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LIBRARY,

I

THE

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

EUROPEAN EMIGRATION

Published by order of the GoYernment of Quebec.

QUEBEC

PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF VEVtNEMENT

1870

//G o

THE

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC

EMIGRATION.

INTRODUCTION.

The object aimed at in this pamphlet is to furn- ish intending emigrants with correct information about the Province of Quebec, and to exhibit to them the positive advantages that it holds out to the settler.

Contiguous to the Grreat Republic, which absorbs the greater part of the attention that Europe be- stows on this continent, we feel it is necessary that our Province should raise her voice, and by de- tailing her advantages, attract towards her the re- gards of the foreigner.

Our various resources, the solidity of our poli- tical institutions, the rare perfection of our laws, the material prosperity which is shared in common by our people, — and the peace, unity and good fel- lowship which reign between all classes, are points

on which we deem it proper that light should be &hed.

To deal separately and to its full extent with each of the above details, would require more space than comports with the nature of this pamphlet. We shall, however, succinctly treat the matters referred to ; and not to fatigue the reader with theoretical notions, shall regard whatever enters into the compass of these pages from a purely practical point of view. It will be readily inferred it is not as a literary work this pamphlet is offered to the public ; it is on the score of its exactitude, and for the useful information which it contains, that we hope to interest and to convince the class of readers to whom in preference it is addressed, that is to say, to those who comtemplate emigrating to America.

It would be useless to pretend that it is with a feeling alien to interest that we address the emi- grant. We frankly admit that we appreciate at its full value the benefit that must accrue to the Province by attracting hither a good class of settlers. The best proofs we can offer of the value placed by us on emigration are to be found in the measures adopted for the protection of those w^ho come amongst us, and in the facilities afforded to all who desire to settle in the Province. These facilities and advantages we shall develope fur- ther on.

The emigrant who settles in this Province will find in the cultivation of the soil, and in the pur- suit of the different branches of industry which invite activity, that ease and comfort which are here the common lot of the industrious and thrifty.

The sacrifices which the Province is actually making to open up means of communication

— 3 —

wherever colonization promises to succeed, cou- pled with the building of the Intercolonial Rail- way, offer very favorable advantages to those who may happen to land upon our shores without means, but in quest of labor. There is ample work for willing hands, and the laborer is here well paid, because his labor is in good demand. Upon his landing, therefore, the emigrant is certain to obtain lucrative employment, and should he be thrifty, within a very short time may amass suffi- cient to warrant him in seeking out one or other of the great centres of colonization, where he may win by his labor a domain in our forests. The ambition of every one here is to become a proprietor — a ci- tizen ; this too should be the aim of all who leave the Old World to seek a refuge in America. This country offers a great field for individual activity, and the future is rich, and promising to all who are energetic and saving.

The ease which in Europe represents the united labors of generations of the one family, is very often in this country achieved by the labor of one man. Ask some merchant whoec wealth astonishes you, how far back his commercial career dates, and he will answer you that 15 or 20, or perhaps 30 years ago, he landed on the shores of Canada, per- fectly friendless, dependent for the item of daily bread upon his daily work. His energy, and thrift alone, have made him what you see him. When ever in the environs of any of our cities you see splendid farms decked with princely residences, such as here and there also strike the eye in the remoter parts of the country : ask to whom do these belong ? and you will be surprised to find, in how many cases, their owners are men who, but a short time ago, came here with absolutely nothing

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to recommend them but stout hearts and willing hands. Run your eye over the social scale in Ca- nada, and you will find in the proudest positions Europeans whom necessity but recently compelled to seek our shores, and to w^hom fortune has been prodigal of her gifts. Meeting here with everything that can soothe and mitigate their condition and position, within a very short time those who seek a home amongst us make common cause with us ; and long before they have forgotten that they are emigrants, we cease to regard them as new-comers.

Although there remain in the Province of Que- bec vast tracts of uncleared land, it is not for that reason a wild country, as many foreigners are in- clined to believe. The European civilization, which two centuries ago was transplanted here through the agency of the French missionaries and settlers, developed rapidly, and spread as the population increased and education extended. And since transatlantic communication has become more frequent, it may be safely said that Europe has transmitted to us its habits and tastes, and even its very luxuries.

The statistics which, later on will follow, will show that we have adhered in all we have said to what is strictly true.

Following the general information which we will now give of Canada and the Province of Quebec, we have deemed it right, as succinctly as possible, to place before the intending emigrant a prac- tical idea of the rights he acquires, and the obli- gations he contracts in settling upon our Public Lands.

Ls. Archambeault,

CominissioiKT of Agriculture and Public Works.

Quebec, March 1st., 1870.

I.

CANADA AND THE PROVINCE OF ftUEBEC. Political Organization.

The British North American Provinces, confe- derated in 1867 under the name of the Dominion of Canada, form a vast country, lying between the 42 and 51 degree of latitude, bounded to the south by the United States, to the north by the Hudson's Bay territory, and to the west by the United Stales, and the British possessions in the North-west. This latter territory is about to enter the Canadian Confederacy, as is also, it is believed, British Columbia, which will push back the boundaries of Canada westward to the Pacific. "With these sections of countrj' united, there will but remain, at the outlet of the Grulf of St. Law- rence— Newfoundland and Prince Ed v^ard Island, which have not yet euter(Kl, but w^hich are even while we are dictating this, negotiating for ad- mission into the Confederacy,

The limits of Canada comprise a territory of 377,045 square miles in superficies, and at the last census, in 1861, it was shown that the population numbered 3,090,561 souls; to-day the number of the inhabitants of the Dominion exceeds 4,000,000.

Canada is composed of four confederated pro- vinces— these are : to the east Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which are known as the Mari- time Provinces, in the centre the Province of Quebec, and to the west the Province of Ontario,

These Provinees, in all that refers to criminal

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legislation, the customs, commercial matters, ques- tions of general interest, and whatever regards the foreign relations of the Dominion, are govern- ed by a representative of Her Britannic Majesty ; a Senate, the members of which are chosen for life by the Sovereign ; and a House of Commons, whose members are at a given period elected by the people. This constitutes the Parliament of Canada.

The constitution, by virtue of which this order of things exists, is modelled after that of Great Britain, which is too well known to require from us any analysis to point out the guarantees to liberty that it gives, and the civil and political freedom which it promotes and protects

Apart from the matters of general interest, which belong exclusively to the jurisdiction of the Federal Parliament, the Provinces have each a Local Parliament, for the government of local affairs, composed in the Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, of a Lieutenant- Governor, a Legislative Council whose members are named for life, and a House of Representatives whose members are elected by the people ; in the Province of Ontario the legislature consists of a Lieutenant-Governor, and a House of Assembly composed of representatives elected periodically by the j^eople.

The Y owers of the Local Legislatures, although restrained to matters of purely local interest, are nevertheless of great importance. The Local Legis- latures, for instance, are empowered to legislate in all civil matters within their respective terri- tories, and have, by virtue of their charters, sole jurisdiction over everything that relates to pro- prietory rights, and the relations of citizens with one another ; they have also the control of the

public lands within their territories, and may dis- pose thereof as they deem proper.

A clause, it is true, in the constitution, confers upon the Parliament of Canada, the right to adopt the measures necessary to bring about uni- formity in the civil laws, and procedure of the Provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. After the passing of a law to that effect, the power of the Federal Parliament to legislate upon the subjects set forth in the said law, would be unlimited ; with this restriction, however, that an act providing for this uniformity should have no force in any province, until adopted by the Legislature of the province itself. This natural desire to assimilate the law^s of provinces whose civil laws spriiiu* from a common source, could in no way apply to the Province of Quebec : indeed, in virtue of their different origin, our laws are free from all Federal intervention whatever.

With regard to the acts passed by the Federal Parliament, Her Majesty has a vetoing power; with reoard to those passed by the Local Parlia- ment, the veto rests with the Federal Grovernment.

The right of veto possessed by Her Majesty, is the only controlling power which the Metropolitan G-overnment reserved for itsef in granting to us our constitution ; and it would appear that this right was reserved rather as the symbol of suze- rainety than as an instrument of power.

The Civil list is voted by ourselves, we legislate for ourselves, and in Criminal matters we may be judged only by twelve of our fellow-coun- trymen.

Our revenue being principally derived from customs duties, taxation only reaches the citizen of Canada indirectly ; and only does so as a eon-

— 8 —

sumer of imported articles or of the spirits and tobacco manufactured in the country, upon which there is an excise duty. Every one speaks the language which he prefers : French and English in the eye of the law are upon a footing of perfect equality. The laws of the Federal Parliament as well as those of the Quebec Legislature are pro- mulgated in the two languages, and both tongues may be spoken in the Courts of Justice created by the Dominion.

It may be seen by the above that Canada is all but Independent. The constitution which since two years has governed us, was dictated by our- selves in the first place, through our represen- tatives, who afterwards submitted it to the British Parliament, which sanctioned it without making in it any change whatever. Here as in Grreat Britain the will of the people, as expressed through Parliament, constitutes the supreme law.

The link which binds us to the British Crown, far from being a burden upon us, is a warrant of protection and security. As a return for our allegiance, England accords to us the support of her army and navy, and leaves her flag unfurled upon our battlements. The enormous sums of money which everywhere else are absorbed to mantain standing armies are here applied to the creation of a net-work of railways, — to make the River St. Lawrence the great commercial highway of North America, and the most direct channel be- tween the "Western States and the markets of Eu- rope.

Now that we have given to the reader a general idea of the political organization of Canada, we will call his attention particularly to the Province of Quebec.

11.

THE PROVINCE OF ttUEBEC, Historical Retro!!^peet.

The city of Quebec, which was the cradle of this colony, was founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 ; and it is from this date properly that the French can boast of permanent settlements in this country.

Allured from the interests of agriculture by the fur trade, and everlastingly engaged in a war of colonization with the Indian tribes, who disputed with the pioneers of Canada every inch of the soil, some time necessarily elapsed before agricul- ture acquired even the semblance of importance.

The foundation of Montreal, in 1642, carried sixty leagues into the interior a new group of set- tlers, who, thanks to the zeal and generosity of the promoters of this settlement, soon became suc- cessful competitors with the older settlers of Quebec.

For a long time Canada could boast of no regular system of government, the affairs of the colony having been intrusted entirely to the large trading companies w^hich had obtained charters from the King of France. This system, it was felt very soon, was incompatible w^ith the establishment of a country, as many interests of a purely personal nature, stood in the way of national expansion.

— 10 —

111 166'> th(^ creation oi* a Council oi' Adminis- tration by the ^Sovereign, called the Conseil Su- perieur, gave to the colony a civil Grovernmeiit adapted to its necessities. This new organization and the establishment of regular tribunals, linked with the more marked protection of the Metropo- litan Grovernment, aided greatly to the develop- m.ent of the country.

From the beginning the land ht for cultivation that bordered on the St. Lawrence was divided into seigniories, each embracing many miles in superficies, which were granted to the settlers, who, by their military services or birth, were deemed worthy thereof, upon the condition, how- ever, that within a given delay they would cause to settle on the land granted to them a certain number of inhabitants. Besides this, the seignior obliged himself to build a mill whereat his fee- farmers {censitaires) might bring their grain to be ground.

Failing to comply with these conditions, the rights of the defaulting seignior were annulled, and the seigniory became united to the Royal Domain. The obligations imposed upon the sei- gniors contributed very materially, in the begin- ning, to the settlement of the land.

The seigniors having for aim to preserve their grants, became so many colonization agents, be- cause when settlers were wanting to their sei- gniories, of necessity they had to induce them to come from France. It was by this means that our seigniories were established. The regiments of the line at intervals disbanded in the colony, also con- tributed a considerable contingent as well of sei- gniors as of (censitaires) settlers.

The term cemitaire was then as now used to de-

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signate the proprietor of a farm granted by the seignior. The seignior was obliged to make this grant of land without the payment of ready money, but in consideration of the payment of a rent by the settler of a ha'penny and a quart of wheat per superficial acre. Upon every change ol pro- prietorship by sale, or act in the nature thereof, the seignior was entitled to a twelfth of the purchase money of the farm sold. Moreover, the censitaire or farmer was bound to cause the grain consumed by himself and family to be ground at the seignior's mill, paying for such grinding a fourteenth part of the quantity brought to the mill.

Far from being a hindrance to their cemitaires, the seigniors were their natural protectors and coun- sellors, and for many, many years proved faithful to the noble part which they were created to play in our society.

With the colonist, the seigniors were the highest representatives of Civil authority, and during times of war it was they who led the settlers into the field. Descended in the greater number of cases from the old French nobility, they had no difficulty what- ever in maintaining the ascendency ascribed to them in this colony. Their education, their breed- ing, their liberal minds and relative good fortune would in any case have entitled them to conside- ration from their subordinates, independently of their territorial possessions, and must have placed them at the head of the civil and military affairs of the colony.

Keeping up a constant correspondence with France, these great families kept alive in the me- mories of the people the legends and traditions of the mother country, until education became suffi-

ciently extended to iix them x^ermauently as a portion of the history of the new world. , What the seignior was in the civil order, the Roman Catholic priesthood were more eftectively still in the moral and spiritual.

As the colonists spread themselves and formed into groups along the borders of the St. Lawrence, the necessities of religion begat the parochial orga- nization, which in a very short time eliminated the seigniorial circumscriptions.

The towns of Quebec, Three Rivers and Mon- treal were in the first place erected into parishes. Following this, every group as it became large enough, and counted a sufficiently extensive clear- ing, became detached from the surrounding town ; thus, little by little was formed, on either side of the St. Lawrence, that double line of parishes which stretches without interruption from one ex- tremity of the Province to the other.

Thanks to the fertility of our soil, willing hearts and simple habits, the colonists very soon enjoyed contentment and ease.

In the course of time the modest wooden chapel gave way to the stone pile, surmounted by an elegant belfry : the church built, the glebe fol- lowed closely, and the town hall. These, the glebe house and the public hall, were places whereat the freeholders met together to debate upon all questions of public interest, and to select officers to superintend the public roads.

Such was the state of the colony, when the war of 1760 put an end to French domination in this country. Impoverished by this struggle, w^hich dated back about five years, and by a drought of two consecutive years, the colony lost some of her most remarkable men, many of whom preferred

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returning' to France rather than submit to English rule.

When New France was ceded to England in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, it comprised a popu- lation of 70,000 French Canadians. Conformably with the articles of capitulaton ratified by the treaty, the civil laws which up to that time had prevailed in the colonies, and the institutions existing at the time, were finally and forever maintained in their integrity.

In the beginning the new domination was not without giving rise to uneasiness and suspi- cion ; things which for a time retarded the progress of the colony.

In 1791, the introduction of a constitutional mode of government, and the division of Canada into two provinces, brought in with it an era of peace and prosperity to the colony. The popula- tion of French origin, having, thanks to its great vitality, doubled since the conquest, by the divi- sion became the arbiter of its own destinies in Lower Canada, now the Province of Quebec.

On the other hand, the British population , in- creased by European emigration, and by the acces- sion to its ranks of the United Empire loyalists who left the United States after the war of Indepen- dence, predominated in Upper Canada, now the Province of Ontario. Thus removed from all ri- valries of race, which might have deterred their progress, the two provinces grew up side by side, each developing and fortifying the institutions proper or peculiar to itself.

