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Geological Survey of Victoria.

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FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

DECADE VI.

BY

; FREDERICK McCOY.

F.G.S.; HON. F.C.P.S,; C.M.Z.S.L,; HON. F.G.8.E.; HON. M.G.8.M., ETC.
AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ; sree SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOssits OF
IRELAND ;” “ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALHONTOLOGY ;” ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “ BRITISH
PALZOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC,
FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY.
GOVERNMENT PALEONTOLOGIST AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

MELBOURNE:

JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER,
PUBLIEHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET.

LONDON:

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL ; AND
GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE,

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PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA: |

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Geological Survey of Victoria. —

PRODROMUS

PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA;

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

VICTORIAN ORGANIC REMAINS.

DECADE VI.

BY

FREDERICK McCOyY,

>
F.G.S.; HON, F.C.P,8,} C.M.Z.S.L,; HON. F.G.S.E,; HON, M.G.S.M., ETC,
AUTHOR OF “SYNOPSIS OF THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE FOSSILS OF IRELAND ;” “‘ SYNOPSIS OF THE SILURIAN FOSSILS OF
IRELAND ;” ‘‘ CONTRIBUTIONS TO BRITISH PALEONTOLOGY ;” ONE OF THE AUTHORS OF “ BRITISH
PALAOZOIC ROCKS AND FOSSILS,” ETC,
FORMERLY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE
QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND.
PROFESSOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE MELBOURNE UNIVERSITY,
GOVERNMENT PALHONTOLOGIST, AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MELBOURNE,

3 MELBOURNE:

JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.
PUBLISHED ALSO BY GEORGE ROBERTSON, LITTLE COLLINS STREET.

LONDON :

TRUBNER AND CO., 57 AND 59 LUDGATE HILL ; AND
GEORGE ROBERTSON, 17 WARWICK SQUARE.

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PREFACH.

As the publications of a Geological Survey cannot properly be
limited to the maps and sections, but would be incomplete without
figures and descriptions of the fossil organic remains made use of
for the determination of the geological ages of the different geolo-
gical formations of the country,* it has been determined to issue a
‘““Prodromus,” or preliminary publication of the Victorian Organic
Remains in Decades, or numbers of ten plates each, with corre-
sponding letterpress, on the plan of the Decades of the Geological
Survey of England, followed by the Geological Surveys of Canada,
India, and several other Governments.

The Decades will contain figures and descriptions in the first
place of the more characteristic fossils of each formation, of which
good specimens may be in the National Collection ; so that observers
in the field may make use of them for preliminary or approximate
determination of the geological ages of the strata they may meet.
A portion of the impression of the plates will be kept back until a
complete systematic treatise on the fossils of each formation may
be issued when the materials approach completion.

In this sixth Decade, the first plate illustrates the extinct gigantic
Kangaroo, Macropus Titan, so common in our superficial Pliocene
Tertiary deposits ; the predecessor of the “ Old Man” Kangaroo of
the same localities in our own times.

* “ Paleontological researches forming so essential a part of geological investigations, such
as those now in progress by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, the accompanying
plates and descriptions of British fossils have been prepared as part of the Geological Memoirs.
They constitute a needful portion of the publications of the Geological Survey.”—Sir Henry
T. De la Beche, Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, in notice
prefixed to the first of the Decades of the English Geological Survey.

[3]

PREFACE.

The two following plates illustrate the curious, extinct Marsupial
genus Procoptodon ; differing from the true Kangaroos in the much
more complex teeth; and in haying the front molar formed for
grinding. The more massive lower jaws being joined by bony union
in front, and the tusks inclining upwards, showing a relation to the
huge extinet Diprotodons of the same Pliocene Tertiary deposits.

The fourth plate shows the extraordinary repetition in Australia
of the curious occurrence in the Crag of Suffolk of a multitude of
ear-bones of Whales : three species of which are here shown, in beds
of nearly the same age, by very similar Cefotolites, as these fossils
are generally termed.

The fifth plate makes known the teeth of a gigantic fossil extinct
species of Spermaceti Whale from the Older Pliocene beds of Mor-
dialloc. It also represents one of the simple, conical, anterior teeth
of the Miocene Tertiary extinct genus of Whales, Squalodon, from
the Miocene Tertiary beds of Waurn Ponds, near Geelong, discovered
by Mr. Nelson of that place, who enabled me thus to add to our
previous illustration of the lobed, posterior teeth of Squalodon Wil-
kinsoni (McCoy), figured in our second Decade.

The sixth and seventh plates give some further important fossil
Mollusea, characteristic of the Upper Silurian formations, from
Gippsland.

The eighth plate gives figures of a new and abundant species of
Hinnites, very characteristic of the Victorian Miocene Tertiary
deposits.

And the two last plates represent some of the more interesting
and widely distributed of our Tertiary Sea Urchins.

The four remaining Decades required to complete the work will
continue the illustration of the fossil collections made in the course
of the Geological Survey of the colony.

Freprerick McCoy.
2nd December 1878.

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PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Tertiary. | PALZZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia,

Prate LI.

MACROPUS TITAN (Ow.).

[Genus MACROPUS (SHaw). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata, Class Mammalia. Order Marsu-
pialia. Fam. Macropodide.)

Sea 0-0 1=1 4—4 :

Gen. Char.—Dental formula :—7., 7 3 ¢ 993 PM Toi ™ gq = 28. Cutting
edge of upper incisors in one line; outer one large, grooved by one or two folds of enamel
extending from outer side obliquely forwards and inwards. The premolar displaces the 2nd and
8rd deciduous molars, leaving d‘ and m! to m’,

The Kangaroos or “ bilophodont” marsupials having two transverse ridges on the molar teeth
are distinguishable as a group by that character from the Rat-Kangaroos or Bettongias, in which
the molars are quadrituberculate. The premolar, like the anterior deciduous molar, has the crown
lengthened antero-posteriorly, with two roots and a subtrenchant margin; the anterior and
posterior margins in some species are thickened, and separated from the thinner middle portion
by slight vertical side-furrows, especially in the upper jaw.

The bilophodont molars have a “ front-lobe”’ and a “ back-lobe ;”’ a “ prebasal ridge” in
front, and sometimes a “ postbasal ridge” behind. There are usually two longitudinal ridges,
the “ fore-link ” uniting the prebasal ridge with the anterior lobe ; and the “ mid-link” uniting
the two lobes ; and the “ hind-link” often descends from the hind lobe to the postbasal ridge.
The upper molars are broader than the lower, and have a narrower prebasal ridge, but the
“hind-link,’ from the hinder and inner angle of the hind-lobe, and the postbasal ridge, are
larger. ]

Description. — Upper jaw: premolar crown of two simple, conical, sub-
compressed lobes, the hind one broader; outer surface of each lobe convex, smooth,
divided by a vertical sulcus. It displaces d? and d*, and is smaller than d* (con-
trasting in this respect with WZ. (S.) Atlas). It contrasts (when in place) with d4
by being comparatively fresh and unworn. The bilophodont upper molars have a
strong prebasal ridge, and “ fore-link” joining it to near the middle of the anterior
lobe, inclining rather towards the inner angle. (In S. Atlas the “ fore-link” is nearly
or quite obsolete.) ‘I'he mid-link is sinuous and tumid in the middle (being more
strongly developed than in §. Atlas). The oblique posterior ridge is strongly
developed, and defines a depression on the inner and under side. ‘he two lobes
have broad convex bases in the side view (the crowns longer, in proportion to width,
than in the S. Atlas). The hind edge of the front pier of the zygoma is in advance
of the m?, in young, but is opposite the vertical of the middle of m?, in adults. The
suborbital canal is nine lines in front of orbit; and three lines behind it is a small
canal, not found in the allied living forms. The deciduous molars have four roots and
are bilophodont, while the compressed premolar has but two roots. In the adult the
three molars, the deciduous molar d+, and the premolar form a series of five teeth in
a line, nearly straight on inner and slightly convex on outer edge, measuring two
inches nine lines. In m* the prebasal ridge rises into a salient angle near the
middle, from which the fore-link goes to the inner side of the middle of the front of
the front-lobe; (in S. Aédas it does not rise to an angle, and there is no fore-link) ;
the inner end bends up on the front-lobe. The mid-link comes from near the inner
end of the fore-lobe. The postbasal ridge extends from the post-internal angle of

od

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mammalia.

the hind-lobe downwards, outwards, and backwards to the base, defining a deep
oblique cavity on the back of the hind-lobe; (in S. Aélas there is only a slight

ostbasal ridge and an ill-defined shallow concavity). m* is one line longer in
M. Titan than in S. Atlas, with the same breadth. The mid-link of m? is more
curved than in m?, the concavity inwards. Length of p*, 5 lines; of d+, 5 lines;
of m', 6 lines; of m?, 8 lines; of m*, 8 lines; width ot d*, 5 lines; of m!, m?, m’,
6 lines.

Lower jaw or mandible has the adult series of d*, and three molars 2 inches 24
lines long; m’, 8 lines long and 6 lines wide, stands well in advance of the anterior
edge of the coronoid process (more so with advancing age); prebasal ridge large,
standing up like a lobe, nearly as wide as the tooth, and to level of hind-lobes
of preceding tooth; fore-link strongly developed, joining the anterior lobe on the
outer side of the mid-line defining a deep depression on each side (in S. Atlas this
link is only rudimentary); mid-link also a little on outer side of mid-line, so that
the inner hollow is larger than the outer, the middle projecting inwards as a salient
angle or projecting lobe ; the thickened posterior sides of posterior lobe with a small
deep conical pit a little on inner side of the mid-line m? like m, each about 8 lines
lone and 6 lines wide; m! is 6 lines long and 45 lines wide, with a strong lobe-like
prebasal ridge standing as high as the posterior lobe of d*; fore-link strongly
developed, nearer to the outer than the inner end of the fore-lobe and prebasal ridge,
curved, the projecting angle directed inwards; the valley between the prebasal
ridge and fore-lobe is divided by the link into two hollows, the inner one larger
than the outer one; the inner edge of the prebasal ridge is sharp, the outer edge
thicker. The mid-link joins the anterior lobe at a greater depth below the edge
than in the prebasal ridge and fore-link; the edge of the fore-lobe is slightly curved
with the convexity backwards. The long diastemal edge between the base of the
anterior molar and the incisor is sharp, and descends rapidly with a parabolic curve
from anterior molar to vertical over dental canal, continuing thence, as a straight
sheath, to the incisor. From back of m® to tip of incisor 6 inches 2 lines. The long
incisor is procumbent or directed forwards with a very slight upward inclination ;
length of grinding surface 1 inch 1 line, width 4 lines, depth of incisor 5 lines.
Depth of jaw behind m* 1 inch 6 lines, the same at vertical to interval between m?
and m!; vertical to front of dental canal, 1 inch. (Professor Owen’s figures are
more slender, but his measurements of a similarly old jaw are the same.)

