is
much richer (92 species in the Eastern Cordillera, for example) and new jigsaw pieces
‘flooded in’. Of the 160 species in the six ranges, almost half have allopatric sister-
species in two or more of them, and more than half belong to series of parapatric
species replacing each other up the mountainsides. Perhaps the genus L ymanopoda
furnishes the best examples (Fig. 5), with four parapatric species in each of the
Eastern and Central Cordilleras, two of them in the Eastern Cordillera having
allopatric cousins on the opposite slopes of the same range, and the uppermost
species also having close relatives in the Santa Marta and Valledupar mountains — all

a % :
f

OH

are

Fig. 5. Lymanopoda huilana, L. melia, L. excisa and L. pieridina (lett, top to bottom), L.
nevada (middle top), L. schmidti (centre), L. paramera, L. viventieri, L. lactea, L.
ionius and L. samius (right, top to bottom).

40 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

12 being different. The only one that the illustration leaves out is my most coveted
missing jigsaw piece, L. mirabilis: it is known only from two inadequately-labelled
males caught in the last century and is surely to be found above the tree-line on the
western slope of the Eastern Cordillera — where the jigsaw dictates that it must live,
but where the weather didn’t clear up for me to prove it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, M.J. 1977. Trapped in a Colombian Sierra. Geog. Mag. 49: 250-254.

Adams, M.J. 1983. Andean Brown Butterflies. In The I.U.C.N. Invertebrate Red Data Book:
473-476. Gland, Switzerland.

Adams, M.J. 1985. Speciation in the Pronophiline Butterflies (Satyridae) of the Northern
Andes. J. Res. Lepidoptera, 1985, supplement No.1: 33-49.

Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. 1977. Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta, Colombia. Syst. Entomol. 2: 263-281.

Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. 1979. Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Serrania de
Valledupar, Colombia—Venezuela border. Syst. Entomol. 4: 95-118.

Adams, M.J. & Bernard, G.I. 1981. Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de
Merida, Venezuela. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 4: 343-372.

Adams, M.J. 1986. Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the three Andean Cordilleras of
Colombia. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 235-320.

BOOK REVIEW

A Selborne Year. The Naturalist’s Journal for 1784. Gilbert White. Edited by Edward
Dadswell and illustrated by Nichola Armstrong. Webb & Bower & Michael
Joseph, 1986, 126 pages, £10.95.

The Reverend Gilbert White, the famous eighteenth century naturalist and author
of the The Natural History of Selborne, kept regular diaries, firstly his Garden
Kalendar started in 1751 and from 1768 until his death, the Naturalist’s Journal.
Original manuscripts of both of these are in the The British Library in London. A
Selborne Year takes the entries in the Naturalist’s Journal for 1784 and presents them
with specially commissioned colourful illustrations based on the subject matter of the
journals. The illustrations will be of particular interest to those who know Selborne.
There is also an introduction by the Editor providing basic information on White and
introducing White’s text.

Gilbert White covers a broad range of material in the journals including subjects
not developed in his book. He makes regular weather records, gardening notes,
reports on the agricultural crops of the area, the wild plants, animals, village people,
visitors to The Wakes, the state of the roads to Selborne, his tortoise Timothy and
special events like the passage of the air balloon over Selborne that year. Gilbert
White as a true countryman is very perceptive of the seasonal changes in his
environment and a keen and able observer of its natural history. The text of the
Naturalist’s Journal used here is a slightly shortened version. White expanded on the
journal entries in writing the letters to Thomas Pennant and Daines Barrington that
were to be published as The Natural History of Selborne. Much historical research has
gone into the illustrations (although there are a few small errors) and they convey the
spirit of White’s eighteenth century Selborne which was remote and isolated. A
Selborne Year is a colourful and attractive book which will be appreciated by

Selbornians and general naturalists alike. :
JUNE CHATFIELD

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 41

1986 ANNUAL EXHIBITION
Chelsea Old Town Hall — 1 November 1986

The following account has been compiled by R. Tubbs (British Butterflies), D. and
P. Sterling (British Macrolepidoptera), J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (British Microlepidop-
tera), P. Chandler (Diptera), R.A. Jones (Coleoptera and Hemiptera), A.J.
Halstead (other groups) and E.S. Bradford (illustrations).

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES

This exhibition showed further research by breeders in their attempt to unravel the
genetic or environmental basis of the many butterfly aberrations. But this time
melanic forms seemed to be a constantly recurring theme. There were three wild
caught melanic Polygonia c-album L. (one by A.M. Jones and two by R.C. Revels) a
wild caught Argynnis paphia L. ab. confluens Spieler (D. Stokes) and others. Were
these the result of some very cold night in the pupal period? The effect on the imago
of extremes of temperature in the pupal stage was dramatically illustrated by K.E.J.
Bailey’s exhibit. This was an overwhelming exhibit. So that other workers in this field
can compare their results, this exhibit is here reported in considerable detail.

BaiLey, K.E.J. — For some years, Mr Bailey has been carrying out important
research into the effects of high and low temperature on young pupae and this very
impressive exhibit showed the results of some of this work. The exhibit included the
following:-

(1) Boloria euphrosyne L. (a) ab. confluens male. Glos. June 1985. It paired with
two home-bred females. No variations appeared in the F1 generation. (b) Ab. pittoni
May 1985 (high temp.). (c) Ab. confluens May 1985 (low temperature for long
period). (d) Two specimens showing albinistic tendency. Bred from larvae fed on
Viola sprayed with dimethyltyrosyne solution (this compound blocks the formation
of melanin during pigment formation), June 1984.

(2) Euphydryas aurinia Rott., specimen approaching ab. melanolinea. June 1985,
(low temperature for long period).

(3) Argynnis paphia L. (a) Morphocline showing male gradation from near type to
extreme ab. ocellata, July 1985, (low temperature). (b) Morphocline showing
gradation from near type fm. valezina to extreme ab. ocellata on valezina form, July
1985, (low temperature). Valezina appears to be more unstable than the type form
and tends to produce more extreme aberrations under low temperatures. There was
an additional range of extreme forms of fm. valezina up to ab. nigricans, all in a
second brood emerging in January 1986 (low temperature). No mean achievement to
get A. paphia emerging in mid winter.

(4) Vanessa atalanta L. August 1984 ab. klemensiewiczi Schille, (high
temperature). This aberration has the white spots, blue markings and the red band
blurred and suffused. In the 1981 Annual Exhibition this aberration was exhibited,
having been produced by low temperatures. Two other aberrations were also in the
present exhibit including ab. merrifieldi bred in June 1983, which had been produced
by low temperature over a long period.

(5) Aglais urticae L. extreme ab. conjuncta July 1984 (high temperature).

(6) Nymphalis polychloros L. extreme ab. testudo, July 1985 (high temperature).
This specimen was so dark that it bore almost no resemblance to the type form.

(7) Vanessa cardui L. various suffused and darkened forms aproaching ab. elymi
Rambur bred in October 1985 (low temperature for long period).

42 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

(8) Polygonia c-album L. A large number of living bred specimens were shown.
These had been bred from a pairing in September and reared under a photoperiod of
17 hours of light to 7 hours of darkness per day to yield mainly fm. hutchinsoni
Robson. The specimens were suffused with black up to ab. reichstettensis Fettig,
which was the result of low temperature during early pupal life. Both the parents had
also been ab. reichstettensis induced by low temperature on the pupae. This treatment
does not affect fertility. This aberration can be due to either high or low temperature
exposure.

(9) Apatura iris L. morphocline showing gradation from ab. iolata Cabeau to near
ab. lugenda Cabeau July 1985 (high temperature). In this aberration the white
marking is almost totally absent.

(10) Ladoga camilla L. morphocline of 19 specimens showing underside gradation
from type to ab. nigrina Weymer July 1985 and a similar series set upperside, second
brood October 1985 (low temperature), also extreme examples of ab. nigrina
October 1985 (low temperature).

BARRINGTON, R.D.G. — An outstanding exhibit of specimens all taken in 1986.

(1) Maniola jurtina L. A series taken in two nearby meadowland localities in north
Dorset, including a bilateral gynandromorph, two female ab. fracta Zweigelt, ab.
antiaurolancea Leeds, a male ab. anticastanea Leeds, a male ab. postmultifidus
Lipscomb and ab. crassipuncta Leeds and a series of eight females showing a range of
variation in the colouring of the normally fulvous forewing band, through orange and
yellow bands to a specimen with white bands. From the south Wilts downs, there was
an extreme male ab. atrescens Leeds with almost uniformly black hind wings. From
Co. Kerry, Eire, an immense female with huge eye spots — an exaggerated form of
the local race of jurtina in Eire (subspecies iernes Graves) which tends to be of
increased size with bold black eye spots.

(2) Argynnis paphia L. An extreme mixed gynandromorph from north Dorset —
left side type male, right hind wing fm. valezina with specks of type male in it and right
forewing a mixture of type male and fm. valezina. An extreme male ab. confluens
Spuler taken by Eve Barrett, north Dorset July 1986 and exhibited on her behalf. A
male with no spot on the right hand side.

(3) Hipparchia semele L. ab. holanops Brouwer. Mr Barrington also exhibited
some very attractive and superbly executed watercolour paintings which he has made
of British butterflies; some showed these in their natural habitats and some illustrated
aberrations taken by the exhibitor.

Cronin, A.R.—acase of Lepidoptera (some from the Philippines) which included
a few aberrations caused by unusual temperature conditions and some minor
variations caused by different food plants, but little detailed information was
contributed.

DENNIS, R.C. — Maniola jurtina L. A most interesting exhibit of six aberrations all
taken on six visits between 13th and 24th July 1985 from the verge-side of a small
country lane near Lewes in East Sussex. The site was 12 feet wide by 200 feet in length
and consisted of rough grass waist high with many wild flowers which had not been cut
for two seasons. The exhibit included a most striking female with pale fulvous bands
in the hind wings with 2 or 3 black radial lines in each cell and also two ab. cinerea
Cosmovici (one male and one female). The latter is a very uncommon aberration in
which the normal dark ground colour is replaced with cinnamon colour. As this
aberration is likely to be a simple recessive and as M. jurtina is easy to breed, it seems
a great pity that the exhibitor did not try to obtain eggs from the female.

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i

Plate Ill. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1985

1: Thumatha senex, Stodmarsh, 30.vi.85, B. Skinner. 2: Scoliopteryx
libatrix, Playden, 3.viii.76, M.W.F. Tweedie. 3: Pseudopanthera macularia,
Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare, 9.vi.77, B.R. Baker. 4: Euproctis similis, Orlestone
Wood, 24.viii.80, B.K. West. 5: Comibaena bajularia, Headley, 25.vi.76,P.A.
Martin. 6: Agrotis ripae. Cornwall, Bartlett coll., Bristol Museum. 7:
Mythimna pallens, Hamstreet, 19.ix.85, B. Skinner, 8: Tyria jacobaeae,
Ashton Wold, 1985, M. Rothschild. 9: Thera juniperata, Wroughton,
16.x.85, D. Brotheridge. 10: Mythimna litoralis, Hartlepool, 1903, Bartlett
coll., Bristol Museum. 11: Thymelicus acteon, Wool, 6.viii,85, J.T. Scanes.
12: Xestia c-nigrum, Ninfield, 5.x.85, M. Parsons. 13: Lycaena phlaeas,
Portland, 3.x.84, A.S. Harmer. 14: L. phlaeas, Surrey, ix.85, A.M. Jones. 15:
Polyommatus icarus, ix.85, L.D. Young. 16: P. icarus, 29.ix.85, L.D. Young.
17: Melanargia galathea, North Dorset, vii.85, R.D.G. Barrington. 18:
Anthocharis cardamines, Leicester, 30.v.85, A.P. Middleton.

Photo: D. Wilson.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 43

FENN, J.L. — Thymelicus lineola Ochs. An extremely dark specimen from Barton
Mills, Suffolk, taken 17.viii.85.

Harmer, A.S. — a number of aberrations including Thecla betulae L. with extra
orange scaling, Plebejus argus L. ab. unielongata Wykes, Lysandra coridon Poda —
two males and one female of an F2 generation bred from a wild caught ab. fowleri
South illustrating the frequent slight suppression of the effect of this recessive gene in
the female sex, Celastrina argiolus L. with nice colour forms from a spring brood —
ab. clara Tutt and ab. pallida Tutt and other minor aberrations of various species.

Jones, A.M. — various aberrations including a melanic Polygonia c-album L. ab.
reichstettensis Fettig captured wild on 19.vii.86, Boloria selene L. two F3 generation
females with extensive black markings, Maniola jurtina L. a female ab. anommata
Verity, a male ab. atrescens Leeds and a nice female ab. fracta Zweigelt. (The
exhibitor has eggs from several other females of this aberration and we look forward
to seeing F1 and F2 generations in the future.)

Nasu, S. — insects taken on the Isles of Scilly. The butterflies included the
immigrant Colias croceus Geoffroy, and the indigenous Pararge aegeria ssp. insula
How and Maniola jurtina ssp. cassiteridum Graves. This local form is boldly marked
and richly coloured and very common on the islands. It is quite different from the
form found on the English mainland. I found there was a slight difference between
the forms on the different islands.

REvELs, R.C. — This interesting exhibit included two differing melanic forms of
Polygonia c-album L. taken in 1986 — one a very extreme ab. reichstettensis Fettig
with almost total black suffusion taken 20.vii.86 in Cambridgeshire and the other ab.
obscura Closs taken 8.viii.86 in Hampshire. This had much less black suffusion.

Russwurm, A.D.A. and MippLeton, H.G.M. — Lysandra coridon Poda one
male and one female ab. confluens Tutt from Portland August 1985 and 1986, a
female Pieris rapae L. ab. fasciata Tutt with the twin black spots on the forewings
joined by a dusting of black scales captured Brockenhurst 8.ix.86, and a female
Maniola jurtina L. ab. antialba Leeds, Portland, 6.viii.86.

SALMON, Dr M. A. — exhibited a specimen of the American Vanessa virginiensis
Drury. He had found this specimen in the J. B. Purefoy Collection, which he had
recently acquired. The data label stated ‘Witherslack 24 September 1921’. J.B.
Purefoy had obtained this butterfly from L. Hugh Newman in September 1956. This
species is widely distributed in North America and also occurs in the Canary Islands
whence it is possible the British caught specimens have originated. The first recorded
capture in Britain was in 1828 and between 15 and 20 have been recorded since then.
One was taken by our member Mr S.A. Knill-Jones in the Isle of Wight in 1956.

Stacey, I.F. — Anthocharis cardamines L. Two males and one female all showing
an increase in the black markings which have been described as ab. crassipuncta, ab.
costaenigrata and ab. nigrocellularis, all bred from a female taken in 1985 which was
also heavily marked. The exhibitor obtained an F2 pairing but mortality was very high
and only three good pupae resulted. An increase in the extent of black markings in
the Pieridae appears to be genetically multifactorial. Euphydryas aurinia Rott.
specimens from two stocks bred for the second year running in high temperature
conditions, resulting in some uneven colouration. Strymonidia pruni L., Boloria
euphrosyne L and Pieris brassicae L. — two years breeding of each species showing
minor variation. Nymphalis polychloros L. three males with variation in the extent of

44 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

black scaling resulting from the freshly formed pupae being kept in a low
temperature. Apatura iris L. a male with reduced white forewing markings reared
from an egg found Northants. 1985.

Stokes, D. — in addition to bred specimens of the Continental Aporia crataegi L.
and Lycaena dispar ssp. batavus, the exhibitor showed a short series of male
Aphantopus hyperantus ab. arete Miller bred 1986 from a female ab. arete captured in
cop. with a heterozygous typical male in Wiltshire 1985. This aberration is caused by a
simple recessive gene. Argynnis paphia L. a male ab. confluens Spuler taken in
Wiltshire 1986. Boloria euphrosyne L. two aberrations — a male with darkened hind
wings and a female with paler ground colour than normal, both taken Isle of Wight.

TreBiLcock, G.D.— L. coridon Poda a male ab. fowleri South taken Portland was
exhibited in addition to some continental butterflies.

Tusss, R.S. — Argynnis paphia L. Underside of female bred from wild caught fm.
valezina. The hind wings had five black ring spots — the first time this has been seen
by the exhibitor who has bred large numbers of this species — possibly a reversion to
an ancestral form as black ring spots occur on the hind wings of so many fritillaries
(Argynnidae).

Younc, L.D. — a splendid exhibit including five generations of Polyommatus
icarus Rott. The five generations were achieved in fourteen months (P1 taken in
Surrey 18.vi.85 with F5 appearing August—September 1986). This was achieved by
providing continuous ideal conditions with the maximum of sunshine and a little extra
light and warmth in the autumn brood. All generations included specimens of ab.
discoelongata, the fifth generation consisting of sixteen striking aberrations with the
black spots extending inwards. A separate exhibit displayed six specimens of P. icarus
ab. basielongata bred in May and August 1986. Also shown was a very unusual male
Cupido minimus Fuessly taken Surrey 16.vi.85 — an underside with no spots at all
except the discoidal spot on the forewing and a striking black spot on the inner costal
margin of the hind wing.

British MACROLEPIDOPTERA

The fall in the number of exhibitors in this section from 45 in 1985 to 36 this year
and also the generally smaller size of the exhibits is undoubtedly a reflection of the
very poor summer in 1986, in which there appears to be no evidence of any
spectacular migratory movements. In spite of this, there were some really exciting
exhibits, including specimens of Thera cupressata Gey., Polyphaenis sericata Esper,
Trachea atriplicis L. Mesapamea remmi Rezbanyai-Reser, Semiothisa signaria Hubn.
and other noteworthy species. Members are to be congratulated on producing such
interesting exhibits in a year which most considered disappointing.

Austin, R.A. and Peet, T.N.D. — Thera cupressata Gey. taken as a larva trom a
mature Cupressus tree at St Peters, Guernsey in August 1986. This species was first
taken in October 1985 by Dr P.D.M. Cutter also at St Peters. The exhibitors suggest
the Cupressus Carpet as an English name. Polyphaenis sericata Esper taken at MV at
Petit Bot, Guernsey on 14. viii.86. This is an exciting rediscovery of a moth last seen
on Guernsey over 80 years ago.

Baker, B.R. — Immigrant Lepidoptera taken or bred in 1986 being: Peridroma
saucia Hiibn., var. nigrocosta Tutt; Heliothis peltigera D. & S.; and Trichoplusia ni

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 45

(Hutbn), all taken at Swanage, Dorset, 10.x.86 and H. peltigera D. & S., an example
bred from a larva found on marigold at Lyme Regis, Dorset, 3.viii.86.

Britton, M. — Two display cases of oak-feeding microlepidoptera.

BraApForD, E.S.— Lepidoptera taken or bred during surveys of Shakespeare Cliff,
Dover, Kent, one of the sites that will be drastically altered by the construction of the
Channel Tunnel and a small box of Lepidoptera taken or bred during 19806.

C.Lassey, E.W. — A short series of Arctia caja L. showing wide variation, taken in
a single season (1986) from a stationary MV trap at Uffington, Oxfordshire and a
diminutive wild-caught specimen of Laothoe populi L. from the same locality.

Cronin, A.R. — A case of Lepidoptera which included varieties resulting from
unusual temperature conditions or different food plants and other moths taken or
bred in 1986.

Emmet, Lt. Col. A.M. — Some noteworthy macrolepidoptera from Essex, mostly
Saffron Waldon, comprising the following. Catarhoe cuculata Hufn., 13.vii.86, very
rare in Essex but probably resident in the north west, where four have occurred in the
last three years. Eupithecia fraxinata Crewe, 29.vi.86, apparently extending its range
and becoming more plentiful in Essex. Spaelotis ravida D. & S. More plentiful than
usual in 1986 in north-west Essex,up to three a night coming to MV. Xestia
rhomboidea Esp., 17.vii.86, apparently confined to the extreme north-west in Essex,
where four have been taken in the last three years. Anaplectoides prasina D. & S.,
5.viil.86, the first record from the immediate district. Mythimna obsoleta Hubn.,
16.vil.86, taken well away from its natural habitat. Apamea scolopacina Esp.,
7.vili.86, the first record from the immediate district. Oligia versicolor Borkh.,
19.vii.86, only the seventh record from Essex, although it is probably underrecorded.
Hydraecia petasitis Doubl., 28.ix.86, the fourth record from Essex. The most recent
prior record (1975) was also from the north-west of the county. Heliothis peltigera D.
& §S., 9.x.86, a primary or secondary migrant? Abrostola trigemina Werneb.,
19.vii.86, although formerly widespread, this species has now almost disappeared
from the county.

Fenn, J.L. — A series bred from a Semiothisa signaria Hubn. female taken at Ham
Street, which suggest a case of hybridization between that species and S. liturata Cl.,
together with other specimens of each species for comparison. Aberrations of /dea
aversata L. from Brandon and X. fluctuata L. from Hockwold and examples of
Cleorodes lichenaria Hutn. from Weeting, Trichopteryx polycommata D. & S. from
Foulden and Plusia putnami gracilis Lempke from larvae on Calamagrostis canescens
(Weber). Also a series of first and second brood Diarsia florida Schmidt and D. rubi
View. for comparison.

Foster, A.P. — A male Rhyacia simulans Hutn. at Rye Harbour, East Sussex, a
Lithophane leautieri Boisd. at Mawnan Smith, Cornwall and a female Hylaea
fasciaria L. taken at Dunwich Forest, Suffolk, having red forewings and green
hindwings.

Gipson, Dr. C.W.D. — Melanic forms of Drymonia ruficornis Hutfn., Lycia
hirtaria Cl. and Agriopis marginaria F., a banded form of Cyclophora linearia Hubn.
and an aberration of Cabera exanthemata Scop., all taken at Wytham Woods, Oxford
during 1986.

Ha sey, J. and M. — Aberrations and forms of some common species including

46 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

ab. fusca of Crocallis elinguaria L. and also a specimen of Semiothisa signaria Hubn.
taken at Ham Street, Kent.

HarMAN, T.W. — A specimen of Chrysodeixis acuta Walk., a male taken at MV
light at Sandwich Bay Bird Observatory on the night of 18.x.86, believed to be the
ninth record for Britain.

Harmer, A.S. — A series of Parasemia plantaginis plantaginis L. bred from a
pairing of f. hospita D. & S. from Honister, Cumbria.

Hart, C. — Some specimens taken at Ham Street Woods on the night of 27.vi.86,
comprising: Chlorissa viridata L., last recorded in Kent in 1949; Deltote bankiana F .,
well away from its normal marshy habitat and an early Xestia c-nigrum L., probably a
migrant at this early date.

Also some interesting records from a garden trap at Buckland, Surrey. Meganola
albula D. & S., this moth is inclined to wander, and the exhibitor records about one a
year. Parascotia fuliginaria L., breeds locally on pine and birch fungus up to about
eight caught each year. Xanthia gilvago D. & S. one only of this much decreased
moth. Lacanobia suasa D. & S., one only of this vagrant from marshland. Dicycla oo
L., two specimens in six years of this lovely moth. /pimorpha subtusa D. & S., quite
common some years in August, an interesting local species.

JorpAN, M.R.J. — Two specimens of Mesapamea remmi Rezbanyai-Reser, both
from Hampshire VC12 1985, a species new to Britain. Photographs of the male and
female genitalia were also exhibited with a summary of the main diagnostic
characters.

KniL_-Jones, S.A. — Specimens of Mythimna unipuncta Haw., Spaelotis ravida
D. & S., Nola aerugula Hiibn., and Orthonama obstipata F., all taken at Freshwater,
Isle of Wight at MV.

LANGmalp, Dr J.R. — A specimen of Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. taken at MV, St
Margaret’s Bay, 30.ix.86. First record from Kent.

McCormick, R.F. and Penney, C.C. — Interesting species caught during 1986
including Euphyia unangulata Haw. from North Cheam; Eupithecia abietaria Goeze
from Northumberland; Abraxas sylvata Scop. from Argyllshire (a new county
record); Furcula bicuspis Borkh. from Belmont Downs; a variety of Perizoma
albulata D. & S., from Belmont Downs; Atolmis rubricollis L. from Argyllshire (a
new county record); Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. from Winchester larvae; an unusual
form of Mesoligia furuncula D. & S.; Archanara neurica Hubn. from Walberswick;
and Athetis pallustris Hubn. from Lincolnshire.

MICHAELIS, H.N. — Specimens of Rhodometra sacraria L. trom Cors-y-Sarnau,
Bala, VC48. 2.vii.86, an early date, and Eremobia ochroleuca D. & S. Glanwyddan
VC49.

Parsons, M.S. — A selection of species noted in 1986 including: Xanthia ocellaris
Borkh.; Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. and Lithostege griseata D. & S. trom the Brecks;
Adscita geryon Hiibn. from Burrington Coombe and Dolebury Warren, both in
Avon; an almost melanic Menophra abruptaria Thunb. and a very pale Hadena
perplexaD. & S.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C. — Specimens of Epirrhoe alternata Mill., an aberration
with greatly reduced median fascia of forewings and Hyles lineata F. both from
Axminster, Devon.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 47

PickLes, A.J. and C.T. — Specimens of Orthosia gracilis D. & S., aseries of the red
form from the New Forest, Hampshire illustrating the range of variation within one
brood. Parastichis suspecta Hubn., a series bred ex ovis from Perthshire. Cleora
cinctaria D. & S., a series indicating the range of variation within the population of
the New Forest, Hampshire. Lycia zonaria D. & S., specimens from _ the
Ardnamurchan Peninsula, West Argyle where they occur on rocky cliffs as well as
sand dunes. One specimen approaching ab. obscura Harrison. Tyta luctuosaD. & S..,
specimens from Portland, Dorset. Eupithecia abietaria Goeze, specimens bred from
larvae collected in fallen spruce cones in Northumberland. Synanthedon
scoliaeformis D. & S., a specimen taken at rest on a birch stump by Loch Rannoch.

Russwurm, A.D.A. and Mipp_eton, H.G.M. — Three aberrations of Sphinx
ligustri L. from Brockenhurst; an ab. albescens Tutt, a specimen transitional to ab.
albescens with hindwings whitish and touches of white on the abdomen and an ab.
obscura Tutt. Also, Pseudoterpna pruinata Hutn., ssp. atropunctaria Walk. from
Boldre, Hants.; a melanic male Diaphora mendica Goeze; a forewing aberration of
Charanyca trigammica Hufn.; and a dark form of Dichonia aprilina L., all trom
Brockenhurst.

Simpson, Dr A.N.B. — A specimen of Elaphria venustula Hibn. from Leigh
Worcs., a first county record.

Simpson, Brig. E.C.L. — Six British species with a humorous comment on their
‘uncertain’ and ‘anomalous’ vernacular names.

SKINNER, B.F. — A variable series of Agrotis clavis Hutn. from Addington, Surrey
between 1980 and 1986. Short series of: Egira conspicillaris L. from Herefordshire
showing type and f. melaleuca View.; Mythimna loreyi Dup. bred from Pagham,
Sussex; M. albipuncta D. & S. bred from Dungeness, Kent and Orthosia opima
Hubn. from Royston, Hertfordshire and Bradwell-on-sea, Essex. Specimens of
Eilema deplana Esp. from Hamstreet, Kent showing extreme range of variation.
Trachea atriplicis L. from Tillingham, Essex on 8.viil.86; a melanistic Drymonia
ruficornis Hufn. from Friday Street; specimens of Orthosia opima Hubn. from
Royston, Herts. and Bradwell-on-sea, Essex; a series of Agrotis cinerea D. & S. trom
the old slag heaps in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire; a melanic Drymonia
ruficornis Hufn. from Friday Street, Surrey and a male Epione repandaria Hutn.
having a pale yellow ground colour and the marginal dark borders absent, from
Dungeness, Kent. A heavily marked Spilosoma luteum Hufn., a small and albinistic
Apamea anceps D. & S., a male Hoplodrina alsines Brahm having a dark central
shade on forewing and a male Agrotis exclamationis L. ab. posteli Culot from Pidney,
Hunts.

SokoLorF, P.A. — Varieties of Mimas tiliae L., Lomaspilis marginata L., Orthosia
gothica L. and Agrotis exclamationis L. Other bred Lepidoptera including Mythimna
loreyi Dup. from Cornwall and Rheumaptera hastata L. ssp. nigrescens Prout bred
from Myrica on Skye. Also a short series of Chilodes maritimus Tausch., showing all
three major forms — from Stodmarsh, Kent.

SPALDING, A. — Various migrants collected at light in Cornwall 1982 to 1985,
including two Euchromius ocellea Haw., two Diasemiopsis ramburialis Dup. and one
Eublemma ostrina Hubn.

STERLING, Col. D.H. and M.J.— Eustroma reticulatum D. & S. from Windermere
larvae; a striking aberration of Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, from Winchester

48 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

VCI11; a specimen of Eupithecia abietaria Goeze, bred from Berkshire VC22, a new
county record; a series of Lithomoia solidaginis Hubn. showing differences between
Scottish and Derbyshire specimens; a specimen of Amphipoea fucosa paludis Tutt,
from inland Hampshire, Winchester VC11,; some specimens of Athetis pallustris
Hubn. from the Lincolnshire coast near Skegness, and a specimen of Heliothis
viriplaca Hufn., from Winchester, Hants, VC11.

TREMBATH, D.A. — Specimens of moths taken at Dorking during 1986, including:
Trichiura crataegi L., Jodis lactearia L., Semiothisa notata L., Boarmia roboraria
D. & S., Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn., Lymantria monacha L., Hadena compta D.
& S., Craniophora ligustri D. & S., Dicycla oo L., Mythimna obsoleta Hubn.,
Lygephila pastinum Treit. and Parascotia fuliginaria L.

TREMEWAN, W.G. — The following bred aberrations of Zygaena filipendulae (L.):
yellow and orange forms, suffused confluent red, yellow and orange forms. These
examples were obtained by crossing an orange/red culture from Surrey with yellow/
red and suffused confluent red cultures from Cornwall. The orange and yellow forms
are recessive to red; the suffused confluent forms are dominant to the typical
six-spotted form. A bilateral gynandromorph of Zygaena trifolii (Esper) with the
right side male, and the left side female, captured on the North Downs, Surrey, in
June 1986.

Tweepie, M.W.F. — A specimen of Agrotis crassa Hubn., Playden, East Sussex,
7.vill.86, the first British mainland record of this century; and of Eupithecia abietaria
Goeze, Beckley, East Sussex.

Waite, P. — Two normal specimens of Trichiura crataegi L., and one bilateral
gynandromorph right side male, left side female taken at light at Cockpole Green,
Berkshire.

WarinG, P.M. — A series of local moths from Bernwood Forest, Oxon./Bucks.
border including Tethea or D. & S., Archiearis notha Hubn., Cyclophora porata L.,
Idaea trigeminata Haw., Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Cl., Rheumaptera hastata L..,
Philereme vetulata D. & S., Plagodis pulveraria L., Eupithecia irriguata Hubn.,
Selenia lunularia Hibn., Angerona prunaria L., Deileptenia ribeata Cl., Paradarsia
extersaria Hubn., Pelosia deplana Esp., Meganola strigula D. & S., Lacanobia
contigua D. & S., Orthosia miniosa D. & S., O. populeti F., Lithophane hepatica Cl.,
Deltote uncula Cl., Photedes fluxa Hiibn., Herminia strigilata L., Rhyacia simulans
Hufn., and Cerastis leucographa D. & S.

West, B.K. — Aberrations of Arctia caja L. ab. schizomacula Gdn-Smith,
Dartford, ab. consolidata Cock., Ballyvaughan, Co. Clare, conjuncta Stattmyr., Carr
Bridge, Inv., disconjuncta Cock., Dartford, confluens Rebel, Dartford, and the
undescribed form with the ‘F’ band of f.w. not broken.

Aberrations taken in Kent in 1986. Euproctis similis Fuess. ab. nyctea Stdgr.,
Dartford; Callimorpha jacobaeae L., ab. albescens Cock., Dungeness; Melanchra
persicariae L., ab. unicolor Stdgr., Dartford, and two undescribed forms of
Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S. from Darttord.

WiLson, D.E. — A female specimen of Trachea atriplicis L. from Dungeness, at
light on the night of 8-9 vili.86, new to the Kent list.

WINTER, P.Q. — Specimens from Yorkshire: /daea fuscovenosa Goeze,
Orthonama vittata Hutn. A slightly unusual form of Diarsia rubi View; Synanthedon
culiciformis L., Parastichis suspecta Htibn., Eupithecia pygmaeata Hubn., Lithomoia

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 49

soldaginis Hiibn., Discloxia blomeri Curt., Macroglossum stellatarum L., Schrankia
costaestrigalis Steph., Chloroclysta siterata Hutn., Thera obeliscata Hubn., Acronicta
alni L. and Celaena leucostigma Hubn.

From Berkshire: a specimen of Synanthedon flaviventris Stdgr.

From Killin, Perthshire: Mniotype (Blepharita) adusta Esp., Chloroclysta siterata
Hutn. and C. miata L.

Younc, D.A. — Lepidoptera from Berkshire and area, caught or bred in 1986.
Synanthedon spheciformis D. & S. also displayed were two birch stumps from which
the specimens were bred with the extruded pupal cases; Diachrysia chryson Esp.,
Callimorpha dominula L., Mythimna obsoleta Hiibn., Archanara geminipuncta Haw.
and Chilodes maritimus Tausch., with two reed stems with larval workings from the
reed bed in the Kennet Valley.

Four locally common footman moths: Eilema sororcula Hutn., E. deplana Esp., E.
griseola Hiibn., type and ab. stramineola Doubl. and Miltochrista miniata Forst.

Two unusual forms of Lomaspilis marginata L.

Four melanic forms of Colocasia coryli L. (plus two typical), from the chalk woods
of the Chilterns in Berkshire and south-east Oxfordshire where ab. melanotica
Haverkampf is not uncommon.

Hypenia crassalis F., Meganola strigula D. & S. and Euphyia unangulata Haw.

BritISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA

AGassiz, Rev. D.J.L. — British examples of Prays fraxinella Bjerk. and a possible
sister species which may be described by Dr J. Kyrki. The other species has only the
unicolorous form and occurs later than fraxinella.

Austin, R.A. and Peet, T.N.D. — British micromoths from Guernsey.
Chrysocrambus linetella F. or C.craterella Scop., to MV, 29.vi.86, awaiting
determination. Orthotaelia sparganella Thunb., Vale Marais, Guernsey, at MV,
9.vill.86, new to Guernsey.

Beaumont, H.E. — Phyllonorycter roboris (Zell.). In recent years this species has
been found to occur widely and locally commonly in a number of South Yorkshire
(VC63) woods. It is the third most frequent of the oak feeding Phyllonorycter species
after quercifoliella (Zell.) and harrisella (L.). Phyllonorycter schreberella (F.),
Worsbrough Country Park, near Barnsley (VC63), mines on a regenerating diseased
elm in October 1985, moth reared April 1986. A scarce moth in Yorkshire with only
three previous records, two from VC62 and one from VC63. Elachista triatomea
(Haw.), Wombwell Wood, near Barnsley and Swinton, near Mexborough (VC63),
July 1986. Although recorded from the other four Yorkshire vice-counties these are
the first from VC63. Batia unitella (Hiibn.), Roche Abbey, near Maltby (VC63),
25.vii.86. The second county record, previously recorded at Rossington, near
Doncaster (VC63) in 1985. Argyresthia glaucinella (Zell.), Wombwell Wood, near
Barnsley, (VC63), 6.vii.85. The only previous Yorkshire record was from the
Sheffield district prior to 1883. Apotomis semifasciana (Haw.), Owston Wood, near
Doncaster (VC63). A scarce moth in Yorkshire, there are old records from three
other Yorkshire vice-counties but this is the first from VC63. Endothenia nigricostana
(Haw.), Denaby Ings, near Mexborough (VC63), 27.vi.86. There are several old
county records dating from the end of the last century, but none since 1917. Epinotia

50 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

rubiginosana (H.-S.), Greno Wood, near Sheffield (VC63), 22.vii.86. The first
vice-county 63 record, the few other Yorkshire records are all from VC62.

Myelois cribrella (Htibn.). A Yorkshire distribution map showing the records
received to the end of 1985 and illustrating the spread of this moth in the county
during the past nine years. It is now widespread and common in the south of
Yorkshire as far north as York and Filey. Moths have been reared from larvae
feeding in stems of burdock at three localities, the text books suggest that this is an
infrequent foodplant.

Homoeosoma sinuella (F.). A Yorkshire distribution map showing records
received to the end of 1985. This moth is now well established in the Rotherham and
Doncaster districts of VC63 with occasional records further north at Whitgift, near
Goole (VC63) and Howden (VC61). The text books (including Goater, 1986) still
give its distribution as “Norfolk southwards’.

BLAND, Dr K.P. — Nematopogon pilella (D. & S.), Forest Lodge, Glen Tilt,
Perths., NN 9475, 14.vi.86, new locality. Psyche casta (Pallas), North of Gala Bank,
Midlothian, NT 4446, 27.iv.86, new to south-east Scotland. Aethes smeathmanniana
(F.), ex seed heads of yarrow, Duddingston Loch LNR, Midlothian, NT 2872,
coll.25.1x.85 em.6.vil.86, on the edge of its range in Southern Scotland. Philedone
gerningana (D. & S.), Adderstonlee Moss SSSI, Roxb., NT 5311, 10.viii.86,
widespread but local. Cydia cosmophorana (Treits.), ex Petrova resinella gall,
Methven Moss SSSI, Perthshire, NO 0123, coll. 9.xi.85, em.31.v.86, the most
southern Scottish locality? Eudonia lineola (Curt.), To MV light at Arinagour on Isle
of Coll. NM2256, 18/19.vu.86, local and restricted to the west. Adaina microdactyla
(Hubn.), ex galls on hemp agrimony, yellow Craig, Coldingham, Berwickshire, NT
9266, coll.26.x.85, em. 18.vi.86, the only known locality in S.E. Scotland.

Collected by R.M. Lyszkowski: Anania funebris (Strom.), Glen Etive, Argylls.
NN 14, 17.vi.84, local and restricted to the western half of Scotland.

BRADFORD, E.S. — Lepidoptera taken or bred during surveys of Shakespeare Cliff,
Dover, Kent. One of the sites that will be drastically altered by the construction of the
Channel tunnel.

Water colour drawings of some of the Gelechiidae to be published by the Society.

Corey, M.F.V. — Pammene suspectana L. & Z. (thought to be only the fifth
British record), resting on hogweed leaf, Dry Sandford near Abingdon, 24.vi.86, new
to VC 22. Metzneria metzneriella Staint., associated with Serratula, Cothill near
Abingdon, 5.vii.86, new to VC22. Clavigesta purdeyi Durrant, Buckland Warren
near Faringdon, 12.vili.86, new to VC22. Leioptilus carphodactyla Hbn., Chinnor
Hill, bred 26.ix.86, new to VC22. Coleophora therinella Teng., Buckland Warren
near Faringdon, 15.vii.86, new to VC22.

CHALMERS-Hunt, J.M. — The following taken or bred in 1986. Eucosma
catoptrana Rebel, red form, St Osyth, Essex, 23.vi.86. E. pauperana Dup., near
Moulstord, 2.vi.86, first confirmed Berkshire record. Esperia oliviella Fab.,
Dunkirk, East Kent, 19.vi.86. Dahlica inconspicuella Stainton, cases collected
19,111.86, two males bred 11.iv.86., hymenopterous parasites bred 24.iv.86., all
Tilgate Forest, Sussex. Plutella xylostella L. (Diamond-back moth), melanic form,
two, West Wickham, Kent, 14.viii.86 and 22. viii.86.

Emett, Lt.Col. A.M. — Species from Essex. Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zell.)
Saffron Walden, 21.viii.86, new to Essex; it is resident in Suffolk. Coleophora
aestuariella Bradley, a species recently added to the British list from the Essex

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 51

salt-marshes. Coleophora taeniipennella Herrich-Schaffer, Epping Forest, reared
from the viviparous form of Juncus bulbosus L. Mompha subbistrigella (Haworth), a
series reared from seed-pods of Epilobium montanum L. growing in the exhibitor’s
garden. There is virtually no visible evidence for the presence of the larva. The larva is
ochreous; it is described as crimson in all the text books, but assumes this colour only
when full-fed. Lozotaenia forsterana (F.) Saffron Walden, shown because of the late
date — 6.x.86. The latest record this year for the normal summer emergence was
25.vil.86. Cydia conicolana (Heylaerts), Saffron Walden, at MV light 16.vi.86. The
first confirmed record from Essex. The late H.C. Huggins recorded one in his house
at Leigh-on-Sea, but suspected that it had been brought from Surrey in pine-cones.
Pediasia contaminella (Htbn.), Saffron Walden, 2.viii.86. The first record from
north-west Essex. Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.), Saffron Walden, 12.viii.86. New to
VC19 and the first record from inland Essex; previous records have been from the
Thames estuary. Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hubn.), Langham, 6.vii.86; Saffron
Walden, 16.vii.86. Now widespread in Essex. Endotricha flammealis (D. & S.),
Saffron Walden, 2.vui.86. The first record from north-west Essex, although it is
abundant in the south and east. Dioryctria abietella (D. & S.), D. schuetzeella Fuchs
and D. mutatella Fuchs, all from Saffron Walden, vu.86. D. schuetzeella is new to
Essex; a specimen taken at Good Easter on 14.vili.84 was not then recognised.
Ephestia parasitella unicolorella Staud., a local species but well established in the
exhibitor’s garden, where it probably feeds on dead ivy conserved for its benefit.

Species from Sussex. Yponomeuta sedella Treits. (vigintipunctata (Retz.)), Lewes,
10.viii.86, possibly a locality of interest. Coleophora frischella (L.), Lewes, reared
23.vi.86 from a seed-head of Centaurea nigra L., collected for possible Metzneria
neuropterella (Zell.). It is believed that this is the first occasion on which this species
has been reared in Britain. Patzak gives Centaurea as a foodplant and quotes Hering
as saying that it feeds on the seeds. The British literature (based on research in New
Zealand) gives Trifolium as the only foodplant. The larva may well have fed on
Trifolium and moved to the Centaurea head to overwinter, but it is also possible that
the continental writers are right after all. The seed-heads were collected on 27.xii.85.
Hypochalcia ahenella (D. & S.), Lewes, 1.vii.86, an exceptionally small specimen.

Species from Kent. Phyllonorycter distentella (Zell.), Blean Wood, reared from
mines collected in early September, 1985. Gymnancycla canella (D. & S.), Sandwich
Bay, reared from larvae collected in early September, 1985.

Species from Suffolk. Eupoecilia angustana (Hibn.), Icklingham, reared vi.86
from larvae collected the previous autumn in the seed-heads of Plantago lanceolata L.
The larva makes a silken gallery in the head, but there is no obvious sign of its
presence. It can transfer to a fresh head. Pammene albuginana (Guenée), Dunwich
Forest, reared 1.v.86 from an oak-gall.

FENN, J.L. — Cydia molesta Busck, Hockwold, Thetford, Norfolk, reared from
larva in imported peach.

Harper, Dr M.W. — Three unusual species. Levipalpus hepatariella L. & Z.,
Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, one, taken at light, viii.54. Exaeretia ciniflonella L. &
Z.. Deeside, one at rest on birch trunk, x.85, new to Aberdeenshire; Newtonmore,
Inverness-shire, one at light, iv.52. Acleris umbrana Hubn., Eastnor and Ledbury,
Herefordshire, two disturbed in daytime, x.73 and 74 respectively.

Hart, C. — Pterophoridae — The Plume Moths. Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletch.
This moth is now widespread in central northern England. It seems to inhabit garden
rockeries where it feeds on Mossy Saxifrage. Pterophorus galactodactyla (D. & S.)

52 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

These specimens were bred from larvae collected at Saltfleetby in Lincs. Beirne states
‘confined to England and Wales from Norfolk ... southward.’ Leioptilus
chrysocomae Rag. (bowesi Whalley) One specimen to light in Ham Street in 1985 and
three larvae swept from Golden Rod in September 1986, only one still surviving but
growing rapidly and feeding externally on the leaves. Pselnophorus heterodactyla
(Mull.) Larvae were found quite commonly near Stroud this spring. Moths emerged,
were paired and the larvae are now nearly fully grown and hibernating at soil level in
dead leaves and other debris.

Heckrorpb, R.J. — Trifurcula griseella Wolff, Brixham, Devon, 15 and 18.vi.86.
T. eurema Tutt, Perranporth, Cornwall, ex larva, Lotus corniculatus L., 13.v. and
5.vi.86. Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb. Buckfastleigh, Devon, ex larva Tilia x
vulgaris, 31.v-1.vi.86. Oinophila v-flava Haw., St Mary’s, Scilly Isles, ex larva, under
bark of Pittosporum crassifolium, 16.vi-3.vii.86, new foodplant. Argyresthia albistria
Haw., Hembury Woods, Devon, 15.vii.86, form without white dorsal streak on
forewing and having entirely black antennae. Coleophora serpylletorum Hering,
Poldhu Cove, Cornwall, ex larva, Thymus sp., 7,9.vii.86. Schiffermuelleria
subaquilea Staint., Kynance Cove, Cornwall, 13.vi.86. Oecophora bractella L.,
Hembury Woods, Devon, ex larva under bark of dead oak, 17.iv—22.v.86, second
locality. Amphisbatis incongruella Staint., Kynance Cove, Cornwall, ex larva,
Thymus sp., 19.11.86. Bryotropha basaltinella Z., Brixham, Devon, 28.vi.86. Lita
solutella Z., Kynance Cove, Cornwall, 13.vi.86. Phalonidia curvistrigana Staint.,
Hembury Woods, Devon, ex larva, Solidago sp., 16.vi.86. Aphelia unitana Hubn.,
Heddon’s Mouth, Devon, 13.vi.83, new to VC4. Olethreutes arcuella Clerck,
Hembury Woods, Devon, 27.vi.86. Eudonia delunella Staint., Chudleigh Knighton
Heath, Devon, 6.vii.79,29.vi.85 and Plympton, Devon, 5.vii.84. Paralipsa gularis Z.,
Plympton, Devon, ex larva, sunflower seeds, peanuts and sweetcorn, 5—10.1x.86.
Platyptilia calodactyla. D. & §S., Ilfracombe, Devon, 9.vii.86. Pterophorus
fuscolimbatus Duponchel, Coverack, Cornwall, ex larva, Thymus sp., 30.vi.86 and
2.vil.86; life history previously unknown in British Isles; Kynance Cove, Cornwall,
24.vii.86. P.tridactyla L., Harting Down, Sussex, 20.vi.80; shown for comparison
with P. fuscolimbatus.

Kni_t-JoNes, Dr R.P. — Anarsia spartiella Schr., Old Kilpatrick (VC99);
Carmyle, Glasgow (VC77). Cosmiotes consortella Staint., Ailsa Craig (VC75).
Coleophora striatipennella Tengst., Pollok Park, Glasgow (VC76); Rotten Calder,
Glasgow (VC77). C. tamesis Waters, Pollok Park, Glasgow (VC76).

KNiLL-JoNes, S.A. — Pempelia palumbella D. & S., 13.vii.86. Ostrinia nubilalis
Hiibn., 13,27.vii.86. Elophila (Nymphula) nymphaeata L., 30.vi.86. All taken
Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

LaNGMAip, Dr J.R. Stigmella svenssoni Johan., Botley Wood, Hants., bred
Quercus sp.; new to Hants. Bucculatrix cidarella Z., Browndown, Hants., bred
Myrica gale L. Argyresthia dilectella Z., Partry, Co. Mayo, taken 3.viii.86, new to
Ireland. Acrolepiopsis marcidella Curt., taken Wickham, Hants. at MV ,28.vi.86 with
M.S. Parsons, first British specimen since 1892. Coleophora serpylletorum Her., bred
from Thyme, four from Cornwall, four from north Wales, illustrating constant
differences between the two forms. C. lassella Stdgr., Kynance, Cornwall, 13.vi.86.
C. therinella Tengst., Southsea, Hants., vii.86. Schiffermuelleria subaquilea Haw..,
Kynance, four 13.vi.86, new to Cornwall. Chambersia albimaculea Haw., Southsea,
Hants., 22.vi.86. Lita solutella Z., Kynance Cove, four taken among Genista pilosa
L., 13.vi.86, new to Cornwall. Ancylis upupana Treits., Botley Wood, Hants., bred

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 53

Betula sp. Pelochrista caecimaculana Hubn., Portsdown Hill, 13,17.vii.86, first
Hants. record for over 60 years. Pammene albuginana Guen., Beaulieu, Hants., one;
Dunwich, Suffolk, two bred from spongy oak galls. Cydia illutana H.-S., Southsea,
Hants., at MV,10.vi.75, first known British specimen.

MicHaELis, H.N. — Epermenia illigerella Hubn., Gresford, VCS0, by B.
Formstone; new to north Wales. Scythris fletcherella Meyr., Bryn Pydew,
VC49,7.vii.86. Olethreutes olivana Treits., Cors-y-Sarnau near Bala, VC48.
Capperia britanniodactyla Gregson, Coed Soflen, Llanrwst, VC50,7.vii.80; not
identified until 1985; new to north Wales.

Nasu, S. — Specimens and records of species taken on St Mary’s, Scilly Isles,
30. vili—12.1x. 1986.

Parsons, M. — A selection of species noted in 1986. Olethreutes arcuella Cl., Five
Lords, Quantocks. Philedone gerningana D. & S., Roydon Common, Norfolk.
Ethmia funerella F., Baston Fen, Lincs. Eudemis porphyrana Hubn., Lower
Appleton Common, Oxfordshire. Calamatropha paludella Hubn., Bassenhally
Gravel Pits, Cambs., Blastobasis decolorella Wol., Oxford.

PELHAM-CLINTON, E.C. — British Microlepidoptera collected during 1986.
Argyresthia dilectella Zell., Partry, E. Mayo, 3.vilil.86, new to Ireland. Ypsolopha
lucella (F.), Axminster, Devon, 11.vili.86, no other recent Devon records.
Coleophora sylvaticella Wood, Parracombe, Devon, 11—12.vi.86, 2 specimens.
Schiffermuelleria subaquilea (Staint.), Lizard, Cornwall, 13.vi.86, 6 specimens of
large numbers seen on wing in morning sunshine. Agonopterix propinquella (Treits. ),
Mayo, Sligo and Longford, bred viii. 1986, 6 specimens bred from larvae on Cirsium
arvense L. and C. vulgare (Savi). Agonopterix pallorella (Zell.), Achill 1., W. Mayo,
bred 28.viii.86 from larva on Centaurea nigra L. (instead of the more usual C.
scabiosa L.). Lita solutella (Zell.), Lizard, Cornwall, 13.vi.86, 4 specimens,
compared with 3 specimens from Aviemore, Inverness-shire. Aphelia unitana
(Hiibn.), Axminster, Devon, 28.vi.86, not previously recognized in Devon, though
perhaps recorded as A. paleana (Hiibn.). Metriostola betulae (Goeze) Axminster,
Devon, 29.vi.86, new to Devon.

SATTLER, K. — Scrobipalpa stangei (Her.) in Britain. A species previously
unknown from Britain, specimens were found in historic collections in the British
Museum (Natural History) (Bankes, Whittle and Rait-Smith collections),
misidentified as Scrobipalpa plantaginella (Staint.) and S. instabilella (Dougl.). The
data labels indicate that two of the specimens were collected at Yarmouth, Isle of
Wight, in July 1882; however, attempts by members of the Microlepidoptera Section,
BMNH, in 1985 and 1986 to rediscover S. stangei were unsuccessful. On the
Continent S. stangei is known from various coastal and inland saline habitats. Its larva
lives predominantly in Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima L.) but has also been
observed in Marsh Arrowgrass (7. palustris L.).

Sippons, P.N. — Biselachista serricornis Stt., Gossmoor, Cornwall, 29.vi.86.
Caryocolum viscariella Stt., Ellanglaze, Cornwall, bred ex larvae, 23.vil.86.
Anacampsis populella Cl., Grogley, Cornwall, 10.viii.86. Spuleria flavicaput Haw.,
Cubert, Cornwall, 26.v.72. Cydia funebrana Treits., Chyverton, Cornwall, 4.vii.85,
C. tenebrosana Dup., Penhale, bred ex larvae, 13.vii.86. C. gallicana Guen.,
Perranporth, Cornwall, bred ex larvae, 13.vii.86. Oxyptilus distans Z., Perranporth,
Cornwall, 2.vii.86.

