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PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS

CROYDON
“MICROSCOPICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

CLUB.

VOLUME Iv.

From Fesruary 10rx, 1892, ro January 177H, 1899.

CROYDON:

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO.,
HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

1900,

INDEX TO VOLUME IV.

>
A.
PAGE

Addington, Flint Implements of, by A. J. Hogg ....+--.2+- 257
Albury, CXCULSION 10 —..eccecsecesccnecceaceeeeeeneee sce seeeseeseees xel
Aldous, T. D., Early History of Microscope .........--++++++ x,1
Anthropological Section ...........cssesseeeeneeeee (1896) exii, (1897) cxlix
Arctic, Notes from the, by F. Curtis ............csseseeseeeeeeeee elx
Ardennes, Notes from the, by H. F. Parsons .............+.++ xxxii, 85
Artistic Design, Evolution of, by E. Lovett ................0200 XXxil
Ashtead Common, @XCUrsion tO ........scscssesseceececceessecesses lviii

B.
Bacteria, Life-history of, by Dr. J. M. Hobson ............++. lxi, 123
Balance-sheets ...... (1892) xix, (1893) xliv, (1894) lxxii, (1895) evi, .

(1896) exxvii, (1897) clii, (1898) clxxii
Barrows, Opening of, on Sussex Downs ... xxx, xxxi, 77, xevill, 179

Betchworth, Cxcursion tO .....ssessesesecseeceeetneceeeeescnceeoes viii
Betchworth, Hearthstone from, Microscopic Structure, by

SU MENG LITO ta taste rece clots tick cbeswels sev accecapesceeeabheaeetnecae xii, 17
Bird, Descent of the, by H. M. Wallis ..........:.seeseeseeseeees xii
Bird Life, Curiosities of, by R. Bowdler Sharpe ............... xiv
Birds, change of habits in ..........scececeecsecseteeeceseceecnenes XXxix

Botanical Sub-Committee, Reports of (1894) xxxvii, (1895) Ixxxix,
(1896) exiv, (1897) exlvii

JBox Hill, excursion tO ......cesscosserscscossecscccncserccensesesesces XXIV
British Association, Report on meetings ......... (1894) Ixviii, (1895) c
Buchanan, H. B. M., Evolution .........ssescecseseeeeeeeeeeeees XXXIi
Budgen, W., Development of Gerris najas ¥.....-1.0eseeeeeeee Xxxli, 83
BERET VHLEC ty ORCULSION 10: . \cacirveececesis cored ce svonsesevsansecetuncevsees elxi
C.
Cacao Plant, by J. Hpps, Jun. ......sceccsceecsesseeceeeeererceees 262
Canada and United States, A Trip to, by E. B. Sturge...... xi
Ganponter collection, ..3scncserean«r ancy ackee see vce ese tencsinessnen snes Xvi, XXxix
Carshalton, Drift Deposit with Bones at, by W. Whitaker cxlvi, 288
Cashmere, Notes from, by HE. Lovett ......secseccescescneeeeees xii
Charlton, excursion to ..... alate sddveceahaateeaces ciara imc aeleeeule XXVii
Chertsey, OXCULSION tO .........ceecscsscsccceereccrtecccserenecsrees CXXVIi
Chiddingstone, CXCULSION tO .....escsesesseseerceceeeseeeesececeens elxiv
Mhilworth: SXGUSION tO sic she ccctancccssessttsecsyscerserecsccas : cxix

Chislehurst, Oxcursion tO .........scsseeseeeeeceeeees cdecweenvad Gene elx

il Index to Volume IV.

Clarke, J. E., Relation of Sun-spots to Rainfall ............... elvii
Collyer, H. E., Opening of Tuzauli on South Downs ......... xeviii, 179
Coulsdon, XCUrsiONn tO ........sscecsececerecescsessesescssceecensecees exli
Cowden, CXCUYSIONS tO ........2ssescessecrecscescescscssseeecosces V, XXV, xciil
Crane Fly, Observations on Emergence of, by C.H. Goodman xii, 20
Cricket, Notes on the, by C. H. Goodman .......sesesseseeeees 199
Crockham Hill, excursion tO .........scececcossecceccescoccoscssens exlii
Crustacea, Stalk-eyed, by H. Lovett ..........sssesseeseeeseseeees xevil
Cuckoo, egg of, foUNd .....eceeseeeseeee ser eeeeeeceneceeerenecsereeers Syke
Curtis, F'., Notes from the Arctic .........-sescssscccorsssencerers elx
Curtis, Projection Microscope ......-s+sssssseeeeeseeceeeeeeeesen ses x

Cushing, T., Report on British Association Meeting, 1894 Ixviii

D.
Darel. CXCULSIONS) LO) ve«0«<cnsarse+sascvaceastetaeenactsavedsse senses exvii, clxv
Descent of the Bird, by H. M. Wallis .......ceccecssceeeneeseees xii
Douglas, T., Southern Highlands of Scotland .............+. 218
Drift Deposit with Bones at Carshalton, by W. Whitaker... exlvi, 288
Dust, Microscopic Examination of, by E. Lovett ............ xiii

E.
Earth Temperatures, by H. F. Parsons ........... . xxxi, 61, xevi, 175
Hast Grinstead, OXCULSION £0. .....s.cecceccsscgessscecccedcesccocses Vv
Eclipse, Solar, of Aug. 9th, 1896, by E. W. Johnson ......... cxxiv
Eclipse Observations in India, by H. K. Moore ............... elxi
Eltham Palgce,, OXCULSION FO .s<s.ccerwsssassastisdsesensepevecsascnss XXvii
Epping Forest, eXcurrsion t0 .....scsesseseceseecescaceeceeceseeeeee xciv
Epps, J., Jun., The Cacao Plant .......ssssscsecsecencsecesveees 262
Hyolution, by H. B. M. Buchanan .....sccsccccsse: vaceaseececs oe XXXiil
Evolution of Birds, by Hl. M. Wallis ...02..-sssesesccscnsnnvs-cszy xli

Exhibits (1892) xvii, (1893) xlii, (1894) lxi, lxx, (1895) ciii, (1896) exxiii,
(1897) cl, (1898) clxix

Extinct Monsters, by Rev. H. N. Hutchinson .............+000 lxv
F,

Haan dglo; by dieiStraker) s.<3.0ccc-ssccacnasenexsedaescseansseacsbeias xeviii

Farn, A. B., Pasteur’s Researches on Silkworm Disease ... xxxi, 69

Fertilization of Plants, by W. M. Holmes ..........sseeeeeeees 186

Fire-making Appliances, by E. Lovett ............... xii, 21, xxxi, elvii

Flint Implements of Addington, by A. J. Hogg ..........++4+- 257

Flowers, Early Spring, Times of Appearance, by H. F. Parsons 241

Fungi, species, found near Croydon .........sscsceeesesseeeseeees XXViil
G.

Gas-works, Waddon, @XCursion tO ........ssecesscsececcsccseess me Cxxil

Geological Notes on a Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise,

Croydon bysb. 7H ParsOns \s.s:cscs:ccesssn oe se sete eee nen ae ene exxi, 207

Geological Sub-Committee, Reports of (1895), Ixxxviii, (1896) exv,
; (1897) cxlvii
Gerris najas, Development of, by C. H. Goodman and

Wi BUG BOI core fesaicees salocads cvtdeacscesvaccess couaee tone xxxli, 83
GOdstONe, OXGULSIONS FOm str esesccccecccsscccdecesuoredeceveddes Xxili, CXxxix

Index to Volume IV. lil

Goodman, C. H., Development of Gerris najas .........+0.++ xxxii, 83

Ne Mouths of Insects ..........scecesceeceeeseneees xii, 22

_ Notes on the House Cricket ............... 199

Observations on the Emergence of Crane

Fly, Tipula Ger GGd). Aileicede tate erodes ss cavceassaecesves xii, 20

Gravelly Hill, near Caterham, excursion f0 ........s.sseeeeee ee Xxiil

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood, by G.J. Hinde, F.R.S. 219

Greensand and Gault, by H. HE. Turner’ .............eeeeeeneees elviii

Greenwich Observatory, VEGI Ov Mracieececaenpamawadercascsece sree XXVili

Groombridge, CXCULSIONS tO ......sssssesesecencesrecseececceeeees xeii, clxii
H.

Habits and Habitats of Plants, by H. F. Parsons ............ 150

Hallelu Valley, excursion tO ........csce-ecsecsecereeeenscesensenes vi

ELariteld.. CXCULSION/ 10)... 0.<a00ssccecccesechslesmestesenauncsomaren xe

Hearthstone, Microscopic Composition of, by W. M. Holmes xii, 17

Hinde, G. J., The Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood 219

ening end, OXCULSLOWM LO) wat dessaces dics -aseneanatooes setentanseceenase lix

Hobson, 7 M., Geology of Isle of Wight ...........sseeceeeeeees exliii

5 Life-history of Bacteria .........sscecseeeeeeers lxi, 123

of Presidential Address ..........sssesseseeeees CXXXVii, clvii

~ Sewage Purification ...........ssceeseceseeeeneeee 254

Whitgift Hospital .............ccccesssececeeeeeens 279

Hogg, A. J-, Flint Implements of Addington ............s00+0+ 257

Holmes, w. M., Fertilization of Flowering Plants ......... 186

am Microscopic Structure of Hearthstone from

Bebb worthy. cc cie oda: Pocscrededecseatanes xii, 17

9 Nutrition of Plants:..........sccscsscseseeeeeedes 157

a Presidential AGGress, .......cccsesnccesscoancun Ixxxvi, cx

Some Forms of Silica ............ssesseeceeeeeee 213

Holtye Common, ORCULELONS LO as siacels sas vsievelesceccmewssdcvecss V, XXV, Xclii

Horsley, Hast and West, excursion tO ..........:cseceseeeeeeeees CXXXIX

Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, visit to... Cxxxviii

Hutchinson, Rev. H.N., Extinct Monsters ............sceeeeeee lxv
I.

eMC RIN, OXCULEION: 0,224. essscesccsscocsseveesscoscescadevenseemtade Vii

Insects, Mouths of, by C. H. Goodman —...............seseeeeee xii, 22

_ Isle of Wight, Geology of, by Dr. J. M. Hobson ............ exliii
J.

Japanese Lacquer, by J. O. Pelton .........sssscesscssecuseonns 245

Johnson, E. W., Solar Eclipse of Aug. 9th, 1896 ............ CXxiv

Jumping Bean .......... Sotitemauives sock dancalssuta cee tauunns seins ee seye xevi
K.

Keston Common, excursion tO .....ssesseseeseeseees Hae ree eee lix

Kew Gardens, Oxcursions 0": s...ccs0cseccsscutascccesdesesctvess XXiv, xe, clix

Klaassen, H. M., Note on the Pulpit in Worth Church ...... 173
L.

‘Lacquer, Japanese, by J. O. Pelton ...........ccceceesseeseeeeees 245

Larve, Protective Methods of, by E. Lovett .............00066 xeviii, 184

iv Indea to Volume IV.

MEH Ell OXOUrBIONS Ove ssses coarse. ese cs<ewccsesccscaesesseacend lvii, exlii
Lepidoptera, of Croydon ........c.scerrrercessesccescossesvose V, XXXvil, cxiv
Many GSCXCULSIOM LON tes dee dentne lect siscceescss=s-'onsaduscuaesasenaeee xii
Library, Catalogue Of .....5..5.0:c0sc-c0ossesccscoscnssacassecsansce \ xlvii
cf Donations to (1892) xvii, (1893) xliii, (1894) lxxi, (1895) civ,
(1896) exxvii, (1897) clxix, (1898) clxx
Lighting Appliances, Primitive, by H. Lovett .................. lxiii
Piranpstreld,Gx@UrsiOMstO: :..0...<n+tees<seccnncseasbenessenteteneaess exlii
ineield fOxC UNSIOMLOs..,.5-5005 0 7.00scnsea0s berets scedoeeemeeasaces xclil
Lovett, E., Notes from Cashmere and Northern India...... lxii
cp Opening of a Barrow on the South Downs ...... xxxi, 79
- Presidential Address. | 23..+0sceseddeaseetetecscss s50 se il
a Primm vals Van 2. .c0.ceueessdeasausarties tes ees dca hacen elxv
of Primitive Fire-making Appliances ............ xii, 21, clvii
5) Primitive Lighting Appliances ................0000 lxiii
“rn Protective Methods of Certain Larve ............ x¢eviii, 184
33 SalicD OpOsits:,-cce.s.-<s<cssaceeaeeiemeeeuses o< sc +vecned xeix
ie Stalk-eyed Crustacea, .....c:cscsertecsscrssessseectuas Xevli
eA Superstition and Myth 2. :cicsecsesse.+0-s-censceve Cxxi
es (Dai G8": Fee 6 Ses va ov eve subs ataveeeeeemeaeeaarest acct des CXXX1X
x Variations in the Animal Kingdom ............... xi, 10

M.
Mammalian Remains near Purley, by N. F. Robarts ...... 233
Man; Primmyal, by Ei. Wovett .12.cs.ecceambsescssco0 ones stb rce elxv
Matin, .Hi.;(OSters ins o::.c.ducccs staen coe tee eeeeeeeeey i teleseaccteece ci, 194
Meetings of Club, alteration of day ...........csseseeceecneeeeeee XXXV
Members’of (Club, List ofc. feces <b sass ts come eee oe en ones lxxix
Members elected ......... (1892) xvi, (1893) xlii, (1894) lxx, (1895) ciii,
(1896) exxvi, (1897) cl, (1898) elxvili
Mennell; iEi.I\; Notesion: Norway ....s.scssssseesheasaneeesesaress xiii, 25

Meteorological Sub-Committee, Reports of (1892) iii, 28, (1898) xxxvii,
lxi, 90, (1894) Ixvi, 164, (1895) lxxxvii, 208, (1896) exil, exxi, 235,
(1897) Cxxxvli, (1898) 294

Microscope, Early History of, by T. D. Aldous ..............- xy
ns Projection, se) A ceceas epeseete x
3 Simple, 8 Ae Agere XXXii

Microscopic Sub-Committee, Reports of (1894) xxxviii, (1895) lxxxix,
(1896) exv, (1897) exlvii

Moore, H. Keatley, Eclipse Observations in India............ elxi

Mouths of Insects, by C. H. Goodman ............scceceeeneeeees xii, 22

Museum Sub-Committee ...........ccceceeeeeeee 33 eee eee exlix, elxviii
N.

Newton, HE. T., Bones found in Drift at Carshalton ......... exlvi, 292

Norway, Notes on, by H. T. Mennell ...............ccceceeeeeee xili, 25

Nutrition of Plants, by W. M. Holmes ...............cecececceees 157
oO.

OxshotiCommion, excursion tO <2. .s.scccesosace.csosseeeeeceeeeeee lviii

Oxted OXCTISIONS Ox. csiceescavitasschoteconcder Mecceneé xciv, cxix, exlii, clxiv

Oxygen Factory, Brin’s, Visit t0 ............ccscscseseccscsececeoces xev

OF RUOLS sD Veet eh LAT UN owcenus ccs secesncicevecs et cecces uate mene ci, 194

Index to Volume IV. Vv

RP,

Park Hill, Croydon, Geological Ramble to ............sseseeeee ix
a a a Section at ........sseseceeceees exxi, 207
Parsons, H. F., Harth Temperatures ............... xxxi, 61, xevi, 175

a Geological Notes on a Section at Park Hill
ise; CxvOydon iadsccssecsestscssctecccse'ess exxi, 207
a Habits and Habitats of Plants ............... 150
‘5 Notes from the Ardennes ............ssse00e xxxli, 85
a Presidential Adress .......ceeceececeececeeeees xxii, liv
os Times of Appearance of Harly Spring Flowers 241
Pasteur’s Researches on Silkworm Disease, byA.B.Farn... xxxi, 69
Pelton, J. O., Japanese Lacquer .........ceesseccecsesceceeeceees 245

Photographic Sub-Committee, Reports of ... (1892) iv, (1893) xxxvi,
(1894) Ixvii, (1895) lxxxviii, (1896) exiii, (1897) exlviii, (1898) elxviii

Photo-micrography, by HE. Charters White .............s.se0ee XXx1
Plants, Fertilization of, by W. M. Holmes ...............0s0008 186
», Habits and Habitats of, by H. F. Parsons ............ 150
» Nutrition of, by W. M. Holmes .............ceseeeeeeee 157
Primeval Man, by H. Lovett ............ccccececscnesecececsceeeees exlv
Primrose, extinction of, near Croydon .............06000 bs Aesoane xl
Pulpit in Worth Church, by H. M. Klaassen ....... LSvonaatee 173
Burley, OXGUPEION) 10) -........ .25..225taciee-o.ssencstenaebosscseaeued vii
» Mammalian Remains near, by N. F. Robarts ...... 233

R.
Rainfall, Relation of Sun-spots to, by J. H. Clarke ......... elvii
Rhinoceros Skull in Drift at Carshalton ..............00ceeeeees exlvi, 292
Robarts, N. F., Mammalian Remains near Purley ......... 233
> RSIADOSH aa idstcecccodeoddvsls «eave sous cceives goneeeeee aes elx
Roman Villa at Darenth ...............0.. exvili, clxv, photo before 241
is Cit PUTO Wats oats ois eve se Godavevecte’ acovtsadeteapuaescnaects elxiv
POSE OLD wenecinncdseaew daswisawstonesdeclecse wes twoeltacteupecsaceens 1xxv, Cxxxi

S.
Salt Deposits, by EH. Lovett ...........cscscsscsececseceeeecseceees xcix
Scotland, Southern Highlands of, by T. Douglas ............ 218
Sewage Farm, South Norwood, excursion to .........+s.seee0 exl
Sewage Purification, by J. M. Hobson ...............eseeseeeeees exl, 254
Sharpe, R. Bowdler, Curiosities of Bird Life ...............00 xiv
Shetland, Notes on, by EH. Straker ..............200- averse lxi
Silica, Some Forms of, by W. M. Holmes ...........0..0eeeeee 213
Silkworm Disease, Pasteur’s Researches on, by A. B. Farn _xxxi, 69
Slates, by N. F. Robarts ........ gd ReAb Saweictsldaepamcenes eceteataamed elx
Soirées of Club ......... (1892) xiv, (1893) xxxii, (1894) Ixv, (1895) ci,
(1896) exxv, (1897) exliii, (1898) elxvi
South Downs, Opening of Tumuli on, by E. Lovett ......... xxxi, 79
ay “P os by H.C. Collyer ... xeviii, 179

South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, Congress in

CRO YHON sas caysnades Suntapeessae nase cee spuaiar aeeiaeteiee ac :tacies elxiii
South Norwood Sewage Farm, excursion to ...... egnseenrsane cxl
Stanley, W. F., Report on British Association Meeting, 1895 c

Straker, E., Fair Isle Scenes and Fair Isle Folk ............ X¢evili

vi Index to Volume IV.

Straker, E., Notes on Outer Shetlands .............seeseeeeee dace lxi
Strand-on-the-Green, CXCULSION tO .......cescesescecceees aeeaeeesed elxiii
Sturge, E. B., Trip to United States and Canada ............ xi
Sun-spots, Relation of, to Rainfall, by J. E. Clarke ......... elvii
Superstition and Myth, by EH. Lovett .............ceseeseeeeneee cxxi
Surrey Wells, by W. Whitaker, F.R.S. .........sssssesseeeeees 132
T.

Tallies, by Hi. Lovett .+....sedavesenncesseces bade vecececeseneoeeee CXXxIx
Tandridge, CXCUYSION tO ....sesseseersereeeee Snes daxancanosspesteierd xxiv
Pilegie Horesb, CXGULSIONSTOMe manssse.cvctnoer aes snsnases eeanenee 4 xe
Tipula oleracea, Observations on Emergence of, by C. H.

Goodman ~ ..sscegpaaear- teeerane sss. gaBacdel st iactessesaueeons xii, 20
TAtRGy;, (OXCULSION 10 sevpesedeeetente-nccacnsetaswcacelanssavaweceannent elxiv
Topley, Wm., F.R.S., obituary notice ............ceecesseeeeeeee liv
Tumuli on South Downs, Notes on Opening of, by H. C.

Collyer:..cc.snduensueeeeeeeeetnn cas an ranedseisseseretss soared xeviii, 179
Tunbridge Wells, excursions tO .........sseseesesereerereersereenes xeii, clxii
Turner, H. E., Lower Greensand, Gault, and Upper Green- ;

BANG puccesccvastencut paennepeeme deine syatcatasme jie dachosiach faccwinep clviii

Di.
United States and Canada, a Trip to, by E. B. Sturge ...... xi

W.
Waddon, ramble to .........+. Fe ddacunecteusbeck@avestivancdesceseh te XXVi
Wallington, CxXcursi0N tO ......ssccccecsscesecaccescecrscecscescceees exvi
Wallis, H. M., Descent of the Bird ...............csecscccececeee xii
Warlingham, excursions t0 .........cccccsesscsscdanesssenssconsseees lvili, exvii
Wasps, abundance of: .tss.scsvsnescescorecesssencceoncecednacesssneey Xxxii
Wells, Some Surrey, by W. Whitaker, F.R.S. ..........2000 132
Westerham, excursiom tOlcessers>s:-<ss-stancsnsasehecesaeesaecnses lx
West Hoathly, excursions £0 ........5....seccssccvescsesscesscserss exvi, exl
Weybridge, excursion tO .......sssessccsecssesenseeesecesccnssassees exli
Whitaker, W., Drift Deposit with Bones at Carshalton ...... exlvi, 288
7 Some Surrey Wells’ ..0..c.a--c-sseenceceeneneter 132
White, E. Charters, Photo-micrography ............sseseeseeeee Xxxi
Whitgift Hospital ............ Rp ee eso don aat Saehes cuchaveumadeetearate exlvi, 279
Withyham, CxXcursion £0 .....c.s.0seccscscecoccersenscccesaserssccens xe
Wootton, GXGUTSION LO sncccstepties ves: sicncctavencccecesssenstesdees XXV
Worms Heath, excursion 60) .......seseeceeeeeeeees nascccavecsbeets lviii
Worth Church, Pulpit in, by H. M. Klaassen .................- 173
Worth, OXcursion 0 ........cccsccoceseccsvsstocncscscccsessscvascesren xe

Z.
Zoological Gardens, Visits to ......seessscsesceceecececcseesseveees ix, lvi, exv
Zoological Sub-Committee, Reports of ......... (1892) iv, (1893) xxxvii,

(1896) exiv, (1897) exlix

aA #0 OLF 96 ae

‘

: PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS

|} ,
CROYDON

h

|
4 ;
| MICROSCOPICAT. & NATURAL HISTORY

CTAIL. - nae

FEBRUARY 19, 1895, To JANUARY 21, 1896.

CROYDON:

| PRINTED. FOR THE CLUB, BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

1896.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1895—96.

Tiuentn-sixth Annual Mecting,
Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 21st, 1896.
W. Murton Hoxmes, President, in the chair.

The statement of accounts for the year 1895 was taken as
read, and passed. :

The President announced that the following had been nomin-
ated as officers of the Club for the ensuing year, and there being
no other nominations they were duly elected :—President, Mr.
W. Murton Holmes; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. E. B. Sturge; Hon.
Secretary, Mr. R. F. Grundy ; Librarian, Mr. A. Roods; and
Mr. G. W. Moore and Dr. J. M. Hobson members of the Com-
mittee to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Mr. C.
H. Goodman and Mr. J. Weir Brown.

The following is a list of the officers for the year 1896 :—

President. —W. Murron Hotmgs.

Vice- Presidents. —Joun BrRney, F.R.M.S.; Puimie Crow ey,
F.Z.S., F.L.8.; Henry S. Eaton, M.A., F.R. Met. Soe. ;
Henry T. Mennett, F.L.S.; Henry G. Txompson, M.D.,
F.R.M.S., J.P.; Howarp Loverr; and H. Franxuin
Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.

Treasurer.—Epwarp B. Srurce.

Hon. Secretary.—R. F. Grunvy.

Librarian.—A.uFrEeD Roops.

4 b

lxxxvi Proceedings.

Committee.—J. H. Batnock; H. C. Cotiyer; J. H. Drace;
James Hips, Jun., F.L.S.; H. D. Gowzr; J. M. Hosson,
M.D.; G. W. Moorze; N. F. Roparts; and C. H. Burnasy

SPARROW.

The President then delivered his Address, at the conclusion of
which a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to him for his
Address and for his services during the past year.

The President’s Address.
GENTLEMEN,

In accordance with the custom which has prevailed for
some years, it is my duty to give an account of the proceedings
of the Club during the past twelve months.

It may be as well to remind members, and more especially
those who have recently joined us, that the Club was founded in
1870 by Mr. Henry Lee, our first president, so that it has been
one of the institutions of Croydon for more than a quarter of a
century.

After an existence of six years, during which it was styled The
Croydon Microscopical Club, the title was altered to The Croydon
Microscopical and Natural History Club. The change was a
wise one, as by enlarging our sphere of action a larger number
of persons were able to interest themselves in the proceedings,
and to bring many interesting subjects before the Club which
otherwise would hardly have been admissible.

Considering the depressed condition of everything which has
prevailed throughout the country during the last few years, I
think I may congratulate the members upon the continued
stability of the Club, and in the expectation of a further career
of usefulness.

During the past year 28 new members have been elected, but
owing to deaths and resignations our number is less by seven
than at the beginning of 1895; the total number, including
7 honorary members and 2 associates, being 235, as compared
with 242.

It cannot be too frequently impressed upon members that if
we are to continue to do good work such as this Club has already
accomplished, efforts must be made to induce others to join, so
that the inevitable gaps in our ranks may be kept filled up.

Among those we have lost by death must be mentioned the
name of Mr Henry Turner, who was one of our oldest members,
and who took especial interest in all matters connected with
Geology. He contributed several papers to our ‘ Transactions.’

This seems to be an appropriate place to mention the loss

Proceedings. lxxxvil

which science has sustained by the death last December of
Henry Seebohm, F.R.S., the celebrated ornithologist, who,
although not connected with this Club as an honorary member,
yet took an interest in it, and in 1886 delivered under its
auspices a most interesting lecture on the Migration of Birds,
which will be remembered with pleasure by all who heard it.

Our expenditure from the General Fund during 1895 has
been £154 9s. 2d., as compared with £179 18s. 11d. in 1894;
but, on the other hand, our receipts have been less, and we have
a balance only of £10 19s. 10d., as compared with £30 2s. 4d.
at the beginning of last year. The deficiency is mainly due to
so many subscriptions being in arrear. If members would kindly
pay their subscriptions as they become due a great deal of un-
necessary trouble would be spared to the Treasurer. The
expenses of the Annual Soirée amounted to £45 12s. 11d., as
compared with £50 2s. 11d. in the previous year, and a few more
tickets were sold, the total being thus reduced to £26 11s. 11d.,
and the Club is better off by nearly £5.

The payments from the Special Fund account were £2 12s. 10d.,
as compared with £6 7s..6d. in 1894, and we have now a balance
in hand of £9 2s. 8d.

Reports or Sus-ComMittTEEs, &c.

The Meteorological Sub-Committee has continued its work under
the supervision of its Honorary Secretary. The daily rainfall of
seventy-three stations in the Club District has been tabulated every
month, examined and corrected, and the results printed and issued to
the observers, and all members of the Club interested in the question,
either before or within a few days after the end of the month succeed-
ing that to which the statisticsrefer. Short particulars of the weather

-have also been inserted in every monthly sheet. Three gentlemen
interested in the work of the Section contributed a sum of £15 towards
the expenses.—F’, CAMPBELL-BayarD, Hon. Sec.

‘The Anthropological Section.—This new Section of the Club is
under the direction of Mr. Edward Lovett. It has been formed
for the purpose of dealing with such subjects as relate in any
way with Man, either anthropologically or ethnologically. Mr.
Lovett, on behalf of the Section, would be glad to receive any
communications relating to flint or stone implements, primitive
or obsolete appliances of all kinds, folk-lore, myth, and super-
stition, &c., especially such as may be connected with the county
of Surrey. The members of the Section will be glad to give any
information in their power in connection with Anthropological
matters; and it is proposed that at least one paper shall be
read each session by some member of this Section, and that
one excursion take place annually under its direction, besides

b2

Ixxxyiii Proceedings.

demonstrations at Conversational Meetings. The excursion to
Tilgate Forest and the old ironworks of that district was in
connection with it, and an evening has been devoted to a practical
explanation as to the identification of flint chipped by human
agency. All members interested in this subject are requested to
communicate with Mr. Lovett.

The Photographic Section of the Club has passed through a very
fair season, considering the unexplainable depression that most sections
of its kind are at present assailed by, and the attendance has not been
so well maintained as one would wish to see. A number of excursions
were arranged and carried out, and these were not so well attended as
is usual.

Technical and conversational meetings and lantern evenings have
been held, and several interesting and original papers have been read.
A new opaque roller lantern screen has been fixed in the School of
Art Room, and is found to be a great improvement on the old one.

Thanks are due.to the editors of the ‘British Journal of Photo-
graphy,’ ‘The Amateur Photographer,’ and also ‘The Magic Lantern
Journal,’ for the free copies sent during the past year for the use of
members in the reading-room.

At the Soirée this year the sectional exhibit was an excellent one,
the whole of the exhibitors adhering to the rule of framing their
pictures, some eighty frames being hung, the largest number of frames
on record ever shown. A large table in the Small Hall was as usual
devoted to some 600 lantern-slides, work of the members; the
School of Art Room being devoted to lantern exhibits of members’
work during the evening.

The membership of the Section is not quite so good as last year,
and it is hoped that Photographic members will do their best during
the new year to secure new members, which means by so doing
strengthening the Club generally; and any members who contemplate
practising photography, and wishing to receive advice, and also receive
the benefits of the Section, may obtain them from the Honorary
Secretary of the Section, and from whom particulars as to use of dark
room and lockers may also be obtained.—Harry D. Gower, Hon. Sec.

In connection with this subject I will say that the Club is very
much indebted to Mr. Baldock for his services on those occasions
when the lantern is required, and more especially do we owe
him a debt of gratitude for bringing about the exhibition of the
splendid series of views of Alpine scenery by Captain Abney last
week. As far as my memory serves, this was the most inter-
esting and successful lantern evening we have had.

Geological Sub-Committee.—The Hon. Secretary (Dr. G. J.
Hinde) reports that ‘‘the Sub-Committee met on the occasion of
the Conversational Meeting, when some specimens were shown,
and interesting observations communicated by the members
present. The Sub-Committee are indebted to Mr. Thomas
Walker, M.Inst.C.E., Borough Engineer, for facilities for

Proceedings. Ixxxix

examining any excavations which are being made by the Cor-

poration in order to take note of the strata exposed. One of the

_ members has made a small beginning by noting the beds in the

oo made for draining the new cemetery on the Mitcham
oad.”

Botanical Sub-Committee.—The discovery of Carex fusca, known
to British botanists better by its name of Carex Buxbaumii, is one of
the most interesting additions to the flora of Great Britain made for
many years. This plant was found by our former member, Mr. W.
F. Miller, near Arisaig, on the west coast of Scotland. It had
previously only been known as a British plant from Lough Neagh,
Ireland. It is a satisfaction to us that this interesting discovery should
have fallen to the lot of one of our members, who for so many years
contributed the record of the dates of the flowering of plants in this
neighbourhood, and in many other ways assisted in the botanical work
of the Club.—H. T. MENNELL.

The Microscopical Sub-Committee held one Conversational Meet-
ing, at which several slides, principally relating to geological
subjects, were exhibited and discussed. I cannot but regret
that the microscope is not quite so much in favour with our
members as formerly. This may be attributed to the fact that
‘the common objects for the microscope” are all more or less
familiar, and so familiarity breeds indifference. It may also be
due to the idea that a very large and expensive microscope is
necessary, or that high scientific training is indispensable. But
this is not so. An inexpensive microscope, and the more simple
the better, will teach a beginner things he has hardly hitherto
dreamed of, and there is no pleasanter way of spending a spare
evening than in examining by its means water from a stagnant
pool, or the parts of a flower, or the growth of the crystals of a
salt on a slip of glass. It is not necessary that the object should
be mounted. That can be done when the observer becomes
more accustomed to the use of his instrument. There is no
occasion for a microscopist to mourn, like Alexander, because
there are no more worlds to conquer. All branches of science
are indebted to the microscope. In botany, in zoology, and in
geology, it is absolutely indispensable. The very modern science
of bacteriology would never have come into being without it,
and the medical man finds that his diagnosis may be made with
more accuracy when he is able to bring the microscope to his
assistance. The members of the Sub-Committee are at all times
willing to render assistance, and in the Club Cabinet is a large
collection of slides for the use of members.

Excursions.

Twelve excursions were arranged, and several of them were
well attended, and all enjoyable.

XC Proceedings.

May 11th.—The half-day excursion to Kew Gardens was
attended by a party of eighteen. Dr. Parsons, who was to have
conducted the party, was unavoidably absent. The weather was
all that could be wished to make the visit enjoyable. The varied
tints of the foliage and the blossoming trees brightened by
unclouded sunshine were a pleasing contrast to the stuffiness of
London. The party spent some time in the rock garden, where
were seen in bloom Podophyllum emodi, several species of helle-
bore, and other ranunculaceous plants, numerous Saxifragas,
Primulas, and other spring flowers. In the hothouse the leaves
of the Victoria regia were not much developed, but there was a
good show of orchids. Great interest was taken in the carni-
vorous plants—Sarracenias and Droseras. After a visit to the
greenhouses and fernery, the party separated.

May 25th.—Half-day excursion to Hartfield and Withyham
(under the direction of Mr. Roods). Hartfield was reached about
three o’clock, and several views of the quaint old village were
taken. The route lay through Buckhurst Park, where some
good views of the ruins of Old Buckhurst and of the lake were
obtained. Withyham Church was visited, and some photographs
of the monuments of the Sackville family by Chantrey, Flaxman,
and Nollekens, were taken. Withyham Station was left about
six. Five members attended.

June 8rd.—On Monday, June 38rd, members and their friends,
twenty-three in number, made an excursion to Worth and Til-
gate Forest under the direction of Mr. Lovett. Leaving Three
Bridges Station, the party followed a beautiful country footpath
which leads to Worth, upon arriving at which place a visit was
paid to the church and rectory gardens by kind permission of
the rector. The church is perhaps one of the finest examples of
a Saxon structure now existing. Cruciform, and with pilasters
of rough long and short work supporting a stone string course.
The windows and chancel arches are very fine, and the carved
wood pulpit bears the date 1577 (see Trans., Art. 121). An old
gallery of 1610 is also very interesting, and there are many
ancient monumental stones both in the church and the church-
yard. In the latter stands a remarkable headstone erected to
the memory of two men ‘‘and Barbara their wife.” The walk
then lay through the lovely sylvan scenery of Worth and Tilgate
Forests, where many botanical and entomological specimens of
interest were obtained. Among the former were the water drop-
wort, the hound’s-tongue, columbine, the sweet-scented mountain
fern, the lady fern, the twayblade and other orchids, the bugle—
blue, pink, and white—and wild garlic; and among the latter,
the pearl-bordered fritillary (large and small), the orange tip,

Proceedings. xci

the cinnabar moth, and several species of dragonflies. Some
pretty ‘‘ bits’’ were taken during the day by the members of the
Photographic Section of the Club. At the Balcombe end of the
walk a halt was made for lunch, and Mr. Lovett gave a brief
account of the old Sussex ironworks which formerly occupied
this district. The working of iron in this locality is of great
antiquity, being traced as far back certainly as the Roman period.
The quality of the metal was good, though somewhat brittle,
thus resembling the iron of Spain. When the Wealden area
was dense forest the trees were used as fuel for the iron furnases,
and it was the exhaustion of these forests which at length ter-
minated the ironworks here and transferred the industry where
iron and coal are worked in juxtaposition. Our earliest historical
record of the Tilgate ironworks is 1266, and in the 16th century
the quaint old belted or banded cannon were founded here,
whilst firebacks and irons, rush clips, and other appliances were
made in this metal. The present iron railings around St. Paul’s
Cathedral were also made in this locality of Sussex iron. This
industry was at its zenith in the 17th century, but before that,
in 1543, it was enacted that ‘‘no woodland be converted to
pasture,” which shows us that the timber was disappearing fast,
and in 1581 all new ironworks were stopped, so short was the
timber supply becoming. We read, however, that cannon were
made at Worth as late as 1788. The earliest of these old guns
were made at Buxted by Ralph Hogge in 1540, and one Huggett
was also a cannon founder, for we read—‘‘ Master Huggett and
his man John, they did cast the first cannon.’’ The dying out
of the Sussex iron industry was a lingering process, for even
now a few small forges exist, and there is still plenty of good
iron ore if only fuel in the form of Sub-wealden coal be forth-
coming. The last of the big furnaces were blown out at Farn-
hurst and Ashburnham. Survivals in the shape of names of
places still bear witness to the ancient industry in the names of
Hammerpond, Hammerwood, Cinderford, Steelforgeland, Ham-
- merden, Cinderbank, &e. Many of the ancient slag-heaps, now
covered with trees and wild flowers, were examined and described
by Mr. Lovett. The party then returned to Three Bridges
Station through another part of the forest full of interest to the
naturalist and the photographer.

June 15th.—A half-day excursion to Oxted through Tandridge,
past Diana’s fountain and the ponds to Godstone. Conducted
by Mr. J. H. Baldock. Three members attended.

June 22nd.—Half-day excursion to the Silent Pool, near
Guildford. The party, numbering twelve, arrived at Clandon
on the §.W.R. about 3.30, and walked through the village over

xcil Proceedings.

Clandon Down to Newlands Corner, from whence a most charm-
ing view over the surrounding country was obtained, Leith Hill
being visible to the left, and Hindhead to the right. Turning
down the road to the left, a halt was made at the bottom of
Albury Down to examine a small quarry in the Lower Chalk,
some of the lower beds of which were very hard, approaching
limestone, and yielded several Inocerami, besides Rhynconellas
and Terebratulas. About a quarter of a mile further on the
Silent Pool was reached. This pool, about a hundred yards long
and surrounded by trees, consists of a chalky basin about ten or
fifteen feet deep. The water is remarkably clear, and a large
quantity of what appeared to be Vallisneria spiralis was growing
in it, and there were also a large number of lake trout, which
were remarkably tame, and evidently accustomed to being fed by
visitors. After an enjoyable tea in a cottage garden close by,
the party walked through Albury Park to Shere, and thence to
Gomshall. It was particularly noticed that roses were very fine,
both at the railway stations and in the gardens along the route.
Dr. Parsons found Afcidium crassum on the leaves of buckthorn,
butterfly orchis (Habenaria chlorantha), and viper’s bugloss.
Several photographs were taken during the walk. The houses
at Shere and Gomshall are many of them quaintly timbered,
and would furnish sufficient material for pictures for a pro-
longed stay. (Conducted by the President.)

July 6th.—A half-day excursion to Groombridge Place by
special permission of the Misses Saint to photograph their fine
old house and grounds, and who kindly provided tea for the
party; also Groombridge Common and the curious old church,
Thence across Rusthall Common, where some very successful
photographs of the well-known ‘Toad Rock”’ were secured, to
Tunbridge Wells, the members refreshing themselves at the
‘“‘Chalybeate Spring.” Ten members attended. Conducted by
Mr. J. H. Baldock.

July 20th._—A joint excursion with the Brighton and Sussex
Natural History Society to Lewes was planned for July 20th,
but the morning proving very wet the attendance of Croydon
members was very small, and the Brighton Society was repre-
sented only by Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, of Lewes, who kindly acted
as guide, and under whose auspices, the weather improving, a
very pleasant afternoon was spent. The Castle was first visited.
Of this little more remains than the entrance tower with barbican,
the ruins of the keep, and some fragments of walls enclosing a
yard now used as a bowling-green. ‘The site of the Castle is an
important one from a military point of view, commanding as it
does the entrance to the Weald from the coast at a contracted

Proceedings. xelli

point in the valley of the Ouse where it cuts its way through the
South Downs. Rooms in the towers of the keep and barbican
are used as a museum, and contain a fair collection of local pre-
historic, Roman, and medieval antiquities. The town of Lewes
with its steep irregular streets is picturesque, but contains few
buildings of interest. The party then walked to the downs on
the south-east of the town. These are covered with a charac-
teristic chalk flora, but the vegetation was parched and brown
owing to the prolonged drought, and attention was turned to a
series of chalk-pits. The chalk here has undergone a slight
upheaval in a direction contrary to its general dip in the South
Downs (viz. southwards from the Weald), so that while the
- Upper Chalk is exposed in the pits nearer to Lewes, the Lower
Chalk is worked in those more to the south, and in one pit both
Upper and Lower Chalk are seen; the contrast between the
white Upper Chalk, with its regular bands of flints, and the grey
Lower Chalk, almost devoid of flints, being very distinct. Some
photographs of these sections were taken. In the Upper Chalk
only a few fragments of Inoceramus were found, but the Lower
Chalk yielded other fossils, among them being a large ammonite
(2 A. sussewiensis), of which a fine specimen twelve inches in
diameter was obtained. On the return to Lewes a short détour
was made to visit the brackish marshes by the tidal river Ouse,
where several plants characteristic of such localities were found,
e.g., Ranunculus hirsutus, Aster Tripolium, Zannichellia pedicellata,
and iHnteromorpha intestinalis. The grayling butterfly and the
burnet moth were observed on the chalk downs. (Dr. H. F.
Parsons.)

July 27th—Half-day Photographic excursion to Lingfield
(conductor, Mr. Wild). The members who joined this excursion
found enough to occupy the comparatively short time at their
disposal in the picturesque cottages of this and the adjoining
village of Street, and the church. Some time was spent in the
interior of the latter, where photographs of the monumental tombs
of the Earls of Cobham, and the east end generally, with lectern,
on which is an old chained Bible, were obtained. Tea at one of
the village inns agreeably closed the afternoon’s proceedings.

August 5th—Whole-day excursion to Lingfield for Holtye
Common and Cowden (conductor, W. Murton Holmes). On
arriving at Lingfield, the party proceeded to the church, over
which they were kindly shown by Mr. Sydney Austin, of Ling-
field. This church, which was rebuilt in 1461, contains some
fine brasses and monuments to the memory of the Cobham family.
There also are exhibited a Bible and two prayer-bools in black
letter, with chains attached. There are some quaint and finely-

xciv Proceedings.

timbered houses surrounding the church. St. Peter’s Cross was
next visited; this was built in 1300, and is still in good pre-
servation. Annexed to this, but of much later date, is the
Blockhouse or cage, formerly used for prisoners. Some remains
of ferns and other plants were discovered in the Tunbridge Wells
Sandstone, in a quarry not far from Lingfield. The Hammer
and Furnace Ponds were passed on the way to Holtye Common;
these ponds take their name from the iron furnaces formerly
existing in this locality. Very good iron was made here, and
there is still abundance of iron ore; but owing to the discovery
of iron in proximity to the coal-fields in the North of England,
smelting has long been discontinued. Heaps of slag are still
to be seen. In the Furnace pond the narrow-leaved bulrush
(Typha angustifolia) was in abundance, and the water not being
up to its usual level, in consequence of the dryness of the season,
several fine specimens of fresh-water mussel were obtained.
From the top of Holtye Common there is an extensive view over
Crowborough and Ashdown Forest and the surrounding country.
Here was an encampment of 140 boys from a Home at South-
wark, and the boys seemed to be thoroughly enjoying themselves
with cricket on the Common. Among the plants found were
Ranunculus flammata (lesser spearwort), Dianthus armeria (Dept-
ford pink), Sedum telephium (orpine), Achillea ptarmica (sneeze-
wort), Anthemis cotula (stinking mayweed), Helosciadium inundatum,
Angelica sylvestris, Silaus pratensis, Ginanthe phellandrium, Lastrea
dilatata and L. oreopteris, Lycopodium clavatum (which is a rarity
in the South of England) and Cuscuta epithymum (dodder), which
was parasitic on the following plants :—Cytisus scoparius, Potentilla
tormentilla, Erica cinerea, Calluna vulgaris, Hypericum pulchrum,
Vaccinium myrtillus, Solidago virgaurea. On the way to Cowden
Station a visit was paid to the church, where there is some fine
timber work.

August 24th.—General half-day excursion to Oxted for Worm’s
Heath and Warlingham by way of Botley Hill (conductor, Mr.
Goodman). Belladonna in fruit found. The party on reaching
Warlingham were very kindly entertained at high tea by Mr.
and Mrs. Goodman.

Sept. 21st—On Saturday, Sept. 21st, a visit was paid to
Epping Forest, under the guidance of Mr. N. F. Robarts, for
the purpose of searching for fungi in that district. Very few
members attended. Rail was taken from Fenchurch Street to
Loughton, the party being joined at Woodford by a lady member
of the Essex Field Club. The route taken through the forest
was through Debden Slade to the ancient British earthwork
known as Loughton Camp, discovered in 1872 by the late Mr.

Proceedings. XCV

B. H. Cooper. Mr. Kobarts having explained the investigations
carried on in 1882 by the Essex Field Club, the party continued
their walk through Little and Great Monk Woods to the
Romano-British Camp at Ambresbury Banks, commonly known
as Boadicea’s Camp, returning towards Chingford by the King’s
Oak and High Beach. The walk having been rather long for
the time available, the party drove from High Beach to Ching-
ford Station, through Fairmead, past Connaught Water and
Queen EHlizabeth’s Lodge. Owing to the long-continued drought,
the expedition as regards fungi was a failure, very few specimens
being secured, particulars of which have been furnished by Dr.
Franklin Parsons as follows; but the beautiful weather made
the walk a most enjoyable one. List of fungi found on this
occasion :—Russula emetica, R. nigricans, R. lutea, Lactarius
rufus, Agaricus phalloides, A. spadiceus, Hydnum repandum,
Phallus impudicus, Polyporus versicolor, Boletus scaber, Sclero-
derma vulgare.

January 15th, 1896.—A party of twenty-one, under the guid-
ance of Mr. Baldock, paid a visit to Brin’s Oxygen Factory at
Westminster, and were shown over the works by Mr. Murray,
the manager. The process for obtaining oxygen is based upon
the property possessed by barium monoxide of absorbing another
atom of oxygen from the atmosphere when submitted to a high
temperature (in practice, 1350° Fahr. is found most convenient).
The additional atom is again given off when pressure is reduced,
barium monoxide being reformed, and the process can be repeated
almost indefinitely. The barium is placed in a series of retorts
arranged in a furnace heated by carbon monoxide, and a current
of purified air passed through these under a pressure of about
ten pounds to the inch, oxygen is absorbed, the nitrogen passing
away into the air. The pressure is then reduced, and as the
oxygen is given off it is conveyed to a holder, and is then ready
to be-compressed by a pump into cylinders of various sizes.
The process of testing the cylinders was also explained by
Mr. Murray.

Eventne MEeEtines.

February 19th.—At this meeting the Report of the Meteoro-
logical Sub-Committee, prepared by Mr. Francis Campbell-Bayard
the Hon. Sec., was presented and read. The full report was
printed in the last number of our ‘Transactions’ (Trans.,
Art. 120). It was stated that the number of stations had been
increased by fourteen, thus making the returns more and more
representative. The number of stations of which the records
haye been tabulated was sixty-six, and the observers number
fifty-four, as against fifty-three in the last Report. Although it

xcvl Proceedings.

had been stated by Mr. Symons that the rainfall for the United
Kingdom during 1894 was quite an average one, in our own
district the year was very wet, and tables were given showing
that there was an excess of 2:46 in. at Greenwich, 3:08 in. at
Surbiton, and 5°61 in. at Mt. Ararat, Wimbledon. Mr. Bayard
drew attention to the comparatively large number of days—
eight in number—on which one inch or more fell in twenty-four
hours. Fortunately the nature of the ground prevented any
disastrous floods which affected so many places in the catchment
area of the River Thames.

At the same meeting Dr. Franklin Parsons read “Some
further Observations on Earth Temperatures”’ (Trans., Art. 122).
The observations were made as before with thermometers placed
in the ground at depths of four feet and one foot. During the
three years 1892-94 the highest temperature attained by the
four-foot thermometer was 63°5° on August 20th, 1893, and the
lowest 38°9° on January 24th, 1892. The highest attained by
the one-foot thermometer was 72° on August 19th, 1893, and
the lowest 33°8° on January 8th, 1893. The above minima had,
however, been exceeded during the memorable frost of February
last, when the lowest point reached by the four-foot thermometer
was 88°3° on February 19th, 1895, and the lowest by the one-
foot thermometer 82°6° on February 18th, 1895. That the
one-foot thermometer had not reached 82°, nor become frozen to
the tube, during a frost which had then lasted a month with the
mean temperature of the air on some days not exceeding 17°,
and a minimum of 9° recorded, Dr. Parsons considered was a
proof that it can very rarely happen that the ground is frozen
at a depth of one foot. Subsequent observations showed the
lowest point reached by the four-foot thermometer was 37°4° on
March 7th, 1895. The one-foot thermometer was found on
February 20th firmly frozen into its tube, and so remained until
March 8th, so that observations during this period could not be
taken. Diagrams were exhibited showing the curves of the
four-foot thermometer during the three years 1892-94, and the
general course of the curves was similar. The minimum is
reached in the latter part of January or February; but in two of
the three years there had been a double minimum, the first in
January, and the second about the end of February or in March.
From the end of March to the beginning of July there is a rapid
and almost continuous ascent; later in July a slight decline,
the temperature rising again to its yearly maximum in August.

February 19th.—Dr. Dukes exhibited the curious jumping-bean
from Mexico. Perhaps it would be as well to place upon record
some of the facts which have been published with regard to this
phenomenon. The movements of the so-called bean are due to

Proceedings. x¢vll

the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans) living in the capsule
of an euphorbiaceous plant (Sebastiania palmeri) found in certain
canons near Alamos. The plant exudes a milky juice, used by
the Indians for poisoning arrows. As is the case with other
EKuphorbiace, the carpels suddenly dehisce when ripe, but when
the larva inhabits one, the parts fail to separate, being kept
together by the carpet of silk which the larva spins on the
inside. The peculiar jumping motions are thus described by
Prof. Riley :—‘‘ The full-grown larva by its holding fast to the
silken lining by its anal and two hind pair of abdominal pro-legs,
which have very strong hooks, then draws back the head and
fore body, the thoracic parts swelling and the thoracic legs being
withdrawn. The contracted parts being thus suddenly released,
the larva vigorously taps the wall of the cell with the head,
sometimes thrown from side to side, but more often brought
directly down, as in the motion of a woodpecker when tapping
for insects. The seed will thus move whenever warmed for
several months during the winter, because, as with most tortricid
larve, this one remains a long time in the larval state after
coming to its growth and before pupating.”’

March 19th.—Owing to the inability of Mr. Howard Martin
to attend, the paper on ‘‘ Oysters’’ announced to be read by him
was postponed. Mr. Lovett very kindly gave an interesting
lecture on the ‘‘ Stalk-eyed Crustaceans,’’ which was illustrated
by numerous specimens. The sub-order to which these belong
is divided into three tribes—the large-tailed, comprising lobsters,
crayfish, and prawns; the short-tailed, containing the crabs;
and an intermediate form which includes the hermit crabs.
They all undergo three stages of development—the egg, larva,
and perfect form; but, unlike insects, it is in the latter stage
that growth takes place. This necessitates numerous moultings,
as the shell does not expand with the creature’s growth. Mr.
Lovett stated that when nearly full-grown the moults become
more infrequent, as instanced by full-grown acorn barnacles
being found attached to crab-shells, and as these are slow-
growing, some time must have elapsed since the previous moult.
Some crustaceans have the curious habit of casting their limbs
when frightened. These are renewed in a diminished size at
the next moult, but in the course of time attain their full
dimensions. Some species lay an enormous number of eggs, —
the greater number of which form the staple food of fishes,
while those species which inhabit burrows, or are otherwise
protected, lay comparatively few. Some species inhabit the
littoral zone, whilst others are found only in deep water or in
the open sea. In the latter case some of the legs are modified

into swimming paddles. A few of the more sluggish species

xevili Proceedings.

protect themselves by encouraging the growth of sponges and
alge upon their shells. The fresh-water crayfish is the only
indigenous fresh-water stalk-eyed crustacean. They are abun-
dant in Wiltshire, where they burrow in the calcareous clay-banks
of streams. They run at dusk, and it is no uncommon thing to
catch 500 or 600 in one evening. Packed in nettles, they may
be kept alive for at least three weeks.

April 28rd.—Mr. Ernest Straker gave a lecture, illustrated by
photographs, on ‘‘ Fair Isle Scenes and Fair Isle Folk.’”’ This
little island, lying between the Orkneys and Shetland, is, with
the exception of St. Kilda, the most isolated of the British Isles.
There are twenty-two houses on the island, and 230 inhabitants,
who are of Norwegian descent, and are all more or less related.
The men are fishermen, and their wives and daughters do farm
work. Peat is collected on the moors, and brought down by
means of ox-carts. The day’s work begins about midnight, as the
oxen will not work by day. Theislandis much divided by fiords,
and the cliffs, which are very high and precipitous, are penetrated
by numerous arches and caverns. Up these cliffs in the summer-
time sheep are hauled from boats and left for the season to find
their own subsistence. The coal-fish, a species of cod, is ex-
tremely abundant, and the catching and drying of these is the
principal employment of the islanders. The fishing-boats, ten
in number, are small and light, and have the form of the old
Viking ships. Sea-birds swarm on all the ledges of the rocks ;
among these are gulls, terns, puffins, and eider-ducks. Seals of
various species and colours are frequently seen. The photo-
graphs with which Mr. Straker illustrated his lecture are believed
to be the first taken of the island.

May 21st.—Mr. H. C. Collyer read ‘“‘Some Notes on the
Opening of some Tumuli on the South Downs.” The ex-
cavations were made by the author on the downs near the
valley of the Arun. One contained the skeleton of a man about
6 ft. 8 in. in height, the skull being deeply cleft as by a sword
cut. The paper will appear in the ‘ Transactions’ (Trans.,
Art. 128).

September 17th.—Mr. Lovett read a short paper on ‘‘ The
Protective Methods of Certain Larve” (Trans., Art. 124), allud-
ing to the irritating hairs, acrid tastes, or menacing attitudes
of some species, and the protection derived from mimicry or
resemblance to inanimate objects exhibited by others.

The evening was principally devoted to the exhibition of
specimens and objects of interest obtained during the recess.

Dr. Parsons exhibited Nyctalis asterophora, a parasitic agaric

Proceedings. XC1xX

growing upon Russula adusta, from Handeross, Sussex; also
several specimens of dried plants from Dieppe of species occurring
in Britain, and flints collected at Dieppe for exportation to this
country for use in pottery.

Mr. Lovett exhibited specimens of pipes; specially noticeable
being one from Afghanistan inlaid with lead, as practised both
by Kaffirs and North American Indians; also one made by the
Eskimo, consisting of two hollow pieces of wood or gutters
bound together. Mr. Lovett also showed a support for a fire-drill
from Alaska, which is held in the mouth when in use.

Mr. Goodman exhibited a specimen of the Gulf-weed (Sar-
gassum). This plant, which is allied to the Fucus, is found
floating in large quantities in the Atlantic, but it also grows
attached to rocks in the West Indies and along the Florida
Reef.

The President exhibited Carboniferous Limestone fossils from
near Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland, consisting of corals of
several species, Productus and other brachiopods, Bellerophon and
Euomphalus ; also Stigmaria and Calamites from Dysart, on the
Firth of Forth. The summits of the limestone crags in West-
moreland were described as resembling a flat pavement traversed
by fissures, in which a great variety of ferns and other plants
grow most luxuriantly. These fissures are produced by the con-
stant percolation of the rain through the joints of the limestone.

October 15th.—Mr. Lovett exhibited and described a series of
remarkable specimens of Salt deposits obtained by him on a
recent visit to the works of the Salt Union at Stoke Prior in
Worcestershire. This salt deposit occurs in wkat is known as
the New Red Marl, and is considered to have been caused by the
presence of a great inland sea, in those remote geological times,
somewhat corresponding with the Salt Lake district of North
America. The salt is pumped from a deep well in the form of a
saturated saline solution, or brine, with pumps, much in the
same way as exists in our ordinary waterworks. The pumps
carry it to a tank on a tower, whence it falls into a large open-
air reservoir; the density of this volume of brine being so great
that to sink in it would be practically impossible. The brine
runs from this reservoir to the salt-pans, kept at boiling-point,
which evaporates the water, and precipitates the salt: this is
- raked out and drained into wooden moulds, into blocks, as we
see them in the drysalters’ shops. When fairly hard, they are
turned out and baked in the hot room—temperature about 150°.
The finer table salts are carefully ground from these subsequently ;
the rough granular salt, as exported to India and Australia, is
evaporated by a simpler process. The refuse and dirty salt is
ground up and sold for agricultural purposes. The latest luxury

Cc Proceedings.

is known as ‘‘Saltunia,’’ a beautifully scented salt of great value
for baths.

Mr. Berney exhibited two specimens of Plusia moneta taken in
his garden last July. This insect was first found in England
in 1890, having then been taken at Tunbridge Wells and Purley.
The larva feeds upon delphinium and aconite.

Dr. Parsons exhibited the Jerusalem artichoke in flower, a
most unusual occurrence in this country, as it requires prolonged
hot weather. It is accounted for by the fact that the temperature
for September was five degrees above the mean temperature for
Greenwich for fifty years. The plant was first introduced into
Europe from North America in 1617, and has therefore nothing
to do with Jerusalem. The word is a corruption of girasole, the
Italian name for the sunflower, which it much resembles.

Mr. Stanley’s Report of Conference of Delegates at the British
Association was read at this meeting.

Report of Conference of Delegates of Local Scientific Societies at the
British Association, Ipswich, September, 1895.

The Address of Mr. G. J. Symons, F.R.S., enclosed, gives the
direction of general discussion at the first meeting. It will be seen
that this Address gives predominance to meteorological work, in which
the monthly reports of our Society, drawn up so carefully by Mr. F.
Campbell-Bayard, appear to meet the entire requirements of the dele-
gates, as expressed at the meeting. According to the expression of
opinion, it would appear that our Society might do something more
with collation in phenological work, and for this it appears to me we
have very able members. A matter raised in discussion appears to me
of great interest. The whole of our Post-tertiary Gravels contain
remains of prehistoric animals and the early works of man in flint
implements ; it would therefore be well in every Gravel district that
some small sub-committee should pay attention to the removal of
these Gravels. In our district they are rapidly disappearing, and this
is general around London, so that the open field of research in this
subject will in time be lost. The physical subjects discussed were
beyond the province of our Club.

Wm. F. STanuey.

Mr. Stanley exhibited a fine fossil lithistid sponge from the
Croydon Gravel. I believe that it has been brought to the
notice of the Geological Society.

The President read a paper on ‘“‘ The Fertilization of Flowering
Plants’’ (Trans., Art. 125), describing some of the methods of
pollination by the agency of the wind, or by insects. It was
stated that in most cases cross-fertilization produced better and
stronger offspring than the offspring of self-fertilized flowers.
Some of the contrivances for hindering self-fertilization and for
facilitating cross-fertilization were described; and in default of
cross-fertilization, it was shown that ultimate self-fertilization

Proceedings. ci

was ensured. The paper was illustrated by diagrams on the
lantern-screen.*

November 19th. — Mr. Howard Martin read a paper on
“Oysters” (Trans., Art. 126). The paper was illustrated by
diagrams, and by several specimens of oyster in various stages
of growth; also by photographs showing the method of culti-
vation.

Dr. Parsons showed a series of fossil oysters, among which
were some growing upon a nautilus. The larve must have
attached themselves during the life of the nautilus, as the shell
of the latter had partly grown over them.

December 17th.—The President read a short note on some
tuber-like growths on the roots of a beech tree in the Sander-
stead Road, and explained the manner in which they had
probably arisen.

Mr. C. H. Goodman read some interesting ‘‘ Notes on the
House Cricket” (Trans., Art. 127), the result of somewhat pro-
longed investigation. The paper was illustrated by photographs.

The Twenty-sixth Annual Soirée was held at the Public Hall
on November 27th; but, though the attendance was only 513 as
compared with 542 in 1894, more tickets were sold, and the total
expenses were smaller. The number of microscopes exhibited
was somewhat smaller than usual, but there was a great variety
in the objects shown, and we were indebted to members of the
Royal Microscopical Society, Quekett, Holmesdale, and Redhill
Clubs for several interesting objects. Bacteriological cultures
were exhibited by Dr. Blaxall and Dr. Hobson. Mr. Crowley
exhibited butterflies, including the new and beautiful Ornithoptera
paradisea from German New Guinea, and birds’ eggs; Dr.
Parsons, dried plants, fungi, and a basket of flowers from gardens
on Park Hill. Owing to the severe weather in the autumn,
there were only 72 different kinds, as compared with 138 in 1894.
Botanical specimens were also shown by Mr. Mennell and Mr.
Salmon. A beautiful collection of stuffed birds was shown by
Mr. Thorpe; Mr. J. Chisholm contributed a portion of the late
Mr. Henry Lee’s collection (the Bchinide), some horns of African
antelopes, walrus tusks, African birds, &c.; insects were shown
by Mr. Goodman ; British land and fresh-water shells, by Mr.

* There are many persons who would like to know something of botany,
but who yet have neither the time nor inclination to wade through some of
the modern text-books, overladen as they are with strings of words derived
from the Greek. To these I would recommend a little book recently pub-
lished, ‘The Story of the Plants,’ by Grant Allen, which describes the
life-history of plants in a scientific manner, but in plain and untechnical
language, so that he who runs may read.

€

cll Proceedings.

Dedham; drawings, by Mr. Chumley; North American Indian
and Eskimo objects, by Mr. Lovett,—these consisted of pipes,
clubs, an Indian chief’s head-dress, Eskimo knives, fish-hooks,
and fire-drills; a very interesting collection of objects from
Ashanti and New Guinea was exhibited by Mr. Robarts; native
lace and other objects from Paraguay, by Mr. Curry; and
specimens of the art of Old Japan, by Mr. J. O. Pelton, so that
anthropology was well illustrated. Among the other objects
which attracted particular attention were the spectra of argon
and helium, exhibited by Mr. Stanley; oyster-spat and photo-
graphs, by Mr. Howard Martin; polariscopes, by Mr. Murton;
spectroscope, by Mr. Newton; original letters from Charles
Dickens, Kenny Meadows, and Douglas Jerrold, by Mr. Streeter;
and books of autographs, etchings, and drawings of sponge
structure, by the President. Photographs and transparencies
were exhibited by Messrs. Baldock, Dodd, Epps, Gower, Grundy,
Hoole, Maylard, A. Moss, C. Moss, Oakley, Packham, Roods,
Sandell, Straker, Underhill, and Wild.

During the evening three exhibitions of lantern-slides were
given by various members of the Club, and the Old School of
Art Room was filled to overflowing at each demonstration.

The Club as usual is very much indebted to Mr. Crowley for
so kindly sending flowers to decorate the platform, and to Mr.
Berney and Mr. Grundy for the excellent manner in which the
rooms were arranged.

The attendance at the evening meetings has not been so
numerous as one could wish, but on five occasions last year
ladies were invited to be present, and the room in consequence
was much better filled. Surely the time has come when we
should do well to follow the example of other societies and admit
ladies either as members or associates. It is certain that many
take a great interest in Natural History, and would be glad of
the opportunity of joining. They have the advantage in many
cases of more leisure, they spend a larger portion of their life in
Croydon, and have consequently many opportunities for inducing
others to join, and so strengthen the Club. Iam quite aware
that objections have been made on former occasions when a
similar proposal has been brought forward, but times have
altered, and we now see ladies occupying positions which a few
years ago it would have been considered impossible for them to
hold. Ladies have always been invited to accompany our
excursions, and I am not aware that anyone has found the walk
less agreeable in consequence.

In conclusion, let me express the hope that members will
bring to the notice of the Club any facts connected with Natural

‘Proceedings. elll

History that may come under their observation, so that there
may be a good supply of papers. A discussion even on subjects
of apparently slight interest often brings out facts which are of
great importance.

Members elected, 1895.

January 15th.— Berry Henry Berry, Highlea, Spencer Road.
Charles W. Hehner, Woodside Green, South Norwood. William
James McClive, 16, St. John’s Grove. Arthur Malden, 5, Chatfield
Road. Charles Daniel Olive, Rokeby, The Downs, Wimbledon.
Frederick James Pack, 8, High Street. Samuel George Parsons,
Vallis Leaze, Raynes Park, Wimbledon. Rev. Henry Arthur Serres,
St. John’s Lodge, Addiscombe. Arthur Charles Wissenden, 50,
Canning Road.

February 19th.— William J. Lock, Avondale Road. Frederick
Horace Oldershaw Jerram, 40, Longley Road, Tooting. Abraham
Moss, 3, High Street, South Norwood. Thomas Charles Castle
Saunders, Aberfoyle, Addiscombe Grove.

March 19th.—George William Moore, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road.
Sydney Hodsoll, 16, Wellesley Road. Gervase E. Newby, F.R.C.S.,
61, Lower Addiscombe Road. Henry Rogers, Altamont, Warlingham.

May 21st.—Charles James Lawrence Russell, Upton Dene, 56,
Coombe Road. Arthur John Weightman, Langdale, Chepstow Rise.

September 17th.— Thomas Douglas, Hillmorton, Manor Road,
Wallington. Edwin Donn, 10, Aberdeen Road.

October 15th. — Rt. Hon. Charles Thomson Ritchie, M.P., 19a,
Wetherby Gardens, South Kensington. Alfred Letherby, ‘‘ Hausa,”
Inglis Road.

November 19th.—George Phillips Botterill, 26, Heathfield Road.
J. Watson Slack, 56, Park Lane.

December 17th.—Thomas Gaus Ackland, F.1.A., F.S.8., ‘* Avalon,’
Morland Road. John Waddon Martyn, 74, Wellesley Road. Rey.
Richard Kidston Corser, Eastbrook, Park Hill Road.

Exhibits, 1895.

February 19th.—W. Murton Holmes, Siliceous Sinter containing
Limnea shells and Chara fruits. Dr. Dukes, Larva of Carpocapsa
saltitans in Sebastiania palmeri from Mexico (jumping beans).

March 19th.—J. H. Drage, Three specimens of the little auk shot
in the Orkneys. C. H. Goodman, Insects from Australia. W. Murton
Holmes, Marcasite, lava-from the bed of the Suez Canal, and a section
of the same under the microscope.

April 23rd.—J. H. Baldock, A colour dise. W.Murton Holmes,
Fossils from the Upper Chalk at Warlingham, and univalve shells.

May 21st.—}’. Campbell-Bayard, Four parts of ‘ Excavations at the
Roman City of Silchester.. N. Waterall, Platinotype photograph of
view at Waddon. H. C. Collyer, Bones and implements found in
barrows near Arundel.

September 17th.—H. F. Parsons, Nyctalis asterophora, a parasitic
agaric; dried plants from Dieppe. E. Lovett, Kaffir, Eskimo, and
Afghan pipes; a support for a fire-drill from Alaska. C. H. Good-
man, Gulf-weed. W. Murton Holmes, Fossils from Carboniferous

civ Proceedings.

Limestone near Kirkby Lonsdale, consisting of corals, Prodwctus and
other brachiopods, Bellerophon and EHuomphalus, and Stigmaria,
Calamites, and a fern from the coal-measures; a portion of a
Japanese sponge (Periphragella Elise) under the microscope.

October 15th.—E. Lovett, Specimens of salt deposits from the
works of the Salt Union at Stoke Prior. John Berney, Plusia moneta
taken in his garden in July. 4H. F. Parsons, Jerusalem artichoke in
flower. W. F. Stanley, Fossil sponge from the Croydon Gravel.

November 19th. —H. F. Parsons, Fossil oysters. W. Murton
Holmes, Fossil Radiolaria from the Lower Culm-measures near Laun-
ceston. Howard Martin, Oysters in various stages of growth.

December 17th. — N. F. Robarts, Fossils of Lima spinosa, and
Galerites in flint. W. Murton Holmes, Necklace, probably from
New Guinea. .

Additions to the Library.
The additions to the Library during 1895 are as follows :—

From Individuals.—Messrs. Whittaker and Jukes Brown: Borings
at Cullford, Winkfield, Ware, and Cheshunt; Dr. Franklin Parsons:
Ordnance Map of Croydon, and book for recording geological sections;
C. Leeson Prince: Summary of Meteorological Observations at
Crowborough Observatory; W. F. Stanley: The Nebular Theory ;
Dr. Hinde: Radiolaria in the Lower Culm-measures of Devon and
Cornwall; H. D. Gower: The photographic papers as issued; A.
Roods: Knowledge, as issued.

From Societies.—Report of the Reading Literary and Scientific
Society for 1895; Meteorological Report of the Borough of Southport;
Journal of the Malacologie Society of Belgium; Journal of the Quekett
Microscopical Club, 1895; Proceedings of the Scottish Microscopical
Society; The South-eastern Naturalist; Bulletin of the Geological
Institution of the Upsala University; British Association, Report of
the Oxford Meeting, 1894, and Report of the Conference of Corre-
sponding Societies, 1895; Journal of the Manchester Geographical
Society; Proceedings of the Manchester Microscopical Society, 1894;
Transactions of the Eastbourne Natural History Society; Annual
Report and Abstracts of Papers of the Brighton and Sussex Natural
History and Philosophical Society ; Report of the Northamptonshire
Natural History Society; Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society ;
History of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club; Transactions of the
South London Entomological and Natural History Society; . Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia; Ap-
pendix xii. to Report of the Meteorological Council.

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TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1895—96.

121.—Nore on tHe Putrit In Worte Cuurcu.
By H. M. Kuaassen, F.G.S.

Tue Anglo-Saxon church at Worth, near Three Bridges, in
Sussex, contains a pulpit which has been an object of interest to
me for some length of time, and about which I have corresponded
with the Rev. W. W. Skeat, M.A., Professor of Anglo-Saxon in
the University of Cambridge, and with persons living in Hast-
friesland, Hanover.

The pulpit is made of wood, and has five panels; in each there
is a boldly carved figure, with corresponding inscription beneath,
carved in German characters, as under :—

der evangelist Sante Matevs,
der evangelist Sante Marevs,
ick bin allene di here vnde godt,
der evangelist Sante Lvcas,

der evangelist Sante Joannes.

The third line of the inscription, translated into English, is—
*T am alone thy Lord and God.”
Above the panels there are, carved in German letters, the
following couplets :—

wol mi levet de werth min
vnd wi werdé tho em kamé

vnd min vader
biem maké. IOA 14.

wordt holden
vnd een waninge

werth en levé
Anno Dni 1577.

174 Note on the Pulpitin Worth Church.

The upper lines of these couplets should be read in succession,
then the lower lines, and the whole be compared with Luther's
translation of John xiv. 28. The following is a literal translation
of the couplets :—

who me loves the same will my
and we will to him come

and a dwelling with him make. John 14.

word hold | and my father

will him love
A.D. 1577.

As the Anglo-Saxon church at Worth is generally considered
to be of the first half of the eleventh century, and as the date
carved on the pulpit is a.p. 1577, I have made inquiries as
to the date when the pulpit was placed in the church, how it
was acquired, and have tried to make out in what dialect of the
German language its inscriptions are written. The Worth Rec-
tory has a record that ‘‘ the pulpit was bought by the Rey. G. C.
Bethune from Street & Son, antique furniture warehouse, Brewer
Street, Golden Square, London, and erected in Worth Church
the 29th September, 1841. It originally came from a cathedral
in Bavaria, Saxony, Germany.” No clue as to its place of
origin can be obtained from this, for Bavaria and Saxony are
and were separate states.

Those acquainted with Germany will agree with me that the
pulpit at Worth is similar to the pulpits of the Protestant
churches in the North of Germany. The language of the
inscriptions very much resembles a Low German which I spoke
when a boy, and which is still spoken in the villages of Hast-
friesland, Hanover. I therefore requested a friend in Leer,
Province Hanover, Prussia, to find out where in Eastfriesland
or along the North Sea coast the Low German coming nearest to
that inscribed on the Worth pulpit is spoken at the present day.
The reply is that the Low German spoken at the present time
at Schwansen is about the same as that carved on the Worth
pulpit in 1577. Schwansen is a peninsula on the south-east
coast of Schleswig, lying between Eckernfoerde and the mouth
of the river Schlei, and was inhabited by the Angles during the
first centuries after Christ.

At the time when Luther began to translate the Bible there
was no common German language. LHvery state and district
had its own dialect, and over the whole of North Germany Low
German was spoken. Among the Low German Bibles in the
British Museum, there is one by J. Bugenhagen, a Pomeranian

Some further Observations on Earth Temperatures. 175

divine, who assisted Luther in translating the Scriptures into
the German Kanzleisprache. Dr. Bugenhagen brought out, in
1541, a Low German version of the sacred books under the title
‘Biblia: dat ys de gantze hillige Schrifft. Gedruckt dorch
Hans Lufit tho Wittemberg D.M.XL.I.’ This edition, printed
in German characters, has the same rendering of John xiv. 23
as the Worth pulpit; its chapters are not divided into verses,
and Worth pulpit only refers its couplets to LOA 14.

122.—Some FurRTHER OBSERVATIONS ON HartH TEMPERATURES.
By H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.
(Read February 19th, 1895.)

Two years ago I read to the Club a paper containing the
results of my observations during the previous year (1892) with
thermometers placed in the ground at depths of 4 ft. and 1 ft.,
together with a summary of existing knowledge on the subject of
earth temperatures. I now propose to submit some notes on
the further observations which I have made since the date of my
former paper.

The thermometers remain as before. My observations, which
were at first made on Sundays only, owing to my frequent
absences from home in the middle of the week, have for the
last eighteen months been made as nearly as practicable daily
at 9 a.m.

During the three years 1892-94 the highest temperature

attained by the 4 ft. thermometer has been 63°5°, on Aug. 20th,
1893, and the lowest 88°9°, on Jan. 24th, 1892. The highest
temperature attained at a depth of 1 ft. has been 72°0°, on Aug.
19th, 1898, and the lowest 38-8°, on Jan. 8th, 1893.

The above minima have however been exceeded in the present
severe and protracted frost, during which the lowest point
reached by the 4 ft. thermometer has been 38:3° to-day* (Feb.
19th, 1895), and the lowest by the 1 ft. thermometer 32°6°
yesterday.

That the 1 ft. thermometer has not reached 32°, nor become
frozen to the tube after a frost which has lasted a month, and

* Postscript.—The lowest temperature reached by the 4ft. thermometer
during the great frost of the first quarter of 1895 was 37:4°, on March 7th.
The 1 ft. thermometer was found on Feb. 20th firmly frozen into its
tube, and it remained thus fixed until March 8th. The readings during
this period could not be taken, but it is probable that they may have gone
below 32°.

B2

176 Dr. H. F. Parsons on some further

during which on some days the mean temperature of the air has
not exceeded 17°, and a minimum of 9° F. has been recorded,
bears out the remark made in my former paper, that it can very
rarely happen that the ground is frozen at a depth of one foot.

The curves of the 4 ft. thermometer during the three years 1892-
94 are shown in a diagram,* in which the curve for 1892 is repre-
sented in blue, for 1893 in red, and for 1894 in black. The 1894
curve is formed of the weekly means of the daily readings instead of
single readings weekly, but the difference is almost inappreciable,
as it rarely happens that the mean of seven daily readings differs
from the reading of the middle day of the seven by more than a
tenth of a degree Fahrenheit. In each year the general course
of the curve has been similar. The minimum is reached a few
weeks after the commencement of the year, in the latter part of
January or February; but in two out of the three years there
has been a double minimum, the first being attained in January,
and the second about the end of February or in March. From
the end of March to the beginning of July there is a rapid and
almost continuous ascent. Later in July there has been in each
year a slight decline, from which the temperature has risen
again to its yearly maximum in August; so that there seems to
be a tendency to both a double maximum and a double mini-
mum, though it is possible that this might not be borne out by
a more extended series of observations. (The Greenwich curve
for the mean temperature of the air shows a trace of a double
minimum in January.) From August the earth temperature
falls steadily to January, the fall being steeper and more regular
than the ascent.

In 1892 the lowest temperature attained at 4 ft. depth was 38-8°
on Jan. 24th, and again 39°6° on March 18th; and the 4 ft. tem-
perature did not begin to rise rapidly until the middle of May, the
spring being cold and backward. The highest point attained was
60-0°, on Aug. 21st. There was a cold October, with a rapid fall
of the 4 ft. thermometer, after which the temperature remained
stationary for several weeks.

1893 began with a week of intense cold, the thermometer in
the shade attaining a minimum of 12°, on Jan. 4th. The tem-
perature at 4 ft. depth sank to a minimum of 39°, on Jan. 22nd.
After this, however, milder weather set in, and the spring and
summer were very warm and dry. The 4 ft. temperature rose
steadily and rapidly, and in several weeks of the spring and
summer was 5° or more higher than it had been in corresponding
weeks in the year before. The highest temperature attained
by the 4 ft. thermometer was 63°5°, on Aug. 20th, 384° higher
than in either the preceding or the following year. Although
late autumn was cold, a good deal of the extra heat received in

* Not reproduced.

Observations on Earth Temperatures. 177

the warm summer of 1893 seems to have been stored up in the
deeper layers of the soil, for the 4 ft. temperature in the following
winter—Jan. and Feb., 1894—did not fall so low by 3° as it had
done in either of the preceding years. In consequence, perhaps,
partly of this underground store of heat the early spring of 1894
was remarkably forward up to the middle of April; but then a
cold and wet period set in, marked by a concavity in the curve
of ascent of the earth temperature. The highest temperature
attained at 4ft. depth was 60-1, on Aug. 8th and 9th. Late
autumn was mild, and the curve of 1894 then again rose above
those of previous years.

Ihave spoken of the storage of heat in the deeper layers of the
soil, i.e. below the 4 ft. level. That such storage takes place is
shown by the circumstance that in winter time, when the tem-
perature at 4 ft. depth is higher than the mean temperature of
the air, and also than the temperature at 1 ft. depth, daily
observations show that a rise in the 1 ft. temperature is followed
by a rise in the 4 ft. temperature, even when the latter is already
higher than the former. Under such circumstances the 4 ft.
temperature marks the fluctuating level of the resultant between
the supply of heat from below and the loss of heat at the surface ;
when the loss is lessened the level of the ground temperature
rises, just as the level of the water rises in a well when pump-
ing, though not discontinued, is reduced below the yield of the
springs.

Another point shown by daily observations is that the tempera-
ture of the ground at 1 ft., and, still more, that at 4 ft. in depth,
not only have a less range and fewer fluctuations than the mean
daily temperature of the air, but also that in their movements
the ground temperatures lag behind the latter. Any notable
change in the daily mean temperature of the air is followed one
or two days later by a change, similar in direction but less in
amount, in the 1 ft. thermometer, and in about four days by
@ corresponding but still smaller movement of the 4 ft. ther-
mometer.

Daily observations of the 1 ft. and 4 ft. thermometers during
the frosts of February, 1894, and of January and February,
1895, have illustrated how the loss of heat in the superficial
layers of the soil is retarded by a covering of snow. During the
frost of 1894 the ground was unprotected by snow, but during
that through which we have been recently passing it has been
covered with a layer of loose powdery snow about 3 in. deep;
and although the cold period this year has been much more pro-
longed than that of last year, the fall of the temperature of the
ground at 1 ft. and 4 ft. depth has been markedly slower.

To give figures. During the six days of frost (Feb. 17th—22nd,
1894), the mean temperature of the air averaged 8°26° daily

178 Some further Observations on Earth Temperatures.

below that of the earth at 1 ft. During the six days (Jan. 25th-
30th, 1895), the mean temperature of the air averaged 12°18°
daily helow that of the 1 ft. thermometer, a difference of nearly
4:1° greater than that in 1894. During the same periods the
1 ft. thermometer fell, in 1894, from 41°6° to 35:8°, a fall of
5°8° or 0°94° daily ; and, in 1895, from 87° to 34:9°, a fall of
2°1° or 0°35° daily. The fall of the 1 ft. thermometer as com-
pared with the difference between it and the mean daily tem-
perature was, in 1894, 1° fall to 8-6° difference, and, in 1895,
1° fall to 34-8° difference; a ratio not one quarter as great as that
of the previous year.

During the same periods the mean daily difference between the
temperature of the air and that indicated by the thermometer at
4 ft. depth was 12°3° in 1894, and 17-2°in 1895. Allowing three
days for the retardation of movement of the 4 ft. thermometer, it
fell, between Feb. 20th and 26th, 1894, from 48:2° to 41°8°, a
fall of 1:4°, or 0:23° daily. Between Jan. 28th and Feb. 38rd,
1895, it fell from 41°2° to 40:1°, a fall of 1-1°, or 0:18° daily. The
ratio of the fall of the 4 ft. thermometer to the difference be-
tween it and the mean temperature of the air was 1° to 52°8° in
1894, and 1° to 95°5° in 1895. Thus the protective effect of the
snow against cooling of the ground is, as we might expect, less
manifest at a depth of 4 ft. than at that of only 1 ft.

In order to render the comparison with 1894 stricter, I have
taken above only the first six days of the present frost; but if we
take the whole period from Jan. 25th to the present date for
comparison with the six days (Feb. 17th to 22nd, 1894) the
figures come out still stronger. During the period of twenty-five
days (Jan. 25th to Feb. 18th) the mean temperature of the air
fell below that of the 1 ft. thermometer, on an average 10°65°
daily. During that period the 1 ft. thermometer fell from 37°6°
to 32°6°, a fall of 4:4°, being at the rate of 0°17° daily, or 1° for
62°6 day degrees of difference, against 0°94° daily, or 1° to 86°
of day difference during the frost of 1894. Allowing, as before,
three days for the retardation of the 4 ft. thermometer, it was,
from Jan. 28th to Feb. 18th, on an average 16-6° above the
mean temperature of the air. During that period it fell from
412°, on Jan. 28th, to 88°3° on Feb. 19th, a fall of 2°9°, being
at the rate of 0:14° daily, or 1° to 120-8° of day difference, against
0:28° daily, or 1° to 52°8° of difference in 1894.

In these remarks, what I have called the ‘‘ mean daily tem-
perature” is the mean between the highest and lowest readings
of a Six’s registering thermometer during the previous twenty-
four hours, taken at 9 a.m, daily, and referred to the previous
day. It is probably somewhat higher than the true mean, since
at this time of year the night is longer than the day.

After reading the earth thermometers, care was of course

Notes on the Opening of some Tumuli on the South Downs. 179

taken to replace the snow over them to its former depth. During
the latter part of the above period of Jan. 28th to Feb. 18th,
1895, the thickness of the layer of snow above the thermometers
gradually diminished, and a partial thaw on Feb. 18th caused it
to disappear.

123.—Nores on THE OPENING OF SOME TUMULI ON THE
Soutn Downs.

By H. C. Connyer.
(Read May 21st, 1895.)

In the spring of 1893 my attention was called to a series of
barrows, situated on a ridge of the South Downs, near the valley
of the Arun; one of them had just been destroyed by the con-
struction of a dew-pond, and a skeleton in perfect preservation
was found in it, and, as others had been destroyed before from
various causes, I obtained permission to examine the remainder.

The barrows were of two clearly-defined varieties belonging to
widely different periods. Those of the earlier date were very
large round barrows, formed either of flints or earth, piled on the
natural surface of the ground, which showed traces of the fire
used to consume the body; and in them were found bronze
articles, and urns of coarse pottery usually containing ashes.
They are in all probability of Celtic origin, and belong to the
period immediately preceding the Roman occupation.

The barrows of this date, which consisted of flints, have been
removed during the last few years for the sake of the flints; the
outlines only of one or two remain to show their position. The
workmen engaged in their removal found in all of them pottery,
and in some bronze implements. In most cases the urns were
broken to pieces, and the fragments not preserved ; but I have
obtained one urn and some fragments of a larger one, and also a
bronze implement, all of which, I am informed, were so found,
and which are on the table.

Two barrows formed of earth still remained, and one of these
had never been disturbed until it was opened in the presence of
some members of this Club the year before last, when were
found pieces of glass and bronze partly fused by heat, a quantity
of ashes, and some coarse pottery ; the bronze staple of a shield
remained intact, and some fragments of glass retained their form
sufficiently to show that they were pieces of a glass cup with a
handle.

The other round barrow is the largest in the district, and is
known as ‘‘ The Burgh,” but it has at some time been dug into

180 Mr. H. C. Collyer’s Notes on the

at the centre, and the earth thrown roughly out, leaving a great
hole. I sunk two pits in the undisturbed edge of the barrow in
the hope of finding some secondary interments, but only found a
layer of ashes, which covered the surface of the ground on which
the tumulus had been thrown up. This contained bones of the
ox and pig, which had evidently been the remains of a funeral
feast, roasted at the fire which consumed the body.

The principal contents of the barrows had been removed by
those who dug into it in the first instance, and it is a matter for
regret that it should have been disturbed in the way it was, as
from its size this tumulus must have been the memorial of some
chieftain of importance.

The disturbance of this and some other barrows must have
taken place a long time ago, as the turf over them was from two
to three inches thick; and it would be of interest if any of our
botanical members could inform us of the rate of growth of turf
on a dry exposed situation like the chalk downs.

The barrows of later date are much smaller than the pre-
ceding, being shallow mounds about 25 ft. in diameter, with a
slight depression in the centre; and, on digging into them, a
grave is found excavated in the chalk, in which the body has
been laid. They are Anglo-Saxon graves, and eleven all together
were dug into; of these only four had not previously been
disturbed. One contained the perfect skeleton of a man 6 ft. 3 in.
high, with the skull cloven by a sword cut; it lay with the head
due south, and no weapons were found with it. Another close
by contained the skeleton of an old man, the teeth of which were
worn down nearly to the stumps, but not in the least decayed.
Under the head was an iron knife, and a bronze pin was on the
breast, used apparently to fasten a cloak. Traces of a wooden
staff could be seen. The head was to the west. Two others
contained the skeletons of women in a much decayed condition.
The only ornaments found were a shell armlet and an iron bead.
The heads of both were to the west.

A fine barrow of this description, which showed no outward
sign of its having been disturbed, was found to have been rifled
and carefully restored to its original shape; but part of the
skeleton remained, showing that it had belonged to a man of
gigantic stature with a very thick skull. A fragment of an iron
weapon, probably the point of a spear or dagger, had eluded the
search of the former investigators. The turf on this barrow was
very thin, so probably it had been opened in recent years.

Six others proved to have been opened before, as they con-
tained only displaced bones; but in three the leg-bones retained
their position, showing that the body had been buried with the
feet to the north. The graves lay north and south. ;

An unusually large mound of Anglo-Saxon date was partly

Opening of some Tumuli on the South Downs. 181

opened when the members of the Club were there, when several
undisturbed skeletons were found lying head to foot in trenches,
with earth and flints piled over them; and in part of the mound
which had previously been dug into I found a very large quantity
of bones, heaped together in confusion, and have since ascer-
tained that this was done about twenty years ago in digging out
rabbits which had burrowed into the mound. All the skeletons
found were remarkable for the splendid condition of the teeth,
and the stature of the men indicated by the size of the bones.
These lay with the heads to the south.

Near the barrows, on a crest of the hill in a prominent position,
is a pool of water shaded by a clump of aged hawthorn trees.
This pool is stated to be never dry, and is called ‘“ Friday’s
Church.” There is a tradition that an altar once stood there,
dedicated to St. Friga, and it is supposed that this alludes to
Freya or Friga, the Teutonic goddess who presided over springs
of water.

Close by is a very large tumulus, about 90 ft. in diameter,
which showed no sign of ever having been disturbed, and I went
down at the beginning of this month purposely to open it; but
after three days’ hard digging, trenching it across and sinking
down through 5 ft. of clay to the chalk, no trace of any inter-
ment could be found; the mound itself consisted of flints and
mould resting on the clay, which there forms the summit of the
hill, and from its position it may have been a mound thrown up
for religious purposes.

I find recorded instances in that district of several similar
mounds being excavated in the expectation of their being sepul-
chral, but no traces of interments were found; and the Rev. E.
Cartwright, the continuator of Dallaway’s ‘ History of Sussex,’
considers that such mounds were of religious import, and were
places of sacrifice ; they were all similar in size, and agree in
having a sort of platform of flints or puddled clay and chalk in
the centre.

Another mound, which I dug into last autumn, had a most
carefully prepared floor of clay and chalk mixed, but the only
finds were some fragments of coarse pottery resting on it. These
fragments of pottery abound in the soil in the neighbourhood of
the barrows.

The pool called ‘Friday’s Church” is not a spring, but
resembles the dew-ponds used on the downs to collect the rain-
fall, and which are believed to maintain their level by the con-
densation of dew ; certainly they only dry up in very hot sum-
mers. In this case, from the clay soil there can be no leakage,
and the shade of the surrounding bushes would prevent much
loss from evaporation.

Further along the ridge is a solitary hawthorn called ‘‘ Friday’s

182 Mr. H. C. Collyer’s Notes on the

Tree,” with two dry water-holes near it. This and the clump by
‘«* Friday’s Church’’ are the only trees of any sort on that spur
of the downs.

It has been remarked how closely the hawthorn is associated
with the settlements of the Anglo-Saxons, as they used it to
enclose their households ; hence its name (Anglo-Saxon “ haigh”’)
is the root-word from which is derived ‘‘ham,”’ the termination
of so many English place-names, whence ‘‘ hame”’ and ‘‘ home.”

The district in question is an unusually secluded one, there-
fore tradition has been very persistent, and there may be some
grounds for the tradition as to the name of this place. As an
instance of how such a story may linger: at a village a few
miles from there, called Washington, a vague story had always
been current amongst the villagers of a great treasure having
been buried in the neighbourhood ; and about thirty years ago,
in ploughing land from which an old barn had been cleared
away, there was found a large earthen vessel containing three
thousand silver coins of the reigns of Edward the Confessor and
Harold, allin good preservation ; many of these were sent to the
British Museum.

All through England the oldest surviving traditions refer
entirely either to the period of the Danish invasions or to the
handiwork of the Anglo-Saxons, and, although a neighbourhood
may abound with Celtic or Roman remains, no traditions exist
with regard to them except to refer them to supernatural agency,
or to give them names ascribing them to a later date, as in the
case of Cissbury (which is but a short distance from the barrows
in question), and of the various Roman stations and roads. The
names of some of the rivers can be traced to Celtic origin, and
the term generally used for the hill valleys, i.e. ‘‘coomb,”’ is
distinctly Welsh (‘‘cwm”’) with a different spelling.

So secluded is the district in question even now that there are
no roads to some of the farmhouses, they being reached by a
trackway over the downs. One of the farms was during the
Middle Ages a lepers’ settlement, and the track leading to it is
still called the ‘‘Lepers’ Way,” and an old cottage at the farm
is pointed out as one of their dwellings. In the village church
is a lepers’ window, through which the sacrament was handed
to them. It seems surprising that leprosy should have existed
in this country to the extent indicated by these traditions.

The villagers have an idea that a golden calf is buried some-
where on the hills. What can be the basis of this tradition it
is difficult to guess; but when the members of this Club were
down there the natives all thought we were looking for that
golden calf, and made enquiries as to whether it had been found.

The ridge of hill on which the barrows are situated is divided
from its continuing ridge by some remarkable banks of earth of

+, ee ed

Opening of some Tumuli on the South Downs. 183

considerable height; they do not enclose a definite area like an
entrenched camp, but seem to mark a boundary. There is no
tradition about them, and they may be Celtic tribal boundaries
such as are found in Wiltshire. Across the crest of the ridge
the bank is double, with a deep ditch or fosse between the two,
and a single bank extends for a long way on either side.

On the next hill is a fine entrenched camp of irregular form,
and about one hundred yards in diameter, and within the
enclosure are numerous small barrows. On the north-eastern
side of the hill are about seventy cup-shaped depressions ; the
three upper ones next the camp entrance are evidently for
storing rain-water, being 63 ft. in diameter and very deep ; eight
others, about 40 ft. in diameter, might have been used for the
same purpose; but the remainder, from 20 ft. to 36 ft. diameter,
could not have been so used, as they dip with the slope of the
hill. Here is probably the site of a well-preserved British
village, such as have been found and described in other chalk
districts. Sir R. C. Hoare, in his ‘Ancient Wiltshire,’ calls
similar remains ‘‘pond barrows,’’ and considers them to be
sites of British habitations. He says:—‘‘I suppose the shallow
excavation to be the area of the hut, and the low surrounding
vallum the basis on which the superstructure rested, consisting
of long-rafters meeting at the top over the centre of the area,
like a pile of hop-poles; and these, being strengthened and
closed in with boughs and thatch, formed the habitation.”” The
ancient writers state that the Britons sometimes lived in holes
in the ground, and that their huts were covered with skins of
animals or boughs of trees.

So far as I can ascertain, this particular site has never been
described, but a somewhat similar one near Goodwood, which
does not now exist, was described by Mr. Saul in ‘Notitia
Britannica,’ and this consisted of fourteen pits. The whole
site would doubtless repay investigation, and I hope to be able
to get permission to dig there. I am informed that the only
attempt made has been the removal of about twenty feet square
of turf within the enclosure, where a few Roman coins were
found.

The Roman road (Stane Street), traceable from near Dorking
through Ockley, and again at Billingshurst and Pulborough,
runs in nearly a straight line across the downs on the other side
of the Arun valley towards Chichester (Regnum), where, accord-
ing to the Saxon Chronicle, the South Saxons, under Alla,
landed towards the end of the fifth century (at Cymeus-ora, now
Wittering, in 475 a.p.), and in 491 a,.p. took and destroyed
Pevensey (Anderida). Their line of march must necessarily
have been along the open country of the downs, as the Roman
roads ran towards the north; the level country between the

184 The Protective Methods of certain Larve.

hills and the sea was intersected by tidal estuaries which are
now meadows, and the great forest of the Weald would prevent
progress through it. Hence possibly their first settlements were
made on the downs; the circumstances of the interments there
all seem to indicate that they were made before the introduction
of Christianity amongst them.

The village church contains a Saxon arch, and also Roman
tiles built into the walls, and it stands just outside an immense
wall of earth, which forms a fortified camp by cutting across the
neck of a peninsula of high ground jutting into the marshes,
which were at one time a tidal estuary, thus making an ad-
mirable defensive position. This camp is of Celtic origin; a
large canoe found here some years ago is preserved at Lewes
Castle, and another still exists under the meadows close by; the
end of it can be seen when the adjoining ditch is cleaned out,
but it would not be feasible to dig it up, as so doing would spoil
the meadows. These canoes are formed out of the trunk of a
large tree, in the method adopted by savage races at the present
day. The space within the camp is an arable field, and although
nothing has been turned up by the plough there, I hope at some
time, when the crops are off the ground, to sink a trench near
the wall to see if anything of interest can be found there. Iam
informed that in building a cottage just outside the wall both
bones and Roman tiles were turned up.

It will be seen that the net result of exploring this series of
barrows is exceedingly small, and I am sorry to have such
meagre facts to put before you. The uncertainty as to whether
a barrow had been opened before or not adds a decided sporting
element to the investigations, but leads to frequent disappoint-
ment. There were four or five, however, which had been dug
into so roughly that it was obviously not worth while to trouble
about them.

124.—Tue Protective Metruops oF certain Larva.
By Epwarp Lovett.
(Read September 17th, 1895.)

Tue larve of Lepidoptera are remarkable for the varied
methods they possess for their self-preservation. Those that
are covered with hair, often of a very powerful urticating nature,
have few, if any, enemies, excepting the ichneumon flies. Birds
and animals give such larve a wide berth. Those larve which
are borers, and live either in the trunks, stems, leaves, or cap-

The Protective Methods of certain Larve. 185

sules of trees and plants, also escape to a very great extent from
the attacks of outside enemies.

Of the smooth and outside-feeding larve, several means of
self-preservation are adopted. Some fall from their food-plant
suddenly on the slightest alarm, either curled round tightly or
extended at full length; others, which live on tall trees, let
themselves fall attached to a silken thread, by which they regain
their position slowly when the danger is past.

Many of the larve of the Sphingide hold firmly on to their
food-plant, whilst they throw back their head and cephalic seg-
ments, frequently waving from side to side, in a menacing atti-
tude. The privet hawk, the eyed hawk, &c., are fair examples
of this; whilst the curious larva of the puss moth, C. vinula,
not only acts in this manner, but has also the power of lashing
out with two filaments which are exserted from two tail-like
processes, for the purpose, no doubt, of driving off ichneumon
flies.

Certain brightly coloured larve, such as the cinnabar, are so
acrid to the taste that no bird will touch them, nor do they
appear to suffer much from the attack of ichneumon flies. Their
bright colours are supposed to act as a kind of signal to warn
their enemies that they are not good to eat.

The most interesting group, however, of all is that in which
the larve depend for their protection upon their mimicry, or
their resemblance to some inanimate object; and of these the
loopers, or Geometrina, are the most remarkable, resembling,
as most of them do, the stems and twigs of various trees and
plants.

To describe these would be beyond the scope of these notes, but
a week or two ago I tried an experiment with one of these, which
was not without interest. Iwas sitting writing in my room when
I noticed, on some flowers in a bowl on my table, a bright green
geometer larva ; I do not know the species, but it was on some
nasturtiums, the stems of which it exactly resembled. This
larva was holding on by its anal claspers, and waving its body
about, apparently searching for its food-plant. I touched it
with my finger, and it instantly became rigid; the prolegs were
folded forwards close to the body, and the cephalic or head-
segments were contracted. It remained in this attitude, exactly
resembling a broken stalk of the nasturtium, for a minute and a
half, when it very slowly extended its segments, unfolded its
prolegs, and slightly waving its head, the waving gradually
extending to the whole body, until it once more became very
energetic. I again touched it, and instantly it re-assumed the
appearance of a stem, remaining precisely in the position it
occupied when touched. I now bent the animal’s body into
various curves, and in most cases it allowed its muscles to follow

186 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on the

the deflection of the segments, remaining in the different bends
into which I placed it. No amount of irritation seemed to alter
its determination to remain for all intents and purposes a twig.
The first time I touched the insect it remained feigning death
for a minute and a half, but after worrying it as I have described,
it remained motionless for nearly five minutes.

125.—Tur Fertiization or Frowerine Puants: some Mrrnops
or POLLINATION.

By W. Murton Houmzs.
(Read October 15th, 1895.)

Ir we examine a complete flower, such as that of the almond,
we find it is composed of four whorls of modified leaves, the
outer one constituting the calyx, the next in order is the corolla,
then come the stamens, and the pistil occupying the centre. The
pistil is made up of one or more carpels, containing the ovules,
which after fertilization develop into seeds. On the upper part
is placed the stigma, an expansion of loose tissue covered with
papilla, or frequently by hairs, generally placed on a kind of
stalk called the style. When fully developed the stigma secretes
a sugary fluid, which serves to retain the pollen-grains which
fall upon it, and subsequently promotes their development. The
stamens consist of pollen-sacs or anthers placed at the end of
a stalk called the filament.

The whole of these parts are not found in all flowers. In
some cases we have flowers consisting of stamens only, or of
pistils only, as in the catkins of poplar, willow, oak, and hazel ;
in others the corolla is absent, and in others there is neither calyx
nor corolla.

Pollen-grains are of various sizes and shapes, being globular,
oval, or angular, and the surface is frequently ornamented by
spines, or pitted and furrowed in an endless variety of ways. In
some cases they remain in groups of four, as when first formed,
and in most orchids the whole of the contents of the pollen-sacs
remain joined together in masses, termed pollinia. When a
pollen-grain falls upon the stigma its inner layer protrudes one
or more tubes, called pollen-tubes, through the outer coat. This
tube continues to grow through the tissue of the stigma and
style until it reaches the ovule, which it penetrates, and there
fuses with the egg-cell, which afterwards develops into the seed.

In the Gymnosperms, which comprise such plants as firs and
larches, there is neither ovary nor stigma, and the pollen is

Fertilization of Flowering Plants. 187

brought directly into contact with the ovule. The observations
of Darwin, extending over a period of thirty-seven years, proved
that the best offspring is produced when the pollen of one flower
is applied to the stigma of another flower, either of the same
plant or of the same species. This is called cross-fertilization,
and is the rule with the great majority of flowering plants. On
the other hand, some plants are so modified as to ensure self-
fertilization, as in the violets, where, in addition to the ordinary
flowers, there are inconspicuous ones which do not open, but yet
produce seed.*

There are many contrivances for hindering or limiting self-
fertilization on the one hand, and of facilitating cross-fertiliza-
tion on the other; or, finally, in default of cross-fertilization, of
ensuring ultimate self-fertilization.

Plants may broadly be stated to be either wind-fertilized, which
is generally the case in those with inconspicuous flowers, or the
pollen is conveyed to other flowers by the agency of insects,
which are attracted to them by their bright colours, size, per-
fume, or by their secretion of honey. As an example of wind-
fertilization may be cited the case of the conifers. Here the
stamens and the ovules occur on different flowers, and frequently
on different plants. The stamens are arranged as little spikes
or cones formed of scales, the edges of which are slightly turned
back, forming a depression or shallow trough in which the pollen
from the stamen immediately above is deposited. When a gust
of wind comes the pollen is dispersed in clouds of yellow dust,—
sulphur rain as it has been called. Something similar occurs
with the yew. Here the connectives of the anther-lobes terminate
in a kind of shield with the anthers on the under surface, and, as
several are joined together, they form roundish heads. When
the weather is at all damp they lock closely together, but under
the influence of a warm dry atmosphere the shields contract,
allowing the pollen to make its way through the chinks when the
branches are shaken by the wind.

Very early in the spring, almost before winter has departed, it
is a great pleasure to see once more the drooping catkins of the
hazel, and ona closer search the beautiful crimson stigmas of the
female flower will be discovered. When the pollen is ripe it is
blown away in clouds, some of it falling upon a neighbouring
stigma, and when all the pollen is shed the catkin falls off.
Most of our forest-trees, such as the oak, beech, ash, chest-
nut, elm, and walnut, are fertilized in this way, and in these
cases the flowers come to maturity before the leaves are fully
developed.

* These generally grow in situations where insects are scarce, as in damp
woods, &e.

188 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on the

A striking instance of the temporary storage of pollen occurs
in the arrow-grass, a plant growing in marshes and on the mar-
gins of ponds. The development of the stigmas precedes that of
the stamens by two or three days. During the period that the
stigma remains in a receptive condition the anthers remain
closed, and only open when the stigma has faded. Underneath
each stamen is a deeply concave perianth-leaf. When the anther
opens the pollen falls into this receptacle, and in the meantime
the perianth-leaf becomes less closely adherent to the axis, so
that when a puff of wind comes the pollen is shaken out and
dispersed.

Another remarkable case of wind-fertilization occurs in the
Vallisneria spiralis, a plant growing under still water and often
cultivated in aquaria. The female flowers are borne on a long
spiral stalk, which is pushed above the surface of the water
when the stigma is ripe. The male flowers are produced abun-
dantly, and, becoming detached from the plant, rise to the
surface. At first they are closed and globular, but soon open,
showing a pair of stamens covered with sticky pollen, projecting
obliquely, the sepals forming little boats, which are blown here
and there by the wind, until it happens that one of the anthers
comes into contact with the stigma of the female flower, and
there deposits the pollen. Directly after the adhesion of the
pollen the female flower closes and is withdrawn to the bottom
by the contraction of the spiral stalk, and there ripens the seed.

The grasses, among which are included wheat, barley, oats,
and reeds, are also fertilized by the agency of the wind. Here
the anthers swing freely from the flowers at the extremities of
their filaments. The anthers open by means of a slit near the
bottom, the dry pollen falling into the little cup formed by the
recurved portion of the anther-lobe, and as this is blown away
by gusts of wind, more pollen takes its place until the whole is
discharged, when the anther shrivels and drops off.

In the foregoing cases the wind is said to be the agency
whereby fertilization is brought about, but as many insects are
great consumers of pollen, it is possible that fertilization may
also sometimes be due to them, as they pass from flower to
flower, and shake the pollen from the stamens. In all cases of
wind-fertilization there is evidently very great waste of pollen,
much more being produced than can by any possibility be
utilized, the chances being so much against the pollen-grains
being deposited on the right spot; but as insects became more
and more accustomed to visit flowers, the latter also adapted
themselves to this circumstance, becoming more brightly
coloured, giving off a fragrant odour, and moreover secreting
honey, so as to give a fitting welcome to their insect guests.
A further development would be necessary for the shelter of

o_o a. a

Fertilization of Flowering Plants. 189

honey from rain, and so lead to its being hidden in tubes and
spurs, and only accessible to the visits of particular insects. The
lines and markings we find on many corollas all serve as guiding
marks to the honey, and they are absent from flowers which open
at night. Sprengel, in 1798, was the first to show how much
plants are dependent on the visits of insects, and to point out
that the forms and colours of flowers are adapted to ensure and
profit by those visits. To give an instance, many years ago red
clover was introduced into Australia, and for some time did not
produce any seed, the humble-bee, which was in the habit of
visiting the flowers, not having been introduced with it; but
since this insect has become naturalized the red clover flourishes
and produces seed in abundance.

The legs of bees are admirably adapted for collecting pollen by
means of the brush-like tufts of hair that cover them. The
proboscis is also long, and can be inserted into tubular flowers.

There are many contrivances exhibited by flowers to keep away
unwelcome visitors, such as the wingless forms of insects, which
cannot readily pass to other flowers; among these are viscid
glandular hairs, as in species of Dianthus, Silene, and Plumbago ;
or tufts of hair, as in the periwinkle and cow-wheat ; or extreme
smoothness of surface, as in many orchids; or the mouth of the
flower is contracted or even closed, as in the antirrhinum.
Flowers in most cases are accessible to winged insects only, and
it is only when a large number of small flowers are grouped
together in close proximity that creeping insects find a welcome.

But it will be said that insects visit all kinds of flowers, and
will therefore take the pollen from one flower and deposit it on
another of a different species. So indeed they do, and when the
species are nearly related hybrids are produced ; but insects visit
flowers of the same species as long as they can, as was observed
by Aristotle with respect to the hive-bee more than 2000 years
ago. Darwin suggests that the cause of this is that they are
probably able to work more quickly, that they have just learned
how to stand in the best position on the flower, and how far and
in what direction to insert their probosces. One point must be
noticed, that bees are sometimes so anxious to save time that
they bite a hole through the base of the corolla to save them-
selves the trouble of inserting their probosces into the opening ;
but, as Darwin points out, it is chiefly flowers growing in crowded
situations that are thus perforated (short-tongued bees).

One of the most frequent methods of securing cross-fertilization
is when the stamens and pistils attain their functional activity at
different times; the stamens in some cases and the pistils in
others. The flowers of Arwm and Aristolochia are examples of
the latter, and both are visited by flies and midges. The insects
push by fringes of hairs pointing downwards, and thus give easy

c

190 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on the

access to the interior, but once inside they are caught like a
mouse in a wire-trap. The stigmas of these flowers are ready to
receive pollen on their entrance, and if they have previously
visited a similar flower they are covered with pollen, which
becomes attached to the stigmas as they crawl over them. After
a day or two the stigmas fade, the anthers then ripen and dis-
charge their pollen, covering the imprisoned insects. The hairs
which prevented the return of the insects now wither, leaving an
opening for them to escape. Other flowers are then visited with
the same result.

Some plants, such as the primrose, have two forms of flowers,
others have three forms. In one form the stamens are long, and
appear at the throat of the corolla, while the style is short. In
the other form the style is elongated, so that the stigma projects
from the throat of the corolla, and the stamens are short. To
ensure fertilization the pollen of one form must be placed on
the stigma of the other, and this is brought about by means of
insects.

Interchange of position of anthers and stigmas is another
contrivance frequently met with. The common pink is an
example. The stamens are first developed, and, after shedding
their pollen, the stigma begins to grow, and to occupy the
same position, projecting beyond the throat of the corolla. An
insect that has visited a flower in the early stage must in-
evitably deposit the pollen on the stigma of the flower when in
the later stage.

The grass of Parnassus is another example. Here there are
five anthers, each of which in turn occupies the centre of the
flower, and after discharging its pollen bends back out of the
way. An insect in search of honey alights on the centre of the
flower, and is certain to rub its proboscis against the particular
anther which has that day set free its pollen, and will thus con-
vey some of it to a flower in which the pistil has developed.

In Geranium pratense the anthers open and expose their pollen
in turn at the centre of the flower, whilst the stigmas still
remain folded together ; but as soon as these begin to separate
the anthers fall off, and the mature outspread stigmas are sur-
rounded only by the needle-like filaments,

The manner in which insects are sprinkled with pollen when
visiting the violet is peculiar. The flower is irregular, and has
its mouth directed sideways. The cone of anthers is set over the
lowest petal, which is prolonged at the back into a hollow spur
containing honey. In this spur is a prolongation of the anthers.
in order to suck the honey a bee must push under the cone and
run its proboscis along the channel of the spurred petal, where
it disturbs the spur of the anthers, and its proboscis is imme-
diately sprinkled with pollen. On its entrance any pollen which

Fertilization of Flowering Plants. 191

the bee may have brought from another flower is deposited on the
small lip of the stigma, which then closes, so that pollen from its
own flower is prevented from entering when the bee withdraws
its proboscis.

Some of the Papilionacez, such as the bird’s-foot trefoil, have
a kind of piston-apparatus. The free end of the keel forms a
hollow cone, open at the apex, and closed by the dilated ends of
the stamens. When the keel is depressed by a bee alighting
upon the flower, the stamens, being fixed, are forced further into
the conical cavity, and expel some of the pollen through the
orifice on to the under side of the bee, and is again deposited on
the stigma of an older flower. In the broom the same effect
ced with explosive effect when the flower is visited by
a bee.

In Salvia there is a remarkable modification of the stamens.
Here the two anthers are separated from each other by a very
long connective articulated to a firm erect filament so as to form
a lever. When a bee enters the flower it pushes against the
short arms of the lever, so that the long upper arms fall and
deposit the pollen on the middle of the bee’s back. And here let
me mention that bees generally visit the lowest flowers on a
plant first. In the case of Salvia these are first developed, so
that the styles in the uppermost flowers are not in a receptive
condition as early as the lower; consequently the bee will
remove the pollen from the last visited flower of one plant to
the lower flower of another where the style occupies such a
position as to come into contact with the bee’s back, and so
becomes fertilized.

The stigmas of Mimulus exhibit sensitive movements. When
the pollen is deposited by an insect on the lower lip of the
stigma, which stands in its way when it enters, the two lips
immediately close together like the leaves of a book. When the
insect withdraws its proboscis there is no chance of the pollen,
which it is taking from the anthers, getting into the interior of
the stigma, since the stigma is still shut up, and no longer
stands in the way of the insect.

The orchids exhibit great variety in their arrangements for
promoting the access of insects.

In Phalenopsis the smooth labellum has a little projection
which serves as a footstool to the visiting flies. Behind the
footstool is the column, the apex of which is occupied by the
anther, and whose lower portion is excavated into a stigmatic
cavity. Leading into this honey-lined cavity is a circular aper-
ture or window, and projecting into the upper margin of this
window is the little pointed rostellum. When a fly desires to
abstract honey from the stigmatic cavity it stands on the foot-
stool and puts its head in at the window. In doing so it touches

c 2

192 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on the

the extremely sticky tip of the rostellum, which sticks to the top
of its head—a natural booby-trap. On leaving the flower the
fly drags the two pollen-masses which are attached to the ros-
tellum out of the anther, and goes away with them on its head.
It now visits another flower, and again alights upon the foot-
stool. Meanwhile the stalk of the two pollen-masses has bent
forward, and as the fly puts its head in at the window the pollen-
masses are left sticking to the wall of the stigmatic cavity.

The transference of pollen to insects takes place in Cypripedium,
the lady’s slipper, in a manner altogether peculiar. Part of the
flower is shaped like a slipper, and its cavity is furnished at the
bottom with hairs full of sap, and which also secrete nectar.
Certain small bees are in the habit of entering to feast on the
hairs. Three ways are open to them: the two small orifices on
either side of the column, and the large opening in the middle of
the slipper, and in front of the column. ‘They choose the last,
and slip under the broad rough stigma to the bottom of the
slipper. After a time they wish to escape into the open air
again, but that is not so easy. The edges of the large central
opening are bent inwards, and so fashioned that the bees cannot
climb up them, and the bees have no choice but to make use of
the two little exits at the back of the slipper. Even through
these escape is not altogether easy, the bees being obliged to
squeeze through the narrow opening. The result is that one
shoulder brushes against the soft viscid pollen of the anther,
which forms the inner border of the orifice. The last act in the
story is the entrance of the insect with its shoulder covered with
pollen into another Cypripedium flower, whose rough stigma is
thereupon immediately besmeared with pollen.