The arrangement of 1791, although liberal in many respects, left much to be desired, because under it the ministry in both the Provinces were beyond the control of their respective Legislatures,

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Very olteii the arbitrary measures of these irres- ponsible functionaries provoked great conflicts between the executive and the representatives of the people. In Lower Canada especially, these po- litical grievances, joined to the natural susceptibi- lities of the people, not unfrequently chafed, as- sumed, about the year 1834, the character of an agitation. Little by little the parliamentary strug- gle found its way into the ranks of the people, and caused the insurrection of 1837. Victorious at first, the insurgents, however, without arms and with- out organization, were very shortly after the first flush of victory completely routed ; the constitu- tion was at the same time suspended, and martial law proclaimed. In Upper Canada the agitation, at first purely constitutional in its origin, became so envenomed at last, that its suppression required also the coercive power of martial law.

Upon a close investigation into the causes of the insurrection, and with the view of removing them, the British Parliament passed an Act establishing a Legislative Union between Upper and Lower Canada. The Union Act was proclaimed law in 1841 , after having been sanctioned in Upper Canada by its Legislature, and in Lower Canada by the Special Council, which during the suspension of the constitution had exercised legislative func- tions.

The new constitution, while it established a Legislative Union between Upper and Lower Canada, and decreed equality in representation between them, did in no way disturb the geogra- phical limits of the respective provinces. When it came into force, the population of Upper Canada was at least a third less than that of Lower Canada ; but owing to the fact of the location of English-

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speaking* settlers in the two Provinces, the Brit- ish people had acquired a preponderating voice in the new Legislature. This caused the Lower Canadians to look upon the Act of Union with repugnance ; but seeing themselves in the mino- rity, and unable to modify the order of things imposed upon them, they resolved to accommodate themselves to their new position, and to make the most out of it. The fortunate alliances formed between the leaders of Lower Canada and the re- formers of Upper Canada, soon placed them in a position to regain their legitimate influence, w^hich, for the moment, they had looked upon as menaced, and enabled them to carry out practically in their most liberal application the principles of self-gov- ernment.

The political equilibrium once established be- tween the Provinces ; the concentration of their forces, and the happy commingling of the various aptitudes and tendencies, of mind of their respec- tive populations, placed Canada within a short time in a position to advance safely and rapidly on the pathway of progress.

It was then that primary education was fixed upon the broad bases it has preserved up to this day and perfected. A few years later, and our municipal system was established, which has proved an elementary school wherein the people have learned, in a restricted sense, the rudiments of the parliamentary system by which their des- tinies are controlled. Through the means of a well devised scheme of canals, the navigation of the St. Lawrence was facilitated up to the great lakes which constitute its well-head ; and thus has been opened out to the products of the West, that na- tural highway over which they have since floated,

— 16 —

and which must one day be the great channel oi communication between the G-reat West and the markets of Europe.

While these important operations were going on, on the St Lawrence and its tributaries, a net- work of railways and telegraph lines uniting with one another, the great commercial and agricultural centres of the two provinces, was being perfec- ted. The building of these railways made through our forests such openings also, as were soon filled up by hardy settlers.

The accomplishment of these great enterprises gave to our commerce, industry and agriculture an impetus which was well seconded by the aboli- tion of the feudal land system. Ideas and habits had undergone great changes since the introduc- tion of the seignioral system into the colony. The fluctuations of commerce, and the general activity of trade, made the mutations of property much more frequent. And far from being as heretofore a protection to the cemitaire, the rights and privileges of the seignior in later times became an obstacle to him and a restraint upon his every day transac- tions, and a means of preventing the expenditure of capital upon agricultural ameliorations. So out of proportion with the times and its requirements was the seigniorial system, that necessity de- manded its abolition. This secular institution, which in other countries was only overthrown after sanguinary struggles, was here thrust aside peaceably in the name of public interests. In 1854 all the casual rights of the seigniors, such as lods et ventes, banalite, retrait, &c., were abolish- ed by the Canadian Parliament, and more than three millions of dollars was voted to indem- nify the seigniors for the suppression of their pri-

— 1"^

vileges. Of the feudal rights, the only vestige which attaches to the properties heretofore subject to them, there remains but the primitive proprietory ground Yent(rente fonder e) for and in consideration of which the land was originally ceded ; and this, it is by law provided, is redeemable at the will of the censitaire or holder.

The administration of justice, which until 1857 was concentrated in the principal cities of the Pro- vince and comprised only seven large districts, was in that year remodelled, and the seven districts sub- divided into twenty judicial districts, from the Courts of which, in all cases over a stipulated amount, an appeal lies to the Appeal side of the Queen's Bench. Over and above the immediate advantage of placing the means of legal redress within the reach of the people, the decentraliza- tion of justice has distributed throughout the rural districts the excess of professional gentlemen, who up to that event had exclusively centered in the large cities of the Province. The spread of the classics, coupled with this, helps to-day to create that intellectual and political activity which, in each of these districts, moulds its magistrates and forms its priests, its newspaper and practical men, and as it were, stamps it with a proper individua- lity.

As a complement to this new order of things followed the codification of the civil and commer- cial laws of Lower Canada, which has blended together and given consistency to the old Customs of Paris, bequeathed to us by France, the En- glish commercial law, our provincial or statu- tory law, and the principles emanating from more modern jurisprudence, in as far as these qua- drated with our usages and the conditions of

3

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4

our society. This code of laws is called the " Civil Code of Lower Canada and the Code of Civil Procedure ; " it was promulgated in the English and French languages, and is the work of six of our most eminent jurisconsults, during a period comprising about ten years. We are proud of this code of laws, because we look upon it as a gua- rantee of stability to our young society, and we, moreover, take pride in the reflection that the nations are very few who could give to them- selves so complete a written law.

While the progress noticed by us was being made in Lower Canada, a parallel movement in Upper Canada led to the rapid development of its resources, and the perfecting of its institu- tions. The discontent existing at the period of the Union amongst the Lower Canadians, because of the equality in representation accorded to Upper Canada, notwithstanding its numerical inferiority, little by little disappeared, as the equilibrium be- tween the populations of the two Provinces estab- lished itself. Owing to the large emigration from the British Isles which flocked to Upper Canada, its population at the last census, in 1861, exceeded that of Lower Canada by nearly three hundred thousand souls. This inverted the previous position of the two Provinces, and Upper Canada, because of her excess of people, never ceased to clamor for a representation in proportion to the surplus of her population. Lower Canada, which at the time of the Union had to complain of a far more vexing dis- proportion, offered to the pretentions of Upper Canada on this head a most unswerving opposition. The state of political parties became gradually unhinged over this absorbing and vexing ques- tion of representation ; and for a time one party sue-

— 19 —

ceeded the other, powerless seeminoJy to iind a satisfactory solution for it.

Things had reached this crisis, when in 1 8fJ4 the Maritime Provinces, desiring to form a confederacy between themselves, sent delegates to a conven- tion held at Oharlottetown, Prince Edward Island, with the view of laying the bases of th(^ projected union. Some of the ministers of the Canadian Grovernment, who, from 1859, had meditated a confederacy comprising all the British Provinces in North America, found the Convention at Charlotte- town a proper occasion to launch forth their scheme. They therefore solicited and obtained permission to assist at that Convention. Some time later dele- gates from all the British Provinces met at Quebec and adopted the project of Confederation, which in 1867 became the Constitution of the Dominion of Canada.

Such in a few words is the history of the vicissi- tudes and progress of the Province of Quebec, since its beginning as a colony of France down to the present day.

III.

POPULATION.

At the last census, in 1861, the population of the Province of Quebec amounted to 1,110,664 souls ; of these 847,982 were of French origin, 13,179 were natives of England, 56,357 were natives of Ireland, 13,204 were natives of Scotland and 167,578 were natives of Canada ; the greater number of the latter were the descendants of settlers from the British Isles, the remainder of the population consisted of natives of the United States, of the neighbouring Provinces and of the various countries of Europe. Classified according to religion, the population of the Province is composed of 942,724 Catholics, and 167,940 Protestants, &c.

The population of French origin 0 3cupies nearly the whole basin of the St. Lawrence, and is spread- ing rapidly into other portions of the Province. The population from the British Isles is principally concentrated in the cities, and predominates in the southern part of the Eastern Townships and in the Valley of the Ottawa. (For further particulars on this head the reader is referred to the Appendix.)

The diversities of race and language, far from being with us sources of weakness, are considered by many as the chief causes of the progress and activity of our population. The races who hold the soil in common contribute to the even-working of our young society their aptitudes and special g^enius ; and from a combination of their various powers springs that wholesome emulation, which

— 21 —

imparts vigor to our people iii the pursuit of the different careers which are open to them.

From information taken from the most reliable sources, it would appear that the number of emigrants who passed over from France to Canada, from the founding of the colony to the capturing of Quebec in 1759 ; that is to say, duiing the space of one hundred and forty years, scarcely exceeded, both sexes included, ten thousand souls. As pre- viously remarked, at the date of the signing of the Treaty of Paris, in virtue of which Canada was handed over to G-reat Britain, the French popula- tion in this colony numbered 70,000 souls. The change of Grovernment, by suddenly cutting short their relations with the mother country, left the Canadians, socially, what the France of Louis XIV. had made them; and from that time they are in- debted for the increase of their population to no other cause but their natural expansion ; that is to say, to the excess of births among them over deaths.

Mr. E. Rameau, a French writer of great merit, who visited this country some years ago, and who made a profound study of French colonization in America, traced out with wonderful precision the sources whence derived the different groups of the Franco- American population. In his book enti- tled : La France aux Colonies — he sums up in the following terms, as striking on the ground of their exactitude as they are remarkable in structure, the results of his inquiries relative to the French- Canadians : —

" The people to whom these remarks relate," says he, "sprang not, as many may have believed, from a few adventurers, or a handful of men whom hazard thrust forward, or a few aimless citizens enrolled by the State. Far from it : the immigration

22

was a real traus] iantingof an integral portion of the French nation, — the peasant, the soldier, the squire and sei ' nior ; it was a colony in the Roman accep- tation of the word, which carried the mother land along with it. The substance of the people or rather the vital powers of the race represent a real infusion into the heart of Canada, of the life-blood of the French peasantry ; it was families sought after and grouped with a particular care, who trans- planted with themselves the manners, the habits, and the idiosyncracies of their native cantons, so faithfully, as to astonish, even to-day, the traveller from France ; it is besides disbanded soldiers with their officers at their head who settled on the land, under the protection of the old flag; these were the essential principles and original elements of the Canadian population "

Since the cession of Canada to England by France, there has been no French emigration to this Province worthy of note ; in fact the thing is so exceptional, that we may say it has ceased. It would appear as if it had been left to Miss Bernard, a French lady distinguished alike for her qualities of head and heart, to open out again foi* French emigrants the road to Canada, forgotten by them for more than a century. With the view of amelio- rating the condition oi the poorer classes in the midst of whom she resides at Piouha, in Britanny, Miss Bernard conceived the happy idea of sending to, and establishing in Canada, at her own ^^xpense, about thirty families from Britanny. This pro- ject of hers, so worthy of being ranked with the laudable works and sacrihces of the founders of the colony, met from the Grovernment, the Colonization Society of Quebec, and the public, the warmest expressions of sympathy ; and should it succeed,

as it promises to do, it will we hope be the signal for a considerable emigration from France to Ca- nada.

The first English emigrants who came to this country after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, settled in the towns, and devoted themselves exclusively to trade, which within a short time they monopolized. This was comparatively easy, owing lo the disappearance of the French traders, who for the most part were ruined by the con- quest From the beginning of the war the circula- tion of gold and silver had all but ceased, and the French merchants were forced to accept the assi- gnats at par : evidences of indebtedness which were finally repudiated. This repudiation proved ruinous to French trade, and it was only in 1832 that the French Canadians became emancipated from the effect of this commercial disaster, and obtained that credit in Europe which enabled them to assume gradually their legitimate place in the broader sphere of our commercial operations.

As we have previously remarked, the American war of independence caused to migrate to Canada a considerable number of United Empire Loyalists, who preferred, to the nascent republic against which they had fought, the flag of their fatherland. To recompense their allegiance and fidelity, the English Grovernment granted to these faithful ad- herents to her cause magnificent tracts of land in the Eastern Townships and in the fertile penin- sula formed by the great lakes of Upper Canada. The bulk of these loyalists sought out the locality where the fertility of the soil seemed to offer the greatest inducements, and from their settling in Ontario, dates, properly speaking, its colonization. Others of these loyalists fixed themselves in the

— 24 —

southern part of the Eastern Townships, and formed in the Province of Quebec the first agri- cultural settlement of inhabitants of British ori- gin. For a long time, the majority of the emi- grants from the British Isles thitherward directed their steps, and little by little established in this region a flourishing district, which has become as it were a mirror of the mother country. Later on this emigration sought out the Valley of the Ottawa, where, aided by the lumber trade, but a short time elapsed before prosperity overtook them in their new homes.

IV.

THE CLIMATE.

The rigor of our winter season is very much exag- gerated in Europe, and so often advanced as a serious objection to the country, that we shall allude to it here, to show that it is not at all what it has been represented.

Our climate is unquestionably the most healthy in North America, and there is no European who has resided here a year, who does not prefer our brilliant skies and bracing cold to the sleet and fog of some of the more populous countries of Europe.

Among our population disease is unknown, ex- cept that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent exposure to atmospheric changes. And those who shudder at the idea of the thermometer tailing to zero, will scarcely credit that the gradual annual diminution in the fall of snow, in certain parts of Canada, is a source of positive regret to the farmers of those localities.

The snows of Quebec are not so unfavorable to agricultural operations as many are inclined, very erroneously, to believe. Thanks to our winters, the soil, during at least five months of the year, enjoys rest and acquires that vigor which, with us, pro- motes a sudden ripeness of vegetation that is un- known to a similar degree in other countries. Our cereals and fruits attain to perfect maturity, and in point of quality and quantity, our crops will com- pare favorably with those of any part of the world.

To support this, we will cite the testimony of Mr.

4

— 26 —

James Siiowdon, an enlightened farmer from the neighborhood of Montreal, who, on being examined in 1868 by a Committee of the Legislature, proved, by the most unimpeachable statistics, that the ave- rage yield of a well cultivated farm here equals the yield of one in England.

The period during which ploughing is carried on in more favored climates, may here be shortened by our long winters, but this disavantage is more than compensated in the excellence of our winter roads, and the great facilities which they afford in conveying produce to market, in drawing ma- nure, and hauling out wood from the forest.

A narration of facts bearing upon fruit culture may convey a more correct notion of the adapta- tion of the climate to the purposes of agriculture, than a bare reference to monthly and annual means of temperature.

The Island of Montreal is everywhere distin- guished for the excellent quality of its apples ; and the Island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally ce- lebrated for its plums. The melon and tomato ac- quire large dimensions, and ripen fully with us in the open air. Indian corn, hops, and tobacco, when grown, yield a fair return. Hemp and flax are indigenous plants, and can be cultivated to a great extent in the Province of Quebec.

Another instance which will show that our cli- mate is not after all so severe, is that sparrows have been easily acclimatized; and in Quebec a nu- merous brood exists and may be seen during the winter season, no matter what the weather, flitting about the house tops and public squares of the city, to the immense delight of the natives of the land from which they were brought.

— 27 —

The summer of Quebec is equal to that of Tou- louse, in the south of France ; and the summer of Montreal equal to that of Marseilles.

Fever and ague, so terrible to settlers in Illinois, Indiana, and other States of the American Union, cannot reach us in this Province.

T.

THE SOIL A-NB ITS PEOBUCTIONS.

The soil of the Province of Quebec is extremely rich, and susceptible of the highest degree of culti- vation, and adapted for the grow^th of the most varied products. Cereals, hay, and green crops grow everywhere in abundance, where the land is at all properly tilled. Farming being generally carried on with us on a larger scale than in Europe, it is beyond a doubt true that less care is bestowed upon its details; nevertheless the soil yields in perfection and abundance the necessaries of life.

