PRODROMUS . 4

-PALBONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

Popes

Ri HG|

eat _ FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

VICTORIAN ORGANIC REMAINS.

DECADE V, .

ay : BY

FREDERICK McCoOy,

¥.G.8,; HON. F.C.P.S,; C.M.Z.S.L.; HON, F.G.3.E.; HON. M.G.S.M., ETC.
_ AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;” “SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF
"IRELAND ;” “ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALHONTOLOGY ;” ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “‘ BRITISH
é PALEOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC.

FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE

>. ” QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
> PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.

GOVERNMENT PALRONTOLOGIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

;
MBLBOURNE :
JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER,
PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET. °

LONDON:

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL; AND
GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE.

mM pcce LXXVUl.

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eological Survey of Victoria,

PRODROMUS

OF THE

PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

OR,

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF

VICTORIAN ORGANIC REMAINS.

DECADE V.

BY

PMR DMRICKm MNMceCone

F.G.8.; HON. F.C.P.S.; C.M.Z.S.L.; HON. F.G.S.E.; HON, M.G.S.M., ETC.

AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND;” “SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF
IRELAND ;” “ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALZONTOLOGY ;”’ ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “ BRITISH
PALHOZVIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC.
FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALEZONTOLOGIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

MELBOURNE :
JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.
PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL; AND
GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE.

MDccc LXXVil.

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— ee Se __ ae, Se ee, beh i 7

PREFACH.

As the publications of a Geological Survey cannot properly be
limited to the maps and sections, but would be incomplete without
figures and descriptions of the fossil organic remains made use of
for the determination of the geological ages of the different
geological formations of the country,* it has been determined to
issue a “ Prodromus” or preliminary publication of the Victorian
Organic Remains in Decades, or numbers, of ten plates each, with
corresponding letterpress, on the plan of the Decades of the
Geological Survey of England, followed by the Geological Surveys
of Canada, India, and several other Governments.

The Decades will contain figures and descriptions in the first
place of the more characteristic fossils of each formation, of which
good specimens may be in the National Collection ; so that
observers in the field may make use of them for preliminary or
approximate determination of the geological ages of the strata they
may meet. A portion of the impression of the plates will be kept
back until a complete systematic treatise on the fossils of each
formation may be issued when the materials approach completion.

This Fifth Decade contains illustrations of numerous fossils of
the Tertiary and Upper and Lower Silurian formations, the right

* “ Palzontological researches forming so essential a part of geological investigations, such as
those now in progress by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, the accompanying
plates and descriptions of British fossils have been prepared as part of the Geological Memoirs,
They constitute a needful portion of the publications of the Geological Survey.”—Sir Henry
T. De la Beche, Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, in notice
prefixed to the first of the Decades of the English Geological Survey.

[3]

PREFACE,

understanding of the relations of which strata to each other, and to
corresponding deposits in other parts of the world, can only be
arrived at by the identification of their organic remains ; a know-
ledge of which will also materially assist the operations of the field
geologists at present engaged in mapping these formations, and
testing the theories relating to the oceurrence of gold in the
different stages of each of those geological periods.

The first and second plates give illustrations of the skull and
teeth of a new extinct species, of Eared Seal, from the Pliocene
Tertiary calcareous beds at Queenscliff ; nearly related to the living
Otaria and Arctocephalus of our southern seas.

The third plate illustrates some of the more abundant and
characteristic Brachiopoda of our Tertiary strata, one of them
completely identical in size and shape with the recent Waldheimia
Australis of our Bay, but the smallest fragment of which I find
may be discriminated specifically by the larger size of the pores
viewed with a strong lens.

The fourth plate is devoted to illustrations of two Tertiary
species of Cardiwm, one of them so nearly related to the Upper
Eocene or Oligocene Tertiary Cardium semigranulatum of the
Bracklesham Bay beds of the Hampshire coast and the Isle of
Wight, that none of the existing figures or descriptions of the best
authors could enable the distinction to be recognised which I have
pointed out based on the usual careful comparison of specimens
from both localities.

The fifth plate gives further illustrations of the Spondylus
gederopoides, the Australian representative of the well-known
Europeau Tertiary and recent Spondylus gederopus; and an
additional Victorian smaller and rarer extinct species.

The sixth and seventh plates are filled with figures of species of
Upper Silurian Mollusca, of the more abundant forms characteristic

of this formation ; of the Mollusca of which we have not previously

[ 4]

PREFACE.

given any illustrations, but which are intended to facilitate the
recognition of strata of this age by the field geologists now engaged
on the eastern extensions of these beds. Some of the species (as
the Spirigerina reticularis, Leptena depressa or rhomboidalis,
Spirifera sulcata, &c.) are identical with well-known abundant and
characteristic forms in beds of the same age in England, Bohemia,
Sweden, and North America; while others are representatives,
peculiar to Australia, of other forms, such as Pentamerus, allied
to P. oblongus, &c., characteristic of the same strata in the old and
new worlds.

The next plate illustrates a new spheroidal Tertiary species of
sponge, with long slender radiating silicious spicules of the European
recent genus Tethya, and a most remarkable extinct gigantic
species of Sea-pen, or Graphularia, allied to that of the European
London clay formation, and also closely allied to the Sea-pen now
living in Hobson’s Bay (Sarcoptilon), but four times the size of the
living types. These fossils have been found by the Rey. Mr. Legge
in abundance in the Miocene Tertiary beds of Waurn Ponds,
and it is to his enlightened zeal we owe our examples of these
interesting Zoophytes, some of our figures of which suggest the
idea that the recently announced discovery of the Mesozoic Cepha-
lopodous Molluscan genus elemnites in the Tertiary strata of
South Australia may have really been a different interpretation
of the same objects.

The ninth plate continues the illustrations of our numerous
curious extinct Tertiary species of Cyprea.

The last plate gives further illustrations of the Graptolites of our
gold-fields slates ; one, of a new type, contributed by M. Thureau
from Sandhurst or Bendigo ; and another identical with a species
found in the similar slates of Canada, having the basal plate, not
seen before in Australian types, although not very uncommon in
slates of the same age in North America.

ad

PREFACE,

The future Decades will continue the illustration of the fossil
collections made in the course of the Geological Survey of the
Colony.

Freperick McCoy.

7th September 1877.

[6]

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Pl. XLL. , PALAONTOLOGY OF VIGTORIA
( Tertcary Mammalia)
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PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia,

Prates XLI. anp XLII.

ARCTOCEPHALUS WILLIAMSI (McCoy).

[Genus ARCTOCEPHALUS (F. Cuy.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Mammalia, Order
Fere. Fam. Phocide.)
3—3 1-1 6 —

6
Gen. Char,—Dental formula :—i., 9; ¢-, To1i™ = 36.— Upper jaw: Inci-

5—5
sors, 2 inner, on each side, small, crowns bifid by a transverse notch ; outer one like a canine, two
or three times larger than middle ones. Canines large; molars six, when young, cingulum on
inner side of base ; roots large, fangs connate. Lower jaw: 4 incisors, small, not notched ; canines
large, compressed ; molars 5, shaped as in upper jaw, roots of fifth slightly divaricated.
Muzzle tapering to front. Palate bones rather short, reaching only to middle of zygomatic arch.
Ramus of lower jaw narrow, with a crest-like process on hinder part of lower edge in front of
condyle. ]

Description.—The old male skull, on which the A. Williamsi is founded, has
the occipital crest well developed. It most nearly approaches the living Australian
Hared Seal, the Arctocephalus lobatus, in the semi-elliptical posterior edge of the
palate, and its backward extent; but differs in the larger roots, and very much smaller
crowns of the molars, and in the much smaller relative size of the anterior and pos-
terior lobes or cusps, as well as in the lower and less acute middle lobe. The canines
are also larger and usually greatly worn by lateral oblique abrasion ; the outer canine-
like large upper incisors (7. 8) appearing relatively smaller. The forehead is much
wider across the postorbital processes ; the pre-maxillaries extend relatively farther
back, and the zygomatic process is broader, the arch rather flatter, and especially the
suture between the zygomatic portion of the squamosal is much less oblique, the
consequent more forward extension of this bone in the A. Jobatus and the general
slenderness of the arch being conspicuously different from the fossil one. Leneth of
skull from anterior edge of incisor alveolus to posterior edge of occipital condyles,
1 foot. Taking this leneth as 100, the following proportions are found:—Length to
middle of posterior notched edge of palate, 475 (A. lobatus, ''5) ; from anterior edge
of incisor alveolus to hind edge of glenoid cavity, 68, (A. lobatus, 735); greatest
width of skull opposite middle of glenoid fossa, 34°; (A. lobatus, -%%); length of
lower jaw, 56°, (A. lobatus, =%},) ; depth of lower jaw vertical at front edge of m.°,
a8, (A. lobatus, 345); from lower edge of basioccipital to top of supraoccipital
crest, 4, (A. lobatus, 45); width across from tip of one postorbital process to
the other, 336, (A. lobatus, -%3,); from front edge of incisor alveolus to posterior
superior end of pre-maxillary bones, 33,4; (A. lobatus, 3265).

In Dr. Gray and Mr. Gerrard’s catalogue of bones of the Mam-
malia in the British Museum, the genera Arctocephalus and Otaria

6—6 é :
* Dr. Gray gives 6—6 38 the molar formula for Arctocephalus in all his treatises on
Seals, but it is obviously by error that more than five should be indicated on each side in the
lower jaw. The hindmost upper molar often disappears with age, as in our fossil.

aia

Tertiary.) PALHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia,

are distinguished, as far as the teeth are concerned, by the Arctoce-
phalus haying six molars above and Ofaria five on each side, while
in Professor Owen’s Catalogue of Bones in the College of Surgeons
this is reversed, and six upper molars is pointedly referred to as the
main distinction of Otaria from Arctocephalus with five. Professor
De Blainyille’s type skull of Otaria leonina (= jubata) is clearly
figured with six upper molars, although referred to by Gray and
Gerrard in their catalogue of bones as the only figure of the skull
of their only certain species of Ofaria. In the Voyage of the
Erebus and Terror the Arctocephalus lobatus is as clearly figured
by Gray with only five upper molars. Temminck, in his Fauna of
Japan, shows that the young of probably the latter species has six
upper molars, and only five when. old, the hind one disappearing,
and the socket becoming effaced or filled up by bone with age, in
some cases only on one side. The skulls of Arctocephalus and
Platycephalus (=) Otaria figured by F. Cuvier in the Mémoires
des Muséum (¢. ix.) have each six upper molars; and the great
backward extension of the palate-bones nearly to the articulation
of the lower jaw is mainly relied upon for separating the latter
from Arctocephalus.