Crossing between neighbouring flowers occurs when these are
crowded together. In the hemp agrimony there are five florets
on each head, which open one after another. Younger and older
flowers are therefore always close together. The styles are
divided almost half-way down into two long thread-like branches
bearing the stigmatic tissue only on their lower portion. The
rest of the branch is thickly covered with bristly hairs. The
styles are parallel and folded together as long as they are enclosed
in the anther-tube, but afterwards elongate and push their way
above the anthers, the hairs brushing the pollen from the
anther-tube, and it adheres in abundance on the outer side of
each branch of the style. The branches soon diverge at a con-
siderable angle, and come in contact with adjacent styles, and
when the pollen is detached from the hairs it falls upon the
stigmatic tissue.

The stamens of Veronica form a convenient resting-place for
insects. Here the honey is hidden in the centre of the flower.
To reach it the fly is obliged to hold on to the stamens, and so

Fertilization of Flowering Plants. 198

gets covered with pollen, which is deposited on the stigma of the
next flower visited.

Some flowers, such as the barberry, have irritable stamens, so
that when the lower part of the filaments are touched by insects
attracted by honey the anther is caused to strike against them,
and cover them with pollen.

Where the period of vegetation is very short, and the weather
frequently bad, as in high latitudes or on mountains, such plants
that can fertilize themselves will be more sure of ripening their
seeds than such that must wait for insects, more especially as
under these conditions insects are themselves scarce. A similar
condition obtains in the desert. The Rey. G. Henslow, reporting
on desert flowers, says that flowers that have been adapted to
insects, and therefore endowed with conspicuous and _bright-
coloured, often irregular corollas, honey, and other details, have
to a great extent lost these by a degenerating process.

Although cross-fertilization is aimed at, there are many con-
trivances to bring about self-fertilization in the case of failure—
by the movements of the stamens, by the elongation and bending
of the pistil, by the bending back of the style-branches, by the
opening and closing of the corolla, by movements of the flower-
stalk, or by co-operation of several movements.

In Senecio viscosus the style-branches are furnished at the lip
with a bundle of collecting-hairs. As the style elongates these
hairs sweep the pollen out of the anther-tubes, and leave it in a
lump at the top of the tube, whence it may be carried off by
insects. Soon afterwards the two style-branches, which have
undergone rapid elongation, part asunder, and the pollen, if not
already removed by insects, is shaken off, and falls on to the
pappus-hairs, where it is caught by the barbs on their surface.
The stigmatic tissue on the inner faces of the style-branches,
which are now the upper surfaces, are in a position to get dusted
with pollen brought by insects from other flowers. Meanwhile
an elongation of every part of the flower has taken place, and
the flower enters upon its third stage of development. The two
style-branches curve down, and bring the stigmatic tissue into
contact with the pollen sticking to the pappus-hairs, which now
reach above the arms of the style.

In fool’s-parsley the pistils are first developed before the
corolla is expanded. The stamens are folded at the five corners
of the flower-bud, and straighten out when the flower opens,
finally bending inwards over the stigmas, on which they let fall
their pollen.

The cases that I have brought to your notice will serve as
examples of some only of the methods whereby fertilization is
brought about. Probably every flower has some method more
or less specially adapted to its requirements. We have seen

194 Mr. Howard Martin on Oysters.

that either cross- or self-fertilization may take place according
to circumstances in the same flower, but what perhaps strikes
us as most remarkable is the dependence of plants and insects
upon each other, proving that there is a very intimate connection
between the sciences of Botany and Entomology, and that the

study of one must to a certain extent involve the study of
the other.

126.—Ovysters.
By Howarp Martin.
(Read November 19th, 1895.)

To a superficial observer there does not appear to be anything
particularly interesting about an oyster, and at first sight he
appears to be an inanimate lump of gelatinous matter, leading a
life of motionless monotony. But thisis not so. They begin life
swimming about in the water, pass through a life threatened by
many dangers, and are only at last brought to maturity and per-
fection by constant care and labour. I believe there are forty-
eight varieties of oysters described in catalogues of bivalves. But
all the European oysters, except the Portuguese rock oyster, are .
included in the variety Ostrea edulis, the Portuguese and American
rock being O. angulata.

As regards the fish itself, it is contained in an outer skin,
called the mantle, closed in a kind of hood or pocket at the
extremity nearest the hinge of the shells, but open at the edge.
This mantle covers a large gland, in which the eggs are pro-
duced ; the liver is enclosed in this gland, and the stomach is
enclosed in the liver. The heart lies in a little cavity near the
centre and nearest to the flat shell. The oyster breathes through
four gills within the open edges of the mantle, which are fur-
nished with cilia, which by a waving motion draw a current of
water over the gills. The oyster has a mouth furnished with
four lips, two on each side of the opening, from which the in-
testinal canal passes through the stomach and out to the open
edge of the mantle.

(A series of diagrams illustrating the anatomy of the oyster
and the growth of spat were shown.)

It is curious that the adductor muscle shifts its position with
the growth of the shells, which takes place on the open edges and
not at the hinge, so as to keep the same position relatively to the
centre of the shell.

The oyster is hermaphrodite; its eggs are hatched in the
mantle, and ejected fully-developed oyster larve or spat—at least

Ee ee. eee

Mr. Howard Martin on Oysters. 195

that is the case with Ostrea edulis; but it appears to be estab-
lished that the eggs of O. angulata are fertilized and hatched in
the water after having been emitted. Oysters are unfit for
eating and said to be ‘‘milky” when the eggs begin to form in
the gland, and “white spat’? is the name given to embryo
oysters before being emitted from the mantle of the parent.
Black spat is the perfect larval form of the oyster, having a
kind of retractile cushion or pad furnished with cilia used for
swimming, and a funnel-shaped collar. At this stage they are
emitted from the parent. The eggs, when lying in the mantle,
oval clusters of globular atoms floating in a transparent
iquid.

It is said that an oyster occupies about a week in ejecting the
whole of its spat; this is done by quickly opening and shutting
the shells. Mr. Frank Buckland calculated that an oyster pro-
duced from 276,555 to 829,665 spat in a season, and there must
therefore be enormous waste of young oyster life to account for
the comparative scarcity of oysters. Spat is emitted in May,
June, July, and August in British waters, but it is probable that
the greater part of spat emitted in those waters, after the early
part of July, dies for want of the warm still weather necessary
in the first stages of its existence. Spat having been emitted,
at once rises, and often floats a considerable distance, e.g. young
oysters are usually found in the flats outside Whitstable, in the
estuary of the Thames, which have floated as spat from the
stock of oysters in-shore; and it is said that an oyster-bed out-
side Shoreham was established by spat from oysters stored in
the harbour-beds. It is impossible to say how long the spat
floats in freedom, owing to the great difficulty of tracing spat to
its final settlement. After a time the spat sinks, possibly from
the development of the shells altering its specific gravity, and
attaches itself to any clean hard surface with which it comes
into contact. The various substances provided for this purpose
in oyster fisheries are called “collectors.” The attachment is
made by the secretion which forms the shells of the oyster,
which acts as a kind of cement, and ‘‘sets’’ on to both the shell
of the spat and its resting-place.

Floating spat is easily killed by cold: a temperature of 44° is
fatal; 65° or 72° is most favourable to itsdevelopment. Floating
spat is exceedingly sensitive to any change of condition round
it. It always sinks to the bottom at the sound of thunder, and
it is said that a prolonged storm usually kills it. Shrimps and
small fish eat large quantities of floating spat. Shrimps, gobies,
and young mullet will lie by the parent oysters in the spatting
season, and eat the spat as it is emitted. In open beds im-
mense quantities are carried away by tides and currents, or
strong winds.

196 Mr. Howard Martin on Oysters.

It has been said that spat have no choice as to their place of
attachment, but Iam very doubtful as to this. I have known
cases where spat in enclosed ponds containing tiles, hurdles, and
faggots as ‘collectors,’ has shown a decided preference for the
tiles, and for the under side of the tiles when they were so placed
on the bottom of the ponds as to form low pointed arches eight
or nine inches in height. (A diagram was shown illustrating
further development of spat and attachment to ‘collectors.”’)

The shell of the spat and of the mature oyster grows by
throwing out glassy calcareous rings on the edges of the shell
farthest from the hinge, and by these rings it is said the age of
the oyster can be ascertained. The ages of some oysters as
shown by these rings would be twelve or fifteen years; the
marketable age is three to seven. (Diagram showing position in
shell of mature oyster, which is occupied by the valves or shells
of the black spat.) The valves of the black spat form the hinge
of the mature oyster-shells.

Young oysters in enclosed ponds or similar fisheries, under
close cultivation, are detached from the ‘collectors’? when about
nine months old, and placed in the “laying ground,” where they
obtain more food. Here they need protection—(1) because they
are very light and liable to be carried away by tides, and (2)
because their shells are very weak, and therefore easily opened
by crabs, who are fond of eating them. In some fisheries they
are placed in small ponds prepared for the purpose between high
and low water mark; in others, especially in France, they are
placed in ambulances (trays fitted into large boxes with gratings),
and moored to suitable places. When spat is thickly attached
to the ‘‘collectors,” and is not artificially removed, the young
oysters as they grow shoulder each other into a vertical position,
until they break the attachment and free each other ; but this
hinders their growth and spoils their shape, and therefore their
future value.

It is then important that the ‘‘collectors” should be of such
materials as will allow of the young oyster being removed with-
out injury. In open fisheries in England empty oyster-shells,
called ‘“‘cultch,” is the kind of “collector”? most im use, and
probably the best in those situations. In enclosed ponds hurdles
and faggots are very useful “collectors,” because the bark is
easily peeled off with the young oysters attached ; but probably
the best ‘‘collectors” are flat tiles with a coating of clay and
cement. Wire-netting has sometimes been used. ~

Young oysters over a year are called ‘‘brood,” and are saleable
to be laid down in fisheries, in which oysters grow well but do
not breed. It is doubtful if adult oysters will re-attach them-
selves after they have been once removed, but it is true that an
oyster laid on its flat shell will turn itself over.

ee

Mr. Howard Martin on Oysters. 197

The principal enemies of the oyster are crabs, five-fingered
starfish, dog-whelk or whelk-tingle, according to Frank Buckland
a kind of sponge called Cliona, the spat of mussels (this is
doubtful), and the blanket-weed; the last two destroy the oysters
by smothering them. Sand-storms, a rush of water chilled by
melted snow, or a sudden fall of snow, will also destroy the
oysters. Thefts of oysters are very common, and watch-boats
are necessary in most fisheries.

The food of oysters consists of very minute animal or vegetable
organisms. The flavour and quality of oysters are very much
affected by food, e.g. some oysters at Falmouth are poisonous
owing to the copper in the water. If typhoid fever has been
caused by oysters, it was possibly due to the dirty water in the
tubs (possibly containing typhoid germs), into which the oysters
are put after being brought to market. It is extremely im-
probable that typhoid germs impregnate oysters in the fisheries.
Dirt and sewage are extremely bad for oysters, and typhoid
germs do not flourish in clean sea-water. The results of experi-
ments made by Professors Hermann and Boyce showed that
oysters fed with sugar, or with flour or oatmeal, died; fed with
living protozoa or protophyta, lived and throve; that the effects
of stagnation of water were very deleterious ; but that oysters
could tolerate a considerable quantity of sewage, and live for a
- long time in water opaque with fecal matter, though typhoid
fecal matter proved more quickly fatal than that from healthy
subjects. No increase of the typhoid bacilli could be discovered
in the oysters thus exposed to the infection; on the contrary,
the bacilli appeared to decrease in the passage along the ali-
mentary canal, and they would not flourish in clean sea-water.
The presence of sewage in any quantity in fisheries has often
been found to be fatal to oysters, e.g. more than one million and
a half of oysters were destroyed by sewage in the river Median in
1871. Soil and water have a great influence over the growth
and quality of the oyster.

For breeding the parents should be laid in quiet waters with
an equable temperature. For fattening or growing oysters,
shallow water with a strong current and a certain admixture
of fresh water is best. The best soil for growing or fattening is
London clay ; sand or gravel is bad.

Mr. Buckland calculated the cost of the meat of the oyster per
pound as 9s. 4d. for natives and 8s. for ‘“‘seconds’’; they would
not therefore pay to eat as nourishment apart from inclination.
There are two branches of oyster culture, viz. protecting the
growing oysters from injury or theft in open waters, and collect-
ing and protecting the spat in enclosed ponds. And oyster
fisheries may be divided into four classes, viz.: (1) natural beds,
usually more or less in the open sea; (2) beds which are partly

198 Mr. Howard Martin on Oysters.

natural and partly artificial; (3) foreshores on which ‘‘col-
lectors”’ are placed to receive spat washed to them by the tides ;
(4) enclosed ponds supplied with sea-water by sluices. Oyster
fishing on the natural banks consists in dredging up the oysters
and taking them to market. This is extremely hard work. On
the second class of fisheries dredging is necessary to keep them
clean, and they must be kept supplied with ‘‘ collectors.”’ Oysters
will live a long while out of water if laid on their round shells,
and if not exposed to frost will travel very well. I believe there
are few or none of the fisheries in which floating spat is collected
on foreshores in Great Britain ; there are many on the west coast
of France.

There have been several successful attempts in England to
establish oyster fisheries in enclosed ponds. The most important
are Hayling Island, Herne Bay, Brading, Lymington, Cowes, and
Newtown in the Isle of Wight. The ponds are enclosed with
embankments of earth, in which sluices are fixed to allow of the
passage of the sea-water. The bottom is formed of chalk or
shingle, quite clean. The parent oysters are laid in a broad
ganeway across the centre of the ponds, and the ponds are fitted
up with ‘collectors.’ The water is usually about four or five
feet in depth.

The probable causes of the present scarcity of oysters are (1)
that a succession of cold and windy summers killed the spat, or
(2) that the increase of demand so stimulated the greed of the
fishermen that they completely dredged away many oyster banks.
The second explanation is probably correct, because oysters have
been produced and attached to the ‘‘collectors’’ in large numbers
when the temperature was by no means above the average, nor
the weather in any way specially favourable. On the other
hand, oyster-beds have been completely dredged away : one from
the Channel south of Brighton; one three miles from the pier at
Ramsay, in the Isle of Man; and one off the Dudgeon Light-
house; and it is said there has been no quantity of Channel
oysters since 1849. The great scarcity of the better class of
oysters appears to have begun about 1858, and a marked rise in
price accompanied the falling off of the supply. In 1855 natives
fetched 41s. a bushel, in 1870 £10 2s. a bushel. It seems to be
a well-established fact that when once a natural deep-sea oyster-
bed has been depopulated it never stocks itself again. Before a
close time was legally established oysters were dredged up and
sent to market at the time when they contained their eggs, and
young oysters were killed before they had spatted at all.

( 199 )

127.—Nores on tHe Hovse-crickxer (AcHETA DOMESTICA).
By C. H. Goopman.
(Read December 17th, 1895.)

Soon after going to reside at my present house in Warlingham,
I became aware, by their obtrusive noise, that house-crickets were
also inmates of my dwelling; and, as dead ones were often swept
up and brought me for examination, my attention was naturally
turned to these insects. I soon found that there were many
points on which I could get no information from books, and on
- which no one I consulted seemed sure. The following notes and
illustrations may therefore be of interest, and I hope will elicit
further information from those better qualified to speak than
myself, as they are very defective in many particulars.

Owing to the unnatural lives led in our kitchens, the date of
egg-laying and hatching seems independent of seasons ; at all
events young ones are found at most times. I hoped, by keeping
them in a box and feeding them, to be able to study their meta-
morphoses. So far, however, I have been quite unsuccessful,
They are nocturnal in their habits and are gregarious, and so
pugnacious that they will attack and eat cockroaches.

The eggs are white and of an elongated oval shape, measuring
91 mill. in length. The moults are probably more frequent when
young than later on, and they show that the whole skin is cast
off, including the cornea of the eyes, the jaws, and antenne ; in
the thorax the entire legs down to the claws. The prothorax
does not seem to be split by the emergence of the insect. The
abdomen would probably include the set, but this portion was
lost in the example I examined.

Antenne.—The most noticeable feature of the antenne in the
living insect is their extreme mobility, their supple and flexible
character being exhibited in every movement. On examining
one of these long filiform organs it is seen to be composed of
tube-like joints, 200 in number, of varying length, and clothed
with fine hairs directed towards the tip, and with a crown of
them round the apex of each joint. At intervals along the
antenna will be found small pits or circular depressions, which
are probably organs of smell. In the illustration they are
magnified 310 diameters. A transverse section of the antenna
shows that it is hollow, and lined with a delicate membrane.
The basal joint differs entirely from the others, being large and
round with flattened sides, and carries on each side at the upper
margin a large black bristle in a sloping direction. These I take
to be tactile hairs. If we move the antenna of a recently-killed

200 Mr. C. H. Goodman’s Notes on the House-cricket.

insect with a pin it will be noticed that when raised vertically
the base of the large joint forms the hinge, but if laterally, the
movement starts from the apex. I can find no trace of ocelli,
though there are three conspicuous white marks near where we
should expect to find them.

Trophi.—The mouths of all biting insects consist of two pairs
of jaws working laterally, and an upper and lower lip. The
mandibles, or upper pair, are here seen to be strong biting in-
struments, and it is interesting to notice that in this case they
are unsymmetrical. Nothing seems to come amiss to crickets ;
they have been seen to drag cockroaches from their holes and
devour them, and even eat boots and shoes, or their own dead
companions. They also use the mandibles for excavating retreats.
Below the mandibles are the maxille with their palpi, the labium
or lower lip with its labial palpi, and also what are largely de-
veloped in the crickets, the galee; and, lastly, the paraglosse,
which appear like a third pair of jaws. Connected with the
labium is the ligula or tongue. In its natural position this is in
the mouth, and forming a hollow fleshy eminence, but when
pressed out, as in the illustration, it is seen to be kidney-shaped,
with radiating fibres. In common with other biting or man-
dibulate insects, they are provided with a gizzard, the teeth of
which serve to triturate their food.

The prothorax carries the anterior legs, and it is to the tibix
that our interest is most directed, as here are found the organs
of hearing, though this sense is probably partly served by the
antenne as well. Near the middle on the outer side we observe
an oval, smooth, glassy disc, while on the inner and opposite
side a similar small circular one can be detected. These tympana
have enlarged trachez and numerous nerves in their immediate
neighbourhood, and that this is their office may be inferred from
the fact that species without stridulating apparatus are usually
also destitute of these tympana.

Elytra.—The mesothorax carries the elytra and intermediate
pair of legs. In the female the elytra present no specially
noticeable feature. They lie horizontaliy on the back of the
insect, with the outer margin turned down. On turning to the
male, however, two or three clear smooth spaces will be seen
surrounded by strong nervures. These tympana or drums act
as sound-boards, while underneath, about a third from the base,
can be traced a ridge of fine teeth running half across the
elytron, and then turned upward. These teeth form part of the
stridulating apparatus, which is possessed by the male insect
only. The broad edges of the teeth are somewhat produced at the
angles, and there are all together about 230 in number. When
the elytra are at rest they overlap each other, and out of twenty-
four mature specimens I examined in ten males and nine females

————

Mr. C. H. Goodman’s Notes on the House-cricket. 201

the right rested on the left, in the remaining five females the
reverse.

Various explanations have been given of the method of stridu-
lation, but only two are possible: one by the passage of the teeth
of the upper elytron, over some one or more irregularities, on the
surface of the lower, or by the passage of the teeth of both elytra
simultaneously over the nervures of the closed wings, which near
the root present a number of hard ridges, like the edges of a
closed fan. It is to the first of these methods that probability
inclines, for although only one elytron could act at a time, it is
to be noted that in some allied species only one file exists, and
therefore only one elytron could be used to produce the sound ;
and as in the insect under notice the right elytron almost always
overlies the left, it is not improbable that the right or uppermost
file only is used in producing the familiar chirping. In some
species there exists in the elytron a very marked ridge exactly
in the path of the overworking teeth, and an examination of the
house-cricket shows that a portion of the inner margin of the
elytron is turned up just at the required spot. During stridula-
tion the legs are motionless; the elytra are slightly raised, and
vibrate horizontally so rapidly that the eye cannot follow them.
24,000 vibrations per second are said to be required to produce
a sound of the acuteness with which we are familiar.

We now come to the metathorax, with its wings and hind legs.
The wings when folded project beyond the body of the insect,
and it is owing to the method of folding that the whole of this
tribe are called Orthoptera, or the straight-winged. By drawing
out the wing the veins can easily be traced radiating in straight
lines from the base, a strong nervure alternating with a slighter
one, thus facilitating its closing up like a fan. There are also a
number of cross nervures at right angles. When flying the
creature has an undulatory motion, making long rising curves in
the air, and then dropping again. The hind legs are composed
of the usual joints, but are much enlarged to increase the power of
leaping. The under side of the femur is channelled, and receives
the tibia when the leg is quite closed. Both sides of the latier
joint, on the hind legs, carry a set of spines directed somewhat
downward and outward ; while at the apex are a set of large spurs,
about nine in number, and which would effectually prevent the
feet slipping when a leap was made. The spurs on the anterior
and intermediate legs are much reduced in number and length.
The last joints are the tarsi, which have at their extremity a pair
of strong claws. Immediately below the claws is a raised brown
reticulated disc, which I take to be a pulvillus to assist in
climbing, as I can find no other structure answering the pur-
pose, and there is no doubt they can easily climb a wall either
of smooth wood or still smoother varnished paper. They do

202 Mr. C. H. Goodman’s Notes on the House-cricket.

not, however, appear to retain their hold to the sides of a glass
bottle, for if placed in one, and it is slowly turned round, they
either slip down the ascending side, or, if carried up, fall over
on their backs.

Sete.—At the end of the abdomen are a pair of long sete,
tapering processes directed outward and slightly upward, and
are well developed even in the early stages. They are beset with
long tactile hairs externally, while inside they are hollow, and
are lined with a delicate membrane, and if cut while the insect
is fresh will be found to be filled with liquid, which is probably
blood, and which would serve to nourish the organs they bear.
In addition to the before mentioned long tubular hairs of touch
there are near the base on the inner side a number of short
flattened hairs. These latter form a little group, arranged in
irregular rows, increasing in size as they recede from the body.
They are nearly erect, and are slightly concavo-convex, the
hollow side facing inwards. They are probably scent-organs.

The ovipositor is carried slightly raised. It is rigid at the base,
and does not appear to have any capacity for being inserted
vertically. It starts from the lower side of the abdomen at the
penultimate segment, and is half an inch long. It is divided
vertically, and the two halves, which are not united, form, when
placed face to face, a complete tube, through which the eggs are
passed. A transverse section shows that each half of this tube
is in itself unsymmetrical, being composed of two unequal-sized
pipes, the free side of each being extended into a thin wing.
The larger pipe is the lower one, and between it and the smaller
upper one is a distinct dark rod, the nature of which I have been
unable to detect. Down each pipe a branch of the trachew can
be traced. The tip is enlarged, pointed, and quite solid, but the
extreme end of each half is divided laterally into two lips which
act like fingers, and assist in the deposition of the eggs. The
lower one is thin and flat, while the upper one is larger and
strengthened with ribs running lengthways. The appearance of
the outer integument under a + in. shows a rounded tile-like
marking or rows of imbricated scales.

This terminates my notes, which I have restricted to the
house-cricket, but much light might be shed on its history by a
study of allied species, especially some of the exotic forms, in a
living, or at all events freshly-killed, condition; and I regret
that the circumstances of the case prevent my gaining more
information in this manner.

It may appear to some of you that the devotion of much time
to the study of so trivial a creature is unworthy of busy men and
women, and that the slight information gained is useless, and
therefore no compensation for it; but I would remind you of
Charles Kingsley’s words, when he claimed, even for the most

Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1895. 208

minute natural objects, that they represented ‘“‘a thought of
God,” and therefore, being divine, demanded our reverent atten-
tion. Furthermore it must be remembered that when the in-
vestigation of these things is carried to their furthest extent,
either of the most minute or the most stupendous, the mind of
man is developed and trained to a fuller appreciation and rever-
ence of even the Creator Himself.

128.—Report or THE MereoroLocicaL SuB-CoMMITTEE FoR 1895.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppeni-Bayarp,
F’. R. Met. Soc.

(Read February 18th, 1896.)

Tue arrangements for observing the daily rainfall round
Croydon have been successfully carried out on the same plan as
heretofore, but on a still larger scale than in the year 1894, and
with, it is hoped, still greater efficiency. The number of stations
in the printed sheet is 73, and there is one station (Chaldon) not
in the printed sheet, the observations from which are quite com-
plete, and will be found at the end of this Report. The Sub-
Committee are greatly indebted to three of the observers, viz.
Mr. Harold Smith of Kenley, Mr. James Batten of Bickley, and
Mr. Francis Druce of Upper Gatton, for the increase in the
number of stations. To the last-mentioned gentleman your
Sub-Committee are more especially indebted this year, for he
has induced numerous observers on the high ground near Reigate
to send their returns to your Sub-Committee, and the value of
these returns may be estimated when it is mentioned that
amongst these new observers are three who have been observing
the rainfall for about twenty-five years. ‘The co-operation of
these observers is a striking instance of the value which is
attached to the Club’s organization.

One station (Epsom College) has had during the year to be
eliminated, for owing to a change in the arrangements the obser-
vations have become so unsatisfactory as to be almost useless.
Though this loss is to be regretted, the district is still adequately
represented by the neighbouring station of Banstead.

The monthly sheets contain all the records, with the exception
of Chaldon, which have been received by the Sub-Committee,
and the stations of which the records have been tabulated

- number 73 as against 66 in the last Report, and the number of

observers is 61 as compared with 54.
Appendix I. to this Report contains the table of daily rainfall

204 Mr. F.. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

issued monthly, and of which a sufficient number have from time
to time been pulled for the use of the Club; and Appendix II.
contains a record of all falls of rain of 1:00 in. and upwards,
extracted from Appendix I.

The year 1895 has been a most remarkable one, perhaps the
most remarkable one of the present century. The prolonged
cold, which we all remember in January and February; the warm
June; the remarkable equality of the mean temperatures of July,
August, and September ; the number of months (four) in which
less than one inch of rain fell; the intense heat of Sept. 23rd to
30th; the unusually cold period of Oct. 23rd to 31st; the warm
November, with a temperature higher than October, combined
with the short rainfall, form a record unique during the present
century.

With respect to the rainfall of the year, the smallness of the
total fallis remarkable. If we take the Greenwich record for
eighty years (1816-95), we find that there are only ten years in
which the annual fall was smaller than in 1895, and they are as
follows :—

IN. IN
TCE Baste 19°11 TS aS ats 17:70
US20) oe eles 16°43 ESbo vobitarsts 19°66
1847 17°61 ite oe Spano 16°38
ODOM eterate ats 19°53 TSO aie ata 18°55
M4 sh speie 19-0 Liste! SS Eee 18:05
BOD ete aietnl ate 19-72 in.

The Greenwich average for the eighty years (1816-95) has been
carefully worked up, and is given in the table below. This
shows that the deficiency in the rainfall is just 54 in., a very
large amount. The table is as follows :—

GREENWICH.
| Average
Month. (80 years} 1895 |+ Average
IN. IN. IN.
January 1:89 1:69 — 0°20
February 1:59 0°15 —1-44
March 1:52 1:43 — 0:09
April 1:65 1:25 — 0:40
May 2:00 0°47 — 1°53
June 1:95 0:19 —1°76
July 2°60 3°39 + 0:79
August 2°33 2-14 —019
September | 2°30 0:93 — 1:37
October 2°82 2°70 —0:12
November 2°37 2°88 +0°51
December 1:94 2°50 + 0°56
Year 24:96 19:72 — 5°24

Meteorological Sub-Comunittee for 1895. 205

On examining this table it is at once seen that the deficiency
arises in the first Six months, viz. —5°42 in., and that the excess
in the second six months is extremely small, viz. + 0°18 in.
This great deficiency, if continued during the present year,
must, if there is a dry summer, give rise to very serious fears as
to our water-supply.

It is not proposed to go into the question of the great frost of
January and February, which has been exhaustively considered
by myself and Mr. Marriott in a paper read before the Royal
Meteorological Society on April 17th, 1895, nor of the other
phenomena of this very remarkable year, as the notes attached
to every monthly sheet give short particulars of the same; but
the Sub-Committee desire especially to impress on the members
of the Club the slight probability that there is that there will be
such another year for a long time to come.

In conclusion, the Sub-Committee desire to express their
thanks to the three gentlemen who have so kindly continued
their subscriptions to enable the Club to carry on its great work,
and also to all the observers for their co-operation in every
possible way.

Tue Rectory, Cuantpon, Surrey.
Observer—Rev. G. EK. Betouer. Gauge, 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 542 ft.

Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | May | June Jay Bie | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.
IN. = IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. . IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN.
1.78 | 0°15 2-08 1-98 | 0:48 | 0-61 | 4:86 2°52 0°38 | 3°76 | 5-49 | 2-88 26: 97

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204 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

issued monthly, and of which a sufficient number have from time
to time been pulled for the use of the Club; and Appendix II.
contains a record of all falls of rain of 1:00 in. and upwards,
extracted from Appendix I.

The year 1895 has been a most remarkable one, perhaps the
most remarkable one of the present century. The prolonged
cold, which we all remember in January and February; the warm
June; the remarkable equality of the mean temperatures of July,
August, and September; the number of months (four) in which
less than one inch of rain fell; the intense heat of Sept. 23rd to
30th; the unusually cold period of Oct. 23rd to 31st; the warm
November, with a temperature higher than October, combined
with the short rainfall, form a record unique during the present
century.

With respect to the rainfall of the year, the smallness of the
total fall is remarkable. If we take the Greenwich record for
eighty years (1816-95), we find that there are only ten years in
which the annual fall was smaller than in 1895, and they are as
follows :—

IN IN
Wi ieratesta ste 19°11 TS OB states e\« 17-70
1840) wee. 16°43 HSCS hacia it. 19°66
T8497 6.2 20 17°61 SEA ficient 16°38
MSD Oa rereisiers 19°53 ABTS exe ratais 18°55
ASSES eefeiatete 19°01 SES echoes 18-05
1895 so7 cis ote 19°72 in.

The Greenwich average for the eighty years (1816-95) has been
carefully worked up, and is given in the table below. ‘This
shows that the deficiency in the rainfall is just 54 in., a very
large amount. ‘The table is as follows :—

GREENWICH.
Average /
Month. /|80 years| 1895 jt Average
IN. IN. IN.
January 1:89 1:69 — 0°20
February 1:59 0°15 — 1-44
March 1:52 1:43 — 0:09
April 1:65 1:25 — 0:40
May 2°00 0:47 — 1:53
June 1:95 0-19 —1:76
July 2°60 3°39 + 0°79
August 2°33 2:14 —019
September | 2°30 0:93 —1:37
October 2°82 2°70 —0:12
November 2°37 2°88 + 0:51
December 1:94 2°50 + 0:56
Year 24:96 19:72 — 5:24

as

“ee

a

—_— se ee,

Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1895. 205

On examining this table it is at once seen that the deficiency
arises in the first six months, viz. —5-42 in., and that the excess
in the second six months is extremely small, viz. + 0:18 in.
This great deficiency, if continued during the present year,
must, if there is a dry summer, give rise to very serious fears as
to our water-supply.

It is not proposed to go into the question of the great frost of
January and February, which has been exhaustively considered
by myself and Mr. Marriott in a paper read before the Royal
Meteorological Society on April 17th, 1895, nor of the other
phenomena of this very remarkable year, as the notes attached
to every monthly sheet give short particulars of the same; but
the Sub-Committee desire especially to impress on the members
of the Club the slight probability that there is that there will be
such another year for a long time to come.

In conclusion, the Sub-Committee desire to express their
thanks to the three gentlemen who have so kindly continued
their subscriptions to enable the Club to carry on its great work,
and also to all the observers for their co-operation in every
possible way.

Tur Recrory, Cuaupon, SuRREy.
Observer—Rey. G. E. Benoner. Gauge, 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 542 ft.

Jan. | Feb. Mar. | Apr. May | June ey |e oes |Sevt) Oct. ; Nov. ; Dee. | Year.
IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | m. | my. | in. | my. | mw. | om
1.78 | 0-15 | 2-08 | 1-98 | 0°48 | 0-61 | 4°86 | 2°52 0°38 | 3°76 | 5-49 | 2-88 | 26-97

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Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1895. 207

APPENDIX II.

Fauzts or 1:00 1n. AnD UPWARDS.

Juty 21st.—Battersea, 1:35 in.; Bickley, 1:33 in.; Wool-
wich, 1°32 in.; Chipstead, 1-25 in.; Croydon (Chatfield Road),
1:24 in.; Brixton, 1:23 in.; Coulsdon, 1:21 in. ; Kenley (Haze-
lea), Waddon, West Wickham (Wickham Court), and West Nor-
wood, 1:20 in.; Redhill and Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge),
1:18 in.; Upper Gatton, 1:17 in.; Westerham and West Wick-
ham (Layham’s Farm), 1:16 in.; Croydon (Brimstone Barn and
Duppas House), 1:15 in.; Merstham and Beckenham, 1°14 in,;
Warlingham, 1:18 in.; Croydon (Whitgift), and Orpington,
1:12 in.; Croydon (Lower Addiscombe Road), 1:1lin.; Adding-
ton (Pumping Station), Hayes Common, Wandsworth Common,
and Nunhead, 1:10in.; Chislehurst, 1:09 in.; Eltham, 1:08 in.;
Walton Heath and New Malden, 1:07 in.; Beddington, Croydon
(Waddon New Road), and Forest Hill (Southwark and Vauxhall
Water Company), 1:06 in.; Addington (Park Farm), 1:05 in. ;
Sutton, Croydon (Park Hill), Bromley Common, and Surbiton,
1:04 in.; Nutfield and Oxshott, 1:08 in.; Esher, 1:02 in. ; Wal-
lington, Keston (Tower Fields), and Wimbledon (Sewage Works),
1:01 in.; Caterham, Addington Hills, and Wimbledon (Mt.
Ararat), 1:00 in.

Aveust 22np.—Richmond, 1:39 in. ; Kingston, 1:10 in.

SeptemBer 6ra.—Richmond, 1°33 in.; Kingston, 1:24 in.;
West Molesey, 1:22 in.; Battersea, 1:13 in.

OcrozeR 5TH.— Woolwich, 1:38 in. ; Kingston, 1:28 in.; Rich-
mond, 1:26 in.; Wandsworth Common, 1:24 in.; Battersea,
1:20 in.; Forest Hill (Southwark and Vauxhall Water Com-
pany), 1:05 in. ; Wimbledon (Sewage Works), 1:02 in. ; Brixton,
1:01 in.; Greenwich, 1:00 in.

Novemser 157Ts.—Walton Heath, 1:28 in.; Abinger, 1:01 in.

Frost
q6 SER 9%

es “CONTENTS.

ites

ce _ PROCEEDINGS. PAGE
wr Annual Meeting Rae SEE TOO eee eee meee eheraeees © lxxxv

eee? te
“sebees is vse nceectsle Seno meee ewer ewe eeseesesetenas eens lxxxvii

2 * - .
+) ns once genes et rere rere eee eer re ere oe eneesees Ixxxix
ae ain erie tai see nnee Seer rere rererer screens XcVv
‘samy 5. tee
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i ee i

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ae aay a. = ee ClV

; ) 5 Palme Sheet eee eee eee eee eee ee ee evi

TRANSACTIONS.

ae Noten esi Worth Chureh. By H. M. Krasssen, F.G.8. 178
te a further Observations on Har Temperatures. By H.

Li na Parsons, M.D., F. G. s. RAO Rem ere cosees veeeseseeesseseren 175
on -the Opening of some hagas on the Gong ‘Dowke
oy Be AO nhs: See aOnme Pee, anes DM oy area eae
e Protective Methods of certain pee By Epwarp Loverr 184

Fertilization a iy Plants: some pe eetet of Paul

- as By W Cont | RCO
Ay i “| ; ae Bien ft oes Pee eee eee ee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee er 194

Bes ef ;on the House-cricket (dcheta domestica). By C.H.Goopman 199

_ Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1895. Prepared 9
a AY Bay ‘the H Hon. Sec., Francis Campsett-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc. 208
aes em Mews and Balural shure Club,
ot ARMA | OFFICERS FOR 1896.

pene. —W. Murron Houmes. |
. _Vige-Presidents, — Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pamir Crownery,
Pe - RLS. F.Z.8.; Henny §. Estoy, M.A., F.R. Met. Soe. Henry T.
ee fa ELL, F.L.S.; Henry G. Tome HOMPSON, M.D vee J. PS ;
ae = ward Loverr; and H. Franxuin Parsons, M. ie ae ;
is. ae a B. es

“
’s Address . eee eee teen eee ee een nenseneee serene ese seeesnaeseee Ixxxvi a

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a

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

696-97.

Cwenty-sebenth Annual Meeting,
Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 19th, 1897.

W. Morton Hotes, President, in the chair.

The statement of accounts for the year 1896 was approved.

The President announced that the following had been nomin-
ated as officers of the Club for the ensuing year, and there being
no other nominations they were duly elected :—President, J.
M. Hobson, M.D.; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. E. B. Sturge; Hon.
Secretary, Mr. R. F. Grundy; Librarian, Mr. A. Roods; and
Mr. E. J. Platts and Dr. G. EK. Newby members of the Com-
mittee to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement of Mr. H.
D. Gower and Dr. Hobson.

The following is a list of the officers for the year 1897 :—

President.—J. M. Hopson, M.D.

Vice-Presidents.—Joun Berney, F.R.M. 8.; Pamir Crow .ey,
F.Z.8., F.L.8.; Henry 8. Earon, M.A., F.R. Met. Soe. ;
Henry T, Menwexs,, F.L.S. ; Henry G. ames M.D.,
F.R.M.S., J.P.; Epwarp Loverr; H. Franxuin Parsons,
M.D., F.G.S.; and W. Murron Hotmes.

~ Treasurer.—Epwarp B. Sturee.
Hon. Secretary.—R. F. Grunpy.
Librarian.—Aurrep Roops.

cx Proceedings.

Committee.—J. H. Batnock; H. C. Cottyer; J. H. Drace;
James Epps, Jun., F.L.8.; G. W. Moore; G. EK. Newsy,
F.R.C.8S.; E. J. Puarts; N. F. Roparts, F.G.8.; and C.

H. Burnasy Sparrow.

Botanical Sub-Committee.—Jamrs Epps, F.L.S., Norfolk House,
Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood; A. FirzGErap, 93, Addiscombe Road ;
W. Incrams, Whitgift Schools, Church Road; H. T. Mrennex1, F.L.S.
(Hon. Sec.), Park Hill Rise; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.,
Park Hill Rise; Ernest StTraker, Wallington.

Geological Sub-Committee —GrorGE Hine, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.
(Hon. Sec.), Avondale Road; J. M. Hoxzson, M.D., 65, Lower Addis-
combe Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road; H. FRANKLIN
Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Roparts, F.G.5.,
Abingdon, Addiscombe Grove; THos. WALKER, C.E., Warrington
Road; Wm. Wuitaker, F.R.S., F.G.S., Campden Road.

Meteorological Sub-Committee.—F. C. Bayarp, LL.M. (Hon. Sec.),
Wallington; Tos. Cusnine, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Baipwin
Latuam, C.E., Duppas House, Croydon.

Microscopical Sub-Committee Rev. R. K. Corser, 57, Park Hill
Road; T. A. Dukes, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; H. Greenway,
Ashburton Road; E. Lovett, West Burton, Outram Road; W.
Murton Hotmes (Hon. Sec.), Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; G. W.
Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road; E. B. Sturcr, The Waldrons.

Photographic Sub-Committee.—J. H. Baupock, F.C.S. (Lanternist
and Recorder), St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower (Hon. Sec.), 55,
Benson Road; C. Moss, Hetherley, Coombe Road; E. J. Puarts,
St. Leonard’s Road; Atrrep Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; C. H.
Burnasy Sparrow, 1, Chepstow Road.

Zoological Sub-Committee.—JoHn Berney, F.R.M.S. (Hon. Sec.),
Chatsworth Road; Purinip Crow ey, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Waddon; JoHn
Henry Drace, Tamworth Road, Oroydon; C. H. Goopman, Bryn
Cottage, Whyteleaf, Surrey; H. Lez, St. John’s Grove; R.
McLacatan, F.R.S., F.L.S., 23, Clarendon Road, Lewisham.

Anthropological Sub-Committee—H. C. Cottyrer, Beddington ;
E. Lovett (Hon. Sec.), West Burton, Outram Road; N. F. Rosarts,
F.G.8., Abingdon, Addiscombe Grove; J. Watson Stack, 56, Park
Lane; H. G. THompson, M.D., 86, Lower Addiscombe Road.

It was resolved at the meeting that the rules should be altered
so as to make ladies eligible for membership of the Club.

The President then delivered his annual Address, describing
the operations of the Club during the past year, at the conclusion
of which a hearty vote of thanks was passed to him for the
Address and his services as President during the past year.

Proceedings. exi

The President’s Address.

GENTLEMEN,

The custom of embodying in an address an account both
of our work and recreations as a Club during the preceding year
has this advantage, inasmuch as it gathers up into one whole
the various items which have interested and instructed different
members, making the many littles appear of some importance,
just as the tiny rivulets trickling down a mountain side combine
to form a stream. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage
of making it exceedingly difficuls when we have reached our
Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting to say anything that has not a
family likeness to what has been said on other occasions, and
I therefore must crave your indulgence this evening while I
recapitulate the events which have taken place.

The number of members on our roll remains the same as last
year, viz. 227. We have lost 24 members by death or resignation
from various causes, and 24 new members have been elected.

Among those we have lost by death must be mentioned Sir
Joseph Prestwich, the eminent geologist, who was elected an
honorary member in 1879. He died on June 23rd, 1896, and
had studied geology from an early age, and for some years was
in business in the city. He published an important work on
geology in 1888.

The late Archbishop of Canterbury was also at one time on
_ our list; but, I believe, took no particular interest in the Club.

As will be seen from the balance-sheet that has been issued
to you, the expenditure from the General Fund has been
£151 5s. 7d. as compared with £154 9s. 2d. last year, and
although every care has been exercised, it has slightly exceeded
our income, and there is now a balance at the bank of £6 Os. 94d.,
compared with £10 19s. 10d. at the beginning of last year, but
there are no liabilities outstanding. ‘The expenses of the Soirée
were £2 11s. 2d. more, and the amount realized by the sale of
tickets £1 6s. 6d. less than 1895, and there is also a difference
of £1 10s. for the hire of the room for meetings. One of the
most costly items of our expenditure is that for the Meteorological
Sub-Committee, towards which four gentlemen very handsomely
contribute £15 5s.; but even then the cost to the Club is
£14 12s. 6d. After carrying on the work so well for so many
years, it would be a very great pity to have to discontinue it.
What we really want is an addition of another forty members,—
members who will take a real interest in our proceedings, not
only by attending the meetings, in itself a good thing, but also

b2-

exii ; Proceedings.

by contributing communications, no matter how short, or by
bringing objects of interest, even if only to ask questions about
them. In a large town like Croydon there must always be
something to bring forward. New roads are being made, drains
are daily being relaid, so that anyone with a taste for geology
will be sure to find something. Gardens are also plentiful, and
the growth of plants in them always has some point of interest,
without the necessity of going farther afield. Then again the
cyclists ought to be able to do something for.us in remoter parts
of the county. I know of one man who has got together a
large collection of chalk fossils by visiting the various chalk-pits
during his leisure time, and I have seen others in rather large
numbers who contrive to collect rather a large geological deposit
on their backs.

The balance for the Special Fund Account is more satisfactory,
being £18 Os. 8d. as compared with £9 2s. 8d. last year.

The attendance at the Conversational Meetings of the various
sections is not at all what could be wished. With the exception
of the Anthropological Section last January, when Mr. Lovett
exhibited and described a number of stone implements, the
gathering has not usually exceeded three or four, and on one
occasion it was limited to two. If these meetings are to be
continued, it is necessary that we should reconsider in what
manner they can best be carried out, and I would suggest that
a small committee be formed for the purpose.

Reports oF Sus-ComMitrTEEs.

The. Meteorological Sub-Committee has continued its work under
the supervision of its Honorary Secretary. The daily rainfall of
seventy-eight stations in the Club District has been tabulated every
month, examined and corrected, and the results printed.and issued to
the observers, and all members of the Club interested in the question,
either before or within a few days after the end of the month succeed-
ing that to which the statisticsrefer. Short particulars of the weather
have also been inserted in every monthly sheet. The Sub-Committee
regret to record the loss of four stations during the year, one of them
owing to the observer’s death, but are happy:to inform the Club that
new observers have come forward to supply these vacancies. Three
gentlemen interested in the work of the Section contributed the sum
of £15 towards the expenses, and one other gentleman has subscribed
5s. for the returns.—F. CAMPBELL-BAyaRD, Hon. Sec.

Report of the Anthropological Section.—During the year several
objects of interest connected with this subject have been exhibited and
described, and a paper was read upon ‘“‘ Superstition,” especially in
relation to the wearing of charms and amulets, by Mr. Edward Lovett,
the Honorary Secretary of the Section; who has also made records
and collected specimens in illustration of folk-lore and myth.

Proceedings. exiil

It is to be hoped that members of the Club generally will assist in
preserving, as far as possible, records and objects connected with the
past. In these days of rapid change and fresh notions, the interesting
links between the past and the present are very apt to become lost,
with the result that the origins of many of our modern sayings,
customs, and even appliances, are not capable of being traced at all.

The Anthropological Section of the Club is making it its business to
preserve, as far as possible, all that survives bearing upon the origin
and evolution of these things, known only to us in their recent garb,
more especially those of our own county,

No more interesting subject than a collection of folk-lore specimens
could well be found to furnish some of the cases in that museum of
the future which has so long been the dream of members of this
Club.—Epwarp Lovett, Hon. See.

Photographic Sub-Committee.—Despite the tranquillity that at pre-
sent prevails in the photographic world, the Section still continues to
absorb a large amount of individual interest; the attendance of the
meetings devoted to the Section have not been so well attended as one
might wish.

Meetings and lantern evenings have taken place during the year.

Thanks are due to the editors of ‘The British Journal of Photo-
graphy,’ ‘The Amateur Photographer,’ and also ‘The Magic Lantern
Journal,’ for the free copies sent during the past year for the use of
members in the reading-room.

A number of excursions were arranged and carried out, but the
attendance on many occasions was very limited.

At the Soirée this year the sectional exhibit well maintained its
standard of excellency, frames numbering nearly one hundred being
hung, comprising all well known processes, and several new printing
methods. <A large table in the Small Hall was as usual devoted to
an excellent exhibit of lantern-slides and transparencies, the work of
members; three lantern exhibitions of members’ slides taking place
during the evening in the Old School of Art Room. Ina room at end
of corridor an interesting demonstration of the X Rays was given by
Messrs. Watson & Sons; also Messrs. Thorn & Hoddle exhibiting the
Acetylene Gas in the Small Hall: both these exhibits professing
themselves valuable adjuncts to photography in the future.

The membership of the Section continues about the same. Several
lockers are now vacant, and any member who wishes to retain one
for the coming year may do so by kindly advising the Honorary
Secretary.—Harry D. Gower, Hon. Sec.

Since the above Report was received, Mr. Gower has again
written to me lamenting the apathy of the members of the
Photographic Section in not attending the meetings. As he
truly observes, ‘‘it-ought not to be expected that the committee
can work independently of the sectional members’; and if
there is not a better attendance and more interest taken in
the demonstrations, it must become a question whether we are
justified or not in going to the expense of the dark room. I
have already suggested that a committee should take the other

Cxiv Proceedings.

sections into consideration, and probably the addition of some
photographic members to it would be of considerable service.

Dr. Hinde has called my attention to a paper by Mr. W. W.
Watts in the ‘Geological Magazine’ for January, 1897, in which
he speaks of the ready help given by the Croydon Microscopical
Society in supplying photographs of geological phenomena.
Coming at this time it ought to act as an incentive to photo-
graphers to make fresh efforts, for our district is by no means
fully worked out. In a very short time what are now open
spaces will be built over, and it would be interesting to have
a record of what they were like before the incursion of bricks
and mortar. :

Another thing that photographers might take up with advan-
tage would be the architectural details of old buildings which
would be of great value, such as windows and doorways of
churches, and the ironwork on doors, &c.

Mr. H. T. Mennell writes :—

' “There is nothing to report from the Botanical Sub-Committee,
except that Mr. C. E. Salmon has found Ranunculus intermedius
on Holmwood Common, and that Mr. Ernest §. Salmon reports
Euphrasia Kerneri from Reigate, the plant having been submitted to
and so named by Mr. Townsend, the great authority on this difficult
genus.”

Mr. Berney writes :—

“IT have not heard from our members of any matter worth em-
bodying in your Report. Personally I have little to say, as I did very
little work in entomology last season. I can only mention that I
captured in my garden nine Plusia moneta, making, with the two
captured the previous season, eleven in all.”

The presence of this moth in Croydon is very interesting, and
if the rate of increase is maintained, we shall before long have
it fairly common; but the market value of specimens will then
be very much diminished, to the grief of the collectors of earlier
examples.

I may here mention the loss that zoology has sustained by
the death of Lord Lilford on June 17th, 1896. His lordship
was one of the chief ornithologists of his day, and did an
immense deal in promoting the study of bird life, notably in
preventing the keepers from ruthlessly destroying birds of prey
on his estate, an example which I hope may be largely followed.
His name will be especially familiar to visitors to the bird
gallery of the Natural History Museum, to which he presented
many valuable specimens. He had also probably the finest
existing collection of birds at Lilford Park.

Proceedings. CXV

Speaking for the Microscopical Sub-Committee, I have to report
.the addition to the Club microscope of a one-inch and quarter- .
inch object glasses. These will be of great service to members
who wish to exhibit at our meetings, and I trust that good use
will be made of them. —

Geological Sub-Commuttee.— The interest of the members in
geological matters was considerably stimulated by the visit during the
summer to the Gas Works, where the Lower Tertiary Woolwich and
Reading Beds, abounding in characteristic fossils, had been exposed
in the excavations for a new gasometer. The same beds have also
been observed by Dr. Franklin Parsons in sewerage excavations near
Thornton Heath. The late discoveries of mammalian remains in the
gravels near Croydon have also had the effect of calling attention to
the great changes in the fauna of the district within a comparatively
recent geological period. At the present time the sections opened for
the new lines of railway south of Croydon afford good opportunities of
studying the geological structure of the country.—Dr. G. J. H1nDE,
Hon. Sec.

Several papers on geological subjects have been read during
the year, and it is satisfactory to find that interest in this section
is still unabated.

We were unable to get anyone to attend as delegate at the
meeting of the British Association at Liverpool this year.

Excursions.

April 25th. — Several members of this Club spent a very
pleasant afternoon at the Zoo, conducted by Mr. Philip Crowley.
By the courtesy of the Zoological Society, free admission was
granted to members of the Club, Mr. Crowley providing passes
for the friends who accompanied them. Dr. Beddard addressed
the members of the Geological Association the same afternoon
on ‘The Living Forms of Elephants and Rhinoceroses,’”’ and
arrangements were made for our Club to hear his remarks.
Referring to the longevity of the elephant, he stated that one
entered in the stud-book of the Indian Civil Service in 1702 was
living in 1868, and might be still alive. Sperm whales were
said to attain the age of five hundred years, but without reliable
data. Among the principal animals observed at the Gardens
may be mentioned Speke’s antelope from South Africa (the only
living specimen in Europe), and the klipspringer, which is also
the first example possessed by the Society. The king penguin
from the Macquarie Islands is also new to the gardens. It still
has its covering of down although fifteen months old, and as yet
does not attempt to feed itself. Two species of Apterya are now
in the collection, and appear to do well in confinement. Of rare

CXxvi Proceedings.

British birds there are two fine smews in the western aviary,
and three pratincoles in the insect house. (J. H. Drage.) :

May 2nd.—Photographic excursion to Chipstead, conducted
by Mr. E. J. Platts. Mr. R. Saunders, of Chipstead, kindly
invited the members to take tea with him.

May 9th.—An excursion, conducted by Mr. Baldock, and
attended by some twenty members, proceeded to the beautiful
gardens at Wallington, by the kind permission of Mr. Smee.
These gardens are well known in connection with the book
entitled ‘My Garden,’ published and profusely illustrated by the
late Mr. Alfred Smee, who was assisted by his son, the present
owner. ‘The party was conducted througlt all the principal
houses, and explanations given of some of the most interesting
plants, ferns, orchids, &c., after which the visitors were left to
roam about and admire the many and peculiar beauties to be
found there, among them an artesian well, which supplied much
of the water, with which the place abounds, and which had
never been known to run_dry. The weather was dull and
- windy, nevertheless some fairly good photographs, in memoriam,
were obtained. (J. H. Baldock.)

May 25th.—On Whit Monday a whole-day excursion was made,
under the guidance of Dr. Parsons, to West Hoathly, and was
well attended, being favoured by fine weather. Arriving at West
Hoathly Station about eleven, the party walked through woods
and meadows to Gravetye, the residence of Mr. W. Robinson, the
well-known writer on horticulture. Gravetye is a picturesque
Elizabethan mansion, built by a Sussex ironmaster of the six-
teenth century, and standing in a garden stocked with interesting
herbaceous plants and shrubs. The surrounding fields are also
planted with various kinds of narcissus and other bulbs, which
flower among the grass. After inspecting the gardens, the
party went on to Rockhurst. In the grounds of this estate is a
noteworthy line of rocks, forming an escarpment on the edge
of a steep wooded valley. The rock is a thick-bedded massive
sandstone, the Lower Tunbridge Wells Sandstone, belonging to
the Wealden series, resting on a somewhat softer layer. By
weathering and widening of the joints some of the masses have
become more or less completely detached; the most remarkable
of these masses, called, from its shape, ‘‘ Great upon Little,” is
a cubical mass of rock, fifteen feet high and sixty feet in cireum-
ference, poised upon a narrow portion or stalk only twenty feet
in circumference. This narrow base consists of a softer bed of
sandstone, the more rapid weathering of which, as compared
with the harder rock above, has given the mass its stalked form,

Proc. Croydon Mic. d& Nat. Hist. Club, 1896-97.} (To face p. exvii.

oma ve re g
et area Ea ae aR arene

Tar Roman Vitus at Darentu.

By the kind permission of the Editor of the ‘ Amateur Photographer,’ who has granted
the use of the blocks, we are able to present to the members reproductions of the admirable
photographs taken by Mr. J. H. Baldock on the occasion of the visit of the Club to Darenth
on July 4th, 1896. The description of the interesting Roman remains seen there will be
found in the Address of the President, Mr. W. Murton Holmes, in the last Part of the

‘Proceedings’ (1896-97), page exyii.

Proceedings. Cxvil

In the shady clefts of the rock were found the filmy fern Hymeno-
phyllum tunbridgense, the interesting moss Tetraphis pellucida, and
some Hepatics. The scenery is wild and picturesque, reminding
the visitor rather of Wales or Scotland than of the south-east of
England.* From the rocks some of the party walked to Grange
Road Station, and others returned to West Hoathly to tea.
West Hoathly village stands on the ridge of the Weald, com-
manding extensive views, to the north towards East Grinstead,
and to the south towards Lewes. The beauty of the scenery
was somewhat marred owing to the oak trees being completely
stripped of their foliage by caterpillars of Tortrix viridana living
in swarms on the branches, and spinning thick silken cords
descending to the ground.

June 6th.—General excursion to Warlingham. Starting from
Sanderstead Station, the party of eighteen walked along the
road to Sanderstead Church, thence through the village, and
turning off to the left through King’s Wood, for which permission
had been kindly granted by Mr. Wallis, to Warlingham Church,
which was shown by Mr. Goodman. The weather was delightful,
with a pleasant breeze. No particular finds were recorded, but
the guelder rose was in full bloom, and excited the admiration
of many who had not before seen it. The party was after-
wards most hospitably entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Goodman
at Warlingham.

June 27th.—Photographic excursion to Staines and Chertsey,
conducted by Mr. J. G. Lincoln. Twelve members attended,
and met Mr. Lincoln at Staines, from whence three boats,
kindly provided by that gentleman, proceeded down the river to
Chertsey. Arriving at Penton Hook Lock, the party landed
for the purpose of taking photographs while the boats passed
through the lock. These things being accomplished, the party
proceeded to Chertsey ferry, where they were met by Mrs. Lin-
coln, who had very kindly provided tea, and all sat down on the
grass at the water's edge to enjoy the hospitality thus extended
to them. After tea the boats proceeded to Chertsey Lock, where
the party finally landed, and some more photographs were
secured. Some snap-shots were also taken from the boats as
they proceeded down the river, and at last Staines was once
more reached, after one of the most pleasant afternoons it was
possible to spend, hearty thanks being accorded to Mr. and Mrs.
Lincoln. (J. H. Baldock.)

July 4th—A party of fifteen, conducted by the President,
visited the remains of the old Roman villa at Darenth, Kent.
|S ee ey eh ptee F a e

'* The party were indebted to Mr. Stenning for permission to visit the
rocks on a day when they are not ordinarily open to the public.

exvill Proceedings.

This is situated about a mile from the Farningham Road Station,
L.C.D.R., and is close by the old Roman road connecting
Rochester and London. The excavation was first commenced
in 1894 after a burial of probably 1500 years, although the site
is marked on old ordnance maps. Crossing the field close to
the station, the party proceeded by the high road as far as the
mill-pond, through which the river Darent flows. Here several
interesting botanical specimens were obtained by means of wad-
ing by an adventurous and enthusiastic member of the party.
Among the plants found was the flowering rush, by no means a
common plant. The path then skirted the banks of the river
until the villa was reached. The remains are the most extensive
yet discovered in England, and it is supposed that the villa was
the residence of a high military officer of the Roman army of
occupation. From east to west is an unbroken line of rooms
and other enclosed places extending for four hundred and fifty
feet. In front of these to the south is a corridor of the same
length. Beyond the corridor are two courts ninety-two and
ninety-one feet long and seventy-eight feet wide respectively.

_ Along the east and west sides of these courts a series of rooms -

extend for some distance. The centre of the house was occupied
by the cold rooms for summer use. Three of these are paved
with red tessere, the remainder with concrete and tiles. Some
of the walls were adorned with distemper painting, but the
colours have now almost disappeared. The winter rooms are at
the south-east corner, and the floors of the heated chambers
were suspended in various ways. One was laid on piles of flat
tiles, two others were supported on flue-tiles, and a fourth on
blocks of chalk in rows about six inches apart. Flue-pipes still
remain in the walls. The doorways of one or two of the rooms
had been blocked in Saxon times with herring-bone work. The
baths are situated at the west of the summer rooms, the largest
being forty feet long and ten feet wide, and the walls are still
four feet high. This was reached by four steps plastered and
rounded at the edges, but at some time during the Roman
occupation a wall had been built across it. Two small baths,
about seven feet square, connected with rooms probably used
for dressing, adjoin. There are several tanks at the north
angle, originally fitted with leaden pipes, a portion of one still
remaining. These communicate with a water channel, dis-
charging intoa drain. At the southern and western extremities
of the courtyards are the remains of stables and outhouses, the
walls of which appear to extend into the field beyond. To
prevent inundations, a wall three hundred and forty feet in
length had been erected between the river and the courts. The
foundations of the villa are now from four to five feet below the
surface. Numerous antiquities have been found, such as coins,

a)

Proceedings. cxix

ornaments, knives, fragments of pottery and glass, and bones of
various animals. The foundations of a small temple have also
been discovered close by. From the fact that the walls of the
adjacent church of Darenth contain many Roman tiles, it is
supposed that the materials from the ruins of the villa were used
in the construction of this edifice. Among the plants found on
this excursion were Alisma plantago, Butomus umbellatus, Potamo-
geton densus, P. perfoliatus, Veronica anagallis, Mercurialis annua,
(Enanthe crocata, Helosciadium nodiflorum (very large specimens).
Some successful photographs were also taken, and are of great
interest.

July 18th.—General excursion to Oxted, conducted by the
President. This was attended by six members, who first visited
the sand-pit at Oxted, walking up the hill to the lime works in
the Lower Chalk, where some fossils were obtained from one of
the workmen, among these being Holaster subglobosus, Discoidea
cylindrica, teeth of Lamna, Ptychodus, and Notidanus microdon.
The party then walked up the hill and along the ridge, returning
to Croydon from Woldingham Station. The plants found were
Pimpinella magna, belladonna (very plentiful near the lime
_ works), -Z'rifolium arvense, Chlora perfoliata, bullace in fruit,
Epilobium angustifolium.

July 25th.—Half-day photographic excursion to Horley, con-
_ ducted by Mr. Roods. 5

August 4th.—Fifteen members and friends of this Club made
an excursion to Chilworth, under the direction of Mr. Edward
Lovett. Through the introduction of Mr. Don, a member of
the Society, the party was shown over the gunpowder and
cordite works by Captain Bouvier, who met them at Chilworth
Station, and entertained them at his house. The first depart-
ment of the factory visited was that for testing the strength of
the powder as shown by the velocity of the projectile discharged.
The method is as follows :—In a small shed is a steel framework
for carrying the gun to be used (and any kind of gun can be
used); at a distance of fifty metres is a small target. The gun
and the target are connected with magnetic instruments situated
in an office to the rear of the testing range. The instrument in this
office consists of two magnets,—one holding up a long bar coated
with a soft leaden case, the other supporting a short bar acting
upon a spring knife. The former is connected with the muzzle
of the gun, and the latter with the target. The modus operandi is
as follows :—The gun is loaded with a cartridge the powder of
which is to be tested, the electric current is applied, and the two
bars suspended to the magnets. The wire of the long bar is fixed

CXX Proceedings.

across the muzzle of the gun, which upon discharge breaks, causing
the bar to fall. As soon as the bullet strikes the target, the
second current is broken by the shock, and the second bar drops,
liberating a spring, which causes a small knife to strike the
first bar in falling, making a small mark in it. The distance
between this mark and a predetermined point on the bar is then
measured by a finely graduated scale, and upon this basis the
velocity of the projectile can be correctly calculated. The shots
fired for the benefit of the members recorded a muzzle velocity
of about 1400 feet per second, varying from this according to
the kind of powder used. The party was then shown through
the mixing, kneading, pressing, and grinding sheds, finishing
with the sheds in which cordite was manufactured. After this
a series of experiments took place in the furnace shed to show
the remarkable difference between the explosive smoky powder
of ordinary use, the slow-burning prism powder of our eighty-ton
guns, and the apparently peaceful and harmless way in which
cordite burns, in the open, giving off no smoke or residuum.
The courteous manner of Captain Bouvier, and bis entertaining
. description of the various processes, were much appreciated by
the visitors.

The members of the Club then visited Great Tangley Manor,
by kind permission of Mr. Wickham Flower. This old moated
house dates back to about 1487, and was added to in the following
century. It is a magnificent example of that period, and the
interior has been judiciously preserved in keeping with its age.
There is a charming covered approach to the house, red-tiled
and oak-beamed, and the moat is crossed by quaint bridges.
Old timbered gables and diamond-paned windows add an old-
world beauty to the manor; upon one of the panes is scratched
‘‘john Evelyn, 1641.’’ The old lawns, terraces, and gardens
are lovely, the most beautiful part perhaps being the heath and
lily garden, the Alpine garden, and the lake; the latter, as well
as the moat, having large clumps of most beautiful aquatic
plants.

Some of the members then paid a visit to Black-Heath, whilst
the rest returned to Croydon.

(The evening proved to be very wet.)

August 15th.—Photographic excursion to Nutfield and Bletch-
ingley. Conductor, Mr. A. Roods.

September 12th.—Supposed to be a fungus-hunt on Keston
Common, but owing to a chapter of accidents no member
attended, one lady visitor going to the common by herself. I
have not heard whether she made a large collection of fungi
on that occasion or not.

Proceedings, CXXxi

Evenine MEETINGS.

February 18th.—Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard read the Report of
the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1895. The stations of
which records have been tabulated number seventy-three as
against sixty-six in the last Report, and the number of observers
is sixty-one as compared with fifty-four. The year 1895 was
probably the most remarkable one of the century. The pro-
longed cold in January and February, the warm June, the
remarkable equality of the mean temperatures of July, August,
and September, the number of months (four) in which less than
one inch of rain fell, the intense heat of September 28rd to 30th,
the unusually cold period of October 23rd to 31st, the warm
November with a temperature higher than October, combined
with the short rainfall, form a record unique during the present
century.

Dr. Franklin Parsons read ‘‘Some Geological Notes on a
Recent Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise” (Trans., Art. 129).
The beds exposed commence with the London Clay and end
about the middle of the Woolwich and Reading series. In a
sandy bed belonging to the Oldhaven series numerous fossil
shells, chiefly fragmentary, were found.

Mr. Lovett exhibited an apparatus used as a clock from the
North Philippines. It consisted of twelve pieces of wood sus-
pended horizontally on a cord, and the time was shown by the -
position of an indicator placed every hour.

The President exhibited specimens of so-called Sola pith, the
stem of an Indian plant used in the manufacture of pith helmets,
and also some radiolaria dredged by the ‘Challenger’ from a
depth of 2425 fathoms.

March 17th.—Mr. Edward Lovett read a paper on ‘ Super-
stition and Myth,” in special reference to charms and amulets.
He said that trinkets were first worn as a protection from the
evil eye, but now only serve as ornaments. In the same way a
model of the eye was in common use amongst the ancient
Egyptians, and numbers of these are found in the folds of the
mummy-cloths. A ladle from Vancouver Island was exhibited,
on which was a representation of the thunder bird with the eye
occupying nearly the whole of the head. Among the Maoris
the origin of many of their designs is the human face with a
prominent eye made of mother of pearl. Mr. Lovett gave a
history of the crescent, tracing it from Isis, the Egyptian Diana,
who is represented as wearing a crescent. He conjectured that
the ornament on King Prempeh’s headdress was intended for a
crescent. The crescent was used as an amulet by soldiers, and
it occurs at the present day on the trappings of horses. The

exxii Proceedings.

horse-shoe is considered a lucky symbol, and it was thought that
its origin could be traced to the crescent. Feathers worn as
plumes were originally charms. It is still common in some
districts to have what are known as thunder-bolts in the house
as a protection from lightning. Iron pyrites, belemnites, stone
celts, flint arrowheads, encrinite stems, and ammonites are
among the objects so designated. Beads were also charms, and
stones with natural perforations were hung at the bed’s head as
a protection from nightmare. The lecture was illustrated by a ~
large collection of rare and curious examples, and was listened
to with much pleasure by a large audience. A discussion
followed in which Dr. Parsons, Mr. Robarts, Mr. Slack, and
the President took part. In connection with this subject the
President exhibited some ordeal beans from West Africa, and a
specimen of the Amphisbena from South America.

Mr. Slack exhibited some gold ore, and also an agate with
concentric markings.

April 28th.—The President read a paper on “‘ Some Forms of
Silica” (Trans., Art. 130). Messrs. Berney, Hinde, Moore,
' Robarts, and the President exhibited beautiful specimens in
illustration of the paper.

Mr. Straker exhibited some medizval shoes with pointed toes
found in an excavation near the old Carmelite Monastery at
Whitefriars; also an earthenware pilgrim’s bottle in perfect
condition, and bones of the horse, wild boar, fallow deer, sheep,
and oxen from the same spot.

May 12th.—In lieu of the ordinary meeting, a party of
members and friends, to the number of forty, paid a visit to the
gas works at Waddon, on the invitation of Mr. J. W. Helps,
who kindly showed the party round the works, and thoroughly
explained the process of manufacture. Great interest was taken
in the operation of clearing and recharging the retorts, in which
the coal is subjected to destructive distillation. These retorts
are twenty feet long, with openings at each end, and are charged
with six ewt. of coal every six hours. Two systems of heating
them are at present in use, but the improved or regenerative
system is being more extensively adopted. The consumption of
fuel by this method is reduced from twenty-five per cent. to
eleven or twelve per cent. After a prolonged inspection of the
various processes for the purification of the gas, the party
adjourned to the club-room, where they were most hospitably
entertained with light refreshments by Mr. Helps, who afterwards
gave a short account of the manufacture of illuminating gas,
illustrating his lecture by means of diagrams and drawings.
The construction of the new gasometer, capable of holding thiee

Proceedings. Cxxili

million cubic feet of gas, and the largest out of London, was
much admired. Numerous fossil oysters and other shells (Me-
lania and Cyrena) belonging to the Woolwich Beds, similar to
those found at Park Hill, were obtained from the earth excavated
when making the reservoir for the gasometer. After a hearty
vote of thanks to Mr. Helps for a most interesting and instructive
evening, and for his hospitality, the party separated.

September 15th.—This being the first meeting of the season,
there was no regular paper, but the evening was devoted to
the exhibition and description of objects obtained during the
vacation. ‘

Mr. Douglas exhibited some beautiful specimens of galena,
iron pyrites, and calcite, and described some chert containing
radiolaria from the southern uplands of Scotland (Trans.,
Art. 131). This chert, formerly supposed to be of inorganic
origin, was proved a few years ago by our member, Dr. Hinde,
to be made up almost entirely of these protozoa.

Mr. Waddon Martyn exhibited some nodules of a ferruginous
mineral obtained in the north of Cornwall. The nodules vary
very much in size and are very abundant, constantly weathering
out of the cliff face.

Mr. Robarts exhibited a larva of the goat moth and a number
of flint implements: from Cisbury. Mr. Lovett stated that
Cisbury was one of the places where these implements were
roughly blocked out to be sent somewhere else to be finished off.

Mr. C. Hehner exhibited water stones from Chili. These
consist of agate containing water and a bubble of carbon dioxide.
Similar stones are found in Victoria. Some calculi consisting
of ammonio-magnesian phosphate from the stomach of a horse
were also exhibited by Mr. Hehner.

Dr. Parsons exhibited a large series of fungi, including a
mushroom one foot in diameter. Owing to the wet season,
fungi had been remarkably abundant during the past year. Dr.
Parsons stated that four and a half inches of rain had fallen
since the first of the month.

Mr. Mennell showed an egg of the rock ptarmigan taken by
him in the Val de Bagne.

Mr. Lovett exhibited specimens of prism powder-and cordite
Lora on the recent visit of the Club to the Chilworth powder
works.

A specimen of an oyster in a silicified condition from Norfolk
was exhibited by Mr. G. W. Moore. :

The President exhibited a series of Silurian fossils obtained
by him in Shropshire, consisting of corals, trilobites, brachiopods,
crinoids, and molluscs of various species.

Cxxiv Proceedings.

October 20th.—Dr. Franklin Parsons exhibited some Pholas
borings in hard lias rock. These molluscs bury themselves in
the rock, but as to the precise manner in which they are enabled
to excavate their domiciles there is some difference of opinion,
whether by the motion of the shell, which is very fragile, or by
an acid secretion. lLimpets are also able to excavate shallow
depressions on rock, a specimen of which was shown.

The President exhibited a series of fossils from the Car-
boniferous Limestone of Derbyshire, consisting of several
species of Producta, Spirifera, and other brachiopods, molluscs,
and corals.

Mr. E. W. Johnson read a very interesting paper on ‘‘ The
Solar Eclipse of August 9th, 1896.”" To see an eclipse of the
sun, we must place ourselves in the line of the moon’s shadow
as it speeds across the earth’s surface, and as nearly as possible
in the centre of the shadow. In this case the shadow com-
menced in the North Sea about two hundred miles to the north
of Scotland, and entered Norway a little to the south of Bodo.
The line of totality, after crossing some inaccessible mountains,
emerged from Norway at Vadsé, then crossed Nova Zembla and
_ Siberia and the northern parts of Japan, finally disappearing in

the Pacific Ocean at a point in 180° longitude and 20° north
latitude, after a mighty journey of 10,000 miles. The ‘‘ Norse
King”’ left Tilbury on July 25th, having on board the official
members of the permanent eclipse committee of the Royal
Society and the Royal Astronomical Society, besides many
members of the British Astronomical Association. As is well
known, the actual observation of the eclipse was marred by
cloudy weather, but in spite of that the observers were repaid
for their trouble. Mr. Johnson described the effect of the
sudden darkness on the surrounding landscape and upon birds
and animals. Altogether it was most impressive.

Mr. Keatley Moore, who also accompanied the expedition,
added some interesting remarks.

November 17th.—Dr. G. J. Hinde, F.R.§., read a paper on
‘‘The Valley Gravels in the Neighbourhood of Croydon,” which
will be published in our ‘ Transactions’ (Trans., Art. 132).

Dr. Parsons exhibited ammonites and other fossils from the
Gault at Folkestone.

December 15th.—Mr. H. F. Robarts, F.G.8., read a paper on
‘‘Mammalian Remains recently discovered near Purley.” These
consisted principally of tusks and teeth of mammoth and rhino-
ceros. The paper will be printed in-the ‘ Transactions’ (Trans.,
Art. 138).

Proceedings. CXXV

The President drew attention to the very unusual number of
wood pigeons frequenting the neighbourhood of Croham Hurst
this year, attracted in all probability by the abundance of acorns.
He exhibited specimens of the glass rope and birds’-nest sponges
and microscopic drawings of their minute structure.

TwENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL SOIREE.

The attendance at the Soirée, which was held on November 25th,
was 523 as compared with 518 last year. A larger number
would probably have attended, but there were several counter-
attractions in Croydon the same evening. As it was, the Public
Hall was well filled, and everyone seemed to have spent a
pleasant evening. The most popular exhibition was the demon-
stration of the Réntgen rays, conducted by Messrs. Watson &
Sons, of High Holborn, who on this occasion used their new
penetrator-tubes, and the largest fluorescent screen yet con-
structed, measuring fifteen inches by twelve inches.

Another novelty was the acetylene gas generator, exhibited
by Messrs. Thorne & Hoddle, which also attracted considerable
attention. Acetylene is a gas composed of carbon and hydrogen
(CoH2).- It was first discovered by Davy in 1836. The first
patent was taken out for its production in 1890 by Mr. T. L.
Willson, of New York, who discovered that when a mixture of
powdered lime and coke dust is introduced into a specially con-
structed furnace the mixture melts down into practically pure
calcium carbide (CaCz). When this substance is brought into
contact with water an interchange of constituents takes place,
the two atoms of hydrogen in water combining with two of
carbon in the carbide to form acetylene, while the oxygen of the
water combines with the calcium:

CaC, + HO = CoHe + CaO.

Acetylene when burned gives a flame of great brilliancy, emitting
a light greater than that given by any known gas, its illuminating
value (calculated on the consumption of five cubic feet per hour)
being, according to Prof. Lewes, no less than 240 candles, or
about fifteen times the value of ordinary 16-candle coal gas.
Several fatal accidents have occurred from the use of the com-
pressed gas, so that considerable care is required in its use. It
has also been stated that the illuminating power diminishes on
being kept.

Mr. Philip Crowley exhibited a large collection of birds’ eggs,
including the gigantic fossil one of pyornis maximus from
Madagascar, and a series of nests, each containing the egg of
a cuckoo, showing a great variation both in size and colour.
Specimens of the young of Bewick’s swan from Nova Zembla

_ were shown by Mr. Henry Pearson ; an adult female of the same

¢

CXxvi Proceedings.

species, shot in the Isle of Wight, and the buffle-headed duck
and smew, by Mr. J. H. Drage; and British birds, by Mr. Thorpe.
Fossils were exhibited by the President, Dr. Parsons, and by
Mr. N. F. Robarts. Objects connected with superstition and
myth were shown by Mr. Lovett; native bead ornaments and
weapons from South Africa, by Mr. D. M. Brown; flint imple-
ments and rubbings of brasses, by Mr. Robarts ; Japanese objects,
by Mr. John Pelton; an album containing a sketch of Hancock’s
steam omnibus, by Mr. Sturge; polariscope, by Mr. Murton;
Corean royal procession, painted by a native artist, by Dr.
Baldock; an album of chromo-lithographs, with their progressive
combinations up to the complete picture, by Mr. A. Couchman ;
and an illuminated address, by Mr. G. W. Moore. A beautiful
collection of dried British plants was shown by Mr. C. R. B.
Ritchie; fungi, from Croydon and the neighbourhood, by Dr.
Parsons; also flowers grown in the open air from Addiscombe
and Park Hill to the number of ninety-three, as compared with
seventy-two last year; and mosses and pictures of orchids, by
Mr. IK. M. Holmes. Some beautiful specimens of galena,
pyrites, and other minerals were exhibited by Mr. Douglas; a
valuable collection of coins, by Mr. Rogerson; water-colour
sketches, by Miss Cook; shells, by Mr. Dedham; corals,
madrepores, and ancient pottery, by Mr. H. W. Perry; cases of
insects, by Mr. Goodman; letters from Mr. Quekett, by Mr.
Streeter ; shadowgraphs and micrographs, by Mr. Russell ;

specimens of Roman pavement and lava, by Mr. Waterall; a’

case illustrating oyster culture, by Mr. Chisholm; and a collec-
tion of foraminifera containing upwards of two hundred species,
by the President.

The Photographic Section was well represented in the corridor,
and an account has already been given in the Report of the
Photographic Sub-Committee.

It now only remains for me to express my sincere thanks for
the uniform kindness that I have received from the members of
this Club during my term of office, and for the kind assistance
and support which the Treasurer and Committee have given me.

In particular I would thank our indefatigable Secretary, Mr.

Grundy, for the ready help which he was at all times willing to
give. His devotion to the interests of the Club cannot be too
highly acknowledged.

Members elected, 1896.

January 21st.—Kdmund Joseph Platts, Haslemere, St. Leonard’s
Road. George Simpson Valentine Wills, Croham Road. James
George Ingram, Bagbie House, Haling Park Road.

February 18th.—Charles William Link, Eversley, 14, Chichester

— ss

Proceedings. — eXxvil

Road. Thomas George Hayward, Thornville, Addiscombe Grove.

E. R. Shore, 28, Wellesley Road. i

3 March 17th.—Sydney Churcher Hovenden, Oaklands, Haling Park
oad.

April 21st.—Henry Ernest Hurst, Kalcoorlie Lodge, South Norwood
Hill. John Kidd, St. Mary’s, 881, London Road.

September 15th.—G. HE. Becker, Doringcourt, Addiscombe Grove.
Ernest Warton Johnson, 50, Birdhurst Road.

October 20th.—Reginald Thomas Webster, Aberdeen Lodge, Have-
lock Road. Frederick Link, 43, Park Hill Road. Herbert Allen
Broad, 85, Lansdowne Gardens.

November 17th.—Henry Charles Smart, 29, Cherry Orchard Road.
George Henry Hunt, Leecroft, St. Peter’s Road. Fred Stokes, 49,
Saxon Road, Selhurst. Alexander John Hogg, 134, Birchanger Road,
South Norwood. Henry Keatley Moore, Chipstead, Chepstow Rise.

December 15th.—G. F. Brown, 252, Whitehorse Lane, South Nor-
wood. Frederic James Townend, Alverley, Park Hill Rise. Henry
Carter, 71, Birdhurst Rise. J. S. Cunnington, 18, Clyde Road,
Addiscombe. Herbert Henry Shore, 28, Wellesley Road. William
Whitaker, F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road.

Additions to the Library.

The additions to the Library during the year 1896 are as
follows :—

From Individuals.—Arthur Bennett: Notes on the Potamogetons
of the Herbarium Boissier, Records of Scottish Plants for 1894, Notes
on British Plants, Report of the Botanical Exchange Club for 1894,
Bleventh Annual Report of the Watson Botanical Exchange Club,
Index perfectus ad Carol. Linnaei Species Plantarum, Notes on the
British Characee, Contributions towards a Flora of the Outer
Hebrides, Carex fusca (Allioni) in Scotland; Ernest Straker: Van
Heurck'’s Diatomacee, translated by Wynne E. Baxter;. H. D.
Gower: The photographic papers as issued; A. Roods: Knowledge,
as issued.

From Societies. — Royal Microscopical Society: Journal, 1896;
British Association: Report of Ipswich Meeting, 1895-96 ; Academy
of Natural Science, Philadelphia: Proceedings, 1895; Belgian Micro-
scopical Society: Journal and Proceedings; Brighton and Sussex
Natural History Society : Abstracts of Papers and Library Catalogue ;
Oldham Microscopical and Field Club: Journal and Reports; Man-
chester Geographical Society: Journal, 1895; Eastbourne Natural
History Society: Transactions, 1894-95; Holmesdale Natural History
Club: Proceedings, 1893-1895; Quekett Microscopical Club: J ournal,
1896; South London Entomological and Natural History Society:
Proceedings, 1895; South-eastern Naturalist, vol. i. part 5, vol. viii.
and vol. ix. parts 1 to 6; Borough of Southport: Meteorological
Report, 1895; Manchester Microscopical Society : Transactions, 1895 ;
Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club: History, vol. xv.; Reading Literary
and Scientific Society: Report and Proceedings, 1896; The Geological
Institute of the University of Upsala: Journal, vol. ii. part 2.

From Proprietors.—La Revue Hebdomadaire; Science Siftings.

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(: oxxxi )

RULES OF THE CLUB.

Title and Objects of the Club.

Tue Club shall be called ‘“‘ Tue Croynon MicroscoricaL AND
Naturat History Cxius,” and shall have for its objects. the
mutual help of its Members in the study of Microscopy, Natural
History, and Photography ; the investigation of the Meteorology,
Geology, Botany, and Zoology i in the neighbourhood of Croydon,
in the County of Surrey; and the dissemination amongst its
Members of information on the subjects of Microscopy and
Natural History.

Management of the Club.

1.—The business of the Club shall be conducted by a Com-.
mittee (four to form a quorum), consisting of a President, Vice-
Presidents (to consist of all past Presidents), a Treasurer, an
Honorary Secretary, a Librarian, and nine other Members.

2.—The Officers of the Club shall be elected at the General
Annual Meeting. The President shall not hold office more than
two years in succession. Of the nine Members of the Committee
two shall retire each year, and shall not be eligible for re-election
that year. The retiring Members shall be, (a) the one who has
attended the smallest number of Committee Meetings during the
past year; (b) the one who has served upon the Committee the
longest. The remaining seven shall retain office without re-
election. If two or more Members have attended an equal
number of Committee Meetings, that Member shall retire who
has served the longest. If two or more Members have served
an equal length of time, that Member shall retire who has
attended the Committee least often during the past year.

CXXxii Rules.

+ Membership.

1.—Both ladies and gentlemen shall be eligible for Member-
ship of the Club.

2.—Every candidate for Membership shall be proposed by two
or more Members, one of whom at least shall have a personal
knowledge of the eondidate, and who shall sign a certificate in
recommendation of him or her. The certificate shall be read
from the chair, and the candidate therein recommended balloted
for at the following meeting. One black ball in five to exclude.

3.—The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., payable in advance
on the 1st of January (or on election, if previous to November),
and no person shall be entitled to the privileges of the Club until
his or her Subscription shall have been paid.

4,—Distinguished persons may be elected Honorary Members
of the Club; such Honorary Members shall not be subject to any
of the expenses of the Club, and shall have no vote in its affairs.

5.—In order to encourage the study of Microscopy and Natural
History amongst mechanics, &c., residing in the district, indivi-
duals of that class may be admitted as Associates, provided they
shall first communicate some original information or observation
on Microscopy or Natural History, or exhibit such specimens as
shall, by their merit, satisfy the Committee. Such Associates
shall enjoy the privileges of Honorary Members.

6.—No Member shall be considered to have withdrawn from .
the Club until he or she shall have paid all arrears, and given a
written notice to the Secretary of his or her intention to resign ;
and any Member more than one year in arrear may be struck off
unless special cause to contrary be shown to the Committee.

7.—If it shall be thought desirable to expel any Member from
the Club, the same shall be done by a resolution of the Com-
mittee, which shall be read at the next ordinary meeting; and
at the following meeting a ballot shall take place with respect to
the proposition, and if two-thirds of the Members present shall
vote for such Member’s expulsion, he or she shall no longer be
considered a Member.

8.—Any Member may introduce a visitor at an ordinary
meeting, who shall enter his or her name, with that of the
Member by whom he or she is introduced, in a book kept for
that purpose.

Rules. CXXxili

Ordinary Meetings.

1.—The ordinary meetings of the Club shall be held on the
third Tuesday in every month eta ae the months of June,
July, and August), at seven o'clock in the evening; the chair to
be taken at eight precisely, or at such other time as the
Committee may appoint.

2.—The ordinary course of proceedings shall be as follows :—

I.—The minutes of the previous meeting shall be read
and submitted for approval as being correct.

IJ.—The names of candidates for membership shall be

read, and the ballot for election of Members shall
take place.

IlI.—Scientific communications shall be read and dis-
cussed; after which the chair shall be vacated,
and the meeting shall resolve itself into a con-
versazione, to terminate at ten o’clock.

3.—In the absence of the President, the Members present at
any ordinary meeting shall elect a Chairman for that evening.

4.—No Paper shall be read which has not received the
sanction of the Committee; and, whenever it is possible, early
notices of the subject of the Papers to be read shall be given by
the Secretary to the Members. No Paper shall exceed twenty
minutes in the actual reading, unless by the special permission
of the Chairman.

5.—In addition to the above ordinary meetings, others, for
conversation and the exhibition of Microscopical objects and
Natural History specimens, and for the borrowing and ex-
changing of books, shall be held on the last Wednesday in each
month throughout the year, at eight o’clock in the evening.

6.—Photographic meetings shall be held on the first Friday in
each month throughout the year, at eight o’clock in the evening.

Business Meetings and Election of Officers.

1.—The accounts of the Club shall be audited by two Members
appointed at the ordinary meeting in December. No Member of
the Committee shall be eligible as an Auditor.

2.—At the same meeting, notice of the Annual Meeting in
January shall be given from the chair.
d

CXxxiy Rules.

3.—An Annual Meeting of the Club shall be held, in place of
the ordinary meeting, on the third Tuesday evening in January,
at eight o’clock, when the election of Officers for the year
ensuing shall take place, and the Balance-sheet, duly signed by
the Auditors, shall be read; after which the President shall
deliver his Address, including a review of the proceedings of the
Club during the past year.

4,—The Officers of the Club shall be nominated in writing, and
such nominations shall be sent to the Secretary seven clear days
before the Annual Meeting. In the event of the number of nomi-
nation exceeding the number of Officers to be elected, a printed
list of the nominations shall be circulated at the Annual Meeting,
and the Members present shall vote by ballot by striking out the
names of those for whom they do not desire to vote, and placing
the lists in an urn upon the table. Scrutineers shall be appointed
at the meeting, and the votes shall be counted during the course
of the meeting.

5.—No permanent alteration in the Rules shall be made
_ except at one of the monthly meetings of the Club, and notice
of any proposed alteration or addition must be given at or before
the preceding ordinary meeting.

Library.

1.—Applications for the loan of books or microscopical slides
to be made to the Hon. Librarian at any “ordinary” or ‘ con-
versational ’’ meeting of the Club, the borrower to sign a receipt,
which will be cancelled on the return of the work borrowed.

2.—No Member may have more than one work at a time.

8.—No work may be retained longer than one month, but the
same work may be again borrowed provided there be no other
applicant for it. Any Member not complying with this rule will
incur a fine of 1s. for each month after the first that the work is
retained.

4.—The borrower shall make good all damage which any
book, &¢., may receive while under his or her charge; such
damage to be assessed by the General Committee.

5.—Books marked ‘‘R” (reference) and unbound pamphlets
are not to be removed from the reading-room.

6.—No Member will be entitled to the privileges of the
Library who has not paid such fines as he or she may have
incurred.

—

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To illustrate paper by DY H.F Parsons

TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1896-97.

129.—Grotocican Norrs on a Recent Sewer Section at Park
Hitt Rise, Croypon.

By H. Franxun Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.
(Read February 18th, 1896.)

In the autumn of 1895 the relaying, at an increased depth, of
the sewer in Park Hill Rise, Croydon, afforded an opportunity
for some observations of the strata in the neighbourhood of the
classic section in the Park Hill cutting of the Woodside and
South Croydon Railway, so well described by our member, Mr.
H. M. Klaassen, in the Proceedings of the Geologists’ Asso-
ciation, vol. viii. No. 4.

Park Hill Rise is a road leading out of the Addiscombe Road ,
(or Upper Addiscombe Road) on its south side, about 700 yards
east of East Croydon railway station, and an equal distance
west of the point where that road crosses the cutting of the
Woodside and South Croydon Railway. From the junction
with Addiscombe Road its direction is south for about 70 yards,
and then nearly south-east; and it is joined on the south-west
side by the Chepstow Road at a point about 240 yards distant,
and by the Chichester Road at one about 550 yards distant, from
the Addiscombe Road. Beyond Chichester Road, Park Hill Rise
is laid out as far as a point where it crosses the tunnel of the

Woodside and South Croydon Railway (the southern tunnel in

Mr. Klaassen’s section); but the new sewer was not laid beyond
the junction of the Chichester Road. ‘The section to be de-
scribed in this paper therefore does not intersect Mr. Klaassen’s,

but ends at a point about 150 yards short of it; and its direction

B

208 Dr. H. F. Parsons, Geological Notes on a

is at an angle of about 66° to Mr. Klaassen’s section, the course
of which is from north-north-east to south-south-west.

The level of the surface of the ground at the junction of Park
Hill Rise with Addiscombe Road is 220 ft.0.D. From a section,
for the use of which I am indebted to Mr. Thos. Walker, C.E.,
borough engineer, I find that at the junction of Chepstow Road
the surface level is 238 ft. 6 in., the gradient up to this point
being a nearly uniform one of 1 in 40. Shortly beyond Chep-
stow Road the hill becomes steeper, and at the junction of
Chichester Road the level of the road surface is 274 ft. O.D.,
the average gradient between the Chepstow and Chichester Roads
being 1 in 24.

The beds exposed in laying the new sewer in Park Hill Rise
commence with the London Clay (the highest in geological
order, though met with, owing to the dip of the strata, only in
' the lower part of the Rise), and they end about the middle of
the Woolwich and Reading series; whereas Mr. Klaassen’s
section embraces the strata from the Oldhaven beds (now re-
named Blackheath beds by the Geological Survey) to the chalk.
The former section therefore occupies a higher geological position
than the latter, and the reason for this is two-fold: first, that
the sewer trench is not so deep as the railway-cutting; and,
second, that it lies more to the north-west, the direction in
which the strata dip, and was not carried so far to the south
or south-east, the direction in which they crop out on the surface.

The new sewer was laid at a depth varying from 9 to 12 ft.,
the depth of the previous one having been from 6 to 10 ft. The
excavations were dug partly in the ‘“‘ made ground” of the old
sewer trench, but being wider and deeper, they extended into
the virgin soil at the side and bottom. They consisted of a
series of shafts, each about 12 ft. long, connected by short
tunnels of equal length. The sides were timbered, and the
excavations were filled in successively as soon as the new sewer
had been laid. This mode of operation did not give so clear and
connected a view of the strata as did the open sides of the railway
cutting, and I cannot pretend to describe the geological features
with the same minute and careful detail as Mr. Klaassen.

In the different excavations the road metal and “hard core”
were from 6 to 18 inches in thickness, beneath which was in most
places a variable amount of ‘made ground,” thickest a little
below the Chepstow Road, where a hollow in the natural surface
appears to have been filled up, and, again, higher up the hill, in
the site of a former brickfield.

A. London Clay.—At the junction of Park Hill Rise with the
Addiscombe Road the London Clay was reached at a depth of
18 in., and had a thickness of about 9 ft. to its base. At the
top it was very stiff, and of a uniform yellow brown colour, but

Recent Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise, Croydon. 209

as its base was approached it became gradually more and more
sandy and laminated, with partings of rusty-coloured sand. No
fossils were observed in it, nor any selenite nor septaria, though
septaria were found in making a small excavation in my garden
at a spot about 150 ft. south-west of the junction of Park Hill
Rise and Addiscombe Road, and some 20 ft. higher.

As we proceed in a south-east direction up Park Hill Rise the
London Clay thins out from below upwards, owing to its base
rising more rapidly than the slope of the surface, and it ceases
somewhere about 60 yards north-west of the Chepstow Road,
though the exact boundary is difficult to ascertain, owing to the
ground having been artificially raised with clay, probably dug
from the foundations of neighbouring houses. The base of the
London Clay rises from a level of 210 ft. O. D. at the Addis-
combe Road to one of about 231 ft. 6 in. at its termination, or
21 ft. 6 in. in about 580 ft., nearly 1 in 27.

B. Pebble bed.—The base of the London Clay rests on a layer
of pebble gravel; presumably belonging to the Blackheath (or
Oldhaven) beds. At the junction of Park Hill Rise with the
Addiscombe Road this pebble bed was only 4 in. thick, but it
contained some very large pebbles. In ascending the Rise,
however, the pebble bed increased in thickness; thus, at the
point where the London Clay ended it was about 18 in. thick,
at the Chepstow Road 2 ft. thick, and thence it increased more
rapidly in thickness until about 300 ft. from the Chichester Road
it attained a maximum exposed thickness of 11 ft., the bottom
of the trench being still in the pebble bed. Beyond this point,
however, the thickness of the pebble bed exposed in the trench
became less, owing to its sinking beneath a capping of clay, to

‘be afterwards referred to, and finally, about 25 yards from the
Chichester Road, the pebble bed was abruptly cut off by a fault.
(A similar pebble bed reappears, however, in the railway cutting
further on, though I am not sure that it occupies the same
geological position.)

It will be observed that the steeper slope of the hill between
the Chepstow and Chichester Roads coincides with the increased
development and surface outcrop of the pebble gravel; so that
Park Hill owes its elevation, partly at least, to its being, like
Croham Hurst, Shirley Hills, Hayes Common, and other emi-
nences in this neighbourhood; on a bank of pebbles accumulated
near the shore of the Tertiary sea; the pebble capping forming
a protection against denudation.*

The pebbles contained in this gravel are black flints, all much
rounded by the action of water. In the lower part of the Rise,

* At the site of the reservoir on Shirley Hills the pebble bed has been
proved to be at least 50 ft. thick. 9
B

210 Dr. H. F. Parsons, Geological Notes on-a

and even somewhat beyond Chepstow Road, the bed consisted of
incoherent gravel and sand, some of the pebbles, as already said,
being very large, up to 9 by 5 in.; and it was here devoid of
fossils. But higher up the Rise, where the pebble bed attained
a greater thickness, the lower part of it was compacted by
calcareous matter into a conglomerate bed, which at one place
attained a thickness of 5 ft. This calcareous matter was
doubtless derived from shells; chiefly the large round oyster
(Ostrea bellovacina), of which many blocks of conglomerate were
full. In some blocks the shell matter had been more or less
completely dissolved away, leaving only impressions or casts
with a thin layer of shell substance adhering. Masses of brown
calcareous sandstone, enclosing a few scattered pebbles, were
also met with, containing the same oyster and a few other fossils.

The oysters evidently lived on the pebble bank, as is shown by
_ the unworn condition of the shells, and by their having often
attached themselves to the pebbles; and therefore the view that
the oyster-bed was suddenly destroyed by an irruption of pebbles
can hardly be correct, though the gradual accumulation of
pebbles seems to have been inimical to the oysters, for none are
found in the higher part of the bed.

C. Sand.—Below the pebble bed in the lower part of Park
Hill Rise is a bed of light yellowish loamy sand, containing
harder lumps of a ferruginous colour, and thin laminated bands
of blue plastic clay. No fossils were found in it. This sandy
bed was just reached in the bottom of the trench at the Addis-
combe Road end; it attained its maximum exposed thickness
near the Chepstow Road, where it occupied the greater part of
the depth of the trench; but higher up the hill it disappeared
in the bottom of the trench beneath the thickened pebble
bed. This bed may be classified as Oldhaven, and it may
correspond with the yellow and grey sand with non-continuous
partings of impure pipe-clay found beneath the pebble bed at
Shirley, as described by Mr. Klaassen in 1890 in the Proceedings
of the Geologists’ Association, vol. xi. No. 8.

D. Clay.—In the upper part of Park Hill Rise the pebble bed
is overlaid by a bed of brownish loamy clay, increasing in
thickness towards the south-east, so that the pebble bed was
met with in the sewer trench at greater and greater depths.
This clay bed had been much disturbed by brickmaking opera-
tions, broken bricks and a plank edged with hoop-iron, such as
is used for wheeling on, were found embedded in it. The
Ordnance Survey map, made 1868, shows a brickfield at this
spot, and I am told that the houses in this part of Park Hill
Rise were built with bricks made there. A crystal of selenite
was shown me by a workman, which was said to have been
found in this clay, but I do not know in what position. No

Recent Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise, Croydon. 211

fossils were seen in it. The age of this clay seems doubtful ;
from its position above the pebble bed it cannot belong to the
Woolwich series: it might be an outlier of the London Clay,
though it does not resemble that bed as met with in the lower
part of Park Hill Rise; and it may perhaps be a later superficial
bed derived from the denudation of the mottled clay of the
Woolwich beds, which is exposed on higher ground to the south.

E. Fault.—The beds which have been described are abruptly
terminated near the top of Park Hill Rise by a fault, on the
other side of which a different set of beds is met with. This
fault runs transversely to the road, about 33 yards from
Chichester Road, and exactly opposite the south-east end of the
house called Chichester Lodge ; its position was clearly seen in
the bottom of the trench, and was also conspicuous by the
difference of material in the heaps of stuff thrown out; but its
exact direction and slope were not ascertained. The upthrow is
on the south-east side, and its amount is evidently considerable,
but could not be measured, as no one bed could be recognized
as occurring on both sides of the fault. On the north-west side
of the fault the beds have a moderate slope (about 23°) to the
north-west ; but on the south-east side the beds dip at a high
angle (20°) to the south-east, contrary to their general slope.
From this I infer that this fault corresponds with the northern-
most of the two faults shown in Mr. Klaassen’s section of the
railway-cutting; the position of which fault, as there shown,
would be some 3800 yards to the east-north-east of the point
where the fault crosses Park Hill Rise.

F. Mottled Clay.—The bed next met with on the further side
of the fault, and which is thrown up by it into juxtaposition
with the pebble bed, is the oldest bed which was exposed in the
excavations. It consisted of a mottled clay, with veins of sand,
and was very brightly coloured; the clay being yellow, pink,
and greenish blue, while the sand veins were deep yellow or
ferruginous brown, rendering the stratification very distinct.
As before stated, it had a high dip to the south-east. In the
lowermost part of this bed dark blue stiff clay predominated,
containing Cyrena and ill-preserved leaves; while the upper
part consisted chiefly of mottled clay intermixed with yellow
sand, but it contained lenticular masses of blue clay crowded
with Cyrena.

This bed doubtless belongs to the Woolwich series, and
probably corresponds to the beds e and f in Mr. Klaassen’s
section; but whereas in the railway cutting blue fossiliferous
clay rested on mottled clay devoid of fossils, in Park Hill
Rise the blue clay was found below the mottled clay. No
distinct line of demarcation following the dip of the strata was
to be observed between the blue and the mottled clay, and it

212 Geological Notes ona Recent Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise.

seemed rather as if the latter were the more superficial layers
of the clay which had changed colour owing to a process of
weathering and unequal oxidation of the contained iron and
manganese.

The outcrop of this clay on the surface had a breadth of only
11 yards, and its exposed thickness was about 23 ft. :

G. Shelly Sand.—The last bed met with in the course of the
excavation rested upon the mottled clay, and was of a sandy
nature, varying from a coarse shelly sand containing numerous
small rounded pebbles—in fact, almost a pebble gravel—to a
yellow loamy sand with partings of blue clay, not unlike the
sand met with below the pebble bed in the lower part of Park
Hill Rise, except that while the latter contained no fossils, this
bed was full of shells, chiefly fragmentary, though some very
well preserved specimens of the round oyster (Ostrea bellovacina)
were met with, this being the most abundant species. There
were also a few specimens of the long oyster (Ostrea tenera), and
of Cyrena and Melania, and some fragments of oyster were
covered with Serpula.

This bed may, I think, be classed as Oldhaven, and probably
if the section had been prolonged to the south-east it would have
been found to pass under the pebble gravel, which is exposed in
the railway cutting a little further on in that direction, though
it does not exactly resemble the beds found immediately under
the pebble gravel, either in the lower part of Park Hill Rise, or
in the railway cutting. The difficulty in correlating the beds
exposed in the two sections is partly due to their having been
cut across in different directions, but especially to their vari-
able character, corresponding beds undergoing great changes in
character and thickness in a short distance. This variability is
accounted for by their having been formed on the shifting shore
of a shallow sea or estuary.

Postscript, February, 1897.

Since this paper was read, some other excavations in the
neighbourhood have given further opportunities for studying the
relations of the beds.

The clay bed D in the paper I now believe to be probably an
outlier of the London Clay, which owes its preservation from
denudation to its having been let down by the fault described.
In a trench for the drain of the house Chichester Lodge, next
on the north-west side of the position of the fault, this clay bed,
where undisturbed, was 6 ft. thick above the pebble gravel, and
was a dense brown clay, quite of the usual character of the
London Clay. Mr. Whitaker also tells me that he has seen the
London Clay exposed in a corresponding position in a sewer

Mr. W. Murton Holmes on some Forms of Silica. 213

trench in Chepstow Rise, a road about 220 yards west of this
point. The occurrence of selenite in the bed D also points to
its being London Clay.

The pebble bed was found in drain trenches in Park Hill Rise
to be 2 ft. in thickness at a point 126 yards north-west of
Chepstow Road, and 4 ft. thick about 88 yards south-east of
that road.

In a sewer trench in Addiscombe Road, about 200 yards west
of the point where it is crossed by the Woodside and Selsdon
Road Railway, a yellow sand with thin partings of clay was met
with, similar to the bed C in Park Hill Rise; this was capped
with a thin layer of gravel. Just east of the same railway
bridge, a sand-pit has been opened in 1896, which exposes a
fine section 15 ft. or more thick of the same yellow sand with clay
partings. In the top soil above this sand are numerous rounded
pebbles, obviously derived from the Oldhaven pebble bed, which
would seem formerly to have been present above the yellow sand
in this locality, as it is in Park Hill Rise. On the other hand,
in the railway cutting between the two tunnels the pebble bed,
containing shelly conglomerate exactly similar to that met with
in Park Hill Rise, is situated below the yellow sand, as shown
in Mr. Klaassen’s section. I can only account for the different
position of the pebble bed in the different places by supposing
that, notwithstanding the exact similarity of lithological char-
acters and fossil contents, there are really two distinct pebble
beds, one above and one below the yellow sand, and marking
different episodes in the deposition of the Oldhaven beds in this
locality.

In the laying of the sewer in Chichester Road the shelly
sand G was found to extend only a short distance westward
from the junction with Park Hill Rise; the remainder of the
trench as far as Chepstow Rise being in mottled clay with shelly
and sandy layers, similar to the bed F in the Park Hill Rise
section. No sign of the fault was seen; probably it lies further
to the north.

130.—Somu Forms or Sixica.
By W. Murton Hotmzs.
(Read April 28th, 1896.)

Smica, the oxide of a non-metallic element called silicon,
is the most abundant and widely distributed substance in the
mineral kingdom, and either alone or in combination with other
aeenmoce forms more than one-half of the known crust of the
earth.

214 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on

As a rock-forming agent silica takes the part of an acid, hence
it is frequently called silicic acid; and in combination with
various bases, such as alumina, potash, soda, magnesia, &c.,
forms a large series of important minerals.

It is, however, about silica in the uncombined state that I
propose to offer a few remarks now.

In the free state it occurs most abundantly in the crystalline
condition as represented by quartz, and is one of the principal
constituents of granite and gneiss. Less abundantly it occurs
in a semi-crystalline state as flint and chalcedony; and it also
occurs in a colloid or amorphous state, containing from five to
twelve per cent. of water, forming the varieties of opal.

In the crystalline condition silica is insoluble in water at
ordinary temperatures and pressures; but in the hydrous con-
dition it is to a certain extent soluble in water, and the presence
of alkaline carbonates materially increases the solubility. When,
however, it is exposed to the combined action of pressure and
heat, the quantity dissolved is much larger.

Such conditions obtain in the geysers of Iceland and of the
Yellowstone Park in the United States, and the quantity of
silica held in solution by the water as it issues from these has
been found to be 5-097 in 10,000 parts.* On being discharged
from a geyser, the water forms a series of pools, in the neigh-
bourhood of which a certain amount of vegetation, particularly
of alge, is able to exist, and it is by the action of these organisms,
rather than by simple cooling and evaporation, that the dissolved
silica is precipitated upon surrounding objects, forming what is
known as a sinter. In this way shells and other objects become
imbedded, as in the specimen exhibited. One of the sinter-beds
in the Iceland geyser region is said to be two leagues long, a
quarter of a league wide, and a hundred feet thick. Enormous
beds of similar material have been deposited in the Yellowstone
Park geyser region.

If to a solution of silicate of soda a little hydrochloric acid be
added, the acid will combine with the soda, setting free the
silica in a gelatinous condition, hence the term colloid applied
to the non-crystalline form.

In much the same way living protoplasm has frequently
the property of being able to separate silica from solution,
and in many cases of setting it free and absorbing it from
earthy silicates, such as clay, either held in suspension in

* These geysers are springs which at certain intervals throw up large
volumes of boiling water. The water underground, under the pressure of a
long column of water, attains a temperature higher than that of ordinary
boiling water; but when the elastic pressure becomes strong enough to
overcome the pressure of the superincumbent column, the water is ejected
with considerable violence.

>

Some Forms of Silica. 215

water, or forming part of the mould into which roots of plants
penetrate.

Grasses and equisetums contain a large quantity of silica
deposited in their tissues, which has all been obtained from the
soil by the rootlets of the plants, principally by decomposing
silicates of alumina and potash, such as clay and felspar. One
has only to cut the rind of a common cane to be conscious that
there is something there harder than ordinary bark or woody
tissue. It also exists to such an extent in wheat-straw that,
when it is burnt, the ashes, of which it is the principal con-
stituent, retain the form of the unburned straw. Another
member of the grass family, the bamboo, sometimes secretes a
substance known as tabasheer. This is found in the knots of
the bamboo, and occurs as a porcelain-like substance in a thin
saucer-like layer. Valuable medicinal properties have been
attributed to it, but that is probably because it is not easy to
procure. It contains about ninety per cent. of silica, with water,
potassium, iron, and calcium in indefinite proportions. It may
be considered as vegetable opal.

Diatoms are vegetable organisms which also secrete a very
large quantity of silica in their cell-walls. From the variety and
beauty of the markings which many of these exhibit, they are
favourite objects with microscopists. They are minute alge
found both in fresh and salt water, and their remains on the
site of lakes, or on the sea-floor, form extensive accumulations.
These beds are of considerable geological importance. There is
a deposit now in course of formation in the Yellowstone Park
many square miles in area, and often attaining a thickness of
six feet. At Richmond, Virginia, beds of fossil diatoms occur
thirty or forty feet thick. The forms found in this deposit are
very beautiful, and have long been known.

These infusorial earths, as they are sometimes called, have
many useful applications. Thus, they are bad conductors of
heat, and are used to form a coating for steam-pipes. They are
also used to absorb nitro- glycerine in the manufacture of dyna-
mite, and for filtering. Some varieties are known in commerce
as tripoli, and are used for polishing metals. Kieselguhr is
another name frequently applied to the purer varieties.

Nor is the property of absorbing silica confined to vegetable
organisms, for there are minute animals known as radiolaria,
which occur in countless myriads floating in the sea, and their
remains are deposited on the sea-floor over large areas, forming
radiolarian ooze. They consist of a tiny mass of protoplasm,
which secretes an exquisitely beautiful siliceous shell or test.
They obtain their food by protruding portions of their proto-
plasmic substance a considerable distance into the surrounding
water. Their fossil remains occur plentifully in the‘rocks of

216 Mr. W. Murton Holmes on

Barbadoes and many other localities, and many paleozoic rocks
have now been proved to owe their origin to radiolaria. Our
fellow-member, Dr. Hinde, has discovered their existence in
many rocks not previously believed to be of organic origin, and he
frequently receives fresh specimens from all parts of the globe.

Sponges, again, are silica producers. With the exception of
two groups all the members of this large family have siliceous
spicules in greater or less abundance. Some of these spicules
are of comparatively large size, while others are very minute.
These spicules are found in some parts of the ocean-bed in large
quantities, and their fossil remains form a considerable part of
the greensand formation. In the recent condition, the larger
spicules very much resemble spun glass. They are flexible, and
possess considerable elasticity.

The silica in all these organisms, when comparatively recent,
is in the hydrous or colloid condition, chemically resembling
opal. Examined under the microscope, they give no reaction
with polarized light. In the older fossil deposits a change has
taken place, and the organisms, though outwardly retaining
their original form, have undergone a physical change. They
have lost water and become crystalline, so that they affect a ray
of polarized light.

This organic silica is frequently dissolved and re-deposited in
another form. The sea-bottom forming what has been called
‘¢ modern chalk ’’ contains, in addition to numerous calcareous
organisms, a certain amount of silica diffused through it. In
the true chalk all the silica is found collected into layers or
nodular masses of flint. The question is, how are these formed ?
I think in all probability some organisms, such as an echinus, a
sponge, or a mollusc, when in a state of incipient decomposition,
set free a small quantity of silica from solution, which was
deposited, and so, particle by particle, the original calcareous
shell was replaced by one of silica; or the mass of siliceous
spicules of the sponge became gradually embedded in a mass of
jelly-like silica,—for when once a mass of silica had become

‘isolated, the tendency would be for more to collect round it, just _
as crystals of alum will grow from a solution, until the greater
part of the silica in the surrounding ooze had been collected
together. That the silica must have been in a gelatinous con-
dition at one time is certain, for we often find hollow flints
enclosing portions of the sea-bottom. It is in these cavities
that one finds the smaller kinds of chalk fossils best preserved.
In the course of time the colloid silica would be altered into the
semi-crystalline condition of flint by giving up some of its water
of combination. Flints differ from other varieties of silica,
inasmuch as they break with a conchoidal or shell-like fracture,
and have sharp cutting edges,

Some Forms of Silica. 217

There are several varieties of the mineral known as opal.
The most valued kind exhibits a rich play of colours, due to
iridescence. They all contain from five to twelve per cent. of
water of hydration. Opal is probably the early stage of such
minerals as chalcedony, onyx, agate, and carnelian, which were
formed by the infiltration of silica into cavities or fissures in rocks.

Chalcedony occurs in several varieties. The structure exhibits
radiating crystals resembling fibres. Chrysoprase is an apple-
green variety; carnelian, a bright red; sard, a brownish red ;
agate is variegated; mocha stone and moss agate are chalcedony
with dendritic or moss-like markings disseminated through them ;
onyx is an agate with colours arranged in horizontal layers ;
cat’s-eye is a chalcedony with a peculiar lustre, due to the
inclusion of filaments of asbestos; jasper is another variety.

Quartz is silica in the crystalline condition. The crystals
belong to the rhombohedral system, and occur in six-sided prisms
with pyramidal ends. Rock-crystal is the purest variety, and it
is to this form that the term crystal was first applied. It is also
known as pebble, and is used for making spectacles and other
optical instruments. Some of the varieties rank among the
precious stones. Amethyst is quartz coloured purple by man-
ganese, and is not uncommon, although crystals suitable for
cutting are scarcer. Cairngorm is a brown or yellow variety
found in Scotland, and is much used in Scotch jewellery.
Quartz approaches the precious gems in its amount of hardness.*
When fused by the intense heat of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe,
it may be drawn out into fine flexible elastic threads. Heated
in a current of steam it undergoes partial sublimation. Fine
crystals are often found accompanying mineral veins, and also
lining cavities of rocks, or replacing other minerals. It is by no
means uncommon to find cavities in flints lined with small
glistening crystals of quartz. These must have been formed
subsequently to the upheaval from the sea-bottom. The growth
of large crystals most probably took place with extreme slowness
from aqueous solution. Crystals frequently contain cavities
with various fluids, such as water, liquefied carbon dioxide, and ~
hydrocarbons such as naphtha. They often attain a large size.
There are some in the Natural History Museum about a yard
high and a foot in diameter. I was shown a very perfect small
crystal the other day from the Pitch Lake, in Trinidad. It was
perfectly clear, and each end was terminated by six-sided pyra-
mids. It had been formed in contact with pitch, instead of hard
rock, and consequently had grown uniformly in every direction.

Vein quartz is of a milky-white colour, and occurs in large
masses not showing definite crystals. It is found filling veins,

—— ae

* It scratches glass easily.

218 Notes on a Visit to the Southern Highlands of Scotland.

sometimes many yards broad, in crystalline and fragmentary
rocks. Gold is found associated with this variety.

Granite consists of a granular crystalline mixture of quartz,
felspar, and mica in varying proportions. Gneiss has a similar
composition, but has a stratified appearance from the mica being
in layers. These rocks are of igneous origin, and the constituent
minerals have separately crystallized from the molten mass
during slow cooling.