REFERENCE.—Owen, in Mitchell’s Three Expeditions into the Interior of Hastern
Australia, &e., p. 366, t. xlvii., and Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia, &e., in
Museum of College of Surgeons, p. 82+; Phil. Trans. Royal Society of London,
vol. 164; Extinct Mamm. Aust. p. 485-42, t. Ixxvi—Ixxix. p. 400-11, t. Ixxxi.
fig. 6-9, t. Ixxxii. fig. 17, 18.

This great extinct Kangaroo was first described by Professor
Owen from Sir T. Mitchell’s collection of bones from the Wellington
ossiferous caves of New South Wales, and seems to be equally
common in Victoria, as I have recognized portions of it from
Pliocene Tertiary deposits of many localities near Melbourne. It
approaches in the character of its teeth more nearly to the common
south coast ‘Old Man” Kangaroo, Macropus major, than to any
other living form, but is much larger ; it also has the palate entire
(or without great vacuities), as in it.

[6]

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

Common in the Pliocene Tertiary clays of Colac, and washed out
of the same strata, loose on the surface on shores of Lake Timboon,
mineralised perfectly.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LI.—Fig. 1, mandibles of adult viewed from above, showing the incisors, deciduous
molar and three molars much worn, natural size. Fig. la, ditto, side view. Fig. 2, portion of
upper jaw, showing the three molars and the deciduous molar in situ, left side. Fig. 3, ditto,
right side of another specimen. Fig. 4, another specimen of m? and m’, younger and less
worn than in Fig. 1. Fig. 5, another specimen of the mandibular teeth, intermediate in age and
wear of crowns between Figs. 4 and 1, natural size, showing the three molars and bases of the
deciduous molar and premolar.

FREDERICK McCoy.

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PALRAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

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Prof M® Coy direst?

PALRONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

Mammalia)

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mammalia.

Priates LII. ann LIII.

PROCOPTODON GOLIAH (Ow.).

[Genus PROCOPTODON* (Ow.). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Mammalia. Order
Marsupialia. Fam. Macropodide.)

Gen. Char.—Large vacuities in palatet opposite d‘ to m?; dental formula as in Macropus.
Molars with a more complex enamel ridging of grinding surface than in Macropus; the two
lobes separated by a valley, and each with a more elliptical transverse section ; prebasal ridge
narrow, descending from fore part of outer angle of front-lobe inwards to fore part of base of
inner half of front-lobe, disappearing before reaching inner side of that lobe ; fore-link indi-
cated by a vertical ridge nearer to outer than inner end of front of front-lobe, numerous smaller
vertical grooves and ridges marking rest of fore surface : the hind surface of front-lobe with a
concavity bounded by two obtuse ridges going downwards and inwards from the outer and inner
ends of the ridge of the front-lobe ; in this hollow two sharp ridges of enamel descend into the
mid-valley, the outer one or “ mid-link”’ extending with a sinuous curve to the ridge of the hind-
lobe ; the inner ridge shorter ; hind surface of hind-lobe nearly like that of fore-lobe ; the inner
of the two submedian ridges or hind-link expanding below into the prominent convexity of the
base, the outer ridge smaller; a sharp vertical plate of enamel extends inwards from the outer
bounding ridge of the middle concavity, on which are some smaller ridges ; the base is swollen
and smooth. The crown of the premolar p* is a little less in length than the next tooth d*;
it is thicker transversely than in Macropus, and has a broad working surface with complex
enamel transverse ridging between the outer and inner ridges, indicating a tooth for pounding
(not dividing as in Macropus), as the generic name implies: the height and width of the back
part of crown of p* are about equal; the outer side having three conical vertical ridges, the
apex of first forming anterior prominent end of outer ridge of the crown; the apex of second
about middle of same ridge, and the third not reaching up to it; the fore part of the tooth is
smaller and separated by a transverse depression from the lower and narrower front end of the
inner ridge, which joins the outer one by a transverse ridge at the hinder end, representing the
hind-lobe of the other molars, and having its hind surface slightly similarly ridged; the
Follows) surface between the bounding ridges has sharp transverse enamel ridges and deep

ollows.

Description.—( Young).—Lower jaws with three deciduous and only two true
molars in place (the last molar m* being below the surface, and placed obliquely
to the line of the others) afford the following measurements :—Entire molar series
from front edge of the anterior deciduous molar d? to hind edge of second or last
molar in place m”, 3 inches 8 lines: antero-posterior length of anterior deciduous
molar d?, 43 lines; greatest width behind, about the same: length of second
deciduous molar d*, 64 lines; greatest width behind, 53 lines: length of third
deciduous molar d4, 9 lines; width, 64 lines: length of fourth molar, or first
true molar m!, 93 lines; width, 7 lines: length of fifth molar, or second true
molar m?, 11 lines; width, 74 lines: antero-posterior length of the imbedded
premolar p?, 7 lines. Incisors with an ovate section at base, 54 lines in vertical
diameter and 34 lines in transverse diameter; greatest width of enamelled crown,
53 lines; length, 9 lines. Length of diastema from front edge of anterior deciduous
molar to base of enamelled crown of incisor, 1 inch 2 lines; dental foramen 3 lines
below upper edge of diastema, and 5 lines from front of anterior molar d? mea-
sured obliquely. The depth of the jaw vertically under the front of anterior molar
d?, 2 inches; depth under first true molar m', 1 inch 6 lines; thickness at

* TIp0, before; xémrw, to pound; ddovdc, a tooth.

+ Not found in the large Kangaroos of the genera Macropus and Osphranter, but in some
small Halmaturus and Petrogale.

DEC. VI. [ 9 il B

Tertiary.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mammalia.

same point, 1 inch 1 line; lower edge of jaws gbtuse, slightly inflected at angle,
external side convex, internal face flatter. In this jaw the transverse ridges of the
last molar in place m? are scarcely worn, and the links not at all; the other molars
are successively more and more worn to the front. The front molar d” has the
grinding surface obliquely triangular, the obtusely rounded apex in front; the outer
side divided a little in front of the middle by a deep vertical sulcus separating two
convex lobes; the inner side flatter, with three short, subequal, nearly vertical, shallow
grooves on the middle third, crenulating the crown, but only extending a short way
towards the base; three small oblique tracts of dentine exposed by wear of the
enamel. The second molar d* has a distinct prebasal ridge, two transversely
oblong spaces of dentine exposed by the wearing of the front and back lobes, but
the mid-link scarcely divided by. a sliht line “of dentine. The third molar dé
with the dentine exposed by wearing of the whole transverse length of the ridge of
the anterior lobe, but only at the outer extremity of that of the hinder lobe; the
links and prebasal ridge unworn. Fourth and fifth molars m1 and m? unworn,
(Adult.)—Lower jaw “with one premolar p*? and one deciduous molar d*, and
three true molars in place, affords the following measurements :—Length of entire
molar series from anterior edge of premolar p® to hind edge of last molar m°,
3 inches 8 lines: antero-posterior length of premolar p*, 7 lines; greatest width
of hind-lobe, 5 lines; of anterior lobe, 3% lines: length of deciduous molar d+, 7
lines; width, 64 lines; leneth of first true molar m1, 83 lines ; width of front-lobe
7 lines ; width of hind. lobe, 64 lines: length of second ‘molar m’, 84 lines; width
of anterior lobe, 73 lines; ‘of posterior lobe, 63 lines: length of last molar m®, 10
lines; width of anterior lobe, 7 lines; of posterior lobe, 64 lines. The dentine
exposed on the transverse ridges of all the teeth.

REFERENCE.—Macropus Goliah (Owen), in Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm.., pt.
2, p.59; Phil. Trans. Lond., vol. 164, p. 791.

In the shortness and depth of the symphysial part of the jaw,
the thickness of the premolar especially behind, and in the thick-
ness and depth of the rami, and their firm union in front, and in the
upward inclination of the incisor teeth, the Procoptodons approach
more to the Nototherium than any of the other Macropodal genera
do. The animal was probably more robust, and with thicker, and
shorter, and more equal legs than living kangaroos.

This, the most gigantic species of the extinct genus Procopto-
don, is not uncommon in the Pliocene deposits of Victoria, generally
in company with the much commoner Macropus Titan. The
specimens figured are from the Pliocene Tertiary clays of Lake
Timboon, on the shores of which they are cast up after storms,
with various extinct species of Macropus, the Phascolomys pliocenus

(McCoy), and the Zhylacoleo carnifex (Owen), &c.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

:

Plate LII.—Fig. 1, side view of exterior side of ramus of lower jaw or mandible, natural size,
showing the socket of incisor of same side and inner view of incisor of the opposite side, adhering
by the strong bony anchylosis of the jaws in front (contrasting with the loose jaws of Macropus) ;

[ 10 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

also showing the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th deciduous molars in place, and the Ist and 2nd true molars ; a
portion of the 3rd, or last molar, can be seen imbedded in the substance of the bone, not having
risen into place or use, while the 2nd and 3rd deciduous molars are in place. A portion of the
bone has been cut out to find the premolar p’, which in such young individuals is imbedded in
the bone until after the two teeth above it, the deciduous molars d* and d*, have been shed.
The deciduous molars are marked d*, d*, d‘; the true molars are marked m', m*, m’. (By
error d? is engraved as 6”). Fig. la, same specimen viewed from above, showing the five
molars in place in young individuals, d*, d’, d‘, m', m®, with the last molar m* not yet come
into use, but obliquely set to the line of the others and imbedded in the bone, which exhibits
it from a fracture in the specimen. This figure shows the complete pattern of the enamel ridges
of the above-named molars when slightly worn on ridges of the deciduous molars, the two molars
being unworn by use at the earlier age, also the strong bony union of the two rami of the lower
jaw in front ; natural size. Fig. 10, same specimen, viewed from inner side, showing the upward
inclination of the incisors in Procoptodon, characteristically differing from the horizontal or
procumbent position of these teeth in Macropus. Fig. le, young premolar p* not yet risen to
replace the deciduous molars d*, d°, viewed from outer side, natural size. Fig. ld, second true
molar, magnified to show the precise details of the complex ridging of the crown, so distinctive
from Macropus. Fig. le, pattern of enamel ridging of last molar m* before coming into place,
natural size. Fig. 1f, form of section of incisor tooth at base of crown.