The only remains of this new extinct Eared Seal are the skull
and lower jaws figured in our plates from the incoherent beds
alternating with the Pliocene Tertiary limestones of Queenscliff at
the entrance to Port Phillip Heads, where the large skull and jaw
were found by Dr. Williams, the Health Officer of that place, who
presented them to the National Museum collection. He says, in a
note to me, that ‘it was found 5 feet below the surface in what was
described as marl and sandstone, overlaid with limestone and sandy
loam. The men who found the fossil were engaged in excavating
limestone for road making from a sloping bank forming the boundary
of Swan Ponds at the nearest point to the sea (the Narrows).” A
second lower jaw with the same large roots and much smaller
crowns and cusps to the molars than in the recent 4. lobatus was
got at Cape Otway by Mr. Wilkinson, the present Director of the
Geological Survey of New South Wales, when he was connected
with the Geological Survey of Victoria. Some additional specimens
from the same place in the collection show the younger unworn

eo

A

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mammalia.

molars with very slender lateral cusps, and in all the cingulum is
more obtuse and smooth, or nearly without the strong crenulations
of the living species.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLI.—Fig. 1, side view of skull with lower jaw, one-half the natural size. Fig. la,
same skull viewed from above, showing great width at postorbital processes. Fig. 16, same skull
viewed from below, showing form and extent of posterior edge of palate. Plate XLII—Fig. Ic,
lower jaw of above specimen, natural size, side view. Fig. ld, inside view of teeth of same
specimen, natural size. Fig. le, lower edge of same jaw, showing the posterior inflection, natural
size. All the above from Queenscliff. Fig. 2, teeth of another specimen from Cape Otway,
outside view, natural size. Fig 2a, same teeth viewed from the inner side, natural size.

Freprerick McCoy.

DEC. V. [9] B

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PL XLT PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA
( Tertiary Motiusca)

A. Bartholomew del et beth Prot M Leren® Troedel um

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

Pirate XLII, Fias. 1, 2, 3.

WALDHEIMIA CORIOENSIS (McCor).

{Genus WALDHEIMIA (tine). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Palliobranchiata. Order
Brachiopoda, Fam. Terebratulide).

Gen. Char.—Suboyate, beak of larger valve truncated by a foramen separated from the
curved hinge-line by a deltidium ; entering valve with a median rostral boss, from which a
strong mesial septum extends towards the front. Loop reaching about two-thirds the length of
the shell with a long recurved portion forming the only junction of the apophyses of both sides.

The very long recurved loop and the distinct septum in middle of entering valve readily
separate this genus from Terebratula. ]

Description. —Subovate, greatest width about the middle of the length,
margin of sides convex in middle, becoming straight or slightly concave towards
the narrow rounded front; receiving valve very convex or very obtusely carinated
along the middle (in very old specimens the middle becomes concave near the front
margin, dividing the mesial convexity into two indistinct obtuse wide ridges), sides
flattened, very slightly convex, becoming
slightly concave near the lateral margins ; y
perforation of beak moderate, deltidium tri-
partite, the narrow middle portion convex,
lateral portions flat; rostral ridyes moderate,
angulated, entering valve flattened in the
rostral half, with the lateral margins abruptly
deflected nearly at right angles towards the
receiving valve, becoming gradually depressed
in the middle towards the narrowed front (in
old specimens the mesial depression becomes
divided by a wide slight convexity, corre-
sponding to the mesial marginal concavity of
opposite valve) ; profile of receiving valve
much arched near the large incurved beak,
becoming tangentially straight towards the
front, which is elevated at the margin into a
deep sinus (bisinuate when old); profile of
entering valve much arched from beak to the
much and abruptly inflexed front margin,
which is depressed to fill the sinus in the
opposite valve; lateral margins simple, with
an abrupt wide convex curve beyond the
middle on each side where the margins rise
to form the front sinus. Surface smooth
with moderate lines of growth. Substance of
valves thick, mesial septum about one-half
the length of the shell. Length of large
specimens, 2 inches 8 lines; proportional
dongth of entering valve, 1°53 width, 7'yq to
roo 3 depth of receiving valve, yy to yoo, ate:
usually Too 5 depth of entering valve, yoo: Side and rostral views, natural size, of large specimen.

[11]

Tertiary.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca,

This is the largest of all our Tertiary Brachiopoda, and is quite
unlike any living or Tertiary forms at present known, the shape of
the large valve reminding us of that of the lower Oolitic Terebra-
tula sub-Bentleyi.

I transfer to this species now the specific name which I formerly
used for the species recently figured and described under the name
W. Gambierensis by Mr. Etheridge, as the two species are found
together in the chief localities, and there can be no geological
difficulty in continuing the use of a name frequently referred to as
a MSS. species for some years ; but I mention the change now as
some specimens of the former type sent to various Exhibitions may
still have this name in collections.

Abundant in the Miocene Tertiary sands of Corio Bay, Geelong
(A‘15); also at (A* 24) Bird Rock ; in similar beds of Jan Juc ; in
similar beds (F* 26) more rare at Muddy Creek ; common in similar
beds at A‘ 26.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIII.—Fig 1, unusually long and narrow specimen, entering valve, natural size.
Fig. la, front view, showing the disproportion of the large receiving with the entering valve,
with the form of the sinus in the margin of same specimen. Fig. 16, receiving valve of same
specimen. Fig. Ic, profile of same specimen, but in this view the entering valve appears too
deep from being viewed obliquely, Fig. 2, large unusually wide specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a,
pores of surface magnified. Fig. 3, thickened interior of entering valve, with septum,

Piatt XLIII., Fias. 4 ann 6.
WALDHEIMIA MACROPORA (McCoy).

DescripTion.— Ovato-subpentagonal, greatest width varying from a little
before to a little behind the middle; both valves moderately convex, receiving valve
most so; lateral margins nearly in one plane with the middle of the front margin,
but raised towards the receiving valve by a large intermediate angular sinus on each
side. Receiving valve with a nearly regular convex longitudinal profile, greatest
depth a little behind the middle, trom whence the curve is a little more sudden to the
beak, which is moderately prominent with bluntly rounded sides; foramen moderately
large, with a tripartite deltidium, the middle portion of which is narrow and more
convex than the lateral ones ; two strong prominent, obtusely angular or rounded
ridges extend from the beak to the front margin, which is raised on each side into a
Jarge angular sinus at their ends; between these two ridges the surface is flattened
or hollowed to the general level of the sides, which slone to the lateral margins with
very slight convexity ; there are usually three ridges, simple or branched, between
the two larger bounding the middle space; sides with six or seven obtusely angular

[ 12]

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusca,

ridges simple or branching, arching outwards from the two main ridges of the
middle division, arising at successive distances so that those nearer the middle are
shorter than the outer ones (contrary to the usual rule). Entering valve with a
mesial division extending from the beak to corresponding portion of front margin not
more convex nor conspicuously raised than the adjacent portions of the moderately
convex sides, from which it is separated by a conspicuous angular smooth space
reaching to the angular sinus on each side of the front margin ; usually three simple
ribs and often a fourth shorter branch on the middle ridge, and five to eight simple
or rarely branched ribs extending obliquely to the lateral margins at an acute angle,
from the sides of the middle area, so that the more anterior ones are shorter than
those behind ; mesial septum slightly less than half the length of the entering valve.
Usual length, 1 inch 4 lines; proportional width, -8°,; depth of receiving valve,
35 ; length of entering valve, =85,; depth of entering valve, 52°. Surface punc-
tations, about 18 or 19 in the space of one line.

Every word of the above description will apply as well to the
varieties of the living W. flavescens of Hobson’s Bay as to the
fossil, except the punctation, which is, I think, conspicuously
coarser in the fossil, being about 27 or 28 to the line in W. flaves-
cens. ‘There is another Tertiary species very like this in our beds,
but easily distinguished by the sharp angularity of the sides of the
beak. I should have thought Mr. Davidson’s W. Garibaldiana
identical with this species, but, as in a letter I have seen from him
to the Rey. Mr. Tennison- Woods he thinks differently, I use for the
present form my old name macropora, referring to the coarse
punctation of the surface, which is conspicuously larger and with
fewer openings in a given space than in the recent species.

There are many varieties in the relation of length to width,
gibbosity, and variations from pentagonal to ovate form in this
species as in the recent W. flavescens.

Very common in the Older Pliocene Tertiary strata of Flemington ;

more rare in Oligocene beds between Mount Eliza and Mount
Martha.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIII.—Fig. 4, average size and shape of internal cast, receiving valve natural size.
Fig. 4a, side view of same specimen. Fig. 46, front margin of same specimen (the upward
angular sinus at the end of the two main ridges usually more strongly marked as compared with
the others). Fig. 4c, view of same specimen, showing the entering valve with mesial septum
(the three mesial ridges usually more distinctly separated from the lateral ones by a rather
wider triangular space). Fig. 4d, half a line of surface magnified to show the size and number
of the pores (compared with Fig. 5 showing a similar space similarly magnified of the recent
W. flavescens). Fig. 6, smaller more ovate specimen, natural size, receiving valve. Fig. 6a, view
of entering valve of same specimen. Fig. 66, front view of both valves. Fig. 6c, side view of
both valves.

Freprerick McCoy.

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Pi XLIV. PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Tertiary. | PALAZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusca,

Prats XLIV., Fira. 1.

CARDIUM PSEUDOMAGNUM (McCoy).

[Genus CARDIUM (Lin.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Lamellibranchiata, Order
Ishedrolotila, Fam. Cardiade.)

Gen. Char.—Shell sub-cordate ; margins close or gaping anteriorly and posteriorly ; car-
dinal teeth, 2, 1, or absent ; lateral teeth, one anterior and one posterior, or absent. Marine.
Range in time from Palzozoic to Recent.

The surface is usually costate, radiatingly, but in the section Protocardium the radiating
ridges are only distinct on the posterior slope, and there is a slight sinus in the pallial scar. ]

Descriprion.—Rotundato-quadrate, ventral margin slightly convex, nearly
straight, inclined at about 80° to the nearly straight posterior margin, the respiratory
angle between them being obtusely rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded,
gradually arching into the ventral margin; beaks tumid, moderately oblique, sub-
central, apical angle 79° in young, 80° in old specimens ; valves moderately tumid,
greatest depth at about half the length from the beak, the marginal half more
flattened than the rostral half, which is stronzly arched; posterior slope flattened,
the diagonal bounding ridge broadly rounded. Ribs 50, sub-equal, flat, smooth,
without spines or marked striz, and separated by very narrow sulci; their ends
strongly toothing the internal margin. Length (of large specimen) from anterior
to posterior margin, 84 inches; proportional depth from beak to ventral margin
(perpendicular to latter), =° ; greatest depth of one valve, 74°.