In the sandstones we find the ruins of older rocks. The
quartz grains of which they are composed are more or less firmly
cemented together by various substances. When the cementing
material is silica, the grains are often so firmly fixed in the matrix
that a fracture passes through the individual grains instead of
between them. Such a rock is quartzite.

A silicious conglomerate is precisely similar in character to
a sandstone, but the granules are large and usually rounded.
Carnarvon Castle is built of a siliceous conglomerate similar
to the piece exhibited, which was picked up on the shores of the
Menai Straits.

There are several slides of fossil wood exhibited. Under the
microscope the cell-structure is perfect. The wood from Croydon
was found imbedded in a flint. The wood must have floated
about on the sea of the Cretaceous period for some time, as it
was bored in several places by teredos. On sinking to the
bottom, the woody structure was gradually replaced by silica,
and finally embedded in a crust of the same material.

Silica is very largely used in glass-making, and in the
manufacture of china, either in the form of ground flints or of
pure sand.

I must no longer trespass upon your patience. There are
several other siliceous minerals to be met with, but it will be
found that they can be classed under the head of one of the
foregoing varieties. The dividing lines are by no means always
sharply defined, one form passing into another, even in the
same specimen.

131.—Novres on a Visit to THE SourTHERN HIGHLANDS OF
ScorLanp.

Mr. T. Doveras exhibited specimens of chert containing
radiolaria from Crawford, Lanarkshire, N.B., in the Southern
Highlands. The chert outcrops on the upper part of the Castle
Hill, at Crawford. Mr. Douglas was informed by an Edinburgh
geologist that the underlying basis of most of the hills in the
neighbourhood was trap, and that superimposed on this were

Notes on the Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 219

certain Silurian rocks of the Llandeilo series, viz. mudstones,
then the chert bearing radiolaria, and higher up black shale
containing graptolites. The specimens exhibited were submitted
to Dr. Hinde, who examined and classified the radiolaria of the
- South of Scotland chert, and is therefore the leading authority
on the subject. He finds that they contain radiolaria. - Dr.
Hinde’s paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on Radiolaria from the Lower
Palwozoic Rocks (Llandeilo-Caradoc) of the South of Scotland” *
was shown, together with a microscopical section, also belonging
to Dr. Hinde, showing radiolaria from Broughton, in Peeble-
shire, about fifteen or eighteen miles in a northerly direction
from Crawford.

The mining villages of Leadhills and Wanlochhead lie a few
miles from Crawford, and a collection of lead ore (galena), heavy
spar (sulphate of barium), nodular pyrites, calcite, carbonate of
copper, &c., from Leadhills was shown.

Alluvial gold is found in these distriets, and at one time was
extensively worked. In 1578 the Scottish Government granted
a concession to an Englishman, Bevis Bulmer, to work the
gold-mines in Scotland, and he had as many as three hundred
men engaged in obtaining it near Leadhills. In three years he
washed out gold to the value of £100,000 in this district.

132.—NorEs on THE GRAVELS OF CROYDON AND ITS
NEIGHBOURHOOD.

By Grorce Jennincs Hinpe, Ph.D., F.R.S.
(Read November 17th, 1896.) +

A consmeraste portion of the town of Croydon is built on a
deposit of gravel which forms part of a wide sheet extending
to the north over the flat areas of Waddon, Beddington, and
Mitcham, and, with a more contracted course, along the valley
of the Wandle to the Thames at Wandsworth. To the south of
Croydon the same gravel occupies the valley of the Brighton
Road, Smitham Bottom, the lower portions of the Caterham
Valley and of the other valleys from the south and south-west
which open into Smitham Bottom at the Red Lion Green,
Coulsdon, just below the Cane Hill Asylum. No detailed notice
of these gravels appears to have been published, and as near
Croydon they are in process of being further covered up by
Pe ee eee ee ee ee

* «Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for July, 1890.
+ Subsequently revised and added to.—G. J. H., March, 1897.

220 Mr. G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

buildings or removed for the repair of roads, it has seemed to me
opportune to bring before the Club some notes on their characters.

The history and origin of these gravels are so closely connected
with the formation of the valleys and the geological nature of
the country in the drainage area of the Wandle basin, that a
short preliminary sketch of the geology and present physical
configuration of the district is necessary to understand them.

The southern boundary of the present drainage area of the
Wandle is the well-known escarpment of the Chalk overlooking
the east and west valley in which Oxted, Godstone, and Merst-
ham are situated. To the east it begins on the high ground of
Botley Hill, near Woldingham, and follows the general summit
of the escarpment westwards to near Walton Heath, a distance
of about eleven miles. The eastern line of the watershed extends
from Botley Hill to the north-west in the same general direction
as the high road over Worms Heath and through Warlingham
to Sanderstead, but soniewhat to the west of the road itself.
From Sanderstead the line continues to the Addington Hills,
Shirley, and more to the north along the ridge of Upper Nor-
wood, and thence through Streatham and Upper Tooting to the
Thames. On the west side, the line of watershed passes over
the high ground of Walton Heath in a north-easterly direction,
near to Walton-on-the-Hill, Banstead Newton, and Burgh Heath,
then more easterly to near Banstead and Woodmansterne, and
the west side of the valley of the Wandle at Carshalton, and
northerly through Morden and Wimbledon to the Thames.

As the result of the convergence northwards of the east and
west lines of watershed, the Wandle basin, just to the south of
Croydon, is not more than about five miles in width, or less than
half that of its southern border. A line drawn through the
south end of Croydon roughly divides the drainage area of the
Wandle into a southern portion, mainly underlaid by chalk, and
a northern, underlaid by Lower Tertiary beds and London Clay.
In the southern portion the Upper Chalk forms a plateau-like
surface, elevated from 600-868 ft. above Ordnance datum * on
the southern margin of the escarpment, and gradually sloping
northwards to levels of 500-550 ft. above Ordnance datum at
Banstead, Coulsdon, and Sanderstead. At Riddlesdown the
plateau is 400 ft., and at the Russell Hill, on the opposite side
_of the valley, 362 ft. Nearer Croydon, owing to the northerly

dip of the chalk, the levels are still lower, and at South Croydon
the chalk disappears below the surface, and is replaced to the
north by Tertiary beds.

This comparatively high sloping plateau is not entirely of

* The elevations given in this paper are taken from the 6-inch maps of
the Ordnance Survey,

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 221

chalk, for there are on it in places small patches of sand, loam,
and pebble beds of the Lower Tertiary series, the fragmentary
remains of strata which formerly extended quite over the chalk
in our area. The Tertiary pebble beds, known as the Blackheath
or Oldhaven beds of Whitaker, are of considerable importance
in relation to the valley gravels, to which they have largely
contributed. These Tertiary sand and pebble beds occur prin-
cipally on the higher portions of the plateau south of Caterham,
at Worms Heath, also at Croham Hurst, Addington Hills, and
in places on the western line of watershed, near Walton-on-the-
Hill, and Burgh Heath.

Even where not covered by Tertiary beds the surface of the
chalk plateau in our area is overlaid generally by a comparatively
thin layer or crust of the Clay-with-flints of Whitaker. This
consists of a matrix of red clay (brown, near the surface) in
which unworn chalk flints, Tertiary pebbles, and very frequently
pieces of iron sandstone and chert, are embedded. From: the
erosion of this deposit the valley gravels have derived much of
their flint constituents, and, most probably, all the chert and
ironstone fragments which they contain.

The most striking physical feature which the chalk plateau of
our area exhibits in common with the rest of the North Downs
is the system of comparatively narrow dry valleys with which
the plateau is now deeply furrowed, and nowhere along the
whole course of the North Downs are these peculiar valleys and
the gravels of their lower portions better shown than in the
district south of Croydon. A short account of these valleys by
the late Mr. John Flower has already appeared in the ‘ Transac-
tions’ of the Club (1878-1881, p. 72). Most of them begin
near to the summit of the chalk plateau on the south, and some
extend in the form of a pass or gap quite through the escarpment
and look down into the transverse valley of the Gault below,
others take their rise on the high level plateau of the western
line of the watershed. In our district these dry valleys converge
in a generally northerly course towards Croydon, and unite in
the main valley of Smitham Bottom, which is continued through
Croydon, and opens into the wide flat area of Beddington,
Waddon, and Mitcham, on the western side of which is the
channel of the present stream of the Wandle. It is along
Smitham Bottom that the great mass of the gravels brought
down the main valleys from the erosion of the chalk plateau has
been carried and spread out over the area of what is now
Croydon and the flat tracts to the north of it.

Leaving out of account the Bourne, which at irregular inter-
vals, several years apart, flows down the lower part of the
Caterham valley and Smitham Bottom for short periods, the
valleys in the chalk area to the south of Croydon are all dry;

222 Mr, G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

that is, they have no streams or currents of water flowing down
them. Very little surface erosion is now taking place on the
slopes of these dry chalk valleys, for the rain, however heavy it
may fall, is at once practically all absorbed by the chalk, and
none is left to form streams or transport the gravels which now
cover the lower portion of the valleys. ven when the Bourne
is flowing, as at the present time, its current is insufficient to
effect any appreciable erosion, or move the gravels down the
very gradual incline of the present valley.

Passing now to a consideration of the gravels in the respective
valleys of the chalk, the most important on the eastern side of
the drainage area is that in which Caterham is situated. This
valley extends through the chalk escarpment at a pass, about
560 ft. O.D., overlooking Godstone, in the valley of the Gault,
260 ft. below. On either side of the pass, the chalk hills are at
levels of 700-750 ft. A tributary valley starts from near the
edge of the escarpment at the south end of Marden Park at a
level of 623 ft., and reinforced by other valleys coming from the
high ground (850 ft. above O. D.) near Woldingham, it joins with
the main Caterham valley at Marden Lodge at a level of 347 ft.
Near the junction of the two valleys gravel appears to be present,
judging from the stony character of the lower slopes, but there
are no sections shown, and the Bourne also here makes its first
appearance in the valley. Below Marden Park the Caterham
valley continues without any important tributary till it joins the
Smitham Bottom valley at Foxley Hatch, close to Purley Station,
at 218 ft. above O.D. Its length is about five and a half miles,
or reckoning from the head of its longest tributary, six and a
half miles.

At Whiteleaf, gravels are worked at the bottom of this valley
on the east side of the main road to Caterham, at levels of
310 ft. Sections show a thickness of 10 to 15 ft. resting on an
uneven surface of white chalk. The gravel consists of an
agglomeration of tightly packed stones with a few boulders, in a
brownish-grey, marly matrix of the same character from top to
bottom, and without any traces of stratification. The coarser
materials are, for the most part, of blunted, subangular chalk
flints, but little worn, with the usual flint sponges and echino-
derms. Tertiary flint-pebbles are fairly common, as also
flattened and rounded fragments of iron sandstone; one piece
of this measured 7X5 x2 in. Besides these, rounded and
elongate boulders of pebble-conglomerate of various sizes are
not uncommon; the rounded from 6 to 12 in. in diameter, the
elongate specimens in one instance 14 x 10 x 6 in., in another
17 x 14x 7in., and the face of a third still firmly embedded
in the gravel was 283 x13in. The pebbles in some of these
boulders are cemented by ferruginous material, in others the

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 223

cement is apparently siliceous; the surface of the boulders is
smooth and rounded, and the originally rounded pebbles are
worn flat by attrition. The finer portions of these gravels con-
sist of small rounded pebbles of ‘chalk and flint, and a chalky
mud which contained Foraminifera, Inoceramus prisms, and
Coccoliths. After repeated search I failed to find any pieces of
chert or molluscan shells in the gravels.

At the time of my visit last November, pieces of elephant
bones were exposed in one of the pits, and other bones and
-teeth obtained during the last year were lent to me by Mr. J. J.
Springall, of Whiteleaf, for determination. These have been
examined by my friend, Mr. A. Smith Woodward, F.G.S., of
the British Museum (Natural History), who reports on them as
follows :—

1. Elephas primigenius, Blumenbach (mammoth). Distal end
of tibia of the left side, fragments of other limb bones, and
portions of the pelvis. (Mr. Springall had also two very perfect
molars of this species; the larger of the two had a grinding
surface 7 x 84 in., and a height of 7in. The smaller is a back
tooth, with only a small grinding surface at the anterior end.)

2. Rhinoceros leptorhinus, R. Owen. A perfect upper molar,
me: 8 of the left side, and a small premolar, No. 2 of the same
side.

8. Equus caballus, Linneus (horse). Tibia. ;

4, Bos primigenius, Bojanus (large fossil ox). Portion of
metacarpus. .

5. Rangifer tarandus, Linn. (reindeer). Basal portion of antler,
of the large form common to the Thames valley deposits.

The bones are in a fair state of preservation; when first
extracted they are sufficiently soft to be readily cut with a knife,
but they become firmer when dry. The teeth are not at all
rubbed or worn; the mammoth teeth when dry have a whitish
tint like those from the elephant bed at Brighton.

Between Whiteleaf and Purley, I have only observed gravels
in the bottom of the Caterham valley at Kenley where a road-
way leads up to Little Roke. The section showed from above:
8 ft. of brown loam with coarse, slightly-worn flints scattered

through it, and, below, 2 ft. of greyish partially stratified gravel
of rough unworn and subangular flints, Tertiary pebbles, and
. small boulders of conglomerate, with smaller pebbles and grains
of chalk; and beneath this an uneven surface of chalk. There
is an embayment on the west side of the valley at this place
occupied by a ridge, 30 to 40 ft. in height, apparently consisting
of gravel overlaid by brown loam, on which at the present time
some very ancient pollard oaks are growing.

At the junction of the Caterham with the main valley of

Smitham Bottom near Purley Station, there is a comparatively
. c

224 Mr. G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

wide opening underlaid by gravel. At the cross-roads at Foxley
Hatch a pit was lately opened to a depth of 6 ft. in a coarse
flint gravel, in which were several boulders of conglomerate
similar to those already mentioned from Whiteleaf. ‘Two of
these measured 30 x 24 x 17 in. and 23 x 17 x 12 im. respec- -
tively. In all probability these have been brought down the
Caterham valley, for none has been observed in the main valley
south of the junction, whilst they are not uncommon lower
down the valley nearer Croydon.

We now come to the best known of the dry chalk valleys in
our area,—that along which the main road and the railway to
Merstham and Brighton are carried. It may properly be named
the Hooley valley, from the village of this name situated in it.
The head of this valley is a pass or gap. 439 ft. above O:D., at
Harpsoak Cottage, a short distance north of Merstham in the
Gault valley below, which is here at a level of 264 ft., or 175 ft.
below the head of the Hooley valley. The summit of the chalk
plateau on the east side of the gap is 624:ft. above O.D., and it-
is here capped by clay-with-flints, containing, besides the usual -
flints and pebbles, numerous pieces of iron sandstone, and-in
some places, at slightly lower levels of 560-580 ft., many
fragments of Lower Greensand chert.

The only gravelly materials now exposed in the upper portions
of the Hooley valley are those of the railway-cuttings between
Hooley House (330 ft.) and the north end of the tunnel (413 ft.).
A close examination of the beds is only practicable in a few
places; they are from 5 to 15 ft. in thickness, and even more
where pockets or pipes of gravel are let down into the chalk.
The gravels rest on a very uneven surface of chalk, and appear
to consist of a red clay containing the same flinty materials and
fragments of iron sandstone, and, rarely, pieces of chert, as
those in the clay-with-flints of the plateau above. In some of
the pocket-like depressions there are lenticular beds of loam or
sandy loam.

The late Sir J. Prestwich * has referred to the ironstone and
the chert in the gravel of this valley as a proof that the valley
itself formerly extended more to the south, to the Lower Green-
sand area, from which these materials have been derived, but:
the occurrence of these same materials on the summit of the
plateau directly bordering the valley shows that they must have
been brought into our drainage area before this valley was
formed, and that probably they have found their way into the
gravels from the erosion of the plateau clay-with-flints, and not
direct from the Lower Greensand rocks to the south.

The length of the Hooley valley from the summit pass at

* «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ vol. xlvi., 1890, p. 171.

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood, 225

Harpsoak Cottage to the Smitham Bottom at the Red Lion
Green, Coulsdon, is three-and a quarter miles, and its fall in
this distance is 184 ft. There is an extensive deposit of gravel
in the open area where it connects with Smitham Bottom, but.
most of this appears to have been brought down the Chipstead
valley, referred to below.

A well-marked dry valley coming down on the east side of
Farthing Downs from the high plateau near Chaldon connects
with the Hooley valley near the Coulsdon railway-station. At
‘the foot of the valley, in the road immediately below the railway-
crossing, a strong spring or bourne is now issuing, at a level of
260 ft. above O.D., and the water runs down into the gravyel-
pits below.

More important than the Hooley valley in regard to the
amount of gravel in its lower reaches is the Chipstead valley,
the upper branches of which. take their rise in the high grounds
of the watershed plateau near Banstead, Burgh Heath, Tadworth
Court, Banstead Heath, and Walton Heath, at levels between
500 and 600 ft., and, running in a north-easterly direction for a
distance of about six miles, connect with Smitham Bottom at
the Red Lion Green at the level of 255 ft. above O.D.

On the watershed plateau at Burgh Heath, and near Walton-
on-the-Hill, there are some outliers of Tertiary beds, and these
are in places covered by a deposit of gravel at levels of 560-580 ft.
above O.D., from which some of the constituents of the valley
gravels may have been derived. Pits are at present opened in
these gravels on the open heath between Walton-on-the-Hill and
Dowding Castle, showing a section of 10 to 12 ft. in depth. The-
gravel consists of large well-rolled flints, Tertiary flint-pebbles,
and numerous blunted fragments of the yellow porous chert.
from the Lower Greensand, from 1 in. in diameter to pieces
measuring 7 x 8 x 3 in.; these stones are embedded in a matrix
of reddish sandy loam without stratification, and in places there
are layers of the loam free from stones. The gravels in one part
of the pit rested on a greenish yellow sand, probably Tertiary.
The character and position of these gravels on the watershed at
so high a level show that, they belong to the deposits classed

by the late Sir J. Prestwich * as ‘“‘Southern Drift,” and they
occupy a higher level at this place than anywhere else in Surrey
mentioned by Prestwich. So far as I am aware, no other
deposit. of Southern Drift gravel is known within the Wandle
drainage’ area, except that described by Sir J. Prestwich + on
the summit of Westow Hill, Upper Norwood, at heights of
360-380 ft. above O. D.

* «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xlvi., 1890, p. 155.
+ Loe. cit. p. 159.
c2

226 Mr. G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

This high-level Southern Drift contrasts strongly with the
valley gravels of the lower levels in the well-rolled condition of
the larger flints, the large proportion of Tertiary flint-pebbles,
the abundance of chert fragments from the Lower Greensand, and
negatively in the absence of angular or subangular flints and the
great rarity of pieces of iron sandstone.

The slopes of the chalk valleys leading down from the water-
shed plateau to Smitham Bottom are covered with angular and
subangular flints and Tertiary pebbles, in part derived from the
clay-with-flints of the plateau above, in part direct from the
chalk, and these materials form beds of rough gravel 8 to 4 ft.
in thickness in the valley of Hogden Bottom. Lower down the
Chipstead Bottom they have been worked at Stagbury, and still
more extensively from the cross-roads at Banstead Park, 317 ft.
above O.D., to the junction with the Smitham Bottom at the
Red Lion Green, Coulsdon, 255 ft. The flat bottom of this
valley for a distance of one and three-quarter miles is covered
by gravel to a depth of 4 or 5 ft. In the upper 2 ft. the stones
are embedded in a brown loam, evidently washed from the chalk
slopes on either side; in the lower portion the gravel consists
of angular and subangular flints, green-coated flints, Tertiary
pebbles, iron sandstone, and, very rarely, pieces of chert in a
more sandy matrix. In some places between the gravel and the
chalk beneath there is a thin bed of quartz sand, with rolled
pebbles and grains of chalk, prisms of Inoceramus shell, and
Foraminifera washed from the chalk. These Chipstead Bottom
gravels are now largely worked for the roads, and in a few years
they will be all removed.

From the Red Lion Green, Coulsdon, 255 ft. above O.D., to
the north end of Haling Park, South Croydon, 163 ft., a distance
of nearly four miles, the main valley of Smitham Bottom and
the Brighton Road has been covered by a fairly thick sheet of
gravel of a similar character to that just mentioned in the
Chipstead valley. In this distance, on the east side, the Cater-
ham valley and some shorter valleys from Sanderstead and
Selsdon join the main valley; and on the west side, only an
inconspicuous valley at Foxley Hatch.

In pits lately opened by the side of the Brighton Road, the
gravel at the bottom of the valley is from 8 to 10 ft. in thickness.
On the west side of this part of the main valley the chalk slopes
are somewhat abrupt and they have no gravel over them, though
traces of a former coating of gravel have been preserved in
pockets or pipes in the chalk, one of which is at present exposed
in the Avondale Road, at a level of 210 ft. On the east side of
the valley, however, the chalk slopes are more gradual, and they
are overlaid by gravel to heights of 40 or 50 ft. above the bottom
of the valley. A good section of these higher valley gravels is

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 227

at present shown in a field by the north side of the Sanderstead
Road, now being laid out for building, at a level of about 210 ft.
The gravel is in places 15 ft. in thickness, and it rests on an
uneven surface of chalk. It is reddish, coarse, quite un-
stratified, of unworn and subangular flints, Tertiary pebbles, a
few fragments of iron sandstone, and, rarely, pieces of chert and
flattened ovoid quartzite pebbles from the Blackheath beds, with
occasionally, boulders of pebble conglomerate, which are tightly
packed in a matrix of sandy loam. In the upper portion of the
section there is a bed of brown loam from 1 to 2 ft. in thickness,
and here and there some thin layers of fine chalk rubble. This
gravel closely resembles that of the bottom of the valley, and is
probably continuous with this latter.

The bouldersor blocks of conglomerate found in this Sanderstead
Road pit, and more numerously in the gravels of the Brighton Road
immediately below, deserve some further notice, since in this dis-
trict masses of stone larger than the detached flint nodules from
the chalk, from 6 to 12 in. in diameter, are of rare occurrence in
gravels, and they do not appear to have been mentioned hitherto.
The boulders are portions of the Blackheath Tertiary beds, in
which the flint-pebbles are cemented either by a ferruginous or
siliceous cement; and they occur as. fairly well-rounded blocks
up to 12 in. in diameter, or as irregular masses with the angles
rounded off and their surfaces smooth and even, the rounded
flint-pebbles having been worn level with the cement by the
attrition to which they have been subjected. One of the larger
boulders, which’ I have myself seen in the gravel-pit, measured
20x17 x12in., but blocks of much larger size, in all probability
derived from the gravels, may be noticed against water-troughs
in the Brighton Road. The lighter coloured boulders, in which
the cement is siliceous, resemble in character the Hertfordshire
conglomerate. I do not know of any beds of similarly cemented
rock in the Blackheath deposits yet remaining in our area.
They have evidently travelled some distance to produce their
worn smooth surfaces, and it must have required a current of
water of considerable volume and force to transport them down
valleys of such slight fall as those in which they now occur.

So far we have been considering the gravels in the dry and
comparatively narrow valleys in the chalk district to the south
of Croydon; at the south end of the town the Chalk dips beneath
the surface, and is succeeded northwards by the Lower Tertiary
beds and the thick mass of the London Clay. This change is
markedly reflected in the configuration of the surface. Instead
of the narrow valleys, which result from the resistant nature of
the chalk to subaerial erosion, the more readily denuded Tertiary
beds have been excavated so as to form a wide shallow de-
pression, in which a large part of Croydon is built, and which ~

228 Mr. G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

northwards includes Waddon, Beddington, and Mitcham Com-
mon to the Thames valley. This depression has been partially
filled by an extensive sheet of gravel which has been carried
into it from the chalk district to the south.

On the eastern slopes of the Tertiary beds, within the bounds
of Croydon, there is a well-marked upper terrace of gravel, at
levels of 180-200 ft. above O.D., or from 40 to 50 ft. above the
valley of Old Town below. Starting from St. Peter’s Church,
South Croydon, it continues northwards along St. Peter’s Road,
‘Park Lane, Katherine Street, to the High Street, George Street,
Dingwall Road, to St. James’s Road. An excellent section of
this upper terrace gravel is shown in the Fairfield, near the
East Croydon railway-station. On the north side, nearly parallel
with George Street, the following beds are shown :—

Cultivated earth passing into a yellowish sandy loam filled
with Tertiary flint-pebbles and a few unworn flints, 3 to 4 ft.

Brownish or yellowish-brown loam or clay with a few pebbles
and unworn flints, 3 to 5 ft.

Reddish flint gravel, for the most part without stratification,
but in one or two places with thin beds of smaller pebbles, and
lenticular layers of brown loam, 10 to 12 ft. The flints range
from unworn to well-rounded nodules, and Tertiary pebbles.
The only foreign materials noticed were pieces of iron sandstone.
The gravel rests on Lower Tertiary beds.

About three-quarters of a mile more to the north, in the
Gloucester Road, at 178 ft. above O.D., a section now being
worked showed above 2 to 3 ft. of brown clay or loam containing
a few pebbles, and beneath this 12 ft. of reddish gravel of the
same character as that in the Fairfield, but with a larger
proportion of Tertiary flint-pebbles.

Further northwards, near the Thornton Heath railway-station,
at 145 ft. level, gravels have been worked over a large area to
the north of the Brigstock Road. The section showed the
following beds :—Cultivated earth and brownish loam with a few
small pebbles, 2 ft. Reddish non-stratified flint-gravel, like that
in the Fairfield, 7 to 10 ft.

The gravel rests on London Clay. From the gravel at this
place the late Mr. John Flower* stated that he obtained a
molar tooth and some pieces of bone of elephant.

Similar gravels to those above mentioned also occur at inter-
mediate levels between the upper terrace and the bottom of the
valley, and they may be traced from South Croydon through
High Street, North End, London Road, to Broadgreen, at levels
of 150-160 ft. above O.D., and beyond this they connect with
the gravels of Thornton Heath. I have not been able to ascertain

* «Proc, Croydon Micro. and Nat. Hist. Club, 1878-1881,’ p. liii.

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 229

the depth of the gravel in the bottom of the valley at Old Town,
where the levels are 139-150 ft., but in the Corporation wells in
Surrey Street 11 ft. of gravel and sand were passed through. On the
west side of the valley, gravels are present on the slopes of Duppas
Hill, at about the same level as the upper terrace on the east side.

In the wide flat areas to the west and north-west of Croydon
similar gravels are met with. At the Croydon Gas Works,
Waddon Marsh Lane, they are 7 ft. in thickness, and at the
New Cemetery, by the site of the Mitcham Road, the drainage
trenches showed, above, 2ft. of cultivated soil and light-coloured
sandy loam, and, below this, 7 ft. of coarse gravel resting on dark
blue London Clay. The gravels mainly consisted of slightly worn
flints, some 8 in. in diameter, and flint-pebbles. Thin beds of
light-coloured sand are in places intercalated in the gravel.

From the surface of Mitcham’ Common the gravels have now
been almost entirely removed, but more to the north they
underlie Mitcham itself, and they have been extensively worked
in pits between the railway-station and the church. The section
in the railway pit, at a level of 60 ft. above O.D., shows above:
1 ft. to 1ft. 6in. of cultivated sandy soil, and below this from
7 to 10 ft. of partially stratified gravels with impersistent layers
of shingle and sand 6 in. to 1 ft. in thickness. These beds rest
on London Clay. The gravel is composed chiefly of blunted
subangular flints, not of large size, with green-coated flints,
flint fragments, and Tertiary flint-pebbles. The sand is light
coloured, with green glauconite grains, and with small calcareous
pellets, probably Foraminifera, washed from the chalk. In the
larger proportion of sand and in the stratification of the beds,
the gravels contrast with those of higher levels nearer Croydon.
Both chert and iron sandstone are apparently absent.
- In 1889 some mammalian remains were discovered in these
pits, which were subsequently presented to the British Museum
by the railway company, through Mr. Perry. Mr. A. Smith
Woodward, F.G.S., has kindly supplied me with the following
report on these remains * :

“1, Elephas primigenius. One shaft of femur and some
fragments of tusk.

“9, Rhinoceros sp. Two fragments of teeth.

“3, Equus caballus.. Portion of mandible, cannon bone, &c.,
of moderate size.

“4, Rangifer tarandus. Imperfect antler fixed to portion of
frontal bone, of the large variety usual in the Thames valley.

* Since this paper was sent to press, Mr. Baldwin Latham, C.E., F.G.S.,
has informed me that several years since elephant’s tusks were found in a
sewer trench in the road to Morden, about a quarter of a mile from the
river Wandle, at-a point about-north-east of the Morden Rectory. The tusks

were embedded in a pocket of wet sandy loam overlying the London Clay.

230 Mr. G. J. Hinde’s Notes on the

“5. Small bovine bones. Three fragmentary metatarsals,
one metacarpal, one astragalus, and one fragment of the right
mandibular ramus, showing pm. 4. These are much smaller
than the corresponding bones of Bos primigenius, and precisely
similar to those from later deposits commonly ascribed to Bos
longifrons. Whether or not they truly belong to this latter
species cannot be determined in the absence of the skull; but if
they are of this form, the discovery is interesting as proving for
the first time the association of B. longifrons with the British
Pleistocene Mammalia. Prof. Boyd Dawkins believes that the
small ox in question was first introduced into this country by
the Neolithic peoples, and he regards the Mitcham bones as
belonging to a small bison. They seem to me, however, to be
too slender for the latter, and the problem must be left for
solution by further discoveries.”

From another gravel-pit at Mitcham, the basal fragment of a
deer’s horn was lately obtained by Mr. Joseph Hall, of Croydon,
which has been determined by Mr. Smiti Woodward as belong-
ing to the roebuck, Capreolus caprea.

I may here also refer to some teeth from the drift gravel at
Scarbrook Hiil, Croydon, and from gravels at the Brighton
Road exhibited and described to the Club some years since by
the late Dr. Carpenter.* Through the kindness of Mrs. Car-
penter, I have been enabled to submit these teeth to my friend
Mr. Smith Woodward, and he has determined that those from
Scarbrook Hill belong to the horse, but they are recent and not
fossil specimens, and the worn ruminant teeth from the Brighton
Road gravels belong to Bos primigenius.

My observations on the gravels of the Wandle valley do not ex-
tend further north than the pits at Mitcham, which are about four
miles from the Thames at Wandsworth, and 60 ft. above O.D.
The absence of materials foreign to the Wandle drainage basin
in these gravels tends to prove that at this place there has been
no intermixture with the gravels of the main Thames valley.

The gravels referred to above are nearly entirely composed of
flint materials, the fragments of other kinds of rock form but a
very insignificant proportion of the total mass. ‘These flint
materials have, in the first instance, all been derived from the
flint nodules in the Upper Chalk, but only some have come
directly into the gravels from the chalk; a good proportion of
them have formed part of other formations, and from these they
have found their way into the gravels. We can distinguish the
following :—(1). Flint nodules of various sizes, some fresh and
hardly at all worn, others subangular and more or less rounded.
These haye come either directly from the erosion of the chalk of

* *Proc. Croydon Micro. and Nat. Hist. Club, 1878-1881,’ p. li.

at

Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. 231

the plateau and valley slopes, or from the clay-with-flints, and
they have been blunted and rounded in the transport down the
valleys to their present position in the gravels. (2). Flints of
a similar irregular form to those just mentioned, but of a
brownish umber tint on the exterior, and brownish or grey
within. These brown flints are considered to have been derived
from high-level plateau gravels, where they have been long ex-
posed to meteoric influences. They can be recognized in nearly
all the valley gravels. (8). Flint fossils. For the most part
they are silicified casts of sponges and sea-urchins which have
been washed out of the chalk. (4). Flint pebbles. These are
smooth, well-rounded, dark or brownish, the greater number
about an inch in diameter, but a few reach to 4 or 5 in. across-
They haye been derived from the Lower Tertiary Blackheath
beds, and are the products of an extensive erosion of the chalk,
probably in the present Wealden area, during early Tertiary
times. They are very abundant in the gravels. The con-
glomerate boulders which have been mentioned are from the
same beds. (5). Green-coated flints. These are irregularly-
shaped flint nodules, with a thick surface rind of a dark sage-
green tint. They come from a stratum between the base of the
Tertiary Thanet sand and the Chalk.

The quartz-sand with the loamy and clayey materials which
form the matrix of the valley gravels are probably derived from
the erosion of Lower Tertiary beds; some of the clay and loam,
however, may be an insoluble residue of the chalk.

Of the foreign materials in the valley gravels, i.e. derived from
rocks not occurring in our drainage area, may be mentioned :—

(A). Light brownish flattened pebbles of quartzite from 8 to
7 in. across. I have traced these as pebbles to the Tertiary
Blackheath beds, but the rocks from which they come originally
are not at present known. They are of rare occurrence both in
the Tertiary beds and in the gravels.

(B). Flattened and rounded fragments of iron sandstone.
These are of coarse or fine quartz-sand cemented by iron. Their
origin is not fully certain. They have been attributed to Tertiary
_beds,* of which the softer portions have altogether disappeared,
and some of the fragments are evidently post-cretaceous, as they
contain pebbles of flint cemented with the sand. The iron
sandstone of the Folkestone division of the Lower Greensand is
also indistinguishable from these fragments. The pieces of iron
sandstone are freely distributed in the valley gravels, and they
are likewise very abundant on the surface of the chalk plateau
in the clay-with-flints, and it is from this deposit that they have
found their way into the valley gravels. Some of the fragments
ey

* Prestwich, ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,' vol. xiv., 1858, p. 523.

232 Notes on the Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood.

distributed over the plateau are of fairly large size, and ap-
parently but little rolled.:

(C). Rounded fragments of yellow, porous chert rock, made
up of sponge spicules and their hollow casts. There can be
hardly any doubt that these have been derived primarily from
the siliceous sponge-rocks of the Hythe division of the Lower
Greensand, like those of the higher portions of the Lower Green-
sand ridge between Sevenoaks and Hindhead. These cherty
fragments are sparingly distributed over the high chalk plateau
in connection with the clay-with-flints, and they are numerous
in the older plateau gravels, as in those of the watershed near
Walton-on-the-Hill, and from these sources they have passed
into the valley eravels, where, however, they are but seldom met
with. This chert rock, and probably the iron sand as well, has
been brought from the outcrops of the Lower Greensand to the
south and dispersed over the chalk plateau at a period anterior
to the formation of the present valleys.

I have not met with any fragments or pebbles of white quartz
or quartzite (beyond those from the Blackheath beds), or of any
older rocks, either on the plateau or in the valley gravels of the
Wandle area, and this. negative feature markedly distinguishes
them from the gravels of Wimbledon Common and Combe Wood,
Kingston Hill.

It has long been evident to geologists that climatal forces
like those now prevailing are insufficient to have caused the
erosion of the dry valleys of the chalk and the transport of the
large masses of gravel with which the lower part of the valleys
and the flat areas to the north of our district are now covered,
and various explanations have been proposed to account for
these phenomena. It has been supposed that at the time they
were formed there was an excessive rainfall, some ten times the
amount of that which now occurs, but.there is no evidence from
other quarters to support this hypothesis, and it may be doubted
whether even a rainfall of the extent imagined would, have
sufficed to erode these valleys.

A more probable explanation is that brought forward lis Mr.
Clement Reid, F.G.8.,* who considers that during the Ice Age,
when glaciers reached to the edge of the Thames valley on the
north of London, the climate was sufficiently rigorous to have
caused the surface beds of the chalk to be permanently frozen,
and that in this condition the rains during the summer months,
with the water from the melting snow, would erode the chalk
surface as if it were a non-porous rock, and thus the valleys
would be excavated, and the harder flints transported to the
lower levels. :

* *Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xliii., 1887, p. 364.

On the Occurrence of Mammalian Remains near Purley. 283

The character and mode of deposition of the valley gravels
indicate the action of strong currents of water, such as might be
produced from melting snows, and considering that the reindeer
and the mammoth then inhabited this part of England, there
seems ground for believing that there might be such an accumu-
lation of snow and ice on the chalk plateau as to furnish by
their melting sufficient transport force to carry down and along
our valleys the coarse flints and boulders which occur in the
gravels. There is no evidence of any glacial action in the valley
gravels, for in no instance are the stones and boulders scratched
or striated; at the same time it is quite possible that ice may
have assisted in the removal of some of the larger blocks.

The formation of the valleys and the gravels appears to have
been carried out entirely by subaerial action; there is nothing
to indicate any submergence and subsequent upheaval either
during or since their formation, as suggested by Sir J. Prest-
wich.* The local character of the gravels in our district has an
important bearing on. this point, for they contain only those
materials which are known to have been present within the
Wandle drainage area before the valleys began to be excavated
in the chalk plateau. ;

133.—On tHE Occurrence or Mammatian Remains NEAR Porey.
By N. F. Rosarrs, F.G.S8.
(Read December 15th, 1896.)

In July last my attention was called by my friend Mr. H.
Reynolds to the presence of some mammalian remains in a -
cutting being made upon the new railway running from Purley
up the Chipstead valley to Banstead and Epsom.

The cutting is situated on the south side of the Kenley valley,
about three hundred yards from Purley station, where the new
line diverges to the east of the Brighton line after passing the
bridge across the road to Caterham.

The level of the line is about 40 ft. above the bottom of
Smitham Bottom, or about 260 ft. above Ordnance Datum.

_ The accompanying diagram represents the section on the east
side of the cutting as I saw it at the end of July. ;

Commencing at the top of the section, we have—

1. Humus, 1 ft.

_ 2. Brick earth with unrolled flints and fragments of chalk, 6 ft.

* «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ vol. xlviii., 1892, p. 341.

234 On the Occurrence of Mammalian Remains near Purley.

3. Small pebbles with a little sand, forming a very dry loose
bed, 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 6 in.

4, Clay bands, 4 in. ,

5. Chalk rubble, mixed with pebbles and small subangular
flints, 1 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft.

6. Brick earth with a few flints, 8 ft. to 4 ft.; the total depth
at that point being 10 ft. to 11 ft.

From the alternations in the deposits it is evident that the
conditions of deposition varied considerably, the pebbly bed,
No. 3, having been deposited in swift running water, whilst the
presence of a considerable number of flints in the brick earth
points to a muddy flood rather than a slow deposition of sedi-
ment. A glance at the map will show that this deposit is just
at the junction of the Kenley valley with Smitham Bottom, so
that it must have been almost exactly where the stream from
the smaller valley fell into that of the larger.

As shown in section No. 2, taken east-north-east and west-
south-west across the main valley, the deposit lying at a consider-
able height above the bottom of the valley, a very considerable
amount of denudation must have taken place after the beds in
question had been deposited. Bak

A very considerable number of bones have been found, but
they are very fragmentary, and have not yet been identified ; but
all or almost all have been taken from the lowest bed of brick
earth, No. 6 in the section. The principal specimens are—

1. Tusk of Elephas primigenius.

2. Horn of Bos primigenius (?).

3. Molar of Elephas primigenius.

4. Ditto. ditto.

And what, I believe, is tibia of some species of Hlephas.

The latter was almost perfect when found, but, having un-
fortunately to be removed in very wet weather, it was found
impossible to preserve it, the bone, when in situ, being very
spongy and friable. The portions preserved, however, show that
it was in remarkably good condition, having suffered little or no
damage during deposition. From its appearance associated with
flints in the brick earth, it is very evident that it was deposited
in a very strong rush of flood water, whilst the clean pebble
bed overlying it also giving evidence of a very rapid stream, we
may, I think, infer that the streams of the period when the deposit
took place were large and rapid, or the rainfall exceedingly heavy.

The colour of the bones, especially of the tusk, is remarkably
light, whether from having been washed out of deposits of chalk
gravels, such as the bones exhibited by Dr. Hinde at our last
meeting, I cannot say, but the very perfect condition suggests
that the remains in question were primary deposits, whilst the
bones were fresh, and not derived from any gravels.

Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896. 235

In view of the very early position of the deposit in regard to
the contour of the valley, and the interesting paper of Dr. Hinde
at our last meeting referring to the mammalian remains dis-
covered in the gravels of the Kenley valley, it would seem, if I
am correct as to the deposition of the bones whilst in a fresh
state, to give us some clue to the rate of denudation of the chalk
valley of Smitham Bottom, if we can approximately fix upon
the date when the species in question existed. I may mention
that although the flints in the strata exposed have been carefully
examined, no traces of worked flints have been discovered.

As the cutting is not yet quite completed, it is to be hoped
some further remains may be found.

In conclusion, I must thank Mr. Reynolds, to whose protection
and preservation of the remains we are so much indebted, and
who, I hope, may be allowed to retain them by those who have
any title to them till he can present them to the Croydon
museum of the future.

134.—Report or tHE Meteoroxocicat Sus-CommitrTee ror 1896.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis CAMPBELL-BayYARD,
F.R. Met. Soc.

(Read February 16th, 1897.)

Tue arrangements for observing the daily rainfall round
Croydon have been successfully carried out on the same plan as
heretofore, but on a still larger scale, and with, it is hoped, still
greater efficiency. The number of stations in the printed sheet
is 78, and there are two stations (Woburn Road, Croydon, and
Hatherly Road, Sidcup) not in the printed sheet, the observations
of which are quite complete, and will be found at the end of this
Report. The Sub-Committee are greatly indebted to three of.
the observers, namely, Miss Brodie-Hall, of Abinger, Mr. James:
Batten, of Bickley, and Mr. Francis Druce, of Upper Gatton, for
the increase in the number of stations.

Three stations, Kenley (Ingleside), West Wickham (Layham’s
Farm), and Woolwich, have come to an end owing to the removal
of the observers, and one, Kenley (Hazelea), through the death
of the observer, Major Carr-Dyer. With reference to this last
_ station, the Club will be pleased to hear that the observations
have been recommenced by the late observer’s widow. The
gaps caused by the three vacancies have been filled up for the
present year.

The monthly sheets contain all the records, with the excep-
tion of Woburn Road, Croydon, and Sidcup, which have been

236 Mr. F, Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

received by the Sub-Committee, and the stations of which the
records have been tabulated number 78 as against 73 in the
last Report, and the number of observers is 66 as compared
with 61.

A.—Greenwich Average 80 Yrs. (1816-95). B.—Greenwich Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95).

Average} 1896 |+ Average Average} 1896 |+ Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. | IN.
Jan 1:89 0:64 — 1:25 Jan 1:98 0:64 — 1:34
Feb 1-59 0°37 — 1:22 Feb 1:43 0°37 — 1:06
March| 1°52 2°99 + 1:47 March| 1-44 2°99 + 1:55
April | 1-65 | 0-55 .| —1-10 April | 1-61 | 0°55 “| ~— 1:06
May 2°00 0:27 — 1°73 May 1-94 0°27 — 1:67
June 1:95 MOR | hm Sain sree June 2°04 1:95 — 0:09
July 2-60 1:05 — 1:55 July 2°42 1-05 — 1:37
Aug 2-33 | 2-29 | 0-04 Aug 2:30 | 229 | —0-01
Sept 2°30 5°32 + 3:02 Sept 2°18 5°32 + 3°14
Oct. 2°82 2°80 — 0:02 Oct. 2°75 2°80 + 0°05
Nov. 2°37 1:19 — 118 Nov. 2°19 1:19 — 1:00
Dec. 1:94 3°05 +1-11 Dec. 1:94 3°05 +1:11
Year | 24:96 | 2247 | — 2-49 Year | 24:22 | 22:47 | — 1:75

C.—Surbiton Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95). D.—Mt. Ararat, Wim., Av. 40Yrs.(1856-95).

Average| 1896 |+ Average Average} 1896 | +Average
ES | ee |g ee eee
IN. IN. IN. EN, 7 5 1O™ MEN ari ENs

Jan. 2-04 0°45 — 1:59 Jan. Gree) 0:67 —1:12
Feb. 1:47 0-14 — 1:33 Feb. 1:38 0:30 — 1:08
March| 1:44 2-44 + 1:00 March| 1°33 2°96 + 1°63
April 1:64 0:48 —1:16 April 1-64. | 0°62 — 1:02
May 1:92 0:26 — 1:66 May , 1-92 0:17 —1°75 |
June 2-08 2°35 + 0:27 June 2-08 1:68 — 0°40
July 2°37 1:42 — 0:95 July 2°49 1:33 — 1:16
Aug. 2-43 2°51 + 0:08 Aug. 2°31 2°95 + 0°64
Sept. 2-21 7:12 +491 Sept. 2°28 5°85 | + 3:57
Oct. 2°81 2°62 — 0:19 Oct. 2:88 3°05 +0:17
Nov. 2°16 1:34 — 0:82 Nov. 2:19 1:35 — 0°84
Dec. 1:85 3:47 + 1:62 Dec. 1:77 2°89 + 1:12
Year | 24:42 24-60 + 0:18 Year | 24:06 23°82 — 0-24

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers,
with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also
the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient number:
have from time to time been pulled for the use of the Club; and
Appendix IT. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1-00 in, and
upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix I...

The year has been a very remarkable one. - The very dry

‘ Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896. ~ 237

months in the first half of the year, the exceedingly wet
September, so wet that another such is not recorded in this
district, and the dry November, form a curious record; and in
order rv show the remarkable features, a A, B, C, and D
have been constructed.

Tables A and B refer to Greenwich. ‘Table A shows that
the rainfall of 1896 is 2°49 in. below the 80 years’ average
(1816-95); and table B that it is 1°75 in. below the 40 years’
average (1856-95).

- Tables B, C, and D refer to Greenwich, Surbiton, and Mt.
Ararat, ‘Wimbledon, the only stations in the printed list having
a 40-years’ average (1856-95). This shows with respect to 1896
a deficiency of 1:75 in. at Greenwich, an excess of 0°18 in. at
Surbiton, and a deficiency of 0°24 in. at Mt. Ararat, Wimbledon.

These tables, when carefully examined, are very instructive.
It will be noticed that tables A and B agree fairly well, with the
exception that in table A the difference of 1896 from the average
is 3 in. more than in‘table B.

When, however, we compare tables B, fat and D together, we
cannot help being struck with the fact that whilst table B shows
a deficiency as meEE OOK 1896 of 13 in., table C actually shows
-an excess of nearly + in., whilst table D shows a deficiency of
‘$in. It is difficult to account for this, but it possibly arises
from the configuration of the land; Greenwich and Wimbledon
lying to the north of the range of hills bordering on the river
Thames, whilst Surbiton lies more to the westward, owing to
the river bending towards the south. Should this attempted
explanation prove correct, it may possibly supply a reason for
explaining many anomalies i in the distribution of rain.

It is not proposed to go into minute particulars of the distri-
bution of the rainfall of ‘the district of this remarkable year, as
the monthly notes give full accounts thereof; but it may not be
amiss to remind the members of the Club that this present year
‘now beginning is the tenth year of this organization, and that
it will soon be necessary to take in hand a very much more
‘exhaustive report, and to produce a map of the district showing
‘the contour lines of elevation, and also the distribution of rain
in relation thereto. To do this a series of at least ten years’
observations is necessary, and it is desirable that, for the
- purpose of comparison, the decade 1891-1900 should be taken.

The Sub-Committee would draw attention to the large number
of days—twelve—on which an inch or more rain fell, and also
to the very unusual fact that out of this number no less than
five occurred in.September, and also to the very large amounts
that fell on the 1st of that month. It is singular that on the
2nd September, 1889, at Wilmington, there was the largest fall
that has occurred in the district during the continuance of this

238 Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896.

organization, viz. 3°90 in., whilst the next highest fall is at
Keston (Tower Fields) on the 1st September, 1896, viz. 2°62 in.

The earthquake on December 17th does not seem to have
been greatly noticed. The only observers who seem to have
felt anything are Mr. Baldwin Latham, of Croydon, and Mr.
Francis Druce, of Upper Gatton.

In conclusion, the Sub-Committee desire to express their
thanks to the three gentlemen who have so kindly continued
their subscriptions to enable the Club to carry on its great work,
the value of which may be gathered from the many notices and
favourable reviews in the scientific papers of this country and
abroad, and also to the very cordial co-operation of the observers,
without whose assistance such a work could never be successful.

Wosvurn Roan, Croypon.

Observer—M. L. Craven. Gauge, 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 13 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 178 ft.

Jan. | Feb. Mar. | Apr. May |June| July | Aug.| Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.
IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN,
0°66 | 0°37 | 3-59 | 1:03 | 0-22 | 2-21 | 1-74 | 2°41 | 7-16 | 3-77 | 1:74 | 3-78 | 28-68

Hatuerty Roap, Smcup.

Observer—Dr. Lionen Burrett. Gauge, 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 14 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 160 ft.

Feb. | Mar.

IN. IN.
0-35 | 3-09

Dec.

IN.
2°93

June Year.

IN.
2°96

Jan.

IN.
0-68

Apr.

IN.
0°63

Sept.
IN.
5:13

May
IN.
0:27

July | Aug.

IN. IN.

IN.
23°97

Oct. | Noy.
|

APPENDIX

ir;

CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY CLUB

(Meteorological Sub-Committee. )

STATIONS. OBSERVERS.
Abinger (The Hall) ............ The Lord Farrer ......
Abinger (The Rectory) ........ Miss Brodie-Hall......|
Dorking (Denbies).............. J. Beesley ............
Walton Heath (The Hermitage)..| 8. Bostock ..........)
Redhill (Oxford Road) .......... W. H. Tyndall........
Nutfield (The Priory) .......... J. Moffatt. ies. ose.
Reigate (The Briars) .......... Mrs. Barclay..........
Reigate Hill (Margery Hall) ....| W. F. Taylor ........
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ........
Wpper'Gatton ...6s...e1.s ew (ets DruGet. 22h th SyF st.
Merstham (Rockshaw).......... W. Gardiner..........
Harp’s Oak Cottage ............ RC. Grant O55... 6%
Chipstead (Shabden Park) ...... SS MOLOPAP 4.15235 Sh) e's eb! os
Chaldon (The Rectory) ........ Rey. G. E. Belcher ....

Caterham (Metropol. Asylum) ..
Marden Park (Birchwood House). .
Westerham (The Fishponds) ....
Knockholt (The Beeches)........
Warlingham (The Vicarage) ....
Coulsdon (The Grange)
Kenley (Ingleside)
Kenley (Hazelea) ..............
Kenley (The Cottage) ..........
Purley (Tudor Cottages) ........
Ashtead (D’Abernon Chase). ....
ROAAUOUL f5)0.2.aFe 5:5 :creraret,dararaicisre ee
Banstead (The Larches)
Sutton (Mulgrave Road) ........
Wallington (Maldon Road)
Beddington (Riverside) ........
Waddon (Waddcn House)
Croydon (Brimstone Barn)......
Croydon (Waddon New Road)....
Croydon (Duppas House)

Croydon (Chatfield Road)

Croydon (Whitgift School)
Croydon (Park Hill Rise)

ey

eee e wee

G. 8S. Elliott, M.D. ....
Mrs. F. Rutle
W. Morris
BWV MLOETIS:./c ote Se aclant:
Rev. F. R. Marriott... ..
W. J. Stride
H. Smith

eee eee wee ae

ay
ey
ee
ay

Sir W. Vincent, Bart. ..
W. H. Dinesi. 245.4%
Rey. C. J. Taylor
W:. Geode /secieeeciee ss
F. Campbell-Bayard .

8. Rostron
POLOMIEY a srccivicic’s 2's «
Croydon Corporation ..
Croydon Corperation ..
Baldwin Latham

see eee

a ey

Size of
Gauge.

lel

Height
above
Ground.

Leo)

Re eR OR ee ee ee eR RI RH ORDO

SeecooeoooracooooocorRSCSoCSCOCOCSCOSCSCSCOCSCONONaAOOF

Height of
Statn. ab.
Sea-level.

wo
pe
of

381

[=r Mor)
Ore
i)

1 He GO
owned
POPS

Onn ko
ee SS TES at
HFONSCRUASS

| 380:
| 785.

He DO DS DO DO bw Or SD
Dre OreOOM1Nre
DNSOREN ATE

230
140:

ee ee
Ook worn
HPRODRORS

250

S8|ae9 (238

STATIONS, OBSERVERS. ge Bos = g

wa | S| eee

IN. |FT. IN.| FI.

Croydon (Lower Addiscombe Rd.) | KE. Mawley .......... 8/0 9} 202
Addington Hills (The Reseryoir)..| Croydon Corporation ..| 8 | 0 9 | 473
Addington (Park Farm) ........ W. Whalley .......... 5|1 0 | 268
Addington (Pumping Station)....| Croydon Corporation ..| 8 | 1 0 | 331
West Wickham (Wickham Court)| Sir J. F. Lennard, Bart.) 5 | 1 2 | 300
West Wickham (Layham’s Farm}.| W. Ashcroft .......... 5 | 1 0 | 500
Hayes Common (The Warren) ..| Miss Akers .......... 5|1 0 | 296
Keston (Bradfield) ............ JNS JEU: eae papogopuoe ' 511 0| 350
Keston (Tower Fields).......... G, Buchanan «........ 8} 0 9 | 351
Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris............ 5| 1 0} 220
Karningham Hall... 20s. e0 +s Nee WVERELIVEN otc) s eteis fate 5 | 3 0} 300
Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....| W. Morris............ 5|1 0] 25
‘Chislehurst (The Oaks) ........ Miss Dalton .......... 5 | 0 11 | 325
Bickley (The High Field) ...... SSSA Rem enc ona 5|1 2 | 295
Bromley (The Palace) .......... Golesi nid or pecersjers cre 5}1 0} 187
Bromley Common (Elmfield) ....| Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe .| 5 | 0 9 | 240
Beckenham (Cedars Road) ...... H. Dolling-Smith -| 5|1 0 | 105
South Norwood (Apsley Road) ..| W. H. Cullis.......... 5} 1 0 | 125
Thornton Heath (Thornton ees Pam NV ETE firararesietelare nielate 8 | 0 10 | 120
‘Wimbledon (Sewage Works) . Gs Hi Cooper, 25.2 ..3t 5 | 2 O1F 58
Wimbledon (Mount Ararat) RDIEVAS) Grietecisisiseinl 12|3 0} 157
Raynes Park (Pumping Station)..;C. H. Cooper ........ 5|1 0| 47
New Malden (Sewage Works) ....| T. V. H. Davison...... 5/1 0] 45
Esher (Sewage Works).......... A. J. Henderson ...... 5|1 0); 40
West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.)..| R. Hack.............. 5|1 0]. 32
Surbiton (Seething Wells) ...... Res EUR CK a0 e's eins wieietne 10;0 6| 25
Kingston (Sewage Works) ...... IE SteVens. <.s.0< 25.0 clon Bali (Osi
Richmond (Ormond Lodge) ....| J. T. Billett .......... 5|}0 9] 51
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road).| F. J. Brodie .......... 5|1 0} 100
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...| F. Jordan ............ 5|1 0] 120
West Norwood (Thornlaw cna ea HIW st LATO arclssaneiteintans 8|1 0 | 220
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road) ...| L. W. F. Behrens 5|1 0 | 220
Forest Hill (The Nurseries) ....| James Carter & Co.....| 6|0 6] 76
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co. Jew J. W. Restler ........ 5|1 0} 344
Eltham (High Street) .......... W. Morris..... Phe oon 5|1 0 | 245
Woolwich (Powis Street)........ ne Waller sar ances 5 |30 0} 65
‘Greenwich (Royal Observatory)..| Astronomer Royal ....| 8|0 5 | 155
Deptford (Kent Water Co.)...... WWast MEOTEIS ye ala trsateleteter= 5|1 0] 20
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.)....| J. W. Restler ........ 5|4 0| 176
Brixton (Acre Lane)............ W. Gaster 2 cctcm cle osivis 8/1 0} 77
Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ...| J. W. Restler ........ 5|3 0] 21

Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Kenley (The Cottage) (8.30 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon
New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(January, 1896.)

The month has been remarkably warm and dry, with very little
sun or wind. The barometer has been exceedingly high. It stood at
9 a.m. on the 30th, when reduced to 32° F., and sea-level, at Upper
Gatton 30°934 in., at Wallington 30-920 in., at Croydon (Whitgift)
80°918 in., and at Redhill 30-860 in., and is probably the highest in
this century. Slight snow fell on the 7th and 10th at most places in
the district. At Croydon (Park Hill) the winter aconite flowered on
the 15th, and the yellow crocus on the 28th. A solar halo was seen
at Upper Gatton on the 13th. There has been a good deal of sickness.
about the district, including isolated cases of diphtheria, scarlet fever,
and measles. The rainfall is about one-third of the average. The
mean temperature is about 34° above the average, and was at Croydon
(Whitgift) 40°8°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 406°, at Wallington
40-3°, at Redhill 39-9°, at Waddon 39°8°, at Kenley (Ingleside) 39°5°,
at Upper Gatton 39°4°, and at Chipstead 38°4°. At Wallington the.
amount of sunlight registered was 13.7 hours, which is 13 per cent.
below the January average of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Kenley (The Cottage) (8.30 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon
New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(February, 1896.)

The month has been mild, calm, and dry, with a rainfall of about

one-fourth of the average. The barometer has again been exceedingly
high, and in the last eleven Februaries it has only been exceeded once,
viz. in February, 1891. Slight snow fell on the 26th in many parts
of the district, and lightning was seen at Nutfield on the 20th.
Vegetation, in spite of the warmth, does not seem to have advanced
much. Colds have been very prevalent, and very often of the influenza
type. The mean temperature is variable, being above the average in
some places, as in Croydon and the neighbourhood, and below it
elsewhere, and was at Croydon (Whitgift) 40°5°, at Croydon (Duppas
House) 40°3°, at Wallington 39-7°, at Kenley (Ingleside) 39°3°, at
-Waddon 89:2°, at Chipstead 38-7°, and at Upper Gatton 86°8°. Solar
halos were seen at Upper Gatton on the 3rd and 27th. There were
- recorded at Upper Gatton 68-1 hours of bright sunshine, and at
Wallington 49-9 hours of sunlight, which latter is 5 per cent. below
__ the February average of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campsewu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
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NOTES.
(March, 1896.)

The month has been warm and very wet. It is the wettest March
since 1862, and in the Greenwich record commencing with 1816 there
are only eight Marches wetter than March, 1896. There was a
thunderstorm on the 8rd with lightning, hail, and snow, and lightning
was also seen on the 22nd. Vegetation has progressed rapidly. A
solar halo with two mock suns and supernumerary circles was seen at
Upper Gatton on the 5th, and also one with one mock sun at the
same place on the 10th ; and lunar halos were seen at Epsom on the
28rd and 27th. As might be expected, the month has been rather an
unhealthy one, colds being very prevalent. The mean temperature of
the month is about 4° above the March average, and was at Upper
Gatton 47-7°, at Croydon (Duppas House) and Wallington 46°3°, at
Croydon (Whitgift) and Waddon 46°, at Kenley (Ingleside) 45-5°, and
at Chipstead 44:4°. There were recorded at Upper Gatton 62-2 hours
of bright sunshine, and at Wallington 62:4 hours of sunlight, which
latter is 16 per cent. below the March mean of the ten years 1886-95.

Mr. Mennell, of Croydon, kindly supplies the following botanical
notes. On the 14th the almond, apricot, and lesser celandine (Ranun-
culus Ficaria) were in full bloom; and on the 28rd there were in
full bloom the wood anemone, the barren strawberry (Potentilla Fra-
gaviastrum), the dandelion, the coltsfoot, the tuberous moschateb
(Adoxa Moschatellina), the dog mercury, the white and red dead-nettles,
and the larch.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES,
(April, 1896.)

The month has been fairly warm, with sunshine below the average.
It is the third month of the present year in which, over a great part
of the district, the rainfall has been below 1:00 in. There has been
much sickness about, including cases of measles and influenza. Solar
halos were seen at Croydon on the 11th and 17th, and at Upper

Gatton on seven days ; and a lunar halo occurred at Croydon on the

17th, and at Upper Gatton on the 21st. It was remarkably dark at
Warlingham and Nutfield between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. on the 5th.
Vegetation has progressed rapidly, but the want of rain is much felt.
The mean temperature of the month is about 1°5° above the average,
and was at Wallington 48-9°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 48°8°, at
Chipstead and Croydon (Whitgift) 48-6°, at Kenley (Ingleside) and
Waddon 47:9°, and at Upper Gatton 47:1°. There were recorded
at Upper Gatton 115-3 hours of bright sunshine, and at Wallington
124-1 hours of sunlight, which latter is 14 per cent. below the April

mean of the ten years 1886-95.

Mr. Mennell, of Croydon, and other correspondents, kindly supply
the following notes:—The purple and white lilacs were in bloom at
Croydon on the 25th, and the hawthorn and horse chestnut on the
29th, and the oak has put out its leaves and flowers, but not the ash,
during the last days of the month. A sand martin was seen at

_ Croydon on the 12th; the cuckoo was heard at Upper Gatton on the

14th, at Warlingham on the 15th, and at Nutfield on the 17th; and
the nightingale at Croydon on the 19th, and at Upper Gatton on the
23rd; the swallow was seen at Nutfield on the 18th, at Croydon on
the 19th, and at Upper Gatton on the 24th. Hail fell at Addington

_ Hills and Ashtead on the 29th, and lightning was seen at Abinger and

Redhill on the 30th.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(May, 1896.)

The month has probably been the driest May of the present
century. Since the commencement of the Greenwich record in 1814,
there has been no such dry May. It is also the fourth month of the
present year in which, with but few exceptions, the rainfall has been
below one inch. The want of rain is becoming a very serious matter,
and has resulted in the practical failure of the hay crop, and in a
plague of caterpillars in many parts of the district. Evaporation has
been extremely active, no less than 8-22 in. having evaporated at
Duppas House, Croydon. Solar halos were seen at Upper Gatton on
the 5th, 24th, and 29th, and a lunar halo also on the 24th. Thunder
was heard at most stations throughout the district on the 20th. The
mean temperature of the month is about 1° above the average, and
was at Chipstead 54-8°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 54:8°, at Walling-
ton 53-8°, at Croydon (Whitgift) 53°7°, at Waddon 53:3°, and at Upper
Gatton 52°. There were recorded at Upper Gatton 2084 hours of
bright sunshine, and at Wallington 199-6 hours of sunlight, which

latter is 1 per cent. below the May mean of the ten years 1886-95.

The following notes have been supplied by observers :—The swift
was first seen at Croydon on the 9th; and at Warlingham the lilac
bloomed on the 11th, the chestnut on the 13th, and the laburnum
on the 20th.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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NOTES.
(June, 1896.)

The month has been rather wet, but the air has been dry and
warm. ‘Taking the Greenwich rainfall average as a standard, the
rainfall of the district would seem to be an average one for June.
The totals, however, for the six months are very remarkable. One
would hardly credit the fact, but for these daily returns, that in the
short distance of about twenty-five miles due south the rainfall at
Walton Heath should be 12-41 in., which is just about two and a half
times as much as Battersea, which is only 5-10 in. Thunderstorms
occurred on the 4th and 24th in most parts of the district, and that
on the 24th gave rise to some damage, a cottage in Linkfield Lane,
Redhill, being struck by lightning, and a tree, the Californian red-
wood (Sequoia semperviva), being struck at Nutfield Priory. Colds,

sore throats, whooping cough, and measles have been somewhat
prevalent. Hay began to be cut generally at the beginning of the
month. At Warlingham on the 16th a grass thermometer burst when
exposed to the sun, though it registered up to 130°. Solar halos were
seen at Upper Gatton on the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 18th, and lunar ones
on the 14th and 16th. The temperature of the month is about 3°
above the average, and was at Chipstead 64:9°, at Waddon 64°2°, at
___ Croydon (Duppas House) 63°3°, at Kenley (Ingleside) 62-8°, at Croydon
_ (Whitgift) 62°5°, at Wallington 62°4°, and at Upper Gatton 59-9°.
_ There were recorded at Upper Gatton 194:4 hours of bright sunshine,
F and at Wallington 211-4 hours of sunlight, which latter is 1 per cent.
above the June average of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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NOTES.
(July, 1896.)

The month has been warm, and, for July, very dry. It is the driest
July since 1885. The want of rain is beginning to be much felt. At
Nuifield a well 85 ft. deep with two headings of 50 ft. is pumped dry
every day, and does not gather much over 1000 gallons in the twenty-
four hours. At Croydon (Park Hill) the maximum temperature has
been over 80° on ten days, and over 70° on twenty-four days. The
. dry weather has been favourable for the harvest, which is very early.
A thunderstorm was fairly general throughout the district on the 15th,
and at Croydon a house near Waddon Bridge was struck by lightning,
and a boy on Duppas Hill was stunned. At Upper Gatton solar halos
were seen on eight days, and a solar corona on the 20th, and a lunar
halo on the 24th. The temperature of the month is about 15° above
the average, and was at Croydon (Duppas House) 64:7°, at Waddon
and Wallington 64°, at Upper Gatton, Kenley (Ingleside), and Croydon
(Whitgift) 63-9°, and at Chipstead 62-8°. There were recorded at
Upper Gatton 209-5 hours of bright sunshine, and at Wallington
226°5 hours of sunlight, which latter is 7 per cent. above the July
average of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campseti-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(August, 1896.)

The month has been rather cool, but with an average rainfall, if
the long record at Greenwich fairly represents the district. At Croydon
(Park Hill) the maximum temperature has not once reached 80°, and
has been over 70° on only three days, and below 60° on two days; the
nights there have also been cool, the minimum being below 50° on no
less than nineteen nights. Thunderstorms seem to have been preva-
lent throughout the district, but they have been very local. Potato
disease seems prevalent. At Upper Gatton solar halos were seen on
the 7th and 28th, and a lunar one on the 28rd. The temperature of
the month is about 2°5° below the average, and was at Chipstead 60°5°,
at Croydon (Duppas House) 59°5°, at Wallington 591°, at Croydon
(Whitgift) 58-9°, at Waddon and Redhill 58-5°, and at Upper Gatton 57°.
There were recorded at Upper Gatton 128 hours of bright sunshine, and
at Wallington 128-8 hours of sunlight, which latter is 14 per cent.
below the August average of the ten years 1886-95.

F, Campseti-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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NOTES.
(September, 1896.)

The month has been an exceedingly wet one. There is no such
wet September in the long record at Greenwich, and Mr. Baldwin
Latham reports that it is the wettest September recorded in 207 years
in this part of the country. The fall on the 1st is especially noticeable,
ranging as it does from 2°62 in. at Tower Fields, Keston, to ‘01 in. at
Eltham. There was a slight frost on the grass on the 20th in some
parts of the district. Thunderstorms occurred on the Ist, 5th, 8th,
and 12th in many parts of the district, and a very heavy gale on the
22nd and 28rd... Solar halos were seen at Upper Gatton on the 8th,
llth, and 21st, and at Nutfield on the 28th. The mean temperature
is about the average for September, and was at Wallington 57-7°,
at Croydon (Duppas House) 57°5°, at Croydon (Whitgift) 57:3°, at
Waddon 56°4°, at Chipstead 55-9°, and at Upper Gatton 531°. There
were recorded at Upper Gatton 71-5 hours of bright sunshine, and

/ at Wallington 94:5 hours of sunlight, which latter is 18 per cent.

below the average for September of the ten years 1886-95.

| F. Campseti-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,

Hon. Sec.

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2 eee 5

Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(October, 1896.)

The month has been cold, and also rather wet, but not more than
usual for October if we may take the long average at Greenwich as
fairly representing the district. The month has been rather an un-
healthy one, there being a good deal of sickness about, including cases
of scarlet fever and influenza. Garden produce has been plentiful
and good. Thunderstorms have been rather numerous, but, with the
exception of one on the 25th, they were very local. The lightning on
the 25th struck a chestnut tree about 250 yards from Abinger Hall,
partially destroying it. There were several frosty nights towards the
end of the month. Solar halos were seen at Croydon (Whitgift) and
Upper Gatton on the 1st, and at the latter place also on the 9th and
28th. At Nutfield there was an exceedingly dark day on the 15th;
and the last flight of swallows left there on the 30th. The mean

_ temperature of the month is about 3° below the average, and was
at Chipstead 47:1°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 46°5°, at Croydon

(Whitgift) and Wallington 46°3°, at Upper Gatton 46°2°, and at

_ Waddon 45°9°. There were recorded at Upper Gatton 86-2 hours of

bright sunshine, and at Wallington 67°8 hours of sunlight, which latter

is 10 per cent. below the October average of the ten years 1886-95.

F,. Campsett-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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NOTES.
(November, 1896.)

The month has been cold and dry, and is the coldest November in
the past eleven years. On the 30th and on December 1st children
were sliding on the ponds at Warlingham. Fogs and frosts have been
numerous. There has been a great deal of sickness, including many
cases of influenza. At Croydon (Park Hill) the maximum temperature
did not reach 50° on any day, and was below 40° on four days; and the
minimum temperature was below 40° on twenty-eight days. Lightning
was seen on the 1st at Nutfield and Upper Gatton. A solar halo was
observed at Croydon (Whitgift) and Upper Gatton on the 12th, anda
__ Junar halo at Croydon (Whitgift) on the 16th, and a lunar corona with
bright colours at Upper Gatton on the 20th. At Upper Gatton on
the 29th a beautiful meteor was seen at 9.8 p.m.; it was of a bright
violet colour with a brilliant trail, and was visible for 3” in the 8.8.W.
travelling towards N.W. The mean temperature of the month is
about 3° below the average, and was at Croydon (Duppas House) 40°5°,
at Croydon (Whitgift) 40-3°, at Wallington 40-2°, at Redhill and Wad-
don 39°5°, at Chipstead 38°8°, and at Upper Gatton 36°5°. There
_ were recorded at Upper Gatton 76°8 hours of bright sunshine, and
tak Hayes Common 64:2 hours, and Wallington 48°3 hours of sunlight ;
4 the amount at Wallington being the mean for November of the ten
years 1886-95.

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F. Campsett-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
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(8 a.m.), and Croydon (Waddon New Road) (10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(December, 1896.)

The month has been a wet one, with a rainfall, if we may take the
long average at Greenwich as fairly representing the district, of about
an inch and a quarter above the average. The month has been warm
and sunless. Fogs have been very prevalent, that on the 16th at
Wallington, and on the 21st at Sidcup, being especially bad. Snow
fell throughout the district on the 19th, 20th, and 21st, and at some
places on the 15th as well; at Merstham the snow, on the 20th, one
inch in depth yielded 08 in. of water. The month has been very
unhealthy, influenza being very prevalent. At Croydon (Park Hill)
the maximum temperature was 50° and upwards on four days, and
40° and upwards on twenty-one days. Lightning was seen at Upper
Gatton on the 4th, and hail fell there on the 5th. A solar halo was
seen at Nutfield on the 4th, and one at Upper Gatton on the 13th.
At Upper Gatton a brilliant meteor was seen at 7.54 p.m. on the 18th,
emitting bright sparks, followed shortly afterwards by a loud explosion;
it was visible for 3”, and was first seen in the E.S.E. travelling N.E.
_ The mean temperature of the month is about the average, and was at
_ Croydon (Whitgift) 40-1°, at Wallington 39-7°, at Croydon (Duppas

House) 39°3°, at Waddon 38-8°, at Chipstead 87-9°, and at Upper
B Gatton 36°. There were recorded at Hayes Common 26:7 hours, and
Wallington 23-3 hours of sunlight, which latter amount is 6 per cent.

below the December mean of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campseu-Bayarp, F.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896. 239

APPENDIX II.

Fauus oF 1:00 1n. AND UPWARDS.

Marcu 207n.— Walton Heath, 1:17 in.; Abinger (The Rectory),
1:07 in.

June 10rTa.—Farningham Hill, 1-76 in.; Wilmington, 1°58 in.;
Abinger (The Hall), 1°55 in.; Westerham, 1:51-in.; Abinger
(The Rectory), 1:46 in.; Keston (Tower Fields), 1:43 in. ; West
Wickham (Wickham Court), 1-40 in.; Orpington and Bickley,
1-35.in.; Keston (Bradfield), 1:34 in.; Chislehurst, 1:33 in. ;
Hayes Common, 1:23 in.; Bromley Common, 1:22 in.; West
Wickham (Layham’s Farm) and Forest Hill (The Nurseries),
1:21 in.; Walton Heath and Addington (Park Farm), 1:17 in. ;
Bromley, 1:15 in.; Reigate, 1:14 in. ; Merstham, 1:11 in.;
Reigate Hill (Margery Hall), 1:10 in.; Eltham, LDO-1n; ;
Addington (Pumping Station), 1:08 in, ; Dorking (Denbies),
1-07 in.; Upper Gatton and Warlingham, 1:05 in. ; Redhill and
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), 1:04 in.; Kenley (Hazelea),
1:08 in.; Chaldon, Caterham, and Purley (Tudor Cottages),
1:02 in.; and Nutfield, 1:00 in.

June 24rH.—Addington (Park Farm), 2°30 in.; Westerham,
2-20 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court), 1°63 in.; Addington
(Pumping Station), 1-42in.; West Wickham (Layham’s Farm),
1:25 in.; and Addington Hills, 1-08 in.

Juty 151H.—Marden Park, 1°15 in.

Juny 807Tx.—Orpington, 1:40 in.; Farningham Hill, 1-21 in.;
Keston (Tower Fields), 1:20 in. ; Hayes Common and Keston
(Bradfield), 1:17 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court and
Layham’s Farm), 1:14 in.; and Merstham, 1:08 in.

SerremBer 1st.—Keston (Tower Fields), 2°62 in. ; Keston
(Bradfield), 2°54 in.; Merstham, 2°51 in.; West Wickham
(Layham’s Farm), 2°39 in. ; Chaldon, 2°35 in.; Reigate Hill
(Nutwood Lodge), 2°33 in.; Abinger (The Rectory), 2-28 in. ;
Reigate, 2:27 in.; Reigate Hill (Margery Hall), 2°25 in.;
Addington (Park Farm), 2°22 in.; Marden Park, 2:18 in. ;
Harp’s Oak Cottage, 2:16 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court),
2:12 in.; Warlingham, 2:09 in.; Addington (Pumping Station),
2-08 in.; Caterham, 2°01 in.; Orpington, 1:96 in.; Abinger
(The Hall), 1:88 in.; Upper Gatton, 1:87 in.; Redhill, 1-79 in.;
Hayes Common, 1:76 in.; Wallington, 1°75 in.; Waddon,
1:72 in.; Ashtead and Banstead, 1-70 in.; Beddington,
1-67 in.; Addington Hills, 1-66 in.; Croydon (Duppas House),
1:64 in.; Dorking (Denbies), 1:63 in.; Croydon (Waddon New
Road), 1°61 in.; Croydon (Whitgift), 1:60 in. ; Croydon (Park

D

240 Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896.

Hill), 1:49 in.; Purley (Tudor Cottages), 1:48 in.; Croydon
(Lower Addiscombe Road), 1:45 in.; Nutfield and Kenley
(Hazelea), 1:43 in.; Oxshott and Farningham Hill, 1:39 in.;
Kenley (The Cottage), 1:36 in.; Coulsdon, 1:30 in.; Croydon
(Brimstone Barn), 1:29 in.; Walton Heath, 1:07 in.; and
Croydon (Chatfield Road), 1:00 in.

SepremBer 4TH.—Sutton, 1:65 in.; Surbiton, 1:43 in.; Walton
Heath and New Malden, 1:40 in.; Kingston, 1:25 in.; Wilming-
ton, 1:16 in.; Reigate, 1:10 in.; Reigate Hill (Margery Hail),
1:06 in.; and Farningham Hill, 1-03 in.

Sepremeer 107TH.—Banstead, 1°84 in.; Chaldon, 1:20 in.;
Chipstead, 1:19 in.; Greenwich, 1:09 in.; and Sutton, 1-02 in.

SepremBer 127TH.—New Malden, 1-27 in.; Kingston, 1:12 in.;
and Surbiton, 1:04 in.

Sepremper 247H.—Dorking (Denbies), 1:06 in.; Abinger (The
Hall), 1:05 in.; Addington (Pumping Station), 1:03 in.; Abinger
(The Rectory), 1:01 in.; and Keston (Tower Fields), 1-00 in.

October 6TH.— Walton Heath, 1:55 in.; Keston (Tower Fields),
1:09 in.; Nutfield and Addington (Park Farm), 1:08 in.;
Abinger (The Rectory), 1:07 in.; Addington (Pumping Station)
and Orpington, 1:06 in.; Merstham and Kenley (Hazelea and
The Cottage), 1:05 in.; Upper Gatton, Chaldon, and Wester-
ham, 1:04 in.; Redhill and Harp’s Oak Cottage, 1:03 in.;
Caterham and West Wickham (Wickham Court), 1:02 in.; and
Abinger (The Hall) and Reigate Hill (Margery Hall), 1-00 in.

DecemBer 41TH.—Abinger (The Hall), 1:10 in.

‘< =

CONTENTS.

PROCEEDINGS.
Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting ...........:..:.:ccsceeesecuees : gx /
Prowidenit’s AGATOes 2, eto. os Pol Aiwa ee sere eS > exi
Suib-Cormtaoneeus tea tee cand. Aoi cot eee aes wee Wry exii
Hi XGursiOis sane, huloetae tok ©-c8 ec sa- > dalam ks wc Cas gmc exv
Evening Meetings.............+ MEL. ee eI) “exxi
Twenty-seventh Annual Soirée 2256.2 cgven en san 9s ny 6 omened CXXV |
Momibers elected) 1896). ..| ..... 2:5 eee. ncns .ouegeas eee CXXvi —
Additions: to .ERBEary WN; bvceeerk totes ess oceans Hic « sa Dace CXXVil
Treasurers! Dalaniee. BRCM ys scchius i. s.sas scope tgity tes sme een CXxvill
Rules fof ‘the’ Clab |i... 9. cea tees, co ssi vee arena CXXXi —
TRANSACTIONS.

Geological Notes of a Recent Sewer Section at Park Hill ae

Croydon. By H. Frayxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.. 207 —
Some Forms of Silica. By W. Murron Hotmus .............0505 213 ©
Notes‘on a Visit to the Southern Highlands of Scotland ......... 2188
Notes on the Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood. By 7

Grorce Jennincs Hinps, Ph.D., F.BR.S. .........ccceceeeeees 219 ©
On the Occurrence of Mammalian Remains near Purley. By

N: EF, Ropakre; F'.GBi ccigs RD. sos pdnssecs pases eee 233

Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896. Prepared 4a
by the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppeti-Bayarp, F.R.Met.So0c. 285

President.—J. M. Hozson, MRD. ? |
Vice-Presidents. — Jonn Berney, F.R.M.S.; Parmie Orowney,
F.L.S8., F.Z.8.; Henry §. Eaton, M.A., F.R.Met.Soc.; Huenry TY
Mennett, F.L.S.; Henry G. Txuompson, M.D., F.R.M.S., J.P.9
Epwarp Loverr; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.8.; and W
Mourron Hotmss. 1
Treasurer.—Epwarp B. Srurce.
Librarian,—Aurrep Roops. oe
Committee. — J. H. Bannock; H. C. Cotnyer; J. H. Drace;
James pps, Jun., F.L.5.; G. W. Moore; G. HE. Newsy, F.R.C.8. 5
K. J. Puatrs; N. F. Rowan : and C. H. Burnasy Sparrow. 3
Hon. Secretary.—R. F. Grunpy (112, Lower Addiscombe Ho i
Croydon), to whom all communications may be addressed.

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OF THE

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[ICROSCOPICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

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_ FEBRUARY 16, 1897, 70’ JANUARY 17, 1898.

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D FOR THE CLUB, BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

1898.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
| NATURAL HISTORY CLUB. .

1897—98.

Cwenty-eighth Annual Meeting,
Held at the Public Hail, Croydon, January 18th, 1898.

Dr. J. M. Hosgson, President, in the chair.

The statement of accounts for the year 1897 was approved.

The President announced that the following had been nomin-
ated as officers of the Club for the ensuing year, and there being
no other nominations they were duly elected :—President, J. M.
Hobson, M.D., B.Sc. ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. F. J. Townend; Hon.
Secretary, Mr. R. F. Grundy; Librarian, Mr. A. Roods; and Mr.
Wm. Whitaker, F.R.S., F.G.S., and Mr. H. D. Gower members
of the Committee to fill the vacancies caused by the retirement
of Mr. H. C. Collyer and Mr. C. H. Burnaby Sparrow.

The following is a list of the officers for the year 1898 :—

President.—J. M. Hozson, M.D., B.Sc.

Vice- Presidents—Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pur Crowxey,
F.Z.8S., F.L.8.; Henry 8. Earon, M.A., F.R. Met. Soc. ;
Henry T. Mennetz, F.L.8.; Henry G. Tuompson, M.D.,
J.P., &.; Epwarp Loverr; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D.,

q F.G.8.; and W. Murron Hoxmzs.

Treasurer, —F. J. Townenp (Alverley, Park Hill Rise,

; Croydon).

Librarian.—Aurrep Roops.

b

CXXXVi Proceedings.

Committee.—J. H. Batnocg, F.C.8.; J. H. Dracz; James
Epps, Jun., F.L.8.; H. D. Gower; G. W. Moore; G. EH.
Newsy, F.R.C.8.; E. J. Puarrs; N. F. Rosarts, F.G.S§.;
and W. Warraker, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Hon. Secretary.—R. F. Grunpy (112, Lower Addiscombe Road,
Croydon).

Botanical Sub-Committee. — ArntHUR BeEnneETT, F.L.S., High
Street, Croydon; J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., 64, Clyde Road;
James Epps, F.L.8., Norfolk House, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood;
A. FitzGERA.p, 93, Addiscombe Road; W. Incrams, Whitgift Schools,
Church Road; H. T. Mennett, F.L.S. (Hon. Sec.), Park Hill Rise;
H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; Ernest
StRakER, Wallington.

Geological Sub-Committee.—GrEorGE HinpE, Ph.D., F.G.S., F.R.S.,
Avondale Road; J. M. Hozson, M.D., B.Sc., 1, Morland Road; G.
W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road; H. FRanxKiin Parsons, M.D.,
F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Roparts, F.G.S. (Hon. Sec.), Abingdon,
Addiscombe Grove; THos. WaLkeER, C.E., Warrington Road; Wm.
WHITAKER, F'.R.S., Campden Road.

Meteorological Sub-Committee.—F. C.-Bayarp, LL.M. (Hon. Sec.),
Wallington; J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., 64, Clyde Road; Tuos.
Cusuine, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Batpwin Latuam, C.E., Duppas
House, Croydon.

Microscopical Sub-Committee.—Rev. R. K. Corser, 57, Park Hill
Road; T. A. Dukes, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; E. Lovert,
West Burton, Outram Road ; W. Murron Hotmes (Hon. Sec.), Glen-
side, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road.

Photographic Sub-Committee.—J. H. Bautpocx, F.C.S. (Lanternist
and Recorder), St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower (Hon. Sec.), 55,
Benson Road; E. J. Puarts, St. Leonard’s Road; AtFrreD Roops,
67, Thornhill Road; C. J. L. Russet, 56, Coombe Road; A. J.
WEIGHTMAN, Langdale, Chepstow Rise.

Zoological Sub-Committee —Joun Berney, F.R.M.S. (Hon. Sec.),
Chatsworth Road; Puiie Crow ey, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., Waddon; JoHn
Henry Drace, Tamworth Road, Croydon; C. H. Goopman, Bryn
Cottage, Whyteleaf, Surrey; H. Lez, St. John’s Grove; R.
McLacatay, F.R.S., F.L.S., 23, Clarendon Road, Lewisham.

Anthropological Sub-Committee—H. C. Cottyer, Beddington ;
E. Lovert (Hon. Sec.), West Burton, Outram Road; N. F. Rozarts,
F.G.S., Abingdon, Addiscombe Grove; J. Watson Suack, 56, Park
Lane; H. G. THompson, M.D., 86, Lower Addiscombe Road.

Musewm Sub-Committee.—J. M. Hozson, M.D., B.Sc. (Hon. Sec.),
1, Morland Road; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill
Rise; Epwarp Lovert, Ashburton Road; J. H. Drage, Tamworth
Road; Henry T. MENNELL, F.L.S., 31, Park Hill Rise.

The President then delivered his annual Address, describing
the operations of the Club during the past year, at the conclusion
of which a hearty vote of thanks was passed to him for the
Address and his services as President during the past year.

Proceedings. CXXXvil

The President’s Address.

Lapies and GENTLEMEN,

It comes to my turn as the latest of your Presidents
to pass in review the work of this Club during the twenty-eighth
year of its existence.

It is not my good fortune to have no deaths to record, for two
members have passed away—Major F. OC. S. Dyer and J. W.
Justican. The total number of members on our roll is 237.
There have been 82 new members elected, and 15 old members
have resigned, showing a gain of 15 members. Thirteen ladies
have joined our ranks since our resolution admitting ladies to
our membership. One lady has become a regular contributor to
the Photographic Album, and two or three ladies exhibited at
the Annual Soirée, notably Miss Gladys Parsons, whose diligence
brought together a valuable collection of shells of land and
freshwater Gasteropoda. This little lady, though wne fille du
régiment, is not yet strictly speaking a member. I trust that in
the coming year our lady members will be less backward in
contributing to the work of our Society.

Balance-sheet.—It is an untoward fact that the balance on the
General Account comes out on the wrong side this year. Iam
not aware if this has occurred before; it has certainly not
occurred since January 7th, 1894, when the balance to the good
was £59.

Now, I am departing somewhat from the practice of my
predecessors in reviewing the year’s work, for I am going to
recall the various events in continuous chronological order. I
do this because it has-occurred to me that by making our doings
once more, as it were, pass in regular procession before us, I
_ may be able to infuse into my Address something of the warmth
_ and colour of an active year.

The first meeting of all was in January, when an Anthropo-
logical Conversational Meeting was held under the direction of
Mr. Lovett.

February 16th, 1897.—This was the first occasion on which I
_ had the honour to preside over your deliberations. On this.
occasion Mr. Mennell showed some remarkably fine specimens
_ of fluorspar crystals from Weardale.

__ Mr. Campbell-Bayard then read the Report of the Meteoro-
logical Sub-Committee for 1896. The number of stations in
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CXXXxvili Proceedings.

this very wide district, which extends south of the Thames
from the Darenth in the east to the Mole in the west, increased
from seventy-three to seventy-eight, and the number of observers
from sixty-one to sixty-six. The rainfall for the year showed
mainly a deficiency, being 1°75 in. below the average of forty
years at Greenwich ; but at Surbiton it was 0:18 in. above the
average. September was a remarkably wet month, the very
unusual proportion of five out of twelve days in which one inch
or more fell occurring in that month. At Greenwich the fall
for September was 3:14 in. above the forty years’ average; at
Wimbledon 3°57 in., and at Surbiton as much as 4:91 in. above
the average. Places like Greenwich and Wimbledon lie to the
north of the range of hills bordering the River Thames, while
Surbiton lies to the west of them. This might possibly account
for the excessive rainfall in the latter place. The excellent
work of the Society in this direction had been favourably com-
mented upon in many scientific papers in this country and
abroad.

The next paper was by Dr. Franklin Parsons on ‘** The Times
of Appearance of Early Spring Flowers.’’ This paper is printed
in our ‘ Transactions’ (Article 135).

An interesting discussion followed each paper.

A Conversational Meeting was held on February 24th, when
Mr. Moore opened a conversation on Shingle Beaches, and
several interesting points were discussed.

On March 16th a general Evening Meeting was held. Messrs.
Epps, Jun., Mennell, and Lovett showed interesting objects of
Japanese manufacture, amongst which were some metallic
mirrors—brought, I think, by Mr. Lovett—in which you could
see the object from the other side. Mr. Collyer showed a flint
implement, and Mr. Sturge a coral rescued from a dust-heap.
The event of the evening was Mr. Pelton’s paper on ‘‘ Japanese
Lacquer, its History, Manufacture, and Decoration.’ This
paper is printed in our ‘ Transactions’ (Article 136),

On March 24th was a Conversational Meeting, when Dr.
Parsons gave a valuable demonstration on Mosses.

On April 10h our first.excursion took place. We went to the
Hunterian Museum under the guidance of Dr. Franklin Parsons.
Several wax models illustrating human anatomy were explained.
We also inspected the vast collections illustrating the osteology
of man and animals, as well as specimens of sponges, crusta-
ceans, &c.; and ascending to the galleries, we examined wax
models of the torpedo and its electrical apparatus, and also

OEE

Proceedings. CXXX1x

various specimens preserved in spirit illustrating the anatomy of
internal organs.

On April 13th, at a general meeting, several members made
observations on the rising of the Bourne water. I will give you
further details on this subject when I read you Dr. Hinde’s
report.

Mr. Lovett then gave an address on the use of wooden tallies,
a survival of a primitive appliance for reckoning. This was,
strictly speaking, a demonstration, as the author did not write
anything, though I hope he may be induced to do so, with
illustrations, for our ‘ Transactions,’ which would be otherwise
incomplete. Our English word “tally” is derived from the
French tailler, to cut, and taillé, a cut, and has, moreover, this
special interest, that it has retained the fuller sound of the
letter ‘1, which in modern French has been liquefied almost to
disappearance. ‘‘Bill” is also derived from bille, a piece of
wood. Without the actual object or a picture before one’s eyes,
it is not easy to follow a description. Suffice it to say that the
tally consists of a piece of wood, out of which a small piece has
been cut lengthwise in such a manner that when replaced in its
original position it forms with its parent a complete rod or stick,
and that when a score is recorded, a notch is cut across both
pieces simultaneously. As each party to the transaction keeps
his portion, no more notches can be cut by either till the two
pieces are fitted together, otherwise they would not tally. By
diligent search Mr. Lovett found tallies still in very general use
in hop-gardens in Worcestershire, and in at least one garden in
Kent, where, however, their use is rapidly dying out. He also
found them to be in common use in certain bakers’ shops in
Brittany.

The next event was a half-day excursion to East Horsley
and Sheere under the conduct of Mr. Baldock. I was not able
to go, so I will let Mr. Baldock himself speak :—

‘May 1st.—An excursion to East and West Horsley and
Sheere. The day turned out beautifully fine. There was
rather more than the usual attendance of members, and some
excellent photographs were obtained, including some of the
Old Church at West Horsley, and some of the lovely country
and woodland passed through between there and Sheere, from
which place the members returned by train to Croydon.”

This excursion was followed by one on May 15th to Godstone
and neighbourhood under the conduct of Mr. Platts, who has
very kindly, at my request, furnished the following notes :—

“Excursion to Godstone, May 15th, 1897. — The party of

cxl Proceedings.

eighteen members and friends left East Croydon at 3.30 p.m.
for Woldingham. We walked through Marden Park, and thence
by the Roman road, through the wood, to Rook’s Nest, where we
enjoyed the kind hospitality of the Hon. P. C. and Mrs. Glyn; -
and we were afterwards shown some of the curiosities contained
in the house, notably a large bedstead made entirely of ivory
and silver, taken from one of the Maharajas of India, as also a
cabinet containing a fine collection of stick and leaf insects
belonging to the family Phasmide. The party was then con-
ducted by Mrs. Glyn through the extensive grounds to the
American garden, and a very delightful excursion was brought
to a close by a walk to Oxted, whence train was taken to Croydon
at 7.45 p.m. A Thecla rubi was captured by Mr. Holmes, and
many varieties of Orchis were observed in the woods.”

Instead of the usual indoor meeting, a visit was paid on
May 29th to South Norwood Sewage Farm. After reading a
short paper on the theory of sewage purification as carried out
on the farm (‘ Transactions,’ Article 187), wherein I gave some
results of bacteriological experiments which I had made with
the sewage and with the effluent respectively, I conducted the
party—a very small one—over the farm, beginning with the
settling tanks and ending with the effluent; and with the help
of Mr. Walker, Borough Engineer, I explained the practical
workings. At the present time the whole of the purification of
sewage at this farm is effected by passing the fluid, after screening,
by gravitation through plots of growing rye grass. The subsoil
at a very little distance from the surface being dense clay, little
or no downward filtration can occur. Yet the effluent is on the
whole a satisfactory one, tested both chemically and bacterio-
logically. My own observations of the latter kind go to show that
at least ninety per cent. of the organisms are removed. It is
proposed shortly to try experimentally a biological purification
on this farm as carried out at Sutton.

We now come to the usual pause in general meetings, and
find that until September 21st our activities were confined to
excursions combining recreation with field work.

On Whit-Monday, June 7th, Dr. Franklin Parsons conducted
the members to West Hoathly and Balcombe. The following is
the report of the excursion contributed to the local press by
Dr. Parsons :—

«© A well attended excursion of this Club took place on Whit-
Monday, through the beautiful Weald of Sussex, from West
Hoathly to Balcombe. Arriving at West Hoathly Station at
11 o’clock, a steep ascent brought the party to the picturesque

Proceedings. exli

village of West Hoathly, which stands on a narrow and lofty
ridge, commanding fine views northwards over the Medway
valley, and southwards over that of the Sussex Ouse. A halt
was made to examine the church, which contains some Norman
work, a fine oak chancel roof, and some cast-iron memorial
slabs—relics of the old Sussex iron industry. The route thence
lay up and down a succession of ridges divided by steep wooded
and rocky valleys, the bottoms of which were occupied by ponds,
probably constructed to furnish water power to the old iron-
works. At Philpotts, a large quarry exhibited an interesting
section showing the junction of the Lower Tunbridge Wells
Sandstone with the overlying East Grinstead Clay. The former
bed is a massive sandstone, traversed by veins of spar; in its
upper part is a bed of conglomerate, a consolidated pebble beach
containing pebbles of dark quartzite derived from some rock far
older than any exposed on the surface in this part of England.
In this bed also some bones and teeth of reptiles and fishes
were found. Above the conglomerate is a sandy layer showing
distinct ripple marks formed on an old shore. In another quarry,
by Wakehurst, many freshwater shells and other fossils were
found in the Upper Tunbridge Wells Sandstone.”

On June 26th there was an excursion to Weybridge, starting
from Chertsey Bridge and going down the Thames to Walton
Bridge. The conductor was Mr. Lincoln. The results were
rather disappointing, as only three members turned up, and the
photographic results were small. Mr. Lincoln writes :—‘* My
object in suggesting an excursion into that neighbourhood was
that it gave the Club an opportunity of getting a class of picture
different to that which is obtainable near Croydon; but I find
from experience that river pictures are apt to be disappointing,
unless a good deal of time and trouble are spent on them.”
The distance in this case appears to have militated against
the success of the expedition.

On July 10th, a Saturday afternoon excursion was conducted
by Mr. Goodman. A fair number of members and friends took
train to Coulsdon Station, where we were met by Mr. Goodman.
The route taken was over Farthing Down on the north side of
which Spirea filipendula was growing in small clumps in fair
abundance and in flower. As Mr. Mennell has pointed out to me,
S. filipendula, which is a distinctly chalk species, must not be
confounded with S. ulmaria, the meadow-sweet, which, as
everyone knows, is a moisture-loving plant. We then descended
a valley, and, ascending again, made our way to Coulsdon,
visiting the church, of which some photographs were taken, and
so on into the Caterham Valley, from whence we again ascended

exlii Proceedings.

to Mr. Goodman’s residence at Warlingham. Here we were
hospitably entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Goodman, and after-
wards inspected their garden, where is a fine marsh garden,
supplied, as it appears, by bath-water. We subsequently re-
turned to Croydon by way of Upper Warlingham Station.

Of July 24th, Mr. J. H. Baldock, the conductor, writes: ‘‘The
excursion was to Oxted and neighbourhood. In spite of the
fine sunny day and the beauty of that neighbourhood, only three
members, including the conductor, turned up. One can but
remember with regret the time when twenty to twenty-five men
and some twelve to fourteen cameras put in an appearance.”

On August 2nd, Bank Holiday, Mr. Lovett conducted a party
to Holmwood, Leith Hill, Holmbury, and Gomshall. I regret
that I have not been able to obtain any account of this excursion.

Mr. G. W. Moore has kindly sent me the following account of
the fungus hunt which he conducted on September 18th :—

‘¢ September 18th.— Excursion to Crockham Hill and The
Squerries, Westerham (fungus hunt). Conductor, G. W. Moore. |
On this occasion, the weather being very threatening, only four
members presented themselves, including fortunately Mr. Holmes
and Dr. Parsons. A start was made at once from Oxted Station
at about 3.45 p.m., and a route taken across some fields, in
which were found a large quantity of the corn marigold, Chrys-
anthemum segetum, and in a hollow by the stream running from
near Limpsfield Church some fine specimens of the butterbur.
In the stream, the course of which is thought by some to have
been artificially altered, several specimens of the freshwater
limpet were found adhering to flints. The party followed the
stream to the road, which passes Limpsfield Church, then turned
up through the village as far as a sand escarpment of the Lower
Greensand, where some curiously contorted iron bands were
noticed. Shortly after this it began raining heavily, but after
sheltering for a short time the party continued on over Limps-
field Common, past the Salt Box, to Chart Common, finding on
the way several specimens of fungi, chiefly consisting of Boletus
(? edulis), Lactarius, Cantharellus, and Russula. The rain by this
time had evidently set in for the evening, and the excursion had
to be abandoned, so four half-drowned naturalists made the best
of their way back to Oxted.”

On September 21st, the first of the renewed evening meetings
was held. As is usual, no paper was read, members being
supposed to bring up the spoils of their summer holidays for
inspection and discussion. On this occasion Mr. Murton Holmes

Proceedings. exliii

brought carboniferous, oolitic, and chalk fossils; Mr. Brown,
chalk fossils; Mr. Hogg, fossils from Boulder Clay and flint
implements; Mr. Lovett, tallies from South Holland, Germany,
and Austria; Dr. Phillips, a nest of the rose-cutter bee (Mega-
chile centuncularis) found in newspaper ; and Dr. Parsons, fungi
from Kent Hatch, found in the excursion on September 18th,
and ferns.

On September 29th the Conversational Meeting was held in the
dark room, under the auspices of the Geological Section, and was
fairly well attended. Your President read some notes on the
geology of the Isle of Wight, illustrated by lantern-slides, Mr.
Underhill kindly operating. He showed also some samples of
stones—flint and Upper and Lower Greensand stone—from the
gravels at Bembridge and St. Helen’s, on the opposite sides of
the sea-end of Brading Harbour. The large size of some of
these stones, over a foot in length, indicates a carrying power
far greater than the present little river Yar. An interesting
conversation, in which Mr. Whitaker and Dr. Parsons took part,
ensued, during which some interesting facts on the course of
rivers and on denudation were elucidated.

On October 19th, at a general meeting, Mr. Epps, Jun., showed
the fruit of the guava (Psidium pyriferum) and a cluster of
mushrooms; and Mr. Holmes, fossils from the Upper Chalk.
Mr. Hogg then read his paper on ‘“‘ Flint Implements found at
Addington,” which appears in our ‘ Transactions’ (Article 188).

On October 27th a Conversational Meeting was held, at which
Mr. Murton Holmes exhibited and explained a number of micro-
scopical slides. Further notice of this meeting will be made in
Mr. Holmes’s sectional report.

On November 16th Mr. Murton Holmes showed a viper of
unusual length caught in Scotland, and also flint implements
found at St. Augustine’s Church. An exceedingly interesting
paper was then read by Mr. James Epps, Jun., on ‘‘ The Cacao
Plant, Theobroma cacao,’ from which the cocoa of commerce is
obtained. This paper is printed in our ‘ Transactions’ (Article
139), and by the kindness of the author is admirably illustrated.
At the conclusion of the paper a very hearty vote of thanks was
moved to Mr. Epps, which was carried unanimously.

Report or Annuat Sore.
The twenty-eighth Annual Soirée of this Club was held at the
Public Hall on Wednesday evening, and as usual proved a great
success. There was a large collection of microscopes, several

exliv Proceedings.

members of the Royal, Quekett, Holmesdale, Redhill, and other
clubs augmenting the exhibits of the local members, and de-
monstrations were given of several recent scientific novelties.

The collection of flowers gathered on the 24th November in
the neighbourhood of Park Hill, and shown by Dr. H. F.
Parsons, numbered one hundred and sixty-eight species and
varieties, the presence of dahlias in the group showing the mild-
ness of the season. This gentleman also had a collection of
British lichens and fungi, and Miss Gladys Parsons a series of
British land and freshwater shells. Mr. Edward Lovett had a
very interesting display of ‘fish hooks,” obtained from all parts
of the world, showing their evolution from the stone age to the
present day. Mr. H.C. Collyer exhibited some early sixteenth
century leather bottles or costrells; some leather measures,
dated 1649, with shields and arms, and a pair of very curious
leather wine bottles, which were attached to the saddle in early
times; also some very fine tinder-boxes of beautiful design and
workmanship.

Mr. W. Whitaker had specimens of rock, obtained more than
1100 feet below the surface, from the trial boring at Weeley,
Essex, the work having been done by ‘‘diamond-boring.” Dr.
Hobson showed fossils from the eocene and oligocene beds, and
Mr. G. F. Brown a series found in chalk. Mr. C. E. Salmon’s
botanical collection afforded much interest, as did also the cases
of beetles of Mr. C. H. Goodman. Mr. C. Thorpe showed some
excellent examples of taxidermy, a group of terns, and another
of British woodpeckers, being much admired, as well as two
splendid specimens of the chough, and numerous other exhibits,
particularly the small antelope from Somaliland, which, it is
said, has never before been ‘‘ mounted” in its entirety, its skin
being so difficult to preserve.

The display of photos by the members of the Photographic
Section which hung in the corridor demand more than passing
mention, as there were some excellent examples of recent work.
The portrait bust of Mr. H. D. Gower, Honorary Secretary of
the Section, by Mr. D. A. Tonelli, occupied a central position
and called forth high praise, both as to the excellent likeness
and quality of the work. Surrounding this was a series of
enlargements of snapshots taken by Mr. Ernest Straker on his
recent visit to Fair Isle, showing some of the birds and seals
found on this exposed rock, midway between the Orkney and
Shetland Isles. The group of ‘‘ Puffins,” obtained after much
labour, leaves nothing to be desired, and those of the seals,
which are so difficult to approach, are full of interest. Mr.
Sandell showed a series of photographs of his usual fine quality,
and excellent exhibits were made by the members, Mrs. Groves,
Messrs. Baldock, Coldwells, Collyer, Crowley, East, Epps, Gower,

Pr a toe uae

I i i i

Proceedings. exlv

Hobson, Hoole, Lincoln, Moss, and Platts. The selected”,
portfolio pictures were also shown, the members gaining this
distinction being Messrs. Hast, J. Epps, Jun., Gower, and
Hoole.

In the Small Hall was a fine display of exotic butterflies and
beetles from the collection of Mr. P. Crowley, and some ripe
citrons grown at Waddon House. The silk-producing moths
afforded much interest, as did the delicate little nests of various
species of humming birds, and that of the red-plumed bird of
paradise (Paradisea raggiana), the single egg shown being the
only one yet obtained of this beautiful bird. The curious nest
of the trap-door spider was also shown, and eggs of this insect,
under the microscope. Mr. Dedman had a series of British shells,
freshwater and marine; Mr. H. M. Klaassen, a graphoscope,
mosses and lichens, and some very quaint and well-executed
heads carved in the white portion of dried horse-chestnuts by
Mrs. Hubbard. Some models of Indian cooking utensils were
shown by Mr. Henig, and Japanese pictures of the Impeyan
pheasant and partridge by Mr. Epps, Jun., the actual feathers of
the birds being used to form the pictures. Mr. J. Henry Drage
exhibited a large collection of British marine Alge, beautifully
mounted, and retaining much of the brilliant colouring peculiar
to these delicate growths of the sea. Mr. L. Casella showed and
described the new patent Bridges-Lee Photo-Theodolite, and Mr.
J. H. Baldock a “ Krémskép,” which Mr. Ives has been many
years perfecting. It shows a picture in natural colour, obtained
by taking three negatives through three different coloured glasses.
Positives are made from these, and exhibited through glasses of
the same three colours as were used to take the negatives.

Mr. Newby gave a demonstration of the X-rays, and Mr. L.
M. Waterhouse, of Birdhurst Road, gave an interesting ex-
hibition of electro-static and electro-magnetic phenomena, with
apparatus of his own construction. These experiments included
electrical discharges in high vacua, statical discharges through
tubes, revolving vacuum tubes, microphone, rotating electro-
magnets, &c. The apparatus shown included electrical instru-
ments for testing and general work, and a number of tiny
incandescent lamps were connected up to demonstrate electric
lighting. Mr. Waterhouse also exhibited a watch which is
absolutely non-magnetic, being unaffected by the strongest
dynamo.

A table in the Small Hall was devoted to lantern slides, dis-
playing much good work by members of the Club, and in the old
School of Art there were several shows given during the evening,
alternating with the cinematograph, furnished by Messrs. Noakes
and Norman, of Greenwich, Mr. Norman giving the demonstra-
tion himself, the Royal Artillery in Jubilee procession and the

exlvi Proceedings.

snowballing incident being much applauded, as indeed their
excellence deserved.

The stage was adorned with flowers and foliage plants from
Mr. P. Crowley’s conservatories, and Mr. H. M. Carter sent
some water-colour sketches, which were hung in the Large Hall.
A good selection of music was given during the evening, and
altogether the members may be congratulated on so satisfactory
an issue.—From ‘ Croydon Advertiser.’

At the general meeting on December 21st Dr. Franklin Parsons
exhibited some fine specimens of ammonites, hamites, &c., ob-
tained by him from the gault at Folkestone.

Mr. J. Watson Slack moved, and Mr. Whitaker seconded, a
resolution expressing the opinion that the contemplated removal
of the Whitgift Hospital would be a deplorable mistake, and
praying the Croydon County Council to consider other steps to
mitigate the difficulties of traffic at the spot in question, and
thereby save a most valuable piece of ancient architecture. The
resolution received the warm support of the President, Mr.
Baldwin Latham, and other members present, and on being put
to the vote was carried unanimously in a well-attended meeting.
It was also resolved to send an offer of co-operation, on behalf
of the Club, to other societies having the preservation of ancient
buildings at heart.

The President then called upon Mr. Whitaker, F.R.S., late of
the Geological Survey, to read his paper on a “ Drift Deposit
with Bones at Carshalton.” The plot of land acquired for
the disposal of sewage at Carshalton, though mapped by the
Geological Survey as London Clay, had unexpectedly—and
fortunately for the District Council—been found to consist
superficially of sand, with bands of loam running through it.
This was the drift (or loose deposit carried down by streams and
spread over the original surface of the ground), and was of a
character differing from that generally found in the neighbour-
hood, though when traced nearer to the Wandle the usual gravelly
structure was found. There had been several excavations cutting
through these sandy beds down into the London Clay beneath.
Under fifteen feet was found a broken up, muddy deposit, such
as at one time might have formed the bottom of a pond. In
this deposit the bones to be described were found. Mr. Whitaker
eulogised the public spirit of the Carshalton authorities in care-
fully preserving all the remains discovered. Mr. Newton, F.R.S.,
of Jermyn Street Museum, then described the bones in detail.
The most important of these was the skull of a rhinoceros, a two-
horned species, probably that known as the woolly rhinoceros
(R. tichorhinus). There were also fore and hind bones and a rib
of this beast. There were found, in addition, a small portion of

Proceedings. exlvii

an elephant’s tusk—probably a mammoth’s—and a number of
horses’ bones. An interesting discussion ensued, in which
several members took part.

This ends my record of events; the several Sub-Committees
must now speak for themselves.

BoranicaL SuB-CoMMITTEE.

I have no report to make this year of any official proceedings on
their part.

It is, however, worth recording that the rare Carex strigosa was
found in considerable abundance on the occasion of the Whit-Monday
excursion in the neighbourhood of West Hoathly. This plant is
specially a Sussex plant, and has only once been recorded from Surrey.

The rarest of our local plants—Teucriwm botrys—has been in great
abundance this year in its locality near Addington, and, we are glad
to know, has reappeared in considerable abundance this year in its
only other British locality at Box Hill, where it had of late years been
apparently dying out.—Signed, H. T. MEnNnELL.

GEOLOGICAL SuB-COMMITTEE.

The only matters calling for notice in connection with the Geo-
logical Sub-Committee are the fresh discoveries of mammalian remains
in the gravels round Croydon, and more particularly that of the
rhinoceros’ skull found at Carshalton, and described to the Club by
Mr. EH. T. Newton, F.R.S., and Mr. W. Whitaker, F.R.S.; and the
flow of the Bourne in the Caterham Valley during the months of
March, April, and May, 1897. Unfortunately I have no record of its
first appearance, but during March the stream gradually worked its
way down the valley, and on the 26th it passed through the culvert
beneath the railway embankment at Purley Station. The surface flow
continued without any noticeable diminution of volume to about the
10th April, when it reached the junction of the Godstone and Brighton
Roads, and did not apparently extend beyond this point nearer Croydon.
On May 7th the stream no longer flowed through the railway culvert
at Purley; on the 16th there was still a fairly strong current in the
valley opposite Little Roke; but on the 23rd the channel was quite
dried up throughout.

Should any of our members be able to furnish any details of the
volume of water or other particulars of this Bourne outflow, it would
be very desirable to have them recorded in our ‘Transactions.’—
Signed, G. Hinpz.

MicroscopicaL Sus-CoMMITTEE.

The Microscopical Sub-Committee held one Conversational Meeting
during the year, which was fairly well attended. Vegetable anatomy
was the subject for discussion, and numerous slides illustrating various
structures were exhibited by the Honorary Secretary of the Section.

Members are reminded that there is a large number of microscopical
slides in the Club cabinet which can be borrowed under the same
regulations as books from the library, and the Club microscope is also
available for exhibiting eit at any of ea aennes: —Signed, W.
Murton Houmes.

exlvili Proceedings.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SuB-COMMITTEE.

The Photographic Section has again passed through rather a quiet
year, and it is very difficult to point to any particular cause for this.
Counter attractions may have a great deal to do with it, as well
as lack of interesting matter photographically, the past year being
singularly deficient of anything of a particularly startling nature. The
meetings might have been considerably better ‘attended.

Meetings and lantern evenings have taken place during the year.
The Club being now affiliated to the Royal Photographie Society, who
issue a series of lectures of photographic interest, the Section has
availed itself of them during the past year at the rate of one per
month, and the supply will continue well into the new year and
following autumn.

Thanks are due to the editors of ‘The British Journal of Photo-
graphy,’ ‘The Amateur Photographer,’ and also ‘The Magic Lantern
Journal,’ for free copies sent during the past year for the use of
members in the reading-room. It may also be mentioned that the
editor of ‘The Photographic News’ has kindly undertaken to supply
a copy in the coming year.

The excursions this year were perhaps hardly better attended than
usual, and in some few instances the number was very limited.

During the spring of the year a small loan collection of photographs,
organized by Mr. Horsley-Hinton, editor of the ‘Amateur Photo-
grapher,’ was arranged by several of the Sectional Committees, who
acted as guarantors against any loss or expense which might have
been entailed, and although the attendance during the two days’
exhibition was limited, the tickets taken up by the Committee and
members not only paid all expenses, but resulted in a surplus of
£2 16s. 8d. being handed over to the Honorary Treasurer.

The ‘ Portfolio,’ which was suggested by Mr. C. Moss and started at
the beginning of the year, is so far very successful, and the contributors
are gradually increasing. Thanks are due to Mr. Grundy for pre-
senting the Section with two excellent portfolios for the purpose. The
first batch of prints were sent out in April last, and fresh batches of
prints have been issued each month (excepting July and August, owing
to holidays); the result has been that eighty-one pictures have passed
through the members’ hands for criticism, and it may be mentioned
that any fresh member who takes up photography, and would like to
join, can obtain all the desired information from the Honorary
Secretary of the Section.

The Club lantern has undergone a slight alteration through the
kindness of Mr. Baldock, the Honorary Lanternist, who, at his own
expense, has had a much-needed new front tube fitted, to take a lens
of better definition, thereby improving the projective power of the
instrument.

The Soirée this year was well maintained as far as the sectional
exhibit went, some ninety frames being hung in the corridor, and over
four hundred lantern-slides upon a large table in the Small Hall.
Lantern exhibitions were held in the Old School of Art Room during
the evening, alternating with an excellent exhibition of animated
photographs by Messrs. Noakes and Norman, of Greenwich. The
Kromskop was exhibited in the Small Hall by Mr. J. H. Baldock, and
the Bridges-Lee Photo-Theodolite by Mr. L. Casella, an instrument

Proceedings. exlix

worthy of careful study and examination. The room at the end of the
corridor was given up to an exhibition of X-rays by Dr. Newby, and
Mr. L. M. Waterhouse exhibited fine examples of electro and magnetic
displays.

The membership of the Section continues the same; and in conclu-
sion it may be said that there is room for a great deal of good work to
be done in the district, coupled with the help of the other sections; the
improvements, changes, and alterations that are going on give ample
scope for making records of what will, in a few years’ time, exist only
in the memories of our older members who are left to us.—Signed,
Harry D. Gower.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SuB-CoMMITTEE.