Plate LI.—Fig. 1, outer view of portion of jaw of old individual, with the permanent
molars p, d‘, m', m?, m® in place, natural size (crowns of p* and d! broken). Fig. 10, same
series of teeth of same specimen, viewed from inner side, natural size. Fig. la, same specimen,
natural size, viewed from above, showing the three true molars in place, with the pattern of the
ridging, all worn by use. The crowns of the premolar and deciduous molar p* and d‘ broken
off.

NV.B.—The small figures and letters in these plates mark the same teeth as in the text.

Freperick McCoy.

[i]

all aoe

//

Pl. LIV,

PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

lertzary Mamma

{ Ce LO

Tertiary.] PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. { Mammalia.

Priate LIV,
CETOTOLITES.

[Cetotolites *: Tympanic Ear-bones of Whales. ]

In 1843 Prof. Owen recognised as Ear-bones (Petro-tympanics)
of large whales, and probably indicative of three or four species, a
number of hard, rounded, involute, very dense bony bodies, dis-
covered in great abundance by the Rey. Prof. Henslow in the Plio-
cene Tertiary Red Crag at Felixstow, in Suffolk, but most probably
derived from an older underlying Tertiary formation. As these
are the only hard parts, capable of withstanding attrition, of the
skeletons of most Whales, the disappearance of all the other bones
of the skeleton, or their reduction to indeterminable fragments,
while the hard Petro-tympanics or Ear-bones alone remained to indi-
cate so many species, was well understood, although the fact still
remained amongst the most striking in paleontology that so small
a portion of such gigantic animals should have been held sufficient
evidence of great numbers of several species being found in this
particular spot. I was much interested on finding that a specimen
brought to me from a deposit very nearly identical with the older
European crag, opened at Waurn Ponds quarries, near Geelong,
by the late Rev. Mr. Legge, of Brighton, was an Ear-bone or Tym-
panic of a Cetacean closely allied to the commonest of those at the
English locality ; and on requesting that attention might be drawn
to the interest attaching to the objects if preserved, I soon had a
considerable series apparently indicating at least three species of
Whales probably about 40 feet long.

Prof. Owen gave the general name Cetotolites to fossils of this
kind in his description of the Suffolk species, but referred them to
the genus Balena in his work on British Fossil Mammals, and
subsequently to his genus Balenodon in his treatise on Palzon-
tology. As, however, I do not think it is possible satisfactorily

* Kijroc, a whale; wc, ear ; AtPos, stone.

[ 13 ]

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia,

to refer them to their true genera from such materials, I propose to
use provisionally the word Ce/otolites as a generic term for such
fossil Cetacean Ear-bones as I have to describe. These Ear-bones,
or Tympanic bones, are always scroll-like, slightly resembling a
Bulla or a Cowry shell ; very thick and rounded on the lower and
seemingly involute inner side, but thin, inarched, and scroll-like on
the outer side to the upper edge, which alone forms the junction
with the adjacent bones of the head (the Tegmen tympani and pars
mastoidea), accounting for this edge in the fossils being always
broken, as the substance of this particular bone is not only excessively
dense, but very brittle. The same considerations which were relied
upon to distinguish the four English Tertiary species, the Balena
afinis, B. definita, B. gibbosa, and B. emarginata, would indicate
three or four species in our Waurn Ponds quarry.

All our Victorian Ear-bones are generically distinct from the
English ones in the division of the internal cavity into two depres-
sions, a posterior deeper, and an anterior shallower one, by a thick
swelling from the involute part, and also by the hinder portion
being more bilobed. My own impression is that they belong to
Ziphioid Whales ; and long, flat, dense bones found in the same
strata with them I believe to be remains of the dense, long flattened
bones of the snout of the same creatures.

Pirate LIV., Fria. 1.
CETOTOLITES LEGGEI (McCoy).

Drscriprion.— Depressed, pyriform; posterior end broad, not indented or
notched; anterior narrow end obtusely rounded; under side flattened, slightly
convex, with a very shallow, wide mesial depression near the posterior end, but not
extending to the margin, which is left prominent and unsinuate; upper side with
the tympanic cavity small, greatly encroached on from the inner side by the very
large tumid, regularly convex, posterior portion of the involute inner side, which in
section forms nearly three-fourths of a circle and occupies exactly two-thirds of the
greatest transverse diameter of the whole bone at its greatest convexity ; the pos-
terior third of the external over-arching wall very thick, obtusely rounded at the
edge and only raised enough to define a shallow cavity, which is almost filled by the
large broad oblique extension from the middle third of the pyriform involute outer

ae a

Tertiary. ] PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mammalia.

part; beyond this transverse swelling the cavity is still more shallow than the pos-
terior portion, bounded on the narrow, obtusely rounded front by the thick obtuse
continuation of the outer margin slightly stopping the Eustachian canal; a slight
flattening of the inner side, forming an obtuse angle with the flattened under surface,
slightly interrupts the regular involute curvature of the surface, and there is a
slightly concave sinus in this side opposite the internal transverse swelling in the
cavity. Length, about 3 inches; greatest width, 2 inches; greatest depth at centre
of greatest convexity of involute portion, 1 inch 4 lines to 5 lines; greatest width
of involute part, 1 inch 3 lines.

This, which is the rarest of the three species of Cetotolites, was
the first which I had seen; one of the two specimens in the
National Museum collection having been presented to me by the
late Rev. Mr. Legge, of Brighton, to whom I have dedicated the
species as a slight memorial of his zeal in geological enquiries. It
is distinguished from the others by the great size and gibbosity of
the involute part, the thick obtuse slightly elevated outer over-
arching plate, the complete absence of notch or bilobation in the
posterior end, and the total absence of projecting process on the
upper posterior surface of the involution for attachment to adjacent
bone.

Rare in the Miocene Tertiary strata of Waurn Ponds quarries,
near Geelong.

EXPLANATION OF Ficures.

Plate LIV.—Fig. 1, specimen, imperfect at anterior outer edge, viewed from above, natural
size. Fig. la, same specimen viewed from behind, showing the shallow concavity in under
surface.

Pirate LIV., Fie. 2.
CETOTOLITES PRICEI (McCoy).

Descrriprion.—In size and general form resembling C. Leggei, but distinguished
by a large rugged oblique projection on the upper posterior portion of the involute
convexity for articulation with the adjacent skull bones; the more distinct bilobation
of the posterior end and deeper mesial concavity on posterior end of under surface
leading from the sinus of the slight bilobation ; the inner outline is straighter from
the posterior portion of the involute part not being so convex, or pyriformly swollen ;
outer inarching plate very much thinner and extending much higher so as to form a
much deeper cavity; the oblique thickened swelling dividing the deeper posterior
portion of the cavity from the anterior is less prominent, and the anterior cavity at
the Eustachian semicircularly rounded anterior end is larger and deeper, the raised
bounding margin continued from the outer wall being much thinner. Length, 2
inches 8 lines ; greatest width, 1 inch 11 lines; greatest depth, 1 inch 1 line; greatest
width of involute part, 1 inch 1 line,

[15 ]

Tertiary.) PALAZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia,

This species is much more abundant than the C. Leggei, and
I dedicate it to the Rev. Mr. Price, of Geelong, who first discovered
it and brought to me several specimens, and to whom I am much
indebted for preserving and forwarding to the Museum many of the
fossils of the Tertiary strata of that neighborhood.

The smaller and less pyriform involution of the inner side, the
distinct though small posterior bilobation, and the much thinner
and higher outer wall enclosing an obviously larger cavity, render
it easy of recognition. The usual oblique articular projection on
the upper side of the posterior part of the thick involution beimg
distinctly marked, is another character separating it easily from the
C. Leggei, which is curiously peculiar in completely wanting any
trace of it.

Not uncommon in the Miocene Tertiary strata of Waurn Ponds,
near Geelong.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LIV.—Fig. 2, average specimen, natural size, viewed from above. Fig. 2a, same
specimen viewed from below. Fig. 26, same specimen viewed from behind.

Prats LIV., Fias. 3, 4, anp 5.
CETOTOLITES NELSONI (McCoy).

Description.—Oblong, broad and distinctly bilobed behind, rather suddenly
tapering to the depressed nearly rectangular wedge-shaped anterior end, on the inner
and lower sides of the Eustachian outlet; under side divided longitudinally into two
convex portions by a distinct narrow concavity, deepest where it strongly bilobes the
posterior end, gradually becoming obsolete at the flattened wedge-shaped anterior
end; involnte inner side small, club-shaped, swollen above posteriorly, suddenly
narrowed at about the middle of the length, the narrow anterior convexity subsiding
into the flattened anterior wedge-like truncated end; a strong oblique articular pro-
jection on posterior part of upper convexity, in front of which is an oblique depression
extending forwards and downwards, and distinctly notching the exterior of the inner
side of the bone; all the inner edge of the involute part marked with irregular plice
extending forwards and downwards; posterior half of tympanic cavity very large
and deep, suddenly defined by a raised thickening, extending from the involute inner
part to the outer wall, leaving a rugged surface for the much shallower anterior
portion of cavity ; over-arching outer wall very thin, much elevated behind. Length,
2 inches 5 lines; greatest width, 1 inch 7 lines; greatest width and depth of involute
part, 11 lines; width of truncated anterior end, 8 lines.

[ 16 ]

Tertiary. ] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mammalia,

This is by far the most abundant of all the Victorian Cefotolites,
there being fourteen specimens in the Museum, collected by the
Rev. Mr. Legge, the Rev. Mr. Price, and Mr. Nelson, a young and
promising geologist, who has put his residence near the quarries at
Waurn Ponds to excellent use by preserving the more important
fossils, with many of which he has enriched the public collection.
Ihave great pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. Nelson, and
hope he may add still further to our knowledge of the Tertiary
remains of Whales from the Geelong strata.