The basin of the St. Lawrence consists of an argilaceous soil, eminently suited to the growth of wheat. This cereal was, until 1845, when the wheat fl.y first made its appearance, cultivated with suc- cess.

The cultivation of wheat having then become precarious, attempts were made on all sides to find in its stead some other equally profitable cereal. For a longtime it had been cultivated at little or no expense, and had been to our farmers the chief source of fortune. To counteraat the disaster caused by the appearance of the fly, not only were our farmers compelled to abandon the growing of wheat, but they were forced to modify the prevail- ing system of farming. It was upon the wheat crop, when the harvest was propitious, that they relied for the expenses which the necessaries of life entailed, and for the sums required for their plea- sures and luxuries ; it was in fact with it that all

our large villages were built. While the earth yield- ed an abundance of wheat nothing was easier than the system or order of things which prevailed. But when it ceased to do so, our agriculturists, finding themselves cut short in their expectations, became extremely embarrassed, and, menaced with famine, had at last, to save themselves, to turn to the culti- vation of what they heretofore disdainfully called the menus grains, and the raising of cattle. Many years of uneasiness passed before the radical trans- formation, which our system of agriculture has undergone, became compatible to the tastes of our people ; many delayed bending under the yoke of necessity, in the hope that the fty would disappear, while others lost their time in unsuccessful at- tempts to apply over advanced theories. Little by little, however, the current of opinion made head- way, and the new mode of farming obtained ; the change involved a difficult step, but it implied the progressive recognition of principles of agricul- ture, the development of which are to-day marked and striking.

Simultaneously with the relaxation of the tradi- tionary routine of farming, were created Agricultu- ral Societies, with the view of helping to com plete the effacement of worn-out theories and notions. Be- fore the law relating to agriculture was generally understood, or advantage derived from its whole- some precepts, several years passed away ; but like everything which is really useful and good, it was finally comprehended and everywhere applied with profit ; and thanks to the assistance accorded by the Grovernment, in the course of time every county became anxious to have its Society, its exhibitions, and ploughing matches. From this time is to be noticed an augmentation and an ame- lioration in our agricultural products.

— 30 —

We have no statistics to show the increase since 1861 in the products of our farms, and to illustrate the perfecting of our breeds of cattle, as well by the introduction of foreign stock as by the greater care bestowed upon native breeds in the way of feeding and stabling, during the winter months; but it is incontestable that manures have increased within these years, and cattle of all kinds have multiplied as greatly in numbers as they have increased in other respects.

Though progress is universal with us, it has not everywhere attained a uniform high degree. In the neighbourhood of cities, where land has acquired great value, and manure is easily obtained, the farmer is by the force of circumstances compelled to make every inch of his land yield its utmost, if he hopes to derive from the sale of his crop a sum of money sufficient to meet the interest on the capital which his farm represents. Therefore, nearly all the farms in the vicinity of our large cities are veritable model farms. As we recede from the cities however, the mode of farming changes ; larm gardening and forced growing become rarer, but the prairies assume greater beauty, and rich green pasture lands in all directions enliven the eye. Wherever more land is under cultivation than can be conveniently manured, there is sown clover and hay and grains adapted for forage ; not only is the soil benefited by this, but it augments the harvest, and places the farmer in a position to raise good cattle.

Agriculture has made great strides in this pro- vince within the past ten years, and continues daily to progress. The growing of wheat has been suc- cessfully resumed and the harvests of 1868 and 1869 shew extremely favorable and very promising results.

VI

TEKRITORIAL DIVISIONS.

The Province, as regards civil matters, is divided into parishes, townships, counties and districts ; as regards religious matters, it is divided into parishes, missions and dioceses.

The parochial system, commenced at the found- ing of the colony, has been preserved in its inte- grity, wherever at the period of the cession of the country to England it existed, and has been ex- tended, down to our own time, to every new settlement established by Catholics. Whenever a new territory is sufficiently populous to form a parish, the diocesan Bishop, upon a requisition to that end made by the majority of the inhabitants of the place, orders its canonical erection as a parish, and by a proceeding somewhat analagous, the civil authority then orders its civil erection. The parish thus created becomes a Municipal Cor- poration.

The Townships are of English origin. After the cession of Canada to Britain, the English land system of holding in free and common soccage was substituted for the feudal system upon all Crown lands, and then the township took the place of the seigniory. The regular limits of a township are ten miles square, or 100 superficial miles. Such townships as are not subdivided into parishes pre- serve for all municipal and other purposes their legal limits.

The Counties were established for the purposes

— 32 —

of representation, each county having the right to send one member to the Federal Parliament for the term of five years, and one representative to the Local Legislature every four years. Besides this, each county forms a Eegistration Division for the enregistration of mortgages, &c. The parish and township municipalities comprised in a county, form what is called a county municipality. In the Province of Quebec, exclusive of the city electoral divisions, there are sixty counties.

For judicial purposes, the Province is divided into twenty districts, each judicial district having ample and equal jurisdiction in all matters, except appeals, which are referred to the Court of Appeals. This Court sits alternately at Quebec and Montreal ; its decisions are final in all matters in which the sum involved does not exceed $2,000 ; over and above this sum, an appeal lies to the Privy Council in England, whose decision is final.

The number of Catholic dioceses is five, viz. : The Archidiocese of Quebec, the Dioceses of Mon- treal, Three Rivers, St. Hyacinthe and Rimouski.

The Protestant dioceses number two, — Quebec and Montreal.

VII.

MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS.

Constructing and keeping in repair the roads, bridges, public works of a purely local nature, and the maintaining of laws favorable to agriculture ; such are the functions of our municipal institu- tions.

Every duly established parish, and every town- ship numbering 300 souls, becomes a local mu- nicipality. Five or seven Councillors, elected yearly by the rate- payers, administer the municipal affairs of the parish or of the township. The Mayor, who is selected from the Councillors elected as above, by a majority of the votes of these Coun- cillors, presides over their deliberations, and during the term of his office is the chief magistrate of the locality.

To be an elector in one of these municipalities, a person must have attained the age of twenty-one, possess a property yielding at least $4 per annum, or be the lessee of an immoveable property paying a rental of not less than $20 a year.

Besides, and superior to the Local Council, there exists what is termed the County Council, which has a right of revision over the acts of the inferior Council. From the decision of the Local Council there Ues an appeal to the County Council. The County Council also elects, from among its Coun- cillors, its chief officer, who is called the Warden of the County. All questions that aifect more than one

— 34 —

local municipality, fall within the jurisdiction oi the County Council.

Our municipal laws have just been codified and the Code actually adopted by the Legislature ; its being put into force is merely deferred for a few months.

The municipal system, as understood in this Province, is the annual delegation by the rate- payers of their powers to the Councillors elected, who thereby become a legal Corporation, having to administrate, for the common good, the affairs of the municipality. It is, properly speaking, the appli- cation, in each parish and township, of the re- presentative system of government.

Municipal Corporations are subject to our ju- dicial tribunals for infractions of the law, as well as for abuse, usurpation, or mis-user of the powers conferred upon them.

VIII.

EDUCATION.

A member of the Executive Council for the Pro- vince of Quebec, called the Minister of Public Instruction, controls and directs public instruction in this Province. The gentleman who hlls that important office at present is the Premier of the Local Grovernment. Ever since 1855, the Honorable Mr. Chauveau, the present incumbent, has directed all matters relating to education, and it is to him, in a great measure, that we are indebted for the high degree of perfection v^hich our educational system has reached to-day.

The Minister of Public Instruction is assisted in his duties by a council composed of twenty-one members, selected and named by the Lieutenant- Grovernor, fourteen of whom are Catholics and seven Protestants. If at any time ten Catholic or hve Protestant members of the Council shall be of opinion that the Catholic or Protestant schools or educational institutions, as the case may be, shall be separately managed, the law provides in such case for the separation of the council, which then resolves itself into two councils, so as to enable the members of each of the religious creeds to have the exclusive direction or management of the schools of their respective denominations. The Minister of Public Instruction is by law a member ex'offido of each council, with the proviso, how- ever, that he shall only have the right to vote in the council of the religious faith to which he be-

— Be- longs. Let us here, however, state that nothing in- dicates a desire to put into operation that clause of the law, which seems only to have been inserted as a preservative. On the contrary, the friendly relations which have not ceased to exist among the gentlemen of different religious denominations who constitute now, as heretofore, the Council of Public Instruction, together with the care taken in selecting those who fulfil these honorable and delicate functions, seem to promise a continuance of the present good understanding, which results from a scrupulous regard for mutual rights and a generous interpretation of motives ; thus cemented, the actual good feeling will long exist and reflect honor upon the Province.

Primary education is obligatory, in so far as every citizen is bound to contribute to it a moderate tax, assessed upon his property. This tax is levied 10 an amount equal to the school grant accorded by the Government to every municipality in the Pro- vince. Over and above this, heads of families have to pay a monthly fee, varying from five to forty cents for every child of an age (between 7 and 14 years) suitable to attend school, whether the child goes or not.

The public moneys set apart tor public instruc- tion are divided according to the population, and to the number of pupils who frequent primary or other schools. There is annually allowed to poor municipalities the sum of $8,000, so as to relieve those who have little or no means from any imme- diate contribution for school purposes.

Primary schools are placed under the control of five Commissioners, elected by the rate-payers of each municipality. These functionaries are bound to collect the school tax ; are entrusted with the

— 37 —

sums granted by the Grovenimeiit, and attend to the dividing of the moneys among the different schools established in the municipality.

In municipalities where there exist different re- ligious denominations the School Commissioners of the majority govern. If the minority are not satisfied with their management in what concerns them specially, they may signify their dissent to the President of the School Commissioners, and select Syndics or Trustees to direct their own schools. The schools of the minority in this case are called dissentient schools, and the Trustees with regard to them are invested with powers equal to those of the Commissioners of the schools of the majority. The School Commissioners, however, shall alone have power to levy taxes on the lands and real estate of corporations and incorporated companies in the municipality, subject, neverthe- less, to hand over to the Trustees of the dis- sentient schools their legal share of the same, and the proportion of the Grovernment grant, which lawfully reverts to them.

Thanks to these guarantees, the minority, be it Catholic or Protestant, has not to fear being oppressed, nor does the suspicion anywhere lurk, as the best understanding exists among the dif- ferent religious bodies. To those who live in coun- tries where only one religion is known, or who live amongst people afflicted with indifferentism, compiomises such as we have related may appear puerile or irritating, but with us, their happy results are unanimously admitted. " We agree to disagree," " nouii. nous entendons pour differer^'' said the Hono- rable Mr. Chauveau lately, before an important as- semblage of Protestants. These truthful and happy words express our system, and illustrate its practi- cability.

-38 —

kScliool teachers are trained in special schools ol instruction, called Normal schools. These institu- tions are supported by the State, and are under the immediate surpervision of the Minister of Public Instruction ; there are three Normal schools in the Province, two of which are Catholic and one Protestant. The Principal of each of the Catholic Normal schools is an ecclesiastic approved by the Bishop of the diocese. School teachers educated anywhere but in these schools cannot teach in schools aided by the Grovernment, unless they ob- tain a diploma^ after examination, from a board of examiners chosen by the Lieutenant-Grovernor.

There are to-day in the Province of Quebec, 3,468 primary schools in which elementary instruc- tion is ^iven to 173,294 pupils, and 227 secondary and model schools, attended by 33,428 pupils. These schools are maintained at an annual cost to the Pro* vince of $114,982, and receive besides, in local con- tributions, the sum gf $728,494.

Inspectors connected with the Education Depart- ment and acting under the immediate direction of the Minister of Education, ar^^ obliged, at least once every three mouths, to visit the schools of the dis- trict to which they are appointed, to assure them- selves of the competency oi' the school teachers, of the manner ii) which they discharge their duties, — in a word, to see to the proper application of the school laws, and to report to the Minister the pro- gress made, the deficiencies observed, and the re- forms required.

Besides these schools of primary instruction, there are special schools, lyceums, commercial schools and schols of agriculture ; in all these number 147, and are frequented by 2,186 pupils.

Following these are superior schools, wherein

— 39 —

the classics are mainly taught; there are lifteen in the Province: twelve Catholic and threi^ l^rotes- tfint. The Catholic colleges, tw^o of w^hich are nearly coeval with the settlement of the coun- try, ow^e their existence and maintenance to the generosity and disinterestedness of the clergy. In the greater number of cases the professors in these colleges are ecclesiastics, w^ho follow their course of theology in the institution in which they act as teachers. These gentlemen are content to receive as a remuneration the slender sum of $40 per annum, besides their board and lodging. This explains how it is that our seminaries can exist, notwithstanding the low" rates paid by pupils for tuition and hoard. As a general rule, the price for tuition and board in these colleges does not reach the sum of $100, and many young men who are devoid of means are educated gratuitously in these institutions. (See Appendix.)

It is not to be wondered at, with such facilities for obtaining classical attainments, that education of a very superior order should be widely extended in the Province. To such an extent has superior educa- tion spread with us, that it could not be pushed much further, without destroying the equilibrium which should exist, in a young country, between manual labor and intellectual exertion.

At the head of our educational institutions are three Universities, two of which are Protestant: that of McGill College, founded in 1827 by a wealthy merchant, who gave his name to it, and that of Bi- shops' College, Lennoxville, founded in 1843 by his Lordship, Bishop Mountain. The Catholic Uni- versity, called the Laval University, like the En- 2riish. universities, is incorporated, and enjoys pri- vileges and immunities similar to them, but beyond

— 40 —

this has nothing in common with them or any other institution of the kind on this continent. This University was founded in 1854, by the Semi- nary of Quebec, who spent in the laudable under- taking over $300,000, and who, even now, sustain it at their own expense, without in any way seeking a subsidy from the State,

There are four faculties open in the Laval Uni- versity : Theology, Law, Medicine and Arts. The McGrill College has three : Law, Medicine and Arts. The Lennoxville College has two : Theology and Arts.

IX.

HELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

The social features of our Province would be in- complete, did we omit to say a few words res- pecting the religious and charitable institutions, which form one of its chief ornaments.

Whether looked at from a Catholic or a Pro- testant point of view, the people of this country are eminently religious.

The first settlers of New France, as remarkable for their spirit of piety as for the boldness of their undertakings, never considered themselves fixed to the soil until they had rooted in it the principal religious institutions which they had been taught to cherish in the fatherland. And scarcely Jtiad they laid the foundations of their first towns, when their missionaries were to be met with on all sides, and at the farthest extremities of the land, evange- lizing the Indian tribes, preparing the way for colo- nization, and tracing out as it were, in the solitudes of the forest, our future cities and strongholds. With them also came the Soeurs Hospitalieres, to care for the sick and disabled, and the Ursulines and the Sisters of the Congregation, orders devoted to teaching, followed, to attend the rising generation and to assist in civilizing the Indian. Faithful to their early promises, these institutions, for the most part handsomely endowed by the State or by private individuals, have gone on multiplying, and at all times answering the requirements of our progress.

— 42 —

The change of domination brought with it no obstacle to the existence of our religious orders or to their mode of living. With the exception of the Jesuits and the Recollets, every order was main- tained and guaranteed in its rights and privileges, and was allowed peacefully to continue and work out the end that its founders had in view. These institutions have to-day acquired an extraordinary vitality ; the Province is covered with their schools, they attend to all the religious wants of the com- munity, and there is no moral misery or physical infirmity which may not be consoled or cured in the many asylums with which they have dotted the land. Not content with working here in the cause of good, they have spread their influence be- yond Canada. Go to any point on the continent, and you will find the foot-marks and indelible traces of the missionaries and good sist-^rs of Canada ; and wherever they are you will find them surrounded with the respect and confidence of the people, what- ever their color or religious belief, in the midst of whom they exist.