54 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Simpson, Dr A.N.B. — Pempelia formosa Haw., Leigh, 3.vii. 86, in MV trap; new
to Worcestershire. Crambus uliginosellus Z., Hartlebury Common, in bog, 27.vii.86;
new to Worcestershire. Teleiodes scriptella Hibn., Leigh, at light, 17.vi.86; larval
feeding found in ix.86; new to Worcestershire. Pseudatemelia flavifrontella D. & S..,
Leigh, at light, 26.vi.86; new to Worcestershire. Elachista dispunctella Dup., Trneth-
y-Mwnt, Cardigan, on sea cliff, amongst Festuca ovina L.; gen.det. Scythris
fletcherella Meyr., Collins Green, 14.vi.86, from larva on Helianthemum; new to
Worcestershire. Haplotinea insectella F., near Tregroes, Cardigan, huge numbers in
old hay and straw in disused farm buildings, 13.vii.86; gen.det. Nemapogon
ruricolella Stt., Monk Wood, Worcs., ex larva in dead oak 2” diameter twigs, still
attached to trunk, collected iv.85, hatched vi.86; gen. det. new to Worcs., VC37,
Moccas Park, Mompha divisella H.-S., Heretordshire, end v.86.

SoxoLorr, P.A. — A selection mostly bred during 1986, including Argyrotaenia
/jungiana Thunb. bred from grapes, Battersea, London; a small colony appears to be
established on a mature vine there; a new British foodplant for this normally
moorland species. Teleiodes paripunctella Thunb., series of the Myrica-feeding race
from Skye, showing considerable variation in the spotting and grey-brown
colouration. Falseuncaria ruficiliana Haw., from a cliff-top biotope in Co. Donegal.

STERLING, Col. D.H. and M.J. — Ectoedemia turbidella Zell. Bred from Oxtord
VC23. Mines were found on fallen leaves of Populus canescens growing in University
Park. Most leaves had two larvae mining at the base, each side of the midrib.
Opostegia crepusculella Zell. This specimen was taken at MV light in Wychwood
Forest, Oxfordshire VC23 on 30.vi.86. Marycia inconspicuella Stt. Cases were
collected from rock lichens on Iron Tors and Beeley Moor Derbyshire VCS57 on
22.iii.86 and produced moths in April 1986. Tineola bisselliella Hum. from
Nottingham VCS56 in March 1986. Although known as the “Common Clothes Moth’,
it is not so common in these days of man-made fibres and there are few post-1920
records from the East Midlands. Choreutis pariana Cl. Bred from Hampshire VC12,
a new vice-county record. The larvae were found on a small Malus domestica L.
beside a car park on Newtown Common on 24.vili.86. Moths emerged during
September. Rhigognostis incarnatella Steud. From Carrbridge, Inverness. Taken at
MV on 9.vi.86 and one of the few interesting species found during a very wet and cold
trip to that area. Coleophora orbitella Zell. Bred from Havant Thicket Hampshire
VCI11, anew County record. Three Coleophora cases were collected from Betula on
19.x.81 and 2 moths emerged in May 1982. They have now been determined after
dissection. Coleophora hemerobiella Scop. Bred from Little Wittenham NR VC22, a
new vice-county record. A number of cases were found on Crataegus on 22.vi.86 and
produced moths in July. Elachista regificella Sirc. First confirmed county record for
Hampshire. Bred from mines in Luzula pilosa L. in Crab Wood, Winchester VC11
found on 19.iv.86. Moths emerged during July 1986. Schiffermuelleria tinctella Hubn.
Taken at MV light on 27.vi.86 at Savernake Forest, Wiltshire. Aplota palpella Haw.
Found dead on a tree trunk in Savernake Forest, Wiltshire on 23.vili.86. No other
record for this species in recent times can be traced. Mompha locupletella D. & S.
Bred from larval mines in leaves of Epilobium obscurum found in Emer Bog NR
Hants VCI1 on 23.vii.86. Moths emerged during August. Aethes piercei ning on
12.v1.86. Eudemis porphyrana Hibn. Bred from New Forest, Hampshire VC11 and
Wychwood Forest Oxon. VC23. Larvae were found in rolled leaves of Malus
sylvestris L., usually more than one larva in each roll. Larvae were found in early June
1986, moths emerging in July. Pterophorus spilodactylus Curt. Bred from larvae from
Isle of Wight, VC10. The cliff colony near Freshwater on Marrubium vulgare L.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 55

continues to flourish. On 19.v.86, larvae were very small and inside the growing
shoots. They developed at varying speeds, producing imagines between June and
early August.

FOREIGN LEPIDOPTERA

Cronin, A.R. — Some Philippine butterflies taken in September 1986.

Eston, Maj. H.J. — A display showing 56 species of butterfly and 11 species of
hawkmoth bred or captured in the Sultanate of Oman between 1984 and 1986. The
four cases exhibited showed specimens caught or bred in the Sultanate of Oman
during the years 1984 to 1986. The Sultanate of Oman lies in the south eastern corner
of the Arabian Penninsula. It has a remarkable variety of habitats including high
mountains, oases, coastal plains, wadis and deserts. In what is essentially an arid
country there is a good variety of Lepidoptera with many resident species. Migrants
appear regularly from Africa and occasionally from the Indian sub-continent. During
the time in Oman the exhibitor was able to collect in many localities throughout the
length and breadth of the country. Species from the north are strongly allied to those
from the Asian continent; the species from the south being allied to those from
Africa. The arid deserts of central Oman therefore appear to provide a dividing line
between the butterfly fauna of Africa and Asia. The exhibitor hopes to produce a list
of records and observations for future publications in the Proceedings, together with
some of the amusing anecdotes that the presence of an Englishman with a butterfly
net in Arabia is destined to produce.

Hai, N.M. — Switzerland and France 1986. During a holiday to France and
Switzerland in August this year, the exhibitor was able to do some mothing in five
localities: (1) Above Bullet in the Jura Mountains in the Swiss Canton of Neuchatel at
an altitude of about 1300m, August 17/18; (2) at Les Hauderes in the Swiss Valais
(Val d’Herens) at about 1600m (here it was possible to run a light trap on the edge of
the stream adjacent to an organised campsite, the noise of the water being far greater
than the noise of the generator, so that it did not disturb other campers), August
19/20; (3) at Arolla in the Swiss Valais (Val d’Herens) at about 2000m, August 20/21;
(4) at Zeneggen in the Swiss Valais, above Visp in the valley leading to Zermatt, at
about 1300m, August 21/22 and (5) at Sanilhac in the French départment of Gard,
near to the Pont du Gard, in ‘garrigue’ vegetation, August 25th to 30th. All the
specimens set in the field were shown. In collecting, unless the species showed
considerable variations in a single locality, small numbers were taken, but from many
localities. Hence the selection contained some moths common or easily obtainable in
the UK. Identifications were tentative so far, and a large proportion may be wrong.
This is mainly because the only relevant literature available was Forster & Wohlfart’s
Noctuidae (Eulen) and Geometridae (Spanner) and Calle’s Noctuids of Spain. ‘In
Forster & Wohlfart’ the exhibitor reported ‘I find the illustrations not good enough
for positive identification. Aspects of wing patterns | find most distinctive are not
present in the corresponding illustrations. Calle gives photographs which are very
helpful even though their standard, and the standard of the specimens themselves
leave something to be desired.. Many of the specimens were labelled with
identifications, but separate lists were provided for convenience and tor comment.

Harman, T.W. —A selection of Lepidoptera taken in the Dordogne, France during
late May and early August, 1986, while surveying a limestone valley in the region.
Species include Papilio machaon L., Iphiclides podalirius L., Argynnis paphia L.,

56 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Colias croceus Geotf., C. hyale L., Issoria lathonia L..,
Minois dryas Scop., Aporia crataegi L., Limenitis reducta Stand., Vanessa atalanta
L., Melitaea phoebe Schift., M. cinxia L., M. didyma Esp., Clossiana dia L..,
Euphydryas aurinia Rott., Mellicta parthenoides Ket., Maculinea arion arion L.,
Cyaniris semiargus Rott., Claucopsyche alexis Poda, Philotes baton Berg., Lycaena
dispar rutila Wern., Heodes tityrus Poda., Lysandra coridon Poda (female form
syngrapha), Ephesia fulminea Esp., Catocala nymphagoga Esp., Trachea atriplicis
L., Thaumetopoea pinivora Treits., Callopistria juventina Stoll., Macdunnoughia
confusa Steph., Tarache lucida Hutn., Lithosia quadra L., Agrotis cinerea D. & S..,
Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda, Rhyparia purpurata L., Hyphoraia aulica, Eucharia
casta L., Pachetra sagittigera D. & S., Catephria alchymista D. & S., Hybocampa
milhauseri F., Saturnia pyri L., Proserpinus proserpina Pall., Dendrolimus pini L.,
Stauropus fagi L., Deridea anceps Goeze, Tritophia tritophus D. & S., Spatalia
argentina D. & S., Hyloicus pinastri L., Hyles euphorbiae L., Macroglossum
stellatar'um L., Hemaris fuciformis L., H. tityus L.

KNILL-JONES, R.P. — Some Brazilian Lepidoptera.

PLant, C.W. — Canephora unicolor (Hutn.) (Lep,; Psychidae). Adult male and
larval case. Cordes. (Tarn), Southern France, May 1986. This is Europe’s largest
Psychid, and the large and sexually dimorphic bugs were found on the trunks of oak
trees. A selection of twenty-three microlepidoptera from various families, taken at
MV light during May 1986 on a limestone ridge at Cordes, southern France.

Rosinson, Dr G.S. — Artificial birds’ nests, composed of feathers wrapped in
nylon net, were deployed in Sulawesi to allow wild tineid moths to oviposit in them.
Series of Monopis impressella Walk., M.pentadisca Walk. and M.congestella Meyt.
(the last two species larviparous) were shown, bred from recovered nests.

TREBILCOcK, G.D. — Three species, M.arion, C. dia and P. aegeria from the
Perigord region of France. Each showed aberrant forms. All specimens taken
between 4. vii.86 and 25.vii.86. Of particular interest was the abundance of M.arion in
the region.

Tuck, K.R. (British Museum (Natural History) ) — Semutophila saccharopa Tuck,
a new genus and species of Tortricidae attended by ants on bamboo stems in
Malaysia.

Witson, D.E. — Exhibited on behalf of Mr R.H. Mays an unidentified moth
found on cargo being unloaded at Stansted Airport, on a flight from Bangkok,
Thailand, on 25.x.86.

WILTSHIRE, E.P. — Material collected by M.D. Llagher and others in the Al
Wahiba Sands area of Oman. The Royal Geographical Society’s 1986 Expedition.
Representative species of Macro Heterocera of which group 55 different species have
in fact been collected from this area. Arenipses sabella Hps., female (date pest);
Sumeria dipotamica Tams., male (in date gardens); Spodoptera litura F., male,
(garden pest); Spodoptera exigua Hubn., male (migrant and pest); Helicoverpa
armigera Hubn., male (pest); Trichoplusia ni Hubn., female (garden pest); Tephrina
disputaria Gn., male; Tephrina perviaria Sed., male; Casama vilis Wkt., male;
Paropta l-album (B.-B), male; Masalia albida (Hps), male; Heteropalpia vetusta
Wkt., male; Heteropalpia acrosticta Pgl, male; Pericyma signata Brdt., female;
Gnamptonyx innexa Med., female; Gnamptonyx innexa Med, female Acantholipes
circumdata Wkt., female; Mocis frugalis Gn., male; Clytis benenotata Warren,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 57

female; Anumeta straminea B-H, female; Anumeta asiatica Wilts., female; Anumeta
eberti Wilts., female; Anumeta spilota harteri Roths., female; Anumeta atrosignata,
female; Anumeta hilgerti popovi Wilts., male and female; Anumeta surcoufi Dumt.,
female; Drasteria kabylaria B.-H., female; Atomorpha hedemanni baloutchistana
Welsh, male; Acontia biskrensis orientalis Brdt., female; Eublemma bistellata Wilts.
male; Eublemma rushi Wilts., male; Jranada turcorum atrior Wilts., female;
Acrobyla kneuckeri Rebel, female; Armada gallagheri Wilts, female; Armada
maritima Brandt., male; Amicta murina Klug., male.

Bag constructions from twigs of Calligonum of two different species of Psychid
moth. One bag-worm of the Amicto (pyramidal or ‘log-cabin’) type fed from July to
October in the UK on Polygonum spp and its emergence was hoped for in November.

DIPTERA

AppPLETON, D. — Four species of Stratiomyidae from the Lower Test Nature
Reserve near Southampton, Hants.: Oxycera trilineata (F.), 26.vil.86; O. nigricornis
(Ol.), 19.vii.86; O. rara (Scop.), 28.vi.86; Vanoyia tenuicornis (Macquart), 21.v1.86.

BaLL, S.G. — Some scarce Diptera found outside their previously known ranges.
Pelecocera tricincta (Meig.) (Syrphidae), Stover Park, Devon, 5.vi.86, on dry
heathland overrun by Rhododendron, previous records are from bogs and wet
heathland in Dorset, Hants and Surrey. Dichetophora finlandica Verbeke
(Sciomyzidae), Newham Fen NNR, Northumb., 30.vili.85, tussock sedge on the
edge of birch/sallow scrub in an old lake bed, a typical habitat but much further north
than the known East Anglian and single Yorkshire records. Ectinocera borealis
(Zett.) (Sciomyzidae), Erme Estuary, Devon, 1|.vi.86, swept from common scurvy
grass at top of beach adjacent to woodland; previous records are from the Caledonian
pine forests of Speyside and shady woodland in the Malham Tarn and Snowdonia
regions. Scathophaga scybalaria (L.) (Scathophagidae), College Valley, Cheviot,
31.viii.85, swept from an Eleocharis bed in a small oxbow of the Lambdon Burn; it is
locally abundant in the New Forest, parts of Wales and the Western Highlands of
Scotland.

CHANDLER, P.J. — The British species of the fungus gnat genus Neoempheria
(Mycetophilidae): four of the five British species were exhibited, the fifth bimaculata
(von Roser) known from Hants., Wilts. and Dorest only being presently represented
in the BMNH collection. Until 1973 only two species were known as British, the
frequent pictipennis (Haliday) (the only one known from Scotland and Ireland) and
the scarce lineola (Meig.). The latter, a large conspicuous species, was only known on
old material from the New Forest until 1986 when it was rediscovered by P.J.
Chandler and A.E. Stubbs around large decayed beech logs at The Knowles in the
New Forest (also found this year in a new locality — see exhibit by Clements and
Alexander). N.winnertzi Edw., found at two localities in Gloucs. in 1973 by A.M.
Hutson and A.E. Stubbs, has not been found since. N.striata (Meig.), new to the
British list on a single male from carr woodland at Cothill, near Oxford, found by P.J.
Chandler in 1985, its larvae are known to spin webs on dead wood or bracket fungi.
N.proxima nota British species, but superficially similar to striata, was exhibited from
Spain. The frequent but local Leptomorphus walkeri Curt. was also exhibited as it
could conceivably be contused with N. /ineola.

58 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

CLEMENTS, D.K. & ALEXANDER, K. — Scarce or local Diptera from the Nationa!
Trust Biological Surveys in 1985-6. Neoempheria lineola (Meig.) (Mycetophilidae), a
female from Cirencester park, Gloucs., 24.v.86, the first locality outside the New
Forest. Xylophagus ater Meig. (Xylophagidae), Cirencester Park, vi.86, a female
reared under artificial conditions from a final instar larva found under bark. Oxycera
dives Loew (Stratiomyidae), a pair in copula from low birch on heathland at
Wallington, Northumb., 4.viii.86. Acrocera orbicula F. (Acroceridae), Horsey
Warren, Norfolk, 27.vi.86, a mass emergence amongst fixed dune vegetation.
Megasyrphus annulipes (Zett.) (Syrphidae), Allen Banks, Northumb., 20.viii.86.
Dasysyrphus friuliensis van der Goot (Syrphidae), Cragside, Northumb., 21.vii.86, a
recent colonist associated with conifers. Neoascia obliqua Coe (Syrphidae), Ruskin
Reserve, Cothill, 30.v.86.

Co.uins, G.A. — A selection of 12 species of Syrphidae found in 1986, including:
Cheilosia carbonaria Egger, Ashtead, Surrey, 11.vi.86; Brachyopa pilosa Collin,
Limpsfield, Surrey, 1.vi.86; Pelecocera tricincta (Meig.), Bramshill, Hants. , 5.vii.86;
Neocnemodon latitarsis (Egger), Netley Heath, Surrey, 4.vi.86; Triglyphus primus
Loew, St Ann’s Hill, Surrey, 7.vi.86; Microdon devius (L.), Hackhurst Down,
Surrey, 21.vi.86.

Goprrey, A. — A wide range of uncommon or local Diptera mainly from the south
ot England, including the following more notable records. Oxycera morristi Curt.
(Stratiomyidae), Pig Farm Lake, Hemel Hempstead, Herts., 3.vii.86, from sedges by
side of lake. Odontomyia tigrina (F.), 21.vi.86 and Stratiomys potamida (Meig.)
3.vill.85 (Stratiomyidae), both from Cassiobury Park Nature Reserve, Watford,
Herts. Acrocera orbicula F. (Acroceridae), Dowrog Common, Pembroke, 11.vii.86,
on healthland. Mephrocerus flavicornis Zett. (Pipunculidae), Harrock’s Wood,
Watford, Herts., 14.vii.86, in water trap in birch/hazel woodland. Myolepta luteola
(Gmel.) (Syrphidae), Harrock’s Wood, 19.vui.86. Caliprobola speciosa Rossi
(Syrphidae), Denny Wood, New Forest, 16.vi.84, resting on beech stumps and
defending territories around stumps. Microdon eggeri Mik (Syrphidae), Denny
Wood, 9,16.vi.84, resting on stumps or logs. Paraclusia tigrina (Fall.) (Clustidae),
Whippendell Wood, Herts., 12.x.85 on cut end of log. Hemyda vittata (Meig.)
(Tachinidae), Harrock’s Wood, 15.ix.86, the first British example of this species was
from Whippendell Wood, 12.v.1956 but the few more recent British records are all
from Sussex. Subclytia rotundiventris (Fall.)(Tachinidae), Harrock’s Wood,
15.vii.85.

Hopce, P. — A selection of 17 species of Diptera, mainly Syrphidae, found during
1986, including the following. Atherix ibis (F.) (Rhagionidae), on river bank at
Glasbury on Wye, Radnorshire, 7.vi.86. Psilocephala rustica (Panz.) (Therevidae),
from sandbank on R. Irthing, near Newby East, Cumbria, 24.vii.86, probably the
most northerly British record. Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Syrphidae), Furnace
Wood, E. Sussex, 13.viii.86. Rhingia rostrata (L.) (Syrphidae), Furnace Wood, 10.x.
and 18.ix.86. Ferdinandea ruficornis (F.) (Syrphidae), Lewes, E. Sussex, 27.vii.86,
the second Sussex record, the first having been found at Lewes By M.O. Hughes,
9.v.1964 (Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 100: 192). Microdon devius (L.) (Syrphidae),
Hackhurst Down, Surrey, 29.vi.86.

Hower, J.A. and Wistow, R.J. — An exhibit on conservation of the
Montgomery Canal, included 12 species of Syrphidae and Dolichopodidae.

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Plate IV. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1985

1: Caloptilia hemidactylella, Wychwood, 17.x.85, M. Corley. 2: Anarsia
lineatella, A.M. Emmet. 3: Acrolepiopsis betulella, Inverpolly, vii.85, D.J.L.
Agassiz. 4 (male) & 5 (female): Syncopacma suecicella, Lizard, 4—7.vii.85,
E.C. Pelham-Clinton. 6: Celypha rurestrana, Tintern, 16.vi.62, E.C. Pelham-
Clinton. 7: Ephestia parasitella, Playden, 3.vii.85, M.W.F. Tweedie. 8: Eana
argentana, Glen Tilt, 18.viii.85, R. Knill-Jones. 9: Eudemis profundana,
Hembury Woods, 26.viii.85, R.J. Heckford. 10: Euchromius ocellea, South-
sea, 6.x.85, J.R. Langmaid. 11: Scrobipalpa stangei, |.0.W., 11.vii.1882,
Banks coll., BMNH, K. Sattler. 12: Elachista cingillella, Linton, 25.v.82, J.R.
Langmaid. 13: Diaperis boleti, Holme Fen, R. Key. 14: Lebia crux-minor,
Ditchling, 19.v.84, N.F. Heal. 15: Cicindella campestris, Mark Ash, 8.vi.84, |.
McClenaghan. 16: Corizus hyoscyami, Daymer Bay, 9.ix.85, P. Kirby and
S.J.J. Lambert.

Photo: D. Wilson.

Plate V. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1986

1: Cupido minimus, Surrey, 16.vi.85, L.D. Young. 2: Hylaea fasciaria,
Hamstreet, M. Halsey. 3: Cyclophora linearia, Wytham Woods, 20.vi.86,
C.W.D. Gibson. 4: Maniola jurtina, bilateral gynandromorph, N. Dorset,
viii.86, R.D.G. Barrington. 5: Polygonia c-album, ab reichstettensis,
19.vii.86, A.M. Jones. 6: P. c-album, ab reichstettensis, 20.vii.86, R.C.
Revels. 7: Nymphalis polychloris, extreme ab. testudo (high temp.), vii.85,
K.E.J. Bailey. 8: Argynnis paphia, mixed gynandromorph with f. valezina,
N. Dorset, vii.86, R.D.G. Barrington.

Photo: D. Wilson.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 59

Hupson, I.R. — Examples of 23 species of uncommon or striking Diptera,
including the following. Odontomyia tigrina (F.) (Stratiomyidae), both sexes by a
pond at Farlington Marshes, Hants., and a female at a drainage ditch on Gillkicker
golf links, Gosport, Hants. Oxycera rara (Scop.) and O.ztrilineata (F.)
(Stratiomyidae), Lower Test Valley, wet meadows, where 20 species of
Stratiomyidae have been recorded. Ogcodes gibbosus (L.) (Acroceridae), in
numbers at two Hants, & Isle of Wight Naturalists’ Trust reserves — at Oxenbourne
Down and in the New Forest. Tabanus sudeticus Zell. (Tabanidae), a female from
West Wood, near Winchester, Hants., and a male from long grass by a stream at the
Lower Test Reserve, vii. Bombylius minor L. (Bombyliidae), reared from cells of the
bee Colletes succinctus (L.), excavated from a sandpit at Purbeck, Dorest, vii — the
spiny armoured pupae wriggled from the host cells during the excavation and flies
emerged on the following day while the unparasitised bee cells yielded adult bees
about a fortnight later. Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Syrphidae), males from
Oxenbourne Down, Hants., vii.85 at Pastinaca sativa L. flowers and Botley Wood,
Hants., 1x.86 on Succisa pratensis L. Psilota anthracina Meig. (Syrphidae), New
Forest, on Crataegus blossom. Brachyopa bicolor (Fall.) (Syrphidae), Mark Ash
Wood, on Sorbus blossom, v. Pocota personata (Harris) (Syrphidae), New Forest,
vi.86, a female seen entering a small rot hole 8 feet up a beech trunk. Callicera aenea
(F.) (Syrphidae), two examples from West Sussex, vill.85, one at Heracleum flowers
on the grass verge of the A27, the other nearby in Rewell Wood, a Forestry
Commission plantation. Eumerus sabulonum (Fall.) (Syrphidae), in good numbers in
early July on fixed sand dunes behind the beach at Studland Bay, Dorset, flying
slowly low over the sand and frequently alighting to rest — nearly all those seen were
males. Anasimyia lunulata (Meig.) (Syrphidae), Bishop’s Dyke, New Forest, vii,
both sexes in numbers by vigorously sweeping bog myrtle (Myrica gale L.) bushes.
Leopoldius signatus (Wied.) (Conopidae), frequent at Hedera helix L. blossom,
Warsash, Hants., ix—x.85. Scathophaga scybalaria (L.) (Scathophagidae), abundant
on grazed meadows in the Lower Test Reserve in vii.86. Cistogaster globosa (F.)
(Tachinidae), on Daucus and Pastinaca flowers, Portsdown Hill, Hants., 16/
30.vii.83, a pair showing the remarkable sexual dimorphism — the male has the
abdomen largely dull orange and the thorax with golden dusting on the anterior half,
while the female is all glossy black with silver dusting on the shoulders and pleura.
Gymnosoma rotundatum (L.) (Tachinidae), in numbers on Pastinaca flowers and
other umbels, Rewell Wood, W. Sussex, early vii.85. Lophosia fasciata Meig.
(Tachinidae), frequent at Oxenbourne Down while Pastinaca is in flower and a single
example also found in Rewell Wood on Heracleum. Gonia ornata Meig.
(Tachinidae), fixed dunes at Hayling Island, Hants., a single worn example at end of
v.85 but found in good numbers at the beginning of v.86, visiting Veronica
serpyllifolia L. flowers.

Kirpy, P. & LamBert, S. — Twelve species of Diptera found during 1985-6 on
Nature Conservancy Council surveys, including the following: Vanoyia tenuicornis
(Macquart) (Stratiomyidae), Whiteford Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 25.vi.86. Oxycera
morrisii Curt. (Stratiomyidae), Castor Hanglands NNR, Northants., 6.vii.85.
Pamponerus germanicus (L.) (Asilidae), Oxwich Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 20.vi.86.
Atylotus rusticus (L.) (Tabanidae), Bradwell, Essex, 27.vii.86. Bombylius canescens
Mikan (Bombyliidae), Common Cliff, W. Glamorgan, 23.vi.86; and from Oxwich
Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 20.vi.86. Ogcodes gibbosus (L.) (Acroceridae), Aston
Rowant NNR, Oxon., 30.vi.86. Psilota anthracina Meig. (Syrphidae), Weald Park,
Essex, 27.v.85. Anasimyia interpuncta (Harris) (Syrphidae), Bassenhally Pits,

60 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Cambs., 15.vu.86. Dichetophora finlandica Verbeke (Sciomyzidae), Borough Fen
Decoy, Northants., 30.vi.86. Schoenophilus versutus (Hal.) (Dolichopodidae),
Whiteford Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 25.vi.86.

McLean, I.F.G. — Some Diptera from Pembrey Burrows, Carmarthenshire,
included in a Nature Conservancy Council Exhibit on the Invertebrate Site Register:
this complex of sand dune, slack and saltmarsh as well as rides and clearings in conifer
forest planted on part of the dunes, produced the following: Tabanus autumnalis L.
(Tabanidae), Pamponerus germanicus (L.) (Asilidae), Schoenophilus versutus (Hal. )
(Dolichopodidae), Ochthera mantis (Deg.) (Ephydridae), Sciomyza simplex Fall.
and Pherbellia dorsata (Zett.) (Sciomyzidae).

A selection of uncommon flies found at other localities in 1986. Tabanus sudeticus
Zell. (Tabanidae), on window in Trinity College, Carmarthen, vu. Hilara platyura
Loew (Empididae), Fowlmere, Norfolk, 7.viii. Dolichopus signifer Hal.
(Dolichopodidae), Broomhall Burrows, Carmarthen, 10.vii. Rhaphium elegantulum
Meig. (Dolichopodidae), Devil’s Punchbowl, Norfolk, 16.vii. Cryptaciura
rotundiventris (Fall.) (Tephritidae), The Flits, Hereford, 14.vii. Acinia corniculata
(Zett.) (Tephritidae), Chippenham Fen, Cambs., in meadow, 24.vii. Themira biloba
Andersson (Sepsidae), Fowlmere, Norfolk, 7.vu. Sarcophaga sinuata Meig.
(Sarcophagidae), Gwaun Garthenor, Carmarthen, 5.vii.

PLANT, C. — Xanthandrus comtus (Harris) (Syrphidae), Shoreham, W. Kent,
larva found 2.vili.86 on a leaf of Heracleum sphondylium L., pupated 3.viil.86, a male
emerged 1|1.viii.86; recent records suggest that this normally scarce hoverfly is
widening its range in the south-east.

Simpson, A.N.B. — Chalcosyrphus eunotus (Loew) (Syrphidae), four males seen
(two taken) at Shrawley Wood, Worcs., 4.vi.86, resting on semi-shaded alder logs in
and on the banks of streams, corresponding to the previously recorded habitat
association for the species, which is known from very few localities, chiefly in the
West Midlands. Criorhina floccosa (Meig.) (Syrphidae), Collins Green, Worcs.,
14.v1.86, Crataegus flowers at woodland edge.

COLEOPTERA

Despite protestations from many, the weather in 1986 did not have the effect on
beetle exhibits that it may have had on those of Lepidoptera. The Coleopterists had
not been ‘fair weather’ entomologists and had secured many interesting finds. And
although the number of exhibitors was down, the quality of the exhibits and the
interest of the specimens was as high as ever.

As always, Coleopterists have been more than conscientious when it comes to
providing full and detailed reports of their exhibits, giving the precise details of finds
and observations, which are published in full below.

The twelve exhibits varied from a single species upwards. Mr Appleton showed a
single rare Leptura, Mr Cronina single huge coconut beetle from the Philippines. The
only other foreign beetles were a few from Greece in my own exhibit. Many displays
followed a theme. Dr Morris, for example, exhibited 46 species of weevil, mainly
from Dorset, including the recently discovered Hylobius and Furcipus. Other
exhibits were based around a survey area. Mr Alexander showed beetles collected as

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 61

part of the National Trust Biological Survey including the beautiful violet Chrysolina.
Messrs Hollier and Wistow had surveyed the Montgomery Canal and showed among
other insects the bee beetle Trichius. On the Nature Conservancy Council stand
beetles from two survey sites were exhibited; the status of each species being given
with reference to the ISR reviews and the Insect Red Data Book. The theme of other
exhibits was also the general rarity of the species. Mr Drane showed many interesting
finds including Oulema, Hylobius, and Furcipus. Mr Hodge also showed an extensive
array of very local beetles, Oulimnius, Selatosomus, and Cryptocephalus being very
notable. Mr Halstead’s selection included the rare Prionocyphon which was bred,
and Messrs Lambert and Kirby’s the interesting ‘cramp ball’ weevil Platyrhinus.
Some species were overlooked when exhibited. Mr Fosters Cathormiocerus for
example, exhibited as C. myrmecophilus prooved to be C.britannicus after the
exhibition.

There were a few notable absentees from the list of exhibitors, and as always some
of the best finds did not get officially shown, various shady characters pulling boxes of
specimens out of bags and pockets to test an identification. Perhaps we’ll see some of
them next year.

ALEXANDER, K.N.A. — A selection of beetles mostly taken during the 1985 and
1986 field seasons of the National Trust Biological Survey. Agapanthia
villosoviridescens (Deg.), one of about ten swept in tall coarse grasslands on the
Horsey Estate, Norfolk, 26.vi.86. Stenostola dubia (Laich.) from woodland on
Wenlock Edge, Salop., 16.vii.85. Phytoecia cylindrica (L.), from Bradenham
Woods, Bucks., 10.vi.86 — one of three sightings during the period, the others from
Hughenden Manor, Bucks., and Tewkesbury, Glos. Chrysolina violacea (Muller,
O.F.), one from Gulf Scrubs, near Colesbourne, Glos., 1.vi.85. Schizotus
pectinicornis (L.), reared from a pupa found in rotten birchwood at Cwm Coel,
Radnor., 8.vi.86. Prionychus ater (F.), one of 23 found beneath loose dry bark on
dead ancient beech in Attingham Deer Park, Salop., 1.vii.85. Mordella villosa
(Schr.), from ragwort flower in clearing within Hailey Wood, Cirencester Park,
Glos., 10.vii.85. Nacerdes melanura (L.), from rotten railway sleepers at Ashchurch,
Glos., 29.vi.85. Thanasimus formicarius (L.), taken in flight by Sherborne Common,
Glos., 29.v.85. Rhagonycha translucida (Kryn), from oak in wood by Wilderhope
Manor, Salop., 18.vui.85, and also seen in Oakley Wood, Glos., 30.vi.85. Malthodes
fibulatus Kiesenw., swept in woodland at Bradenham, Bucks., 10.vi.86. Platycis
minutus (F.), one taken by I.F.G. McLean in a wood near Ripon, Yorks., 3.x.85 —
one of its most northern localities in Britain. Ampedus cinnabarinus (Esch.), one of a
pair found in rotten alder timber near Cannop Ponds, Forest of Dean, Glos., 11.v.85.
Plegaderus dissectus Er., three specimens, all from 1985 — Ashdown Park, Oxon.,
17.1v.85, in oak stump, Dovers Hill, Glos., 22.v.85, in ash stump, and Shugborough
Park, Staffs., 30.vu.85, beneath bark on felled oak. Oxyporus rufus (L.), by Oakley
Wood, Cirencester Park, Glos., 27.ix.86, the first Gloucestershire record for 30
years. Conopalpus testaceus (Ol.), from Attingham Deer Park, Salop., 1.vil.85, and
also seen at Millichope Park in the same county, 13.vii.85. Caenopsis waltoni (Boh.),
trom sparsely vegetated stoney slope on Long Mynd, Salop., 8.vii.85. Rhynchites
cupreus (L.), one of two found in Hawksmoor Nature Reserve, Staffs., 6.vii.85.
Rhinomacer attelaboides F., taken in flight in Harwood Forest, Northumbs.,
28.vii.86. Tapinotus sellatus (F.), one found on yellow loosestrife on Horsey Estate,
Norfolk, 26.vi.86. Drupenatus nasturtii (Germ.), swept from watercress on River
Leach near Sherborne, Glos., 28.v.85 — the second county record. Grypus equiseti
(F.), swept from horsetails in Dunham Park, Manchester, 14.vii.85. Pissodes

62 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

castaneus (Deg.), beaten trom pine at Formby, Lancs., 29.vili.85. Tetratoma
desmaresti Lat., one swept on Walton Moor, Somerset, by I.F.G. McLean, 17.x.86.

ApPLETON, D. — Leptura fulva Deg., one female 19.vii.86 — one of two found in
the Lower Test Nature Reserve near Southampton, Hampshire.

CRONIN, A.R. — A coconut beetle found on a tree in San Pablo, Philippines,
September 1985.

Drange, A.B. — Perileptus areolatus (Cretzer), Glasbury Shingles, Radnor, Wales,
2 under stones, 8.v1.86. Thalassophilus longicornis (Sturm), Glasbury Shingles.
Radnor, Wales, 3 in shingle bank, 8.vi.86. Zabrus tenebroioides (Goeze), St
Margarets at Cliff, Kent, | from edge of cornfield, 28.viii.86. Bidessus minutissimus
(Germ.), Glasbury Shingles, Radnor, Wales, Inlet of Wye, 8.vi.86. Onthophilus
punctatus (Miull.), Bagmore Pond, Stanford Battle Area, Norfolk, rabbit burrow,
26.111.86. Neuraphes talparum Lokay, Rockingham Castle Park, Keeper’s Coppice,
in mole castle, 15.11.86. Geodromicus longipes (Mann.) Little Man (Skiddaw),
Cumber., under stone, 24.vii.86. Anthophagus alpinus (Payk.), Little Man
(Skiddaw), Cumber., under stone, 24.vii.86. Micralymma marina (Strom), St Bee’s
Head, Cumber., in cracks of intertidal rocks, 27.vui.86. Sepedophilus bipunctatus
(Grav.), Stedham Common, Sussex, 2 under log bark, 1.vi.86. Gyrophaena hanseni
Strand, Calke Abbey, Derby., one male from stump-gill fungus, 16.vii.86. G.
munsteri Strand, Bailey Einon Wood, Radmor, Wales, one male, from stump-gill
fungi, 7.vi.86. Helichus substriatus (Mull), Bransford Bridge, Worcs., fallen elder,
under bark, 6.vi.86. Macronychus quadrituberculatus Mull., Bransford Bridge,
Worcs., fallen alder, under bark 6.vi.86. Onlimnius rivularis (Rosen.) Cotton's
Corner, 16ft drain, Cambs., on submerged bricks, 2.11.86. Stenelmis canaliculata
(Gyll.), Waternewton, Northants., 6 under stones by weir, 15.vi.86. Agrilus sinuatus
(Ol.). Bushy Park, Surrey, 1 on hawthorn, 10.vii.86. Fleutiauxellus maritimus
(Curtis), Glasbury Shingles, Radnor, Wales, on sand, 8.vi.86. Negastrius sabulicola
(Boh.), Glasbury Shingles, Radnor, Wales, 3 on sand, 8.vi.86. Tillus elongatus (L.),
Calke Abbey, Derby., one male, on small-leated lime, 22.vi.86. Cyanostolus aeneus
(Richt.), Bransford Bridge, Worcs., 3, fallen alder — under bark, 6.vi.86, Calke
Abbey, Derby., |, under fallen beech bark (pond edge), 22.vi.86. Diplocoelus fagi
Guer., Bedford Purlieus, Northants., 1, under pine log bark, 20.iv.86. Mycetophagus
populi F., South Wood near Corby, Northants., 3, boundary ash-fungoid wood,
26.iv.86. Pycnomerus fuliginosus Er., Stedham Common, Sussex, under log bark,
1.vi.86. Mycetochara humeralis (F.), Calke Abbey, Derby., 4, under small-leated
lime branch bark, 22.vi.86. Hallomenus binotatus (Quen.), Stedham Common,
under log bark, |.vi.86. Ischnomera sanguinicollis (F), Glasbury Shingles, Radnor,
Wales, 3, on hawthorn, 8.vi.86. Pyrrhidium sanguineum (L.) Bailey Einon Wood,
Radnor, Wales, under fallen oak branch bark, 7.vi.86. Oulema erichsoni Suft.,
Meare Heath, Somerset, one male and one female, on young grass (dyke), 30.v.86.
Phaedon concinnus Steph., Ravenglass Saltmarsh, Cumber., 4, saltings grubbing,
29.vii.86. Apion (Omphalapion) dispar Germ., Lydden, Kent, on Matricaria,
28.viii.86. A. (Taenapion) semivittatum Gyll., Lydden, Kent on annual mercury,
28.vill.86. A (Taenapion) urticarium (Hbst.), Stanhope-le-Marsh, Essex, on nettles,
10.v.86. Otiorhynchus porcatus (Hbst.), Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumber., 1,
under Primula, 27.vii.86. Hypera pastinacae (Rossi), Capel-le-Ferne Cliff, Kent, on
wild carrot, 28.viil.86. H. venusta (F.), St Bee’s (Marsh House), Cumber., Anthyllis,
29.vii.86. Hylobius transversovittatus (Goeze), Meare Heath, Somerset, 1, climbing
grass stem, 30.v.86. Mesites tardii (Curtis), Beacon Plantation, Ravenglass,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 63

Cumber., under bark, 29.vii.86. Bagous lutulosus (Gyll.), Stedham Common,
Sussex, muddy track rut, 29.v.86. Ceutorhynchus angulosos Boh. Meare Heath,
Somerset, on Galeopsis, 30.vi.86. C. viduatus (Gyll.), Church Moss, Camber, 4, on
Stachys palustris L., 29.vii.86. Phytobius olssoni Israel. Stedham Common, Sussex,
one female, muddy track rut, 29.v.86. Furcipus rectirostris (L.), near Clum-yr-Afon,
Radnor, Wales, Bird Cherry, 7.vi.86. Sibinia sodalis Germ., Gosport, Hants, 4,
sweeping thrift, 1.vi.86. Xyleborus dispar (F.), Stedham Common, Sussex, in log
bark, 1.vi.86.

Foster, A.P. — Harpalus dimidiatus (Rossi), 25.vii.86, Cross Plains, Mendips,
Somerset. H.froelichi Sturm and Coelambus nigrolineatus (Gyll.), at MV light
2.vu1.86, Foxhole Heath, Suffolk. A second British record for the Coelambus.
Aphodius villosus Gyll., 23.vi.86, Sandford Hill, Mendips, Avon. Dorcatoma
dresdensis Herbst, bred from Ganoderma fungus collected 16.xi.86, Burnham
Beeches, Bucks. Hadrobregmus denticollis (Creutz.), 25.11.86, Sturston, Norfolk, in
rot hole in an alder tree. Longitarsus brunneus (Dutts.), 24.vili.86 West Moor,
Somerset, on Thalictrum flavum (L.). Miaris micros (Germ.), vii.86, from two
localities in West Cornwall, common in flowers of Jasione montana L.
Cathormiocerus britannicus Blair (exhibited as myrmecophilus (Seidl.)), at roots of
Thymus, Logan Rock, West Cornwall, 28.vii.85.

HALSTEAD, A. — Some local Coleoptera taken in 1986. Agonum sexpunctatum L..,
Wisley Common, Surrey, 10.v.86, running on ground. Trox scaber L., at actinic light,
Sheerwater, Surrey, 27.vi.86. Dascillus cervinus L., in rough grass, Sheepleas,
Surrey, 29.vi.86. Prionocyphon serricornis Mull., bred from pupa in beech rot hole,
Wood Crates, New Forest, Hampshire, emerged 13.vi.86. Byrrhus fasciatus Forst.,
Sheerwater, Surrey, 2.vi.86, in water trap (garden rain butt). Opilo mollis L.,
Rothamsted light trap, RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey, 27.vil.86. Tritoma bipustulata
F., on birch bracket fungus, Wisley Common, Surrey, 15.v.86. Bitoma crenata F., on
dead beech, Therfield Heath, Royston, Hertfordshire, 28.v.86. Blaps mucronata
Lat., The Grape House, Hampton Court, Middlesex, 20.vi.86. Orchesia undulata
Kraatz, on birch fungus, Wisley Common, Surrey, 29.v.86. [schnomera caerulae L..,
on hawthorn flower, White Downs, Surrey, 12.vi.86. Saperda populnea L., on aspen,
Wisley Common, Surrey, 14.vi.86.

Hopce, P.J. — A selection of rare species taken in 1986. Dromius quadrisignatus
Dej., one on old hawthorn, running on trunk in sunshine, Bushy Park, Middlesex,
9.vili.86, a very rare species. Tachyporus formosus Matth., Buxted Park, East
Sussex, 18.ix.85, one swept; Meare Heath, Somerset, 6.vi.86, one swept, a scarce
wetland species. Oulimnius major Rey on stones in the River Ouse, Brampton,
Huntingdonshire, 15.vi.86, this species has only recently been detected in Britain and
is known only from a few sites. Negastrius sabulicola Boh., from a shingle bank on the
River Wye at Glasbury, Radnorshire, 7.vi.86, the first record for many years,
recorded from shingle banks on a few rivers in western and northern Britain.
Fleutiauxellus maritimus (Curt.), taken with the last species, known from similar
types of habitat but more frequently. Se/atosomus angustulus (Keisenw.), common in
a meadow beside the River Ithon at Disserth, Radnorshire, 8.vi.86. Prior to 1986, this
species had only been taken on the River Vyrnwy near Malverley, Shropshire in the
1930s. Athous campyloides Newm., one male in a garden at Horton,
Buckinghamshire, 9.vii.86, one female in the exhibitor’s garden at Ringmer, East
Sussex, 4.vii.86. Restricted to south-east England, the males may sometimes be

64 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

taken at MV light whilst females are seldom found. Meligethes kunzei Er., one on
flowers of garlic mustard, near Buxted Park, East Sussex, 19.v.86, a scarce species.
M.viduatus (Heer), common on Galeopsis tetrahit L. at Meare Heath, Somerset,
13.vii.86. Epuraea rufomarginata (Steph.), one swept, 25.v.86, near Coleman’s
Hatch, East Sussex, associated with dead twigs. Stethorus punctillum Weise, one
running on raspberries in the exhibitor’s garden at Ringmer, East Sussex, 25.vi.86, a
local species. Tetratoma ancora F., one on a hornbeam trunk, 21.v.86, Crump’s
Wood, Little Horsted, East Sussex, associated with fungoid growths. Oulema
erichsoni Suff., one swept off grass in peat workings on Meare Heath, Somerset,
13.vii.86. This rare species is only known from East Sussex and Devon. It was
discovered in Somerset in May 1986 by Mr A.B. Drane. Cryptocephalus nitidulus
(F.), one on the underside of a hazel leaf, 29.vi.86, (a very hot day), Hackhurst
Downs, Surrey. This is the first British record since 1945. Hypera meles (F.), three
swept off white clover (Trifolium repens L.), West Wood, Netley, Hampshire,
13.vii.86. Recent captures suggest that this species is less rare than earlier records
indicate. Hypera pastinacae (Rossi) taken in the seed heads of Daucus carota L. on
the cliffs at Folkstone Warren, Kent, 28.vili.86. A very rare species only found in
Britain on a small stretch of the Kent coast. Hylobius transversovittatus (Goeze) at
the roots of Lythrum salicaria L., 31.vi.86, Meare Heath, Somerset. This very rare
species is only otherwise known from one place on the east Devon coast. Trachodes
hispidulus (L.) with Tetratoma ancora on 21.v.86. associated with dead wood and
perhaps not as rare as records suggest. Bagous puncticollis Boh., Pevensey Levels,
East Sussex, one female, 18.v.86. The exhibitor had taken this rare species on a few
other occasions, it is only known from the Pevensey district in Britain. Ceutorhynchus
angulosus Boh., on Galeopsis tetrahit L. in abundance on 31.v.86 at Meare Heath,
Somerset, a very scarce species. Phytobius olssoni Isrealson, one male at roots of
Peplis (Lythrum) portula L., 24.viii.86, Stedham Common, West Sussex. Only
otherwise known from Berkshire.

Hower, J.A. and Wistow, R.J. — Insects and conservation on the Montgomery
Canal, a selection of insects with comments, among which the following interesting
beetles. Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank), Welshpool, Powys, 17.vi.85. Trichius
fasciatus (L.) Abermule, Powys, 25.vii.85.

Jones, R.A. — Synchita separanda Reitt., a third British locality? First notified as
British in 1964, this beetle has until now been known from only two localities —
Windsor Forest (Berkshire) and Knole Park, Sevenoaks (Kent). The specimens
exhibited were among many taken from a sycamore log infected with a black smut-
like fungus, in the exhibitor’s Peckham garden in May 1986 where it occurred in
profusion along with Enicmus brevicornis (Mannerheim).

Some insects from the Greek island of Samos. A variety of specimens and
photographs of insects found during a two-week trip in early May 1986. Although
very few specimens had been named, there were interesting comparisons to be made
between this Mediterranean fauna and our own. The Buprestidae showed a
bewildering array of bright active species on flowers, tree trunks and logs. The
Oedemeridae proved the most common beetles on the island, there being about 10
black or brown species present. The Carabidae were rather poor, a few Bembidion
species being found on a sandy stream bank. The Staphylinidae were apparently
absent. Despite the amazing variety of plant life, the Curculionidae were few,
although bruchids were sometimes common, as were some chrysomelids. The
Scarabaeidae were divided into the frequent and various chafers which filled the air

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 65

with their buzzing, and a few elusive Onthophagus species which were found under
one small patch of fresh mule dung. One of the most startling species was the brightly
coloured clerid Trichodes apiarius (L.). ‘

LAMBERT, S. and KirBy, P. — Coleoptera 1985-6. Cicindela maritima Lat. & De}.,
Whiteford Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 26.vi.86. Harpalus punctulatus (Dutfts.),
Roydon Common, Norfolk, 3.viii.85. Bembidion virens Gyll., Loch Maree, West
Ross, 3.vui.86. Georissus crenulatus Rossi, Whiteford Burrows, W. Glamorgan,
25.v1.86. Helophorus dorsalis (Marsh.), Weldon Park Wood, Northamptonshire,
10.v.86. Aphodius villosus Gyll., Llangenith Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 21.vi.86.
Bolitophagus reticulatus (L.), Beinn Eighe NNR. West Ross, 3.vili.86. Osphya
bipunctata (F.), Aversley Wood, Huntingdonshire, 7.vii.86, Hardwick Wood,
Cambridgeshire, 18.v.86. Aderus populnea (Creutz.), Chippenham Gravel Pit,
Cambridgeshire, 21.vili.86. Phytoecia cylindrica (L.), Wychwood Forest,
Oxfordshire, 28.vi.86. Anaglyptus mysticus (L.), Aversley Wood, Cambridgeshire,
7.vil.86. Donacia clavipes F., Oxwich Burrows, W. Glamorgan, 26.vi.86. Calomicrus
circumfusus (Marsham) Ancaster Valley, Lincolnshire, 14.1x.86. Longitarsus
pusillus, Gog-magog Golf Course, Cambridgeshire, 21.viii.86. Platyrhinus resinosus
(Scop.) Great Morton Sale, Northamptonshire, 30.vi.85. Rhynchites cavifrons Gyll.,
Aversley Wood, Huntingdonshire, 7.vii.86. Otiorhynchus scaber (L.), Dundonnell
House, West Ross, 6.vii.86. Hypera dauci (Ol.), Newborough Warren, Anglesey,
17.vili.85. Baris scolopacea Germ., Bradwell, Essex, 27.vii.86. Mesites tardyi (Curt. ),
Oxwich Wood, W. Glamorgan, 22.vi.86.

Morris, M.G. — Some rare, local or interesting weevils taken in 1986. Anthribus
fasciatus (Forst.), two at separate localities near Bloxworth, Dorset, June and
August. A. nebulosus (Forst.), near Bloxworth, Dorset, June. Apoderus coryli (L.),
widespread in Dorset from May to September in 1986; this pair from near
Dorchester, May. Rhynchites aeneovirens (Marsh.), also widespread in Dorset; this
pair from a wood near Dorchester, May. Byctiscus betulae (L.), not uncommon on
young hazel (Corylus avellana L.) coppice near Dorchester, Dorset, May. Deporaus
mannerheimi (Humm.), generally a late summer weevil, Crincombe Bottom, near
Milton Abbas, Dorset, August. Apion meliloti Kirby, though generally common, it is
very local in Dorset (first county record); Chesil Beach, May. Apion reflexum Gyll.,
very local, on Sanfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), Bratton Castle, Wilts.,
September. Otiorhynchus rugifrons (Gyll.), seldom abundant and often on the coast.
near Bridport, Dorset, June. Polydrusus confluens Steph., not generally common,
though widespread on heathland, near Wareham, Dorset, June. Polydrusus flavipes
(Deg.), not a very uncommon species, but, unusually surviving into September in
1986; near Bovington, Dorset. Polydrusus mollis (Stroem), usually local, beaten
from hazel, Llandeilo Graban, Radnorshire, June. Brachysomus echinatus (Bons. ),
widespread but seldom abundant, near Sixpenny Handley, Dorset, June.
Strophosoma faber (Herbst), local, an uncommon species of sandy soils, Gosport,
Hants., June. Cneorhinus plumbeus (Marsh.), not generally common, but
widespread in Dorset; near Bridport, June, and Corfe, August. Tropiphorus elevatus
(Herbst), common at one Dorset site near Rampisham, May, adults much
parasitised. Sitona cambricus Steph., local, though widespread, on Large Birdsfoot
Trefoil (Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr), near Charmouth, Dorset, September. Sitona
gemellatus Gyll. still common at its locality near Bridport, Dorset, usually under
restharrow (Ononis spinosa L.) but also black medick (Medicago lupulina L.).
Larinus planus (F.) generally uncommon, on various thistles, three specimens from

66 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

different localities in Radnor., Somerset and Dorset. Rhinocyllus conicus (Frol.),
common in Dorset though rare elsewhere, near Bridport, June. Hypera suspiciosa
(Herbst), a specimen bred from a larva on the host, Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca L.),
Ibberton, Dorset, eclosed August. Hylobius transversovittatus (Goeze), a vary rare
sp., associated with Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.), Meare, Somerset,
June. Acalles roboris Curt., generally uncommon; its congener, A. misellus Boh..,
(= A. turbatus Boh.), is widespread in Dorset, near Corte, Dorset, June. Bagous
lutulosus (Gyll.), like most Bagous spp., scarce and difficult to find, near Midhurst,
West Sussex, June. B. nodulosus (Gyll.), rare, from the recently-discovered site at
Kingsbury Episcopi, Somerset, May. Hydronomus alismatis (Marsh.), local,
generally on Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica L.), Meare Heath, Somerset,
June. Notaris scirpi (F.), local and uncommon, Meare Heath, Somerset, June.
Pachytychius haematocephalus (Gyll.), a rare sp. in Britain, despite its association
with common Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), from the classic Gosport site,
Hants., June. Orthochaetes setiger (Beck), not uncommon, but a ground-living
weevil seldom swept or taken on herbs, Gosport, Hants., June. Ceutorhynchus
angulosus Boh., ascarce fenland sp. on Hemp-nettle (Galeopsis spp.), Meare Heath,
Somerset (in abundance), May. Ceutorhynchus euphorbiae Bris., rare and little
known, on Forget-me-nots (Myosotis spp.), Llandeilo Graban, Radnor., June.
Ceutorhynchus pulvinatus Gyll., very local, but abundant where found, on Flixweed
(Descurainia sophia L.), Lakenheath, West Suffolk, June. Ceutorhynchus rapae
Gyll., very local, on Sisymbrium spp. and Descurainia, Meare Heath, Somerset,
May, and Lakenheath, West Suffolk, June. Ceutorhynchus sulcicollis (Payk.), local,
though not uncommon, on various Cruciferae, Meare Heath, Somerset, May.
Ceutorhynchus terminatus (Herbst), local, worked for in Dorset without success until
this year, on Wild Carrot (Daucus carota L.), near Bridport, June. Ceutorhynchus
timidus Weise, local, mainly associated with Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale
L.), Meare Heath, Somerset, May. Rhinoncus bruchoides (Herbst), local, on
Persicaria (Polygonum persicaria L.), near Shaftesbury, Dorset, September. Amalus
scortillum (Herbst), a teratological specimen of this common sp., which has four
well-developed legs on the right side (left side normal), near Shaftesbury, Dorset,
September. Anthonomus rufus Gyll., rare, though widely distributed, associated
with Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), West Bexington, Dorset, June. Furcipus
rectirostris (L.), overlooked, proving to be widely distributed, associated with Bird
Cherry (Prunus padus L.), near Talgarth, Brecons., June. Curculio villosus F., local,
larvae in galls of Biorhiza pallida Ol., (Cynipidae) on Oak (Quercus spp.), near
Dorchester, Dorset, May. Tychius schneideri (Herbst), very local, associated with
Kidney-vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.), Chesil Beach, Weymouth (the only known
Dorset locality), June. Sibinia sodalis Germ., extremely local, associated with Thrift
(Armeria maritima L.), from the classic Gosport site, Hants., June. Gymnetron
veronicae (Germ.), local, usually on Brooklime (Veronica beccabunga L.), Llandeilo
Graban, Radnor., June. Kissophagus hederae (Schmitt), local, associated with Ivy
(Hedera helix L.), near Corfe, Dorset, June. Xyleborus dispar (F.), local, perhaps
not as rare as sometimes thought, in recently-dead wood, near Midhurst, West
Sussex, June.