This is so totally unlike the two previously described species
that there is no difficulty in identifying it by the flattened wedge-
like anterior truncation, by the smaller and more rugged or
plicated inner involute part, and by the very deep bilobation of the
hinder end. This latter character is so pronounced that I dare say
it would be found to be generically distinct from the two previously
described, and much more nearly allied to the Ziphioid Whales.
As these latter Cetaceans have a long solid beak of dense flattened
bones, I fancy that the numerous Cetacean bones of this character
found in the Waurn Ponds quarries may be found to have belonged
to a form of this group, and possibly the present species of Ceto-
tolites may be the ear-bone of the same.

Not uncommon in the Miocene Tertiary strata of Waurn Ponds,

Geelong.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LIV.—Fig. 3, average specimen, natural size, viewed from above. Fig. 3a, same
specimen viewed from below, showing the posterior bilobation. Fig. 3b, same specimen viewed
from behind. Fig. 4, another specimen (var. Rugosa), viewed from above, natural size, showing
the rugged shallow anterior part of cavity near the flattened wedge-shaped anterior truncation,
Fig. 4a, same specimen viewed from below. Fig. 5, another specimen viewed from behind.

Freperick McCoy.

DEC, VI. [ 17 J Cc

/ i}

Steel

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

PLLV-

rotded

Tertiary.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mammalia,

Prats LY., Fieas. 1 anp 2.

PHYSETODON BAILEYI (McCoy).

[Genus PHYSETODON (McCoy). (Sub-kingd. Vertebrata. Class Mammalia. Order
Cetacea.)

Gen. Char.—Teeth very large, fusiform, slightly arched, circular in section; at about
middle of length the thickness of the cement is about one-fourth of the diameter, and the dentine
about one-half the diameter. The osteodentine of the pulp-cavity ceases at about half the
length from the base, beyond which the dentine shows conical layers of growth coinciding
with the form of the apex, the thick cement becoming thinner towards the point; base of the
tooth tapering conically, more rapidly than the apex, to a narrow conical small pulp-cavity
coinciding with the diameter of the osteodentine. External surface of cement finely sulcated
with longitudinal vermicular irregular minute wrinkles and pits. ]

DescripTion.—Tooth about 10 inches long and 2 inches wide at middle, taper-
ing gradually, and slightly arched towards the obtusely rounded conical apex of the
crown. Base tapering more rapidly than the crown to a small conical pulp-cavity
4 lines in diameter and 8 lines deep. Thickness of cement at middle of tooth, 53
lines. Both the dentine and cement have their outer surface marked with minute,
wavy, rounded vermicular ridges with pits in the intervening grooves, and fewer and
much larger faintly marked rounded irregular ridges.

In the general form, size, and in the proportion which the cement
and dentine bear respectively to the entire diameter at about the
middle of the tooth, this fossil agrees with the gigantic living
Cachalot or Sperm- Whale, the largest of which our fossil equals in
size. Instead of the base, however, terminating in a wide conical
pulp-cavity, with a narrow margin of tooth-tissue as in the living
Physeter, the base of the fossil tapers to a narrow point, which
might be mistaken for the apex of the tooth but for having a small
conical cavity. The section of the tooth shows the osteodentine
of the pulp-cavity with the same curious spheroidal structure as in
Physeter, produced by the tendency of the calcigerous cells to form
concentric layers round detached vascular irregularly scattered
centres ; and the dentine presents the same lines converging to
the apex as in the living form, from layers of calcigerous cells (as
usual in cetaceous dentine). Prof. Halford has kindly measured
for me the corpuscles as ;2;,th of an inch long and =2;;th of an
inch wide on the average, and the tubuli about =>4,;th of an inch
in diameter, but almost unmeasurable. The corpuscules and tubuli
being therefore smaller than in the English crag fossil Balenodon.

[19 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

As in the Cachalot, the osteodentine of the pulp-cavity blends im-
perceptibly with the dentine. The radiated bone corpuscles of the
cement agree almost completely with those of the living Physeter
and fossil Balenodon ; and there is, as in the latter, a clear colorless
basis of the cement forming a conspicuous narrow band, where it
fills the undulations formed by transverse sections of the longitudi-
nal flutings of the dentine. The Balenodon, from beds of the same
geological age as those affording our fossils (Older Pliocene),
differs entirely in the greater proportion of the diameter occupied
by the dentine.

The magnificent specimen represented by our Figure 1 was dis-
covered by Mr. J. F. Bailey, of Melbourne, in one of his many
successful explorations of the strata at Mordialloc, and was by
him presented to the National Museum, where it now bears his
name as a well-merited compliment to his intelligent zeal and
liberality.

Rare in the ferruginous layers of the older Pliocene Tertiary
strata of Mordialloc.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LV.—Fig. 1, view of tooth, imperfect at upper end, natural size, showing the external
surface, and base, and the small conical pulp-cayity. Fig. 1a, longitudinal and transverse sections
of other side of same specimen, showing the spheroidal nodular structure of the osteodentine
towards the middle below, the more solid dentine, with lines marking the form of the apex of
the crown, and the coarse radiating fibrous external layer of cement. Fig. 14, surface ridging,
magnified. Fig. 1c, cement tubes, magnified. Fig. 2, longitudinal section of another specimen,
polished in one part and roughly fractured in the others, natural size.

Pirate LY., Fia. 3.
SQUALODON WILKINSONI (McCoy).

Description.—(For hind, lobed teeth see Decade II., plate xi.) Anterior teeth
with a long single cylindrical fang, and a short, conical, arched, moderately com-
pressed crown having an oval section. Surface of crown highly polished, and
marked with narrow, irregular, prominent, simple or branching, angular rugged
longitudinal ridges, more numerous towards the base. Length of crown and root,
about 1 inch 10 lines; length of crown, about 9 lines; longer diameter at base of
crown, 5 lines; shorter or transverse diameter, 44 lines.

[ 20 ]

Tertiary. PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mammalia.

I am here enabled to figure one of the simple conical arched
anterior teeth of this curious carnivorous extinct genus of Whales,
so unlike the lobed posterior molars figured in our second Decade,
but showing in this another approximation to the larger extinct
Cetacean genus of Tertiary Whales, the Zeuglodonts of America.
This is one of the many interesting discoveries of Mr. W. Nelson in
the Waurn Ponds quarries of the Miocene Tertiary deposits near
Geelong, from which place also I should mention that the Rey.
Mr. Price has sent me a portion of the lobed posterior tooth, like
that in our first figures from a different locality.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Plate LV.—Fig. 3, side view of fang and crown, natural size, Fig. 3a, surface of crown,

magnified to show the character of the ridging, agreeing with that of the lobed teeth. Fig. 3b,
form of section of base of crown.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 21 ]

ne

PLLVI, PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA.

OVE if a Mollusca /

f vairer ‘ led &

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

Priate LVI.

CARDIUM GIPPSLANDICUM (McCoy).

[Genus CARDIUM (Li.). (Sub-kingd. Mollusca. Class Lamellibranchiata. Order
Ishedrolotila, Fam. Cardiade.)

Gen, Char.—Shell sub-cordate ; margins close or gaping anteriorly and posteriorly ; cardinal

teeth, 2, 1, or absent ; lateral teeth, one anterior and one posterior, or absent, Marine. Range
in time from Paleozoic to Recent.

The surface is usually costate, radiatingly, but in the section Protocardium the radiating
ridges are only distinct on the posterior slope, and there is a slight sinus in the pallial scar. ]

DescripTion.—Rotundato-quadrate, slightly oblique, ventral margin very con-
vex, gradually curving to the obtusely rounded cardinal angles; moderately convex,
greatest depth about the middle; beaks large, tumid, slightly obliqne; about 36 sub-
equal, rounded, large radiating ridges, separated by narrow sulci, about as wide as
the ridges; the anterior and posterior sides close to the hinge-line flattened and
smooth ; whole surface slightly marked with fine close concentric strie of growth.
Greatest length and depth nearly equal, 3} inches in large specimens; the depth
cannot be accurately given owing to the irregular compression of the specimens.

This striking fossil was first made known to me by the discovery
of the large specimen, figured in the upper part of our plate, in the
Mount Matlock flags by Mr. N. Lepoidivil, who presented it to the
public collection. I have cleared several specimens carefully in
search of hinge-teeth, and believe them to be absent. Although not
quite satisfied with the generic reference to Cardium, still it is con-
generic with the previously described Upper Silurian Cardiums,
and is not more allied to any other genus, nor does it show any
character incompatible with a generic affinity with the living
edentulous species of Cardium.

In the black Upper Silurian flags of Mount Matlock ; common
in the yellowish and pinkish earthy beds of Upper Silurian, 4 miles
above Starvation Creek ; common in the blackish soft Upper
Silurian flags of Russell’s Creek, Gippsland.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES,

Plate LVI.—Fig. 1, large specimen, natural size, from Mount Matlock. Fig. la, apex of
beak and hinge-line of same. Fig. 2, another specimen from near Starvation Creek. Fig. 2a,
beak and hinge-line of same specimen seen from the back.

Freperick McCoy.
[ 23 ]

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———————

(Upper Silurian Mollusca ‘)

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

PLIVII.

Upper Silurian. PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. { Mollusca.
PP if

Pirate LVII., Fias. 1 anp 2.

ORTHOCERAS (CYCLOCERAS) IBEX (Sow.).

[Genus ORTHOCERAS (Breyy.) restricted. (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda.
Order Tetrabranchiata, Fam. Nautilide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell conical, straight or nearly so, having the greater part of the posterior
end traversed by convex, transverse septa, with simple edges, at right angles to the long axis of
the shell; siphon calcareous, central or slightly excentric, cylindrical or dilated between the
chambers ; external surface even.

Sub-genus Lococeras (McCoy). General form of Orthoceras proper, but the septa are
oblique to the long axis, and have a deep wave in their edges on each side, and the siphon is
either marginal or submarginal, varying, however, as in Orthoceras, in thickness or inflation
between the septa.