There is no Cardium in the Australian seas in the slightest
degree resembling this fine species ; which is not very near any of
the Tertiary species known to me in any part of the world. The
nearest analogue I know of is the recent Cardium magnum
(Born.) of the Gulf of Mexico, with which it agrees in size and
approximately in shape and ribbing ; the posterior slope is larger,
less oblique or more nearly rectangular in the fossil ; the ribs
are also more numerous (about 33 in living species), flatter, and
separated by much finer or narrower sulci. __

Very abundant in the Miocene Tertiary sandy beds (A‘ 22 and
23), Bird Rock Bluff, near Geelong.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIV.—Fig. 1, inner view of average specimen, natural size, showing the cardinal
and lateral teeth and denticulation of the margin. Fig. la, profile view of same specimen.
Fig. 1b, external view of same specimen, showing in the lower part the narrow sulci between the
broad flat ridges when the surface is perfect, and showing in the middle and upper portion the
narrower ridges and wider interspaces when the superficial layer of shell is removed. Fig. le,
portion of surface magnified, showing the appearance of the ridges when the surface is perfect
and removed, and their relation to the toothing of the margin.

[ 15 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

Prate XLIV., Fras. 2, 3.

CARDIUM (PROTOCARDIUM) ANTI-SEMIGRANULATUM
(McCoy).

Description. — Rotundato-quadrate, gibbous; respiratory angle (between
posterior and ventral margin) obtusely rounded, posterior margin nearly straight,
ventral margin slightly convex, anterior margin rounded. Posterior slope with very
fine simple ridges (about sixteen in 2 lines at 1 inch from beak), closely set
with small arched tubulo-conical spinose tubercles; rest of surface nearly smooth, or
with very faint Jongitudinal strize (about eighteen in 2 lines at 1 inch from
beak); about sixteen crenulations of the inner edge of ventral margin, and about
eight on edge of posterior slope in a space of 2 lines at 13 inches from beak.
Length from anterior to posterior margin, 1 inch 10 lines; depth of one valve, +435;
from beak to opposite ventral margin, 5,

This is one of the extraordinarily close representatives of well-
known European Tertiary fossils found in our strata of similar age.
It is closely related to Cardium (Protocardium) semigranulatum
(Sow.) of the Bracklesham Bay, Barton, Colwell Bay, Upper
Eocene or Oligocene strata of the Hampshire coast and Isle of
Wight, and besides a less and more evenly convex ventral margin,
I can only distinguish it with certainty on careful comparison of
specimens from the English localities, by the greater fineness (or
larger number in a given space) of the longitudinal strie of the
body of the shell and the spinulose ribs on the posterior slope, and
of the corresponding crenulations of the margin. In this respect
the French Eocene nearly allied species, C. semistriatum, C.
semiasperum, C. parile, C. fraudator, and C. Wateleti of Deshayes
are still farther removed from our species. The spinulose ridges
on the English specimens of C. semigranulatum, from the Brackle-
sham Bay strata, are only about nine in the space of two lines at
one inch from the beak, while our representative form has sixteen
in a corresponding space.

Rare in Lower Miocene Tertiary of Moorabool.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIV.—Fig. 2, average specimen, natural size, imperfect near the beak. Fig. 2a,
profile view of same specimen, Fig. 2b, curved tubular spines on posterior ridges magnified.
Fig. 2c, portion of surface of posterior slope and middle of the shell magnified to show the
spinulose character of the former and the faint indication of striae seen on the latter with the
lens. Fig. 3, rostral view of another specimen, natural size,

Freperick McCoy.

[ 16 ]

/f

Pp]

1 Daag
A Bartholomew, ded ed

Lith

Prof M° Coy, derext

PALKONTOLOCY OF VICTORIA.

(Tertiary Mollesca/)

De Grachy &Le gh ump

Tertiary. PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Pirate XLV., Fras. 1 anp 8.

SPONDYLUS G/EDEROPOIDES (McCoy).

[Genus SPONDYLUS (L1n.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Lamellibranchiata. Order
Pleuroconcha. Fam. Spondylidz.)

Gen. Char—Shell irregular, inequivalve, inequilateral ; hinge-line short, straight, forming
quadrate ears on each side of the beaks ; a flat triangular cardinal area divided longitudinally by
a median cartilage groove which separates the beak of the large attached valve from the hinge-
line ; two large cardinal teeth in each valve with pits for opposite teeth, and a triangular
central cartilage pit connected with groove of cardinal area ; ligament simple, external ; adductor
impression large, rounded a little on the posterior side of middle; pallial scar, strong, entire ;
surface rough, spiny.

Mesozoic to recent warm seas in deep water attached to corals or rocks. ]

DescripTion.—(See Decade IV., Plate XXXVIII.)

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES,

Plate XLV.—Fig. 1, outside view, natural size, of larger valve (bored at one point by car-
nivorous gasteropod) with more numerous large ridges than usual. Fig. la, view of hinge-tecth
and cardinal area of same specimen, showing the latter divided in the middle by the cartilage pit.
Fig. 16, profile outline view of same specimen. Fig. 3, view of upper valve of specimen with
fewer large ridges than usual, natural size.

Pirate XLY., Fic. 2.
SPONDYLUS PSEUDO-RADULA (McCoy).

Description.—Longitudinally ovate, apical angle about 85° slightly oblique,
both valves moderately convex, substance very thin; ears rather small, covered with
radiating very numerous, fine, closely spinulose strie; surface of upper valve with
about ten to fifteen narrow prominent ridges radiating from the beak, set at irregular
intervals with long curved, compressed, rather slender spines; between each pair of
larger ridges are three, five, seven or thirteen very much finer alternate stri, the
middle one largest, all closely set with fine setaceous spines. The lower valve with
more numerous spinose ridges (about twenty). Length of large specimens, 3} inches;
more usual size, about 1} inches; proportional width, ;%%, to 38°; ; length of hinge-
line, 33%; to 74°;; depth of upper valve, 335, to 34°; depth of lower valve, 3°, to
yoo; nine fine ridges in a space of 2 lines at 10 lines from beak.

This thin, delicate species is easily distinguished from the other
large common species, S. g@deropoides (McCoy), of the same beds
by the spinulose small ridges between the larger ones. There is

DEC. Y. elie] c

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

no recent species very nearly allied to it ; the S. multimuricata of
the Moluccas coming perhaps nearest, but having more numerous
ridges with thicker and coarser spines, and much fewer and less
spinulose intermediate strie. Of fossil species, the nearest is the
S. rarispina (Desh.) and the S. radula (Desh.) of the older French
Tertiaries, from which it differs in its narrower form, fewer large
ribs, and more numerous and more spinulose interstitial ones. The
concentric scaly lamine so common on the rostral portions of the
lower valve of this genus are scarcely indicated, and only on the
sides, if at all. The species is in most localities only about 13
inches in length, but at Bairnsdale Mr. Howitt has collected gigantic
specimens, upwarés of 3 inches in length, which agree with the
others in all the main characters, and in these the unusual thinness
of the valves is even more remarkable than in the small ones,
recalling the living Australian Spondylus fragilis of Sowerby in
this respect (although quite different in all other characters). Some
of these Bairnsdale specimens show the spines nearly 14 inches in
length, tapering to the end and with the remarkable lateral com-
pression contrasting with the flattening in the opposite direction
more common in other species.

Not uncommon, of small size, in the Oligocene Tertiary clays and
limestones near Mount Martha, in Port Phillip Bay ; rare, of small
size, in the clay beds of Muddy Creek ; about the same size in the
sandy Tertiary (A* 28) of Fyansford.

Very large in the sands and limestones of Miocene Tertiary age
of Bairnsdale.

Of large size, very thin and fragile, in the Older Pliocene sandy
clays of Mordialloc.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Prater XLV.—Fig. 2, upper valve of middle sized specimen, natural size. Fig. 2a, view of
hinge of same specimen. Fig. 26, profile outline view of same specimen, Fig. 2c, portion of
surface magnified to show the spinulose character of the smaller ridges between the larger ones.

Frepertck McCoy.

[ 18 ]

if

[ay

JONES SINIES PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

(Upper Silurian Mollusca |

ABartholomew del et iith Prof Me Cay dzrexr* CO LroedellC amp

Upper Silurian. ] PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

PratE XLVI., Fra. 1.

LEPTANA (LEPTAGONIA) RHOMBOIDALIS (Wick. sp.).

[Genus LEPTONA (Dal.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Palliobranchiata. Ord, Brachio-
poda. Fam. Orthiside.)

Gen. Char—Semicircular, depressed, entering valve concave, the other evenly convex from
the straight hinge-line, which is as long as the shell is wide; cardinal area distinct, slightly
rhomboidal, about equally formed of both valves; the convex or receiving valve has a triangular
opening, from the sides of the base of which diverge two strong cardinal tooth ridges, the
aperture nearly filled by the projecting angle of a rhomboidal, two or four lobed, boss at the
beak of the entering valve, leaving only a minute perforation, separated by a small pseudo-
deltidium from the apex; punctured structure minute, often indistinct or obsolete; internal
surface rough with little points; entering valve with a small bifid tooth at the beak, in front of
which are two small diverging socket ridges, between which is a moderate longitudinal septum.
Some species show a minute tubular foramen at the apex of the beak, others are closed.

This genus may be said to embrace three sections or subgenera not worthy I think of generic
rank, on careful study of a very extensive suite of specimens of most of the known species.
These are :—Leptena Dalman, restricted to the type of his last species, the Z. transversalis, in
which the valves are almost equally curved in the same direction, the receiving or foraminated
one convex; the other concave outwardly, and having the muscular impressions and ovarian
spaces larger than in the others. 2nd. Strophomena, in which the valves are flat or very slightly
convex when young, the margin in a few species becoming by age deflected usually towards the
receiving valve, e. g. L. euglypha (Dal.) and Strophomena rugosa (Raf.). 3rd. Leptagonia (McCoy),
with both valves abruptly bent at right angles towards the entering valve, and the rostral
portion concentrically wrinkled. In former works I included Chonetes (Fischer) amongst the
ce aan of Leptena, but, in deference to the opinion of de Koninck and Davidson, I now
omit it.