NATURE CONSERVANCY CounciL — Three boxes of specimens representing new
sites included in the Register in 1986. Species status as per the ISR reviews of the
status of Coleoptera and the Insect Red Data Book.

Glasbury Shingle Beds, Radnorshire, a length of private riverbank along the River

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 67

Wye with extensive shingle beds, sand and silt banks, some with well developed
marsh and carr vegetation, old trees, hedges and pasture along the river bank. This
site was visited on the Coleopterist’s field meeting on 6-8.vi.86. The specimens were
collected by R. Key, P. Hyman and A. Drane. Clivina collaris Herbst, (notable B);
Perileptus areolatus Creutz., (notable A); Thalassophilus longicornis (Sturm),
(notable A); Tachys parvulus Dej., (notable A); Bidessus minutissimus (Germ.),
(Red Data Book 3); Georissus crenulatus Ross, (notable A); Helophorus arvernicus
Muls., (notable B); Hydraena rufipes Curt., (notable A); Negastrius sabulicola
(Boh.), (Red Date Book 3); Fleutiauxellus maritimus (Curt.), (notable A);
Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.), (notable B); Eledona agricola (Herbst), (notable B);
Ischnomera sanguinicollis (F.), (notable A); I. caerulea (L.), (notable B); Stenostola
dubia (Schrank), (notable B); Dorytomus ictor (Herbst), (notable B).

Cornbury Park, Oxfordshire, a large area of private parkland, adjacent to
Wychwood Forest, ancient oak forest and pasture woodland with old beech and field
maple; A high proportion of species are strongly associated with ancient woodlands.
The following species were collected as part of the NCC survey by P. Hyman in 1986.
Ctesias serra (F.), (notable B); Xestobium rufovillosum (Mots.); Dorcatoma
dresdensis Herbst, (Red Data Book 1); D.serra (Panz.), (notable A); Ptinomorphus
imperialis (L.), (notable B); Ptinus subpilosus Sturm, (notable B); Stenagostus
villosus (Fourc.); Cerylon histeroides (F.); Rhizophagus nitidulus (F.), (notable B);
Prionychus ater (F.), (notable B); /schnomera caerulea (L.), (notable B); Orchesia
micans (Panz.) (notable B).

HEMIPTERA

The number of Hemiptera exhibits was down again, as some collectors appear to
have concentrated their energies on other groups like Diptera! Nevertheless, it was
nice to see the appearance of the ‘other’ group of bugs — the Auchenorhyncha— ina
fine display by Mr Kirby. Perhaps the Hemiptera being delicate creatures are more
prone to the effects of bad weather.

ALEXANDER, K.N.A.— Some rare and local Heteroptera found in Gloucestershire
during 1985. Macroplax preyssleri (Fieb.), swept from steep limestone pasture on
Rodborough Common, 30.v.86 — this rare species is only known from a handful of
sites on the limestones of Western Britain. Oncochila simplex (H.-S.), one swept in
Standish Wood, 5.vi.86. Catoplatus fabricii (Stal) one swept on Minchinhampton
Common, 3.vi.86 and also found on neutral grassland at Ashchurch, near
Tewkesbury, 29.vi.86. Campylosteira verna (Fallen), plentiful amongst limestone
scree at Crickley Hill, 24.v.86.

APPLETON, D. — Three bugs previously unrecorded trom Hampshire, All from the
Lower Test Nature Reserve near Southampton. Anthocoris limbatus Fieb., 19.vii.86,
one specimen, the only site record. Stenodema trispinosum Reut., 1.viii.86, common
on the site. Velia saulii Tam. , 26.x.86, about six found.

Ho tier, J.A. and Wistow, R.J. — Zicrona caerulea (L.) Llanymynech, Powys,
3.vi.86. Part of an exhibit on insects and conservation on the Montgomery Canal.

Jones, R.A. — Some bugs from the Greek island of Samos, collected during a
two-week trip during early May 1986. Despite the fact that none have as yet been
named, comparison with our fauna is interesting. There seemed to be preponderance

68 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

of red and black species, from all families, three similar yet distinctly different nabids,
three lygaeids and a capsid illustrate this recurrent theme. The Scutelleridae were
also very various, a selection of six casually collected species showing something of
the range of this group.

Kirspy, P. — Auchenorhyncha 1984-6. Centrotus cornutus (L.), Bedford Purlieus,
Northamptonshire, 23.vi.85, Benfleet Downs, Essex, 25.v.1985. Gargara genistae
(F.), Maulden Wood, Bedfordshire, 20.ix.86. /diocerus herrichi (Kirsch.), Little
Paxton Pits, Huntingdonshire, 5.x.85. /diocerus poecilus (H.-S.), Kew, Surrey,
9.1x.84. Idiocerus vittifrons (Kirsch.), Maulden Wood, Bedfordshire, 20.1x.86. Ledra
aurita (L.), Upminster, Essex, 23.vu.84. Agallia brachyptera (Boh.), Oundle,
Northamptonshire, 21.vii.85. Athysanus argentarius Metcalf, Snape Warren,
Suffolk, 19.vii.84, Bedfords Park, Essex, 26.vu.86. Macrosteles ossiannilssoni,
Beinn Eighe NNR, West Ross, 1.viii.86. Cicadula intermedia (Boh.), Inverasdale,
West Ross, 6.vili.86. Chlorita viridula (Fall.), East Tilbury, Essex, 27.vili.84. Cixius
simplex H.-S. Brancaster, Norfolk, 3.vili.85. C. remotus Edw., Dungeness, Kent,
23.vill.85. Oliarus leporinus (L.), Bradwell, Essex, 27.vii.86. Asiraca clavicornis (F.),
Benfleet Downs, Essex, 25.v.85. Stenocranus fuscovittatus Fairm., Lakenheath
Warren, Suffolk, 5.x.86. Kelisia sabulicola Wagner, Lakenheath Warren, Suffolk,
5.x.86. Chloriona dorsata Edw., Earith Gravel Pits, Huntingdonshire, 15.vi.86.
Euconomelus lepidus (Boh.), Bassenhally Pits, Cambridgeshire, 23.ix.85.
Tettigometra impressopunctata Lat., White Downs, Surrey, 8.1x.84.

HYMENOPTERA

HacsteaD, A.J. — Some local or uncommon sawfilies taken or bred in 1986. Male
Abia sericea L. taken 28.v.86 at Therfield Heath, Royston, Herts. Female Allantus
togatus Panz., bred from a prepupal larva found in a rotten oak branch at Woking,
Surrey; adult emerged 27.v.86. Female Hemichroa crocea Geoff. taken on Wisley
Common, Surrey, |6.vili.86. Female Priophorus rufipes Lep. on elm leaf at Therfield
Heath, Royston, Herts., 28.v.86. Female Amauronematus crispus Benson, taken
while ovipositing in Salix repens L. buds, 11.v.86 at Horsell Birch, Woking, Surrey.
Male and Female Nematus umbratus Thom. bred from larvae on birch on Wisley
Common, Surrey; adults emerged 18.vi.86. Male and female Nematus cadderensis
Cam., bred from larvae on birch, Chobham Common, Surrey; adults emerged
19-29 .v.86.

Houwier, J.A. and Wistow, R.J. — A selection of various insect orders taken by
the Montgomery Canal Ecological Survey on the 57 km waterway between Frankton
to Llangollen. This canal, which includes about 25 km of SSSI status, is soon to be
restored to navigation. Solitary wasps shown were Omalus puncticollis Mocsary
(Chrysididae), Sapyga clavicornis L. (Sapygidae) and Crossocerus cetratus Shuck.
(Sphecidae).

Hupson, I.R. — Some uncommon or local aculeate hymenoptera taken in
Southern England in recent years.

Family Chrysididae. Two species of ruby-tailed wasps were exhibited. Omalus
puncticollis Mocs. is a rare species collected on Succisa pratensis Moench. along a ride
in Botley Wood, Hants., in July 1984. Omalus violaceus Scop., one specimen was
reared from a cocoon found in the soft wood of a dead silver birch tree at Gosport,
Hants. Also present in the dead wood were pre-pupae of Pemphredon lugubris F.,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 69

which may have been the host species. A second specimen was collected from inside
the exhibitor’s greenhouse at Gosport; an effective trap over the years.

Family Tiphiudae. 7iphia femorata F. was collected along the banks of the M27 at
Fareham, Hants., where it was feeding on Daucus carota L. 12.1x.84. Methocha
ichneumonides Latr., one specimen, collected by Mr D. Appleton at Emer Bog,
Hants — a Hants. and Isle of Wight Naturalists Trust reserve (HIOWNT), another
was collected on heathland at Purbeck in Dorset. This wasp’s size varies
considerably, depending on which species of tiger beetle is used as prey.

Family Sapygidae. Specimens of Sapyga clavicornis L. were taken at Roydon
Wood, Hants. (HIOWNT) in July 1985, on wooden fence posts and railings where
the bee Chelostoma florisomne L. was nesting in some numbers.

Family Mutillidae. Both British species of velvet ant were shown. Mutilla europaea
L. has been encountered quite widely in the New Forest, although only as odd
specimens. The less common male was taken on Daucus carota L. on Portsdown Hill,
Hants., in July 1983. Smicromyrme rufipes F. is more common than the previous
species and females have been seen at Gillkicker Point, Gosport; Hayling Island sand
dunes and on the Purbeck Heaths. Their size variation is probably due to their wide
range of host selection. The male, again much scarcer than the female, was taken
flying over fixed dunes at Hayling Island.

Family Pompilidae (spider-hunting wasps). Auplopus carbonarius Scop. was
reared from mud covered cells found under the bark of a dead silver birch tree at
Gosport, Hants. This species is unique in Britain in producing its nests prior to
capturing its prey. Aporus unicolor Spinola, collected at Oxenbourne Down, Hants.
(HIOWNT) in July 1985, where both sexes were common on flowers of Pastinaca
sativa L. The females attack the mygalomorph spider Atypus affinis Eich. in its silken
underground lair.

Family Eumenidae. Three species were exhibited. Pseudepipona herrichii Saus. is
a very rare species only occurring on the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset. There, however, it is
quite numerous within a small area of heathland. The females stock their nests with
caterpillars of Tortricinae. Odynerus melanocephalus Gmel. was collected at
Browndown, Gosport — a small area of heath and fenland owned by the MOD. The
male was collected on Heracleum and females were seen nesting in flat soil where they
construct characteristic ‘chimneys’ above the entrance to their borrows.
Microdynerus exilis H.-S. is a very small species and rather uncommon. The two
specimens exhibited were found on a wooden fence post at Warsash, Hants., and on
Daucus blossom at Hilsea ramparts, Portsmouth.

Family Sphecidae. Podalonia affinis Kirby has been recorded by the exhibitor from
two sites in South Hampshire and its seems to be quite numerous at both. These are
on heathland at Browndown, Gosport, and fixed dunes at Hayling Island.
Apparently the wasps pass the winter as adults. Ectemnius dives Lep. & Brulle. This
and the next species nest in cavities in decaying wood and stock their cells with
Diptera. It is generally considered rather rare but the exhibitor has recorded it from a
number of localities including Gosport (two sites), Hilsea ramparts and Botley
Wood. Ectemnius borealis Zett.This species was added to the British list in 1972 when
Mr G. Else collected it at Oxenbourne. The two specimens exhibited were taken on a
wooden fence post at Kingley Vale National Nature reserve in 1983 and on Pastinaca
flowers at Oxenbourne last year. Philanthus triangulum F. is a large wasp that stocks
its nests with honey bees and is very rare in this country. The male and female
exhibited were collected in 1984 on the Isle of Wight from one of the very few sites
where the species seems to have gained a permanent foothold.

70 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Family Andrenidae. Andrena florea F. is an uncommon solitary bee added to the
Hampshire list when specimens were collected at Browndown heath in 1981. Since
then many females have been seen nesting at this site and it seems well established
there. Andrena nitidiusculus Schenck is another uncommon species in Hampshire.
These specimens were taken in copula whilst at rest on Daucus flowers at Gillkicker
Point, Gosport. Since then it has been recorded from another site at Gosport.

Family Melittidae. Macropis europaea Warncke is a wetland speciality and seems
confined to areas where Lysimachia vulgaris L. grows, since the females exclusively
gather pollen from this plant. It has been recorded from a few sites in Southern
England but is very local. It occurs in good numbers at Browndown fen where these
specimens were taken. Dasypoda altercator Harris. This handsome bee prefers light,
sandy soils for nesting and it has been taken from dunes at Hayling Island and on the
Isle of Wight, as well as from heaths at Purbeck.

Family Megachilidae. Hoplitis claviventris Thom. is a local and uncommon bee
which nests in dead Rubus stems — especially those lying on the ground. The male
and female exhibited were reared from stems collected at Oxenbourne, Hants.,
during the winter of 1984/85 but the bee is not common on the reserve. Stelis ornatula
Klug. This bee is parasitic on the previous species and once again rather rare. At
Oxenbourne, where these reared specimens came from, the characteristic cocoons
were found in sections of Rubus stem that H. claviventris had been nesting in.
Strangely, the parasite seemed more numerous than the host, at least in 1984/5 when
these were collected.

Family Xylocopidae. Ceratina cyanea Kirby is a rare and local bee which is
apparently confined to south-facing chalk downland in southern England. These
specimens were collected at Oxenbourne Down, where the species is quite common.
They were taken during January, 1985, while hibernating as adults inside hollowed
out dead Rubus stems. Many bees may share a stem to pass the winter in this way.

Family Halictidae. Lasioglossum prasinum Smith, F. is a heathland bee that nests
in sandy soil, often along paths. It is locally common in some areas of the New Forest
and Purbeck.

ORTHOPTERA

Dananar, G.W. — Two examples of crickets of the genus Platycleis. The species
were not known but one pair come from Atlantic neutral wet meadows by the River
Drone in the Dordogne, France, while the other was taken in montane scrub, 1238 m
up in the French Pyrenees in the Valley of the Aspe.

Houuier, J.A. and Wistow, R.J. — Specimens of the groundhopper Tetrix
subulata L. taken at Rednal, Salop., 22.v.85 and at Llarymyrech, Powys, on 24.v.85
during the Montgomery Canal Ecological Survey.

CRUSTACEA

Bratton, J. — Live specimens of two rare crustaceans that live in temporary pools
with distribution maps showing pre-1960 records. Triops cancriformis Bosc. may now
be confined to one pond in Britain although old records show it scattered trom Kent
to Kirkcudbrightshire. It is adapted to its habitat by being able to develop to maturity
from parthenogenetic eggs in about two weeks. The other species, Chirocephalus
diaphanus Prevost is a filter feeder that has declined in recent years.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 71
ILLUSTRATIONS

The following is a list of illustrations shown at the exhibition. There were fewer
than last year — the majority being photographs or transparencies, with only a few
paintings and drawings in colour and black and white.

BARRINGTON, R.D.G.— Ten very fine colour paintings of some British butterflies.

BRADFORD, E.S. — Thirty water-colour drawings of the Gelechidae. The drawings
will be included in future colour plates to be published by the Society.

Broome, Dr G. — Some colour photographs of butterflies taken in Bernwood
Forest, together with black and white photographs of three views of the Forest, and
requests for help in recording the fauna and flora.

JENNER, H.E.— A photograph of a male Trachea atriplicis L. (Orache moth) taken
at light on 4.vi1.86 at St Olaves, near Great Yarmouth, Norfolk.

JONES, R.A. — Colour photographs of a variety of insects from the Greek island of
Samos, together with photographs and specimens of Synchita separanda Reitt.
(Coleoptera) from the third British locality, his own garden.

JORDAN, M.R.J. — Black and white photographs of the genitalia of Mesapamea
remmi Rezbanyai-Reser, a species new to Britain.

Porter, J. and CHurcH, S.H. — Photographs of 747 macrolepidoptera larvae and
700 macrolepidoptera imagines. All were prints taken from slides. The pictures are
the result of the past 6 years work.

REvELS, R. — A display of photographs of a variety of British wildlife including the
life history of the Comma butterfly, and one hatching from the crysalis.

ROTHSCHILD, M. — Colour photographs of adults and larvae of Eumaeus atala, a
very toxic and rare butterfly; also black and white photographs of the host plant
Zamia floridana in the southern USA, one of the very primitive plants the Cycads.

TweeEbDIE, M. — Ten microlepidoptera photographed abroad in colour and 231
monochrome photos of insects other than lepidoptera.

Despite the apparent drop in illustrative material, photography exhibits were up.
Thanks to the arrangements made by Mr C.B. Ashby and the courtesy of the Sutton
Camera Club the BENHS procured a slide cabinet and at indoor meetings before the
annual exhibition, members were asked to reserve space for their slides. On the day
of the exhibition, 120 superb slides were displayed in an anteroom between the main
hall and the refreshment rooms. Each exhibitor was asked to provide a catalogue of
their slides, which was kept on hand for reference by those examining the pictures.

Asupy, C.B. — Phlogophora meticulosa L. Angle Shades, Ourapteryx sambucaria
L. Swallow-tailed Moth, Dasychira pudibunda L. Pale Tussock, Eriogaster lanestris
L. Small Eggar, Deilephila elpenor L. Elephant hawk-moth, Mythimna pallens L.
Common Wainscot, Colotois pennaria Hubn. Feathered Thorn, Pterostoma palpina
Cl. Pale Prominent, Xanthia aurago D. & S. Barred Sallow, Arctia caja L. Garden
Tiger, Abrostola triplasia L. Spectacle. Small larvae of Eriogaster lanestris were taken
from a web in Sweden in 1977. After feeding actively on birch at night they could be
found each morning in the position shown: two by two, head to tail, exactly matched
either side of a stem. Apart from web dwelling, and with the exception of

72 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Thaumetopoea, European Lepidoptera are not noted for social behaviour; yet this
association of two larvae was seen repeatedly, and most of the 20 individuals would be
found thus during daylight. Similar behaviour occurred in a further batch of lanestris
larvae taken from a web on blackthorn in 1984. One slide showed a naturally assumed
position of the autumn species Xanthia aurago on a coloured leaf of birch. The tip of
the leaf, which otherwise would be truncated by the presence of the moth, is very
accurately made good in colour, form and margin by the markings of the forewing.

BraprorbD, E.S. — Metzneria lappella L., Monkton Nature Reserve, Thanet,
Kent. An unidentified fungus with a plea for identification. Views of Shakespeare
Cliff, Dover Kent, showing the Channel Tunnel site and old tunnel casings from the
previous attempt. Melanargia galathea and Cryphia domestica larva from
Shakespeare Cliff, Strangalia maculata (L.), Pean Hill, Whitstable, Kent, Ophrys
sphegodes Spider orchid, Shakespeare Cliff, Micrommata virescens, Church Wood,
Blean, Kent, Pistius truncata, Childs Forstal Wood, East Blean, Kent.

Burton, G.N. — Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle), adult and larva,
Argiope bruennichi, Mantis religiosa, Timarcha tenebricosa (bloody nose beetle),
cicada (Lyristes plebejus?), cicada pupal case, Argynnis paphia (L.) (silver-washed
fritillary), Pyrgus malvae (L.) (grizzled skipper), Anthocharis cardamines (L.)
(orange tip), Zerynthia polyxaena (southern festoon) ovipositing, Mimas tiliae (L.)
(lime hawk), Saturnia pyri.

CaLtow, N.A. — Newly-emerged Pentatomid bugs clustered round their egg-
cases on nettle, East Hoathly, Sussex, 12.vii.86. Ants, Myrmica rubra, removing
their pupae from under a disturbed log, Millyford Bridge, New Forest, 18.vi.86.
Silver-spotted Skipper Hesperia comma, Martin Down, Hants., 17.vi.86. Buff-tip
Moth, Phalera bucephala, limestone quarry, South Glamorgan, 21.vi.86. Burnet
Moth and Crab-spider, Xysticus cristatus, The Burnet moth had pollinia attached to
its tongue. The crab-spider was unwilling to tackle such a large insect but remained in
an alert position while the moth fed, Ranmore, Surrey, 6.vii.86. Anaglyptus mysticus,
Mickleham, Surrey, 8.vi.86. Melolontha melolontha, Merthyr Mawr, South
Glamorgan, 21.vi.86. Bloody-nosed beetles, Timarcha tenebricosa, Martin Down,
Hants., 17.vi.86. Shore Crab, Carcinas maenas, digging backwards into soft sand,
Oxwich Bay, Gower, 22.vi.86. Sea Mouse, Aphrodite aculeata, Oxwich Bay, Gower,
22.v1.86. Sea Squirts, Phallusia mammillata, Oxwich Bay, Gower, 22.vi.86. Starfish,
Asterias rubens, Oxwich Bay, Gower, 22.vi.86.

Jones, R.A. — Some insects from the Greek Island of Samos. The typical view was
of purple mountains beyond green and fragrant olive terraces. The May flora on the
olive terraces was very varied, but by mid-May, the flowers began to look noticeably
‘over’. A hairstreak at sage flower. This species waved its hind wings about, perhaps
giving its ‘tails’ the appearance of antennae. The ‘bee-eating’ beetle Trichodes
apiarus just about the take flight. A furry robberfly on its perch. This species would
dart out at any passing insect (or shadow) and if missing, would straightaway return to
its lookout. Buprestid on an olive log. The variety of this family was astonishing.
Jumping spider on an olive log. Ant lion ‘traps’. Exposed ant lion. Trough under a
standpipe, attracting honey bees to the water’s edge. Honey bees at water’s edge.

Murpuy, F. — Thomisus onustus (Thomisidae) eating Dictyna arundinacea
(Dictynidae) on Chobham Common, Surrey. The Thomisus has entered the
Dictyna’s web (of which remains could be seen) and captured the owner of the web.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 iS

Female and male of Pistius truncatus (Thomisidae). These spiders were
photographed in France. This species has recently been refound in Britain by Mr Eric
Bradford in his wood in Kent. The male was swept from shrubs but the female was
spotted sitting on the upper surface of the leaf of a young oak tree. Aelurillus
v-insignitis (Salticidae). This male was seen on Chobham Common making
unsuccesful courting gestures to a female. Trochosa terricola (Lycosidae) being
consumed by a Pompilid larva (which did not mature and could not therefore be
named). The spider and larva were found in the spider’s retreat under a small stone
on Heyshott Down, West Sussex. Araneus quadratus (Araneidae) sub-mature female
and male. They were found together in the retreat on which they are photographed
(on Chobham Common). It is quite common for males of a number of different
families to enter the retreats of females in the penultimate instar and mate with them
when they become mature. In some cases at least a pheremone is involved.
Thomiscus onustus female, Chobham Common, eating a bumble bee. 7. annitus,
immature, eating a fly. Clubonia corticalis male caught in the house. Aelorinius
vittatus female in web with eggs, Northumberland. Sericopelura commune female
from the hotel car park near Volcan, Chiriguei Hills, Panama.

PARKER, R. — Some insects from Cyprus. Daphnis nerii, the Oleander Hawk
Moth, ova laid in captivity by a female taken at light, together with freshly hatched
larva. The larvae hatched green, but some changed to the yellow form well before
pre-pupal discoloration. Deilephila alecto cretica, the Mediterranean Hawk Moth.
This unfamiliar species is fairly common in Cyprus. The slide showed the loose
cocoon of vine leaves in which it pupates. They were found at shoulder height on
garden vines. The stick insects Bacillus cyprius. This species is very similar to B.
rossius, but is restricted to Cyprus, on its foodplant, Lentise.

PARKER, W. — Six slides of Tipulidae. Tipula maxima, T. oleraceae, T. varipennis,
T. fulvipennis, Nephrotoma questerlica, Pedicia rivosa.

SOKOLOFF, P. — Mythimna loreyi (Cosmopolitan) bred from 1985 immigration.
‘Scarecrow’ — South Downs. Sunset over Stodmarsh — famous Kentish locality.
Acherontia atropos (Deaths Head Hawkmoth) larva found on potato on local
allotment (Orpington, Kent). Transferred to privet. Imago reared from above larva.
Leaf mine of Tischeria marginea, Blean, Kent. Larval feeding of Leioptilus
lienigianus (Lep: Pterophoridae) on Artemisia. Benfleet, Essex. Bombilius major
(bee fly) on Arabis. Orpington, Kent. Cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha. Ham
Street, Kent. Larva of Ennomos alniaria (Canary Shouldered Thorn) on birch.
Teleiodes paripunctella (Lep. Gelechiidae) bred Myrica, Skye. Overwintering case of
Coleophora gryphipennella on Rosa stem.

STERLING, P.H. — Ectoedemia arcuatella (Herr.-Sch.): a larval mine found on
Potentilla reptans L., Wytham Woods, Oxford (VC22). Stigmella tityrella (Stt.): a
larval mine on Fagus sylvatica L., Wytham Woods, Oxford (VC22). Stigmella
floslactella (Haw.): a larval mine on Corylus avellana L., Little Wittenham NR, near
Didcot (VC22). Stigmella microtheriella (Stt.): a larval mine on Corylus avellana L.,
Little Wittenham NR, near Didcot (VC22). Coleophora hemerobiella (Scop.): first
case (on Crataegus) showing case-building of previous autumn or year (whichever?)
in grey, and that of the present spring in brown. The case was now attached and
abandoned beneath a mined area of leaf margin which had been cut out to form the
final case. Is this species always biennial? The fact that the first case had only two
colours might indicate that it had only passed through one winter — one would expect

74 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

to see more algae on it if parts were nearly 18 months old. Coleophora hemerobiella
(Scop.): final case (10mm) affixed to a hawthorn stem for pupation, Little Wittenham
NR, Didcot (VC22). Coleophora hemerobiella (Scop.): the adult, with the distinct
second discal stigma, which only this special and Col. salicorniae have in this country,
Little Wittenham NR, Didcot (VC22). Coleophora artemisicolella Bruand.: the
larval case formed from an empty seed-head of Artemisia vulgaris L. and attached to
the side of another to feed, Cliffe Marshes, Kent. Coleophora artemisicolella
Bruand.: the tell-tale holes in the seeds indicative of a wandering seed-capsule
near-by! Oecophora bractella L.: reared from larvae found under dead wood in
Harewood Forest, Hants (VC12), in 1983. Eustroma reticulatum D. & S.: adult
reared from larvae collected at Windemere in the Lake District, autumn 1985. Selenia
tetralunaria Hufn.: adult reared from a larva found on Corylus at Ramsden,
Oxfordshire (VC23).

Urren, R.W.J. — Brazil, May 1986, dry season at Planaltina, Brazilia, altitude
3000 feet: Savanna woodland; acacia flowers; termite nests; a termite track on a tree
trunk, broached to show insects; Leaf of a shrub with Nepticulid leaf mines, a family
previously unrecorded from South America; Downlooker fly — a tachinid parasite
with rigidly extended female abdomen; white fly (Aleyrodidae), the colonies of
which make white waxey spiral patches on leaves; Oecophorid larvae gregariously
window-feeding in webs (Oecophorids predominate over torticids in Brazil). From
the sub-tropical coast, Sao Paulo Province: Bromeliad on the sandy shore at
Bertioga, Bromeliads carpet the ground on burning hot sand dunes and in densely
shaded woodland on the sandy shore; sand dune orchid at Bertioga; Shrub with silky
leaves both on sand and on laterite soil.

The British species of Diastata Meigen and Campichoeta Macquart
(Diptera: Drosphiloidea)

Correction: An unfortunate error has arisen due to figures being misplaced during the
preparation of my recent paper on ‘The British species of Diastata Meigen and
Campichoeta Macquart (Diptera: Drosophiloidea)’ (Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. hist.
Soc. 19: 9-16), in which two of the figures do not represent the species concerned.
The genitalia figure of Campichoeta punctum (Meigen) (Fig. 2) actually represents C.
griseola (Zetterstedt), a widespread European species not found in Britain, while
that of Diastata vagans Loew (Fig. 6) represents the eastern Palaearctic species D.
ussurica Duda, which it resembles in genital structure but not in external characters.
The correct figures are given here: Fig. 1, C. punctum (Meigen); Fig. 2, D. vagans
Loew. Peter J. Chandler.

Plate VI. ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1986

1: Polyphaenis sericata, Guernsey, 14.viii.86, R.A. Austin & T.N.D. Peet. 2:
Agrotis crassa, Playden, 7.viii.86, M.W.F. Tweedie. 3 & 4: Angerona
prunaria, Gillingham, 29.vi.86, J.&M. Halsey. 5: Crocallis elinguaria,
Rainham, 24.viii.86, J.&M. Halsey. 6: Trachea atriplicis, Dungeness, 8/
9.viii.86, D. Wilson. 7: Colostygia pectinataria, Winchester, 27.vi.86, D.H.
Sterling. 8: Lomaspilis marginata, Woolhampton, 18.vii.86, D.A. Young. 9:
Thera cupressata, Guernsey, 3.x.86, R.A. Austin & T.N.D. Peet.

Photo: D. Wilson.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 5
INDOOR MEETINGS

26 June 1986

EXHIBITS

Prof. J.A. Owen showed a specimen of Pterostichus angustatus (Duftschmid),
found under a piece of charcoal at the site of a bonfire, on Esher Common, Surrey on
5.v.86. This species first appeared in Britain in south-east England around 1920. It is
nearly always found in areas which have been burnt and persists in the area for a few
years; the reason for this choice of habitat is unknown.

THE PRESIDENT Mr J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt exhibited a large trichopteron which he
believed to be Phryganea grandis L. The specimen was taken at light at Colne Point,
near St Osyth, Essex on 23.v1.86.

Mr A. J. HALsTEAD showed examples of the gall wasp Xestophanes potentillae
Retz. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) which had been bred from galls in the petioles of a
herbaceous garden plant. Potentilla x tonguei. Eady and Quinlan, in their RES key
to the Cynipoidea, give the wild plant Potentilla reptans as the host for this species.
The parentage of P. X tfonguei is uncertain but is thought to be a hybrid of P.
nepalensis with either P. anglica or P. aurea. The galls were found in November 1985
in a garden at Theobalds, near Hawkhurst, Kent.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
THE SECRETARY Dr J. MUGGLETON announced that a one-day workshop on ‘Recent
work on stored product insects’ would be held at the rooms of the RES on 14.x.86. All
would be welcome.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr S. MILEs reported seeing a Hummingbird Hawkmoth (Macroglossum
stellatarum L.) at Kingsley, Hampshire on 15.vi.86. Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT said
that the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) had been seen as far north as Canna in the
Inner Hebrides. Prof J.A. Owen said that he had seen it at Loch Garten,
Invernesshire on 23.vi.86. Mr Chalmers-Hunt also reported that Mr A.J. Dewick had
taken a specimen of the Purple Cloud (Actinotia polyodon Clerck) a rare migrant, on
the Essex coast at Bradwell-on-Sea on 17.vi.86.

LECTURE
Dr D.G.H. Hatsteap gave an illustrated talk on the beetle pests of stored
products. Some excellent slides showed the differences between closely related
species and stages in their life history. Various structures visible on scanning electron
micrographs of the pupae were described and their role in providing defence
mechanisms for the pupae were discussed.

10 July 1986

EXHIBITS

Mr J.M. CHatmers-Hunt showed live specimens of the following:- (1) a larva of
the buttoned snout, Hypena rostralis L. on hop, collected at Ruxley, West Kent, on
9.vii.86; (2) a first year larva with its case of the psychid moth, Pachythelia vilosella
Ochsenheimer, on heather from Dorset; (3) a female spider with young on its back
from West Wickham, Kent. This was later identified by Mrs Murphy as a Pardosa sp. ;
(4) a gelechid moth, Athrips rancidella H-S, taken at M.V. light on 9.vii.86. This
species was first recorded as British in 1985 and is only known from the exhibitor’s
garden at West Wickham.

76 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Mr A.J.E. HAarMAN showed some larvae of the Solomon’s Seal sawfly,
Phymatocera aterrima Klug.

Mr E. Braprorb showed the elytra of 20-30 rose chafer beetles, Cetonia aurata L.
found close together at Shakespeare Cliff, Dover, The beetles had presumably been
eaten by bats or birds.

Mr N. Ma. ett showed some pupae of the green veined white butterfly, Pieris napi
L. which had pupated back-to-front. 15 out of 63 larvae had behaved in this way,
without apparently affecting their emergence.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
The Librarian, Mr S. Mites, displayed two copies of the Nature Conservancy
Council’s publications in the ‘Focus on Nature Conservation’ series. These were No.
12 ‘Dungeness — its Ecology and Conservation’ and No. 16 ‘Conservation of the
Chequered Skipper in Britain’.

COMMUNICATIONS

Reports were received from several members, of migrants such as the red admiral
and painted lady butterflies and the humming bird hawk moth. A letter from Mr G.B.
Millington stated that humming bird hawk moths seen at Weaverham, Cheshire,
were visiting red valerian flowers but not the white-flowered forms. Mr Chalmers-
Hunt said that Mr Dewick had taken the Orache moth, Trachea atriplicis L. at
Bradwell, Essex, on 6.vii.86 and that Bernard Skinner had taken another specimen
two days later at the same place. Dr C.J. Luckens had seen a pale clouded yellow
butterfly in the New Forest [may have been Berger’s]. Mr E. Bradford reported on
the colonisation of his pond and speculated on how insects with specific host
preferences, such as reed mace, managed to locate new habitats. He also reported
seeing the cream spot tiger moth, Arctia villica L. and a small cloud of about 50 males
and females of the tineid moth, Monopis ferruginella Hibn. at Shakespeare Cliff,
Dover.

LECTURE
JOHN BEBBINGTON talked on the significance of the colours and markings of insects
in relation to their biology. The talk was illustrated with many excellent slides
showing examples of camouflage, disruptive colouration, warning colouration,
mimicry and threatening behaviour, as shown by the larvae, pupae and adults of
moths and butterflies.

24 July 1986

EXHIBITS

Mr J.M. CuHatmers-Hunt showed a specimen of the Orache moth, Trachea
atriplicis L. bred in 1902. This species had not been seen in Britain since 1915 until
single specimens were taken at Bradwell on Sea, Essex, on the 6 and 8.vii.86, by A.J.
Dewick and B. Skinner respectively. The President also showed a live adult of the
yarrow pug, Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl. bred from larvae collected at Faversham,
Kent.

Mr E.S. Braprorb showed a live adult of the rose chafer beetle, Cetonia aurata L.
collected on a return visit to Shakespeare Cliff, Dover, Kent, on 23.vii.86. At the last
meeting, the exhibitor had shown elytra of this beetle that had been found during an
earlier visit to the site. The cause of the beetles’ demise was now believed to be a
kestrel. A number of pellets were found which contained bones, feathers and
fragments of Cetonia aurata and other beetles.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 77

Mr R.A. Jones showed several specimens of Axinotarsus marginalis Cast.
(Coleoptera: Melyridae) taken by sweeping in Richmond Park on 29.vi.86. This
recent colonist from the Continent was first recorded in Hampshire in 1966 and is now
spreading rapidly in south-east England.

Mr A. Goprrey showed a male pipunculid fly Nephrocerus flavicornis Zett. taken
14.7.86 at Harrock’s Wood, Watford, Herts. This rare fly appears to be restricted to
southern England, where it is possibly parasitic on the homopteran Ledra aurita L. It
is one of Britain’s largest pipunculids with a wing span of up to 9 mm.

Mr R.D. Hawkins showed two specimens of the buprestid beetle Agrilus sinuatus
Oliv., taken at Sinodun Hills, Oxon, on 28. viii.85 and at Horley, Surrey, on 30.vi.86.

Prot. J.A. Owen displayed a live specimen of the timberman beetle, Acanthocinus
aedilis L. bred from a larva found in a pine log at Loch Garten in March, 1986.

Mr R.A. SortLy showed specimens of the skipper butterflies Thymelicus sylvestris
Och. and T. lineola Poda, and discussed their separation on antennal characters.

Mr A.J. HALsTEAD showed a female specimen of Pachygaster orbitalis Wahlberg
(Diptera: Stratiomyidae) taken at the RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey, on 22.vii.86.
Members of this genus lay their eggs in the tunnels of wood boring beetles and this
scarce species 1s associated with beetle tunnels in holly, horse chestnut and poplar.

MEMBERSHIP
The names of S.J. Willott, Peter John Brooksbank and the Herbert Art Gallery
and Museum were read for the second time and duly elected.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
Mr S. MILEs displayed two recent acquisitions for the library. These were the NCC
publication ‘Management of Chalk Grassland Butterflies’ and ‘Insects in Camera— a
Photographic Essay on Behaviour’ by C. O’Toole and K. Preston-Mafham

COMMUNICATIONS

Col. A.M. Emmet reported three records of the pyralid moth Dioryctria
schuetziella Fuchs in Essex, two of which were in his garden.

Mr B.K. West reported that a female of the rarely seen Eupithecia abietaria Goeze
had been taken at MV light in his garden at Dartford, Kent, on 21.vii.86. ‘The
Lepidoptera of Kent’ by J.M. Chalmers-Hunt listed only three previous records for
the county.

Mr G. Prior commented that Eupithecia abietaria spends most of its time at the
tops of mature trees and is probably more common than the captures of adults might
suggest.

LECTURE
Mr H.C. Eve showed slides of continental grasshoppers, crickets and other insects
taken on recent visits to France, Spain and Italy.

11 September 1986
Joint Meeting of the BENHS and the London Natural History Society

The meeting was held at the rooms of the Linnaean Society with Mr C. Plant,
President of the LNHS, in the Chair.
EXHIBITS
Mr J.M. CHatmers-Hunt showed the larvae of two pyralid moths collected
10.ix.86 at Dartford, Kent. These were Evergestis extimalis Scop., found feeding on
perennial wall-rocket, (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) and Sitochroa palealis D. & S. on the
seed heads of wild carrot (Daucus carota).

78 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Mr C. PLANT showed a male Xanthandrus comtus Harris (Diptera: Syrphidae).
This uncommon hoverfly was bred from a bright green larva found on a leaf of
hogweed (Heracleum sphondyllium) at Shoreham, Kent, on 2.vii.86. The larva
pupated 36 hours later and the adult emerged on 11.viii.86.

Mr A.P. Foster showed a spotted fritillary, Melitaea didyma, sent to him for
identification by a schoolboy. Few details of its capture were available but the
butterfly had apparently been seen with three others on a saltmarsh in Essex in late
July. It is assumed that these specimens had been released from bred stock.

Mr R.A. Jones showed examples of Platycis minutus F. (Coleoptera: Lycidae)
which were found in some numbers in rotten birch logs at the Ridges,
Finchampstead, Berks., on 7.ix.86. This very local beetle is active in late August —
early September and is possibly on the increase. It has in recent years been discovered
in Windsor Forest and Arundel Park.

Col. A.M. Emmet showed an unidentified leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
which had markings on its wing tips similar to those on certain microlepidoptera.
Shown for comparison were Leucoptera laburnella Stainton, L. orobi Stainton,
Lyonetia clerkella L., Phyllocnistis unipunctella Haw. and P. xenia Hering. Col.
Emmet said that the markings resembled a small hymenopteran and suggested that
they might have a protective function, either by deterring predators or by deflecting
attacks away from the insect’s head.

Mr I.D. FerGuson showed a birch shoot that had been galled by caterpillars of
Lampronia fuscatella Tengstrom (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae). The specimen was
collected during the field meeting at Blean Woods, Kent, on 23.11.86.

AANNOUNCEMENTS
A letter and brochure from the Cornwall Trust for Nature Conservation
concerning the Cornish Wildlife Appeal was brought to the attention of the meeting.

LECTURE
Dr P.H. STERLING gave an informative talk on his research into the habits and
biology of the brown-tail moth. When abundant, the larvae of this moth cause
extensive defoliation of trees and shrubs, and there is also a public health problem
caused by their irritant hairs. Various control measures were discussed with particular
emphasis on the potential of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus as a specific control of the
larvae.

25 September 1986

EXHIBITS

Mr J.M. CuHatmers-Hunt showed a larva of the local pyralid moth, Gymnancyla
canella D. & S. on its food plant saltwort (Salsola kali) collected at Sandwich, Kent,
on 22.1x.86.

Mr A.J. HaLsTEAD showed a specimen of Opilo mollis L. (Coleoptera: Cleridae)
taken in a Rothamsted light trap at RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey, on 27.vii.86. This
uncommon beetle occurs in southern England and is associated with dead wood
where it preys on wood boring insects.

Mr R.A. Jones showed examples of Cionus tuberculosus Scopoli (Coleoptera :
Curculionidae) taken on water figwort in Richmond Park, Surrey, on 17.viii.86.
Although well recorded from south-west London, this species is of local occurrence
and may be confused with the very similar Cionus scrophulariae L. Examples of both
species were shown.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 79

Mr G.W. Dananar showed pinned specimens of Gomphus vulgatissimus L. and its
nymphal exuviae taken at Port Meadow, Oxford. This local dragonfly was found in
some numbers on 25.v.85 but at a similar time in 1986 only a few adults and exuviae
were found. A colour transparency of an adult seen this year was also displayed.

Mr A. Vatetta showed a colour photograph of an unnamed variety of the small
cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae L.) taken by L. F. Cassar at Ghadira Nature
Reserve in Malta on 12.viii.86.

ANNOUNCEMENTS :
THE Secretary, Mr J. MUGGLETON, asked for volunteers to help man the Society’s
stand at the AES exhibition and to assist at our own Annual Exhibition.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr G. Prior asked if members going to Dungeness or some other coastal area
could collect for him some larvae of the pug Eupithecia millefoliata Rossl. from the
old seed heads of yarrow.

LECTURE

Mr P.C. Barnarb spoke on caddis flies and moths — are they really different?
Although Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are known to be closely related orders of
insects, it is generally assumed that they are easily separable. The traditional
characters for separating adults of the two groups are the wing venation, the presence
of wing-scales, and so on. However, some primitive moths have identical venation to
Trichoptera, and the wing-scales of Trichoptera are shown to be remarkably similar
to those of Lepidoptera, when examined under the scanning electron microscope.
Larval case construction in the Psychidae is very similar to that shown by Trichoptera,
and even the aquatic habitat of caddisfly larvae is not diagnostic, as a few species are
entirely terrestrial. The only consistent differences between the two groups are very
small morphological and anatomical features, which seem to have little functional
significance.

9 October 1986

THE PRESIDENT welcomed Dr Yukata Yoshiyasu from Japan.

EXHIBITS

THE PRESIDENT, Mr J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt showed living larvae, in their cases, of
Reuttia subocellea (Steph.) on seed-heads of Origanum vulgare (Marjoram) collected
at Shoreham, Kent, on 6.x.86. The cases are made of florets or husks.

Mr M.J. Simmons: Sphinx ligustri ab. pallida from larvae purchased in 1984 nine
pupae were obtained. These pupae in 1985 produced eight wild type /igustri and one
ab. pallida. The ab. pallida specimen was only noted after it had died. Upwards of 250
larvae pupated and, from 150 pupae kept, nine ab. pallida emerged this year in July.
Those seen hatching on the weekend of the 12—13.vii.86 were put in a separate cage
and allowed to inbreed. On checking the dead adults it was revealed that three ab.
pallida has been left with the wild type. It is unclear whether these mated with the wild
type. From the pallida x pallida cross 67 larvae were obtained. Thirty two survived to
the penultimate instar. Three finally buried for pupation though only one pupated. It
was noticeable during the final two instars that the majority of the larvae never
became firm but were very soft and exuded a brownish liquid, often in evidence on
the ventral half of the larva. This condition was noticed in the larvae from the wild
type crosses though not in such large numbers. A similar number of the wild type
cross larvae (possibly including larvae from a pallida x wild type cross) were reared.
Twenty four larvae buried for pupation and sixteen pupated.

80 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr K.G.W. Evans revived an old custom and offered some spare livestock of
pupae of Stauropus fagi L. from East Grinstead, Sussex for the benefit of other
members. Mr Evans drew attention to the lateness of the season and reported seeing
the Lackey from 27—29.ix.86, Magpie on 23.ix.86, Dingy Footman up to 2.x.86 and
the Drinker on 25.1x.86, all in perfect condition.

Dr B.J. MacNu tty confirmed similar conditions in South Wales and added
Copper Underwing on 23.ix.86.

Mr R.W.J. UFFEN reported many flowers in full bloom, including Sea Wormwood,
on the Gower.

The Rev. D.J.L. AGassiz reported that the rare migrant Chrysodeixis chalcites
Esper was taken in Kent on the 30.1x.86.

LECTURE

In the unavoidable absence of the scheduled speaker Dr Clive Betts, Dr R.
Wootton, also of Exeter University gave the lecture on Insect Flight. The great
majority of insect species are capable of flight — in their adult stage, when they need
mobility to disperse the population. Flight is valuable for reaching oviposition sites,
but may also be involved in locating and sometimes in catching food; in escape; and in
courtship and territorial behaviour. These varied functions are reflected in a wide
variety of flight techniques, whose details, and aerodynamic mechanisms, are
becoming better known. Many aspects of insect flight are under investigation. Dr
Wootton’s group at Exeter are particularly concerned with making functional sense
of wing structure. They use high-speed cinematography of freely flying insects to
analyse the motion and the changes in shape and attitude of the wings during the
stroke cycle; and study how these changes are controlled by the arrangement and
properties of the veins, the membrane and the special hinge-lines within the wing.
Many characters familiar in keys — corrugation, vein branching patterns, ambient
veins, hemi-elytra, nodes, costal breaks and fold-lines — are now emerging as subtle
adaptions for controlling bending, twisting and camber, and as safety devices. There
is much to be learned from these mechanisms, and some of the lessons may well be
applicable in the design of man-made deformable aerofoils such as sails.

23 October 1986

EXHIBITS

Mr J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt showed live larvae of Coleophora squamosella Stainton
(Lep: Coleophoridae) on the seed heads of blue fleabane (Erigeron acre) collected at
Stone, near Dartford, Kent.

Mr M.J. Simmons showed some forms of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus
icarus Rott.). A female taken in Sherwood Forest, Notts., had enlarged spots on the
underside of the forewing, with the postdiscal spots extending to the orange/red
lunules. An unsuccessful attempt had been made in September to mate this female
with a male from the same area. Also shown was a male with some postdiscal spots
absent and poor development of most basal spots on both fore- and hind-wings. It was
taken in copula at Eynsford, Kent, in June 1986. The resulting larvae have not
produced a second generation and are now overwintering.

Mr I.R. Hupson showed a male and female of the local bee fly Bombylius minor L.
(Diptera: Bombyliidae). They emerged from some cocoons of the solitary bee,
Colletes succinctus L. dug up from a sand pit on Godlingston Heath, Purbeck,
Dorset. Four cocoons were found on 13.vii.86 and they produced two adult bee flies

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 81

the next day, with two males of the host bee emerging on 1.viii.86. Adults of both
sexes of the bee fly were seen on the wing at the site on 13.vii.86 but no adult bees
were seen at that time.

Mr A.J. HALSTEAD showed:- (1) a dried paeony flower that was being damaged by
larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Htibn. (Lep.: Pyralidae). The
specimen had come from the Channel Islands via a florist’s shop in Godalming,
Surrey. (2) An alate specimen of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi L. (Diptera:
Hippoboscidae) found on the exhibitor’s arm at White Downs, Surrey, on 22.ix.86.
This blood sucking fly feeds on deer and is likely to be associated with roe deer at this
site. Newly emerged flies have wings but these are broken off once the fly has located
a Suitable host.

B. K. West showed six foreign butterflies chosen to illustrate various flight
patterns. These were:- (1) Othomia drymo Hubn. from Port of Spain, Trinidad,
20.vil.65, which has a slow fluttering flight in jungle shade. The flight path is difficult
to follow due to the transparent nature of the wings. (2) Acraea cerasa Hew., a
canopy dweller from Eshowe, Natal, collected on 3.iv.56. (3) Delias belladonna F.
from Gunong Jasar, Pahang, Malaya, on 19.iv.59 at an altitude of 5500 ft. This has a
rapid erratic flight on the mountain peaks restricted to between 8 and 9 a.m. (4)
Hamanumida daedalus F. from Dabola, Guinea, on 12.viii.62 and Salisbury,
Rhodesia, on 14.ix.47. This species glides close to the ground and settles frequently.
(5) Colotis erone Angas from Umhlanga, Natal, on 23.vi.56, where they fly in rapid
straight lines along the forest edge, although they would deviate momentarily to
inspect a pinned white butterfly. (6) Colotis celimene Lucas from Wyliespoort,
Transvaal, on 10.vu.56. This hovers on the sunny side of thorn trees at a height of
7-15 ft but breaks off to rest on low herbage at intervals of 10-30 minutes.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
THE SECRETARY, Dr J. MUGGLETON, asked for volunteers to help at the Annual
Exhibition, and drew attention to the closing date for places at the Annual Dinner.
He also reported receiving the new programme card from the Lancashire and
Cheshire Entomological Society. The Field Meetings Secretary, Mr A.J. HALSTEAD,
asked for volunteers to lead field meetings in 1987.

COMMUNICATIONS
Dr D. LONSDALE reported seeing a female glow-worm near Bentley Station, Hants,
on 8.x.86, which was thought to be a late date for this insect.

LECTURE
Mr T. Price described some of the management problems involved in conserving
Surrey heaths and gave details of projects which had been undertaken to restore or
retain this type of habitat.

13 November 1986

THE PRESIDENT, Mr J.M. CHALMERS-HuNnNT, announced the deaths of special life
member, the Rev. J.N. Marcon, and a non-member, Dr E.A. Ellis.

EXHIBITS
Prot. J.A. Owen showed a live larva and adult of Ampedus cardinalis Schiodte
(Coleoptera: Elateridae). The adult had been bred from a half-grown larva collected
from a fallen oak bough in Richmond Park on 23.1x.83. This larva was reared in a jar
filled with rotten oak wood and it pupated in July 1986. The pupal stage lasted three
weeks but the adult will remain in its pupal cell until the summer of 1987. The long

82 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

larval period and dormancy of the adult is characteristic of many elaterid species that
develop in rotten wood. The live larva shown was obtained from Windsor Forest.
Also shown were pinned specimens of other Ampedus species that Prof. Owen had
reared from larvae in recent years. These were Ampedus balteatus L., A. cardinalis
Schiodte, A. elongantulus F., A. nigerrimus Lac., A. pomonae Steph., A. pomorum
Herbst, A. rufipennis Steph. and A. sanguinolentus Sch.

Mr R.A. Jones showed specimens of Eledona agricola Herbst (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) found in an old bracket fungus (possibly Polyporus sulphureus) on an
old beech tree in Richmond Park on 17.vili.86. Also shown was a live specimen of the
drone fly, Eristalis tenax L. (Diptera: Syrphidae) found indoors in Peckham, perhaps
seeking an early hibernation site?!

Mr R.D. Hawkins showed two live specimens of the ladybird Halyzia
sedecimguttata L. bred from pupae found on a fallen ash leaf in Norbury Park,
Leatherhead, Surrey, on 2.xi.86. The pupae were smooth and black with four yellow
spots. They were kept in a refrigerator and adults emerged on 7.xi.86.

MEMBERSHIP
The names of Gary John Skinner, Michael John Bleckwen, Andrew M. Proudfoot
and Nigel Gill were read for the second time and were duly elected.