Sub-genus Cycloceras (McCoy). Shell straight, or slightly curved at the tip, tapering ;
section circular or slightly oval; girt with prominent transverse rings; siphon varying from
sub-central to marginal ; septa at right angles to the axis of the shell, with even edges ; surface
often sculptured with scaly lamin, or decussated.

The external characters of this ringed and often sculptured group is so strongly marked
that it forms a useful, easily recognised sub-genus, provisionally, apart from the true
Orthoceras. |

DescRipTion.—Shell long, slightly compressed, nearly cylindrical (tapering at
the rate of about half a line in 3 inches at the diameter of 6 inches), with occasional
abrupt diminutions of diameter; girt with prominent, narrow, rounded, slightly
oblique, and very slightly flexuous rings, about 3 of a line thick, separated by rather
wider concave spaces; about five rings in a space of 6 lines at 6 lines in diameter;
septa, one between each pair of rings; section broad oval; siphon slightly excentric
towards one of the broad sides. Surface with very fine longitudinal furrows and
close transverse strie.

REFERENCE. = O. Ibex (Sow.) + O. articulatum (Sow.); Murch. Sil. Syst., t. 5,
fig. 30, 31.

On the most careful comparison with English and Swedish
Upper Silurian specimens I cannot find any difference in the
Australian examples. As in the English specimens when preserved
like ours in sandstone it is extremely difficult to detect traces of
the striation, but they may be seen by those who know what to
look for. Although Mr. Sowerby does not mention the transverse
striation, Mr. Salter (who is understood to have engraved the
figure) distinctly states that it is present in the original specimen
of the above quoted, t. 5, fig. 31, in his remarks at page 354 of
the pt. 1, vol. ii., of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the
United Kingdom, and I have mentioned observing the same char-
acter in other specimens from the Upper Ludlow rocks of West-

DEC. V1. [ 25 ] D

Upper Silurian.] PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

moreland (British Paleozoic Fossils, page 320). All observers are
now agreed that the two supposed species of Sowerby, as above
quoted in the Reference, should be united under the present name,
as I originally suggested.

Common in the Upper Silurian Sandstone (Mayhill Sandstone)
of Wenlock age, at road section, sect. 44, parish of Wallan (B") ;
also in similar sandstone at (A1); also in sandstones of same age
in Royal Park, near Melbourne ; rarer in (B” 20), Wenlock shale,
near Kilmore.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LVII.—Fig. 1, fragment, natural size. Fig. la, portion magnified, showing traces of
striation. Fig. 2, section of larger specimen.

Prate LVII., Fias. 3 ann 4.

ORTHOCERAS BULLATUM (Sow.).

DerscripTion.—Section broad oval, tapering gradually (at about the rate of
3 lines in 2 inches from a diameter of 1} inches); septa about 1 line apart, at about
1 inch or less in diameter; very slightly oblique; [siphon subcylindrical, moderate,
nearly central]; surface covered with fine, rigid, nearly equal longitudinal striz,
nearly twice their thickness apart, separated by flat spaces, about 8 in the space of
one line.

REFERENCE.—Sow., Sil. Syst., t. 5, fig. 29.

There cannot be any doubt of the identity of this Australian
species with the English one, of which I have formerly published
(Brit. Pal. Foss.) a more minute description than that originally
furnished by Sowerby, although the character above enclosed in
brackets cannot be seen in our Australian fragments. When
viewed with a longitudinal incidence of light, very faint, slightly
convex, transverse undulations may be seen in parts which are not
visible when the light is transverse.

The O. Neptunianus (Bar.) from the Upper Silurian limestone
of Bohemia is very nearly allied, but has the septa much wider
apart and the striae closer, and less regular as I find on comparison.

[ 26 ]

Upper Silurian. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusea.

Rare in olive mudstones of Upper Silurian (Upper Ludlow) age
in cutting at Johnston street, Collingwood, Melbourne. In fine
sandy Upper Silurian beds (B”) of hills in township of Whittlesea,
parish of Toorourrong.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LVII.—Fig. 3, fragment from Whittlesea, natural size ; (transverse undulations
coinciding with position of septa slightly too strongly marked for the direction of the light in
the figure). Fig. 2a, portion of strie highly magnified, showing the rarely seen transverse
strie of growth crossing the flat spaces between the longitudinal lines. Fig. 34, entire width of
specimen less highly magnified to show the number of the striw. Fig. 4, specimen, natural size,
from Johnston street. Fig. 4a, portion magnified to show number of striz. Fig. 4b, portion
more highly magnified to show the normal character of the striz and the flat interspaces.

Pirate LVII., Fie. 5.
ORTHOCERAS CAPILLOSUM (Baz.).

Drscription.—Slightly compressed, section broad oval; very gradually tapering
at the rate of 1 line in 1 inch from a diameter of 10 lines; surface girt with very
slightly oblique, very fine, equal, rigid, thread-like transverse strie, 19 in the space
of 2 lines at 6 lines in diameter, separated by flat spaces nearly twice the width of
the ridges.

A careful comparison of our fossil with specimens from the
Upper Silurian limestone of Barrande’s Bohemian locality, Butowitz,
near Prague, leaves no doubt of the perfect identity of our species,
giving another proof of the correctness of the original reference I
ventured to make of the Kilmore strata to the Wenlock period.
The finer striz, or their greater number in a given space, readily
distinguish the species from Portlock’s O. tenwicinctum.

Not uncommon in the Wenlock shale of Broadhurst’s Creek
(B° 18), E. of Kilmore.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

‘ Plate LVIL—fFig. 5, fragment, natural size. Fig. 5a, entire width magnified to show the
slight obliquity of the striation. Fig. 54, portion of striation more highly magnified to show
the proportion of the narrow elevated striz to the wider flat interspaces.

[ 27 ]

Upper Silurian.] PALZAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca,

Priate LVII., Fia. 6.
ORTHOCERAS LINEARE (Monst.).

Descriprion.—Very gradually tapering, at the rate of 14 lines in 1 inch from
a diameter of 10 lines, at which size the septa are 2 lines apart; surface girt with
excessively fine, close, equal, very slightly oblique, transverse striee, 29 in a space of
2 lines, without distinct interspaces.

REFERENCE.—Orthoceratites linearis (Miinster), Beitrige zur Petrefactenkunde,
Heft 3, t. 19, f. 1.

The excessive fineness and regularity of the microscopie trans-
verse close thread-like lineation renders this species easy of recog-
nition. Count Miinster originally described it from the Upper
Silurian of Elbersreuth, and M. Barrande subsequently found it in
limestone of the same age in Bohemia. I do not think it has been
found elsewhere until I now find it in Victoria in strata of the
same age.

Not uncommon in the olive mudstones of the junction of Woori
Yallock and the Yarra.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LVII.—Fig. 6, fragmeni, natural size. Fig. 6a, striation highly magnified to show
the closeness of the rounded strize without defined interspaces. Fig. 66, a few striz across the
whole width of the shell, magnified three diameters to show their slightly oblique wave.

Pirate LVII., Fries. 7 anv 8.
ORTHOCERAS STRIATO-PUNCTATUM (Mtnst.).

Drscrirprion.—Short conical, rapidly tapering, at the rate of 5 lines in 2 inches
from a diameter of about 2 inches; surface covered with strong, slightly unequal,
longitudinal ridges, about 4 or 5 in a space of 2 lines at 2 inches in diameter ;
between each pair is a longitudinal row of strong oval puncta, about two in a length,
equalling the transverse distance of the rows; slightly oblique, sigmoid, transverse
fine lines of growth.

REFERENCE.—Orthoceratites striato-punctatus (Miinster), Beitrige zur Petre-
factenkunde, Heft 3, t. 20, f. 1 to 3.

bee |

Upper Silurian.] PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [Mollusca.

This very large, rapidly tapering, handsome, species at first sight
recalls the English O. filoswm of the Lower Ludlow rocks, but is
at once distinguished by the rows of ovate tubercles between the
lines. Count Miinster originally described it as common in the
Upper Silurian rocks of Elbersreuth, and M. Barrande has since
found it in the Bohemian Upper Silurian limestones of Kozorz and
Lockhow, near Prague; but I have never heard of it elsewhere
until recognising it in the strata of the same age in the colony of
Victoria.

Very common in the Upper Silurian olive mudstones of the age
of the Wenlock shale at McMahon’s Creek, Upper Yarra; in similar
beds at Reefton, Warburton.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LVI.—Fig. 7, fragment, natural size, from Reefton. Fig. 7a, portion magnified to
show the row of tubercles as appearing on a cast. Fig. 8, portion of another specimen
magnified to show the granulation seen on the ridges on some impressions of inner layers.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 29 ]

Ah

PULVITI. PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

Tertiary.) PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Mollusca.

Priate LVIII.

HINNITES CORIOENSIS (McCoy).

[Genus HINNITES (pr Franc.) (Sub-kingd. Mollusca, Class Lamellibranchiata, Order
Pleuroconcha. Fam. Pectinide.)

Gen. Char.—Shell irregular, inequivalve, moderately oblique and inequilateral ; in the young
state regular, pectiniform, nearly equilateral, ovate, both valves regularly ridged radiatingly,
with small pointed beaks, and a straight hinge-line extended into quadrate ears, the anterior ear
of the right valve with a small sinus for the passage of a byssus ; with age the growth suddenly
becomes irregular, undulated, distorted, and fixed by the substance of the right valve, which
develops irregular prominent concentric scaly projecting growths; left or upper valve usually
flatter, and radiatingly ridged without squame or marks of attachment; no hinge-teeth ;
cartilage-pit triangular, agreeing with Pecten. }

Descriprion.— Young stage from 4 to 13 inch in leng'th, regular, ovate, very
slightly oblique, with nearly equal subquadrate ears, valves nearly equally and
moderately convex; surface closely radiated with narrow subangular ridges, nearly
equal near the beaks, but each pair receiving between them irregularly from one to
five smaller ridges towards the margin (in some specimens the original ridges
remain so much more prominent than the intercalated ones that angular bundles are
formed); each ridge is roughened by hollow semiconical spines formed of projecting
angularly arched scales a little further apart than the thickness of the ridge,
interspaces varying from the width of the ridge to four or five times the width ot
the ridges, and closely covered with a perfectly regular pattern of oblique inter-
secting lines of equal rounded granules, less than their diameter apart, about twelve
in two lines; usually about eight ridges in two lines at an inch from beak, but
varying from three to ten. Adulé growth beyond the young regular stage—valves
suddenly becoming irregular in growth, often obliquely extended posteriorly, the
upper or left valve irregularly undulated and flatter than the right valve, but varying
from concave to convex; the ridges nearly equal, very irregularly undulating, the
spinose scales less regular, and becoming obsolete at margin of old specimens; flat
intervening spaces about twice the width of the ridges, crossed by concentric lines
of growth; right valve with a scar of attachment, and with large irregular projecting
concentric scaly fringes. The muscular impression large. Length of large specimen,
34 inches; depth from beak to opposite margin about the same; width varying
from 1 to 2 inches.