DescripTion.—Square prismatic ; rostral portion quadrate ; sides and front
margin nearly straight, slightly undulated; slightly convex near the beaks;
irregularly concave before reaching the angle, which is seldom as high as the
surface near the beak ; concentric wrinkles, about twelve to fifteen, strong, rounded,
slightly undulated, and some of them occasionally interrupted in parts, following
the direction of the margin, and turning abruptly outwards near the cardinal line ;
deflected front prismatic; sides sub-parallel, or slightly converging towards the front
margin, which is flattened, or with few irregular longitudinal folds, dilated at the
cardinal angles into flattened ears; longitudinal striz coarse, obtuse, equal, about
nine to twenty (usually twelve) in the space of 2 lines at the edge of the rostral
portion ; interior of receiving valve with two short cardinal teeth, diverging at 115°,
from the ends of which a slender prominent ridge curves forwards and inwards on
each side, forming the boundary of the rather large, ovate, adductor impressions,
which reach about half the length of the rostral portion, the two being separated by
a mesial ridge extending rather less than their length; interior of entering valve
with the rostral portion very concave, and sharply defined from the deflected front
by a prominent narrow margin ; rostral tooth very large, and deeply bifid ; the pits
for the teeth of the opposite valve are flanked anteriorly by two thick ridges, which
gradually incurve, forming the tubercular boundary to the rounded posterior pair of
muscular impressions ; anterior to which are the much smaller anterior pair of ovate
impressions, with tumid boundaries; the mesial separating ridge extending two-

[ 19 ]

Upper Silurian.] PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

thirds the length towards the deflected edge, which latter bears numerous fine,
nearly straight, linear, simple or once-branched pallial impressions, about twice the
size of the external strie; inner surface of both valves with small spinulose
tubercles; cardinal area moderately large in both valves. Average width of flat
rostral portion at cardinal angles 1 inch 3 lines; proportional width of ditto at
middle, 742; ; length of ditto, °%;; length of deflected front, 4%5,.

REFERENCE.— Conchita rhomboidalis (Wilckens) (1769) Nachricht = Anomites
rhomboidalis (Wahl.), Nova Acta Upsal, vol. viii. (1821)= Productus depressus
(Sow.) Min. Con, t. 459. = Leptena depressa, Sil. Syst. t. 12, f.2 + L. tenuistriata,
Sow. Sil. Syst. t. 22, f. 2a + L. rugosa (Dal.).

In some states of preservation, or partial decomposition, each of
the longitudinal striz seems divided into two, giving rise, I have
no doubt, to the species L. tenwistriata (Sow.), but by far the
greater number of specimens in the Caradoc and Bala rocks only
show, on accurate measurement, the same number of striz in a
given space as the Wenlock specimens. Some specimens in which
the front is gradually rounded into the sides, agreeing with
LL. rugosa (Dal.), differ in no other respect from the normal
specimens, and the passage is so gradual and obviously unim-
portant, that I have no doubt of the specific identity of the forms.
Some specimens have the muscular impressions narrower, and the
dental lamelle diverging at a less angle than above, and varying
in length from little more than one-third to nearly two-thirds the
length of the visceral disk. The variety with wide muscular
impressions has them varying also from less than one-half to more
than one-half the length of the visceral disk. These varieties do
not at all accord with any of the changes of form or striation
noted ; nor is there any relation between the fineness of the
striation and the geological position, although, generally speaking,
the fine striation is most common in specimens from the old beds.

I cannot find the slightest difference in the number of striz in a
given space, or in any of the other characters, between the
European Silurian examples and those occurring in the rocks of
corresponding age in Victoria.

Common in the Upper Silurian (Wenlock shale) at Yering,
Upper Yarra.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVI.—Fig. 1, specimen of receiving or dental valve, natural size (one side
imperfect, but made up by dotted lines),
[ 20 ]

Upper Silurian.] PALAZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Pirate XLVI., Fias. 2-5.

TREMATOSPIRA LIOPLEURA (McCoy).

[Genus TREMATOSPIRA (Hatt). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Palliobranchiata, Order
Brachiopoda. Fam. Spiriferide.)

Gen. Char.—Hinge-line shorter than the width of the shell; cardinal angles rounded ;
receiving valve with slightly produced or incurved beak, truncated by a small round perforation,
separated from the hinge-line by a deltidium; no cardinal area; beak of entering valve
received into a triangular pit under beak of receiving valve, as in Pentamerus. Teeth, sockets,
and spiral apophyses as in Spirifera. Surface longitudinally sulcated. Texture fibro-punctate.]

Descrrprion.—Orbicular when young, transversely oval and deeply bilobed when
adult by a very deep, obtusely rounded sinus, scarcely raising the margin; both
valves moderately convex, entering valve most so. Entering valve with eight
simple ridges on each side of two slightly larger middle ones, which after 4 lines
in length dichotomise so as occasionally to form four faintly marked mesial ridges
not toothing the margin; after about 5 or 6 lines in length the lateral ridges
suddenly become obsolete, leaving a broad, round, expanded, smooth, lateral margin
on each side, marked only by concentric waves of growth, the mesial ridges only
reaching the margin from the great depth of the scarcely raised mesial sinus.
Receiving valve with reflected lateral margins when old, and a very deep rounded
mesial hollow prolonged in front into a prominent tongue-shaped lobe, which fills
without elevating the sinus in the opposite valve. About nine or ten lateral ridges,
and about four faint mesial ridges at the end in old specimens, due apparently to the
subdivision of one mesial ridge of the first 5 lines in length. In very old specimens
the lateral ridges bifurcate. Length of receiving valve, 7 lines. ‘Texture coarsely
granulate or fibro-punctate under the lens. ‘There is a moderately long mesial
septum and two short diverging impressions of the base of teeth or apophyses in the
small valve, and two small teeth in the opposite one or converging dental lamelle ;
the apex of the beak is perforated. Apical angle, 110°.

Young specimens slightly approach the young Hemithyris
diodonta in appearance, but the lateral ridges are more numerous,
and the two mesial ridges of the entering valve not so much
elevated nor so obviously larger than the adjoining ones, while
the broad, smooth, or unridged, bilobed margins or sides of the
adult give a strongly distinctive character suggesting the specific
name. The mesial hollow in the entering valve differs from that
of H. diodonta in having about four faintly marked ridges as thick
as those of the sides. When large, the lateral ridges, as well as the
mesial ones, branch, which those of H. diodonta do not usually do.

[ 21 ]

Upper Silurian.) PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea,

Very common in May Hill sandstone of the hills near porphyry
dyke near Mount Disappointment (B? 17).

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVI.—Fig. 2, old individual of wide variety, entering valve, natural size. Fig. 2a,
same view magnified. Fig. 26, portion of surface of same specimen more highly magnified.
Fig. 3, long variety, receiving valve, natural size. Fig. 3a, same view magnified. Fig. 3d,
entering valve of same specimen magnified. Fig. 3c, side view of both valv f same spe-

cimen magnified. Fig. 4, intermediate variety, entering valve, natural size. Fi , same view
magnified. Fig. 5, long variety, young individual, entering valve, natural size. §Tig. 5a, same
view magnified. Fig. 56, view of receiving valve of same specimen magnified. g. 5c, rostral

view of both valves of same specimen magnified. Fig. 5d, front view of both valves of same
specimen magnified.

Prats XLVI., Fia. 6.
TREMATOSPIRA FORMOSA (Hatz).

DrscripTion.—Longitudinally ovate, moderately convex, beak of large valve
pointed, a very narrow mesial sulcus containing two ridges smaller than those of the
sides; 10 or 11 regular simple sub-angular ridges on each side crossed by a few
strong imbrications of growth near the margin. Surface coarsely granulo-punctate.
Length, 4 lines; width, 8°. Apical angle, about 100°, or rather less,

REFERENCE.—Hall. Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, t. 36, f. 2.

There seems no difference between the Australian specimens and
those of the Lower Helderberg shales of Albany.

Not uncommon in May Hill sandstone of (B® 17) hills west of
Mount Disappointment.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVI.—Fig. 6, specimen of receiving valve, natural size. Fig. 6a,same view magnified.
Fig. 6b, portion of surface more highly magnified, showing the coarse tubulo-punctate surface.

Puate XLVI, Fias. 7, 8.

SPIRIFERA PLICATELLA (Lin.). Var. MACROPLEURA
(ConraD ).

(Genus SPIRIFERA (Sow.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Palliobranchiata, Order
Brachiopoda, Fam. Spiriferide.)

Gen. Char.—Transversely oval or sub-rhomboidal, gibbous, often radiatingly ridged and with
a mesial ridge on entering valve and corresponding mesial sinus on receiving valve; hinge-line
usually as long as the shell is wide; cardinal area nearly parallel-sided, of moderate width in

[ 22 ]

Upper Silurian.] PALHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Moltusca,

the receiving valve, the beak of which is large and incurved, very narrow in the opposite one,
the beak of which is small; shell structure fibrous; foramen notching the area of both valves,
that of the entering valve open, that of the receiving valve with an internal pseudo-deltidium
bordered by two strong diverging dental lamella in the receiving valve, and by the flattened
bases of the spiral apophyses in the other, which also usually shows a small mesial septum. |

Description.—Rhomboidal, wider than long, hinge-line usually shorter than
width of valves; cardinal angles obtusely rounded ; cardinal area moderately wide
in each valve; valves moderately convex; mesial fold large, rounded, flattened
towards the margin with two (or a trace of a third) large rounded ribs on each side,
sometimes distinct to the hinge-line, at others only waving the margin. Surface
with fine longitudinal strize (about nine in 1 line at 6 lines from beak) alternate near
the margin and crossed by lines of growth. Average width, rather over 13 inches;
proportional length, 56%, ; depth of both valves, 60.

REFERENCE.—Conrad, An. Rep. Pal., N. York, 1840. Hall, Pal. New York,
vol. 3, t. 27.

There can be no doubt of the identity of our Australian fossil
and the S. macropleura of the American geologists from their
“Lower Helderberg” rocks of New York, which are of the same age
as the Wenlock formations of English writers, but I greatly doubt
the propriety of separating it specifically from the S. eyrtena (Dal.)
(or S. plicatella (Lin.), as many writers prefer to call it now) typical
specimens of which from Sweden are so variable as to show all the
characters of S. macropleura on a somewhat reduced size.

Common in the Wenlock shale (B’ 22) near Kilmore (N.E.).

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVI.—Fig. 7, view of internal cast of receiving valve, natural size. Fig. 7a, rostral
view of same specimen, showing cardinal area. Fig. 7b, magnified portion of surface of cast,
showing lines of reticulo-punctation. Fig. 8, entering valve, imperfect on both sides, natural size.

Pratt XLVL, Fias. 9, 10.
SPIRIFERA SULCATA (Hr1s.).

DescripTton.—Transversely rhomboidal, wider than long; hinge-line exceeding
the width of the shell, cardinal angles usually acutely pointed; valves very convex,
receiving one much larger and more convex than the other, with a large incurved
beak and a very deep wide concave mesial hollow bounded by two very prominent
rounded ribs, with two to six ribs on each side (usually three); entering valve smaller
and flatter, with a very large prominent flattened mesial ridge, with usually three ribs
on each side; cardinal area wide and concave, but variable. Surface crossed with

[ 23 ]

Upper Silurian.) PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

very prominent scale-like lamine strongly curved over the ridges and showing a
fine longitudinal striation under the lens. Width of very large specimen, 1 inch 9
lines ; relPraore length of receiving valve, 6°, to 1%3;; length of entering valve,
y53 depth of receiving valve, +3°,; of entering valve, ;°°,; three to four lamine
in 1 line at 3 lines from beak ; ten longitudinal striz in 1 line.