I have nothing to report on my Section. I have made one or two
communications to the Club on my subjects, and am still collecting
notes and specimens; but my request for information to be sent me
by any member who meets with anything of anthropological interest
has not met with any results.—Signed, Epwarp Lovert.

ZooLogicaL SuB-CoMMITTEE.

I am sorry that I have not anything to report, nothing unusual
having occurred; of the rare Plusia moneta I captured two last July,
making thirteen altogether taken by me in my garden during the
years 1896, 1897, and 1898.—Signed, Joon Berney.

Musreum Sus-ComMMITTEE.

This was appointed not by a general meeting of members but by
the Committee, and consisted of the President, Dr. Franklin Parsons,
and Messrs. Mennell, Lovett, and Drage. Several meetings have been
held, and the Croydon County Council approached on the subject.
After considerable demur, the Council haye consented to allow two
cases to be placed in the new Braithwaite Hall, subject to the
following stipulations :—

(1). The cases are to be provided and the contents arranged and
kept in order by the Club.

(2). The cases are to be removed by the Club if and when the
Libraries Committee require.

(3). They are not to be more than two feet deep, and are to be of a
pattern to be approved by the Libraries Committee.

The trustees of the special furnishing fund having been approached
and no objection having been raised by them, the Committee made
_ the following recommendations :—

_ (1). That a sum not exceeding £25 be now withdrawn from the
Special Fund for the purpose of purchasing museum cabinets.
_ (2). That a standing Sub-Committee, to be called the “‘ Museum
*s ub-Committee,” be appointed at this and each subsequent Annual
Meeting.

_ (8). That the duties of such Sub-Committee be to take charge of all
eum cases and specimens belonging to this Club, and to collect,
oge, and take charge of specimens illustrative of the fauna, flora,
geology, and antiquities of the district.—Signed, J. M. Hosson.

cl Proceedings.

Mempers Exectep, 1897.

January 19th. — Arthur William Harrison, M.D., Winsley, 94,
Brighton Road. Samuel H. Slade, Goodrington, Birdhurst Rise.
William Dawson Ainger, Ebury, Moreton Road. Martin Luther
Moss, 23, Park Hill Rise.

February 16th.—Ernest Heber Laudel Jones, 11, Rosehill Road,
Wandsworth. Edward Cristall, 1, St. Leonard’s Road, Croydon.
William Augustus Howard, 60, Clyde Road. Arthur Percy Allan,
M.B., B.S., Abbotsford, Croham Road.

March 16th.—Miss Mabel Perronet Bisson, 13, Selby Road, Anerley.
Mrs. Mary Marks Groves, 2, Canning Road. Miss Georgina Wills,
Southwood, Croham Road. Miss Annie Margaret Epps, Norfolk
House, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood. Miss Alice Mabel Bonus, 8,
Dingwall Road. Miss Agatha F. Bonus, 8, Dingwall Road. Miss
Georgina Hay, 8, Dingwall Road.

April 13th.—Alfred Tarver, Polruan, Stuart Road, Thornton Heath.
Walter Catt, 3, Coombe Street. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., High Street.
Mrs. Louisa Anne Parsons, 4, Park Hill Rise.

May 29th.— Miss Fanny Alice Waterall, Grove Cottage, Addiscombe
Grove. .

September 21st.—Moses Jackson, J.P., 139, Lower Addiscombe
Road. Alfred Ford, Ashburton Lodge, Ashburton Road.

October 19th. — Arthur George Green, 24, Canning Road. J.
Dighton, Grosvenor Road, Pimlico.

November 16th.—Miss Edith A. L. Kemp, Fern Bank, Addiscombe
Road. William Alexander Weightman, Langdale, Chepstow Rise.
Miss Elizabeth F. Klaassen, Aberfeldy, Campden Road. Rudolf Petri,
Hazeltryst, Havelock Road.

December 21st.—Miss F. Kate Aldrich, 14, Tavistock Road. Edmund
Goddard, Canning Road. James Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Se., 64, Clyde
Road. Miss Catherine Ward,

EXxuipits.

February 16th.—H. T. Mennell: Crystals of fluorspar.

March 16th.—James Epps, Jun.: Five Japanese cake dishes and
Japanese medicine box. H.T. Mennell: Japanese porcelain. Edward
Lovett: Japanese bronze mirrors, carved pipe-case, pipes, and tobacco
pouches. J.O. Pelton: Japanese works of art. H.C. Collyer: Flint
knife found at Beddington. E. B. Sturge: Coral found in a Croydon
rubbish-heap.

April 13th.—Edward Lovett: Tallies.

September 21st.—W. Murton Holmes: Carboniferous, oolitic, and
chalk fossils from Whyteleaf and Purley. Edward Lovett: Tallies
from South Holland, Germany, and Vienna. A. J. Hogg: Fossils
from Great Boulder Clay from Lowestoft, and flint implements from
Addington and other localities. J. W. Phillips, M.D.: Nest of a rose-
cutter bee found in newspaper. H. F. Parsons, M.D.: Fungi from
Kent Hatch, and ferns—Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, H. twnbridgense,
and Lycopodium inundatum.

October 19th.—J. Epps, Jun.: Fruit of the guava (Psidiwm pyri-
jferum) and a cluster of mushrooms. W. Murton Holmes: Upper
Chalk fossils. A. J. Hogg: Flint implements.

November 16th.—J. Epps, Jun.: Cacao plant.

December 21st.—H. F. Parsons: Fossils from Gault at Folkestone.

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TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1897—98.

135.—On tHe Times or Frowerine or Harty Spring FLowers.
By H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.
(Read February 16th, 1897.)

To the lover of a garden the hardy flowers of early spring
are especially attractive, not only for their modest beauty and
intrinsic interest, but also as harbingers after the long dreary
winter of sunny hours to come. Hence it has been my pleasure
for some years past to cultivate as many early spring flowering
plants as I could, and to watch for and record year by year the
dates of their appearance in blossom. Later in the season,
when the appearance of a new flower has lost much of its
novelty, the keeping of the record has, I am sorry to say, been
neglected.

f the early flowers of our gardens, some are British plants,
more or less modified by cultivation ; most of the old favourites
are Huropean, though many attractive bulbous plants of more
recent introduction come from Western Asia, e.g. Chionodoxa
Lacilia, Scilla sibirica, and Puschkinia libanotica. Not a few are
natives of mountain and northern localities, where they flower

later in the year than with us, coming out immediately after the
melting of the snow. Many are in their wild state natives of

woods, where they find shelter from the sharp frosts and keen

winds of spring ; while, blooming before the trees come into leaf,

they are not shaded from the sun’s rays as they would be if they

bloomed later in the year. Here they often grow in great

Masses, carpeting the ground, as we see with our wood anemones,
B

242 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the Times of

primroses, and bluebells ; and, following this hint of nature, the
early bulbous plants may with advantage be planted under trees
and shrubs in the garden to fill with beauty spaces which would
otherwise be bare.

Almost all of the earliest spring flowers come up from bulbous
or fleshy roots—I do not use the word root in the strict botanical
sense—so that their early development takes place with the aid
of materials formed and stored up during the previous season,
and prepared by processes taking place during the autumn and
winter months. Of spring flowers a larger proportion are blue
or purple, and a smaller proportion red, than of the flowers
occurring later in the year.

The following remarks as to dates of flowering refer only to
my own garden, which is not a particularly early one, being on
a cold clay soil, and having a slope to the north and east, though
for a suburban garden it gets a fair amount of sun. In a warm
situation the times of flowering might be a fortnight earlier.

The New Year, when it comes in, finds in my garden a few
winter-blooming flowers which have appeared in December,
such as the Christmas rose, the sweet-scented butterbur (Nar-
dosmia fragrans), and the yellow winter-flowering jasmine; as
well as, if December has been mild, a few lingering survivors
from summer and autumn.

Of the flowers of the New Year, the first is the winter aconite
(Eranthis hiemalis), of which the golden cups and green frills
have during each of the past five years appeared in January,
the average date being Jan. 17th. The flowers of the Mediter-
ranean heath (rica carnea) are usually fully developed in
January. The primrose is generally in flower before the end
of January, but the garden primrose is more or less modified
by cultivation, and not infrequently flowers in autumn, or
even in a mild December. The common snowdrop (Galanthus
nivalis) is another flower of January, its average date of
appearance being Jan. 26th. The more recently introduced
species, G. plicatus and G. Elwesii, are rather later, about
the middle of February. The hardy Cyclamen coum, with its
crimson flowers, is out in most seasons early in February.
During February many early bulbous plants are in flower, as the
early snowflake (Leucojum vernum), several species of crocus, Iris
reticulata, Bulbocodium vernum, the tiny Narcissus minimus, and
Scilla bifolia, with its panicles of deep blue flowers, to my mind
more beautiful than the larger sky-blue flowers of the better-
known Scilla sibirica, which flowers about three weeks later.
Anemone blanda and A. hepatica also bloom in February. Of the
spring flowering species of crocus, the earliest with me is the
common yellow Crocus aureus, which precedes by more than a
week the ‘cloth of gold,” Crocus stellaris and C. Imperati, which

Flowering of Early Spring Flowers. 243

are reputed to be especially early blooming kinds. There are of
course several species of crocus which bloom in autumn, and I
have one (Crocus hiemalis) which blooms in December.

During March, besides several other species of bulbous plants,
the violet, periwinkle, several species of Primula, and the early
Saxifrages come into flower. Of the latter, the earliest with me
has been Sawifraga oppositifolia, then Burseriana, luteo-purpurea,
and sancta. Towards the end of the month several flowering
shrubs come out, as FYorsythia viridissima, with its yellow flowers
appearing before the leaves, the almond, and red currant (Ribes
sanguineum) ; also the plum, pear, and other fruit trees. During
April many more species of, plants come into flower, and the
rock-garden is at its best in May, when also the mass of the
flowering shrubs are in bloom. But the borders have lost their
gaiety when the early flowering bulbs are over, and do not
resume it again until well into the summer.

The time of flowering of any particular plant or species varies
of course with the character of the particular season ; it may be
earlier or later by a month, six weeks, or even more. Thus
such hardy species as Scilla bifolia, Cyclamen coum, and Crocus
aureus were six weeks later in the severe spring of 1895 than in
1896. Of the four years (1893-1896), 1893 might be called an
average season, 1894 and 1896 were early, and 1895, from. the
latter part of January, very backward.

The following are the meteorological characters of the early
part of the four years :—

1893.—December, 1892, had been cold, the mean temperature
at Greenwich being 86:9°, or 2°3° below the average. The four-
feet earth thermometer on Jan. 1st stood at 42°. January began
with a period of frost, which lasted till the 18th ; but the latter
part of the month was milder. February had alternating mild
and cold periods, with a spell of frost in the last week. March
was mild, except a short period of frost in the middle, and the
beginning of April was very warm, The mean temperature of
the first quarter at Greenwich was 40‘9°.

_1894.—In December, 1893, the mean temperature at Greenwich
was 40°6°, or 1:6° above the average. On Jan. 1st, 1894, my four-
_ feet thermometer stood at 48°6°._ The first week of January was
a period of intense frost, but it thawed on the 9th, and the rest
of the month was mild. February was mild, except for a period
_ of frost (18th-23rd). March also was fairly mild. The mean
temperature at Greenwich during the first quarter of 1894
was 41°4°.

_ 1895.—December, 1894, was mild, the mean temperature at
_ Greenwich being 42:2°, or 3:2° above the average. The four-feet

‘th ermometer on Jan. 1st, 1895, marked 44:2°. The first fort-
_ night of January was frosty; then came a week or so of mild
: BQ

244 = On the Times of Flowering of Early Spring Flowers.

weather till Jan. 22nd, on which day was a heavy fall of snow,
followed by a period of intense frost, which lasted unbroken to
Feb. 18th, and with intermissions to the end of the first week in
March. ‘The last half of March was mild. The mean tempera-
ture of the quarter at Greenwich was only 85:2°.

1896.—In December, 1895, the mean temperature at Green-
wich was 40°2°, or 1:2° above the average. The four-feet ther-
mometer at the beginning of January, 1896, stood at 44°5°. The
weather during January and February was mild, dull, and dry;
in March also mild and dull, but wet. The only period of con-
secutive frost was for a few days towards the end of February.
The mean temperature of the quarter at Greenwich was 42°2°.

There is thus, as every one knows, a general correspondence
between the meteorology of the season and the time of appear-
ance of flowers; vegetation being forward in the mild first
quarters of 1894 and 1896, and backward in the intensely cold
season of 1895. I have tried, but without much success, to trace
the connection more in detail.

We may assume that the bringing of a plant into flower needs
that it should have received a certain aggregate amount of energy
in the shape of heat, either in the form of the sun’s rays, or of
temperature of air, earth, and rainfall. We may also take it
that each plant requires, in order that its vital processes may go
on, a certain degree of temperature, different no doubt in diffe-
rent species; but at least above 32° Fahr. in phanerogamous
plants, at any rate. In the case of hardy plants, we may reckon
degrees of temperature below the freezing point as nil, not as
negative, i.e. growth is suspended, but not undone. For the
sake of uniformity, I have taken the starting point as Jan. 1st,
though doubtless in the earliest blooming plants the processes of
growih which culminate in flower have been active before that
date. On the basis of the above assumptions I have reckoned for
some twenty species, of which I have the date of flowering re-
corded in each of the four years 1893-96—A, the aggregate
degrees of maximum daily temperature above 82° Fahr. ; B, the
aggregate degrees of mean daily temperature above 32° Fahr. ;
and C, the aggregate hours of sunshine recorded at Greenwich
in each year between Jan. 1st and the coming of each species
into flower; noting also the earth temperatures at four feet and
at one foot deep. But, though I have spent a good deal of time,
I have not discovered any close numerical relation between the
date of flowering and either of these factors. To some extent
apparently sunshine and air temperature may take the place of
one another. One may see the snowdrop or winter aconite come
into flower under the influence of bright sunshine when the air
temperature in the shade scarcely reaches above the freezing
point ; and, on the other hand, flowers will come out in mild

Mr. John O. Pelton on Japanese Lacquer. 245

‘cloudy weather in the absence of sunshine. We know how wide
the crocus opens in bright sunshine, but it will open equally
wide if brought into a warm room with only artificial light.

As we should have expected, the amount of sunlight before
each plant came into flower was much greater in 1895, when
with bright frosty weather the ground was covered with snow,
than in the mild cloudy season of 1896. But it is difficult to
understand why in 1898—which, as I have said, was neither a
particularly early nor backward season, and which was preceded
by a cold December—the amounts both of day temperature and
of sunshine necessary to bring the plants in question into flower
should have been as a rule markedly less than either in the mild
first quarters of 1894 and 1896, or in the cold one of 1895.

136.—JapanEsE LacquEr: 11s History, MANUFACTURE, AND
DeEcoRarTION.

By Jonn O. Petron.
(Read March 16th, 1897.)

Tue prominence given to Japan during the last thirty years
may be due to many causes, but undoubtedly the quality which
mainly riveted the attention of the Western world was the
glorious revelation of artistic genius which astonished and de-
lighted all beholders. Although Japan had been accessible to
navigators and to a limited number of Dutch traders for cen-
turies, so little was really known regarding the inner life of her
inhabitants that Sir Rutherford Alcock, the first British Pleni-
potentiary Extraordinary, who, in 1859, entered upon his duties,
described them as “a people grotesque and savage.”’ It was not
long, however, before this feeling changed into one of the most
_ ardent admiration and appreciation.

No record exists of the birth of the lacquer industry in Japan.
_ Tradition states that even before the Christian era an officer was
“appointed by the imperial court to superintend its manufacture ;
_ there are pieces now existing in Japan said to date from the
third century. I can, however, state with certainty that the
‘industry is at least 1800 years old, as in the Nihonji, the ancient
Chronicles of Japan, lacquer is mentioned in the year 567 in
such a manner as to convey the impression that it had existed
Some time before that date; well authenticated pieces dating

om the eee and eighth centuries are preserved in the royal
treasury at Nara.

246 Mr. John O. Pelton on

Up to the end of the twelfth century the head-quarters of the
lacquer industry were at Kioto, the residence of the Emperor;
but about that time the powerful influence of the Shoguns
diverted much talent to their own capital, Kamakura, which
remained for many years a centre of artistic production, although
its lacquer never reached the same pitch of excellence as that of
Kioto. During the stormy period which marked the rule of the
Hojo family of Shoguns the art languished, but revived under
the Ashikaga family, who came into power in 1835. Under the
Shogun Yoshimasa the art of lacquering was much encouraged,
and we find mention of one Monnyu, who produced carved red-
and-black lacquer of great excellence. From this period (1500)
to the accession of the greatest of the Shoguns, Tokugawa
Iyeyasu, lacquer-working declined owing to the almost constant
wars which prevailed through the whole of the sixteenth century.
Iyeyasu, however, inaugurated a period of peace, which extended
from his accession (16083) until times within the memory of
many here present. Magnificent specimens of lacquer work,
mostly in the form of furniture and shrines, were produced in
the early part of the seventeenth century. But it was at the
end of the seventeenth and the early part of the eighteenth
century that lacquer work is considered to have reached its
greatest perfection.

The lacquer work of that period is known as Joken Makiye,
Joken being the posthumous name of the Tokugawa Shogun,
who ruled from 1681 to 1708. This period saw the rise of
most of the great schools; Koyetsu, Korin, Kajikawa, Koma,
Shunsho, and Ritsuo are names familiar to all collectors.

All through the eighteenth and well into the present century
lacquer showed little sign of decadence; none of the modern
expedients to shorten the period of manufacture were then
practised. It was the gigantic demand which followed the
Revolution of 1868, when art prostituted itself to the capricious
demands of commerce, which caused the Japanese to abandon
their old traditions and methods. So rapid was the decadence
that Japanese lacquer bid fair to become a by-word, but within
the last few years the Government, awakening to the fact that
the wonderful progress and appreciation of Japan among the
western nations is largely owing to her magnificent artistic
record, has taken steps to revive in some measure the ancient
glory of her arts, and by liberal purchases is preventing the
chefs-d’euvre of her great artists from leaving the country of
their origin. As the nineteenth century advanced fine lacquer
work was produced more and more rarely, the art reaching its
lowest level about the time of the opening of the ports, and the
appearance of lacquer work at the Kuropean exhibitions. A
demand for Japanese lacquer was suddenly created, and a vast

ie

Japanese Lacquer. 247

amount was made to supply the demand; but as one of the
essential elements for good lacquer is time, it was obviously im-
possible for commercial purposes to fulfil this condition. The
evil effect soon became manifest, for as the knowledge of fine
lacquer spread and examples of old work came to hand, this
inferior but often very showy modern work was discredited.
Men like Zeshin, who died as recently as 1891, have proved that
fine lacquer work can still be produced, but the majority of the
fine pieces of to-day are distinctly inferior to the best of the old
work. Although properly belonging to the decoration of lacquer,
I must at this point draw your attention to the varieties of
lacquer. They are very numerous, but I need only speak of the
principal ones. The kind most in evidence is nashiji, or avan-
turine lacquer, so called from its resemblance to avanturine
Venetian glass; the Japanese word ‘‘nashiji” signifies pear-
rind (this fruit in Japan resembles our golden-russet apple).
Nashiji is freely employed in the interior of boxes, cabinets, &c.
In such cases no decoration is, as a rule, added ; but in exterior
work it is very unusual to find a surface, unless it is the bottom
of a box, without added ornament; sometimes a mottled or
clouded appearance is given toit. Nashiji is composed of gold,
silver, or baser metals, but the powders vary in fineness. All
these variations have their distinguishing names. These pow-
ders may be lightly sprinkled on or laid on thickly, assuming, as
the French say, a crushed barley-sugar appearance. Fine old
nashiji, in which gold in liberal quantities was employed, is
justly prized. Much modern work is prepared from tin, to
which some pigment, such as gamboge, is added to give it the
appearance of gold. After the metal has been laid on it is
covered with coatings of transparent lacquer, which in fine
pieces may amount to a dozen.

Three other kinds of lacquer demand attention, viz. togidashi,
hira makiyé, and taka makiyé. These, with nashiji, which is
really a variety of togidashi, practically cover the whole field.
They are frequently combined in one piece. Roughly speaking
they may be distinguished as follows:—Togidashi is lacquer
with a perfectly smooth polished surface, the designs not pro-
_jecting above the groundwork; hira makiyé is lacquer where
the designs are in low relief; taka makiyé is lacquer where the
designs are in bold relief. It is difficult to draw the line between

4 the two latter; pieces in which togidashi is alone employed are

frequently found, and among them are included some of the
finest specimens of Japanese art; hira makiyé is seldom used

_ alone, but is more generally accompanied by either togidashi,

taka makiyé, or both ; taka makiyé is seldom, if ever, found
alone.
The oldest lacquer which the ordinary collector may expect to

248 Mr: John O. Pelton on

meet with will date from the fifteenth century—probably figures
somewhat rudely carved, but thickly lacquered, originally black,
but now brown from the fact of the substratum of red lacquer
showing through the black surface. There are also some old
perfume boxes that may be met with, their rims heavily cased in
pewter. These boxes and the figures are usually described as
Kamakura lacquer. The earliest evidence of any great artistic
merit is found in the work of Honnami Koyetsu, one of the most
skilful of the early masters; his designs, though somewhat
rough, are bold and well conceived, and reveal a decorative
genius of the highest order. From this master the great Korin
undoubtedly derived much of his inspiration.

Korin was perhaps the most eminent, and certainly the most
original, of the great masters. I must confess that his style
is not altogether my idea of perfection in lacquer ; his designs,
bold even to audacity, seem somewhat out of place in such a
delicate material. But when we hear the superlative admira-
tion with which his works are viewed by the most competent
authorities, and with what avidity desirable specimens are
acquired, it is well to avoid too hasty a judgment upon them.
The vigour of his designs, in which he frequently uses mother-
of-pearl and pewter, the rich satisfying hue of his gold, and the
decorative power he employed so effectually, have gained for his
works a unique place in the estimation of connoisseurs. His
style, however, though apparently simple, is difficult to imitate ;
hence in the hands of his followers it soon fell into disrepute,
and no real effort seems to have been made to revive it until
the present century, when works were produced which have
often been acquired as genuine Korins.

Contemporary with Korin arose a galaxy of masters whose
names are immortalised in their sumptuous works ; the schools
of Korin, Ritsuo, Shunsho, Koma, and Kajikawa, and others, all
named after their respective founders, rivalled each other in
beauty of workmanship and artistic power. I am fortunate in
possessing specimens of the best work of some of these great
schools—works, I think, which justify the glowing eulogy of the
accomplished French student, Louis Gonse, “that works in
lacquer are the most perfect objects which ever issued from the
hands of man.’’

Another master who displayed great originality was Ritsuo,
who lived from 1662-1746. His authentic works are rare. He
inlaid some of his finest pieces with pottery made to imitate
shells, &¢., so true to nature that they would easily deceive the
careless observer. In many cases lacquer played but a sub-
ordinate part, the groundwork being simply the grain of the
natural wood, the soft parts being rubbed slightly away, leaving
the hard grain in relief. The effect is very fine. His signature,

Japanese Lacquer. 249

which is frequently forged, was generally accompanied by his
seal in pottery ; sometimes the seal would appear without the
signature.

The work of the Shunsho school, which excelled in togidashi
lacquer, is highly esteemed. The founder of the school, Yama-
moto Shunsho, lived in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries. It is difficult to convey by mere description the
excellence of a choice specimen of this artist’s work; the silki-
ness and mirror-like brilliancy of its surface, the richness of the
gold, and the delicacy of execution are simply marvellous. His
famous pupil, Nagahide, maintained the highest tradition of the
school, but his works are unfortunately scarce. Marcus Huish
describes Shunsho’s work as the ne plus ultra of mechanical per-
fection. Another distinguished lacquerer, Shoami, also excelled
in togidashi, and there is little to choose between his work and
that of the Shunshos.

The school of Koma has produced some of the very choicest
specimens of lacquer. It was originally founded in the early
seventeenth century, but languished somewhat until it was
revived a century later by the celebrated Koma Kwansai. This
school, in common with others, attained its zenith about the
latter period.

The Kajikawas are perhaps the best known of all the great
lacquerers of Japan. Ernest Hart states that their work is
“rarely other than good,” but unfortunately a lot of very in-
ferior work bears their signature ; this, however, must not be
allowed to detract from the supreme excellence of their finest
efforts. The first Kajikawa, in the particular style he favoured,
is, I think, without a rival; in fine specimens his giobu nashiji
will glisten like gems. He also inlaid some of his work with
gold and silver, a comparatively easy operation in metal work
where the hammer can be used, but in lacquer it requires the
most delicate manipulation. One peculiarity of his which
deserves special notice is working the eddies of water and the
hairy tails of animals into the form of the single, double, and
treble mitsu tomoye, an heraldic badge formed of three comma-
shaped figures arranged in a circle. The difficulty of such an
operation with an intractable medium like lacquer is extreme.
The later Kajikawas produced very fine work all through the last
century, but so far as I can see they never rivalled the founder
of the school.

I have mentioned only the names of the best known lacquerers,
_ those with whom the student in Japanese art must be familiar.
There are many others, such as Soyetsu and Jokasai, who have
produced work of the highest quality, but it is no light task to
read through a list of Japanese artists ; so for your sake and my
own I refrain.

250 Mr. John O. Pelton on

The manufacture of lacquer will be found described in several
works, but all these have originated in a parliamentary blue-
book by Consul Quin, where it is set forth atlength. Mr. Gilbert-
son, the possessor of a splendid collection and a recognised
authority on the subject, writes as follows :—‘‘I suspect that
there are great varieties in the modes of manufacture. Probably
every eminent master had his own peculiar method of producing
certain effects. Usually I find a certain order of processes recorded
in the text-books, without apparently the least suspicion that they
apply only to certain classes of articles. I have dissected various
specimens of lacquer, with the result of discovering that these
descriptions were altogether inapplicable to Inro,* and I believe
also to many other sorts of lacquer. I learned, moreover, that
there is a great difference in the treatment of objects of the same
class by different makers ; in fact, all the descriptions of the art
ot lacquering can do no more than give a general idea of the
processes employed.”

In order to properly describe the subjects that appear in
lacquer decoration, I must travel lightly over nearly the whole
field of Japanese decorative art; an art inspired by the song of
the poet as much as by the genius of the artist. The legends
and folk-lore with which Japanese art is so amply illustrated
appear far more frequently in metal work and carvings than in
lacquer ; flowers and trees, views of famous places, symbolical
combinations, the meaning of which is in many cases obscure,
form the majority of the decorations on lacquered objects.
These combinations are especially interesting. Perhaps the
most frequent is the sho-chiku-bai, the plum, the bamboo, and
the pine—fragrant, green, and everlasting, emblems of longevity.
With these are often associated the tailed tortoise and the crane,
emblems of long life and happiness.

The bamboo again figures in conjunction with the tiger, con-
sidered by the Japanese to be the king of beasts; in such cases
the bamboo is usually bending before the dreaded typhoon, while
the tiger in terror crouches between the lofty stalks. The
meaning is plain: the king of beasts is powerless before the
powers of nature. Then we see the sparrow fluttering amid the
trembling leaves of the bamboo, both birds and leaves, the poet
would teach us, being of a gentle timid nature. The martin in
its swift wavy flight is associated with the waving willow. The
sturdy pine tree is considered the emblem of strength, and when
covered with snow of vigorous old age. The cherry tree drops
its lovely blossoms like a fall of snow ; so when in winter the
snow comes, the poet likens it to blossoms from some fair land

* Inro, a nest of small boxes, slung from the belt, for holding medi-
cines, &c.

Japanese. Lacquer. 251

where reigns eternal spring; or the white blossoms floating
down some sparkling stream are likened to the bright spring-
tide of life, and the end is typified by the mountain torrent
whirling down the autumn-tinted maple leaves with resistless
ower.

; The flowers most frequently met with are the chrysanthemum,
peony, wistaria, iris, lily, hydrangea, carnation, convolvulus,
and water-lily ; while trees are mainly represented by the Pau-
lonia imperialis, plum, fir, and palm. The stately bamboo per-
haps holds the most prominent position on account of its almost
universal utility and the symbolic value attached to it.

Of all flowers introduced into ornamentation, the chrysan-
themum is unquestionably the favourite. The Japanese name
for this flower is the ‘“‘kiku.” In works of art it figures very
largely, sometimes conventionally, sometimes naturally. In
high-class objects made for the court the flower in a conventional
form is disposed as a powdering ; in this form it is used as one
of the imperial crests, although the origin of this crest is a much
debated point. The chrysanthemum is considered emblematical
of happiness.

Next in importance comes the peony, emblem of regal power,
often associated with the lion and the mythical Ho-ho bird.

The wistaria, with its long pointed racemes, is a great
favourite. Japanese literature is rich in witty and charming
stanzas written in honour of the ‘‘ fuji,”’ in which it is alluded
to as the emblem of youth and spring.

_ The iris is a very general favourite with the Japanese artist,
doubtless on account of its stately and graceful habit; the purple
and white varieties are often shown in contrast.

_ The lotus has long been held in veneration by the Japanese.
Springing from the muddy waters, its pure white blossom is
emblematical of the ransomed soul rising upwards to the divine
light. The figures of Buddha and other saints appear seated on
the flowers or leaves of the lotus.

Much more could be said in connection with the artistic treat-
ment of flowers, but I must now pass on to notice the trees,
which appear in lacquer as frequently as flowers.

First in rank, as the grandest of all trees of Japan, comes the
* kiri ”’ (Pawlonia umperialis), which is one of the most magnificent
vegetable productions of Japan. ‘The ‘‘kiri” frequently appears
in art work, both naturally or conventionally rendered. In the
latter form, under the name of the ‘‘kiri mon,” it forms one of
_ the imperial crests of Japan.

__ There is no tree so frequently represented in Japanese art as
the plum (‘‘ume”’), and its flowers are especial favourites. The
“ume” is found in all departments of Japanese art. In blue-
_ and-white porcelain it constantly appears. The so-called haw-

952, Mr. John O. Pelton on

thorn pattern, now so popular, is simply the blossom of the
“‘ume.’”’ It is frequently portrayed in lacquer, where it may be
recognised by its peculiarly angular and spiky habit.

The fir tree appears in Japanese art in its natural habit
of growing. In almost all cases it is introduced by the
Japanese artist as the emblem of long life and prosperity, and
as such it is frequently associated with bamboo, crane, and
tortoise, all of which are accepted emblems of longevity and
happiness.

The bamboo, emblem of uprightness and usefulness, is much
used by artists for ornamental purposes. For narrow up-
right spaces nothing can be more artistic; a few jointed stems
with an occasional leaf or two, and with a deftly drawn bird in
flight, make one of those compositions which the mind will
ever associate with the nature-loving and painstaking artists of
Japan.

The animal kingdom is well represented in Japanese art, but
in lacquer not so frequently as the vegetable. Their best efforts
are with birds and fishes ; with animals, monkeys excepted, they
are not uniformly successful. The favourite bird is the crane,
of which there is more than one variety ; they are considered
sacred, and their slaughter is forbidden. From its supposed
long life it is considered emblematical of longevity, and the white
crane of purity. Nothing can exceed the skilful rendering of
the bird in Japanese art. Falcons, eagles, ducks, peacocks,
geese, and fowls are all portrayed more or less in lacquer; it is
seldom indeed that the artist fails to depict them in realistic
forms.

Of quadrupeds, the horse, fox, badger, and monkey are per-
haps the most frequent; while others, such as oxen, deer, bears,
dogs, rabbits, cats, rats, &c., although to be found depicted in
lacquered objects, are more generally found in carvings, metal
work, &. Many of these animals, more particularly the fox and
the badger, figure in fairy tales and folk-lore, endowed as a rule
with human attributes.

The Japanese are proud of the belief that they were originally
a race of fishermen; they invariably accompany their presents
with a piece of dried fish. Their extensive seaboard yields a
great variety of fish, crustaceans, and marine animals, but,
although they are frequently depicted in Japanese art, I do not
find them much in evidence in lacquer.

In the delineation of mythical animals and birds, the Japanese
artists show to great advantage. In birds, the ‘‘ ho-ho”’ with its
gorgeous plumage occupies the premier position. I do not find
it frequently in lacquer, and therefore give it but a brief notice.
The same remark applies to the dragon, kylin, and the conven-
tional lion, for the best examples of which, especially the former,

Japanese Lacquer. 253

the metal work must be studied. Unrestrained by the necessity of
copying nature, the Japanese artists can in this singular creation
allow their imaginations free play, and to this, I think, can be
attributed their almost unvarying success. The weakest point in
Japanese art is perhaps the human figure. I think, however,
failures in this direction are more apparent than real. Rigid
rules, against which there was no appeal, compelled the artists
to delineate it according to rules which had been observed for
ages; but when about a century ago the popular schools,
which took their inspiration direct from nature, arose, the human
figure was treated (not perhaps according to our idea, as they
prefer the grotesque rather than the elevated side of our nature)
in a manner that the most correct anatomist might approve.
Such efforts, however, are almost exclusively confined to carvings
and paintings.

It is impossible to say which branch of Japanese art is likely
to prove most attractive to a collector. Lacquer, metal work,
netsukes, or ceramics, all have their characteristic excellences ;
in all the Japanese are intensely original. Lacquer ware charms
us by its sumptuous beauty, and the poetical inspiration of its
decoration. Metal work is often as rich in symbolism, while the
religion, the legends, the folk-lore, the history, and even the
nursery tales of the country, find in it more ample expression;
but for puns and puzzles, jokes and riddles, humour and pathos,
history and classic lore, the wood and ivory carvings known as
netsukes are unrivalled. To whatever branch, however, atten-
tion may be directed it is important te remember the advice
tendered by the gifted Frenchman, Monsieur Bing :—* They
alone can pretend to fathom the depth of feeling and beauty
in an alien art who resolutely determine to scrutinise it from
the point of view of an inhabitant of the place of its birth.
This is a primary condition. If submission to it be refused
—if it be intended to refer all manifestations of art, whatever
they may be, to a common measure—that which the centuries
have fashioned specially for the use of Western culture—it
were better to omit entirely the study of what has been created
away from ourselves.”

254 Dr. J. M. Hobson’s Notes on

137.—Nores on SewacGe PurIFICATION AS CARRIED out at SourH
Norwoop Irrication Farm.

By J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc., President.
(Read May 29th, 1897.)

Tue purification of sewage by application to land is full of
interest not only to the sanitarian, but to the naturalist. I now
propose merely to sketch in broad outlines the operations, both
mechanical and biological, which go on in this very fine sample,
though on a comparatively small scale, of an efficient sewage
farm. I am indebted to Mr. Thomas Walker, the Borough
Engineer, who is also one of our members, and to Mr. Figg, the
farm manager, for several data.

On this farm the process is entirely one of surface irrigation,
after removal of the coarser material by settling and screening.
Mr. Walker has estimated that, on an average, 80 per cent. of the
bulk of sewage water reaches the effluent, the remainder being
absorbed by the soil and growing crops. There is about ten
inches of soil upon brick clay. Under-drainage, which is so
often essential in permeable subsoils, has hardly any existence
here.

In 1890 the sewers discharged, on an average, ‘half a million
gallons per diem, not counting storm waters, from a population
of 15,500; while for purifying this about one hundred acres
were available, or about one acre to 150 inhabitants. Bailey
Denton, in his ‘Sanitary Engineering,’ gives one acre per
hundred of population as the normal area. But the “ proof of
the pudding is in the eating,” and we may safely claim a good
effluent on this farm. [In May, 1897, the estimated proportion
was 174 per acre, but a large addition to the farm has recently
been made, and is being utilised for irrigation.]| Weekly
chemical tests are made of the effluent.

I am not aware that anyone applied the bacteriological test to
this particular farm before I did soin 1894. The bacteriological
examination that I have attempted so far consists of two separate
processes. The first is an enumeration of the organisms in
measured quantities of screened sewage and of effluent, respec-
tively ; the second is an isolation of specific organisms in the
screened sewage and in the effluent. Both processes are full of
interest, but my work up to the present has been very far from
complete.

I will not here go into the details of either process, but will,
as I have already indicated, give you the outlines of each.

Enumeration.—The sample taken is conveyed to the laboratory

Sewage Purification. 255

as soon as possible, surrounded preferably with ice till the
moment that the process begins. A measured quantity is then
taken and diluted with a measured quantity of sterilised distilled
water, thoroughly mixed, and then a measured quantity of the
diluted matter added to a tube of melted (of course sterilised)
nutrient gelatine, then mixed thoroughly by a peculiar kind of
oscillation, and the whole mass poured out on to a Petri’s plate,
and instantly covered up. When the gelatine has set, the plate
is placed in an incubator, and kept there at the constant tem-
perature of 20° C. (68° F.) for two or three days, for ‘‘ colonies ”’
to form. These colonies appear as little beads in the trans-
parent gelatine. By general agreement each colony counts as
one organism, ¢.e. an organic unit without any reference to
specific identity. The counting then begins. A black card
ruled off into small squares of equal area is placed beneath the
: plate of colonies; these squares are numbered. . One counts
| generally with the help of a low magnifier the number of colonies
in a square, and notes down the number on a correspondingly
marked white paper. The total number in the several squares
gives the number of organisms in the quantity of sample taken.
In a crowded plate the enumeration is laborious, and in practice
one doés not count all the squares, but takes an average of
several, and multiplies that by the number of squares covered
by the plate. I will now give you the results of some of my
countings :—

Experiment No. 6.— Date, April 8rd, 1894. Time, noon.
Material, screened sewage. Average of two plates, 3,257,000 per
cubic centimetre.

Experiment No. 7.— Date, April 8rd, 1894. Time, noon.
Material, effluent. Average number, 364,000 per cubic centi-
metre. Note that the effluent contained something over 10 per
cent. of the number of organisms that the sewage contained ;
but as Mr. Figg tells me that he reckons the water takes two
hours to get to the effluent, this number corresponds to the
sewage of about 10 a.m. Possibly the 2 p.m. effluent would
have given more organisms, as Mr. Figg says the sewage is
generally thickest about noon.

Experiment No. 8.—Date, April 4th, 1894. Time, 8.40 a.m.
Material, sewage. Average of three plates, 1,269,000 per cubic
centimetre.

Experiment No. 10.—Date, April 9th, 1894. Time, 10.15 p.m.
Material, sewage. Average of three plates, 8,297,000 per cubic
centimetre.

___ Experiment No. 12.—Date, April 13th, 1894. Time, 1 p.m.
Material, sewage. Average of three plates, 11,000,000. I can-
_ not explain this jump up. There had been no rain since the
2nd. The temperature had, however, been abnormally high,

a ta

at

a
&
¥

ts
*

4

256 Dr. J. M. Hobson’s Notes on Sewage Purification.

the maximum reached during the previous seven days being
76° F. After this some rain fell, and the number of organisms
still further rose on the 16th to 72,000,000. The effluent on the
same day and at the same hour also showed an increase to
476,400. It will be noted, however, that the increase of the
effluent organisms was not at all commensurate with those of
the sewage. From this date till the end of the month the mean
temperature remaining high (about 50° F.), and rain falling at
intervals, the numbers showed still further increase; but I will
not give them, as the plates were so crowded, and the gelatine
became so liquid through abundance of organisms known as
‘‘ liquefiers,” that countings were not reliable.

I will now advert to the second section of my observations,
namely, the isolation and separate cultivation of specific orga-
nisms. Plates as before are used, and gelatine inoculated with a
small quantity of the material. Individual colonies are selected
for observation and secondary inoculations made from them. By
this means pure cultures are obtained, and various media again
inoculated from these. The behaviour of the growths on the
various media under lower (20° C.) and higher (87° C.) tempera-
tures are observed, and microscopic slides made.

From the sewage I succeeded in isolating twenty species, viz.
thirteen bacilli, five micrococci, and two sarcinez. I was able to
diagnose the majority of these, but the rest were unnamed.

From the effluent I also isolated ten bacilli, two micrococci,
and two sarcine. One of the micrococci (M. wree) was also
found in the sewage. It is doubtful if the other micrococcus
and the sarcine were identical with those found in the sewage.
The bacilli were all distinct, so far as I could make out. Itisa
noticeable fact also that whereas most of the organisms of the
sewage would grow at 37° C., several of those of the effluent
would not grow at that temperature.

I found the Bacillus coli communis in the sewage, but did not
isolate it from the effluent. So far as my observations go, this
seems important, as sanitarians regard its presence in drinking
water as evidence of sewage pollution. It would appear as if the
bacterial flora of the sewage had been stopped and a fresh flora
from the soil added. Still, my observations are very limited, and
should be regarded in the light of an initiatory attempt.

It would be extremely interesting to have a sufficient number
of observations to be able to trace the effects of heat and rainfall
upon the bacterial population of the sewers.

The Flint Implements of Addington. 257

138.—Tue Fut Ivetements or AppineTon.
By Anrxanper J. Hoce.
(Read October 19th,-1897.)

By flint implements we understand weapons or tools fashioned
of flint by the hand of man, and adapted for any specific purpose.
In districts where flint did not exist, or was not easily obtainable,
implements were frequently made from other kinds of stone.
Implements of granite have been found in Jersey; of limestone
in Leigh Woods, above Clifton; and of slate on the Welsh
mountains; while in the Wealden area they are not uncommonly
made from Kentish rag, or the dense and intractable ironstone
of the Lower Greensand.
It was formerly supposed that the shapes of these implements
: were for the most part accidental, or that they were the work of
savage men who simply broke a stone into fragments and
selected those most suitable for the purpose of the moment.
This may have been the origin of what became afterwards an
art ; but among the oldest known implements are many forms
which resemble each other, and notwithstanding their rude
workmanship we can trace in them the types of tools used at
much later periods, and even the prototypes of the workman’s
tools of the present day.

The long ages which passed before the earlier races of mankind
found out how to work in metals were formerly inadequately
divided into the palzolithic, or older Stone age, and the neolithic
or newer Stone age; the former including the ruder and less
worked implements, and the latter those finely chipped and
ground or polished.

To these the researches of Mr. Benjamin Harrison, of Ightham,
have added the eolithic series—so easily distinguished by their
warm red-brown colour, like the rust of iron; and Mr. Worth-
ington Smith has drawn attention to a mesolithic series, inter-
mediate in age between the palxolithic and the neolithic, but
_ not of very clearly defined characteristics. At the present time
_these implements may be said to be divided into three classes—
_ paleolithic, mesolithic, and neolithic. The first of these in-
clude the eolithic or plateau implements, so plainly marked off
by their almost uniform brown tint; but of the rest it cannot be
id that there is any clear dividing line between them.

In the British Museum those of massive form and rough

kmanship, or boldly flaked, are classed as paleolithic, and

_ are well represented by numerous examples; those of lighter
D>

#4
i

make, including the finely chipped and the polished specimens,
c

258 Mr. Alexander J. Hogg on the

form the neolithic class, of which the National Collection con-
tains so splendid and valuable a series. In this country then
there are the two generally accepted divisions of that great
stretch of prehistoric time known as the Stone age.

In France this epoch has been divided into two periods—the
archeolithic and the neolithic; the first comprising all from the
age of the mammoth to that of the reindeer, when implements
were sometimes finely chipped ; and the second only dating from
the time when implements were sometimes ground or polished.

The age of stone was succeeded by the so-called age of Bronze,
but implements of that metal must have always been very costly
in comparison with those of stone; and it is probable that flint
implements and arms were in general use until the introduction
of iron, for bronze tools, as well as weapons, are excessively rare,
although that metal is much less liable to decomposition than
iron. In this country celts were occasionally made of tin, and
in America weapons are found of native unsmelted copper merely
hammered into the shapes required. In fact, stone implements
and arms continued to be made through the whole period usually
spoken of as the Bronze age, and until the discovery.of the
method of working iron supplied implements of the new metal
so rapidly and cheaply that it was more easy to procure iron
wares by barter than to manufacture them of stone; but this of
course applies only to the implements of the finest make.

The Bronze age was therefore concomitant with that of Stone,
and we know that the use of stone weapons continued far into
the Iron age ; for it is matter of history that many of the Saxon
soldiers who fought with the Norman invaders at the battle of
Hastings were armed with spears headed with flint.

In the same manner the subdivisions of the Stone age also run
one into the other, many forms of implements being common to
all periods; but there are certain general characters by which
each of the subdivisions may be recognized, and brought into
regular chronological sequence.

What is really remarkable is that tools of the same forms were
in use throughout the immense length of time from the eolithic
(I had almost said eocene) period down to the latest neolithic
times, showing that the wants of the many races that rose and
died out during those thousands of years were practically un-
changed. The forms of the implements continue, but the
diminution in their size and weight show that the latest races
inhabiting this country were veritable pigmies compared with the
men of the eolithic age. This is well instanced by a comparison
between the implements of the puny neoliths of the Shirley
Hills and those of the eolithic people which are found on the
elevated plateau of the chalk, or in the most ancient valley
gravels.

Flint Implements of Addington. 259

A systematic study of the remains of the Stone age can be
carried out under very favourable conditions in the district around
Addington. Within a radius of about two miles from that
village the several geological formations from the chalk to the
London clay come to the surface, including a large breadth of
the Oldhaven and Blackheath beds. This causes considerable
diversity of soil, and the elevation above sea-level varies from
about 100 to 600 feet and upwards. By this combination of
causes the implements have been exposed to different climatic
and other influences, which have not only acted upon their sur-
faces, but have likewise affected their distribution by transporting
many to lower levels.

The age of the implements found on the surface ranges from
the earliest eolithic to the latest neolithic periods, but there are
no signs of the district ever having been visited by the race who
fabricated the finely chipped flints of the north of England.

The sites of several factories at which implements were made

: in large quantities are also comprised within the area, and afford

interesting evidence of the occupation of these stations for

lengthened periods ; even in one instance down to Roman times
as evidenced by remains of pottery tiles and other objects.

I first became aware of the existence of implements at Adding-
ton about twenty years ago, through one of my daughters finding
a couple of rude arrow-heads in a field. She had recognized
these as such from their likeness to some that I had received a
short time before from Dorsetshire. Stimulated by this find, I
made search on my own account, and soon met with numerous
examples of what were apparently worked flints, although of a
bewildering variety of form and condition of surface.

Having accumulated some thousands of these, my next task
was to endeavour to bring order out of chaos, by arranging the
heaps in groups showing a general similarity. This was followed
by separating from each group all duplicate implements, and
these were laid aside, until meeting with a third of like form I
considered that the type in each case was established, Con-
tinuing to work on this plan, many types were by degrees
evolved, and after trying several systems of arrangement which
I need not now weary you by relating, I had finally the pleasure
of seeing a representative series, containing many forms not to

| be found in the public collections to which I have had access,
and atthe same time so classified, that, although I have since col-
_ lected flints from more than a hundred other localities far distant
from each other, there is no difficulty in assigning each example
to its proper division.

Our Addington implements are the tools and weapons of the
; everyday life of the inhabitants of this district long before history
ae began, when a man carried his life in his hand as he ron in

=? c

260 Mr. Alexander J. Hogg on the

the primeval forests, and must always have been prepared with
his weapons either for attack or for defence.

Various methods of manufacture were adopted by the different
stone-using races which successively occupied this part of Europe.
The earliest peoples seem to have taken a stone and roughly
knocked it into shape by a number of blows with another stone;
others, by a few blows only, produced from a block the implement
or tool they required ready for use. The bulbs of percussion
which are of so much assistance to young collectors in deciding
doubtful cases are to be found in only three of the six divisions
represented here.

The implements which I have brought to-night are few in
number, and have been selected to give an idea of what our
district produces, and at the same time to show the arrangement
which I have adopted.

The spears and arrows are the most numerous, so they require
little explanation. These are succeeded by the hatchets, in
about a dozen varieties, some apparently intended for purposes
of war and some for carpenters’ work. A small selection of
scrapers follows. There are also some of the multifarious
shapes assumed by the saw, which played so important a part
in cutting the shafts for the arrows and the spears, and doubt-
less for many other purposes for which nowadays we make use
of knives.

There are also some twenty typical tools, the uses of which
must be matter of conjecture; space and time would not admit
of a larger selection. In addition to these, adzes, mauls, ham-
mers, sling-stones, wedges, chisels, gouges, daggers, borers,
rimers, pounders for crushing corn, and many others, are found
in this district, but are not represented here.

Owing to their great weight, the ponderous weapons of the
older races are almost unrepresented, and perhaps it is as well
that on this occasion they should be so; for it is hard for the
nineteenth-century man to believe that he is descended from
ancestors with sufficiently powerful frames to be capable of
wielding the largest eolithic implements found in the older
gravels or on the chalk plateau.

The divisions into which these implements are separated are
six in number, and in naming them for my own convenience I
have followed as far as possible the terms already well known,
though using some of them in a more restricted sense in order to
avoid confusion.

The first is the eolithic, so named by Mr. John Allen Browne, and
these, with my second or archaolithic series, constitute the plateau
implements of Sir Joseph Prestwich, first made known through
the enthusiastic researches of Mr. Benjamin Harrison. These
two divisions vary in colour from deep chocolate down to a pale

Flint Implements of Addington. 261

yellow or cream colour, and have no bulbs of percussion, even in
the smallest specimens.

For the third division, I have retained the old name of palao-
lithic ; these are of a dull creamy white, the deteriorated surface
is rough to the touch, and percussion bulbs are almost wholly
absent ; the forms are very simple, and secondary work is un-
common.

The fourth or mesolithic division holds a middle place between
the palxolithic and the neolithic ; it consists of well chipped and
frequently elegant implements of a smooth surface, white, bluish
white, or grey in colour, sometimes porcelainous, and never so

7 much deteriorated as to be rough to the touch. Percussion bulbs
in this division are frequent.
The fifth division, which I have called proto-neolithic, as being
next preceding the neolithic, consists of implements differing in
style and in method of fabrication both from those that preceded
and those that followed their epoch. Their colour is usually
black or grey, with blotches or streaks of opaque white. They
are frequently shaped from pieces of tabular flint, are roughly
made, and never exhibit bulbs of percussion.

The neolithic hardly needs to be characterised. The surface
of the implements has not undergone much change, the normal
colours of the flints being preserved. In the older examples
white streaks or cloudy spots have made their appearance, and
bulbs of percussion are frequently met with.

These divisions will be found to harmonise with the geological
changes that have produced the features of the country around,
and the different classes are proper to certain zones of elevation.
For instance, the eolithic are rarely found on the surface below
450 ft., the mesolithic below 350 ft., or the proto-neolithic below
300 ft.; while the neolithic occur at all elevations. So far as I
have yet been able to observe, these figures will apply to the
whole of the London Basin, and as the age of any gravel is the
age of the newest implement it contains, this arrangement will
at least provide a means of arriving at the relative ages of beds
in cases where other methods are not available, and to unite
together more closely the sciences of archeology and geology.

____ My object has been to introduce to your notice some of the im-
_ plements that are to be found within the limits of a moderate
walk, and to show that the materials for the study of prehistoric
_ archeology are, in this part of the country, within the reach of
all whose tastes tend in that direction.
Through the kindness of Mr. Whitaker, I am enabled to ex-
hibit on the table this beautiful example of the implements
_ found in the gravel-beds of St. Acheul, in the department of
c the Somme, in South-eastern France. This has been worked by
4 the detachment of a great number of large flakes to a sharp flat

262 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on

point, like a spear, while, being thinned off to an edge at the
butt-end, it could also be used, if mounted, as an axe; making
on the whole a formidable weapon well adapted for an attack on
the gigantic mammoth, whose bones occur in gravels of the same
age, and have been found associated with similar implements.

139.—Tar Cacao Purant.
By James Epps, Jun.
(Read November 16th, 1897.)

Ir was on the 31st of July, 1498, that Columbus first sighted
the island of Trinidad. This was not his first voyage to the New
World, but his third, he having made his grand discovery in the
year 1492, when he landed at San Salvador, one of the Bahama
group of islands. As his ship approached the island the Three
Sisters (peaks of Moruga), which are united at the base, prompted
the great discoverer to call the island Trinidad, the formation of
the hills suggesting to him the Trinity. The stout-hearted
navigator must have begun to lose heart, for on the day of the
discovery he had been becalmed a week, and things were indeed
looking serious. ‘‘ The air was like a furnace; the tar melted ;
the seams of the ship yawned ; the salt meat became putrid ; the
wheat was parched as if by fire ; the hoops shrank from the wine
and water casks, some of which leaked and others burst; while
the heat in the holds of the vessels was so suffocating that no
one could remain below a sufficient time to prevent the damage
that was taking place.”

About ninety years after the visit of Columbus the Spanish
took possession of the island, and in the course of time formed
several towns, making St. Joseph their capital, following out
their usual custom of establishing the chief town a little way
inland, as a precautionary measure in case of invasion; it may
also be noticed that they made it a practice to name places after
favourite saints.

Not very long after the Spanish appropriation, Sir Walter
Raleigh, who was cruising about his ill-starred “Hl Dorado”
expedition, vainly seeking for gold which he was not destined to
discover, but which has since been abundantly found on the ad-
jacent mainland, coasted along the Trinidad shore, attacked and
burnt St. Joseph, and took upon himself, perhaps unwarrantably,
the task of punishing the new rulers for their inhumanity to the
Indians,

the Cacao Plant. 263

In 1780 a French gentleman, M. de St. Laurent, residing in
Grenada, while paying a visit to Trinidad, was charmed with the
fertility of the soil, which compared most favourably with that
of the island he knew. He made representations to the Govern-
ment, proposed a scheme, which was approved, and the result
was the passing of a Cedilla, which led to the migration, in 1783,
of a flock of foreign agriculturists, chiefly French, but with a
goodly sprinkling of coloured people from the neighbouring
islands. Thus in a very short space of time, and by the wit and
foresight of a stranger, the resources of the colony developed,
and the population increased. In the same eventful year of the
Cedilla (1783) Port of Spain became the capital, and St. Joseph
began to decline.

The last of the Spanish governors, Don Joseph Chacon, who
was much respected, and liberal-minded, amiable, and an honour-
able man, was appointed by the Spanish Government to carry
out the scheme of M. de St. Laurent, and he did it with such
promptitude that in the course of a year or two from the passing
of the Cedilla the population had increased from 1000 to 12,000.
Numbers of French refugees from Martinique, Guadeloupe, and
St. Domingo settled in Trinidad, so that the latter became a
French colony in all but name.

At length, in 1797, England, being then at variance with
Spain, sent an expedition, under Sir Ralph Abercrombie and
Rear-Admiral Harvey, to capture the island. Don Chacon,
finding himself outnumbered, surrendered without an engage-
ment, and ever since Trinidad has been a British colony. The
unfortunate governor was tried before the Spanish Tribune in
Madrid for deserting his post, and was banished, dying a few
years after of a broken heart.

Although Trinidad sends us some of the very finest qualities
of cacao, the cocoa tree is a native of Tropical America, and is to
be found mostly, in its wild state, on the land adjacent to the
Great Amazon River, and near to the Equator.

The cultivation of cocoa, however, is mostly to be found in
Ecuador and Venezuela, on the mainland, and in the islands
of the West Indies; by the English in Trinidad and Grenada,
the French in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and the Spanish
in Cuba.

Although cocoa was not known in the Old World before the
_ discovery of the New, it was at an early date introduced into
the Philippine Islands by the Spanish, and by the Dutch into
Jaya, and within the last thirty years into Ceylon by the
English.

The first knowledge Europe had of the cocoa plant was through

a Columbus, who, finding it was a favourite drink of the Indians,

took home some of the fruit to Spain with him. The Spanish

264 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on

were not slow to appreciate its excellent qualities, and soon
introduced it into Spain. For years no other nation but the
Spanish had any hand in the cultivation ; they appear thoroughly
to have understood it and appreciated its virtues. Sir Hans
Sloane remarks that when the Spanish went first to Mexico
cacao-nuts went for current money. When Cortez sent to
Charles V. the principal products of the New World, he did not
omit cacao as the most healthy of the beverages which Spain
obtained by its conquests.

It was probably more than a century after the introduction
into Europe before the English became acquainted with it. The
first mention we have of cocoa in England is an advertisement
in the ‘Public Advertiser’ of Tuesday, June 16th, 1657. This
notice reads :—‘‘ In Bishopsgate Street, Queen’s Head Alley, at
a Frenchman’s house, an excellent West Indian drink called
chocolate is to be sold, where you may have it at any time, and
also unmade, at reasonable rates.”

In the time of Charles II. (1660) the beverage was much
esteemed, and a book published at that time by Dr. Stubbes
attributes many virtues toit. The book also gives us an insight
into the price of the commodity at that time, for the readers of
the ‘Indian Nectar, or a Discourse concerning Chocolata,’ are
invited to buy their cocoa from one, Mortimer, who lived in
Smithfield, and sold the best kind at 6s. 8d. per lb., and common
sorts half that price.

The drink became exceedingly popular in the eighteenth cen-
tury, and the sign of the ‘Cocoa Tree’ was seen everywhere.
The high price charged was against it, however, and it was soon
outstripped by both tea and coffee.

The cacao, or cocoa of commerce, is the seed of a small ever-
green tree—the Theobroma Cacao. The name was conferred
upon it by Linneus, from the Greek words “Theos,” god,
and ‘*Broma,’’ food—or food of the gods—and belongs to the
order Sterculiacere; it grows from twelve to twenty-five feet in
height.

An ideal spot on which to found a cacao plantation is a well-
sheltered vale running up to an elevation of not more than one
thousand feet; the soil should be one possessing requisite depth
of surface soil, and one moderately rich, consisting of loose clay,
or clay with an admixture of a fair proportion of sand and lime,
and one thing absolutely necessary for the well-being of the
cacao tree is shade.

When planting an estate the first thing to be done is to cut
down the brushwood and clear the ground, and when this has
been done holes at regular distances are made, into which are
dropped the ripe seeds ; or young plants, raised in nurseries, are
brought out and carefully planted. This operation requires the

the Cacao Piant. 265

greatest care, as the slightest damage done to the roots in moving
them is certain death to the plant. It is usual now, on my
plantation, to plant the seeds in short lengths of bamboo stems,
so that when the time comes for the removal of the young
plants from the nurseries the bamboo-pots are taken up and
transplanted, with the young plants in them, intact. This I have
found a perfect safeguard against any damage to the young root.

At the same time as the cacao-seeds are planted the small
shade-plants have to be put in, in order to protect them for a
few months, such as the cassava, castor-oil, red-pepper, &c. ;
farther off are planted bananas and plantains, one between each
cocoa plant—these will give requisite shade for two or three
years; and lastly there come the permanent shade-trees at dis-
tances, say, from thirty to forty feet, which at the end of three
years will provide all the necessary shade. These permanent
shade-trees are the ‘‘ Immortelle,’”’ or ‘“‘ Madre de Cacao” (Ery-
thrina umbrosa). See first Plate.

The leaves of the cacao tree, as you see, are large, smooth,
glossy, thin, and of a bright green colour. They droop gracefully
from the trees, and are about eight to twelve inches long (I have
gathered them from my trees, grown in this country, even
larger than this), and are about six to eight inches broad, with
pointed ends. ao

The tree bears fruits more or less all the year round, so that
buds, flowers, and fruit are found in all stages at the same time
on the same tree. The flowers have short stalks, and grow
directly from the trunk and main branches, as you will see by the
photos which I will pass round (see second and third Plates); but
not from the young formed wood nor intermixed with the foliage.
The flowers usually grow in bunches, and are very small con-
sidering the size of the tree. The flowers are a creamy white
colour, somewhat resembling the flower of the lime ( Tilia europea).

The fruit or pod resembles a short thick cucumber (see fourth
Plate), containing from twenty to forty seeds enclosed in a white
mucilaginous pulp. A fine quality vinegar can be made from
this pulp. The pods during their growth assume most beautiful
colours, varying in shade from a rich golden yellow to pink.
The chief or main crops are two in each year, namely, June and
December.

The pods are gathered by means of a cocoa-hook (see fifth Plate) ;
this instrument is made of a shape to be used either by a push,
a pull, or by a side cut, and when kept well sharp and affixed to
a light bamboo-rod serves admirably for collecting the pods from
the higher branches of the trees. Care must be used in order
_ that the “cushion,” or point where the cocoa-pod is borne, is not
damaged, as the tree presents a succession of flowers and fruit
at or near the same point each season. Only skilled hands can

266 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on

be used for this work. The pods, after being released from the
tree, fall to the ground, and are gathered into heaps by men and
women. One pod is then placed in the open left hand, and the
operator, with his right hand, brings down a cutlass (see fifth
Plate) on the upturned side of the pod, taking care not to allow
the tool to go through the shell to injure the beans. The seeds
contained within the pods are then scraped out with the fingers,
and placed in baskets, and are carried away to the curing-
house. (See sixth Plate.)

Curing has been, and is, done in many ways. In high-class
qualities of cocoa fermentation is necessary, although in some
countries the beans are only sun-dried, fetching in the market a
much lower price. In some countries they are cured and then
washed. As the two latter processes involve no special care, we
will pass on to the critical process of fermentation, or curing,
as it is carried out in the preparation of the finest cocoas of
Trinidad.

The fresh cacao-seeds, when taken from the pods, as pre-
viously mentioned, are covered by a copious pulp, and possibly
the first impulse of a grower would be to remove this pulp by
washing and drying the beans as quickly as possible. This,
however, would not result in a good quality of cocoa. It is true
that the pulp must be removed, but washing is not the best
process ; and apart from this, there are other considerations to
be thought of. The fresh bean, if tasted, will be found to be of
a somewhat bitter taste, and of a pale crimson colour. Both
these characters have to be altered before the beans are fit for
market.

The best method for this purpose is evidently the one now
generally adopted. The sweating process is this:—The beans
brought from the field are placed either in barrels, oblong boxes,
or in a close room, where they are packed closely together,
covered with plantain leaves, and left hermetically closed for a
period extending from four to seven days. While thus shut up
a process of fermentation, fed by the saccharine matter in the
pulp, takes place, which raises the temperature of the mass to
about 140° F'.; it must not be allowed to go above this. When
the sweating process has been carried on for the requisite num-
ber of days, it will be noticed, on opening the house and taking
off the coverings, that a warm odorous steam arises from the
mass, which is one of the natural results of fermentation. The
- cocoa itself is also quite hot, and the pulpy matter around the
seeds has lost its rather slimy consistence, and is capable of
being easily removed.

In this state the cocoa is turned out and spread on trays. It
is first of all carefully picked over by women, who separate the
beans and free them from trash, tripe, or any foreign substances.

the Cacao Plant. 267

A number of women are then employed for one or two hours
in rubbing them with their hands and cleaning them as thoroughly
as possible from any remaining gummy or mucilaginous matter.

They are then spread out in the drying house and frequently
turned until dry, and are then packed in bags for the market.

Some twenty years ago most of the Trinidad marks came into
the market clayed; this was done by rubbing the cocoa, when
taken from the sweating house, with a red or yellow clay, and
was supposed to assist the keeping qualities of the beans. Clayed
cocoa from Trinidad is now the exception. Cocoa from Caraccas
is now one of the few clayed varieties.

A great difference of opinion exists as to what chemical
changes take place during fermentation, and at present I think
nothing definite is known. The fermentation of cocoa may be
looked upon as essentially alcoholic, the sugar of the pulp be-
coming converted into alcohol and carbonic acid.

The various names under which the varieties of the Theobroma
Cacao are known do not constitute species, but must be merely
considered as varieties of one original species.

These varieties probably owe theirorigin to seed variation,
together with the influence of soil and climate. The classification
of Mr. Morris, Director of the Public Gardens and: Plantations in
Jamaica, was based upon the nomenclature of the best estates in
Trinidad, and has stood the test of ten years.

He makes two classes—

Class I.—Criollo ;
Class IJ.—Forastero ;
and he gives the Calabacillo as a variety of the Forastero.

If we interpret the words Criollo Cacao as native cocoa,
Forastero as foreign, and Calabacillo as Calabash cocoa, we
shall have a better definition of the terms.

The Calabacillo is so named from the fruits resembling those
of the Calabash tree (Crescentia Cujete).

The Forastero variety appears to be the most robust, and the
best producer, but in the generality of plantations are, however,
so mixed a character that it is difficult to separate the one kind
from another ; this is a great pity, as it would well pay planters,
when planting their estates, were they to keep the varieties
apart. This mixture of varieties has chiefly been brought about
by the contract system, which is this:—A man obtains so many
acres of Government virgin land; he has no ready money to pay
for labour, or trees to plant the same, so gives the estate over to
contractors. These are men that undertake to plant so many
cocoa trees on the estate, and it is these men who put in any
varieties of cocoa they can most easily and cheaply obtain; after
_ five or six years the trees begin to bear fruits, and the original
owner comes forward and pays the contractor so much for each

268 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on

tree in bearing—say, from twenty-five to fifty cents per tree,
the contractor having had the use of the land for the time for
growing between the young cocoa plants many other crops.

The yield of a mature cocoa tree varies considerably. A good
cocoa tree in a good soil yields from fifty to several hundred pods
per year. The average well-cultivated trees at seven years old
should bear about eighty to a hundred, and it takes about eleven
pods to yield one pound of cured cocoa, so that one tree may be
looked upon as yielding about eight pounds of cured cocoa in
one year. A young tree is not allowed to bear until it is three
years old.

The diseases of the cacao tree are fortunately not numerous.
Perhaps the most common disease is one known as canker; this
is chiefly caused by the plants being planted in poor and un-
drained ground. There is also a disease that attacks the pods
in extremely dry weather, caused by a fungus; this is known
under the name of black rot, on account of the pods turning
black when attacked. Pods wili also turn black and drop in
extremely wet weather.

The greatest enemies that the Trinidad planters have to con-
tend with are the parasol or umbrella ant ((2codonia Cephalotes),
and also the cacao beetle (Steirastoma histrionica) ; another species
is the Steirastroma depressa.

Mr. Hart, in his work on Cacao, says:—‘‘ The most troublesome
vegetable parasite is a species of Loranthus, a plant resembling our
mistletoe, which, being a true parasite, does considerable harm to
the cacao trees ; it is always cut away from the tree on being seen.
Several orchids are also found growing on the branches of the
cacao trees; also two species of Cuscuta or Dodder, but these are
chiefly epiphytical growths, and do little or no harm. The
squirrel is also a great enemy of the cacao planter ; not that he
damages the trees, but causes sad havoc amongst the ripe pods;
he, unfortunately, is not satisfied with taking one pod and
finishing it, but will attack and spoil hundreds. He prefers the
Criollo variety, owing to the greater sweetness of the pulp, in
preference to the Forastero variety.”

Cocoa, as we have already noticed, came into use in England
about the year 1662. I have here a very valuable book, to which
I have already drawn attention—Dr. Stubbes, ‘The Indian
Nectar, or a Discourse concerning Chocolata.’ This is a dupli-
cate copy sold by the British Museum in 1831. It is published
by J. C. for Andrew Cook, at the sign of the Great Dragon, in
St. Paul’s Churchyard, in 1662, and with your permission I will
read a few extracts from it, in order that you may see how
chocolate was first introduced into London, and what in those
days it consisted of.

Dr. Stubbes, in the preface of his work, writing to his learned

|

the Cacao Plant. 269

friend Dr. Thomas Willis, says (I may say that Dr. Stubbes is
just about to start for Jamaica) :—‘ I have set down the ways of
Ledesma and Zacchias, and the way by which the Chocolata is
commonly made, and I have left in the hands of an honest
though poor man, Richard Mortimer, in Sun Alley, in East
Smithfield, both my common Chocolata receipt and that other of
Chocolata Royal, both which are fitted for the use of such as are
in health, or not of a very weak stomach, being made up with
mild spices of Jamaica, and such as may securely be used by the
most healthy. They who would have particular Chocolata may
have recourse to him, and rely upon his honesty to prepare them
carefully, according to my method, which, though infinitely
laborious, he is resolved to follow. I chose him because I found
him, of all others, tractable to observe my directions, and to
make what experiments I pleased; he lived in Spain many
years, and is as skillful as honest. He will attend on any
physician of note, to receive his directions, and also to inform
him (if he would vary from my ways by any addition) what may
be added, and what quantity to each proportion of Chocolata.
Because that Richard Mortimer lives so far off, I have appointed
that his Chocolata of both sorts shall be sold at Captain Beck-
ford’s, at the Custom-House-Key; the best Chocolata, called
Chocolata Royal, will cost six shillings and sixpence each pound,
weighing about thirteen ounces, or somewhat more; the ordinary
Chocolata, weighing about fifteen ounces each pound, will cost
three shillings and eightpence. And in the same place they may
be furnished with the best Cacao nuts which I could yet ever see
in London; and also with Jamaica pepper.”’

«And now I come to speak of the present ways of making
Chocolata. I shall represent those ways which are authenticated
by Physicians—To every hundred nuts of Cacao are put two cods
of Chili, called long Red Pepper, one handful of Anise seeds, and
Crejaelas and two of the flowers called Mecasnobill, one Vaynilla,
or instead thereof (if the party be costive) six Alexandrian Roses,
beaten to powder, two drachms of Cinnamon, twelve Almonds,
and as many Hazel Nuts, half a pound of sugar, and as much
Achiote as would colour it.”

Another receipt is—‘‘ Take twelve pounds of Cacao nuts, finely
powdered; of Cinnamon, finely powdered, one pound, half a
pound of Anise seed, six Vaynillas, finely powdered; of Maize,
three pounds; one pound of Aienzoli (or half-a-pound of sweet
almonds) bruised and well beaten ; of Achiote half an ounce; of
sugar four pounds.”

Out of these he bids us frame a mass. Besides these prescripts,
other receipts put in other ingredients, with a great variety and
difference one from the other; some put in a proportion of black
pepper, some of long pepper, some retain that of Chili or long red

270 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on

pepper. Cinnamon, cloves, almonds, hazel nuts, vaynillas, musk,
amber-grise, orange-flower water are things usually put in or
omitted; as also nutmeg, lemon and citron peel, cardamoms,
fennel seeds, chemical oil of nutmeg and cinnamon, and the most
delicate spice called Jamaica pepper; and achiote, too, is some-
.times left out or changed for santals, according to the device of
the chocolata maker.

In the common chocolata sold so cheap there is not anything
but eight ounces of the nuts prepared and powdered, seven ounces
of sugar, and one ounce of spice; that is, half an ounce of
cinnamon, two drachms of Jamaica pepper or other pepper, and
as much of cloves, nutmeg, and lemon peel; some colour it with
achiote; some decline to do so; some put into each pound, to
make it extraordinary, six grains of red pepper or chilies. I may
say that the Indians made their chocolate of the cacao beans,
mixed with maize-flour and honey, and this specimen of
chocolate is one made about thirty years ago in Venezuela,
from an old Indian receipt.

The following extract is from ‘The Complete Dictionary of
Arts and Sciences,’ published in 1764:—‘‘Chocolate in com-
merce, a kind of paste, or cake prepared of certain drugs, the
basis of which is the Cacao nut. The Indians, in their first
making of chocolate, used to roast the Cacao in earthen pots and,
having afterwards cleared it of the husks, and bruised it between
two stones, they made it into cakes with their hands. The
Spaniards improved this method. When the cacao is properly
roasted and well cleansed, they pound it in an iron mortar, to
reduce it into a coarse mass, which they afterwards grind or
levigate on a stone, under which a charcoal fire is kept, till it be
of the utmost fineness; when the paste is sufficiently ground, it
is put quite hot into tin moulds, in which it congeals in a very
little time. Complaints are made that the Spaniards mix with
the cacao too great a quantity of cloves and cinnamon, besides
other drugs without number, as musk, ambergris, &c. The
grocers of Paris use few or none of these ingredients, but only
choose the best nuts (which are called Caraccas, from the place
where they are produced), the freshest vanilla, and the finest
sugar, but seldom any cloves. Among the English the chocolate
is made of the simple cacao, excepting that sometimes sugar and
sometimes vanilla is added.’ So much for the old way of making
chocolate.

Cocoa beans are imported into this country in bags averaging
in weight about 13 cwt. each. The first operation carried out by
the manufacturer is the blending of the numerous varieties and
qualities of cocoa; this requires great care and judgment. This
being done, the cocoa beans are placed in revolving iron cylinders
over a bright coke or charcoal fire and roasted. After coming

¥

Zz

» ed

~ ’

7!

the Cacao Plant. 271

from the cylinders they are allowed to cool, and are then passed
through mills in order to break them up; they are then allowed
to fall in front of a strong fan, which blows away the light shell,
leaving the nib. The nibs are then passed through revolving
stone mills, slightly warmed ; the result is a rich brown liquid
of about the consistence of golden syrup. This liquid cocoa is
now ready for any special variety of cocoa that the manufacturer
may wish to make. For chocolate this liquid is mixed with pure
loaf sugar only, but, if required, is favoured with vanilla or any
flavouring substance desired.

For prepared or soluble cocoas, the cocoa butter or natural oil
is allowed to remain, and this liquid cocoa is mixed with loaf
sugar and West Indian arrowroot ; the sugar and arrowroot, if
mixed in the proper proportions, thoroughly incorporates the oil,
which is one of the most nutritious parts of the cacao bean, and
makes a delightful drink. Again, the liquid cocoa may be put
into bags and then placed in hydraulic presses, by which the
cocoa butter or oil is extracted; the remaining portion forming
a fine dry powder, which is sold as pure cocoa under the name
of essences, extracts, &c., but very erroneously so, as it can
hardly be considered pure when all the nourishment of the bean
has been extracted. Cocoa, before the extraction of the oil, may
be compared to new milk; but cocoa after the extraction of the
oil is like milk after the removal of the cream.

Some persons prefer cocoa nibs; the great drawback to this
form of cocoa is the trouble and time required in making a
beverage from them; they having to be boiled for several hours,
and on cooling the oil solidifies, and by some persons is removed.
In Ireland a favourite beverage is the cocoa shells only; these
are put into a teapot, and infused in the same way as tea. This
beverage is not very palatable, I may say.

Cocoa, in the form of nibs, contains in every hundred parts—

50 parts Cacao butter.

20 ,, Albumenoids.

18 ,, Starch, sugar, &c.
4 ,, Salts.
2 ,, Theobromine.

11 ,, Other substances.

The cocoa butter, which forms about half the substance of the
nib, is a hard fatty material, which when clarified is of a dead

_ white colour. Its melting point is low, about 100° F. A peculi-
_ arity about this fat is that it never becomes rancid; this makes

it most valuable, and places it first on the list of the fatty class

of our carbonaceous or heat-giving foods. The albumenoids
_ constitute about twenty per cent. of the nib; these are classed
_ among the nitrogenous principles of food, and their presence
renders cocoa one of the richest flesh-formers we have. The

272 Mr. James Epps, Jun., on the Cacao Plant.

starch, gum, and sugar form about thirteen per cent. of the
whole, and, like the cocoa butter, belong to the non-azotised
principles. The alkaloid of cocoa is theobromine, a specimen of
which I have extracted from the finest cocoa; it represents
about two per cent. of the bean. This alkaloid is very similar
in its physiological effects to theine, the active principle of tea,
and caffeine, the active principle of coffee, from which it differs
but slightly in chemical composition.

Theobromine C,H,N,O,.

Theine . .

Caffeine . ‘}OgHioN.Oz

Theobromine is a gentle nerve-stimulant and waste of tissue
preventer, similar to theine and caffeine. Analysts have not at
present given us the percentage of volatile oil, which imparts the
delightful odour to the cacao bean; but it exists in small quan-
tities, and is only brought out during the roasting of the bean.

I think at this point it would not be out of place to draw
attention to three other plants which sometimes lead to confusion
with the cocoa; they are :—'T'he coco-nut (Cocos nucifera) of the
fruiterer, which yields coco-nut fibre, and the albumen of the
seed, which yields a pale straw-coloured oil (coco-nut oil) ; this
palm thrives in tropical countries along the sea-shore. The kola
(Sterculia acuminata), which is grown in Africa; these nuts,
when ground, are often mixed with chocolate and sold as kola-
chocolate or kola-paste. And the coca (Hrythroawylon coca),
which are the leaves of a plant largely grown in Peru; these
yield the most highly-valued alkaloid ‘‘ cocaine.”

In conclusion, I should like to draw your attention to the
wonderful increase in the consumption of cocoa in this country
during the last ten years :—

Lb. Increase.
1888 . . 18,227,017
1889 . . 18,464,164 237,147 lb.
1890 . . 20,224,175 1,760,011
1891 . . 21,601,825 1,377,650
1892 . . 20,797,288 D. 804,542
1893. . 20,874,995 77,712
1894. . 22,440,820 1,565,825
1895 . . 24,484,502 2,043,682

1896 . . 24,523,428 38,926

CACAO PLANTATION, SHOWING BANANAS AND THE MADRE DE

CACAO AS SHADE TREES.

“GOOMYON YaddN ‘IH HVINAG ‘3SNOH WIOAHON LV DNIMOHD

“NOSSO18 NI—33auLl OVOVS

= “*
. THEOSROMA -cAGAD.
oe Ae onncorerd

ma

t

CACAO TREE-—IN FRUIT.

Le

CACAO PODS.

a COCOA HOOK. CUTLASS.

-_—

*Sd0Od 3HL WOYS SNW3G AHL DSNIAOWAY

( 278 )

140.—Reporr or tax Metxorotocicat Sus-Commitrer FOR 1897.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppetn-Bayarn,
P.R. Met. Soe.

(Read February 15th, 1898.)

Tue arrangements for observing the daily rainfall round
Croydon have been successfully carried out on the same plan as
before, and with, it is hoped, the same efficiency. The number
of stations in the printed sheet is 81, and there are two stations
(Hartswood, Buckland, and Newlands Park, Sydenham) not in
the printed sheet, the observations of which are quite complete,
and will be found at the end of this Report.

Six stations, Marden Park, Croydon (Chatfield Road), Croydon
(Lower Addiscombe Road), Hayes, Chislehurst, and Forest ITill
(Nurseries), have come to an end owing to the discontinuance of
the observations, and one, Keston (Tower Fields), through the
death of the observer, Mr..George Buchanan. This is a much
larger number of vacanéies.than ag. occurred in any previous
year, and it is a matter for. regret that there are only four new
observers. ee eae

The monthly sheets contain iall the records, with the excep-
tion of Buckland and Sydenham, which have been received by
the Sub-Committee, and the stations of which the records have
been tabulated and printed number 81 as against 78 in the
last Report, and the number of observers is 68 as compared
with 66.

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers,
with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also
the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient num-
ber have from time to time been pulled for the use of the
Club; and Appendix II. contains a record of all falls of rain
of 1:00 in. and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables of
Appendix I,

This year, like 1896, has been a remarkable one. The wet
March and the dry October form a curious contrast.

In order to show the principal features of the rainfall of 1897,
Tables A, B, C, and D have beén constructed on the same lines
as the four tables in the last Report.

2'74 Mr. fF. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

A.—Greenwich Average 80 Yrs. (1816-95). B.—Greenwich Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95).

Average| 1897 |+ Average Average| 1897 |+ Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 1:89 1:73 — 0°16 Jan. 1:98 1:73 — 0°25
Feb. 1:59 2°24 + 0°65 Feb. 1:43 2°24 + 0:81
March| 1-52 3°40 + 1-88 March| 1:44 3°40 + 1:96
April 1-65 1:54 — 0-11 April 1-61 1:54 — 0:07
May 2-00 1:45 — 0°55 May 1-94 1:45 — 0-49
June 1-95 1:73 — 0°22 June 2°04 1:73 — 0:31
July 2°60 0°73 — 1:87 July 2-42 0°73 — 1:69
Aug. 2-33 2°86 + 0°53 Aug. 2°30 2°86 + 0°56
Sept. 2°30 2°70 + 0°40 Sept. 2°18 2-70 + 0°52
Oct. 2°82 0-48 — 2:34 Oct. 2°75 0:48 — 2:27
Noy. 2°37 1:07 — 1°30 Nov. 2°19 1:07 —1:12
Dec. 1:94 2:15 + 0°21 Dec. 1:94 2°15 + 0:21
Year | 24:96 | 2208 | — 288 Year | 24-22 | 2008 | — 244

C.—Surbiton Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95). D.—Mt. Ararat, Wim., Av. 40Yrs.(1856-95).

Average| 1897 |+ Average Average| 1897 | +Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 2-04 1:96 — 0:08 Jan. 1:79 1-96 +017
Feb. 1:47 2°01 + 0°54 Feb. 1-38 1:98 + 0:60
March} 1:44 3°73 + 2:29 March] 1:33 3°32 + 1:99
April 1:64 1:89 + 0°25 April 1-64 1-61 — 0:03
May 1-92 1:24 — 0°68 May 1-92 1:08 — 0°84
June 2-08 3°89 + 1:81 June 2-08 2°92 + 0°84
July 2°37 1-03 — 1:34 July 2°49 1-02 — 1:47
Aug. 2°43 2°83 + 0:40 Aug. 2°31 3°23 + 0:92
Sept. 2°21 2°12 — 0:09 Sept. 2:28 2°72 + 0°44
Oct. 2°81 0°46 — 2°35 Oct. 2°88 0°55 — 2°33
Nov. 2°16 0:94 — 1:22 Noy. 2°19 1:29 — 0:90
Dec. 1:85 2°33 + 0°48 Dec. LEE 2°42 + 0°65
Year | 24:42 | 24-43 + 0:01 Year | 24:06 24:10 + 0:04

Tables A and B refer to Greenwich. Table A shows that
the rainfall of 1897 is 2°88 in. below the 80 years’ average
(1816-95); whilst table B shows that it is 2-14 in. below the 40
years’ average (1856-95). The difference between these two
amounts is 0°74 in., exactly the difference of last year. This
result is somewhat startling, for it seems to show that the
average of the 40 years (1816-55) is 0°74 in. higher than the
average of the 40 years (1856-95), which is not the case. The
average for the 40 years (1816-55) is 25-71 in., and the difference
between the mean of this 40 years and of the 40 years (1856-95)
is 1:49 in., exactly double the difference between the means of
the 80 and 40 years in tables A and B. These large differences
would certainly seem to show that we have not yet got a true
mean for Greenwich.

Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1897. 275

When, however, we cast our eyes over tables B, C, and D,
which refer respectively to Greenwich, Surbiton, and Mt. Ararat,
Wimbledon, a great change is at once seen. ‘The great deficiency
of 2°14 in. at Greenwich disappears in the case of Surbiton and
Mt. Ararat, Wimbledon, and instead thereof we have a slight
excess. This excess arose in a great measure owing to a
thunderstorm with heavy rain, on June 24th, over the western
part of the district.

In Appendix II. the falls of rain of 1-00 in. and over are set
out, and the large fall on June 24th in the western part of the
district is specially noticeable. I cannot help thinking that, as
stated in last year’s Report, the configuration of the land has a
good deal to do with it.

The Sub-Committee would draw attention again to the number
of days—eleven in all—on which an inch or more rain fell, and
also to the singular fact that during last year and this year there
has been only one such fall at Greenwich. As is well known,
great alterations have been made at Greenwich, and the portion
allotted to meteorological observations is now greatly restricted ;
so much so that I cannot but think that the character of the
observations has not been improved thereby.

In conclusion, the Sub-Committee desire to express their
thanks to the three gentlemen who have so kindly continued
their subscriptions to enable the Club to carry on its great work,
and also to the very cordial co-operation of the observers, without
whose assistance such a work could never be successful.

Harxwoop, Buckianp, SuRREY.
Observer—Rateu W. Crurron. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 124 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 174 ft.

Jan. | Feb. Mar.| Apr. | May |June| July; Aug.; Sept.) Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
1:96 | 2-90 | 4°30 | 1°66 | 1-47 | 1-52 | 1-34 | 2°78 | 2-12 | 0-58 | 1:16 | 3-77 | 25°56
Exmrieitp, Newnanps Park, SypenHAM, Kent.
Observer—Dr. O. Jerson. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.
Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 136 ft.
, J Bj Feb. Mar.| Apr. | May | June July | Aug. Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. | IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
| s, 3-52 | 1-18 | 1-41 | 3-45 | 1:18 | 2-53 | 2-89 | 0-58 | 1-13 | 2-46 | 23-85

APPENDIX I.

CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY CLUB

(Meteorological Sub-Committee. )

S§/ae3 |=

SraTrons. OBSERVERS, gs e38\as8

RS 2 | 23

no} Ss i =

F

Abinger (The Hall) ............ The Lord Farrer ......
Abinger (The Rectory) ........ Miss Brodie-Hall......
Dorking (Denbies).............- J. Beesley ............
Walton Heath (The Hermitage)..| 8. Bostock ..........
Redhill (Oxford Road) .......... W. H. Tyndall........
Nutfield (The Priory) .......... J. Moffatt ............
Reigate (The Briars) .......... Mrs. Barclay..........
Reigate Hill (Margery Hall) ....| W. F. Taylor ........
Reigate Hill (Nutwood. Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ........
Upper Gatton .......0.0.se00 1g DT a are ae
Merstham (Rockshaw).......... W. Gardiner.............
Harp’s Oak Cottage ............ R. C. Grant ....... Ase
Chipstead (Shabden Park) ......| J. Crerar ............
Chaldon (The Rectory) ........ Rey. G. E. Belcher ....

Caterham (Metropol. Asylum) ..

G. 8. Elliott, M.D. .

Marden Park (Birchwood House)..| Mrs. F. Rutley........
Westerham (The Fishponds) ....| W. Morris............
Knockholt (The Beeches)........ WEENTORUIS cjsi0eedic0is.as
Sevenoaks tse Johns Hill)...... | W. W. Wagstaffe ......
Warlingham (The Vicarage) ....| Rev. F. R. Marriott....
Coulsdon (The Grange) ........ W. J. Stride ..........
Kenley (Hazelea) ..,...........| Mrs. Carr-Dyer ......
Kenley (The Cottage) .......... Bebe enell. . s..cem cone
Purley (Tudor Cottages) ........ d. Bonwick .....2.0¢.
Ashtead (D’Abernon Chase) ....| Sir W. Vincent, Bart. ..
OL OS eee oe sal iWedllis DINeR si k.ci civics
Banstead (The Larches) ........ Rey. C. J. Taylor.....

Sutton (Mulgrave Road) ........ W. Goode ............
Wallington (Maldon Road)......| F. Campbell-Bayard ..
Beddington (Riverside) ........ S. Rostron ..........
Waddon (Wadden House) ...... PS Crowley oo. <<ss\sa0:
Croydon (Brimstone Barn)...... Croydon Corporation ..

Croydon (Waddon New Road)....
Croydon (Duppas House) ......
Croydon (Chatfield Road) ......
Croydon (Whitgift School) ......
Croydon

Woburn Road)........

Croydon Corperation ..
Baldwin Latham ......

A. E. Watson
M. L. Craven

RRR OR OUR et et ee eee et ee ee RD ER OR DO

e
RPOOSSoSSCCOFSeSSCSCSCOOROSOCOCOCOCOCOCOOSCONONaOCOs

Sea-level.

Fe et et et et be ht tO DOD DODD DWIWROMRRRORUIRRWAODWW
CAMKWUNEWDER DESMOND DDOTE RANT OR OW HONE DNY
PRSSSSSESSE SECS SR SSLIERAUASEASSORE ANA

178

SraTIons.

Croydon (Park Hill Rise) ......
Croydon (Lower Addiscombe Rd.)
Addington Hills (The Reservoir). .
Addington (Park Farm) ........
Addington (Pumping Station)....
West Wickham (Wickham Court)
Hayes (Baston Manor)..........
Hayes Common (The Warren) ..
Keston (Bradfield) ............
Keston (Tower Fields)..........
Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....
Farningham Hill ..............
Chislehurst (The Oaks) ........
Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....
Dartford (West Hill House)
Sidcup (Hatherly Road) ........
Bickley (The High Field)
Bromley (The Palace) ..........
Bromley Common (Elmfield) ....
Beckenham (Cedars Road) ......
South Norwood (Apsley Road) .
Thornton Heath (Thornton Road).
Wimbledon (Sewage Works) ....
Wimbledon (Mount Ararat)
Raynes Park (Pumping Station)..
New Malden (Sewage Works) ....
Esher (Sewage Works)........-.
West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.)..
Surbiton (Seething Wells)
Kingston (Sewage Works) ......
Richmond (Ormond Lodge)
Putney Heath (The Reservoirs)..
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road).
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road). .
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road)...
Forest Hill (The Nurseries) ...
Forest Hill (8S. & V. Water Co.)..
Eltham (High Street) ..........
Greenwich (Royal Observatory). .
Deptford (Kent Water Co.) ......
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.)....
Brixton (Acre Lane)............
Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ...

eeeeee

-| T. Devas

.| J. T. Billett

OBSERVERS.

H. F. Parsons, M.D. ..
His. Mawiley clic wmisiaiciel=
Croydon Corporation ..
We Walley: ei teinisieies
Croydon Corporation ..
Sir J. F. Lennard, Bart.
Capt. A. Torrens
Miss Akers .......0..
AGOEAIN Tavere'n siaieaio xerptar
G. Buchanan
VU NULIETIN orelc niateisteiataiels
A. J. Waring
Miss Dalton

W. Morris

eeeeee

.| Lieut.-Col. C. N. Kidd .

Lionel Burrell, M.D. ..
De IB BTHED “efarere:e'etera ale ora
Coles Child
Rey. J. P. Faunthorpe .
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Report of the Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1896. 277

APPENDIX II.
Fatis or 1:00 1n. anp upwarps.

Marcu 2np.—Walton Heath, 1:22 in.; Dorking (Denbies),
1:02 in.; Keston (Tower Fields), 1-01 in.

Juns 6rH.— Beckenham (Cedars Road), 1:86 in. ; Bickley,
1-63 in.; Bromley, 1:45 in.; Sydenham, 1-39 in. ; Chislehurst,
1:35 in.; Walton Heath, 1:30 in.; Sidcup, 1:24 in.; South
Norwood, 1:18 in. ; Reigate (Margery Hall), 1-11 in.

June 8tu.—New Malden, 1-19 in.

June 247. — Hsher, 2°32 in.; Surbiton, 2°12 in.; West
Molesey, 1:96 in.; New Malden, 1-82 in.; Kingston, 1°56 in. ;
Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat), and Raynes Park, 1-04 in.

Juty 19rx.—New Malden, 1:28 in.; Walton Heath, 1-05 in.

Juty 21sr.—Wilmington, 1:13 in.; Abinger (The Rectory),
1-12 in.

Aveusr 8ta.—Wimbledon (Sewage Works), 1:05 in.

Aueust 25rx.—Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road), 1-02 in.

SepremBer 297H.— Wandsworth Common, 1:40 in. ; Wimble-
don (Sewage Works), 1:23 in.; Forest Hill (The Nurseries),
1:22 in.; Sutton, 1:19 in.; Greenwich, 1:12 in.; Croydon
(Whitgift), 1-1lin.; Walton Heath, Beddington, and Sydenham,
1-10 in. ; Croydon (Duppas House), 1:08 in. Waddon and Croy-
don (Waddon New Road), 1:07 in. ; Forest Hill (Southwark and
Vauxhall Water Co.) and Battersea, 1:05 in.; Reigate (Margery
Hall), Purley (Tudor Cottages), Banstead, Wilmington, and
Brixton, 1:03 in. ; Beckenham (Cedars Road), 1-02 in. ; Croy-
don (Chatfield Road), and Farningham Hill, 1-01 in. ; Croydon
(Woburn Road), South Norwood, and Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat),
1:00 in.

Decemper 71H.—Caterham, 1:03 in. ; Walton Heath, 1-00 in.

Decemser 297rH.—Walton Heath, 1:50in. ; Banstead, 1-00 in.

PRESENTAD
23 JUL. 1898

CT ERIS

- PROCEEDINGS. Page

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_ TRANSACTIONS.
On the Times of emer Sie of ra Spring Flowers. By. HL
‘Franxtin Parsons, M.D., F.G.8. .........seeseeceecceeeees
ski eae Lae wee its as per atch’ and Dencenion

: Pr, By Joun C Penton... eee eooewes coceseve ’
Pe iii ee ‘ioled on Baie ig Putas as gaekina oi pa Aodth Notwend .
Apu aoe Irrigation Farm. By J. M. Hozsoy, M.D.,B.Se., President 254
The Flint Implements of Addington. By Aurxanver J. Hoge... 257
ay The Cacao Plant. By James Epps, Jun. (With six Plates)...... 262

ine a Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1897. Prepared by
SYiay the Hon. Sec., Francis Campseni-Bayarp, ica ag ot bia

241

Rens Labi OFFICERS FOR 1898.
Bate me -__- President.—J. M. Hozson, M.D.
-—__Vice-Presidents. — Jouy Brrvey, F.R.M.S.; Pum Crowzy,

BL.S., F.2Z.8.; Henry §. Eaton, M.A., F.R Met. Soe.5 Heyry Te

Ment, F.L.S.; Henry G. Tompson, M.D., J.P., &¢.; Epwarp
na Ho H. Franxu Parsons, M.D., F.G. 8.; and W. Murron
OLMES.

Treasurer—F. J. Townsenp (Alverley, Park Hill Bins Ongar).

-Librarian—Aurrep Roops. ~
te Committee. —J.’ H. ;Baznoox;) J. san Drage 5 James Epps, Jun.,

Pear? “ELS ue oe Gower ; G. W. M G. E. Newsy, F.RB.C. 85
BL J. Prarrs; N, F. Rozarrs, PGS; siti W. Wurraxen, P.R.S., :

n. Seoretary. RoE. Gnuxpy (112, Lower Addiscombe Road
2), He. whom all communications may be addressed.

PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

CROYDON
MICROSCOPICAL & NATURAL HISTORY

CLUB.

FEBRUARY 15, 1898, ro JANUARY 17, 1899.

i CROYDON:

PRINTED FOR\ THE CLUB, BY WEST, NEWMAN & CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1898—99.

Cwuenty-ninth Annual Mveting,
Held at the Public Hail, Croydon, January 17th, 1899.

J. M. Hossoy, M.D., B. Se., in the chair.

The statement of accounts for the year 1898 was approved.

The President announced that the following had been nomin-
ated as officers of the Club for the ensuing year, and there being
no other nominations they were duly elected :—President, William
Whitaker, F.R.S., P.G.S.; Hon. Treasurer, F. J. Townend;
Hon. Secretary, R. F. Grundy; Librarian, A. Roods ; and A. J.
Hogg and E. Pierce members of the Committee to fill the
vacancies caused by the retirement (under the Rules) of Mr. J.
H. Drage and Mr. Whitaker. .

The following is a list of the officers for the year 1899 :—

President.—Witi1am Wuiraker, B.A., F.R.8., P.G.S.

Vice- Presidents.—Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pare CRowLeEy,
F.Z.8., F.L.8.; Henry 8. Haron, M.A., F.R. Met. Soe. ;
Henry T. Mennett, F.L.8.; Henry G. THompson, M.D.,
F.R.M.S., J.P.; Epwarp Lovert; H. Franxzuin Parsons,
M.D., F.G.S.; W. Murron Homes; and J. M. Hosgson,
M.D., B.Sc.

Treasurer.—F. J. Townenp.

_ Hon. Secretary.—R. F. Grunpy (112, Lower Addiscombe Road,
Croydon).
b

elvi Proceedings.

Libravian.—Aurrep Roops.

Committee.—J. H. Batnock; James Epps, Jun., F.L.8.; H.
D. Gower; A. J. Hoag; G. W. Moore; G. EH. Newsy,
F.R.C.S.; E. Pierce; E. J. Puatrts; and N. F. Rozgarts,
F.G.8.

Botanical Sub-Committee. — ArntHUR Bennett, F.L.S., High
Street, Croydon; J. Epmunp Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., 24, Birdhurst Road ;
James Epps, F.L.S., Norfolk House, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood ;
A. FirzGrRALp, 93, Addiscombe Road; Miss Kuaassen, Aberfeldy,
Campden Road; H. T. Mennetu, F.L.S. (Hon. Sec.), Park Hill Rise ;
H. FRANKLIN Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons,
Park Hill Rise; C. E. Satmon, Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate ;
Ernest STRAKER, Wallington.

Geological Sub-Comnuttee.—W. B. BANNERMAN, F.G.8., Sydenham
Road; Grorce Hivos, Ph.D., F.G.S., F.R.S., Avondale Road; A. J.
Hoae, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood ; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst,
Dornton Road; H. Frankuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise;
Hl. Wuirsy Puinuirs, M.D., Addiscombe Road; N. F. Roxzarts,
F.G.S. (Hon. See.), 28, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; W. W. Torey,
3, Marlborough Road ; THos. WauKeER, C.E., Warrington Road; Wm.
WHITAKER, F'.R.S., Campden Road.

Meteorological Sub-Committee.—F. C.-Bayarp, LL.M. (Hon. Sec.),
Wallington; J. Epmunp Cxark, B.A., B.Se., 24, Birdhurst Road;
Tos. CusHING, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Baupwin Latuay, C.E.,
Duppas House, Croydon.

Microscopical Sub-Committee.—Rev. R. K. Corser, 57, Park Hill
Road; T. A. Duxes, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; E. Lovert,
West Burton, Outram Road; W. Murron Hoimess (Hon. Sec.), Glen-
side, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road.

Photographic Sub-Committee.—J. H. Baupock, F.C.S. (Lanternist
and Recorder), St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gowsr, 55, Benson Road ;
E. Pierce (Hon. Sec.), Claremont, Balfour Road, South Norwood ;
BE. J. Puarts, St. Leonard’s Road; AutFreD Roops, 67, Thornhill
Road; C. J. L. Russenn, 56, Coombe Road; A. J. WrIGHTMAN,
Langdale, Chepstow Rise.

Zoological Sub-Committee—Joun Berney, F.R.M.S. (Hon. Sec.),
Chatsworth Road; Pump Crow ey, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Waddon; JoHN
Henry Drage, Tamworth Road, Croydon; C. H. Goopman, Bryn
Cottage, Whyteleaf; R. McLacatan, F.R.5., F.L.S., 23, Clarendon
Road, Lewisham.

Anthropological Sub-Committee.—H. C. Cottyer, Beddington ;
J. M. Hogson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen
Road, South Norwood; E. Loverr (Hon. Sec.) West Burton, Outram
Road; N. F. Roparts, F.G.8., 28, Oliver Grove, South Norwood ;
J. Watson Siack, 56, Park Lane; H. G. THompson, M.D., 86, Lower
Addiscombe Road.

Museum Subd-Committee.—J. H. Drage, Tamworth Road; J. M.
Hoszson, M.D., B.Sc. (Hon. Sec.), Morland Road; E. Loverr, West
Burton, Outram Road; H. T. Mennext, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise;
H. F. Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; Wm. WHITAKER,
P.G.S., Campden Road.

Proceedings. elvii

The President delivered his annual Address, in which he
reviewed the operations of the Club and its various sections
during the past year, and at its conclusion a vote of thanks was
passed to him for the Address and hig services during the
past year.

The President’s Address.
Lapres anp GENTLEMEN,

At the end of the twenty-ninth year of our exist-
ence it again becomes the President's duty to review the pro-
ceedings of the past twelve months. Our present strength is
229 members ; 24 new members have been elected, and 18 have
resigned. There has been no thinning of our ranks through
death. Of the 24 new members, no less than 11 were already
contributors to our Meteorological work.

Taking the several meetings and excursions in chronological
order, we find that on Jan. 18th the Annual Meeting was held,
a report of which, together with the Address of the President,
will be found in the Proceedings in the last part of our Trans.
actions.

On Jan. 26th Mr. Lovett gave a demonstration, in connection
with the Anthropological Section, on Primitive Fire-making
Appliances, A large collection was brought down and explained
by Mr. Lovett. Here is a list of them —

Prehistoric Flints and Pyrites from Cave-deposits, J ersey.

Early English, Dutch, German, and French Flint and Steel
and Tinder Boxes.

Flint and Steel and Tinder Pouches from India, China, Thibet,
Japan, and Scandinavia. _

_ Fire-sticks from Central India, South Africa, Somali-land, and

Arctic America.

Bow-drills, Hand-drills, Mouth-drills, and other Fire-making
Appliances in use by the Esquimaux.

Compression Fire-tube used by the Shans of Northern Burmah.

Various forms of Tinder and Sulphur Matches from England,
France, Germany, Holland, India, Africa, China, and J apan.

At the meeting on Feb. 15th, Mr. Campbell-Bayard, President
of the Royal Meteorological Society, read his Annual Report of
the Meteorological Section, of which he has long beer Honorary
Secretary. This has already been published in our Transactions
for 1897.

Mr. J. Edmund Clarke read a paper on “ The Relation of Sun
Spots to Rainfall, based on F ifty Years’ Observations at York.”

b2

elviii Proceedings.

Sun spots, as was well known, varied in frequency in cycles of
about eleven years, and their maximum was associated with
terrestrial phenomena, such as magnetic storms and aurora
borealis. He had been led to think that while the rainfall of
the year as a whole bore little relation to the number of sun
spots, a relation was observable in the rainfall of particular
months, especially August, the rainfall in August being highest
in years at or about a minimum sun spot period, and lowest in
years at or about a maximum sun spot period (see Trans.).

On March 15th Dr. Parsons exhibited a collection of fossils
from the gault, lower greensand, and Wealden beds; Mr. A. J.
Hogg exhibited fossils and a mass of gypsum from the gault ; and
Mr. Murton Holmes showed echinoderms, sponges, &c., from the
upper chalk.

The event of the evening was a written lecture by Mr. H. E.
Turner, B.Sc., of Folkestone, lent through the South-eastern
Union of Scientific Societies, and read by Dr. Franklin Parsons.
Mr. Baldock operated with the Club lantern, exhibiting some
sixty-nine slides to illustrate the lecture. The subject of the
lecture was ‘‘ The Lower Greensand, Gault, and Upper Green-
sand.” These beds, taken from below upwards, are the oldest of
the cretaceous series, so named from the predominance of the
chalk, and belonging to the middle ages of geological time. The
cretaceous series are found only in the Hast and South of
England. They are overlaid by the London and Hampshire
basins of the tertiary beds, and by recent alluvium on the sea
coast. The general trend of the cretaceous beds having been
more exactly indicated, the lecture went on to deal with the
special arrangements of beds found in the part known as the
Wealden area, comprising parts of Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex,
and Kent. The bifurcation of the chalk of Salisbury Plain forms
respectively the North Downs, terminating eastwards in Dover
cliffs, and the South Downs, ending in Beachy Head ; while their
counterparts are seen across the Straits of Dover, in the chalk
cliffs about Boulogne, a few miles to the east of which they again
reunite. We have thus the interesting geological phenomenon
of a closed oval, cut through indeed by the comparatively recent
Straits of Dover, but presenting in concentrically arranged out-
crops a vast thickness of beds, within an area one hundred and
fifty miles from east to west, and forty from north to south. The
chalk, which is the most recent, bounds the area as. with a lofty
wall. The oldest Hastings sands occupy the centre. This con-
dition of things has been brought about by the upheaval of the
beds en masse into the form of a dome, which has been cut down
by denudation or the gradual carrying away of the materials by
water, just as the coats of an onion might be cut across. The

Proceedings. clix

harder beds form a series of steep escarpments, or sharp ele-
vations, always looking towards the centre of the area; while the
softer beds form valleys, plains, or undulating country between
them.

The lecture then gave an interesting theoretical account of the
laying down of the enormous masses of rock, beginning with a
great river flowing eastwards from an ancient land (which
extended far to the north-west beyond the present limits of
Ireland), and pouring its waters into a narrow sea or gulf, which
would at first be brackish. As the sea bottom was continually
subsiding, more and more deep-sea conditions would prevail, till
the profound depths of the chalk period prevailed. After a
thousand feet of chalk had accumulated, subsidence would be
succeeded by elevation, the dome of the weald would be formed
only to be cut down as it emerged from the level of the waters,
and afterwards carved into its present form by the action of
streams, &c. The lecture then dealt in considerable detail with
the various constituents of the lower greensand, indicating their
local characteristics and the physical features of the country
thereby conditioned. These topics were freely illustrated by
lantern slides. The most generally interesting were the results
of a landslip at Sandgate in 1893. This was caused by a sliding
of the absorbent Folkestone beds upon the impermeable Sandgate
beds beneath them, after an unusually heavy rainfall. A long
series of slides illustrated the damage done to houses and the
displacements of the ground, both giving appearances very sug-
gestive of an earthquake, as, indeed, was at first thought to
have happened. A small series of slides taken from Hast Wear
Bay, near Folkestone, illustrated the effect upon the contour of
the land by the gault underlying the chalk. These showed the
railway cutting in the Warren, and the upheaval of the foreshore
produced by the impaction of immense masses of earth during
the landslip. The lecture concluded with a very fine series of
photographs of fossils from the chalk, gault, and lower greensand.
Some remarks on the various points of the lecture by the President
and Mr. Whitaker brought the proceedings to an end.

On April 2nd an excursion was conducted by Mr. J. H. Baldock
to Kew Gardens, and was partly of a general and partly of a
photographic character. He reports as follows :—‘‘ The afternoon
was dull and rather windy, which militated against the success of
the photographers. Nevertheless some pictures, notably of the
Bamboo Garden, were obtained. After a stroll through the Arbo-
retum, the party visited the Orchid House, the Succulent House,
and other houses, finishing up with the always interesting Rock
Garden, The number of members attending was eleven,”’

elx Proceedings.

On April 19th Mr. Murton Holmes exhibited and explained a
collection of the shelly parts of Pteropods taken off Culebra
Island in the ‘ Challenger.’

Mr. Fred. Curtis, introduced by Mr. Crowley, gave a Lecture
entitled ‘‘ Notes from the Arctic.” This was an account of a
three months’ cruise in the Barentz and Kara Seas, about the
southern island of Nova Zembla and the islands of Waigats and
Dolgoi, in the steam yacht ‘ Laura,’ fitted up for the expedition
by Mr. H. 8. Pearson. The lecture, which described day by day
the various points visited, and the human, animal, and plant-
life met with, was freely illustrated by lantern-slides, taken, as I
understand, by the lecturer himself. The island of Waigats,
situated about 70° by 60° E., was thoroughly worked, and the
observations of the geology, zoology, and botany of the adjoining
island of Dolgoi which were made were, in the belief of the
lecturer, the first recorded. A short visit was paid to Khabarova,
on the mainland; several landings were made on the southern
island of Nova Zembla, and observations on its eastern coast as
far as lat. 74° 24’ added something to the geographical know-
ledge of that shore.

On April 23rd an excursion to Chislehurst was conducted by
Dr. Percy Allan. The following is the account which Dr. Allan
has kindly sent me :—

‘* Kacursion to Chislehurst—On April 23rd some thirty mem-
bers of the Club, on bicycles, conducted by Dr. Allan, visited the
caves near Chislehurst Station. The entrance was by a sloping
low-pitched tunnel in the side of a steep hill, just at the junction
of the greensand with the chalk. The galleries, of considerable
extent, were of heights ranging from four to thirty feet; they
ran for a considerable distance; some branched, some ended
blindly, and others rejoined the main passage. A second series
of galleries, more extensive than the first, were explored by two
or three of the party, who had to creep into the entrance on
hands and knees. In Chislehurst there is no history attached
to the caves, but, as may be judged, they were constructed for
the purpose of obtaining chalk. The party, on leaving, partook
of tea at the ‘ Bickley Arms.’”

On April 27th Mr. Robarts, Hon. Sec. of the Geological Section,
took charge of a Conversational Meeting on Slates. He exhibited
various specimens illustrative of Welsh, Westmoreland, French,
and American Slates, and described methods of obtaining and
manufacturing them. The cause of the cleavage, which is the
distinguishing feature of true Slates, was explained, and the
geological position of the principal veins was demonstrated.

Proceedings. elxi

Allusion was made to the chemical composition, and com-
parisons were drawn showing the mercantile value of the various
qualities.

On May 14th a small party accompanied Mr. Lincoln from
Byfleet, along the Wey Navigation Canal to Pyrford. Newark
Abbey, a ruin which stands on the banks of the river Wey, near
Ripley, was then visited. Several photographs were obtained.

On May 14th Mr. H. Keatley Moore read a paper by himself
and Mr. Ernest W. Johnson on ‘Kclipse Observations” by
themselves and other members of the British Astronomical
Society in India in January last. The paper was copiously
illustrated by lantern-slides. The path of the moon’s shadow
across India, 7. e. the area of total eclipse in that portion of the
earth, stretching from the coast on the south-west to the north-
eastern frontier, was shown as a broad band across the map.
The special observation of Mr. Moore and three of his com-
panions was the making of a sketch of the corona during the
ninety seconds of totality, each of the four giving his or her
attention to one quadrant. Mr. Johnson was to observe the
‘‘ shadow-bands,” and also the degree of light was to be gauged
by the use of photographic plates exposed behind varying thick-
nesses of tissue paper. The same observation was afterwards
made with the full moon in this country, and the relative effect
noted. This showed very considerable advantage on the side of
the corona. By long practice, the four sketchers were able to
produce a very accurate picture of the shape and relative size of
the corona. The light was noted to be of a bluish tinge. A
series of photographs of the corona at different total eclipses
was shown. The shape and magnitude of these were seen to be
very various, the largest corone appearing to be associated with
minimum periods of sun-spots. The present corona coincided
in time with comparatively few sun-spots. The photograph of
the corona this year, taken by Mr. Maunder, was by far the best
ever taken, and bore out the accuracy of the drawings, only the
long streamer to the south-west, which was shown by the latter
method as three times the sun’s diameter, appeared on the
photograph twice as long as in the drawing. Mr. Maunder also
succeeded in getting a photograph of the sun’s corona shortly
after the period of totality. Mr. Johnson himself described the
phenomenon of shadow-bands already mentioned. These occurred
shortly before totality, and consisted of the passing along the
ground of groups of alternate light and dark bands about two to
three inches wide, the groups being about one foot apart. No ex-
planation could be offered of these appearances. Incidentally,
it was observed that the oval patches of light, a well-known

elxii Proceedings.

optical effect produced by the sun’s light passing through small
spaces amongst the leaves of trees and making his image on the
ground, became altered in shape as the eclipse was in progress.
A photograph taken in Bombay, where the sun’s dise was not
wholly obliterated, showed these patches of light as distinctly
crescentic. A little series of photographs taken at fixed intervals
before and after totality showed that the sun’s light did actually
return more rapidly than it disappeared. The concluding observa-
tions were on the spectroscopic phenomena just about the moment
of totality or ‘‘ second contact.’ Just before the edge of the
shadow completely hid the photosphere or luminous envelope of
the sun, the usual spectrum with dark absorption bands was
obtained, but the instant that was passed, the dark bands
became luminous, and the continuous spectrum disappeared,
save for a narrow central band or core. The explanation was
as follows :—The photosphere is supposed to consist of clouds of
minute incandescent particles, which would give a continuous
spectrum like the rainbow, but the light has to pass through an
outer envelope of incandescent gases. As these consist of various
elements, each on its own account obstructs or absorbs one or
more bands of coloured light, thus producing dark bands in a
spectrum of solar light. The instant the inner light of the
photosphere was cut off, each of these gaseous elements gave off
coloured light on its own account (printing white in a photograph),
and exactly from that portion of the spectrum which it had pre-
viously obstructed. The central core of continuous spectrum
was caused by light from the photosphere getting through between
those mountains on the moon which were then on the edge of her
disc. The interest of the paper, or rather lecture, which was well
sustained throughout, was enhanced by descriptions—some of
which were funny enough—of the doings of the observers while
en route, and in India, and by pictures of scenery, of historic
places, such as the Taj Mahal at Agra, and of every-day life in
that famous and ancient country.

I am again indebted to Mr. Baldock for the following account
of the Whit Monday Excursion :—

“On May 30th, being the Whit Monday Bank Holiday, a
whole-day excursion was organized by Mr. J. H. Baldock to
Tunbridge Wells and Groombridge. A numerous party arrived
at Tunbridge Wells, and, after having a look at ‘ The Pantiles,’
and some members having had a taste of the water of the well-
known chalybeate spring there, the walk was continued across the
Common, through Nevill Park, on to Rusthall Common, where
a visit was of course paid to the ‘Toad Rock,’ of which, with some
other views on the Common, successful photographs were taken.
Proceeding down High Rocks Lane, with the beautiful Happy

Proceedings. elxiii

Valley, and Broadwater Down in the distance, on the left, they
crossed the stream to the High Rocks Hotel, where an excellent
repast had been provided by Mr. J. F. White, the landlord.
After doing justice to this, many of the party visited the High
Rocks, and some capital photographs of this interesting geological
formation were obtained. Leaving here, the party then proceeded
through some fields, where the grass was ready for cutting, and
a pretty little wood, till Groombridge Place was reached. Here
they were most cordially received by the Misses Saint, who had
given the invitation, and, after partaking of tea, were allowed to
ramble all over the lovely garden, and to take any photographs
they pleased; this done, they were shown over the old house,
with its many treasures, and at length had to depart somewhat
unwillingly to catch the train back to Croydon. The weather,
although threatening, held fine until the last, when it began to
drizzle. The number of members attending was thirty-four !”