This extremely common fossil in our Miocene Tertiary strata is
a representative of the European Hinnites Cortesit (de Franc.) of
the Coralline Crag of England and corresponding Tertiary strata
on the European continent. The characters of the extinct genus
Hinnites are well seen in this species, appearing to connect the
genera Pecten and Ostrea. The young regular Pecten-like stage of
growth being seen for about an inch from the beaks corresponding
with the time it was attached by a byssus; the older stage of
growth, when it became fixed by the shelly substance of the lower

[ 31 J

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. (Mollusca.

or right valve, being marked by sudden irregularity of general
growth and change of the character of the ridging, and by the
development on the lower or right valve of the large concentric
irregular shelly fringes like those of Spondylus.

Extremely common in Miocene Tertiary of Corio Bay ; and in
similar beds near Bairnsdale, on the Nicholson River.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LVIII.—Fig. 1, average specimen of left valve, natural size. Fig. la, magnified view
of striation, showing the proportions of the interspaces and the character of the vaulted scales
forming the tuberculation about the middle of the shell on the older stage of growth. Fig. 14,
magnified view, showing character of more uniform ridges with blunt tubercles becoming
obsolete near margin of old specimen. Fig. 2, magnified view of another specimen, showing the
ridging of the ears. Fig. 3, view of right valve, natural size, showing the regular character
of the byssiferous early stage of growth near the beak and the distorted transversely squamous
older stage of growth nearer to the margin. Fig. 4, another specimen of right valve, natural
size, viewed in profile, showing the great depth sometimes attained, the regular Pecten-like
early growth near beak, beyond which is the large scar produced by the subsequent calcareous
attachment, beyond which the concentric scale-like shelly fringes as in Spondylus are seen and
the nearly equal ridges.

Freperick McCoy.

if

Yer

-

PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

Pl L/xX

1 Barthwlonuw, delet its iM } Proede:

Tertiary. | PALHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata.

Prater LIX.

CLYPEASTER GIPPSLANDICUS (McCoy).

{Genus CLYPEASTER (Lam. restricted). (Sub-kingd. Radiata. Class Echinodermata.
Order Echinida. Fam. Clypeasteride.)

Gen. Char.—Testa of single walls ; subpentagonal, depressed ; ambulacra petalloid ; actinal,
or lower, surface flat, with the mouth depressed in a narrow circumscribed hollow ; well-developed
straight ambulacral grooves extend from mouth. ‘Tubercles small, perforated and crenulated.
Supports between upper and lower walls formed of very numerous, needle-like (in size and shape)
calcareous styles and fewer, thicker, irregular pillars. A row of pores in the sutures connecting
the long sides of the two rows of ambulacral plates beyond the petals in some species. |

Drscrrprion.—Subpentagonal, longer than broad, greatest width opposite end
of anterior pair of petals of ambulacra; outline at interambulacral edges slightly
concave ; lower, or actinal, surface flat, with a small central depression for mouth;
marginal edge obtusely rounded ; surface above rather flat from edge to distal ends
of ambulacral petals, from whence the back rises with a rather sudden moderate
convexity to abactinal apex. The sulcated poriferous part of petals and the median
ambulacral spaces nearly equal, the latter more prominent but less convex than the
interambulacra; twenty-five to twenty-six pairs of pores in each half ambulacral
petal. Genital openings small, close to the madreporiform plate. 'Tubercles nearly
equal on upper and under surfaces, close set, with usually one or two rows of inter-
vening miliary granules; anal opening its own diameter within the lower edge.
Length of average specimen, 34 inches; in proportion to length (taken as 100), width,
tov; height, ~3,; length of two hinder ambulacral petals measured from genital
pore, +475; anterior lateral pair of petals, 33°, ; anterior odd petal, ,35,; diameter of
anus, +o; diameter of madreporiform apex from one genital pore to opposite, +35 3
greatest width of petals, 9,; width of ambulacral space between the rows of pores,
yor (anterior lateral pair slightly less). Seven tubercles in a space of 2 lines on
middle of side of upper surface, four in same space on lower surface.

This fossil has been referred to by Prof. Duncan, the Rev. J.
Tenison Woods, and other authorities as identical with the recent
Eichinanthus testudinarius (Gray), found commonly on the warmer
N. E. coasts of New South Wales and Queensland, though not on
our cooler southern shores. The under surface of the fossil is,
however, much flatter, and the depression for the mouth much smaller
and more abruptly defined or suddenly bent inwards. The tubercles
on the upper surface are also more numerous, and the granular
spaces between them narrower, and with fewer miliary granules
between them than in the living species, in which also the tubercles
are smaller and with much more numerous granules between them
than on the under side, departing widely from the fossil, in which

DEC. VI. [ 33 ] E

Tertiary. | PALZ ONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata.

the tuberculation of the upper and lower surfaces is more nearly
alike ; the diameter of the tubercles, in the fossil, is usually greater
than the intervening flat space, but much less in the living form, in
which the comparatively wide flat granular spaces between the
tubercles are conspicuously different. The number of pores in the
rows of ambulacral petals is also a marked and obvious difference
between the living L. ¢estudinarius and the present fossil species ;
there being thirty-six in the anterior petals, and forty in the posterior
petals of the recent form, but only twenty-five in the anterior, and
twenty-nine in the posterior petals in the fossil. The greatest
difference is, however, to be found by making a horizontal section
of the margin, where, in specimens of the same size and thickness
of margin, the fossil has five to eight concentric rows of vertical
calcareous pillars extending from the lower to the upper walls,
exactly as in the recent Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) (Ag. Rev.
Echin., t. 13, f. 17 ; and t. 11°, figs. 3 and 4 ; and t. 11°, figs. 1 and
2; and t. 12%, fig. 4), while the recent Echinanthus testudinarius
has only one row round most of the margin, and no more than two
imperfect rows on the posterior edge. The interior, except where

the intestine winds, is crowded with the
Ppa OT at eat very slender needle-like calcareous fila-
(uo Qi) Bi i mentary ‘vertical extensions from the
Vefeatel lies esclede vie, “alan

upper and lower walls of the testa, so
fet LEREE and lowerealla; common in the typical living species of
Clypeaster.

I very much doubt the wisdom of maintaining Clypeaster and
Echinanthus as distinct genera, when the characters are so com-
pletely united as we find them in the recent Australian Echinanthus
festudinarius of Gray. The genus Clypeaster is supposed to be
distinguished from Kehinanthus by the flatter lower surface, smaller
depressed space in which the mouth is sunk, by the better defined
ambulacral grooves on the under side, by the walls being thinner,
single and not double as in Hehinanthus, and by the many slender
needle-like styles rising from the lower floor, contrasting with the
more massive columns of Hcehinanthus. The pores on the edges
of the ambulacral plates beyond the petals, supposed to be another
distinctive character, do not seem to exist in the Malta Clypeaster

[ 34 ]

Tertiary. | PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata,

Tarbellianus and allied forms, which I have cautiously ground
down for the purpose of making a careful examination, and find
they are as completely absent as in our present Gippsland species.

The nearest analogue for our fossil is, I think, the recent Ameri-
can (Florida and West Indies) and West African Clypeaster subde-
pressus, which is, however, clearly distinguished by its longer
anterior petal, and it also has the ambulacral pores beyond the
petals well marked. The walls of the testa vary in thickness very
much, but are, as far as I have seen, always single.

Very common in Miocene Tertiary strata of Bairnsdale and other
localities in Gippsland ; rarer and of smaller size in the Miocene
strata of Corio Bay ; rare and small in the Miocene beds of Muddy
Creek, near Grangeburn, 5 miles from Hamilton ; rare in Miocene
Tertiary limestone at the locality marked FSM ; rare in the Lower
Pliocene beds of Mordialloc.

+

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LIX.—Fig. 1, average specimen, natural size, viewed from above. Fig. la, same
specimen viewed in profile. Fig. 15, same specimen viewed from below, showing the flat under
side, small mouth, and strong ambulacral grooves. Fig. 1e, tubercles and granules, magnified.
Fig. 1d, portion of ambulacral petal, magnified, showing half of the interporiferous portions and
more numerous poriferous plates of one side of petal, magnified.

Freperick McCoy.

[ 35 J

jf

(eu) a ae

PLLix. PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA

LROAE, Maca /

? Troeddal?

Tertiary. | PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [{ Echinodermata.

Pirate LX., Fics. 1-4.

LOVENIA FORBESI (McCoy).

[Genus LOVENTA (Desor. EmeND.) = HEMIPATAGUS (Desor.) = MARETIA (Gray).
(Sub-kingd. Radiata. Class Echinodermata. Order Echinida, Fam. Spatangide.)