_, REFERENCE.—Delthyris sulcata, Hisinger, Lethea Suecica, t. 21, f. 6.

wee.

The much greater size of the Australian specimens than those
commonly found in Europe is the only difference I can find between
them, and this does not in the least disturb my opinion as to their
identity, as I have been able to place in the National Museum for
comparison a specimen from the Upper Silurian limestones of the
typical Swedish locality, Klinteham, Gothland, 1 inch 4 lines wide.
This specimen is of the receiving valve, has three ridges on each
side, and in number of lamellz and longitudinal striz in a given
space and all other characters it agrees with corresponding varieties
from our Yarra beds, where all the European variations of relative
length to width, acuteness or obtuseness of cardinal angles, con-
vexity of valves, height of cardinal area, and number of lateral ribs
are represented. I think it quite possible that the large Spirifera
perlamellosa of the Lower Helderberg (= Wenlock) beds of New
York may prove to be a local variety of this species, which is very
characteristic of the Upper Silurian age.

Common in the Wenlock shale of Yering, Upper Yarra.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVI.—Fig. 9, front view of widest specimen, natural size. Fig. 9a, same specimen
viewed from entering valve, showing cardinal area and acute lateral angle. Fig. 94, magnified
portion of transverse scale-like lamelle (the longitudinal strie not represented). Fig. 10, view
of receiving valve of specimen longer in proportion to the width, natural size. Fig. 10a, rostral
view of same specimen, showing the cardinal area.

Freprerick McCoy.

[ 24 ]

PLXLVI PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA
(Upper .

rrian Mollisez)

4

a

5a

Vb

4

yy

Los
.

ye

4 Bartholoma: 7 @P 2322 wef o oy. Dirext C Troedsi & C°imp

Upper Silurian.] PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Prats XLVII., Fias. 1, 2.

SPIRIGERINA RETICULARIS (Liv. sp.).

[Genus SPIRIGERINA (p’Ors.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Palliobranchiata, Order
Brachiopoda. Fam. Spiriferide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell oblong, marked with radiating dichotomous ridges; beaks close, or
showing a small round opening close under the beak, separated from the hinge-line by a
deltidium of two pieces ; internally the receiving valve has two short diverging cardinal teeth
(one on each side of the deltidial space); the entering valve has a very short mesial septum,
and two long apophyses obliquely coiled in large flattened conical spires, base of each nearly
parallel with the plane of the margins of the valves, apices near the middle of inner surface of
the entering valve. In receiving valve the two muscular impressions are very large, occupying
nearly half the space of the interior; the pallial trunks are very simple, with few slender
branches. }

Descriprion.—Elongate, ovate, or sub-triangular from the hinge-line extending
into compressed ears nearly as wide as the shell, (small varieties often nearly
orbicular) ; in ordinary adult specimens the receiving valve is nearly flat, convex at
the beak, which is small and prominent, becoming gradually concave towards
the margins, which are more or less reflected; the opposite valve very gibbous
along the middle, gradually sloping towards the margin; surface covered with
strong rounded or sub-angular ridges, irregularly branching and increasing in
thickness towards the margin, separated by deep sulci rather less than the ridges in
width, both crossed by irregular, strong, scaly lines of growth, averaging five or six
in 2 lines at 6 lines from the beak (varying from four to seven). Average length,
a little over 1 inch; proportional width, 485, to +93; depth of both valves, from
382; to 73°; ; in specimens four lines long the valves are evenly convex and nearly
orbicular; the entering valve litttle more tumid than the receiving one; cast of the
beaked valve showing a deep oblique pit on each side of the beak for the hinge-
tooth ; a large, broad, oval, muscular impression, faintly divided down the middle
and obscurely radiated, occupies the middle of the rostral half, round this is a space
closely set with small irregular papilla; external margin smooth.

REFERENCE.—Anomia reticularis, Lin. Syst. Nat. = Terebratulites priscus,
Schlot. Petref. und Nachtr.= 7. erplanatus, Id.= Terebratula affinis, Sow. Min. Con.
and Sil. Syst. t. 6, f. 5.= A. aspera, Sow. Sil. Syst. t. 12, f. 5.=A. orbicularis, Sow.
Sil. Syst. t. 19, f. 3, 4.

This is a very variable shell, but the above description indicates
the most common and characteristic variety. It varies, Ist, in the
conyexities of the valves, both as to degree, distance from the
beak at which it is greatest, and equality; some small varieties,
and the young at all times, having the valves almost equally and
evenly convex: 2nd, in form, some, particularly the young and
the small varieties, being nearly orbicular, others being elongate
and nearly triangular from the width of the hinge-line and

DEC. V. [ 25 ] D

Upper Silurian.) PALZZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca.

narrowness of the front: 3rd, in the number, thickness, and
closeness of the ridges, and the scales which cross them, both of
which are often smaller and closer than the above-described
typical variety. The beaks are sometimes so close that the
cardinal area, small perforation, and deltidium in the larger valve
cannot be seen ; in other specimens they are all distinct.

This is one of the few fossils clearly common to the Silurian and
Devonian formations, in both of which it occurs in Victoria, the
Australian examples being undistinguishable from those of Europe
in the same formations. Both the fine-ridged variety forming the
T. affinis of Sowerby, and the variety with broader and fewer
ridges forming his 4. aspera, occur in the Devonian and Silurian
rocks of this colony.

Abundant in the Upper Silurian strata of Yering, Upper Yarra.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVII.—Fig. 1, view of larger valve of average or rather small specimen, natural
size. Fig. la, front end view of same specimen, showing the wave in the margin. Fig. 1,
rostral end view of same specimen. Fig. le, portion of surface magnified to show the strong
scaly lamine of growth crossing the longitudinal ridges. Fig. 2, view of interior of another
specimen, showing the muscular impressions, natural size.

Piate XLVII., Fias. 3, 4, 5, 6.

RHYNCHONELLA (HEMITHYRIS) DECEMPLICATA
(Sow. ).

[Sub-genus HEMITHYRIS (»’Orz.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Palliobranchiata. Order
Brachiopoda. Fam. Rhynchonellide.)

Gen. Char.—F oramen triangular, not separated from the hinge ; beak acute, pointed, entire ;
no cardinal area ; entering valve with a small mesial septum ; apophyses short, arched, triangular,
with small dental lamelle ; two strong diverging cardinal teeth bordering the opening in the large
valve, supported by dental lamellz, extending to the inner surface of the valve.]

Description. —Sub-rhomboidal, apical angle 115°; both valves moderately
convex ; mesial ridge and hollow very large and sharply defined, forming an abruptly
defined angular sinus in the front margin, nearly as high as wide, bidentate by two
strong angular ridges on the entering valve, and one very much smaller in the
middle of the sinus of the receiving valve; lateral ribs sub-angular, rather smaller
than the mesial ones, five to seven (but usually six) in number, all continued simply
to the beak; surface crossed by fine transverse lines of growth. Average width (of
small specimen), 53 lines ; proportional length, »%3,; length of entering valve, 15%.

REFERENCE.— Terebratula decemplicata, Sow. Sil. Syst. t. 21, f. 17.

[ 26 ]

Upper Silurian.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

In former works I have looked upon the Rhynchonella decempli-
cata as a mere variety of R. diodonta and bidentata, which two latter
(especially if their identity with R. borealis of Schlotheim, as
suggested by Davidson, be established) may possibly be distin-
guished with advantage, although I feel much inclined to hold to
my old opinion. The &. decemplicata, however, as restricted, seems
to be confined in England to that bed of sandstone at the base of
the Wenlock series, forming the true base of the Upper Silurian
system to which Professor Sedgwick and myself gave the name of
May Hill sandstone after I had demonstrated its paleontological
distinction from the Caradoc sandstone forming the top of the
Lower Silurian or Cambrian series with which it had previously
been confounded by Murchison and all other geologists. It is of
great interest to find that precisely the same shell occurs in similar
abundance in a precisely similar sandstone, marking the same
geological horizon in Victoria. It was in fact one of the first fossils
I identified on reaching Melbourne, proving that city to stand on
the lower part of the Upper Silurian formations.

Extremely abundant in the fine yellowish May Hill sandstone
(B° 15) exposed in the road in section 44, parish of Wallan. Very
common in the whitish May Hill sandstone (B” 17) near porphyry
dyke, west of Mount Disappointment.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Plate XLVII.—Figs, 3, 4, 5, 6: several specimens of both valves, natural size.

Pruate XLVII., Fias. 7, 8.
NUCLEOSPIRA AUSTRALIS (McCoy).

[Genus NUCLEOSPIRA (Hatt). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Palliobranchiata. Order
Brachiopoda. Fam. Spiriferide.)

Gen. Char.—Transversely oval, both valves convex with a narrow mesial sulcus in each ;
hinge-line shorter than width of shell; beak of receiving valve sometimes perforated with a
pit, forming a spoon-shaped chamber, with a strong cardinal tooth at base on each side ; a mesial
septum from beak to front margin ; beak of entering valve with a large up-curved spatulate
internal process grasped by the teeth of the opposite valve, into the cavity of the beak of which
it extends; from the sides of this process extend the bases of the spiral apophyses resembling
those of Spirifera ; a mesial septum from beak to front margin as in the receiving valve; surface
smooth ; structure of shell fibro-punctate, extending into minute tubular spines on surface. ]

[ 27 ]

Upper Silurian. ] PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Descrrprion.—Transversely oval, beaks very small, both valves moderately and
nearly equally convex, most so at about one-third of the length from the beaks; a
very slight narrow mesial sulcus in each valve, slightly indenting the front margin ;
sides semi-elliptically rounded ; surface with a few strong imbrications of growth
marked under the lens, with coarse tubulo-punctate longitudinal interrupted striz ;
width, 5 lines; proportional length, 7%3,; depth of both valves, -35.

This species is almost identical with the Wenlock shale Aérypa
compressa (Sow.) of Wales in shape, and with the Nucleospira
ventricosa (Hall) of the Lower Helderberg beds (= Wenlock) of
New York, but is more compressed than the latter and rather wider
and more regularly transversely oval than either. The remains or
indications of coarse punctation and longitudinal streaky remains
apparently of minute tubular spines, can be seen on the casts with

alens. The WV. piswm of the English Wenlock shale is longer and
much more convex.

Common in May Hill sandstone (B’ 17) of hills west of Mount
Disappointment.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVII.—Fig. 7, view of entering valve, natural size. Fig. 7a, rostral view, showing
the two valves of same specimen, magnified. Fig. 75, entering valve of same specimen magnified.
Fig. 7c, receiving valve of same specimen, magnified, showing chamber in beak. Fig. 7d, side
view of same specimen, natural size. Fig. 8, broader variety, receiving valve, natural size.
Fig. 8a, same view magnified, showing chamber in beak and cardinal teeth. Fig. 8b, portion
of surface of same specimen magnified to show the tubulo-punctate structure.