Under the French domination, the Catholic re- ligion was the only religion that existed here. By the articles of capitulation, and later by the Treaty of Paris, the inhabitants of this Province • were guaranteed the free exercise of their religion by the British Grovernment. Since that period, the religious liberty of our people has never been infringed upon.

After what we have said on the subject of educa- tion, it is scarcely necessary to add that in matters of religion the most perfect toleration exists among the different religious denominations to be met with in the Province.

By the side of the Catholic charitable institutions

— 43 —

have grown up and prospered those of other reli- gious communities, between which and the Ca- tholic institutions no other rivalry exists than that of doing good.

Yielding in this behalf to the will of the entire population, the Grovernment of the Province, each year, devotes a considerable portion of its revenue, about $160,000, to the support of charitable institu- tions. (See Appendix, for details.)

MODE OF LIVING. Ag^rieiiltiire*

The great bulk of the rural population live by agriculture ; manufacturing being principally, if not altogether, confined to the cities.

The extent of our farms, generally, is, in the seigniories that border on the St. Lawrence, 90 arpents ; those situated in the townships average about 100 acres. On a farm of this size, an in- dustrious agriculturist raises sufiicient to live in a condition of ease unknown to the European pea- sant, supports his family comfortably, and is en- abled from his savings, as his children grow up, to establish thenjt in life.

The greater portion of our rural population weave from the wool of their own sheep, the tweed or frieze with which they make the clothes used by them when working. There was a time, still of recent date, when the agriculturist deemed it an honor, on feasts and holidays, to wear the fabri- cations of his own loom. There are still certain localities in which has been persevered in that sweet primitive simplicity, under the shadow of which flourishes the contentment and artlessness of the good old times.

The summer season is devoted to field labor, in which the whole family take part. During the winter months, while the male portion of the fa-

— 45 —

mily are occupied thrashing the grain and attend- ing the cattle, and seeing to the firewood requir- ed for the house, the female part remain indoors, preparing the Unen and woollen fabrics required for domestic use.

In the seigniories where the farms are on an average worth from $2,000 to $4,000, the number of farmers who can establish their children around them on farms is comparatively limited, and in this there is little room for astonishment, when it is remembered that the number of children in one family ranges from 10 to 15. In such cases the father of the family deems it wiser to sell his farm and betake himself to a lot purchased by him at a purely nominal rate from the Crown Lands Department. Through the means of his capital, in a few years, he becomes once more the pos- sessor of a magnificent tract, which at his op- tion he may divide among his children. Again it is the sons, who, aided by the savings of their father, leave their native parish to carvf' out for themselves on our public lands magnificent farms, and within a few years after their departure they generally revisit the old parish, to select from among its maidens a companion for life. Again, whole families weighted down by misery and debt leave the villages and parishes along the St. Law- rence to seek in the forest more comfort and better days, which, if they are thrifty, they never fail to obtain. It is thus that flock to the townships the sur- plus population of the older settlements, and in this way also is becoming daily more extended the agri- cultural industry of the Province.

The inhabitants of our townships, in general, less attached to a particular locality than the population of the older settlements, voluntarily

— 46 —

give up their clearings when they get a fair remu- neration.

A settler in the towaships will have cleared, say a fourth or half of his farm when a purchaser pre- senting himself, makes a favorable offer, — it is ac- cepted without more ado, and the woodsman, going farther into the woods, begins again a new clea.r- ing, which, as before, he is prepared to sell vhen a favorable opportunity offers.

The first crops after clearing being extremely abundant, there are many persons, as previously remarked, who make it a profitable business to clear lands, in which within a very short time they become extremely expert, and to all appearances take great pleasure in their career as woodsmen.

The emigrant intending to settle in this Province would find it advisable to purchase one of these partial clearings, rather than attempt the task himself at the outset. For the sum of 500 or 600 dollars, there are many farms of 100 acres to be had, 15 or 20 acres of which are lit for cultivation. For this sum, with the farm, he will also become possessed of a house, which, though roughly constructed, is not uncomfortable, and which will prove amply sufiicent as a residence for him for a few years. Upon the portion of land cleared, he may raise suf- ficent grain for the sustenance of his family and himself, and if he be stout of heart, within a very short time the ease and comfort which will bless his labors will make him forget the vicissitudes of his earlier career.

Home Manufactures.

The facilities for manufacturing which Canada offers are unsurpassed. No country in the world

— 47 —

possesses greater water powers than ours, and in no section of the Dominion are the sites lor manu- factories more eligible than in the Province of Quebec. Apart from this great advantage, situated as the Province is in the centre of the Dominion, the manufacturer possesses avenues of trade, arising out of this circumstance, which need not be dwelt upon. The small manufacturers of Europe, who are unable to cope with the immense capitalists who are engaged in that country in this branch of in- dustry, would find here immense advantages.

For enterprize in woollen manufacture there is a large field open in the Dominion, and this will be better understood when it is explained that, with little or no protection, articles of Canadian manu- facture can be sold cheaper than those imported.

The adaptability of our soil for the growth of flax oS'ers inducements to those engaged in the linen trade, which are nowhere surpassed.

The principal articles manufactured in the Pro- vince are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn lumber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, chemicals, soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, steam engines and locomotives, wooden ware of all descriptions, agricultural implements, ships, &c.

The manufacturer will find an inducement to exercise his trade in our midst, when he knows that our factories are far from being adequate to sup- ply the needs of the country.

Coiunierce.

The facilities afforded by the River St. Lawrence for the transportation of our exports, and the coming in of our importations from Europe, and our central position in the Confederacy, make the

— 48 —

Province of Quebec the commercial entrepot ot the Dominion. Of the import and export trade of the four Provinces composing the Confederacy, nearly one-half, viz., live - twelfths represent the opera- tions of this Province.

The trade and navigation returns of the Domi- nion for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1869, show the direction in which the industry of the Dominion exerts itself, and exhibit the following statistics :

Total value of imports for 1868-69 $67,402,170

exports " " " 60,474,781

The returns for 1867-68 show the importations to have reached the figure of $71,985,306 ; marking a falling off ol $4,583,136 in 1868-69 in the value of goods entered for consumption.

A tendency not less favorable is to be observed in the value of our exports ; in 1867-68, they reach- ed $57,567,888, showing an increase, in 1868-69, of $2,906,893, which is chiefly derived irom the produce of the mines, the forest, manufactures, animals, and their products, and from the ships built at Quebec.

The share of the Province of Quebec in the ex- port and import trade of the Dominion for the year ending 30th June, 1868-69, is shown by the following figures :

Imports $29,54e5,177

Exports 28,223.268

The following is a classification of our exports :

Produce of the mine , $ 419,015

" " fisheries 570,507

*' " forest 10,722,651

Animals and their products 4,982,564

— 49 —

Agricultural products 4,850,417

Manufactures 847,423

Other articles 07,477

Ships built at Quebec during the fiscal

year ending 30th June, 1869—37 ;

tonnage, 27,000, @ $40 per ton 1,080,000

Total produce of Province $23,546,054

Coin and Bullion 1,967,790

Groods not produce oi Province 1,960,121

Estimated amount short at inland

ports 749,30o

Grrand total of exports $28,223,268

XL

OUR FINANCES

As previously remarked, the revenue of Canada is principally derived from duties imposed upon goods imported into the country, and an excise tax on spirits and tobacco manufactured in the Dominion. By the terms of the Federal constitu- tion, the Dominion Grovernment has the exclusive right to collect the revenue, subject to pay over to each of the Provinces an annual subsidy — that to Quebec amounts to $959,252, which added to the revenue of the Province itself, the principal part of which is derived from the Crown Lands, gave $1,535,836, for the fiscal year 1867-68, and $1,676,152 for 1868-69.

With this revenue the Grovernment of the Pro- vince meets the requirements of the civil list, the expenses of both branches of the Legislature, and those of the administration of justice ; under- takes and completes its public works, gives grants of money for public instruction and to charitable institutions, pays an annual contribution to agri- cultural societies, and with the balance, which is considerable, opens for the settler the vast forest lands which we possess.

XII.

COLONIZATION.

While the seigniories that skirt the River St. Lawrence afforded available lands to settlers, lit- tle by little, slowly if you will for a time, the colonization of the country moved on without any direct aid from the Exchequer. Properly speaking, it is only within the last twenty years that the population of the Province, finding itself over-crowded in its primitive limits, sought out on the Crown lands new homes and broader acres. The greater number of our seigniories being bounded, either by mountainous or marshy land, unfit for cultivation, it required nothing less than an imperious necessity to lead to the over- coming of the difficulties that beset the new set- tler's path. In 1848, the first movement was made ; patronized by our clergy, and approved of by our public men. Colonization became the order of the day. It was then that, inspired by the voice of zealous missionaries, a party of pioneers from the vicinity of Three Rivers traversed the sa- vannas and marshes, which up to that time had barred the way to the fertile acres of the Eastern Townships, against the parishes of the south shore. For the most part these hardy adventurers had no other fortune but the bundles which they carried on their shoulders but they were brave and coura- geous men, fully equal to the arduous task before them. These men pushed their way, on foot, into a

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place known as the Bois-Francs. Few at first, the group of settlers within a very short time increased in number, notwithstanding the difficulties to be met with in the way of want of communication. The land about this settlement is extremely fertile, and the fatigues and labours of each day were for- gotten in the golden hopes which the future held out to these energetic pioneers. The success of these first settlers became public, through the instru- mentality of the press, and led to the current of emigration setting in towards the Eastern Town- ships ; and within twelve years from its establish- ment, the BoiS'Francs contained a population of 15,000 souls, and rivalled in point of wealth and progress the older settlements along the margin of the St. Lawrence. At the same time that Three Elvers had, through its energy, forced a commu- nication with the Eastern Townships, the Counties of L'Islet and Kamouraska, on the south shore of the Lower St Lawrence, organized a Coloniza- tion Society, with considerable means, which settled at a distance of 150 miles in the Upper Saguenay, about 90 miles to the North of the St. Lawrence, a small colony. To this colony the County of Charlevoix also furnished a fair con- tingent. Twenty years later, there was settled in the valley of the Saguenay a population of no less than 20,000 souls.

Public opinion, aroused by the boldness and the success of these enterprises, did not long delay in soliciting the Provincial G-overnment to second the efforts of those settlers, by causing roads to be opened wherever colonization promised success. From 1854 down to the present day, there has not been less than $1,500,000 paid out of the public Treasury, to open roads through the

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forests of the Province. The number of miles all told of these roads is about 3,800.

Since the advent of Confederation in 1867, the Province of Quebec has determined with new vigor to assist in the creation of new settlements. The Legislature of the Province in 1869 voted a sum of $262,000 for colonization roads ; the sum of $45,000 for surveys ; for Immigration $12,000 ; for the publication of charts, statements, official infor- mation relative to public lands, $2,400 ; grant to wooden railroads favoring colonization, $45,000; and finally a grant of $40,000 in favor of coloni- zation societies — making a total of $406,900. The budget of 1870 places at the disposal of the Gro- vernment a further sum of $281,000 towards the said objects, and for Colonization Societies, the nature and object of which we shall explain here- after.

The building of colonization roads, while they make the Crown lands accessible to those who seek to establish themselves thereon, offer very lucrative employment to the new settler, and help him to procure the necessaries of life, until such time as his clearings warrant him a sufficiency for his sustenance.

XIII.

COLONIZATION SOCIETIES.

Within a few years past a movement, the forma- tion of societies to aid needy settlers, has taken place in the older parishes, which shows the great importance attached by our people to the settling of onr wild lands. Than this, most assuredly, nothing could be better adapted to second the efforts of the Grovernment, and to accelerate the progress of colonization ; for it must be remembered that it is not alone sufficient that settlers may easily pene- trate into the forest, as the bulk of those who seek out homes there are in a state bordering on absolute poverty. In this state the benefits of succor are very great; and the charitable influence of our Colonization Societies is exercised in smoothing the way for the settler.

The Grovernment, while it still, as formerly, and to a far greater degree than in the past, as- sumes the responsibility of perfecting the roads has also undertaken to assist in the formation of these aid associations by giving to each Society that is formed a sum equal to the total amount paid to it as a subscription by its members. The true friends of colonization have perceived in this a motive sufficiently powerful to induce men in easy circumstances to take part in so philanthro- pic and patriotic a work. If the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec continue, in the future as they have up to the present, to respond to the motives involved in the law originating our

Colonization Societies, great good must inevitably result, — in the first place by the bountiful assis- tance which thereby will be given to settlers ; but above all by making colonization what it ought in reality to be, the work of all.

During the session of 1868, the Parliament of the Province of Quebec passed a law autho- rizing the formation of Colonization Societies, which provided that up to $300, the first regularly constituted Colonization Society in any county should receive an annual subsidy equal in amount to the sum paid in by its members. Lt was also provided that the second and third So- ciety in a county should enjoy equal right to a subsidy, with this difference, that the sum paid to each of the latter should not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars. If but one Colonization Society be formed in a county, it will be entitled to the sums destined for a second and a third Society, measureably to the subscription of its members, with this exception, however, that to obtain a sum over $300, the amount paid in by the mem bers to the Society must be double that claimed ; so that to obtain the maximum grant allowed, which is $600 per county if there be but one Society, its members will have to subscribe the sum of $900.

The law prescribes how the funds of Coloniza- tion Societies shall be expended. These Societies are bound, among other things, to hasten the clear- ing of the Crown lands by the establishing of settlers thereon, and to attract to the Province emi- gration from distant lands, and to direct the Euro- pean emigrant or native settler to such places as may have been assigned to them by the Commis- sioner of Crown Lands, and to furnish them with seed, provisions, and implements of agriculture.

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Thirty - five Societies formed under this law have been already recognized by the Grovern- ment and are in operation. It will be seen at a glance that these Societies are capable of afford- ing great aid to the emigrant who may place him- self in correspondence, or contact with them. (Vide Appendix for a list of them, the names of their chief officers, and the principal seats of their operations.)

XIV.

OUR HOMESTEAD LAW.

With the view of protecting the settler against the reverses, which in the beginning may over- take him in his new home, a law, passed by the Legislature in 1868, provides that no mortgage shall be valid on the land granted to him ; and further, that his farm shall not be liable to be sold judicially for any debts contracted by him pre- vious to his entering upon it.

Immediately upon his occupancy of a lot of land, and for the ten years following the granting to him of his letters patent, the undermentioned things and effects shall be exempt from seizure and sale by virtue of a writ of execution emanating from any Court in this Province :

1. The bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordinary use by him and his family ;

2. The ordinary and necessary wearing apparel of himself and his family ;

3. One stove and pipes, one crane and its ap- pendages, one pair of andirons, one set of cooking utensils, one pair of tongs and shovel, one table, six chairs, six knives, six forks, six plates, six tea- cups, six saucers, one sugar basin, one milk jug, one tea-pot, six spoons, all spinning wheels and weaving looms in domestic use, one axe, one saw, one gun, six traps, such fishing-nets and seines as are in common use, and ten volumes of books ;

8

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4. All necessary fuel, meat, fish, flour and vege- tables, provided for family use, not more t-han sufficient for the ordinary consumption of the debtor and his family for three months.

5. Two horses or two draught oxen, four cows, six sheep, four pigs, eight hundred bundles of hay, other forage necessary for the support of these ani- mals during the winter, and provender sufficient to fatten one pig, and to maintain three during the winter.