REPORTS ON THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION

The ExuHIBITION SECRETARY, Mr K. Evans, reviewed the organisation of this year’s
exhibition and stated that 111 exhibits had been shown. He thought that poor
weather in 1986 had resulted in fewer large displays but there had nevertheless been
many interesting finds. Reports were given by Mr Evans and Mr J.M. CHALMERS-
Hunt of the macrolepidoptera, the latter also reporting on the microlepidoptera. Mr
R. Tusss described the butterflies, Mr R. Jones the Coleoptera and Mr A. HALSTEAD
dealt with the Hymenoptera and other orders. The arrangements for next year’s
exhibition are still to be finalised but Mr Evans hoped that it would be on 24th
October at Imperial College, with the Annual Dinner being held there in the evening
of the same day. Mr Evans also said that he thought it was time he handed over the
post of Exhibition Secretary to someone else.

SLIDES

Dr K. Satr_er showed a series of slides of members at an earlier Annual Exhibition
held at the Royal Society’s rooms, possibly in 1964. Mrs F. Murpuy showed slides of
spiders and other animals seen during a recent arachnological tour of the Spanish
Pyrenees. Mr A. CALLow presented a wide selection of slides showing close up views
of insects, spiders, fungi, fossils and various animals of the inter tidal zone. Mr R.
Jones showed slides of some insects, spiders and wild flowers seen during a visit to the
Greek island of Samos in May of this year.

COMMENTS ON THE EXHIBITS
Mr E. BraprorD, commenting on the longevity of beetles, stated that he had
observed that the churchyard beetle, Blaps mucronata L., can live for as long as five
years.

27 November 1986

EXHIBITS
Mr A.J. HAtsteap showed a hibernaculum of the brown tail moth, Euproctis
chrysorrhoea L. found with others on a clipped hawthorn hedge in Woking, Surrey,
on 22.xi.86. This species is predominantly a coastal one although it is occasionally
found breeding inland.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 83

Prof. J.A. Owen showed the only known British examples of the staphylinid
beetle, Meotica lohsei Benick. These consisted of a female found in sedge debris at
Catfield Fen, Norfolk, in 1979, and a male found in a mole’s nest at Caxton, Norfolk,
on 9.xi.86. This species is sexually dimorphic with the female having normal eyes and
wings, while the male has small eyes and short wings. The two forms are sufficiently
different to have in the past been described as two different species, with the males
being known as M. hanseni Scheerpeltz. The conspecificity of the two forms was
worked out by Dr J. Muona of Finland, who had also confirmed the identity of the
male specimen.

Mr K. Evans displayed a butterfly trap for use with a bait such as rotten fruit that
had been loaned to him by Sir John Dacie. This type of trap is often used in the tropics
and Mr Evans wondered whether it might prove attractive to the purple emperor.

B. K. West showed some F3 generation moths of the white ermine, Spilosoma
lubricipeda L. bred from Orlestone, Kent, stock. These included an unnamed
aberration with an elongated spot on the forewing between veins 5 and 6. This
character is apparently recessive. Also shown were moths with the elongated spot
combined with ab. postmagnipunctata Cockayne and a specimen with a slight
darkening approaching ab. brunnea Oberth.

LECTURE

Mr K. ALEXANDER gave a talk on insect conservation and the National Trust in
which he described his work in recording and assessing the invertebrate fauna on
properties owned by the Trust. Once properties had been surveyed, management
plans could be devised to preserve and enhance suitable habitats. The speaker urged
members to supply him or the local Trust property manager with details of species
recorded on National Trust properties, particularly when uncommon insects or
special habitats have been identified.

FIELD MEETINGS

Tantany Wood and Pigbush, New Forest, 17/18 May 1986

Leader: K. Halstead. The meeting which was poorly attended (only three people
turned up), was very unrewarding, primarily because of the chilly north-west wind
which seemed to have driven the majority of insects back into hibernation. Most of
the species taken were fairly commonplace but it is worth mentioning that two local
click beetles were found: Ampedus pomonae Steph. and Actenicerus sjaelandicus
Muller. The only hoverfly evident was Chalcosyrphus nemorum (F.). The unusual fly
Alophora hemiptera F. was also recorded.

Seabrook Stream, Kent, 25 May 1986

Leader: Eric G. Philp. Over twenty people turned up to this meeting held jointly
with the Kent Field Club. As the majority of those attending were interested in
botany the leader spent more time looking at plants and several of interest were
found. Perhaps the most surprising was Trifolium subterraneum L. in vast quantities
on some banks overlooking the stream.

84 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Along the stream itself were some fine areas of alder-carr in which were flying large
numbers of Diptera including Tipula oleracea L. T. luna Westh., T. variicornis
Schummel, Platycheirus albimanus (F.), P. tarsalis (Schummel), Leucozona lucorum
(L.), Cheilosia albitarsis Meig., Dasysyrphus venustus (Meig.), Melanostoma scalare
(F.), Rhingia campestris (Meig.), Chrysogaster hirtella Loew, Lejogaster metallina
(F.) and Chalcosyrphus nemorum (F.). About some sandy banks where Andrena
pubescens Ol. was nesting a fine Bombylius discolor Mikan was patrolling. Other
bees noted included Andrena scotica Perkins, A. minutula (Kirby), A. saundersella
Perkins, Halictus tumulorum (L.), Lasioglossum albipes (F.), L. morio (F.), Nomada
marshamella (Kirby) and N. flava Panzer. Of the Coleoptera note should perhaps be
made of the rather local Onthophagus ovatus (L.) and the recently recognised Elodes
pseudominuta Klausnitzer which was quite common.

With the help of fine sunny weather everybody appeared to have an enjoyable day,
enlivened at one time by being caught up in the middle of a mock battle, in what is
almost a unique habitat in Kent. We are grateful to the Army authorities for granting
us permission to visit this interesting area.

Grays Chalk Pit, Essex, 1 June 1986

Leader: P.R. Harvey. A total of 12 members and friends attended the meeting ona
dry but rather cold day.

The silk ‘purse-web’ tubes of Atypus affinis (Eichwald) were found in quantity after
a search by John and Frances Murphy.

In Waldham’s Pit, two males, a gravid female and many retreats of Zodarion
italicum (Canestrini) were found, and a Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) and Sand
Martin (Riparia riparia) colony were seen. One spider Agyneta conigera
(O.P.Cambridge) was newly recorded for the quarries and a total of 180 species of
spiders and 11 species of harvestmen are now recorded from this site.

Although members wanted to concentrate their efforts on some of the areas under
threat from housing development, they were unable to look at Warren Farm Pit,
having been turned away by two armed men purporting to be Blue Circle Cement
gamewardens!

Wisley Common, Surrey, 14 June 1986

Leaders: A.J. Halstead and S. Pittis. Nine members and one guest attended this
afternoon and night meeting. The weather was warm and sunny during the day, but
the temperature dropped sharply after sunset. Thirty-five species of macro-
lepidoptera were seen at light or during the day, and larvae of the waved black,
Parascotia fuliginaria L. were collected by several members. The cold night limited
moth activity but daytime conditions favoured spiders and Peter Harvey recorded 52
species. The less common species are listed below. Lepidoptera: Perconia strigillaria
Hubn., Nola confusalis H.-S., Tethea or D. & S., Stauropus fagi L. and 31 other spp.
Odonata: Enallagma cyathigerum Charpentier, Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulzer,
Agrion splendens Harris. Coleoptera: Clytus arietis L., Saperda populnea L.,
Ampedus sanguinolentus Sch., Phytodecta decemnotata Marsham, Chrysomela
populi L., Tritoma bipustulata F., Scaphidium quadrimaculatum Olivier,
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus L. Hymenoptera (sawflies): Tenthredopsis nassata
L., Tenthredo maculata Geotf., Selandria serva F., Eutomostethus luteiventris Klug,
Caliroa annnulipes Klug, Dineura virididorsata Retz. and larvae of Nematus

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 85

melanaspis Hartig. Arachnida: Micaria subopaca Westring, Xysticus ulmi Hahn,
Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, Pirata tenuitarsus Simon, P. uliginosus Thorell,
Achaeranea lunata Clerck, Theridion pictum Walckenaer, T. blackwalli
O.P.Cambridge, Cercidia prominens Westring, Hypselistes jacksonii O.P.Cambridge
and 42 other species.

The Slade, Upper Bucklebury Common, Berks., 12 July 1986

Leader: B.R. Baker. The day began most unpromisingly with steady, persistent
rain all morning, continuing into early afternoon. Thereafter, skies cleared and we
enjoyed a warm sunny period taking us into excellent conditions for night work. The
three members who braved the morning explored the well wooded, steep gullies of
The Slade, the most conspicuous insect on tree trunks being the bug I/ssus
coleoptratus F. During early afternoon a flowery meadow with an extensive hedge of
Acer campestre was discovered and cones of Caloptilia semifascia (Haw.) were
collected. Larvae of the following sawflies were noted:- Nematus pavidus Lep.,
Heterarthrus aceris Kalt., and Blennocampa pusilla Klug, also imagines otf
Aneugmenus padi L. and Stromboceros delicatulus Fallén. An ant column,
transporting pupae, and extending a length of some 10 feet, proved to be Myrmica
ruginodis Nyl. and not a slavemaker as suspected. By late evening our numbers
increased to seven and, from the four lights operated, a total of 106 macros were
recorded. Of particular interest were:- Eupithecia plumbeolata (Haw.) Chloroclystis
debiliata (Hb.), Elaphria venustula (Hb.) and Hypena crassalis (Fabr.). The list of
micros included Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (H-S), Pseudosciaphila branderiana (L.)
and Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.).

Orlestone Forest, Kent, 19/20 July 1986

Leader: Bernard Skinner. Despite a music festival near Maidstone and road works
on the M20 most members, including the leader, managed to reach the venue by
dusk. Twenty-six members and friends attended and a total of 31 lights were operated
over a wide area of the forest. Unfortunately members were not blessed with the
above average moth-trapping conditions which prevailed earlier in the week; the
weather being clear and somewhat cool. However the sheer volume of light power
yielded a respectable total of 154 species of macrolepidoptera, although most of the
Orlestone specialities were either absent or in very low numbers. Those worthy of
mention were Heterogenea asella D. & S., Tetheella fluctuosa Hb., Thera britannica
Turn., Hydrelia sylvata D. & S., Deileptenia ribeata Cl., Clostera curtula Linn.,
Mythimna obsoleta Hb., Moma alpium Osb., [pimorpha subtusa D. & S., Parascotia
fuliginaria Linn., Schrankia taenialis Hb. and Paracolax tristalis F. (derivalis Hb.).

Of the two new colonists Peribatodes secundaria Esp. was in good supply and a few
examples of the melanic form nigrata Stern. were taken. Conversely the pyralid —
Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs — was in low numbers as in fact were most of the
interesting species of microlepidoptera with the best of a poor bunch being
Cryptoblabes bistriga Haw., Pseudosciaphila branderiana L., Olindia schumacherana
F., Eucosma aemulana Schlag. and Olethreutes bifasciana Haw.

The leader would like to thank the Forestry Commission for granting permission to
hold this meeting.

86 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Wootton Bridge Area — New Forest, Hants., 26 July 1986

Leaders: A. Pickles and E. Wild. Five members attended and were later joined by
an entomological family who were collecting in the area, the father of whom, has
since applied for membership. A.P. was unfortunately caught up with a social
function but valiantly slipped away from time to time to join the party, appearing
from the darkness and fording the river in sartorial splendour and gumboots. The
afternoon session was sunny with a cool east wind but members were pleased to see a
number of Argynnis paphia L. and two Ladoga camilla L., species now much in
decline compared with earlier years. Several species of common sawfly larvae were
collected and a colony of the bog ant discovered. The temperature fell quickly at
dusk. Two lights were run, at which 62 species of macrolepidoptera attended, none of
which were of special note, though they reflected the range of habitats in the area,
suggesting that on a good night this could be an interesting area; but this year was
diabolical!

Child’s Forstal Wood, East Blean, Kent, 2 November 1986

Leader: P.J. Johnson. Eight members attended this meeting, which was principally
aimed at the microlepidopterist. No particularly noteworthy species were found,
though Phyllonorycter mines which may prove to be P. /autella Zeller were taken by
several of those present, as were tenanted or vacated mines of other species new to
their collectors.

A rare observation at this meeting was a larva of Ectoedemia subbimaculella Haw.
in the process of cutting its way out of its mine through the upper epidermis of an oak
leaf, prior to descending to the ground to make its cocoon.

A review of the vegetation, especially in the areas which have been coppiced over
the past few years, revealed several areas of considerable interest at other seasons of
the year; particularly a diverse growth of low plants.

Alan Stubbs and Ian McLean at Mark Ash, New Forest, Field Meeting 2nd June 1984.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 87

OBITUARY

HUGH SUTHERLAND ROBINSON

Hugh Robinson was born on 19 February 1907, the eldest of three brothers. He was
educated at Christ’s Hospital, Horsham, and University College, London, where he
read Physics and Chemistry. Leaving university at the height of the Depression, he
joined the civil service and after a short period with HM Customs & Excise he joined
the Ministry of Health. He was intrigued by the new theories and practices of social
security and he was to stay in that administrative field for the rest of his working life.

After the Second World War, a childhood interest in entomology was rekindled
when Hugh moved from London to Alton in Hampshire and he began
enthusiastically collecting Lepidoptera.

The difficulties and inefficiencies of conventional collecting methods, usually
involving paraffin lamps and sheets, led Hugh with his brother Peter to experiment
with portable electrical equipment. ‘War surplus’ generators, cable and lamps were
abundantly available in the late 1940s and they rapidly acquired expertise with these.
The next step was to copy American designs of insect traps, and C.B. Williams’
‘Rothamsted’ trap, and fit these with either filament or discharge lamps. The variable
and often disappointing results of particular designs of trap led them to re-examine
the way insects react to bright light sources and to research the literature on insect
response to particular wavelengths of light.

Hugh and Peter found that, far from reacting to light as if to a bait and ‘tracking’ the
light over long distances, moths were affected by bright light only when in close
proximity to the source and then flew at a constant angle to it, performing a spiral.

They set out to design a novel light trap based on these observations. The result was
an unpromising-looking contraption. Vertical vanes, their tops level with the light
source and mounted within a cone, would interrupt the spiral flight. Insects would
then fall down the cone into the container into which the cone was recessed. A
high-pressure mercury-vapour !amp was employed as the light source.

The results from the unpromising contraption were spectacular and revolutionary.
In an analysis published in 1951, C.B. Williams found that a Robinson trap collected
about ten times as many Macrolepidoptera as a Rothamsted trap. The design was not
patented: it was simple to make and widely publicised. Within a few years most
lepidopterists in Britain had either made their own or bought the portable version of
the trap that was available commercially.

Hugh spent considerable time in the early 1950s using his equipment to clarify the
status and distribution of many of the rare British Lepidoptera to the ultimate benefit
of what is now the National Collection of British Lepidoptera. A loosely-formed
team including Peter Robinson, Eric Classey, Barry Goater, Robin Mere, John
Bradley and Timothy Tams made expeditions to classic and not-so-classic localities
such as Askham Bog (for Diarsia florida) and the Isle of Wight (for Sedina buettner1).
The technological tour-de-force came with the expedition to the west of Ireland to
confirm Calamia tridens as British. A specially modified Bentley carried a 4.5
kilowatt generator, more than a mile of cable, booster transformers, radios, four
traps with 500 watt lamps, and the personnel. It was a resoundingly successful
expedition.

Hugh’s participation in.the British entomological scene came to an abrupt end in
1954 when he took up a post in Singapore, helping set up the national provident fund.
He moved on to Malaya in 1958 to start a similar scheme and remained as manager of
the fund until 1964. For his services to the development of the Malaysian social

88 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

security system he was awarded the JMN (equivalent to the CBE) in 1964. He then
returned briefly to Britain for a few months with the DHSS in Newcastle before being
seconded to the Ministry of Overseas Development and a job setting up a provident
fund for the Government of Fiji. On retirement from the UK civil service he
remained in Fiji to manage the Fiji National Provident Fund which he converted to a
full pension scheme before his retirement in 1975. His last years in Fiji were
particularly busy. In addition to legislative and legal work in connection with the
running of the fund, he also acted as an assessor and industrial tribunal chairman. He
was retained as a social security consultant by the Overseas Development Agency and
in this capacity he advised several territories including the Solomon Islands, Papua
New Guinea, the Gilbert & Ellice Islands and Botswana on the implementation of
social security schemes.

During his ten years in SE Asia, Hugh’s interest in entomology dwindled. Much of
the material he collected there was destroyed by mould or pests and he was greatly
discouraged. However, by the mid-1960s, filial enthusiasm and advances in
dehumidification meant that he could collect in company and preserve his material
safely. In Fiji he threw himself back into the fray with gusto. Able to visit many of the
smaller Pacific islands in connection with his consultancy work, he made valuable
collections of macro- and micro-lepidoptera for the British Museum (Natural
History). He became intensely interested in the Pacific Utetheisa species and their
biology and evolution.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 89

Above all, however, he was an inveterate gadgeteer. He built innumerable traps
with bizarre modifications — occulting traps that ran intermittently to allow insects
settled on vegetation to become active again, traps for microlepidoptera, traps with
solar switches, and the impressive multi-directional microlepidoptera sheet — a
pyramid of fine net with an internal array of fluorescent tubes. He constructed
complicated and minute tools for handling microlepidoptera, modifications for
microscopes, illumination systems and equipment for microphotography. His wealth
of practical skills coupled with his slightly pedantic manner made him a popular guru.
It was a role he relished and he cheerfully ran practical classes for university students
and agriculture departments, enjoying the company and conversation of the young.

He retired at the age of 70 to Lincolnshire and devoted the last ten years of his life
to his garden, greenhouse and, of course, his gadgets. Hugh Robinson died on 10
April 1986. He is survived by his wife, sons and grandchildren and the greatest of his
gadgets, the unpromising-looking contraption that bears his name.

The Robinson trap has been the major factor in the post-war revolution in our
knowledge of the distribution of British Lepidoptera. Worldwide it has become an
indispensable entomological tool in the making of systematic collections, in
ecological and in biogeographic studies. Its design and development were the work of
a man whose practical and conceptual skills were remarkable. Hugh added to these
skills the virtue of seemingly endless patience, good humour and the art of good
companionship. He is greatly missed by his family and friends.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS BY H.S. ROBINSON

1950 Some notes on the observed behaviour of Lepidoptera in flight in the vicinity of
light-sources together with a description of a light-trap designed to take
entomological samples. Entomologist’s Gaz. 1: 3-20, Figs 1-12. [With P.J.M.
Robinson. |

1950 Reply to Mr R.F. Bretherton’s observations. Entomologist’s Gaz. 1: 104-106.
[With P.J.M. Robinson. |

1950 Prophylactic methods in the rearing of lepidopterous larvae. Entomologist’s
Gaz. 1: 139-141.

1951 The effect of light on night-flying insects. Proc. S$. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.
1950-51: 112-113, Figs 1-6.

1951 How to build a moth trap. Window 4(7): 4.

1951 Narrative [of the 1950 expedition to the Burren, Co. Clare]. Entomologist’s
Gaz. 2: 89-94.

1951 Mercury-vapour light-traps. Entomologist’s Gaz. 2: 265-266. [With E.W.
Classey. |

1952 On the behaviour of night-flying insects in the neighbourhood of a bright source
of light. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. A 27: 13-21, Figs 1-2.

1952 Some suggestions on the examination of an ethical and a practical problem.
Entomologist’s Gaz. 3: 45-51.

1952 The use of anaesthetics in funnel mercury-vapour insect traps. Entomologist 85:
97-101.

1952 The optimum conditions for the occurrence and observation of rare insects.
Proc. §. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1951-52: 118-125, Figs 1-2.

1953 Mercury vapour lamp technicalities. [Installation.] Entomologist’s Gaz. 4:
280-281.

90 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

1954 Mercury vapour lamp technicalities. [Power factor correction. ] Entomologist’s
Gaz. 5: 111-112.

1967 The flight-ranges of insects. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 79: 239-243. Fig. 1.

1972 Genital stridulation in male Psilogramma jordana_ Bethune-Baker
(Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 84: 213-215, pl. XI.
[With G.S. Robinson. }

1974 Notes on the genus Utetheisa Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in the western
Pacific with larval descriptions. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 86: 160-163, pls. X,
XI. [With G.S. Robinson. ]

1979-80 Further observations on the species of Utetheisa Hubner (Lep.: Arctiidae)
in the western and central Pacific with the description of a new species from
Niue Island. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 91: 270-273, pl. LX; 319-322; 92:
13-16, Figs 1-4. [With G.S. Robinson. |

‘Notes and observations’ and book reviews — see Entomologist’s Gaz. 1-5 (1950—

1954) passim.

Orbweb-weaving spiders preying on slugs. — On 24 and 25 September 1986, I was
on a spider collecting trip with four postgraduate students in the Bordeaux region of
France. Over these two days the weather was very unseasonable with total cloud
cover and prolonged periods of often heavy rain. Although unpleasant, such
conditions made our job of collecting large numbers of Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli)
relatively easy because their water-laden webs were conspicuous. The sodden
conditions had caused many slugs (small Agriolimax sp.; mostly less than 20 mm
extended length) to emerge from cover. Much to my surprise, I found more than 30 of
the spiders feeding on these slugs. The slugs had been thinly wrapped in silk and had
often been carried to the centre of the orb where they were being consumed. Several
of the slugs had clearly been extensively masticated. On one occasion, I saw a slug
crawling on the lower strands of a web, but I didn’t have the luck to observe a slug
being attacked. It is impossible to know whether the slugs had simply wandered into
the webs or whether they had been actively attracted, perhaps by the presence of food
adhering to the silk strands.

The prey of A. bruennichi has been well documented (Nyffeler, M. & Benz, G.
1978. Rev. Suisse Zool. 85: 747-757; Nyffeler, M. & Benz, G. 1981. Anz.
Schddlingsk , 54: 33-39; Pasquet, A. 1984. Entomologia exp. appl. 26: 177-184) as has
that of other araneids (Robinson, M.H. 1969. Amer. Zool. 9: 161-173; Robinson,
M.H. & Robinson, B. 1970. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 49: 345-357; Robinson, M.H..,
Mirick, H. & Turner, O. 1971. Psyche 76: 487-501; Olive, C.W. 1980. Ecology 61:
1133-1144) but none of these works make mention of slugs being taken as prey items.
While this omission might in part reflect the sporadic occurrence of appropriate
climatic conditions, it also probably indicates a dearth of observation during bad
weather. Since slugs are hardly noted for the speed of their movements, it is
interesting to ponder the way that the spiders detected their presence in the webs.
One possibility is that the spiders were able to detect the (almost) static weight of the
slugs within their webs and to make a directed attack towards the source of this
loading. — Donald L.J. Quicke, Department of Zoology, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield S10 2TN.

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of
work proposed.

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study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of
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Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, of
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M. Scoble, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat.Hist.), Cromwell Road,
London, SW7, as soon as possible and not later than 30th September, 1987.

CONTENTS

Adams, M. J. Butterfly search and research in the Northern Andes ................ 35
Annual Exhibition, Chelsea Old Town Hall, 1 November 1986 ..................... 4]
Book review: A Selborne Year. The Naturalist’s Journal for 1784 .................. 40
Chandler, P. J. The British species of Diastata Meigen and Campichoeta Macquart
(Diptera: Drosophiloidea); Comectionigee ac] 4.4 eae eee eee 74
Disney, R. H. L. A preliminary survey of the scuttle flies of Hayley Wood, with
descriptionsiofithreemew Speclesse mire eee eee er ee eee 27
Field Meetings!) 3:5. .i5,occ's.c sak hota Com nie os itehane one ao etal Ges cae ere ney ee eee 83
Indoor Meetings: 325/35 0.525. Son de See Sake EOS OE eo Ee Oe Te 75
Jones, R--A. Unusualiabundanceiok Tromscaber IG Va ..4- 5240222 ee ee eee 34
Obituary:/HughiSutherlandiRobinsonl: = 4-4 ssa eee aoe eee eee eee 87
Quicke, D. L. J. Orbweb-weaving spiders preying on slugs ...............--.++---- 90

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aH JULY 1987 ISSN 0525-5252 Vol. 20, Part 3
cL ey La a

Proceedings and Transactions of
The British Entomological and
Natural History Society

Price: £2.00

Treasurer: Secretary:
Col. D.H. Sterling J. Muggleton, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.I.Biol.,
RaRGEeS:
Curator: Librarian: Lanternist:
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EeRZE-S:
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Vice-Presidents:

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with the assistance of:

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E.S. Bradford
R.W.J. Uffen, M.Sc., F.R.E.S.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 9]

THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS SUILLIA
(DIPTERA, HELEOMYZIDAE),
INCLUDING A SPECIES NEW TO SCIENCE

by P. WITHERS
27 Beech Way, Dickleburgh, Diss. Norfolk IP21 4NZ.

The Heleomyzid genus Suillia is easily distinguished from all other members of this
family by the presence of only one orbital bristle placed on a pollinose strip separated
anteriorly from the eye margin (See Figs xi and xii). The previous treatment of this
genus (Collin, 1943) although useful, is hampered by a number of ambiguous
couplets which have caused frequent misidentifications. In an attempt to overcome
this confusion, the author has examined the male surstyli of all the species currently
on the British List, and found considerable intraspecific variation. Dissection of the
aedeagi revealed additional useful variations in structure; apparently these have
never before been figured for any member of this genus.

Since Collin’s 1943 paper, much more distributional information has been gathered
in the intervening years, and a number of species successfully reared. All show a close
association with a wide range of fungi, especially agarics and boleti. Recent work on
the fungal associations has revealed that S. bicolor (Zett.) may be found in over 130
different species of fungi (Dely-Draskovits, 1972). It is hoped that a synthesis of this
information, linked to a more workable key, will provide a welcome reintroduction to
the hitherto difficult task of identifying this genus of flies.

REVISED KEY TO THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SUILLIA

1. Humeral bristle present. Antennae black. Surstyli Fig. 18 Aedeagus Fig. E
ee eae ee erred cert, RPO 3 a A ek ne eatin atricornis (Meig.)

— Humeral bristle absent. Antennae yellow or reddish ..................... 2
2. Scutellum with prominent apical tubular projection (Fig. i). Surstyli Fig. 6

PRG CAR U SiN Iee tes. gos es ahreitel<t Rie 275 baes waar he deel! oxyphora (Mik)
=) scitellum without/promiment projection. ...: ... 42%... + sj. 0 su smisloeediem «lasts 3
3. Scutellum entirely bare of fine dark hairs (care must be taken with bicolor,

Were hairs areipresent but are’short and\pale) ....cm.. -.. .. - 6s dete. elas 4
Se Scute Mim with atleast maroinal HAWS. se .y<.- n'a tmmis s cneseaspetsieis,s oie OS SAS 6
4. Wing veins heavily shaded. Antennae dark. A dark spot at junction of facial/

irontalorbit.\Surstyli Fig. 19> Aedeagus Fig. J 2.2.0.5 0.5.. ustulata (Meig.)
— Wing veins clear. Antennae pale. Orbital spot absent .................... 5

5. Scutellum with small median tubercle (Fig. ii), thoracic dorsum matt. Male fore
basitarsus without ventral hook. Surstyli Fig. 1. Aedeagus Fig.C ...........
Geis Oye en: 2 eae ad Lats Pe elas ED fuscicornis (Zett.)

— Scutellum without tubercle, dorsum subshining. Male fore basitarsus with
ventral hook (Fig. iii). Surstyli Fig. 14. Aedeagus Fig. K . . . dumicola (Collin)
[The European species miki Pokorny, which also would run to here, is discussed
under dumicola below].

6. Mesopleuron and pteropleuron haired (Fig. iv) ..............-.20eee eee ih
=e Mesopleuroniand pteropleurom bare... qe. .acinan cee. naan s fens SR eten 9
Se GST-SCUfelaniiditers «A. sets ese bain Ob. clas Von cge Bee oe ets es se os 8

Sub-scutellar hairs present (Fig. v). Surstyli Fig. 7. Aedeagus FigG .........
PN ge Yar ee moa Geto) = cis aia 6 PCE yee OE AK aoa eae woe humilis (Meig.)

9? PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 93

FS

KS NUR

SZ at?
YE

ZEB

Figs I-19. Surstvli. | S. fuscicornis. 2 S. flava. 3 S. vaginata. 4 S. bicolor. 5 S. variegata.
6 S. oxvphora. 7 S. humilis. 8 S. notata. 9 S. flavifrons. 10 S. laevifrons. \1
S. imberbis, 12 8. parva, 13S. dawnae. 14 §. dumicola. \5 S. miki. 16S. pallida. 17
S. affinis, 18 S. atricornis, 19 S. ustulata. [Left surstylus is to the left; all views are
upper surface except fig. 9 left surstylus. ] Scale = | mm.

8. Arista long plumose (Fig. vi). Cross veins and radial veins shaded, with a
subapical suffusion across distal area of long veins. Surstyli Fig. 5. Aedeagus

LRN Ie” ga eis ith Sct 5. Se eeeng ie pee ts eee meme Se ee variegata (Loew)
— Arista short plumose (Fig. vii). Cross veins only shaded. Surstyli Fig. 8.
JN EO) SYA | BV: 1] 8) RAR ee SU gE em le a eS notata (Meig.)
PP INOMSUB-SCULC IMAL WAITS eet shi fey ets totes Paton Cheer. Sox ter > Ay set, be aercbor syousev ages = Rv ies 10
see St -Scutellaighains presemt (PIG: Vi)... bse s opts oof Bie eine oe ches leanyetoper sited 13
Meee mbISeaNl ON Opp WMOSE. (IPA) ese Pevate «teases «eta a os yh abla be- Viale ole soe owed 11
= Amista short plumose (Fig vil) or pubescent (Fig. vill). ...:......5.....-.. 12
11. Scutellar hairing at extreme margins only. Proepisternal hairs absent. Surstyli
ica Nedeaous Mig Murs cert ane tcuts oe ees oan Soe eet flava (Meig.)
— Scutellar hairing over most of dorsal surface. Proepisternal hairs present above
base of front coxa. Surstyli Fig. 17 Aedeagus Fig.Q .......... affinis (Meig.)
12. Cross veins clear. Male fore basitarsus with ventral hook (Fig tii). Costal spines
shorter than costa is thick. Surstyli Fig. 4 Aedeagus Fig. D .... bicolor (Zett.)
— Cross veins shaded. Male fore basitarsus without hook. Surstyli Fig. 9 Aedeagus
PVE JE Sh Sys Se oh eae he Aa ee ee flavifrons (Zett.)
13. Scutellum hairy all over. Fore tarsal segment 5 enlarged, longer than 3 and 4
combinedsSurstylibig.3; Aedeagus Fig..O) .. 0... 016+ es. ne vaginata (Loew)

— Scutellum with bare areas. Fore tarsal segment 5 narrower and shorter than 3
2ST) At CONTE BN TYEE! Ae eee 5 cd aeee ne tel een ese a aes |e Pa a OR 14

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 95

Figs A-S. Aedeagus. A S. flavifrons, B S. notata, C S. fuscicornis, D S. bicolor, E S. atricornis,
F S. imberbis,G S. humilis, HS. parva, 1S. dawnae,J S. ustulata, KS. dumicola, LS.
miki, M S. flava, N S. pallida, O S. vaginata, P S. variegata, Q S. affinis, R S.
oxyphora, § S. laevifrons. [Broken lines indicate areas of overlap or transparency. ]
Scale = 1mm.

14. Cross veins faintly shaded. Arista long plumose. Surstyli Fig. 16. Aedeagus

rea Rett sree oer errr reno eta is ay agro ys Gece, sha wots lsat pallida (Fall.)
— Cross veins and tips of radial veins heavily shaded. Arista short plumose or
(EH SSCS 1 a ear aoe a RR vicki SRR, A Dk Oe ee 15
15. Narrow median area on scutellum bare (Fig ix). Arista short plumose. Surstyli
ipl Nedeapus te E> Fe cor cc vem Oe «aac n eld sisye tess imberbis Czerny
= Broad megian areca on scutellum bare (Fig: x) 7.0/2... oe ee ee 16

16. Arista short plumose (Fig. vii). Surstyli Fig. 10 Aedeagus Fig.S_ ............
Te a ner ng ee 2) RE ass Gua Ne eis ees laevifrons (Loew)

SE ATISt AN IOESCORE (EUR: VIM) tocar a in cityat a <i eat oie ae a, Giain sce Sees ee 17
17. Pruinosity of ocellar triangle extends beyond that of the orbital bristles (Fig xi).
Orbital bristles opposite anterior ocellus. Surstyli Fig. 12 Aedeagus Fig. H ...

Fg OE Sie hs PHT Se, IRN Si ie i a ee ee parva (Loew)

— Pruinosity of ocellar triangle does not extend as far as that of the orbital bristles
(Fig. xii). Orbital bristles well forward of anterior ocellus. Surstyli Fig. 13
PC AE AgUS IDM em ec yre cis se a ulgh cious at. We Ble Wessels es dawnae sp. nov.*

*The distinctions quoted between parva and dawnae must, except for the genitalia,
be considered provisional in the absence of more material, and may not necessarily
work in every case.

06 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

iX x

Figs xin. 1S. oxvphora scutellum. ii §. fuscicornis scutellum, iti §. dumicola tore basitarsus. iv
S. varlegata mesopleuron. Vv S$. humilis lateral scutellum, vi S. affinis antenna, vil S.
laevifrons antenna. vil §. parva antenna, ix §. imberbis scutellum, x S. dawnae
scutellum. x1. parva head anterior. xi §. dawnae head anterior, xiii posterior of
abdomen ot §. bicolor to indicate relative position of surstvli and aedeagus —
schematic.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 97

NOTES ON THE SPECIES
Suillia atricornis (Meigen)

Conventionally, this species has been placed in the genus Allophyla on the basis of
possessing a humeral bristle where Suillia has none. Examination of the male
genitalia suggests no radical departure from the Suillia pattern, and a humeral bristle
seems a very marginal character upon which to base a genus. Indeed, among the
many specimens of Suillia bicolor examined for the purposes of this revision, one was
found with a strong humeral bristle on the left side. It is therefore inappropriate to
retain the genus Allophyla Loew, a view put forward by Gorodkov as long ago as
1965, and in the recent Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera (Gorodkov in Soos, 1984)
this species is included in Sui/lia Robineau-Desvoidy.

S. atricornis is apparently widely distributed, although never numerous. It has been
bred from several agaric fungi.

Suillia oxyphora (Mik)

Ostensibly known as British only from a single male taken in Golspie, Sutherland
by Colonel Yerbury on 10th August, 1900. There exists, however, further material in
the British Museum (Natural History), viz: a further supposed male with same data as
above, but without abdomen; one male and one female, Lochinver, Sutherland, June
and July 1911, also collected by Colonel Yerbury: the female shares the extraordinary
scutellar projection of the male, but less prominently.

The species has been reared on the Continent from a number of agarics and boleti,
many of which are not uncommon in this country. The apparent rarity of this species
cannot therefore be due to the scarcity of a larval habitat, so this species may now be
extinct in Great Britain.

Suillia ustulata (Meigen)

A large dark-bodied fly with heavily infuscated wings and distinctive male
genitalia. Although recorded from a number of counties, this species is almost
invariably encountered as single specimens. Has been bred from truffles (Tuber spp. )
and also from a dead elder stem.

Suillia fuscicornis (Zetterstedt)

A common and widespread species. In the past much confusion has arisen with
users of Collin’s key, since fuscicornis has an obvious small median scutellar
projection. This has led many collectors to believe that they have taken S. oxyphora.
The tubular prominence in that species is very much larger, and reference to the
figure should resolve any future doubt.

The larvae are polyphagous and the species has been reared from many agarics and
boleti, as well as Phallus and Cantharellus.

Suillia dumicola (Collin)

The majority of continental workers have considered this species as a synonym of
miki (Pokorny), and it is so cited in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera already
referred to. Through the kindness of Dr Lindeberg, I was loaned a series of miki from
the Helsinki collection. Dissection of the aedeagus and surstyli has shown that miki is
a species distinct from dumicola, and figures of the genitalia of both are provided, as
miki may well be represented in the British fauna (Figs 15; L).

98 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Fig. xiv. Suillia variegata (Loew) — Lateral aspect.

Suillia variegata (Loew)

A common species, often quite gregarious, which is readily identifiable in the field
(see Fig. xiv). Frequently found in copula on or around appropriate fungi.

The larvae are polyphagous and have been found in many agarics, boleti, Peziza,
Auricularia, Scleroderma, Polyporus and Polypilus. Has also been reared from roots
of Aster.

Suillia notata (Meigen)

This species is also widespread, and British material is conventionally claimed to be
the ‘var. hilaris’ of Zetterstedt. The Palaearctic Catalogue, however, treats this as a
synonym.

Has been bred from many agarics, Clavaria and, in Europe, from boleti.

Suillia humilis (Meigen)

This species is surely the most enigmatic of Suillia. Persistent failure among
dipterists to satisfactorily distinguish between this and S. inornata (Loew), and my
own observation that all specimens running to this pair of species were inseparable on
genitalic characters led me to investigate the problem further. All previous keys to
this genus bring these species out at the same point, resorting to small differences in
thoracic markings to distinguish. Such supposed distinctions overlap in material
examined, and specimens taken in a single series are often referrable to either (or
both). An urgent examination of the types was felt necessary.

The labelled type of humilis is a female, contained in the Winthem collection in
Vienna. Meigen’s description is somewhat cursory, but clearly mentions the shaded
cross veins and that the two extreme tarsal segments are darkened. A further pair of

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 99

specimens (on one pin), one of which is certainly a male, determined by Loew as
humilis, was also loaned by the Vienna museum. The male I have dissected and
compared with inornata material discussed below.

A male specimen of inornata in the Loew collection from Bayern Kriecht appears
to be that used by Loew when describing the species. A further pair from the same
collection, the male of which has a mounted genitalia dissection, were also examined.
This pair has a lectotype label, but without indication of the designator. This
lectotype selection must be considered unjustified, as Loew’s original holotype is not
missing. Furthermore, no type locality would result if the lectotype were accepted,
since no data label obtains to this pair.

Loew’s description is more comprehensive, again noting the shaded crossveins, but
adding that the tip of one long vein is shaded. The tips of the tarsi are again described
as darkened. Other critical features include a facial spot between antenna and eye
margin, a predominantly hairy scutellum and the thoracic spotting from which the
dorsocentral bristles arise. This is described as so fine as to be indistinct (my italics).
There appears to be an error in this description, where Loew quotes the wing as
‘somewhat dark ash-yellow, third segment only rarely brownish’. This is certainly a
mistake for antenna, possibly caused by misreading Fligel for Fuhler.

I must record that much of this description is inapplicable when related to the
actual specimen — I can find no clear clouding on the long vein at the tip, no obvious
dark facial spot, and no marked darkening of the tarsi. I assume it must have faded.

Comparison of the inaccurately designated lectotype genitalia with my preparation
of humilis revealed no differences. The humilis male is hereby designated as
lectotype, and inornata reduced to synonym (syn. nov.)

Has been bred from truffles (Tuber spp.), like ustulata, which may replace it in this
medium in much of southern England. Adults have been taken on dead hedgehogs on
a gamekeepers gibbet.

Suillia flava (Meigen)

This appears to be an uncommon species with a patchy distribution. Has been
reared from over 40 fungi in Europe, but surprisingly never in Great Britain.

Suillia bicolor (Zetterstedt)

Arguably the commonest and most widely distributed Sui/lia in the British Isles.
Genitalically, the surstyli are superficially similar to §. dumicola, but the aedeagus is
very different, as the figures show.

The larvae are polyphagous and have been found in many agarics and boleti,
Hypoxylon and Lycoperdon; in all, over 130 species of fungi have been recorded as
hosts.

Suillia affinis (Meigen)

This species is among the largest of British Suillia and is generally widespread.

Suillia vaginata (Loew)

Since Collin (1951) added this species to the British List, very few additional
records have been noted; there is no accessed material of this species in the British
Museum (Natural History).

The larval stages are unknown.

100 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Suillia flavifrons (Zetterstedt)

As detailed by Hackman (1972), the infera newly described by Collin in 1943 has
been established to be the true flavifrons, while flavifrons sensu Collin was newly
described as collini. This in turn is now considered a synonym of parva (Loew).
Essential differences are reflected in the key and reference to the figures will confirm
identity. The larval history is unknown.

Suillia pallida (Fallén)

Although Collin considered this species to be generally distributed, pallida is
another species infrequently represented in collections. Although, too, he states that
only occasionally are the crossveins infuscated, this feature appears consistent in the
material examined. In any event, the tips of the long veins are never shaded, even
faintly.

Has been reared from truffles (Tuber spp.).

Suillia imberbis Czerny

The original inclusion of S. similis (Meig.) in the British list was claimed to be an
error of identification for this species. It may well be that this confusion persists
unresolved among European dipterists, as Gorodkov (1970) depicts surstyli of
‘similis’ which are identical to the examined material of imberbis. It may also be
significant that he makes no mention of imberbis as represented in the Russian fauna
dealt with in his paper.

Suillia laevifrons (Loew)

A species somewhat similar to the preceding one, but with very different genitalia.
Apparently much more widespread than imberbis. Has been noted to visit badger
dung. Larval history unknown.

Suillia parva (Loew)

Hackman redescribed the flavifrons of Collin as collini (vide supra) and provided
comparative figures of the genitalia of this and the true flavifrons. The Palaearctic
catalogue lists collini as a synonym of parva (Loew). What is not clear from the
Hackman figure of this species is the extent to which the extended process on the right
surstylus is recurved and an alternative view of this is also provided among the figures
in this paper to clarify the overall shape. This feature serves to distinguish parva from
all other British species except dawnae sp. nov. (see below).

This species appears to be commonest in Highland Scotland, and has been noted
visiting a deer carcase. Reputedly bred from a Lactarius sp.

Suillia dawnae sp. nov.

In the course of examining material for preparation of this paper, a male specimen
was discovered which closely resembled parva, but clearly differed in fine details of
the genitalia.

Male: similar in size to parva, although paler. Antennae pale yellow, third joint
with slight darkening on anterior half. Basal joint of arista clear yellow, contrasting
with darker majority. Frons yellow with scattered short dark hairs. Lateral eye-stripe
pruinose, extending more anteriorly than pruinosity of ocellar triangle. Occiput grey

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 101

pruinose. Orbital bristles anterior to front ocellus. A cluster of short dark propleural
bristles above base of front coxa. A strong posterior sternopleural bristle with
scattered short fine hairs anteriorly. Scutellum with long pale ventral hairs: dorsal
hairing confined to cluster around lateral scutellar bristles. Wings with crossveins and
tip of radial and cubital veins moderately shaded. Mid-costal bristles longer than
costa is deep. Genitalia as in Figs. 1,13. The recurved portion of the right surstylus
similar to parva but in that species is much narrower, and curvature more
pronounced. Aedeagus differs in fine detail.

Female: unknown.

Holotype: male, England; East Fen, Malham Tarn, North Yorkshire (SD8867) 21
September 1976. Deposited in British Museum (Natural History). Genitalia on glass
slide separately labelled.

The species is named for my wife, who patiently endured the long hours which
culminated in this paper.

The distribution of British Suillia is summarised in Table 1. Included are records
from colleagues acknowledged below, Collin (1943), the collections of the British
Museum (Natural History) and my own collecting.

Little in the way of conclusions can be drawn from such a necessarily incomplete
table, but several intriguing patterns warrant consideration.

The relatively widespread distribution of §. ustulata in England is in marked
contrast to its apparently complete absence in Scotland and Ireland. S. affinis appears
to be a species commoner in lowland Britain; records are decidedly few for ‘highland’
Britain and very sparse indeed for Scotland. Conversely, S. flavifrons and S. parva
seem to be commoner the further north in Britain one goes. The distribution of S.
vaginata appears distinctly odd, but it may be of significance that the two East
Anglian records are from forestry areas heavily planted with coniferous species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank the following dipterists who kindly loaned material or
contributed records: A.G. Irwin, M.C.D. Speight, P.J. Chandler, M. Drake, P.
Skidmore. Brian Cogan was instrumental in encouraging and deflating as necessary.
Grateful acknowledgement is due to the Hope Department of Entomology at Oxtord
for the loan of the type material of §. dumicola and the specimen of S. oxyphora from
the Verrall—Collin collection. Dr W. Hackman was a source of informative
correspondence and commented on a draft of the key; he also arranged the loan of S.
miki material. Frau Contreras-Lichtenberg of Vienna enabled the solution of the S.
humilis/inornata problem with loans from the collections in her care.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Collin, J.E.. 1943. The British species of Helomyzidae (Diptera). Entomologist’s mon. Mag 79:
234-251.

Collin, J.E.. 1951. British Helomyzidae (Diptera). Additions and Corrections. J. Soc. Br. Ent.
4: 37-39.

Dely-Draskovits, A.. 1972. Systematische und 6kologische untersuchungen in Ungarn als
Schadlinge der Hutpilze auftretenden Fliegen. Acta Zool. Hung. 48: 283-290.

Gorodkov. K.B., 1965. Forest fauna of Helomyzid flies (Diptera) of East Siberia and the Far
East of Russia. Ent. Obozr. 44(4): 927-933.

Gorodkov. K.B. 1970. Identification key to the insects of the European Regions of USSR 5(2):
306-325.

102 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987
Hackman. W.. 1972. On some North European Suillia species with a description of Suillia

collinin. sp. (Diptera, Heleomyzidae) Notul. Ent. 52: 33-35.
Soos. A.. 1984. Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 10: 15-45.

Table 1. Distribution of British Suillia.

REESE PZRSSA TEE ESS

Sees ee OS ces Se on

Sy SESS SSS S2 Qt Sh Oe) Soe a SoS

a Stata SS Sc OS Sane

= & = 5 S 3 a &
a
x ex ee Se SK <x x Cornwall
rx x x x? aX Devon
Keune OX x x Somerset
x Wiltshire
x< KX xO Saux x Dorset
x Is. of Wight
ax x EX OX 6) x Hants.
x xX SCG OX x Sx Sussex
SS SE «x San xx Sex x Kent
xX x ee GIG XG eX ax x Surrey
x x >< Essex
x Herts.
x < Middx.
x ox SLAC x Berks.
x x SC OK xX x Oxon.
x x x OM x << Bucks.
<I xX Mao OCG xX OG OG Oe aes x Suffolk
> Gall ee ox Xoo x xX x Norfolk
x MDCT ox <0 eS x Cambs.
Beds.
x x Hunts.
Northants.
x x x ey Bi x Gloucs.
sx x Monmouths.
SGX SASS GS SCTE x x Herefs.
x Worcs.
x Warwicks.
x Staffs.
x Salop.
x x x Lincs.
alex x x Leics:
x Notts.
x x Sax Ex Derbys.
x x xe x xl Cheshire
x x x < SGX ex x Lancs.

x HSMM Tix SE DIP HT SD DET x Yorks.
SEX x< x sx < x x Durham
x Northumb.

x x Westmorl.
3 OK AS 1 Sd CHDK MiKo KO Xe Cumberl.

Is. of Man

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 103

Table 1 continued. Distribution of British Suillia.

vaavd ‘¢
A4OJOI1G *§
siuyfo °§
vavyf Ҥ
vivjou “¢

DIDINISN *¢

ppyjod ‘s
synuny *s§

avUuMDp ‘¢
SUOAJIAID] Ҥ
Siqdaquil §
DIDUIBDA “S
SuodfiAv]f °§
DIDSAIDA *S
pjoouimnp Ҥ
SIUAOIIISN *F
paoydaxo *§
SIUAODIAID Ҥ

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Glam.
Brecon
Radnor
Carmarthen
x x Keer x x Pembs.
Cardigs.
Montgom.
<x x OSE SK xl xX Merioneth.
ORK EK x x x x Caernarv.
x Denbighs.
x x Flint
Anglesey

x
x

sxe ox TX x Dumt.
Kirkudbr.
Wigtown
x Ayr
Renfrew
Lanark
Peebles
Selkirk
Roxburgh
Berwick
Lothian
Fite
Sterling
Se GE XG OC x x x x x Perth
x Angus
Kincard.
SES IK OX rx x x x x Aberdeen
x Banft
et AE, OK xX nex x Morays.
Sa DCPISGP Ie EX GS x x Inver.+Nairn
x) ox <x ex xix ox x Argyll
Dumbarton
Clyde Is.
x x Inner Hebrides
; Ross
Sox x OK Sutherland
Caithness
Outer Hebrides
Orkney
Shetland

x xX K XK
eX
x &
x

x
x X
x X
x xX
x
x
x KX &
x
x

Seams eX x x x Kerry
x SC Cork
Waterford

104 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Table | continued. Distribution of British Suillia.

re

SUOAJIAD]]{
7

DAD] Ҥ
SIPIUNY §

paavd *§
ppiyjod Ҥ
siuyf{vo “s§
pyvjou *s§
DIVINISN Ҥ

apumpp °s
ploydaxo “¢
SIUAOIIAID *S

SIGdaqual Ҥ
DIDUIBDA
4AOJOIIG Ҥ
DIDBALADA
pjoounp °¢
SIUMONISHY °F

SUOAJIAAD] °F

Tipperary
Limerick
x x Clare
Wexford
Carlow
Leix
x ei Galway
x x x Offaly
Kildare
Wicklow
Gane Dublin
x Meath
Longford
Roscommon
x x Mayo
Sligo
Leitrim
Cavan
Louth
Monaghan
x Fermanagh
Donegal
Tyrone
x Armagh
x x Down
x Antrim
Londonderry

x
x
x
KO KK OK
x
x
x
x

x
x

Coleopterist’s Workshop, Maidstone, 14 March 1987. — The sixth in this series of
Workshops was held at Maidstone Museum on the afternoon of 14th March. The
participants were welcomed by the organiser, Mr Eric Philp, and the meeting
started, as usual, with a discussion of a number of points of general interest to
coleopterists — the problem of keeping up to date with additions to the British beetle
fauna. rearing of beetles from larvae (a recurrent theme), forthcoming field meetings
and the best keys for dealing with particular groups. Paul Hyman (NCC,
Peterborough) gave a brief report on progress with the National Coleoptera Survey.

After this, those with beetle identification problems teased the various experts
present with all manner of questions and this, as usual, invoked much exchange of
information. The Museum’s collections were studied and admired and, later,
participants were refreshed with coffee or tea.

About 20 coleopterists attended the meeting, ranging from beginners to experts
and these including a number of members of the BENHS. Understandably, the
Maidstone Museum Workshops have come to be recognised as important annual
events for coleopterists in the South-East and the 1987 meeting was no exception. Mr
Philp is to be thanked and congratulated on starting and keeping going these valuable
occasions. — J. A. Owen.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 105

NOTES ON BRITISH FUNGUS GNATS OF THE SMALLER FAMILIES
AND SUB-FAMILIES (DIPTERA, MYCETOPHILOIDEA)

by Peter J. CHANDLER

Weston Research Laboratories, Vanwall Road, Maidenhead, Berks.

Additions and other changes to the groups dealt with by Hutson, Ackland & Kidd
(1980) are included here. Six species are new to the British list, although two of them
(in Bolitophila and Phthinia) have been mentioned as forms of doubtful status in the
literature. Boletina silvatica Dziedzicki is confirmed as a British species and one
species, Mycomya permixta Vaisanen, already added by Vaisadnen (1984) is also
discussed. New data are given for some other notable species.

Firstly, the status of the suprageneric taxa requires clarification. Edwards (1925)
recognised ten sub-families including the Sciaridae, which has already been accorded
family rank by Hutson in Kloet & Hincks (1976) and Freeman (1983). Retention of
the other groups in the Mycetophilidae is not a natural arrangement as it does not
reflect their phylogenetic relationships. Matile (1981) demonstrated the antiquity of
these taxa and recognised a series of families in the Mycetophiloidea (= Myceto-
philidae and Sciaridae of British authors). The Keroplatidae, Diadocidiidae,
Ditomyiidae and Bolitophilidae are accorded family rank; their relationships have
not been clarified but they are ancient apparently monophyletic groups. Matile also
postulated that the more restricted concept of the Mycetophilidae (Sciophilinae,
Manotinae and Mycetophilinae of Edwards) is a monophyletic group which is
probably the sister group of the Sciaridae. The sub-family Sciophilinae is, however,
not a natural group and some authors (e.g. Vaisanen, 1984) have raised the tribes to
sub-family rank but they require redefinition and Vaisanen (1986) has already made
studies of this problem.