PuatEe XLVII., Frias. 9, 10, 11, 12.
PENTAMERUS AUSTRALIS (McCoy).

{Genus PENTAMERUS (Sow.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Palliobranchiata. Order
Brachiopoda, Fam. Rhynchonellide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell ovate, convex, beaks incurved, receiving valve largest, with or without
mesial fold, with or without hinge-line and cardinal area; a deep triangular pit under the beak
of receiving valve into which the beak of the entering valve is strongly incurved. Internally
the receiving valve has one bipartite central septum divaricating to form the walls of the
external triangular opening, enclosing a triangular space much smaller than the two lateral
ones ; in the entering valve there are two sub-parallel septa, one on each side of the middle, to
which the socket walls converge, sometimes defining a rostral chamber like that of the receiving
valve. Texture of shell fibrous. Paleozoic only. ]

Descriprion.—Longitudinally snb-ovate, moderately convex, widest a little
behind the middle, narrower in front, with an indistinct broad slight mesial elevation
of the middle of the entering valve. Surface nearly smooth, with a few concentric
lines of growth and a few faint irregular longitudinal furrows. Cardinal area

[ 28 ]

Upper Silurian.} PALZAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

moderate sharp edged. Triangular chamber in beak of receiving valve small, and its
medial septum extending rather less than half the length of the valve; two septa
from cardinal teeth of entering valve about one-sixth the length of the shell, slightly
arched with concavity inwards, enclosing a sub-ovate rostral space, in front of which
are two slight indications of parallel ridges with a still slighter medial one, not
reaching the middle of the shell. Casts of receiving valve longitudinally rugoso-
granulate, with mesial septum about half the length of the shell; cast of entering
valve with a prominent ovate rostral space defined by the two arched septa or dental
lamellz, from which a broad flattened prominent nearly parallel-sided projection
extends nearly to the middle of the shell, pointed towards the beak, and gradually
blending with the surface of the shell in front, usually showing a faint mesial furrow,
in the middle of which and on each side three small slits seem to indicate slight
internal septa rising from inner surface of valve. Length of entering valve, varying
from 13 to nearly 3 inches; proportional width, about 3°;; depth of entering valve,
about +5. (Owing to imperfections of specimens the proportional measurements
cannot be given precisely.)

This may be looked upon as an Australian representative of the
European and American P. oblongus of exactly the same geological
horizon at base of Upper Silurian, which it strongly resembles in
size, shape, and surface. It is, however, perfectly distinguished by
the inarching of the septa of the entering valve and the large ovate
rostral space so defined in the casts. These plates do not converge
to the middle like those forming the rostral chamber of the
Bohemian P. Siebert.

Abundant in the May Hill sandstones (base of Upper Silurian)
of section 12, parish of Yering.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVII.—Fig. 9, internal cast of large specimen of entering valve (imperfect in
front), showing ovate rostral space, enclosed by inarched dental lamellz, with the pointed
nearly parallel-sided mesial elevation divided by small median sulcus, natural size. Fig. 9a,
rostral view of same specimen. Fig. 10, internal cast of beak of receiving valve, showing
internal lines of granulo-punctate surface with mesial septum and rostral chamber, and a faint
indication of the cardinal area. Fig. 11, obliquely compressed specimen of entering valve,
showing the surface with faint radiating irregular markings and lines of growth, together
with the two inarched rostral plates, and the more anterior pair of slightly indicated parallel
septa with slighter ridge between them, natural size. Fig. 12, another less distorted specimen
of same valve, showing the surface, natural size.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 29 ]

PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

YLV///

>)

fi

Tertiary.) PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Protozoa and Zoophyta.

Pirate XLVIII., Fie. 1.

TETHYA NEWBERYI (McCoy).

: [Genus TETHYA (Lam.). (Sub-kingd. Radiata. Class Protozoa. Order Rhizopoda. Fam.
pongide.)

Gen. Char.—Sponge tuberous, compact, invested with a distinct rind or skin, interior
sarcoid with numerous very long slender, silicious spicula, collected into bundles and radiating
from a more compact nucleus to the circumference. Marine. ]

Description.—Forming irregularly lobed masses from 1 to 2 inches in diameter,
composed of long setaceous spicula, radiating from a point, and grouped in bundles;
each spicule hollow, nearly smooth, straight, or nearly so, circular in section and
tapering to a point at each end. About eighteen spicules in the transverse space of
1 line ; some apparently about 1 inch long.

The first specimen obtained of this object was sent to Mr. Cosmo
Newbery for analysis as a mineral species, but he, perceiving that
the fine fibres of which the mass was composed were pure silex,
forwarded the specimen to me as probably an organic fossil. I
have great pleasure in dedicating the species to my excellent
colleague, whose chemical researches have been so beneficial not
only to the geological survey but to the colony at large.

The fine hairlike or “asbestiform,” hollow, silicious spicules
exactly accord with those of sponges of the recent genus, Tethya, in
size, shape, structure, and chemical constitution, in their radiated
arrangement, and tendency to associate in imperfect bundles ; like
them, also, the pointed lower and upper ends do not extend usually
the whole way from the point of radiation (which probably agrees
nearly with the point of attachment), but they arise and terminate
occasionally at various intermediate points. I have not seen any
triradiate terminations to any of the spicules such as occasionally
occur with the simple forms in the recent Tethya, but they are so
brittle that such may yet well be found. The general form of our
fossil is not so regularly spheroidal as in the living European
Tethya cranium, but is rather more lobed and irregularly flattened
in parts as in the Tethya penicilliformis of Gray (or Halichondia
mammillaris of Johnston), but the “ asbestiform” spicules of both

[ 31]

Tertiary. } PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Protozoa and Zoophyta.

these species are nearly identical with each other and with our
fossil.

Not uncommon in the cream-colored Miocene Tertiary strata of
Boggy Creek, near Sale, Gippsland.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVIII.—Fig. 1, specimen, natural size. Fig. 1a, bundle of silicious spicules, mag-
nified, showing that the puinted terminations are at different distances from the base. Fig. 16,
most perfect portion of spicule observed, magnified to show the slender fusiform shape. Fig. le,
fragment of spicule more highly magnified, showing the appearance with transmitted light under
the microscope of the translucent thick hollow tube. Fig. 1d, portion of ditto, viewed by
reflected light, showing the external surface and internal tubular hollow.

Pirate XLVIIL., Fias. 2, 3, 4
GRAPHULARIA ROBIN (McCoy).

[Genus GRAPHULARIA (Mit. Epw, anp Hare). (Sub-kingd. Radiata, Class Zoophyta.
Order Zoophytaria. Fam, Pennatulide.)

Gen. Char.—Calcareous axis very long, straight, tapering towards each end, tapering more
rapidly towards the conoidal lower extremity, of which the transverse section is circular ; more
gradually tapering towards the upper portion, the section of which is tetrahedral with one of the
sides, forming a broad shallow furrow, the other three sides being less concave. Transverse
section showing a thin dense external coating, with a fine sub-crystalline internal structure
radiating from the centre, and crossed occasionally by concentric lines of growth. ]

DescripTion.—Corallum straight, conically tapering rather rapidly to a point
and with a circular section for lower 2 inches of the length, beyond which the
section becomes gradually tetrahedral, the four angles forming narrow rounded ridges
increasing in prominence and defining an irregular depressed flattened or concave
side between each pair; hard dense superficial layer marked on surface with
irregular longitudinal short impressed strive under the lens; inner portions radiat-
ingly fibrous perpendicularly to the surface. Length unknown (upwards of 1 foot),
usual diameter of quadrate portion rather less than 4 inch; circular lower portion
tapering to a point in 2 inches from a diameter of 5 lines, at an angle of about 10°.

There is a large fleshy sea-pen living in Hobson’s Bay, Sarcop-
tilus grandis (Gray), the hard internal calcareous axis of which
is a perfect miniature of our fossil in all the more important respects ;
it has the same hard surface, minutely streaked with longitudinal
interrupted striz, a strongly radiated transverse internal structure
and one end circular in section, gradually passing into a quadrangular
section with increasingly prominent longitudinal, rounded, ridge-

[ 32 ]

Tertiary. | PALHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA, [Protozoa and Zoophyta.

like, angles towards the other end. The axis of our living species
is about 7 inches long and about 1 line in diameter, and, like the
European living genus Pennatula, it has the quadrangular portion
below, gradually assuming the circular section in the upper half,
while our gigantic fossil prototype, like the European Tertiary
extinct genus, Graphularia, has the circular portion below, and the
longer upper portion quadrangular. I refer our fossil therefore to
Graphularia, although it as much exceeds the European Tertiary
Graphularia Wetherelli in size, as it does the living analogues.

From the form of the conical lower portion, becoming quadrate
after 3 or 4 inches from the conical lower pointed apex, and the hard
surface and radiatingly crystalline structure so nearly resembling
a Belemnite, and so nearly agreeing with the object described by
Professor Tait as a Belemnite from the Tertiary beds of the same
age as ours in South Australia, I cannot help thinking that, as the
phragmacone has not been observed, the supposed discovery of that
common Mesozoic genus of Cephalopoda in Australian Tertiary
strata may be founded on a similar zoophyte, with a different rate
of tapering, but of a generic type recognised as Cainozoic.

To show the structural identity, I have figured the recent and
fossil axes together on our plate, reversing the natural position of
the recent one, which is represented with the upper end downwards,
so that the transverse sections—circular, subquadrate, and promi-
nently four ridged, with concave sides—may be compared with the
correspondingly shaped sections of the fossil. The four longitu-
dinal ridges corresponding to the four angles of the tetrahedral
section usually present a slight spirally oblique twist, reminding
us of the recent genus Umbellularia.

T am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Legge, of Brighton, for my first
knowledge of this interesting fossil, which he found in some abun-
dance in the Waurn Ponds quarries, where, under the name of
“ square bones,” they had attracted the attention of the workmen.
At Mr. Legge’s request, instead of dedicating the species to himself,
I have named it after his late wife, who always took a great interest
in his geological investigations and scientific expeditions generally.

Common in Miocene Tertiary strata of Waurn Ponds, near
Geelong, and in similar beds (A* 22), Bird Rock Bluff.

DEC. Y. [ 33 il E

Tertiary. | PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Protozoa and Zoophyta.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLVIII.—Fig. 2, specimen of lower conical end, natural size. Fig. 2a, circular section
at portion marked, (corresponding with the circular section of the living form, fig. 5c). Fig. 20,
subq uadrate section at upper end of fragment, (corresponding to subquadrate section of living
form, fig. 5). Fig. 3, another specimen, natural size, with the lower conical apex broken off.
Fig. 3a, tetrahedral section of upper end with concave sides and rounded angles, (corresponding
to fig. 5a, section of the living form). Fig. 30, circular section of lower end of fragment, (cor-
responding to fig. 2a of previous fossil, and fig. 5¢ of living form). Fig. 4, portion from more
near upper end, showing the ridges between the four concave sides forming longitudinal
slightly twisted rounded ridges, (corresponding to fig. 5d, magnified portion of living type).
Fig. 4a, transverse section showing the distinct radiated structure with occasional concentric
lines of growth and external dense layer, (corresponding to top of magnified fig. 5d, from living
type). Fig. 4b, view of a second side of same specimen as fig. 4. Fig. 4c, view of a third side
of same specimen as fig. 4. Fig. 4d, view of fourth side of same specimen as fig. 4.