6. Vehicles and other implements of agriculture.

7. The debtor may select, from any larger num- ber of the same kind of chattels, the particular chattels to be exempt from seizure in virtue of this section.

But nothing in this section shall exempt from seizure any of the chattels enumerated in sub- section 3, 4, 5 or 6, of this section, in payment of any debt contracted in respect of such said chattel.

This law applies, as succeeding to his rights, to the widow, the children, and the heirs of the deceased, who is viewed in its provisions.

The Legislature of the Province has not deemed it wise to push beyond the above limits the exemp- tions which it has created with a view to the pro- tection of settlers. Would it not be in reality a source of serious embarrassment to the settler, were greater privileges accorded to him than comport with the exemptions above enumerated? He re- quires a certain amount of credit, to procure such things as he may, from time to time, find it neces- sary for him to have, and if the law were so framed as to place him absolutely beyond its reach, is it not natural to believe that the merchant would refuse to sell him anything, even the things necessary for his sustenance, except for cash. The

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desire therefore to protect the settler would be frustrated, were he placed in a position that could not be reached, because by destroying all his chances of obtaining credit, we should expose him to the necessity of pawning or selling his fur- niture and his cattle for the meanest consideration, with the view of relieving himself from immediate pecuniary necessities.

XV.

WO<)BEE RAILWAYS.

There are, we believe, lew public undertakings destined to confer greater benefits upon Coloniza- tion than Wooden Railways. These roads are built and worked very much after the fashion of iron railways; with this difference, however, that the gauge of the wooden railway is narrower, and its rails are of hardwood instead of being of iron.

Their principal advantage over the iron rail- way is that they cost much less. This is due to the fact that they necessitate a smaller outlay for embankments, bending as they do more easily to the irregularities of the road, and so constructed as to surmount tolerably steep, grades. Their narrow gauge permits of sharper curves in the roadway, facilitates the avoidance of obstacles, while the adhesive qualities of the wood give to the iron car wheels a greater advantage to surmount such obstacles as cannot be avoided in laying the track.

These wooden railways, on account of the cheapness with which they are built and worked, are the only roads of that nature which may be pro- fitably built, to connect new settlements with our larger centres of population. For the plan of these roads we are indebted to our neighbors, who bor- rowed tlie idea from Norway. Scarcely two years ago Wooden Railways were for the first time mooted in the Province, and now, thanks to the liberality of the Grovernment in behalf of these enterprises, there are not less than seven companies

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formed to construct these roads in different parts of the Province. Two of these companies, one at Quebec and another at Sherbrooke, have already commenced operations, and the shares of the live others are in great part subscribed. During the approaching summer (1870) the wooden railway between Quebec and G-osford, a distance of twenty- iive miles, will be open for traffic. The total cost of building this road, including outlay for steam engines, cars, etc., reached the sum of $125,000 or $5,000 per mile. In general the mean cost of our ordinary railways amounts to $30,000 per mile.

By a law passed during the last session of Par- liament, an interest of three per cent a year is guaranteed by the Province on the sum expended for every mile of wooden railway built. With regard to this subsidy of three per cent., the cost per mile is limited to five thousand dollars, ex- clusive of outlay for bridges exceeding 150 feet and upwards, for which an additional subsidy of three per cent on the cost of building them is allowed. To have a right to this subsidy, the road must be approved by the Grovernment, and not be less than fifteen miles in length. The subsidy is guaranteed for twenty years. Subject to certain specified formalities and conditions, this subsidy may be capitalized at 6 per cent, and converted into negotiable bonds.

The results obtained in so short a time, owing to the above liberal legislation, give us reason to hope that before long wooden railways will be built in all directions where the want of proximity to markets is felt. When the population shall have become more dense, and trade more considerable, iron railways will then doubtless supplant those at present built of wood.

XVI.

CROWN L ANDS.

The Crown Lands are under the control of a member of the Local Grovernment, who is named the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the chief seat of whose department is in the city of Quebec, the capital of the Province. Wherever wild lands exist, the Commissioner is represented by delegates who are called Crown Land Agents. There are now 18 Crown Lands agents m the Province. In the Appendix will be found a list setting forth the names of the Agents, their residence, and the number of acres surveyed which they are em- powered to dispose of. These agents enjoy very extensive powers ; they may sell the standing timber of our forests, and all lands fit for settle- ment, the whole, however, subject to the rati- fication of the Commissioner They are also em- powered to collect the sums of money due the Grovernement on public lands, and to see to the ful- filment of the conditions upon which lands have been granted.

The Province of Quebec comprises a territory of 210,000 miles in round numbers, or 129 millions of acres, 10,678,931 acres of which have been con- ceded in fiefe and seignoiries, 8,950,953 acres of which are held in the townships in free and com- mon soccage, and 6,400,359 acres of which are di- vided into farm lots, which the Grovernment is prepared to dispose of; there remains 102,969,757 acres of land still to be surveyed.

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The Crown dues collected on timber cut for market, and the sums received for the sale of land adapted for settlement, bring in to the Trea- sury of the Province an annual revenue of about $400,000, which sum yearly increases.

We shall now say a word about the woods and forests, or the unsurveyed domain, as well as upon our mines, the greater part of which are as yet in the possession of the Grovernment, after which we shall advert to the lands fit for settlement.

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I LIBRARY.

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XVII

WOODS AND FORESTS.

In the 102,969,757 acres of unsurveyed land, important tracts are comprised, which when open- ed by roads, will give to agricultural interests an extent oi territory exceeding that at present cleared, and not less rich in the yield or variety of products.

It is these vast forests that feed the most impor- tant branch of our trade, and in them is prepa- red the timber which is shipped from our ports to European markets.

The forests reserved for the cutting of timber are divided into lots of several miles each, which are called timber limits ; these limits at fixed periods are put up to auction. Over and above the price for which they are sold, which gene- rally averages $11 per square mile, the purchaser is bound to pay a ground rent of $2 per square mile.

The magnificent network of rivers that inter- sect the Province even to its farthest extremeties, permit of the timber industry pushing farther into the interior, while colonization avails itself of the sections already cleared. In this way is the path prepared for agriculture — by furnishing the settler with lucrative employment and an advanta- geous market for his products. It is estimated that between twenty-five and thirty thousand men are employed every winter as shanty-men or

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wood-cutters, and about four thousand horses are also employed in hauling the logs and square timber to the verge of the rivers. In the spring, when the ice breaks up, the waters swollen by the thaws carry off as if by enchantment to their destination these rich spoils of the forest. A large portion of the timber is sawn into deals and boards of various dimensions, which are shipped to the American and Australian markets ; the rest is shipped as square timber (the condition in which it is taken out of the bush) to the markets of Europe,

The principal rivers upon which lumbering is carried on are the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the Saguenay and their tributaries. Important opera- tions of this nature are also carried on upon the rivers south of the St. Lawrence. On an average, the value of the timber exported from the Pro- vince reaches the sum of |10,000,000.

XVIII.

MINES.

The richest and most varied ores are found in abundance in the Province of Quebec. First in order we shall place the gold, copper and iron mines.

Grold is found principally in the district of Beauce, and several wealthy capitalists have form- ed large companies to work the rich veins of this section. They have only commenced operations, and if we are to believe those versed in such mat- ters, these mines will ultimately become of great importance,

Copper is found in immense quantities m the Eastern Townships. Iron is found nearly every- where, and certain of the ores of this precious or rather useful metal are of incomparable value.

Our crude iron is of such a superior quality, that it is bought by Americans, and notwithstand- ing their high protective duties, imported by them into the United States.

Some four or five years ago there were disco- vered on the north of the river St. Lawrence, in- exhaustible deposits in the form of bl \ck sand, of magnetic oxide. This is a most valuable mineral containing no foreign substances ; as it can be smelted by means of charcoal, the price of which, with us, is low, we manufacture from the ore a superior quality of iron, equal in every respect to the best Swedish.

Among other ores discovered more or less in abundance up to the present in the Province of Quebec, we shall content ourselves with mention- ing lead, silver, platinum, zinc, etc., etc., etc

XIX.

LANDS FIT FOR SETTLEMENT. ConditioiiH of Sale — Free Orante.

By the last report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, it would appear that the Grovernment of Quebec are in a position to offer for Coloniza- tion 6,400,000 acres of lands, divided into farm lots, nearly half of which are accessible by means of good roads, and more than two-thirds of which are fit for settlement. The price of these farms varies from twenty to sixty cents per acre. The acre is a little more than the French arpent, about an eleventh, and a little less than half the hectare being 0.404 671 of the hectare. The condi- tions of sale are precisely the same for the emigrant as for the colonist or settler, and the formalities required are very simple.

Whoever desires to purchase a lot of land should either personally or by letter apply to the Agent of the locality in which he contem- plates settling, and deposit in his hands a fifth of the purchase money. Upon doing this, the Agent will deliver to him a conditional act of sale, bear- ing his official signature.

The following are the principal conditions of sale:

To pay one-fifth of the purchase money at the date of the sale, and the remainder in four equal annual instalments, with interest at 6 per cent per year; to take possession of the land sold within six months from the date of sale, and

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to reside on, and occupy the same either by him- self or through others for at least two years from the date of the said sale. In the course of the first four years the settler must clear and place under cultivation at least ten acres for every hundred acres held by him, and erect on his farm a habitable house of the dimensions at least of sixteen feet by twenty.

The sale is only considered perfect when the foregoing conditions have been fulfilled ; and it is then ratified by means of letters patent, which are granted to the settler free of charge. The letters patent cannot in any case be granted before the expiration of the two years of occupancy, nor until the fulfilment of all the conditions previously mentioned, even though the purchase money were fully paid in.

It is the duty of the agents to give informa- tion as to the quality of the different lots of land situated in their agencies, and to sell the said lots at the prices fixed by the Grovernment, to the first purchaser. Not more than two hundred acres may be sold to the same person, the father of a family, however, may purchase lots for his sons.

Upon eight of our great colonization roads, every male colonist and emigrant, being at least eighteen years of age, may obtain a free grant of 100 acres. The number of acres of land at pre- sent set aside to be disposed of in free grants is 84,050 ; but the Lieutenant Grovernor in Council may increase the quantity if found necessary. Crown Land Agents, while there remains at their disposal any of these free lots, are bound to grant a permit of occupation for one hundred acres to any person who claims the same, provided

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the applicant has attained the age required by law. Within a month from the date of this per- mit, the grantee should take possession of the lot ceded to him, under pain of losing all right thereto. Before the expiry of his fourth year of occupation, if he has built a habitable dwelling on his lot, and has under cultivation twelve acres of land, the grantee may take out letters patent free of charge, upon which he becomes absolute pro- prietor of his farm. In the Appendix will be foun I ampler details concerning our tree grants.

The clearing of our wild lands, encouraged as it is by the Grovernment, and the earnest good-will of the people, is yearly making the most astonish- ing progress. We shall judge of this better by the following figures : The census of 1851 fixed the number of acres under cultivation in the Province at 3,605,157 ; that of 1861 at 4,804,325, shewing in ten years an increase of 1,199,068 acres of land under cultivation. To-day, without fear of contra- diction, we may safely say that the number of acres of cultivated land is double what it was in 1851.

The following figures are not less significant : — the extent of wild land conceded in the Town- ships, was in 1861, 6,696,569 acres ; at the begin ning of the year 1869 the report of the Commis- sioner of Crown Lands established that the quan- tity of land then conceded in the Townships was 8,950,953 acres, shewing an increase of 2,254,384 acres in eight years.

The principal centres of Colonization are the valleys of the Saguenay, St. Maurice and Ottawa, to the north of the St. Lawrence ; and thet^Eastern Townships, the Lower St. Lawrence and G-aspe, to the south of the St. Lawrence.

XX.

VALLEY OF THE SAGUENAY.

The River Saguenay, which waters this fertile territory, blends with the St. Lawrence about 40 leagues below Quebec, and is navigable for ves- sels of the largest tonnage for a distance of 20 leagues from its mouth ; namely, up to Ha ! Ha ! Bay, This bay whose striking beauty earned for it the appellation of Ha ! Ha ! Bay, forms a magnificent basin of about ten leagues in circum- ference. Upon an emergency it could afford an- chorage or shelter for a large fleet. For a distance of five leagues beyond it the tide waters run up, which permit of merchant vessels going up to Chicoutimi, the centre of the large lumber trade carried on throughout the district.

The lower part of the Saguenay, namely, from the St. Lawrence to Ha ! Ha ! Bay, contains no arable land except at intervening distances, and then not in extent suificient to warrant the erec- tion of new settlements. Nothing, however, sur- passes the wild grandeur of either shore of the Saguenay, for a distance of sixty miles, and sum- mer after summer it is the rendezvous of tourists from all parts of America. The average width of this river, which in the Indian language signifies " Arm of the Sea, " is about two miles, and its depth varies from 90 to 147 fathoms ; its waters flow between two granite banks, which rise ab- ruptly out of the water to a heigth of from 200 to 1,600 feet.

The land fit for settlement in the Saguenay

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commences, properly speaking*, at I la! Hal l]ay. From this point it extends in a north-westerly direction for a distance of about one hundred miles, the average width from either shore of the river being between twenty and twenty-five miles. At a distance of sixty miles from Ha ! Ha ! Bay lies Lake St. John, whose waters flow into the Saguenay. This lake, which in form is nearly circular, is about 100 miles in circumference and is the reservoir as it were for this whole territory ; ten great rivers flowing from all direc- tions empty their waters into it, and each spring upon its surface, floats all the timber cut in the vicinity during the winter season. This mass of timber finds egress at the extreme north- east of the lake, in two enormous outlets, whose waters unite at some little distance to form the Kiver Saguenay.

Around Lake St. John, the valley, in every direc- tion, becomes considerably enlarged ; and before long the settlements on either shore of the Sague- nay shall have so extended their limits, as to meet at the north-west extremity of the lake.

The greater part of this territory, if not the whole of it, consists of an argilaceous soil, mingled with a small quantity of sand, which renders it friable and easy to work and drain. Up to the present there have been cultivated here wheat, barley and Indian corn ; and root crops with an astonishing and abiding success. The soil is adapted to the growth of the greatest variety of grain, but wheat is grown in preference to all others, because it is more remunerative, and hitherto no obstacle to its cultivation has presented itself.

The climate throughout this district is similar to that of Quebec, with the exception, however,

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of the plateau of Lake St. John, where the tempe- rature is more like that enjoyed at Montreal, which is owing to the mountains sheltering the lake to the east and north.

As we have remarked elsewhere, the actual po- pulation of the Saguenay, which has been entirely recruited from the Province, and from among the French-Canadians, already is estimated at about 20,000 souls, although the oldest agricultural set- tlement here dates no further back than twenty years. The Saguenay is capable of containing a population twenty times as great ; and owing to the roads opened by the Grovernment, the settlers have scattered over the district so that there is ample room between the actual settlements.

The south-west portion of the Saguenay is traversed by a road of thirty leagues in length, which, beginning at Ha ! Ha ! Bay, continues up to the head of Lake St. John. Another is being built on the north shore which as it winds round the lake will join the one previously mention- ed. Besides these roads, there exists for means of communication during the summer the line of steamers that ply between Chicoutimi and Quebec, and in a year hence a road forty leagues long, running in direct line through the forest, will open a way that, at all seasons of the year, will place in direct communication with the city of Quebec, the valley of Lake St. John ; over half this distance the road is already open. The road actually in existence, stretching along the St. Law- rence down to St. Paul's Bay, necessitates a very considerable deviation.

The extent of land surveyed and disposable in the Saguenay district is about 616,600 acres, the price of which is about 20 cents per acre.