BOLITOPHILIDAE
Bolitophila modesta Lackschewitz, 1937

New to Britain. This small to medium-size (wing length 4.44.7 mm) dark species
has a slightly shining uniformly grey mesonotum, resembling pseudohybrida
Landrock to which it runs on external characters in the key by Hutson eral. (1980) but
differs in the shape of the claspers (Fig. 1). The latter more resemble fumida
Edwards, figured here for comparison (Fig. 4). The two females referred to as ‘sp.
indet. 3’ by Hutson & Kidd (1971) are considered to be conspecific. They also
resemble pseudohybrida but differ in small details of the ovipositor (Figs 3 and 5) and
in having only segments 2-3 of the fore tarsi swollen (2-4 in pseudohybrida). Cross-
vein ‘m-cu’ (tb) may be present or narrowly obliterated in both modesta and
pseudohybrida contrary to their separation in Plassmann’s (1975) key.

B. modesta was described from Latvia by Lackschewitz (1937) and has been
recorded by Matile (1977) from the French Alps and by Plassmann (1977, 1979,
1980a,b) from the German Alps and Sweden. It is proving widespread in England and
appears to have been overlooked.

Material examined. Hants.: Leckford, 5.x.1975, ¢; Surrey: Virginia Water,
6.x.1974, 3; Berks.: Applehouse Hill, 16.x.1976, ¢; Herts.: Great Offley,
29.i1x.1968, 2 (P.J. Chandler); Baldock, ix—x.1917, 2 (F.W. Edwards, BMNH);
Oxon.: Frilford Heath, 18.ix.1977, ¢ (J.W. Ismay); Gloucs.: Daneway, 12.x.1979,
3: Witcombe Wood, 12.x.1979, ¢ (P.J. Chandler); Chedworth Wood, 12.x.1979, 3
(A.E. Stubbs); Shewell Wood, 12.x.1979, 2; Norfolk: Wayland Wood, 28.x.1977, d

106 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Figs 1-5. Bolitophila Spe Cies. genitalia. B. modesta Lackschewitz: 1, male dorsal view with
tergite removed: 2 _ 9th tergite and cerci: 3, ovipositor. B. fumida Edwards, 4, male
for comparison of dististyle. B. pseudohybrida Landrock, 5, ovipositor.

(I1.F.G. McLean); Cumbria: Stock Ghyll, 5.x.1971, 2 (A.M. Hutson, BMNH, ¢
same data lacks genitalia); N. Yorks.: Crackpot Wood, 3.x.1985, d (A.E. Stubbs);
Castle Bolton, 3.x.1985, ¢; Hag Wood, 4.x.1985, 2 (I.F.G. McLean).

DIADOCIDIDAE
Diadocidia valida Mik

This was reintroduced as British by Hutson et al. (1980) after the discovery of the
female from Logie, 26.ix.1904 (F. Jenkinson) mentioned by Edwards (1925) in the
Cambridge University Museum. Some new material has now been seen including a
male, taken by A.E. Stubbs on 15—16.vi.1984 at Alness, Rogie Falls, Ross and
Belladrun Burn, Inverness.

KEROPLATIDAE
Asindulum nigrum Latreille

This is a fenland species of which the adults feed at umbels. British records are from
East Anglia and the Somerset Levels (Shapwick Peat Moor, 4.vii.1933, C. Morley,
Ipswich Museum). The most recent record was from Thornden Fen, 15.vii.1944, 3 3
at Heracleum flowers (C. Morley, Ipswich Museum) but it has recently been found in
Ireland by Dr M.C.D. Speight. It occurred on umbels at Scragh Bog, Co. Westmeath
on 27.vil. 1982.

Keroplatus testaceus Dalman

A northern extension to the range is Larkrigg Spring, Sedgwick, Cumbria,
3.vill. 1982, d (M. Drake).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 107

Monocentrota favonii sp. nov.

Male. Head dark brown. Antennae and palpi short, black. Thorax brownish
yellow with four lighter more yellowish bare discal stripes, separated by irregularly
pluriserial narrow acrostichal row and broader dorsocentral rows, a diagonal row of
bristles linking the dorsocentral stripe with the irregular lateral bristling at level of
wing base; all discal bristles are short. Scutellum with single row of about 14 long
marginals. Anepisternum with short dark bristling near upper margin; this and
katepisternum largely shining brown, darker on margins. Laterotergite brownish
yellow except brown ventral margin, with dense long bristling on disc. Mediotergite
yellowish brown, darker on disc, bare. Halteres yellow. Legs yellow including coxae,
brownish anterior shade on mid coxae; all bristling short, dark, tibial setulae in rows,
all tibiae with a single spur; tibiae 2-3 narrowly dark at tip, with 3-6 short posterior
bristles near tip. Abdomen depressed and broadened to tip of 5th segment, covered
with short dark bristles, mainly dark brown but with basal third of segments 1-5
indistinctly yellow, segments 6-7 and genitalia dark brown. Wings narrower than in
lundstroemi with veins brown, well marked on brownish yellow membrane, a vague
brownish shade on apical third of membrane faintly extended around posterior
margin of wing. Vein R4 short, curved, ending in costa a little beyond tip of R1. Costa
extended a little more than halfway from R5 to M1. Vein An fading shortly before
margin. Wing length 3.4 mm. Wing Fig. 11; genitalia Figs 6 and 7.

Holotype 3 Wales, Dyfed (Pembroke), Stackpole Quay, at rest on rock surface at
base of cliffs by beach, 12.vii.1986 (Mrs M.J. Morgan). Paratype ¢ S. Devon,
Chudleigh Rocks, woodland on rocky slope, 15.viii. 1978 (J.H. Cole).

Figs 6-9. Monocentrota, male genitalia. M. favonii sp. n.. 6. tergite: 7, ventral view. M.
lundstroemi Edwards, 8, tergite: 9, ventral view.

108 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Figs 10-11. Monocentrota, wings. 10, M. lundstroemi Edwards; 11, M. favonii sp. n.

Discussion

This species runs to Monocentrota in the key by Hutson et al. (1980) and possesses
all the generic characters. It is, however, readily distinguished from the only included
species, /undstroemi Edwards by its mainly yellow coloration. M. lundstroemi, which
is the only previously described Palaearctic species, has the body and coxae entirely
dark, while the wings are broader with paler veins and uniformly yellowish membrane
as well as small differences in venation. The wings and male genitalia are figured for
both species (Figs 6-11). There are many small differences in the genitalia, most
obviously the size of the cerci. M. favonii is possibly closer to the Afrotropical
species, which are also mainly yellow with brown wing markings; comoreana Matile
(1979) from the Comoro Islands agrees in most respects but differs in genital
structure. The habitat of the holotype of favonii is anomalous; it could have
originated from cliff grassland in which Pyratula perpusilla Edwards and Neoplatyura
biumbrata Edwards are known to occur, but the paratype locality suggests that rock
crevices may be the larval habitat.

MYCETOPHILIDAE
Mycomya Rondani, 1856

One additional species and nine name changes affecting the British list result from
the revision of this genus by Vaisanen (1984). These changes have been cited in
Antenna (1984, 8(3): 162) but the use of the name fasciata (Zetterstedt) has been
found to be invalid so a further change is necessary.

Mycomya permixta Vaisanen, 1984

A Scottish specimen referred to maura (Walker) by Edwards was identified as
permixta by Vaisanen (1984); the record of maura from Perthshire given by Hutson et
al. (1980) relates to it. Further examples from the same locality, Perthshire,
Aberfoyle, 6.ix.1905, 3d, 18.ix.1905 6, 2 2 (A.E.J. Carter) are in the Oxford
University Museum.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 109

Figs 12-13. Mvcomya, male genitalia, tergal portion. 12, M. permixta Vaisanen; 13, M. maura
(Walker).

M. maura is common in southern England and widespread in Ireland but otherwise
only recorded from France, Corsica and Spain, while M. permixta has a much wider
Holarctic distribution (Vaisanen, 1984). In the key by Hutson er al. (1980) permixta
runs to maura, but its thorax including the scutellum is more yellowish brown with
three dark stripes on the mesonotum more distinct than in most examples of maura,
which have the thorax darker. The genitalia are similar but with several differences
especially in the tergal part (Figs 12 and 13). The size range is similar; wing length of
British permixta is 3.7-4.1 mm in 6 and 4.2+4.3 mmin @.

Mycomya rosalba Hutson, 1979

Only the holotype was known to Vaisanen (1984). A further male was taken at
Inverness, Dalnapot, 15.vi.1982 in a wooded flush (I.F.G. McLean).

Mycomya pectinifera Edwards, 1924

This was recorded as British on a Cornish male (Hutson & Kidd, 1975). Several
examples of both sexes were found at Ebbor Gorge and Withial Combe, N. Somerset
in July 1985; then in October 1986 it occurred in large numbers at these localities and
in moderate numbers at six other mixed woodland sites in the same district (several
collectors).

Mycomya collini Edwards, 1941

The record from Berks. by Edwards (1941) was cited as Bucks. by Hutson et al.
(1980). Two further records are known: Cumbria, Bassenfell, 2.vi.1973, ¢ (P.J.
Chandler); Norfolk, Wayland Wood, 18.vi.1977, ¢ (I.F.G. McLean).

Mycomya griseovittata (Zetterstedt, 1852)

Sciophila fasciata Zetterstedt, 1838: 858. (Not S. fasciata Say, 1823: 26)

Sciophila griseovittata Zetterstedt, 1852: 4113. Syn. by Vaisanen, 1984: 177

Sciophila clavigera Lundstrom, 1912: 9. Syn. by Vaisanen, 1984: 177

Vaisanen (1984) used the name fasciata (Zetterstedt) for clavigera (Lundstrom)
but it is a homonym of Sciophila fasciata Say, an unplaced species. Sciophila
griseovittata is thus the most senior available name for the species. The record from
‘Own Fell’ given by Vaisaénen (1984) should read: Cumbria, Dun Fell, 7.vi.1976,
pitfall trap at 2050’ (J. Coulson).

110 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Neoempheria lineola (Meigen, 1818)

Until this year there were only old records from the New Forest, the most recent
being in 1939. In 1986 it re-appeared in the New Forest at The Knowles, 7-8.vi. 1986,
2 6,2 2 (A.E. Stubbs and P.J. Chandler) around old beech stumps by a stream and
at Gloucs., Cirencester, Oakley Wood, 24.v.1986, 2 (K. N. Alexander) resting on a
felled hollow beech trunk.

Neoempheria striata (Meigen, 1818)

New to Britain. As a conspicuous species, widespread in Europe, it is a surprising
addition. Landrock (1940) considered it common in Germany, Matile (1977)
recorded it from several districts in France, Vaisanen (1982) recorded it from Finland
and I have seen it from Finland and Greece (Corfu).

In the key by Hutson er al. (1980) striata runs to lineola, agreeing in the wing
characters (Fig. 14) except that the postradial fold is more distinct within the apical
dark marking. It differs in smaller size (wing length 5 mm) and body colour. N. lineola
is entirely yellow including the legs and antennae while striata has antennae and palpi

Figs 15-16. Neoempheria striata (Meigen), male genitalia: 15, tergal view: 16, sternal view.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 111

black, the mesonotum bearing 5 dark stripes along the bristle rows, the ¢ abdominal
tergites 1-S bear a dark median stripe and tergites 1-3 and 5 also have dark apical
margins; remaining segments and genitalia are yellow. The structure of the ¢d
genitalia (Figs. 15 and 16) is also rather different.

Material examined. Oxon.: Cothill, 13.vii.1985, ¢ swept in damp woodland
adjoining fen (P.J. Chandler).

N. striata was reared by Dufour (1842) from white larvae in mucous webs under
brackets of Trametes suaveolens (L. ex Fr.) Fr. on poplar trunks. Matile (1963) found
larvae in webs on pine branches lying on the ground and considered them carnivorous
as nematodes became immobilised on contact with the webs.

Sciophila adamsi Edwards, 1925

A second British record is from Lothian, Edinburgh, in house, 3.vi.1958, 1 d
(A.R. Waterston, Royal Scottish Museum).

Sciophila antiqua sp. nov.

Male. Head black. Antennae with basal segments brownish yellow, flagellum
black except base of first segment. Palpi yellow. Thorax orange brown with vague
dark patch on apical part of dorsum. All body hairs and bristles pale. Katepimeron
and metepimeron (hypopleuron) with some pale hairs on their anterior parts. Legs
with femora and tibiae entirely yellow, dark patch on trochanter, tarsi blackish.
Abdomen mainly dark brown to black, tergite 1 yellow basally, tergites 24 narrowly
yellow apically. Genitalia large, mainly black; tergite 9 narrowed apically with 3 long
fine terminal bristles; clasper with strong lateral spine (Figs 17 and 18). Wing with
uniform macro- and microtrichia. Vein Sc2 at the level of the base of Rs. Costa
extended one third distance from R5 to M1. Wing length 3 mm.

Holotype 6 Kent, Chislehurst, Scadbury Park, 21.vii.1985, around dead wood in
overgrown ancient parkland (P.J. Chandler).

Figs 17-18. Sciophila antiqua sp. n.. male genitalia: 17. dorsal view: 18, dististyle. dorsolateral
view.

112 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Discussion

S. antiqua runs to couplet 9 in the key by Hutson et al. (1980) but differs from the
three included species in size or thoracic colour. Its male genital structure resembles
hebes Johannsen (eastern USSR and north America), neohebes Garrett and
parahebes Zaitzev (both Nearctic) (all figured by Zaitzev, 1982) in the presence of a
strong spine on the side of the dististyle; it is closest to parahebes but differs from all
three in the form of the 9th tergite.

Sciophila geniculata Zetterstedt, 1838

Several new British records are available and Chandler (in press) records this from
Ireland. Single males seen from Cambs., Cambridge, 30.v.1904 (F. Jenkinson,
Cambridge University Museum); Gloucs., Mitcheldean, 25.viii.1973 in malaise trap
(A.M. Hutson, BMNH); Kent, Chislehurst, Scadbury Park, 18.vi.1983 around old
beeches (P.J. Chandler).

Sciophila nonnisilva Hutson, 1979

This is proving widespread and has been found recently in Hants. , Berks., Worcs.
and Cornwall. It has also been reared from Hirneola auricula-judae collected ix. 1980
at Norfolk, Lenwade Pits by R.E. Evans, emerging x. 1980.

Sciophila quadriterga Hutson, 1979

A second male was taken at Hants, Leckford, 16.viii. 1974 from an Autokatcher in
use by S.A. Williams towards dusk (P.J. Chandler).

Sciophila plurisetosa Edwards, 1921 and S. varia (Winnertz, 1863)

These little known species were reared together from a specimen of Hydnum
repandum collected at Holne Wood NNR, Devon, on 12.x.1980 (P.J. Chandler).
Two males of plurisetosa emerged on 1.xi.1980, several of both sexes of varia
emerged 24-30.x. 1980. As shown by Zaitzev (1982) the structure of the d tergite 9 in
varia was correctly interpreted by Hutson er al. (1980).

These specimens do not run down in the key by Hutson er al. (1980) because of
colour differences but were readily recognised by the genital structure. The varia all
run to plurisetosa because the thorax is entirely orange and they are relatively small
(wing 2.9-3.2 mm 6, 3.3-3.4mm @). The plurisetosa run to fenestella Curtis as they
have shining brown thoracic stripes.

The Phthinia humilis Winnertz group

Hutson er al. (1980) figured as ‘humilis var.’ a specimen differing from others they
had examined in details of the male genital structure. Edwards (1913), however,
based his figure of humilis on the same specimen. This form was also identified as
humilis by Landrock (1916) and Caspers (1984) and this interpretation is accepted
here. The humilis of Hutson er al. (1980) was described by Caspers (1984) as
plassmanni sp. n. but Zaitzev (1984) identified this as humilis, having apparently not
seen the humilis of Edwards, and placed mira (Ostroverkhova, 1977) of which he had
examined the holotype as a synonym. Dr Zaitzev informs me that he found no
distinction between mira and his humilis but the genitalia slide of mira was in poor
condition. On his authority then mira is concluded to be the valid senior name for
plassmanni. The figure of Ostroverkhova (1979) confirms this identification.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 113

Additional British material of both species has confirmed their validity but reliable
external characters have not yet been found to separate them and only males are
listed below. Unfortunately only females have been found in Ireland.

Phthinia humilis Winnertz, 1863

Phthinia humilis (Winnertz); Hutson, Ackland & Kidd, 1980: 54, Fig. 222,
misident.

Material examined. Devon: Yarner Wood, 9.x.1980; Ivybridge, 11.x.1980 (P.J.
Chandler); Hants.: New Forest, Mark Ash, 2.vi.1984 (P.J. Chandler & A.E.
Stubbs); Sussex: Hurst Wood, 27.v.1975 (A.E. Stubbs); Felcourt, 26.v.1974 (A.E.
Stubbs); Crowborough, 30.ix.1908 (F. Jenkinson, BMNH); Mull: south of Gualann
Dubh, 10.vi.1983 (A.E. Stubbs); Sutherland: Migdale Wood, 17.vi.1976 (P.J.
Chandler).

Phthinia mira (Ostroverkhova, 1977)

Coelophthinia mira Ostroverkhova, 1977: 24

Phthinia mira (Ostroverkhova); Ostroverkhova, 1979: 84, Plate 98, Fig. 1

Phthinia plassmanni Caspers, 1984. Syn. nov.

Phthinia humilis (Winnertz); Hutson, Ackland & Kidd, 1980: 54, Fig. 222,
misident.

Phthinia humilis (Winnertz); Zaitzev, 1984: 833, misident.

Material examined. Devon: wood above Smallacombe Farm, 30.vi.1978; Hants.:
Pamber Forest, 11.vii.1970 (P.J. Chandler); New Forest, 14.vi.1902, 30.v.1909,
26.vii.1910, 30.ix.1910 (F.C. Adams, BMNH); Denny Wood (F.W. Edwards,
BMNH); Berks.: Old Windsor Wood, 2.vi.1977 (P.J. Chandler); Worcs.: Wyre
Forest, Town Coppice, 13.x.1984 (P.J. Chandler); Gwynedd: Bettws-y-Coed.
24.1x.1966 (R.I. Vane-Wright, BMNH); Ceunant Llannyrch, 13.vii.1976 (A.E.
Stubbs).

Palaeodocosia flava (Edwards, 1913)

A further British male of this species has been examined, from N. Somerset, Leigh
Wood, 5—11.vi.1949 (E.C.M. d’Assis Fonseca). Although collected so long ago it is
the most recent British specimen known to me. Leigh Woods, now the Avon Gorge
NNR, is understood to have changed considerably since 1949 and it is to be hoped
that this species will be rediscovered there or elsewhere.

Saigusaia flaviventris (Strobl, 1894)

Matile (1983) transferred flaviventris Strobl from Boletina to Saigusaia Vockeroth
(1980), based on two species from north America and Taiwan. According to Saigusa
(1968) related species occur in Japan. The separation is based on differences in
genital structure and in some external characters e.g. vein Sc ending well before the
base of Rs and hairy metathoracic episterna.

Boletina nasuta (Haliday, 1839)

Leia nasuta Haliday, 1839: 184

Boletina lundbecki Lundstr6m: Edwards, 1913: 363, misident.

Boletina nasuta (Haliday); Chandler, 1976: 100

Matile (1983) figured the genitalia of the true /undbecki, which lacks the unique
facial process found in nasuta and mentioned as ‘usually present’ in the description by

114 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Figs 19-21. Boletina nasuta (Haliday). 19, male genitalia, ventral view; 20, ventral view of
tergite 9 to show cercus; 21, lateral view of male head.

Haliday, who may have included other species. There are small genital differences (¢
of nasuta, Figs 19 and 20), e.g. the more attenuated median ventral processes in
lundbecki. Chandler (in press) selected a lectotype male from Haliday’s collection
(National Museum, Dublin). The facial process is gently tapering and rounded
apically, about as long as the second palpal segment (Fig. 21).

In Britain, B. nasuta is a local northern and western species, not recorded since
1940. I have seen it from Moray, Lothian, Cheshire and Glamorgan as well as N.
Ireland (not since the 1970 record from Glenariff).

Boletina silvatica Dziedzicki, 1885

The male recorded from Symond’s Yat, Gloucs. by Edwards (1941) has been found
and Mr Hutson has asked me to publish details. It belongs to the group of species only
separable from sciarina Meigen by the male genitalia, which agree well with the
figures by Dziedzicki (1885). The British specimen is illustrated here (Figs 22 and 23).

Docosia Winnertz, 1863

Several species have a predilection for trunks of old living trees bearing mosses or
lichens. This habit may provide a clue to their unknown life cycle. Most are spring
flving, only pallipes Edwards normally occurring into the autumn.

Hutson et al. (1980) added two species to the British list; one of these awaits
description in a revision of the genus by LaStovka. Details of the British records of
these species including one older example of setosa are given here. A further British
species of Docosia can also be added.

Docosia setosa Landrock, 1916

Male genitalia, Figs 24 and 25.

Material examined. Lanark: Braidwood, 1.v.1905 (J.J.F.X. King, Glasgow
University Museum); Perthshire (Tayside); Blair Atholl, 28.v.1973, ¢ around beech
trunk; Powys: Nantsere Wood, 22.v.1977, 3 ¢, 1 @ around lichen covered oak
trunks; Cilkenny Dingle, 22.v.1977, 2 2; N. Yorks.: near Marske, woods by River
Swale, 16.vi.1977, 2 amongst dense foliage near base of wych elm trunk (all P.J.
Chandler).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Figs 22-23. Boletina silvatica Dziedzicki, male genitalia: 22, ventral view: 23, lateral view from
right.

Docosia sp. indet. of Hutson et al., 1980

Male genitalia, Figs 26-29.

Material examined. Powys: Nantsere Wood, 22.v.1977, 3d on lichen covered oak
trunk (P.J. Chandler); Angus: Den of Airlie, 4.vii.1977, 3 2 (A.M. Hutson);
Inverness: Belladrun Burn, 16.vi.1984, 2 (A.E. Stubbs).

Docosia morionella Mik, 1884

New to Britain. One British female only is known and it was first recognised as
morionella by J.E. Collin. Mik (1884) described it from a pair and another female
taken on windows in Austria, but the male genitalia have not been figured and the
male had not been seen by LaStovka (pers. comm.)

This is a small dark species, running to fuscipes in the key by Hutson et al. (1980),
differing in the presence of black bristles on the posterior half of the mesonotum,
black scutellars, black halteres, entirely dark legs and clear wings.

The body is entirely black including most bristles except those on the anterior part

Figs 24-25. Docosia setosa Landrock, male genitalia: 24, lateral view: 25, dorsal view with
tergite removed.

116 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Figs 26-29. Docosia sp. indet. sensu Hutson, Ackland & Kidd: 26, ventral view: 27. tergite: 28.
lateral view without tergite; 29, aedeagus.

of the mesonotum, including the long convergent bristles near the anterior margin
and on the prothoracic sclerites. Antennae shorter than the thorax, black. Legs
entirely black with some lighter shades on the femora; pale femoral hairs; black
bristles on tibiae (mid with 4a, 4d; hind with 8a, 7-8d). Wings clear, costa and radial
sector including r-m brown, other veins clear. Macrotrichia on posterior fork extend
onto apical half of stem. Wing length 3.4 mm.

Material examined. Moray: Logie, 23.1x.1904, 2 (F. Jenkinson, Cambridge
University Museum).

Ectrepesthoneura colyeri Chandler, 1979

One further record has come to my notice: Perthshire, Camusurich, 6.vii.1979, 1
(P. Skidmore).

AACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr A.I. Zaitzev (USSR Academy of Sciences) kindly confirmed that the Sciophila
described here was not a species known to him and also commented on the synonymy
in Phthinia. This work has benefited from the opportunity to examine Museum
collections, for which I am indebted to the authorities of the Museums concerned,
and from the kindness of the collectors cited who have referred their material to me.
Joan Morgan and Jonathan Cole must be particularly thanked for bringing to my
attention their respective examples of the remarkable new Monocentrota.

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Ireland. Proc. R. Irish Acad. 76(B): 81-110.

Chandler, P.J.. in press. New data on Irish fungus gnats. Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc.

Dutour. L. 1842. Histoire des metamorphoses du Sciophila striata. Mem. Soc. Sci. Arts Lille
1841: 201-207.

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Dziedzicki. H., 1885. Przyczynek do Fauny owadow dwuskrzydlych Rodzaje nowe: Hertwigia
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Riga 21: |+7.

Landrock. K.. 1916. Die Pilzmucken Gattungen Phrhinia Winn. und Bolitophila Meig. Wiener
Entomol. Zeitung 35: 219-285.

Landrock. K.. 1940. Pilzmucken oder Fungivoridae. In Dahl. F. (Ed.). Die Tierwelt
Deutschlands 38: |-166. Jena.

Lundstrom, C.. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Dipteren Finlands. VIII. Supplement 2. Acta
Soc. Fauna Fl. Fennica 36: 1-70, pls. i-vii.

Matile. L., 1963. Dipteres Fungivoridae recoltés a Richelieu (Indre-et-Loire) et aux environs.
Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bull. N. P., n.s. 19: 75-79.

Matile. L.. 1977. Catalogue provisoire des Dipteres Mycetophilidae de la Faune de France.
Bull. Mus. natn. hist. Nat (3)456: 621-655.

Matile. L.. 1979. Diptera Mycetophilidae de lArchipel des Comores. Mém. Mus. natn. hist.
Nat. n.s. (A)109: 247-306.

Matile. L.. 1981. Description d'un Keroplatidae du Créetacé moyen et données morphologiques
et taxinomiques sur les Mycetophiloidea (Diptera). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.) 17(1):
99-123.

Matile. L.. 1983. Notes taxonomiques et chorologiques sur les Gnoristini Paléarctiques
(Diptera. Mycetophilidae). Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.) 19(4): 427432.

Mik. J.. 1884. Funf neue 6sterreichischen Dipteren. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien 33: 251.

Ostroverkhova. G. P., 1977. New and little known species of fungus gnats (Diptera.
Mvycetophiloidea) of the north Tomsk district. (in Russian). [r. Nauchro-Insled. Inst.
Biol. Biofiz. Tomsk Gos. Univ. 8: 23-27.

Ostroverkhova G.P., 1979. Fungus gnats (Diptera. Mycetophiloidea) of Siberia. (in Russian).
Izd. Tomsk Univ. pp. 307.

Plassmann, E., 1975. Revision der europaischen Arten der Pilzmtickengattung Bolitophila
Meigen. (Diptera. Mycetophilidae). Ent. Scand. 6: 145-157.

Plassmann. E.. 1977. Eine erste Bestandsaufnahme der Pilzmucken aus der Allgau. Mirterl.
Naturw. Arb. dr. Kempten 21(1): 7-15.

Plassmann, E.. 1979. Pilzmticken aus Messaure in Schweden. II. Luftstr6m-Fallentange
(Insecta: Diptera: Mycetophilidae) Senckenbergiana biol. 59: 371-388.

Plassmann,. E., 1980a. Neue Pilzmuckentange aus dem Allgau (Diptera, Mycetophilidae).
Mitt. Munch. Ent. Ges. 70: 15-34.

Plassmann., E.., 1980b. Pilzmucken aus Messaure in Schweden. III. Lichttallenfange (Insecta:
Diptera: Mycetophilidae). Senckenbergiana biol. 60: 175-189.

118 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Saigusa, T., 1968. The genus Boletina Staeger from Taiwan (Diptera, Mycetophilidae).
Sieboldia 4: 1-24.

Say, T., 1823. Descriptions of Dipterous insects of the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila .
3: 9-54, 73-104.

Vaisanen, R., 1982. Genus Neoempheria (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) in Finland, with a
description of a new species. Notulae Entomol. 62: 1-7.

Vaisanen, R., 1984. A monograph of the genus Mycomya Rondani in the Holarctic region
(Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Acta Zool. Fennica 177: 1-346.

Vaisanen, R., 1986. The delimitation of the Gnoristini: criteria for the classification of recent
European genera (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Ann. Zool. Fennica 23: 197-206.

Vockeroth, J.R., 1980. New genera and species of Mycetophilidae (Diptera) from the
Holarctic region, with notes on other species. Canad. Entomol. 112(6): 529-544.

Zaitzev, A.I., 1982. Holarctic fungus-gnats of the genus Sciophila Meig. (Diptera,
Mycetophilidae) Akad. Nauk. SSSR. pp. 76.

Zaitzev. A.I., 1984. Holarctic species of the genus Phthinia Winn. (Diptera, Mycetophilidae).
Entomol. Obozr. 63: 830-839.

Zetterstedt, J.W., 1838. Section 3: Diptera. pp. 477-868. In his Insecta Lapponica vi + 1140 pp.
Lipsiae (= Leipzig).

Zetterstedt, J.W., 1852. Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta. XI: 4091-4546. Lundae
(= Lund).

BOOK REVIEWS

Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. Michael Chinnery.
320 pp. Collins, London, 1986, £6.95.

This attractively produced volume opens with a brief introduction to insect
anatomy, life cycles, collecting, studying and conservation. This is followed by a key
to the main groupings, where line drawings and a succinct text will allow many insects
to be identified to their order. The 282 pages, slightly more than half of which are
coloured illustrations and line drawings, detail some 2000 of the 100 000 or so species
which occur in the British Isles and the more contiguous parts of Western Europe. A
further 10 pages are devoted to other arthropods — centipedes, millipedes, woodlice
and spiders.

Though parts of the text are significant the value of this book as a guide must
depend on the quality of the illustrations. These, though often useful, frequently
exhibit certain deficiencies. Most portraits include a dimensional reference and
where this is missing a full scale representation must be assumed. If this is done, a
false impression of the size of certain Lepidoptera will be obtained. The morphology
depicted is generally quite accurate but there is a tendency to over-emphasise and
distort fine detail and colour. This latter effect, though particularly marked in the
lepidoptera, is also evident in several other orders.

Inevitably, the two percent sample referenced has led to the omission of many
species which are to be found commonly, both casually and by the dedicated field
worker. This deficiency is increased by the tendency to select examples for their
photogenic qualities or striking appearance — very, very, few of those dark or
dun-coloured denizens of our environment are figured. The British contingent of
certain orders is possibly also over emphasised. However, it is within the text itself
that is mentioned the most serious criticism of this book as an identificatton guide
*. . . there are a number of similar species. . .’.

Typographical errors are not infrequent and the glossary and index can be a source
of frustration. In spite of this the book will be enjoyed by the tyro naturalist and found

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 119

interesting by the devotee of other open air pursuits who wants to explore a little
beyond these more regular interests.

P.J. BAKER

The Aurelian or Natural History of English Insects: Namely Moths and Butterflies
together with the plants on which they feed. Moses Harris. Newnes/Country Life
Books, 1986, £15.00 hardback.

Two hundred and twenty years after its first issue, Moses Harris’s ‘Aurelian’ is back
in print. And in those years it has lost none of its literary charm or entomological
accuracy. It makes entertaining and informative reading as must have done the first
fascicle when it arrived to the first subscribers in 1758. There are three small additions
since the book was last published — a preface by J.M. Chalmers-Hunt and an
introduction and running commentary by Robert Mays. Apart from these, the book
contains the whole and complete contents of the second issue (published in 1773 with
the additional three plates), comprising 44 full colour plates and accompanying
explanatory text.

The full page colour plates (no longer hand coloured) show mainly butterflies and
moths, but I am pleased to note that a few other ‘flies’ are also included (the odd
ichneumon, a dragonfly and a few beetles). The plates are facsimile copies from the
coloured originals and when compared to those delicately painted plates do great
justice to the work of the 18th century colourists. The text on the other hand has been
typeset anew — a mistake in my view given the clarity and good design of the original
typeface. I cannot understand why the publishers should have wished to do so much
work, resetting the entire text. The original would have suffered quite some
photographic reduction in size to fit the new format of the book which is slightly
smaller than the folio of the first editions. In setting the text again the ‘longs’ has been
difpenfed with (except peculiarly enough in the ‘Pfalm’ at the end — a typographical
error?). A ‘typo’ also creeps into the very first paragraph of the new text when the
words suddenly burst into a block of italic.

Despite this ‘modernization’ of the book, it is still a superb volume. The pictures
are clear, accurate and artistic, Harris’s text is apt, true to life and with great literary
character. I found the description of antique equipment particularly interesting and
the archaisms (such as ‘hen’ and ‘cock‘ for the sexes and the much wider use of the
word ‘fly’) give the book a charming flavour. The Aurelian cannot but enthrall all
those who don’t have the original upstairs in the library.

R.A. JONES

Insects in Camera, by Christopher O’Toole with photographs by Ken Preston-
Mafham. Oxford University Press, May 1985. £14.95.

The value of this publication lies in the behaviour depicted in the photographs and
its interpretation in biological terms. The seven chapters describe aspects of
behaviour: thus ‘Success in Diversity’ illustrates a short range of insect orders and
life-histories, and ‘The Social Option’ some of the more recent evolutionary stages of
Hymenoptera. Each chapter has a concise introduction which includes relating that
particular aspect of behaviour to the theory of evolution.

Sometimes the ‘New Anthropomorphism’ mentioned in the author’s preface seems
somewhat simplistic: a male mantid mates with a female of a different family but of
physically similar appearance “‘because his own females are difficult to catch”. A
majority of the insects illustrated are of tropical or sub-tropical origin so that much of

120 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

the book is not directly relevant to the British fauna. Nevertheless it is full of
interesting background information and acute photographic observations such as the
attempted interrupted mating by a second male beetle which resulted in the
permanent maiming of the reproductive parts of the original pair (photos 94,95), and
muscid fly Stomoxys ochrosoma ‘laying’ her eggs on a column of army ants (179).

Some of the pictures are reproduced at such small scale that ther value is to
illustrate a text-book point rather than as a significant observation; in some the details
are difficult to distinguish. Others would have benefitted from greater enlargement.

The pictures themselves are almost all taken using a single electronic flash giving a
standard near-frontal lighting. Where the subjects are, as here, of such novelty and
interest this is satisfactory. However, the obvious shadows cast by a single source of
light can be a distraction particularly where the subject itself is black or fairly dark
(e.g. in 45 where the butterfly is difficult to distinguish from its shadow). Where
natural daylight or flash overspill has been allowed to fall on the background (65, 69,
119, 159) the effect is better: the subject is well illuminated but there is enough
background to give some idea of the habitat. The use of two flashes is illustrated in
photo | where a small fill-in flash has picked out some of the details on the shadow
side of the subject. Greater use of fill-in-flash in other pictures would have lightened
the shadows cast by the main flash (34, 79, 155) and improved the detail in some of the
others (57, 79, 155). A few pictures suggest nocturnal activity due to inadequate
lighting (103).

In spite of these shortcomings there are many pictures where the single-flash
technique suits the subject, i.e. the colour form and texture of subject and its
background are well shown (31, 32, 39, 198). Two pictures should be mentioned: in
photo 8 the use of ringflash has produced white rings in the simple eyes of the bees (an
effect not seen in nature) and some strange reflections from their bodies. In photo 131
the novel use of ‘ghost image’ (a secondary image from daylight in addition to the
sharp flash image) illustrates the tamping action of a female wasp as she firms down
the soil over the exit to her nest.

Overall, the combination of perceptive photography and informed commentary
are commended as a useful essay in practical entomology.

N. A. CALLow

Odonata book review. 1986 has seen the publication of three new illustrated books
on the Odonata — the Dragonflies. All are aimed at the growing popular natural
history market, but all three are specialised and advanced enough to find a place on
members’ shelves. They each have things to recommend them, and they each have
drawbacks. Rather than review them individually, I have given in the table opposite,
their main features together with some comments on their contents. On the whole I
am rather disappointed with all three of them, not really suffering comparison with
the other recent publication The Dragonflies of Great Britain and Ireland by C.O.
Hammond. In any insect book, my preferance would always be for drawings rather
than photographs to give clarity of detail. Nevertheless, they would all make a good
companion volume, and almost the only thing to choose between them is the fauna
which they cover, their comprehensiveness being more or less inversely proportional
to their literary style. It is interesting to note that 1986 also sees the publication of a
paperback version of Cyril Hammond’s book. Another reissue is the paperback
version (with all black and white instead of some colour plates) of Dragonflies by P.S.
Corbet. Cynthia Longfield and N.W. Moore: the New Naturalist title first published
in 1960. Next year sees the publication of yet another Odonata book: The Dragonflies
of Europe by R.R. Askew, not many details are available, but it will have 40 colour
plates, 100 maps and 25 pages of figures. Watch this space!

R A. Tones

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122 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Ptenidium gressneri Erichson (Coleoptera, Ptiliidae) in Surrey. — On a walk with
some friends during the January snowy weather along the bridle path from
Mickleham in Surrey to Ashstead, I stopped and collected a few handfuls of rotten
wood from an elm stump by the side of the path. When I got home, I found the debris
contained numerous examples of the Ptilid, P. gressneri, a species usually restricted
to old woodland areas. Harding & Rose (1986 Pasture-woodlands in lowland Britain)
have classified the beetle as a grade 2 indicator of ancient pasture woodlands.

This section of the path runs across the chalklands of the North Downs and,
although there are trees about, the land on either side is long-established farmland
with little to suggest that it has been old woodland for very many years. According to
the Ordinance Survey map, however, the path was once the Roman Stane Street and
it has apparently been a trackway since Roman times. For most of this time, it would
almost certainly have been bordered by a hedge, of which the elm while alive would,
more recently, have formed part. This suggests the possibility that P. gressneri, and
perhaps other ‘ancient woodland’ indicators may also serve as indicators of ancient
hedgerows. — J. A. Owen, 8 Kingsdown Rd, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

First host record for the genus Hyboteles van Achterberg (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae). — During a recent visit to the British Museum (Natural History) I found
a specimen of Hyboteles toxopeusi van Achterberg (1984) which had associated host
data. The specimen (CIE accession number A 1320) was reared from the pupa of the
lycaenid butterfly Narathura micale micale at Sapphire Creek, C. District, Papua
and is dated (emergence date?) 2.xi.66. This host record is the first for the genus
Hyboteles.

Hyboteles belongs to an interesting subtribe of Braconinae, the Aspidobraconina
van Achterberg, which are characterised principally by having the first and second
metasomal tergites fused. Of the eight genera of Aspidobraconina known to date
(Quicke, 1987) host data has previously been available for two only. Various species
of Aspidobracon van Achterberg are gregarious pupal endoparasitoids of the
Acraeidae and Hesperidae, while members of Philomacroploea Cameron are
gregarious pupal endoparasitoids of Nymphalidae Danaiinae, (Quicke, 1983; van
Achterberg, 1984); records of Philomacroploea from other hosts (Shenefelt, 1978)
result from misidentifications of the parasitoid. Ihe above new host record for
Hyboteles thus lends strong support for a monophyletic origin of the
Aspidobraconina, all other Braconinae being ectoparasitoids principally of
concealed Lepidoptera and Coleoptera larvae. From the available data it seems
likely, however, that only the single individual of Hyboteles referred to above was
reared from its host pupa and in this way Hyboteles appears to differ from
Aspidobracon and Philomacroploea. — Donald L. J. Quicke, Department of
Zoology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN.

References

Quicke. D. L. J., 1983. Some new host records for genera and species of Braconinae (Hym..
Braconidae) including economically important species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 119:91-93.

Quicke, D. L. J., 1987. The Old World genera of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae). J. nat. Hist. 21:41-157.

Shenefelt, R. D.. 1978. Hymenopterorum Catalogus (nov. ed.) Part 15. Braconidae, vol. 10.
The Hague: Junk. pp. 1425-1865.

van Achterberg, C.. 1984. Revision of the genera of Braconini with first and second metasomal
tergites immovably joined (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae). Tijdschr. Ent.
127: 137-164.

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of
work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the
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publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1987.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, of
their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Dr.
M. Scoble, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat.Hist.), Cromwell Road,
London, SW7. as soon as possible and not later than 30th September, 1987.

CONTENTS
Withers, P. The British species of the genus Suillia (Diptera, Heleomyzidae), including

A SPECIES NEW tO SCIENCE 0.2) .-ces seo ete gee ee ene 91
Chandler, P. J. Notes on British fungus gnats of the smaller families and sub-families

(DipterasMycetophiloideal iat ss-mciaccre oon cone aco eae 105
Owen, J. A. Ptenidium gressneri Erichson (Coleoptera, Priliidae) in Surrey .......... 122

Quicke, D. L. J. First host record for the genus Hyboteles van Achterberg

(Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Book reviews? s 2% )cc-4 siesta corn OG it ee in coos cine seats fey tee yd RESO eee eee 118
Coleopterist’s Workshop, Maidstone, 14 March 1987

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OCTOBER 1987 ISSN 0525-5252 Vol. 20, Part 4
ye ai

Proceedings and Transactions of_
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Natural History Society

Price: £3.00

Past Presidents

. R. WELLMAN (dec.)

. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec.)
_P. BARRETT, F.E.S. (dec.)
_T. Wittiams (dec.)

. STANDEN, F.E.S. (dec.)

. FICKLIN (dec. )

. R. PERKINS, F.E.S. (dec.)
.R. BILtups, F.£.S. (dec.)
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isk TUGWELL, PH.C. (dec.)

_G. BarRETT. F.E.S. (dec.)
ai WEIR, F.L.S., etc. (dec.)
A STEPSETES: (dec. )

_W. HALL, F.E.S. (dec.)
R. SoutH. F-E.S. (dec.)

R. ADKIN, F.E.S. (dec.)

J. W. TuT1, F.E.S. (dec.)

A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec.)
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S4<paoops

gains oiled
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aaa
x

aye TURNER. F. E. s. (dec.)

NLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S. etc. CS )
. BLAIR, B.SC., F.E.S. (dec

_ BUNNETT. M.A. (dec.)

iby RILEY, F.Z.S., F.E.S. (dec.)

alee GROSVENOR. F.E.S. (dec.)

. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. (dec.)
. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. (dec.)

. B. Carr, (dec.)
.N.

KG:

slob

iG:

O-Oz.

HAWKINS, F.E.S. (dec.)

BLAIR, B.SC., F.Z.S. F.E.S. (dec.)
L. Grosvenor, F.E.S. (dec.)

M. DE WorMS, M.A., PH.D...

-C., F.R.E.S., M.B.0.U. (dec.)

aR EAGLES (dec. )

. E. Syms, F.R.E.S. (dec.)

. NIBLETT (dec.)

>

ip CouLsOn (dec. )

. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. (dec.)

. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.R.E.S. (dec. )

AY COCKAYNE, D.M.. F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

Be ee a OAKOMIMAZMAG

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Editorial

Editor: R. A. Jones, B.Sc.
10 Nunhead Grove

Nunhead

London SE15 3LY

F. D. Coote, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
S. WaKELy (dec.)
R. J. BurTON, L.D.S., R.C.S.ENG. (dec.)
STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.
Capt. R. A. JACKSON, R.N. F.R.E.S. (dec.)
L. T. Forp, B.A. (dec)
Col. P. A. Carpew (dec.)
J. O. T. Howarp, M.A. (dec.)
Air-Marshall Sir Roper’ SAUNDBY,
K.B.E., C.B., M.C., D.F.C., A.F.C., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

T. G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.
E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S.
F. STANLEY-SMITH, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
STANLEY N. A. JACOBS, S.B.ST.J., F.R.E.S.
F. D. BucK, A.M.1.PTG.M., F.R.E.S (dec.)
Lt.-Col. W. B. L. MANLEY, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
B. P. Moore, B.SC., D.PHIL., F.R.E.S.
N. E. HICKIN, PH.D., B.SC., F.R.E.S.

. T. VALLINS, A.C.1.1., F.R-E.S. (dec.)

.M. MERE, F.R.E. s (dec.)

.M. MASSEE, 0.B.E.. D.SC., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

. E. GARDNER., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

aes MESSENGER, B.A., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

. G. ROCHE, F.C.A., F.R.E.S.

. W. J. UFFEN, F.R.E.S.

LA. C. GREENWOOD, O.B.E., F.R.E.S.

. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.

. GOATER, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
apt. J. ELLERTON, D.S.C.. R.N. (dec.)

. J. MACNULTY, B.SC., PH.D.,

F.R.I.C., F.R.E.S.
ol. A. M. EmMET, M.B.E., T.D. M.A.
Prof. H. E. HINTON, PH.D.. B.SC.,

F.R.S., F.R.E.S. (dec.)

J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S.
C. MACKECHNIE JARVIS, F.L.S., F.R.E.S.
M. G. Morris, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S.
W. G. TREMEWAN, M.1.BIOL.
R. TuBBS, 0.B.E£., F.R.1.B.A., F.R.E.S.
G. Prior, F.L.S., F.R-E.S.
Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz, M.A.
R. FAIRCLOUGH, F.R.E.S.
A. E. STUBBS, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
J. HEATH, F.R.E.S. (dec.)
B. R. BaKER, B.SC., A.M.A., F.R.E.S.
P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S.
P. J. BAKER, C.ENG., F.R.H.S.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S.

Q DOWA-DO-PPAN:

MERGE ES:

with the assistance of:

Gio:
i

E. Southwood, K.B., D.Sc., F.R.S.
.G. Howarth, B.E.M., F.R.E.S.

M. W. F. Tweedie, M.A., F.Z.S.

E. S. Bradford

R. W. J. Uffen;,M:Sc. F-R-E:s.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 123
BUTTERFLY COLLECTING—WHAT FUTURE?

Alan Stubbs’ discussion meeting on this subject held on 25 April 1985 gave rise to a
lively debate on a subject of importance to all entomologists. The subsequent report
in this journal (Vol. 18 pp. 65-73) summarized many of the arguments and gave
much food for thought on the future of butterfly collecting in this country. The
following two items from members come in direct response to that report. They
represent the personal opinions of the authors, and although they do not necessarily
represent the views of the Editor, the Editorial Panel or the Council of the Society,
they are published here in full to add to the debate and to provoke further
correspondence.

BUTTERFLY COLLECTING

by RuPERT BARRINGTON
Old College Arms, Stour Row, Near Shaftsbury, Dorset SP7 0QF.

Rather belatedly I would like to add some thoughts to Alan Stubbs’ appraisal of
the butterfly collecting controversy. This was as clear and as unbiased an argument as
one could wish to see and certainly left one with the feeling that there is no overt
justification for collecting butterflies and for this reason only a small push is needed
to ban it. The following personal contribution to this argument, whilst being
expressed from a collector’s point of view, is intended to be as amotive and as
objective as possible.

EFFECTS OF COLLECTING

My first thought is that there rarely appears to be any direct justification for
collecting British butterflies (nor is there for fishing, or wearing leather shoes, 01
setting up a business and building your offices on waste ground, or indeed for most
things we do) but that equally this alone is no justification for banning it. The
question that should be in the balance is whether collecting is harmful and thus
whether legislation to ban it would be beneficial.

I believe that most members would agree that collecting is not, in most cases,
harmful to a butterfly population. Obviously there are cases where collecting could
be disastrous (rare species or excesses by collectors; the latter nowadays more or less
totally related to commercial entomology and I will deal with this later) and for the
species concerned a whole-sale ban on collecting is entirely to be welcomed as a
logical safety measure. The clearest and most objective discussion on the effects of
collecting that I have come across was that given by Dr Jeremy Thomas in chapter 33
of The biology of butterflies (1984, Academic Press, London). (Dr Thomas is no
collector—indeed he has elsewhere stated that he finds the procedure obnoxious—
this is his subjective view of proceedings and as such is fair enough, but it is one we
must try to avoid in an objective argument.) He is probably the most knowledgeable
and clear-sighted of all scientists working today on butterfly conservation and I
would suggest that his chapter is absolutely essential reading for anyone who wishes to
discuss seriously the topic of butterfly conservation, the chapter covering all aspects
of the subject. Whilst quoting in full is impossible, I think a few of his words bear
repeating.

124 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

. . most detached reviewers have concluded that collectors have had little if any effect
on UK butterfly populations, though all believe that heavy collecting might tip the
balance against a small colony that was at a low ebb for other reasons. . . . nearly all
extinctions have occurred at sites where collecting has not occurred.

The first quote is the overall message of the passage and the second highlights what
I hope most people now realize—that it is habitat management, or lack of it, that has
brought our butterflies down to their present levels.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTING

The advantages of collecting are often rather more spin-offs from collecting than
the direct aims, but this must in no way reduce their importance.

Many collectors would not deny that they collect to some extent for the simple
thrill of discovering a rarity, the pleasure of breeding and of possession and the
enjoyment of the pursuit of these ends. However, as such a pursuit demands very
close attention to the butterflies, it leads to a collector building up a considerable
bank of knowledge regarding distribution, habits and habitats, parasites and
predators, and genetics—knowledge that may be secondarily, but nonetheless
inevitably, accrued. (Some collectors are expert naturalists who go out of their way
intentionally to build up such knowledge.) This knowledge has been of great
importance. For example, it has provided a vast amount of information to help build
up distribution maps, and Sir Cyril Clarke’s breeding experiments with a poly-
morphic butterfly were used as a tool to study the genetics of the rhesus baby
syndrome. Thus collectors have something of scientific importance to offer, and a
ban on collecting may well lead to a drain of practical effort put in by collectors
denied the pleasure of their pastime and a consequent drain in the fund of knowledge
available. This is not intended as a blackmail statement, merely a point of fact. The
search for and breeding of aberrations (which occupies many collectors) and the
study of early stages requires intense concentration and single-mindedness and I feel
that few observers would match this if they were not driven by the ‘collecting
instinct’. The amount one learns is related to the effort one puts in.

Levelled against this may be the argument that considering collectors are supposed
to know so much, there is remarkably little written by them in the scientific journals.
It does appear to be true that butterfly collectors are particularly reticent about
publishing interesting details from their pastime. It is absolutely vital that butterfly
collectors begin to contribute more to journals not just for the self-centred reason
that it may convince others that they are not simply magpies but have something real
to contribute, but because I think that if (dare I say it) collectors ‘move with the
times’ and take a more keen and direct interest in all aspects of butterfly biology
(which may be fired and maintained by writings from colleagues in journals), then
the collection and breeding of butterflies would become a more fulfilling and
satisfying hobby. If not, then magpies we will remain, forever rueing a lost
opportunity. This is no sententious diatribe for I fully realize my own short-comings
in this department and intend to try and follow my own advice.

A SCENARIO

If legislation were introduced to ban butterfly collecting altogether I would
welcome it, but only if it were part of a set of equally draconian measures designed to
deal with our absurd and tragic agricultural policy (and we do not want to see farmers
encouraged to stop farming some of their land only to see it covered in ecologically

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 125

dead conifer plantations or ‘recreational areas’). In itself banning collecting is a fairly
meaningless act which would be a means of finding a scapegoat for the ravages
inflicted on our countryside. Collectors now are usually responsible people who
appreciate the need for conservation as keenly as anyone and who realize that
conservation and collecting can exist side by side only if the latter is carried out with
the most severe moderation.

The major evil in our midst is the increasing commercialization of entomology.
Entomological dealers have a role to play, not least in stoking the enthusiasm for
nature fired in youngsters from breeding of stock acquired from dealers, but the
situation is in danger of getting seriously out of hand. I would like to see considerable
restrictive measures put on trading to reduce the great ‘sales’ that go under the guise
of exhibitions and to discourage the ‘cowboys’ who can make a quick profit out of
such events by collecting large quantities of scarce species for sale. Perhaps the best
move would be to ban the nationwide sale of butterflies altogether, except through a
few reliable, licensed breeders. If this were applied to foreign butterflies also, it
might help to slow down the devastating levels of commercial collecting, carried out
in such countries as Taiwan. The temptation to collect large numbers of butterflies
with the intention of selling them would be gone and the gaps in the collection could
be filled from the dealers. Maybe further legislation to ensure that dealers sold only
bred stock (the difference is usually clear) would also be of advantage, thereby
outlawing the sale of any wild-caught butterflies.

Action to restrict trading would serve a far greater purpose than banning the
individual collector from his studies. Real field work for interest’s sake by a collector
will aways be scientifically useful; it is the excessive trading that lacks purpose
(except monetary) and poses the threat.

THE EFFECT OF COLLECTING ON THE SURVIVAL OF
BUTTERFLIES AND IDEAS FOR THEIR PRESERVATION

by N. MALLETT
132 Quebec Road, Newbury Park, Ilford, Essex.

In the new Royal Society for Nature Conservation book Guide to butterflies of the
British Isles, the presumed reasons for the decline of many of our species are given,
these include: lack of rabbit grazing due to myxomatosis, draining of wetlands,
intensification of agriculture, replacement of deciduous forests with conifers, the
reclamation of grasslands, heaths and moors, the loss of hedgerows and the ‘tidying
up’ of the countryside and the abandonment of coppicing (although this has helped
some species).

The collecting of butterflies or any other insects will have very little effect on their
population or hasten their demise when compared to the terrible declines caused by
the above. The argument that protecting a butterfly from collectors when it is
threatened with extinction because the taking of specimens can drive it to actual
extinction, whilst being very laudable will not protect it from its real enemies which
appear to be farmers and the Forestry Commission. It is surely pointless to wait until
a surviving colony is restricted to a nature reserve before trying to protect it.