Gen. Char.—Testa thin, cordiform, narrow, and truncated behind ; large primary tubercles
perforated, in deep pits, those of upper surface on the two anterior pairs of interambulacra,
absent on the posterior interambulacrum ; ambulacral petals moderate, the anterior half of the
apical portion of the anterior lateral petals obsolete ; anal opening on the narrow truncated
posterior end ; anterior ambulacrum sunk in a broad shallow groove ; genital pores four, the
anterior pair smaller and closer together than the posterior pair. Under side with a nearly
smooth central plastron, with the transversely lunate mouth excentric towards the anterior side ;
lateral portions flatter, with large primary perforated tubercles in deep pits. Fascioles, one
internal on upper surface, and one spectacle-shaped subanal one, with a group of primary
tubercles in dilated lateral portions ; miliary tuberculation, small (but much larger than that
of the fascioles), covering the whole upper surface, and between the primary tubercles below. ]

Description.—Cordate, subpentagonal, greatest width about middle of posterior
lateral interambulacra, variable; profile moderately arched from apex to front, less
arched to overhanging posterior margin; greatest depth a little behind the apex ;
posterior truncated end narrow, with an obtuse ridge extending to the apex, from
which the sides slope with slight convexity to the obtuse lateral margins; anterior
sulcus and notch in front margin varying in depth, the obtuse bounding ridges
covered with a band of rather coarse miliary tubercles; anterior pair of lateral
ambulacra diverge obliquely with a slight forward and outward curve from the apex ;
posterior pair of ambulacra shorter and straighter than the anterior lateral pair ;
forming less than a right angle with each other; ocular pores very minute ; whole
upper surface granulated with close fine miliary tubercles; a band of larger ones,
with finer between, on the ridge on each side of anterior sulcus; primary tubercles
large, perforated, not crenulated, in very deep pits, 4 to 11 in one to three rows on
anterior lateral pair of interambulacra, and 4 to 11 in two to five rows on anterior
part of posterior lateral pair of interambulacral spaces; under side with numerous
primary perforated tubercles on the sides, in very deep pits, to the anterior outer
portion of which they are excentrically confluent; plastron, or prominent middle
portion, comparatively smooth, with fine miliary granules forming a large radiating
semicircular group just in front of the subanal fasciole, and a few more scattered on
the more anterior plates; spectacle-shaped subanal fasciole of very minute granules
with a circular group of small primary perforated tubercles within each of the lateral
dilated ends, which also include three or four pores of the posterior ambulacra.
[nternal fasciole narrow, of very minute granules, forming an acute angle just
behind the madreporiform tubercle, extending straight outwards and forwards to
apex of posterior lateral interambulacra, thence with an obtuse angle extending
forwards, with a slight outward concavity, along outside of granulated bounding
ridges of anterior sulcus, extending about half-way from apex to margin. Usually
about fourteen pairs of pores in each perfect ambulacral band, but varying from ten
to sixteen.

Var. A—With 8 to 5 tubercles in 2 or 3 rows on posterior lateral interambulacra.
Length, 1 inch 4 lines ; proportional greatest width, +°%;; from posterior end to apex,

vo; depth, +o
[ 37 ]

Tertiary. | PALZONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. { Echinodermata.

Var. B.—With 6 to 15 tubercles on posterior lateral interambulacra in 8 or 4
rows. Length, 1 inch 2 lines; proportional greatest width, ,°,°,; from posterior end
to apex, 735 to 35%; depth, 34%; posterior ambulacra, length +4°,, width 13, to 745,

REFERENCE.— Spatangus (Forbes), Lectures on Gold, p. 50, 1852; Spatan-
gus Forbesi and Hemipatagus Forbesi (McCoy MSS.); Lovenia Forbesi (Duncan),
Geol. Jour. 1877, t. 4, figs. 5 to 8.

I find that it is impossible to divide this species into two, as sug-
gested by Mr. Etheridge, jun. (L. Woodsi and L. Forbesi), from
the number of primary tubercles in the posterior lateral interambu-
lacra, although I notice that those with the more numerous tubercles
are more common in the Murray cliffs and more rare near Mel-
bourne, and that they are less pentagonal from a slightly greater
proportional length and less protuberant sides, and have the apex
usually farther from the posterior end, and the posterior ridge
stronger. After noting hundreds of specimens I find with Prof.
Duncan that the variations in any one of these points and in the
slope of the anterior profile exceed the difference, and there is no
connection between them ; the same may be said of his var. minor.

I first named this species after Prof. Forbes in MSS. labels of
the fossils collected by the Geological Survey of Victoria shortly
after arriving in the colony nearly 20 years ago, and the specimens
so labelled were from that day to this publicly exhibited in the
National Museum at Melbourne. Specimens with this specific
name, and my own as authority, were then sent home with Victorian
collections to the different International Exhibitions held in London
and Paris, and distributed thereafter to various European public
museums. So, lest it might be thought that I had taken credit to
myself in those early days for a discovery and specific name of any
other observer, I think it best to continue to use my own name as
the original authority for the species, to which I gave the name of
my old colleague Prof. Forbes, because he was the first to figure it,
from Melbourne specimens, in his ‘ Lectures on our Knowledge of
Australian Rocks as derived from their Organic Remains,” p. 50,
published in 1852,* but which no other subsequent writer seems to
have noted. Prof. Forbes only named it ‘“ Spatangus,” without
giving any description or specific name. Since then numerous

*“Tectures on Gold,” &c., delivered at the Museum of Practical Geology. London: D.
Bogue. 1852,
[ 38 ]

Tertiary.) PALMONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata.

better figures and more or less perfect descriptive notices have been
published by the Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods, Prof. Duncan, Dr.
Laube, and Mr. Etheridge. The Rev. Mr. Tenison Woods took
my name for this species on looking over the Melbourne Museum,
and figured it as Spatangus Forbesi in his “‘ Geological Observations
in South Australia,” in 1862, without giving any authority, and
mentioning that Capt. Sturt was in error in identifying it with the
Spatangus Hoffmanni (Gold.). Prof. Duncan and Dr. Laube next
dealing with the species, gave to the Rev. Mr. Tenison Woods the
correction of Sturt’s error, and also gave his name as the authority
for the species ; this was soon corrected by that author, who in his
next published notice * gave me the credit of distinguishing the
species, and in writing to me said he must have copied the name
from my specimens in the Museum and forgotten where he had
obtained it. Prof. Duncan has since added his own name (Woods
and Duncan) as the authority for the species, but under the
circumstances he also will probably prefer to leave it now under the
old authority.

To Prof. Duncan belongs the credit of first showing the identity
of Hemipatagus and the older genus Lovenia, and of clearly show-
ing the fascioles of the present fossil. I have figured the details as
carefully as I can make them out, but fail to see in my specimens
any transverse connection between the anterior ends of the internal
fasciole, which do not go beyond half-way from the apex to the front
margins, and do not seem to interrupt the inner bands of coarser
tubercles on the bounding ridges of the anterior sulcus.

Extremely abundant, filling one particular ironstone layer in the
older Pliocene strata of Mordialloe and Frankston, on the east side
of Port Phillip Bay; very abundant in cream-color, calcareous
Upper Miocene beds of the Murray banks ; very abundant in yellow
Miocene beds of the locality marked (I* m.): common, beautifully
preserved, in the creamy Miocene beds of Portland Bay; common,

* “T must here note that Dr. Duncan inadvertently gives me credit for a discovery which
does not belong to me. Sturt’s mistake was corrected by Prof. McCoy as valeontologist of the
Geological Survey. The . . . Professor dic aot publish any diagnosis, and | really forget
now how his determination reached me.” Paper by the Rev. J. . Tenison Woods. Read
December 19, 1865, to and published by Adelaide Philosophical Society,

[ 39 ]

Tertiary. | PALMHONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. { Echinodermata.

but of small size in similar beds, Upper Miocene limestone beds
from mouth of Curdie’s Inlet (A 11); also in similar beds at Bird
Rock Point, 3 mile west from mouth of Spring or Tait’s Creek,
parish of Jan Juc, 15 miles 8. from Geelong; lower beds of
Miocene (A* 23); and §. of mouth of Spring Creek (A* 20);
and at Bird Rock Point, middle beds of Miocene (A* 24), A‘ 28 ;
Waurn Ponds quarries, near Geelong, and also from Miocene
beds of beach at outer Geelong Harbor (A‘ 12).

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LX.—Fig. 1, specimen, viewed from below, to show the peculiar arrangement of the
tuberculation ; natural size. Fig. 1", same view magnified, to show the details of the tubercu-
lation and the sub-anal fasciole. Fig. 1, same specimen, viewed in profile. Fig. 1°, same speci-
men, viewed from posterior end, natural size. Fig. 2, average specimen of typical variety,
natural size, viewed from aboye. Fig. 2°, same view magnified, to show the details of the tuber-
culation, the ambulacra, the four genital pores, the posterior madreporiform tubercle, and the
internat fasciole. Fig. 3, primary tubercles of under side, to show the eccentric junction with
the margin, magnified. Fig. 3°, primary tubercles of upper side, magnified. Fig. 4, elongate
variety with more numerous primary tubercles on posterior lateral interambulacra, natural size.
Fig. 4*, same specimen, viewed from above.

Puatse LX., Fies. 5-7.

MONOSTYCHIA AUSTRALIS (Lavse).

[Genus MONOSTYCHIA (Lauper). (Sub-kingd. Radiata, Class Echinodermata. Order
Echinida. Fam. Scutellidz.)

Gen. Char.—Testa flat or slightly concave below, subpentagonal, rounded, slightly longer
than wide ; edge thin, deeply indented at the ends of the ambulacral furrows. and slightly
indented in middle of posterior margin ; apex a little in front of the centre, slightly raised
conoidally; profile nearly straight to hinder edge, slightly convex to the front; genital pores four,
the hinder larger and farther apart than the anterior pair ; ocular pores very minute ; ambulacral
petals wide open at ends, the pores of each pair widely separated in the middle, connected by
oblique sharp sulci; the pores of the inner row of each ambulacral zone smaller and rounder
than the slit-shaped outer ones; the outer line of pores of each half ambulacrum more arched
than the straighter inner row, the acutely angular interporiferous space nearly twice as wide as
the poriferous zone; mouth rounded or subpentagonal, central; five deep narrow ambulacral
furrows extend from the mouth to the margin, the three anterior nearly straight, the posterior
lateral pair slightly arched outwards and forwards, extending with similar directions on the
upper side through the centre of the ambulacra nearly to the apex; anal opening on under side,
near the sinus in posterior margin, a slight prominence extending from it to the mouth;
internal supports from mouth to margin, except in place of intestine, very numerous, and
variable in size and shape; whole surface covered with minute close rounded tubercles, the
narrow ridges between which are simple above and granular below. Differs from Scutel/a in
its simple unbranched ambulacral furrows from mouth; differs from Arachnoides in being longer
than wide and having the anal opening on the under side. ]

[ 40 ]

Tertiary.) PALAONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata.

Description.—Subpentagonal or nearly round. 13 to 15 tubercles near margin
above of several large and moderate sized specimens in a space of 2 lines; 9 to
10 in same space below; very large specimens, 12 above, 6 below: 82 to 86 pores
in each row of the ambulacral petals. Proportions :—

ReEFERENCE.—Laube Sitzungsberichte d. Kaiserlichen Akademie d. Wissen-
schaften zu Wien, 1869, p. 190, t. ?, fig. 3.