XXL

VALLEY OF THE ST. MAURICE.

The valley watered by the St. Maurice and its tributaries covers an extent of 24,140 square miles. The lower part of this region, which embraces the City of Three Rivers, and the celebrated St. Maurice forges, comprised at the date of the last census (1861) a population of 73,247, which in great part had settled in the seigniories that border the St.Lawrence. Many of the townships situated in the interior have been for some years past opened to settlers, thanks to the roads which the Grovern- ment caused to be built, and at intervening dis- tances along which splendid parishes have arisen. This region is in general montainous and ill adapted to farming purposes upon the highlands, but the many rivers by which it is intersected irrigate valleys of great fertility. Here also the timber trade, and the working of the inexhaus- tible iron mines that lie near the St. Maurice furnish the poorer settlers the means of earning a livelihood during the first years of their settling on the land.

The navigation of the St. Maurice is interrupted by tolerably great waterfalls, for a space of forty miles from its mouth ; from that distance, however, to a point seventy miles running towards the north, the river is navigable for the largest craft. For a number of years past it has been in contem- plation to build a railroad, to connect the City of Three Rivers with the navigable portions of the

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St. Maurice, a project the execution of which cannot long be delayed.

There are at present in the Townships of the St. Maurice, surveyed and divided into farm lots easy of access, 441,200 acres of land for sale at thirty cents per acre.

The River MantaAva, a tributary of the Upper St. Maurice, that has it source in the same plateau as the head waters of the Ottawa, drains a tract of about twenty-five leagues, which forms an ex- tensive zone of fertile land, beyond the Lauren- tides. Eecent explorations made in that valley established, beyond all peradventure, the impor- tance of this new field for colonization. Therein before long will seek out homes, the surplus popu- lation of the neighbouring counties, of Montreal to the north, and Terrebonne, I'Assomption, Mont- calm, Joliette and Berthier.

Two great parallel roads ; the first starting from the Town of Joliette, and the second from Terre- bonne, at a distance of twelve leagues apart, have been already opened as far as Mantawa, and on the east side, two parishes are actually being settled. To the west a wooden railroad, the construction oT which has been undertaken by the City of Montreal and the surrounding counties, will link, perhaps within two years, the extreme north of the settlements of Terrebonne, with the commercial metropolis of the Dominion, as well as with Ottawa, the Federal Capital. The surveying of the Mantawa territory has as yet made little progress, but will be energetically proceeded with during the coming season.

XXII.

VALLEY OF THE OTTAWA.

The River Ottawa, which falls into the St. Law- rence, at the western extremity of the Island of Montreal, divides the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. As it flows, from the northwest to the south-east, it forms with the St. Lawrence an angle of nearly 45 degrees. Its length is about 600 miles. On its course it is fed by many tri- butaries, the largest of which, the Gatineau, is about 300 miles in length, and separates the val- ley towards its centre, in a line nearly perpen- dicular, running from north to south. It is esti- mated that over 30,000 square miles of territory is drained by the Ottawa and its tributaries. That portion of it situated at the apex of the im- mense triangle formed by the valley of the Ottawa, und inhabited by a wealthy and numerous popu- lation, comprises the counties surrounding Mon- treal to the north and to the west.

But when we allude to colonization in the valley of the Ottawa, we have in view principally the counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, which cons- titute the north shore of that river, and stretch backwards from its margin to the northern li- mits of the Province. The population of these counties, in 1861, numbered a little over 41,000 souls ; to-day it is estimated at nearly sixty thou- sand, one-half of which are of French, and the other half of British origin. Within late years,

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there has been formed in this district a settlement of G-ermans, who to-day enjoy prosperity.

As this section of the Province belongs to the Laurentian chain, its surface is, in great part, rocky and mountainous, but covered with timber of great value.

Notwithstanding, the soil in the valleys and on the sloping hills is very fertile, and opens a vast extent fit for settlement. The works of the lumber merchants materially assist the settling of the land in this district, by opening roads and provid- ing a market and good prices for the products of the farmers, as also in furnishing the settler with work for himself and his horses during a season in which his labor in this direction in no way interferes with his agricultural pursuits. This dis- trict is well watered, and is remarkable for the number and force of the water powers afforded by the rivers, the streams and lakes whose waters run through it.

The first settlers of the Ottawa were lumber merchants. To meet the requirements of their establishments (chantiers), the greater part of them had to make, at intervening distances in the heart of the forest, important clearings, which they abandoned, after denuding the surround- ings of all the standing timber suitable for the market. These large farms were the nuclei around which gathered the settlers who inhabit the district to-day. Removed from each other at first, these clearings served as landmarks, or central points, about which later on grouped the settlements which now fill up the spaces.

The number of acres surveyed and divided into farm lots, actually to be disposed of, is 1,358,500, the price of which is thirty cents per acre.

XXIII.

EASTERN TOWNSHIPS.

Few sections of Canada, perhaps, offer greater inducements to the emigrant than the Eastern Townships, the chief Town of which, Sherbrooke, is situate from Quebec, the Capital of the Province, a distance of 120 miles, and may be reached in fiye hours by railway.

The proximity of the townships to the Ameri- can markets, and the great facilities for shipment to these and the markets of the Dominion afibrded by the G-rand Trunk Railway, make the position of the agriculturists in this locality quite enviable, as the products of their industry are sure of a certain and ready market.

In the townships, which are situate to the south of the City of Quebec, the winter is not so severe as it is with us, and their spring is much earlier and their fall much later than ours, advan- tages of very great importance to the farmer.

The general features of the country being hilly coupled with the abundance of water in the lakes, rivers and springs, afford not only sufficient mois- ture for the crops, but considerable water power for manufacturing purposes.

Hardwood is here to be met with everywhere, and after clearing, a fertile soil is found, in general friable enough, but in all cases well adapted for the cultivation of cereals and green crops. One of the chief causes of the rapid success which crowns

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the settler in the Eastern Townships, is that from these highlands, during the first year, he may reap a crop ; frequently even, the ashes of the trees burnt to effect a clearing, help to a great extent to defray the expenses attendant upon doing so.

The rich mineral deposits of the townships have within these few years attracted thither a consi- derable population.

As a grazing country the townships are unsur- passed, and great attention is now paid to the breeding of cattle and the growing of wool. This branch of agriculture, is very much encour- aged, owing to the profitable markets of the United States, which are almost at the doors of the farmers. Within the last few years the best breeds of sheep have been successfully introduced from England ; and not unfrequently at the agri- cultural exhibitions, in the United States, these and the horned cattle from this thriving district have carried off" first prizes.

Possessing the advantages of a double market, in consequence of their proximity to the frontier, many of the farmers in the townships cultivate on a large scale. In some cases the farms comprise from 100 to 600 acres. This extensive mode of farming creates a demand for agricultural labor, and gives employment to large numbers of la- borers, at good wages.

In this district the Grovernment owns 920,300 acres of wild land, which it is prepared to sell at very moderate rates. The British American Land Company also hold valuable lots, and private pro- prietors are possessed of lands here which they offer for sale on easy terms.

The Grovernment lands sell at from 50 to 60 cts.

— To- per acre. In the case of lands held Ijy private proprietors the prices are influenced much by lo- cality, by the contiguity of towns or villages, by roads and accessibility to leading markets ; but on an average the price per acre may be set down at$l.

The settler from England, Ireland and Scotland will find these nationalities numerously repre- sented in the Eastern Townships. Nowhere in the Province will he be more at home than in the south-west part of this region. A portion of the inhabitants of the Eastern Townships are the des- cendants of the United Empire Loyalists, who came from the United States to Canada when the for- mer separated from G-reat Britain and declared their independence. Since 1848, the French Ca- nadians, in large numbers, have thronged to this district, and already rival in wealth their fore- runners in this locality.

Here, as elsewhere throughout the Province, the farmer with slender means may purchase a farm partially cleared, and the agricultural laborer is cer- tain immediately to find work ; so also is the miner and the artisan. To capitalists also it offers favor- able investments as the agricultural, commercial and manufacturing industry of the townships, with the influx of a little more capital, woiild defy compe- tition.

XXI \r.

LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. Soutb iSliore*

Descending the St. Lawrence, from Quebec to the eastern extremity of Eimouski, one is struck with the ease and comfort of the population settled along the margin of the river. Unhap- pily, this fertile valley is bounded along its whole extent, at a distance of four or five leagues from the river, by an uninterrupted chain of heights unfit for cultivation. Beheind these, away as far as the boundary line, there is unfoulded before the eye a valley parallel with that of the St. Law^rence; it is there that is to be found that important tract of land fit for settlement, which forms the subject of this article. In length it is over 200 miles ; and its breadth varies from 15 to 40 miles, according to the angularities of the mountains and of the boundary line.

To facilitate access to this territory and give di- rection to its settling, a road has been traced out 209 miles long, that crosses it towards the centre, over its whole length, half of which is now open. At distances, of ten or twelve miles apart, a trans- versal road, starting from the last settlements in the valley of the St. Lawrence, crosses the moun- tain, and joins the Tache Road, which is the name given to the great central colonization road alluded to above. There are besides two great military roads, the Matapediac and the Temiscouata ; the Matapediac, 110 miles in length; joins the St.

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Lawrence and the Bale des Chaleurs, — the Temis- couata, 70 miles in length, extends irom River du Loup to New Brunswick.

The terminal sections ol* the Tache Koad are considered better than the central portion of it ; but the prevailing timber everywhere in this re- gion is hard- wood, and this in general indicates a good soil. This road is one of those upon which the Grovernment oifers free grants. It is only neces- sary to settle inhabitants along the whole extent on either side of it, when colonization will then go on of itself in the valley.

This part of the Province is perhaps the most favored in means of communication. Upon land- ing on the shores of the St. Lawrence, the settler may go whither he lists, and has his choice oi* the railway or steamboat. The eastern terminus of the Grrant Trunk is situate at River du Loup, forty leagues below Quebec. And now the Inter- colonial Railway is being built, which starting from River du Loup will extend to Halifax, and afford still greater facilities.

Five extensive townships have just been sur- veyed in the Matapediac Valley, along the line of the Intercolonial Railroad. The report of the Sur- veyors who fixed the limits of these new town- ships, shows that the greater part of this territory offers a soil well adapted for cultivation ; and everything tends to confirm the belief that within a short time they will be invaded by settlers.

The number of acres divided into farm lots, and actually for sale on the south shore of the Lower St. Lawrence, is 1,423,200, the price per acre being thirty cents.

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XXV.

G A S P E .

The peninsula forming the south-eastern extre- mity of the Province known under the name of G-aspe, comprises the whole of the territory si- tuate to the east of the Matapediac road, and con- sists of 8,613 miles in superficies. The Grulf of St. Lawrence and the Bale des Chaleurs, whose waters wash its 400 miles of coast, make it one of the most advantageous fishing grounds in the Do- minion of Canada.

Although rocky, the Graspe region comprises a great quantity of very fertile land. Those who have settled there and given proper attention to agriculture, have succeeded beyond their expecta- tion. The sea-weed, washed upon the shore by the action of the tide, at every point, furnishes the farmer with a very valuable manure ; and besides this, fish for similar purposes may easily be obtained by him.

A prominent resident of Perce, Mr. Greorge Le Bouthillier, upon being interrogated by a Com- mittee of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, in 1868, spoke in the following terms of the future which lies open to all who seek in this region a home :

" It is unquestionable," says Mr. LeBouthillier, of Perce, in his answers, " that a man, on this " coast, with a well-cultivated farm, of only "twenty acres, can live better than anywhere " else on the continent. To make money as a

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** fisherman, it is above all essential to have a farm " capable of supplying all one's necessary Food ** and a part of one's clothing. Under these cir- " cumstances the fisheries aid the farm. They "contribute to it also a large portion of the *' manure required. On the days or hours when " the employees of the trader are not required at "sea or on the beach, they can always find occu- "pation upon the farm, and by means of the " fisheries greatly improve it. The conclusion to " be drawn is, that the fisheries and the farm assist " one another, but that previous to engaging in " the former, a man should be settled on a well- " cultivated farm, with suitable buildings, and " that to promote the fisheries, agriculture must "first be promoted. Agriculture is the foundation "of the fishing trade, as elsewhere it is the "foundation of manufactures and commerce."

The County of Bonaventure, which forms the southern portion of the peninsula of Graspe, al- though engaged activel)^ in the fishing carried on, has made greater progress in agriculture than G-aspe proper. The land bordering the Bale des Chaleurs is all under cultivation, and at certain points clearings have been made which extend for miles into the interior. There is room here for thousands and thousands of settlers, and as a ge- neral rule the land in this district is very fertile. The works connected with the building of the Intercolonial Railway, which will run through the County of Bonaventure, have already attracted thither a great number of persons, and before long, real estate hereabouts will have doubled its value. The G-overnment offers for sale 491,100 acres of land in Graspe, at the rates of twenty and thirty cents per acre.

XXVI.

IMMIGEATION.

KeeUal of the Policy of tlie Oovernmeiit.

By virtue of the Constitution, the Federal and Local Grovernments have concurrent powers over all matters relating to immigration. The Provinces being invested with the absolute ownership of the wild lands comprised within their respective limits, it is necessary that there should be identity of sentiment and uniformity of action between them and the Federal authorities. In the autumn of 1868, a convention composed of delegates from each Province, and the Premier of the Federal Grovernment, met at Ottawa, and assigned to each Q-overnment its share in a work in which their interests were common.

The duty devolves upon the Federal Grovern- ment of establishing agencies in Europe, and of defraying the expenses connected with the quarantine, etc.

As to the Local Governments, it was agreed that they should utilize the Federal European agencies, but might if they thought proper send special agents to Europe on their own behalf.

Appended to the report containing the deli- berations of the convention, are inserted important letters addressed by the Secretaries of the different Provinces to the President of the Committee on Immigration. We could not give a more definite

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idea of the policy of the Grovernment of Quebec in relation to this matter, than by reproducing here the letter written by the Honorable Mr. Chauveau :

To GrEo. Jackson, Esquire, M. P.,

Chairman, Coiomittee on Tramigration and Colonization.

Sir,

The undersigned has much pleasure in com- plying with the request made to him for a state- ment of the measures adopted by the Quebec Gro- vernment. in behalf of the settlement of the public lands and of immigration.

These two subjects have received the constant attention of the Grovernment and Legislature of the Province, and the greater part of the revenue derived from the public domain has been appro- priated, under diverse forms, to these two objects, which, it is impossible to separate, since whatever tends to facilitate the settlement of the inhabitants of the Province on the public lands is equally fa- vorable to immigration.

The Legislature of the Province of Quebec has passed several laws, with a view to facilitate the settlement of the Crown Lands, and in all this legislation, immigrants have been placed upon the same footing as the natives of the country.

One of these laws, passed in the first Session of Parliament, has for its object the construction of colonization roads, which are divided into three classes ; those of the first class are considered to be of public and provincial utility, and are con- structed entirely atihe expense of the Government; those of the second class are made in part at the expense of Gi-overnment and in part at the expense

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of the municipalities, the latter furnishing less than the Government ; those of the third class are constructed upon the same system, but the muni- cipalities must furnish a sum at least equal to the Grovernment grant.

There was expended during the first eighteen months on colonization roads, a sum of nearly sixty-seven thousand dollars, and there were voted for the ensuing eighteen months $187,000 for first- class roads, $45,000 for those of the second class, and $30,000 for those of the third class.