Fig. 5, internal axis of the living Victorian sea-pen, Sarcoptilus grandis (Gray), natural
size. A small portion is broken off the basal tetrahedral portion (which is represented upwards
for more convenient comparison with the fossil Graphularia, the form of the upper and lower
sections of which are reversed). The upper end tapers to a filiform point, which is flexible, as
represented near the bottom of the plate, but is straight when in its natural position imbedded
in the fleshy substance of the polypes. Fig. 5a, tetragonal section with concave sides and
rounded angles at point marked, magnified to show the identity of radiated structure and
general shape with the other end of the fossil. Fig. 5b, subquadrate section at point marked,
magnified to show the identity with the subquadrate section of part of the fossil and the
external superficial layer, radiated structure, and concentric lines of growth. Fig. 5c, circular
section of opposite end, magnified to compare with section of circular portion of fossil. Fig. 5d,
portion of sides of tetragonal end of axis with the four prominent rounded ridges, concave sides,
external dense layer, radiated transverse fracture and concentric lines of growth, magnified to
compare with the fossil, fig. 4,

Freprerick McCoy.

[ 4]

PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

Pi XTIEX.

FrofMt' Coy deren

A Bartholomew del +t lth

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

Prate XLIX,, Fia. 1.

CYPRAA (LUPONIA) LEPTORHYNCHA (McCoy).

[Genus CYPREA (Liny.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Gasteropoda. Order Pectini-
branchiata. Fam. Cypreidez.) -

Gen. Char.—Shell ovato-oblong ; spire very short, or entirely covered by the body-whorl ;
back rounded ; inner and outer lips inrolled ; aperture narrow, as long as the shell, reflected at
both ends, transversely toothed and ridged on each side.

Sub-genus.—Aricia (Gray). Surface highly polished ; gibbous above ; flattened, thickened,
and dilated at the sides below ; spire covered ; aperture straight, narrow ; outer and inner lips
callous, thickened, wide, dentated.

Sub-genus.—Luponia (Gray). Ovato-pyriform, ventricose, smooth, polished ; spire usually
covered, depressed; aperture narrow, straight,; inner margin plicato-crenulated ; outer lip
denticulated. ]

Description.—Pyriform, back ventricose and abruptly rounded towards the
posterior side, which has a shallow depressed umbilicus, partially exposing three or
four turns of the spire (the apex of which is the most depressed), tape1ing more
gradually anteriorly to a straight slender beak or canal, subtruncate in front,
margined on each side by a narrow thickened extension of the inner and outer lips,
separated by a definite hollow from the back; an obliquely longitudinal depression
occupies the middle of the back of the anterior canal, extending from a little to the
right at base to a little on the left of the middle in front, it is bordered by two small
oblique, prominent, obtuse ridges; no posterior canal, the outer lip only projecting
backwards in a short lobe with a thickened quadrate margin. Base only slightly
thickened at the anterior and posterior ends, thin and simply convex in the middle ;
outer lip inflected with about 42 strong, sub-equal, tooth-like ridges, narrower
than the spaces between them, slightly sinuous so as to widen the aperture at base
of anterior canal, the posterior third of its length abruptly inarched towards the left
side in nearly quarter of a circle extending slightly beyond the line of the apex of
the spire ; inner lip convexly rounded with short slender ridges, irregular in size,
shape, and direction. Surface smooth and glossy. Length of average specimen,
2inches 5 lines; proportional width, 563, ; height, 335,; diameter of umbilicus or
exposed spire, 72,; length of anterior canal, +,2,; backward extension of outer
lip, 100°

This species slightly reminds one of the European Eocene C.
inflata and C. globularis, but the greatly inarched toothed posterior
end of the outer lip easily distinguishes it, as well as the different
form of the anterior beak ; it is also slightly allied to the C. Havert
and C. Genei of Michelotti in his work on the Miocene fossils of
N. Italy, but is easily distinguished by the same characters.

In the slight indication of two tubercles separated by a marked
depression at base of back of anterior canal, as well as in its definite
thickened lateral margins, and shallow umbilicus exposing the
spire, it slightly resembles the C. eximia, but is easily distinguished

[ 35 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

by the much shorter and narrower anterior canal, with much
smaller, oblique, ridge-like tubercles, by the reflected posterior canal
being replaced by a one-sided quadrate lobe or end of the outer
lip, by the very much shorter, smaller, and narrower tooth-ridges
on the inner lip, and by the remarkable quadratic curvature or
inarching towards the left side of the posterior third of the aperture
and toothed outer lip.

The species seems to vary very little in any respect. The sub-
stance is thin and light.

Common in the blue Oligocene Tertiary clays and limestones
near foot of Mount Eliza and Mount Martha, Mornington.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIX.—Fig. 1, dorsal view of average specimen, natural size. Fig. 1a, basal view
of same specimen. Fig. 10, end view of same specimen. Fig. 1c, profile view of same specimen.

PratEe XLIX., Fie. 2.
CYPRHA (ARICIA) CONSOBRINA (McCoy).

Description.—Ovate, thick, back very convex, base thickened; columella
moderately flattened, and sloping inwards at a marked angle; transverse section
four-fifths of a circle; dorsal profile with greatest height a little behind the middle,
anterior portion only tapering a little more gradually than the posterior portion ;
anterior canal very short, slightly reflected, obtuse, deeply indented by the notch,
not very sharply defined from the back, and only slightly extended laterally by an
obtusely rounded thickening of the base; two slight oblique indentations with
obsolete cbtuse ridge between them at dorsal middle of base of anterior canal ;
posterior canal similarly short, obtuse, and imperfectly defined, and not distinctly
reflected ; base thickened, convex in middle, with a slight, obtusely rounded, exten-
sion on sides of anterior and posterior canals; aperture narrow, gently arched
towards the left side behind ; outer lip rounded and strongly inflected with about 30
rounded teeth, short on middle and behind, lengthened on the flattened, very steeply
sloped, anterior third; inner lip flattened and steeply sloped inwards, with long
narrow transverse deep sulci, with broader flattened dental ridges between them.
Surface smooth. Length, 2 inches 8 lines; proportional width, 4%°;; height, 7%‘.

This species seems a near relation of the C. eximia and C.
platypyga in its heayy thick substance, form of the flattened and
thickened base and inner lip and the peculiar character of the long

[ 86 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca.

narrow deep transverse sulci of the inner lip with the much broader
flat intervening spaces representing the dental ridges, but it is
easily distinguished by its more egg-shaped form, much shorter
canals, and concealed spire.

Very rare in the Lower Miocene or Oligocene Tertiary strata of
Moorabool River.

EXPLANATION OF FicuREs.

Plate XLIX.—Fig. 2, dorsal view, natural size. Fig. 2a, view of base of same specimen.
Fig. 26, posterior end view of same specimen. Fig. 2c, side view of same specimen.

Prats XLIX., Fias. 3, 4.
CYPRHA (LUPONIA) CONTUSA (McCoy).

DescripTion.—Small, thin, globular, transverse section nearly circular ; longi-
tudinal profile of back highest at one-third the length from the posterior end, from
whence it forms nearly a quadrant of a circle in front, a little elongate at base of
beak ; abruptly falling from same point to the slightly projecting spire, which is of
three slightly convex whorls, the apex being obtusely pointed and prominent;
anterior canal very short with an abruptly reflexed margin, and with a very deep
rounded notch, the sides slightly expanded and separated from the back by a narrow
impressed sulcus; posterior canal deeply notched to level of spire, defined on left
side by a small semicircular ridge, the right boundary twice as long, formed of the
rounded or subquadrate lobe forming the posterior end of outer lip. Mouth narrow,
inarched to lett side at posterior end to level of spire; inner and outer lips slightly
thickened, defined before and behind by small prominent marginal ridges; each lip
with about 21 regular, narrow, prominent, dental ridges, narrower than the intervening
spaces. Whole surtace of back irregularly reticulated with small contusions or
irregular polygonal bruise-like depressions, bounded by irregular, faintly marked,
transverse ridges on the posterior portion, the intervals being crossed by irregular
longitudinal wrinkles, both sets losing all order in the irregular wrinkled reticulation
of the middle and anterior portion of back; lateral small flanyes, and back of
anterior and posterior canals smooth. Average length, 1 inch 2 lines; proportional
width, 743; ; height, ;4°;; diameter of umbilicus and spire, 155; length of anterior
canal, +8; ; backward extension of outer lip or right edge ot posterior canal, —1°,.

This common little species is curiously distinguished by its
surface seeming to be covered with little bruises or indentations of

irregular size and shape resembling a minutely shrivelled fruit ;

[ 8? ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

the little bounding ridges or wrinkles being destitute of all order
in some specimens, but showing indistinct transverse ridges towards
the posterior end in others. The form is more globular than any
of the allied Cypree of the Australian Tertiary rocks. In young
individuals the canals are still shorter, the spire more prominent, and
the teeth fewer in number. In some old specimens the thickening
of the base leaves a definite thickened marginal boundary from the
surface of the sides.

The species is not nearly allied to any living or extinct form
with which I am acquainted.

Abundant in the bluish Oligocene Tertiary clays and limestones
of Mornington, near the foot ae Mount Eliza and Mount Martha.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate XLIX.—Fig. 3, side view of average specimen, natural size. Fig. 3a, dorsal view of
same specimen. Fig. 36, basal view of same specimen. Fig. 3c, posterior end view of same
specimen. Fig. 3d, magnified view of portion of surface. Fig. 4, dorsal view of younger speci-
men, natural size, showing shorter canals. Fig. 4a, basal view of same specimen showing
fewer teeth.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 38 ]

PALHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

-razgut tte?

» UN

Silurian.] PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. { Graptolites.

Puate L., Fras. 1, 2, 3, 4

GRAPTOLITES (DIDYMOGRAPSUS) THUREAUI
(McCoy).

[Genus GRAPTOLITES (Liy.). (Class Zoophyta. Order Hydrozoa. Fam. Graptolitide.)

Gen. Char.—Polypidom horny, elongate, compressed, with a slender solid axis along one
edge, followed by a parallel common longitudinal canal, from which one close row of cells
extends, each inclined upwards and outwards, and all terminating in separate apertures on the
serrated edge opposite the solid axis.