It must not be forgotten that most of our population lives in towns and sees few of

126 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

our more striking butterflies. Most children and many adults are captivated when
they see a perfectly set collection of butterflies, often more so than if they see live
ones fluttering about in their gardens or trapped in a room. Many would wish to
actually possess something so beautiful, and in some cases (like mine) an enduring
interest and concern is fostered, first to collect and then to learn more about the
subject.

I am probably a typical collector and I freely admit I collect butterflies ‘like
stamps’. When I started collecting I caught common local species, killing more than
was needed, e.g. 15 or 20 identical specimens of Small Heath. I then found
caterpillars and reared them, after which I started breeding from captured females. I
think that I, like most other collectors, have now put back more specimens into the
wild than I have ever taken out of it. Most of my rarer specimens have been obtained
by exchanging perfect bred examples with other collectors.

Our flora and fauna are being systematically and cynically destroyed to grow
mountains of food that we cannot eat and conifers which we could buy from
Scandinavia more cheaply than we can grow them here. If legislation is to be
introduced to protect our insect life, it should be aimed at its real despoilers. Fixed
quotas of crop protection should be introduced. Independent research should be
carried out to find the optimum amounts of insecticides that can safely be used by
farmers; who should then only be allowed to use that amount each year. Heavy
penalties should be levied for their misuse. Our remaining hedgerows should be
protected by law. In short our countryside, our wildlife and our natural heritage
should be protected from the hedonistic greed and short-sighted stupidity of many of
its owners and so-called managers. Why should the enthusiastic amateur naturalists
be penalized by a ban on collecting when they are not responsible for the tragically
misguided and destructive agricultural policies that have done more damage than
they ever could?

It is food for thought that most species of British butterfly are at any one time being
bred by collectors for collectors. There must exist a large amount of unrecorded
practical knowledge of breeding methods, all of which could be of great value if any
official recolonizing is undertaken. If collectors were allowed to breed and establish
new colonies or rare and endangered species, there would be the source of British
livestock to fall back on should a natural or manmade disaster kill the last surviving
colony of a particular species.

A great deal could be done to increase butterfly populations on non-agricultural
land. Whole networks of different colonies could be encouraged to establish
themselves among motorways and railways, all it would need is imagination and
forethought in the planting of nectar- and food-plants and the releasing of parent
stock. There is probably a veritable army of willing unpaid workers to do it, all of
them collectors who have learned to appreciate our countryside by collecting and
who now seem powerless onlookers of what is not being done to protect it. Amateur
entomologists could become one of our biggest assets to any conservation or
environmentalist groups. I think it would be a tragedy if this interest were to be
discouraged by law simply because it is easy to ban collecting and virtually impossible
to change our agricultural policies. Too much money and too many votes are
involved in farming for any quick changes to be made, and no politician will risk his
seat for the sake of a few insects.

POST-SCRIPT

I would like to comment on Mr Stubbs’ proposed policy on butterfly collecting.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 127

Basically I agree with it, but I am puzzled by section 6 (trading) and disagree with
section 8 (release).

I wholeheartedly concur that the use of butterflies for promotional purposes, i.e.
mass releases in totally unsuitable areas is wrong. It is stupid, wasteful and
completely pointless. However, I may be mistaken, but I doubt very much that any
dealer of British butterflies would find it economically viable to go out and
deliberately denude an area of butterflies, mount them and sell them. Common
butterflies are so easily reared that they are very cheap to buy, and one encounters
many more worn, damaged and therefore unsaleable specimens in the wild than
perfect and therefore saleable ones. Again, rarer species are much easier to rear than
they are to catch. A breeder can expect to raise 50 adult purple emperors from one
female that they have either purchased themselves or they may have found in the
wild (depending on their knowledge of an area and their luck) and it is easier to
continue breeding from their existing stock than to catch new stock each year. A
reputable dealer will sell a perfect male purple emperor for £12. A collector will only
pay £12 if it is perfect. I defy anybody to go out and collect sufficient of this species in
the condition required to make a profitable business of it. | am of the opinion that
trading of the British Large Blue should be allowed. It is an extinct species here, but
you can openly deal in European specimens. The lifestyle of this insect makes it
virtually impossible to breed in captivity so the Continental specimens sold must be
wild caught. I cannot comment on the sale of European or tropical butterflies in this
country with any authority, but I would suggest that if they are easily bred, they can
be sold. If they are not bred in captivity and are both threatened and ridiculously easy
to catch (like the Apollos) then their sale should be prohibited or at least restricted to
old specimens.

As for section 8, I think that any enthusiast should be encouraged to release
butterflies and try to establish or restart colonies. Today’s fragmented populations
are more prone to extinction through bad weather, ‘accidental’ overspraying by crop
dusters and even by their own parasites than when they were part of a linked chain of
colonies. When a local extinction such as this occurs, the area is less likely to be
recolonized than before because of its isolation from neighbouring sites. Most
collectors and breeders are not ‘cowboys’ and I strongly object to the phrase ‘cowboy
releases’. Collectors generally have one or two favourite ‘patches’ that they know
like the backs of their hands. They know that if they release bred butterflies in an
unsuitable environment they will not breed. (Incidently, if this does occur, no harm is
done). If they release in a suitable environment where no competition is offered to
existing species (either because they use a different food plant or are grass feeders)
they may well, over a few seasons, establish a thriving and successful colony that
would not otherwise have existed. The only harm that this can do is upset somebody’s
distribution record and I think that it is surely far better to see a country of living
creatures than to merely record their shrinking numbers in a book.

EDITORIAL COMMENT

The future of butterfly collecting is an important and emotive subject and has
implications for all entomologists regardless of their interests or fields of study.
Although the authors do not raise any new issues, they add substance to a number of
points and include some practical suggestions for the reader.

The trade-off: ‘‘we’ll stop collecting if agriculturalists etc stop destroying the

128 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

countryside” is not practical as such (David and Goliath, without the sling!). Itis now
a question of entomologists getting ‘in’ with the decision makers—everything from
County Naturalist’s Trusts to Wildlife Link etc. This is especially important now that
the possibilities of reducing the momentum towards agricultural overproduction and
of removing land from food production is gaining ground.

There is support for the concern about trading. There is a chance that the revised
schedules will control trading in rare species of British butterfly. Ideas on how to
influence this are still needed.

BOOK REVIEW

The Natural History of Butterflies. By John Feltwell. Christopher Helm, 1986. 133
pages, 8 colour plates.

This title presents a series of essays which cover many aspects of the physiology
and biology of the butterflies of Europe and North Africa. Each chapter is self
contained and provides an up-to-date resumé on several particular aspects of the
insect including structure, life cycle, food plants and migration. Possibly of greater
interest, because many of the facts offered may be less widely known, are the
discussions on butterfly history, colouration and camouflage, interaction with
sunshine and population and territories.

Mr Feltwell’s exposition is presented in a very readable style, reminiscent of the
lecture hall rather than the scientific publication and a wealth of detail provides a
good summary of current thinking on the matters described. Some of the statements
made may not be generally agreed, though certain contentions might be the result of
geographic limitation of the matter under discussion. For example, a European
sample of three may well suggest a significant association between Papilio and
Umbelliferae but this connection is not so universal if the larval pabulum of this genus
is considered on a global scale.

Throughout, the discourse is enlivened with attractive line drawn vignettes which
are generally illustrative of the adjacent text. Was it an eleventh hour decision to add
colour plates, possibly to make this publication more saleable? For whatever reason,
a block of attractive but irrelevant colour examples of Mr Feltwell’s photographic
expertise appears in the centre of the volume with the supporting captions right at the
front. Assembled differently, captioned colour plates could have done much more to
increase the visual appeal of the book.

In spite of these criticisms this book is an enjoyable read which will be much
appreciated by all who share the Author’s interest in these the most decorative of our
native fauna.

P. J. BAKER

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 129
THE ‘WINKLER EXTRACTOR’

by J. A. OWEN
8 Kingsdown Road, Epson, Surrey KT17 3PU.

The Winkler extractor (“Winklersche Apparat’; Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1965 Die
Kafer Mitteleuropas 1, 100) is a device for extracting invertebrates from moss, leaf
litter, rotten wood or similar matter (Fig. 1). The debris is held in coarse net bags
inside a sack made of light material (Fig. 2). The sack is kept in a box-shape by upper
and lower wire frames and tapers below into a pouch which holds a glass jar. The bags
of debris are suspended from the upper wire frame. As the debris dries out,
invertebrates emerge, make their way downwards inside the sack and are trapped in
the jar.

Winkler extractors are of particular value to coleopterists, for they are very
efficient in extracting small beetles from various types of debris. They are, moreover,
light enough to be easily transported and, unlike some types of extractor, they do not
require a source of heat, so that they can be used almost anywhere. They can be
obtained commercially but they can also be constructed at home. The following
construction notes are based on the experience gained over several years in making
and using several homemade versions.

Fig. 1. Winkler extractor in use with top Fig. 2. Extractor with top folded down to
closed and jar in position. show two net bags with debris in
position.

130 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

MATERIALS

For the sack, unbleached calico is suitable material but the type of material is not
critical so long as it is permeable to water vapour, so that the debris being extracted
dries out reasonably fast. Likewise, the dimensions of the sack are not critical and the
measurements given in this article are for guidance only. For the pattern given (Fig.
3), a square of material 140 x 140 cm is required but this can be in more than one
piece. The facings which keep the frames in position (Fig. 4) are made of the same
material as the sack.

The frames are made from 10 swg galvanized fencing wire (total length 280 cm).
The lower frame is a simple square. The upper frame is also basically square but, on
two opposite sides, the wire is bent at intervals to form three small projections
inwards to take hooks attached to the net bags and there is a complete loop at each
corner for the cords suspending the extractor in use (Fig. 2). Ideally, the ends of the
wires forming the frames should overlap and be brazed together. Alternatively, the
overlapping ends can be bound with thin wire and soft-soldered.

The net bags holding the debris are made from appropriate curtain material and
are approximately 28 cm wide by 34 cm deep. A mesh of about 3 x 2 mm is generally
suitable but for extracting fine material, a smaller mesh may be preferable in that it
will hold the material more effectively. In sewing up the bags, it usually helps to
incorporate a piece of tape in the seam and there should be a piece of tape sewn along
the open (top) edges of the bag, with a loop at each end to take a hook for its
suspension from the upper wire frame within the sack. The brass hooks formerly

/_-- 132, —

Ns

Fig. 3. Pattern of material to make a sack 32 x 32 cm across. Dimensions are in cm. At each
vertical edge 1 cm is allowed for seams. The bottom pocket takes a jar of diameter 8 cm
and height 12 cm. Dotted lines show position of facings.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 131

Fig. 4. Extractor with top half on two sides
‘cut away’. This shows part of the

; / upper wire frame and one of the
ee é Z facings attaching it to the sack. The
Sie BPN ioe position of the lower frame (inside its
aut pre facing) is indicated by dotted lines

"i below.

used to attach household curtains to curtain rings are very satisfactory for this
purpose. When threaded through the tape loops, the base of each hook should be
clamped; otherwise the hooks tend to fall out and get lost.

The only other materials required are a pair of shoe laces to fasten the sack top and
bottom, about 1.5 m of light cord to suspend the extractor while in use and a jar to fit
in the pocket below and collect whatever comes out of the debris. The total cost of
materials should not exceed £5.

CONSTRUCTION

Sewing the sack requires an electric sewing machine. The coleopterist without one
should borrow one or, better still, prevail upon an owner to do the sewing for him.
(The owner may prefer this to lending the machine!) Whatever the arrangement is,
the sewer should ensure that seams whenever possible are on the outside of the sack
to leave the inside free from crevices in which invertebrates can lurk.

1. Cut out the material for the sack (Fig. 3), in one or more pieces according to the
width of material. Cut out also material for the facings preferably with a selvedge.

2. Draw lines on the material to show the position of the lower edges of the facings
(Fig. 3). The lower facing goes round the sack outside (Fig. 4). The upper facings go
inside the sack on two opposite sides.

3. Sew the free (non-selvedge) edge of the upper facings flat on the inside of the
sack hanging down from the line. Then fold the facing back up and sew the bottom
edge again to provide a strong seam to take the weight of the debris which will hang
from the upper wire.

132 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

4. If the sack is to be formed from two or more pieces, sew them. together along
their vertical edges but do not sew the last join. Thus the material remains flat. Make
a hem at the top edge if it is not a selvedge.

5. Next, sew the lower edge of the lower facing into position on the outside of the
sack.

6. Join the edges of the cut out lower sections of the sack next except for the final
join. Where adjacent walls of the sack are formed from continuous material, make a
vertical fold down the edge and hem the fold so that there is a seam from the level of
the top facing to the bottom of the sack.

7. With the material for the sack now in one piece (but without the final edges
joined i.e. still flat), make a hem along the lower edge of sufficient width to take a
shoe lace which will form a purse-string to retain the glass jar in position.

8. Complete the sack by joining the remaining free vertical edges and the cut out
edges below.

9. Test the fit of the jar by inserting it and closing the purse-string cord. The rim of
the jar should be pressed tightly upwards when the purse-string is tied so that
creatures from the debris passing downwards inside the sack cannot escape outside
the neck of the jar. If necessary, sew an extra line of stitches on one or more vertical
seams to reduce the width of the pocket into which the jar is pressed upwards.

10. Now sew the lower wire frame into position by hemming along the top of the
bottom facing. The sewing machine is positioned with the sewing platform projecting
over the edge of the table and the wire frame hanging downwards. As the sewing
proceeds, the hemmed material is pushed round the wire so that the same side of the
frame remains uppermost while it is being sewn in.

11. Then sew in the upper wire frame, working with one side of the frame held up
and sewing the other into the facing on the inside of the sack.

12. Fasten cords across the corners of the upper frame with a little slack and
attached to these a vertical cord by which to hang the extractor while in use (Fig. 2).
Finally sew the other shoe lace on to the outside near the top of the sack to allow the
top of the sack to be closed.

OPERATION

Once the extractor is loaded with debris, it should be hung up in an airy position
preferably with a temperature above 10°C. If the debris starts relatively dry, most of
the creatures in it will have been extracted in 2 to 4 days but insects living in habitats
exposed to air e.g. squirrel’s dreys may take longer to forsake their homes. Complete
extraction of wet debris such as flood rubbish can take 1 or 2 weeks or longer
depending on the dryness and temperature of the environment.

Some users put a preserving fluid (such as 70 per cent alcohol) in the jar which kills
the creatures falling in but this may be undesirable if very small insects, e.g. Ptilids,
are sought. It is often difficult to prevent fine particles of debris falling into the jar and
very small insects are more easily detected among debris when they are alive than
when they are dead.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Mr P. M. Hammond for drawing my attention to the use of Winkler
extractors and my wife for her long patience in constructing various forms of the
apparatus and for ensuring that the instructions given here are reasonably easy to
follow.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 133

MALE SWARMING BY A
MICROGASTRINE BRACONID,
APANTELES CONIFERAE (HALIDAY)
(HYMENOPTERA)

by JAMEs B. WHITFIELD

Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, England.

On 25 July 1985, while collecting in the late afternoon from a Crataegus
monogyna/Prunus spinosa/Rubus hedgerow at Woodford, Cheshire, I noticed two
small swarms of insects dancing some 8 inches to 2 feet away from the top of the
hedge. The flight patterns of the insects resembled the rapid figure-eight motions of
microgastrine braconids, but about 50—75 individuals were confining their motions to
each of two vertical, elongate clusters less than 2 feet high and a foot across, above a
predominantly Crataegus section of the hedge.

I collected both of the swarms in their entirety, keeping them separate, using a
fine-meshed aerial net and pooter. After collecting the swarms, I examined the
hedge for signs of any unusual concentrations of host insects, cocoons or honeydew
sources for parasitic wasps, or of any possible perched female wasps. Only six
microgastrine cocoons were found in this section of hedge amidst frass-encrusted and
webbed foliage, and few available potential hosts for Microgastrinae (predominantly
Parornix anglicella (Stt.) (Gracillariidae) and an undetermined coleophorid
species). A sweep of the hedge produced 36 smaller Hymenoptera, including some
microgastrines.

An hour later (7:15 p.m., still at least an hour before sunset), I returned to the
hedge to find more microgastrines dancing above the hedge but not forming tight
clusters as before. All the observed flying Hymenoptera were collected and
preserved for identification.

Just under 1 month later (23 August), I returned again to the hedge site and made
another collection of flying braconids (not forming swarms this time either).

When all of the collected specimens had been identified and tabulated, the results
were as in Table 1. A total of 237 insects were included in the samples, 121 of which
were from the two swarms.

Clearly, the dominant insects in the two swarms were males of Apanteles coniferae
(Haliday)—composing 83.7 per cent of the smaller swarm and 91.7 per cent of the
larger. The other species represented are probably either fortunitously included in
the samples or are joiners of the swarm, perhaps having been attracted by the
concentration of insects. I suspect the predominance of males may have a mating
significance similar to that in Blacus spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The low
proportion of females even in the hedge sweep and later collections may suggest,
however, that adult females had not yet emerged or were elsewhere, especially since
the sample taken a month later had a much higher proportion of females.

To my knowledge, no swarms such as those reported here have ever been reported
among the Microgastrinae, although they have been repeatedly observed in another
braconid genus from a different subfamily, the helconine Blacus (van Achterberg,

Present address: Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
43210, USA.

134 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Table 1. Taxonomic and sexual composition of swarm and non-swarm samples from hedge in
Cheshire. Non-Hymenoptera omitted.

In flight ‘In flight
Species Swarm 1 Swarm 2 Hedge 1hlater 1 mth later

Braconidae 29 Go. 92 Gc 92 Sa" 20 gc oeaata
Microgastrinae

Apanteles coniferae (Hal.) 2 41 4 66

A. xanthostigmus (Hal.) 2 — 1 —

Cotesia ?glomerata (L.) a ee

Dolichogenidea lacteicolor

(Viereck) seep pe pig) S', 9 bets, By site 1

D. sp. (laevigatus-group) — —- — — — —~— — — 1

Microgaster alebion Nixon — — — — —~—~ —~—~ —~—~ —~— —

Sathon falcatus (Nees) Ge = ee et SS Sa oS 5)
Adeliinae

Adelius subfasciatus Hal. 1 SS SS ee — Oe,
Cheloninae

Ascogaster sp. —- —- — — 1 ig 22) ihe

Chelonus sp. — 3 lies TE ee eee
Helconinae

Blacus sp. = =| =| |= SS i SS hac
Homolobinae

Charmon sp. —- —- — — 1 Seg (yee Oe
Macrocentrinae

Macrocentrus sp. —- —- — — — 1 = Ee ae
Euphorinae

Meteorus sp. 1 —- —- — — 1 2 Lee

Meteorus sp. 2 —- —- —- —> — — 1 = Es
Braconinae

Bracon sp. 1 —- — 1 a es fase ——

Bracon sp. 2 3 = ee 1 = (2 =
Alysiinae

Aspilota sp. ee 1 >
Aphidiinae

Aphidius sp. a a ee
Misc. Ichneumonidae (10spp.) — — — — 5
Tenthredinidae (undet.) — —- 1 = 3 ee
Total 5S 44 6 66 14

Sy een 27

220) 2p ae ee

oS)
~~

|
i)

ea

1976, 1977; Benson, 1944; Donisthorpe, 1944; Haliday, 1836; Konig, 1967;
Marshall, 1889; Southwood, 1957; Stelfox, 1944; Syrjamaki, 1976). Such swarming
of males also occurs in at least two subfamilies of Ichneumonidae, Diplazontinae and
Orthocentrinae (Fitton & Rotheray, 1982; Gauld, 1984; Rotheray, 1981). As the
mating behaviour of relatively few braconids is known from actual field studies, it is
possible that male swarming is more common and widespread than is currently
realized.

It is possible, however, that male swarming occurs only rarely in braconids, in
conditions of extreme abundance of a given species and where the males would
ordinarily tend to congregate near female emergence sites, plants harbouring
potential host insects or adult food sources (honeydew, nectar). It remains for
further studies to determine whether this habit is normal even for Apanteles

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 135

coniferae. If male swarming is found to be common among at least some members of
the Microgastrinae, it would have interesting implications for the population biology
of these insects.

REFERENCES

Benson, R. B. 1944. Swarming flight of Blacus tripudians Haliday. Ent. mon. Mag. 80: 21.

Donisthorpe, H. 1944. The dancing habits of some Braconidae. Ent. mon. Mag. 80: 72.

Fitton, M. G. & Rotheray, G. E. 1982. A key to the European genera of diplazontine
ichneumon-flies, with notes on the British fauna. Syst. Ent. 7: 311-320.

Gauld, I. D. 1984. An introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)
Publ. 895, 413 pp.

Haliday, A. H. 1836. Essay on parasitic Hymenoptera. Ent. Mag. 3: 20-45.

Konig, R. 1967. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis einiger Braconidarten in Schleswig-Hostein
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Blacinae). Faun.-Okol. Mitt. 3: 112-121.

Marshall, T. A. 1889. A monograph of British Braconidae. Part III. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond.
1889: 149-211.

Rotheray, G. E. 1981. Courtship, male swarms and a sex pheromone of Diplazon pectatorius
(Grav.). Ent. Gaz. 32: 193-196.

Southwood, T. R. E. 1957. Observations on swarming in Braconidae and Coniopterygidae.
Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 32: 80-82.

Stelfox, A. W. 1944. The swarming flights of Blacus (Hym., Braconidae). Ent. mon. Mag. 80:
208.

Syrjamaki, J. 1976. The mystery of the missing females in connexion with male swarming of
Blacus ruficornis Nees (Hym., Braconidae). Ent. Fenn. 42: 66-68.

van Achterberg, C. 1976. A revision of the tribus Blacini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae,
Helconinae). Tijdschr. Ent. 118: 159-322.

van Achterberg, C. 1977. The function of swarming in Blacus species (Hymenoptera,
Braconidae, Helconinae). Ent. Ber. 37: 151-152.

Anthomyza bifasciata Wood (Diptera Anthomyzidae) discovered in an actively
worked aggregate pit. — The Anthomyzids are a distinctive acalypterate family with
characteristic strap-like wings. When working an area of an aggregate pit in
Homersfield, Suffolk (TM 2885) on 13.viii.86 I was surprised to sweep a small fly with
all the appearance of an Anthomyzid, but with distinctly banded wings—not a
feature I had previously recalled as having prominence in Collin’s 1944 key to this
family. When I checked more thoroughly, this feature is mentioned, as diagnostic of
Anthomyza bifasciata Wood, but not until couplet 11! Strange that so clear a feature,
not shared by any other species in this family, is not used much earlier, but it is
perhaps a typical Collin idiosyncracy. The specimen, a female, was quite obviously
this species, and in view of its apparent scarcity, I returned the following day to
acquire more. The area worked was a dried pond dominated by Typha and
Equisetum. After one and a half hours sweeping I procured just one further
specimen, a male. Clearly despite local (and national) abundance of Typha, the
supposed breeding site, the species occurs in very low numbers.

Collin (1944) states that this species was unknown to him outside Wood’s original
locality in Herefordshire, and it is accorded category 2 (vulnerable) status in the
Provisional Nature Conservancy Council Diptera Invertebrate Site Register. The

136 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Imm

collections of the British Museum (Natural History) contain 11 specimens from
Wood’s collection, dated 1910, two specimens from the Verrall collection, also 1910
and quite likely a gift from Wood, as they are mounted in an identical way, and a
further nine specimens, from the collection of R. L. E. Ford from Sussex, which are
undated.

The area at Homersfield is part of an actively worked pit which has produced a
number of exceptional coleoptera, and it is to be hoped that a management
agreement can be reached with the owners at some early stage. — P. Withers, 27
Beech Way, Dickleburgh, Diss, Norfolk.

Reference
Collin, J. E., 1944. The British species of Anthomyzidae (Diptera). Entomologist’s mon. Mag.
80: 265-272.

Anthomyza bifasciata Wood (Diptera: Anthomyzidae) recorded from East Sussex
and Norfolk. — Anthomyza bifasciata Wood is unique among the British species of
Anthomyza by virtue of possessing a pair of distinctive transverse dark wing bands.
The remaining species of this genus having clear wings. It is apparently a scarce
species in Britain, the only recent published record that I am aware of is Ismay
(1981), who found it in association with Typha latifolia L. Collin (1944) recorded A.
bifasciata only from Hertfordshire. I found it at three sites on the Lewes Levels, East
Sussex, by sweeping stands of Typha angustifolia L. at dyke margins: at grid ref. TQ
424 085 on 26,27.vii. 1983; and at TQ 427 051 and TQ 429 053 both on 28. vii. 1983. My
only other encounter with this species has been at Sutton Broad, Norfolk, grid ref.
TG 372 235 where on 20. viii. 1985 in company with Dr A. G. Irwin, two females were
swept from beside a mown path through Phragmites fen which included a scattering
of Typha angustifolia. | am grateful to Mr N. Halfhead the owner of Sutton Broad,
for granting access permission to Dr Irwin and myself to record insects from this site.
— I. F. G. McLean, Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peter-
borough, PE1 1UA.

References
Collin, J. E. 1944. The British species of Anthomyzidae (Diptera). Ent.mon. Mag. 80: 265-272.
Ismay, J. W. 1981. Some Diptera from Wytham Wood. Ent. mon. Mag. 117:26

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 137

THE CEREALS AND GAMEBIRDS RESEARCH PROJECT 1984-1987
A BRIEF RESUME*

by N. W. SOTHERTON
The Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, Hampshire SP6 1EF.

BACKGROUND

Shooting sportsmen in Britain continue to be greatly concerned about the major
decline of the grey partridge over the last 30 years. Research work carried out by The
Game Conservancy, showed that the intensification of farming, especially the
increased use of pesticides was implicated in this decline. The Game Conservancy is a
privately funded research organization working predominantly on the ecology of
wild populations of many quarry species. In many previous studies, it has become
very obvious that providing the requirements for game was also of great benefit for
other species of farmland wildlife. Very little ecological research has been carried out
on land that is being intensively farmed. Up until recently, research in agriculture has
concentrated on pest suppression and production, whilst research into the conserv-
ation of species has been carried out on non-arable land. It was in this context that the
Cereals and Gamebirds Research Project was conceived to examine the effects of
modern farming practices on non-target flora and fauna, ona farm scale and to devise
methods of alleviating the adverse effects of pesticides on farmland wildlife in ways
compatible with efficient modern farming and with minimum cost to the farmer.

AIMS

The project has two aims. (1) To advise farmers of the spectrum of activity of the
pesticides they use on their farms against non-target insects; this advice being based
on laboratory screenings and large-scale replicated field trials. (2) To provide
practical management plans for the conservation of gamebirds and other wildlife on
arable farms in such a way as not to compromise standards of cereal production.

PROJECT PROGRESS TO 1986

So far in laboratory screenings, of the 30 or so foliar fungicides screened for their
insecticidal activities against non-target insects, only one chemical (pyrazophos) has
been found to have a significantly high insecticidal action. This property being
confirmed under rigorous large-scale replicated field trials; this compound was
manufactured and sold as a fungicide, so users of this compound would have had no
way of knowing of its insecticidal side-effects had it not been for the work of the
Project. Work in this field continues to screen the compounds being used by farmers
not only for their direct toxic effects but also for more subtle sub-lethal effects that
these compounds may be having when used under field conditions to ensure their
safety to wildlife. Work has also began on the spectrum of activity of the insecticides
used in cereal fields to quantify the environmental effects of their use. This will
enable the Project to offer farmers information and to guarantee environmentally
sound advice which they can then consider before choosing to use a particular
product. Hence, when farmers select a pesticide to use in their cereal fields, they will

*Summary of the lecture given before the Society on 28 May 1987.

138 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

have a third criterion to hand before making that decision: not only the price and the
efficacy of the compound but now information on the environmental side-effects of
the use of these compounds. This information is not currently available from any
other source.

Research that provides farmers with management strategies to alleviate the
harmful consequences of pesticide use has centred on the concept of ‘unsprayed’ or
‘conservation headland’. This involves the selective use of certain pesticides on a 6-m
band of cereals around the edge of the field. By using only certain chemicals at
certain times at the crop margin, it is thought that some of the resources necessary for
farmland wildlife can be provided that would otherwise have been removed
following complete treatment of the entire field. Results have shown that by
adopting the use of ‘conservation headlands’, wild gamebird production can be
greatly increased not only in the short term (Table 1) but also in the long term, for
example on a 1200-ha farm in southern England, the average spring pair density of
grey partridges in the early 1980s was around five pairs per km*. After three
successive years of adopting ‘conservation headlands’ on only half the total cereal
acreage, the average spring pair density in 1985 had risen to 11 pairs per km?.

Table 1. The effects of selectively sprayed headlands in cereal fields on wild gamebirds chick
production in United Kingdom cereal fields, 1983-1985.

Sprayed headlands Selectively sprayed headlands

Mean Chick Mean Chick
brood No. broods survival brood No. broods _ survival
size counted rate (%) size counted rate (%)

Grey partridge
a) Hampshire

1983 4.7 18 19 8.4 A| 47
1984 7.4 34 37 10.0 34 67
1985 333 9 12 ef) 14 31
b) East Anglia
1984 4.7 71 20 7.8 57 40
1985 Zl 19 9 4.0 19 15
Pheasant
a) Hampshire
1984 3.2 18 — 6.9 29 _—
1985 3.0 3 — 4.6 8 —
b) East Anglia
1985 2.6 30 — Soh 35 —

As a consequence of this reduced use of pesticides at the crop margin, other forms
of farmland wildlife have been observed to benefit. Our work has now expanded to
quantify the benefits of pesticide manipulation for gamebirds to these of other forms
of farmland wildlife. Currently, projects are under way to study the interactions of
butterflies, small mammals and wild flowers with the resources found within
slectively sprayed headlands relative to other areas of farmland. For example, many
more butterflies have been observed over ‘conservation headlands’ than on those
areas of the farm fully sprayed (Table 2). Many rare species of arable weeds have
been observed in these ‘unsprayed areas’, and work continues using radio telemetry
to quantify the benefits of these practices to small mammals (shrews, mice and

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 139

voles). However, much of our work still requires funding to quantify and explain
some of these observed increases in the numbers of farmland wildlife found in
‘conservation headlands’. Also, little work has so far been carried out to investigate
the effects of these techniques on farmland species of songbird. Throughout this
research, any management practice put forward as a method to alleviate the effects
of pesticides on farmland wildlife has led to additional research to quantify the
agronomic consequences of these practices. Therefore, an agronomist (Dr Nigel
Boatman) has been employed to quantify the farming costs of these new techniques
in terms of their direct effects such as the loss of grain quality and quantity and the
indirect effects such as weed seed contamination, weed encroachment, grain
contamination, difficulty in harvesting, etc.

Table 2. The numbers of different butterflies seen in sprayed and ‘conservation’ headlands,
north-east Hampshire, 1984 and 1985.

1984 1985
‘Conservation’ Sprayed ‘Conservation’ Sprayed
Brimstone 52 10 17 >
Common Blue 18 1 0 0
Green-veined White 140 21 196 176
Gatekeeper 93 59 134 32
Holly Blue 29 13 3 2
Large Skipper 17 1 10 4
Large White 56 38 13 20
Meadow Brown 123 46 109 32
Orange Tip 11 0 1 l
Peacock 39 19 29 2
Ringlet 52 23 17 6
Small Heath 11 0 0 0
Small Skipper 41 2 6 1
Small Tortoiseshell 95 42 131 Tal
Small White 19 14 i 3
Speckled Wood 10 2 3 2
Wall 9 4 0 0
Transect length (km) 3.6 322 2A 23
Total 815 295 670 373

In conclusion, this privately funded research project has had access to sufficient
funds to continue work at the current level. However, in view of the increasing
environmental pressure and the necessity to decrease production in environmentally
sound ways, there is an urgent need to accelerate this work. Alternatives to our
approach such as a fallow or ‘set aside’ policy would be, we believe, ecologically
disastrous. However, our approach to the more precise use of existing pesticides or
other techniques such as a switch to more spring-sown cereals would, we believe, be
ecologically more sound. This would also have the added benefit of reducing
pesticide inputs and increasing grain quality. This Project has a great bearing on
current problems because it has demonstrated conservation on intensively farmed
land. It is the only research project in the United Kingdom that is combining
conservation research with quantification of the costs both financial and environ-
mental of our farming systems.

140 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

BOOK REVIEW

The RSNC Guide to Butterflies of the British Isles. J. A. Thomas. 160 pages, Country
Life (Newnes), Middlesex, 1986, £4.95 paperback.

An introductory section deals with the differences between a moth and a butterfly
then describes the structure and life cycle of a typical example. Details of biology and
ecological requirements lead into the description of various habitat types and the
associated butterflies. This section is illustrated by good artist impressions of many
species as are the charts which follow. These indicate the salient features of each
species within a group and include diagrams showing the period of emergence and
relative abundance.

The main section of the book covers in great detail each of the 58 species resident
or regularly occurring in Britain. Adult identification, young stages, habitat and
behaviour, distribution and status are supported by good drawings and photographs
from the wild. Each description includes a simple distribution map and a very clear
multi-coloured bar chart which indicates the timing of various stages of the life cycle.
Following a brief summary of extinct species, rare migrants and accidentals there is a
further reading recommendation, a list of societies to join and an index.

In a book of this size there must be errors of omission which in this instance are
made more inevitable by the duplication of information in the overall introduction
and the main text matter. In addition the treatment afforded to the regular migrants
and the Large Tortoiseshell leaves much to be desired. Annoyingly, the Holly Blue is
described on several occasions as a woodland butterfly. Whilst it certainly occurs in
woodlands, it is equally or even more characteristic of those larger mature gardens,
parks and fairly open estates where the holly and ivy thrive.

The biggest criticism however, must be levelled at much of the text, which is
couched in that peculiarly pessimistic vein well known to regular readers of RSNC
publications. This has reduced the potential value of this volume in two respects. The
distribution and status of many species is suggested to be much more parlous than is
the case. A couple of examples will illustrate this. No mention is made of the
presence of the Grayling on the Surrey Heaths, where it is common. The Lulworth
Skipper and Small Blue are regarded as rare. This is to some extent because
insufficient attention is given to the distinction between abundance within and
localisation of a habitat.

On many occasions the destruction of habitat is cited, often in some detail. This
has indeed taken place and none will doubt the seriousness of the situation.
However, how much more useful this book would be if the space so used had been
given over to provide more information as to the site management required to
further the survival of various butterfly species. Once or twice there are tantilising
snippets but much more is known which could have been imparted to the growing
number of field naturalists who are actively involved with site and reserve
management.

Apart from the fact that the BENHS is not listed as an organisation the butterfly
savant may care to join, this book may be a useful identification guide for the general
naturalist.

P. J. BAKER

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 141

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLY XYLOPHAGUS ATER MEIGEN
(DIPTERA: XYLOPHAGIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES,
WITH SOME NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY

by D. K. CLEMENTS and K. N. A. ALEXANDER
National Trust Biological Survey, Spitalgate Lane, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 2DE.

INTRODUCTION

Xylophagus ater Meigen is a member of a small and distinctive family within the
Diptera Brachycera. Three species of Xylophagus have been recorded in Britain,
and of these, X. ater is the commonest and most widespread. The others are X.
cinctus Degeer, a species apparently restricted to the Caledonian pine forests of
Scotland, and X. junki Szilady, known in Britain from a single female taken at
Aviemore in 1913 (Collin, 1962). The larva of this last species is unknown. Oldroyd
(1969) suggested that a fourth species, Kowarzi Pleske might also occur in Britain,
but this has subsequently been synonymized with ater Meigen (Krivosheina and
Mamayev, 1972).

Large numbers of adult X. ater have been taken using water traps at Malham Tarn,
in Yorkshire (R. H. L. Disney, pers. comm.), but generally speaking adults of X. ater
are seldom encountered in the field, which has led to an impression of rarity that is for
the most part unwarranted. The easiest method of finding Xylophagus is to seek the
highly distinctive larvae beneath the bark of dead trees. A Xylophagus larva is
illustrated in Chinery (1986, p. 294—the caption ascribes it to the snipefly Rhagio
scolopacea (L.), Diptera: Rhagionidae), and the illustrated key by Brindle and
Smith (1975) will allow identification to the family level. In Britain, such larvae are
virtually certain to be either X. ater or X. cinctus, and these are easily separated, even
in the field, using the features described by Brindle (1961).

There has been considerable confusion in the past concerning the distribution, life
history and biology of X. ater. The present survey is an attempt to draw together
published, unpublished and new material in order to present an overview of what is
currently known about this species.

BACKGROUND TO THE PRESENT STUDY

Previously-published accounts of X. ater have incorporated localities in the British
Isles. However, such records are few, tending to be rather old and only approxi-
mately located. When, in 1979, the National Trust began a biological survey of
open-space properties in England and Wales, two characteristics concerning X. ater
began to emerge: (i) whilst the adult was seldom encountered, the larvae were found
with some frequency, and (ii) the larvae always occurred on sites which have had a
long and unbroken continuity of woodland cover, and were never found on sites
where the woodland was of recent (or ‘secondary’) origin. This survey has so far
generated over 80 new localities for X. ater, which have been supplemented by many
previously-unpublished records made by other entomologists. The resulting map
(Fig. 1) gives a very much more realistic picture of the range and distribution of this
species in the British Isles.

142 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Xylophagus

1970 - 1987
1950 - 1969
pre 1949

Verrall, 1909
approx. site

unconfirmed

(0) 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of Xylophagus ater Meigen in the British Isles, prepared
September, 1987.

DISTRIBUTION

The main concentration of records is seen to lie in the north and west of the
country. This is a well-known pattern, exhibited by many other organisms, usually
indicating an intolerance of the more extreme climatic conditions of the south east.
However, an interesting feature of the X. ater distribution is the presence of two
south-eastern concentrations of records corresponding to the New Forest and Weald
areas. The species appears to be completely absent elsewhere in the south east, or at

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 143

the very least extremely rare, despite the presence of seemingly suitable habitat, such
as the Windsor, Epping and Hatfield Forests for example. The reason for this is not
immediately clear. The possibility that the underlying cause is geological was
investigated, but seems unlikely despite initial appearances. The distribution does
not strictly conform to the Palaeozoic strata of the north and west, nor to the
calcifuge pattern shown by some other organisms. The most likely explanation would
seem to be climatic. Annual rainfall is higher in the north and west of the country, but
there is an additional belt of relatively higher rainfall extending across the southern
counties as far as Kent. Humidity levels also show a superficially similar pattern
(Perring and Walters, 1976). Climate-regulated distribution patterns tend to reflect a
complex interaction of temperature, humidity and rainfall factors, and this is most
probably the case with X. ater. The X. ater distribution is not unique: organisms such
as the snails Leiostyla anglica (Wood) (Mollusca: Pupillidae) and Zenobiella
subrufescens (Miller) (Mollusca: Helicidae), Beech Fern Phegopteris connectilis
(Michx) Watt and various lichens also seem to show this pattern. Several of these
species are also typical of ancient woodland sites. (Kerney and Stubbs, 1980;
Seaward and Hitch, 1982). The apparent paucity of records from Ireland is difficult
to explain if rainfall and humidity are the only factors involved. Speight (1980)
suggested that X. ater and other deadwood-inhabiting species may have been
widespread in Ireland, but became extinct as a result of the huge loss of indigenous
woodlands over the last century. However, Chandler (1982) and Speight (pers.
comm.) have reported several recent records, and it is likely that efforts directed at
finding the larva rather than the adult will reveal that the species is under-recorded in
Ireland, as was the case in Britain.

The European range of X. ater is given as northern and central Europe, extending
from Lapland to northern France (Seguy, 1926; Lundbeck, 1907). This would
suggest that temperature, particularly in winter, is not an important limiting factor
(P. T. Harding, pers. comm.).

HABITAT

It is apparent that X. ater is far more widely distributed in Britain than was
previously suspected, and that it occurs with some frequency in suitable habitats,
particularly in the north and west. With regard to habitat, an association with ancient
woodland sites has emerged that is much closer than has been suggested elsewhere.
‘Ancient woodland site’ is taken in this context to mean a site which has had an
unbroken continuity of tree cover of some kind, stretching back at least to the Middle
Ages, and usually far beyond. Such sites evidently retain some elements of the
characteristic fauna and flora of the post-glacial wildwood which once covered
virtually the whole of the British Isles (Harding and Rose, 1986). These ‘ancient
woodland species’ are not, or seldom, found in woodlands that are of secondary
origin, despite the presence of suitable mature timber habitats.

Of the total site data for X. ater, 63 per cent are known to be ancient woodland
sites, with a further 9 per cent very probably so. The remaining sites are either too
approximately located, or their characteristics are unknown to the authors. An
examination of the larval and pupal records alone probably gives an even more
reliable indication, since these are non-dispersive phases. Of these, 80 per cent are
known to be ancient sites with a further 4 per cent probably so. All of the sites known
personally by the authors are ancient ones, and we are not aware of any records from
a site which is unequivocably secondary, although we have examined many such sites
during the present study. Ancient woodland sites are not always immediately

144 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

obvious, and it would seem that _X. ater is able to withstand considerable modification
of the woodland habitat. It has been found on sites where few large old trees persist,
or where a large proportion of the native trees have been replaced by exotic species.
The larvae can utilize quite small timbers, and are not restricted to particular host
tree species. Many of the sites fall into the categories described by Harding and Rose
(1986) as ‘pasture woodlands’, including a number of commons and parklands. X.
ater is a fairly persistent species, remaining on sites where other, more sensitive
ancient woodland species have been lost. However, it is our experience that it does
not persist where the tree-cover has been interrupted for any length of time. It can, in
fact, reliably be considered as an ‘indicator species’ of ancient woodland sites.

X. ATER AS AN INDICATOR SPECIES

The value of certain invertebrates as ancient woodland indicators has been
realized for some time. The body of work by Harding (1976-1978) and others has
established the reliability of certain beetles particularly in this respect. These
indicators are very useful in the evaluation of woodland sites for conservation and
management purposes. The Diptera have received rather less attention, although
provisional lists (e.g. Harding, 1977; Stubbs, 1982) have been prepared. X. ater has
not previously featured on such lists.

In Harding and Rose (1986), the most recent work, a graded indicator system is
proposed for the Coleoptera considered indicative of ancient woodland sites, based
on the extent to which they have been consistently recorded from such areas. These
are virtually all saproxylic species, associated with mature, dead or decayed timber,
or with xylophilous fungi. Using the criteria in this report, X. ater would qualify as a
grade 2 (‘good’) indicator, ona scale of 1 (‘strong’) to 3 (‘weak’). This puts it on a par
with indicator beetles such as Plegaderus dissectus Erichson (Histeridae), Dienerella
separanda (Reitter) (Lathridiidae) and Dorcatoma_ chrysomelina Sturm
(Anobiidae).

SITUATION

The larvae and pupae of X. ater are found beneath the bark of dead trees. These
may be standing or fallen, in deep shade or full sunlight. The larvae may occur under
the bark of the trunk or the boughs, which may vary in size from very large to about
20 cm in diameter. The host tree is almost invariably a broadleaf, but may be one of a
number of species. We have records of larvae from the following (with frequencies):
oak (49), beech (27), birch (16), ash (13), elm (4), sycamore (3), willow spp. (3), lime
(2), Sweet Chestnut (2), rowan (2), aspen (1), hornbeam (1), alder (1) and hawthorn
(1). The record from elder, cited in Oldroyd (1969), is apparently a misprint of alder
(Brindle, 1961). Records from conifers are very rare. Verrall (1909) relates that
larvae occurred in Pinus sp. in the New Forest (a record which is challenged by
Brindle, 1961), and Chandler (1967) reported capturing females ‘flying up and down
the trunk of a partly dead pine’, on Thursley Common in Surrey. However, the only
unequivocal record known to us is that of Cooter (1977), who hatched _X. ater from
pupae taken from a decaying Scots Pine in the Linn of Dee. All three localities are
ancient woodland sites, the latter being ancient Caledonian pine forest. Habitat
details are lacking for a number of the known Scottish sites, but many are thought to
fall into this last category, a situation which is shared with the rarer and more-
restricted X. cinctus Degeer. The records of X. ater larvae from non-native trees such
as sycamore and Sweet Chestnut would suggest that it is the physical condition of the
timber which is important, rather than the host species, as would appear to be the

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 145

case amongst certain Longhorn beetles (Duffy, 1952). This is apparently not so for
X. cinctus, which is confined to conifer species, and which shows a very different
range and distribution pattern, both in Britain and the rest of the world. X. ater
larvae usually occur singly, or in small numbers, beneath bark which is still adhering
to the sapwood, although this state may vary from the condition at perhaps 1—2 years
after death, to the stage where the larger woodlice and millipedes begin to appear.

LIFE HISTORY

The life cycle and habits of this species have been speculated upon by many
authors, but the true situation remains unclear at the time of writing. The life cycle
probably takes 3 years, overwintering three times. Downes (1953) considered that
there was a minimum of five instars involved, based on head capsule measurements.
However, our experiments have shown this criterion to be very unreliable. Reared
final-instar larvae become dormant in early to mid November, and overwinter with
the temperature falling to a nightly average of 10°C, and occasionally as low as 5°C.
Activity recommences in late April with pupation in mid to late May. Pupation lasts
about 11 days. From the records known to relate to adults, the emergence period
extends from the Ist of May to the 23rd of August. However, the great majority fall
between the 15th of May and the 21st of June. Emergence appears to occur slightly
later in Scotland and the north of England.

The larval feeding habits are likewise unclear at present. Rearing experiments by
the authors suggest that the larva is a polyphagous scavenger, capable of surviving (in
the final instar at least) without recourse to predation or the consumption of dead
invertebrate remains. However, a wealth of published and personal observations
indicate that both of the latter occur. In captivity, Xylophagus larvae have been
known to show cannibalistic tendencies. It is hoped that further rearing experiments
will ultimately clarify these aspects of the life history, at which time the authors
intend to publish a fuller account.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks are due to Mr P. Skidmore (Doncaster Museum), Mr A. Brindle
(ex Manchester Museum), Mr P. J. Chandler, Dr A. G. Irwin (Norwich Museum),
Dr M. R. Shaw and Dr G. E. Rotheray (The Scottish Insect Records Index at the
Royal Scottish Museum). We would also like to thank Mr A. A. Allen, Dr S. Ball,
Mr I. Christie, Mr J. Cole, Mr J. Cooter, Mr S. Crellin, Dr R. H. L. Disney, Mr P.
Hodge, Mr S. Judd, Mr I. Morgan, Mrs M. J. Morgan, Mr I. Perry, Dr A. Simpson
and Dr M. C. D. Speight for making their records available. Geological advice was
provided by Mr A. Godfrey, and Mr P. Harding very kindly read and commented on
the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Brindle, A. 1961. Taxonomic notes on the larvae of British Diptera, pt. 2. The genus
Xylophagus Meigen. Entomologist 94: 144-148.

Brindle, A. & Smith, K. G. V. 1978. Key to the families of Diptera larvae. In Stubbs, A. E. and
Chandler, P. J. (eds.). A Dipterist’s Handbook. Amat. Ent. 15: 38-64.

Chandler, P. J. 1967. Diptera on Thursley Common, Surrey, in 1966. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 79: 19-21.

Chandler, P. J. 1982. Some Diptera of the Killarney area May 1981, including five species new
to Ireland. Ir. Nat. J. 20: 555-558.

146 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Chinery, M. 1986. Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. 319 pp. Collins,
London.

Collin, J. E. 1962. A species of Xylophagus (Diptera, Xylophagidae) new to Britain.
Entomologist 95: 272-274.

Cooter, J. 1977. Some uncommon insects captured on Deeside, 1977. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag. 113: 202.

Downes, J. A. 1953. Notes on the life-cycle of Xylophagus ater Mg. (Dipt., Rhagionidae).
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 89: 136-137.

Duffy, E. A. J. 1952. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Handbk. Ident. Br. Ins. 5
(12): 18 pp.
Harding, P. T. 1976-1978. [Series of reports concerning the fauna of the mature timber
habitat]. C.S. 7. Reports 65, 103, 159-164. Nature Conservancy Council, Banbury.
Harding, P. T. 1977. Fauna of the mature timber habitat: 2nd. Report. C.S.7. Report 103.
Nature Conservancy Council, Banbury.

Harding, P. T. & Rose, F. 1986. Pasture-Woodlands in Lowland Britain. 89 pp. Institute of
Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton.

Kerney, M. P. & Stubbs, A. E. 1980. The Conservation of Snails, Slugs and Freshwater Mussels.
22 pp. Nature Conservancy Council, London.

Krivosheina, N. P. & Mamayev, B. M. 1972. A review of Palearctic species of the genus
Xylophagus Meig. (Diptera, Xylophagidae). Ent. Rev. Wash. 51: 258-267.

Lundbeck, W. 1907. Diptera Danica. 1. Stratiomyidae etc. 166 pp. Copenhagen.

Oldroyd, H. 1969. Diptera: Brachycera. (a). Tabanoidea and Asiloidea. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.
Handbk. Ident. Br. Ins. 9 (4): 132 pp.

Perring, F. H. & Walters, S. M. (eds) 1976. Atlas of the British Flora. 2nd. Edn. Botanical
Society of the British Isles. xxvi + 1-432. E.P. Publishing, Wakefield.

Seaward, M. R. D. & Hitch, C. J. B. (eds) 1982. Atlas of the Lichens of the British Isles. 1.
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Cambridge.

Seguy, E. 1926. Diptera (Brachycéres). Stratiomyidae etc. Faune de France. 13: 308 pp.
Lechevalier, Paris.

Speight, M. C. D. 1980. Brachypalpus laphriformis (Diptera: Syrphidae) in Ireland and its
probable demise. Jr. Nat. J. 20: 70-72.

Stubbs, A. E. 1982. Hoverflies as primary woodland indicators with reference to Wharncliffe
Wood. Sorby Record 20: 62-67.

Verall, G. H. 1909. Stratiomyidae etc. British Flies. 5: 780 pp. London.

ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF RECORDS

Audcent, H. L. F. 1948. Bristol Insect Fauna: Diptera Orthorrhapha. Proc. Bristol Naturalist’s
Soc. 27: 409-470.

Carr, J. W. 1916. The Invertebrate Fauna of Nottinghamshire. vii + 1-618. J. and H. Bell,
Nottingham.

Christie, I. C. 1985. Two insects from the Loch Lomond N.N.R. Glasg. Nat. 21: 113.

Cowley, J. (Recorder) 1953. Entomological report. Proc. Somerset arch. nat. Hist. Soc. 98:
152-153.

Hammond, C. O. 1970. [Exhibition notice]. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 3: 124.

Luff, M. & Selman, B. J. 1977. The Diptera of Castle Eden Dene. Vasculum. 62: 32-40.

South West Yorkshire Entomological Society. 1920. The 18th Annual General Meeting. The
Naturalist. 759 (533): 122.

Stubbs, A. E. 1980. [Exhibition notice] Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 12.

Walsh, G. B. & Rimmington, F. C. (eds.) 1956. The Natural History of the Scarborough
District. vol. 2. Scarborough Field Naturalist’s Society, Scarborough.

Yorkshire Naturalist’s Union. 1917. Entomological Section Annual Report for 1916. The
Naturalist. 720 (496): 42.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 147
THE 1986 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART I: REPORT

by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Ladies and Gentlemen—You will have gathered from the reports of the Council,
of the Hon. Treasurer and other officers that the Society continues to flourish and
that the membership now stands at 708.

I wish to say how very much I have enjoyed the privilege of once again being your
President. My term of office has been particularly pleasant owing to the help and
support given me by our Hon. Secretary Dr Muggleton, our Hon. Treasurer Col.
Sterling and other members of Council, and I now express my personal thanks to
them all.

It is my sad duty to refer to the loss we have suffered by the death of four of our
members.

Mr LESLIE FREDERICK CRICK who was elected in 1967, was born on 25th August
1908 and died on 2nd September 1985. He was employed in the overseas department
of the Bank of England, and during his extensive travels, collected butterflies in the
Americas, in Europe and in Africa.

Mr W. Lewis RuDLAND, F.R.E.S., who was interested in micro- and macro-
lepidoptera, was born on 27th April 1908 and died on 23rd February 1986. A native
of Reading, he worked there until 1952 when he moved to Willesborough, Kent,
being in the Entomology Section of the Ministry of Agriculture at Wye. He retired in
1970 to West Wales, and on leaving Kent, gave his collection partly to Wye College
and partly to Maidstone Museum. His Pembrokeshire records on cards and in
exercise books which he kept meticulously up until his death, are at Scolton Manor
Museum, Spittle near Haverfordwest. Rudland joined the Society in 1932 and was
thus one of its oldest members.