In the same Session was passed another Act to encourage colonization, which exempts all public lands, conceded to a bond fide settler, from seizure for debts contracted previous to the grant or con- cession ; and which during the ten years follow- ing the issue of patents, and during the whole period, not to exceed five years from the time of the occupation of the lot to the issue of patents, exempts from seizure certain of his chattels. (See list of exemptions. Cap. XIV, pp. 57 and 58).

Last Session the Legislature passed an Act res- pecting the sale of public Ian is, providing for the establishment of agencies and their concentration for the sale of lands, the cutting of timber, coloni- zation and immigration, and affording better re- muneration to persons charged therewith, and bringing about simultaneous action for these im- portant objects, necessarily connected together.

Any organization for the assistance to be afforded to immigrants, at their place of destination, can only be completed on the appointment of the new agents under this Act.

The agencies of the Federal Grovernment at Quebec and Montreal having been continued, the Provincial Grovernment does not intend, for the

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present at least, to appoint agents of its own at these points.

As a large number oi' imniigrants are taking the direction of the Ottawa, and a certain proportion of them settle on the lands of the Province of Quebec, the Local Grovernment has opened a credit in favor of the Federal Agent at Ottawa, to assist in forwarding to the lands of the Province of Quebec such immigrants as desire to locate thereon.

The price of land in the Province of Quebec varies from 30 to 60 cents per acre ; — in the eastern portion of the Province it is generally 30 cents. Free grants are given on the Tache and Matape- diac and other great colonization roads. Detailed information as to the quantity of disposable land in the various parts of the Province, and the prices thereof, are to be found in a table prepared by the Crown Lands Commissioner and attached to the report of last Session of the House of Com- mons Committee on Immigration and Coloniza- tion. The report of the Crown Lands Commis- sioner just published also contains similar infor- mation.

Last Session the Legislature passed an Act for the encouragement of Colonization Eailways, granting, on certain conditions, an annual subsidy to seven different companies, incorporated for that purpose ; and also an Act for the encouragement and formation of Colonization Societies.

These Societies may also act as Immigration So- cieties. Their objects are defined as follows :

1. To aid in promoting the establishment of settlers on Crown Lands ; to attract emigrants from other countries, and to restore to this Province such of its inhabitants as have emigrated ;

2. To open, with the permission of the Govern-

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ment, and to aid the Government and Munici- palities in opening roads through wild lands oi the Crown, or leading thereto ;

3. To direct settlers or emigrants towards the localities which the Commissioner of Crown Lands shall, as hereinafter provided, have assigned to and reserved for them ;

4. To provide settlers with seed grain, provisions, and implements suitable for the clearing and cul- tivation of land ;

5. To aid the Department of Agriculture^ and the Department of Crown Lands in the diffusion of knowledge and informa,tion calculated to extend colonization ;

6. To promote Colonization and assist settlers, by all means and proceedings which they shall deem desirable to adopt, in conformity with regu- lations to be provided by the Lieutenant-Cxovernor in Council.

The Grovernment <>ives assistance to the So- cieties, by accordiiii>* to them a grant equal to their subscriptions up to three hundred dollars, and equal to one half the subscriptions over tiiat amount, up to a further sum of three hundred dollars. As many as three Societies may be formed, in each electoral division, but the total amount to be expended by the Grovernment for these Soci- ties in each county shall not exceed six hundred dollars.

These Societies have, moreover, the right to acquire property, by bequest or otherwise, and to receive contributions from municipalities and cor- porations ; they are themselves incorporated for this purpose.

The Department of Agriculture and Coloniza- tion watches over the organization and working

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of these Societies ; and there is every reason to hope that a certain number of them will take an active part in promoting* immigration.

Over and above the grants to these Societies, townships, or parts of townships, will be reserved for the establishment of settlers, whom they may send thither ; and such settlers will have the pre- ference over all others, whether immigrants or natives of the country, upon the ordinary conditions of the sale and concession of Crown Lands, and to each Society a free grant will be made of one lot for every ten lots upon which its settlers shall have established themselves.

Other Societies for Colonization and Immigration, besides the three allowed for each electoral divi- sion, may be formed, and they shall be invested with all the powers of the other Societies; but shall receive no grant from the Grovernment.

To promote Colonization and Immigration, the Department of Agriculture and Colonization is at present haAing prepared two pamphlets, one of which, called '' The Settler's Gruide, " is intended for native settlers, and will be distributed in all parts of the Province ; the other will be distributed in foreign countries. Each will be accompanied with maps.

The Grovernment has under consideration the establishment of agencies in Grreat Britain and Ireland and on the continent of Europe, but has not as yet decided wliether it will or will not avail itself of the services of the agents already appointed by the Federal (government.

The Grovernment has obtained from the Legis- lature a vote of twelve thousand dollars, for pur- poses connected with Immigration, for the eigh- teen months covered by the budget of last Session.

12

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In addition to the usual appropriations for the exploration of Crown Lands and for surveys, the Legislature at its last Session voted a sum of forty- five thousand dollars for explorations, having for their object the ascertaining and causing to be perfectly known all the resources of the uncul- tivated territory of the Province.

The Department of Crown Lands is now en- gaged on a topographical and geological survey of the vast territory which extends beyond the Laurentian chain, to the north of the St. Law- rence, and which is drained by the Ottawa, the St. Maurice and the Saguenay.

Last year, this Department caused several town- ships on the proposed line of the Intercolonial Railway to be surveyed, in order to promote colo- nization in those parts.

Lastly, by virtue of a law passed in the first Session of the Legislature, a topographical map, indicating the new settlements and the Coloniza- tion Roads, is being prepared and will soon be com- pleted.

Such are, in brief, the measures relating to Co- lonization and to Immigration which have been adopted by the Grovernment of the T^rovince of Quebec, to which will be added those which may be suggested and considered at the sittings of the Interprovincial Commission, which represents the Federal and Local Grovernments, and which was appointed at the instance of the undersigned, on behalf of the Grovernment of Quebec.

(Signed,) P. J. O. Chauveau,

Secretary of the Province of Quebec.

Ottawa, 11th June, 1869.

XXVII.

MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.

Under this heading, the first place must be assigned to the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company (incorporated), the principal shareholders being the Messrs. Allan, of Montreal, from which cir- cumstance the line is frequently called the " Allans Line " ; it is also called the " Canadian Line." The Grovernment of Canada have largely subsidized this line for the weekly carrying of the mails.

The undermentioned full-powered, double-en- gined, Clyde built Iron Steamships, compose this Company's line :

Assyrian 3,500 tons, Building.

Caspian 3,000 "

Scandinavian 3,000 " Capt. Ballantine.

Prussian 3,000 "• *' Button.

Austrian 2,700 " " Wylie.

Nestorian 2,700 " " Aird.

Moravian 2,650 " '* Brown.

Peruvian 2,600 '' '* Smith.

Hibernian 2,434 " " Watts.

Nova Scotian 2,300 " " Eichardson.

North American 1,784 " " Grange.

Germany 3,250 ** " Graham.

European 2,650 " " Bouchette.

Ottawa ],831 " " Archer.

Damascus 1,600 " '* Trocks.

St. David 1,655 "• '* Scott.

St. Andrew 1,432 ^' "• Eitchie.

St. Patrick 1,207 " "• Wylie.

Norway, 1,350 " " Mylins.

Sweden 1,320 '^ " McKenzie.

These steamships form a Weekly Line, sailing from Liverpool every Thursday, calling at Lon- donderry, (Ireland), to receive latest London

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mails and passengeris, leaAing that port about 6 P. M. every Friday.

From the middle of April to the first week in November, the steamers sail direct to Quebec and Montreal ; during the remainder of the year they run to Porthuid, Maine, (United States), connect- ing both at Quebec and Portland with the Grrand Trunk Railway of Canada, forming thus a direct line of communication from Europe to all parts of the Dominion of Canada and the United States.

The average passage from Liverpool to Quebec, in 1869, was 9i days — from Quebec to Liverpool, 9^ days ; and during the Winter season, from Liverpool to Portland. 11 J days, and Portland to Liverpool, 10| days.

Rates of passage : In Cabin, .€10.15.00 sterling, and jGI 8.1 8.00 sterling. Steerage, inchuiing a plentiful supply ol* cooked provisions, prepared and served up by the Company's stewards, as low as by any of the lines of steamships sailing Irom Liverpool to New York.

Extra steamships belonging to the Company are dispatched weekly from Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal, carrying passengers and mer- chandise, when sufficient inducements offer.

A steamship of the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company, " G-lasgow Line, " leaves Grlasgow, (Scotland), every Tuesday, calling at a port or ports in Ireland, for Quebec and Montreal, also carrying passengers and merchandise Rates of passage, by this line: Cabin. c€15. 15.00; Inter- mediate, £9] Steerage, including a bountiful supply of cooked provisions, prepared and served up by the Company's stewards, as low as by any of the lines of steamships sailing to New York.

A subsidary line is formed by the steamships

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Norway and Sweden, sailing at regular intervals between Liverpool and Drontheim, (Norway.) Passengers taking these steamers can go direct from Dronthium to Quebec during summer, with only one transhipment.

Passengers by any of the Company's lines can be booked through from Europe to any railway station in Canada, and to all the principal points in the United States, and baggage is transferred from the steamship at Quebec or Portland to the railway, free of charge.

There are interpreters aboard inich steamship and railway train carrying emigrants.

The agents of the Company are as follows, viz:

Montreal and Portland Messrs. Hugh k Andrew Allan.

Quebec '* Allans, Rae & Co.

Liverpool '• Allans Brothers k Co.

Glasgow " James k Alexander Allan.

Havre Mr. John M. Currie,

21, Quai d'Orleans.

Paris Mr. Gustave Bossange,

21, Quai Voltaire.

Hamburg Messrs. W. Gibson k Hugo.

London " Montgomery k Greenhorne,

17, Gracechurch 8t.

The port of Quebec is only 2,649 geographical miles from Liverpool, by the Straits of Belle-Isle, and 2,808 miles by Cape Eace ; whilst Boston is 2,895 miles, and New York, 3,095. From the instant the waters of the St. Lawrence are breasted, the dangers of navigation cease to be as great as they are on the .open sea, and of this navigation there is 826 miles, viz : from Belle-Isle to Quebec. The great advantages of the St. Law- rence, or River Route, over the rival routes of the United States, are shorter distance and greater security, two facts which must always have great

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weight in decidinir emigrants to favor Canadian steamers. Of this, one may become readily con- vinced, upon reflecting that once arrived at Que- bec, the emigrant finds himself in the heart or centre of the Continent, in a temperate and salu- brious climate, and thence by steamboat may direct his steps to whatever point of Canada he likes, or the far West, thus shortening his distance, avoid- ing hundreds of miles of railway travelling, which, did he land at any of the ports in the United States, he would have to undertake to reach his destination.

Within a few years, fortnightly steamers, be- longing to the London, Quebec and Montreal Company, ply regularly during the summer season between London, Quebec and Montreal. These steamers are the Medwatj, the Tweed, the Avon and Niger. From the 30th June, 1868, to the 30th June, 1869, 1,384 inward bound vessels, including steamers, were entered at the various ports of the Province.

The St. Lawrence liiver is navigable for an extent of 2,384 miles, from the Straits of Belle-Isle to Fond-du-Lac, at the head of Lake Superior. Vessels drawing 20 feet may ascend the river up to Montreal, which is 986 miles from Belle-Isle. From this point the free navigation of the St. Lawrence is obstructed at many places by natural barriers, which, retaining its waters, give to it at intervening points more expansion, and form regular lakes. These obstacles have been avoid- ed by means of a system of canals, that connect for the whole distance the navigable portions of the river, and the total length of which is 70 miles and twenty-three arpents. The locks number flfty- four, and the grade is 536| feet. By means of these canals, vessels of 400 tons may navigate the river

— 1)5 —

between Montreal and tlir luM(i oi" Lnkr Snprrior, a distance exceeding 1.8ns niiK\s. 'rh(^s(^ works were, ibr the most part, executinl during the Union oi* the Canadas — now Ontario and Qnebce — at a cost to these two Provinces of $7,569,(S80.

The largest of these canals, theWelland, between Lakes Ontario and Erie, was bnilt to avoid the celebrated Niagara Falls.

Our system of canals is completed by the 8ault Ste. Marie Canal, which is lyV i^^il^ ii^ length, and built on the American shore, between Lakes Hu- ron and Superior, to avoid the Sault Ste. Marie.

The Ottawa and Rideau Canals, which afford an artificial navigation of 134 miles, would merit a detailed statement from us, if our space permitted ; we will, however, state that they open an unin- terrupted communication of 242 miles between Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston. Constructed for military purposes, these canals were in great part built at the expense of the Imperial Grovernment.

The locks at St. Ours, and the Ohambly Canal, on the Elver Richelieu, render the latter navi- gable as far as Lake Champlain, its well-head, for vessels of 230 tons burden ; from Lake Champlain, by means of the American canals, we reach the Hudson River and New-York, by a line running- north and south, nearly direct from the mouth of the Richelieu River

The interior navigation of the Province is ef- fected by means of steamboats, that ply in all di- rections on the St. Lawrence, and all our navi- gable rivers. The principal steamboat companies are : the Richelieu Company, who own nearly all the steamboats, that carry passengers between Quebec and Montreal and intermediate ports; — the St. Lawrence Tow Boat Company, who run

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boats on the Lower St. Lawrence, between Quebec and Chicoutimi, up the Saguenay ; — the Grulf Ports Company, whose steamers ply between Quebec and Pictou, in Nova Scotia, going round by the Baie des Chaleurs, and calling at the in- termediate ports ; and Sheppard's Line, whose boats run up the Ottawa to the city of that name, and connect between Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston. There is also the Inland Navigation Company, whose steamers ply between Montreal and Toronto, etc., passing through the Thousand Islands and Lake, and communicating directly with Niagara Falls. The boats of the latter Company, on their downward trip, do not pass through the canal, but follow the St. Lawrence, runniaigthe rapids a few miles above Montreal, which constitutes one of the principal features of interest on the whole trip.

Nothing is more agreeable to the traveller during the summer season than a trip on board of one ot our magnificent steamboats ; and it is upon the St. Lawrence and its tributaries that may be contemplated witli advantage the rich and im- posing scenery of Canada — her vast plains and sloping mountains, her giant trees and their \^aried leafage. It is on sucli a trip that her beautiful and varied lanscapes, ornamented by an unbroken line of neat white dwellings, that seem 'like an endless village, break in upon the gaze in all their striking beauty.

Besides its river communication, the Province of Quebec can boast of a complete railway system, constructed and worked by particular compa- nies. The largest of these companies, the G-rand Trunk, has 1,376 miles of road in complete work- ing order. These railways were all opened be- tween the years 1847 and 1860. The main track, or

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the Grrand Trunk, properly speaking, extends from Riviere du Loup, 120 miles east of Quebec, to the western extremity of the Province oi Ontario, where it connects with American railways. In the Province of Quebec, three of its branches commu- nicate with the United States : the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, which has Portland for ter- minus, and the Champlain and the St. Lawrence, and the Montreal and New York Railways.

The Victoria Bridge, which spans the St. Lawrence at Montreal, forms part of the Grrand Trunk, and serves to bind as a central point the various ramifications of this vast network of rail- way, which, without it, would have been incom- plete. This bridge, which with great reason is considered one of the wonders of engineering skill in our age, measures 9,184 feet in span ; it has 24 arches, measuring 242 feet each in dia- meter, and one in the centre, which measures 330 feet. The piers and the abutments are ol cut-stone, and support, 60 feet above the highest water level, an enormous iron tube, at the entrance of which, at all hours of the day, may be seen, entering and reappearing, the vast numbers of cars which are constantly leaving Montreal for, and arriving from, the different localities with which her trade ex- tends.