Sub-genera.—1, Graptolites (proper). Stem single and simple ; Upper and Lower Silurian.
2, Didymograpsus (McCoy). Stems simple, but united in groups of two or more by the pointed
uncelled lower end. Some of these have around horny dise connecting the non-celluliferous
bases of the grouped stems ; Lower Silurian. Some writers divide the species into sub genera
Tetragraptus, Loganograptus, &c., according to the number of stems conjoined, a character
certainly not of generic value. ] :

DescriptTion.—Radicle conical, minute, in the middle of a short straight funicle
14 lines long, which bifurcates equally at each end, giving rise to the four equal main
branches or stolons of the complete polypidom ; each branch about 1 inch long, bent
recularly in zigzag angles of about 135°, alternately giving off at intervals of about
1 line, on both sides from the salient angles, the regular, straight, simple stems, five
or six in number on each side, and about 1 inch in length (more or less as they are
nearer the base or the apex), each with a row of broad, acutely angular cell-denticles,
seven in the space of 3 lines ; the upper edge of each cell slightly convex and nearly
at right angeles with the back, and rather longer than the undivided portion, the lower
edge two-thirds uncovered by the next cell, and making an angle of about 45° with
the back ; from the point of one cell to the next about equal to the width from the
same point to the back. The whole polypidom, of about forty stems, forms a slightly
quadrate circle or rounded square about 2 inches in diameter.

REFERENCE.—McOoy, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 18, p. 129 (1876).

This species will not quite fit into any of the newly suggested
genera of recent writers ; so I fall back for the present on my old
genus Didymograpsus, with an extension which might make it
include all compound Graptolites having more than one unbranched
stem, with a single row of cells each, arising from an uncelluliferous
connecting basal tube or radicle and funicle (including Logano-
graptus, Dichograptus, &c.).

I name this species after the discoverer, M. Thureau, of Sand-
hurst, who first brought it under my notice, and who has presented
two specimens (one nearly perfect) to the National Museum at
Melbourne. The regular zigzag bendings of the four branches of
the funicle, from which the stems arise, form an arrangement of

[ 39 ]

Silurian.) PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [{ Graptolites.

great beauty, and easily distinguish it from any other with which I
am acquainted. For those writers who prefer to break up the
genus Didymograpsus, the name Goniograptus might be suggested
for such types as the present, in which the branches of the funicle
(for which I would suggest the name stolons) are angularly bent
at the points of budding into the celluliferous stems.

Rare in the black and red slates of the Llandeilo flag age of the
Bendigo goldfield, Sandhurst, Victoria.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate L.—Fig. 1, nearly perfect specimen, natural size. The cells appear sometimes on the
right and sometimes on the left side, according to the accidental direction of the flattening on
the plane of deposition of the stone. Those branches that appear without cells have the non-
celluliferous back exposed, and the cells are probably imbedded ina plane at right angles to that
in which the branches are spread. Fig 2, portion of another, larger specimen, natural size.
Fig. 2a, portion of ditto, magnified to show the small conical central funicle and the primary
branches of the stolon. Fig. 2, cells of ditto, magnified. Fig. 3, portion of very much larger
specimen, natural size. Fig. 4, an allied form not sufficiently perfect for description, natural
size.

Prats L., Fie. 5.

GRAPTOLITES (DIDYMOGRAPSUS) HEADI (Hatz).

Description.—Central stype straight, about 1 line long, bifurcating at each
end into two equal straight branches (four in all) several inches long, connected at
base by a quadrate nearly square corneous disc, the four straight sides of which
measure about 7 lines between the branches and 8 lines between the pairs. Cell
denticles five in 3 lines, straight or slightly curved, making an angle of about
85° with the back, exposed portion one-fourth the length of the cell, the diameter
of the aperture and exposed outer side about equal and rather less than one-third the
width from angle to back; when perfect, edge of aperture slightly convex, and the
angle forming a thick downward arched hook.

REFERENCE.—Geol. Surv. Can. Dec. 2, p. 94, t. 6, f. 8.

The specimen figured is the only Graptolite which has yet oc-
curred to me in Australia with the central corneous quadrate disc,
such as Prof. Hall has made known in the G. Headi of Cambrian
or Lower Silurian slates of Canada. The angle made by the cells
with the axis is stated to be about 50° by Prof. Hall, but his figure
more nearly agrees with our example.

[ 40 ]

Silurian. } PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Graptolites.

Rare in the black Llandeilo flags of (W.L.S. 1, 19 S.W.), see-
tion 16, parish of Dariwill, Sutherland’s Creek, together with
D. Logani, D. pristis, and D. bryonoides, as in Canada.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate L.—Fig. 5, quadrate corneous disc and basal portion of the four branches arising from
the short central stype, natural size. Fig. 5a, three cells, inagnified. In some parts the cells
are not so straight as in this figure but slightly curved outwards and downwards. The hooked
outer angle is also larger in well-preserved points.

FREDERICK McCoy.

By Authority : Joun Frerres, Government Printer.
DEC. V. [ 41 ] F

CONTENTS OF DECADES, —

N.B.—The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE lI.

Pate I.—Phylograptus folium (His. sp.). Var. Typus (Hall).—Diplograpsus mucronatus (Hall sp.).—
- Diplograpsus pristis (His. sp.).—Diplograpsus rectangularis (McCoy).—Diplograpsus (Climaco-
graptus) bicornis (Hall).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) fruticosus (Hall sp.).

Prarte I.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) quadribrachiatus (Hall sp.).— ‘Graptautes (Didymograpsus)
bryonoides (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) octobrachiatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites

> (Didymograpsus) Logani (Hall sp.).

Prares IIL, [V., and V.—Phascolomys pliocenus (McCoy).

Prare VI—Voluta Hannafordi (McCoy).—Voluta anti-cingulata (McCoy). —Voluta anti- sealaris
(McCoy).

Prare VII.—Voluta macroptera (McCoy). Fs

Prarte VIII.—Podozamites Barklyi (McCoy). Se icus (MeCoy).—Podozamites longi-
folius (McCoy).

Pxare [X.—Lepidodendron Australe (McCoy).

PLatr X.—Petraster Smythi (McCoy ).—Urasterella Selwyni (McCoy).

DECADE Il.

Prate XI.—Squalodon Wilkinsoni (McCoy).—Charcharodon angustidens (Ag.).—Carcharodon mega-
lodon (Ag.).

Prares XII. and XIII.—Gangamopteris angustifolia (McCoy), and var. G. spatulata and G. obliqua.

Prate XIV.—Teniopteris Daintreei (McCoy ).—Pecopteris Australis (Mor.).

Prates XV., XVI, XVIL., and XVIII—Cyprea gigas (McCoy) .—Cyprea gastroplax (McCoy).

Piatt XIX. —Trigonia acuticostata (McCoy).—Trigonia semi-undulata (McCoy).—Limopsis aurita
(Sassi).—Limopsis Belcheri (Ad. and Reeve).—Pectunculus laticostatus (Quoy).

Piatr XX.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) extensus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) caduceus
(Salt.).—Diplograpsus palmeus (Bar ).—Graptolites (Cladograpsus) ramosus (Hall sp.).—Clado-
grapsus furcatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) gracilis (Hall sp. Nias —Retiolites Australis
(McCoy).

DECADE Ill.:

Prats XXI.—Thylacoleo carnifex (Ow.).
Prates XXII. and XXIII.—Phacops (Odontochile) caudatus (Brong.).—Phacops (Portlockia) fecundus
(Bar.).—Forbesia euryceps (McCoy).—Lichas Australis (McCoy).—Homalonotus Harrisoni
_ (McCoy).
Prats XXIV.—Aturia zic-zac (Sow. sp.). War. Australis (McCoy).
Prate XX V.—Pleurotomaria Tertiaria (McCoy).—Haliotis ovinoides (McCoy ).—Haliotis Mooga pect
ensis (McCoy). :

Puiate XX VI.—Haliotis Nevosoides (McCoy).—Cerithium Flemingtonensis (McCoy ). ; pe la

Puare XX VII.—Trigonia Howitti (McCoy).—Cucullea Corioensis (McCoy).

Puares XXVIII. and XXIX.—Cyprea (Aricia) gigas (McCoy).—Cyprea (Aricia) eximia (Sow.).— _
Cyprea (Trivia) avellanoides (McCoy). -

Puarr XXX.—Cyprea (Aricia) platypyga (McCoy).—Cyprea (Aricia) plstyehyneha (Mec Sa

DECADE IV. Y

Puates XXXI., XXXIL., and XXXIII.—Diprotodon longiceps (McCoy ).—Nototherium,

Priate XXXIV.—Pecten Yahlensis (Woods).—Var. Semi-levis (McCoy). .

Prare XXXV.—Favosites Goldfussi (d’Orb).—Spirifera levicosta (Val.).—Chonetes Australis
(McCoy).— Phragmoceras subtrigonum (McCoy).—Asterolepis ornata (Hichwald). Var. Australis

McCoy).

Prate XXXVI —Archeopteris Howitti (McCoy ).—Sphenopteris (Eremopteris) iguanensis (MeCoy).—
Cordaites Australis (McCoy).

Priare XXXVII.—Voluta Hannafordi (McCoy).—Voluta strophodon (McCoy).

PLatr XXXVIII.—Spondylus gederopoides (McCoy).

Prate XXXIX.—Eucalyptus Pluti (McCoy).

Prare XL—Cinnamomum polymorphoides (McCoy).—Laurus Werribeénsis (McCoy).

DECADE V. 3

Pirates XLI. and XLII.—Arctocephalus Williamsi (McCoy).

Prate XLIIJ.—Waldheimia Corioensis (McCoy).—W aldheimia macropora (McCoy).

Prare XLIV.—Cardium pseudo-magnum (McCoy). —Cardium (Protocardium) anti-semigranulatum

McCoy).

puns XLV.—Spondylus gederopoides (McCoy).—Spondylus pseudo-radula (McCoy).

Pirate XLVI.—Leptena (Leptagonia) rhomboidalis (Wilek. sp.).—'Trematospira liopleura (McCoy).—
Trematospira formosa (Hall).—Spirifera plicatella (Lin.). Var. Macropleura (Conrad).—Spirifera
sulcata (His.).

Prate XLVII.—Spirigerina reticularis (Lin. sp.).—Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) decemplicata (Sow.).
—Nucleospira Australis (McCoy).—Pentamerus Australis (McCoy).

Prats XLVUI.—Tethya Newberyi (MceCoy).—Graphularia Robine (McCoy).

Prare XLIX.—Cyprea (Luponia) leptorhyncha (McCoy).—Cyprea (Aricia) consobrina (McCoy).—
Cypraa (Luponia) contusa (McCoy).

Priate L.—Graptolites. (Didymograpsus) Thureaui (McCoy). Graptolites (Didymograpsus) Headi
(Hall).

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