Mr HuGH SUTHERLAND RoBinson, F.R.E.S., who was elected in 1949, was born on
the 19th February 1907 and died on 10th April 1986. Many will be aware of the
significance to British entomology, of his and his brother’s development of the
‘Robinson trap’ and the active part played by numerous members of this society in its
utilization in the early 1950s resulting in many discoveries’.

The Reverend JOHN NEVILLE MARCON, a member since 1932, died on the 16th June
last. His chief interest lay in British butterfly varieties, and his magnificent collection
of these, many of them taken by himself, was one of the richest ever assembled by a
private individual. It was sold by auction in 1942, 1947 and 1948, the sale lasting 6
days. Since then, he formed a second collection which he gave to his nephew Mr J.
N. D’Arcy, a member of this society. John Marcon was born on 26th May 1903, and
was thus in his 84th year at the time of his death.

We have already stood as a tribute to the memory of our lost friends, and I shall not
ask you to do so again.

I now propose briefly to review the past year in regard to some of the more
interesting Lepidoptera that have been noted, as well as to mention those species of
all insect orders that have been added to the British List in 1986.

Generally speaking, 1986 seems to have been a disappointing year entomologic-
ally, though there have been a number of interesting species noted, including the
following migrant or suspected migrant lepidoptera: Colias hyale L. (or C. australis
Verity, since the observer C. J. Luckens was unable to net it), one in Hants.
Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (Golden Twin-spot), taken by J. R. Langmaid and new to
Kent. C. acuta Walker (Tunbridge Wells Gem), one in Kent, one in Suffolk.
Actinotis polyodon Clerck (Purple Cloud), one by A. J. Dewick, Bradwell-on-Sea,

148 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Essex. Trachea atriplicis L. (Orache Moth), Kent (one, new to the County); Essex
(2); Suffolk (1); last seen in Britain in 1915. Agrotis crassa Hiibn. (Great Dart),
Sussex, one by M. W. F. Tweedie; the first English occurrence. Deltote deceptoria
Scop. (Pretty Marbled), Norfolk, (1). Semiothisa signaria Hibn. (Dusky Peacock),
Sussex (2); Kent (2). Details of all these together with those of many other migrant
lepidoptera in 1986, will shortly appear in an account in the Entomologist’s Record by
R. F. Bretherton and myself.

There have also been some remarkable microlepidoptera noted in 1986, including
Acrolepiopsis marcidella Curt., taken at Wickham, Hants., by J. R. Langmaid, the
first of the species since 1892. Aplota palpella Haw. , Savernake Forest, Wilts., by D.
H. Sterling, apparently the first for many years. Parornix carpinella Frey, by A. M.
Emmet’; confused in the past with P. fagivora Frey. Cydia corollana Hibn., one by
P. J. Jewess, Orlestone, Kent, 26.v.1982, but only lately determined by genitalia
dissection; the only other British corollana was taken in Hunts. about 1850; the larva
feeds in galls of the cerambycid beetle Saperda populnea (L.) in aspen twigs, and is a
suspected resident moth in Kent. All these and many other interesting micros noted
in 1986 are expected to appear in a paper by D. J. L. Agassiz in the Entomologist’s
Record.

Two microlepidoptera and one macrolepidopteron were added to the British List.
These are:

(1) Syncopacma suecicella Wolff (Gelechiidae), reared by R. J. Heckford? from
larvae found in Cornwall in spun leaves of Genista pilosa L.

(2) Scrobipalpa klimeschi Povolny (Gelechiidae), Chippenham Fen, Cambs., two
taken by D. J. L. Agassiz®, 22.vi.1972, but not determined until 1985 and published
in 1986. The larva is suspected of mining the leaves of Centaurea nigra L.

(3) Mesapamea remmi Rezbanyei-Reser’ (Noctuidae), two taken at Weyhill,
Hants. by our member M. Jordan and exhibited by him at the 1986 Annual
Exhibition. In appearance M. remmiis similar to M. secalis L., and so may be present
as yet unrecognized in series of secalis in collections. The species was described as
new to science as recently as December 1985.

DipTERA. Twelve species, of which three are especially noteworthy as being new to
science: a phorid Obscuriphora sheppardi Disney, collected in a malaise trap at
Stoneleigh, Warwickshire®. A tephritid Paroxyna solidaginis White’, recognized as
distinct from P. loewiana Hendel, with which it had been confused; both species
develop in the flower heads of Solidago virgaurea L. (Golden Rod). And a new grass
midge, cecidomyiid Sitodiplosis phalaridis Abbass, from material reared from
inflorescences of Phalaris arundinacea L. at Fletcher's Moss, Manchester’. The
other new species are: Sepsis nigripes Meig. and Themira biloba Andersson (both
Sepsidae)''; Thecocarcelia acutangulata Macquart (Tachinidae), recognized in the
BMNH collection, a known parasite of the Essex Skipper in Austria’; Platypalpus
articulatoidea Frey (Empididae) from E. Anglia'*'*; Medetera striata Parent
(Dolichopodidae)'?; Cecidomyia magna Mohn (Cecidomyiidae), larvae feeding on
resin from Norway Spruce!®; Diastata ornata Meig. (Diastatidae), previously
confused with D. nebulosa Fall.'’; Bryophaenocladius muscicola Kieffer (Chirono-
midae), re-described from a pair in cop. taken Axmouth/Lyme Regis NNR‘; and
Cheilosia argentifrons Hellen. (Syrphidae), from carr woodland in two Irish
localities’’.

CoLLEMBOLA. Three species new to Britain. Proisotoma filifera Denis; P. fitchi
Denis; and Yaukianura aphoruroidea Yosii, all in earthworm rearing beds at
Rothamsted, Herts”’.

ACARINA. One species new to Britain. A bat mite Macronyssus diversipilis

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 149

Vitzthum (Mesostigma: Macronyssidae)”!.

HEMIPTERA-HoMopTeRA. One_ species, Cicadella lasiocarpae Ossiannilsson
(Auchenorhyncha), Cors Erddreiniog, Anglesey, on Carex lasiocarpa Ehth.”*.

COLEOPTERA. Seventeen species added to the list. Asaphidion curtum Heyd. and
A. stierlinii Heyd. (Carabidae), both species lately split off from A. flavipes (L.)**.
Oreodytes alpinus (Payk.) (Dytiscidae) discovered in Caithness**. Euplectus
bonvouloirirosae (Raff.) (Pselaphidae), in a Liverpool park (T. Eccles and S.
Bowestead per A. A. Allen). Atrotrichis sanctaehelena Johnson (Ptiliidae), one
example (C. Johnson per A. A. Allen). Choleva elongata (Payk.) (Cholevidae),
from mole nests, Chedgrave and Billingford, Norfolk (M. Collier per A. A. Allen).
Selatosomus melancholicus (Fab.) (Elateridae), Co. Mayo”. Corticaria abietorum
(Mots.), reared from spruce cones, Loch Garten NNR (J. A. Owen). Melano-
phthalma curticollis (Manneth.); M. suturalis (Mannerh.) (all three Lathridiidae);
the last two species having been confused under M. transversalis (Woll.)*°. Mordella
leucaspis (Kiist.), Sussex, Wilts, confused with M. holomelaena Apf.?’; Mordel-
listena pseudopumila Erm., M. parvuloides Erm., M. acuticollis Schil., M.
nanuloides Erm. confused with M. parvula (Gyll.)** (all seven Mordellidae).
Bruchela rufipes (Ol.) (Anthribidae), on Reseda (P. Hyman per A. A. Allen).

HyMENOPTERA. Eighteen species, of which two are particularly noteworthy as
being new to science, Gonatocerus minor Matthews, widely distributed in S.
England; and G. rogersi Matthews known only from a single specimen in a Malaise
trap, Awbridge, Hants. The Gonatocerus species are egg parasitoids of Homoptera.
The other species new to Britain are: G. longior Soyka; G. thyrides Debauche”’;
Microdus lugubrator Ratz., a parasite of Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.); Agathis
artemisiana Fischer; A. assimilis Kokujev; A. glabricula Thomson, a parasite of C.
troglodytella (Dup); A. meridionella Fischer, a parasite of Chrysoesthia drurella (F.)
and C. sexguttella (Thunb.); A. minuta Niezabitowski, a parasite of Coleophora
glaucicolella Wood; A. tibialis Nees, a parasite of Apoda bifractella (Dup.) and
Ptocheuusa paupella (Zell.); A. rostrata Tobias and A. varipes Thomson are
parasites of Eurhodope cirrigerella (Zinck.) and Metzneria lappella (L.)*°.
Coleocentrus exitator Poda (Ichneumonidae), Rannoch, Perthshire*’; Opius
phytobiae Fischer; O. filicornis Thomson; O. curvatus Fischer; O. fulvicollis
Thomson (all four Braconidae)”.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

For most species of ‘other’ insect orders added to the British List in 1986, I am
indebted to Mr A. A. Allen, Mr P. J. Chandler, Mr W. R. Dolling, Professor J. A.
Owen and Mr K. G. V. Smith, for kindly drawing my attention to them and in some
cases supplying particulars.

REFERENCES

1. Robinson, H. S. & P. J. M. 1950. Some notes on the observed behaviour of Lepidoptera in
flight in the vicinity of light-sources together with a description of a light-trap designed to
take entomological samples. Entomologist’s Gaz. 1: 3-20.
. [Marcon, J. N.] 1942. Catalogue of sale of British butterflies , 3.xii.1942. Debenham & Storr.
. Marcon, J. N. 1947-48. Catalogue of sale of British butterflies. Parts 1-4, 22.x.1947,
19.xi.1947, 21.1.1948, 18.ii.1948. Debenham & Storr.
4. Emmet, A. M. 1986. Parornix carpinella (Frey, 1863) a distinct species from P. fagivora
(Frey, 1861) (Lep.: Gracillariidae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 144-146.

5. Heckford, R. J. 1986. Syncopacma suecicella (Wolff) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) new to the
British Isles. Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 87-89, plt. 2.

6. Agassiz, D. J. L. 1986. Scrobipalpa klimeschi Povolny (Lep.: Gelechiidae) new to Britain.

Wh

150

~

Ge

.S

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 33-35.

. Rezbanyei-Reser, L. 1985. Mesapamea — studien Il Mesapamea remmi sp.n. aus de Sch

sowie Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Westpalaearktischen Arten der Gattung Mesapamea
Heinicke 1959 (Lep.: Noctuidae). Ent. Bericht (Luzern) 14: 127-148.

Disney, R. H. L. 1986. A new genus of scuttle-fly (Diptera: Phoridae) from England. Zool.
J. Linn. Soc. 87: 85-89.

White, I. M. 1986. A new species of Paroxyna Hendel and notes on the nomenclature of
other British Tephritidae (Diptera). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 153-156.

. Abbass, A. K. 1986. A new species of grass midge (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae) infesting the

inflorescences of Phalaris arundinacea L. in Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 65-71.

. Pont, A. C. 1986. Two additions to the list of British Sepsidae (Diptera) Entomologist’s

mon. Mag. 122: 91-92.

. Wyatt, N. P. 1986. Thecocarcelia acutangulata (Macquart) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) new to

Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 203-204.

. Allen A. A. 1986. Platypalpus articulatoides (Frey) (Dipt.: Empididae) new to Britain.

Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 177-179.

. Perry, I. 1986. The flies of Quy Fen. Nat. Cambs. 28: 57.
. Dyte, C. E. 1986. [Exhibit of Medetera striata Parent (Dipt.: Dolichopidae)]. Proc. Trans.

Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 74.

. Martin, A. F. 1986. Cecidomyia magna (Mohn) (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae) new to Britain.

Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 253.

. Chandler, P. J. 1986. The British species of Diastata Meigen and Campichoeta Macquart

(Dipt.: Drosophiloidea). Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 9-16.

. Pinder, L. C. V. & Armitage, P. D. 1986. The male and female of Bryophaenocladius

muscicola (Kieffer), based on new material from England (Dipt.: Chironomidae). Ent.
Scand. 17: 137-142.

. Speight, M. C. D. 1986. Cheilosia argentifrons (Dipt.: Syrphidae) new to Ireland; Donacia

cinerea (Col.: Chrysomelidae) and Palloptera muliebris (Dipt.: Pailopteridae) presence in
Ireland confirmed. /r. Nat. J. 22: 159-160.

. Greenslade P. & Fletcher, K. E. 1986. Collembola from earthworm rearing beds at

Rothamsted, including three new records from Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122:
143-144.

. Martyn, K. P. 1986. Macronyssus diversipilis (Vitzthum) (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae),

a bat mite new to the British Isles. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 137-143.

. [LeQuesne, W. J.], 1986. An addition to the British list. Auchenorhyncha Recording

Scheme Newsletter 6: 1.

. Speight, M. C. D., Martinez, M. & Luff, M. L. 1986. The Asaphidion (Col.: Carabidae)

species occurring in Great Britain and Ireland. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 19: 17-
PANG

. Foster, G. & Spirit, M. 1986. Oreodytes alpinus Payk. Balfour-Brown Club Newsletter 36:

1

. Speight, M. C. D. 1986. Asaphidion curtum, Dorylomorpha maculata, Selatosomus

melancholicus and Syntormon miki: insects new to Ireland. Jr. Nat. J. 22: 20-23.

. Johnson, C. 1986. Notes on some Palaearctic Melanophthalma Motschulsky (Col.:

Latridiidae), with special reference to transversalis auctt. Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 117-126.

. Batten, R. 1986. A review of the British Mordellidae (Col.). Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 225—

235.

28. Allen, A. A. 1986. On the British species of Mordellistena Costa (Col: Mordellidae)

resembling parvula Gyll. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 47-S0.

. Matthews, M. J. 1986. The British species of Gonatocerus Nees (Hym.: Mymaridae), egg

parasitoids of Homoptera. Sys. Ent. 11: 213-219.

. Nixon, G. E. J. 1986. A revision of the European Agathinae (Hym.: Braconidae). Bull. Br.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Entomology) 52 (3): 183-242.

_ Shaw, M. R. 1986. Coleocentrus excitator (Poda) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) new to Britain.

Entomologist’s Gaz. 37: 221-224.

. Godfray, H. C. J. 1986. Four species of Opius (Hym.: Braconidae) new to Britain.

Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 122: 127.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 1S1

THE 1986 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS PART II
MORE NOTES ON THE COLEOPHORIDAE

by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

These notes supplement those in my address to the Society 12 years ago
(Chalmers-Hunt, 1975a). Since then there have been some signal discoveries among
the Coleophoridae, notably the addition of six species new to the British List, and
including one new to science. Furthermore, another six species that had not been
seen for many years, were rediscovered during the same period. I intend talking
about all these and others in due course, but first wish to say a few words on perhaps
the most remarkable feature concerning the Coleophoridae.

The Coleophoridae are particularly interesting because of their portable habit-
ations or larval cases, which owing to their characteristic shape usually provide the
easiest and most ready means of identification. In general, there are six different
sorts of case among the Coleophoridae, based on the materials used in their
construction.

1. The tubular case: pipe or roller-shaped. Usually made of parchment-like
material, sometimes covered with grains of detritus (e.g. C. inulae and C. atriplicis).

2. The lobe case: covered with pieces of leaves which stick out on all sides. Larger
in front and sometimes coil-shaped at the back (e.g. C. saturatella).

3. The sheath case: straight or slightly curved with the sides flattened and having a
distinct abdominal edge (e.g. C. vibicigerella.)

4. The pistol case: pistol-shaped, made of silk, blackened by a glandular secretion
of cement and having a markedly wrinkled appearance (e.g. C. currucipennella).

5. The leaf case: made of leaves closely woven together (e.g. C. alnifoliae).

6. The seed case: irregular in shape. Made of a hollowed seed capsule of the
foodplant (e.g. C. tricolor).

As many of the following records are for Kent, only extra-Kentish localities have
the name of the county added. The nomenclature is based on that of Bradley &
Fletcher (1986), with the addition of the occasional synonym.

Augasma aeratella Zell. The late Dr D. A. B. Macnicol took a specimen of this rare
moth at Wimborne, Dorset on 24.vii.1956 (Macnicol, 1958), since when there has
been no other record of its occurrence. The curious blackish pod-like galls are made
by the larva from its foodplant knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare L.).

Metriotes lutarea Haw. (modestella Dup.). This is one of the most curious and
mystifying of all the Coleophoridae. It seems we still have no reliable knowledge of
the larva, case or foodplant of this locally common moth, despite enquiries of
microlepidopterists both here and abroad. The description by Meyrick and others, of
the larva, and that it occurs in the seed capsules of Stellaria holostea L. and later ina
portable case made from a seed capsule, remains unconfirmed. Uffen (1979) makes
the intriguing observation that if S. holostea is the foodplant, the pabulum could be
fallen seeds or even running stems in leaf-litter. Clearly more research is needed
while bearing the latter suggestion in mind.

Goniodoma limoniella Stt. An interesting feature of this saltmarsh species, whose
larva feeds on the flowers of Sea Lavender (Limonium vulgare Mill.), and whose case
is made from a floret of the foodplant, is that when full grown it bores into the stem
making a short tunnel wherein it hibernates, leaving the case sticking out from it.
Occasionally several affect the same stem, as here illustrated.

152 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

C. albella. Female abdomen showing living larvae. (After Toll, 1962.)

Coleophora albella Thunb. (leucapennella Hb.). This extremely local and rare
moth has long been known as leucapennella Hb. On 14.vii.1986, I visited the marshy
spot near Wickwar, Glos. where I took the species in 1970 and 1973, but was
dismayed on seeing that the vegetation there had been cut and the cuttings removed.
However, in 1985, Raymond Uffen (pers. comm.) found larvae nearby and so it is
hoped the species still survives in what may be its only locality in Britain (Uffen,
1985). The moth is viviparous, and Toll (1962; plt 1W, Fig. 5) shows diagrammatic-
ally the female abdomen containing living larvae.

C. coracipennella Hb. This species was rediscovered in 1975 by S.E. Whitebread
(1975, 1976, 1977), to whom I am indebted for introducing me to the locality in West
Kent where he found it. As a result, from cases I collected on apple on 17.v.1976,
moths were reared 18—22.vi.1976.

C. prunifoliae Doets. Robert Heckford, who in 1980 added this species to the
British List (Heckford, 1980), kindly gave me five cases from S. Devon, 6.vi.1980,
which produced moths 15—22.vi.1980. Since then the species has been found in
Cornwall, Essex, Sussex, Wilts., Somerset, Hants. and quite likely elsewhere.

C. adjectella H.-S. A species newly recognized as British by Emmet (1980), having
previously been confused with C. badiipennella Dup. and C. milvipennis Zell. The
cases can either be collected in the autumn or spring, but in my experience they are
more easily found after hibernation shortly before the sloe comes into bloom.
Dartford Heath, cases on sloe 12.x.1979 and 4.v.1980, moths reared 1+4. vii.1980.

C. alnifoliae Bar. Until recently there appeared to be doubt as to whether this and
C. milvipennis Zell. were distinct. However, Uffen (1979) gave a readily identifiable
distinguishing character in that the final (spring) case of alnifoliae is 10-11 mm. long,
whereas that of milvipennis is only 8-9 mm.

C. hydrolapathella Hering. First taken by T. N. D. Peet at Hickling, Norfolk, in
1975 and new to Britain (Peet, 1978). I am indebted to Tim Peet for showing me the
locality, and on 3.vii.1976 I disturbed several moths from amongst the foodplant, and
on 3.x.1976 collected cases on seeds of Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. (Great Water
Dock) or fixed to the stem of the plant, from which moths emerged 4.vii.1977. The
species has since been found at Thorpness, Suffolk by Uffen (1984) and at Catfield,
Norfolk by Langmaid (1980).

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 153

C. trigeminella Fuchs. This species was rediscovered in 1974 by S. E. Whitebread
(1975, 1976, 1977), who kindly took me to his locality in W. Kent on 25.iv.1976.
There I collected a number of cases on hawthorn and one on apple; all of these fixed
for pupation by 10.v.1976, and from them in due course moths appeared 8—
11.vi.1976, also a small hymenopterous parasite. The apple case was well
camouflaged being placed vertically and pressed against the length of the shoot upon
which the larva was feeding; the hawthorn cases were also well concealed, the larvae
feeding on the unopened flower buds. The larva is reddish-brown, head and plate
very dark brown. The species has since been noted in Surrey, East Kent, Yorkshire
(Beaumont, 1982) and Essex (Emmet, 1981).

C. binderella Koll. Up until 1978, I had only succeeded in finding three cases of this
local species, all on Alnus glutinosa (L.). However, on 4.vi.1978, J. R. Langmaid
kindly took me to a locality at Havant, Hants where the cases were plentiful on A.
incana (L.), from which I reared a series 7—16.vii.1978.

C. frischella L. I have never taken this species, but possess two specimens captured
by the late D. W. H. Ffennell at Martyr Worthy near Winchester, Hants, a female on
22.v.1964 and a male on 21.v.1971 (Ffennell, 1976). A. M. Emmet reared a single
frischella on 23.vi.1986 from a Centaurea nigra L. seedhead he collected at Lewes,
Sussex on 27.xii.1985, which he exhibited at the Society on 1.xi.1986. This is the only
instance to my knowledge of the finding of any of the early stages in Britain.
Although Trifolium repens L. has been repeatedly cited as a foodplant in the British
literature, all the references were based upon extra-British occurrence.

C. fuscicornis Zell. This species was discovered at Fingringhoe, Essex, as new to
Britain on 26.v.1973, by A. M. Emmet (Emmet & Uffen, 1975), who kindly gave me
details of the locality. On 3.vi.1974 I saw 15 moths there of which I kept four. From
the few cases I collected on Vicia tetrasperma (L.) on 9.vii.1974, I reared a single
specimen 3.vi.1975 and several hymenopterous parasites (Chalmers-Hunt, 1975b).
Fuscicornis has since been found at Little Oakley, Essex by R. W. J. Uffen, but to my
knowledge nowhere else.

C. tricolor Walsingham. After some clever detective work, this exceedingly local
species was rediscovered in Norfolk by R. W. J. Uffen on 23.vii.1963 (Uffen, 1963).
In 1983, J. R. Langmaid found it at Barton Mills, Suffolk (Langmaid, 1984).

C. ochrea Haw. Punfield Cove near Swanage, Dorset. On 6.vi.1976, S. C. S.
Brown and I collected for the first time in our experience, a number of the distinctly
shaped pale greyish-ochreous cases on Helianthemum chamaecistus Mill. From those
that I took, I reared four moths, the first emerging on 26.vii.1976 and the last on
8.viii.1976. In 1982 and 1983, Heal (1984a) discovered two colonies near Chatham,
in 1983 it was found by Simpson (1984) in Glamorgan; and in 1984 by Newton (1985)
at Stroud, Glos.

C. currucipennella Zell. Hoads Wood, five moths were taken at light by N. F. Heal
and P. J. Jewess, 13.vii.1979 (Heal, 1980). Long Rope, Orlestone, at light
9.vii.1982(1), 16.vii.1983(1), both by me, and others since by various people. I have
no records of the species from elsewhere during the past decade or so, and no record
of the larva despite close search for the case in both Hoads Wood and Long Rope.
Possibly the larva is a high canopy feeder, and if so this could account for our lack of
success.

C. vibicella Hbn. Goss & Bower (1908) give Chattenden as a Kent locality, and I
possess five of A. B. Farn’s ‘Kent, 1883’ specimens, but know of no other records for
Kent. This is the biggest British Coleophorid and has a large and handsome case.

154 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

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\

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 155

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( {UN at
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ae es

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1: C. alnifoliae. 2: C. vibicigerella. 3: C. inulae. 4: C. tricolor. 5: C. currucipennella. 6: C.
saturatella. 7: C. fuscicornis. 8: G. limoniella. 9: C. aestuariella (a), C. deviella (b) and C.
atriplicis (c). 10: C. linosyridella. 11: C. tricolor on grass. 12: C. prunifoliae small and full-grown
cases. 13: C. adjectella. 14: C. gardesanella. 15: C. vulnerariae. 16: A. aeratella galls. 17: C.
serpylletorum. 18: C. fuscicornis. 19: C. linosyridella. 20: A. aeratella. 21: C. gardesanella. 22:
C. coracipennella. 23: C. prunifoliae. 24: C. adjectella. 25: C. serpylletorum. 26: C.

clypeiferella.

156 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

According to Philp (1982), the foodplant Genista tinctoria L. (Dyer’s Greenweed)
occurs at Chattenden, so it would be interesting to know if vibicella still exists there.

C. vibicigerella Zell. This is one of the rarest and most local of all the
Coleophoridae. It was rediscovered in Britain by R. W. J. Uffen at Shellness on
24.v.1980, while in the company of N. F. Heal and myself, both of whom on that date
also took a few larvae there on Artemisia maritima L. My emergence dates are: 9—
13.vii.1980.

C. serpylletorum Her. Since last writing on this species (Chalmers-Hunt, 1975a),
there has been a remarkable extension of its known range. Thus, on 3.vili.1982, a
female was taken at light by N. F. Heal (Heal, 1984b) at Sandwich; and in 1976, it
occurred to A. N. B. Simpson at Cadgwith in West Cornwall (Simpson, 1981). At the
Annual Exhibition of the Society on 1.xi.1986, J. R. Langmaid stated the N. Wales
form differs from the Cornish one.

C. vulnerariae Zell. Slides were shown of the cases on Anthyllis vulneraria L.
(Kidney Vetch), together with the moth, all collected by G. W. Bird at St Margaret’s
Bay about 1890. This species has not been seen for about a century.

C. saturatella Stt. Having never before found this attractive case, I was delighted
when at Dartford Heath on 5.vii.1977, John Roche showed me where and how to
locate them. They were numerous, all fixed fairly high up on broom and quite
conspicuous. From those collected, moths started emerging 10.vii.1977.

C. lassella Stdgr. Although constantly on the look out for it, I have never had the
good fortune to take this curiously unpredictable species. Most of the records are of
singletons widely scattered, though with indications of a maritime or sub-maritime
distribution. The early stages and foodplant are as yet unknown. The following are
the only British records of its occurrence known to me: Burren, Clare, vi.1951; new
to Britain (Bradley, 1952). Glengarriff area, W. Cork, vi. 1952 (Bradley, 1953). Near
Cloonkeen and Lauragh, Kerry, 29.v.—2.vi.1962 (Mere, Bradley & Pelham-Clinton,
1964). Southampton, Hants., 19.vi.1968 (D. J. L. Agassiz; Goater, 1974). Arne,
Dorset, six males, two females at light, 6—-12.vi.1970 (E. S. Bradford in litt.).
Predannack, Cornwall, 15.vi.1977 (Heckford, 1981). Thornden Wood, Blean,
9.vi.1979, (Bradford, 1980). Axminster, Devon, 1983 (Pelham-Clinton, 1984).
Kynance, Cornwall, 13.vi.1986 (J. R. Langmaid, exhibited at Society on 1.xi. 1986).
A total of some 18 specimens.

C. inulae Wocke. The known range of this exceedingly local species has been
greatly extended of late. Herne Bay, a single case on Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) found
by E. S. Bradford (Agassiz, 1985), moth emerged 2.vii.1983. Carnarvonshire (1974),
Michaelis (1975, 1976).

C. linosyridella Fuchs. Sheppey, 18.vi.1978, discovered by N. F. Heal as new to
Britain (Heal & Uffen, 1981). From larvae I took there on Aster tripolium L..,
24.v.1980, moths emerged 23.vii—7. viii. 1980. Besides Kent, /inosyridella also occurs
in Essex (Agassiz, 1981), but has not been found elsewhere to my knowledge.

C. gardesanella Toll (machinella Bradl.: maritimella Machin). Rediscovered in
Britain by J. R. Langmaid, who took cases at Botley Wood, Hants, on Achillea
ptarmica L. in 1977 (Langmaid, 1982). In 1978, Langmaid also found the larva on
Artemisia vulgaris (L.) Langmaid (1985). From cases I collected at Botley Wood, on
A. ptarmica 3.vi.1978, moths emerged late vii.1978; and from cases I collected on
Sheppey on Artemisia maritima L., 7.x.1984, moths emerged from 30.vi.1985.

C. ramosella Zell. Up until 1982, this species was only known in the British Isles

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 157

from the west coast of Ireland, but on 23.v.1982, N. F. Heal and P. J. Jewess
discovered cases on Solidago virgaurea L. (Golden Rod) some 500 miles away in
Thornden Wood, Blean, Kent, from which moths were reared 26.vi-—10. viii. 1982
(Heal, 1983a).

Poulsallah, Clare, on 9.vi.1977, I found cases on S. virgaurea L., together with two
moths, one of which was worn—a very early date it seems (but are there two
generations per annum?). In 1981, I took two moths at Fanore, Clare on 28. viii; and
found cases at Rinnamona, Clare on 8.vi.1977, moths reared 25-30. vii.1977.

C. therinella Tengst. The case and foodplant of this rare species appear still to be
unknown, at least in Britain, and since I last took the moth in 1965, I have seen no
others myself. However, E. C. Pelham-Clinton (1984) records one at Williton,
Somerset in 1983; Goater (1974) cites a number from Hants; also from Hants. (a
favoured county for therinella it seems), J. R. Langmaid took it at Southsea in 1986
(exhibited 1.xi.1986); D. H. Sterling (in Jitt.) at Winchester, Hants the same year;
and M. Corley (exhibited 1.xi.1986) took it also in 1986 at Buckland Warren near
Faringdon, Oxfordshire. Toll (1962: plt. 4S, fig. 55) claims to illustrate the case.
Patzak (1974) gives Carduus and Cirsium as foodplants on the continent.

C. deviella Zell. (suaedivora Meyr.; moeniacella auct.). On 9.x.1982, R. & A.
Fairclough rediscovered this species when they took cases on the ‘Essex saltings’ on
Suaeda (Fairclough, 1984). Sheppey, I took cases on Suaeda maritima (L.), 7.x.1984,
from which I reared the moths 30.vi.—10.vii. 1985.

C. aestuariella Brad. This species was described as new to science on the basis of
its discovery by N. F. Heal in Kent in 1981 (Bradley, 1984). Iam indebted to Norman
Heal for showing me where and how to find the cases. Sheppey, on 7.x.1985, I found
cases plentifully on Suaeda maritima (L.), moth emerged 31.vii.1986.

C. murinipennella Dup. Mitcham Common, Surrey, 27.vii.1975, cases on Luzula
campestris (L.); cases abundant on soil and detritus around the base of L. campestris
plants, larvae also feeding on fallen seeds, 17.vii.1977, from which the first moth
emerged 22.v.1978 (Chalmers-Hunt, 1978). I am not aware of any previous rearing
of this species.

C. caespititella Zell. (agrammella Wood). Ashtead, Surrey, a single case on Juncus
effusus L., 13.ix.1978, is the only one of this small coleophorid that I have found so
far.

C. salicorniae Wocke. This and the next species have subterranean pupae.
Stonelees, one at mercury vapour light 26.viii.1984. Stoke Saltings, 16.x.1984,
abundant signs of feeding on Salicornia, but I was clearly too late for the larvae, most
having already entered the mud. N. F. Heal (pers. comm.) identified its foodplants in
Kent as Salicornia fragilis, S. europaea L. and S. ramosissima Woods (Heal, 19835).

C. clypeiferella Hofm. The first knowledge of its occurrence in Britain was due to
L. T. Ford, who misidentified a moth he took at Dymchurch on 6.vili.1934 as C.
salicorniae (Chalmers-Hunt, 1981). West Wickham, one at light 2.viii.1977.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am most grateful to Mr R. W. J. Uffen for the loan of slides to accompany this
paper, and to Mr S. N. A. Jacobs, for the drawings. I also thank Miss Carol
Breadmore (Library, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural
History)) for bibliographical assistance; Mr M. J. Simmons, the Society’s lanternist;
and Mr E. S. Bradford, for the loan of Coleophora lassella for exhibition.

158 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

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PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 159

ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 12.
Langmaid, J. R. 1985. Coleophora gardesanella Toll (Lep.: Coleophoridae) feeding on
Artemisia vulgaris, a previously unrecorded foodplant. Entomologist’s Gaz. 36: 46.
MacNicol, D. A. B. 1958. Pammene aurantiana Stdgr. and Augasma aeratellum Zell. in Dorset.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 70: 86.

Mere, R. M., Bradley, J. D. & Pelham-Clinton, E. C. 1964. Lepidoptera in Ireland, May—June
1962. Entomologist’s Gaz. 15: 66-92.

Michaelis, H. N. 1975, 1976. [C. inulae etc. exhibited]. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 8:
9:8;

Newton, J. 1985. Supplement to Clutterbuck and Bainbrigge-Fletcher’s Microlepidoptera of
Gloucestershire. 29 pp. Gloucestershire Naturalist.

Patzak, H. 1974. Beitrage zur insektenfauna der DDR: Lepidoptera—Coleophoridae. Beitr.
ent. Berlin 24: (1974) 5/8 S.153-278.

Peet, T. N. D. 1978. Coleophora hydrolapathella Hering (Lep.: Coleophoridae): a species new
to the British Isles. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90: 15-17.

Pelham-Clinton, E. C. 1984. [C. lassella and other species exhibited]. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc. AW: 12.

Philp, E. G. 1982. Atlas of the Kent flora, p. 68. The Kent Field Club.

Simpson, A. N. B. 1981. Coleophora serpylletorum Hering in Cornwall. Proc. Trans. Br. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 28.

Simpson, A. N. B. 1984. Coleophora ochrea Haw. and Epischnia bankesiella Rich. in South
Wales. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 96: 31.

Toll, S. 1962. Materialen zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Arten Familie Coleophoridae. Acta
Zoologica Cracoviensia 7: 577-719.

Uffen, R. W. J. 1963. ‘What cost discovery?’ Bull. amat. ent. Soc. 22: 91-92.

Uffen, R. W. J. 1979. Coleophoridae. In: Emmet, A. M. (Ed.). Field guide to the smaller British
Lepidoptera, 78-96. London: BENHS.

Uffen, R. W. J. 1984. [Coleophora hydrolapathella in Suffolk]. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc 17215:

Uffen, R. W. J. 1985. [C. leucapennella Hbn. larvae exhibited 11.vii.1985.] Proc. Trans. Br.
ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 81.

Whitebread, S. E. 1975. Coleophora trigeminella (Fuchs) and C. coracipennella (Hibn.) in W.
Kent. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 87: 300.

Whitebread, S. E. 1976. [Coleophora species exhibited] Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 8:
116.

Whitebread, S. E. 1977. A further note on Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. coracipennella
(Hiibn.) Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 89: 16-17.

ANNOUNCEMENT

A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. — Existing stocks are almost
exhausted and the British Entomological and Natural History Society proposes to
publish a new and expanded edition in 1988. This will include the species added to the
British list since the publication of the present edition in 1979 and additional
information on those already included. Many microlepidopterists will have
annotated their copies with addenda and corrigenda regarding habits, foodplants
and the timing of the stages. If you would like your notes to be incorporated, please
send them to A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex, CB11 3AF before the 30th November 1987. Please submit by families written
on one side of the paper. Your contribution will be acknowledged in the new edition.

160 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

BOOK REVIEW

Sphingidae Mundi—Hawk Moths of the World. By Bernard D’Abrera, E. W.
Classey Ltd, 1986 [1987]. 235 pp, 80 pages of colour illustrations, 250 x 340 mm,
Boards, Price £97.50.

In 1903, Rothschild and Jordan published their monumental work A revision of the
Lepidopterous family Sphingidae. Since then, no single work has attempted to cover
the world Sphingidae. Bernard D’Abrera is a prolific author, who has established a
firm reputation with his continuing series on the butterflies of the world, upon which
the format of this book is based. The introduction paints a brief, but interesting
mythological, taxonomic and biological background to the family. Two further pages
introduce the reader to the use and conventions of the volume, and, after a
systematic catalogue of genera, the main work begins.

In essence, this is an illustrated catalogue of the species in the British Museum
(Natural History) curated by the late Alan Hayes, supplemented by material from
other sources. The text is synoptic. Each genus is described in general terms, the type
species identified, and outline details of larva, pupa and host plants are given (where
these are known). The description for each species includes the reference for the
original description, distribution, notes on sexual dimorphism and other points of
interest.

The major-focus of the work is the illustration, life size and in colour, of over 1000
species of hawk-moth, including many type specimens and a good number of
undersides. Whilst one or two pages are a little on the dark side, the general standard
of photography and reproduction must be amongst the best the reviewer has seen.
The quality of specimens illustrated, and the setting style, vary considerably—only to
be expected when so many rare and historic specimens are illustrated. The reviewer
was, however, irritated by a number of cases where specimens had been pinned
askew (or had slipped on their pins)—particularly noticeable on pages 121, 137 and
167. This carelessness detracts somewhat from the aesthetic quality of these pages.
The work concludes with a ‘select’ (= brief) bibliography, and an index of genera
and species.

Critical comment is somewhat disarmed by the author’s statements: he stresses
that the work is not intended as a classification or revision of the family, and
deliberately chooses to ignore certain recommendations of the ICZN. Whilst it is
strange to meet spelling errors in a work of this calibre (e.g. ‘ommissions’ on page 6)
the overall standard of production is very high, and the publishers can be justly proud
of this book. The reviewer feels that, whilst it is a major landmark for publications on
the Lepidoptera, it is also a significant missed opportunity. Apart from general
statements in the introduction to each genus, no information is provided on the
known biology of the species—even a note of recorded foodplants of individual
species would have added much to the value, and little to the cost of the work. The

author clearly states ‘. . . sometime later, I will publish a companion volume,
dealing with all the known early stages and associated botany of these
creatures . . .’, buta work combining these illustrations with biological details would

have been a formidable authority.

The price is not cheap, but we understand that the edition is limited to 2000 copies
worldwide, so purchasers are likely to have a sound investment here. On a
bibliographic note, the book states ‘first published 1986’ whereas the publishers
literature quotes ‘publication date: April 1987’.

P. A. SOKOLOFF

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 161

INDOOR MEETINGS

11 December 1986

EXHIBITS

Mr P. J. JEweEss showed on behalf of Mr J. S. Badmin two microlepidoptera taken
recently in Perry Wood, Faversham, Kent. The tortricid Epiphyas postvittana
(Walker) was taken in a Rothamsted light trap on 2.xii.86. This is probably the first
record for East Kent and is also a very late date for this species. Zelleria hepariella
Staint. (Lep: Yponomeutidae) was beaten from Rhodendron on 23.xi.86. It has a
habit of standing on its head like an Argyresthia sp. but superficially resembles a
member of the Gracillariidae family, although it does lack maxillary palps. The
larvae of this species feed on ash and it overwinters as the adult.

MEMBERSHIP

The names of Gregory Reginald Houghton, David Charles Boyce, A. Watchman,
Diana Harrison-Murray, Terence S. Hollingworth, Jason Carthew Waine, Albert
Edward Watson, Ian Brydon, John Turner, Robert Stephen George and David
Victor Manning were read for the second time and were duly elected as members.

AANNNOUNCEMENTS

The Secretary announced that Council now has a nomination for the office of
editor and would be proposing Richard Jones for this post at the AGM. He would be
relinquishing his duties as laternist and Council will propose Michael Simmons as his
replacement. This will leave a vacancy amongs the ordinary members of Council
which will be filled by the nomination of David Young.

LECTURE

Mr D. CLAUGHER preceded his talk on the hidden world of the electron microscope

Scanning electron micro-
graph of the foot of Lasius
niger, magnification x 275.

162 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

by outlining the history of microscopy from its beginnings in the 17th century. During
the last 20 years electron scanning microscopes have become increasingly sophisti-
cated and powerful. The high powered three dimensional images produced by such
microscopes allow detailed study of both external and internal features and are an
invaluable aid in understanding their functions. Mr Claugher illustrated his talk with
a large selection of slides showing the fine detail of insects, mites, diatoms, pollen
grains and other subjects.

8 January 1987

EXHIBITS

The President Mr J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt exhibited a set of three zinc cylindrical
larvae collecting boxes, believed to date from the turn of the century. The boxes,
which stack inside each other, had perforated hinged lids.

Mr R. Jones showed a single specimen of a staphylinid beetle Encephalus
complicans Steph. found at Hampstead Heath on 25.1.81 in a tussock of tufted hair
grass, Deschampsia cespitosa L. It is widely distributed but is regarded as rare,
although this may be due to its elusive habits. When disturbed, it feigns death and
takes on the appearance of a grass seed by tucking its head into the thorax and curling
the abdomen over the thorax.

Prof. J. OWEN exhibited the head of a floor broom which had finally broken as a
result of an infestation of furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum Deg. The trauma to
the broom head from intermittent use had apparently not interfered with the
development of generations of the beetle over at least 15 years.

MEMBERSHIP
The names of Peter Francis Walley, Nicholas Paul Cousins, Anne Burton, G.
Mark Burton, Howard Matthew Biley, Timothy Reginald Clapp and Graeme Mark
Worsley were read for the second time and duly elected as members.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr P. Soxo.orF reported the first moth of 1987—a Mottled Umber moth seen at a
house light on 4.1.87.

LECTURE
Mr I. Bowen spoke on the subject of photographing freshwater wildlife. He
showed a wide selection of slides of excellent quality of water bugs, beetles,
dragonflies, damselflies, the water spider and tadpoles taken at various sites in South
Wales. Many hours of patient observation had enabled the speaker to photograph
aspects of behaviour such as feeding, mating and ecdysis. These included a unique
series of photographs of the water stick insect, Ranatra linearis L. taking to the wing.

22 January 1987

EXHIBITS

Mr A. J. HatstEAD showed a male and female of the wood-boring beetle,
Hadrobregmus denticollis Creutz. (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). They were found in
pupal cavities in red-rotten wood of Salix fragilis L. at Mayford, near Woking,
Surrey, on 13.x1i.86. This uncommon beetle has previously been recorded from the
wood of oak and hawthorn.

Mr R. Jones exhibited two insects associated with land snails. These were the
glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca L. (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) and a fly, Dicheto-

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 163

Phora obliterata F. (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Male glow-worms often fly to light but
the females, being wingless, are less frequently taken in that way. The female
specimen shown, however, was seen crawling directly to a light in Plashett Wood,
Sussex. The sciomyzid fly was taken at South Heighton, East Sussex, a dry chalk
downland area where it is very common, as are various ‘sheep’ snails such as Helicella
spp, Helix spp and Cochlicella acuta which are possible hosts of the fly.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Mr R. Jones gave details of the 18th International Congress of Entomology to be held
in Canada in July 1988. He also displayed a notice from Eric Philp giving details of
meetings of the Kent Lepidoptera Group and the Kent Coleoptera Group to be held at
Maidstone Museum on 14th February and 14th March, 1987, respectively.

The Librarian, Mr S. MILEs, announced that he had received the NCC publication
listing the terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates with Red Data Book notable or
habitat indicator status. He had also received a brochure from the Field Studies
Council giving details of the courses offered in 1987.

The President displayed a letter from Penny Evans of the Kent Trust for Nature
Conservation in which she asked for any further records from the sites likely to be
affected by development of the Channel Tunnel.

LECTURE
Dr J. CHATFIELD of the Gilbert White Museum gave an illustrated talk on some of
the land snails and slugs of Britain. Details of their habits and habitats were given,
particularly of those snails which are old woodland or grassland indicator species.
She concluded her talk by displaying some books and leaflets on mollusc identi-
fication and conservation.

12 February 1987

EXHIBITS

Prof. J. A. OWEN showed four insects found in moles’ nests. These were live
examples of the mole flea, Hystrichopsylla talpae Curt., and three beetles; Oxypoda
longipes Muls. & Rey and Quedius puncticollis Thom., both of the family
Staphylinidae, and Ptinella britannica Matth. of the family Ptillidae. There are about
12 species of beetle in Britain which live more or less exclusively in moles’ nests. They
feed on moulds, mites and mole flea larvae. These beetles were rarely found until
their association with moles was discovered.

The President Mr J. M. CHALMERS-HuNT showed an antique brass bottle for
dispensing drops of chloroform for killing insects. This device was apparently
invented independently by Dr Madden of Brighton and Dr Allchin of Bayswater in
about 1855. It was available from Mrs Foxcroft, the entomological dealer, shortly
afterwards. Brass chloroform bottles seem to have gone out of use about 50 years
ago.

Mr R. A. Jones exhibited five beetles capable of making various types of sound.
These were: 1. The screech beetle, Hygrobia hermanni F., which produces a loud
squeak by rubbing the abdominal tergites against the underside of the elytra. 2. A
longhorn beetle, Strangalia maculata Poda which makes a similar sound by rubbing
together the bases of the thorax and elytra. 3. A click beetle, Melanotus erythropus
Gmel., which makes a clearly audible click as it moves the joint between the abdomen
and thorax during its skipping escape strategy. 4. The deathwatch beetle, Xestobium
rufovillosum Deg. makes a tapping sound by knocking against the walls of its tunnel. 5.
The bombadier beetle, Brachinus crepitans L., defends itself by ejecting an explosive
and noxious liquid through a combustion chamber, producing an audible ‘pfut’ sound.

164 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

LECTURE

Dr W. J. REYNOLDs spoke on the subject of insect sound and taxonomy. Insects are
capable of making a wide range of sounds but it is those involved in courtship
behaviour which are specific and therefore useful in taxonomy. In his work at the
British Museum (Natural History), Dr Reynolds has been particularly concerned
with recording the stridulations of crickets and grasshoppers of Western Europe,
both in the laboratory and in the field. The analysis of these sound recordings, some
of which were played during the lecture, has enabled some species complexes to be
readily separated and the distribution of the species to be mapped. This technique
has also led to the discovery of a new species of mole cricket.

26 February 1987

Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Society held at the Alpine Club at 6.30 p.m.
Chairman: The President, Mr J. M. CHALMERS-HUunT. Present: 36 members.

The Secretary Dr. J. MUGGLETON read motion (i) to accept the resignation of Mr S.
N. A. Jacobs as Trustee and to appoint Mr C. B. Ashby in his stead. The President
then asked if any members wished to discuss the motion, none did. The President
then called for a vote and the motion was agreed unanimously. The Secretary then
announced the result of the postal ballot which was 16 for the motion and none
against.

The Secretary Dr J. MUGGLETON read motion (11) to ammend Bye-law 7(a) to read:
‘The Council shall annually prepare a list containing the names of such members as
they shall recommend to fill the offices specified in Bye-law 6 and to be Ordinary
Members of Council for the succeeding period. The list shall be sent with the notice
of the next Annual Meeting and a copy of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this Bye-law to
every member recorded as resident in the British Isles, not later than 6 weeks before
the date of the Annual Meeting.’ The President then asked if any members wished to
discuss the motion, none did. The President then called for a vote and the motion was
agreed unanimously. The Secretary then announced the result of the postal ballot
which was 16 for the motion and none against.

The President declared that both motions were passed and the meeting closed, to
be followed by the ordinary meeting.

Ordinary Meeting

EXHIBITS

The President Mr J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt exhibited an old cylindrical metal larva
rearing cage, given to the exhibitor by Mr E. Janmoulle of Brussels. It was intended
for rearing microlepidoptera and has an ingenious system for humidifying the
interior by means of a glass tube, without the need to remove the top or disturb the
contents.

Mr P. J. JEwess showed a male specimen of the tortricid moth, Cydia corollana
Hiibn., taken at a mercury vapour light at Burnt Oak Wood, Orlestone, Kent, on
26.v.82. Its identity was confirmed recently by Mr K. R. Tuck of the British Museum
(Natural History). The only other known British specimen was taken in about 1850
by P. Bouchard near Whittlesey Mere, Hunts. The larva feeds in galls on aspen
caused by a longhorn beetle, Saperda populnea L.

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD showed some live examples of Callosobruchus chinensis L.
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae) which has emerged from some adzuki beans (Vigna
angularis) bought from a ‘health food’ shop. This beetle has a cosmopolitan distri-

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 165

FANNY)
AY
i et 4}

Old cylindrical metal larva rearing cage, showing glass tube by
Ny which the interior of the cage could be humidified without need to
a remove the top. Exhibited by Mr J. M. Chalmers-Hunt. Illust-
vey \ ration drawn by J. Goode and kindly supplied by P. Gilbert,
Librarian of the Entomology Department, British Museum
(Natural History).

e748
GY 3

7:
UB

bution and has also been found breeding in chick pea, cow pea, mung bean, urd bean
and lentils. It is sexually dimorphic, with the females having subserrate antennae,
while the males’ antennae are pectinate.

Prof. J. A. OWEN showed an example of the clerid beetle Paratillus carus Newm.
and the wood boring beetle Lyctus brunneus Steph., the larvae of which form the
prey of the clerid beetle. This clerid is an introduction from Australia which was first
recorded in Britain in 1933. It is usually found in timber yards and other premises
with a Lyctus spp. infestation but occasionally both species can occur in the open.
The Lyctus specimen shown came from a colony on the south side of a moribund oak
in Richmond Park, Surrey, in August 1982. The specimen of Paratillus carus was
taken on an oak log in Windsor Great Park in July 1986.

MEMBERSHIP
The names of Michael Henson, Richard Allan Cottle, Janice Mary Iliffe, George
William Beccaloni, Aubrey Charles Wood and Peter Charles Follett were read for
the second time and elected as members.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Mr A. CaLLow announced that the reprinted Hoverfly book, with the supplement,
was now available. The supplement was also available on its own at acost of £1. Some
supplements with faulty pagination were sold at the Annual Exhibition and these can
be exchanged for correct versions.

Mr J. M. CHaLMERS-HuntT welcomed Stanley Jacobs to the meeting and thanked
him for his work for the Society, particularly in his role as Trustee from which he was
retiring, as he had now reached his ninety-first year.

COMMENTS ON EXHIBITS
Mr P. A. SoxoLorF confirmed the destructive power of bruchid beetles by relating
how some seeds of Dolichos biflorus imported from India had been reduced to dust
and husks in about 4-5 months.

The Ordinary meeting was then followed by the Annual General Meeting and the
President’s Address.

166 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Annual General Meeting

Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of the Society held at the Alpine Club at 6.40
p.m. Chairman: The President Mr. J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt. Present: 38 members.

Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were read and signed.

The Secretary read the Council’s report, followed by the Treasurer who read his
report. The Librarian and Curator read their reports. The Secretary then read the
report of the Hering Memorial Research Fund for Dr Scoble who was unable to be
present. [These reports are published on pages 179-185. ]

The President read the names of the Officers and Members of Council recom-
mended by Council for 1987-8 and as no other names had been submitted, he
declared the following duly elected:

President: Prof. J. A. Owen. Vice-presidents: J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, Dr I. F. G.
McLean. Treasurer: Col. D. H. Sterling. Secretary: Dr J. Muggleton. Editor: R. A.
Jones. Curator: P. J. Chandler. Librarian: S. R. Miles. Lanternist: M. J. Simmons.
Ordinary Members of Council: E. Bradford, G. N. Burton, P. A. Sokoloff, P. J.
Baker, K. G. W. Evans, C. Hart, P. J. Johnson, Mrs F. M. Murphy, R. W. J. Uffen,
D. Young.

The Secretary then read Bye-law 22d and invited motions or questions, there were
none.

The President read his report and gave his address. [These are published on pages
147-150 and 151-159. ]

The President installed the new President, Prof. J. A. Owen.

Prof. OweN proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring President and asked for
permission to print the Presidential Address. Permission was given.

Col. A. M. EMMET proposed a vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Council,
this was seconded by Mr E. S. Bradford.

The re-election of the Society’s auditors Messrs A. J. Pickles, F.C. A. and R. A.
Bell was proposed by the President, seconded by Mr Penney and Mr Ferguson and
passed unopposed.

12 March 1987

EXHIBITS

Mr R. A. Jones showed a holly leaf bearing the mummified corpse of a winged
aphid, beneath which had been spun the cocoon of a parasitic wasp Praon sp.
(Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). The leaf, which had been collected in Nunhead
Cemetery, London, SE15, had also been attacked by a leaf-mining fly, Phytomyza
ilicis Curt. (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD distributed some preliminary notices of the 1987 Field Meeting
dates and sites. A copy of the list has been placed on the notice board in the
collections room.

LECTURE

Mrs L. M. PirkIN gave a talk on the Red Sea corals and some of the marine life
associated with them. The talk was illustrated with some of the best, and certainly the
most colourful, slides seen at our meetings for many years. The speaker had taken
part in a number of diving expeditions in the Gulf of Aqaba, which has about 200
species of coral of diverse form, size and colour. The coral reefs also support many
other animals, such as sea slugs, starfish, sea urchins, jellyfish and many fish which
make butterflies seem drab by comparison.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 167

26 March 1987

EXHIBITS

The President Prof. J. A. OWEN showed examples of five beetle species showing a
remarkable range in size. These were, Mesites tardii Curt., Lyctus brunneus Steph..,
Synchita humeralis F., Aleochara curtula Goeze and Hylocoetes dermestoides L.