On June 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, the Third Annual Congress of the
South-eastern Union of Scientific Societies was held in Croydon
by the invitation of this Club. A local Committee was formed,
composed mostly of members of this Club, but including besides
the member for Croydon and some leading local residents, with
your President as Chairman, and Dr. C. Poulett Harris as Hon.
Sec. The County Council gave permission to hold the meeting
in the Town Hall. The Mayor and Mayoress gave a reception ;
and the officials of the Corporation gave every assistance. A
temporary museum was organized somewhat after the style of
our annual soirée, and the following papers were read by mem-
bers of our Club:

«The Folk-Lore of Amulets and Charms.” Mr. Ed. Lovett.

“The Nature of the Soil in Relation to the Distribution of

Plants and Animals.” Dr. Franklin Parsons.
** Photography in Relation to Science.”” Mr. Baldock.
“‘Tdeals for Natural History Societies, and how to attain
them.’”’ Dr. Hobson.
These four papers are published in extenso in the Proceedings of
the Congress. Mr. Baldock’s paper was freely illustrated by
lantern-slides at the Mayor's reception, and I may add that
I took that opportunity of throwing a few slides on the screen
illustrating the Whitgift Hospital and Morland Park. I believe
that the general verdict was that the Congress was a great suc-
cess. I hope we shall yet see its fruit in this district in the form
of increased scientific activity. This year’s meeting of the
Congress will be at Rochester.

Mr. Gower has kindly furnished me with the following note on
the excursion conducted by him on June 25th to Strand-on-the
Green ;:—

elxiv Proceedings.

‘A showery afternoon with a corresponding small muster is
all that can be said of this outing: the spot not looking at its
best for picture work, and the showers causing us to seek shelter
often. Pictures of Kew Bridge were taken, and will form in-
teresting mementoes when the bridge has been rebuilt.”

On July 9th Dr. Franklin Parsons conducted a half-day ex-
cursion to Oxted and Titsey Wood, of which the following is
his account :—

‘Cyclists were invited, but none turned up. We went by
train to Oxted, and walked thence to Titsey Park and Botley
Clump (on the highest point of the chalk downs), returning
through Titsey Wood to Oxted. The chief point of interest
was the remains of the Roman villa in Titsey Park, and the
antique objects found there and preserved in Titsey Place,
for seeing which we were indebted to the courtesy of Mr.
Leveson Gower. The villa was discovered in his father’s time,
and its foundations have been excavated, but are now much
overgrown.”

The next three excursions arranged were for August Bank
Holiday, September 3rd, and September 10th. Mr. Baldock
has given me accounts of the first and last, but I have received
no account from Mr. Platts, who conducted that on September
8rd to Godstone and neighbourhood.

‘For the August Bank Holiday, which this year came on the
first of the month, Mr. J. H. Baldock had organised another
whole day excursion, and, the weather proving very fine and
warm, a numerous party availed themselves of the opportunity,
and a most enjoyable day was spent. The party journeyed by
rail to Penshurst, and from there walked through hop-gardens
and meadows to Chiddingstone. En route, a halt was called at
a charming little spot near a bend in the river Eden, some of
the party reclining on the hay under shelter of the trees, while
others secured some very pretty views of the river. This done,
Chiddingstone was soon after reached, where a capital lunch was
provided by Mr. Bavey, of the Castle Inn; after which photo-
graphs were taken of the ‘ chiding-stone,’ the church, and the
quaint old village, the party then proceeding across the fields to
Hever, where special permission had been obtained to view the
Castle and to take photographs through the kindness of P.
Crowley, Esq. A short walk up the hill brought the party to
Hever itself, where a very welcome tea had been provided by Mr.
Martin Bell, of the “‘ King Henry VIII.,” after which the party
made their way across some more fields to the station for the
return journey to Croydon. The number of members attending
was thirty-two.”

Proceedings. clxv

“On Saturday, September 10th, a visit to the old Roman villa at
Darenth was proposed by Mr. J. H. Baldock, and although some
five or six members had expressed their intention of joining,
when the time came the great heat then prevailing deterred
them, so that the conductor had it all to himself. As a com-
pensation, however, he succeeded in obtaining a dozen capital
photographs of the most interesting portions of the villa.”’

Mr. G. W. Moore has furnished me with particulars of the
fungus hunt which he conducted on September 17th. The foray was
practically bootless, for the long-continued dry weather had ren-
dered the places examined too dry for anything ofa living fungus
nature to be found, save one specimen of the common edible
mushroom. ‘The excursion was through Wickham Wood.

On September 20th the first monthly meeting was held after
the holidays. As usual, no paper was read, but members ex-
hibited and explained objects of interest. Mr. Murton Holmes
showed fossils from the sponge gravel of the Lower Greensand
at Farringdon in Berkshire. Dr. Parsons showed fossils from
the Red Chalk at Hunstanton. Mr. J. W. Helps sent a peculiar
fungoid growth which had been found attached to a piece of
cotton waste under a warm bath at the Croydon gas-works at
Waddon. Mr. Lovett, as usual, had an interesting series from
his anthropological and natural history collection, namely, a
bone bark-peeler from Normandy; also bolas-stones from Argen-
tine Republic; hippo-tusk charm from Africa, also one from
New Guinea made of a boar’s tusk; and shell money from
Admiralty Island.

On October 18th Mr. Whitaker gave an address on ‘“ Changes
on the Coast.” The ‘Croydon Chronicle’ gave a long account
of this and the subsequent discussion, which, having been revised
by Mr. Whitaker himself, will, I hope, appear in the ‘ Trans-
actions.’

Mr. Stanley, who was our delegate to the British Association
in Bristol, read a short report, and handed in a schedule from
the Committee appointed to organize an Ethnographical Survey
of the United Kingdom.

On November 15th Mr. Lovett gave a lecture on Primeval Man
and his modern representatives, illustrated by many excellent
lantern views. As it was impracticable to take any notes of this
lecture at the time, and as Mr. Lovett himself used none, the
account which I can give must necessarily be a meagre one.
Many flint implements were shown, both neolithic and paleo-
lithic, some of the arrow-heads being very finely finished. Some

elxvi Proceedings.

of these arrow-heads were used in historic times in these islands.
Stone implements and weapons as used by savage tribes at the
present day were also shown. From the way these were mounted,
inference could be drawn as to the way in which prehistoric man
used his implements. In fact, it is not entirely a matter of infer-
ence, for stone implements have been so preserved that the handles
were attached tothem. Long flint flakes of neolithic age were no
doubt used as knives; as when restored on the model of recent
Eskimo and North American knives of stone they would be very
useful implements. The scraper, used for dressing skins, and
so widely distributed, has its modern representative in the
Eskimo skin-dresser in use now. The polished stone adzes of
neolithic times are represented by those in use in New Guinea
and the Solomon Islands, whilst the curious prehistoric stone
hammers of Ireland have their exact modern survivals in those
used by the natives of Greenland. Prehistoric and recent savage
fish-hooks were also shown having a striking resemblance to
each other, especially in their mode of attachment. The stumps
of piles and long piles imbedded in peat were shown,—the re-
mains of ancient Swiss lake-dwellings,—similar dwellings being
now found on the coast of Borneo. Prehistoric carvings on bone
showed pictures of the mammoth, bear, horse, and ox, indicating
the mammalian contemporaries of cave-dwellers, and correspond-
ing to recent Lap drawings. Hide shoes, such as are worn at the
present day by the inhabitants of Fair Isle, were shown, being
most probably the foot gear of neolithic man. Other pictures
were of tumuli and their internal structure, rudely analogous to
the pyramids; ancient pottery, including the prototypes of our
modern ‘“tumblers,’’ inasmuch as they could not stand up;
‘‘dug-out”’ boats, as used at the present day by the Ainos of
Japan, and similar to.boats found in Irish bogs and other peat
deposits in Sussex and elsewhere. Some idealistic pictures of
man of the various prehistoric epochs concluded the series of
illustrations. Generally, the burden of the discourse was that
our modern utensils and contrivances have their origin in the
invention from necessity of our prehistoric ancestors.

On November 23rd our Annual Soirée was held. The following
account is taken partly from the ‘ Croydon Chronicle,’ and partly
from the ‘ Croydon Advertiser.’

Entering the Large Hall, one’s attention was particularly
drawn to the fine display of stuffed animals, arranged by their
collector, Mr. Charles Thorpe. His exhibition included birds
from Ecuador, regent birds (of which there was a very handsome
pair), and a large number of humming birds. This collection
was arranged at the foot of the stage, which, on either side of
the footlights, was radiant with a splendid display of chrysan-

Proceedings. elxvii

themums and other ‘ pot” flowers kindly supplied by Mr. Philip
Crowley. Mr. E. Lovett’s collection of old Dutch mangles was
a very interesting one; and made the more so by the pleasant
little lecture their owner gave concerning them and his other
specimens. The mangles are flat pieces of wood, beautifully
carved—one, in particular with a design of birds and animals in
panels. It appears to have been the custom in Holland to
present such mangles, bearing appropriate mottoes, to. young
couples, on their marriage, as a part of their wedding outfit.
Mr. Lovett also exhibited curios from Benin—one a wooden
mirror frame with sliding shutter, exquisitely carved, and in
which was inserted a piece of ordinary looking-glass obtained
from Europeans; some interesting grades in the formation of
the boomerang; hashish pipes from China; New Guinea war
drums, one of which was cleft at one end so as to fit just above
the knee. Very interesting, too, was Mr. H. C. Collyer’s collec-
tion of lamps, ranging from the tiny Greek terra-cotta ones to
the original of the bull’s-eye lantern of French origin, dating
back to the eighteenth century. This possessed four bull’s-eyes.
These lamps dated from various periods in the history of illu-
mination, and were fashioned in brass, bronze, wrought iron,
earthenware, terra-cotta, and one, a very beautiful sixteenth
century Spanish lamp, in glass. There was also a very fine brass
temple lamp from India. Another interesting exhibit was the
“duplex telegraphy” apparatus for sending two messages on
one wire, by which, during the evening, many messages were
sent by special cable all the way from one end of the room to
the other. Coun. Hinton’s observatory hive was also an object
of great attention, the operations of the bees being watched
through the walls of their glass prison by large numbers of
interested spectators. The dark room, which was devoted to the
exhibition of the X-rays, also came in for a great deal of notice,
and at no time during the whole of the evening did it lack its
share of visitors, who came to inspect their own bones or those
of their friends through the agency of Rontgen’s wonderful dis-
covery. In the Old School of Art Room displays were given at
intervals by Messrs. Watson, of the Ives’ Kromskop and the
cinematograph, which attracted crowded ‘‘ houses” on each
occasion. The exhibition of photography in natural colours by
the kroémskép was eminently interesting to those whose pursuits
lead them into the regions of photography, and a number of very
successful and beautiful examples were shown on the screen.
The animated photographs were equally successful, and brought
forth unstinted approval. A very interesting exhibit in the
Large Hall was a collection of flowers gathered the same day in
gardens in Addiscombe and Park Hill. Of these there were one
hundred and nine kinds, of which sixty-seven were summer

elxviil Proceedings.

flowers still in bloom. The highest number of different kinds
recorded in November since 1881, by the way, was one hundred
and seventy last year. The lowest was forty-four in 1881.

On December 15th I had the pleasure of giving ‘‘ An Historical
and Descriptive Account of the Whitgift Hospital’’ (see Trans.).
This was illustrated by lantern slides, mostly made by myself,
though I was indebted for a few very good ones to Mr. Baldock
and my young friend Mr. Edwin Tardrew.

I now pass to the reports of the Honorary Secretaries of
Sections. I much regret to have to state that these reports are
mostly nil, although of course the conversational meetings con-
ducted by Mr. Lovett and Mr. Robarts must be reckoned as work
done by the Anthropological and Geological Sections respectively.

As to the Museum Sub-Committee, I have to report, as Hon.
Sec., that the two museum cases which we were authorised at
the Annual Meeting to order have actually been put in hand,
and will shortly be placed in the vestibule of the Public Library
in the Town Hall.

The most active Section of the Club at present is the Photo-
graphic, whose report by Mr. Gower, the late Hon. See., I
append.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SUB-COMMITTEE.

In handing you the Report of the Sub-Committee, I am pleased to
say that the Section has passed through a fairly successful season.

Meetings and lantern evenings have taken place during the year.

Thanks are due to the editors of the photographic papers, free copies
being sent every week for the use of members in the club-room.

The excursions this year were on the whole fairly well attended.

Members have worked well for the ‘ Portfolio,’ but some of the work
might be much better; and it might be mentioned that members
should endeavour to send in only their best work; by so doing it will
bring the work up to a considerably higher standard. It was hoped
that enough members would be found to start a ‘ Portfolio’ of scientific
pictures entirely apart from the pictorial element; but, up to the pre-
sent, so few have availed themselves of the privilege of sending in, that it
would be out of the question to circulate them under the circnmstances.

The Soirée this year was well maintained as far as the sectional
exhibit went; but, from several reasons, many of our best workers were
not present. Lantern-slides were exhibited in the Small Hall; and
also a splendid exhibit of natural history photographs by Mr. Saville
Kent, comprising nearly 150 subjects.—Harry D. Gower.

MempBers ELECTED, 1898.

February 15th.—Benjamin Hobson, of 1, Morland Road. Charles
Poulett Harris, M.B., of 75, Morland Road.

Proceedings. clxix

March 15th.—John Christopher Dell, of 14, Wellesley Grove.

April 19th.—Harold Bailey, of 10, Lansdowne Road.

September 20th.—Herbert Christopher Male, M.D., of Deane House,
27, Birdhurst Road. Walter J. Stride, of The Grange, Coulsdon.
Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, of Whitelands College, Chelsea. W. H.
Tyndall, of Morlands, Oxford Road, Redhill. Mrs. Carr Dyer, of
Hazelea, Kenley. Alfred Tate, of Downside, Leatherhead. Charles
J. Taylor, of The Larches, Banstead. M. L. Craven, of 2, Woburn
Road. James Batten, of the High Field, Bickley.

October 18th.—Francis Druce, of Merstham. Sir J. F. Lennard,
Bart., of Wickham Court. W. B. Lock, of Llanberis, Avondale Road.
E. Pierce, of Balfour Road, South Norwood. J. T. Billett, of Ormond
Lodge Richmond. William Whiteman Topley, of 3, Marlborough
Road, Croydon.

November 15th.—William Bruce Bannerman, F.S.A. Scot., of The
Lindens, Sydenham Road. Frederic W. Maitland, of Jesmond Lodge,
Ny pans Road. Thomas Drury Jackson, of Hillbrow, Heathfield

oad.

December 20th.—J. H. Stanley, of 51, Morland Road. Alfred W.
Field, of 64, Heathfield Road.

Exuisits, 1898.

March 15th.—W. Murton Holmes: Echinoderms, sponges, &c.,
from the Upper Chalk, Purley. A. J. Hogg: Ammonites auritus,
Ostrea carinata, and Gypsum from the Gault, Folkestone; and an
early neolithic shaft-maker found near Croham Hurst. H. Franklin
ae Fossils from the Gault, Wealden, and Lower Greensand

eds.

April 19th.—W. Murton Holmes: Collection of the shelly parts of
Pteropods taken off Culebra Island on the ‘ Challenger.’

September 20th.—W. Murton Holmes: Fossils obtained at Farring-
don. H. Franklin Parsons: Fossils and shell from Hunstanton. J.
W. Helps: A fungcid growth found attached to a piece of cotton waste
found under a warm bath at the Croydon Gas Works. E. Lovett:
Bone bark peeler from Normandy; bolas-stones from Argentine
Republic; hippo tusk charm from Africa, and one from New Guinea
made from a boar’s tusk; shell money from Admiralty Island ; and
a case of stag-beetles captured at Croydon.

October 18th.—W. Murton Holmes: Jurassic ammonites. .

November 15th.—W. Murton Holmes: Ivy grown between the
joints of a greenhouse; a dredging from the North Atlantic at a
depth of 2300 fathoms, the sand grains being rounded owing to
glacial action; and some jurassic fossils. H.C. Collyer: A horn book.

Appitions To tHE Lisrary, 1897.

From Individuals —Arthur Bennett : Notes on Carex aquatilis in
Lake Lancashire; Juncus tenuis in Westerness; and Isle of Man
plants. H.D. Gower: The photographic papers, as issued. A. Roods:
Knowledge, as issued.

From Societies—Royal Microscopical Society: Journal, 1897.
Quekett Microscopical Club: Journal, 1897. Brighton and Sussex
Natural History Society: Report and Abstracts of Papers, 1896 and
1897. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society: Transactions,

elxx Proceedings.

1897. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Proceedings,
1896. The Manchester Geographical Society: Journal, 1896. The
Scottish Microscopical Society: Proceedings, 1896. South London
Entomological and Natural History Society: Proceedings, 1896.
Northamptonshire Natural History Society: Journal, 1896. Belgian
Microscopical Society: Journal and Proceedings. The Manchester
Microscopical Society: Transactions, 1896. City of London College
Science Society: Journal, 1897. Borough of Southport: Meteorolo-
gical Report, 1896.

From Proprietors.—The Process Photogram for 1896. Science
Siftings.

Donations To THE LIBRARY DURING THE YEAR 1898.

From Individuals.—Popular Photographic Printing Processes, by
H. Maclean (Mr. N. Waterall). Report of the Meteorological Ob-
servatory of Southport (Mr. J. Baxendell). Transactions of the
Cumberland and Westmoreland Association, 1885-6 and 1887-8;
Report of the Royal Society Anniversary Meeting, 1897; The Irish
Naturalist, 1895 ; The Midland Naturalist, 1892; The Natural History
Journal and School Reporter; The Scottish Geographical Magazine
(Mr. W. Whitaker). Crowborough Hill (Mr. Leeson Prince). The
British Journal Almanac of Photography, 1891-95 and 1897 (Mr.
Coldwells). Report of the Botanical Exchange Club; Records of
Scottish Plants for 1897; Mycetozoa of Antigua; Carex magellanica
in the Outer Hebrides (Mr. A. Bennett). Applied Geology, by J. V.
Elsdon, B.Sc. (The Quarry Publishing Co.). Eleven vols. of Reports
of the United States Geological Survey (Mr. W. W. Topley). The
Photographic papers, as published weekly (Mr. H. D. Gower). Sun
Pictures of the Norfolk Broads, and Photo Pictures of Hast Anglia
(G. E. Railway Co.).

From Societies.—Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society ;
Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club; Report of the West Kent
Microscopical and Photographic Society; Journal of the Belgian
Malacological Society; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; Reports and Papers of the Missouri
Botanical Gardens; History of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club;
Report of the British Assocation Toronto Meeting; Schedule of
Enquiries from the Ethnographical Committee of the British Asso-
ciation ; Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society; Report of the Epsom College Natural History
Society; Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society ;
Proceedings of the Scottish Microscopical Society ; Extracts from the
Memoirs of the Zoological Society of France; Journal of the City of
London College Science Society ; Report of the Geological Institution
of Upsala ; Journal of the Manchester Microscopical Society ; Journal
of the Manchester Geographical Society; Transactions of the Hast-
bourne Natural History Society; Transactions of the Norfolk and
Norwich Naturalists’ Society ; Report and Transactions of the South
Eastern Union of Scientific Societies ; The Essex Naturalist; Report
and Proceedings of the Reading Literary and Scientific Society;
Report of the Brighton and Hove Natural History and Philosophical
Society.

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TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
| NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

141.—Aw Historica, anp Descriptive Account oF THE
Wurtemwt Hosprrat, Croypon. ‘

By J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc., President.
(Read December 20th, 1898.)

As this year’s work began with a resolution, carried unani-
mously by this Club, against the suggested demolition of the
best preserved, if not the oldest, of the ancient buildings in our
town, and seeing that strongly expressed opinions have been
heard in the Council and elsewhere still further threatening the
Hospital of the Holy Trinity, as built by John Whitgift, it
appeared to me to be not inappropriate that the close of the year,
and of my term of office as your President, should be signalised
by some account and discussion of this precious link with the
aims and doings of our ancestors of three hundred years ago.

Now, first, a word as to John Whitgift, Doctor of Divinity,
Archbishop of Canterbury, himself. Born at Great Grimsby, in
Lincolnshire, in 1580, the son of a merchant of that town, and
nephew of an abbot of Black Austin Canons, he came early
under the influence of doctrinal and ecclesiastical thought. He
studied at Queen’s College, Cambridge, and at the age of twenty-
five was elected a fellow of Peterhouse. In 1563 he was made
Margaret Professor of Divinity, 1567 Master of Pembroke Hall,
and a few months later Master of Trinity by Queen Elizabeth.
While master of that college he issued the famous ordinance
that if any undergraduate was caught bathing he should be

B

280 Dr. J. M. Hobson’s Historical and Descriptive

publicly flogged in Common Hall, and then set in the college
stocks !

At the age of forty-three Whitgift was made Dean of Lincoln,
as a reward for answering the Puritan ‘“‘ Admonition to Parlia-
ment’? in 1572. His controversial zeal was further rewarded
by his elevation to the See of Worcester in 1577. In 1583 he
succeeded Grindal in the Primacy of all England. This position
he occupied till his death, in the reign of James I., February
29th, 1604.

Whitgift was not in advance of his time in the matter of
toleration. He was evidently a fighter, and did not fail to use
his great powers of nature and position to overcome, if he might,
opinions which he no doubt sincerely believed to be dangerous
and damnable. It is not fair to judge a man acting in the light
of three centuries ago by the spirit of our ownage. That he was
fundamentally generous and pitiful is shown, as to the first
quality, by his refusal to accept the Primacy from Elizabeth
while Grindal—who was suspended by the Star Chamber—was
living; and as to the second quality, by his foundation in our
town.

What put the idea into Whitgift’s head to build a hospital or
college for the poor, with a school for poor children attached.
I know not; but that several such colleges were at that time
ancient institutions we know, as witness the Hospital of St.
Cross, Winchester, founded in 1132.

Moreover, Whitgift gives his reason for founding his charity
in his lifetime, rather than leaving it to others to do it for him
at his death, for the chronicler Stow writes :—‘‘I have heard
him say he would not be to his executors a cause of their
damnation, remembering the good advice that an ancient father
hath left written to all posteritie. . . . It is a way far more
safe for a man to doe good and charitable deeds by himself,
whilest he liveth, than to hope that others will do the same for
him after his death.”’

Well, then, Whitgift, having determined to build, first of all
acquired a site on what is now the high road between London
and Brighton. His own statement, publicly made not long after,
when certain persons accused him of enriching himself out of his
office, shows what parcels of land and buildings he acquired, and
what he gave for them :—

“Lands purchased by me, John Whitgift, Archbishop of
Canterbury, since my first being bishop, to this November, 1599,
which is twenty-three years at the least... ..

‘‘These following are for my Hospital. The Checker in
Croydon cost £200, a tenement joining to it cost £30. Another
tenement in Croydon, called Stay-Cross, with one acre and a
half, cost £80.

Account of the Whitgift Hospital, Croydon. 281

‘Upon these I have builded my Hospital, School-house, and
school master’s house, and therefore are not rented.”

Then he goes on to state what other properties he bought,
evidently to serve as a source of revenue to the Hospital :—

‘* One piece of ground called Clotmead, in Croydon, cost £14;
rent 10s. The Swan, in Croydon, cum pertinentibus, £80; rent of
this, with certain parcels belonging to the Checker, is £13 6s. 8d.
One piece of woodland and some pasture, cohtaining in the
whole seventy-seven acres, in Croydon, cost £375; rent £20.
One other piece of woodland and pasture in Croydon cost £410;
rent £23. Three other several farms in Croydon cost £1400:
rent £48.” *

Samuel Finch, vicar of Croydon, was the Archbishop’s agent
and a sort of clerk of the works combined. ‘There are six letters
from Finch at this time in the Lambeth MS. Library bearing on
the building of the Hospital, which Garrow, following Ducarel,
transcribes in his book. From these I give a few extracts, as
they throw a most interesting light on the method adopted at
that time of carrying out an important structural work, on the
wages paid, and on the behaviour of workmen, which latter seems
to remind one of the ways of people even at the present day :—

I. ‘‘To the moste reverende Father in God my verie good Lorde
the Archbishop of Canterburie, his grace at Lambeth, with speed... .
Yesterday, being Thursday, Wolmer was here to view your worke.
And he sayeth that he cannot be here himself: but he will appoint one
from Westminster to be here, who will not come under xviiid. the day,
and his laborer xijd. Hilarie sayeth he canne bring one presently
whome he knoweth, and will warrant to take the charge and discharge
it with credit, for xvid. a day; and laborers we can have enow: thers
vli. a yeare, saved in ijd. a day wages, and beside the master worke-
man muste be here still [continuously] to conferre with the carpenter.
[Hilarie, I take it, was made ‘ master workeman’ instead of the absent
Wolmer.| . . . The yarde ys all defenced in, strong and saffe.
This day we make an ende in pulling downe as yet. Nowe we take
mortar-makinge in hande, clensinge and levellinge of the grounde;
and by Monday come sevennighte, Hillarie saith, we shall be readie
for the foundacon and bricklayer. Weeks the bricklayer hath bene at
your brick-clamps, and commendes them for very good. We have our
sande from Dubbers Hill: for the Parke [Park Hill, I believe] fayleth.
. . + From Croydon, this Friday the viiith of Februarie, Anno 1596,
R. R. E. 39.

SAMUEL FincuHeE, Vycar.”

II. ‘‘By Hillarie’s choyce one Henry Blease and John Greene,
bricklayers, and my parishioners, have joyntlye taken the charge of
the bricklayinge worke, and have xvd. apeece the day. Blease hath
begune the groundworke nexte the highway leadinge to London; and
finding that grounde made and false, digged the trenche alonge the

* Garrow’s ‘ Hist. of Croydon.’

BQ

282 Dr. J. M. Hobson's Historical and Descriptive

door unto some iiii foote deepe, and iii foote wide, . . . and finding
firme grounde, they have filled up that trenche with great flinte and
small stone, and brickbatts and rubbishe not confusedly, but orderlye
layed in, and rammed stronglye, course upon course, stronge and
sure [no mention of cement]. . . . Four loads of fiinte, which
come to xs. will well save one thousand of bricke at xvis. . . . The
bearer hereof ys Wm. Tagburne, who had vli [£5] of me this morning
to bye two horse tomorrow in Smithfeilde. . . . The laborers have
digged up iiii skulls and the bones of deade persones in the trench
that they are nowe in digginge, next the highway leadinge to the
Parke.” [That was in the present George Street. Garrow considers
that these bones represent a fight that took place in Croydon in 1264
between the forces of King Henry III. and the Londoners after the
battle of Lewes. |

III. ‘‘I thanke God, our groundworke is greatlye commended of
all that view the same. And I hope well that will like his Grace at
his comminge ; for yt is not slubbered uppe, but strongely donne.

Sa. FINCHE.”’

He then encloses a copy of the first bond or contract mentioned
in this connection, namely, to supply the freestone for the door-
ways and windows, and to work and set up the same. The price
to be paid was 9d. the foot for the windows, and 10d. the foot
for the doors.

In Chapter V. Finche unburdens his soul to Mr. Woormall, the
Archbishop’s secretary (1 presume), about Blease the bricklayer,
who had been taking too much:upon himself. Blease gets a
sound rating from the reverend clerk of the works, for he seems
to have been doing a little trickery on his own account by mak-
ing bricklayers who came on the job pay 2d. a day as a sort of
commission and condition of not being pushed on.

Letter VI. refers to the dissatisfaction with the bricks made
by Rednap and stacked in the yard and in the park :—

‘** Fain he would have excused himselfe, but his handie work spoke
against him, and we were so round with him, that he burste into tears,
saying, he was never the like served in anie worke; he was ashamed
of it, he could not excuse it, yt was the wickednesse and deceitfulnesse
of the yearth.”’

Finche then proceeds to ask for instruction as to where in the
Hospital gateway, of which a plan from the ‘‘ Freemasons” is
sent, his Grace’s arms, &c. are to be placed.

The instructions from Lambeth were as follows:—‘‘ The Armes
over the doore must be without helmet and mantelling; and
must be the arms of the See of Canterbury, viz. the Pall in pale
with the nowe Archbishoppe’s armes, and the yeare of the Lord
under them, viz. 1597. Over the said armes a free-stone square,
with theis words in great letters, viz. SANCTAD TRINITATI
SACR. On the bare places over the gate, called (as I think) the

a —

—__--

Account of the Whitgift Hospital, Croydon. 283

ashler, this sentence following to be written in great capital
letters, viz. :—Pro. 28. Qui Dat Pauperi non Indigebit.”

It would appear that further contracts were entered into with
carpenters and bricklayers respectively. Probably the way of
employing men by the time for the job did not prove satisfactory.
The MS. book from which Finch’s letters are quoted by Garrow,
entitled ‘‘The particular accounts of the Building of Trinitie
Hospital alltogether with Graunt of Queen Elizabeth and other
notes touching the same,’’ contains the particulars of these
contracts.

The Hospital took nearly four years to build, having been
begun on January 17th, 1596, and finished September 29th,
1599. Up to 29th September, 1602, when the school-house and
master’s house were finished, the total cost of building was
£2716 11s. 11d.

The chapel, or oratory, was dedicated on Monday, July 9th,
1599, by the Bishop of London.

A hospital for the relief of certain maimed, poor, needy, or
impotent people was then founded by John Whitgift by virtue
of an Act of Parliament in the 39th Elizabeth (a.p. 1596) to be
incorporated as the Hospital of the Holy Trinity in Croydon,
and have continuance for ever. There was to be one warden,
and, including him, poor persons not to exceed forty.

In the manuscript volume at Lambeth, above mentioned, are
the Statutes of Whitgift for the regulation of the Hospital. These
are reproduced with the original spelling in pamphlet form, pub-
lished by Hayward, of Croydon. [See Appendix.] These consist
of twenty-one chapters, and thereby Whitgift no doubt believed
that the future of his foundation was secured in every particular.

The deed of foundation does not allude to the school, but the
statutes provide that one of the forty poor persons shall be a
master of a common schoole in the school-house attached.

_ We may now review some of the internal history of the
Hospital from its foundation.

Wardens.

From 1600 to 1898, when the present warden, Mr. Alfred
Jones, was appointed, there have been, as shown by the records,
forty-two wardens; but for the twenty-five years previous to
Dr. Rose’s time the books have disappeared.

The first warden was Walter Foster, appointed April 2nd, 1600.

The second warden was Master Edward Burton, M.A. This
was the only scholar amongst the wardens. Fourteen wardens
signed to ‘‘ his mark” in lieu of name to everything, the school-
master’s accounts included.

There is one solitary instance (noted below) of a warden being
dismissed for dishonesty,

284 Dr. J. M. Hobson’s Historical and Descriptive

The fourth warden, Jasper Yardley, appointed in 1621, re-
signed to become warden of Archbishop Abbott’s Hospital at
Guildford. He left a benefaction to the poor of this Hospital,
and £10 for panelling the chapel. I will refer to this point
presently.

Visitations. (See Appendix, Cap. xxi.)

The first visitation was held in 1616 by assessors. As a
consequence, the schoolmaster, Robert Davies, B.A., and a
brother, were expelied, no cause being officially assigned; but
the records show that no money was found in the Hospital alms-
box for several quarters prior, and that afterwards money was
found in it regularly every quarter.

The second visitation was in 1636, but no report is to be
found.

The third visitation was in 1671.. Result—injunction to Wm.
Crowe, schoolmaster, and Geo. Cozens, warden; but nature of
the injunction is not recorded.

The fourth visitation was in 1712. Asan outcome, Archbishop
Tennison gave £100 for money misapplied by John Cesar, M.A.,
schoolmaster, deceased. It appears that in 1710 the accounts of
the school were inquired into, and John Cesar signed a bond in
which he acknowledged that he owed the foundation £184 10s.,
and agreed not to take any stipend (£20 a year) until the debt
had been paid off.

The fifth visitation was in 1717. The assessors report grievous
abuses in granting leasings, and of spoil, damage, and waste,
and prohibit any further leases and felling of timber, &c., without
full approbation of the Archbishop in writing.

The sixth visitation was in 1719. Complaints against misap-
propriation declared unfounded. Injunction to inmates against
frivolous and unfounded complaints.

The seventh visitation, however, so soon after as 1722, was
followed by the dismissal of Wm. Ball, warden, for defaleation
amounting to £8 38s. 14d.

The eighth visitation was by the Archbishop’s secretary in
1771. Complaints were considered about the division of fuel,
and were settled satisfactorily.

The ninth and last visitation was in 1812. The Archbishop
(Manners Sutton) visited in person. John Rose, D.D., was the
schoolmaster. His accounts were looked into, and arrears to
the amount of £233 were proved against him. The warden and
brethren, dissatisfied with the above award, commenced the next
year an action against Rose for misappropriating the funds of
the foundation. The jury gave a verdict against him for
£529 2s. 7d. over and above the amount already proved by the
Archbishop. Researches of the present warden show some

Account of the Whitgift Hospital, Croydon. 285

curious instances of the way in which the accounts kept by
Rose, and audited by himself, were falsified.

The late warden, Mr. Lipscomb, was very pertinacious in
picking out information from the ledger books. In 1885 I heard
him read a paper on the Hospital before the Surrey Archeological
Society. I have since had the MS. lent me by the present war-
“eg and have looked up some of these entries in the ledger

ooks.

For the notes about the wardens and visitations I am indebted
to Mr. Alfred Jones, as, indeed, I am also for kindly and always
ready help in inspecting and photographing the many objects of
interest in the Hospital.

APPENDIX.

StatutsEs, &e.

CAP. I.

Of the nwmber of those that are to be mainteyned in or by
the Hospitall.

First, I do ordeine, that the number of the bretheren and sisteres
of the saide Hospitall shallbe ever thirtie at the least, and so many
more, under xt in all, as the revenues of the saide Hospitall, :
may beare; . . . of the which number of bretheren, one shall teache a
common schoole in Croydon in the schoolehouse there by me builded,
and performe such other duties as is appointed unto him in these
ordinaunces and status.

+ *
CAP. II.
That women may be placed in the Hospitall.

I ordeine, that the saide Hospitall may have women placed in it,
aswell as men; they the saide women. being poore, and qualifide in
like manner, forme, and degree, as is hereafter expressed in the
statutes touchinge the seconde and third degree of those who are to be
placed: Provided nevertheless, that at no time above one half parte
of the whole number (not accounting in this behalf the wardein nor
the schoole-maister) shall consiste of women only: Provided also,
that the poore widowes of longeste continewance in Croydon and
Lambethe, beinge quallifide accordinge to the ordinaunce, shalbe
preffered before all others.

* * * * *

CAP. IV.

* % % * *

I ordeine and appointe, that the poore brother appointed to be the
schoolmaster shall be a parson well qualifide for that function, that is
to saye, an honest man, learnede in the Greeke and Lattin tongues, a
good versifiere in bothe the foresayde languages, and able to write

286 Dr. J. M. Hobson’s Historical aud Descriptive

well, (if possible it may bee,) which poore brother appointed to that
office, and quallified and placed as afore, shall have for his lodginge
and dwellinge place, during the time that he contineweth school-
master, that howse which I have builded for that purpose, adioininge
to the saide Hospitall,....

. The wardein from time to time, so often as the place shalbe voide,
shalbe one of the poore brethren of the said Hospitall, and shalbe
appointed by me the founder during my life; and after my deathe,
and the deathe of suche wardeine as is allreadye appointed by myself,
suche one of the poore brethrene shalbe chosen after moreninge
prayere, in the chappell of the saide Hospitall, within seaven days
after every suche vacation, as the greater parte of all, that is to saye of
the schoole-master (if that place be then full) and of the other poore
brethrene recconed together, and then present, shall chose to be
wardein.

ste
*

The office of the wardeine shalbe to keepe one of the keyes of the
comon chests and dore of the evidence-howse; to procure that the
gates be locked and opened at due times appointed; and that the
keyes on nightes be broughte unto him ; to be present at all admissions
and payinge of wages; to see that all enteries be duly made in the
lidger booke, and the evidence well and safelye laide up and kepte; to
keepe the keyes of the voide lodgings, and to deliver them to the next
brother or sister newlye appointed; to looke in time to reparations,
and to all other good husbandry of the Hospitall; to foresee that, fire
and candells be not daungerously kepte; to require and exacte of each
one of the poore brethren and sisters the observation of the ordinaunces
and statuts; and suche as be necligente and faultye gentlye to ad-
monishe them, or, if the qualitie of the faulte so require, to complaine
of the delinquents unto the Archbishopp of Canterburye, or the see
archiepiscopall being voide, unto the Custos Spiritualitatis of the see
of Canterbury for the time beinge, to whome I give authoritie to
redress the same, accordinge to his discretion.

CAP. VII.
Off the office of the poore brother that is appointed to be
schoolemaster.

The schoolemaster shall freelye teache suche of the children of the
parishe of Croydon, without exactinge any thinge for theire teachinge,
as are of the poorer sorte, suche as shalbe so accounted by the vicar or
curate of Croydon, and two of the better sorte of the inhabitants in
Croydon.

CAP, VIII.

Of the yearely proportion of allowance of the members of
the Hospitall.

Firste, the custos or wardeine shall have yerely six pounds extra-
ordinary allowance; the schoolmaster beinge a member of the saide
Hospitall, shall have yerely twenty poundes; and every other poore
brother and sistere of the saide Hospitall shall have yerely five pounds
apece allowance, over and beside such wood, corne, and other pro-

—

Account of the Whitgift Hospital, Croydon. 287

visions to eache of the brethren and sisters, as nowe or hereafter shall,
by God’s providence, and by the devotion of charitable minded men,
be allotted unto the saide Hospitall.

* a * ok
CAP. XV. ‘
Off the howse of the evidences, chestes, and comon seale.

Whereas I have allotted owte a speciall roome in the gatehowse
next unto the streete, for keepinge of the evidences of the lands and
revenewes of my saide Hospitall, and for other thinges of some
momente, beinge not of daily use; I doe ordeine, that in the saide
roome shalbe one cheste withe three lockes and keyes of severall
wardes and fashions; one keye whereof to be kepte by the wardeine,
another by the saide schoolemaster, and the third by the auncienteste
brother, so he be able to goe and walke abroade, or ells the next in
auncientye that is able; in whiche cheste shalbe kepte the comon
seale, one coppy of theis ordinaunces, and suche stocke of mony as
yearlye remaininge after all allowaunces shalbe reservid for reparations
and for other necessarye disbursments.

CAP, XVI.

I doe ordeine and appointe, that the saide Hospitall, uppon any
reservation or otherwise, shall not encrease the rentes or revenues of
those lands I leave, or shall give them any higher or greater proportion
then as the rents thereof now are, and accordinge to that rate they are
nowe lett for.

se te she

And allso I doe ordeine and appointe, that such mony as they shall
make or raise in fines uppon leases, or uppon sale of woods or trees, or
by overpluss of their yearelye reavenues or otherwise shalbe laide upp
in their comon treasorie, and kepte together untill it wile or shall
amounte to the sume of a hundrethe pounds; and then the overpluss
of that sume of a hundred pounds shalbe equalye devided by the
wardeine or schoolemaster for the time beinge (calling to them two of
the senior brethren) amongste all the poore brethren and sisters of the
saide Hospitall, and then to have theire equall portions with the reste;
which saide some cf one hundrethe pounds or under shalbe preserved
and kepte in the place aforesaide, for any extraordinary occasions, as
for sutes in lawe, reparations of the saide Hospitall and schoolehowse,
and suche like ; and as the same shalbe by such charges demineshed,
so to be allways replenished with like receiptes as they shall come in
or be receavide.

CAP. XVII.

Every yeare, on the fourethe day of December, the schoolemaster,
in the presence of the other two clavigers, and of all the other brethren
and sisters that cann and wilbe presente, havinge caste up afore and
sumed all accounts, aswell as receptes as of disbursments, for the yere
endinge at the feaste of St. Michael next afore, shall declare unto them
and goe over the perticulers of all the accounts for the said hole yere,
that the estate of the Hospitall howe that it standethe may yerely so
fippere unto every one of them,

288 Mr. W. Whitaker on a

CAP. XXI.
a oS a 1 1%

I doe ordeine, that my successors, Archbishops of Canterbury, ©

shalbe the continewall patrons, governors, and visitors of the saide
Hospitall: earnestlye requestinge them (in the bowelles of Christe) to
have, frome time to time, a fatherly and compassionate care of theire
good estate, and of the poore members thereof; and that they wolde
be pleased from time to time (as occasion shalbe offered) to compose
their controversies, to protecte, advise, order, governe, and direct
them, and, when neede shall require, by themselves, or bye such
discreite persons as they shall thinke fitt, in personn freelye to visite
the saide Hospitall, and to enquire bothe of the publique state of itt,
and also of the private demeanure of every perticuler member thereof,
by suche a course as the lawes dothe allowe: which visitation I wolde
hartilye wishe might at the leaste every third yeare be performed,
whether there seeme anie necessarie occasion thereof or noe.

& :

(Signed) Jo. CAanTuar.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.

Fia. 1.—Title-page of the ‘‘ Treacle Bible’ kept in the Audience Cham-
ber, Whitgift Hospital. :

Fic. 2.—Carved oak panelling over fireplace in Audience Chamber, with .

Archbishop Whitgift’s arms in centre.

Fic. 3.—A group of a few of the things kept in the Audience Chamber :
the ‘‘ Treacle Bible,’’ ledger books (that to the right is John Cesar’s book),
the three survivors of a dozen wooden drinking bowls, two silver-gilt mazers,
and the wooden base of the salt-cellar.

142.—On a Drirr Deposit at CARSHALTON, AND ON SECTIONS
SHOWN BY THE CurTINGs FOR THE SEWERS.

By W. Wairaker, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C. E.

Wirn a Nore on tHe Mammatian Remains sy E. T. Newron,

F.R.S., F.G.S.
(Read December 21st, 1897.)

My friend Prof. W. W. Watts of Sutton lately took me to see
the works being made for the disposal of the sewage of Car-
shalton, and, as he was about to leave the district (and also
modestly depreciated his knowledge of the local geology), asked
me to describe the sections shown.

The works are north-westward of the village (I hope that our
Carshalton friends will forgive me for using that term for so

Croypon Micros. & Nar. Hisr. Crus, 1899.

Lo illustrate Dr. Hobson’s paper on the Whitgift Hospital.

; Drift Deposit at Carshalton. 289
large a place) and just westward of The Park, whence the ground
rises very slightly in that direction.

One point of interest in the sections is that they prove an
error of omission on the Geological Survey map (sheet 8), for
this particular part of which I am myself answerable. No twinge
of conscience, however, comes over me for the error, and for at
least two reasons: firstly, that it was committed many years
ago; and secondly, because when committed there was practically
no evidence to lead one to map Drift over this tract, and conse-
quently it was left as London Clay, which formation certainly
occurs at no great depth all over (or rather all under) the tract.

The. deposit which has been found to form the surface is
indeed of a kind that. one had no reason to expect before the
ground was opened. The Drift known in this neighbourhood
was gravel, and, in the absence of anything to show the presence
of gravel, Drift would not be mapped. The occurrence of sandy
and loamy soil would not be taken as enough to justify the
mapping of Drift, as such a soil might occur locally in a London
Clay district. It was not indeed until the presence of sand over
the surface was proved by trial that this ground was thought to
be fitted for a sewage-farm, a purpose for which of course clay is
not exactly suited. I believe that our member, Mr. Baldwin
Latham, was as surprised as I was at finding so good a site in
so handy a place for his work.

The above remarks are made merely to show some of the
* difficulties of mapping Drift, and not in the least to gloss over
the faults of former years. I am far too old a geologist to feel
the least shame at making a mistake, especially one of omission.

At my first visit to the works I roughly sketched, on the six-
inch map, a possible boundary for the Drift here, limiting it to
the higher ground, as a separate patch; but later visits have
given further evidence of the extent of the deposit, showing it to
extend eastward down the gentle slope until it joins the gravel of
the lower ground. It will be convenient therefore to notice all
the sections that have been seen at various times.

All the excavations seen show the presence of a mantle of
sand, for the most part stoneless, though here and there a few
flints occur in it. The boundary of this sand is mostly difficult
to trace; but at two points, on the north, it was made fairly
clear. Along the lane that forms the eastern border of the ground,
_ the ditch (for the outfall) is in sand up to about the north-western

corner of The Park, by the track to The Limes (E.N.E.), whilst
at that spot the London Clay rises up to the surface. Again,
about a sixth of a mile W.S.W. from this spot, in a slight hollow
of the ground, there is peaty earth, caused by the damp springy
nature of the ground, which results from the throwing out of
water from permeable beds above by the London Clay below,

290 Mr. W. Whitaker on a

this latter too having been laid open in some shallow excavations.
The boundary of the sand, between the two spots above noted,
seems to be along the hedge joining them (as engraved on the
six-inch Ordnance Map), on the northern side of which the London
Clay seems to form the gently rising ground, of which we may
know more when the cemetery is established.

As to other parts, I decline to express any decided opinion
regarding the boundary of the sand. Clay occurs along Wrythe
Lane, to the west, and presumably forms the surface up to near
Farm Cottage, close to the border of the sewage-farm. On the
south, clay occurs at The Wrythe, and the sand therefore seems
to end off somewhere in the fields northward of the former
gas-works.

Perhaps the most interesting section was given by the excava-
tion for the sludge-tank, just eastward of Farm Cottage, as many
bones were found there at a considerable depth. The section
was only in part open at the time of my first visit, and less so
later. The Drift deposit is said to have been some 17 ft. deep,
consisting mostly of sand, and the bones occurred 16 or 17 ft.
down, in a loamy or clayey bed of a somewhat peaty character,
whilst a specimen of the earth immediately below this, and rest-
ing on the London Clay, was a brownish-grey clay or sandy clay,
with small bits of flint and of chalk, the latter mostly rounded,
the bed being apparently made up largely of London Clay.

The most interesting find was a skull of Rhinoceros, and this
curiously illustrated the absence of large stones in the sandy °
Drift; for the workmen used it as a firm rest for a plank whereon
to trundle their barrows, an ignominious position from which it
was rescued by Mr. W. W. Gale, the Surveyor to the Council, to
whose ready help and freely given information we are much
indebted. Luckily little damage had been done to the skull.

At the deep pump-well or tank just to the south, the sandy
and loamy Drift was pierced to the depth of 18 ft., and then
London Clay to a further depth of 37 ft. In the earth from the
excavations, heaped up further southward, fragments of Nautilus
were found in the septaria, or calcareous concretionary masses of
stone, which were plentiful in the London Clay. Iron-pyrites,
sometimes in the form of fossil wood, and ‘l'’eredo borings also
occurred.

Later on a large opening was made just northward of the
sludge-tank, for the filter-beds, and a good section was to be
seen for some time to a depth of about 10 ft. in the southern
part. The beds shown were as follows :—

Brownish loam, with a few stones; the junction
with the bed below slightly waved.

Sand, without stones, rather clayey at the base.

Sand said to occur below,

Drift Deposit at Carshalton. 291

- Smaller openings a little further northward also showed loam,
in places, over sand.

Besides the sections shown at the works, there were also some
interesting openings along the lines of sewers, of which the
following notes may be of use, partly as helping to correct the
lines on the Geological Survey Map.

In the middle of the northern part of Tile Green, or west of
Leicester House, stony clay was found, pointing to the nearness
of the edge of the gravel, the stones being merely the relic or
wash of gravel. This was confirmed at various points just east-
ward, up to the road to Hack Bridge, gravel over London Clay
being seen, and, by Nightingale Row, gravel.

In the road between the southern end of The Wrythe and the
railway-station many large flints occurred in one layer in the
gravel.

Along the south-western part of Papermill Lane the variously
and brightly coloured mottled clays of the Woolwich and Reading
Beds were cut into; and in North Street, immediately south of
the junction with that lane, the green sand forming the bottom-
bed of that formation was found, whilst further south was sand,
showing the outcrop of the underlying Thanet Sand.

At Butter Hill, at the turn of the road eastward of Lower Mill,
the following succession was noted :—

all Woolwich ; Rock, with shells of Ostrea and Cerithium. -

Presumably (Sand.
Beds. Sand.

At the fork of Acre Lane with the road running north-east to
Wallington Bridge, there was Thanet Sand. In the latter road,
at the western end ot the curve about half-way to Manor Road
(or its continuation), the section seen was as follows :—

Made ground.
Thanet Sand: the clayey base with green-coated flints.°
Chalk, of a washed or rubbly appearance.

And at the eastern end of the curve there was chalk-rubble.
The junction of the Thanet Sand and the Chalk was therefore
precisely marked.

In Park Lane, just south of Acre Lane, there was Thanet
Sand for a little way; but further on loam over rubbly Chalk,
again marking the junction.

In closing this paper, I wish to note the wise and liberal spirit
in which the Carshalton Urban District Council has acted ;
firstly, in having specimens preserved; secondly, in placing
their specimens in a public museum; and lastly, in making it a

292, Mr. G. T. Newton’s Note on the

condition that those specimens should be duly noticed. There
being no local museum either at Carshalton or at Croydon, I
think that the Council took the best possible course in sending
the choicer specimens to the Geological Museum in Jermyn
Street, where they have met with the ever-ready attention of my
friend and former colleague Mr. HE. T. Newroy, who himself
went down and selected specimens.

Without waiting for a formal paper, the discovery was noticed
by Prof. Watts and myself at the first meeting of the Geological
Society in the session of 1897-8, an account of which will be
found in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. liv. p. ii; but I thought
that it should not pass without a fuller description before a local
society. ;

Nore on tHe Mammanian Rematns.
By EK. T. Newron, F.R.S.

A nuMBER of mammalian bones were found at a depth of about
fifteen feet below the sandy loam described by Mr. Whitaker,
and a little above the London Clay. The remains discovered
included the skull and other bones of a rhinoceros, a portion of
the tusk of an elephant, and a number of bones belonging to two
or three horses.

The chief interest centres in the remains of the rhinoceros.
which, for reasons to be presently mentioned, indicate the age
of the deposit in which they were found. The skull of this
rhinoceros is unusually well preserved, notwithstanding that it
has now lost its teeth, one molar arch, the tip of the nasal bones,
and the nasal septum ; it is 31 in. long in its present condition,
and when perfect must have been at least an inch or two inches
longer. The two large roughened bosses which are seen, one
near the end of the nose and the other some way back, evidently
supported each a horn similar to these of the two-horned rhino-
ceros of Africa (Rhinoceros bicornis). It is to be regretted that
the teeth and nasal septum are wanting, for those were doubtless
present when the skull was first discovered; and it is in these
that the most characteristic features of the species are found. It
is clear, however, from the fractured surfaces, that the bony nasal
septum was well developed, and from this and the form of the
skull it is concluded that it belonged to the woolly rhinoceros
(Rhinoceros antiquitatis). Besides the skull one perfect bone of
the fore-limb, the radius, was found, as well as a portion of a
hind leg-bone, the tibia, and a rib.

The only portion of an elephant discovered was a piece of the
base of a large tusk, which when perfect must have been nearly

Mammalian Remains found in Excavations at Carshalton. 298

7 in. in diameter; and, judging from two tusks in the Museum
of Practical Geology, which are 74 in. and 63 in. in diameter,
and have a length respectively of 12 ft. and 10 ft., this tusk must
have been about 10 ft. in length. The fragment preserved is
insufficient for specific determination, but in all probability it
belonged to the mammoth (Hlephas primigenius).

The remains of horses included portions of limb, haunch, and
shoulder bones, as well as vertebrae, and belonged to animals of
two or three different sizes. The bones of Pleistocene horses
cannot be distinguished from those of the domestic horse of the
present day (Hquus caballus) ; but those from Carshalton are in
much the same state of preservation as the bones of the rhino-
ceros, and most likely are of the same age.

With regard to the geological position of the deposit in which
these mammalian remains were found, there is really little
available evidence beyond that which may be derived from the
bones themselves. Rhinoceros antiquitatis and Elephas primi-
genius are unquestionably Pleistocene forms, and horses’ bones
are frequently met with in the same deposits; but it is quite
within the range of possibility that deposits such as these may
have been of more recent origin, and derived from the denuda-
tion of Pleistocene beds, in which case it might well happen that
bones of Pleistocene animals were again buried in the more
modern deposit. If such were the case, then the osseous remains
would show signs of such derivation by being water-worn and

‘more or less denuded; moreover, it is very unlikely that portions

of the same skeleton would be found together. Now, the rhino-
ceros skull and limb-bones found at Carshalton show no signs of
such denudation ; and besides this, the finding of several parts
of the skeleton together points to the entire skeleton being
present when deposited in this bed, and to the bones being but
little scattered when they were covered up by the loam. Such
being the case, we are justified in concluding that these beds
were accumulated at the time when the woolly rhinoceros was
living in the neighbourhood, and that they are therefore of
Pleistocene age.

294 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

143.—Report or THE MergorotocicaL Sus-CommittEE For 1898.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppuni-Bayarp,
P.R. Met. Soc.

(Read February 15th, 1899.)

Tux arrangements for observing the daily rainfall round
Croydon have been successfully carried out on the same plan as
before, and with, it is hoped, the same efficiency. The number
of stations in the printed sheet is 78, a decrease of three on the
preceding year, and there are three stations (Dulwich Wood
Park, Upper Norwood, Feniton, Farnborough, and The Tower,
Knockholt) not in the printed sheet, the observations of which
are quite complete, and will be found at the end of this Report.

Two stations, the Hermitage, Walton Heath, and The Cottage,
Kenley, have come to an end owing to the discontinuance of the
observations, and one, Mulgrave Road, Sutton, through the
death of the observer, Mr. William Goode. The loss of this
latter station is especially to be regretted, for it had been in
successful operation for twenty-one and a half years. It is,
however, a great matter for congratulation that the rainfall
records of this station are in the possession of the Hon. Sec.
The vacancies caused by these losses have, however, been filled
up by the accession of new observers.

The monthly sheets contain all the records, with the exception
of Upper Norwood, Farnborough, and The Tower, Knockholt,
which have been received by the Sub-Committee, and the stations,
of which the records have been tabulated and printed, number
78 as against 81 in 1897, but the same as in 1896, and the
number of observers is 64 as compared with 68 in 1897 and 66
in 1896.

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers,
with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also
the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient num-
ber have from time to time been pulled for the use of the
Club; and Appendix II. contains a record of all falls of rain
of 1:00 in. and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in
Appendix I.

This year has been one of very short rainfall, there having
been at Greenwich only four months with a rainfall above the
average, all the other months being months of very small rain-
fall. The records of Greenwich, commencing in 1816; at Mt.
Ararat, Wimbledon, commencing in 1854; at Surbiton, com-
mencing in 1855; and at Redhill, commencing in 1867, have
been carefully examined, and all years with a smaller annual

ee

Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1898. 295

rainfall than the present year have been extracted, with the
result that there are only six such years at Greenwich, five at
Wimbledon, two at Surbiton, and none at all at Redhill. These
years of small rainfall are shown in the table.

YEARS OF RAINFALL SMALLER THAN 1898.

| GREENWICH WIMBLEDON | SURBITON REDHILL
IN. IN. IN.

1840 .. 16°43 | 1854 .. 14:95 | 1884 .. 15-06
1847 .. 17°61 | 1858 .. 18°63 | 1887 .. 18°30
1858 .. 17°70 | 1864 .. 16-37 None
1864 .. 16°38 | 1870 .. 18:22
1870 .. 18°55 | 1884 .. 16°80
1884 .. 18-05

1898 .. 18°85 | 1898 .. 18°97 | 1898 .. 18-55 | 1898 .. 22°59

The significance of the above table, if carefully studied, is very
great. It shows conclusively how small the rainfall of 1898
was, and how well founded were the complaints of a great
scarcity of water. In order to show this more in detail, I have
again constructed tables for Greenwich, Surbiton, and Mt.
Ararat, Wimbledon, similar to those in last year’s Report.

Tables A and B refer to Greenwich. Table A shows that the
rainfall of 1898 is 6-11 in. below the 80 years’ average, whilst
table B shows that it is 5-37 in. below the 40 years’ average ;
the difference between the two tables being 0-74 in., the same as
last year. The great deficiency in the rainfall in the months of
January, July, August, and September are specially noticeable.

When we look at the three tables B, C, and D, a great differ-
ence, as compared with the similar tables in last year’s Report,
is noticeable. Here we have the greatest deficiency 5-87 in. at
Surbiton, and the smallest 5:09 in. at Wimbledon, the deficiency
at Greenwich being nearly midway between the two. This is a
very different result to that shown in last year’s Report, where
there was a deficiency of 2:14 in. at Greenwich, and an actual
excess at Surbiton and Wimbledon of 0-01 in. and 0:04 in.
respectively. In these three tables the great deficiency in the
rainfall of the four months of January, July, August and
September will again be noticed. There is a curious feature in
table D, referring to Wimbledon, in that there is an actual
excess in the month of March, an excess which appears to have
been in a great measure occasioned by the fall on the 25th being
heavier at Wimbledon than at Surbiton and Greenwich. j

In Appendix II. the falls of rain of 1-00 in. and upwards are
set out, and the very small number of days, viz. five, and the
smallness of the amounts, not one being 2°00 in., are especially

c

296 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

noticeable. The restricted areas of the localities where these
maximum falls occurred is curious, there seeming to be no very
generally large fall throughout the district on the days mentioned
in this Appendix.

A.—Greenwich Average 80 Yrs. (1816-95). B.—Greenwich Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95).

Average} 1898 |+ Average Average} 1898 |+ Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 1:89 0-71 — 1-18 Jan. 1:98 0-71 — 1:27
Feb. 1:59 1:13 — 0°46 Feb. 1:43 1:13 | -— 0:30
March| 1°52 1:40 — 0-12 March| 1:44 140 | -— 0:04
April 1°65 0-93 — 0°72 April 1:61 0-93 — 0°68
May 2:00 2°64 + 0°64 May 1:94 2°64 + 0°70
June 1:95 1:75 — 0:20 June 2°04 1:75 — 0°29
July 2°60 1:33 — 1:27 July 2°42 1:33 — 1:09
Aug. 2°33 0:87 — 1:46 Aug. .| 2°30 0°87 — 1:43
Sept. 2°30 0-30 — 2:00 Sept. 2:18 0°30 -— 1:88
Oct. | 2°82 3°15 + 0°33 Oct. 2°75 3°15 + 0°40
Noy. | 2°37 2°41 + 0:04 | Nov. 2°19 2°41 + 0°22
Dec. 1:94 2°23 + 0:29 Dec. 1:94 2°23 + 0:29
Year | 24:96 18°85 — 611 Year | 24:22 18°85 — 5°37

C.—Surbiton Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95). D.—Mt. Ararat, Wim., Av. 40Yrs.(1856-95).

Average} 1898 |+ Average Average| 1898 | +Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 2°04 0°81 — 1:23 Jan. 1:79 0°86 — 0:93
Feb. 1:47 1:13 — 0°34 Feb. 1:38 1:31 — 0:07
March| 1-44 1:24 — 0:20 March} 1:33 1:50 + 0:17
April 1:64 0:94 — 0°70 April 1-64 0:93 — 071
May 1:92 2:60 + 0°68 May 1:92 | 2°50 + 0°58
June 2:08 1:32 — 0°76 June 2:08 1:12 — 0:96
July 2°37 0°53 — 1:84 July 2°49 0°85 — 1:64
Aug. 2°43 1:36 — 1:07 Aug. 2°31 1:13 — 1:18
Sept. 2°21 0:43 — 1:78 Sept. 2°28 0°39 — 1°89
Oct. 2°81 3:14 + 0°33 Oct. 2°88 | 3°57 + 0°69
Nov. 2°16 2°64 + 0°48 Noy. 2°19 2°33 + 0°14
Dec. 1:85 2°41 + 0°56 Dec. 1:77 2°48 + 0°71
Year | 24:42 18°55 — 5°87 Year | 24:06 | 18-97 — 5:09

I should like to draw attention to the great differences between
the two gauges at Knockholt, viz. the one in the field, which
appears in the monthly sheets in Appendix I., and the one on
the tower, which appears at the end of this Report. Both of
these are gauges which are taken monthly, and in every month
the total from the field gauge is larger than from the tower
gauge; the total excess of the field gauge over the tower gauge
is 6-96 in. It will be particularly noticed, if we examine these
returns with the carefulness that they deserve, that where the

Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1898. 297

month’s rainfall is small, the differences between the field and
the tower gauges is much less in proportion than when the
month’s rainfall is large. One would have thought that the
percentage of the difference would have been constant, but this
does not appear to be the case.

As is probably well known, the Committee of the Club, through
the Honorary Secretary of the Meteorological Sub-Committee,
approached the observers with the object of asking them to
become members of the Club, or to give a small donation
towards the expenses of the Meteorological Sub-Committee.
The response has been most gratifying; many of the observers
have become members of the Club, and the number of observers
who have not become members but have given donations towards
the expenses of the Sub-Committee is eleven, as against five in
the previous year. The Sub-Committee desire to express their
thanks to the observers for their very cordial co-operation in the
rainfall work of the Club, for without them such a work could
never be carried on.

7, Dutwich Woop Parx, Urrer Norwoop, §.E.
Observer—T. P. Caupicorr. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft. 2 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 276 ft.

Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | May | June| July | Aug.; Sept.) Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Year.
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
0°76 | 1:18 | 1-41 | 1-07 | 3°10 | 1-46 | 0-89 | 0-96 | 0-29 | 2-74 | 2-66 | 2-40) 18-92
Feniron, Farnsorouen, Kent.
Observer—Miss F. M. Percy. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.
Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 376 ft.
Jan. | Feb. | Mar.) Apr. May |June| July Aug. noes Nov.| Dec. | Year.
——— at oe —— el
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
0-55 | 1-30 | 1-40 | 1-28 | 3-13 | 1-93 | 0°54 | 1-13 | 0-48 | 3-48 | 3-36 | 2-45 | 21-03
Tue Tower, Knocxnott Bercues, Kent.
Observer—W. Morris. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.
Height of gauge above ground, 24 ft. 6 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 812 ft.
Jan. | Feb. Mar. Apr. ‘May | June July | Aug. Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. Year.
mfom.| om om] mom | om) om | ml) im | om | om. | IN. | IN.
0°56 | 1:03 | 0.76 | 1:01 | 2-96 | 2°27 | 0-53 | 1-06 | 0-41 2-88 | 2°56 1:93 | 17:96

APPENDIX 1,

CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY CLUB

(Meteorological Sub-Committee. )

STATIONS.

Abinger (The Hall)
Abinger (The Rectory)
Dorking (Denbies)
Walton Heath (The Hermitage). .
Redhill (Oxford Road)
Nutfield (The Priory)
Nutfield (The Priory) 2nd gauge
Buckland (Hartswood)
Reigate (The Briars)
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..
Upper Gatton (Upper Gatton Park)
Merstham (Rockshaw)
Harp’s Oak Cottage
Chipstead (Shabden Park)
Chaldon (The Rectory)
Caterham (Metropolitan Asylum)
Westerham (The Fishponds) ....
Knockholt (The Beeches)
Sevenoaks (St. Johns Hill) ......
Warlingham (The Vicarage) .
Coulsdon (The Grange)
Kenley (Hazelea)
Kenley (The Cottage)
Purley (Tudor Cottages)
Leatherhead (Downside
Ashtead (D’Abernon Chase)
Oxshott (Beverstone) ..........
Banstead (The Larches)
Sutton (Mulgrave Road) ........
Wallington (Maldon Road)
Beddington (Riverside) ........
Waddon (Waddon House)
Croydon (Brimstone Barn) ......
Croydon (Waddon New Road)....
Croydon (Duppas House)
Croydon (Whitgift School)
Croydon (Woburn Road)

ed

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10

15

seen twee

20

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25

30

35

OBSERVERS.

The Lord Farrer ...

Miss Brodie-Hall....
J. Beesley
S. Bostock

W. H. Tyndall
J. Moffatt
J. Moffatt

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Mrs. Barclay........
H. E. Gurney
F. Druce

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Rey. G. E. Belcher ..
G. S. Elliott, M.D. ..
W. Morris
W. Morris
W. W. Wagstaffe ...

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..| Rev. F. R. Marriott. .

W. J. Stride
Mrs. Carr-Dyer
J. B. Snell

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Rey. C. J. Taylor....
WiaGoodes sce ccs. cs
F. Campbell-Bayard

8. Rostron
P. Crowley
Croydon Corporation
Croydon Corporation
Baldwin Latham ....
A. E. Watson
M. L. Craven

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Height o:
Statn. ab.
Sea-level. |

40

45

60

65

70

75

STATIONS.

Croydon (Park Hill Rise) ......
Addington Hills (The Reservoir)...
Addington (Park Farm) ........
Addington (Pumping Station)....
West Wickham (Wickham Court)
Hayes Common (The Warren) ..
Keston (Bradfield) ............
Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....
Farningham Hill (Hill House) ..
Chislehurst (Hawkwood) ......
Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....)
Dartford (West Hill House)
Sidcup (Hatherley Road)
Bickley (The High Field)
Bromley (The Palace) ..........
Bromley Common (Elmfield) ....
Beckenham (Cedars Road)
South Norwood (Apsley Road) ..
Thornton Heath (Thornton Road).
Wimbledon (Sewage Works) ....
Wimbledon (Mount Ararat)
Raynes Park (Pumping Station)...
New Malden (Sewage Works) ....
Ksher (Sewage Works)
West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.)..
Surbiton (Seething Wells)
Kingston (Sewage Works)
Richmond (Ormond Lodge)
Putney Heath (The Reservoirs). .
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road).
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road)..
Sydenham (Newlands Park) ....
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road)...
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.)..
Eltham (High Street
Greenwich (Royal Observatory). .
Deptford (Kent Water Co.)......
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.)....
Brixton (Acre Lane)

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| Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ...

| Miss Edlmann

.| Lieut.-Col. C. N. Kidd

.| I’. Devas

OBSERVERS.

H. F. Parsons, M.D.
Croydon Corporation
W. Whalley
Croydon Corporation
Sir J. F. Lennard, Bt.
Miss Akers
A. Hill

ANd. Wate: 5... 1c
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Lionel Burrell, M.D.
J. Batten
Coles Child
Rey. J. P. Faunthorpe
H. Dolling-Smith

W. H. Cullis
H. Wright
C. H. Cooper

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C. H. Cooper
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A. J. Henderson ....

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O. Jepson, M.D. ...
L. W. F. Behrens
J. W. Restler

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W. Morris
J. W. Restler
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J. W. Restler

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Height
above
Ground.

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|Height of
Statn. ab.
Sea-level.

Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.30 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(January, 1898.)

The month has been extremely warm, dry, cloudy, and calm. It
is certainly very remarkable that the winter anticyclonic conditions
have brought warmth and not cold. It has also been foggy. The
month has been an extremely unhealthy one, influenza being very
prevalent, and, in some places, measles, diphtheria, and scarlet fever.
The rainfall is only about one-third of the average. Owing to the
warmth, there are many wild flowers out. At Chislehurst snowdrops
were out on the 5th, and the yellow aconite, Pyrus japonica, and
crocus on the 10th, and at the end of the month there were violets,
coloured and wild primroses, liverwort, and the yellow coltsfoot; and
at Croydon the winter aconite flowered on the 10th, the snowdrop and
yellow crocus on the 15th, and the Scilla bifolia on the 30th. Green
vegetables are plentiful and good. The great tit was heard at Nutfield
on the 28th; and in the middle of the month at Chelsfield a nest of
young blackbirds was found. At Croydon (Park Hill) the maximum
thermometer was 50° and above on eight days, and below 40° on three
days; whilst the minimum stood at 40° and above on nine days. A
solar halo was seen at Upper Gatton on the 10th, and a lunar one at
Nutfield on the 2nd. The mean temperature of the month is about
6°5° above the average, and was at Croydon (Whitgift) 43-7°, at Wal-
lington 43°3°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 43°1°, at Waddon 42:8°,
at Redhill 42°4°, at Chipstead, Sevenoaks, and Sidcup 42°, and at
Upper Gatton 41-9°. There were recorded at Upper Gatton 30:5 hours
of bright sunshine, and at Hayes Common 32:1 hours, and Wallington
29°6 hours of sunlight; which latter is seven per cent. below the
January mean of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.80 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(February, 1898.)

The month has been warm, with about an average amount of
sunshine, but a rather short rainfall. There have been several snow
showers, that on the 20th being the most severe. The month has
been very unhealthy, influenza and measles being widely prevalent,
as also scarlet fever. The rainfall is roughly about two-thirds of the
average, a condition of things which gives rise to very serious appre-
hensions as to our water supply. The almond tree flowered at Sidcup
on the 12th, and at Wallington on the 15th, which is, so far as
Sidcup is concerned, the earliest date of flowering by sixteen days.
The relatively cold nights have checked vegetation. At Nutfield rooks
began to build on the 6th, but left off about the 17th for a few days,
and then began again on the 28th. At Croydon (Park Hill) the
maximum thermometer was 50° and above on four days, and below 40°
on three days; whilst the minimum was below 40° on twenty-four
days. A solar halo was seen at Upper Gatton and Wallington on
the 8th. The mean temperature of the month is about 2° above the
average, and was at Wallington 417°, at Croydon (Whitgift) 41-4°, at
Croydon (Duppas House) 41°2°, at Chipstead 40°1°, and at Redhill 40°.
There were recorded at Wallington 61°3 hours of sunlight, which is
the February average of the ten years 1886-95.

F. Campseuu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken. at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.30 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(March, 1898.)

The month has been cold and somewhat dry, with numerous frosts
and snow showers. A thunderstorm with lightning and hail occurred
at Abinger on the 28rd; and on the 24th, 25th, and 26th there were
heavy snowstorms, more particularly about Warlingham, Chipstead,
and Caterham, where there were drifts in places 5 ft. to 6 ft. deep.
In these storms damage was done to the peach, plum, and apricot
blossom, other trees escaping. There has been a great deal of illness
about, particularly influenza, measles, whooping cough, and scarlet
fever, and many old people have died. The sallow bloomed on the
1st, and the plum on the 19th at Sidcup, and Ribes on the 30th at
Nutfield. The rainfall is about a quarter of an inch below the average,
and the ground water is exceedingly low, many wells and springs
being dry. At Nutfield the sulphur butterfly was seen on the 18th,
and the peacock on the 28th. At Croydon the maximum thermometer
was 50° and above on four days, and below 40° on five days; whilst
the minimum thermometer was below 40° on twenty-eight days. The
mean temperature of the month is about 1° below the average, and

was at Croydon (Duppas House and Whitgift) 40-4°, at Wallington

40°3°, at Chipstead 39-9°, at Waddon 39°8°, and at Redhill 39-1°
There were recorded at Wallington 82-3 hours of sunlight, which is
11 per cent. below the March mean of the ten years 1886-95.

F, Campsetu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soe.,
Hon. Sec.

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NOTES.
(April, 1898.)

The month has been-dry and warm, but with a great prevalence of
east winds. There were some rather severe frosts, particularly on the
23rd and 24th. There has been a good deal of illness about. At
Sidcup the pear and cherry were in bloom on the 10th, and the apple
on the 24th. The nightingale was heard at Abinger on the 10th; and
at Nutfield the swallow was seen on the 11th, and the wryneck on the
12th, and the cuckoo heard at Sevenoaks on the 18th. Thunder was
heard at Nutfield on the 26th. Solar halos were seen at Upper
Gatton on seven days, and lunar halos were observed there on the
6th and 7th; whilst lightning was seen there on the 26th. The rain-
fall is about three-quarters of an inch below the April mean, and the
want of water is already becoming serious in many places. The mean
temperature of the month is about one degree above the average, and
was at Croydon (Duppas House) 48°6°, at Chipstead 48°4°, at Walling-
ton 48-1°, at Croydon (Whitgift) 47°9°, and at Waddon 47°6°. There
were recorded at Wallington 166-8 hours of sunlight, which is one
per cent. below the April mean of the ten years 1886-95.

F’, Camppewy-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.380 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(May, 1898.)

The month has been wet, cold, and rather sunless. It is the
wettest May since 1891. There was a frost on the 17th in many parts
of the district, and in the early morning of the 18th a few snowflakes
fell at Warlingham. There were thunderstorms generally throughout
the district on the 23rd and 31st, and on these days hail fell. Easterly
winds were very prevalent, especially after the 15th. The hawthorn
flowered at Croydon on the 10th, and the white may at Wallington
on the same day. At Wallington the lilac, both white and purple,
flowered on the 11th, the laburnum, white chestnut, and red may on
the 18th, and the red chestnut on the 20th. At Croydon (Park Hill)
the maximum thermometer stood at 70° on one day, 60° and above
on eleven days, and below 50° on one day; whilst the minimum
thermometer was 50° and above on two days, and below 40° on five
days. At Nutfield the oak was in full leaf quite fourteen days before
the ash. At Croydon (Duppas House) the evaporation for the month
has been unusually small, whilst from the 9th percolation has been
going on through the chalk gauge, but no water has passed through
the gravel percolator. The rainfall for the month is about three-
quarters of an inch above the average, and there has been a good deal
of illness about, principally rheumatism. The mean temperature of the
month is about 15° below the average, and was at Croydon (Duppas
House) 52°3°, at Wallington 52-2°, at Waddon 51°8°, at Croydon
(Whitgift) 51-7°, and at Chipstead 51:4°. There were recorded at
Wallington 140-5 hours of sunlight, which is 18 per cent. below the
May mean of the ten years 1886-95, and is the smallest May total in
the register.

F, Campsett-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.30 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(June, 1898.)

The month has been cold, rather dry, and comparatively sunless,
and may be divided into three well-defined periods, viz. 1st-9th wet
and cold, 10th—22nd drying winds of a March character, and 23rd-30th
fine growing weather. Thunderstorms occurred pretty generally
throughout the district on the 2nd and 26th, and were accompanied
by hail. The cold weather has on the whole been favourable for the
blossoms on the various trees and flowers, and also for the hay crop.
Apples are fairly plentiful, but pears are scarce. Hay cutting com-
menced in most places about the 15th, and strawberries ripened on
the 30th. Owing to the cloudy weather the evaporation of the month
is below the average. The month has been unhealthy, but less so
than last month. The mean maximum in the shade and the mean
temperature of the month are the lowest in the Wallington record,
which commences in 1886, for June. The mean temperature of the
month is about 2° below the average, and was at Croydon (Duppas
House) 58°, at Waddon 57:9°, at Chipstead 57°5°, at Redhill 57:8°,
at Croydon (Whitgift) 57°1°, and at Wallington 56°7°. The maximum
at Croydon was 70° and above on ten days, and below 60° on six days;
whilst the minimum was below 60° on every day, and below 50° on
twenty days. The rainfall is about one-quarter of an inch below the
June average, and the total for the six months is about two inches
below the average. There were recorded at Wallington 163 hours of
sunlight, which is 9 per cent. below the June mean of the ten years
1886-95, and is the smallest June total since 1890.

F. Campspeuy-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. See.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redlull,
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(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.80 a.m.), and Sevenoaks.
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(July, 1898.)

The month has been very close and dry, with temperature and
sunlight rather above the average. The mean barometer at Walling-
ton—30°108 in.—is the highest July mean in the record. Fruit crops
are in the district very variable in quantity and quality, being abundant.
and good in some places, and bad and deficient in quantity in others.
The want of water is becoming very serious in many places. Owing
to the cloudiness of the weather, evaporation has been small. The
rainfall is about two inches below the average. A thunderstorm
occurred on the 27th throughout the district. At Sidcup the lime
flowered on the 11th. At Croydon the maximum thermometer was
80° and above on two days, 70° and above on seventeen days, and below
60° on two days; whilst the minimum was below 60° on every day,
and below 50° on twelve days; and at Redhill the maximum was 70°
and above on nineteen days. The mean temperature of the month is
about the average, and was at Chipstead 62°5°, at Croydon (Duppas
House) 62°3°, at Wallington 61-:9°, at Waddon 61°6°, and at Redhill
60:1°. There were recorded at Wallington 212:2 hours of sunlight,
which is 4 per cent. above the July mean of the ten years 1886-95.
At Lower Kingswood, near Reigate, the rainfall was °73 in.

F. Campsenu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

».*,, Nore.—The name of the station at Ashtead has been changed
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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.80 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(August, 1898.)

The month, like July, has been very warm, dry, and sunny. In
character it is very similar to the month of August, 1893. Fruit crops,
as a rule, are poor, but corn crops are good, and have been harvested
in splendid condition. The potato crop is fairly good. The month
has been a healthy one. On the 21st, at 9.15 p.m., a brilliant meteor
was seen at Wallington. It arose in the S.E., and travelled slowly
towards the §.W.; it was visible about two seconds, and had a bright
blue nucleus, and a long tail of flame-coloured sparks. The great heat
of the 22nd will long be remembered; at Greenwich, in the shade, it
was 90°, at Waddon 89°5°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 87-9°, and at
Wallington 86-7°. There was a good deal of thunder and lightning
throughout the district on the 15th and 18th, but with the exception
of the country round about Kingston, it was generally a considerable
distance away. The want of rain is now becoming very serious; at
Redhill a well 35 ft. deep is dry for the first time in thirty-two years,
and round about Abinger people are buying water. The maximum
thermometer was 80° and above on eight days at Croydon, four days
at Redhill, and three days at Sidcup; it was over 70° and under 80°
on fifteen days at Redhill, and eleven days at Croydon; and was under
60° on two days at Croydon. Whilst the minimum thermometer was
60° and above on eleven nights at Sidcup and three at Croydon, and
was under 50° on ten nights at Croydon. The rainfall is about 1-50 in.
below the August average. The mean temperature of the month is about
8° above the average, and was at Croydon (Duppas House) 64°7°, at
Wallington 64:2°, at Waddon 64°, at Redhill 62-8°, and at Chipstead
62°6°. There were recorded at Wallington 234-4 hours of sunlight,
which is 9 per cent. above the August mean of the ten years 1886-95.
At Lower Kingswood, near Reigate, the rainfall was °99 in.

F. Campsexu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.380 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(September, 1898.)

The month has been extraordinarily dry, hot, and sunny, and is
in character very similar to September, 1895. With reference to the
rainfall, there is in the long record of Greenwich, commencing in 1814,
only one September with a smaller rainfall, viz. 1865, with +16 in. ;
and in the Surbiton record, commencing in 1855, September, 1865, is
the smallest total with °35 in.; whilst in the Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat)
record, commencing in 1854, September, 1865, has -47 in., a higher
total than September, 1898. It seems probable that the shade tem-
perature of the 8th was absolutely unique for September; it was at
Waddon 93°, at Greenwich 92°1°, at Croydon (Duppas House) 91°,
at Beddington 90°6°, at Croydon (Waddon New Road) 90°, at Walling-
ton 88°9°, and at Addington Hills 87:5°; and at Croydon (Waddon
New Road) the maximum temperature in the shade in a Stevenson
screen was 80° and above on no less than ten days. The aurora on
the 9th seems to have been generally observed throughout the district.
The rainfall is about 14 to 2 inches below the September average, and
the want of water is becoming most serious. The grass is generally
burnt up and quite brown, and in some places, as at Keston, the trees
appear as if scorched by the heat, whilst all green crops are suffering.
Pears in many places are scarce, and apples are much worm-eaten.
The mean temperature is nearly 4° above the September average,
and was at Croydon (Duppas House) 62°, at Chipstead 61-:9°, at
Wallington 61:3°, and at Waddon 61:1°. There were recorded at
Wallington 230°5 hours of sunlight, an excess of no less than 70:3
hours, which is 18 per cent. above the September mean of the ten
years 1886-95.

F. Campspevu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.30 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(October, 1898.)

The month may be divided into four portions: the first half dry,
but dull and foggy, then wet in the middle of the month, fine and
warm towards the close, with heavy storms on the 29th and 30th.
The rainfall is slightly above the average for the month in most places
in the district. The rain has done a great deal of good, and all
vegetables have flourished wonderfully. The observers at Nutfield
and Warlingham remark on the wonderful growth of mushrooms, and
their freedom from maggots. There was heavy rain on the 17th at
Abinger; and on the 29th there was heavy rain, accompanied by
thunder and lightning, throughout the district, and according to all
accounts the storm was heaviest at Camberwell. The observer at
Park Hill, Croydon, reports that the Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus
tuberosus) has flowered this year, a very rare occurrence; it flowered
in 1895. The month has been a healthy one, and there has been very
little illness about. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the
shade have been unusually high. The mean temperature of the month
is about 4° above the average, and was at Chipstead 54°, at Croydon
(Whitgift) 53-7°, at Wallington 53-6°, at Waddon 53:3°, and at Croydon
(Duppas House) 53:2°. There was nearly a total absence of frost, and
scarlet runner beans were gathered at Redhill on the 31st, and dahlias,
nasturtiums, and nearly all summer flowers were in bloom on the same
day at Sidcup. A solar halo was seen at Croydon on the 10th, and at
Wallington on the 20th; and a lunar one at Wallington on the 28rd.
There were recorded at Wallington 83 hours of sunlight, which is
6 per cent. below the October mean of the ten years 1886-95. At
Lower Kingswood, near Reigate, the rainfall was 3-46 in.

F. Campsetu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.80 a.m.), and Sevenoaks

10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(November, 1898.)

The month may be divided into three portions—viz. from 1st to 8rd
wet; from 4th to 19th dry and fine, but very foggy; and from 20th to
the end very wet. At Nutfield there was a little fine snow on the 28rd,
and on the 28th snow fell generally throughout the district, on which
day one foot of snow when melted at Kenley gave °45 in. of water.
On the 21st it was extremely dark, especially in the morning, when
artificial light had to be used in most places in the district. On the
14th one meteor was seen at 10.30 p.m., and many were seen at Lower
Kingswood at 1.30 a.m. on the 15th. The month has been very warm,
for the water wagtails only migrated from Nutfield on the 20th, and
the Maurandya and Cobea scandens were in flower there in a very ex-
posed situation, and at Sidcup dahlias and other tender plants were
not touched by frost till the 23rd, and at Sevenoaks mushrooms were
plentiful in the first three weeks, and blackberries to the end of the
month. At Ashtead Common a dragonfly was seen on the 18th. The
mean temperature of the month is about 2° above the average, and was
at Croydon (Whitgift) 46°, at Wallington 45-9°, at Croydon (Duppas
House) 45:7°, at Waddon 45:2°, and at Chipstead 44:7°; at Croydon
(Park Hill) the maximum was 50° and above on fifteen days, and
under 40° on four days; whilst the minimum was 50° on one day, 40°
and under 50° on eight days, and under 80° on two days. The rainfall
of the month is slightly above the average, and water at Croydon
(Duppas House) did not percolate through one yard of gravel till the
23rd, and through one yard of chalk till the 25th. There were re-
corded at Wallington 71°8 hours of sunlight, which is 7 per cent.
above the November mean of the ten years 1886-95. At Lower
Kingswood, near Reigate, the rainfall was 3°49 in.

F. Campsewu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,
Hon. Sec.

—

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Note.—The observations are taken at 9 a.m., except at Redhill,
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Addington (Park Farm), and Brixton
(8 a.m.), Croydon (Woburn Road) (8.30 a.m.), and Sevenoaks
(10 a.m.).

NOTES.
(December, 1898.)

The month, so far as rainfall is concerned, may be divided into
three sections—from 1st to 9th wet, then from 10th to 26th dry and
fine, and from 28th to 31st wet and stormy. According to the Green-
wich mean, the rainfall was about a quarter of an inch above that
average, but it appears somewhat doubtful whether this is a correct
view to take with respect to the district asa whole. It has been an
exceedingly warm month, perhaps the warmest December on record,
and this warmth has been accompanied by a very high barometer. As
instances of the warmth, a large mushroom, four inches in diameter,
was picked at Warlingham, white primroses were in flower at Abinger,
and geraniums in window-boxes at Sevenoaks throughout the month.
Lunar halos were seen at Nutfield on the 9th, and at Wallington on
the 28th. At Croydon (Park Hill) the maximum was 50° and above
on fourteen days, and below 40° on five days; whilst the minimum

‘was 50° on one day, between 30° and 40° on thirteen days, and below
30° on seven days. Influenza and colds have been somewhat prevalent.
The mean temperature of the month is about 6° above the average,
and was at Croydon (Whitgift) 45-4°, at Wallington 45-2°, at Croydon
(Duppas House) 44°8°, at Waddon 444°, at Redhill 48-8°, and at
Chipstead 43-3°. There were recorded at Wallington 48-5 hours of
sunlight, which is 4 per cent. above the December mean of the ten

years 1886-95.
F, CampsBeuu-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc.,

Hon. Sec.

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( 399 )

APPENDIX II.
Falls of 1-00 in. and upwards.

June 267TH.—Orpington 1:12 in.

Ocroser 177H.—Abinger (The Hall) 1:15 in.; Abinger (Ree-
tory) 1:10 in.

Ocroser 297H.—Chipstead 1:18 in.; Keston (Bradfield), Brom-
ley Common, and Putney Heath 1:15 in.; Wimbledon (Mt.
Ararat) and Raynes Park 1:12 in.;. Greenwich 1:11 in.; West
Wickham and Bickley 1:10 in.; Bromley 1:08 in. ; Warlingham
and Leatherhead 1:07 in.; Hayes Common 1:06 in.; New
Malden and Eltham 1:05 in.; Chislehurst 1:04 in.; Addington
(Park Farm) 1:02 in.; Addington (Pumping Station) and Bec-
kenham 1:01 in.

NovemBer 28rp.—Abinger (The Hall) 1°78 in.; Abinger
(Rectory) 1:50 in.; Leatherhead 1:34 in. ; Dorking (Denbies)
1:25 in. ; D’Abernon Chase 1:10 in.; Buckland 1:03 in.

Decemper 6ToH.—Banstead 1:21 in.; Croydon (Waddon New
Road) 1:14 in.; Purley (Tudor Cottages) 1:11 in.; Beddington
and Croydon (Whitgift) 1:10 in.; Waddon and Croydon (Duppas
House) 1:09 in.; Croydon (Park Hill), Kingston, and Putney
Heath 1:06 in.; Leatherhead 1:05 in.; Wallington 1:02 in. ;
Croydon (Woburn Road), Thornton Heath, Wimbledon (Mt.
Ararat), and New Malden 1-00 in.

PRESENTED
27 SEPi899

wv
“] y —

"So or Rr. c
“URAL AVS.

ee” Ee at ae
Vit; @ ty? a ve

OF ee pase Mare

CONTENTS.

PROCEEDINGS. - PAGE
Twenty-ninth Annual Meeting ................:..60:eseeesneeres . eoly
Peebhidarit b AMAROEE-- 5. 2 dP thecc cae tee cs obed Metis be abe elvii
Evening Meetings, Excursions, &¢. ........-.66..eceeseseceeee ee elvii-clxv
‘Twenty-ninth Anntal Soirée si. 15. ce.5h.. ocr dne setae saan apne elxvi
BabcGomivtivtieas tor, oc See ok ened s cap be ase see a elxviii
Morthers-alseteds 1Q9B' 35.02: 230. 122% -ausweeeseesies adi iogants mee elxviii
BSB SI 8 a ag og aah ey oes ean DE Teas gee clxix
Additions to the Library, 1897 .......................::066. ee clxix
Donations to the Library, 1898 ............... Te Me ee clxx
Proasurer’a Balarice MiGRE. «Coils soxcbencades-sce eps cdeyn cos Mice gen elxxii

TRANSACTIONS.
An Historical and Deseriptive Account of the Whitgift Hospital, =

Croydon. By J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc., President......... 279.8

On a Drift Deposit at Carshalton, and on Sections shown by the
Cuttings for the Sewers. By W. Wurraxer, B.A., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.; with a Note on the Mammalian
Remains by E. T. Newron, F.R.S., F.G.S. ............---000 288

Report of Meteorological Sub-Committee for 1898. Prepared by
the Hon. Sec., Francis CamppeLy-Bayarp, P.R. Met.Soc.... 294

Cropdon Microscopical and Fatural History Club,
SaAOCs
OFFICERS FOR 1899.

President—Wito1m Wuiraser, B.A., F.R.S., P.G.S.

Vice-Presidents. — Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pup Crowzxy,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Henry 8. Earon, M.A., F.R.Met.Soc.; Hunry T.
Mennett, F.L.S.; Henry G. Tompson, M.D., F.R.M.S., J-P.,;
Epwarp Loverr; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.; W. Murton
Houmes; and J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc.

Treasurer.—F. J. Townenp (Alverley, Park Hill Rise, Croydon).

Librarian.—A.rrep Roops.

Committee—J. H. Batpock; James Epps, Jun., F.L.S.; H. D.
Gower; A. J. Hoge; G. W. Moore; G. E. Newsy, F.R.C.S.; EH.
Prerce; E. J. Puarrs; and N. F. Rosarrs, F.G.S.

Hon. Secretary. — R. F. Grunpy (112, Lower Addiscombe Road, —

Croydon), to whom all communications may be addressed.

PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS
CROYDON
NATURAL HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC

SOCIETY.

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

From Fresruary 21st, 1899, tro January 20TH, 1903.

CROYDON :

PRINTED FOR THE CLUB BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO.,

HATTON GARDEN, LONDON,

1903.

“INDEX TO VOLUME V.

= S
A. PAGE
Addington Woods, Excursion tO ........cccecseseceeeeseceeseeeeeues lxiv
Anderson, Dr. Tempest, Voleanic Eruption in West Indies... exvii
Anthropological Committee, Reports of ............ XXXl1V, XCVil, CXXx
Art, Evolution of Form and Design im ...............cceeeeeee neers XXxil
Ashdown Horest; HXCUrsion tO. ...esccccoceccvorcocsesessesterscevesass CXXVi
Astronomy without a Telescope ............csesseeeceeceecsereenceeees sole eal
iB:
Beda MptONS HXCHERIOIS) COSI ACS Ly. odes tee doaescessswsectees Ixx, exxxiii
PGEOHWOPEH, EIKCUPBION FO" Slelecaceces ccoeaccedaccsesdecccsecevecdaeccs eXXvii
Birds; Haunts and Habits of British .:.5.0.0.0.000. cccceetes oceceoees lxvii
Botanical Committee, Reports of .............ceeeeeee Ixviil, xevli, cxxx -
Brittany, Stone Monuments of .............ccececssescceccscecccasese 22,
C.
Camipbell-Bayard, Hv. :..-.:.i.-see- cece docce tae xlviii, 8, 56, 1 bis, 63 bis
Celts, Stone and Bronze, recently discovered at Croydon, &c. 51
Chaldon and White Hill, Excursion t0 ................sccecceeceeens XX
rreamG OF NAMIC OL Ol. «cscs es. ceceatas seeeetcices oe ssnstactcvccones xciil
Serene OEY YX GUPSTOMN UOlocascna) ses ccvackenstec-c-aceteruscissepesanccasees xxi
Cheam and Ewell, Fixcursion to ............cccccccceccscccsceccecccess xXev
REP OFEN, “HIXCUTSION HO see sacder tases ccdsccecess sos evenscscbacaeneess lxiv
MONI MBAs MIXGUNSIOM (Oe s-sc0 cheese -cseccnetcocsteenseas+ssescecceane lxiii
OaMBOnaTSh: PIXCHISIONS GO if ics- checks ccckscocccere Sacehcesceccade XCiV, CXXXV
lens ai. Bios WGONIG SHOWOEB! sc. se ..- ose esccdenccestgecseccoaccteccecs XXViil
“e Be NOLO RGIMP Rete eee et cock scree tet eth etueceestoees xvi
Clinch, G., Recent Discoveries at Waddon ..............cceeeeeee 40 bis
Momave, Pivolution Of! 255.5 aeeeassese sci gcseececc cece geeeenscse: cote XXiv
Collyer, H. C., Stone Monuments of Brittany .................. Ve
UIINOLCE. ETIITISG Val |. den aeee eaeee cot esaieunena cd cacaeeerseciecseet tee XXiv
Commons near Croydon and their Flora .............sseeeseeeeees 1
Seealon sls XCULELOM: UO) <cuscemaeeeeeseck seomkeceeken ead soneea eee t tees lx
Croham Hurst, Botanical Ramble to ...........ccccceseceececceees ce
Croham Lane and Ballards, Botanical Ramble to ............... exxxiii
Crowley, the late Philip, Obituary Notice ................cceeeeee xlvii
Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, Revision of
Rules and Change of Name ............-sssscecessessecceees X¢lii
D.
Dartmoor, Flora of Eastern Border of .............cccsececeeesceees 60 bis

Deep Sea Deposits ...... bere een ot Cr AE EEA DEE SS ace XXV

lv Index to Volume V.

KE.
PAGE
Edward, Thomas, Life of, Presidential Address .................. Ixxxv
Egypt, Flint Implements and Mirror from ..............-... exvi, 48 bis
Epps, James, Jun., Presidential Addresses ...........+++eeeeees Ixxix, cxv
6 y » A Trip to the West Indies ...............+0 7 bis
i volutiom) Of COMBA teres sesaes =p sacec nai saqaeieusabyegeahstenranegers Xxiv
Evolution of Form and Design in Art .........cceseceeeseeeeeeee ees Xxxil
F,
Filon, L. A. G., Astronomy without a Telescope ........+.+...+ lxxxi
Fionnay, Switzerland, Notes on Flora of ..........seseeeseeeeeeeees Ixvi
Blora Of Commons Neat Croydon (reo ncs..-cusseeocsrsecnscseneoneses 1
Flora of Eastern Border of Dartmoor ..........seseceeeeneneeeee eee 60 bis
Flora of Fionnay, Switzerland .........sccscceeesceceeceeeneseeeeenes lxvi
Flora of Hayes Common ........:..0.seccsccnccsecercessanecesoae senses 52 bis
Foraminifera from Gault at Merstham — ...........cceeeeeeerere exv, 34 bis
Bumgus Hunts ......s.csccesenansnenscocsecssaccssssersons xxiv, Ixiv, ¢, exxxi
G.
Garwood, Professor, A Trip round Kanchenjinga ............... xxix
Geological Committee, Reports of ............++ Xxxili, Ixx, xevil, exxxv
Geology Of SUrrey ....secrecescrscssccesenceesceccercenssnscnsseecsnceeeces iv, lvii
Godstone, PECULEIONS, FO 2. ..00s<.s0cee spice eapansy seslc ow essldceiee sins de xxi, Ixii
Gravels, Implementiferous, of Surrey ......s:ecseeseeeseeeeeeeeeees XXXIX
Ground Temperatures ........ccccsccecneceseesensneensaeenssseseseeenens 15
Guildford, EXcursion $0 .........ssccsccssssssscccsseccsencsesesensenees xevi
H.
Haddon, Professor, Pagan Survivals in Modern Britain ...... Ix
Haliloo Valley, Excursion t0 ........cssessessecsecnecenceuseeseeersees CXXXi
Hayes Common, Excursions t0 ......ssseeeseseseereeeeeeeeeeeeenne ees lx, ¢
Hayes Common, Flora of ...ssssseeseseesseeereeeeeeeeneeneeeeneeee ees 52 bis
Hever, Penshurst, and Tonbridge, Excursion to .........+.++.- xevili
Holmes, W. Murton, Deep Sea Deposits obtained by the
“Challenger” Expedition, XC. ......seeeeeseeseeseeseeeeeees XXV
Holmes, W. Murton, Foraminifera from Gault at Merstham exv, 34bis
Holtye Common, Excursion tO .....-seessessseeeeseseeeeeeeeeneeneees lxi
Holwood Park, Excursion t0 ........cccscsescececeeeeeeeeeesenenseoese Xcix
Hooley, Geological Visit t0 ......::sssseeesseeeeseeneeeeeeeeneeeaneeeees Ixx
J.
Japan, Jewellery Of Old ......ccsceeeessseeesseeeeeneeseeeerceueesaenees lxv
Japan, The Sword of Old ....cecceeeeeeesseeeeereseeeeeeeeeeeeneees exv, 25 bis
Jewellery of Old Japan ...ccccecseeseecseceeeeeeseeeeeeeeaeesneeeenes lxv
K.
Kanchenjinga, A Trip round .........seeeeesneseeeeseee scenes eee eeeees lxxix
Kearton, R., Haunts and Habits of British Birds ............... Ixvii
Kent, W. Saville, Three-colour Photography applied to Natural
History Subjects .......seceeeseseeeee eee eeeeeecenseeeneneeaecens 17

Keston, Excursions t0 ......sscccesseseeccncnncnensecesseeesoeseeneces XC1X, CXXX

Index to Volume V. Vv

PAGE
BU HIKCUTBIODIDO) “nssce> semenoecencsnenens ssaccs sesioesencst- a6 becbyoeuss lxiv
Kingswood, Excursion t0 .......ssseceseseceeeeeeneeeesenecenaesseansees Ixiii

L.
Leatherhead, Excursion t0 ..........ccesccccceecscsccsccsccveccescnsens CXXV

MME CINITG) SHOW OUR satan i aeons sccse es svat ee deceercaveeteeaeeanne saseic sheesh XXVlii
Lovett, Edward, Evolution of Form and Design in Art ...... Xxxii

a Primeval Commerce and the Evolution of
MV OUDRIE OL jaja snesee deste sensdicikls us csleaesins sofemeitaneennsesce an baa: Xxiv
M.
May-day Survival in Croydon ..........ceceeceeeee eee eeeeeeseeeesens XXXV
Mennell, H. T., Obituary Notice of late P. Crowley ..........+ xlvii
Merstham, Exeursion OP eae ence a dee ee Nout pea ee oneal ueeee Xvili
Merstham, Foraminifera from Gault at .........:ecceeeeeeee eee exv, 34 bis
Meteorological Committee, Reports of ...... | tad) . ay Dea bis
Meteorology of Surrey (Presidential Addréss) .............2s0.e++ xlvili
Meteorology of year in Relation to Vegetation i {1903} ene 4
Microscopic Committee, Report of ..............cecceeeseeeneneeeee lxxil
Mirror, Ancient, from Egypt ..........:.ceceeeeeeeee ces eee nen ees exvi, 48 bis
Mitcham Common, Botanical Ramble to .............:.068 ceeeeeee lxix
Museum Committee, Reports of ............0000 xxii, Ixxy, ciii, exxxv
N.

Natural History Museum, Visit to .........scccceeeceeeeeeseeene ees xXciv
Nordrach, Treatment of Consumption at ...........cseeeeeeeeeee ees Ixvi
O.

Mixtecs HH XGUPSIONAILON ch «dor scene ceetecccs ccc cd duncxsvergtaseesauens xevi, xcix
P.

Pagan Survivals in Modern Britain ..............sceeeseneeneeeeeee Ixxx
Parsons, H. F., Commons near Croydon and their Flora...... 1

Pr » Flora of Fionnay, Switzerland .................. xvi

_ yy > Hlora) of Haves Common) 220. 5...0a0.iccccedce 52 bis

sy », Flora of Eastern Border of Dartmoor ......... 60 bis

% », Ground Temperatures during 1899 ............ 15

Pelton, H. O., Jewellery of Old Japan ........ccceeeceee eee eee ees lxv

sy eS OLGVOM Old Apa s..c-cctiresesscwestveedateaes exv, 25 bis

Photographic Committee, Reports of ......... xxxili, Ixxi, cil, exxxvi

Photopraphy,. Vhree-COlOUt) fresccca--rwerwennceavenreansssstonaon cde ase 17

rite Val COMmMerCe: + <cewivavacdssesns.secswvaee sen -cucdeesessereesenes Xxiv

Purley, Excursion tO ..c.ccosecceeenseccsrcnesccsseesscnecas eee gaeascees CXXV

R.

Reigate, Excursions tO ....scccussesescsssecesesonsecersenssasionssesiencees xx, Ixii
Reports OF COMMITTEES :—

Anthropological ......ccnecssrscsssescesmsste- ncn ecarsnsis XXXiv, XCVii, CXXx

Rotantical % 0... so Scdeiseaccessteciassavuxsetisssupeeetomnaes Ixviil, xcevii, exxx

GGOlogicHl 95: .cacatsesesesscedsecens>eyeevers<e tens XXXiil, Ixx, xevil, exxxv

vi Index to Volume V.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES :— PAGE
WHE efoto) Royeai cl AA cose aonpcodere couocde-seoucaueruon ion 8, 56, 1bis, 63 bis
MIVOYORGOPIC S <2 seen se nsanesees nee sen d-Woveuwvguodcuack are tyyseeeme sana Ixxii
VINING TIN N es ca teensett te cssittne: teiecoecbescctccece cess Ixxii, Ixxv, cili, exxxv
Photographic <......ccccsescecnneeeenscnceseseerenne XXXi11, xxi, cii, CXxXvi
OVO CIC M kote tomer enaainseoe ae eccte sass oatemec=ensmsmiearrrisr sae civ, CXxxvii

AICO ESCO WEL, EIS CUEBIOMN LOvacn+- cee s- > seepifeine sane snnnsnviaat macvies ane ce

Robarts, N. F., Stone and Bronze Celts recently discovered

in Croydon and Neighbourhood ...........-2-..seseeeeeseeeee 51

Rules of Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society ... evli

Rush-clips, Survey .......sssesresccesscosecnscccssseeessecenacneeaceeens XXXV

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Shirley Hills, Botanical Ramble to ........sssessesseceeeeeeeeeee ees @ ixix

WGIFOE vad vowen conaicten tee pouc on soe Savon blade Sava eset hence base. tpecanes tee C@Xxix

Speyer, Round about the Matterhorn ..........-ssseeesseeeeeee ees exvi

Stanley, W. F., Flint Implements and Mirror from Egypt exvi, 48b7s

Stone Monuments of Brittamy .........scceserseeeceeeeeeeeeeeenenes , 22

Stroud Green Well; Visit t0 .......c..-sccoceccevccacsconscoeseeeneses Ixx

Surrey Geology, W. Whitaker’s Presidential Address ......... iv, lvii

Surrey Meteorology, rr s abi spn tatietere xlvili

Surrey Science, a ¥ WHE S. Baeeeees xviii

Surrey Wells .......ccsseccsccetesenecceeeerenesceeeeseeeseeeseeesenesan ees 30

Swanscombe, H:XCUTSION tO ..0s....00cescossenseovesovvsessaperessnanene ci

Ti

Thornton Heath, Geological Rambles to ........2..c0ceeeeeee ci, cil, CXXXV

Three-colour Photography ....c..cecseseecneeeeeceenesensneeeneeessees 17

Tilburstow Hill, Hxcursion tO ........ccscccocccsccccencyscsseswesers xix

Vis
Voleanic Eruption in West Indies .....s..sseeseeseeseeeeeeeeeeres exvii
; W.

Waddon, Botanical Ramble to .........ssescesseseeeeeectceeeeseeeoes CXXXiil

Waddon, Caves discovered at .......scscsccesseceescrenessecesrsesesecs 40 bis

Wralton-on-the- fl) Hx CnY SOM iO) cnc ee sie uence tcecsseriisees ses acscns XVill

War Bank, Keston, Hxcursion t0 ........scssessscsessesccesesreresss CXXX

Wellcombe Wood, Coulsdon, Botanical Ramble to ............ Cxxxii

West Indies, A Trip to .......secccscssessocescncesesrecsrerscsenseces 7 bis

West Indies, Volcanic Eruption in .......:.sscsesesseeeeeeeeeeeeees exvii

Whitaker, W., Presidential Addresses .........ssesseseeeeeeeeeenees ili, xlviii

‘ feed DULLOY VV OUIS) ors cccicesisnsjenpsenebetemennasem sp ercuesar 30
Winmabledon, Excursion £0 .......ssssscessescccserronsnscscsetenscnese lx
Worms Heath, Excursion to .......s.ssccsccsscsecrecceseretecnssseees xxiii

Zi

Zoological Committee, Reports of .........seeceesseerereeereees civ, CXXXvil

PROCEEDINGS & TRANSACTIONS — |

pe Reon,

| MlOROscoPICAL & NATURAL HISTORY |

FEBRUARY 21, 1899, ro JANUARY 16, 1900.

CROYDON:
. ‘ - PRINTED FOR THE CLUB, ‘BY WEST, NEWMAN > AND co.,
HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

| 1900.
|

»%

PROCEEDINGS

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1899—1900.

Thirtieth Annual Meeting,
Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 16th, 1900.

Wan. Warraxer, B.A., F.R.S., P.G.S., in the chair.

The Statement of the Accounts for 1899 was approved.

The President announced that the following gentlemen had
been nominated as Officers of the Club for the ensuing year,
and there being no other nominations they were duly elected :—
President, William Whitaker, B.A., F.R.8., P.G.S.; Hon. Secre-
tary and Treasurer, F. J. Townend; Librarian, A. Roods;
and J. E. Clark, B.A., B.Sc., and R. F. Grundy to fill the
vacancies on the Council caused by the retirement (under the
Rules) of Jas. Epps, Jun., F.L.8., and G. E. Newby, F.R.C.S.

The following is the list of the Officers for the year 1900 :—

President. —Wiu1am Waitaker, B.A., F.R.S., P.G.S.

Vice- Presidents —Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pump Crow.ey,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Henry 8. Haron, M.A., F.R. Met. Soc. ;
Henry T. Mennetz, F.L.S.; Henry G. Tuompson, M.D.,
J.P.; Epwarp Loverr; H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D.,
F.G.S.; W. Murron Houtmes; J. M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc.

Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.—F. J. Townenp.

Librarian.—A.Frep Roops.

il Proceedings.

Council.—_J. H. Batnocr, F.C.8.; J. Epmunp Crarx, B.A.,
B.8e., F.G.8.; H. D. Gowzr; R. F. Grunpy; A. J. Hoae;
G. W. Moors; E. Pierce; E. J. Puarrs; N. F. Rozarts, F.G.S8.

Botamcal Committee. — AntHur Bennett, F.L.S., High Street,
Croydon; J. EpMunp Ciarxk, B.A., B.Se., Avondale, Coombe Road;
James Epps, F..8., Norfolk House, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood;
A. FirzGeraup, 93, Addiscombe Road; Miss Kuaassen (Hon. Sec.),
Aberfeldy, Campden Road; H. T. Mennett, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise;
H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons,
Park Hill Rise; C. E. Satmon, Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate ;
Ernest StRAKER, Wallington.

Geological Committee. — W. B. Bannerman, F.G.S., Sydenham
Road; Grorce Hinpz, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Avondale Road; A. J.
Hoag, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood ; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst,
Dornton Road; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise;
N. F. Roparts, F.G.8. (Hon. Sec.), 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood;
W. W. Torrey, 3, Marlborough Road; THos. WALKER, C.E., War-
rington Road.

Meteorological Committee.— F. C.-Bayarp, LL.M. (Hon. Sec.),
Wallington; J. Epmunp Cxiark, B.A., B.Sc., Avondale, Coombe Road ;
Tos. Cusine, F.R.A.S., Chepstow Road; Banpwin Latuam, C.E.,
Duppas House, Croydon.

Microscopical Committee. — Rev. R. K. Corsrr, 57, Park Hill
Road; T. A. Duxss, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; E. Lovert,
West Burton, Outram Road; W. Murron Houmes, Glenside, St.
Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors (Hon. Sec.), Bryndhurst, Dornton Road.

Photographic Committee. —J. H. Baupock, F.C.S. (Lanternist
and Recorder), St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower, 55, Benson Road ;
HK. Pierce (Hon. Sec.), Claremont, Balfour Road, South Norwood;
HK. J. Puarrs, St. Leonard’s Road; Aurrepd Roops, 67, Thornhill
Road; C. J. L. Russenn, 56, Coombe Road; A. J. WricHTMAN,
Langdale, Chepstow Rise.

Zoological Committee. —JoHN Brrney, F.R.M.S., Chatsworth
Road; Purtre Crowtey, F.L.S., F.Z.8., Waddon; Joun Henry Drace
(Hon. Sec.), Tamworth Road, Croydon; C. H. Goopman, Bryn
Cottage, Whyteleaf; R. McLacauan, F.R.S., F.L.S., 23, Clarendon
Road, Lewisham.

Anthropological Committee. —H. C. Cottyer, Beddington; J.
M. Hosson, M.D., B.Se., Morland Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen
Road, South Norwood; E. Lovett (Hon. Sec.j), West Burton, Outram
Road; N. F. Rogparts, F.G.S., Oliver Grove, South Norwood; J.
Watson Stack, 56, Park Lane; H. G. Tuomprson, M.D., 86, Lower
Addiscombe Road; G. Cincy, F.G.S., 22, Nicholson Road.

Museum Committee.— J. H. Dracr, Tamworth Road; J. M.
Hoszson, M.D., B.Se., Morland Road; KE. Lovert, West Burton,
Outram Road; H. T. Mennenn, Park Hill Rise; H. Franklin
Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F. Rosarts, 23, Oliver
Grove, South Norwood (Hon. See. and Curator).

Proceedings. iii

In accordance with a notice given at the last meeting on
December 12th, Mr. Baldock moved, and Mr. Roods seconded, a
motion that in future the Committee of the Club should be
styled the ‘‘Council,’’ and the various ‘‘ Sub-Committees ”
should be styled the ‘ Committees.” This was unanimously
carried.

In accordance with a notice which appeared in the circular
for this month, it was moved by the President, and seconded by
Mr. Baldock, that a portion of the Club’s Library should be
transferred to the Reference Library at the Town Hall, the
President remarking that members of the Club, on satisfying
the Librarian of their membership, would be allowed to take
away. any of the books placed there, but that other people
would only be allowed access to them at the Library. He also
called attention to the board placed over the Museum cases at
the Town Hall, stating that they belonged to the Club. The
expense of the board has been defrayed by Mr. W. B. Banner-
man, to whom a hearty vote of thanks was accorded. The
President also gave notice that at the next meeting he should
move that a Curator be appointed, to be ew-officio a member of
the Council.

The usual summary of the Proceedings and Meetings of the
year has been prepared by the Editorial Committee, and follows
the Address.

The President’s Address.

Lapirs AND GENTLEMEN,

It has been usual on these occasions for the President to
give a résumé of the work done by the Society in the past year.
Though there may be a good deal to be said for this proceeding,
yet it seems to me that it should be done in a Report from the
Council, rather than in the Address of the President.

If you must follow the lead of many other Societies, and
insist on having an Address, a proceeding which I regard as
most mistaken, then surely it would be better to leave your
President to choose his text, and, rather than limit him to a
réchauffé of our own proceedings, to allow him to hash up any other
mental food that he can readily deal with. Moreover, you have
all had the chance of attending the evening meetings, and, if
you have not done so, it is not clear to me that it is the duty of
a President to tell you all about them.

A record of the proceedings of our sections should perhaps be
given to you, especially as regards excursions; but I think that
such record is secretarial and not presidential work. As a
matter of fact, it is done by the sectional secretaries, and surely

b2

7

= ee CSS

iv Proceedings.

they should communicate their several Reports to the general
Secretary, for inclusion in a general Report.

You see, then, that I have a strong feeling that a President
should be saved from work as much as possible: it is the business
of a Secretary to do the writing for a Society, whilst a President
has only to do right. Being somewhat of an evolutionist, or
revolutionist, which are much the same thing, the difference
between them being one of amount only—I venture to break
through the established rule, and I propose to draw your
attention not so much to what we have done ourselves as to
what other folk have done for us,—to give you a short account
of work that has been done on the Geology of Surrey during
the nineties. Naturally, as ours is a general and not a special
Society, this greatly exceeds our own geologic work, and there-
fore it is all the more important that we should know of it.
During the period named, however, our Society has made good
contributions to our stock of knowledge of local geology, by the
publication of the papers abbreviated titles of which are given
below, and of accounts of various excursions.

W.M. Holmes. Glauconite Casts from Godstone Firestone.

W.M. Holmes. Microscopic Structure of Hearthstone from
Betchworth.

W. Whitaker. Surrey Wells.

Dr. Parsons. Sewer Section at Park Hill Rise.

Dr. Hinde. Gravels of Croydon and its Neighbourhood (a
paper of general as well as of local interest).

N. F. Robarts. Occurrence of Mammalian Remains near
Purley.

W. Whitaker and E. T. Newton. Drift Deposit at Carshalton. —

It seemed to me that if my retrospect were carried back for
ten years that would be enough, especially as in 1889 a fairly
exhaustive account of our Tertiary ,Beds, including the Drift
associated with them, was given-in a Geological Survey Memoir.*
Comparatively little of the work that I have to bring before you
refers to the tract covered by that Memoir.

1890.

Part III. of Sir J. Presrwicu’s Papers on the Westleton Beds
is devoted to The Southern Drift,} and its distribution in Surrey
is treated of on pp. 158-160. The best exhibition of this is on
the Tertiary hills, in the gravel of Norwood, of Wimbledon
Common, of St. George’s Hill near Weybridge, and of Chobham
Ridges.

The valley of Smitham Bottom is noticed (pp. 171-178). The

* The Geology of London, &c. 2 vols.
t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi, pp. 155-181, pl. viii.