This is a very variable species in form, in the strength of the
ambulacral furrows, in the depth or distinctness of the notches in
the margin where they pass over, and the degree of curvature or
straightness of the posterior pair of ambulacral furrows, and the
prominence of the posterior interambulacrum at the margin, and
I do not find any coincidence between the variations; nor do I
think Dr. Laube’s observation, “Die jiingsten Exemplare sind
fast kreisrund, mit kaum angedeutetem Rostrum und unmerklichen
Randkerben, auch du Ambulacralfurchen sind kaum wahrnehmbar,
erst im mittleren Alter werden letztere deutlicher und das Rostrum
tritt mehr und mehr hervor, bis es sich scharf und deutlich abhebt,”
borne out by the very numerous specimens I have examined, as
some very small ones are of the longest proportions, and have the
most projecting posterior interambulacrum (Rostrum of Laube) of
any I have seen, and the largest specimens have the least indenta-
tion of the margin at the passage of the ambulacral furrows and
least projection of the hinder part. Most of the nearly circular
examples are, however, small, while small and large show the slight
elongation of the more pentagonal forms. Towards the margin of
large specimens the ridges between the granules on the under side
show a tendency to diverge in oblique, feather-like lines from the
ambulacral furrows; but this also is very variable and often not
recognizable, although occasionally seen in all the above noted
varieties.

DEC, VI. [ 41 ] F

Tertiary.) PALEONTOLOGY OF VICTORIA. [ Echinodermata.

Common in the cream-color Miocene Tertiary beds of the
Murray cliffs ; also at Bird Rock Point, S. of Geelong, lower beds
of Miocene (A* 24).

Var. LOVENI (Dvnc.).

Description.—Length and width equal or nearly so. Length, 1 inch 103 lines;
width, 4%8;; length of ambulacra, 4°3,; depth, 4%. Tubercles in space of 2 lines,
12 below, 17 to 20 above.

Rererence.—Arachnoides Loveni (Duncan), Q. J.G. 8. L., February 1877, p.
47, t. 3, figs. 6 and 7.

Very common at Mordialloc, usually broken and worn into
puzzling triangular ferruginous pieces, dividing along the ambu-
lacral furrows.

One large specimen from this locality is 2 inches 9 lines long,
and has the proportional width only 58,5.

As Dr. Laube has included the circular and elongate forms under
his single species MZ. Australis, and as I have stated above that I
can find no constant difference in these specimens, I cannot but
think that Prof. Duncan’s two proposed species should be only
looked on as varieties of Dr. Laube’s, until other characters can be

pointed out to favor specific distinction.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Plate LX.—Fig. 5, large specimen of the elongated typical variety, from the Murray cliffs,
natural size. The obscure obtuse radiated ridging is very rarely seen, even with carefully
adjusted oblique light, Fig. 6, shorter, rounder form [var. Zoveni (Duncan)], from Mordialloc,
viewed from below, showing the two openings of the alimentary canal. Fig. 6°, same specimen,
viewed from above, natural size. Fig. 6", profile view of same specimen. Fig. 7, section
showing the internal support between the upper and under walls, with the smooth, nearly
circular bed of the intestine.

Freperick McCoy.

By Authority: Joun Ferrers, Government Printer,

[ 42 ]

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

N.B.—The originals of all the Figures are in the National Museum, Melbourne.

DECADE lI.

Prate l—Phylograptus folium (His. sp.). Var. Typus (Hall).—Diplograpsus mucronatus (Hall sp.).—
Diplograpsus pristis (His. sp.).—Diplograpsus rectangularis (MecCoy).—Diplograpsus (Climaco-
graptus) bicornis (Hall).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) fruticosus (Hall sp.).

Prate I.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) quadribrachiatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus)
bryonoides (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) octobrachiatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites
(Didymograpsus) Logani (Hall sp.).

Prates UL, 1V., and V.—Phascolomys pliocenus (McCoy).

ima Hannafordi (MeCoy).—Voluta anti-cingulata (McCoy).—Voluta anti-scalaris

McCoy).

Prate VII.—Voluta macroptera (McCoy),

Prare VIIL.—Podozamites Barklyi (McCoy).—Podozamites ellipticus (McCoy).—Podozamites longi-
folius (McCoy).

Puate IX.—Lepidodendron Australe (McCoy).

Prate X.—Petraster Smythi (MeCoy).—Urasterella Selwyni (McCoy).

DECADE Il.

Piate XI.—Squalodon Wilkinsoni (McCoy).—Charcharodon angustidens (Ag.).—Carcharodon mega-
lodon (Ag.).

Prates XIL and XIII.—Gangamopteris angustifolia (McCoy), and var. G. spatulata and G. obliqua.

Pirate XIV.—Teniopteris Daintreei (McCoy).—Pecopteris Australis (Mor. ).

Puates XV., XVI, XVIL., and XVIII.—Cyprea gigas (MeCoy).—Cyprea gastroplax (McCoy).

Prats XIX.—Trigonia acuticostata (McCoy).—Trigonia semi-undulata (McCoy ).—Limopsis aurita
(Sassi)—Limoupsis Belcheri (Ad. and Reeve).—Pectunculus laticostatus (Quoy).

Prats XX.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) extensus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) caduceus
(Salt.).—Diplograpsus palmeus (Bar.)—Graptolites (Cladograpsus) ramosus (Hall sp.).—Clado-
grapsus furcatus (Hall sp.).—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) gracilis (Hall sp.).—Retiolites Australis
(McCoy).

DECADE Ill.

Prate XXI.—Thylacoleo carnifex (Ow.).

Puates XXII. and XXIII.—Phacops (Odontochile) caudatus (Brong.).—Phacops (Portlockia) fecundus
(Bar.).—Forbesia euryceps (McCoy).—Lichas Australis (McCoy).—Homalonotus Harrisoni
(McCoy).

Prats XXIV.—Aturia zic-zac (Sow. sp.). Var. Australis (McCoy).

Prats XX V.—Pleurotomaria Tertiaria (McCoy).—Haliotis ovinoides (McCoy).—Haliotis Moorabool-
ensis (McCoy).

PLATE XNVI~ Haliotis Nevosoides (McCoy).—Cerithium Flemingtonensis (McCoy).

Prate XXVIL—Trigonia Howitti (MeCoy).—Cucullwa Corioensis (McCoy).

Prares XXVIII. and XXIX.—Cyprwa (Aricia) gigas (McCoy).—Cyprea (Aricia) eximia (Sow.).—
Cyprea (Trivia) avellanoides (McCoy).

Puate XXX.—Cyprea (Aricia) platypyga (McCoy).—Cypreza (Aricia) platyrhyncha (McCoy).

CONTENTS OF DECADES.

DECADE IV.

Prares XXXL, XXXIL., and XXXIII.—Diprotodon longiceps (MeCoy).—Notothe rium.

Prate XXXIV.—Pecten Yahlensis (Woods).—Var. Semi-levis (McCoy).

Poare XXXV.—Favosites Goldfussi (d’Orb).—Spirifera levicosta (Val.).—Chonetes Australis
ere) Ehraemocctas subtrigonum (MeCoy).—Asterolepis ornata (Kichwald). War. Australis
(McCoy).

Prare XXXVI.—Archeopteris Howitti (MceCoy).—Sphenopteris (Eremopteris) iguanensis (M eCoy).—
Cordaites Australis (McCoy).

Prats XXXVIL.—Voluta Hannafordi (MeCoy).—Voluta strophodon (McCoy).

Prate XXXVIII.—Spondylus gederopoides (McCoy).

Prats XXXIX.—Eucalyptus Pluti (McCoy).

Puare XL—Cinnamomum polymorphoides (MeCoy).—Laurus Werribeensis (McCoy).

DECADE V.

Prates XLI. and XLII.—Arctocephalus Williamsi (McCoy).

Puate XLIIL.—Waldheimia Corioensis (MeCoy).—Waldheimia macropora (McCoy).

PLATS XLIV.—Cardium pseudo-magnum (McCoy).—Cardium (Protocardium) anti-semigranulatum
(McCoy).

Pirate XLV.—Spondylus gaderopoides (McCoy).—Spondylus pseudo-radula (McCoy).

Prate XLVI.—Leptena (Leptagonia) rhomboidalis (Wilck. sp.).—Trematospira liopleura (McC oy).—
Trematospira formosa (Hall).—Spirifera plicatella (Lin.). Var. Macropleura (Conrad).—Sp irifera
suleata (His.).

Prare XLVII.—Spirigerina reticularis (Lin. sp.).—Rhynchonella (Hemithyris) decemplicata (Sow.).
—Nucleospira Australis (McCoy).—Pentamerus Australis (McCoy).

Prate XLVIU.—Tethya Newberyi (McCoy).—Graphularia Robine (McCoy).

Prare XLIX.—Cyprea (Luponia) leptorhyncha (McCoy).—Cypre. (Aricia) consobrina (McC oy ).—
Cyprea (Luponia) contusa (McCoy).

Prate L.—Graptolites (Didymograpsus) Thureaui (McCoy). Graptolites (Didymograpsus) Headi
(Hall).

DECADE VI.

Puate LI.—-Macropus Titan (Ow.),

Puates LII. and LIII.—Procoptodon Goliah (Ow.).

Prats LIV.—Cetotolites.—Cetotolites Leggei (McCoy).—Cetotolites Pricei (McCoy).—Cetolotites
Nelsoni (McCoy).

Prare LV.—Physetodon Bayleyi (McCoy).—Squalodon Wilkinsoni (McCoy).

Prats LVI,—Cardium Gippslandicum (McCoy).

Prare LVII.—Orthoceras (Cycloceras) Ibex (Sow.).—Orthoceras bullatum (Sow.).—Orthoceras
capillosum (Bar.).—Orthoceras lineare (Miinst.).—Orthoceras striato-punctatum (Miinst.).

Prate LVIII.—Hinnites Corioensis (McCoy).

Puate LIX.—Clypeaster Gippslandicus (McCoy),

Prate LX.—Lovenia Forbesi (McCoy.)—Monostychia Australis (Laube). Var. Loveni (Dunc.).

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