Mr A. J. E. HARMAN showed examples of the Hippoboscid fly Ornithomya
chloropus Berg. collected in Fair Isle, August 1986, from a female starling Sturnus
vulgaris L., these showed examples of phoretically attached lice Sturnidoecus sturni
Schr. Also, live examples of the bat tick Argas (Carios) vespertilionis Lat. collected
from a bat roost in Yorkshire in January 1987. He said that this tick has a worldwide
distribution and parasitizes virtually any bat species.

MEMBERSHIP
Mr RICHARD COTTLE signed the Obligations Book and was duly welcomed as a
member.

COMMUNICATIONS
Prof. J. A. OWEN advised that under the bark of an old oak tree in Richmond Park
he had recently found four examples of hibernating queens of the hornet Vespa
crabro L. He enquired if this find represented an extension in the range of this insect.

LECTURE

A Member, Mr Davip YENDALL, demonstrated his photographic technique with
superb slides which covered a wide range of British natural history subjects, some as
small as a collembolon. He followed this with a fascinating photographic wildlife
study of the lush Smokey Mountains National Park, the Desert of Sonora National
Park and the Suagarro National Monument. From North America he then took us on
a brief excursion into the Mexican jungle near Yucatan. This lecture was widely
appreciated and a lively discussion followed.

Ee

A young queen Bull’s ant (Pseudomyrmex sp.) in a hollow acacia thorn. When her
eggs have hatched, and the colony becomes established, the highly aggressive ants
will provide a superb system of defence. Patrolling the leaves non-stop, the ants
remove any insects that attempt to feed, deter browsing cattle and even savage
encroaching tendrils or leaves of other plants. In return the acacia offers shelter and
food—‘Beltian bodies’ grow on éach leaf and are a source of protein and fat whilst
nectaries at the base of each leaf stalk secrete sugars.

168 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

9 April 1987

EXHIBITS

Mr G. Prior showed some overwintered larvae of the spruce carpet, Thera
britannica Turner, collected on 2.iv.87 from the tops of spruce trees blown down in
the recent gales at Bladon Heath, near Woodstock, Oxon. The larvae were of
various ages, ranging from second to final instar.

Dr M. HuLt showed some specimens of the oecophorid moth Alabonia chapmanii
Wals. and a drawing comparing the male genitalia of this species and A. staintonella
Zell. The moths exhibited were collected at Hoyos del Espino in the province of
Avilla in Spain on 18.vii.84. This species was first described by Lord Walsingham
from two specimens caught at Behar in June and July 1902 by Chapman. Although
the exhibitor’s moths were taken in a different province they were all caught in the
Sierra de Gredos. The moths were seen flying in numbers close to the ground at dusk
but none was attracted to a 125-W mercury vapour light run nearby. This may mean
that the mothis more common than the records might suggest. Dr Hull also displayed
a colour photograph of a possible new species of pyralid moth Chrysocrambus sp.
taken at Antequara, Malaga, Spain, on 31.v.82.

Alabonia staintoniella (Z.) Alabonia geoffrella (L.)

Male genetalia of Alabonia chapmanii, A. staintoniella and A. geoffrella. Exhibited
by Dr M. Hull.

The President Prof. J. A. OWEN showed a male and female of a minute staphylinid
beetle Meotica exillima Sharp taken with others from grass tussocks around a pond
on Wisley Common, Surrey, on 21.iii.87. He had not previously taken this species,
which appears to be much rarer than indicated in the literature.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 169

ANNOUNCEMENTS
The Secretary Dr J. MUGGLETON announced that the new programme card should
be available at the end of the month. Details of two field meetings, Roger Key’s
weekend meeting at Ravenglass and Wasdale, Cumbria, on 26—28.vi.87, and Prof. J.
A. Owen’s meeting in the Speyside area, Scotland, on 11—17.vii.87, were given.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr G. Prior recommended members to visit an exhibition on ‘Insects in art’ at the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, before it closed on Easter Monday. Mr Prior had
helped to compile the catalogue by identifying the insects depicted in the exhibits,
which included a scarab ring on a mummified hand.

The Secretary Dr J. MUGGLETON stated that there would soon be two vacancies for
entomologists at M.A.F.F., Slough. One post would be permanent, the other a 1-
year temporary post, both appointments at the Assistant Scientific Officer grade.
Anyone interested should contact Dr Muggleton.

SLIDE EVENING

Four members showed slides covering a wide range of subjects photographed at
home and abroad. MARTIN HENDERSON showed a selection of transparencies taken in
South Georgia by his brother while working with the British Antarctic Survey. These
showed the rich wildlife of the South Atlantic island, particularly the seals, penguins
and other birds. ANDy CALLOw showed slides of moths and caterpillars taken in the
field, many of which had cryptic colouration. He also showed a series of slides taken
during a 1986 walking holiday along the Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram mountains
in Pakistan. Insects and other wildlife were scarce but the dramatic mountain
scenery, lichens on rocks and wild flowers provided plenty of subjects for the camera.
IAN FERGUSON showed some leaf mines, microlepidoptera and their larvae, and
beetles photographed in Kent. RAYMOND UFFEN showed slides on the theme of
entomological disasters which included garden pests, lost habitats and entomologiz-
ing thwarted by adverse weather.

COMMENTS ON EXHIBITS

Mr G. Prior noted that the display box used by Dr Hull contained a Vapona
insecticidal strip and that the quantity used might be hazardous to health.

Mr A. HARMAN asked the President what staphylinid beetles in moles’ nests would
feed on. He was told that the larger species are thought to prey on the mole flea and
its larvae, while the smaller species might feed on fungal spores or mites. Mr Harman
said that when examining sand martin nests he sometimes found staphylinid beetles
and wondered whether they might be feeding on fleas in that situation. Prof. Owen
said that there was a staphylinid, Haploglossa nidicola Fairm., which was closely
associated with sand martin nests and it may be a predator of the species of flea which
is specific to sand martin nests.

23 April 1987

EXHIBITS
Mr M. HENDERSON showed some beetles associated with carrion that were
captured in Glamorgan and Monmouthshire. These were Nicrophorus vespilloides
Herbst, Oiceoptoma thoracicum L., Thanotophilus sinuatus F., Silpha atratus L. and
S. tristis Mliger. A bibliography relating to carrion beetles was donated to the library.
Col. A. M. Emmet showed two specimens of the gracillarid moth Parornix
carpinella Frey which were bred on 10.ii.87 from larvae collected in October 1986 at
Chalkney Wood, Essex. Also shown for comparison was an example of P. fagivora

170 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Frey bred on 11.11.87 from a larva collected on beech at Ellenden Wood, Kent, in
September 1986. Until 1986 it was thought only one species was involved, as
described in Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 2, but following
comments made by the Swedish entomologist, Ingvar Svensson, further study has
shown them to be distinct. The adult moths are very similar although in the
specimens exhibited the terminal segment of the labial palpus of P. carpinella is
strongly black-banded whereas that of P. fagivora is almost immaculate. Longer
series of both species will be needed to see if this is a reliable difference. The larva of
P. carpinella has four black spots on the head, four on the prothoracic plate and has
black legs; that of P. fagivora has two black spots on its head, four on the prothoracic
plate and has green legs. The shape of the early mine and the position of the folded
leaf used for later feeding differs between the species. The pupa of P. carpinella has
about 25 smaller spines in the anterior row on the dorsum of each abdominal
segment; that of P. fagivora has about 12 larger spines in this position. Both species
are rare. Sixteen man hours of searching in a known locality produced four P.
carpinella larvae, which yielded two moths and one parasite; eight man hours
produced a single P. fagivora. Col. Emmet asked members to look for these moths
and let him have details of any observations that are made.

Mr A. J. E. HARMAN showed a cerambycid beetle of the genus Batocera taken in
the Kinabalu National Park in Sabah, formerly North Borneo. Also shown was a
male and female of the stick insect Eurycantha calcarata from Kimbe, New Britain,
which is part of Papua New Guinea. Both stick insects were bred from eggs obtained
in 1978. This species will eat almost any plant and is now being extensively bred in
culture. Some cast skins of scorpions were also exhibited.

Mrs F. Murpny showed a live chrysomelid beetle, Chrysolina sp. found feeding on
Rosmarinus officinalis on 7.iv.87 near Nerta, Costa del Sol, Spain. She also exhibited
a pendant consisting of a scorpion embedded in clear plastic. The species was
Centruroides sculpturatus which lives in the Arizona desert.

Mr R. SortLy displayed some entomological publications he had obtained on
recent visits to museums in Tokyo and Moscow. These were an illustrated list of
Japanese butterflies, a leaflet on the butterflies of the Moscow region with
distribution maps, and distribution maps of other lepidoptera, particularly
Geometridae, in the USSR.

Mr P. Soko_orrF showed live specimens of a tenebrionid beetle taken from a deep
litter poultry house where they were present in large numbers in places inaccessible
to the birds. They were thought to be an Alphitobius sp.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
The Secretary announced that the programme card had been printed and it was
hoped that the Proceedings would be ready for distribution in about a week’s time.
The Field Meeting Secretary displayed a copy of the 1987 programme information
sheet.

COMMUNICATIONS

Mr V. R. GouLpING reported seeing two bloody-nosed beetles at Les Platons,
Jersey, an apparently non-chalky area, although there was a small chalk outcrop
nearby. In the following discussion it was stated that of the two Timarcha spp, T.
goettingensis L., which was probably the beetle seen by Mr. Goulding, was largely
confined to chalk areas, while the larger 7. tenebricosa F. is less restricted.

Mr M. Brown described seeing a comma and a peacock butterfly ‘fighting’ over
territory at Darenth Wood, Kent, on 17.iv.87. He wondered if such interspecific
conflicts were usual. Several members said they had seen similar occurrences.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 171

LECTURE
The scheduled speaker was unable to attend but his place was ably filled at very
short notice by three members. Mr P. SokoLorF showed a selection of slides of
mainly moths and larvae. Mr R. Jones’ slides were mostly of beetles, particularly
those associated with dead wood and fungi. Mrs F. Murpny showed slides of spiders
and insects taken on a recent visit to Malaga.

14 May 1987

The President, Prof. J. A. OWEN, announced the death of Mr D. W. Thorpe- Young.

EXHIBITS

Prof. J. A. OwEN showed live specimens of the larva, pupa and adult of the
xylophagid fly Xylophagus cinctus Deg. collected in the Abernethy Forest,
Invernesshire. The larvae are found under bark where they are predators of beetle
larvae. They take 2 to 3 years to mature and probably pupate in April-May.

Mr G. W. DANAnHarR exhibited a specimen of Hylecoetus dermestoides L.
(Coleoptera: Lymexylidae) taken in a pit-fall trap S—8.v.87 at the National Centre for
Alternative Technology, Machynlleth, Powys. This local beetle is classified by the
NCC as nationally notable, being found in less than 100 10-km squares. It is said to be
found in and around dead and dying trees but this specimen was taken in a larch
plantation with some recently uprooted trees.

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD showed some beetles, believed to be of the family Scolytidae,
that had emerged in large numbers from some seeds of the olive (Olea europea)
received at the RHS Garden, Wisley, from Portimao in Southern Portugal. The
internal parts of the seeds had been extensively tunnelled, reducing them to dust
filled husks.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The Secretary, Dr J. MUGGLETON, drew attention to the need to fill the vacant
position of Indoor Meetings Secretary.

Mr C. PLANT stated that the Sandwich Bay Bird Observatory, Kent, is keen to
update their 1984 Lepidoptera list. Anyone wishing to run a light or record other
orders of insects should contact Ian Hunter.

Prof. J. A. OWEN offered two tickets to the Chelsea Flower Show.

Mr M. Brown said that he and Jim Platt were taking part inan NCC survey of Ham
Street nature reserve and would be pleased to receive comparative lists of
Lepidoptera and other orders from Orlestone Forest.

COMMUNICATIONS
Dr J. MUGGLETON reported that the tenebrionid beetles shown by Mr P. Sokoloff
at the previous meeting had been identified by Dr D. G. H. Halstead as Alphitobius
diaperinus Panz.

LECTURE
Mr R. A. Jones spoke on the subject of the natural history of a suburban cemetery
— Nunhead. Nunhead Cemetery lies in the London Borough of Southwark, about
three miles south-east of Charing Cross. And although some of it is still managed for
burials, most of the area is overgrown to such an extent that it is now heavily wooded.
In 1840 about 75 acres were consecrated; the hill-top site (with a fine view of
London) was landscaped, and grand gates and lodges were built. After commercial
success in the 19th century, the cemetery fell into decline with the decreasing
mortality and increasing costs of the 20th century. War damage, vandalism and

172 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

competition from other cemeteries finally forced its closure in 1969. In 1976 after a
special Act of Parliament, Southwark Council bought the cemetery for the sum of £1.
They now intend to manage some of the cemetery as burial ground, but the greater
part as a nature reserve.

Within the cemetery there is a variety of habitats: open clearings, broad and
narrow woodland rides, young woodland and mature woodland. The original
planted ornamental trees like horse chestnut, holm oak and turkey oak have grown
to maturity, as have the original natural broad-leaf trees like oak, beech, ash, birch
etc. Although no ‘ancient woodland’ species have been found to date, numerous
woodland insects occur freely. Butterflies like the Speckled Wood are common along
the sun-dappled paths. The avenue of limes supports the Lime Hawk-moth. A rich
woodland and clearing flora supports a wide variety of insects. Hoverflies are
particularly diverse, including the relative newcomer to our fauna, Volucella zonaria
(Poda), which is common on the ivy in autumn.

Some insects occur in special association with the man-made habitats of a
cemetery. Mosquito larvae breed in water-filled vases on untended graves.
Headstones provide hunting grounds for the zebra spider Salticus scenicus (L.), or
when older, a rich moss flora. The ‘graveyard beetle’ Rhizophagus parallelicollis
Gyll. has been found under bark. (This beetle derives its name from the fact that it
has been found swarming on graves and on buried bodies, probably in association
with fly larvae.)

Even in its heyday, the cemetery was never as grand as Highgate in fashionable
North London; nevertheless, it is the final resting place of many wealthy and famous
Victorians. These include such notables as Sir Frederick Abel, the inventor of
cordite, Sir Ernest Wells Budge, the Egyptologist, Sir Charles Fox, the builder of the
Crystal Palace and others. There are even a few naturalists buried there including
Edward Newman.

It was at one of Newman’s ‘entomological evenings’ in his house at 7 York Grove,
Peckham that the idea of the British (then the South London) Entomological and
Natural History Society was first proposed. Newman died in 1876 and was given a
Quaker burial. His headstone, now hidden by ivy like those throughout the
cemetery, has all but disappeared into the undergrowth of what could be a wild wood
anywhere in the English countryside.

28 May 1987

EXHIBITS

Mr A. CaLLow passed round an envelope he had received from Sweden which
bore stamps illustrating a chafer beetle Osmoderma eremita, a butterfly Parnassius
mnemosyne and a gentian Gentianella campestris.

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD showed some live males and females of the common
gooseberry sawfly, Nematus ribesii Scop. These had been reared from late instar
larvae collected 6.v.87 on gooseberry at the RHS Garden, Wisley, Surrey. This pest
species can have up to three generations a year and also attacks red currants.

Mr A. Goprrey exhibited a female Brachyopa scutellaris R.-D. (Diptera:
Syrphidae). This uncommon hoverfly, which is usually associated with sap runs, was
taken by sweeping in Darenth Wood, Kent, on 26.iv.87. Also shown was the local
longhorn beetle Phytoecia cylindrica L. which was swept in Farningham Wood,
Kent, on 5.v.87.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 173

MEMBERSHIP
The names of Alistair Guy Goodall, Barry Perkins Kenwood, Nicholas Onslow,
Simon Houghton and Kevin Hothi were read for the second time and elected as
members.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

The Librarian, Mr S. MILEs, announced that the six booklets in the Cambridge
University Press’s Naturalists Handbook series had been acquired. These are:
Insects on nettles, Grasshoppers, Solitary wasps, Insects on thistles, Hoverflies and
Bumblebees. The library had also received from Mr G. Blower a copy of his book on
millipedes published by the Linnaean Society in the Synopsis of the British Fauna
series.

Mr P. WarING, who is with the NCC at Peterborough, gave details of a project to
investigate the habitat requirements of rare moths. This will initially involve the five
moths protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act, namely the Black-Veined
Moth, the Reddish Buff, Essex Emerald, New Forest Burnet and the Barberry
Carpet. He would like to hear from anyone who has knowledge of the habits of these
moths or of successful management techniques. The NCC will also be carrying out
habitat surveys of nationally notable species, starting with fenland habitats.

Dr D. LonsDALE gave advance notice of a one-day meeting on the subject of
invertebrate recording for site evaluation and management. This will be held on 16th
October, 1987, at the rooms of the Royal Entomological Society.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr J. M. CHALMERS-HUnrt reported taking a gravid female Oak Nycteoline moth
at West Wickham, Kent at light but, apart from an Eyed and a Lime Hawk-moth,
little else of interest had been noted.
Mr R. SorFTLy had seen an Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. on 23rd May, Mr P. WarING had
recorded a red admiral at Woodwalton Fen on Sth May and Mr D. WILson had taken
two Autographa gamma L. at Much Hadham, Herts., on 26th May.

LECTURE

Dr N. W. SorHERTON of the Game Conservancy Trust described his research into
the decline in grey partridge numbers on farmland and the management techniques
that were helping to restore their fortunes. Since 1950 grey partridges have become
less common on intensively farmed arable land due to smaller broods of chicks being
reared. Young chicks feed almost entirely on insects, especially chrysomelid beetles,
sawfly larvae and heteroptera. The use of herbicides has reduced the floral diversity
of crops and has eliminated many of the insects associated with weeds. Screening of
insecticides and fungicides commonly used by farmers has shown that they vary in
their effects on non-pest insects. One fungicide was found to have a pronounced
effect on some insects, including beneficial species that prey on cereal aphids. By
using the more selective chemicals farmers can achieve pest, disease and weed
control without destroying the partridge chicks’ food.

Another management technique is to leave an unsprayed 6-metre strip around the
headlands. This allows weeds to grow, including some once common crop weeds that
are rarely seen today, such as pheasant’s eye. Insect numbers and diversity in these
conservation headlands increases and they prove attractive to butterflies seeking
nectar. Several farms have adopted these procedures and the numbers of partridges
and their brood size have been monitored. In all cases the numbers of partridges have
increased significantly and pheasant numbers have also improved. The unsprayed
strips cause about a 6 per cent crop loss in the headlands but the loss for the whole
field is less than 1 per cent. The speaker stressed the need for practical conservation

174 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

methods that farmers can adopt without having to make expensive or inconvenient
changes in their farming practices.

COMMENTS ON EXHIBITS
Prof. J. A. Owen said that while most cerambycid larvae spend years gnawing
away at wood, the larvae of Phytoecia cylindrica feed on the juicy stems and roots of
umbelliferous plants.

11 June 1987
The Vice President Mr J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, in the chair.

EXHIBITS

Mr R. A. JoNEs showed two insects taken on 24.v.87 in Henfield Wood, Scaynes
Hill, near Haywards Heath, Sussex. These were the cerambycid beetle Stenostola
ferrea Schr. and a lacewing Osmylus fulvicephalus Scop. (Neuroptera: Osmylidae).
The former is a very local beetle associated with lime trees, beneath which this
specimen was swept. This is the second record for Sussex, the first being in Buxted
Park by Mr P. Hodge. Osmylus fulvicephalus is the largest British lacewing. It is
widespread but local and tends to occur in damp woodland. It is often found resting
in large water culverts under roads and railways.

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD exhibited a melanic specimen of the common garden chafer
beetle, Phyllopertha horticola L., together with a specimen with the normal brown
elytra for comparison. Both were taken on wild rose flowers at the Sheepleas, near
West Horsley, Surrey, on 30.v.87. Also shown was a live female of the social pear
sawfly, Neurotoma saltuum L. (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). This had been bred
from larvae on a pear tree at Slough, Bucks, and had emerged on 11th June. This
sawfly is of widespread but local occurrence and is more likely to be seen as larvae
than adults in the field. The carrot-coloured larvae are gregarious and live amongst
silk webbing on pear, hawthorn and Prunus spp.

Mrs F. Murpuy showed a spider in amber which came from the estate of the late
Eric Gardner and was given to the exhibitor by Eric Classey. It was not a genuine
fossil as close examination showed a layer in the amber where hairs from the spider
had been rubbed off during manufacture of the amber spider. The spider was also
neatly arranged with its legs extended, unlike spiders which have become entrapped
naturally in resin.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr R. A. Jones stated that although his house at Peckham had no cellar, he had
discovered under the floorboards three specimens of the tenebrionid beetle Blaps
mucronata Latr., one of which was alive. This beetle, commonly known as the
churchyard beetle, is usually associated with outhouses, stables and cellars.

LECTURE
Dr P. A. SELDON spoke on fossil arachnids and showed how recent research had
pushed back the earliest known dates for many arachnid groups. They were evidently
well represented amongst the earliest land animals. Some extinct arachnids, such as
the eurypterids, are so well preserved as fossils that it is possible to study the fine
detail of their structure and deduce their three dimensional form and probable mode
of locomotion.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 175
25 June 1987

EXHIBITS

Mr M. HENDERSON displayed an album of colour photographs taken on a recent
visit to the Charles Darwin Museum at Downe House, Downe, Kent. One of the
exhibits photographed was Darwin’s stone which he used in experiments to
determine the rate at which earthworms bury objects by depositing worm casts on the
soil surface.

Mr B. GoaTer exhibited a male Costaconvexa polygrammata Borkh. (Lepi-
doptera: Geometridae) taken on 12.vi.73 at Hampton, Middx., by Eric Classey and
given, unidentified, to the exhibitor. Its identity was established in June 1987 after an
examination of the genitalia had been made. This species has apparently not been
seen in Britain since the middle of the last century when it could be taken in some
numbers at Burwell Fen before it was drained. This specimen may be a migrant but it
is possible it has survived in what little remains of the marshy London basin in West
Middlesex. In Europe it is known to be secretive and easily overlooked. According to
Skou (1986, The Geometroid Moths of North Europe) it occurs in Denmark as a
scarce migrant.

Mr Goater also showed two moths previously unrecorded in France. These were a
geometrid Lycia florentina italica Harrisson and a noctuid Evisa schawerdae Reisser.
The former was a male taken at light on the Col de Braus, Alpes Maritimes, on
12.iii.84. This specimen was shown at the 1984 Annual Exhibition. Another
specimen had been taken in the same locality in April, 1976, by the late Francis
Dujardin but this record was not published. The specimen of E. schawerdae was
taken in the mountains of the Department of Drome near Crest on 21.viii.86.
Although known from Sardinia and Corsica, this is the first record for mainland
France.

Prof. J. A. OWEN showed a specimen of the staphylinid beetle Atheta immigrans
Easton taken on the foreshore at Inverness on 12.vi.87. This was the exact spot
where Dr A. Easton discovered the beetle 19 years previously. He collected 36
examples and sent them to authorities around the world who could not name it as it
was not only new to Britain but also new to science. Since then it has been found at
various coastal sites in Britain, including the south coast. Dr Easton and others
believe the beetle to be a recent immigrant to Britain from a yet to be discovered
location. Later in the evening Prof. Owen showed a recent slide of the stony, litter-
strewn foreshore where Dr Easton had made his discovery—the moral being that
even unimpressive sites are worthy of investigation.

Prof. Owen also circulated a computerized beetle list entitled ‘A numerical list of
British beetles’ that had been produced by himself and Ian Carter. This updates the
Kloet and Hincks list by R. D. Pope and includes about 100 species added to the
British list in recent years. Copies are available for a nominal charge from Ian Carter.

Mr M. W. F. TweepiE showed a male and female Eilema deplana Esp.
(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) bred from larvae beaten from spruce at Beckley, Sussex, in
April. They were reared on Pleurococcus algae on conifer bark. The female had an
unusually conspicuous yellow costal streak, so that it resembled a common footman.
He later showed a slide of the larva.

COMMUNICATIONS
Mr A. J. Hatsteap recalled that he had shown the 27.xi.86 meeting a
hibernaculum of the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. taken in Woking,
Surrey. He reported that larvae had survived the winter in large numbers and were

176 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

now pupating, having extensively defoliated the hawthorn hedge on which they were
found.

Mr R. A. JoNEs reported seeing large numbers of the hoverfly Volucella pellucens
L. at Nunhead Cemetery. He also noted some plants of the milk thistle, Si/ybum
marianum (L.) in flower at the edge of a car park near Vauxhall Bridge.

SLIDE EVENING

Mr M. W. F. Tweepie showed a series of slides to illustrate the diversity of resting
postures in the Lepidoptera. The distinctive posture shown by moths in the field and
the colour arrangement of the wing markings is very different to that shown by set
specimens. In the discussion that followed it was suggested that it was necessary for
moths to have different postures in order to fool predators. Entomologists also have
difficulty in searching for different groups of insects; Prof. Owen mentioned his
difficulties in attempting to sort coleoptera and hymenoptera simultaneously from a
malaise catch, while Col. Emmet had problems in searching for different types of leaf
mine. Mr R. Softly noted that some geometers, such as the winter moth, had
different postures for resting and roosting. Col. Emmet said that resting moths could
be distinguished from roosting specimens because the latter had their legs tucked
under their bodies, whereas the legs are visible on resting moths.

Mr R. A. Jones showed slides taken earlier in the year in Florida. These illustrated
some of the rich animal and plant life found in that sub-tropical state.

Mr A. J. HALSTEAD’s slides depicted some of the more interesting pests and other
animals that can be found in gardens.

Lime-speck Pug, Eupithecia centaureata. Believed to be protected from predators by
its resemblance to a bird-dropping, this geometrid rests with the wings extended
sideways, but with the forewings almost covering the hindwings, a rather unusual
posture. Shown by Mr M. W. F. Tweedie,

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 177

One of the remarkable multitude of Florida dragonflies, possibly a Tramea species.
Shown by Mr R. A. Jones.

9 July 1987

The Vice-President Mr J. M. CHALMERS-Hun tT in the chair announced the death of
Mr John Heath, a past President of the Society.

EXHIBITS

Mr R. A. Jones showed a single specimen of Magdalis memnonia (Gyll.)
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) taken on the wing over a pile of cut pine logs, in central
High Wood, Burwash, East Sussex on 20.vi.84 by Mr A. W. Jones. This is the second
British locality for the beetle. This weevil was found new to Britain in June 1971 by
Mr P. Hodge; its larvae were boring the tips of Corsican pine, slightly ‘browned’ by
the salt air. Burwash is about 17 miles from Friston, is further inland and the trees are
not under ‘salt stress’ from sea winds. At present this species is denoted Red Data
Book status 3 (not threatened but very localized), but with this second locality, its
spread seems to have begun, and its status may soon warrant reclassification.

LECTURE
Mrs F. M. Murpny spoke on ‘Spider hunting in New Zealand’, and has kindly
provided the following resumé.

A trip to New Zealand, the land of living fossils

We went to New Zealand in January 1986, breaking both journeys, out and back,
for a week in Singapore. There we stayed with a Chinese arachnologist and his family
and were introduced to their spiders in the jungle reserve on Bukit Timah and the
land by the reservoirs. This tropical rain forest was in some ways curiously like the
temperate rain forest of Fiordland in the South Island of New Zealand.

Since one has to fly to Auckland we spent a week in North Island before going to
Dunedin to stay with New Zealand’s arachnologists, Drs Ray and Lyn Forster. We
made trips to remnant forest near Dunedin as well as Fiordland and Stewart Island in
the far south.

178 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

New Zealand is a very strange place with a remarkable lack of native vertebrates,
two or three rare frogs, some skinks and geckoes, none too many bird species, two
bats and a sealion are found there, together with the famous tuatara, the last survivor
of a Jurassic order of reptiles. I have known about the lack of mammals from my
student days when I attended a course of lectures on their distribution. This was
before continental drift was generally accepted and land bridges popped up and
down and vegetable ‘rafts’ sailed about in order to explain the oddities of mammal
distribution. There are, however, lots of invertebrates in New Zealand.

In the UK we have 26 species of harvestmen, New Zealand, with much the same
area, has 170! The spiders are by no means all described but they are fascinating. For
example Aotearoa magna belongs to the Archaeidae a group originally described
from the Baltic amber but now found in Madagascar and New Zealand. On the other
hand Dolomedes minor is very like our own D. fimbriatus (though not the same
species or one would believe that it had been introduced). We saw two species of
Gradungulids, four-lunged members of the true spiders, both hunting spiders with
one very long tarsal claw giving a characteristic appearance.

We also saw land flatworms on the tree trunks at night and two species of
Onychophora or velvet worms and the curious native slugs with only one pair of
tentacles. The velvet worms were found—like so much of the New Zealand fauna—
on the underside of rotting logs.

Examination of a world map will show that New Zealand is the only sizeable piece
of land not linked by a relatively shallow continental shelf to the rest of the world,
indication that during the last ice-age it was one of the few ‘islands’ not attached by a
land bridge. Eighty million or so years ago New Zealand was attached to the rest of
Gondwanaland through Australia and an unfrozen Antarctica. Now it is 1000 miles
out into the Pacific and (apart from the frozen wastes of Antarctica) the largest and
loneliest part of former landmass in the world.

Pianoa isolata—a recently described Gradungulid.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 179

OFFICERS’ REPORTS

COUNCIL’S REPORT FOR 1986

The Council met seven times during 1986 with, on average, 15 members attending
each meeting.

The Society’s membership was 708 at the end of the year, and 51 new members
were elected during the year. Against this 38 members had to be struck-off for non-
payment of subscriptions, 10 resigned and two deaths were reported to the Society.
Three members, Messrs E. W. Classey, E. Gowing-Scopes and N. A. Richardson,
completed 50 years continuous membership at the end of 1986, and in recognition of
this the latter two were elected Special Life Members; Mr Classey is already an
Honorary Member.

Several of the Society’s long serving Officers are resigning at this meeting. MrS.N.
A. Jacobs as a Trustee, Mr R. W. J. Uffen as Editor and Mr K. G. W. Evans as
Exhibition Secretary. All these gentlemen have served the Society for many years in
a number of capacities and the Society’s especial thanks are due to them.

Messrs R. A. Jones and A. J. Halstead organized 19 indoor and 19 field meetings
during the year. Many were well attended but, as usual, the number of members
attending varied greatly, sometimes quadrupling from one indoor meeting to the
next. The Indoor Meetings Secretary finds it very difficult to predict which subjects
will appeal to the largest number of members. On taking over the post of Editor,
Richard Jones will be resigning as Indoor Meetings Secretary (and also as Lanternist)
but he hopes to complete the 1987/88 programme first. Four ‘Open Days’ have been
held during the year, these give members the opportunity to visit the collections and
library for an afternoon on a weekday or weekend. The Society continues to occupy
the rooms at the Alpine Club under the terms of a licence granted by the Alpine Club
and renewed every 6 months.

The Annual Exhibition was well attended and again well organized by Mr K. G.
W. Evans who sadly is resigning as Exhibition Secretary. Dr B. MacNulty again
ensured that the Annual Dinner was a success and the numbers attending increased
slightly. He has also negotiated for the Annual Exhibition to be held at Imperial
College on the same day as the Dinner in 1987. The Council hopes that this new
arrangement will attract more members to both events; car parking should be much
easier.

All the Society’s publications continue to sell well and Mr N. A. Callow has to deal
with a continuous stream of orders from home and abroad. A second edition of
‘British hoverflies’, with a supplement to the first edition, has been printed and will
shortly be available for sale. No new publications appeared this year and the Council
reluctantly took a decision not to proceed with a proposed book on dragonflies
because of competition from several commercial ventures. A series of illustrated
Microlepidoptera papers is being prepared and should be published as part of the
1987 ‘Proceedings’. The Society’s next major publication is planned from 1989.
Production difficulties meant that only a single issue of the Proceedings appeared in
1986 and that its appearance was much delayed. The Council regrets that members
will have been disappointed in this way. However plenty of copy appears to be
available for the coming year and we hope that members will support the new Editor
by ensuring a continuing supply of copy. Last minute changes in plans to distribute
the Proceedings add greatly to the burden on our Distribution Secretary, David
Yendall, but somehow he continues to ensure that the Proceedings and Society
notices arrive in our letterboxes.

180 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

In last year’s Presidential Address mention was made of the possibility of seeking
common premises with the London Natural History Society. The matter was
discussed by Council during 1986 but in the end we reached the conclusion that the
Society could not afford to proceed with this idea at the present time. During the year
the Society’s opinion was sought, by the Nature Conservancy Council, on the
Quinquennial Review of the Wildlife and Countryside Act under which changes to
the list of protected species on Schedule 5 and the regulation of trade in rare and
declining native butterflies were proposed. The Society continues to be represented
on bodies concerned with conservation, such as the Joint Committee for the
Conservation of British Insects and Wildlife Link.

HONORARY TREASURER’S REPORT FOR 1986

For the first time since lst January 1982, it has been necessary to make an increase
in subscription rates, but, even so, it has been possible to restrict this rise to well
below the rate of inflation over this period.

A superficial look at the Income and Expenditure account might prompt the
question as to why it was necessary to raise subscriptions at all, as the overall surplus
in 1986 is slightly in excess of that in 1985. However, the yield from subscriptions was
over £1800 less than the cost of running the Society, and would probably have been
over £3000 less had the normal pattern of producing 2 parts of ‘Proceedings’, one with
coloured plates, not been interrupted for reasons other than financial. The shortfall
was met, and the higher one could have been met if necessary, this year, from interest
and dividends; but anticipated capital expenditure is expected to reduce this interest
in future years. For instance, the Royal Society loan has now been repaid, the
printing and binding bills for 1000 copies of ‘British hoverflies’ reprint is awaited, a
computer and software to take on subscriptions and membership records will be
obtained in 1987 if a current study shows this to be advantageous, a modern binocular
microscope for use by members at the Society’s rooms will be purchased and it is
hoped that six illustrated papers on Microlepidoptera will be published in two parts
during 1987, to name some of the immedate expenditure. Besides reduction of
capital for short-term investment, a fall in interest rates could further reduce the
yield from interest, so subscription rates must more nearly cover general member-
ship costs. The ability to keep subscription rates so low is solely due to the immense
amount of work that officers, assistant officers and other members perform on behalf
of the Society at no cost.

I should like to close my report by thanking the Assistant Treasurer, Geoff Burton
for all his hard work. He is responsible for both subscriptions and membership
records and a year when subscription rates change is always a difficult one, but, if all
members will ensure that their subscriptions are paid promptly by the Ist of January
each year at the correct current rate, the burden of his duties will be eased
considerably. I regret to say that this has not happened this year, and when Geoff
Burton checked standing order receipts, 31 per cent of members had failed to amend
them. This means over 100 letters had to be sent, plus probably a slightly lesser
number of cheque-paying members who have either paid at the old rate or forgotten
to pay at all. I really must ask members to give thought to the vast amount of
unnecessary work generated by their overlooking to pay the correct subscription
when due, and to show some consideration to the Assistant Treasurer.

The Society’s thanks are also due once again to our Honorary Auditors Tony
Pickles and Reg Bell for carrying out the audit of our accounts.

Cot. D. H. STERLING

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

27740

23658

1915

20722
2936

British Entomological and Natural History Society
Balance sheet as at 31st December 1986

Funds

General fund—Opening balance
Gain on investment disposal
Excess of income over expenditure

Housing fund

Special publications—Opening balance
Surplus from sales

Hammond bequest fund—Opening balance
Income
Expenditure

Hering memorial fund—Opening balance
Gain on investment disposal
Income

Expenditure

Total funds

These funds are represented by:—

Investments at cost (details appended)
General investments
Hering memorial fund investments

Stock
Special publications at cost
Christmas cards

(The value of the library, collections, ties, and back
numbers of ‘Proceedings’ is not included in the accounts)

Liquid assets
N.S. investment account
Debtors and advance payments
Cash on deposit account
Cash on current account

Less:—
Royal Society loan (repaid 1986)

Subs. in advance, amounts owed and provisions

Total assets

1986

30806

181

182

£1600
410

150
£450.35
£4098.0
£6836.92
£2138.90
4776

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT

Schedule of investments as at 31st December 1986

Agric. Mort. Corp. 93% 1985-8
Shell T & T 25p Ord.

Unilever 25p Ord.

Treas. 93% 1999

Treas. 133% 1993

Treas. 84% 1990

Funding 53% 1991

Charifund Units M & G

Book value at cost

General

£
646.49
477.79
248.45

4041.44
5910.00
1670.00
11592.00

24586.17

British Entomological and Natural History Society
Income and expenditure Account for 1986

1986

Publications account
Rent and insurance 1762

Stationary and general expenses 704
Indoor meetings and exhibition 630
Cabinets and collections 197
Subs/donations other societies 99
Library 580
Shortfall on 1985 dinner 6
Excess income over expenditure 2296

8661

1985
Ps
4732
3585
57
94

5468

Publications account for 1986
(Publications free to members)

Production of ‘Proceedings’ 2376
Distribution costs 348
2724

293
548
3271

4412

Special publications account for 1986
(Publications for sale)

Opening stock 1681

Hoverfly addl. costs

Distribution & general costs 130

Surplus to Spl. publications fund 993
2804

3854
1681

IIIS

. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

Assessed current

Hering market value
memorial
£ £
646.48 @ 95 1520
771.83 @ 988 4051
@21 7/8 3281
400.00 @ 93 25/32 422
@ 114 4672
300.00 @ 93 5/16 6379
@ 86 7/8 1858
817.24 @ 412.2p 19687
2935295 41870
1986
£

Subscriptions 4526
Interest and dividends 4022
Donations and bequests 106
Surplus on sales q
8661
Sales 337

Hammond bequest grant for plates
Net cost to income & expenditure 2387
2724
Sales 1730
Closing stock 1074
2804

AUDITORS REPORT

In our opinion the annexed balance sheet gives a true and fair view of the Society’s affairs as at 31st December

1986 and the income and expenditure accounts give a true and fair view of the Society’s results for the year.

A. J. PickLes FCA
R. A.BELL

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 183

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND, 1986

A single award of £300 was agreed by the Committee to support the work of Mr P.
H. Sterling of the Department of Zoology, Oxford University. Mr Sterling is
assessing the effect of certain land management techniques (coppicing in hazel
woodland, and sheep-grazing for the restoration of limestone grassland) on leaf-
miners. Initial studies suggest that the coppicing may reduce numbers of leaf-miners
in recently cut hazel woods, so that the technique should be used with caution. The
award is made to meet part of the cost of fieldwork for the 1987 season in which the
recipient intends to expand his range of field sites. Leaf-miners are particularly
suitable for such habitat-assessment since numbers of individuals, and usually
species, can be measured by the direct searching of leaves. It is gratifying that the
fund is able to support a project on leaf-miners, the results of which are expected to
be of such potential importance for conservation.

Mr Ashley Kirk-Spriggs, a recipient of a Hering award in 1984/85, submitted a
report on his study of the parasites and predators of rice pests from Sulawesi. To date
10 000 insects have been mounted and labelled, considerable progress has been made
on identification, and over 5000 specimens have been sent to specialists.

M. J. SCOBLE

CURATORS REPORT 1985

The Editor regrets, but due to an oversight, this report was omitted from the
Officers’ Reports published in Vol. 19, p.79.

The first thing that I want to mention this year is the state of the Joy collection of
Coleoptera. Some queries have been made concerning this collection, which has,
over the last two years suffered from attacks by Anthrenus. As a result, a few
specimens were lost. For the time being, the drawers have been treated and placed in
other cabinets, until such time that the collection can be brought together again as a
whole. There was some concern as to whether the collection contained any important
or type specimens. I decided to consult the British Museum, to see if they could
provide any information about Joy or his collection. Mr Peter Hammond, of the
Department of Entomology (Coleoptera) was able to tell me that Joy, fortunately,
presented his type, and other important specimens to the British Museum during his
lifetime.

It has been suggested that the collection, which is of historic importance, be located
in the British Museum. The British Museum would be very willing to accept the
collection, and take good care of it; but this would, in all probability, result in its
dispersal, and against what I think was Joy’s intention. It would also be more difficult
of access and study by members. What is essential at the moment, is for a member of
the Society to re-arrange the Joy collection, compatible with his Handbook of British
Beetles.

The Society holds several important collections of insects, which it should retain
intact as far as is possible. If members keep their eyes open for any sign of Anthrenus
or mites when studying the collections, and inform the curator if they find evidence of
these pests, we need not worry unduly. The problem with Anthrenus is now, we
hope, under control.

Whilst on the subject of collections and Coleoptera, it has been brought to my
notice that a specimen of Carabus intricatus L. is missing from the Society’s main
collection of Coleoptera. This specimen has not been loaned as far as I am aware. Ifa

184 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

member has the specimen on loan, or has any knowledge of its whereabouts, would
they please let the curator know.

Several members have enquired about surplus cabinets. It was mentioned in 1984
and last year that there was a possibility of one or more cabinets being made available
for purchase. Unfortunately, the situation is still the same as reported in 1985. Until
the thinning and emptying of drawers, there is little hope of freeing any in the near
future.

I am very pleased to report the receipt of a further collection of Scandinavian
Lepidoptera from our Swedish member Stig Torstenius. This will add to our already
fine collection from that region. I must also thank Mr Brad Ashby who will be re-
arranging the specimens in a cabinet provided for that purpose.

A start has been made by Mr P. J. Chandler on checking and re-organising the
Hymenoptera. The main collections are in continuous use at all meetings, and a
number of specimens have been loaned to members for research purposes. Duplicate
specimens of macro- and microlepidoptera are now reduced somewhat, due to
members depredations. It is hoped to make more available in the near future.

Sales of Society ties have reduced the stock to a low level; only two colours
remain. An order for new supplies in maroon, green and blue has been place. They
should be available for sale later in the year.

Donations to the Society’s collections were made during the year. The thanks of
the Society for the specimens go to Dr F. H. N. Smith, Mr S. Torstenius and E. S.
Bradford.

Once again I must thank Mr P. J. Chandler, Mr. W. Parker, Mr. B. Ashby and
other members for their help and advice during 1985.

E. BRADFORD

HONORARY CURATOR’S REPORT FOR 1986

Firstly, I would like to thank Eric Bradford for his assistance in ensuring a smooth
transfer of the curatorship. There has been steady progress during the year in several
areas but no major changes affecting the Society’s collections.

The battle against Anthrenus, which has periodically afflicted the collections in
recent years, has continued. Damage has been sustained at different times to a small
number of specimens in at least three cabinets and steps have been taken to eliminate
the problem. Thanks are due to those members who have drawn my attention to
evidence of this attack.

Bill Parker has continued his work on the Macrolepidoptera collections and has
particularly assisted in selecting the more desirable specimens from collections
acquired in recent years. A projected rearrangement of the British Butterflies in two
Hill units has now received fresh impetus as Mr D. A. Moore has undertaken to do
this work according to a plan suggested some years ago by Mr B. F. Skinner; Mr
Moore has begun to implement this plan.

The original Coleoptera collection including material collected by Ashdown, West
and Kemp has been amalgamated with the Henderson collection and duplicate
material segregated. A specimen of Carabus intricatus L. collected by Dr Leach,
which had been announced last year as being lost, has been discovered to be in this
collection. It is planned to rehouse the Joy collection of Coleoptera, which has been
scattered through several cabinets in recent years, in a series of Hill units which are
currently being made ready by Mr L. Christie. This collection will be restored to the
arrangement in Joy’s Handbook of British Beetles.

PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987 185

Most of the store boxes containing miscellaneous insects have been cleared.
These, together with a redundant cabinet, various other equipment and duplicate
specimens of Lepidoptera, were sold at the Annual Exhibition and through the
invaluable efforts of Bill Parker realized a substantial sum, which it is intended to put
towards the purchase of a stereoscopic microscope for use in the Society’s Room.

No collections have been acquired during the year but some specimens have been
donated by Mr B. West and the President, to whom my thanks are due.

P. J. CHANDLER

HONORARY LIBRARIAN’S REPORT FOR 1986

A total of 68 journals were bound during the year as result of the Society’s success
in obtaining a grant of just over £1100 from the British Library for this purpose. Due
to the high cost of bookbinding nowadays the Society owes many thanks to the
British Library for its splendid assistance.

Some more journal exchange terminations are being contemplated, where such
foreign journals are concerned mainly with the Nearctic region.

A full list of all books overdue going back to 1962 has been made. Currently a
stock-take of the books and journals held in the Library is also being undertaken.
The number of books borrowed for far beyond the loan period is still excessive,
making unnecessary extra work for the Librarian and his assistants. That other
probably inevitable problem afflicting libraries, theft of books (or at least books
being borrowed without record of the borrower being left), has befallen the Society
during the past year. All of our copies of the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich
Naturalists’ Society have gone missing. These journals were only reinstated to the
Library in 1985 after non-receipt for 20 years, making their unrecorded loss
particularly annoying.

The sighting by one member of two of the Society’s volumes by J. W. Tutt on the
British Noctuae, for sale on an entomological bookseller’s stall was disturbing.
Unfortunately it has not proved possible to trace the original borrower of these
books, or to recover them.

Sales of books and journals surplus to Library requirements realized £331.50
during the year. Due to the bulk of desirable duplicate items having been sold in
recent years, mainly at Annual Exhibitions, this valuable source of extra income will
be much reduced in the next few years.

I would like to thank all those individuals and organizations who have given books
to the Society during the past year, particularly Mrs F. Murphy, Dr I. McLean and
Dr J. D. Bradley. Finally I would like to convey special thanks to Mr J. Dobson and
particularly to Mrs Frances Murphy for their help in the running and organization of
the Library.

S. R. MILES

Erratum

Volume 20, Part 3, Page 113

Line 5 should read:

Phthinia humilis (Winnertz) var.; Hutson, Ackland & Kidd, 1980: 54, Fig 223.
Misident.

186 PROC. TRANS. BR. ENT. NAT. HIST. SOC. 20, 1987

EDITORIAL
THE FUTURE OF THE SOCIETY’S JOURNAL

In 1968 the Society changed its name from the South London to the British
Entomological and Natural History Society; a reflection of its changing membership.

Since then, the Society has continued to grow and change, and so has the journal.
The ‘Proceedings and Transactions’ has become much more than just the organ by
which members are kept in touch with Society news and events. Most of the articles
published are no longer ‘papers given before the Society’, but are original scientific
articles in their own right. They are nevertheless of interest and use to a nationwide
indeed a worldwide membership.

In view of this change, a recommendation of the Publications Committee to alter
the title of the Society’s journal was accepted at the Society’s Council Meeting on
September 3rd.

As from 1988, the new title of the Society’s journal will be British Journal of
Entomology and Natural History.

Despite this change, and minor alterations to the layout and design of the journal,
the content will remain as it is at present. Along with full-length papers on all aspects
of entomology and natural history, will appear short communications, book reviews,
letters, announcements and full reports of Indoor and Field Meetings and the
Annual Exhibition.

It is also intended to continue the practice, started with this year’s volume, of
publishing 192 pages per year in four parts. To ensure that this can continue, a steady
supply of articles and notes is required, please continue to send all you can.

RICHARD A. JONES

B.E.N.H.S. PUBLICATIONS— 1987 MEMBERS’ PRICE LIST
For non-members add 50%. Postage and packing extra.
BENHS PUBLICATIONS SALES, 25 Cranes Park Avenue, Surbiton, KTS 8BS

PROCEEDINGS: SLENHS series

per volume per volume

A. For sale separately only to £p_ C. 1924—S to 1935-6; fp

members, or in a long run: 1946-47 to 1962 4.00

1921-2; 1936-7 to 1943-4; D. 1963 part 1 1.00

also second hand copies of other 1963 part 2 (Buckingham

volumes now out of print, 9.00 Palace garden) 2.00
B. 1919-20; 1923-4; 1946-7 6.00 E. 1964 to 1967 2.00
PROCEEDINGS: BENHS series
1968 (vol. 1) part 1 2.00 1976 to 1978 (vols. 9 to 11) 4.00
1968 (vol. 1) part 2 (larva plates) 3.00 1979 (vol. 12) 4.50
1969 to 1975 (vols. 2 to 8) 3.00 1980 to 1986 (Vols. 13-18) 5.00

A special discount of 20% will be allowed on sales of 10 or more consecutive volumes.
Separate parts of volumes so published can be supplied on demand at prices proportionate to
those of the whole volumes (except 1963 and 1968, listed above). No copies are at present
available of 1920-1, 1922-3, 1944-5.

THE NEW AURELIANS (1972) 1.00
LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA NOT FIGURED BY BUCKLER 10.00
FIELD GUIDE TO THE SMALLER BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA (1979) 6.00
IDENTIFICATION GUIDE TO BRITISH PUG MOTHS (1981): soft cover 4.00
hard back edition 6.00
BRITISH HOVERFLIES: 2nd hard back edition 15.00
Supplement to lst edition 1.00

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GELECHIIDAE (8 pp., | col. pl.
Teleiodes & Teleiopsis) 1.60

THE BRITISH ARGYRESTHIINAE AND YPONOMEUTINAE (26 pp., 2 col. pl.)

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be
made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis
on:—

(a) Leaf-miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order or preference having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of
work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the
study of collections, for attendance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of
publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1987.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, of
their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Dr.
M. Scoble, Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat.Hist.), Cromwell Road,
London, SW7. as soon as possible and not later than 30th September. 1987.

CONTENTS

Barrington; Buttertly Collecting ar ee escecesccseccsroncsntveseteecstes ote, deesne anes cnn ses oct cee eee 123
Mallett, N. The effect of collecting on the survival of butterflies and ideas for their
PLE SEL VATION oe cosa ncos tase ee wee tees eset tone sapien ees tra foal ae agen ees af ee 125
Owen J2Ashe Winklerextracto raises mesic coe sess saeco eee ee j bo Xt aN
Whitfield, J. B. Male swarming by a microgastrine braconid Apanteles coniferae (Haliday)
(Fiymenoptertal) circa cot ieee sa Sivesreeen hes tes Artigas van snes eeastapevscapion soceeet recone 133
Southerton, N. W. The Cereals and Gamebirds Research Project 1984-1989, a brief
TE SUNS 3 sedss es 5d oid es aaa ke I aE eh ate Sas Zed Sa ee Me a a 137

Clements, D. K. and Alexander, K. N. A. The distribution of the fly Xylophagus ater
Meigen (Diptera: Xylophagidae) in the British Isles with some notes onits biology .... 141

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. The 1986 Presidential Address Part I: Report ..........0000.ceeeeeeees 147
Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. More notes on the Coleophoridae (The 1986 Presidential Address

Pca rit sD) ss occas tastes cee ee sees ses a aE aaa ec cn De SNe oe 151
Troon Meetings |. ...-55.5i 5-22 spscss ecb etes hte sespspateessee detox aacdes netostegees viestongeastesengeescasdsossasusetceseete eam 161
COPPICERS WR EP Onts aos on ioc ca are ee cee Pees nh St seen gee eee ete ae 179
Withers, P. Anthomyza bifasciata Wood (Diptera: Anthomyzidae) discovered in an

Actively WOTKedtag ore gate putea. sce ace estes tees esses cece serese ere een 135
McLean, I. F. G. Anthomyza bifasciata Wood (Diptera: Anthomyzidae) recorded from

Bast SussextamdsNortol ki sate. cccecsnes tess see srte coset acs cee sco areas sane Se 136
BROOK RE WAG ys ise s eeca U cg c 128, 140, 160
Announcement. A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera ..........0.0....cccctcseeeseees . 159
PS WRRUUBNNN oes oo wee sees ceo was sabe ea beds dae ose cen e Be cae ve Se cuises ite cae ccedue cP oe eae deo PRRs Oe ER 9 ee 185
Editoriale Dhefutureiofthe Soctety:s ij ourmal eee. .cex occ scsees eset eee ee nee 186

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

Contributions must be double-spaced with 3cm margins either side to facilitate
marking up. They should be typed if possible, on one side only of A4 paper. Layout
should follow that of the journal, but apart from underlining scientific names, no
marks should be made to define typeface.

Line and continuous tone figures are accepted. Writing on figures is best listed
separately for setting and its placing indicated on a duplicate figure. Seek advice
before drawing. Reduction may otherwise necessitate redrawing.

Authors of original papers of more than one page qualify for 25 free reprints. Extra
copies (prices on application) must be ordered when proofs are returned.

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY

are held regularly at the Society's Rooms, but the well-known ANNUAL
EXHIBITION and ANNUAL DINNER are planned for the 24th October 1987 at
Imperial College, London SW7.

Frequent Field Meetings are held at weekends in the Summer. Visitors are
welcome at all meetings.

The current Programme Card can be had on application to the Secretary at 32
Penton Road, Staines, Middx, TW18 2LD.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES 1987

London members £11.50, Ordinary members £6.50, Juniors £3.00. Send to:
Asst. Treasurer, Mar-y-Mar, Minster Drive, Minster-in-Sheppey, Kent, ME122NG.

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