Proceedings. v

gravel in its upper part above Merstham contains fragments of
hard beds of the Lower Greensand, so that ‘this Drift was
deposited before the strata beyond the [Chalk] escarpment had
been removed, and when the valley was prolonged . . . into
the Wealden area.”’

Dr. A. Irvine also took up the subject of ‘‘ The Plateau-gravels
of East Berks and West Surrey,’’* reviewing some of Sir J.
Prestwich’s conclusions. He alludes to the mass of coarse
gravel of Hungry Hills, Aldershot, as an illustration of the
great amount of Upper Chalk that must have been worn away
to furnish the flints, and concludes that the Plateau-gravels are
of fluviatile origin and of Pliocene age.

In a paper on Pleistocene Mollusca + B. B. Woopwarp notices
two Surrey localities of fossiliferous Alluvium, Kew and Black-
friars (pp. 340, 342).

Our member H. M. Kuaassen contributed a paper on “ The
Pebbly and Sandy Beds overlying the Woolwich and Reading
Series on and near the Addington Hills,’ in which he recorded
the section shown by the excavations for a sewer from the wind-
mill in Shirley Road to near the top of the hills, for a distance
of 1636 ft. The new sections showed that the pebbles were
underlain by sand, beneath which come the Woolwich and
Reading Beds, consisting of clays over pebbles and sand. The |
section of a cutting for a sewer in Oaks Road is also recorded.
An account of the excavations for the reservoir by Dr. G. J.
Hinne is included: these were wholly in the Blackheath pebble-
beds, in which some pebbles of quartzite were the only stones
found other than those of flint.

In this year there was an epidemic of notes on the Denudation
and Elevation of the Weald, in the pages of the ‘ Geological
Magazine,’§ by H. W. Moncxron, Dr. A. Irvine (three), and Sir
J. Prestwics. Though of a general nature they are of Surrey
interest, and the second refers to the sands of Chipstead, &e. I
may claim some credit for not having been infected, the subject
being one in which I am somewhat interested.

Dr. J. G. Garson and G. F. Lawrence have noticed ‘“ Skulls
dredged from the Thames in the neighbourhood of Kew” and
“the Geological Position of the Skulls,’’|| but whether the
fifteen skulls belong to Surrey or to Middlesex, or to both
counties, is a moot point. They seem to belong to the dolicho-
cephalic race, who inhabited the country before ‘‘the brachy-
cephalic or Celtic race usually associated with the Bronze period.”

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi, pp. 557-564.

+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xi, no. 8, pp. 335-388.

¢ Ibid., pp. 464-472.

§ Dec. iii, vol. vii, pp. 395-397 ; 403-409 ; 479, 480; 575, 576,
|| Journ. Anthrop. Inst.

vi Proceedings.

Sections of the river-bed are given. The skulls came ‘“ from
the lowest layer of the river-bed”’ overlying the London Clay.

1891.

Sir J. Prestwicn’s paper on the Valley of the Darent and on
the Origin of the Chalk escarpment,* refers partly to the eastern
margin of Surrey, into which the basin of the Darent runs. As,
however, the paper mainly concerns Kent, we may be content
with noting the special references to our county.

The occurrence of rude flint implements on the high grounds
of Titsey and Tatsfield is noted (p. 132). The high-level Limps-
field gravel is treated of (pp. 137, &c.), and the brickearth of
Limpsfield Common (pp. 145, 146).

A description of an ‘Excursion to the Bagshot Country
between Aldershot and Brookwood,’ with some notes on the
gravels and the Bagshot Beds, appeared this year,t as also one
of an “ Excursion to Leith Hill,’’ by our former member W.
Topiry,{t in which the features of the country are noticed.

Whether the specimens from which C. D. SHerzorn and
H. W. Burrows drew up their ‘‘ Report on the Microscopical
Examination of . . . London Clay from ... Cannon Street
Railway Bridge’ § came from Surrey or from Middlesex is
doubtful: anyhow, they came from the borderland of the river-
bed. Twenty-five samples, in vertical order, are described, and
many species of Foraminifera noted.

In their paper ‘‘On some Recent Sections at Dulwich,” T.
Leicuton and J. B. Ocxx || describe a section some 700 ft. long,
of Woolwich and Reading Beds with Drift, in the grounds of
the London and County Athletic Club. The old landmarks of
Dulwich having mostly gone, and the description of sections seen
many years ago not being in accord with modern topography,
the authors have kindly translated three of my own notes of
obsolete localities into the modern tongue, for which I heartily
thank them. The Woolwich Beds noticed consist of mottled
clay, underlain by clay shell-beds, underlain by sandy clay, and
the Drift (brickearth, gravel and sand) rests irregularly on the
upper two, at one place filling a pipe or channel.

H. W. Monckton described’ an ‘‘ Excursion to Guildford,’ %
giving an account of sections of the Bargate Stone, and of the
succession of beds in the Lower Greensand.

An ‘‘ Excursion to West Surrey’’** was also noticed, by W. H.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvii, pp. 126-163, pls. vi—viii.
+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xi, no. 9, pp. cliv, clv.

+ Ibid., pp. clxiii—clxvii.

§ Ibid., vol. xii, no. 1, pp. 4-7.

|| Ibid., pp. 8-15.

{| Ibid., pt. 3, pp. 97-99.
** Tbhid., pp. 100-104.

Proceedings. vii

Hupteston, who treats of Bagshot Beds and Gravelly Drifts, and
criticizes the Geological Survey mapping and classification of
the beds at St. Anne’s Hill, near Chertsey.

In this year appeared that very useful work, the Geologists’
Association’s ‘Record of Excursions,’ during the years 1860 to
1890. Of this pp. 74 to 114 are devoted to Surrey, the places
mentioned in the titles being Addington, Box Hill, Caterham,
Chilworth, Croydon, Dorking, Epsom, Godstone, Guildford, Kew,
Kingston, Leith Hill, Mole (Valley of), Nutfield, Redhill, Rich-
mond, Riddlesdown, Shirley, and Tilburstow.

In “ Physical Studies of an Ancient Estuary,’* Dr. Irvine
treats of the Bagshot Beds of the London Basin generally.

J. T. Harrison’s paper ‘‘On the Subterranean Water in the
Chalk Formation of the Upper Thames, and its Relation to the
Supply of London,”’} deals, of course, with Surrey, including
some parts that can hardly be described as connected with the
Upper Thames, such as the Basin of the Wandle, with a map of
its Chalk gathering ground (pp. 5, 7-10). Other references to
Surrey are to be found on pp. 12, 14, 15, and in the discussion,
on pp. 26, 31, 52-57, 60, 63, 64, 67, 71, 73-75, 85-87, 96, 98.

T. Lereuton, in the abstract of his paper ‘‘On Recent Dis-
cussions relating to the Geology of the South-East of England,’’}
refers to the Bagshot Question, to the Sands of doubtful Age on
the North Downs, and to Coal in South-East England. The
first he describes ‘‘as an attempt to establish certain uncon-
formities which do not exist,’’ in which many geologists will
agree with him; but the other two are left as open questions.

1892.

H. W. Monoxron’s paper ‘‘On the Gravels south of the Thames
from Guildford to Newbury’’ § refers partly to Surrey.

‘«* The greater part of the hill-gravel . . . belongs to the Southern
Drift of Prof. Prestwich,” which consists ‘‘ of materials derived
from the Wealden area of Kent and Surrey, the Chalk... Hocene
formations ...and older gravels.” The author thinks it to be
‘‘the gravel of old rivers which had little or no relation to our
present river-system.’’ The gravel of Chobham Ridges and the
Fox Hills is an example of this Drift.

The gravels of the valleys and terraces are of local origin, and
largely derived from the older gravels.

The same author also gave a paper on “ The Bagshot Beds of
Bagshot Heath,’’|| which is concerned with a controversy as to

* Geol. Mag., dec. ili, vol. viii, pp. 357-364.

+ Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. cv, pt. iii, pp. 1-99, pls. 1, 2.

¢ Twentieth Ann. Rept. S. Lond. Micr. Nat. Hist. Club, pp. 9, 10.
§ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlviii, pp. 29-47.

|| Ibid., pp. 48-59.

viii Proceedings.

the classification of certain beds with Upper Middle or Lower
Bagshot, a discussion which 1 always avoid when I can, as
now, especially as the district is to a great extent not in Surrey.
Those who wish for more of it should refer also to the “‘ Rejoinder,”’
by Dr. A. Invine.* I am glad to find that W. H. Huptxsron has
come to much the same conclusion as that which I have in-
dependently reached: ‘It might, indeed, simplify the problem
if we abolished the so-called Middle and Upper Bagshots [meaning
the names, not the deposits, which, unfortunately, are beyond .
our power], and replaced those names by those of the richly
fossiliferous Hampshire equivalents.”’ t

Prof. G. 8. Bouncer gave an account of an “‘ Excursion to
Wotton and Ranmer,’’{ noting a junction-section of Gault and
Folkestone Beds, and other sections of Lower Greensand.

In ‘The Hybodont and Cestraciont Sharks of the Cretaceous

Period,’ § A. 8. Wovopwarp figures specimens from the Lower
Chalk of Guildford and of Warlingham: the latter perhaps
should have been noted as Middle Chalk (pl. 2).
_ J. W. Grover, in “An Explanation of the London Water
Question,”’ || advocates the taking of a large amount of spring
water from the Basin of the Mole, near Leatherhead (pp. 214,
215). ‘

F. Lasxam, in “ Paleolithic Man in West Surrey,’ records
the finding of a good flint implement at Worplesdon, in ‘‘ ballast”
said to have come from Farnham. — This led to a search in the
latter neighbourhood, which has resulted in the finding of more
than three hundred specimens. The Farnham gravels are noticed
and some implements described.

18938.

Two papers, by H. W. Monckton ‘‘On the Occurrence of
Boulders and Pebbles from the Glacial Drift in Gravels south
of the Thames,” and by O. A. Surussore ‘‘On the Plateau-
gravel South of Reading,’’** refer to our county, one of the
districts described in the former being ‘‘ Weybridge, Kingston,
and Wimbledon,” whilst Chobham Ridges is one of the localities
alluded to in the latter.

Mr. Monckton concludes that, though probably ‘rivers flowing
in the direction of the present Thames and Kennet existed at the
time when the Glacial Gravel was spread out, the valleys in

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlviii, pp. 485-487.
+ Ibid., vol. xlix, Proceedings, p. 101 (Presidential Address).
+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xii, pts. 9, 10, pp. 403-406.

§ Proc. Yorksh. Geol. Soc., vol. xii, pt. i, pp. 62-68, pls. 1, 2.
|| Trans. Surveyors’ Inst., vol. xxiv, pt. vil, p. 195.

{| Coll. Surrey Archeol. Soc., vol. xi, 5 pp., 2 pls.

** Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlix, pp. 308-324.

Proceedings. ix

which those rivers now flow have to a-large extent been ex-
cavated since.”

An important contribution to the literature of one of our chief
formations was given by Prof. Boutcer and T. Letenton in their
paper ‘On the Lower Greensand. Area . . . between Wotton
and Dorking,’’* m which they advocate the extension of the
Folkestone Beds, at the expense of the Hythe Beds, southward
to the great east and west ‘ Rookery Fault.” The Rookery
section is described and seven new sections. As itis allowed that
‘it is difficult, in words, to express the difference between the
Hythe and Folkestone Beds of this district,” we need not be
surprised that a reading adopted by the Geological Survey many
years ago does not now commend itself to everybody, especially
as so much fresh information is to hand. The classification
of the Bargate Stone is discussed. I am by no means ready
to join in the idea of the authors that they will be ‘‘ charged
with presumption in attempting to correlate beds upon lithological
evidence only.” It is very good evidence, when rightly used,
especially when there is no other. ‘

An account of an ‘Excursion to Farnham’’+ deals with
Gravels, Gault, Folkestone Beds, and flint implements; whilst
one of an “ Excursion to Dorking’’{ refers to the subject of the
paper last noticed.

T. Leienton also described an ‘‘ Excursion to Abinger,’’§
noticing gravel and various sections in the Lower Greensand of
Leith Hill. ;

The Report of the Royal Commission on the Water Supply of
the Metropolis, with its bulky Minutes of Evidence and Appen-
dices, contains much matter relating to Surrey, for the analysis
of which more time would be needed than I can at present
dispose of. ||

1894.

In his Presidential Address to the Geological Society, W. H.
Houp.uezston refers to the question of ‘‘ Coal in the South-east of
England,’ concluding that, if ‘a coal-basin exists within hail of
the metropolis, it is quite as likely to be found between Croydon
and Reigate as anywhere else. If the Board of Trade could be
persuaded to bore at suitable intervals along a line connecting
those two towns, geological science would certainly be a gainer,
and Surrey as well as Kent might be proved to have its coal-
field.” I should like to see some one suggesting such a course

* Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiii, pt. 1, pp. 4-16.

+ Ibid., pt. 3, pp. 74-81.

t Ibid., pt. 5, pp. 140, 141.

§ Ibid., pp. 163-167.

|| Fol. Lond.

“| Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., vol. 1, Proceedings, p. 71,

am Proceedings.

to the Board of Trade, or to any other Government Department!
And I should like to see some one else doing the borings.

In his paper on ‘‘The Bargate Beds of Surrey and their
Microscopic Contents,” F. Cuapman* has added largely to our
knowledge of that part of the Lower Greensand.

He thinks that these beds are neither the base of the Folkestone
Beds nor the top of the Hythe Beds, both of which suggestions
had been made; but are rather a distinct series, perhaps repre-
senting the intervening Sandgate Beds, which had been supposed
to be absent here.

Like the Sandgate Beds, these Bargate Beds contain much
clayey matter, and they thin out toward the area where the
former occur. ;

Two sections near Guildford are noticed in great detail, with
an account of the heavy minerals in one case, and with micro-
scopic sections in the other.

The Ostracoda and the Foraminifera are described, there
being 20 species of the former (of which 7 are new, and 4 are
Jurassic forms), and 139 of the latter (of which 11 are new, and
107 others hitherto unrecorded from beds of this age). This
part of the paper (41 pages) should be of interest to our micro-
scopic members.

A. §. Woopwarp’s ‘‘ Notes on the Sharks’ Teeth from British
Cretaceous Formations’’+ has a reference to one Surrey specimen,
from Upper Chalk near Guildford (pl. v, fig. 18).

Dr. W. F. Hume’s general paper, ‘‘ The Genesis of the Chalk,” t
is of interest to all chalky counties.

An “Excursion to Oxted and Titsey’’§ contains but a short
reference to two pits in the Folkestone Beds.

The paper by B. Fowrer on ‘‘the Hythe Beds .. . in the
Liphook and Hindhead District ’’ || refers to our county and the
bordering part of Hampshire. Various sections and springs are
noticed.

An account of an ‘‘ Excursion to Redhill and Nutfield’’" deals
with the Fuller’s earth and with the classification thereof.

Dr. J. W. Grecory’s notice of an ‘‘ Excursion to Guildford
and Shalford,” ** contains a map showing the outcrops of the
Gault and of the following divisions of the Lower Greensand :—
Upper Sands, Bargate, Pebble Beds, Lower Sands, Passage Beds
and Atherfield Clay, the Bargate Beds irregularly disposed in
the Pebble Beds, and not at one horizon.

* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 677-730, pls. xxxiii, xxxiy.
+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiii, pt. 6, pp. 190-200, pls. v, vi.
t Ibid., pt. 7, pp. 211-246.
§ Ibid., pt. 8, p. 291.
|| Ibid., pts. 9, 10, pp. 361-365.
{| Ibid., pt. 10, pp. 371-374.
** Ibid., pp. 377-381.

a

Proceedings. xi

Though Dr. J. W. Grecory’s paper, ‘‘ The Evolution of the
Thames,’’* is of a general character, and contains no special
reference to Surrey, yet, as we have a share in that river, we
are concerned therewith.

1895.

T. LeieHron’s paper, ‘‘The Lower Greensand... of Kast
Surrey,’’+ which deals especially with the Hythe Beds and the
Sandgate Beds, is of importance both for the details given and
for the conclusions drawn from these as to the classification of
the beds.

He concludes (1) that the chert-beds at Leith Hill and to the
west have been eroded south of the escarpment southward of
Dorking ; and that, ‘instead of a lithological change from east
to west,’’ as had been supposed, there is one ‘‘from south to
north, from deep-water beds to shallow”; (2) ‘‘that at the base
of the Folkestone Sands an area of pebbles...can be traced...
from Leith Hill to Tilburstow Hill, the pebbles becoming smaller

. eastward’’; (3) ‘‘ that the Lower Greensand of this area con-
sists of beds formed in a marine estuary or shallow sea,’’ and
‘that no correlation with beds at Hythe and Sandgate is possible.”

He thinks that there are ‘‘ groups of beds developed locally
throughout this area,” as follows:—l. ‘The Fuller’s Earth
Beds . . . between Reigate and Tilburstow Hill.’ 2. ‘The
chert-beds of Leith Hill and... to the west,’ in two divisions. ~
3. ‘©The clayey sands... south of Dorking.” 4. ‘‘ The iron-
sands which overlie the Atherfield Clay ... throughout... the
district.”

The Chert-beds of Leith Hill and the Pebble- and Chert-beds
east of Dorking are described in detail, with a useful digression
to the Fuller’s earth in the latter case. A comparative table
of sections (six compilations) from east of Dorking to east of
Bletchingley is given, and a summary of the author’s conclusions.

‘The paper itself should, of course, be studied by our geologic

members.

Dr. J. W. Grereory, in his account of an “ Excursion to Chil-
worth,” * gives a map of the neighbourhood of Woodhall, of like
kind to that of 1894, but on a larger scale, introducing ‘“ Chert
Series’’ between the Pebble Beds and the Lower Sands, and
omitting the Bargate Stone, which has disappeared.

In the notice of an ‘‘ Excursion to Betchworth and Headley,’’§
H. W. Moncxror treats of the Eocene outliers, of the sands of
doubtful age, but later than Eocene, of the gravels, and of the
clay-with-flints.

* Nat. Sci., vol v, p. 97.
t+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. li, pp. 101-124.

¢ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, pt. 3, pp. 120-124.
§ Ibid., pp. 124-128,

Xil Proceedings.

T. LerenHton's account of an “Excursion to Tilburstow Hill’”’*
continues his work eastward (see first notice of this year). I
beg leave to doubt whether the beds in the large pits north of
the high road can be altogether grouped with the Folkestone
Beds. Late visits to this long line of section, perhaps now in
better form than then, lead me to think that Sandgate Beds
and Hythe Beds are also shown, Folkestone Beds only at one
part.

In noticing ‘‘ Fossils from the Lower Greensand of Great
Chart, in Kent,’’+ and the beds from which they came, Dr. J. W.
Greeory refers to other parts, including Surrey, giving a table
of our representatives of the Kentish beds, and making the
upper part of our Folkestone Sand the equivalent of the Lower
Gault further east.

G. E. Grimes records ‘Two Occurrences of Radiolarians in
English Cretaceous Rocks,’’} one being in the rock above the
Fuller’s earth of the Lower Greensand between Redhill and
Nutfield, the other in the Upper Greensand of Colley Farm,
near Reigate.

W. G. Perrce, in a Presidential Address,§ drew attention to
the water-supply of Richmond, from a well and galleries in the
Chalk.

In this year there was a re-issue of Prestwich’s important
work, ‘“‘A Geological Inquiry respecting the Water-bearing
Strata of the Country around London, .. .’’|| with a new
Preface and ‘Preliminary Remarks,” referring to the deep
borings that have been made since the original issue, and to
the possibility of getting water from the Lower Greensand deep
underground.

Sheet 12 of the Index Map of the Geological Survey, printed
in colours, on the scale of four miles to an inch, was published
this year. It represents the whole of Surrey, and much more;
but, as we have a copy, no more need be said of it.

1896.

T. LeicHton again adds to our Lower Greensand literature,
by an account of an ‘“ Excursion to Dorking and Leith Hill.’”4
An outcrop of Bargate Sand and Stone, from beneath Folkestone
Sands, was found at Dorking, three miles east of any record.
Several other sections are noticed.

One of our members, Mr. B. Laruam, in the discussion on a

* Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xiv, pt. 5, pp. 191, 192.
t+ Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. ii, pp. 97-103, 187, 188.
+ Ibid., pp. 345-347.

§ Trans. Soc. Eng., pp. 16, 17 (of separate copy).
i| 8vo. London.

‘| Proc, Geol, Assoc., vol. xiv, pt. 8, pp. 331-335,

Proceedings. xiii

paper on Percolation Gauges, refers to two that he had made in
Surrey.* One was on the Chalk Downs and the other in the
gravel part of Croydon. ‘After about sixteen years he found
that the vegetation which was natural to the downs had changed
its character and was putting on a new garment altogether, and
growing at a very different rate to the rate at which herbage on
the downs generally grew.” He found that ‘‘more water passed
through a chalk percolating gauge than actually flowed off a
chalk area,’ and that ‘the average percolation through a chalk
gauge was 11:18 inches at Croydon out of a rainfall of 26-08
inches.”

1897.

In this year there appeared a paper of considerable interest to
Croydon geologists, by W. P. D. Srespine, on “ Boulders of
Granite from the Middle Chalk of Betchworth, ...’’+ as one of
the best known occurrences of the sort is that at the Haling pit,
generally and wrongly called the Purley pit.

The two stones described came from the zone of Terebratulina
gracilis, and their weights were 7lb. 7oz. and 3lb. 120z., the
former being a fine-grained much decomposed rock with valves
of Spondylus and Serpule attached; the later being of a coarser
kind, and less decomposed.

The author thinks that coast-ice was probably the means of
transport, but allows that in some like cases entanglement in
the roots of trees may have acted.

With the conclusion that boulders ‘‘seem to come chiefly
from the Middle Chalk,” I am hardly disposed to agree, as the
richest locality I know of is close to the base of the Lower Chalk
at Gayton, in Western Norfolk, whence I have got many boulders
of various kinds.

In the report of an “ Excursion to Redhill and Merstham,”t{
a Fuller’s earth pit, near Redhill Station, is noticed, also a
section of Drift loam over Folkestone Beds at Frenches (see 1899),
and a sand with phosphatic nodules further north. The new
railway-cutting near Merstham is described, and then the large
pit in Middle and Lower Chalk.

F. Mrzson’s account of an “ Excursion to Woking’’§ deals
with the Bagshot Beds. ;

Our member H. A. Martin || alluded to “ Foreign Boulders in
the Chalk,’’ discussing the method of transport and referring to
the Haling and to the Betchworth stones. Prof. Bonney objects

* Trans. Soc. Eng., pp. 170, 171.

t Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liii, pp. 213-220, pl. xv.
t Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xv, pt. 3, pp. 113-115.

§ Ibid., pt. 5, pp. 185-188.

|| Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. iv, pp. 169, 170.

Xiv Proceedings.

to his conclusion that the Betchworth boulders may have come
from the West of England.*

The little work by H. B. Woopwarp, entitled ‘‘ Soils and Sub-
soils from a sanitary point of view; with especial reference to
London and its Neighbourhood,’’} is one that most of you should
have. The coloured map of sub-soils, arranged according to
composition, is a new adaptation of a geologic map, and the
work is throughout of great practical interest.

In this year appeared a very elaborate paper, by Prof. W. F.
Barrett, “On the so-called Divining Rod,” } and Surrey is in
the running. A successful case at Holmwood is recorded on p.
99; but without any note of the geology of the sites referred to.
‘The Richmond Experiments”’ are described in pp. 188-195,
and we hear that ‘‘ the results were only of transient success.”
As two diviners were employed, and their ‘results were rather
startlingly different,’ one can hardly speak of success. The
experiments were made in a gallery at the Waterworks, deep
underground. That the moderate success was ‘‘ transient”? may
be gathered from the facts, chronicled by the engineer, that ‘‘ the
one bore-hole that yielded 8000 gallons a day on the first day
gradually fell off and was exhausted at the end of the week,”
and that twenty-two bore-holes gave ‘‘a very small increase in
the quantity of the water.” It is only right to say that the cost
of the experiment was not borne by the Corporation, but by one
of its members, and purely as a test.

‘The Wimbledon Experiments’’ were made by the author
himself, to test ‘‘the lad who bears the appropriate name of
Fred. Rodwell,” and the account of them takes up pp. 203-206.
We hear of one experiment that ‘here he blundered a good
deal’’; of another that ‘the test was. ..a complete failure”’ ;
in another an old well, grassed over, was crossed and recrossed
without any indication of water; in yet another a hidden tank,
full of water, fared the same way. Other smaller kinds of
failure are chronicled, and therefore we may agree with the
author that ‘the result was unsatisfactory’ from the dowsing
point of view, though I could hardly join him in adding “ or,
to say the least, inconclusive’’; for it seems to me conclusive
enough, as far as regards this one performer.

The balance, then, of the Surrey evidence is not in favour of
the magic twig.

P. Grirrira, in treating of the ‘‘ Water Supply of Small
Towns, .. .’’§ described the second Godalming works (pp. 68-

* Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. iv, pp. 238, 239.

+ Geological Survey Memoir. 8vo, London.

+ Proc. Soc. Psychical Research, pt. xxxii. I have to quote from an
author’s copy, in which the original pagination has been unwisely aban-
doned by the printer.

§ Trans. Soc. Eng., p.55. |

Proceedings. XV

72, pls. 4, 5), in which the water from a spring is impounded.
The water must come from the Lower Greensand.

J. Manseren referred to a bill promoted by the Croydon
Corporation in his address, ‘‘The Law and Allocation of Under-
ground Water,” at the Engineering Conference of the Institution
of Civil Engineers.*

1898.

H. W. Moncxrron described ‘‘some Gravels of the Bagshot
District.”+ This tract includes contiguous parts of Berkshire,
of Hampshire, and of Surrey, and is therefore of interest to
Surrey geologists.

The presence of large blocks of greywether-sandstone in gravel
of Chobham Ridges and of other places is treated of at length,
and this is an analogous occurrence to that of the blocks of
pudding-stone in gravel around Croydon, the stones in both
cases being for the most part the relic of some old Tertiary beds,
though the author thinks that some are consolidated gravel.

The Farnham Gravels are also noticed, and are taken to be
all River Gravels, although on the Geological Survey map some
of the patches are classed simply as Hill Gravel of doubtful age.|
. The author’s conclusion is that there is ‘‘ no evidence of the
presence of the sea in this district during the Drift period,” but
that there is ‘‘ ample evidence of ice-action, and this evidence is
more or less present in the gravel of all levels,” and that the
gravel ‘“‘ practically coincides in age with the duration of the
_ Glacial Period.”’

A. BE. Saurer’s paper, ‘‘Pebbly and other Gravels in Southern
England,’’} refers to Surrey, under the headings High Level or
_Early Drifts (pp. 266, 267); Lower Plateau and Glacial Drifts
(pp. 271-274); The River Drifts (pp. 275, 276).

T. Lereuron, in an account of an ‘‘ Excursion to Godalming,’’§
continued his work on the Lower Greensand, noting sections of
Bargate Stone and Pebble Beds, and of clay. He objects to the
Fullers’ earth of Nutfield, &c., being classed as Sandgate Beds.

A report of an ‘‘ Excursion to Kingswood and Walton-on-the-
Hill,’’|| describes cuttings on the Chipstead Valley Railway,
which show various Drift beds over Thanet Sand and Chalk, as
well as a very irregular piped junction of Thanet and Chalk.
The gravel of the Heath is also noticed.

A short note of an ‘‘ Excursion to Upper Warlingham and
Worms Heath,’ alludes to the Valley Gravel at the former

* Separate copies, not otherwise published. ~

+ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liv, pp. 184-195.
+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xv, pt. 7, pp. 264-268.
§ Ibid., pt. 10, pp. 445-450.

|| Ibid., pp. 456-458.

{| Ibid., pp. 458, 459.

—

Xvi Proceedings.

place, and to the Blackheath Pebble Beds at the latter. The
occurrence of allophane here is recorded for the first time.

In’ ‘Memoranda chiefly on the Drift Deposits,” from the
manuscripts of Sir J. Presrwicu, there is a reference to sections
at Clapham and Wandsworth Commons.*

“The Problem of the Water Supply ’’t notices a new well at
Camberwell, with a section of the beds passed through, which
particular well gave occasion to paragraphs in many papers.

In a paper on ‘‘ New Borings round London,”} E. A. Marrin
notes one Surrey section, which, however, had been already
printed in our Transactions. If our members have any new
information of this sort, I hope that they will let us have it, or
will let me have it, as I have a third paper on Surrey Wells on
the stocks.

1899.

In my Presidential Address to the Geological Society, I alluded
to some experiments of Dr. Klein on Thanet Sand from Bed-
dington, which show that this sand, as a filtering material, is
highly bacteriocidal.§

In his ‘‘ Analysis of the Genus Micraster,”|| Dr. A. W. Rows
has made a very important contribution to the paleontology of the
Chalk, especially from an evolutionary point of view. Although
the specimens on which it is based do not come from Surrey, the
reasoning is applicable to our Chalk. The object is to show
that, ‘‘from the zone of Rhynchonella Cuvieri to the upper part
of the zone of M. coranguinum, we can trace an unbroken
continuity in the evolution of Micraster.” All our collectors of
Chalk fossils should read this paper.

W. P. D. Sressine’s account of an ‘‘ Excursion to . . . Walton-
on-the-Hill and Betchworth,’’™ gives some further particulars of
the new railway cutting (see 1898), and of the pinnacles of chalk
that extend up into the Thanet Sand. The Betchworth pit, in
Middle and Lower Chalk, is also noticed.

An ‘‘ Excursion to Reigate,’’ described by Miss CrosrreLp,**
notes a junction of Gault and Lower Greensand, a pit in Upper
Greensand, and a deposit with recent species of shells.

A. M. Davies, in treating of ‘‘The Base of the Gault in
Eastern England,” refers to three places in our county.}+

* Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. v, p 407.

+ The London Argus, March 5, p. 389.

t Science Gossip, n. ser., vol. v, p. 118.

§ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lv, pp. Ixxvi, lxxvii.
|| Ibid. pp. 494-547, pls. xxxv—xxxix.

“| Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi, pt. 3, pp. 155-157.
** Tbid., pt. 4, p. 162.
tt Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. vi, p. 159.

Proceedings. Xvii

An account of the excursion of 1897, to Redhill, &¢., by Miss
Crosriexp,* gives a detailed section at Frenches sand-pit.

‘“Holmesdale Towns: A Handbook for Reigate, Redhill, and
Neighbouring Districts,”+ is undated, which is bad; but a
reference to something that has occurred since 1897 inclines
one to give it the latest possible date.

If often seems to me a pity that the compilers of such useful
books think it incumbent on them to have a chapter on the
geology. In the present case, ‘‘ Geological Features” include
pp. 18-30, but three pages of this are taken up with figures
utterly ungeologic, and as we are told in the preface that Dr.
Mantell’s works are the chief authority for the geology, some of
this part is naturally somewhat out of date. However, the
modern divisions of the Lower Greensand are noted, the Sand-
gate Beds being hoisted above the Folkestone Beds (a clear case
of inversion). No other science is specially treated of, which
leads me to wonder when folk will cease to think that any
intelligent person can write an account of local geology.

According to the definition of the Valley of Holmesdale that
is given, the term Valley is a misnomer; Vale is more correct
for such a tract as that, bounded by a certain length of the
Chalk escarpment on the north, and a certain length of the

- Lower Greensand escarpment on the south; which tract is cut

by various valleys.

In the past ten years, then, it is clear that much has been
done on the geology of Surrey.

The two formations for which most work has been done are the
Drift, in the top part of the scale, and the Lower Greensand in
the lower part, in our county. This is perhaps owing to there
having been more opening for fresh work with these than with
other formations; indeed, the literature of the Lower Greensand
of Surrey was not very large before the period under review, and
many new sections have been made since the publication of the
Geological Survey Memoir on the Weald, by Torney. We have
greatly to thank Mr. T. Lereuron for a renewed interest in the
formation which gives rise to the most beautiful scenery of our
county. In the case of the later deposits classed as Drift, their
wide occurrence of course leads to more frequent notice, and the
fact that some of these deposits are connected with the study of
the antiquity of our race gives them an additional charm to
many observers.

Though so much has been done, I have no hesitation in
assuring you that plenty remains to be done, and that Croydon
naturalists need fear no dearth of work.

* Proc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club, for 1896-8, pp. 65, 66.
+ By T. F. W. Hamilton. 8vo, Reigate, Redhill, and London.
¢

xvili Proceedings.

Excursions.

The following excursions have taken place during the past
year :—

1st. April 8th, 1899.—To Merstham, to visit the new railway
cutting. Of this meeting Mr. Robarts sends the following
notes :—

‘¢ An excursion to Merstham took place on April 8th, when a
party of thirteen met under the guidance of the President. The
unfavourable meteorological conditions—the day being sleety
with strong cold wind—no doubt prevented members from
coming in greater numbers.

‘The new London, Brighton, and South Coast cutting south
of the Merstham tunnel was first visited. The entrance to the
cutting was found to be in the gault, which dipped to the north,
and consisted of dark sandy clay, with few fossils except forami-
nifera. The higher beds were of lighter colour, and merged in-
sensibly into Upper Greensand, in which no great way up a
considerable bed of fossils was found by Dr. Parsons. This was
the more notable, as at an excursion of the Geologists’ Associa-
tion the year before no fossils were seen. Higher up in the
series firestone was noted, but the dark greensand at the top of
the formation was not visible. Traversing the cutting, one or
two faults were noticed, one particularly with a downthrow of
about 4 ft.; still more northerly the gault was squeezed up
nearly to the surface almost vertically for a few feet.

‘The party then went to an old firestone mine east of the
northern part of the cutting, which was found to be abandoned,
though it was being worked the year before.

‘«« An advance was then made to the chalk-pit, which showed
the junction of the Middle and Lower Chalk, the massive beds
and the jointing of the former being in strong contrast to the
thinner bedding and curved marly fracture of the latter. The
junction was marked by a narrow yellowish band, which was
probably the Belemnite Marl.

‘After inspecting the outside of Merstham Church most of
the party took tea at the ‘ Feathers.’”’

Qnd. April 15th.—To Walton-on-the-Hill, in conjunction with
the Geologists’ Association, under the guidance of the President.
The following Report, prepared by Mr. W. P. D. Stebbing, one
of the leaders of the excursion, is taken from the Report of the
Geologists’ Association :—

«‘The members reached Kingswood at 2.2 p.m., and walked
to the cutting on the western side of the tunnel under Walton
Heath, in progress for the Chipstead Valley line. At its south-

Proceedings. x1x

eastern end the cutting showed chalk covered with pipes of
Thanet Sand, and redeposited Woolwich Clay with flint pebbles ;
near the working face at the north-western end the Thanet
Sand seemed to occur in mass. A point of interest, however,
in this cutting was the way in which the chalk had been worn
toa series of pinnacles, divided by holes or pipes penetrating
almost down to the level of the railway; in some cases the pin-
nacles rise to within four or five feet of the surface.

«Thence the party walked to the present working face south
of the Walton Road Bridge, and to the site of the Walton Station,
passing what remained of the section figured below. Returning
on the western side of the cutting, the party saw a fairly good
section of Thanet Sand with an undulating surface, and two or
three pinnacles of chalk standing up init. On the south side
of the Walton Road Bridge, but on the opposite side of the cut-
ting, the strata in the cutting were the same as those previously
seen on the north side of the bridge, but the movement that had
taken place owing to the destruction of the chalk was more pro-
nounced on account of its occupying less space longitudinally.
The Directors pointed out that, though the Thanet Sand was
marked in the Drift Edition of the Geological Survey Map as
covering a large patch of the surface of the ground about here,
at no spot in these cuttings did it reach the surface, except in
the case of some pipes at the northern end.

«After tea at Walton Mill the party proceeded to a small
sand-pit on Headley Heath, containing sand and a gravel largely
composed of flint pebbles. The gravel occurs in isolated patches
on high ground from Netley Heath eastwards, and is of un-
certain age. Walking southward, the party reached the edge
of the North Downs, near Betchworth Clump. Thence they
descended to the chalk-pits, which, we believe, had not previously
been visited by the Association. Here was seen a section em-

bracing a large part of the Middle and Lower Chalk. The
Directors pointed out in descending order; (1) the zone of
Echinoconus subrotundus, equivalent to the zone of Terebratulina
gracilis, which does not seem to occur here; (2) the zone of
Rhynchonella cuvieri, called by the quarrymen ‘ Burr Chalk,’ and
~ equivalent to the Melbourn Rock; (3) the zone of Belemnitella
plena, a very distinct narrow band round the quarry, and forming
the top of the Lower Chalk; and (4) the zone of Holaster sub-
globosus. The distinction between zones 1 and 2 was very
easily seen on one side of the pit. The marked difference in
character between the massive thickly-bedded Middle Chalk and
the more thinly-bedded and marly Lower Chalk was well seen.”

8rd. May 6th.—To Tilburstow chert-pits. The object of this
excursion was to see the long line of pits on the dip-slope, dug
c2

XX Proceedings.

for the purpose of getting at the chert-beds of the Lower Green-
sand for road-metal. To do this a large amount of overlying
loamy beds has to be removed, sometimes to a thickness of from
twenty to thirty feet. At one part still higher beds of sand are
touched, and a small landslip has occurred, through water being
thrown out from the more permeable beds above by the less
permeable mass below. Fossils occur in the Lower Greensand
here, and the chert yields sponge-spicules.

The section has been described in various papers, or accounts
of excursions, some of which are noticed in the President’s
Address.

4th. May 13th.—To Gatton Hall, conducted by Mr. Pierce (a
cycling excursion).

dth. May 22nd (Whit Monday).—To Forest Row and Crow-
borough, conducted by Mr. J. H. Baldock.

6th. June 3rd.—Geological Excursion to Redhill and Reigate,
in conjunction with the Geologists’ Association. The following
Report, prepared by Miss M. C. Crosfield, is taken from the
‘ Proceedings’ of the Geologists’ Association :—

‘The party met at Reigate Station about 2.30 p.m., and first
visited a sand-pit in the Croydon Road, where the junction of
the Gault and Lower Greensand is well seen. Phosphatic
nodules and fragments of wood were found, but no fossils.
Crossing the Gault on Wray Common, the company walked
westward by Raglan Road, at the foot of the Upper Greensand
escarpment, and thence to a pit in Upper Greensand just below
Colley Hill, where the following section is exposed :—At the
top—chloritic marl, 7 ft. 6 in. ; cherty band, 6in. ; hearthstone,
6 ft.; cherty band, 6 in.; hearthstone, 5 to 6 ft.; fire- and
building-stone, 6 ft. Sponge spicules occur abundantly in the
cherty bands. Two small faults were distinctly visible. In the
‘ Horseshoe’ quarry (450 ft. O.D.) adjoining, Mr. George Taylor,
on whose property the Association was now assembled, met the
party. He stated that the tunnels recently discovered in the
hill were two hundred years old. From borings made for water
he found that the thickness of the Upper Greensand here was
about 55 ft. After a vote of thanks had been passed to Mr.
Taylor, the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen described the Holocene
deposit in the same quarry. It is 4 ft. thick, and yielded
Bulimus montanus, Helicigona arbustorum, and Clausilia rolphii,
no longer extant there. Terebratulina gracilis from the Middle
Chalk, and an abnormal facetted nodule (hydrated MnO), pro-
bably from the Upper Greensand, occurred. The abundance of

Proceedings. Xxl

Arion ater (granules) and Carychium minimum at 2 to 3 ft. levels
attest moister conditions than now obtain.* A Neolithic scraper
occurred at a depth of 23 ft. A few of the members scaled
Colley Hill to see a block of ferruginous conglomerate, measuring
46 in. X 40 in. x 24in. Mr. H. W. Monckton considers this
mass of cemented angular and rounded pebbles to be a relic of a
deposit of sand, &c., similar to that which has been mapped at
Chipstead, 24 miles north-east, and to a larger patch at Headley
Heath, 23 miles north-west from the site of the block under dis-
cussion. Unfortunately this conclusion does not carry us very
far, for the deposit is mapped and described as ‘ Sands of Doubt-
ful Age.’t A visit was then paid to the Reigate Hill pit in
Lower and Middle Chalk.”

7th. June 17th.—To Godstone and Oxted, led by Dr. Franklin
Parsons.

«On June 17th an excursion, under the leadership of Dr.
Parsons, took place to Godstone and Tandridge. From Caterham
Station the party proceeded by road to Godstone Hill, from the
top of which a fine view over the Weald is obtained. In some
old overgrown chalk-pits and spoil-heaps a number of interesting
plants were observed, including several species of Orchidacee ;
also the great Roman snail, Helix pomatia. Descending the
hill, a visit was paid to the firestone quarries (Upper Greensand),
which some of the party explored. These quarries are tunnels
extending a distance of some three hundred yards into the hill-
side, the farther end having a cover of some 280 ft. of strata.
The party then went by way of Flower Lane, passing other
quarries, a Roman road, and the track of the Pilgrim’s Way, to
Godstone Church, where a halt was made for tea. Afterwards
the ponds were visited, and the picturesque mill with its over-
shot water-wheel. From the mill a path led through woods and
hop-fields to Tandridge Church, with its quaint dormer windows
and splendid yew-tree, and thence on across meadows to Oxted,
whence a return was made by train.”

8th. June 24th.—To Charlton—a Geological Excursion in con-
junction with the Essex Field Club, conducted by Dr. Franklin
Parsons, who sends the following Report :—

‘¢ The chief interest of the excursion was geological, its objec-
tive being a large sand-pit about half a mile east of the station,
permission to visit this pit having been kindly given by the pro-
prietor, Mr. Gilbert. This pit is at the north-west corner of a
grassy hill commanding a fine view of the Thames. On the flat

* Proc. Malacological Soc. vol. iii.

+ Whitaker, ‘‘ Geology of the London Basin.” Mem. Geological Survey,
vol. iv, p. 336 (1872).

xxi Proceedings.

summit of this hill are the remains of an ancient (? Roman)
camp, but the entrenchments have been much encroached on
and destroyed by the excavations which have been subsequently
made on the sides of the hill. This is especially the case on the
east side, where the wall of the camp has been entirely destroyed
by a very large excavation, now disused and converted into a
recreation ground for Woolwich. The numerous large excava-
tions, now mostly disused, which exist along the ridge of hill
overlooking the Thames, were made in former times, chiefly for
the purpose of digging sand and gravel as ballast for ships
returning to the Tyne and other northern ports after having
brought cargoes of coal to London. The digging of sand and
gravel for this purpose has now been superseded by the use of
water ballast. Mr. Gilbert’s pit is worked chiefly for the pur-
pose of obtaining moulding sand for foundry use. It exhibits
a fine section of the strata from the Oldhaven Pebble beds
to the Upper Chalk inclusive. The Upper Chalk is seen in
the bottom of the pit, and a few specimens of Inoceramus and the
commoner sea-urchins were obtained from it. At the junction
of the chalk with the superjacent Thanet Sand is a béd of green-
coated unworn flints. This bed ranges in thickness from 6 to
18 in. or more, being thicker where it fills up hollows in the
surface of the chalk beneath. Above this is the Thanet Sand,
for which the pit is worked. This bed is some 30 to 40 ft. thick.
The lowermost portion, 7 ft. thick, and locally called ‘ blackfoot,’
is of a somewhat loamy nature, and is valuable for moulds for
brass castings. The next twelve feet above this consist of
larger-grained and less cohesive sand, better adapted for mould
for iron castings. The upper part of the Thanet Sand is a
sharp white sand. In the lower part of the pit a pocket was
observed in the sand containing a current-bedded infilling with
clayey partings. Above the Thanet Sand, and separated from it
by a pebble layer, come the Woolwich Beds, some 20 ft. in thick-
ness ; these consist of an alternating series of sands with ferru-
ginous concretions, shelly clays, and pebble beds. These beds
dip and thin out to the west on the slope of the hill on that side,
this being due to their having slid down the hill and become
thereby drawn out. At the top of the pit the Oldhaven pebble
beds are seen.

“The shelly clays of the Woolwich Series, and the Oldhaven
pebble beds, are, however, better seen on the steep face at the
east side of the hill, where they abound in fossil shells. These
are mostly in fragments, but by careful search good specimens
may be found. The most plentiful fossils in the Woolwich Beds
are two species of Cyrena (C. cordata and C. cuneiformis), and the
turreted gasteropod, Melania inquinata ; another similar shell,
Cerithium funatum ; and a large species of oyster (O. bellovacina)

Proceedings. xxiii

are also found. The Oldhaven Beds yield the same species, and
some others, as Pectunculus plumsteadensis, and the gasteropods
Melanopsis, Neritina, and Buccinum.”

9th. July 1st.—To the outlier of the Blackheath pebble-beds at
Worms Heath. In the large pit on the south-western side of
the heath these beds are of a somewhat exceptional character,
being largely of a bright crimson, from the occurrence of iron-
oxide, and often cemented into huge blocks by the iron-oxide.
There are signs too of their having been partly let down into a
pipe or hollow in the chalk beneath. The rather rare but by no
means beautiful mineral, allophane (a hydro-silicate of alumina)
was found here by the President a short time before, and plenty
of small pieces were now got in sandy and loamy beds beneath
the pebbles. This is the only recorded locality in the county.
Above the pebble-beds is some irregular gravel, chiefly composed
of flints, but little worn, and in places between this and the
pebble-beds is a little fine sand, with some green-coated flints
and pieces of allophane. The green-coated flints presumably
come from the base of the Thanet Sand, and probably the sand
is a mass of that formation, which has slipped over, or has been
carried over the pebble-beds from some former high land; its
proper place being, of course, beneath thenr, and next above the
chalk. i

10th. July 15th.— To Coulsdon, Chaldon, White Hill, and
Caterham. Conducted by Mr. A. J. Hogg.

«“ An excursion was conducted by Mr. A. J. Hogg from
Coulsdon to Caterham. About twenty-five members attended,
and, leaving Coulsdon Station, ascended to the broad elevated
chalk ridge of Farthing Down, some 480 ft. above O.D. At
nearly the highest point the remains of several British tumuli
were observed, and the turf was gay with patches of Polygala,
Spirea, Campanula, &c. After some pleasant loitering, the
party proceeded through a shady lane, a mile or so in length, to
the ancient church at Chaldon. Here a prolonged stay was
made for the purpose of inspecting and photographing the
curious painting of the ‘Ladder of Salvation,’ supposed to date
from the twelfth century, which covers one wall of the little
puilding. The picture is a graphic representation of the infernal
regions as they existed in the imagination of the enlightened
artist.

‘«« Leaving the church, which stands at 550 ft. above sea-level,
an uphill road led to Hill-top Farm (600 ft.), and, turning in
here, the Pilgrim’s Way was soon entered, and the wayfarers
were charmed with the great variety and beauty of the wild
flowers, as well as by the diversified and extensive views of the

XXiv Proceedings.

weald valley from different points of vantage, at heights of
700 ft. and upwards. The gravel-pit on Willey Farm was next
visited, and the geological members were favoured by Mr.
Whitaker with an explanation of the sections exposed of the
Upper Chalk, with several interesting sand-pipes. The walk
was extended, after a long and steep descent of the chalk
escarpment, across the intervening valley to White Hill (700 ft.),
a cliff composed of Upper Greensand beds, which, gleaming white
in the sunshine, forms a conspicuous object in the landscape.
The large Roman snail, Helia pomatia, abounds here, with other *
scarce molluscs; but, owing to the long continued dry weather,
few examples were met with.

‘*A couple of miles farther by hill, dale, and road, and the
descent was made by the pretty little Hare Valley into Caterham,
where tea at the comfortable ‘ Railway Hotel’ refreshed the tired
pedestrians before the return journey to Croydon.”

11th. August 7th (Bank Holiday).—To Leith Hill. Conducted
by Mr. Townend.

12th. September 16th.— A Fungus Hunt. Conducted by Dr.
Franklin Parsons.

‘‘ A fungus-hunt was made at Shirley Hills, under the guidance
of Dr. Parsons, but with somewhat indifferent success, owing to
the dryness of the season. About a dozen kinds were found, and
were exhibited at the meeting on Sept. 19th.”

Eveninec Mezetines.

February 21st, 1899.—The paper of the evening was ‘‘On the
Commons near Croydon, and their Flora,” by Dr. H. F. Parsons.
(See Trans., art. 144.)

March 21st.—At this meeting Mr. Edward Lovett delivered
an address on ‘‘ Primeval Commerce and the Evolution of
Coinage.”

Mr. Lovett began by saying that man had always been an
acquisitive animal, and that decided evidence of commercial
barter had been found in relics of the Stone age. Certain stone
of great value for implements was undoubtedly traded with early
races who desired to obtain that stone, much in the same way
that certain South Pacific islanders even now barter the special
kind of shell fish-hooks they manufacture with the natives of
other islands. As civilization advanced this commerce by simple
barter became very troublesome, and so we find that certain
articles became standards of value by which other productions
were assessed, so to speak. These standards then became
symbolized, as we find in the slabs of metal bearing the effigy of

Proceedings. XXV

an ox, the ox being one of the most universal standards of value,
and is so now in South Africa. In Central Africa hoes, and in
China knives, have been modelled as currency in lieu of the real
article. As it was necessary that currency should be difficult to
copy or forge, it naturally followed that metals soon attracted
attention, and we find bars of copper doing duty as currency.
As an additional precaution these bars (and sections of them)
were officially stamped ; hence we get the first coin. Later again
these rough lumps were neatly rounded, and made gradually
shapely, until we arrive at the true coin, still bearing in many
instances the effigy of the object it symbolized. The use of gold
and silver was another proof of the anxiety to construct a
currency that could not be debased by fraud.

This paper, which was of considerable length, was published

in the ‘Bankers’ Magazine’ for May, 1899.

April 18th.—Mr. R. J. Hinton read an address on ‘‘ Some
Wonders of Bee Life,” in which he gave a very interesting
account of the anatomy, physiology, and life-history of the bee,
illustrated by diagrams and specimens.

May 16th.—‘ On Deep-sea Deposits obtained by the ‘ Chal-
lenger’ and other Scientific Expeditions,” by W. Murton
Holmes.

The lecturer said that the history of deep-sea exploration
was of quite recent origin. Previously to 1864 it was the
general opinion among men of science that life did not, and
could not, exist below a certain depth of the sea. There were,
according to Edward Forbes, fixed zones of depth:—(1) the
Littoral Zone between low and high water marks; (2) the
Laminarian Zone, from low water to a depth of fifteen
fathoms; (8) the Coralline Zone, from the fifteen-fathom line to
a depth of fifty fathoms ; and (4) the Zone of Deep-sea Corals,
extending from the edge of the Coralline Zone to an unknown
lower limit. ‘‘ In this region,” he says, ‘‘as we descend deeper
and deeper, its inhabitants become more and more modified, and
fewer and fewer, indicating our approach towards an abyss
where life is either extinguished, or exhibits but a few sparks to
mark its lingering existence.”

In 1864 a crinoid, or lily-star (Rhizocrinus lofotensis) was dis-
covered by G. O. Sars off Norway in water 700 ft. deep, and
abundance of animal life was procured in further dredging
operations in depths of from 700 to 800 ft. This discovery led
to the fitting out of surveying ships with improved apparatus.
Among these were the ‘ Lightning,’ which surveyed the North
Atlantic Ocean in 1868, and the ‘ Porcupine,’ which made
surveys off the West Coast of Ireland and in the Bay of Biscay

XXVi Proceedings.

in 1869, and again the following year between Falmouth and the
Mediterranean.

So much interest was felt in the bearings in the new dis-
coveries upon important biological, geological, and physical

problems that, on the representations of the Royal Society, the .

Government fitted up the ‘ Challenger’ in 1872 for the purpose
of investigating each of the great oceans, and to take an outline
survey of that new field of research, the bottom of the sea.
The scientific results of this survey were very important, and
a series of valuable reports was published, which filled fifty large
volumes, beautifully illustrated. These reports were not com-
pleted until 1895. Our knowledge of deep-sea forms may be
said to have commenced from the publication of these reports.
The lecturer next described some of the groups of deep-sea
life, which were illustrated by micro-photographs taken from
nature. Foraminifera were described as belonging to the lowest
class of animal life, the Protozoa. They consist of a mass of
structureless jelly-like protoplasm, which is capable of emitting
long thread-like processes which entangle particles of food from
the surrounding water, and by a streaming movement of the
protoplasm conveys this food to the central body. In most
cases the main portion is enveloped by a calcareous shell per-
forated with holes, through which the delicate filaments are pro-
truded. The majority of species live at the bottom of the sea;
others are pelagic, and occur in abundance at the surface.
The most abundant genus is Globigerina. It occurs in im-
mense numbers, forming what is known as Globigerina Ooze,
mostly at depths of from 600 to 2500 fathoms in the Atlantic,
Western Indian Ocean, and Pacific, and the total area covered
by its remains is estimated by Murray and Renard at 49,520,000
square miles. Radiolaria are distinguished from the Foramini-
fera by the presence of a siliceous or a horny, in place of a
calcareous skeleton, and by the presence of a membranous
central capsule surrounding a nucleus. They are commonly
floating organisms, and are often present in enormous numbers
in all seas, the greatest variety of species, however, being found
in the warm waters of the tropics. Their remains constitute
Radiolarian Ooze, which is found principally at depths of from
2000 to over 4000 fathoms, and are estimated to cover 2,290,400
square miles. About 4000 species have been described.
Pteropods also form an ooze of a more limited extent (400,000
square miles), especially between Cuba and Florida Keys. Ptero-
pods, or ‘ winged snails,’ are pelagic molluscs found swimming
near the surface of the sea, and are all of small size. They
have no distinct head, and the mouth is placed in the fore part
of the foot, which is rudimentary. The lateral parts of the foot
are, however, developed into a pair of wing-like fins by means of

se lt I IO

Proceedings. XXVli

which the animal swims actively. The shell is generally cal-
careous, and very delicate in texture, frequently taking the form
of a slender hollow cone. Pteropod ooze is not found below
1500 fathoms, the carbonic acid in the water dissolving the
delicate shells. For the same reason Globigerina ooze dis-
appears below 2500 fathoms, the shell being somewhat thicker.

Sponges. —The simplest form of sponge consists of a thin-
walled sac with the walls perforated by pores, and the central
cavity lined by flagellated cells. The constant vibration of
these flagellated cells gives rise to a strong current of water,
which is drawn through the pores into the central cavity, and
passes out through the mouth of the sac. About 2000 species
are known, and 800 are found round the British coast. They
may be either soft, stony, leathery, or horny, and vary in weight
from one grain to over one hundred pounds. The more com-
plicated forms are built up of a number of cells supported on a
framework either of horny fibres or of siliceous or calcareous
spicules. The skeletons of the siliceous species form extensive
deposits in deep water. They are divided into four orders :—
(1) Monaxonida, with one-rayed spicules; (2) Tetractinellida,
with spicules of four rays ; (3) Lithistida, which are massive and
stony sponges, with interlocking spicules; (4) Hexactinellida,
with six-rayed spicules. The calcareous and horny sponges
form separate groups—the Calcarea and Keratosa.

Diatoms are one-celled plants, belonging to the Algx, in-
habiting both fresh and sea water. The cell-wall is hardened by
the deposition of silica, so as to give rise to a glassy case, known
as the frustule, composed of two parts which fit into one another
like the lid of a pill-box. The cells may be either separate or
connected into filaments, either free or attached to some other
body. The separate valves are of various forms, and their sur-
faces exhibit more or less delicate sculpturings and markings, or
they present a cellular appearance like honeycomb. The accumu-
lation of these flinty envelopes gives rise to very extensive de-
posits, more especially in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, the
total of which has been estimated at 10,880,000 square miles.

Minute bodies known as Coccoliths and Rhabdoliths are to
be met with in nearly all deep-sea deposits. Coccoliths are oval
caleareous discs, having a thick strongly refracting rim and
centre, and are the disintegrated remains of a spherical body
known as a coccosphere. Rhabdoliths consist of minute calcareous
rods, having a disc at one end, and are the disintegrated remains
of a body called a rhabdosphere. Coccospheres and rhabdo-
spheres are now regarded as pelagic Alge.

From a depth of 2000 fathoms downwards there is a wide-
spread deposit of red and grey clays, the area of which is esti-
mated at 51,500,000 square miles. These consist of silicate of

XXVili Proceedings.

alumina with the oxides of iron and manganese. They result
from the decomposition of pumice and volcanic dust, either from
terrestrial or submarine volcanoes.

The extreme slowness of deposition is shown by the fact
that the ‘Challenger’ frequently procured in a single haul hun-
dreds of sharks’ teeth, some of them of gigantic size, and occa-
sionally embedded in manganese ; dozens of ear-bones and other
bones of whales, large numbers of manganese nodules, zeolites,
and magnetic spherules, which are believed to be the dust of
meteorites, which in the course of long ages have fallen upon the
sea. Sharks and whales could never have been so numerous at
one time that their remains should form a continuous stratum.
Many generations would therefore be represented.

The lecturer then compared chalk with Globigerina ooze,
and also exhibited sponge spicules contained in the Greensand,
and various specimens of Radiolarian earth which were com-
parable with Radiolarian ooze.

September 19th.—This meeting was devoted to the exhibition
of specimens of interest, with brief descriptions of them.

October 17th.—‘‘ On the Leonid Showers,”’ by James Edmund
Clark, B.A., B.Se., largely illustrated by lantern slides :-—

A meteor, in brief, is a minute particle of matter permeating
the whole of space, subject to the same laws of gravity as our
own earth. Like her, it is temporarily, at any rate, moving in
an orbit round the sun with astronomical velocity measured by
miles per second. The two orbits happen to intersect: the two
bodies happen to come at the same instant to the point of inter-
section, though the earth shifts its place by its own diameter
every seven minutes. Most likely the meteor has been voyaging
for the better part of a million years, since its last visit to us
and the sun, and only for five minutes of this million years is it
in danger of collision with the earth. And yet the collision
comes. High up in the atmosphere the meteor, about the size
of a mustard seed, and weighing at most, perhaps, a couple of
grains, burns in an instant or two to impalpable dust. During
this time it has traversed thirty to fifty miles, through atmo-
sphere attenuated to almost an inconceivable degree. At the end
it is rarely within thirty-five miles of the surface, and the
air-pressure is still but one-thousandth of that at sea-level, or
enough to raise the mercury in a barometer about 4; of an inch
in place of 80 inches. ‘This pressure is less than the best
vacuum from an ordinary air-pump. Most meteors vanish when
still fifty miles high, having appeared at about seventy-five
miles. At fifty miles the air is five hundred times rarer still ;
at seventy-five the pressure is less than one-hundred-millionth

a

Proceedings. XxIx

that at the sea-level. And yet this little grain is glowing with
an intensity which makes it visible more than a hundred miles
away. This is simply from the intense friction against the
infinitesimal amount of air. It is accounted for by its prodigious
velocity, which would take it from over Edinburgh to over
London in a quarter of a minute. There is no time for the air
to get out of the way, Air is heated by compression, as we all
now know from our bicycle pumps. In front of our meteor it
reaches an ultra-white heat, which almost instantly consumes
the solid particles.

A shooting star, consequently, can never reach the ground.
But from time to time far larger bodies appear, rivalling the
brilliance of the moon or electric lights. These penetrate far
further, and occasionally very large ones actually fall. Assuming
them to be, as it were, boulders of the same nature as the sand
grains which vanish overhead, we learn from them that meteoric
matter often consists of nearly pure nickel-iron, but more often
of a stony substance, usually rich in grains of iron, and most
like some igneous rocks. No new elements have been found in
them, but some of their mineral combinations are otherwise
unknown on the earth.

If the paths of the meteors seen on a given night are noted,
it will be found that most of them point backwards to the same
position among the stars. This place is accordingly called their
radiant. This was noted in 1833; but observations of Mr. G.
J. Symons in 1860 first brought attention to its significance.”
Thus, on April 20th meteors radiate from a point near Vega, in
the constellation Lyra. They are therefore called the Lyrids.
In early August a few go out from the Square of Pegasus, but
more, especially on the 9th and 10th, from Perseus. Thus we
get the Pegasids and Perseids. The latter may be counted at the
rate of thirty to fifty in the hour, instead of the usual average
of four or five. We therefore speak of a ‘‘shower” of Perseid
meteors. This name is more appropriate to the Andromeda
shower, a display first seen on November 27th, 1872, again
in 1885, and possibly recurring in the early evening of
November 27th of this year.

_ But the mid-November shower, the meteors of which,
radiating from the sickle of Leo, give the name in our title,
pre-eminently form a meteor shower. In August it is surprising
if one is seen every minute, and yet they are under one common
bond, each and all pursuing the same orbit with such unerring
exactitude that it cuts our own every August without fail.
Nevertheless the members of the group are as far from each
other, as a rule, as London and New York. Their speed, com-
pared to our earth, is forty miles per second. Even if one were
seen each minute nearly in line with its predecessor, it would

ex Proceedings.

be actually 2,400 miles in the rear. As a fact they rarely come
so close.

The grand Leonid shower of 1866 came just when astrono-
mers were sufficiently advanced in meteoric study to avail them-
selves of its lessons. The previous display in 1833 had suggested
to some that meteors bore a certain resemblance to comets, but
the full consequences were not immediately grasped. Foremost,
perhaps, was the now obvious meaning of their radiating from
one point. Plainly it was the result of perspective upon a
number of bodies whose actual paths were parallel. Therefore

‘they were moving together; that is, they were all describing the
same orbit round the sun. This orbit was quickly calculated,
and almost at once came the startling announcement that it was
identical with that of a comet seen earlier in the year.

Comets, then, and some meteors were of common origin.
For, when once set on the right track, other meteor displays,
notably that of August, were also found to be so connected.
The fact was, of course, disputed, but in 1872 it was finally set
at rest in the most convincing manner. Biela’s comet was then
expected, the comet which astonished everyone in 1845 by
splitting into two. Since its next return, in 1852, it had been
lost to sight, but in 1872 the return was very favourable, as it
was due not far away when our earth came near its orbit on
November 27th. Astronomers searched in vain, but early that
night there was a remarkable display of meteors of rather
diminutive size. Calculations quickly showed that they belonged
to the Biela system. It is now held that the head of a comet
consists of multitudes of these meteoric particles, the light being
partly caused by their incessant collisions. A further result is
that many are constantly dropping behind or getting in front,
but still follow on in the comet’s orbit. The attraction of the
earth and other planets is another, perhaps more potent, cause.
Thus meteors arise from the comet’s traii—an entirely distinct
affair from the still mysterious tail.

Whence, we may ask, do the comets come which supply our
meteors? Casual visitors from infinity, say some. Hruptive
matter from the sun, say others. It is possible that both these
ways have helped in the work, but the main source is yet more
interesting, namely, the outermost fringe of our own solar system.
This is deduced upon two grounds. Nearly all move, as said,
at twenty-six miles per second. Their orbits, too, are practically
parabolic. This means that they probably are reaching the sun
for the first time, or else move in ellipses, whose centres lie
further away even than Neptune. Had they come from yet
remoter stellar regions, they would have a higher velocity and
hyperbolic orbits.

Unless a comet passes very near us, the Harth does not

Proceedings. Xxxi

materially change the comet’s course, but with our four big
brothers—Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus—the case is
different. Their distance from the sun adds to the effect of their
enormous mass in two ways. It increases their power relative
to the sun, and the comets pass them at speeds only fractions of
their twenty-six miles per second past us. The consequence is
that they each have their special band of captives. These are
easily recognised by their orbits having been shortened down in
space and time. Jupiter’s captives go at most a little further
from the sun than himself, and take only eight years or less to
revolve. Among them is Biela’s comet, which gives us the
Andromedes, cutting our orbit every 63 years. The Perseids
belong to Tuttle's comet, a captive of Neptune; while the
Leonids follow Temple’s comet, slave to Uranus, due next year
and every 334 years following. This comet is believed, as stated,
to have been captured in 126a.p. By 902 its orbit was so /
shifted as to cut ours. The main body of the comet’s trail
collided with us on October 19th (n.s.), and has continued to do
so ever since.. The day may come when another encounter with
Uranus will switch it off again to the depths of space. But the
main body of meteors would remain. Planetary action induces
an advancing date in the Leonid shower, as shown by the sub-
joined table of records :—

A.D.
902,10 mo.19th ...... The Arabic ‘ Year of Stars.’
954e ee eOOGb Jee. .< ‘Signs in the heavens as stars falling.’
TOODES ho. eV ep Sse. ‘Thousands of small stars.’
AOD ie io MOSS. was ‘Stars were seen to fall from heaven.’
1202) 15,0 26th fe: ‘Towards daybreak thousands of
shooting stars . . . flew about
like grasshoppers.’
T3665... 55. Oui. ceo ‘Such numbers that the sky and air
seemed to be in flames.’
1533, 1lmo. 38rd ...... ‘Many thousand stars .. .fall and
: : dash together.’
1602, ,, Gilt. snes ‘Many hundred . . . in the same
direction.’
98... 35 Oth? wkests Seen at Geneva.
1766, _ ,, Othy cze.05 In South America.
ally 08 ee gt) a Gags Bo Greenland to South America.
1885. °=455, slot ees North America.
S66; . 2, » Lothar Europe (morning of 14th).

This table tells us plainly that the shower may be expected
about the years ’33, 66, and ’99 of each century, and has now
been so recorded without any break for four times in succession.
At its last appearance it was foretold as probable. Certainty of
observation cannot be assured for two reasons. The stream,
though so compact as to give only one chief display per revolu-

XXxli Proceedings.

tion, may yet not be continuous, and the Earth may slip in
between. Also, the meteors may last barely a couple of hours,
and so only a quarter or less of the Earth (over a segment the
shape of a melon slice) be favoured. Clouds, too, have to be
reckoned with. This year, also, the Moon, nearly full, will
seriously interfere with the spectacular effect.

Mr. Clark gave a vivid description of the great display of
November 14th, 1866, which he witnessed as a schoolboy at
York. Diagrams of this display, prepared by him at the time,
were shown upon the screen.

November 21st.—‘* On the Evolution of Form and Design in
Art,” by Edward Lovett.

Mr. Lovett began by dealing with the work of man of the
Stone Age, showing how all his ideas as to form and design were
in all probability suggested to him by some natural object—the
fish-hook being originally a thorn from a bush (for instance) ;
indeed, such hooks actually survive to this day. Pottery, with
all its modern beauties, may be tiaced back step by step to the
clay-covered gourd fashioned and baked by primeval man.

In decorative art, a great deal of apparently meaningless
design is simply a gradual differentiation from a useful and
necessary part of the object. A simple illustration of this
consists of the blue lines of a modern registered letter, which
represent the ligature by which such letters were once tied up.

The lecturer then exhibited a series of thirteen sketches,
each of which had been copied from its predecessor by different
artists.

The original design was from a Japanese design of a pair of
birds flying ; and Mr. Lovett showed that, after thirteen artists
had given their individual ideas to the subject, it became
absolutely unlike the original. So it is, and has always been,
with the perpetuation of any antique form of decoration; it
becomes so changed from the original as to be quite difficult of ~
identification.

Mr. Lovett then proceeded to describe many examples of
copying the human face in art, and the way in which it becomes
conventionalized by the multiplication of certain parts. The
lecture dealt very fully with many other phases of this subjest,
which was illustrated by a large collection of aboriginal art
specimens.

December 12th.—Was devoted to a lecture by Mr. F. Enock on
the ‘Wonders and Romance of Insect Life.” This lecture was

kindly arranged for by our Vice-President, Mr. Philip Crowley.

January 16th, 1900.—The Annual Meeting and President’s
Address.

Proceedings. XXXlii

February 20th.—* The Report of the Meteorological Sub-
Committee for 1899,” by Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard, President of
the Royal Meteorological Society (Trans., Art. 145). Also a
_ Report on Ground Temperatures during 1899,” by Dr. H. F.
Parsons (Trans., Art. 146).

The following Reports have been received from the various
Sub-Committees :-— :

GroLocicaL CoMMITTEE.

t

The Geological Committee have to report that during the year they
have held eight Committee and Sectional Meetings, whilst some of
the Club’s Conversational Meetings have been upon Geological subjects,
under the superintendence of your Committee.

The Section has also had four Excursions (see ante).

By the co-operation of the Photographic Sub-Committee, several
photographs of geological interest have been secured for the Album
presented to your Committee by Mr. Harry D. Gower.

Duplicates of these photographs will be sent to the British Association
Committee on Geological Photographs whenever considered desirable.

In accordance with an arrangement made with the Museum Sub-
Committee, steps have been taken by this Committee to secure
geological specimens on loan, for exhibition in the Club’s Loan
Museum at the Town Hall.

Dr. H. Franklin Parsons and Mr. N. F. Robarts have superintended
the selection of specimens, which now number upwards of two hundred,
lent by the following gentlemen, to whom the Committee tender their
warmest thanks :—Messrs. W. B. Bannerman, Thos. Brockbank, George
Clinch, Noel E. Corry, Dr. G. J. Hinde, W. Murton Holmes, A. J. Hoge,
H. T. Mennell, E. W. Moore, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, A. J. Potter,
—. Paget, N. F. Robarts, A. E. Salter, W. P. D. Stebbing, W. W.
Topley, W. Whitaker, and C. H. Williams.

Your Committee are also much indebted to Mr. W. Murton Holmes
for providing labels for the specimens.

The object of your Committee in arranging their portion of the
Museum has so far been to exhibit fossils from localities within
twenty miles of Croydon, on the south side of the Thames, with
specimens illustrative of the rocks and minerals obtainable in the
above district, and a series of specimens illustrative of the rocks
composing the Croydon Gravels.

Specimens of Flint Implements from the district have also been |
placed in the Museum.—N. F. Roparts, Hon. Sec. ,

Puorocrargic Sus-CoMMITTEE.

During 1899 the Photographic Section have held their usual weekly
meetings, at many of which very interesting papers have been read.

The most notable papers were on the Photography of Flowers, by
Mr. H. T. Malby, F.R.P.S.; on Outdoor Work with the Camera, by
the Rey. A. H. Blake; and Mr. A. P. Hoole’s lecture on lantern-slide
making.

Among other successful meetings were Mr. Sandell’s exhibition of

Xxxiv Proceedings.

lantern-slides of Italian Cathedrals and of the Halls of the City
Companies; Mr. Hoole’s lantern-lecture on the Norfolk Broads and
the Channel Islands; the Exhibition of Geological lantern-slides, lent
by the British Association, and described by the President; and Mr.
Crowley’s exhibition of lantern-slides of places in Italy, including
some striking views of Vesuvius and of Pompeii.

At the Soirée a good collection of over eighty pictures was shown.

Mr. Saville-Kent showed a collection of beautiful lantern-slides in
natural colours, made by Mr. Sanger-Shepherd’s new system of
trichromatic photography.

A collection of members’ slides was also shown.—H. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL SuB-CoMMITTEE.

The Sub-Committee continue to make notes upon Folk-lore and
kindred subjects, which may be regarded as belonging to the locality.
Four of these are given herewith; and it is to be hoped that members
and their friends will bring before my notice any points of interest
they may observe connected with our subject—such, for instance, as
the survival of ancient customs, old superstitions and sayings, the use
of primitive implements and appliances, as well as authentic records
of prehistoric stone and flint implements.

During the year several exhibits have been made at the ordinary
meetings, of objects of general Hthnographical interest, and two papers
have been read, one on Primitive Commerce and the Evolution of
Coinage, and the other on the Evolution of Form and Design in Art.—
Ep. Lovert, Hon. Sec.

Implementiferous Gravels of Surrey.—Although worked flints of
undoubted human chipping have been found in the marly gravel beds
of Wandsworth, and also in those of Mitcham, I have never yet
succeeded in finding even the slightest indication of such work in our
Croydon “Fairfield” Gravels. The patchy gravel beds in the Brighton
Road, too, which are probably of the same age, have, so far as I am
aware, yielded no evidence of the work of Stone-age Man. I am
inclined to think that these gravels are of greater age than the gravels »
of Wandsworth and Mitcham. As regards the Purley Gravels, in or
near to which the mammoth tusks were found, I could not trace, nor
have I heard of any trace of flints bearing evidence of human workman-
ship being observed there.—Epwarp Lovett.

During the last two or three years a considerable number of flint
implements and flakes have been found in part of Beddington Park ;
in form and in texture of the flint they much resemble specimens from
the Thames at Wandsworth, Putney, and Mortlake; the flint is in
most cases clear, translucent, and brownish, and shows no trace of
patina discolouration or decomposition on the surface, thus differing
much from specimens from the South Downs, in which, while the
centre is of black opaque flints, the surface to a depth of one-sixteenth
of an inch or so is white, apparently caused by a dissolving away of
soluble portions of the silica, as the white portion shows a porous
structure. The Beddington flints are found in a plantation, extending
down to the Wandle, and on sloping ground close to springs. The
situation is exactly such as would be chosen by a primitive people for
a camp or settlement. The site has always formed part of the parks,

Proceedings. KXXV

and no doubt under the undisturbed turf of the park adjoining abun-
dance of other specimens exist, as it is in such positions we must look
for the traces of the early settlements, which were the primitive fore-
runners of the villages which now exist along the line of the springs
rising from the chalk. Photographs of some of the flints will be sent
to the Scientific Portfolio.—H. C. CoLuyEr.

Surrey Rush Clips.—The Rush Clip is an appliance of iron of the
rough and ready blacksmith’s kind; like an inverted pair of pincers
on a stand, and carrying a douser or extinguisher. They were certainly
used as far back as the thirteenth century, and probably all over
Europe; they may be even older. They have, curiously enough,
survived in Surrey as late as 1862, though they are undoubtedly
extinct now. I was recently talking to a man who was a Surrey farm
hand in the early sixties. He fully described the method of using a
Rush Clip, and how they gathered the rushes from the water-side,
dried them, peeled two strips of the cuticle off, and then soaked the
rush in hot mutton fat. When cold the rush was practically a taper;
and he told me how the farmer’s wife cut off a certain length, and no
more, for a light to light the men to bed. This took place, he assured
me, in 1861-2. As I pretended absolute ignorance on the subject, and
as the man gave me a very practical object-lesson in how a Rush Clip
is worked, I feel sure that he really had actually used them. This
was near Horley.—Epwarp Lovett.

May Day Survival in Croydon.—The observance of this ancient
Scandinavian celebration of the advent of summer and tree worship is,
unfortunately, rapidly disappearing before the advance of our practical
and matter-of-fact view of life. The Maypole is almost extinct, except in
a forced and unnatural sort of way; and the ‘‘ Jack in the Green,” with
its quaint mixture of incongruities, has now become a thing of the past.
On May 1st, 1899, I saw in Croydon what may be regarded as a poor
survival of a former great occasion. A group of small boys carried,
suspended from a horizontal bar some five feet long, a sort of globular
cage made of the branches of trees, the whole being decorated with
flowers and bits of coloured paper (the diameter of this cage was about
eighteen inches). Inside the cage was fixed a gaily dressed doll—the
whole representing the Queen of the May in her bower. Another boy
carried a sort of sceptre, consisting of a piece of wood elaborately
decorated with flowers and paper ina spiral. This was a devoluted
Maypole, which was, in its days, the Tree God, with its offerings and
gifts (vide also the Christmas Tree, which is a Scandinavian myth too).
The children referred to sang some meaningless verses, doubtless a
devolution from a song of thankfulness. I questioned them as to why
they did this and what they knew of it, and found that they knew
nothing at all about it, and that they did it because others had done
so before them, and—there was money in it!—Epwarp Lovett.

MEMBERS ELECTED, 1899.

February 21st.—George Henderson, St. Katharines, Oxted.

March 21st.—E. A. Martin, 69, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton
Heath. E. Alexander, Grasmere, Birdhurst Road. A. Hall, Stanton
House,,16, Park Hill Rise. Mr, & Mrs, Marten Sells, Lodore, Campden
Road,

XXXvi Proceedings.

May 16th.—A. H. Smee, J.P., The Grange, Wallington. A. E.
Bradley, Appleshaw, Friends’ Road, Croydon. Stephen Campbell
Bayard, Cotswold, Wallington. Geo. Clinch, 22, Nicholson’s Road,
Croydon.

September 19th.—Ernest Alfred Smedley, M.A., B.Sce., 173, Albert
Road, East Croydon. Ebenezer Topley, Ingleside, St. Augustine’s
Avenue, South Croydon. Miss Mary de Fraine Whitaker, 3, Campden
Road, Croydon. f

October 17th.—H. Whitmore Cutts, L.D.S. England, Ardeen, Masons
Avenue, Croydon. Chs. Henry Hughes Williams, 7, Montpelier Row,
Blackheath.

November 21st.—Mrs. A. C. Crowley, 16, Chatsworth Road. Miss
Margaret Page, Woodlands, Coombe Road. Wm. Saville Kent, F.L.8.,
F.G.8., The Elms, Elmwood Road. Louis Stanley Jart, 203, Brighton
Road.

December 12th.—Mr. & Mrs. Francis Allen, Croutelle, 3, Friends
Road. Charles Fox, The Chestnuts, Warlingham.

January 16th, 1900.—Miss Emily Rush, Woodford House School,
East Croydon. Miss D. Neligan, Croydon High School. Miss Edith
Gladys Parsons, 4, Park Hill Rise. W. J. Allbright, 1, Tamworth
Road. W.A. Voss, F.C.8., Rosella, Nicholson Road.

Donations To THE Lisrary, 1899.

From Individuals.—Hight microscopical slides of sponges (Mr. W.
Murton Holmes); Half a Century of Sanitary Progress and its Results
(Dr. H. F. Parsons); Nature Notes of the Selborne Society (Mr. W.
Whitaker); Manual of Photography (Mr. Baldock); Text-book of
Comparative Geology (Mr. Topley); Applied Geology, Part II. (Mr.
J. V. Elsden); Prehistoric Man in the neighbourhood of Kent and
Surrey (Mr. G. Clinch).

From Societies.—Report of the Bristol meeting, 1898, of the
British Association; Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society ;
Journal of the Scottish Microscopical Society ; Journal of the Belgian
Microscopical Society; Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural
History Society; The Essex Naturalist; Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Proceedings of the South London
Entomological Society; Transactions of the Kastborne Natural History
Society; History of the Berwickshire Naturalists Club, and the Session
Booke of Bouckle from 1684 to 1690; Report of the Hast Kent Scientific
and Natural History Society; Journal of the City of London College
Science Society; Proceedings of the Holmesdale Natural History
Club; Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists Society ;
Proceedings of the Reading Literary and Scientific Society ; Report of
the Brighton and Hove Natural History and Philosophical Society ;
Transactions of the Zoological Society on the remains of a gigantic
species of bird from the Lower Eocene beds near Croydon; Report of
the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala; Tenth Annual
Report of the Missouri Botanical Garden; Reports of the Meteorological
Council; Report of the Meteorological Observations of the Borough of
Southport; Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society; Report
of the Kent and Surrey Committee Commons and Footpaths Preserva-
tion Society: Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club,

Proceedings. XXXvii

From Publishers.—Magic Lantern Journal; Photography; The
British Journal of Photography; The Amateur Photographer; Science
Siftings.

Exursits, 1899.

February 21st.—Mr. A. Hogg: Flint implements from Croham
Hurst. Mr. Lovett: Native models of Eskimo sledges. Dr. Parsons:
a Roman snail (Helix Pomatia) hybernating, with calcareous lid.

March 21st.—Mr. Holmes: specimens of glass rope sponges.

April 18th.—Dr. Parsons: Gault fossils from the Railway cutting
at Merstham, obtained on the excursion of April 8th. Mr. Murton
Holmes: A case of slides of Foraminifera from the same cutting. Mr.
Goodman: Cases of bees.

May 16th.—Geological Section: Sheet of the Index Geological Map,
obtained for the use of the Section. Dr. Hinde: A Roman snail, and
the lid which the snail throws off after the winter, and also a section
of fossil ivory under the microscope. Mr. Hogg: A section of the
tusk of the mammoth (Elephas primigenius) from Siberia, and a
section from the leg-bone of the Swanage crocodile (Gontopholis
crassidens).

September 19th.—Mr. Ed. Lovett: Mexican pottery; shoes worn by
oxen in South Africa and part of Switzerland; shoes worn by the dogs
of the Eskimo, to protect them from hard snow and sharp ice; a
specimen of a natural horn drinking horn, from which our term
“tumbler” for a glass is derived; and Limestone striated by glacial
action; and also specimens of Alpine Granite, Jura Limestone, &c.,
from an old moraine near Geneva. Dr. Parsons: Fungi from the
Shirley Hills found during the fungus hunt on the previous Saturday;
also fossils and Scythe-stones from Blackdown, Devon; and hone stone
from Llyn Ogwen, North Wales. Mr. Murton Holmes: Drawings of
Radiolaria from Chalk Flints found at Coulsdon ; Eocene fossils from
Barton Cliff, Hants; and fossil urchins (Offaster Pilula) from Win-
chester. Miss Klaassen: Paintings of fungi, moss, and flowers, done
by Miss Stubbs. Mr. Bennett: dried specimens of northern holy
grass and vanilla grass. Mrs. Parsons: Apples eaten by insects.

October 17th.—Mr. Lovett: A primitive time measuring appliance
used by the Brandon flint workers, and specimens of primitive currency.
Mr. Jas. Epps, Jun.: Potatoes pierced by Couch grass, and sheaths
from bamboo stems. Mr. N. F. Robarts: Specimens of hone stones
from Dolwyddelen; Selenite from Thornton Heath ; Lingulella from
Upper Lingula Slags, Portmadoc, and from Llandeilo Beds, Festiniog,

January 16th, 1900.—Mr. Robarts: A few specimens lent to the
Museum, including silicified wood found in Sydenham Road, showing
Teredo’s borings, and coins dug up locally. Mr. Holmes: Some slides
of fish parasites.

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Date of
Election.

1887.
1897.
1900.
1897.
1899.
1897.
1884.
1899.
1899.
1899.

1879.
1873.
1898.
1890.
1874.
1898.
1885.
1898.
1886.

1899.
1871.

1896.
1897.
Origl.
1895.
1898.
Origl.
1884.
1880.
1873.
1884.

1877.
1898.
1892.
1888.
1897.
1880.

LIST OF MEMBEBS.
(Revised to January, 1900.)

ApaM, WALTER R., 16 Chepstow-road.

AINGER, WILLIAM Dawson, Simla, Normanton-road.
ALBRIGHT, W. J., 1 Tamworth-road.

AupricH, Miss F. K., 14 Tavistock-road.

ALEXANDER, E., Grasmere, Birdhurst Rise.

ALLAN, ARTHUR Percy, M.B., Abbotsford. Croham-road.
ALLEN, A. H., 10 Morland-road.

AULLen, F., 3 Fell-road.

ALLEN, Mrs. F., 3 Fell-road.

ALLEN, G. J., J.P., Dunheved, Dunheved-road North.

BackwELt, R. J., 16 Penge-rd., South Norwood.

Battery, E., 10 Lansdowne-road.

Baitey, H., 10 Lansdowne-road.

BaxeEr, W. R., 9 Belmont Villas, Wallington.

Batpock, J. H., F.C.S., Overdale, St. Leonard’s-road, Waddon.

BanneRMAN, W. B., The Lindens, Sydenham-road.

BarBeEr, J. H., 92 Oakfield-road.

Barren, J., The High Field, Bickley, Kent.

Bayarpb, F. Camppeti-, LL.M., F.R. Met.Soc., Cotswold, Wal-
lington, Surrey.

Bayarp, 8S. CAMPBELL-, Cotswold, Wallington, Surrey.

Bresy, W. H., F.R.M.S., Hildasay, Portsmouth-road, Thames
Ditton.

Becker, G. E., Dorincourt, Addiscombe Grove.

Bennett, A., 143 High-street.

Berney, J., F.R.M.S., Chatsworth-road.

Berry, H. B., Pampisford-road.

Brutett, J. T., Ormond Lodge, Richmond.

BuakeE, W. J., Elmfield, Park-lane. :

BreEBNER, G. R., M.D., 232 London-road.

Brewer, J. G. B., 12 Havelock-road.

Bropig; R., M.A., 19 Wellesley-road.

Buckianp, J. W., Edgecumbe, Ashburton-road.

CARPENTER, A. B., B.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.M.S8., Bedford Park.
Carr-Dysr, Mrs., Hazelea, Kenley.

CARRINGTON, L., Penmare, Tavistock-road.

CasH, Wm., 15 Fairfield-road.

CHATTERTON, G., M.I.C.H., 6 The Sanctury, Westminster, S.W.
CHEESEWRIGHT, F’. R., Maythorne, Birdhurst Rise.

List of Members. xli

1877. CuxisHoim, J., Addiscombe Lodge, Addiscombe-road.
1877. CxHumuey, J., Worcester Lodge, Canning-road.
1891. Cuxarkx, Hy., 12 High-street.
1897. Cuxrark, J. E., B.A., B.Sc., 48 Coombe-road.
1899. CuxincH, G., F.G.S., 22 Nicholson-road.
1882. CoxtyrrR, H. C., Breakhurst, Croydon-road, Beddington.
f 1895. Corsmr, Rev. R. K., East Brook, Park Hill-road.
1878. Corry, J., J.P., Rosenheim, Park Hill-road.
1887.. Coucuman, A., Llanberis, Spencer-road.
1879. CowbeE.t1, H. §., Cotleigh, West Wickham.
1898. Craven, M. L., 2 Woburn-road, Wellesley-road.
1897. CristatL, Ep., 1 The Waldrons, Duppas Hill.
1899. Crowtey, Mrs. A. C., 16 Chatsworth-road.
Orig]. Crowtey, P., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Waddon House, Waddon.
1874. Cur tine, Gro., Elgin House, Addiscombe-road.
1896. Cunnineton, J. G. S., 41 Ashburton-road.
Origl. Cusuine, THos., F.R.A.8., 2 Southside, Chepstow-road.
1890. CurLeR, W. C., Derwent Bank, Addiscombe-road.
1899. Currs, H. W., Ardeen, Mason’s Avenue.

1887. Davies, A. C., The Glen, Duppas Hill.

1875. Dickenson, Wm., M.A., F.G.8., Warham-road.
1897. Dicuron, J., Fairlight, " Altyre- road.

Origl. Drx, T. H., 8 High-street.

1891: Dopp, W. H., M.A., Burton, Chatsworth-road.
1895. Donn, ED., Glenerne, Epsom-road.

1895. Doveuxas, THos., Gairloch, Alcester-road, Wallington.
1887. Down, H. W., Bank Chambers, North End.
1888. Drace, J. H., Tamworth-road.

1891. Drew, H. W., Eastgate, Addiscombe-road.
1898. Drucsz, F., 65 Cadogan-square, S.W.

1893. Duxss, T. A., M.B., B.Sc., 16 Wellesley-road.
1887. Duncan, P. T., M.D., 40 Park-lane.

1891. DurxHam, R., Nuthurst, Park Hill Rise.

1887. East, F. W., Bleak House, Whyteleafe, Surrey.

1879. Harton, H. 8., M.A., F.R.Met.Soc., 4 Belfield Terrace, Rodwell,
: Weymouth.

1890. Eprines, Sir F. T., J.P., Addiscombe Court.

1897. Epps, Miss A. M., Norfolk House, Beulah Hill, Norwood, 8.E.
1881. Hpprs, Jas., Jun., Norfolk House, Beulah Hill, Norwood, S.E.

1898. FauntHorpe, Rev. J. P., Whitelands Training College, Chelsea.
1883. Fenn, W. G., Heath Lodge, Thornton Heath.

1898. Frr.p, A. W., Homerton, Addiscombe Grove.

1894. Firzemraup A., 93 Addiscombe-road.

1892. Fuint, R., Woodstock House, Park-lane.

1899. Fox, Cu., The Chestnuts, Warlingham-on-the-Hill.

1891. Grsson, W. M., M.A., 17 Lower Grosvenor-place, 8.W.
1897. Gopparp, H., 12 Canning-road.

1887. Goopman, C. H., Bryn Cottage, Whyteleafe, Surrey.
1885. Gower, H. D., 55 Benson-road.

List of Members.

Groves, Mrs. M. M., 2 Canning-road.
Grunpy, R. F., 112 Lower Addiscombe-road.
GumaragEns, P. G., Parkside, Warham-road.

Hatt, A., 16 Park Hill Rise.

Harris, C. P., M.B., 63 Lower Addiscombe-road.
Harvey, J. E., 13 Carew-road, Thorton Heath.
Hetps, J. W., As.M.L.C.E., F.C.S., 3 Tavistock-road.
HENDERSON, G., St. Katherine’s, Oxted.

Hinpg, Dr. G. J., F.G.5., Avondale-road.

Hosson, Dr. J. M., M.D., B.Se., 1 Morland-road.
Hosson, B., 1 Morland-road.

Hoae, A. J., 5 Cargreen-road, South Norwood.
Houuss, W. M., Glenside, St. Peter’s-road.

Hoots, A. P., The Willows, Sutton, Surrey.
HoreweE.., J. M., 79 Lansdowne Gardens.
Hovenpen, A., Oaklands, Haling Park-road.
Hovenpen, R. G., Heathcote, Park Hill-road.
Huaues, M., M.R.C.S., L.D.S., Eastbridge, Addiscombe-road.
Hunt, G. H., Leecroft, St. Peter’s-road.

TAnson, W. H., 39 Dingwall-road.
Incrams, W., Whitgift Schools, Church-road.

Jackson, M., J.P., 189 Lower Addiscombe-road.
Jackson, T. D., Hillbrow, Heathfield-road.
JaRRETT, C., 2 St. John’s-grove.

Jast, L. 8., 203 Brighton-road.

Jounson, E. W., 50 Birdhurst-road.

Jones, E. H. S., 1 Craigerne-road, Blackheath.

Kent, W. S., F.Z.S., F.L.S., The Elms, Elmwood-road.
Knaassen, H. M., Aberfeldy, Campden-road.
KuaassEn, Miss, Aberfeldy, Campden-road.

Larne, R. A., 43 Addiscombe-road.

. Larsam, B., C.E., Duppas House.

Lincoty, J. G., Kirkdale, Selsdon-road.
Link, F., 43 Park Hill-road.

Luoyp, F., Coombe House, Coombe-road.
Luoyp, A., Coombe Wood, Coombe-road.
Locx, W. J., Llanberis, Avondale-road. +
Locx, W. B., Llanberis, Avondale-road.
Lone, Hy., 182 High-street.

Lovett, E., 41 Outram-road.

Marruanp, F. W., Jesmond Lodge, St. Peter’s-road.
Maxpen, A., 26 Windmill-road.

Mats, H. C., M.D., 74 Birdhurst-road.

MarsHatt, R., 31 The Waldrons.

Martin, E. A., 28 Campbell-road.

Martyn, J. W., 74 Wellesley-road.

Marner, ©. W., 47 Dingwall-road.

. McKgay, K., F.L.S., Lloyds, London, E.C.

1886.
1879.
1895.
1896.
1898.
1880.
1880.
1895.
1897.

1900.
1895.

1874.
1895.

1892
1899.
1892.
1881.
1897.
1900.
1895.
1893-
* 1891.
1894.
1897.
1892.
1870.
1898.
1896.

Origl.

1897.
1880.

1885.
1880.
1895.

1894.
1888.
1900.
1895.
1877.

1892.
1888.
1888.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1895.
1896.

List of Members. xliii

McLacutay, R., F.R.S., F.L.S., 23 Clarendon-road, Lewisham.
MENNELL, H. T., The Red House, Park Hill Rise.
Moors, G. W., Bryndhurst, Dornton-road.

Moors, H. K., Chipstead, Chepstow Rise.

Morris, W., C.E., The Kent Waterworks, Deptford, S.E.
Morton, 8., M.D., Wellesley Villas, Wellesley-road.

Morris, A. M., Harcourt-road, Wallington.

Moss, A, 3 High-street, South Norwood.

Moss, M. L., Montorio, Park Hill Rise.

Netican, Miss D., Croydon High School, Wellesley-road.
Newsy, G. E., F.R.C.S., 124 Lower Addiscombe-road.

OLDFIELD, J., 16. Tamworth-road.
Outve, C. D., M.A., Rokeby, The Downs, Wimbledon.

Pacxuam, J., 16 Katharine-street.

Pace, Miss M., Woodlands, Coombe-road.

Pace, Tuos. K. F., 9 Rosemount, Wallington.
Parsons, H. F., M.D., F.G.S., Oakhyrst, Park Hill Rise.
Parsons, Mrs., Oakhyrst, Park Hill Rise.

Parsons, Miss E. G., Oakhyrst, Park Hill Rise.
Parsons, S. G., Downside, Epsom.

Pascatt, J., Ambleside, Addiscombe-road.

Peuron, J. O., 26 Friends’-road.

Prrrey, H. W., The Cedars, London-road.

Perri, R., Hazeltryst, Havelock-road.

Puiuuies, H. W., M.D., 28 Addiscombe-road.
Puitpor, C.W., M.D., Friends’ House, Park-lane.
Prmrcez, E., Claremont, Balfour-road, South Norwood.
Puarts, E. J., Haslemere, St. Leonard’s-road.

Price, G. N., 74 High-street.

Purser, J., 41 Addiscombe-road.

Pye-Smiru, A., J.P., 27 Park Hill Rise.

REED, L., Hyrst Hof, South Park Hill-road.

Ricu, A. W.,, Grove House, Chatsworth-road.

Rircuie, Rt. Honble. C. T., M.P., 194 Wetherby Gardens, South
Kensington.

Rozarts, N. F., F.G.S., 23 Oliver-grove, South Norwood.

Roops, A., 67 Thornhill-road.

Rusu, Miss E., Woodford House School, East Croydon.

RussEt1, C. J. L., Upton Dene, 56 Coombe-road.

Rymer, S. L., J.P., Wellesley-road.

Saumon, C. E., Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate.
SANDELL, J. T., 213 Selhurst-road, South Norwood.
Scumirz, J. H., J.P., 4 Lansdowne-road.

Snore, EB. L., Lansdowne Villa, Wellesley-road.
SHore, EK. R., Lansdowne Villa, Wellesley-road.
Suore, H. H., Lansdowne Villa, Wellesley-road.
Stack, J. W., 64 Park-lane.

Smart, H. C., 29 Cherry Orchard-road.

xliv

1899.

1899.

1894.
1894.

1898.
Origl.

1896.
1878.
1888.
1874.
1882.

1897.
1898.
1898.
1880.
1894.

1878.
1892.
1899.
1898.
1896.
1898.

1900.

1877.
1876.
1897.
1877.
1881.
1897.
1895.

1897.

1898.

1877.
Origl.

1875.

1896.
1899.
1887.

1883.

1899.
1892.
1896.
1897.

1889.

1895.
1887.

List of Members.

SmepD ey, E. A., M.A., B.Sc., 173 Albert-road.

Smeg, A. H., The Grange, Wallington, Surrey.

Situ, H. D., 19 Cedars-road, Beckenham.

Smiru, Dr. 8. Parsons, Park Hyrst, Addiscombe-road.

StTan.ey, J. H., 51 Morland-road.

Sraniey, W. F., F.G.S., Cumberlow, Lancaster-road, South
Norwood.

Stoxss, F., 125 Melfort-road, Thornton Heath.

STRAKER, E., Richmond, Malden-road, Wallington.

STREETER, J. 8., 78 High-street.

SwalIng, J. C., 52 Park Hill-road.

Syms, J. E., Stanton Villa, Stanton-road.

Tarver, A., Polruan, Stuart-road, Thornton Heath.

Tats, A., Downside, Leatherhead.

Taytor, Rev. C. H., The Larches, Banstead.

Tuompson, F., Lynton, Haling Park-road.

Tuompson, H. C., Hermitage, Dunheved-road South, Thornton
Heath.

Tuompson, H. G., M.D., J.P., 86 Lower Addiscombe-road.

TuorPE, C., Selborne, Chatsworth-road.

Toruey, E. E., Ingleside, St. Augustine’s Avenue, S. Croydon.

Toptry, W. W., 8 Marlborough-road, South Croydon.

TowNEND, F. J., 11 Park Hill Rise.

TynDALL, W. H., Morlands, Oxford-road, Redhill.

Voss, W. A., F.C.S., Rosella, Nicholson-road.

Watker, T., C.E., Warrington-rd., Duppas Hill.
Watton, A., The Homestead, Bedford Park.

Warp, Miss C., 86 St. Peter’s-road.

Warner, A., 2 Grosvenor Villas, Holmesdale-road, Selhurst.
WarTeErRALL, N., Waddon Lodge, Croydon.

WATERALL, Miss F. A., Grove Cottage, Addiscombe-grove.
WetcutTman, A. J., Langdale, Chepstow Rise.
Weicurman, W. A., Langdale, Chepstow Rise.
Wesster, R. T., 13 Havelock-road. f

Wenuam, W. P., Horndean, Waddon. :

West, F., The Waldrons.

WHEALLER, G. A., 46 Friends’-road. —

Wauiraker, W., F.G.S., F.R.S., Freda, Campden-road.
WairtakeEr, Miss M. de F., Freda, Campden-road.
Wit, A. §., 28 Canning-road.

Witurams, B. A., L.D.S8., 22 Wellesley-road.
Wiuiams, C. H. H., 7 Montpelier-road, Blackheath.
Witioucuey, C. W., 28 Friends’-road.

Wits, G. 8. V., Southwood, Croham-road.

Wits, Miss G., Southwood, Croham-road.

Wisz, H. R., Beechfield, Bramley-hill.

WIssENDEN, A. C., 50 Canning-road.

Wratten, F. C. L., Hellingley, Dingwall-avenue.

TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1898-99.

144.—Tue Commons NEAR CROYDON, AND THEIR F'Lora.
By H. Franxrin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.
(Read February 21st, 1899.)

‘Tue South-east of England owes much of its beauty and
amenity to its numerous commons, heaths, and open grassy
downs, over which one may roam in enjoyment of a delightful
sense of freedom, and where we may see Nature in something
like her primitive aspect. In this respect the south-eastern
counties are in contrast with other parts of the country, such
as the fertile but unpicturesque plains of the Midlands, where
the land is all enclosed or parcelled out into formal and highly
cultivated fields, separated by closely trimmed hedges, and
diversified only with an occasional spinney or plantation for
the benefit of the fox-hunter. We at Croydon, though there
is now no common within the borough, are fortunate in_pos-
sessing two beautiful open spaces on our immediate border—
viz. Shirley Hills and Croham Hurst; within an easy distance
are Mitcham and Hayes Commons, and Riddlesdown; while
farther off are Keston Common, Worms Heath; Farthing Down,
Park Downs, and others. In speaking of these as commons,
I only use the word for convenience as meaning an open tract of
land which has never been brought under cultivation, and not
in a legal sense as implying the existence of rights of common.
Indeed, as I understand, to the lawyer the word ‘‘common”’
means not a tract of open land, but a right to a share in the
natural produce of land the soil of which belongs to another
person. Such a tract of land as in ordinary speech is called a

B

2 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the

common is usually in legal language ‘‘ waste of the manor’:
the soil belongs to the lord of the manor, but the freeholders
and copyholders of the manor have certain rights over it—e. g.
the right to turn out to pasture upon it as many horses, cattle,
and sheep as their respective holdings can support during the
winter ; and in some cases the right to cut fuel or dig gravel for
their own use.

In early periods of English history the land was mainly un-
inclosed; but with the growth of the population the wastes
gradually became inclosed, sometimes under the authority of
law, at other times by unauthorized encroachments on a large or
small scale. As Hudibras says—

“The law condemns the man or woman
Who steals a goose from off a common,
But lets the greater villain loose
Who steals the common from the goose.”

In the last century and the earlier part of the present one the
dictum of Dean Swift, that the greatest benefactor to mankind
was the man who made two blades of grass grow where only one
grew before, was in high esteem; and under the influence of the
high prices of food, brought about by wars and duties on im-
ported corn, numerous Inclosure Acts were passed under which
much of the more fertile common land was divided up and
brought under cultivation. Even so late as 1846 a general
Inclosure Act was passed to facilitate the process of ,inclosure
and obviate the need for obtaining private Acts. But in the
middle of the present century the repeal of the Corn Laws made
the country no longer dependent wholly on home-grown corn for
its supply of food; the growth of towns drew attention to the
importance of preserving open spaces in their vicinity; and
people began to appreciate that man does not live by bread
alone, but that there are other things—such as health, recreation,
and enjoyment of the beauties of Nature—to.be taken into
consideration. Until recent years the law had recognized no
right on the part of the public at large to the use of a common
for purposes of recreation, but only the right of the commoners
to pasturage or similar uses ; hence it was in the power of the lord
of a manor to buy up the commoners’ rights and inclose the
common, even against the wishes of some of the commoners.
But some thirty years ago a movement, headed by the late Prof.
Fawcett and by Mr. Shaw Lefevre, was started for the preserva-
tion of commons; in 1866 the Metropolitan Commons Act was
passed for the preservation and regulation of the commons around
London within the Metropolitan Police District, and, ten years
later, the Commons Act of 1876. In the latter Act it is directed
that inclosures, as opposed to regulation of commons, should not

Commons near Croydon, and their Flora. 3

be made unless it be proved to the satisfaction of the Com-
missioners (now the Board of Agriculture) and of Parliament
that such inclosures will be of benefit to the neighbourhood as
well as to private interests; and in every order made for the
inclosure of a common certain conditions, so far as applicable,
shall be inserted for the benefit of the neighbourhood—such as
the preservation of free access to any particular point of view;
of particular trees and objects of historical interest; of space’for
recreation ; and of roads and footpaths. It is stated that under
the private Inclosure Acts passed during the last century and the
first half of the present one, some seven millions of acres of
common land were inclosed, and under the Inclosure Act of 1846,
618,000 acres more; but in the twenty years 1876-1895 only
about 26,600 acres have been inclosed.

In Croydon the commons were inclosed in the last century,
though the names of Croydon Common and Thornton Heath
still survive in what are now populous districts. In the Inclosure
Act a piece of woodland in the North Wood—i. e. Norwood—was
reserved to the parish to furnish the poorer inhabitants with fuel ;
the parishioners, however, afterwards shortsightedly sold it for
£2000, wherewith to build a town hall ‘for the better enter-
tainment of His Majesty’s Judges.”” This town hall, which was
never an object of beauty, and had become inadequate for the
needs of the town, was pulled down a few years ago; so that
_ Croydon has nothing left to show for the loss of its commons.
If the money for building the town hall had been borrowed, it
would long since have been paid off, and the land at Norwood
would now have been of great value. We have of course recreation
grounds, but they have been laid out in recent years, and can
hardly be said to illustrate the native flora. ;

Of the commons and open spaces near Croydon, Shirley Hills
are maintained by the Corporation of Croydon; and Mitcham
Common, Hayes Common, and Wimbledon Common by Conser-
vators; while West Wickham Common, Riddlesdown, Farthing
Down, Kenley Common, and Coulsdon Common are maintained
by the Corporation of the City of London, to whom the public
are also indebted for the preservation of Epping Forest and
Burnham Beeches. It is to be hoped that some such benefactor
may come forward to save for us our beautiful Croham Hurst.

But when a common itself has been secured to the public as an
open space, the native flora which has escaped the ploughman or the
speculative builder finds another enemy in the landscape gardener,
whose idea of improvement is to drain the wet places, or else form
them into artificial pools; lay out roads and avenues; level and
smooth the turf; plant borders and shrubberies; and thus
convert into a trim park or formal garden what was a relic of
_ primitive wilderness. The commons which are favourite holiday
B 2

4 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the

resorts are frequented by increased numbers of people; and the
more showy plants suffer at the hands of trippers, and the rarer
ones through the rapacity of collectors. Im dry seasons the .
herbage is often destroyed by fires. When a common gets
surrounded by houses, the smokiness of the air is unfavourable
to the growth of certain plants, especially of cryptogams. From
all these causes it happens that the original flora of our commons,
especially near towns, tends to become impoverished by the loss
of its most interesting members, while, on the other hand, intro-
duced species of plants may be added. This leads me to the
suggestion which is the main object of this paper—viz. that our
Club should compile for future reference lists as complete as
possible of the flora of each of our commons and wild spaces in
the neighbourhood of Croydon. The compilation of such lists
would afford opportunity for interesting comparisons between the
floras of different open areas. Thus it would be seen what an
almost complete difference there is between the plants growing
on a gravelly heath, such as Shirley Hills or Keston Common,
and those on a chalk down, snch as Riddlesdown and Farthing
Downs. ‘The flora of a tract containing wet places, like Keston
Common, would also contain many species not met with on a
dry tract like Hayes Common. But, apart from these differences
of soil, there is hardly one of the commons around Croydon
which does not contain in its flora some plant which is not met
with on the others. Thus Croham Hurst has the whortleberry
and lily of the valley; Hayes Common the butcher’s broom ;
Keston Common the sundew, bog asphodel, and meadow thistle
(Carduus pratensis); and Chislehurst Common the bog St. John’s
wort (Hypericum elodes) and pennyroyal. A catalogue of the
insects and mollusca of each of these commons would doubtless
show like differences.

The commons on the pebble beds of the Oldhaven series have
a peaty soil on which the heaths are the predominant feature in
the vegetation. We find on Shirley Hills, for instance, three
species of heath—viz. the ling, the cross-leaved heath, and the
purple heath. Of these the latter is confined to dry places, and
the cross-leaved heath to wet places, while the ling is ubiquitous
there. The larger terrestrial mosses and lichens and fungi are
plentiful, and in the wet hollows boggy places are formed where
plants such as Sphagnum, sundew, and petty whin occur. Where
the pebble gravel is less sharp and the top soil is loamy, the gorse is
the predominant shrub, as on Hayes Common and Chislehurst
Common, and also on the alluvial gravel of Mitcham Common.
Where the soil is fine sand, as on parts of Shirley Hills, Hayes
Common, and Mitcham Common, minute annual plants, such as
species of Trifolium and Cerastium, Menchia erecta, Ornithopus
perpusillus, and Hrodium cicutarium are found.

Commons near Croydon, and their Flora, _ 5

The chalk downs support a fine close velvety herbage composed
of a much larger number of species of plants than are to be met
with on sandy, clayey, or peaty soils. ‘he juniper is the charac-
teristic shrub, and among other plants peculiar to a chalky soil .
may be mentioned the rock rose, the small burnet (Poteriwm
Sanguisorba), the horse-shoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa), the
dropwort (Spirea Filipendula), and the small scabious (Scabiosa
Columbaria). The plants of wet situations are, as might be
expected, absent on our dry chalk commons.

The following are further particulars about the principal
commons in our neighbourhood :—

Suirtey Hinus.—Area of space dedicated to the public, 87
acres; altitude 840-480 ft. (0. p.);—-consist geologically of a
bank of rounded flint-pebbles, formed on or near the old tertiary
sea-shore, and more than 50 ft. thick. The most prominent
features of these hills are the steep rounded slopes and deep
intersecting hollows on their north side—i. e. in the direction of
the dip of the strata. In this respect they differ from the other
commons and tracts of Oldhaven pebble beds in this neighbour-
hood, which, though they may have an abrupt escarpment on
the south side, at the outcrop of the pebble bed, as at Hayes and
Keston Common, have only a gradual slope northwards in the
direction of the dip. The peculiar formation of the Shirley
Hills is probably due to the way in which the pebbles have been
originally heaped up at this spot. The pebble bed varies greatly
in thickness; thus in the Park Hill Rise section, described by
me in a paper read to the Club in 1896, it was found to vary
from 4 in. to 11 ft. in thickness in less than a quarter of a mile.
Botanically, the chief rarities at Shirley Hills are found in the
enclosed portion near Oaks Road, and therefore hardly come
within the limits of my paper; but many interesting plants may
be found, especially in the damp hollows. Some, however, have
disappeared: thus, some years ago I saw young plants of the
northern hard fern (Lomaria spicant), but have not found it in
recent years. Some of the larger terrestrial mosses and lichens
are plentiful, and in the sides of ditches in the damp hollows
are to be found several species of scale mosses (Jungermanniacea).
These may be found in fruit in spring; and their black shining
capsules, borne on silvery thread-like stalks, and ultimately
splitting into four valves, and discharging spores mingled
in spiral threads, form interesting and beautiful microscopic
objects.

Fungi are plentiful in autumn; among them may be mentioned
the beautiful but poisonous fly agaric, with its tall ringed stem
and scarlet cap dotted with white warts; Sparassis crispa, a rare
and curious sponge-like species; and Torrubia militaris, a species
parasitic upon caterpillars. The mycelium ofthis fungus penetrates

6 Dr. H. Franklin Parsons on the

the tissues of the caterpillar, and when the latter las buried
itself in the ground it dies, and the fungus sends up its fruc-
tification in the form of a slender orange club, the stalk of
_ which can be traced down into the body of the dead insect.

Cronam Hurst.—Area 80 acres; altitude 288-477 ft. This
hill is an outlier of the Oldhaven pebble beds, surrounded on all
sides by chalk, the intervening Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand
being very thin, and almost wanting; hence, in the absence of
an impermeable bed to throw out the water from the gravel,
there are no springs or wet places. The south slope of the hill
is in places so steep that no vegetation can find a foothold, and
the pebble gravel is left bare. The summit of the hill is open
heathy ground, but the sides and base are wooded. ‘The flora
in the woods at the base of the hill on the chalk is markedly
different from that on the pebble beds higher up. Among the
species found at Croham Hurst are the whortleberry and the lily
of the valley; though the latter appears very seldom to flower
there. The rare ground-pine (Ajuga chamepitys) grows close to,
if not actually within, the Hurst.

Hayes Common and West WickHam Common together form
one open tract, being only separated from one another by an
unfenced road. ‘This tract has an area of 200 acres, and varies
in altitude from some 230 to 400 ft. It rests on the pebble beds,
which end in a steep escarpment on the south and west. On
the top of West Wickham Common ait its south-west corner are
some ancient barrows and entrenchments, possibly marking the
site of a battle which is said to have taken place at Addington
between Hengist and the British. A noticeable feature is the
fine group of venerable oaks on the steep north-west slope of
West Wickham Common, the ground beneath which in spring
is carpeted with bluebells. Among plants met with at Hayes
and West Wickham Commons are Saaifraga granulata, the
climbing fumitory (Corydalis claviculata), Menchia erecta, and
Trifolium glomeratum. The butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus)
grows Close to but not actually on the common.

Krston Common.—Area 55 acres; altitude 400-520 ft.; is
situated on the north slope of the Oldhaven pebble beds, and is
intersected by two valleys, one of which is occupied by a boggy
piece of ground, and the other ‘by artificial ponds. Keston
Common has perhaps the most interesting flora of any of the
commons neai Croydon. In the boggy ground are found the
sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), the marsh pennywort, the bog
violet, the bog asphodel, Carduus pratensis, and several species
of Sphagnum; while in the ponds grow the arrow-head, the small
bur-reed, Scirpus fluitans, and several other aquatic plants—
whether planted or brought by birds, I cannot say. In 1894 I
saw a single plant of the butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) at

Commons near Croydon, and their Flora. 7

Keston Common, but though, of course, I did not disturb it, I
have not seen it there since. Mr. Beeby suggests that it may
have been planted, as Pinguicula is not known to grow elsewhere
in this part of the country. I also found there a specimen of
the white mullein (Verbasewm Lychnitis), usually a plant of the
chalk.

Mitrcpam Common.—Area 480 acres; altitude 80-112 ft.; is
flat and low lying, resting on the alluvial gravels of the Wandle
valley. It is perhaps the least picturesque of the commons in
this neighbourhood, being covered with stunted gorse bushes,
while part of it has been excavated for gravel. Several interesting
dwarf plants, however, grow there, as T'rigonella ornithopodioides
and Limosella aquatica.

Wiwsitepon Common with Purney Heara.—Area 1000 acres ;
altitude 30-180 ft.; is on a plateau of gravel, resting on London
Clay. The higher part is peaty, and the smaller sundew (Drosera
intermedia) formerly grew there.

Worms Heara.—Area 37 acres; altitude 700-800 ft.; is on
an outlier of Oldhaven pebble gravel, which contains masses of
hard ferruginous conglomerate.

Fartry GREEN (area 20 acres; altitude 540- 570 ft.) and
Kentry Common (area 77 acres; altitude about 550 ft.) are
situated on the clay-with-flints, over the chalk; and their flora,
as is usually the case on clayey tracts, presents, so far as I have
seen, no very noticeable feature.

RIDDLESDOWN. ; altitude 240-420 ft.

FartHine Donne —Area 100 acres; altitude 400-500 ft.

Park Down.—Area 77 acres; altitude 400-500 ft.

BanstEaD Downs.—Area 400 acres; altitude 300-450 ft.

Ersom Downs.—Area 430 acres; altitude 350-500 ft.

These are all on the chalk, and their flora has the general
character before described. The white mullein (Verbascum
Lychnitis) grows at Riddlesdown, and the sweet briar (Rosa
rubiginosa) at Epsom Downs. At the last mentioned place a
little ling grows, a rare occurrence, as the heaths usually shun
a calcareous soil; but probably at this spot the chalk is more or
less covered by some superficial bed.

A more careful investigation of the flora of these commons
than I have yet made might be expected to yield interesting
results, and this is the work which I propose for the Club.
Each common should be visited several times a year, London
Catalogue in hand, and all the species observed within the limits
open to the public should be marked, common as well as rare
ones. The.cryptogams should if possible be recorded as well as
the flowering plants. The help of all members of the Club is
invited, and the Botanical Sub-Committee would be happy to
render assistance in naming doubtful finds,

8 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

145.—Report or THE MeteorotocicaAL CommitTer ror 1899.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis Campsetu-Bayarp,
F.R.Met.Soe.

(Read 20th February, 1900.)

Tue arrangements under which the daily rainfall of the district
around Croydon has been observed and tabulated have been
carried out with, it is hoped, the same efficiency as in previous
years. The number of stations in the printed sheet is 85, an
increase of five over the year 1898, and there is one station (the
Sewage Farm, Carshalton) not in the printed list, the observations
of which are quite complete, and will be found at the end of this
Report.

It is with very great regret that the Sub-Committee have to
announce the discontinuance of five stations at the end of the
year. Three of these stations have come to an end owing to the
death of the observers—viz. Reigate which has been in existence
for five years, Coulsdon with a record of ten years, and Sydenham
with a record of three years. The other two stations, viz. Thornton
Heath with a record of eight years, and Richmond with a record
of twenty-eight years, have come to an end owing to the discon-
tinuance of the observations, in the first case due to old age, and
in the second to the removal of the observer. The loss of two
of these stations, viz. Coulsdon and Richmond, is much to be
deplored, owing to the great difficulty of finding new observers
in these neighbourhoods, Two other observers have also died
during the year, viz. Lord Farrer and Sir J. F. Lennard, Bart.,
but, so far as is at present known, the records will be continued.
The Sub-Committee consider that it would be a very graceful
act on the part of the Club if a vote of condolence and thanks
was passed to the families of the deceased observers, and to the
two gentlemen who have discontinued their observations, for the
great services rendered to the Club in the past.

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers,
with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also
the monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient num-
ber have from time to time been pulled for the use of the Club.
These printed tables contain the records of all observers, with
the exception of the observer at Carshalton, reporting to the
Sub-Committee, and it will be observed that the records are 83
in number, and that all, with the exception of two, are complete
to the end of the year. The number of observers whose records
are printed is 65, as against 64 in 1898.

Appendix II. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1-00 in.
and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix I.
It will be noticed that there is only one fall over 2:00 in., and

é

Meteorological Committee for 1899. 9

that the number of days on which these falls occurred is seven.
Attention will be called to this Appendix further on in this Report.

So far as the records of rainfall in the possession of the Sub-
Committee show, the year has been a dry year, the deficiency
throughout the district being something like 2 in. The deficit
does not on paper look very serious, but in order to show what
a serious state of things is revealed, tables A, B, C, and D, have
been constructed. These four tables have been constructed on
the same plan. Tables A and B refer to Greenwich, table © to
Surbiton, and table D to Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat).

A single glance at these tables will show the state of affairs.
Table A shows the departures from the Greenwich average of
80 years of each of the past 10 years, and the result shows a

‘deficit of just 28 in., which is practically just 3 in. above a

A.— Greenwich Av. 80 Yrs. (1816-95) B.— Greenwich Av. 40 Yrs. (1856-95)
24-96 in. 2 in.

24-2
Year + Average Year + Average
IN. IN. IN. IN.
1890 21°88 — 3:08 1890 21-88 — 2:34
1891 25-02 + 0:06 1891 25-02 + 0°80
1892 22°35 — 2°61 1892 22°35 — 1:87
1893 20:09 — 4:87 1893 20:09 — 4:13
1894 26°88 + 1:92 1894 26°88 + 2°66
1895 19-72 — 5:24 1895 19-72 — 4:50
1896 22-47 — 2:49 1896 22:47 — 1:75
1897 22°08 — 2°88 1897 22°08 — 2:14
1898 18°85 — 611 1898 18°85 — 5:37
1899 22°33 — 2°63 1899 22°33 — 1:89
Total ann Total :
deficiency Ser ada deficiency 5p eras

C.—Surbiton Av. 40 Yrs. (1856-95) D.—Mt. Ararat, Wim., Av. 40 Yrs.
_ 24-42 in, (1856-95) 24-06 in.
pe RES se Ee eee Se See

' Year ‘ + Average Year + Average
IN. IN. IN. IN.

1890 19°41 — 5:01 1890 21-42 — 2°64
1891 27-79 + 3:37 1891 28°39 + 4:33
1892 21:17 — 3-25 1892 25;36 + 1:30
1893 18°77 — 5°65 1893 19°32 — 4:74
1894 27°67 + 3°25 1894 29°54 + 5:48
1895 20°79 — 3°63 1895 22°05 — 2-01
1896 24°60 + 0°18 1896 23°82 — 0:24
1897 24-43 + 0:01 1897 24°10 + 0:04
1898 18°55 — 5:87. 1898 18-97 — 5:09
1899 21:38 — 3°04 : 1899 22°32 — 1-74
Total ; Total

deficiency = totes deficiency Reet

—ooO OO _]

10 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

year’s average rainfall. Table B shows the departures from the
Greenwich average of 40 years of each of the same past 10 years,
and the result is a deficit of 204 in., which is practically 33 in.
below the year’s average rainfall. In both of these tables it will
be noticed that only the years 1891 and 1894 have a rainfall
over the average. Table C refers to Surbiton, on the western
side of the Club’s district. This table shows the departures
from the same 40 years’ average of each of the same 10 years,
with the result of a deficiency of rather over 194 in., which is
practicaliy nearly 5 in. below the year’s average rainfall. In
this table it will be noticed that 4 years have a rainfall over the
average, one of which years, however, viz. 1897, may be disregarded.
Table D refers to Wimbledon, and here we have a very different
state of things. This table shows the departures from the same

A.— Greenwich Average 80 Yrs. (1816-95). B.—Greenwich Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95).

Average} 1899 |+ Average Average| 1899 |+ Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 1:89 2°52 + 0°63 Jan. 1:98 2°52 + 0°54
Feb. 1:59 1:93 + 0°34 Feb. 1:43 1°93 + 0°50
March| 1-52 0°61 — 0°91 March} 1°44 0°61 — 0°83
April 1:65 3:00, | + 1°35 April 1-61 3:00 + 1:39
May 2-00 1°65 — 0°35 May 1:94 1:65 — 0:29
June 1:95 1:20 — 0°75 June 2-04 1-20 — 0°84
July 2°60 1:29 — 1:31 July 2°42 1:29 —113
Aug. 2°33 0°35 — 1:98 Aug. 2°30 0°35 — 1:95
Sept. 2°30 2°26 — 0°04 Sept. 2:18 2:26 + 0:08
Oct. 2-82 2°32 — 0°50 Oct. 2°75 2:32 — 0-43
Nov. 2:37 3°73 + 1:36 Nov. 2°19 3°73 + 1:54
Dec. 1:94 1:47 — 0-47 Dec. 1°94 | 1:47 — 0:47
Year | 24:96 | 2233 | — 2-63 Year | 24-22 | 92:33 | — 1-89

C.—Surbiton Average 40 Yrs. (1856-95). D.—Mt. Ararat, Wim., Av. 40Yrs.(1856-95).

Average| 1899 /+ Average Average; 1899 | + Average
IN. IN. IN. IN. IN. IN.
Jan. 2-04 2°43 + 0:39 Jan. 1 E(t) 2°22 + 0°43
Feb. 1:47 2°40 + 0°93 Feb. 1:38 2°15 + 0°77
March| 1°44 0°44 — 1:00 March} 1:33 | 0°61 — 0°72
April 1-64 2°44 + 0:80 April 164 | 2°37 + 0°73
May 1-92 1:46 — 0:46 May 1:92 | 1:54) — 0°38
June 2:08 1:15 — 0°93 June 2:08 | \1-01 — 1:07
July 2°37 0°34 — 2:03 July 2-49 | 0°67 — 1:82
Aug. 2-43 0:46 — 1:97 Aug. 2:31 | 0:39 — 1:92
Sept. 2°21 2°57 + 0°36 Sept. 2°28 3:43 +1:15
Oct. 2°81 2°21 — 0°60 Oct. 2°88 2°31 — 0:57
Nov. 2°16 4°21 + 2°05 Noy. 2°19 4°36 +217
Dec. 1:85 1:27 — 0°58 Dec. Lora 1:26 — 0°51

Year | 24-42 21-38 — 3:04 Year 24:06 22°32 — 1:74

Meteorological Committee for 1899. 11

40 years’ average of each of the same 10 years, with the result of
a deficiency of only 5} in. This result is startling; but if the
table be examined it will be seen to be the result of 3 years of
excessive rainfall (for the excess in 1897 may be disregarded) ~
combined with smaller deficits in other years. I do not suppose
that anyone would have imagined that over the series of years
shown in the table the deficit at Surbiton would be nearly four
times as great as at Wimbledon.

Let us now come back to the year 1899, and see how the deficit
shown in the first set of tables has arisen.

With this view I have again constructed, on the model of
previous years, tables A, B, C,and D. Tables A and B refer
to Greenwich. It will be noticed that in table A there are only
four months showing an excess of rainfall, whilst in table B
there are five, the fifth month being September, the other four
in each case being January, February, April, and November.
Table C refers to Surbiton, and table D to Wimbledon. In the
two latter tables the same five months as in table B are in
excess. If one examines these tables some very curious features
present themselves. I will take, first, the month of April. In
table A, with the 80 years’ mean, there is an excess of 1:35 in. ;
and in table B, with the 40 years’ mean, of 1°39 in., an excess
which, though the same 40 years are taken, diminishes, in the
case of Surbitor to 0°80 in., and Wimbledon to 0:73 in. Let us
now take the month of November. This month was an ex-
ceedingly curious one, being extremely wet at the beginning and
extremely dry at the close. I have no doubt that you all, like
myself, were wondering what the rainfall of that month was
going to amount to, when it suddenly stopped completely. If
we turn to the tables, we see that there is in table A an excess
of 1-36 in., in table B of 1°54 in., in table C of 2:05 in., and in
table D of 2:17 in., very nearly the exact opposite of what occurred
in April. If we now turn to the deficiencies, we shall first
notice the month of June. Here the deficiency increases through-
out the four tables: in table A it is 0-75 in., in table B it is
0°84 in., in table C it is 0°93 in., and in table D it is 1:07 in.
Again, let us take the month of August. Here we have a distinct
change, in that the deficiency in the four tables is practically the
same, only differing from one another by a very few hundredths ;

in table A it is 1-98 in., in table B it is 1:95 in., in table C it

is 1-97 in., and in table D it is 1:92 in. Again, if we take the
month of July we have another change. In table A the deficiency
is 1-31 in., in table B itis 1:13 in. In table C it is nearly an
inch more than in table B, viz. 2:03 in., whilst in table D it is .
less than that of table C, viz. 1:82 in. It is extremely difficult
to account for these different excesses and deficiencies without
intervening gauges, which do not exist, and which even if they

12 Report of the Meteorological Committee for 1899.

had existed would, it seems to me, have thrown very little light
on these peculiarities, owing to the want of trustworthy averages
of a sufficiently long time with which to compare them.

I should like to say a few words with reference to November
fall, in order to amplify the remarks in the printed notes of this
month. It is extremely rare to have two falls consecutively of
over 1 in., and only one instance occurs at Brixton, in, I think,
July, 1867, and none at all at Greenwich. On looking over the
November tables, we shall see this very rare circumstance in
Westerham (Town), viz. on 2nd we have 1:02 in., on the 8rd
1:23 in., and on the 5th 1-68 in., a record which I think must
be nearly, if not quite, unique in the South-Kast of England.

With respect to the peculiar dust-storm mentioned in the
August notes as having occurred on the 15th, the observer at
Kenley, who was then staying at Hindhead, near Haslemere,
Surrey, says, in a letter dated September 2nd, ‘‘the same sudden
gust of wind, whirling the trees about, and only lasting two or
three minutes, occurred at 5 p.m. and again at 7°30 pm. A
peculiar lull and airless feeling as before a storm preceded it,

‘and all windows and doors were hastily closed. The heat was
intense; no rain fell. The centre of the storm seemed to be
over Oxford.’’ So far as is known, no account of this storm
has been published, and it seems desirable that it should be put
on record.

In Appendix II. the falls of rain of 1:00 in. and upwards are
get out. The number of days on which these fell is 7 as against
5 in 1898. There is only one fall over 2°00 in., viz. 2°18 in. at
Abinger Rectory on Nov. 3rd. The falls on September 29th,
November 3rd, and November 5th seem to have been fairly
general throughout the district. ;

In conclusion, the Sub-Committee desire to tender their thanks
to all those, numbering eight, who have so kindly sent donations
to enable the Club to continue this useful organization. The
Sub-Committee also tender their thanks to the observers for
their returns, and also for the notes which many of them
contribute, and which tend to make the returns much more
valuable and interesting.

Tae Sewace Works, CarsHatton, SuRREY.
Observer—W. Wituis Gate. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 118 ft.

Jamh| Rep: Mar. | Apr. | May | June| July | Aug.) Sept.) Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year.
IN.-| In. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN.’] IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN.
2°71 | 2:30 | 0:61 | 2°30 | 1:26 | 0-67 | 0-39 | 0-60 | 2-51 | 2:34 | 4-40 | 1-721 21-81

| No.

10

15

20

25

30

35

fe PENDIX: T.

CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY CLUB

(Meteorological Sub-Committee. )

Sea-level.

3glaee | 22

Srarions. OBSERVERS, ge ese ida

ad | mes | Bs

IN. |FT. IN.) Pr,

Abinger (The Hall) ............ The Lord Farrer ....| 8 | 2 0) 320
| Abinger (The Rectory).......... Miss Brodie-Hall....| 5 | 1 0} 381
| Dorking (Denbies).............. JeBeesley si: cs. 2 9/0 6/ 610
_ Redhill (Oxford Road) .......... W. H. Tyndall...... 8|1 0] 300
| Nutfield (The Priory) .......... dualistic eaeesn « 8/1 2] 468
Nutfield (The Priory) 2nd gauge| J. Moffatt.......... 8/1 2] 331
Buckland (Hartswood) ........ R. W. Clutton ...... 5|1 03) 174
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ...... 5/1 0 | 440
Upper Gatton (Upper Gatton Park)) F. Druce .......... 5|1 0] 600
Merstham (Rockshaw).......... W. Gardiner........ 5|1 0} 475
Harp’s Oak Cottage ............ R. C. Grant .....2.. 5|1 0 | 454
Chipstead (Shabden Park) ...... de Creran: 323.0254 5/1 0] 550
Chaldon (The Rectory) ........ Rev. G. E. Belcher ..| 59 | 1 0 | 542
Caterham (Metropolitan Asylum)| G. S. Elliott, M.D. ..| 9 | 1 0 | 610
Westerham (Hill Hstate)........ Wi MIGEFIS 2002222 a) 5/1 0} 539
Westerham (The Town) ........ W. Morrig's)) .6.cce5 5|1 0/| 380
Knockholt Beeches (Field Gauge)| W. Morris.......... 5/1 0} 785
Knockholt Beeches (Tower Gauge)| W. Morris.......... 5 | 24 6 | 812
Sevenoaks (St. Johns Hill)...... W. W. Wagstaffe ....; 5 | 1 10] 380
Warlingham (The Vicarage) ....| Rev. F. R. Marriott..| 5 | 1 0} 614
Kenley (Hazelea) .............. Mrs. Carr-Dyer ....; 5 |1 0 | 282
Sanderstead (The Red House) ..| Capt. Carpenter, R.N.| 5 | 1 0 | 320
Purley (Tudor Cottages) ........ J. Bonwick ........ 5|}1 0/ 216
Burgh Heath (Sutton Water Co.)| J. D. Grant .-...... 5 | 1 0]! 580
Leatherhead (Downside) ........ AS Deteiy . . st. o.a8 5|1 0 | 250
D’Abernon Chase .............. Sir W. Vincent, Bart. | 5/1 0 | 280
Oxshott (Beverstone) .......... Dines........ 5|1 0| 212
Banstead (The Larches) ........ Rev. C. J. Taylor....| 8|1 0 | 488
Sutton (Sutton Water Co.) ...... Jue Gram’ ee oct 5/1 0/110
Carshalton (Sewage Works) ....| W. W. Gale ........ 5/1 0/118
Wallington (Maldon Road)...... F. Campbell-Bayard | 5| 4 1/ 140
Beddington (Riverside) ........ S. Rostron Paes |/L,0') 120
Waddon (Waddon House) ...... P.\Crowley. Ses2..: 5/1 0] 156
Croydon (Brimstone Barn) ...... Croydon Corporation| 5|1 0 | 130
Croydon (Waddon New Road)....| Croydon Corporation| 5 |1 0 | 146
Croydon (Duppas House) ...... Baldwin Latham....{ 8 | 1 0 | 158
Croydon (Whitgift) ............ A. E. Watson .... 5|1 01191

70

75

sg Sot
No. STatIons. OBSERVERS. of | @EE
Ses | ooo
we | mss
| IN. |FT. IN.
| Croydon (Woburn Road)........ M. Ls Craven .-. «::-- Pig hg! Re
Croydon (Windmill Road) ...... A. Malden...... Dj eESS6
40 | Croydon (Park Hill Rise) ...... H. F. Parsons, M. D:| ete
Addington Hills (The Reservoir)..| Croydon Corporation| 8 | U0 9
Addington (Park Farm) ........ Wi. SWihtalley (22.2%... = On| ben0)
Addington (Pumping Station)....| Croydon Corporation| 8/1 0
West Wickham (Wickham Court)| Sir H.F. Lennard, Bt| 5|1 2
45 | Hayes Common (The Warren) ..| Miss Akers ........ 5 (i 10
Keston (Bradfield) ............ AV ETAT avavs vets ciate 5) to
Farnborough (Feniton) ........ Miss sBerey ss. > 1.21 ds 20
Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris .......... Esato)
Farningham Hill (Hill House) ..| A. J. Waring ...... b | 3 10
50 | Southfieet (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris...... 5|}1 0
Chislehurst (Hawkwood) ...... Miss Edlmann...... 5 | eon
Bickley (The High Field) ...... J. Batten'*,,. J ss 0s 5 | De?
Bromley (The Palace) .......... Coles Child ........ da fie! Wee)
Bromley Common (Elmfield) ....| Rev. J.P. Faunthorpe) 5/0 9
55 | Beckenham (Oakwood Avenue) ..| H. Dolling-Smith 5/1 0
South Norwood (Apsley Road) ..) W. H. Cullis........ bya ee
Wimbledon (Sewage Works) ....| C. H. Cooper ...... 54 Le
Wimbledon (Mount Ararat) DP Ei ogers soe 12|}3 0
Raynes Park (Pumping eas CP He Coopeticescs nl 10
60 | New Malden (Sewage Works) ....| T. V. H. Davison.... ae!)
Esher (Sewage Works).......... A. J. Henderson .... LAO
West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.)..| R. Hack............ AL
Surbiton (Seething Wells) ...... 1a )Qd a Ec) aap ne ee 0 6
Kingston (Sewage Works) ...... Aleashhes (lle ac pocitec | ice
65 | Putney Heath (The Reservoirs)..| R. Hack............ 12a)
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road).| F. J. Brodie ........ 6
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...| F. Jordan .......... 1>30
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road)..| W. Marriott ........ 1. 0
Up. Norwood (Dulwich-wood Park)| J. P. Caldicott ...... 1 2
iG
1,0
ier
et)
1
e210
0 5
Lt!)
4 0
1 0
3 0

80

Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road) ...
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.)..
Sidcup (Hatherley Road)
Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....

Dartford (West Hill House)
Eltham (High Street)
Greenwich (Royal Observatory). .
Deptford (Kent Water Co.) ......
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.)....

a

Brixton (Acre Lane)
| Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ..

L. W. F. Behrens
J. W. Restler
Lionel Burrell, M.D.
W. Morris

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W. Morris
J. W. Restler
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( 18 )

APPENDIX II.
Falls of 1:00 in. and upwards.

Juty 23rp.—Dorking (Denbies) 1°42 in. ; Caterham 1-32 in. ;
Harp’s Oak Cottage 1:31 in.; Chaldon 1:14 in.; Upper Gatton
1:13 in.; Eltham 1:08 in.; Deptford 1-00 in.

Sepremper 67TH.— Wandsworth Common 1°12 in; Brixton
1:01 in. ;

Serremper 297H.—Dorking (Denbies 1:47 in.; Buckland
1:37 in.; Abinger (The Hall) 1:26 in.; Abinger (Rectory) and
Banstead 1:24 in.; Southfleet and Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat)
1-21 in.; Redhill 1-20 in.; Upper Gatton 1:19 in.; Reigate and
D’Abernon Chase 1:17 in.; Farningham Hill and Esher 1:15
in.; Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge) and Hayes Common 1°13 in. ;
Leatherhead 1:12 in.; Oxshott 1:11 in.; Chaldon and Dartford
1:10 in.; Addington Hills and Raynes Park 1:09 in.; Addington
(Pumping Station) and Keston (Bradfield) 1:07 in.; West
Molesey 1:06 in.; Sevenoaks (St. John’s Hill) and Kingston
1:05 in.; Nutfield (new gauge) and Wilmington 1:04 in.; Nut-
field (old gauge), Sutton, Addington (Park Farm), and West
Norwood 1:03 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court) and Beck-
enham 1:02 in.; Westerham (Town) 1:01 in.; Chipstead, Sur-
biton, Putney Heath, and Nunhead 1:00 in.

Ocroper 27TH.—New Malden and Kingston 1:20 in.; West
Molesey and Wandsworth Common 1:18 in.; Surbiton 1-16 in. ;
Esher 1:15 in.; Thornton Heath 1:14 in.; D’Abernon Chase
1:10 in.; Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat), Putney Heath, Forest Hill
(Dartmouth Road) and Brixton 1:06 in.; Oxshott and Forest
Hill (Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co.) 1:05 in.; Raynes
Park, West Norwood, and Greenwich 1:02 in.; Dorking (Denbies),
South Norwood, and Upper Norwood 1:00 in.

November 2np.—Buckland 1:34 in.; Westerham (Town) 1:02in.

Novemser 8rp.—Abinger (Rectory) 2°18 in.; Upper Gatton
1:78 in.; Abinger (The Hall), Harp’s Oak Cottage, and Chaldon
1:70 in. ; Caterham 1°68 in.; Warlingham 1-67 in.; Chipstead
1:56 in.; Reigate 1-58 in.; Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge) and
Merstham 1°52 in.; Dorking (Denbies) 1°50 in.; Redhill 1°45 in. ;
Purley (Tudor Cottages) 1:43 in.; Leatherhead 1°40 in.; Ban-
stead 1:38 in.; Nutfield (new gauge) 1:36 in. ; Kenley (Hazelea)
1:35 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court) 1:34 in.; Addington
(Pumping Station) 1°33 in.; D’Abernon Chase 1:32 in.; Sutton
and Kingston 1°30 in.; Coulsdon 1:28 in.; Hayes Common
1:26 in.; Keston (Bradfield) and Farningham Hill 1:25 in.;
Croydon (Windmill Road), Addington Hills, and Orpington
1:24 in.; Westerham (Town), Croydon (Woburn Road), Adding-

14 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report: Appendia IT.

ton (Park Farm), Esher, West Molesey, and Putney Heath
1:23 in.; Wandsworth Common 1:22 in.; Oxshott 1:21 in.;
Nutfield (old gauge), Wallington, Beckenham, and Thornton
Heath 1:20 in.; Beddington and Croydon (Brimstone Barn)
1:19 in.; Croydon (Duppas House) 1:18 in.; Surbiton 1:17 in. ;
Croydon (Waddon New Road) 1:16 in.; South Norwood 1:15 in.;
Waddon, Croydon (Whitgift), Croydon (Park Hill), Bromley
Common, and Brixton 1:14 in.; Wimbledon (Sewage Works)
1:18 im.; Wimbledon (Mt. Ararat), Forest Hill (Southwark and
Vauxhall Water Co.), and Eltham 1:12 in.; Farnborough, West
Norwood, and Upper Norwood 1:11 in.; Southfleet, Bickley,
and Battersea 1:10 in.; Raynes Park and Forest Hill (Dart-
mouth Road) 1:09 in.; Bromley and Streatham 1:06 in.; New
Malden 1:05 in.; Greenwich 1:08 in.; Nunhead 1:01 in.

November 5TH.—Sevenoaks (St. John’s Hill) 1:85 in.; Wes-
terham (Hill Estate) 1°74 in.; Farningham Hill 1°69 in.;
Westerham (Town) 1°68 in.; West Wickham (Wickham Court)
1:62 in.; Keston (Bradfield) and Southfleet 1:60 in.; Warlingham
1:59 in.; Dorking (Denbies) and Bickley 1:57 in.; Wimbledon
(Mt. Ararat) 1:56 in.; Abinger (The Hall) 1°55 in.; Merstham
1:54 in.; Nutfield (old gauge), Reigate, Orpington, and Wands-
worth Common 1°53 in.; Nutfield (new gauge) 1°52 in.; Chip-
stead, Purley (Tudor Cottages), Banstead, and Croydon (Whitgift)
1-51 in. ; Leatherhead, D’Abernon Chase, Addington (Park Farm),
Hayes Common, Bromley, Wilmington, and Dartford 1:50 in.; ©
Buckland and Wallington 1:49 in.; Abinger (Rectory), Chaldon,
Sutton, Croydon (Waddon New Road), and Croydon (Windmill
Road) 1°48 in.; Raynes Park 1:47 in.; Oxshott and Beckenham
1:46 in.; Redhill, Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge), Caterham,
Croydon (Duppas House), Addington (Pumping Station), Brom-
ley Common, Thornton Heath, and Upper Norwood 1°45 in. ;
Upper Gatton, Harp’s Oak Cottage, Beddington, Farnborough,
Wimbledon (Sewage Works), West Norwood, Sidcup, and Brixton
1:44 in.; Surbiton 1:43 in.; Eltham 1-41 in.; Kenley (Hazelea),
Croydon (Woburn Road), Chislehurst, and New Malden 1:40 in.;
Coulsdon, Waddon, Kingston, and Putney Heath 1:39 in.;
Addington Hills 1:38 in.; Esher, Forest Hill (Southwark and
Vauxhall Water Co.), and Nunhead 1°37 in.; Croydon (Park
Hill) and South Norwood 1:35 in.; Streatham and Greenwich
1:34 in.; Croydon (Brimstone Barn), Forest Hill (Dartmouth
Road), and Deptford 1:30 in.; West Molesey and Battersea
1:23 in.

GaNie

146.—Nores or Grounp TEMPERATURE DURING 1899.
By H. F. Parsons, M.D., F.G.8.
(Read February 20th, 1900.)

Tur annexed table shows the means of daily readings of
thermometers in the ground at depths of 1 ft. and of 4 ft. for
periods of four weeks in 1899, as compared with the average of
the three previous years 1896-8..

‘The general course of the rise and fall of temperature in the
soil has been described by me in former papers read before the
Club. ‘The special features of 1899, as compared with the
' previous triennial average, were, first, the steady fall of the
ground temperatures from January to March, due to the spell of
cold weather in the latter part of February and March ; and,
second, the high and sustained temperature of the ground in the
latter part of the summer, due to the hot and dry weather which
prevailed in July, August, and the earlier part of September.

Of the 1 ft. thermometer the lowest reading was 30°2° on
March 25th, against 86°9° in 1898, 834-2° in 1897, and 35:8°
in 1896. (During the long frost of 1895 the thermometer was
below 32° for about a fortnight; but being frozen into the tube,
the lowest reading could not ‘be ascertained.) The highest
temperature in 1899 was 71°7° on July 22nd, which is higher
than any reading in the three previous years; the highest in
1898 and 1897 having been 69°, and in 1896 71:1°.

Of the 4 ft. deep thermometer the lowest reading in 1899 was
417° on March 27th and 28th, against 420° in 1698, 39°7° in
1897, and 42:0° in 1896, and 37:4° in 1895. The highest tem-
perature in 1899 was 64° on August 5th-8th, against 62°3° in
1898, 63°5° in 1897, and 62°6° in 1896.

The 4 ft. thermometer stood at or above 56° from June 12th
to October 8th=119 days, against 113 days in 1898 and 1897,
and 128 days in 1896.

The hot dry weather of the summer of 1899 was unfavourable
to health, epidemic diarrhea having been more fatal than in
any year since 1884, and enteric fever more fatal than in any
year since 1893; while the infant mortality was the highest on
record in any year since 1848. It would seem as if the effect
of hot summers in the production of epidemic diarrheea were
cumulative: 1899 is the fourth hot dry summer in succession,
and the death-rate from diarrhea has steadily increased from
55 per 100,000 persons living in 1896, to 98 in 1899.

16

PERIOD.

seeeee

seeeee

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seeeee

Notes of Ground Temperature.

Earta TEMPERATURES.

Periods of 4 weeks.
Average 1896-98.

1 Fr.

40-2
40°8
41°7
45°8
51°7
58'8
63°8
64°8
60:1
56:9
50°1
44°4
41°3

4 FT.

ASS Wawa o's
0 a ea
SON We ccten siete etre
2 er: aR <a ai
2S ak a Jl one rs Ae
DOO ceetsaesass ss
DOO eee Morice.
GIO a eters ats sc
(5103 fae Oe a
BO Sa one cae
ASO lett caciens
Aoi oer ct vane
ADE Oe ec contac

PRESENTED
15 SEP 1900

1899.
1 FT. 4 Fr.
41°8 45:4
40°8 43°8
88:3 42-7
45°9 44°6
50°8 48°2
59°4 53°4
64:0 58-2
68°5 62:6
66°2 63:0
56°2 59:1
49:0 52°9
46°7 50°7
38°4 45°4

CONTENTS. |

a. ©

PROCEEDINGS. a PAGE

a “‘Thirtieth Annual Dees ¥ + oro DRE gd er i
President's Address ....... EM

feast" La Sorte rence at cae rege seat «: .~y shee hana eC xviii
___Byening Meetings ie a eects ames pe xxiv

; Bab. Committed yo. desks aac RES, Chad: Apes ee
- Members elected, 1899 .. “UTR ad te einen: CR XXXV
- Donations to the Silents 1899 joni ee
Exhibits, 1899 . Dyiby ok LES Mer scn se od ua deeb ayens ona elk Dame are

ant Treasurer’s Bédleine sAthost irakists 6 1a
= List of Moubes 3A Sent ee ee xl

ee ‘Title and Index to Vokune IV.

C TRANSACTIONS.
oa The Commons near Croydon and their Flora. Berd H. Puen
oa sao Parsons, M.D., F.G.8.. 00.0000. 1

Report of the Meteorological ‘Committee for 1899. tee ig
the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppeni-Bayarp, P.R.Met.Soc. ... 8

- Notes on Ground Temperature during 1899. By H. F. ars!
‘MD. Pie S. PTT eRe eEer eee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee es tenes 15

————

bd,

exo Microscopical and ice History Club
ae ; a
- ; sb Seek OFFICERS FOR 1900.

or sen passant Saas Wurraxer, B.A., F.R.S., P.G.S.
Be. Vice-Presidents. — Jonny Berney, F.R.M.S.; Pamir Crowzey,
ae ae F. ZB. 5 Henry S. Earon, M.A., F.R.Met.Soc.; Henry T.
. _ MENNELL, Henry G. ‘T'SOMPEON, M.D., J.P.,; Epwarp
gras fs ea Parsons, M.D., F.G.S. ; Ww. Murron Houmes ;
J. M. Hopson, M.D., B. Se ,
Hon, Secretar and” Treasurer. J. Townenp (Alverley, Park
ae Hill Rise, Croydon . :

- Librarian.—Atrrep Roops.

’ Council.—J. Hy Baupocg, F. C. a6 3 a: React Cuark, B.A. B. Sc.,
a F.GS8.; H. D. Gower; R. F. Grunpy; A. J. Hoge; G. W. Moore;
E. Prekor ; E. np Puarts ; N. F. Roranrs, F.G.8. 3

| PRINTED BY WHST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GARDEN, LONDON.

AN
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WH fick

Asse

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a
-

: PROCEEDINGS

OF

| - THE GROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1900-1901.

Thirty-first Annual Moerting,
Held at the Public Hall, Croydon, January 15th, 1901.

Wn. Wurraxer, B.A., F.B.S., P.G.S., in the chair.

The Statement of the Accounts for 1900 was approved.

The President announced that the following gentlemen had
been nominated as Officers of the Club for the ensuing year,
and there being no other nominations they were duly elected :—

~ President.—Jas. Epes, Jun., F.L.S.

Vice-Presidents.—Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Henry S. Eaton,
M.A., F.R. Met. Soc.; Heyry T. Menne.t, F.L.S.; Henry
G. Tuompson, M.D., J.P.; Epwarp Lovert; H. FRankiin
Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.; W. Murron Houmes; J. M.
Hosson, M.D., B.Se.; Wituiam Wuitaker, B.A., F.RB.S.,
F.G.S.

Hon. Curator of Museum.—N. F. Rosarrts, F.G.S.

Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Bauvock, F.C.S.

Hon. Librarian.—Aurrep Roops.

Hon. Treasurer.—F. J. TownenD.

Council.—W. Bruce Bannerman, F.G.S.; J. Epmunp Cuan,
B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S.; Grorce Cxixce, F.G.S.; A. Firz-
cerALD; R. F. Grunpy; A. J. Hoe ; E. Pierce; W. W.
Tortey; J. Watson Stack.

Hon. Secretary.—Gro. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton Road.

: b

xlvi Proceedings.

Anthropological Committee. —H. C. Cottyer, Beddington; J.
M. Hosson, M.D., B.Sc., Morland Road; A. J. Hoae, 5, Cargreen
Road, South Norwood; E. Lovett, West Burton, Outram Road; N.F.
Rosarts, F.G.S., 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; J. Watson SLACK,
27, Birdhurst Road; H. G. THompson, M.D., 86, Lower Addiscombe
Road; G. Cuincu, F.G.S. (Secretary), 22, Nicholson Road.

Botanical Committee. — A. Bennett, F.L.S., 148, High Street;
J. Epmunp Crark, B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road;
A. FiTzGERALD, 93, Addiscombe Road; Miss Kuaassen (Secretary),
Aberfeldy, Campden Road; H. T. MEnNELL, F.L.S., Park Hill Rise;
H. Franxuin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; Mrs. Parsons,
Park Hill Rise; C. E. Satmon, Clevelands, Wray Park, Reigate ;
Ernest Straker, Wallington.

Geological Committee.—_W. Bruce Bannerman, F.G.S., Sydenham
Road; G. J. Hinpg, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Avondale Road; A. J.
Hoee, 5, Cargreen Road, South Norwood; W. Murtron Houmgs,
Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; G. W. Moors, Bryndhurst, Dornton
Road; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill Rise; N. F.
Rogarts, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Norwood; W.
W. Toruey, 3, Marlborough Road ; THos. WaLKErR, C.E., Warrington
Road; W. WuirTakeEr, B.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road.

Meteorological Committee.— F. Campprti-Bayarp, LL.M., F.R.
Met. Soc. (Secretary), Cotswold, Wallington; J. Epmunp Cxark, B.A.,
B.Sc., F.G.S., Lile Garth, Ashburton Road; THos. CusHine, F.R.A.S.,
Chepstow Road; Batpwin Latuam, C.E., Duppas House.

Microscopical Committee. — Rey. R. K. Corser, 27, Park Hill
Road; T. A. Duxss, M.B., B.Sc., 16, Wellesley Road; E. Lovert,
West Burton, Outram Road; W. Murron Hotmes, Glenside, St.
Peter’s Road.

Museum Committee.—J. M. Hoxzson, M.D., B.Se., Morland Road ;
E. Lovett, West Burton, Outram Road; H. T. Mennett, F.L.S.,
Park Hill Rise; H. Franxiin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S., Park Hill
Rise; N. F. Roparrs, F.G.S. (Secretary), 23, Oliver Grove, South Nor-
wood; F. THompson, Lynton, Haling Park Road; W. WuirakeEr, B.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S., Freda, Campden Road.

Photographic Committee. —J. H. Baupocx, F.C.S. (Lanternist
and Recorder), Overdale, St. Leonard’s Road; H. D. Gower (Portfolio
Secretary), 55, Benson Road; R. F. Grunpy, 112, Lower Addiscombe
Road; E. Pierce (Secretary), Claremont, Balfour Road, South Nor-
wood; A. Roops, 67, Thornhill Road; C. J. L. Russexn, 56, Coombe
Road; A. J. We1GHTMAN, Endsleigh, 11, Chepstow Road.

Zoological Committee. — JoHN Berney, F.R.M.S., Chatsworth
Road; C. H. Goopman, Bryn Cottage, Whyteleafe; W. Murron
Homes, Glenside, St. Peter’s Road; W. SaviLue Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.5.,
81, Elmwood Road; E. A. Martin, F.G.S., 28, Campbell Road; R.
McLacutan, F.R.8., F.Z.S., 23, Clarendon Road, Lewisham.

Lert SE

20°
wey” .

PHILIP CROWLEY, ES@., F.L.S., F.Z.S.,

TREASURER OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.)
AND
MASTER OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF GARDENER

SS =e rl

Proceedings. xlvii

Mr. Mennell at the opening of the meeting said :—

“‘T feel that our first duty, though a mournful one, to-night,
is to refer to the great loss the Club las sustained since its last
meeting in the death of our friend and colleague, Mr. Philip
Crowley.

‘Tt is the lot of us who are older to see our leaders dropping
away one by one, and it is with some anxiety that we look for
those who are ready to take their and our places.

“Mr. Crowley’s is a loss that it will be difficult to replace.
To the personal qualifications, the knowledge, and the zeal
which distinguished him, were added in his case all the material
advantages of wealth and position, which enabled him to serve
the Club so well.

**He was our President in the years 1881 and 1882, and,
previously to that, for many years our Treasurer. Subsequently,
and up to the time of his decease, he was one of our Vice-

’ Presidents, and, until within the last year or two, he was rarely

absent from our meetings.

«His superb collections, especially of Diurnal Lepidoptera,
Birds, and their Nests and Eggs, were ever at the service of the
Club, and it would be difficult to imagine a Soirée without the
valuable and constantly varied contributions from his vast
collections. ,

““Many of our members will long remember the pleasant
evenings spent at Waddon, when his treasures were freely
opened to them, and on several occasions Mr. Crowley has
obtained the services of eminent men, travellers, and naturalists,
to lecture, on his invitation, to the members and their friends.

“] think it is fitting that we should place on record our sense
of the loss we have sustained, and respectfully tender to those
nearest to him the expression of our sincere sympathy with
them in their loss.

**T beg to move that the Officers of the Club be instructed to
carry this into effect.”

This proposal, having been seconded, was most cordially
adopted by the meeting.

By the courtesy of the Royal Horticultural Society, through
their Secretary, the Rev. W. Wilks, and the liberality of our
new President, we are able to give to our members an admirable
portrait of Mr. Crowley, prepared for the Transactions of the
R. H. Soe. ;

Mr. Crowley was the son of Mr. Abraham Crowley, of
Alton, and was born on August 28th, 1837. Very early in life
he displayed a strong love for Natural History, especially for
Ornithology.

He was for many years Treasurer of the Royal Horticultural
Society, and Chairman of its Fruit and Vegetable Committee.

b2

xlviil Proceedings.

In both capacities his services to the Society have been of the
greatest value.

He was also at the time of his death Master, for a second
term, of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners.

His death took place after a brief illness on the 20th December,
1900, in the 64th year of his age, and he was interred in the Church-
yard at Shirley on the 24th December, his friend and colleague,
the Rev. W. Wilks, the vicar, conducting the last sad offices.

His valuable collections have been by his will placed at the
disposal of the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, to
select from them such specimens as they need to complete their
own series.

The usual summary of the Proceedings and Meetings of the
year has been prepared by the Editorial Committee, and follows
the Address.

Address of the President,
Wm. Warraker, B.A., F.B.S., F.G.S.

Some Hotes on Surrep Science.

Lapies AND GENTLEMEN,

Last year I brought under your notice what had been done,
outside our Club, for the Geology of our county in the past
ten years. I have tried to carry on this work for other sciences,
but need hardly say that the work soon proved to be too great,
so that my notes had to be limited to one branch of natural
science, besides my own special one. For valuable notes on
other branches of Natural History, the ‘ Proceedings’ of the
kindred Holmesdale Club and the ‘Surrey Magazine’ should
be referred to by those who are studying the Natural History of
the county.

n MeErTEorRoLOoGyY.

As our Club does regular systematic work in this subject, an
account of some of the papers published elsewhere that refer to
the Meteorology of the county may be the more acceptable. I
have therefore carefully gone through the ‘ Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society’ and the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Holmesdale
Club, leaving those specially interested to look up other works.
It is needless to refer to Symons’s ‘ British Rainfall,’ or to his
‘Meteorological Magazine.’

1890.

W. Marriorr. Distribution of Thunderstorms over England
and Wales, 1871-1887.*

* Quart. Journ. Meteor. Soc., vol. xvi, p. 1.

Proceedings. xlix

It may be satisfactory to know that we are to the front. The
division (the same as that of the Registrar-General) in which
Surrey is placed has the greatest frequency (58°4), with the
greatest number of summer thunderstorms (43°7), and the
second greatest number of winter storms (14:7).

C. Harpive. The Cold Period at the beginning of March.*

On the 4th ‘‘the greatest area of cold was situated over Kent
and Surrey”; the minimum temperature recorded in Surrey
being 5:4° at Beddington.

A short abstract of a paper on the possibility of forecasting
weather by means of monthly averages is based on ‘‘ averages
for monthly mean temperature and rainfall for Croydon for 25
years,’’ and the ‘‘ forecasts have been published in the two best
local papers,’ with satisfaction to the author.

Capt. J. P. Macnear. On the Action of Lightning during
the Thunderstorms of June 6th and 7th, 1889, at Cranleigh.+

He tried to find out the cause of selection of particular trees,
&c. On June 6th, the objects noted were mostly ‘‘in a line
North-west and South-east, three miles in length,’’ and the
like was found to be the case on June 7th. The storm passed
N.W. with a §.K. wind.

The oak was the most frequently struck tree; he thinks, not
because they were more common, but because ‘the ronglmess
of the bark causes gaps of its continuity as a conductor.” Other
trees were struck, ‘‘but it is said that the beech is never struck.”’

There are two kinds of injury to trees, the most common a
score out of the bark of the trunk, out along a limb, and then to
the outer twigs. ‘In these cases I imagine that the rain is
falling, and streams of water are running down the sides of the
tree, forming a conductor which becomes insufficient, at the time
of discharge, to carry off all the electricity, and therefore becomes
so suddenly converted into steam as to blow out the bark.”

** The other form is the shattering of the tree, which I imagine

to occur when the electricity is insufficiently carried ‘off by the

outer surface.”

He concludes ‘‘that the causes of selection of objects struck
appear too slight to be readily perceptible, or to enable one to
say beforehand that such and such an object will probably be
struck,’’ and he asks observers to note the surrounding conditions
of objects that are struck.

W. H. Tynpatt gave a Report on the Meteorology of Redhill
for 1887 and for 1888.}

T. P. Newman, in a paper on Fog, instanced the railway-

* Quart. Journ. Meteor. Soc., vol. xvi, p. 152.

+ Ibid., pp. 229-232.

} Proc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club for 1888-9, published 1890, pp. 1-5,
37-40. ,

] Proceedings.

cutting between Forest Hill and New Cross as a sheltered place

in cold soil (clay), and therefore subject to fog, and noted a

spring at Haslemere from which a mist rises during sharp frost,

the temperature of the water being then much higher than that

of the air.*
1891.

8. Rosrron noted remarkably low temperature at’ Beddington
on November 28th, 1890—down to 2°3°, the thermometer on
the snow as low as —8°. ‘The minimum must have been about
5 p.m., the extreme cold lasting only a few minutes.’’}

1892.

F. J. Broprze. On the Prevalence of Fog in London . .
1871 to 1890.t

B. Lataam. Evaporation and Condensation (Address §).

Calls attention to a number of experiments that he had made
in Croydon, ‘‘ which throw some light upon the conditions which
promote or check evaporation.’ Detailed accounts of the investi-
gations are given, and the results of those made with a floating
evaporator of a foot diameter are that ‘‘ the annual average amount
of water evaporated in these thirteen years was 19°948 inches;
but at certain times there was condensation, and this averaged a
little over three-tenths of an inch a year. With an evaporator of
five inches diameter freely exposed to air, there was an average
annual depth of evaporation equal to 38:185 inches.” The
chief factor in evaporation is movement of the air; sunshine is
of more limited effect.

A curious result of our Park Hill railway-cutting is noticed.
It diverted water from the drainage-area of the River Graveney,
reducing this from 8:35 to 7:8 square miles.

1893.

R. H. Scorr. Fifteen Years’ Fogs in the British Islands,
1876-1890. ||

‘If we take the winter first, as being the fogsiest season, the
greatest number of fog observations is in the Thames Valley
and Yarmouth. The six months total, October to March, being
for London 680” (p. 230). But it is satisfactory to know that
a prevalent idea as to tle increase of fogs in London is baseless,
‘neither in any monthly nor in the annual curve is there any

* Proc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club for 1888-9, published 1890, p. 7.
t Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc., vol. xvii, p. 42.

t Ibid., vol. xviii, p. 40.

§ Ibid., pp. 53-67.

|| Tbid., vol. xix, pp. 229, &e.

_—

= ee ee

Proceedings. hi

trace of a regular increase’’ (p. 232). The extension of buildings,
and therefore of chimneys, is perhaps the cause of the idea.

W. H. Tynpatu’s Meteorological Notes, Redhill,* were con-
tinued later in 1896+ (for 1892-4) and in 1895} (for 1895-7).

1894.

A. E. Watson. On Changes in the Character of Certain
Months. §

Based on ‘records kept at Croydon,’ which show that the
January rainfall has decreased, so that ‘‘ from being, as it was
from 1866 to 1875, by far the wettest month of the year, it has
been, from 1881 to 1890, almost . . the driest.’”’ December
also shows a decrease, but November an increase, as also May.

December seems also to show a decrease in mean temperature,
but January some increase. October, again, is colder. The
conclusion (p. 62) is that “‘the character of particular months
may change, as time goes on, to a very marked extent.”

W. Marriorr. Audibility of ‘Big Ben” at West Norwood
under certain Meteorological Conditions. ||

Naturally the audibility was greatest at the times of least
noise, as on Sunday evenings. The bell ‘‘ was most frequently
heard with winds from West to North, and less frequently with
winds from South to Hast’’ (244); also ‘“‘the percentage of
audibility was greater with the low and high readings of the
barometer than with the intermediate readings” (245). ‘The
conditions most favourable for audibility are when a cyclonic
disturbance is to the eastward of London, or when an anti-
cyclonic area is in the neighbourhood. Under some such cir-
cumstances there is a tendency for the wind to blow as a
downward current.”

1895.

H. B. Guppy. Suggestions as to the Methods of determining
the influence of Springs on the Temperature of a River, as
illustrated by the Thames and its Tributaries.4

Treats largely of Surrey rivers, and says, that ‘‘ small tribu-
taries, like the Malden River [Hogsmill] and the Wandle...
chiefly fed by head-springs, are under the control of the springs
for the whole of their courses,’’ that is to say, their temperature
varies less than in the case of longer streams. He concludes
that ‘‘affluents mainly fed by head-springs and up to ten miles
in length never get beyond the control of the temperature of

* Proc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club for 1890-2, pp. 1-4, 23-31, 71-76.
+ Ibid. for 1893-5, pp. 16-21, 37.

t Ibid. for 1896-8, pp. 7-11, 45-53, 82-92.

§ Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc:, vol. xx, pp. 59, &c.

|| 1bid., pp. 243, &e.

{ Ibid., vol. xxi, pp. 1-11.

hi Proceedings.

the springs; that those twenty-five miles long are able to free
themselves from their sway; and that rivers forty to fifty miles
in length are not affected by the springs beyond the upper half
of their course.”’

Tables of the temperatures of the Wandle and of the Hogsmill
at various points are given.

J. BartLerr gave an account of the destruction of trees at
Bramley and Wonersh, near Guildford, in a paper by Marriott
on the storm of January 23rd*; but ‘‘ the whole devastation
was limited to a line of a little more than a mile in length.”

G. J. Symons and G. Cuarrerton. The November Floods of
1894 in the Thames Valley.t

Refer to our county on pp. 194, 204, and give a chronological
list of Thames Floods from the year 9.

R. H. Curtis. Hourly Variation of Sunshine at Seven
Stations in the British Isles.t

One of the stations is Kew, which holds the third place in
average daily duration for a year (over a period of ten years),
the maximum duration being in May. PI. xii. shows the curves
for mean diurnal variation for each month, and for the year,
during the years 1881-90.

1896.

R. Inwarps. Meteorological Observatories. §

Kew Observatory, which apparently is in Richmond, is de-
scribed on pp. 89-92. It was established in 1769, as the King’s
Observatory, for astronomical purposes, which use ceased about
1840. Here ‘all English thermometers, with any pretensions
to accuracy, are sent for examivation and certificate.” Other
instruments also are tested, ‘‘ while watches and chronometers,
after having been duly baked, frozen,” &c., ‘‘ are sent out with a
certificate of the number of marks attained.”’ After this, probably
you will not be surprised to hear that ‘‘ the Kew certificate adds
considerably to the selling price of any instrument.”

Various original observations have also been made.

1897.

Hon. F. A. R. Russert. Haze, Fog, and Visibility. ||

Most of the observations as to haze were made at Haslemere.
‘“‘The frequent prevalence of haze during a dry North-east
wind ”’ was unexpected ; but was found to occur when that wind
prevailed only to a comparatively small height, with the upper

* Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc., vol. xxi, p. 104.
t Ibid., pp. 189, &e.,

t Ibid., p. 216.

§ Ibid., vol. xxii, p. 81.

|| Ibid., vol. xxiii, p. 10,

Proceedings. - hi

air moving westward or southward, and when the maintenance
of the N.E. wind was short, so that this is in favour of the view
that haze is caused by the mixture of winds. It would seem,
therefore, that it is equally inadvisable to mix your winds as to
mix your liquors.

Mr. Russell also gave the ‘“ Results of Observations on Haze
and Transparency near Haslemere.’’*

These observations were made at a height of 680 ft. above
the sea.

“On fifty-seven days [in the year 1895] the views were
visible to a distance estimated between twenty-two and forty-
nine miles.”

‘« The season of greatest clearness corresponds with that during
which the upper and lower currents are most similar, and the
mean temperatures of sea'and land most in agreement.”

Early rising is not altogether commended, for we are told that
‘‘the early hours of the morning are, in general, hazy or misty.”

“The clearest hours . . are about the middle of the day,
say noon to 3 p.m.”

‘¢ The clearest winds are those from’’ W.S.W., W., and W.N.W.

It is not satisfactory to hear that ‘at any distance within one
hundred miles of London, or of the Black Country, observations
requiring clear views are likely to be interfered with when the
wind blows from those localities.”

K. Mawtey. Shade Temperature.t+

Some of the observations were made on his lawn at Croydon
(pp. 78-80); but I am sorry to say that he has migrated north-

ward into Herts.

One may note that the Phenological Observations reported on
by this author at various times refer to Surrey amongst other
districts. ;

R. C. Mossman. The Non-Instrumental Meteorology of Lon-
don, 1713-1896. }

Many MSS. Registers are referred to, amongst them one kept
at iighmond from 1713 to 1745.

The year of least thunderstorms was 1729, with but one. The
most (twenty-five) occurred in 1878 and 1880. The foggiest year
was 1873, with seventy- four fogs. ‘‘The great increase of fog
during recent years”’ is alas shown. The snowiest winter was
in 1887, 8, with forty-three days, whilst that of 1862, 3 was
snowless.

In the following year this author returned to the subject, with
two papers under different titles, but with no special reference
to Surrey. ‘

* Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc., vol. xxiii, pp. 145-154.
+ Ibid., p. 69.
t+ Ibid., pp. 287-298.

liv Proceedings.

C. Harpine. Hailstorm in the South-west of London, April
27, 1897.*

The neighbourhood of Streatham Hill seems to have been the
most affected, the chief damage being to plants.

The limits of the storm are shown on a map. They reach
from New Malden on the 8.W., by Wimbledon, Tooting, Streat-
ham, and Camberwell, to Old Kent Road on the N.E.

1898.
Hon F. A. R. Russexu. Results of Observations on Haze and
Transparency in 1897.t+
In this case, again, the observations were mostly made at Hasle-
mere, and they show some difference in results with those of 1895.

1899.

R. H. Scorr. On the Heavy Falls of Rain recorded at the
Seven Observatories connected with the Meteorological Office,
1871-1898. |

Kew is noticed on p. 323, but it did not have any of the
worst falls.

W. Marriorr. The Tornado at Camberwell, October 29, 1898.§

This has been described as ‘‘the most terrible windstorm
that has ever been experienced in the metropolis’; but how the
‘South London Observer’ knows this can only be explained on
the principle of the infallibility of the newspaper. The author,
however, agrees that this newspaper “‘ fairly described the damage
that had been done,’’ and adds that ‘‘ the area affected was about
half a mile in width and half a mile in length,” which tempts
one to ask what is the difference between length and width?
The area is shown as an ovoid on the map. Judging from the
direction of fallen trees, &c., ‘‘the blast must have come from
the North-east.’’ Luckily, it lasted ‘‘only two or three minutes,”
which seems to have been enough for much damage.

The Reports of Medical Officers of Health often contain matter
of scientific interest, apart from technical questions of public
health. As an example, the Report of Dr. EK. C. Sarton to the
Surrey County Council for 1899 contains a short paper by our
member, Mr. F. C. Bayar, on the “ Meteorology of Surrey” (pp.
30-34), from which we learn that the year was the sunniest since
the invention of the sunshine-recorder. We have also remarks
ou ** Domestic Water Supplies,” by Dr. Seatox (pp. 60-77), in
which the important question of the protection of water-supplies
is noticed.

* Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc., vol. xxiii, pp. 298-304.
+ Ibid., vol. xxiv, pp. 207-210.

t Ibid., vol. xxv, p. 317.
§ Ibid., pp. 19-23.

rs

Proceedings. lv

Water Suppry.

Before returning to Geology, the subject of last year’s Address,
some papers, &c., referring to Water Supply, may be conveniently
noticed together. Two of these escaped noticed before; but the
others are of late date.

1894.

G. Hopson. Epsom Local Board of Health. Report . . on
the Water Supply to the Town. Fol. Pp. 29.

Describes the existing works and the sources of supply, with
an outline of the geology. Gives a chemical report on the water
by Dr. EK. Frankland, with an analysis. Other analyses by Dr.
Jacob and Dr. Stevenson are also given. All show the water to
be pure.

The water in an eighteen inch bore-hole stands seven feet
above that in shallower bores, and is slightly harder.

1891. ;

B. Larnam, “ The Relation of Ground Water to Disease.’’*

In this Presidential Address, our member, as is not unnatural,
deals “ more especially with the records of Croydon’’; but you
may be surprised to hear that one reason for this is that we
have ‘‘ a comparatively perfect register of Baptisms and Burials,
going back to . . 1539.”

That Mr. Latham has laboured long in observations on under-
ground water is well known to us, and that he spares neither
trouble nor cost in this work; so that his words are weighty.

We learn many things: for instance, ‘‘ that the incidence of
disease in Croydon three hundred years ago did not differ greatly
from what is observed at the present time’’; that, although
cold is shown to affect health, yet, ‘‘in all probability, cold is not
an important factor as affecting the health of children under
five’’; that ‘‘ the deaths of children increase in a remarkable
degree at the period of low ground water, and the death rate
fluctuates in a singular manner compared with the variation in
the annual amount of ground water . . being . . greatest with
the lowest ground water.”

However, ‘‘ certain diseases are more rife when the water is
higk in the ground, and others when the water is low,’’ but, on
the whole, ‘‘ periods of drought mark the periods of disease,” and
‘*wet summers are usually healthy,’ which is some consolation
for bad weather.

The occurrence of fever-epidemics in Croydon in connection

* Quart. Journ. Roy. Meteor. Soc., vol. xvii, pp. 1-18.

lvi Proceedings.

with lowness of water is gone into in detail. Measles go the
other way, and apparently whooping cough.

I may be allowed to notice a Report as to the future source of
Water Supply, made by myself to the Corporation of Croydon,
and printed in vol. xiii. of their Records (pp. 103-110).

1900.

Anon. Some Deep Borings in London.*

Notes eleven borings in Surrey (of three of which, however,
details had been published), with the thickness of the various
geologic formations passed throngh, tle water-level, and the yield.

In a paper on ‘*‘ Upward Boring for Water,’’ an anonymous
writer describes a ‘‘ Proposed Scheme for Reigate and Redhill.” t

The geologic features of the district are described, with their
effect on water-supply.

‘here are old quarries and underground workings in the Upper
Greensand. As the beds dip northward these underground gal-
leries get to lower levels in that direction, and ‘‘ extend beneath
the great chalk water systew.’’ The water in the Chalk being
held up by the clayey Chalk Marl, it is suggested that ‘‘ at any
point in the tunnels water can be at once obtained by the simple
process of boring upwards through the roof.”

The idea is ingenious, but I fear that to carry it out might be
found a less simple matter than is supposed. I should not like
to be one of the boring party, not being partial to shower-baths.
It should be remembered, moreover, that a site near the escarp-
ment is not one where a large area of Chalk can be put under
contribution, and therefore not one where a large supply can
be got.

When the writer compares this scheme with what has been
done at Folkestone Waterworks, we must note a difference. At
Folkestone the supply from Chalk springs has been increased
by driving galleries in the Chalk which are nearly horizontal
(rising but slightly northward, or against the dip) into the
Chalk, from the base of the escarpment. From these borings
have been carried up some twenty-five feet, much less than
would be needed in the Reigate case, in which, moreover, the
galleries are in Upper Greensand.

Geologic sections at both places are given, to explain in the
one case what is proposed, and in the other what has been done,
and there are other figures of geologic interest, from photographs.

Analyses of Reigate Water and of water from Margery Hall
are given, the latter to show the quality of the proposed supply,
the former to show the need of it.

* Science Gossip, n. ser., vol. vii, no. 78, p. 186.
+ Water, vol. 2, no. 19, pp. 256-265.

Proceedings. —- lvii

GEoLoGyY.

As a geologist I am bound to turn at last to my own subject,
to supplement my notes of last year, and to add notes of what
has been done for Surrey geology during that year.

18938.

W. Gutrorp, in a paper entitled “ Ave there Coalfields in
Surrey?’’* gave a general account of the subject of the under-
ground range of old rocks in the South-east of England, and
concluded that the ‘‘line of probable Coalfields passes in Surrey
rather north of the escarpment of the North Downs,” and that

the title-question ‘‘ will receive an affirmative answer.”

1898.

Presumably it is our member Mr. E. A. Martin who, in
‘Norwood and Croydon Notes,’t gives a short account of
sections in sewer-cuttings, &e., at Thornton Heath, showing
Woolwich Beds, Oldhaven Beds, and Gravel.

1900.

BE. A. Martin, in a note on «Westow Hill Gravels,’”{ alludes
to the extension of the high-level gravel of Upper Norwood, as
shown by excavations for electric wires. He has clearly done
the right thing in recording the nature and position of the
various deposits along a very temporary section.

The title ‘‘Coal Mines under Surrey,” by the same author, §

reminds one of the chapter on ‘ Snakes in Ireland,” the contents
of which are simply ‘‘ There are none.” The author of course
alludes to the possibility of there being Coal Measures in the
position named, a subject which I have discussed so often that
T hesitate to start it again, though always glad to see the question
brought forward. First find your Coal, then mine it, may be
taken as a new version of an old proverb. ’
The subject of “ Underground Geology in the South-east of
England” || was taken as the chief subject of my Presidential
Address to the Geological Society; but, though reference is made
therein to places in Surrey, the remarks are only general.

G. W. Lampiuen’s “ Note on the Age of the English Wealden
Series’? is of a general nature, but affects Surrey. He main-

* Proc. Holmesdale Nat. Hist. Club for 1890-9, pp. 42-7.
+ Science Gossip, n. ser., vol, v, p- 158.

+ Ibid., vol. vii, p. 124.

§ Surrey Mag., vol. 2, October, pp. 245-6.

\| Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi, pp. lxxi, &c. ».

{| Geol. Mag., dec. iv, vol. vii, pp- 443-5.

lviii Proceedings.

tains the classification with the Cretaceous rather than with the
Jurassic Series, which had been suggested.

G. E. Distey. Zonal Features of the Chalk Pits in the
Rochester, Gravesend, and Croydon Areas.*

Pp. 490-492 are given to the Croydon District, with a short
note of five great pits at Haling, Purley, Rose and Crown,
Whyteleaf, and Oxted, the sites of which are marked on the map.

In the list of fossils which follows, the occurrences in eight
different zones are marked, as well as the localities.

J. P. Jounson. Paleolithic Man in Valley of the Wandle.t

Gives a good description of the gravel, under the four headings
of Upper Terrace, Lower Terrace, Angular Detritus of Dry Val-
leys, and Subangular Gravel of the Eocene Tract. There seems
little to distinguish the gravel of the second and fourth headings.

It is hardly right to say that the river ‘‘ flows entirely through
a tract of soft Eocene strata,’ as, at first, from Croydon to Car-
shalton, it is partly over Chalk.

Whether the sandy Drift of Carshalton, which has been
described to you,+ can be definitely said to be ‘‘a mass of
re-arranged Kentish Tertiaries”’ is doubtful, Kentish being used
presumably for ‘‘ Lower London.”

The account of the Detritus of the Dry Valleys is the more
valuable, as the deposit is not always shown on the Geological
Survey Map.

The record of a flint implement found by the author in a
section in Miles Lane, Mitcham, and of two or three surface-
- specimens, is all that strictly justifies the use of the term
Paleolithic, although no geologist can doubt that it is rightly
applied, as an age-term.

This paper gave rise to a criticism, by Mr. Rosarts,§ and
to some further notes by the author. ||

Our member Mr. W. M. Houmes read a paper to the Geological
Society “‘On Radiolaria from the Upper Chalk at Coulsdon,”
which greatly extends our knowledge in that matter.

Radiolaria are of rare occurrence in the Chalk of England,
those hitherto recorded being from the ‘‘ Cambridge Greensand,”’
which is the basal bed of the Chalk, and from the Melbourne
Rock, which is the base of the Middle Chalk.

The specimens described came from cavities of two flints
thrown out from the new railway-cutting southward of Coulsdon
station, which has been carefully watched by Mr. Holmes and

* Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi, p. 484.

+ Science Gossip, n. ser., vol. vii, pp. 69-71.

t Trans. vol. iv, pp. 288-293.

§ Science Gossip, vol. vii, no. 78, p. 177.

|| Ibid., no. 79, p. 221; no. 80, pp. 233-4 (1901).

“ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi, pp. 694-704, pls. xxxvii, xxxvili.

es

Se

Proceedings. ee

others of our members, and “it may fairly be concluded that
they came from the Holaster planus zone,’’ which used to be
classed as the uppermost zone of the Middle Chalk, and not
with the Upper Chali.

‘‘That radiolaria existed in considerable numbers in the
Cretaceous seas is proved by the fact that in the small quantity
of material examined forty-one species, belonging to twenty
genera, have been recognized.”’

Amongst the most important geological publications of the past
year is that by A. J. Juxes-Browne, entitled ‘‘ The Cretaceous
Rocks of Britain. Vol. i. The Gault and Upper Greensand of
England.’’*

There are, of course, frequent references to Surrey, and chap.
vi. (pp. 92-102) is devoted to that county. One misses, however,
any reference to the Caterham boring, which shows the greatest
thickness of Gault anywhere except in eastern Sussex, and also
any notice of the fine new railway-cutting at Merstham.

In chap. xxvi., which treats of Subterranean Extension, there
is no reference to one of our deep borings, at Streatham, in
which both Upper Greensand and Gault were passed through.

In chap. xxix., on Economics, our building-stones are noticed,
but Farnham is treated as if in Hants.

This comprehensive treatise, which is to be followed by other
volumes, should certainly be in the hands of Surrey geologists.

During the past year the Geologists’ Association has held five
Excursions in Surrey, in some of which we joined. t .

The first was at Wimbledon and Kingston, to see the gravels of
the high grounds, which were described by Mr. H. W. Moncxron.
_ The second was to Caterham, Godstone, and Tilburstow, for
the study of the Upper and Lower Greensands.

At Guildford, the Reading Beds and the Chalk were seen, the
sections being described by Mr. Coomara-Swamy, with an analysis
of ‘‘race’’ from the Reading Beds by Mr. A. C. Youne.

Then our own Chalk, at Purley, Kenley, and Whyteleafe was
examined and described by Mr. G. KE. Distey.

Lastly, Netley Heath and Newlands Corner were visited,
under the guidance of Mr. W. P. D. Sressine, who describes
the sands of the former place (resting on the Chalk). Fragments
of shells of marine genera were found in these, and more have
been found since, this being the first record of such. Should
this discovery show that these sands are of the same age as those
of Lenham, in Kent, the Crag will be claimed as a formation to
be added to the Surrey list.

* Mem. Geol. Survey, pp. xiv, 499, and 5 plates. Price Ys.
+ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvi, pp. 443-5, 510, 1, 518, 524-6.

Ix Proceedings.

Excursions.

Ist. April Tth.—Visit to the Museum of Geology, Jermyn
Street. Mr. F. W. Rudler, the Curator of the Museum, kindly
conducted the party.

2nd. April 28th.—To Wimbledon and Kingston. This ex-
cursion was under the charge of the Geologists’ Association.
Mr. H. W. Monckton reports on this excursion in the Proc.
Geol. Assoc., p. 443, from which we extract the following :—

“The first section visited was a small gravel pit a little to the
north of Cesar’s Camp, showing some 5 ft. of yellow and brown,
very sandy current-bedded gravel. The party then proceeded
across the Beverley Brook to the large gravel pit at the top of
Kingston Hill; this shows some 20 ft. of well stratified current-
bedded gravel, in places very sandy, several large patches being
evidently rearranged Bagshot sand. The gravel is composed of
subangular flints, brown and black, mostly the former; of flint
pebbles, probably from the Bagshot Beds; of Lower Greensand
fragments; and of a varied collection of quartzite and sand-
aver pebbles, many of which are probably from the Bunter

eds.”

8rd. May 5th.—Cycling excursion to Chislehurst, Eltham, and
Greenwich, conducted by Mr. E. Pierce.

4th. May 12th.—To West Wickham and Hayes, and over some
cultivated fields at West Wickham, in which a large number of
paleolithic implements have been found. Conducted by Mr.
Clinch. Upon arriving at Hayes station, the party, about twelve
in number, walked to the steep hill just above Coney Hall Farm,
in order to inspect the remarkably fine specimens of ancient
oak trees. It was observed that most of the trees had been
pollarded, and that all bore unmistakable evidences of great age.
A few of the neolithic hut-circles on Hayes Common were then
examined, and the party afterwards descended by a steep path
into the bottom of the valley on the south side of Hayes Common.
Here, at a spot known as Gates Green, was seen a good pit-
section of drift gravel, exhibiting rolled flints, fossils, and other
material derived from the chalk. By kind permission of Sir
Harry Lennard, Bart., a visit was paid to several ploughed fields
somewhat further south, and after a careful search a few palzo-
lithic flakes were discovered. The party then dispersed, some
returning to Croydon by rail, and others walking.

5th. June 4th—To Cowden and Holtye Common, under the
guidance of Dr. H. Franklin Parsons. This excursion was

ee — —
aor

~~

Proceedings. lxi

favoured by magnificent weather, and there was a good atten-
dance. A more lovely region can hardly be found than this,
where the three fair counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex join,
diversified as it is by hill and vale, wood and stream, and in
early June looking at its brightest with the vivid green of the
young foliage, the snowy blossom of the hawthorn, and the
abundance of flowers of varied hues. It is hard to imagine that
this peaceful scene was until little more than a century ago a
part of the Black Country of England, as South Staffordshire is
now. Yet that such was the case is witnessed not only by
history and tradition, but by the evidence of local names like
Furnace Mill and Hammer Pond, by old heaps of slag, and by ,
specimens ofthe local iron manufacture which are still to be seen.

The Wealden beds yielded the iron ore, which was smelted
with charcoal, obtained by cutting down the forests; and the
streams, dammed up to form ponds, yielded the motive power
for working the furnace blast and forge hammers. Several well-
preserved monuments, cast of the local iron, are to be seen at
Cowden Church, which was courteously shown to the party by
the rector. The church also contains, among other interesting
features, an hour-glass in a stand, affixed to the fine Jacobean
pulpit, and used for timing the preacher’s discourse; also some
massive timber-work supporting the belfry and spire, and taking

the place of a chancel arch.

From Cowden the party went on to Holtye Common, passing
some picturesque old houses with quaint brickwork chimneys,
and halted for lunch at the Furnace Pond. The more energetic
members of the party then walked on some two miles through

_ beautiful woods to visit an ancient camp at Dry Hill in the
parish of Lingfield, and therefore within the Surrey boundary.
This camp occupies the summit of a wooded hill more than
500 ft. in height, from which extensive views are to be obtained
in almost every direction, from Hindhead on the west to Crow-
borough Beacon on the south-east. The camp, though locally
called the Roman camp, is British rather than Roman in form,
being nearly circular in shape, not square, but following the

contour of the hill. It is about a quarter of a mile in diameter.
The rampart is fairly well preserved on the west side, where it
consists of a double line of ditch and bank, but is more or less
obliterated on other sides.

A somewhat doubtful stone implement was picked up by one
of the party. It was formed of a highly fossiliferous piece of
sandstone. These were the only fossils seen during the day,
although several quarries of the local rock—Ashdown sandstone

" —were examined. At one place where the massive beds of this
sandstone cropped out in the side of the valley the rock had been

excavated to form a rude kind of cave dwellings.
¢

lxil Proceedings.

Several interesting plants were found during the day, inelud-
ing two or three commoner in northern or mountain localities
than in the southern counties, as the bitter cress (Cardamine
amara), the bistort (Polygonum Bistorta), the mountain fern
(Lastrea Oreopteris), the hard fern (Lomaria spicant), and the
club moss (Lycopodium Selago). Others were the ramsons (Allium
ursinum), a plant common in some parts of England, but rare or
absent in Surrey and the adjacent counties; Hieraciwm murorum,
Typha latifolia and angustifolia, and Carex vesicaria. Tea at the
White Horse and a stroll back across the common to the station
concluded a most enjoyable day.

6th. June 16th.—Cycling excursion to Godstone to join the
Geologists’ Association, conducted by the President. From the
Proc. Geol. Assoc., p. 510, we extract as follows :—

‘«‘The party walked from Caterham station to the crest of the
Chalk escarpment at Upwood Scrubs, where a mass of Blackheath
pebble beds was examined, and a fine view over the Lower
Greensand tract was obtained. The walk was continued along
a footpath down the escarpment to Godstone quarry in the Fire-
stone of the Uppér Greensand, with its underground workings»
dipping northward. Some old workings near Quarry Farm were
visited, and then a new working about a third of a mile eastward,
where a good section was seen. The party proceeded thence to
Godstone, stopping at the northern part of the village to see a
sand-pit in the Folkestone Beds. The walk was then continued
to the pits of Tilburstow, which are more than one-third of a
mile long, and made simply to get the Chert at the bottom for
road-metal. At one part a small portion of the Folkestone
Beds (sand) is touched. The whole thickness of the Sandgate
Beds (clay with greensand) is passed through.. The Chert is
classed with the Hythe Beds by the Geological Society. Thence
the party walked eastward by way of the road-cutting on Tilbur-
stow Hill, and through Tandridge to Oxted.”

7th. June 30th.— To Reigate, conducted by Mr. J. H.
Baldock.

«Being away at the time, Mr. Gower kindly took this for me.
The weather was very gloomy, and but few members came. On
reaching Reigate the small party were met by an equally small
party under Mr. Brooks, who thereafter became conductor.
Ground new to our Club was traversed, disclosing some pretty
scenery, and I would suggest that this excursion be taken again
when more favourable weather may be hoped for.’’—J. H.
Baupock.

8th. July 28th.—To Chipstead, conducted by Mr. G. W. Moore.
« At this excursion unfortunately only six members and friends

-

Proceedings. lxiii

appeared, meeting as arranged at Chipstead Church, which was
examined as well as a short visit would allow. It is not
mentioned by Rickman in his list of Surrey churches, but would
probably be included amongst the mixed churches of Norman
origin. In Brayley’s ‘ History of Surrey,’ it is mentioned as
early Norman, butno date of foundation is given. Locally, 1130
is stated. The chancel, nave, and transept all contain Norman
work, and there are semicircular Norman arches with typical
good zig-zag mouldings at the west end and on the north side.
The round columns of the nave are mentioned as examples of the
Early Norman style. The windows of the chancel have narrow
lights with splayed recesses—the heads of which are angular,
and appear to be of a very early style—i.e. if now as originally
constructed.

‘*In the chancel there are several good brasses. One to Lucy
Roper, dated 1614, and a slab dated 1649, to Alice Hooker,

-daughter of the author of Hooker’s ‘ Ecclesiastical Polity.’ A

helmet and coat of arms in the chancel belonged to a family
named Stephens, of Epsom.

“The chief stone of the interior of the church is probably
from the firestone quarries of the district. The ashlar has a
good surface and is very white. The exterior is chiefly of flint.
The tower has apparently been restored, and is built of brick.
It bears a later date—nearing 1600—but I have not the actual
year. The church is dedicated to St. Margaret.

‘The parish of Chipstead is mentioned in the Domesday Book
as Tepestead, probably for Cepestead.

“From Chipstead the party proceeded to Kingswood, some
pedestrian members calling on the way at The Mint House, the
residence of Dr. Freshfield, and saw the marble capitals, also an
old Eastern household corn mill in the grounds, brought by him
from Ephesus and Constantinople. Dr. Freshfield has a large
collection of Kastern pottery and curios, which, in reply to a
letter sent to him, he said he would gladly have shown, but was
otherwise particularly engaged. Dr. Freshfield kindly suggested
a visit on a future occasion.

**At Kingswood, the little church, called the Church of the ©
Wisdom of God, built by Dr. Freshfield in the Byzantine style,
was seen. In the construction a variety of beautiful marbles,
brought from the different parts of the East, have been used.
The font is of alabaster, and is very beautiful. Tea was obtained
near, after which the cyclists and pedestrians separated and
returned home.’’—G. W. Moore.

9th. August 6th (Bank Holiday).—To Chilworth and Wootton,
conducted by Mr. H. D. Gower.
** Whole day excursion to Chilworth Powder Mills and Tangley
c2

lxiv Proceedings.

Manor.—Between fifteen and twenty members took part in this
excursion, but unfortunately it turned out a very wet day, pouring
in torrents nearly the whole of the time.

««The party were met at Chilworth station by Capt. Bouverie,
who kindly conducted the members over the powder mills, ex-
plaining and showing the method of manufacturing cordite and
other explosives from the raw material to the finished article,
after which he very kindly invited the members to his house to
partake of light refreshments.

‘‘ Upon leaving, Mr. P. Crowley tendered a vote of thanks to
Capt. and Mrs. Bouverie for their very kind hospitality ; and, as
it was still raining, the visit to Tangley Manor was abandoned,
as was also the walk to Gomshall and Shere. A telegram of
regret was sent to Mr. Flower, of Tangley Manor, asking excuse
for the party owing to the inclemency of the weather.

‘«The members returned by an early train to Croydon, and,
except for the unfortunate climatic conditions, would otherwise
have had a most interesting day.” —Harry D. Gower.

10th. August 8th.—Cycling excursion to Kingswood, conducted
by Mr. J. H. Baldock.

lith. August 18th.—Excursion to Kew Gardens.

“The day was an exceedingly fine one, and some twenty
members attended, including several ladies. The Director had
kindly given permission to photograph to those wishing to do so,
and several cameras were in evidence. All the most interesting
parts of the gardens were visited, including the orchid and
Victoria Regia houses, the rock and bamboo gardens, &c., and
many very successful photographs were secured. The party
then had tea at Kew Green, when a very enjoyable afternoon
was brought to a close.’”—J. H. Baupoox.

12th. September 15th.— Fungus hunt to Addington Wood.
Conducted by Dr. H. Franklin Parsons.

“On Sept. 15th an excursion in search of fungi was made
under the leadership of Dr. Parsons to Threehalfpenny Wood,
between Addington and Kent Gate. Fungi were not plentiful,
owing to the dry weather which had prevailed during the pre-
ceding fortnight, though not so scarce as on several preceding
occasions. About twenty species were found and identified; the
most interesting being Nyctalis parasitica, a small Agaric which
grows parasitically on the large blackened Agarics of the genus
Russula.”’

The members were also invited to join three excursions of the ©
Geologists’ Association, viz.: June 28rd, to Guildford; July 14th,

ee ee

Proceedings. lxv

to Purley and Whyteleafe; August 11th, to Netley Heath and
Gomshall; and some of our members availed themselves of this
invitation.

Eveninc Meretines.

February 20th. — The Report of the Meteorological Section,
prepared by Mr. F’. Campbell-Bayard, was read, and was printed
in the ‘ Transactions’ for last year.

Dr. H. F. Parsons also read a short paper on ‘‘ Earth Tem-
peratures,” which has also been printed in our ‘ Transactions.’

March 20th.—The paper of the evening was entitled ‘‘ Colour
Photography applied to the Record and Delineation of Natural
History Subjects,” by Mr. W. Saville Kent. This paper was
illustrated by lantern slides. (See Trans., art. 147.)

April 10th.—Mr. Edward Lovett contributed a paper on ‘‘ The
Habits of the Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimps, and Prawns of the
British Isles.” The paper was illustrated by a very large
collection of specimens.

May 15th.—Mr. H.C. Collyer gave an account of ‘‘ The Stone
Monuments of Brittany.” Illustrated by lantern slides. (See
Trans., art. 148.)

September 18th.—This meeting was devoted to the exhibition
of specimens by members, and a description of them.

Mr. Martin gave an account of Mr. Clinch’s diggings and
search for implements at Croham Hurst and West Wickham.

The President gave an account of the meeting of the British
Association at Bradford.

October 16th.—The paper of the evening was on ‘‘ The Jewellery
of Old Japan,”’ by Mr. J. O. Pelton, illustrated by many beautiful
specimens of Japanese work.

Mr. Pelton said that, correctly speaking, Japan had neither
the art of the goldsmith nor that of the jeweller. The Japanese
of neither sex wore jewellery, no vessels of silver were placed
upon their tables, nor vases of gold upon their altars, yet the art
of the metal worker was carried to a high state of perfection,

the chief object being the decoration of the sword. The vast
majority of the best works were on metals which have virtually

no -intrinsic value. The blade of the sword was seldom de-
corated at all, the ornamentation being lavished upon the guard.
The subjects of the decorations were innumerable. -They were
taken from Old Japan—its history, its art, its civilization, its
religion, and its domestic life—all were represented on delicate

Ixvi Proceedings.

chasings, incrustations, relief work, and piercings in metal of a
minute perfection such as no other nation has ever produced.

At this meeting it was agreed that junior members under 18
years of age should be admitted at a subscription of 2s. 6d. per
annum, entitled to all the privileges of membership except
voting.

November 20th.—At this meeting Mr. W. Law Bros, of the
Camera Club, London, was to have given a lecture on ‘‘ Buddhist
Jain and Hindu Temples in India’’; but, owing to his lamented
death, very shortly before the meeting, the Club were deprived
of the privilege.

In its place Mr. J. E. Clark gave an account of the Nordrach
district in the Black Forest, illustrated by photographs taken by
one of the patients at this consumptive sanatorium. Lying nine
miles from town or rail in the recesses of the pine forests, at a
' height of 1500 ft., with mountains as high again forming a
horse-shoe round it to east and north, the spot is ideal for the
purpose. Dr. Walther’s triple system consists of open-air life
without fatigue, unceasing individual oversight, and the most
liberal consumption of wholesome but carefully varied food.

At this meeting also Dr. Parsons exhibited a collection of dried
plants gathered in August, 1900, in company with Mr. Mennell,
at Fionnay, Switzerland. Fionnay is a village in the Val de
Bagne by the muddy glacier-fed river Dranse; it stands at an
altitude of 5000 ft. above the sea, and the mountains rise steeply
on either side into snowy peaks, the highest of which—the
Grand Combin—is some 14,000 ft. in height. The plants were
collected at various elevations—from the fir woods which occupy
the lower slopes, from the high mountain pastures, or ‘‘ alps,”
and from the moraines of the glaciers up to a height of some
10,000 ft.

Of the plants exhibited, a few found in the lower ground were
of South European type, as the hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis); but
those found on the high mountain pastures and moraines were
of an alpine and northern type. Some of these were species
which are rare natives of the north of Britain; others were not
British species, though mostly of genera or families represented
in Britain.

The alpine plants have many of them a characteristic habit of
erowth, viz. a rosette of root-leaves and a leafless stem bearing
one or more brightly-coloured flowers. They have also commonly
two sets of roots, viz. a long tap-root penetrating into the rock
to reach the deeply seated moisture, and a bunch of rootlets
immediately under the surface to collect the moisture from dew
and passing showers. Gentians, saxifrages, sedums, and semper-
vivums were numerously represented. ;

2

Proceedings. Ixvii

The locality also abounded in insect life, especially grass-
hoppers and butterflies. One kind of grasshopper had bright
red under wings, and was conspicuous in flight, but on alighting
on a rock and folding its wings it became suddenly invisible, so
much did its colour resemble that of the stone. Another made
a loud hissing noise like an angry snake, or like clockwork
running down. Among butterflies, two species of swallow-tails,

“fritillaries, clouded yellows, blues, coppers, and others were
plentiful; also the Apollo, of which specimens were exhibited.
Another exhibit was a wasp living in small colonies in nests
with exposed cells, and attached by a stalk to the face of rocks.
The President remarked that the swallow-tail butterfly, which
in Switzerland frequented the mountains, was in England only

- found in the fens.

November 28th.—In place of the Annual Soirée, which has
been regularly held since the formation of the Club, the Com-
mittee arranged for a lecture by Mr. R. Kearton, F.Z.8., on
‘‘Haunts and Habits of British Birds.’’ This lecture, which
was profusely illustrated by the beautiful photographs shown —
upon the screen for which the Messrs. Kearton are renowned, was
largely attended, and was greatly appreciated by the members
and their friends. The following brief report is extracted from
the ‘Croydon Advertiser ’ :—

*« On Wednesday last, at the Public Hall, Mr. Richard Kearton,
F.Z.8., gave avery interesting lecture on ‘The Haunts and
Habits of British Birds,’ illustrated by photographs taken by
himself and his brother, some of which were obtained under
great difficulties and at considerable risk. He first showed a
picture showing the special camera and the other apparatus used
by them for taking pictures of birds on nests in situations difficult
of access. He then called attention to the protective colouring
and markings in the young of birds, especially of sea-birds, and
showed how, when alarmed, they crouched down on shingle or
sand, so as to be almost invisible. Then followed several pictures
of gulls and gannets at rest and in flight, from photos taken at
St. Kilda and the Faroe Islands, where he was assisted by the
last living representative of the family of Grace Darling. He
further gave pictures of sea-birds feeding and uttering their cries,
illustrating same by giving specimens of the various calls of the
birds. He also showed an eyrie of the osprey on Helen’s Island,
in Scotland, where his brother succeeded in obtaining photo-
graphs of the birds, after two hours’ patient waiting, immersed
in the water. These included the birds perched on the trees, of
one of the birds dropping down to its perch, and another illus-
trating the down stroke of the wing when taking flight. Other
photographs showed the devices they had to resort to to obtain

Ixviii Proceedings.

life-like pictures of familiar birds, and he gave examples of the
calls of the lapwing, dove, owl, osprey, and falcon. Another
interesting series showed a great tit feeding on a cocoanut
suspended in a garden. These last had never been shown before.
He then showed a series showing the daily growth of a young
blackbird, especially noticeable from the rapid growth of the
wing feathers. One of the devices made use of was the figure
of a cow, which they placed in fields where certain birds congre-—
gated, and when the birds were familiar with the object one of
them got inside with a camera and photographed them. The
danger incurred in taking many of the pictures was considerable,
and evidenced the enthusiasm of the Messrs. Kearton in their
work. On one occasion Mr. G. Kearton suffered from a severe
attack of blood poisoning arising from gnat bites, to which he
was exposed for two hours, being unable to move for fear of
frightening his quarry; and on another he narrowly escaped
death from the fall of a boulder from a cliff, it having been
accidentally displaced.”

December 18th.—-At this meeting the President read a paper
on ‘“‘ Some New Surrey Wells, and what we learn from them.”
(See Trans., art. 149.)

‘‘On Stone and Bronze Celts recently found in the Neigh-
bourhood of Croydon,” by Mr. N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., illustrated
by specimens. (See Trans., art. 150.)

The following Reports have been received from the Sectional
Committees :—

Boranican ComMittTEsE.

The Botanical Committee have been devoting attention to the
commons and wild tracts in the neighbourhood of Croydon, with a
view to recording the finding of new or notable plants, the disappear-
ance of recorded species, and the occurrence of casuals, and to
preparing a complete catalogue of the present flora of these tracts.
The records are still incomplete, but the Committee will continue
their work, and hope to publish the details next year. The commons
which are being thus dealt with are as follows (the figures refer to the
number of species recorded for this year (1900) ) :—

Shirley Hills and Croham Hurst. 213. Recorders: J. EpMUND
Cuark, B.A., B.Sc., and H. T. MENNELL, F.L.S.

Mitcham Common. 107. Recorder: ArrHur Bennett, F.L.S.

Riddlesdown.* 129. Recorders: A. FirzGmratp and C. E. SaLMon.

Hayes and West Wickham Commons. 125. Recorder: Dr. H.
FRANKLIN Parsons.

Keston Common. 100. Recorder: Dr. H. FRANKLIN Parsons.

* Of the Riddlesdown flora, Mr. Salmon reports that the most interest-
ing records are of Huphrasia Kerneri, a new county record, and Thesium
hwnifusum,

Proceedings. Ixix

Of the general excursions of the Club at which the Section was
represented, those on June 4th to Cowden and Holtye Common, and
on September 15th to Threehalfpenny Wood, Addington, were of
especial botanical interest. At the former a number of interesting
plants were observed, including several of somewhat northern and
mountain proclivities; and at the latter some twenty species of fungi
were collected—not a large number, but more than might have been
expected in so dry a season. These were exhibited at the meeting of
the Club on September 21st. Accounts of the above excursions will
be found in the general Report.

Besides the general excursions of the Club, two special botanical
rambles were made during the summer, as follows :—

On May 17th an evening ramble was made to Shirley Hills, and
was well attended, Dr. Parsons acting as guide. About eighty-nine
species of plants were recorded; not so many, however, on the hills
themselves, where the gravelly soil supports a moorland flora not
numerous in species, as in the neighbouring roadsides and enclosures.
A patch of sandy ground near the drinking-trough is covered with a
fine turf, rich in dwarf annual plants, as Hrophila vulgaris, Ceras-
tiwm quaternellum and pumilum, Erodium cicutarium, Trifoliwm
subterraneum and filiforme, and Myosotis collina and versicolor.
Potentilla argentea was also found here. In a neighbouring hedge
were found Myosotis sylvatica and Claytonia perfoliata, both pro-
bably having been recently introduced. In some wet places were
found several bog plants not commonly met with in so dry a neigh-
bourhood as that of Croydon; among them the sundew (Drosera
rotundifolia) andthe marsh St. John’s wort (Hypericum elodes). By
the Oaks Road were found several plants not occurring on the hills
themselves, among them Sazifraga granulata ; and in Coombe Lane
the goutweed (Aigopodiwm Podagraria) and the sweet-scented butter-
bur (Petasites fragrans) have established themselves, probably from
former cultivation.

On July 5th a botanical ramble was made to Mitcham Common,
under the leadership of Mr. Arthur Bennett, and was attended by
members of the Botanical Section and two or three visitors. Train
was taken to Mitcham Junction, and the party crossed the common,
returning by Beddington station. About one hundred and seven
species were gathered or seen; a search for the rare Hypocharis
glabra, L., was unsuccessful, though the species was seen in some
plenty a few years ago. The full list is reserved for the Report of the
Botanical Committee, to be made after another season’s work.

Mr. J. Edmund Clark, B.A., B.Sc., reports that he saw at Abinger
on April 24th the first ash in leaf, but no oak in leaf before April 26th.
He saw in flower, on May 16th, a hawthorn (Crategus oxyacanthus) ;
May 19th, a horse-chestnut (4isculus hippocastanum) ; May 26th, a
white ox-eye (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) ; June 9th, a dog rose
(Rosa canna).

The extraordinary mildness of the season during the later months
of the year deserves to be placed on record in this Report, so far as it
has affected the vegetable world.

On November 4th Mr. Mennell recorded seventy distinct species
and varieties of plants in his garden on Park Hill, Croydon, in good
‘flower; these included a large variety of dahlias, nasturtiums, and
other tender plants. They were not merely survivals, as has often

lxx Proceedings.

been the case with the collection made for the Soirées, but were all in
excellent condition. A week later a night frost, not of a very severe
character, cut off the more tender species; but on the 24th November
forty-three species were still in flower in the same garden.

On Christmas Day Dr. H. Franklin Parsons made a list of twenty-
five plants in flower in his garden, to which Mr. Mennell was able to
add a dozen additional species.

On the same day the honey-bees were flying briskly.

At Haslemere in Surrey—at a greater elevation than at Croydon,
but on warmer soil—Mr. T. P. Newman made a list of no less than
forty-seven plants in flower in his garden on Christmas Day, and adds
that a big bowl of roses was cut on that day.

Of wild flowers, Mr. J. B. Crosfield informs us that on Christmas
Day he gathered, on Leith Hill and neighbourhood, in good flower,
. Erica tetralix, H. cinerea, Stellaria holostea and graminea, Lychnis
diurna, Ulex nanus, R. repens; and on January 5th, Hieraciwm
ptlosella. The knapweed (Centawrea Jacea) was found in good flower
on January 5th, 1901, by Dr. H. F. Parsons.

The President of the Club, Mr. James Epps, F.L.S., reports that
he has fruited his cacao trees at Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, which
on December 23rd had on them both a pod and blossoms.

GEOLOGICAL CoMMITTEE.

The Geological Committee has met eight times during the year,
and a like number of sectional meetings have been held. The average
number of members present at the sectional meetings has been seven.

Four excursions have been held, as follows :—

April 21st.—The Section, under the leadership of Dr. H. Franklin
Parsons, F.G.S., made an excursion to the Chalk heaps at Hooley
for the purpose of collecting fossils. About a dozen members attended.
The weather being very favourable, a considerable number of fossils

were secured, consisting principally of Micrasters, Terebratule, and
Ventriculites.

June 12th.—The Section, Reabomne about twenty, met at Waddon
station, and walked to Mr. H. C. Collyer’s, Beddington, for the pur-
pose of seeing the place in his garden where neolithic flakes and
implements had been found. On the way to Beddington a stoppage
was made to examine the Thanet Sand exposed in a pit on the right-
hand side of the road. At Mr. Collyer’s, the position of the neolithic
factory was pointed out on the banks of the Wandle, and numerous
flakes and a small number of neolithic implements were shown. A
palzolithic implement (?) was also shown. Mr. Collyer subsequently
showed the members his large collection of Surrey and other archzo-
logical objects, and entertained the members to tea.

July 10th.—The Section paid a visit to the Corporation’s new well
in Stroud Green Road, under the guidance of the President and Mr.
Thos. Walker, C.E. The spoil heaps, consisting of Woolwich Shell
Bed (Ostrea), were examined, and various specimens secured. About
fifteen members attended.

September 29th.—By the kind permission of the Town Clerk the
Section paid a visit to the Beddington Sewage Farm to examine the
rocks discovered in the foundations of works connected with the
pumping station. The party, numbering about twenty, under the

Proceedings. }xxi

euidance of the President, W. Whitaker, F.R.S., included the Mayor,
Messrs. E. T. Newton, F.R.S., G. J. Hinde, F.R.S., Councillor
Noakes, Dr. H. Franklin Parsons, Mr. G. Clinch, and some members
of the Whitgift Natural History Society. The President explained
that after sinking about seventeen feet in gravel, a hard rock had been
_ met with which was quite new to the neighbourhood of Croydon.
From the fossil contents, which were all freshwater species, including
Paludina, Unio, &c., the rock showed a change of conditions from
the underlying shell bed of the Woolwich and Reading series, which
contained the usual brackish water fauna—Ostrea, Cyrena, &e. Con-
siderable interest was shown by the party in collecting fossils, which
were exceeding difficult to extricate, owing to the very hard nature of
the rock, but a fair collection was made, including some remains of
wood and bones.

A: considerable number of geological specimens have been contri-
buted to the Club’s Museum during the year by members of the
Section, and the Museum now contains a good representative collection
of the different rocks in Surrey and the west of Kent.

Interesting sections have been exposed during the year at Bedding-
ton Sewage Farm, showing the Woolwich and Reading Beds; at Park
Hill, showing all the beds from the Upper Chalk to the top of the
Oldhaven Beds, inclusive; and at the Stroud Green Road Corporation
Well, from the Thanet Sand to the London Clay. Good sections of
Gravel have been exposed in the Brighton Road and at Thornton Heath.

The following five photographs of sections have been sent to the
British Association Committee on geological photographs :—Addis-
combe Road Sandpit, by Mr. F. W. Robarts; Sandstone Boulder,
Thornton Heath, by Mr. W. Bruce Bannerman; Gravel Pits, Short-
lands (two), by Mr. J. H. Baldock; Chalk Pit, Whyteleafe, by Mr.
J. H. Baldock; and duplicates have been placed in the Committee’s
Geological Album.—N. F. Rosarts, Hon. Sec.

PxotocRarHic CoMMITTEE.

During the past year the Photographic Section have held their
usual weekly meetings.

The attendance of members has not been large, but during the
latter part of the year members have shown a greater inclination to
attend meetings on those occasions when the lantern was in use.

It is probable that many more of the seventy members of the Club

who are known to be interested in Photography would attend, if the
room in which the meetings of the section are held were larger.
Several very interesting papers have been read, and no doubt many
members would have attended if a special circular had been sent out
drawing their attention to them; but, seeing that an attendance of
fifteen taxes the accommodation to the utmost, it has not been con-
sidered desirable to take any special measures to obtain a larger
attendance of members.

A series of lectures on elementary photographic subjects would, no
doubt, be appréciated by the junior members now joining the Club,
and probably by many others, and would tend to give the section the
position it should hold in Croydon as a Photographic centre; but in
the absence of accommodation for anything but a small audience, it
is perhaps inadvisable to undertake any such series of lectures.

Ixxii Proceedings.

Amongst the principal lectures, &c., given before the members of
the section during the past year may be mentioned :—

Mr. Baldock’s demonstration of the use of the ‘‘ Cristoid ”’ films.

A lecture on lens-making by C. P. Goerz, of Berlin.

A practical demonstration of the Toning of Bromide prints, by our
member Mr. A. P. Hoole.

A demonstration of the various methods of Intensification and
Reduction, by Mr. Baldock.

Two sets of lantern-slides, illustrating excursions of the South
London Photographic Society to Ireland and to Belgium.

A most instructive lecture by Mr. Sanger Shepherd on “ Orthochro-
matic Photography.”’

Several technical lectures of the ‘ Amateur Photographer’ series.

The section is much indebted to Mr. Baldock for his admirable
management of the lantern during the year.—E. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

MicroscopicaL ComMittTEE.

I regret to have very little to report on behalf of the Microscopical
Section.

In January last a notice was received from the Royal Micro-
scopical Society regarding the Standardising of the different parts of
Microscopes, a copy of which was sent. to the various members of the
Committee.

A sectional conversational meeting was held on February 28th,
presided over by Mr. Lovett, who gave a demonstration of fluid
mounting of subjects.

Mr. W. Murton Holmes presented the Society with fourteen slides
illustrating fish parasites, originally belonging to the collection of the
late Mr. Lee.—G. W. Moore.

Musrum CommirteEE.

The Museum Committee have to report that considerable interest
appears to have been taken, by visitors to the Free Library at the
Town Hall, in the objects shown in the Club’s Loan Museum.

No doubt the attraction would be still greater if more specimens
could be displayed in open cases instead of in drawers. The present
open case is also not sufficiently high to exhibit objects of any con-
siderable height.

It would be an advantage if a wall case could be obtained.

The Committee are particularly indebted to the Corporation for the
loan of various Roman and Saxon antiquities found in Croydon; to
Mr. Kenneth Me Kean, for the loan of part of his fine collection of
local shells; and to Mr. G. E. Dibley, F.G.S., for the loan of a large
number of Chalk fossils.

They have also to offer their thanks to the following members of
the Club :—Messrs. W. B. Bannerman, F.G.S., J. E. Clark, F.G.S.,
George Clinch, F.G.S., G. J. Hinde, Ph. D., F.R.S., F.G.S., A. J. Hogg,
J. M. Hobson, M.D., W. Murton Holmes, E. Lovett, E. A. Stebbing
Maclin, F.G.S., G. W. Moore, H. Franklin Parsons, M.D., F.G.S.,
N. F. Robarts, F.G.S., C. H. Williams, W. Whitaker, B.A., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., &c.; and to Messrs. J. C. Cambridge, F'. Churchill, J. Kidd,
Mrs. A. W. H. Lefroy, Messrs. H. Mitchell, A. J. Potter, G. H. Thatcher,

Proceedings. Ixxili

A. J. Sass, — Spalding, J. J. Springhall, and T. Woolger (who are not
members), for loans and donations.

The Committee hope that during the ensuing year more Zoological
and Botanical specimens will be lent than has been the case during
the past twelve months.

The Committee believe that it is only necessary for the Museum to
become more known to enable a very satisfactory local collection to
be formed, as they have found the greatest willingness on the part of
those who possess objects of local interest to lend them when applied to.

MempBers ELECTED, 1900.

February 20th.—Nemo.

March 20th.—Rev. G. A. Jones, M.A., 56, Heathfield Road.

April 10th.—Mr. Edward Moffatt, M.A., 65, Addiscombe Road.
Miss Nora H. Sankey, Farleigh, Park Hill Rise.

May 15th.—Nemo. :

September 18th.—Mr. Bryan Corcoran, Fairlight, Oliver Grove,
South Norwood.

October 16th.—Lt.-Col. Fredk. J. King, 17, South Park Hill Road.
Miss Kate Whitley, 11, Chichester Road. Mr. C. L. Faunthorpe, 69,
Parson’s Mead.

November 20th.—Miss A. E. Whitley, 11, Chichester Road.

December 18th.—Mr. J. W. Culverwell, 119, Lower Addiscombe
Road. Mr. H, C. H. Goodwin, Hurst View, South Park Hill Road.
Mr. A. Bodoano, 25, Greyhound Lane, Streatham. Miss Z. Mayers,
2, Friends’ Road. Miss 8. A. Gardiner, 4, Bedford Place. Junior
Members :—Master E. F. Chaney, 375, Brighton Road. Master R. K.
Clark, Lile Garth, Ashburton Road. Master Frank Hobson, 1, Mor-
land Road. Miss Josephine Hobson, 1, Morland Road. Miss Mary
Hobson, 1, Morland Road. Miss Beatrice A. Hogg, 5, Cargreen Road,
South Norwood. Miss Florence M. Parsons, 4, Park Hill Rise.

January 15th, 1901.—Mr. Bryan T. Harland, 3, Fell Road. Master
Cyril M. Croft (Junior), St. Olave, 48, Birdhurst Road. Miss Nora K.
Hobson (Junior), 1, Morland Road.

Donations To tHe Liprary, 1900.

From Individuals.— Senecio paludosus and S. palustris in East
Anglia—Mr. Bennett. Notes on the Drift Gravels of West Wickham,
Kent—Mr. G. Clinch. Some Sections of Chalk between Croydon and
Oxted—Mr. Caleb Evans. The Origin, Development, and Aims of
our Scientific Societies—Sir John Evans, K.C.B. Natural History of
Reigate and Vicinity, with List of Coleoptera—Mr. Linnell. Com-
parative Mortality of English Districts—Dr. Franklin Parsons. Notes
on the Flora of Kent; Plant Notes from Sutherland and Cantire—Mr.
Salmon. British Land and Freshwater Mollusca (Reeve); Building
of the British Isles (Jukes Brown); Physical Geology and Geography
of Great Britain (Prof. Ramsay); Monograph of the Gault (Price) ;
Geology of Oxford and the Thames Valley (Phillips)—Mr. W. Topley.
Nature Notes; Professor Prestwich’s Geology; Geology of the London
Basin, The Chalk and Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western
Tracts; Guide to Geology of London—Mr. W. Whitaker.

From Societies. — Report of the St. Leonard’s and Hastings

lxxiv Proceedings.

Natural History Society, 1899; Proceedings of the Hampshire Field
Club, volume iv., part 1; Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Society,
November, 1899; Report of the British Association meeting.at Dover;
Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, Nos. 138, 184, 135; Report
of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1899; Proceedings of the South
London Entomological Society, 1899; Bulletin of the Lloyd Library,
Cincinnati; The Essex Naturalist, volume ix., nos. 4-12; Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Journal of the
Manchester Geographical Society; Report of the Surrey Footpaths
Preservation Society; Proceedings of the Berwickshire Natural His-
tory Club; Session Book of Buncle and Preston, 1665-1690; Transac-
tions of the Eastbourne Natural History Society; The Rochester
Naturalist; A New Reduction of the Meteorological Observations at
Greenwich; Report of the Brighton Meeting of the South-eastern
Union of Scientific Societies; Journal of the City of London College
Science Society; Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’
Society; Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association ; Proceedings of
the Scottish Microscopical Society; Annual Report of the Brighton
and Hove Natural History and Philosophical Society ; Catalogue of
the Library of the Geological Society of London.

From Publishers.—Photography; The British Journal of Photo-
graphy; The Amateur Photographer; Science Gossip.

During the past year, in accordance with the resolution passed on
January 16th, 1900, arrangements have been made with the Librarian
of the Public Library for the transfer of part of the Club’s Library to
the Reference Library at the Town Hall. Up to the present, 313
volumes have been handed over.—ALFRED Roops.

Exursits, 1900.

February 20th.—Mr. H. C. Collyer: Flint Implements from Den-
mark. Mr. W. M. Holmes: Nautilus and Specimens of Ammonites.

March 20th.—Dr. Parsons: Fossils (Paludina lenta) from the
Corporation Well-boring in Stroud Green.

April 10th.— Mr. Hogg: Relics from Battlefields in South Africa.
Mr. N. F. Robarts: Bone Implements and Skates from excavations at
Finsbury.

May 15th.—Nil.

September 18th.—My. N. F. Robarts: Pyritized Wood from Mitcham
Gravel, and Transverse Section of Silicious Sponge. Dr. Hinde:
Rounded Fragment of Lower Greensand Chert, also specimens of
Ventriculites Raratus from Valley Gravels, Foxley Heath. Mr. W.
M. Holmes: Female Cockroach. Miss Klaassen: Rubbing of old
Carving from Hartland Quay, Dorsetshire.

October 16th.—Nil.

November 20th.—Mr. N. F. Robarts: Neolithic Celt from Salisbury
Plain.

December 18th.—Mr. J. 8. Clark: Specimens of Sandstone with
Unios from Woolwich Beds at Beddington Sewage Farm. Mr. H. C.
Collyer: Coilection of Bronze Celts. Mr. N. F. Robarts: Fibula and
ring from Whyteleafe. Mr. Lovett: Series of Paleolithic Implements
from Thames Valley, with models showing system of mounting in
Deer’s Antler.

January 15th, 1901.—Nil.

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TRANSACTIONS
THE CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND
NATURAL HISTORY CLUB.

1899-1900.

147.—TurEE-cotour PHoToGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE CoRRECT
Deuineation or Natura History SusJects.

By W. Savitue-Kenr, F.L.8., F.Z.8., &e.
(Read March 20th, 1900.) 7

Tue three-colour printing process as applied to the production
of artistic and commercial illustrations is doubtless familiar to
the majority of those present at this meeting; it having within
the last few years made such substantial progress, that it
promises within the next decade to completely outstrip and
supersede the older and more elaborate system of chromo-
lithography.

In chromo-lithography a complex colour subject may require
as many as twelve to sixteen or even twenty ponderous stones,
each one specially engraved and supplied with its respective colour
tint to produce in the combined print a correct replica of the
original. Add to this, that each printing has to dry thoroughly
before the application of the succeeding tint, such drying occupy-
ing at least twenty-four hours, so that if we have only twelve
colour stones to deal with, a fortnight is, at the shortest, occupied
before the result is realised.

The three-colour process, as its name implies, involves the
~ employment of three colour-printings only, in conjunction with a
proportionate abbreviation of the time occupied in its mechanical
accomplishment. It is, moreover, an essentially photographic
method; three separate negatives of diverse but scientifically
gauged intensities being taken of each subject, and the combined

c

18 Mr. W. Saville-Kent on

colour printings or positives from these negatives having a
corresponding but complementary colour ratio.

The scientific principle upon which the very remarkable colour
reproductions now obtainable have been rendered possible owes
its origin to the late Professor Clerk-Maxwell, who so long since
as the year 1861 demonstrated the fact that all the colours of
the solar spectrum, and concurrently all those of nature, are the
equivalents of an admixture in varying proportions of the three .
primary colours of the spectrum, viz. red, green, and blue-violet.

It is only of late years, with the perfecting of photographic
apparatus generally, and of plates and emulsions of extreme and
discriminating sensibility in particular, that Clerk-Maxwell’s
discovery has been found capable of practical commercial appli-
cation. Among those who have contributed most extensively to
both the theoretical and practical utilisation of this three-colour
photographic process, the names of our own countryman, Captain
Sir William Abney, Frederick E. Ives, of Philadelphia, Prof.
Joly, of Dublin, and Lumiére, of Paris, are most eminently
notable.

The outcome of Mr. Iyes’s experiments and investigations has
more especially been the production of that very ingenious in-
strument the photo-chromoscope, or kromskop, as it is more
popularly known. This is a contrivance by which, through the
medium of accurately regulated red, blue, and green-coloured
glasses and reflectors, photographs of objects previously taken
through screens of the same tint are presented to the eye—more
especially in the stereoscopic modification of the instrument—
with the most realistic fidelity. Mr. Ives has also invented a
kromskop lantern, by which, through coloured glasses, similar
realistic images can be projected on a screen. The one draw-
back, however, to these nature-like pictures as produced in the
kromskop, or with the aid of the kromskop lantern, is that they
are after all only intangible images that cannot be presented
without the aid of the complex and costly instruments devised
by their inventor. To meet popular requirements and general
application, natural colour pictures or lantern slides that are
available, like monochromes of the ordinary type, for individual
handling and examination, or for projection by any ordinary
optical lantern, have been the desideratum.

Substantial progress has now been made towards the achieve-
ment of this much desired goal. Ives himself was among the
first to produce such tangible natural colour lantern pictures,
the positives being printed on three transparent primary colour
carbon tissues, which were then superimposed in correct register.
Mr. Benetto, of Cornwall, from whom great expectations were
in evidence a year or so since, has produced noteworthy results
by the same process. Lumiére, of Paris, has employed stained

|

Three-colour Photography. 19

collodion films consecutively printed in correct register on top of
one another with the accomplishment of the same object, and
the results of his labours in this direction are likely to constitute
one of the most interesting displays at the forthcoming Paris
Exhibition.

There yet remains to be mentioned the very ingenious
adaptation of the three-colour system invented by Prof. Joly, of
Dublin. In accordance with his system the three primary
colours are all included in alternating microscopically minute
parallel lines ruled upon a single original or taking screen, and
in the reverse or complementary order on a corresponding or
viewing screen, which has to be bound up in perfect register
with each resulting positive.

The impression to the eye of these Joly pictures, with their
serried lines, while very pleasing, is highly suggestive of a piece
of tapestry work, and when greatly enlarged upon the lantern
screen the objects delineated present the aspect of being viewed
through a wire cage, or thin closely approximate park railings.
This aggressive prominence of the ruled colour lines is un-
doubtedly a fatal obstacle to the utilisation of the Joly process
for the colour registration of subjects requiring scientifically
accurate reproduction of their minuter details.

Neither of the several systems hitherto enumerated fulfilling
the requirements of the easy practical application and scientific
accuracy that is in demand, I will now pass on to the introduc-
tion and illustration of that modification of the three-colour
process which, so far as my personal experiments and experience
is concerned, appears to me to hold out the most encouraging
future prospects. In common with the original Ives transparency
system, the construction of the final positives has much in
common with the ordinary carbon process, but with modifi-
cations that have been specially devised by Mr. E. Sanger
Shepherd, a former collaborator with Mr. Ives. The essential
details of Mr. Shepherd’s process are described in a paper on
*Three-colour Lantern Slides,’’ communicated by him to the
meeting of the Royal Photographic Society, held on Nov. 28th,
1899, and are published at some length in the ‘ British Journal
of Photography’ of Dec. 1st of the same year. The practical
application of this Sanger Shepherd lantern slide process has
been so far assured that all the materials and instructions for
its employment are now obtainable through the ordinary com-
mercial channels, so that anyone possessed of a camera and
ordinary manipulative skill can compose his own natural colour
pictures.

Before proceeding to submit to you some few results of my
own experiments with this process, I may briefly explain that
the negatives from which the slides have been produced were all

c2

20 Mr. W. Saville-Kent on

taken in triplicate through a set of coloured screens similar to
that which I now exhibit, and which is in point of fact the one
with which I originally took several hundred negatives for the
composition of positives or kromograms for illustration in the Ives
kromskop. This set of screens is, as you will see, tinted
respectively red, green, and blue-violet, and the positives printed
from the three consecutive negatives taken have in corresponding
order to be printed in or stained the complementary tints of
blue, red, and yellow, and are then carefully superimposed to
produce the natural colour replica. This reversal of the printing
colours as compared with those of the original negative screens
will suggest itself as being a rational and consistent outcome of
the principles that obtain in the practice of ordinary photo-
graphy; the black of the negative being rendered white in the
positive, and the white of the negative by black. In like manner
the negative taken through the red screen has to be printed blue
because that colour represents the combined tints of the solar
spectrum minus red, which must be omitted; the red, or more
correctly pink, print from the green screen similarly represents
all the spectrum tints minus green, and the yellow prints from
the blue-violet screen the spectrum tints minus blue-violet.

The slides which I will now throw upon the screen will, I
trust, fulfil their object of demonstrating the practical utility of
this process for the correct delineation of, or, I should perhaps
say, counterfeiting, the natural aspect of the objects photographed. —
Yet more perfected results can and will no doubt be accomplished
by further experiment and experience along this same line of
research, and I shall be very pleased if what I am about to
submit to you may encourage many here present to take up this
same fascinating branch of photography.

Mr. Saville-Kent then proceeded to the exhibition on the
screen of an extensive series of subjects that he had prepared on
the system he advocated. These included representative lantern
slides illustrating all the leading natural history branches.
Among floral subjects, the orchid class was largely to the fore,
various species of Dendrobium, Masdevallia, Cypripedium, and
Cattleya being especially noteworthy. Various tropical butterflies,
suitably associated with the orchids indigenous to their corre-
sponding districts, were included in this series. More ordinary
floral types included a bright crimson Glowinia associated with a
brilliant blue Morpho butterfly; a vase of lilac, and several
groups of tropical water-lilies. Of abnormal plant forms, two
typical species of the genus Stapelia, or so-called carrion flowers
of South Africa—the one, S. variegata, resembling a spotted
starfish, and the other, S. psomaensis, clothed with brown fur-like
hair, were of special interest. It was explained by Mr. Saville-
Kent that the carrion-like odour of these flowers attracted flies,

Three-colour Photography. 21

who, in the last-named species more particularly, deposited their
eggs freely upon them, apparently under the impression that the
malodorous blossom, with its hairy clothing, was the skin of a
defunct quadruped. Mr. Saville-Kent had further observed of
the plants grown in his conservatory, that the large blow-flies
would insert their proboscis between the central rigid anther-
styles, and be held prisoners in such a position for many hours.
He anticipated that in its native country the species and its allies
would be found to be to a large extent insectivorous. A group
of scarlet and white spotted fungi from the Shirley Woods, for
which the exhibitor acknowledged his indebtedness to Dr. Franklin
Parsons for the original specimens photographed, concluded the
botanical series. Among the various forms of butterflies and
moths projected on the screen, that of our familiar red admiral,
Vanessa atalanta, complacently resting on a cabbage leaf, was
more particularly admired.

Mr. Saville-Kent, as is well known, has of late years devoted
much attention to the study of lizards, and possesses an extensive
and interesting collection of living types. Of several of these
Mr. Saville-Kent had secured life-like colour photographs. These
included more especially the Australian stump-tailed lizard, the
Algerian and Egyptian skinks, and the so-called teguexin of
Central America, which Mr. Saville-Kent has recently demon-
strated is in the habit of running bipedally, after the manner of
a bird, in common with other lizard types that have formed the
subject of his special investigation.

Fish were found to lend themselves very appropriately to
three-colour photographic delineation. A group of gold and
silver carp and a common red-spotted plaice were particularly
realistic, as also that of a John Dory with extended jaws in the
act of engulfing a smaller rock fish. A spring idyll—such as
may be often re-enacted in the woods and hedgerows around us
when the spring is fairly advanced—constituted the subject of a
more ambitiously artistic colour picture. It consisted of a bank
of primroses and bluebells, with a couple of brimstone butterflies
toying over them, while ensconced in a sheltering corner of fern
leaves a young leveret was inquisitively watching the sportive
butterflies. This lantern slide more particularly demonstrated
the latent possibilities of this three-colour photographic process
as an aid towards the composition of colour pictures, and as such
recommends itself to the attention of both the oil and water
colour artist.

Bird life constituted the subject of the concluding series of
colour slides shown by Mr. Saville-Kent. The so-called Austra-
lian wrens, belonging to the genus Malurus, were particularly
notable for their bright coloration, and coincidently formed
appropriate subjects for colour reproduction. One species—

22 Mr. H. C. Collyer on the

M. cyaneus—was a brilliant turquoise blue and black ; another,
black. and scarlet; while a third—M. pulcherrimus—combined
the tints of the two foregoing. The little emu wren, Stipiturus
malachurus, while of a more sober brown tint, was conspicuous
for the peculiarly elongated and slender growth of its primary
tail feathers. Both this and others of the preceding species were
photographed in association with Australian acacias aud other
flowering plants indigenous to their native habitats.

A justly admired peacock’s feather, in which the characteristic
tints were most realistically reproduced, brought Mr. Saville-
Kent’s demonstration to its conclusion.

Mr. Saville-Kent remarked in conclusion that the more im-
portant materials that are, so to say, essential for the successful
prosecution of this photographic process illustrated by him that
evening were :—Correct colour screens, such as are constructed
by Mr. Sanger Shepherd and the Cadett Lightning Spectrum
Plate, which has been specially manufactured for use in con-
junction with the foregoing screens. As regards ‘cameras, any
form of stand camera could be utilised for this process; many
of the subjects which he had exhibited having been taken with
a kodak camera, across the front lens of which he had slung
consecutive sections of-his colour screen.

148.—Tue Srone Monuments or Brirrany.
By H. C. Conuysr.
(Read May 15th, 1900.)

THESE monuments are mainly concentrated in that part of»
Lower Brittany surrounding the Morbihan Sea, near the villages
of Carnac, Plouharmel, and Locmariaker. and not far from the
town of Auray, a district which seems to have been dedicated to
religious and sepulchral purposes by the population of a large
tract of country. They consist of Menhirs or Standing Stones,
arranged in rows side by side, which stretch for long distances
across the country ; others are placed to form square or circular
enclosures, and some, the largest of all, standing singly ; and,
secondly, Dolmens, or Table Stones, which in this country we
call Cromlechs; but the term Cromlech is there applied to the
square or circular enclosures of standing stones. The dolmens
are larger than anything of the kind found in these islands, and
occur in great numbers, and in various states of preservation.

There are many hundreds of standing stones, but, numerous

Stone Monuments of Brittany. 23

as they now are, it is evident that they were once far more so,
for the alignments are in places interrupted by cultivated fields,
and isolated stones that were too large for removal show that
the lines were once continuous. All the stones are of granite ;
the subsoil of the country is also granite, and the land exceed-
ingly poor; and it is doubtless owing to the barren nature of
the country that the monuments have been preserved in the
numbers that they fortunately have been. It is certain that the
dolmens were places of burial, and were all originally covered
by tumuli or cairns; some few retain their original tumulus
intact, as, for example, Mont St. Michel, at Carnac, and the
fine tumulus on Gavr-Inis, or Goat Island, in the Morbihan
Sea. Both of these were carefully explored by a society having
its headquarters at Vannes, the capital of the department, and
the various articles found in them, and in other dolmens, are in
the museum there; they consist of exquisitely formed cells of
jade, jadeite, nephrite, and similar stone, some of which are the
finest specimens of the kind known; there are also some fine
necklaces of a greenish blue stone like turquoise.

In the Gavr-Inis tumulus, the sepulchral chamber and the
gallery leading to it have the upright stones at the sides, and
which support the roof, richly decorated with various designs
sculptured on the surface. The arrangement of this ornamenta-
tion shows that it must have been done before the stones were
placed in position; on one stone is a recess deeply cut into the
substance of the granite, leaving two columns in front; it is
about 2 ft. long and 4 in. deep behind the columns, which are
4 ft. high and 13 im. thick, and there is a trough at the bottom .
of the recess 13 in. deep.

The human bones found in the ahniabaes of these dolmens all
showed that they had been burned, and cremation seems to have
been generally practised; but some small stone chambers have
been found called ‘‘ Kist-Vaens,” each containing a body lying
on its side in a doubled-up position; one such is preserved in
the museum at Carnac.

Others also of the dolmens have designs and hieroglyphics
sculptured on their stones, as we shall notice later on, and the
question has been raised ‘if it is possible that they could have
been done with stone tools. Experiments have been tried, and
it is found that such designs can be worked on the surface of
granite with tools of diorite or a similar stone, but not with
tools of flint, which, though harder and bearing a better cutting
edge, is not so tough as diorite, and breaks in use on such a
hard stone as granite, just as stonemasons of the present day
use steel tools of a softer temper for granite than for limestone.

Another large dolmen near Locmariaker, called ‘‘ The Table
of the Merchants’’ (photographs shown), has the end stone

24 Mr. H. C. Collyer on the

sculptured, and on the under side of the roof-stone is a figure,
of which I give a sketch about full size, as it is not possible to
photograph it. This is mentioned by Sir John Evans in his
work on ‘‘ Stone Implements,” but he gives no illustration. He
says that it is ‘‘ The outline of a celt in its handle, carved on
the under side of the roof-stone of a dolmen known as ‘ La
Table des Marchands,’ near Locmariaker, Brittany. The end
of the handle seems . . . to be curved back beyond the socket
for the blade, which, however, it does not touch; at the other
end of the handle there is a loop iike a sword-guard for the
insertion of the hand. There is some little difficulty in deter-
mining the exact form of this incised carving, as the lines are
shallow, and the light does not fall on them.”

You see that, in addition to the details just described, there is
an ornamental scroll at the top; this seems to represent the
feathers or lock of hair so often used by savages to decorate
their weapons; so we have here a representation of a stone axe
in its handle. Many of the incised carvings seem to be more or
less crude drawings of stone axes, as will be noticed in some of
the accompanying photographs, and were intended either as a
symbol of rank of the person buried, or as a charm. Stone
axes are still used as a symbol of authority in the South Pacific
(specimen shown) and in Egypt; amongst the jewellery found
recently with the mummy of a princess of the early Empire was
an axe of pure gold, mounted in a wooden handle, which could
only have been a sign of rank. Some of the Pharaohs are
represented with somewhat similar axes in their hands.

The name ‘‘ Table of the Merchants’’ is suggestive, as the
classic authors tell us that the method of trading adopted between
the Phenicians and savage tribes was for the tribe to put the
goods they had to barter on a flat rock and go away; the traders
would then put what they thought a fair exchange and leave it;
if the tribe were satisfied, they took the goods offered and left
their own; if not, they took their own goods away, leaving those
offered, and the deal was over for that day. The photograph
shows that when the ground was higher this would have been
just the sort of stone suitable for the purpose.

The supporting stone at the end of this dolmen, which faces
the entrance, has its surface decorated with sculptures in slight
relief (as shown in the two photographs). These sculptures
were evidently done before the cap-stone was put in its place,
and many of the carvings in other dolmens show evidence of the
same kind.

A dolmen near Plouharmel, called Mané Lud, has some
curious carvings on the stones supporting the central chamber,
of which I was able to secure a photograph; the markings on
the edge of one very much resemble Ogham inscriptions, others

Stone Monuments of Brittany. 25

seem to represent axes and serpents. All these markings consist
of shallow grooves or channels about 4 in. wide and 4 in. deep,
just such as would be made with a stone chisel.

The covering stones of this dolmen are flush with the sur-
rounding soil, and on one of them is a row of wedge holes, as
shown in the photograph. The edges of the holes are much
weathered.

These wedge holes are exactly like those made by the Egyp-
tians in detaching large blocks of stone from the quarry. The
photograph shown I took some time ago, in the disused quarries
in the desert near Assouan, Upper Egypt. A row of wedge-
shaped holes was cut along the line of fracture desired. These
were filled with dry wood wedges, driven in hard, and then
moistened with water; the resulting expansion split the syenite
with such certainty that obelisks were partly finished in_ the
quarry before being detached from the natural rock. It is
evident that the Stone Age people knew of this method, and
used it to break off pieces from blocks that were too large, but
none of the stones show any signs of quarrying, and they were
all probably blocks found loose on the surface; but the method
by which the largest were got into position is a mystery of
which no definite solution has yet been offered, but it seems to
have been done by the combined efforts of large numbers of
men all pulling together, with wooden rollers placed under the
stone to reduce the friction, as shown in some of the Egyptian
sculptures. )

Sir Joseph Hooker mentions the existence of large numbers
of rude stone monuments in Southern India, erected in rows
and circles, resembling Stonehenge in dimensions and appear-
ance, and he says that they are erected at the present day by
the Kharjias, a race of barbarous hill men very low in the scale,
of bloodthirsty disposition, and addicted to human sacrifices.
Their method of removing the blocks for their dolmens and
menhirs is by cutting grooves, along which fires are lighted,
and into which, when heated, cold water is run, which causes
the rock to fissure along the groove.

The blocks are erected by sheer brute force, the lever being
the only aid.

In a dolmen near Locmariaker are some curious incised mark-
ings, of which the sketch shown represents three. Two of them
seem intended for boats with men in them; the large one is on
the stone facing the entrance, and seems meant for a pair of
eyes with eyebrows. There is not light enough in the chamber
to photograph by.

Many of the dolmens are in. groups of three or four together,
so close that one large tumulus must have covered the whole.
In some cases the base of the tumulus remains, so that the

26 Mr. H. C. Collyer on the

covering stones of all the chambers only just show at the surface,
as in the case of the dolmens of Kondossec, shown in the photo-
graphs, and several other groups near. In the case of the dolmen
of Keriaval, of which two photographs are shown, there is a centre
gallery with chambers at each side. This dolmen has been en-
tirely denuded of its covering of earth, as also has the fine dolmen
of Mane Kerioned, of which I took three photographs. ‘This is
one of the most picturesque of all. Most of the finest monuments
have been taken possession of by the French Government, and
cared for and protected by them. Notices to this effect are put
on stones near, as will be seen in the photograph of the dolmen
of Crucuno, which is a purchased one, plates having run short.

It would be well if our Government took more steps to preserve
ancient monuments in this country than they do; so much damage
and destruction is constantly going on that can never be remedied
afterwards, and priceless memorials of the past are being lost
for ever.

Another photograph shows a group of dolmens that have not
been considered important enough to clear of bushes or take
possession of, and they stand amongst the gorse in the wilds in
the condition they all were in a few years ago (the covering
stone of one shows a rounded boulder of quartzite in the granite). -
The stone of which the monuments are composed is a fine
grained grey granite, and all (with two exceptions only) are
stated to be of the granite of the country. I show a specimen
or two of granite, and also some pebbles of a jasper, &c., which
occur on the surface near the menhirs. These show a curious
weathering, as of partial solution, like half-dissolved crystals
of sugar.

The menhirs, or standing stones, next claim our attention.
Opinions differ greatly as to the original purpose for which they
were erected, but most authorities consider that they had a
sepulchral origin—in fact, that they were nothing else than rows
of gigantic tombstones ; but, with regard to the large isolated
menhirs, it is probable that they were objects of worship, or
connected with the worship of the sun; also from the super-
stitions still prevalent amongst the peasantry they may have
had a phallic significance. The largest of these now standing
is about forty feet high, but one which has been thrown down
and broken measures seventy-eight feet in all, and must have
stood seventy-two feet above ground. I show a photograph of
this, and the six feet of the broken stump-end which was in the
ground is clearly noticeable in the photograph (and still more so
to the eye) by the difference in weathering. Now this monolith
was thrown down about 1300 or 1400 years ago, when the
people were first converted to Christianity, for we are told that
when Christianity was introduced in the sixth century the

Stone Monuments of Brittany. 27

Christian missionaries began to throw down these stones, which
were objects of worship, but, finding the task beyond their
powers, they consecrated the remainder, and put crosses on
them. Crosses are on some to this day. Now, when the stone
was thrown down, the weathering must have gone on, both on
the newly exposed part as well as the rest of the surface, and
the difference still apparent and the sharpness of the fractured
surfaces, compared to the weathering that occurred previously,
shows that it must have been in a standing position for an im-
mensely longer time than it has been in a broken and recumbent
one. Again, one of the menhirs of the alignments of Kermaric
is shown by Mr. Miln, who carried out extensive excavations
there, to have been thrown down by the Romans, and used as a
cooking place for the Roman camp, which utilised some of the
standing stones in its vallum, and in this the same evidence of
great weathering is shown, which must have occurred when it
was in an upright position. Indicative of a remote antiquity, of
course some must be much older than others, and the erection
of these monuments must have gone on through long ages.
Another interesting point is the similarity of idea between the
obelisks and pyramids of the early Empire in Egypt, and the
giant menhirs and the large tumuli of the Stone Age people. Is
* it not probable that both peoples started with the same ideas,
but that the Egyptians elaborated them as civilization advanced ?
For stone monuments of similar kind are found in Algiers,
Tripoli, and Syria, as well as in Europe and in India; also
instances are known in Arabia and Persia, on islands in the
Pacific, and the coast of Peru.

Omitting the latter isolated instances, it will be seen that
these megalithic monuments form a continuous series from
Northern Africa, through Syria, Arabia, and Persia, to India,
and along the Western coast of Europe, being found in the West
of Spain, the West of France, the South and West of England,
all over Ireland, and in Denmark and the extreme South of
Sweden. They are hardly found at all in Central Kurope, and
from their distribution along the Western coast exclusively, it
seems to show that the Neolithic people who erected them were,
to some extent, a sea-faring people, or else migrated along a tract
of country now submerged, which skirted the West of Europe,
whilst prevented by the then existing physical conditions from
going far into the interior. .

The facts seem to point to Northern Africa as the original
home of these people; had they been a sea-faring race they
would naturally have spread themselves round the coasts of the
Mediterranean before venturing into the Atlantic, but this does
not appear to have been the case.

It is certain that the coast-line and climate of Europe have

28 Mr. H. C. Collyer on the

varied greatly during the human period; the northern part of
Sweden is rising now at the rate of 25 ft. in a century, so that
it must have been under water at a comparatively recent period,
and that may account for the fact that Stone Age monuments
are found only in the extreme south of that country. If the
level of the land in South-western Europe were 1000 ft. higher
than it is at present, the Continent would extend beyond the
present coast of Ireland, but the Mediterranean basin would be
represented by large and deep lakes, which would prevent people
in Africa from migrating northwards, but extensive plains to the
west and north-west, covered with forests and teeming with
game, would probably tempt them to move in that direction.

On the island of Lanec, in the Morbihan Sea, is a large stone
circle, half of which stands on land, and the completion of the
circle can be seen under water at low tide; a model of the
island, with the circle, is in the museum at Vannes. This is
conclusive proof that the level of the land has sunk considerably
since the erection of the stones.

There can be no question that a continuous lowering of the
level of the land went on along the coast of Western Europe for
ages; the latest instance seems to have occurred shortly after
the break up of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. The
numerous Celtic legends on the subject all point in the same
direction, and seem to have a foundation in fact. In Brittany,
there is the legend of the City of Is submerged by a sudden
inroad of the sea. In Cornwall, King Arthur’s Land of
Lyonnesse is said to have stretched out beyond Mount’s Bay;
and in Wales there are several legends of the sea suddenly
swallowing up Cardigan Bay. Again, there is the historical
account of the first irruption of the sea into Holland, which
drowned great part of the Batavian people about that time.

Therefore, during the Stone Age, and at the time of the erec-
tion of many of these monuments, the land may have extended
much farther to the westward than it does now, even if Britain
was not then joined to the Continent, which it may have been.
The period of submergence must have extended over a very long
time. Ireland, it is generally considered, was separated from
Britain before Britain was separated from the Continent, and
the latter event was probably a gradual one.

It is customary to term these rude stone monuments ‘‘ Druidi-
eal.’’ This name is unwarranted, there being no evidence to
connect them with the Druids, who are described as the priests
of the Celtic tribes of Gaul and Britain at the time of their
subjugation by the Romans, and who worshipped in groves of
trees; but these monuments date from a time far earlier than
that, and are considered to be the work of a race who preceded
the Celts, to whom the name Iberian is generally given, and are

Stone Monuments of Brittany. 29

represented at the present day by the Basques of Spain, by the
people of South Wales, called by the Romans Silures, and by
the people of the extreme West of Ireland, who are alluded to
in Erse literature as Firbolgs, the race who were there before
the coming of the Milesians, a short dark non-Aryan people, who
form a large proportion of those peoples of Western Europe
called Celtic. The Celts themselves came through Central Europe
in at least three distinct waves of immigration, and brought with
them the use of bronze for weapons and tools, and at the time
they came into contact with the Romans had attained the use
of iron, for we are told that the Gauls had long iron swords,
which bent in fighting and had to be straightened again.

Where bronze or iron have been found associated with the
dolmens or menhirs, there have -been indications of later work,
. in the form of secondary interments, or of intrenchments, camps,
or buildings, placed amongst the menhirs long subsequent to
their first erection.

It will be seen that these megalithic remains of the Stone Age
open for us a vista of remote antiquity, and suggest many ques-
tions of profound interest relative to the spread and development
of the human race, and the changes in the physical conditions
of the earth’s surface.

On the table are some stone implements from Brittany. Most
of them were found in the districts round Lamballe and Dinant
by the peasants in cultivating the fields, and are made of a
diorite, very hard and tough, of a dark grey colour when freshly
broken, but turning brown by weathering, as will be seen by the
specimen of natural rock; a few are of flint. There is no true
flint in the country, so it must have been brought from a long
distance. The smaller specimens are mostly of jadeite, and a
stone called by the French “ tirholite.’” The locality from
whence this stone was procured seems doubtful, but it is said
that a thin vein of jadeite has been found:on the sea-coast.
There are also some bronze weapons found in the fields, and
some stone amulets bored for suspension, also three polishing
stones for smoothing the skins used for clothing. Some of the
small celts in the museums have holes bored in them, and one
of these has evidently been begun, for the commencement of a
drill hoie is on one side of it. The small celts on the table were
collected by a resident in Brittany, and I believe were found in
dolmens.

30 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

149.—Some Surrey Wetts. (Third Paper.)

By W. Wurraxer, B.A., F.R.S., V.-P.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E.,
F. San. Inst., Pres. Geol. Assoc.

(Read December 18th, 1900.)

My second paper, in our Transactions for 1894, 5, brought
the total number of recorded well-sections in our county up to
257. Now 45 are added, bringing the total to 302. Besides
these, however, there are records of depth, water-level, &c., of
many other wells, in papers by Mr. Latham, Mr. Lucas, and
others, which would have to be noticed in any systematic account
of the water-supply of Surrey. I have noticed only wells with
some geologic bearing, and, owing to the length of this paper,
some in distant parts of tlhe county are kept back.

The wells now to be noticed are, with few exceptions, divisible
into two groups: those in which the Lower Greensand is the
source of supply aimed at (5), and the much greater number (38)
in which the Chalk is the object. Besides these, there is one
well in Tertiary beds, and one in gravel.

Of these wells, only one, at Kingston, is more than 500 feet
deep (615 feet). Only one, on the other hand, is under 100 feet.

As regards the thickness of the geologic formations passed
through, the greatest amount of the Drift, with other superficial
beds, is only 84 feet, at Southwark. The London Clay is
nowhere passed through, from top to bottom; but 300 feet of it
has been found in one case, at Raynes Park, Merton. The
thickness of the Lower London Tertiaries, where proved from top
to bottom, varies from 57 feet at Streatham to 119 at Croydon ;
and of the three members of the Series, the uppermost (Black-
heath and Oldhaven Beds) is rarely found, the middle (Woolwich
and Reading Beds, in one condition or another) and the lowest
(Thanet Sand) are always present. The greatest depth in Chalk
recorded is 858 feet (much less than the total thickness). Of
the Upper Greensand we learn absolutely, and of the Gault
practically, nothing. Of the Lower Greensand, a thickness. of
250 feet has been proved at Oxted; but the uppermost division
(Folkestone Beds) has nowhere been pierced from top to bottom:
the next underlying division (Sandgate Beds) is 38 feet thick at
Godstone, decreasing to 30 at Oxted, and 11 at Limpsfield: of
the Hythe Beds, a thickness of 152 feet has been recorded at
Oxted.

Where not otherwise stated, the figures stand for feet. Words
in square brackets have been added by the writer.

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 31

Battersea. The Pure Water Co.
Made and communicated by Messrs. Isixr.
Lined with 240 feet of tubes, 84 inches in diameter, from
10 feet down.
Water-level 48 feet down. Supply 4000 gallons an hour.
Thickness ei
2

SVU(G Niaton neetracth co sRaavlc seer satan diab ssbella«ccunedeees's paese cas pep —
[RiverGrayel) Ballast 2... .6c..ss..s..c<-esesseseaseneere 14 26
Blue clay, with claystone at 46 to
[London Clay, { AS HOGI, Kovcec ts: cccotena ee centest rene 30 56

142 feet. | Ve clay and stones .............0000 61 117
Clay and Stone ...............seeesceceere 51 168
Mottled clay and stone ............+.. 3 171
GREED SIOMEC) .eoians estes. ted dec dsseaeseeee 3 174
cee Blue clay and stone ............seeese eee 4 178

Rt tee) ds, ! Mottled clay and stone, with 6 inches

: of stone at base — ........ssceseeees 18} 1963

IBabblespyscssasceatscakanavstss sae asrnenea eee 34 200
Green sand and stone ...........+.0+++- 6 206
Grey |Thanet] Sand ........sseseeeeeseeseeeceeceeeeeneeees 30 241
Chaimilliaiiras |iiltyey i) "6 ncosnt Gee saree DunG EE ere ae rea eC aenaoee 159 400

Battersea. York Road. Messrs. Orlando Jones & Co.

: Second well. 1894.
Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Sutciirr.
Water-level 763 feet down.

Thickness Depth
FT.IN. FT. IN.

Pit (the rest bored) <..-...-..5.cec.necsocscsesessconsesnseses —_- — 9 0
Sand and gravel (mostly sand) ...... 18 0 27 0
er Driti) {Cons HG SVAIVE!|Uiasssecsepsnsnscnninencevese 4 0 31 0
Blue clay and septaria ............4+- 71 0 102 0
eb: feet] y | Clay, sandy, and septaria ............ 51 0 153 O
| Black [flint] pebbles ..............000 1 3 154 38
(tay conglomerate .........eseeeeee 1 8 155 11
(ciay Pi seeep ae SataseaeedeacsssseWseseomce 21 158 0
| Mottled GIRS) Salookcsotcen Secnocheescuonee 11 O 169 O

Testing Be Grey sand, en an inch of mundic
8 feet, | : Shhh SS a ite 13 0 182 0
NIGiTGANG lan ie onc snealessaecacstoreatereees 8 0 190 0
IGGRGIBIV Beatie o<'cnceasis cxst cca e@nceewaceas 15 6 205 6
Pebbles RUN CLA Vinetnedsnatessar asta sone 18 6 224 0
Grey running sand .............sseeeeee 6 0 230 0

net Sn fe ipa grey sand, with 3 inches of
flints at the base ....essseseeese 20 3 250 3
Cra Vee EOS oh Gees aries edanatelss sine ass 86 9 3837 0
[Upper Chalk.] { Fiints and sticky chalk ............0 138 0 350 0

Beppineton. Russell Hill School.

About 824 feet above Ordnance Datum.
Communicated by Mzssrs. A. Wittiams & Co., who made the
boring (1895).

32 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Shaft 208 feet, with beds of flints in the Chalk nearly all the
way down. Depth of water 14 feet.

Boring 150 feet in hard dry chalk, with no flints and no
water.

In summer the supply is pumped out easily in about an hour.

Bermondsey. fovel Road. Mr. T. J. Lipton’s.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Leeranp and Surciirr.

Water-level 21 feet down.
Thickness Depth
8

Pity (GE TEREMIOEC) 9. sccm acer todecwisasa nas +s scene aaa _
; . Ballast [gravel] .............0.00 13 21
[River Drift] Gravel is ne Map cdaivs nace tan 3 24
Mottled clay ....:.....secesseseee 3 27
(Baath artes crs pci cathe Mo!
Shells, sand, and strong clay 9 39
| Woolwich and | Mottled clay and grey stone 5 44
Reading Beds, relat os 1 45
45 feet. | Pebbles and sandy GIBY, ~e-sa0s 3 48
Conglomerate; pebbles and
‘sandy ClBiyirscscesecceress oss 3 51
“Very hard sand and pebbles 18 69
bate SAGs thet ses arene eetiver eeeacewaeencceeoas 354 1043
Chalk an dsHinbsiiccceccasacseeate ox. taese teu: ace cee’ 2703 375

Bermondsey. Staple Street. Messrs. Pink’s. ? Second well. 1898?

Made and communicated by Messrs. Istur.

Lined with 160 feet of tube, of 12 inches diameter, from
7i feet down.

Water-level 78 feet down in the boring. Supply 8000 gallons

an hour.
Thickness Depth
8

Well (? old), the rest bored ............sceseeeeens _
[River Gravel] Ballast ...............cssscovsceee 19 27
Bluarolay® ccvsvedsccsasesbenss sen 17 44
{London Clay, ( Sandy GIBY > | elseeascacetenensorss 22 66

45 feet. | [Peat sand and pebbles |? base-

ANOMG DEM! Veroeneatseees eset 6 72
Miotileadiclay (i. -ccssssss--0¢onees 18 90
WIS GON ERIE Boopasencccctcanacc 2 92
Mixed clay and shells ......... 7 99
[Woolwich and } Mottled clay and stones ...... 5 104
Reading Beds, Green sand and pebbles ...... 2 106
64 feet. | Clay and pebbles ............... 4 110
Green sand and pebbles ...... 5 115
Mixed sand and pebbles ...... 8 123
Dead sand and pebbles ...... 13 136
Dead! [Dhemebl sand o..cchsokssageccisadebeaasssenes 24 160

Grey chalk and flints ......... 10 170
[Upper Chalk. ] | Geli Sud finds! esac. 130 300

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 33

CaMBERWELL. Messrs. White’s, Bagshot Street, Albany Road.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co.
Water-level 23 feet down. Good supply, 12,000 gallons an
hour. Pumping at this rate lowers the water-level to 40 feet

down.
Thickness Depth
10

Dug well (the rest bored, 134 inches diameter) _—

[River Drift, | GPA Oliscess saysek usec teers. ces daeoenase 82 183
103 feet. | Gravel and sand .............0008 2 203
: Dead green sand .............c000 2s 23
peeivich, ft. | | Green sand and pebbles ......... 6 29
»ow2 “1 (Pebbles and grey sand ......... 5 34
Dark grey [Thanet] sand ...............sceseeneeceeees 37 71
OWal and itlints oe ciwcs ances sscecn sede cdecosscenccvcens 289 360

CamBeRWELL. Messrs. White’s, Cunard Street, Albany Road.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co.

Lined with 90 feet of tubes, 134 inches diameter.

Water-level 27 feet down. Good supply, 12,000 gallons an
hour. Pumping at that rate lowers the water-level to 40 feet

down.
Thickness Depth

Dug well (the rest bored, 184 inches diameter) — 113
[River Drift,” (Ballast ........c..dscsececssconesteee 7 183
94 feet. | (Ballast arid clay. ...:.:.......005.. 2h 21
[ Woolwich {Sand and pebbles .................. 4 25
Beds, 10 feet.| (Green sand and pebbles ......... 6 31
Rxeey. | PRA GE NG, .oi2c..52.<cntheasap cos ce vesssneees 35 66
lapel HINGES) taacdence uence. ex Meeses- aceteicccdsseesas 296 362

CaMBERWELL. Messrs. White’s, Neate Street. (? Artis Capel & Co.)

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister & Co.
Water-level 18 feet down. Yield 6000 gallons an hour.
Thickness Depth

Dug well (the rest bored, 10 inches diameter) ... — 12
[Woolwich and Thanet Beds] Sand &e. ............ 68 80
Cagilcranid Hints) covecsscte teste tess sere vecoccadeossecws 2193 2993

Another well in same street. Also Messrs. White's. Same authority.
Water-level 204 feet down. Supply 12,000 gallons an hour.
Pumping at this rate lowers the water-level to 40 feet down.
Thickness Depth

Dug well (the rest bored, 133 inches diameter) _ 13}
HRIVOR | @RAVEl BJ ercuvcsocstencede cas thence cc.cnes see 3 23
Woolwich (Loamy green sand .............4. 4 233
Beds, 43 feet.] | Dead green sand .............0005 a 274
Grey’ (Phaniet| sand tis. icscerscecshes ce sscceta tomer ae 363 64
Chalk and flints ....c:.ciescoscsccuvoscedescsveetwecccs dem 802 366

D

34 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

CamMBERWELL. North Surrey Brewery, Messrs. Pugh & Uo.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Istur & Co.
Water-level 25 feet down. Supply about 2000 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth
30

Dug well (the rest bored) ............cs.sseceeeeeeeeees —

| Woolwich Beds] Green sand and pebbles......... 9 39
GreendPhanen avid!) ts...5.-200:nerdnrerne ss cbaxcnenee 41 80
@halkand fiintisecssctsteccees nace scrs spe cuevn eater alenses 101 181

Carshalton. Ansell’s Puper Mill. [? Papermill Lane.| 1900.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surtcuirr.
Water rose to 17 inches above the ground (October).

Thickness Depth
8 1

DOUG setae seesath seen cee. Penn ecn sb cost nates tee cane ve + >
NESTLOVOLAY, sr wtc-svetesesnesssvevedussss 10 183
[Reading Beds, | Sandy clay .............cscesceeceeees 5} 24
503 feet. | Miotiled Clay, <.:-c.dssseecsssaderetss 25 49
Green sandy clay and pebbles 10 59
Grey [Phamot] sama sister. ..5ccscses<cusdectereses 38 97
Chalkstandtiaisy we.:.ccca-caresetsess cova: «asueneveners 2038 300 ©

Clapham Road. Wo. 139. Messrs. Causton’s. 1898 ?

Made and communicated by Messrs. Isuzr.
Lined with 190 feet of tube, 15 inches in diameter, from
20 feet down. :
Water-level 54 feet below surface in bore. Supply 12,000 to
18,000 gallons an hour.
Thickness mtg
8

DOs (Mis dewexrGuING) | saceessc.' sss sc .ee ses osedeseecase ese
[Birger | Meera vele cst encaacss tucsvs-chaudcncvaemesceseains 20 28
IBIMGIClay sien. c.cueeeteccceaseeacws see 77 105
[London Clay, Black | flint]
813 feet. | |Basement-bed | pebbles... 13 1063
Green sand 3 1093
RDedsit RNCIS wweetares te eteecsoen cer 4 111
: Dead grey sand ............scecosees 10 121
| Waolwrtels orl ahottled olay aac tee k 12973
eading Beds, L 4 i 133
41 feet.| OHI Y) AAR Gi sccurccnadscaxccuccvens . :
Hard mottled clay ............00. 143 1474
Congealed [cemented] pebbles 3 150}
CTPBN RMN. caceceronscuceesece ses 113 162
[Thanet Sand, |Hard grey sand ..............605- 9 171
44% feet. | Dark green sand .............00008 11 182
Dark grey sand .............ss0.s006 13 rer
ope Flints with chalk .....,............ 225 0
[Upper Chalk.] {Hard SroyiGhalk’ \55..0.cs,csexeo¥es 5 425

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 35

Coutspon. Reedham Asylum.

Letter from. Mr. J. C. Carter (Master) to Mr. Topley.

Well 230 feet deep. Headings south, north, and west (10 feet
high, 6 wide); the first 20 feet long, the other two 40. Their
floors are about 12 feet above the bottom of the well, and the
northern one dips down considerably.

The water (April, 1894) 20 feet up in the well, so that the
headings are nearly fwl. The lowest level, according to Mr.
Toptey, gave about 6 feet of water in the well.

Croydon. Gloucester Road. American Steam Laundry.

Made and communicated by Mzssrs. Istrr.

Lined with 175 feet of tubes, 6 inches in diameter, from
5 feet down.

Water-level 66 feet down. Supply about 1000 gallons an

hour.
Thickness Depth

River Gravel.| Ballast, with water ............... 19 1
HondonliClay, (Blue clay’ \...ccccccssesnnensesecesses 47 66
50 feet. | (Clay and pebbles (? with water) 3 69

[? Oldhaven Beds.| Hard grey sand (? with water) 13 82
. IIMB YOLAVE Pca cn nen sticetuosese dacs ss5 11 93
eee aa MOTE MICA y, Foie scs.saseacessonees 20 113
eading Beds, G A and ebbl e 118
51 feet. | reen sand and pebbles ......... 5 it
(Green sand, with water ......... 15 133

Grey ,, ‘3 5 eae 27- 160

OORT nd, {Green - Pa 5 pte RE 9 169
. THORN SANG) Wiwsecss.s<ceccess-na00e 6 175
OMaiksamMa amis este ietasesccsscdivatesdesacsdavscsesescee 75 250

Croydon. Ice Uo. By the western end of the Barracks,
Mitcham Road. 1899.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcuirr.

Water-level 12 feet down (June).
Thickness Depth
1

SHU ACAD RRCE TERRORS CPPS of ata: : Cor cece One Cee nC EEe 13 13
; 1

Se ee ae
Blue clay and shells fA ea 8i 313

[Woolwich and ta aed MOL man desis codedsdcess 3 35

Reading Beds LO) CLIN ae cic waieaiens cman anaes ase 39
40} feet.] VA Gt COCL Aye Loc asinccneisecnsevtnsences 154 544
es Grey loamy sand ..............6006 1 554
Green sandy clay .................. 8 634

Grey [Thaneli| sands. c0ccvask.<eosvasecdevncseso0t-onds 454 109

(Chalk and flints ................5- 12 121

[Upper Chalk] Usage a ; harder ......... 129 250

D2

36 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Croydon. Morland Road. Messrs. White’s Mineral Water
Manufactory. 1898 ?

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister.

Lined with 190 feet of tube, of 84 inches diameter, from
2 feet down.

Water-level 32 feet down. Supply 4200 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth
9

Well (made ground), the rest bored ......... 9
OMB, Becccoveesckaccdacsssesecace 17 26
Dondon Sia {Be GIR Wagiesses tse enscacte<ses 17 43
7
[Blackheath ( Dark gravel [pebbles} ...... 18" 61
Beds, 373 ft.] INOGK terracesdd aie Sbisn cies ocsaswtete > 623
ht | Ballast [pebbles] ............ 18 803
| Woolwich and { BIT GIG aye cenegs-ccc-ser=cecees 4 4
Reading Beds,- Mottled clay .................. 233 108
424 feet. | | Green sand and pebbles ... 15 123
[Thanet Sand, {EOCK s-ss-assssssesessesseeseee 3 > 138
41 feet. ] Sandetone [firm sand] ...... 23 149
(Dank loamy sand ............ 15 164
jel, Bi wesereetcnscscnemeeet anes 8 172
[Upper Chalk. | - Chalk andiflintie aicovecscs 51 223
SE EN 127 350

Croydon. Gas Uo. Thirdwell. 1898.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Leeranp and Surcuirr.
Water-level 44 feet down (June).
Thickness Depth

2 2

WOllPcratecvecapesscsttemncescnadecsecce as cuveddanans

[River] Gravel ...... Sir apes Bee a 41 4

. Mottled clay .......:.....s000 133 20

Beaty vs ad {Sandy aay PeAccE eaCo basec 4 24

2 feet. | ( s », and pebbles ... 14 38

(GEGY BANG ccsane sas 0scecNen ses 2 40

[PhanetSand, )) Dark. 3,0 j.cccsasssssteeese sem 30 70

36 feet. | DiGam'y ‘SALIG iee. cconcecvesss es 3 73

Groen flints ...<.cecs..scc0ees 1 74

[Upper Chalk, (Chalk and flints, sticky ... 179 253
3304 feet.| ( ,, py hard...... 1514 4043

Croydon. The Jolly Sailor, Norwood.

From §ir J. Prestwicu’s MSS.

Depth 140 feet. Water found in the pebble-bed [below
London Clay].

London Clay, 70 feet.

Bed of clayey limestone with shells [? Woolwich Beds] at
80 feet.

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 37

Epsom. Horton Manor Estate. 1898 ?

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister.

Lined with 29 feet of tube, of 114 inches diameter, 5 -feet
down; and with 320 feet, of 74 inches diameter, 2 feet down.

Water-level 56 feet down. Supply 1200 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth
6

Well (the rest bored) ...... —
Brown Clay ..ccseseeceeeeeeee 6 12
Claystome .......cecceseseeeees 6 18
Brown clay ........ssseeeeees 122 140
Brown clay and sandstone
[London Clay.] PRENUREIE Doo cssecceste00 9 149
IBFOWAUCIBY) Gacsess cea <ase0ces 9 158
IBt@ Clay a ccecssepcseocse<eoss 10 168
Sandy clay and stone ...... 153 1833
Hard sandy clay ............ 37 2204
Variegated clay ............ 103 231
Variegated clay and sand 6 237
Variegated clay ea: 6 243
=: London [? bluish-grey] clay 14 257
Eas ae Green Ale eee gata senes ats 8 265
: 11 feet. ] Brown mottled clay ...... 113 2764
Sand and clay ............0 4 279
Clayey green sand ......... 6 285
Green sand and pebbles ... 4 2913
Grey SANG Sete. cass ace.c2-~-e 4 293
[Thanet Sand, GYBeNISATIG! «coe. s0e.nseccns ce. 14 307
een SEGUE AEs RCS ccinésssess 1 308
Ghali anG Hints o ty..acasces-deesecedsesecec'ece +o 142 450

Godstone. Bransfield House, just northward of the Church.
1898 ?

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surtcuirr.

Water-level 35 feet down.
Thickness Depth
3 3

Sandy clay ........0.......c000
SANG) ie oe sccs sees cetescencecccees 6 9
Running sand ............... 19 28
BLOHGiisseecat<scedecssvssccsseess it 29
Samal Stone and sand ............... 5 34
eds. Blowing sand ............+6. 11 45
DORA oe scsess cavvactessous 27 72
Green sand .............000ee 2 44
SMTIG SHIIG! sncucanesovedcoscuors 22 96
Dark sandy clay ............ 8 104
[Sandgate Hard stony marl ............ 5 109

Beds, 38 feet.| | Sandy clay and stone ...... 124 1213

iythenmarl” vicccsevsckdve sce 124 134

38 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

- Thickness Depth
Very hard stone ......... 4 138
Stone and sand............ 3 141
WANG VNCLAV IE ssscererccser os 3 144
ee sree + Stone and clay ............ 24 1464
3 Sin and sandy clay ... 13} 160
Stone and sand ............ 4 164
BANG ys Clay Ts. ccezcrP sens 8 172

Kennington Road. Lambeth Baths.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Baxer.
Water-level 90 feet below road-level.

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. FY. IN.

: : Ballast [gravel]............ 19 0 19 0
[River Drift] {Bei ot dines vo 10 2% 0
Bnei clever cet cee ves cuean ss 69 6 89 6
Dace ra : \ Rastdy EN Aietormaorepeehicr ie 96 9
Sr we” DODBIGS Ys.. nc0otinwcticsieoe 29 99 6
Fine grey sand ............ 5 0 104 6
EfardistonGs sisccessssceses lI 8 10599

SRTIG es eakcres pacer censceere 0! 8:7 106 40R.
PALIOSLOMCied ese weenlvepeove se 0 8 106 8
Pebbles’ (2302 eves sess sous 0 41070
, : Very hard stone ......... 2 0. 103,/0
BEE ba Smtr Dark grey sand ............ 66. Lone
67 feet} 4 Light-coloured clay ...... 11 0 126 6
*. ID ERICIAIY /ocb ke ececasonsrts 4 0 1380 6
Shielkohed: yosec-caeeee nes 2 0 182 6
Clay and shells ............ LOSS Gs
Dark sandy clay ......... 8 6 142 0
Clay and pebbles ......... 19°. 6) .AGISgS
PEDDIBS at stareri ses stents 5 O 166 6
DarkShand<. sevcesscscssects 22 168 8
Para {thanet Bia beens, Reeds 16 0. 184 8
ydasaon eet. ] Green-coated flints ...... 2 0 186.5
Gh aly suse esse cente ocaces st veicavahvestexetes 229 4 416 O

The total is given as 406 feet.

Kingston. Hodgson’s Brewery. Second well. 1896.

Thickness Depth

BallantiliGravel|itasc. ceecocseseenacnessueeereecs 14 14
Blue [London] clay, full of clay-stones ... 245 259
[Reading and (Mottled clays ............ 65 324
Thanet Beds.| | Not described ............ 30 354

Chalk

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 39

Kingston. Messrs. R. White é Sons.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Ister.

Shaft 9 feet, the rest bored. Lined with 365 feet of tubes, of
83 inches diameter, from 22 feet down.

Water-level 23 feet down. Supply 540 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth

Gravel and clay ............... 9 9
[River Drift.] {Greve Sus esGev encase cxcarantensens 6 15
Gravel and clay ............... 7 22,
(Clay and clay-stones ......... 85 107
Gravel [? pebbles] ............ 4 111
CIBIVE Mecstnes tase isveetaédacewess 10 121
Clay and stones ............... 7 128
(nae el erocetndke adoeoaceeteececas 16 144
Clay and stones ............... 3 147
[London Clay, j Clay ......csssssseessecseseseeeeee 2 149
246 feet. | Clay-stome ....i.....0..0.00ceeeeee 3 152
edie age les a 8 160
Clay and stones ............64 11 171
Claivaate cttw tas ta voasacess teres 8 179
Clay and stones ............4.. 83 262
[Basement-bed] Blue clay and
Mee OD DLGH Ma ey et tctl sos ie Sones 6 268
Mottled clay and sand......... 6 274
Blowing sand ...............445 2 276
[Woolwich and | Sand and clay ...............05. 2 278
Reading Beds, Mottled clay ...............00008- 51 329
85 feet. | Green sand 2.02. 4..ssc0cceeeeee 6 309
Mottled clay ......5.....0...0000 2 337
‘Sand [may as Thanet Sand] 16 353
Flints and chalk ............... 181 584
[Upper Chalk, |Grey chalk ...............0..00 45 —° 579
262 feet. | WOMB ete souks tvs sane. csuccerans. 16 595
Grey chalk ............cccseeeee 20 615

Lambeth, Messrs. J. CU. d J. Field’s (? at the back of
the Canterbury). 1889 ?

Made and communicated by Mussrs. IstEr.
Lined with 100 feet of tubes, 154 inches in diameter, from 28
feet down; and with 215 feet, 114 inches in diameter, from
12 feet down.
Water-level 90 feet down. Supply 7000 gallons an hour.

40 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Thickness Depth

IDitigy Roast thse te teense soccetatenais sev eavor deb suce sch eceisct _ 15
(Live s Lgravel| and sand 3 18
a : ST MENB ATIC | fe deg ncpiones yscdvaess 2 20
Lok ent Pa abe ker ccseetecroste +55 ecceee 5 25
: ie BONG SAAC esccsss asso seer 3 28
DU BG oc se vocertestsessctoe ness 5 33
Clay, with claystone at 40 to

AV IGGL. satavecscstes cctsedese 29 62
[London Clay, ea mar] and stone ......... 1 63
2102 feet.) Be Re Raa 46 109
a na (8 S10) 1 (2% Sa cS GOR ERO ASE. 5 114
[ciay aa a Ae 19 138
Pebbles & sand{? Basement-bed|] 2 135
Mixed marl and sand ......... 10 145
Mixed mantle tas .sBeccewectecesss 12 157
Mottled claiy viertessss+cssavece es + 161
[Reading Beds, / Pebbles ..........e-ssceseseneseee il 162
? 55 feet. | BEONGy.ccsareeevevernsstecdsecase on 2 164
Mottled clay ..................00: 14 178

Ballast [? pebbien] Sa yteese exes 22 1803 :

oe een sand and pebbles ...... 93 190
Sand! ei arwssdereck ooteseccste thee te 14 204

eee as Gray Bail icy. Ses tssccstettens> 7 211 :
ogee Band ° e780, ees eats 14. 295

Challc'and Hints ates 5 ces es parece cane ee eeurtmaacees 179 404

Lambeth. Lambeth Distillery, Messrs. Daun and Vallentin.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Isier.

Lined with 85 feet of tubes, 84 inches in diameter, from
93 feet down; and with 215 feet, 74 inches in diameter, from
9 feet down.

Water-level 81 feet down. Supply 4000 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth
8 8

Madey atoundics.. ceases csccvachiltsanresenacesemonensssc

Fate GER VEU sear nt tiievenns seas sdctnanescngevenuns 233 314

London Clay, {Blue clay .......-.seeeseeeseeeees 903 122
93 feet. | | Rock SSR rime Sa 2 1243

: IN [Corte Keys cl Ph Ae gpeoooceaceereeicds 373 162
[Beading Beds, | Blac [Aint] pebbles | ......... Bh TageH
eet. | (Pebbles and sand ............04 6 1713
[Thanet Sand, (Green sand ..............ce0000- 13 1843

2 ASE Poetye Grey SANG vcs .dveesesccnnaua dense 302 215

Chalk pete re eaten There agen: akiciaslte asics gdest acess spsenes 105 520

Leatherhead. Waterworks. 1898.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcrirr,
Water-level 33 feet down (December).

es

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 41

Thickness Depth
2 2

RUE D, Araceae sete wian bccavSe oss cottesicasSunaiwuctanette

[River Gravel.| Ballast, big flints .................. 18 20
{ Rubbly chalk and flints ......... 18 38

[Upper Chalk.] ; Hard grey rock ...............00000 2 40
(Chalk and flints sss. 222 262

Limpsfield. Church Missionaries’ Children’s Home (College,
about half a mile south of the church). Boring, N.N.W. of the
building. 1895.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcuirr,
and from information on the spot (1900).

About 450 feet above Ordnance Datum (? less).

Water-level 122 feet down (140, later ?). Yield about 60,000
gallons a day.

Thickness Depth

[Folkestone Sand and ironstone ............... 18 18
Beds. | bee sand (moisture at 22 ft.) 25 43
|? Sandgate Blue sandy clay- ...............0s. 7 50
Beds, | A PEONNISANIE jai ccawsscccs sees eoecccd 2 52
11 feet. | Sand and clay ...........s0..00000 2 54
SQECOD SANA ee s.c6 cccck esos: ose 4 58

Hard sandstone ..............2645 3+ 61}

Layers of soft sandstone and

very hard rock (chert an

inch and 2 inches thick) ... 23 64
! Layers of white sandstone (a foot
to 2 feet thick) and clay (3

to 6 inches thick) ............ 20 84
Hard loamy sand ................+. 6 90
DSANUSIOUE) pont 00< arch woxeewcsces- eos 1 91
{Hythe Beds, Hard loamy sand and thin bands
107} feet. | Of sANdSEONE .........0....000. 22 113
Hard rock and sandstone ...... 14 1144
Loamy sand and sandstone 4} 119
Coarser brown sand. Water at
IPD 0275) Pee Gee eee er Be 6 125
Coarse sand and sandstone ... 5 130
Loamy sand; a foot of sand at
WOBIEEEY 5. eccs os csBeeecscencste 143 1443
Hard sand and rock ............... 63 151
| Coarse sand and sandstone 2 153
Blue sandy clay and sandstone 83 1613

Merton. Abbey. For the Southwark and Vauxhall Water Co.
1897.

Communicated by Mr. J. W. Restier, Engineer to the Co.
Shaft. 46 feet above Ordnance Datum.
Water stood 43 feet down.

42 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. ‘FT. IN.
Surface and Ashes ....:..cssqu-ccsesssenseccorsssseres 5 0 5 0
MellowiGlay iysseessscassesseesesa 12 0 17 0
Blue clay, with clay-stones(1 ft.
at 32 feet, 4 in. at 47 feet,
6in. at 50 feet, 1 ft. at

55 feet, 14 ft. at 953 feet) 124 0 141 O
ee rs a tery auiseaid date sacs. 10 142 0
te pee ie lie sc ccheseene teeter ees tu oes 2 0 144 0
IBIMIGNGIBY ccrscarscsnerssss-evecee 4 0 148 0
Rte g Gly. crsctecrescbccr= +60 3 4 151 4

Blue clay (specimen of lignite,
from 1634 to 1643) ...... 17), Bo S169sse
Mottled! clay :22.-c-s0se--+.00- 7 0 6 0
Light mottled clay ............ 5 0 181 O
| Woolwich and ] Mottled Gliiy:c--.-.20.--c-50-00s- 4 0 185 0
Reading Beds} Shellsiiscs.ccsse-cctccscrseseosecses 1) 2) 1see
32 feet. | Mottled clay .........0..ssscesee 7 8 193 10
Black peaty clay ............0+ 0 6 194 4
BHD Y CLA Visrcaceesoepecer ste en ners 6 8 (20080
GOON BANG: aesuerevea descends wae 22 0 223 0
[Ppeneh Bans J Dark green sand .........0es00 0 6 2238 6
eet] (Pebbles and flints ...........04. 1 6 2% 0
Ciba Ny eateetan ts ecentta os .cducess~cecphsassesseececelcse 10 0 235 0O

Perhaps the London Clay should only be carried to 141 feet.

Merton. Raynes Park. Trial boring, for the Southwark and
Vaurhall Water Co. 1897.

Communicated by Mr. J. W. Restier, Engineer to the Co.
A little over 43 feet above Ordnance Datum.

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. ‘FD, IN,

Surface [soil] ....... i pVemtcwencatesvuaseubiaacs ses 0 9 0 9
BViellowe Clay: A orcressnceocep abi cers iL 21

| Drift | Gravel Po crvak aus cee cadetaneeetens 011 3. 10
WOSTSE {RHINO Fac vecctaranccsavccens 7 | oi

(Blue clay, with twelve layers
of clay-stones [septaria] a
foot thick 274 feet down ;

| 14 in. about 46 feet down;
a foot 123 feet down; 14

| feet 1524 feet down; 8 in.

4

[London Clay, " at 1744. and 183 feet down;

300% feet.| ? 3 in. at 206 feet down;

| afoot thick 235 feet down ;
| 4in. 260 feet down; Sin.
2624 and 268 feet down;
| and 4in. at272feetdown 299 5 305 O
\ [Basement-bed.| Pebbles ... 1 0 306 0

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 43

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. FT. IN.

Coloured [mottled] clay ...... 3 0 309 O

Mottled clays .......ssseecseees 47 0 356 O

Mottled sandy clay ............ 5 0 361 O

Bree ee 2 Bande clay. <s.c.0iseee 0 9 361 9
Mottled clay ...........ceceeeeeee 5 9 3867 6

[BEDI LEStar.s ceosacacse esas sscecnapens 1 0 368 6

Dark green sand and pebbles 3 6 372 0

Green sand 2....0....ccecenseces 8 0 380 0

Thanet Sand, (Grey SEIS) Ap edoenareprniceneer cotter 4 0 384 O
nearly Fine grey sand ............s00008 13 9 3897 9

27% feet. | [Coarse prey Sand ..........0.00 1 4 399 3
SBMlinv istics ceesecssncs sop scceceteecnes 0.2 399 5

lig otanee ae cece seecpases das oveleiseddescSeucevoraes 90 2 489 7

Mitcham. Gas Works.

Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Ister.

Lined with 240 feet of tubes,-84 inches in diameter, from
5 feet down.

Water-level in bore-hole 20 feet down. Yield 3500 gallons
an hour. :

Thickness Depth
Well (the rest bored), believed to be about
20 feet of sand and gravel over blue

Monon PGlaiyancd xs asaeccpacsensascessasocs sss — 136

Be Bilge Pond or |elaivicsss cc.cceswareccssse'-stseseecsee 342 1703
Blue and mottled clay ......... 64 177

pre trie Wiattlod. Clay its scadcorssconcccess 214 1984
Dead green sand and pebbles 103 209

Green [Thanet] Sand .............s:seeesesseesereeees 303 2393
[Upper Chall, [Gnetk once = 80F 808
#98% feet] (Mlints and chalk ...........-. 50 358

A short note of two wells here by Mr. J. Lucas, in ‘The
Geology of London,’ vol. ii. p. 209, gives the height of the
ground as 68 feet.

Mitcham. Brewery. Messrs. Thunder d Little.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Isuer.

Lined with 30 feet of tubes, 73 inches in diameter, and with
180 feet, 5 inches in diameter, both from 6 feet down.

Supply 2000 gallons an hour.

44 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.
Thickness Depth :

Well, in Made Ground, the rest bored ......... — 7 )
|River Drift, (Gravel .........ssssseceeeseseeeeeees 13 20
19 feet. | (Gravel and clay .........ssceseee 6 26
[London Clay, | Clay ........sccesssccesessceesenoeces 52 78
67 feet. | {Bien GIBV ET ss scancccusescesteusccas TDs goes
PINGS toc ccctinee ssnnvdesseenestentede ee, 108
[Reading Beds, ; Mottled clay .......s.s-ssssseees 20 128
54 feet. | | Sands Dodbanscssuseausedebsiavedvefes il 139
Sand and pebbles .............+. 8 147
Green [Thanet] sands .........sssssesssceessseeeees 39 186
Aleplipiesaseaes 55 acteseesenass scones 6 192
[Upper Chalk] | Pints and chal 158 350

Mitcham. London Brighton and South Coast Railway Station.
. 1898.
Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcuirr.
Water-level 463 feet down (September).

Thickness Depth
Well (old), the rest bored .........sseeeeceeeeeees _ 61 ‘
ISIMENGLA Vs teeenencinsssnssopes oka 92 153
Pet feos ? | Dark mottled sandy clay ... 26 179
hea (Blue sandy clay and pebbles 14 = 1804

Hard bands, and shell and ;

clay conglomerate ...... 83 189

. Mottled and sandy clay ...... 4 193
Diop heel nae Blue clay and shells ......... 24 1953

Reading Beds,

60} feet 2] Black peaty clay and shells 43 200

Light-coloured mottled clay 194 2194

Green mottled clay ............ 4 2233

\Green sandy clay and pebbles 174 241
Ph AMet SHUG asoessesncerevesscccehes benntendes Scisaees 24 265
(Challe and uuittsiprspscaece-piencsrspcnssanecasessorenye 169 434

Possibly the top bed classed with the Woolwich Beds may
belong to the basement-bed of the London Clay.

Mitcham. Messrs. T'ypke d King. On the northern side of the
Common, just north of Tamworth Lodge. 1896.
Made and communicated by Messrs. Leeranp and Surcrirr.

Water-level 44 feet down.
Thickness Depth

|River| Gravel are gece caer ns 12 12
rown clay and stones ...... 2 14
ae "aed $ { Blue clay and septaria ......... 83 97
ee (Brown sandy clay ...........00+ 17 114
[Woolwich and { Clay, shells (Ostrea & Cyrena)
Reading Beds, and mundic ........ prrers 294 1433
54 feet.| Wotbloth Whaiy cs:.sesccssvacosct cee 243 168
Ramotl Sarl, Pesce. .isusagewces eee as areas 40 208
Chalkis Mintsiecec.-sseecrssenes«sasettrescaceussceewe 92 300

4

Mr. W. Whitaker on sume Surrey Wells. 45

Mitcham. Rubber Chemical Works, Seringa Mills. 1900.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Leeranp and Surcuirr.
Water-level 47 feet down (October).
Thickness Depth

MOLE Re cohasee cost apiasenetane coc beses Saece0p dec ess beqestemenmenneeey 1} 4
| River Gravel. | aa Sealgees Varcnenaas See OR ae Reet 13 143
lue clay and septaria ............06+ 1104 125
as ree : { Bine one clay ieee 10 135
a feet. | dandy clay and pebbles ...........2+5 11 146
DOM ETOCKE | coc. ccccicessesnccccctospasmaudas 1 147
. Black clay and shells ..............00+6 13 160
Bioch wig) 2nd Bhiak A ARRAS 10 170
5A feet eee Neamid cand! SHOU: vétiatecancgecdeceentead 2 172
; Mottled clay ............sscsccsessserseees 18 190
Hard sandy clay and pebbles ...... 10 200
PAGS AMM eee tment onstecc tec cwesatasedocseckatceseSccesene 33h 2334
Ciralistan dH tsiecaiuds tecswedesestscvac nse coves veneversalecsle ee 674 301

Nunhead. T’rial-boring, for the Southwark and Vauxhall
Water Co. 1897.

Communicated by Mr. J. W. Bestuzr, the Co.’s Engineer
(and from specimens).
110 feet above Ordnance Datum.

Thickness Depth

FT. IN. FT. IN.
OU esas setae cesta seaace se ne eee sain shiniecetviecweeeeetcsdsusedes 1 6 1 6
Yellow ha) clay, clay-stones

(septaria) Sinchesthick at base 11 8 18 2
Yellow (brown, rather sandy) clay 110 15 0
Yellow (brown) clay, with clay-

| stones 6 inches thick at base... 8 6 23 6
Yellow (brown and partly grey) clay,
with clay-stones (septaria) a foot

thick at base .......ccsscssesseeeeees 23 25 9
[London Clay.]~ Yellow (brownish-grey) clay (with
selenite in upper part)............ 5 5 31 0
Blue (grey and brownish) clay ...... 40 6 71 6
Blue clay (grey sandy,
with green grains)
[Basement } and stones (flint peb-
bed] DICH) Anaioanstceven ees 3 6 75 O

Blue sandy clay (grey
[ clayey sand,hard)... 2 6 7 6

46 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Thickness Depth

FT. IN. FT. IN.
(Blue (grey) clay and shells (? Cy-

TEMG) Weteewece ents piscleviiceeesesees sees 1 4 78 10
Blue clay (grey, some bits of Ostrea,
PAG@aRYIEd GOW) fsasnccsesesves eos O'S: “ISESG
Light mottled (pale grey and brown)
| LAE Alevcians cen cet cr asmesSawecedeaast ss 0} 9% SOs
Dark blue (light-grey) clay ......... 5 9°../860
Grey sand (buff, compact, fine, ? part
CLBY OY)! swetescetccesch yess cus qsseve ses 10’ (6236556
[Woolwich and | Clayey sand and shells (crey_ sandy
Reading Beds, - clay, broken shells) .............4. 8 0 104 6
513 feet. ] Mottled clays (puce, grey purple and
brown, small calcareous concre-
tions in lower part) .............6- 6 0 110 6
Sandy clay (grey and brownish) and ;,
| pebbles (of flint) .................. 5° 9s Thies
Green sand (deep green, clayey) and
small (flint) pebbles............... 4:6 720589

Green sand (clayey) with concretion
(white calcareous matter, anda

{ few very small flint pebbles)... 8 6 129 38

[Thanet Sand, ( Grey sand (fine, buff) .................. 37 3 166 6
38 feet.| | Dark green-coated flints............... 0 9 167 8
Ohalicand timtisissssnvedeeceten: cose atssstoayh caveats durenere ta 167 3 820 0

Oxted. Lailway Station. 1898.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surciirr.
About 340 feet above Ordnance Datum.
Pit 74 feet, the rest bored.

Water-level 524 feet down (December, 1898, ? lower, 286 above -
O. D., later, from local information, 1900).
Thickness Depth
FT. IN. FT. IN.

DUE SAYGy eteaescs fois sscnsabecen cesesyc eed 34 0 34 O

Buff sand and ferruginoussandstone 5 0 39 O

| Folkestone Brown sandy clay 11.5.2 ckevscecstaseee 10 0 490
Beds, 621feet?| ) Brown sandy clay, with bands of F
calcareous sandstone ............ T= 160r a2

Caleareous) Orit .2:20. csccesccccces paar 2) ke 4620S

ss Brown sandy clay .....c.cssescssesssee 6-9) 69/26
Beinn ne 1] Darkssanay olay ?sccssevesecavectonene cs 14 6 83 6
( Green sandy Clay..........ccccscseseeees 9 6 °93:20

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 47

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. ET. IN.
( Bands of green clayey sand and cal-

careous sandstone © .........s.00. 11 0 104 0
Bands of grey clayey sand and cal-
careous sandstone .........+0+++. 11 3 115 3
Bands of green clayey sand and cal-
careous sandstone ...........60+ 5 9 121 0
Green clayey sand and thin bands
of grey sandstone...............00+ 18 6 139 6
Reepiiigtin eae’ co.gaccowsec cob os. ese conesunes 3 0 142 6
Soft grey sandstone and thin bands
Ob DING, Glaiy de. Ness<ss cccote cues 1 6 144 0
Bands of hard and soft grey sand-
SUBLIG! 6 eodeocecdeps Basocatcr ne usec ee 6 0 150 O
Hard grey sandstone and bands of
grey sandstone ..............ssee00 9 0 159 O
[Hythe Beds, | Grey clayey sand and bands of grey
1523 feet.| > ABNGSOWO 4 ede ecnte ices cesaktceceves 10 0 169 O
Hard grey sandstone ...............66 2: 0.171 O
Grey sand and thin bands of grey
RUMASOM Clie stcsccaeas acswases assese 6 6 177 6
| Grey sandstone and bands of grey
BRNO Clava satsatie ment casclencss «abs 17 6 195 O
Blue sandy clay and bands of grey
ABMENLONG! ich uerceseseesses ses enes 17 4 212 4
Hard sandstone.............scsceenececeee 2 8 215 0
Blue sandy clay and thin bands of
SU er ner cei don Ubaaepenaccerieooscc 10 0 225 0
Hard blue sandy clay ...........00.06+ 12 6 237 6
MERE VESRING TaAee ose tessonosue sess sev onseen 2 6 240 O
Bands of blue sandy clay and grey
REN ine ment cn tes Soaevenesees scceccces 0 243 O
SURO NT ERMO Mein. hose edeavedeo sccvent 2 245268
[? Atherfield.] Brownish-blue clay ...........c.:seece0 4 6 250 0

I have some doubt in classifying any of the beds as Sandgate
Beds, that division not having been recognized above the outcrop
of the Hythe Beds, close by. It is possible that the Folkestone
Beds may end at 49 feet, and that the rest may belong to the
Hythe Beds, which would then have a thickness of 1964 feet, or
more if the Atherfield Clay has not really been reached.

Putney. Brandon’s Brewery. 1898.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Sutcuier.
Water-level 98 feet down (May).
Thickness Depth
10

Pit (Hhe vest bored), oe cccectecssscccsshsdecvsnccosadscens dass’ —
River Gravel.| Ballast — ..........s.s2scssceeseeseesneees 16 26
London Clay, {Blue clay .....cccccscsesecsceeseeceeeeeee 150 176

159 feet. | (Blue sandy clay ......cs.seseseseeseeees 9 185

48 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Thickness Depth
33

Mottledtclay 7 isc-cccscsts.ese0 218

[Reading Beds, | Brown clay ..............000- 7, 235
62 feet. | | Sandy clay and pebbles ... 3 2413

Greensand” Pe stcarccescs scene 54 247

Grey |Thanet| ySandie sect orsstessssncstc stores 23 270

Ohallitand ints eneuerecsdcsesavestecrcorecess cleus 230 500

Repuiti. Brewery, Messrs. Cutforth’s.

Made and communicated by Messrs. [ster and Co.

Lined with tubes of 5 inches diameter to 84 feet down.

Water-level 31 feet down. Supply about 1000 gallons an
hour.

Thickness Depth
FT. IN. FT. IN,

Dug well (the rest bored, 5 inches diameter) — — 5 0)

Ironstone and sand ......... 28 6 33 6

(Sand Pree geet Be ees vase c aces 4 0) STG

. IBLO WANS BANC... succes e050 seen cn 53 2 90 8

[Lower Green- Loamy sand La Eee Te (On ea Sihaars
sand. |

; SandstOHes: <<crcssec-sceececrs 11 1 108 9

Blowing sand.................. 10.65 Lig

Black loamy sand ............ 5 6 124 9

Rotherhithe. 251 Rotherhithe Street. Messrs. Dick and Co.

Made and communicated by Mzssrs. Ister.

Lined with 135 feet of tubes, 84 inches in diameter, from
14 feet down.

Water-level 45 feet down. Supply 3580 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth

Pipex cscscseseteneraesemerainrases iostessncattavcearetas _— 13
Gre VOR ea csescessccosencdsedanades 20 33

Clay and stones ............06 21 54

Gravel and clay ............... 5 59

[over Drath: 'y Graven c20 os pa conanss<crsnasatn 10 69
and Eocene ,< Gravel and clay ............... 5 74
Tertiary. ] CE 1 Re hy ee er ea 4 78
Gravel and clay ............0.+ 6 84

Gravel and sand ...........000+ 33 117

Clay sand and flints ......... 7 124

Chalk’ andi flints” cisco: <cdetscsesscscescsacscocesess 139 263

Souruwark. Falcon Wharf. Central Pwnping Station of the Lon-
don Hydraulic Power Co., a little below Blackfriars Railroad
Bridge. Sumph.

Communicated by Messrs. Eutincton and Woopatt.
15 feet above Ordnance Datum.

Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells. 49

Thickness Depth
; 12

Made ground ....ssssssseceesessseneeeeeetsnsnaeeeeesnsnerees
te ee eg oe
NSTC ec cathchsasccscand'sssesnitenaeressaautae 2 24

: F Ballast, the lower part coarse. To
[River Drift] blue [London] clay ...........0+0s 8 32

SournwarK. South London Brewery, Southwark Bridge Road
2 g
(Messrs. Jenners’).

Made and communicated by Mzssrs. Ister and Co.

Water-level 1144 feet down. Supply good.
Thickness Depth
FT, IN. FT. IN.

Dug well (the rest bored) .............+: iiedbseepceettocn —— 15 0

|River Drift, iany RMA caecseranadancsefacsst-<enes- 12.0 2%. 0

19 feet. | Ballast [gravel] .........s:.ssseceeeeees 7 0 34 0

Blue [London] clay ......cccsseeeesseeeesseneeseeneaerenes 75. 0). 109; 0

Mottled) clay, «....c.cnssscacenscensceees 22; 9 131 9

LONE ace peat aneeenccaeiaescndesa t= oes 1 ORS 9

: Sand and mud__........ssceceeeeeeseees 4 6 137 3

[Woolwich and} yrottied clay and pebbles ............ 14 8 151 6
Reading Beds, Sees

563 feet. Congealed |concreted] ballast ...... 1 6 153 0

aa PED GOS ie ariccreacasetararaasececethessutss 0 9 153 9

Sand and ballast .........seeeeeeeeees 3 3 157 0

Clay and pebbles .........eseeeeeeeee Secor Looked

Green [Thanet] sand ..........ccseseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 37 5 2038 2

brake AIMGS] caeee-eeeacadeanaccecccctscccaassssusseesee ode 129 10 333 0

This section shows a curious likeness to another, at Bankside,
near by, published in the ‘Geology of London,’ vol. ii. p. 218.
There is, too, a general agreement with the sections at Barclay’s

brewery, also near by (pp. 219, 220, of above.)

Streatham Common. Messrs. Forster and Gregory’s Chemical
Works.

Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Istur.

Lined with 80 feet of pipe, 10 inches in diameter, from 64 feet
down.

Water-level 43 feet down. Supply 8000 gallons an hour.

Thickness Depth
Well. Believed to be gravel and sand over blueclay — 67

Blue [London] clay .....csssceeseeceeesseeseeeeeenseeeseeees 5 72
[Reading Beds, { Mottled clay .....-+.+++sssseeseeeerereeees 16 88
28 feet. | Green Sands .....ccceeceesecseeeeeeeeeeees 12 100
Blowing [Thanet] samds ........-sseccseeeeeeeeeeneeeeeeeees 29 129
(ceo) eR ce ean aaa Se OTe 8 187
[Upper Chalk.) | Ghatk and flints s.cscssscsssssssseeeee 97 284

50 Mr. W. Whitaker on some Surrey Wells.

Titsey. South Green. By road and brook. y

From Mr. Topnry’s MSS. Shaft. .
Gault [clay] over 100 feet. ;
At 106 feet the rock-bed [base of Gault] was broken through,
and then water burst up, rising to a level of 30 feet below the
surface. The level never varies, and the water is good.
|

Whiteleaf. Near the Rose and Crown. Caterham Gas Co. 1900.

Made and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcuirr. .
Water-level 13 feet down (April). :

Clay iamd ints paccsateerousieberenerccntassosbriesas eats (.seaes

Pebblyelalkvandigintsairpcecesesresersvatescceesstsnevek ee 17 28
Pepblvrchialismcewspeaeses se ctaemenee setter asecess cst eases sae 23 51
olidschnilles aoe. sepentaci ed Scteus: battrav eos oetaces otPreaicee 11 62
Solid chalk with soft partings............ccssssecscsssecees 16 78
DUOMO HB LK ees tameemenestaocns 4s, seek iasesaasose erie dsetnderene ce 16 94
ery Wardiichallsiiicaus' svn ocdere.ccacoscoweanayevewee?= cere 6 100

Wimbledon. Chambers’ Watercress Beds, close to the Wandle (on
its eastern side), and just south of the road (? Gap Road),
westward of Lambeth Cemetery. 1898.

About 35 feet above Ordnance Datum.

Bored and communicated by Messrs. Lecranp and Surcuire.

Water rose 17 feet above the surface. Flow at the surface
2600 gallons an hour (February, 1898).

Thickness Depth

oS f Mellow Claiy: (;ccnnccdcuenaseses ocencstee 13 14
[Alluvinm.] — ) Mould. ..ccevssssccstocossrsoverslesceces 1 24
[River Drift.) | Gravel and sand © ...........cseceseres 54 8

Blue [London] clay, with 2 inches of stone at top
and a layer of pebbles at the bottom ............ 40 48
Clay sand and shells ............... 11 59
[Wiool wich? arid Stans .. 2 <icssesseseesaceacnouosSeneaseve 4 594
Reading Beds, + Coloured |mottled| clay ............ BYES 97
55 feet. | Pebbles:and clay | i62 sc. tcccees osdecs 3 100
Green sand and pebbles ............ 3 103
Grdeoninand sie sevdsscarcccepaceseseece 8 lil
|Thanet Sand, | Greensand and few pebbles [fallen
333 feet.) Goyal desk cssedesdacascaenccteennsee 8 119
DLO Bie canes cceuee caus ciesssoceadscsecente 173 1363
Ghalk andiulamtercateseenccteanGenvee. a seamee deat sateen 294 166

Mr. N. F. Robarts on Stone and Bronze Celts 51

150.—Sronz anp Bronze CEeLtTs RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN
Croypon anp NrIGHBOURHOOD.

By N. F. Rosarrs, F.G.S.
(Read December 18th, 1900.)

AurnoueH there have been various finds of flint implements at
Croydon, I cannot trace that any polished celts have been found
here at all equalling those which our Vice-President, Dr. J. M.
Hobson, has lately secured, and I think it is therefore desirable
that the find should be recorded. At the same time, as there
are several workers in this field, I have thought it might be as well
to collate the records of previous finds, so that the particulars
of same may be conveniently referred to for future guidance.

In our own ‘Transactions’ we have the paper by Mr. Alex-
ander J. Hogg, ‘‘ The Flint Implements of Addington”’;* and
our member Mr. George Clinch, F.G.S., has described a number
of specimens in his paper, ‘‘ Prehistoric Man in the Neighbour-
hood of the Kent and Surrey Border: Neolithic Age.’’}

Beyond these papers I can only find the following :—In ‘ My
Garden,’} Mr. Smee wrote as follows :—‘ Flint instruments are
found over the district, but not in great numbers. Mr. J. Wick-
ham Flower, of Croydon, has a very fine collection, and is an
authority on the subject. He lent me a specimen tu figure, which
was found at Croydon.’ The specimen is so badly figured that
it is impossible to say whether it is a celt or a scraper. “ He
also found specimens of scrapers at Haling Park, which he
regards as authentic.’’ The specimen figured is a fair scraper.
“‘Mr. Cressingham has also picked up a Celtic worked stone on
the downs south of my garden.”’ This, from the figure, appears
to be a well-polished celt, but I cannot help noticing the un-
fortunate confusion in the mind of the author between a stone
celt and a Celtic stone, and my calling attention to it will, I
hope, prevent any of our members from falling into a similar error.

The only other reference I find is in Mr. J. Corbet Anderson’s
* Croydon, Prehistoric and Roman,’§ where he writes :—* Relics
of the Neolithic or later stone age have been found at Croydon.
A flint scraper was found in Haling Park.” Mr. Flower’s
“‘serapers”’ are by this historian reduced to one. ‘‘ Some time
since a stone celt was picked up out of the gravel in our parish”

‘—by Mr. Francis Warren. Whether this was a paleolith or

* Trans. Croydon Micros. and Nat. Hist. Club, 1898, p. 257.
+ Journ. Anthrop. Inst. (x.s.), vol. ii, p. 124.

{ ‘My Garden,’ Alfred Smee, F.R.S., 2nd edit. 1872.

§ Anderson’s ‘ Croydon, Prehistoric and Roman,’ p. 17.

E 2

52, Mr. N. F. Robarts on Stone and Bronze Celts

neolith is not mentioned, beyond its coming under the above
heading of ‘‘ relics of the Neolithic or later stone age,’’ upon
which definition I do not place much reliance. Mr. Anderson
goes on to say :—‘ In the year 1861 part of another finely formed
stone-cutting implement was dug out of the gravel in this imme-
diate neighbourhood ; the original is shaped out of a very hard
white stone.” This was found by the late Mr. West when dig-
ging for the foundation of his cottages on Bandon Hill. The
celt is figured by Mr. Anderson, and appears to be a well-
polished one, broken across the upper part, and therefore not
showing its original length ; the specimen as found was 6} in.
long, and probably was originally 7 to 74 in. in length. The
‘‘very hard white stone’ was probably flint. Mr. Anderson
also records Mr. Cressingham’s celt mentioned in ‘ My Garden,’
from which work his information appears to be derived.*

With respect to the two celts secured by Dr. Hobson. These
were dug up last month when connecting one of the houses in
Beech House Road, Croydon, with the sewer in that road. The
position was about one hundred yards from Park Lane, and the
finder informed me that they were both lying together at a depth
of about 6 ft. 6 in. in apparently undisturbed ground. He saw
no signs of any interment or other remains. The trench was
about 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and was still open when I saw it a day or
two after the find. I could discern no signs of any disturbance on
either side of the trench, such as there would probably have been
had the ground been opened to that depth in such a narrow
space. The implements were lying in a pebbly loam, the 6 ft.
6 in. superincumbent soil being made up of 3 ft. 6 in. made soil
and 3 ft. pebbly loam. The pebbles were tertiary ones, and
I think the loam has washed down from higher ground and
covered the implements, which from their condition have certainly
not been rolled, and were probably buried very slightly, or even
left on the surface, and the considerable thickness of black made
soil has probably principally accumulated in the same way as
the loam.

No. 1, the smaller of the two celts, is quite perfect, and is
61 in. in length and 24 in. broad in the widest part. It is made
of a dark-coloured flint, and has an oblique edge. It has been
considerably polished, and has apparently been used.

No. 2 is a very fine specimen, made of a light-coloured flint,
also in perfect condition, with an oblique cutting edge. It is
highly polished, and the crust of the flint is almost entirely
removed, It has to all appearances never been used. It is
71 in. in length and 23 in. wide in the broadest part.

Both these celts differ from those which have been figured in

* Since the above paper was read, I learn of a broken neolithic celt found
at Russell Hill by R. Garraway Rice, Esq., F.S.A.

recently discovered in Croydon and Neighbourhood. 53

the works I have mentioned, as none of those hitherto recorded
have had oblique edges. It is of course possible that these im-
plements are of very late manufacture, being found so near the
Anglo-Saxon burials in Edridge Road.

Bronze Hoard, Beddlestead, near Chelsham.

Coming from the Stone to the Bronze Age, I have to call your
attention to the specimens before you; but before describing
them I desire again to collate for future use the information
which exists regarding bronze implements in this neighbour-
hood.

Only two previous finds have been recorded. The first, a
founder’s hoard, at Wickham Park, for which Mr. J. Corbet Ander-
son’s ‘Croydon, Prehistoric and Roman’ is again my authority.
Mr. Anderson writes :—‘‘ A number of articles in bronze were
found im Wickham Park, and were deposited in the British
Museum in the year 1855” by Lewis Loyd, Esq., J.P. ‘‘ The
find included part of a spear-head, a portion of the handle of a
dagger, fragment of a knife with socket, and also fragment of a
matrix or mould for knife, a hammer, a cooped (sic) palstave,
fragment of a gouge, and various broken bits of circular bronze
cakes.”

This hoard may be seen in the British Museum; it really
consists of twenty-five pieces, some of which are referred to by
our honorary member [Sir John Evans, K.C.B., &c.] in his
standard work, ‘ Ancient Bronze Implements.’ The hoard in-
cludes five lumps of bronze.

The other find was described by our late member, Mr. J. Wick-
ham Flower, F.G.S.* It consisted of a hoard discovered about
1871 in preparing the ground for the foundation of a house
nearly opposite the schoolroom, Beddington. ‘There were in all
thirteen pieces, viz. three cakes or lumps of bronze, one gouge,
two broken spear-heads, one half of a mould for casting bronze
celts, and six celts.

The hoard was found lying some eighteen inches below the
surface, all huddled together. The relics, with the exception of
one celt, which came into the possession of Mr. J. Corbet Ander-
son, were until lately in the possession of our former member,
Dr. Strong, who obtained them from Mr. Mathews, of the Old
Town, who bought them as old metal, and long retained them.
Dr. Strong kindly promised me some months ago that he would
lend these interesting specimens to our museum, but he has un-
fortunately been unable to find them, and believes that they were
either lost or stolen when he removed from Croydon. Fortu-

* Surrey Arch. Soc. Coll. vol. vi. 1874.
+ Anderson’s ‘ Croydon, Prehistoric and Roman.’

54 Mr. N. F. Robarts on Stone and Bronze Celts

nately several of the best implements have been figured in the
Surrey Archeological Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ and in Mr. J.
Corbet Anderson’s ‘ Croydon, Prehistoric and Roman.’ Perhaps,
in view of this much to be regretted loss, I may point out to our
members how very desirable it is that such objects should not
remain in private collections, but be intrusted to our museum,
for it is constantly the case that by the death or removal of the
owner the objects are dispersed, and their local value disappears.

Although not in our immediate neighbourhood, a third hoard
has been discovered in Surrey, and may be seen in the British
Museum. ‘This was found at Farley Heath, and was given to
the Museum by Henry Drummond, Esq., in 1853. It consists
of ten pieces, and includes a perfect spear-head, and well-finished
arrow-head, parts of several celts, one quite perfect, and an im-
plement which might be a small pick. I do not know if it has
been described.

The hoard which I have brought to show you consists of nine
pieces. It was found about a year ago by a labourer digging for
flints in the chalk rubble of a dry chalk valley at Beddlestead
Farm, near Chelsham. The two fine celts, Nos. 5 and 6, belong
to Mr. Frank Churchill, of Warlingham, who has kindly lent
them to our museum ; and the other seven pieces were generously
given me by Mr. McBay, of Beddlestead Farm, when I called to
inquire about them. These will also be placed in the museum
to make the hoard complete.

No. 1 is a broken palstave, very similar to the one in the
Wickham Park hoard, but in much less oxidised condition. With
regard to this form, I extract the following from ‘ Ancient Bronze
Implements’ :—

‘‘The form of palstave so common in France and Germany,
without stop ridge, and with the side wings hammered over so
as to form a kind of semi-cylindrical socket, is rare in England.
There is usually at the top of the blade a sort of dovetailed
notch, which may possibly have been of service in hafting the
tool. It originates, however, in there having been two runners,
by which the metal was conducted into the mould, which, when
broken off, left two projections at the top of the blade. These
being hammered so as to round the external angles and flatten
the ends, have come over towards each other, and made what was
a notch with parallel sides into one which is dovetailed.”

In the specimen before us this notch has been filed or ham-
mered away. but there is a very slight trace of it left. The
wings meet, but in the Wickham Park specimen they do not
quite touch; the latter is also slightly bent in, and is 52 in. in
length.

«The upper part of a palstave of this character was found
with socketed celts, &c., in the Hundred of Hoo, Kent. It has

recently discovered in Croydon and Neighbourhood, 55

been thought that this was cast hollow to receive a central
prong, but the cavity is probably due to defective casting.”

You will notice our specimen is also broken, apparently from
the same cause, and has a similar cavity. It is 3 in. in length.

No. 2 is the later form of socketed celt, but it is interesting to
observe, moulded upon it as an ornament, the now useless
wings of the palstave which remain as an ornamental survival.
Above the wings is a pellet ; in one of the Beddington celts there
are two pellets between the wings. There is a probability that
these pellets are also ornamental survivals representing the heads
of nails driven through the palstave the more firmly to secure it
to the hafting. It has occurred to me that the ornaments of
both wings and pellets may originally have been produced in the
socketed celts by the use of a winged, nailed palstave for making
the matrix of the first mould. The edge of the blade is im-
‘perfect, but bears traces of having been rubbed laterally upon a
whetstone. The length of No. 2 is 44 in.

No. 3.—This is a further development of the socketed celt.
The wings and pellets have disappeared, and are succeeded by
moulded horizontal lines round the socket. The edge of the
blade is extended in width, but has suffered considerably in use,
the part farthest from the handle being worn away, The socket
is almost oval. The length of the celt is 34, in.

No. 4 is a more massive celt, although shorter than No. 2,
being 44 in. in length. The edge of the socket, which is almost
square, is left much more unfinished where the metal was poured
into the mould, but the tool has been hammered to a fine cutting
edge, and has suffered little or no wear. The ornamentation is
more simple than in either No. 2 or No. 3, consisting merely of
double lines round the socket above the top of the loop, which in
both No. 2 and No. 4 is placed much higher upon the implement
than in No. 3. This very closely resembles one in the Wickham
hoard. I have not yet compared them together, but they seem
to be possibly from the same mould.

No. 5 is also a massive implement, capable of being used with
great effect. It is still more simply ornamented than No. 4,
having a single line round it above the loop. The socket is
’ almost quadrilateral, measuring 1,4 in. x 1,3,in. The edge of
the blade has been sharpened by hammering, and shows the
effect of use. It is 33, in.in length. Neither No. 4 nor No. 5
appears to have suffered so much from corrosion as Nos. 2 and 8,
and this makes it probable that the metal is somewhat different.

The remaining objects are three cakes of copper, one of which
shows that it was melted down in a circular vessel, and the
lower half of a socketed celt.

The hoard is evidently that of a founder who hid his scrap
bronze and cakes, together with three second-hand and one new

56 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

celt. It is interesting to note that in both this and the Wickham
hoard the oldest form—the palstave—is in both cases in a con-
dition of scrap; while the later forms of socketed celts are some
of them new, or almost new, implements ready for sale or barter.

The weights of the cakes are respectively 17% 0z., 10 oz., 64 0z.*

151.—Report ofr tHE MereorotocicaL CommitTer, 1900.

Prepared by the Hon. Sec., Francis Camppetu-Bayarp,
F.R.Met.Soe.

(Read 19th February, 1901.)

Tur same arrangements under which the daily rainfall of the
district around Croydon has been observed and tabulated have’
been continued throughout the year 1900. The number of
stations at the beginning of the year was 80, and this number
was further increased to 82 in July by the addition of Worcester
Park and Richmond, the observations of which are complete for
the whole year. These additional complete observations, together
with the complete observations for Chevening Park, Chelsham,
Morden, and Clapham Park, will be found at the end of this
Report.

It is with very great regret that the Committee have to
announce the closing of one station—Purley—by the discon-
tinuance of the observations in January; and of two other
stations by the removal of the observers—viz. Hayes Common
and Keston (Bradfield). Two very old observers in the district
have been removed by death—viz. Mr. Crowley, whose record
commenced with the year 1871, and continued till the close of
the year; and Mr. Devas, of Wimbledon, who began to record
in January, 1854, and continued till the end of July, 1900. This
record was completed by a neighbour, Mr. Penrose, till the end
of the year. The station also of Warlingham has changed hands
during the year; and that of Burgh Heath, a monthly one, has
suffered through the destruction of the gauge. These great
losses will be replaced during the present year by new gauges at
Wimbledon, Chelsham, Chevening Park, Morden, and Clapham
Park. The gaps occasioned by the losses at Purley, Hayes Com-
mon, and Keston have not yet been filled, and there is a large
space unrepresented by any gauge east of Greenwich. The

* Since the above paper was read, I find that there is a fine socketed
celt from Guildford, Surrey, in the Norwich Museum. I have also obtained
one from Riddlesdown, Croydon.

Meteorological Committee, 1900. 57

Committee venture to suggest that the Club should pass a vote
of condolence with the families of the deceased observers ; and
to the observers who have ceased recording, for their great
services so ungrudgingly rendered in the past.

Appendix I. to this Report contains a list of the observers,
with particulars relating to the stations and gauges, and also the
monthly tables of daily rainfall, of which a sufficient number have
from month to month been pulled for the use of the Club. These
printed tables contain the records of all observers, with the ex-
ceptions already mentioned, reporting to the Committee.

Appendix II. contains a record of all falls of rain of 1-00 in.
and upwards, extracted from the monthly tables in Appendix L.,
and the records of the other stations at the end of this Report.
It will be noticed that there is only one fall of 2:00 in., and that
there are only six days with falls over 1 in.

The Committee do not propose to discuss the rainfall of the
past year beyond saying that it has been a dry year, and that the
deficiency in the amount of rain is about 2°50 in. The reason
of this decision on their part is, that they think that the time has
arrived at which a discussion of the observations on which so much
money and toil have been expended may usefully be undertaken.
Owing to want of time, this discussion cannot be exhaustive, but
it seems desirable to make an attempt to deal with the problems
that are revealed by the tables.

To facilitate this, the mean monthly and annual rainfall for
the ten years 1891-1900 of all the stations in the district report-
ing to the Committee have been calculated, and is contained in
Appendix IIT. This Appendix contains the records of forty-eight
stations, and is believed to comprise the records of all stations
in the district having this length of period, with the single ex-
ception of Kew Observatory. Owing to certain gaps in the records
of some of the stations, it has been necessary to have recourse to
interpolation. This method has been adopted with respect to
Keston, Hayes Common, Sutton, and South Norwood, but the
gaps in each case amounted to but avery few months. Other
records are comprised of the figures from two or more separate
stations either under the same or a new observer. These changes
have been duly notified from time to time in the printed tables,
and nothing further need be said about them, except to say that
no records have been conjoined where the stations are more than
one mile apart. Slight differences may occur in the elevation of
the conjoined stations above sea-level, but it does not appear
probable that this slight difference materially affects the ten
years’ average. The stations in Appendix III. have been ar-
ranged in accordance with their height above sea-level, and,
where the stations are of the same height, in alphabetical order.
This has been done on what seemed to be the well-founded
assumption that rainfall up to a certain point—viz. about 1500 ft,

58 Mr. F. Campbell-Bayard’s Report of the

—increases with the elevation of the station above sea-level.
That this assumption is incorrect a single glance at Appendix III.
will show. If we take the annual rainfall, we at once see that
our highest station—Knockholt—instead of standing first, stands
fifth, the station with the highest rainfall being Caterham, which
is 175 ft. lower, and the station with the second highest rainfall
is no less than 465 ft. lower. Again, the station with the lowest
rainfall is Battersea, 21 ft. above sea-level; the next station is
Nunhead, which is no less than 155 ft. higher; and the third
station is Deptford, which is 1 ft. lower. These few facts at once
show that other considerations besides elevation enter into rain-
fall statistics, and these are, the position of the gaugé with
reference to the country around. ‘To ascertain this, the only
person capable of doing it accurately is the observer himself, if
he would only take the trouble. He would be able to say whether
the gauge was on the west or east side of rising ground, whether
the rainfall is influenced by eddies occasioned by houses, hills,
woods, &c. All that the collector of statistics of rainfall, like
your Committee, can do is to endeavour to form groups of neigh-
bouring stations of the aspect of which he knows but little, and
from the records of each group to form his judgment of what the
rainfall of the districts represented by the groups is likely to be.
If he is careful, his estimate of the average fall will not be far
out, though he will of course have no means of judging as to
what may be the fall of any particular year.

With reference to the monthly rainfall, it will be noticed that
without a single exception October, as is well known, is the
wettest month of the year, and then in order, with but very few
exceptions, come November, December, August, July, and Sep-
tember. This arrangement of the last six months of the year is
singular, for a very large number of persons would have said that
July was the second wettest month, whereas it is the fifth,
August being the fourth. The first six months of the year
seem to arrange themselves in the following order, viz. January,
the wettest; then February, June, March, May, and April. May
and April seem to be the driest months of the year, April having
the smallest rainfall.

With reference to the seasonal rainfall, the percentages have
been calculated of the stations with the largest and smallest
rainfall, viz. Caterham and Battersea, and they are—

CATERHAM. | BattERSEA.

per cent. | per cent.
Winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.) .. . 27 | 23
Spring (March, April, May). . 17 | 16
Summer (June, July, August) . 24 | 27

Autumn (Sept., Oct., Nov.) . .. 32 34

Meteorological Committee, 1900. 59

If we study these percentages, we see at once that practically
the winter and summer rains are identical in volume, regard
being had to differences created by height above sea-level and
position ; and, secondly, that the autumn rainfall is just about
double the spring rainfall.

It is much to be regretted that the limited time at the disposal
of your Committee does not enable them to go into the problems
which arise out of the tables more fully, but it is hoped that this
will be undertaken at a future time. Probably this is an advantage,
for the period covered by the tables is but short.

In conclusion, the Committee desire to tender their thanks to
those, six in number, who have so kindly sent donations to enable
the Club to continue this useful organization, and also to the
observers for their returns, and for the valuable notes which
many of them contribute and which are most welcome.

Cueventnc Park, Sevenoaks, Kenrv.
Observer—C. Surron. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.
Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.

Height of station above sea-level, 360 ft.

‘Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. aceeg

|

—_—_ —-—- re

June | July | Aug. | Sept. | | Oct. Year.

IN. ie IN.
4-11 | 1°58 | 2:04

Nov. | Dec.

IN. IN.
2-95 | 3-64

rs IN.
31-08

| IN. |
497 5:37. 0-99 [1:39 1 116 2-72 | 0-66

FarrcHiLpes, CHELSHAM, SURREY.
Observer—A. S. Daniett. Gauge 8 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft.
Height of station above sea-level, 600 ft.

Jan. a Ber gs ee Meee ealy Aug. | Sept.| Oct. | Nov. | Dec. —
IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. cm. | m IN. | IN. | IN. IN. | iN. | IN. | IN.*] IN.
3°63 | 5-63 | 0-93 | 1:02 | 1-14 | 2-92 | 1:23 2-97. 1-25 | 1-94 | 3-20 | 3-14 29-00

Manor Loner, Worcester Park, Surrey.
Observer—F. D. Ourram. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft. 9 in.
Height of station above pry 120 ft.

Feb. | Mar. | Apr.

IN. | IN. | IN.
3°82 | 0-92 0-78

Jan.

IN.
2-70) 3

aed 115. ES as | Ba 5 Be oP

60 Report of the Meteorological Committee, 1900.

Tue Terrace Garpens, Ricumonp, SuRREY.
Observer—J. H. Brizrtey. Gauge 8 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft. 6 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 109 ft.

Jan. | Feb. | Mar.| Apr. | Mas May Rygane | July y| Aug. Sept. Oct.

IN IN.
1-00 | 1-92

Nov. Dec. ) Year.

IN. | IN.
2-08 | 2-01 |

IN. | IN. | IN.
2°63 | 1-97 | 1:93 1-40

IN. | IN.
1:39 | 1°83

IN.
2:03 2:38 21 74

Srrex Hawes, Morven, Surrey.
Observer—Miss R. Hames. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 5 ft. 2 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 100 ft.

Jan. | Feb. Mar. | Apr. May J une Faly Aug. Sept. | Oct. ‘Nov. | Dec. | | Year.
fe giet V3 } EEE Es

IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. == IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN. | IN, IN.
3°37 | 4:80 | 0-94 | 1:03 | 1°33 | 2°70 | 1-21 | 2°43 | 0-73 | 1:66 1-90 | 2:09 24-19

No. 82, New Park Roap, Crarpaam Park, Surrey.
Observer—D. W. Horner. Gauge 5 in. in diameter.

Height of gauge above ground, 1 ft. 3 in.
Height of station above sea-level, 128 ft.

‘Nov.| Dec. Year.

Jan. eines Mar. | Apr. May | June | | July | | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. |

—-|-—- —-|
IN. |! ONG | SNe IN. IN.
4-06 | 0:59 1-47 | 1-83 | 1-96 | 22-18

TN, (| CIN. || “ON. | CIN.
area 0°59 | 0°85 | 2°22 | 1-41

4

No.

10
15
20
25
30

35

PPE DPS ee,

CROYDON MICROSCOPICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY CLUB

(Meteorological Sub-Committee. )

STaTions, OBSERVERS,
Abinger (The Hall) ............ The Lord Farrer ....
Abinger (The Rectory).......... Miss Brodie-Hall....
Dorking (Denbies).............. J. Beesley ..........
Redhill (Oxford. Road) .......... W. H. Tyndall......
Nutfield (The Priory) .......... J. Moffatt ..........
Nutfield (The Priory) 2nd gauge| J. Moffatt ..........
Buckland (Hartswood) ........ R. W. Clutton ......
Reigate (The Briars) .......... Mrs. Barclay........
Reigate Hill (Nutwood Lodge)..| H. E. Gurney ......
Upper Gatton (Upper Gatton Park)| F. Druce ..........
Merstham (Rockshaw)......-... W. Gardiner........
Harp’s Oak Cottage ............ R. C. Grant ........
Chipstead (Shabden.Park) ...... DMUKeELar |e piers ciciame
Chaldon (The Rectory) ......... Rev. G. E. Belcher ..
Caterham (Metropolitan Asylum)} G. 8. Elliott, M.D. ..
Westerham (Hill. Estate)........ W. Morris..........
Westerham (The Town) ........ W. Morris..........
Knockholt Beeches. (Field Gauge)| W. Morris........-.
Knockholt Beeches (‘Tower Gauge)| W. Morris..........
Sevenoaks (St. Johns Hill)......| W. W. Wagstaffe ....
‘| Warlingham (The Vicarage) ....| Rev. F. R. Marriott..
Coulsdon (The Grange) ........ W. J. Stride ........
Kenley (Hazelea) .............- Mrs. Carr-Dyer :
Purley (Tudor Cottages) ........ J. Bonwick ........
Burgh Heath (Sutton Water Co.)) J. D. Grant ........
Leatherhead (Downside) ........ WN Se ee ey ee Se.
D’Abernon Chase ............ .-| Sir W. Vincent, Bart.
Oxshott (Beverstone) .......... W. H. Dines........
Banstead (The Larches) ........ Rev. C. J. Taylor....
Sutton (Sutton Water Co.) ...... SAD., Grenit Stee aictac
Wallington (Maldon Road)...... F. Campbell-Bayard
Beddington (Riverside) ........ 8. Rostron ........
Waddon (Waddon House) ...... P. Crowley ........
Croydon (Brimstone Barn) ...... Croydon Corporation
Croydon (Waddon New Road)....| Croydon Corporation
Croydon (Duppas House) ...... Baldwin Latham ....

Croydon (Whitgift) ............ A. E. Watson .....,

Size of
Gauge.
Height
above
Ground.

io

OU OF OF OF OF Or OF GD OO Ot OO OF Or Ot OT OT Gt OT Ot OT OT OTT St OT TT OT OW WD GT rr W A

ro]

(a eR ed ne UR ett ee Pe et ee ke

SwNoaooys

be

cooooocrococoococK#oraccoecococeoeco“ej]co

Height of
Statn. ab.
Sea-level.

No.

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

Ss 328 |222
STaTIons. OBSERVERS. ge Boe |das
ao AWS [noe
IN. (FT. IN.| FT.
Croydon (Woburn Road)........ M. L. Craven ...... 5/1 1] 178
Croydon (Windmill Road) ...... A. Malden .......... 5/1 6] 174
Croydon (Park Hill Rise) ...... H. F. Parsons, M.D.| 5! 1 0 | 250
Addington Hills (The Reservoir)..| Croydon Corporation| 8 | 0 9 | 473
Addington (Park Farm) ........ W. Whalley ........ 5 |} 1 0} 268
Addington (Pumping Station)....| Croydon Corporation| 8|1 0 | 331
West Wickham (Wickham Court)| Sir J. F. Lennard, Bt.| 5/1 2 | 300
Hayes Common (The Warren) ..| Miss Akers ........ 5|1 0 | 296
Keston (Bradfield) ............ CASPER) Fo fecaiaynslemiatelere 5|1 0 | 350
Farnborough (Feniton) ........ Miss Percy ........- 5|1 0} 376
Orpington (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris .......... 5|1 0} 220
Farningham Hill (Hill House) ..| A. J. Waring ...... 5 | 3 0 | 300
Southfleet (Kent Water Co.) ....| W. Morris.......... 5|1 0} 82
Chislehurst (Hawkwood) ...... Miss Edlmann...... 5/1 0 | 300
Bickley (The High Field) ...... Je BALLON) ccas icles 5/1 2 | 295
Bromley (The Palace) .......... Coles Child ........ 5/1 0 | 187
Bromley Common (Elmfield) ....| Rev. J.P. Faunthorpe} 5 | 0 9 | 240
Beckenham (Oakwood Avenue) ..| H. Dolling-Smith 5|1 0 | 184
South Norwood (Apsley Road) ..| W. H. Cullis........ 5} 1 0} 125
Thornton Heath (Thornton Road).| A. Wright .......... 8 | 0 10 | 120
Wimbledon (Sewage Works) ....| C. H. Cooper ...... 5|1 0] 58
Wimbledon (Mount Ararat) ....| T. Devas .......... 12/3 0| 157
Raynes Park (Pumping Station)..|C. H. Cooper ...... 5/1 0) 47
New Malden (Sewage Works) ....| T. V. H. Davison....) 5|1 0] 45
Esher (Sewage Works).......... A. J. Henderson ....| 5|1 0] 40
West Molesey (Chelsea W. Co.)..| R. Hack............ 5/1 0] 32
Surbiton (Seething Wells) ...... Tea EE es cince aaae oc 10|}0 6| 25
Kingston (Sewage Works) ...... TT. Stevens, . <0 se0 se 5/1 0) 25
Richmond (Ormond Lodge) ..../ J. T. Billett ........ 510 91 51
Putney Heath (The Reservoirs)..| R. Hack............ 5 |1 0] 180
Wandsworth Com. (Patten Road).} F. J. Brodie ........ 5} 1 0 | 100
Streatham (Woodfield Avenue)...| F. Jordan .......... 5!1 0] 120
West Norwood (Thornlaw Road)..} W. Marriott ........ 5|1 0} 220
Up. Norwood (Dulwich-wood Park)| J. P. Caldicott ...... 5|1 2 | 276
Sydenham (Newlands Park) ....| O. Jepson, M.D. ....| 5|1 0 | 136
Forest Hill (Dartmouth Road)...| L. W. F. Behrens ..| 5 | 1 0 | 220
Forest Hill (S. & V. Water Co.)..| J. W. Restler ...,...| 5 | 1 0] 344
Sidcup (Hatherley Road) ...... Lionel Burrell, M.D. | 5|1 2} 160
Wilmington (Kent Water Co.)....| W. Morris.......... 5/1 0] 25
Dartford (West Hill House) ....| Lieut-Col.C.N. Kidd) 5|1 3 | 100
Eltham (High Street) .......... Morris..... Ssceiel) Dal DONIeab
Greenwich (Royal Observatory)..| Astronomer Royal ..| 8 | 0 5 | 155
Deptford (Kent Water Co.)...... IW). MOnrisiya)-m sin eis' 5/1 0] 20
Nunhead (S. & V. Water Co.)....| J. W. Restler ...... 5|4 0] 176
Brixton (Acre Lane)............ F, Gaster .......... 8;1 0] 77
Battersea (S. & V. Water Co.) ...j J. W. Restler ...... 5|3 0| 21

J. W. Restler

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APPENDIX II.
Falls of 1:00 in. and upwards.

January Gru. — Dorking (Denbies) 1:30 in.; Abinger (‘The
Hall) 1:20 in.; Abinger (Rectory) 1:09 in.

Frervuary 2Np. — Sanderstead 1:36 in.; Croydon (Waddon
New Road) 1:09 in.; Chipstead 1-04 in. ; Caterham 1:02 in. ;
Streatham and West Norwood 1:01 in.

Frervary 137a.—Upper Gatton 1-04 in.

- Pesruary 157H.—Morden 2°25 in. ; Abinger (The Hall) 1:52in. ;
Dorking (Denbies) 1°39 in. ; Abinger (Rectory) 1°35 in.; D’ Aber-
non Chase 1°30 in. ; Warlingham 1°24 in. ; Leatherhead 1:22 in. ;
Chipstead 1:21 in. ; Banstead 1°16 in.; Addington (Park Farm)
1:15 in.; Croydon (Waddon New Road) 1:08 in.; Croydon
(Whitgift) 1-06 in. ; Caterham, Westerham (Hill Estate), and
"Kenley 1:04 in. ; Croydon (Woburn Road) 1-08 in.; Upper Gat-
ton 1°01 in.; Beddington 1:00 in.

Aveust 17rn. — Streatham 1:89 in. ; Clapham Park 1°50 in. ;
Wallington 1°10 in.

Aveust 207H.—Chevening Park 1:09 in.

APPENDIX III.

Mean Montuty ano Annuat Rarnratn ror tHe Ten Years 1891-1900.

e HAL BGHMDODHADEDANAANAGLDOHNEEADOS
a EPPPODMAPHAPFSOPEOSOCDOANONDAODDH
Ss FOSOOPME EF aAHDNLKOHDOH OL O4HHMHAA MD

ADDNANNANANANNDANANNANNANAATAA

I > :

3 POIBEDOADDADODOANADOHOHOHEE DX
= GAP OHSDOODBAAAHHHAHOOHOABOD GHANA
A “Maa MmAINNNANADAMRANAANAAAANA
es | BE BADALMEDHOEDOOMROEFAHTAWAA
S ET OOH OAD ARDMOAODWSDDASDHADwWS
Z “oD Aca MOANAMDMAMMANMDMANAAN
¢ | g8SSESSTZFSSSABSS SSR Rass
i) “cdc cM DAM MMHMMrMnaMaAnmaAMamacaa
43 SOPNBDDODOHADWVADHDDARBRNDOEOEHOXOE
5 ETE HANAANHTSCDARSASLTSOABSOOBOD
op) TANANANANNHANAANHAAAANGAeS
e DIDWSOSO HAE Anton CVCDSDADWGODSO
5 PERO O1D HIN AND HD AON AIO 4 OO OO HD
<a TAMAANANANANANNANANAANAANAAAANAN
bs WFEBADWONAWAOHOHEADAHROORBAHAS
3S By US SS rt Ht SO BS rH 2) Tt 1D 1 CoG al OS GG
De FANANANANAATANNANANNHANAANAAAS
® HOEK SCWHAMWDHDMOCOCHAHAALRHADMDDOOWS
=| AOE ADSBABDBHRBOADSOSDOSALEEEOTsS
= aos Be es ee es eS es es es ee ee es
= LFAADNDOAHDHBHNDGONDHDASOHHAOAHAD
s ES A IES SE Stet MDUICO SoH SA SCO RE SOS HE aa et)
S a a ee eee
- | .OMADDDDADDODDODNADONAHTE RODD
a G4 SSH AS CD SHC AD 1 1 GO stl GN CG GOS rt rt tt
aq i ee ee ee ee pe

7 : MmHAOHHAHAOONOHAHOHODDVOAONH OH
bn he ee Ord all or be Ot meords Of molor— bol oma — meta — n)

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aN Cllee = 7
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Cle AR SSHAAHAHADDDAMDDDANAANANCANAAA

| arcameren lerav eras Sapa. sare : ot a = Seema

ee ae Aa RAD oes : =
Sad Syene Sar So Oper Brak sis 30 Ae SS re
Buin tg : sR PALES, 21% a eee
Pe, mila sts wet’ Mine. wet, 6s. Sst. | SON ie ae re
PoGet tp Vip ot ob > Pies
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Sime Uinboe inmriz niger, stata poe Satyeneey 4 eam (on Oe 2) 5S eeeees
2 SpA ce AMA oct lof 072g eet galing aN SS >: i dee
a fii PS 2 1 So 2 ee
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q Dae se Mem ste Se see: ce PES St Et ae le ee
< Pa aero: ae eal Sart yee een — lS YR Sy
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on Po 3 2 ap © S35" 3S! re
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OF SH mom es Onondaga” DA°eeaspson gd
or Bas ee I
SOs 8TF CAV OCR SIO ee BOsSOe BS
MAS A420 aN ea 4a et mMaAddneOrO

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tt SHHDSOSOTADOCHBESAHOHOOAVHOHES
BH ie aoe ee ee ST OD E> B= B= B= Ga GPS Be 1 Oe
Ss FIDA DAD AMD AA AANNAMNANAWMRHFMOAODWO
| ANAANANNANNANANANANAANANAAHA
3 RDODAOMWAOKHAABWDORDMRBAHRDOOHAD
2 SD AE CO Hr HO AA IANBHBOWSS OD
A | TManaAnnnnaNnanannaaananAANaAans
iE “ WOAHAHAONHAAMDDOADEDOOOAHOEDS
B | FPSSHOSEALHOGHHHHEANOHADS
ae TFANNAANANANNNANANAAANAAANAHA
‘la MWNMADOAAHH HOHNER DHOREARDDEOWS
us 2 PSO PAN ABANDONS DA OE Ac E10
me | PO LT DDADADAMDADMDADHDAAMAIADANBDANAA
= 43 | HOM IGDEDMDADADAADSOADOAGDDDHAONA
S a EOE OE BPBOSOKPRBODO-BDDHADr-ABEDS
Ss SIE Baal Re al ae RA SD sR aa pe ee ee ee
oO Fe | SS5sSSenearanon ANMEANLEOCHAODEH
S 5 859 SO SVG 29 GUA CO SHE GY CO 16 16 19 ADHDES
a < | FAaAaAnnANAANANANANAANAANAGHA
1 S | LAMDANDNDDSOIDIBODENADDAHADAADCSOSO
al =) ANOMOAAAONAS AAAS SANDODABOODS
$ & lFannnnaannanaanannaannanande
= o | LWOODWGDADNDNDARHWDEOCLEANWKDADGUWADD
n g gi O OEE EO SEE Ot SOS DODOAe
| 5 JR SAAN
cS) a | OOHAALRANMAWHAHHMONADOLDOANAGQH
A e By pe Sal arse SS) tl SHH OS CD SH SH CAC SAN te La
Bot = eee eo
=] a DID AMWIDWODNIAOGNHNDMHMOMWUEHOSLEDOOWMAA
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s < JT RACHA AA AAA AAA AAA ANNAN AHORN
| DOAT-ADOODWHMONHADOCDAAAYHEO
= ce FCO AS a AGO HCO 160 E~ 8S 20) B= 29 HGS) E= GY CASH OS Ge
oo] = FR sae AAA AANA
= on WDOHAADDAHABHAHOODDNWUOHOKOHDONE®D
cs) PADS GSE IESAS 6 ODES IE=) 20) SO B= 0 10 SS E= CO) HRD St ee
4 i JPR AAA AA PHAN AAA
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Pig. 2 | 3 .
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5 a 5 | : oe
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aijos
qa |Siak Pea HAHA MHON HH AAA AAA ANNO AeH
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Eee
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ma 1 So | PAD OWMWWHADANOENOMBHANAAN
rs} eke See ee ee
S Sete Abate ete ch ass ce eeedS. RRS" eg SN Se ee ce
See nas Seat OL tyre Sin 80 EN Se > Se ee rn
SAO: OAM er rare Site gs
< Ret oh oo ey ee 2 es 22 Ee. a
is} HO eee Die lh he A Cee es ee
| eye ns Ear Sco \s/s0 5) 2 Ooo es
y cee re Sy ee eV EET) ese, | ve ee = Pane we a a
wm ce US Se a ae 2 hl — Rk © Cee eee val eres orm he) i
mal nR ~~ E
a Sit aie SOF Se OS ati wl eke ee es
2 retaMveihc ls. Cee ns Pr eiTSia eect. any i ba S53. Ray ee ees ae
a Sa ers See eo ie ets ene ara ae en
’ Sa: Cer eHeriaes. 3 aes si Sineee ee Ce
a UNG aS SOO De > 1 A a MRED
nm at: es =e coe 0 ee = ie SS
et S| —O~6 fomso} =O Au es ° Sg
no] PS ve Sq :oAS - ag wsgs
SO2e sos swe Moco, Séog mk
onfononm Oo CaS Hee SSeS UBS SHS
é SeY¢as veg dsasaegkdesge SS 5g9g 25
js PSasSPSSZS SS SesAH Ee ees PSs ea
3 OoRPS Sc aeoYn oon sit SoM rst so
SMAnOSEcSceOAMAMERZENnREARA

PRESEN

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“7 OCT 199;

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Opel 5
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“'

CONTENTS.

PROCEEDINGS. * PAGE |
Thirty-prat: Ainual: Meeting v.22... 0.-. 0... ee lay ee xiv;
Péodteent)s Addresses. sh iccives Bae - nc calle con Pewee se abe ees xl viii
JD a0 (0) ee Aer). Se ak eee lx

_ Evening’ Meetings ...........-. SEE «ako Sabet waa.) «hei he qa Ixv
Sectional Committees SE. SS. coca RG else aeye cers tae oe lxvili
Mamnbhars .clected000 seo i. Rat cient awe eee xxiii
Donations to the Tibfary, 2000.2 Sa. ho 0. ee cee Ixxili
Bishipits: 1900.9 eet. a cole, ae ee, Us See ee es 2 ee lxxiv
Tréagurer s alnmce heats ss o..cet sc eatessb Fp: ops Scan Ogee Ixxv

TRANSACTIONS.
- Three-colour Photography applied to the Correct Delineation of
Natural History Subjects. By W. Savinue-Kent, F.L.8.,

Ai. Cc ee: | gh ce ae Cadets ee uegeah Sevtye ees Roe 17
The Stone Implements of Brittany: By H. C. Cottymr......... 22
Some Surrey Wells. (Third Paper.) By W. Wurraxer, B.A.,

F.R.S,, V.-P.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., F. San. Inst., Pres.

Geol. Assoc. «......... eae Moi. oR: ae eae 30
Stone and Bronze Celts Je ge! discovered in Croydon and

Neighbourhood. By N. F. Rowarrs, F.G.8. ... 0.60... tes “51
Report of the Meteorological Committee, 1900. Prepared by the

Hon. Sec., Francis Camppeci-Bayarp, F.R. Met.Soc. Bry it 56

dinghon ‘Mpicenscpica and ‘Batntal spistorp Club,
is dat aaa

OFFICERS FOR 1901.

President—Jas. Hrps, Jun., F.L.8.

Vice-Presidents.—Joun Berney, F.R.M.S.; Henry 8. Eaton, M.A.,
F.R.Met.Soc.; Henry T Mennevt, F.L.S>; Henry G. Thompson,
Mabie <.< Epwarp Loverrt; H. Frank ' Patsons, M.D./F.G:S. ;
W. Murron Hours; J. M. Honsoas M.D., B.Sc.; Witoram Wuiraker,
B.A:; F.B.S.,-4.G.8. |

Hon. Curator of Museum.—N. F. Roszarrs, F.G.8. :

Hon. Lanternist.—J. H. Baupoox, F.C.S.

Hon. Librarian.—Axrrep Roops.

Hon. Treasurer.—-F. J. ‘Townenp.

Council W. Bruce Bannerman, F.G.$.; J. Kpmunp Orta, B.A.,
B.Se., F.G.8.; Guorer Cuinen, F.G.5.; A. Frezesiaun ; R.F, Guunny!
sags Hoes : E. Pierce; W. W. Tapiaey : ; J« Watson Gti

Hon. Secretary.— Gro. W. Moore, Bryndhurst, Dornton htoad. te

PRINTED BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON GAKDEN, LOND.

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