The cost of building the Grrand Trunk, and its

rolling stock, added to the sums expended to

purchase the different branch roads which it now

controls, reaches the figure of $102,802,502. The

gauge of the Gl-rand Trunk is five feet six inches.

The Grovernment of the United Canadas (Quebec

and Ontario) advanced to further this entreprize

the sum of $15,000,000.

13

— 98 —

The Intercolonial Railway, which is now being built at the expense of the Canadian Gro- vernment, will be in operation in July, 1872, and will complete a regular system of communica- tion between the Provinces forming the Cana- dian Confederacy. The total length of the In- tercolonial will be 488J miles. It connects with the G-rand Trunk at Riviere du Loup, and runs parallel with the St. Lawrence as far as the Mata- pediac Road ; at this point it traverses the counties of Rimouski and Bonaventure, and enters New Brunswick, which it leaves for its terminus at Halifax, Nova Scotia, thus affording, at all seasons of the year, to the Province of Quebec and all parts of the Dominion, a free access to the Atlantic, through Canadian territory.

The other railways are from La Noraye to Joliette, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence ; that from Stanstead to Chambly ; the Massawippi Valley Railroad, now building in the Eastern Town- ships, and the Carrillon and G-renville Road, on the north shore of the Ottawa. The gauge of these roads is four feet eight inches and-a-half. Their total length is one hundred miles, including the thirty-three miles of the Massawippi Road. The total length of the wooden railroads already com- menced is about one hundred miles ; but before long this figure will be doubled.

To give a complete idea of our means of com- munication, it will suffice to add that our carriage roads link to one another all the great centres of the Province, from the oldest to the last which is breaking the silence of the forest. Our postal system also is complete, and the mails regularly carried, and every village of any importance

— 99 —

has its t^egraph office, which places it not only in direct communication with all parts of the Dominion, but with all parts of the United States, and with Europe, by means of the Transatlantic Cable.

XXVIII. LAWS OF THE PROVINCE.

Civil Status — Naturalization — Franchise— Successions —Wills— Marriages-^ Acquisition of Immoveables— Hypothecary System.

Assisted by the general principles laid down in this chapter, the emigrant will be enabled to form an idea of the tendency of onr laws ; and if he will but keep them in memory, he will be in a position to guide himself in whatever relates to the disposal or protection of his goods and chattels, and in his general dealings with the inhabitants of the Pro- vince. "We have in this chapter endeavoured to compress the articles of the Code which it is im- portant he should know.

Every British subject is, as regards the enjoy- ment of civil and political rights in Lower Canada, on the same footing as those born therein. — Civil Code, Art. 18.

Aliens become entitled to the privileges of British subjects by residing for a period of three years in some part of the Dominion, and by taking the oath of residence and allegiance required by law. These conditions fulfilled, he may procure from the proper Court a certificate of naturalization, which places him in every respect upon the same footing with those born in Canada.

To be entitled to vote at elections of members to serve in Parliament, one must have attained the age of twenty-one years (the age of majority in Canada), be a subject of Her Majesty by birth or naturalization, be entered on the municipal assess- ment roll revised, corrected and in force, as the

— 101 —

owner or as the tenant or occupant of property therein, as bounded for municipal purposes, of the assessed yearly value of three hundred dollars or upwards, or of the assessed yearly value of thirty dollars or upwards, in the towns erected into Electoral Divisions; in the rural counties the assessed value wed be only two hundred dollars in the case of owners, and twenty dollars in the cases of occupants and tenants.

Aliens have a right to acquire and transmit by gratuitous or onerous title, as well by succession or by will, all moveable and immoveable property in the Province of Quebec, in the same manner as British-born or naturalized subjects — C. C. Art. 25.

Aliens may inherit, or dispose freely, by will, of their property, real or immoveable, in favor of any person capable of acquiring and possessing, with- out reserve, restriction or limitation, in the same manner as British subjects. — C. C. Arts. 609 and 831.

Wills may be made : 1. In notarial or authentic form, viz: before two notaries. 2. in the form required for holograph wills ; that is to say, a will entirely written out and signed by the testatoi* himseli requiring neither notaries nor witnesses. 3. In writing and in presence of witnesses, in the form derived from the laws of England. — C. C. Arts. 842 and 850.

In the absence of a Will, children or their descendants succeed to their father and mother, grandfathers ami grandmothers, or other ascend- ants, without distinction of sex or primogeniture, and whether they are the issue of the same or of different marriages. They inherit in equal por- tions.—C. C. Art. 625.

If a person, dying without issue, leave his father and mother, and also brothers or sisters, or

— 102 —

nephews or nieces in the first degree, the succes- sion is divided into two equal portions, one of which devolves to the father and mother, who share it equally, and the other to the brothers and sisters, nephews and nieces of the deceased. — C. C. Art. 626.

"When the deceased leaves no relations within the heritable degree, viz : up to the twelfth degree inclusively, his succession belongs to his surviving consort.— C. 0. Arts. 635 and 636^

Matrimonial rights are regulated in this Pro- vince by the contract of marriage ; when no contract has been^ made, then by the general laws and custom of the country.

; To be valid, the marriage contract should be executed before notaries, and previous to the celebration of marriage; all kinds of agreements may be lawfully made in them, even those which, in any other act, inter vivos, would be void, such as the renunciation of successions which have not yet devolved, the gift of future property, the conven- tional appointment of an heir, and other disposi- tions in contemplation of death. All covenants con- trary to public order or to good morals, or forbidden by any prohibitory law, are, however, excepted from the above rule.— C. C. Arts. 1,257 and 1,258.

If no covenants have been made, or if the con- trary have not been stipulated, then community is established between the husband and wife, and the customary or legal dower in favor of the wife and of the children to be born of their marriage in the event of the husband's death.— C. C. Arts. 1,260 and 1,431.

The community consists : of all the moveable property which the consorts possess on the day when the marriage is solemnized, and also of all

— 103 —

the moveable property which they acquire during marriage, and of the immoveable also which Ihey may acquire, otherwise than by succession or other equivalent title.— C. C. Art. 1,272.

The immoveables which the consorts possess on the day when the marriage is solemnized, or which fall to them during its continuance, by succession or an equivalent title, do not enter into the com- munity, but remain as propres in the absolute pos- session of the consort who may have acquired it or succeeded to it. — C. C. Art. 1,275.

Customary dower consists in the usufruct for the wife, and the ownership for the children, of one- half of the immoveables which belong to the hus- band at the time of the marriage, and of one-half of those which accrue to him during marriage, from his father or mother or other ascendant. — C. C. Art. 1,434

To guarantee persons acquiring moveable pro- perty against fraud, and to ensure to those who lend money on real estate, security for the sums loaned by them, the law provides that all mortgages and real charges that affect immoveable property shall be made public by means of registration or transcription in the Registrar's office, cf the Regis- tration Division within which is situate the pro- perty affected by such real charge or mcrigage.

A research made at the Registrar's office, will place the applicant in possession of the mortgages and other charges which affect the property that he desires to purchase, oi- on the security of which he desires to make a loan.

Every instrument in writing by which real estate is transferred should be enregistered within thirty days after its passing. So long as the right of the purchaser has not been registered, all con-

— 104 —

veyances, transfers, mortgages or real rights granted by him in respect of such immoveable are without effect.

The hypothecary creditor has virtually no privileges until he has caused his title deeds to be enregistered. This act of enregistration esta- blishes the order in w^hich hypothecary creditors shall be paid or collocated, in the case of a judicial sale of the real estate affected by the mortgage.

To make as public as possible all charges affect- ing real estate, the Civil Code declares that there shall be prepared a plan of the properties com- prised in each Registration Division of the Pro- vince, as well as a book of reference containing their exact description. Each property indicated on the plan shall be numbered, which number thereafter shall serve to designate it. Beneath this number a reference is, upon the entry of every charge against it, made in the Registrar's office, so that every person who is interested in the said property may easily ascertain by what mortgages • it is aff'ected.

Already thre' counties are provided with the plans and books required by law, and before long all the Registrars' offices in the Province will have complied therewith.

XXIX

TO CAPITALISTS.

Loans made upon Real Estate.— Bank Shares, and Joint Stock Companies.— Currency.

With a system of enregistration so complete as ours, it is evident that capitalists who desire to lend their money on the security of real estate, run no risks whathever in doing so.

The average interest paid upon first mortgages, or preferential loans of this nature, is between six and eight per cent, per annum, and there is very little available capital hut what is bespoken in advance by some one who has property to mort- gage.

The Banks of the Province of Quebec, beyond a doubt the safest in Canada, perhaps in America, offer to capitalists great inducements to invest their sur- plus means Our banks are eighteen in number, with an average capital of $2,000,000 each. The capital, divided into shares ranging frum $40 upwards to $200, is to-day in all of the banks paid up The operations of the banks resting upon so solid a basis, invariably enable their directors to declare to the shareholders a dividend of eight per cent, per annum, while, at the same time, they afford to the trade of the Province an impetus, and the means of expansion.

Our telegraph, insurance, navigation, gas, and manufacturing companies and building societies arp based, as the banks, upon paid up capital stock,

14

— 106 —

and like them also, pay eight per cent, per annum, and sometimes more, to their shareholders.

Bank dividends, and those declared by joint stock companies, are paid semi-annually.

The vicissitudes of trade, and the fluctuations of the market, leave constantly available to the pur- chaser bank and capital stock companies shares, at comparatively low premiums in the majority of cases.

The decimal currency obtains in Canada. Our dollar, like the American, represents one hundred cents ; in sterling money its value is four shillings and one penny, and in French money, it repre- sents five francs and thirty-seven and one-seventh centimes.

The pound sterling, in Canadian currency, is equal 1o four dollars and eighty-six cents, and two thirds of a cent.

The franc of France is worth in our currency about eighteen cents, which makes the value of the five franc piece ninety-two cents and a-half.

In the western parts of the Province, and notably in the district of Montreal, our country people, despite the change in the currency, adhere to the old tournois method of calculating by the livre, or franc of twenty sous. The pistole^ the French dollar (worth six livres and ten so2is) and the French half-dollar, worth three livres, are still in daily use in these localities. The price or value of land is generally expressed in this old currency. The value of the tournoh livre, or franc, is eight pence sterling, or sixteen cents and two- thirds actual currency of Canada. In the rural districts of Quebec, the French piastre and half dollar only of the old currency are found ; but the old system of weights and measures is strictly adhered to.

— 107 —

To avoid loss in the moneys which they bring with them, emigrants before embarking for Canada would do well to convert their values into English coin, because English gold and silver are with us current coin, whilst German, French and other foreign coins, no doubt because of their scarcity in our market, cannot be exchanged except at rates below their par value. Whoever may have a large sum of money should get a draft payable in Ca- nada. This may be easily done, as the principal banks and bankers of London and Liverpool do a regular exchange business with the banks of Ca- nada.

Post OflBlce Savings Banks have been established by the G-overnment in connection with nearly all the rural Post OflB.ces. These banks receive de- posits, the interest on which (as well as the capital deposited) is guaranteed by the Grovernment, and paid regularly upon call, at the rate of three per cent, on all sums deposited. This mode of invest- ment would prove a wise one for those who, upon their arrival in the country, might have a surplus capital for which they had no immediate use.

Money orders payable in the Province and in G-reat Britain and Ireland, issued upon the security of the Grovernment, upon the payment of a slight commission, may be obtained at the Money Order Post Offices throughout the Province.

XXX.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

The emigrant should arrive here early in spring, as at that season of the year labour is in very general demand, and well paid. By leaving Europe in the months of April or May, he will arrive in Ca- nada at a time when he is sure, if he be at all inclin- ed to work, to find it. Unless lie be coming out to friends already settled in the Province, or have some capital, we would not advise the agricultural labourer to emigrate after the month of August. During the harvest season the highest wages are paid ; and we would recommend the emigrant, with a view of securing a home for the winter, the first one at any rate, to hire himself for the year.

The following average of wages will be found in the main correct :

Farm labourer per month )

with board and lodging, \ ^^"^ *» to $15

Female servants from 2 ^ 5

Boys over 13 years from 2 " 8

Girls , from 1 " 3

Mechnnics per day from 1 " 2

Labourers " day.. from 60c. to 1 (with board).

Farm labourers, upon their immediate arrival, might not obtain the above rates ; but they may be certain to obtain them within a short time after their arrival in Canada. Farm labourers should pro- ceed at once to the agricultural districts, where they will be certain of obtaining suitable employment,

— 109 —

and those with families will also more easily procure the necessaries of life, and avoid the hardships and distress which are experienced by a large portion of the poor inhabitants in our cities during the winter.

It is provided by law that emigrants may remain on board ship 48 hours after arrival, except in cases where a vessel has a mail contract, or is proceeding in further prosecution of her voyage.

The master of a ship is bound to land emigrants and their baggage, free of charge, at a couA^enient landing in the city, between sunrise and sunset.

All emigrant runners or persons acting for rail- way or steamboat companies, must be licensed by the Mayor of the city ; and the emigrant, to prevent being imposed upon, should ask to see this license before he has any dealing with such persons.

Every tavern, hotel or boarding-house keeper has to hand a list of the prices he charges for board and lodging, or for single meals, to any emigrant intending to lodge with him, and during the first three months of the emigrant's stay, the landlord cannot detain his baggage for a debt exceeding five dollars.

The emigrant who desires to know the distance to any part of the Province or the Dominion, and how to get there, and what it costs, and the best places to find work, should ask the Grovernment Emigration Officer, whom he may, in all confidence, address on the subject.

The Department of Agriculture and Public Works, which is specially entrusted with immigration and the colonization of public lands, will also give infor- mation to emigrants desirous of settling in this Pro- vince. The Office of the Department is in the city

— 110 —

of Quebec, before leaving which, the intending settler would act wisely were he to consult the officers thereof, who will furnish him with the most precise information concerning the various centres of colonization in the Province, and place him at once in communication with the Crown Land agents, or individual proprietors who may have land for sale.

It would be very difficult to give even an ap- proximate idea of the capital required to enable an emigrant family to enter upon the occupation of a lot of uncleared land. The only rule that may be safely followed in such a case is thai eighteen months, or a year at the very least, will expire before he can get a return from his land ; he should therefore have capital enough to support his fa- mily until then, and to purchase the furniture re- quired by him, and the implements necessary for the clearing and cultivation of his farm.

The general opinion is that it would be impru- dent for a family, consisting of five or six members, to settle on a lot of wild land, unless they were possessed of two hundred dollars. Nevertheless, it is no uncommon thing to see Canadians settling on a lot of uncleared land with a much smaller capital, and succeeding within a short time in ob- taining a condition of ease.

If the settler be honest, sober and industrious, he will readily procure, on credit, the things required by him ; he has only to prove himself a worthy man to obtain it. While he is clearing his own lot, he will find occasional work, either in working lor a more fortunate neighbour, on colonization roads, or by hiring for a month or two during the winter with a lumber merchant. If he has a maple grove (a sugary), and these groves are not uncom-

— Ill —

mon, he will learn to iiianufacture maple sugar, and in the space of a month, from the end of March to the end of April, he may, unassisted, make three or four hundred pounds weight of this article, which is on an average worth nine or ten cents per pound. The sap from the maple tree produces about one pound of sugar each sprmg. The rivers and lakes, everywhere to be met with in our for«^sts, are in general well stocked with fish, with which, at certain seasons of the year, the settler may furnish his table ; the same may be said of game, which is very abundant in certain localities. These are but secondary means, which, if attended to with discernment, may be very great helps ; but neither fishing nor fowling should be followed at the expense ot the farm.

The cabin of the settler is soon built, and costs between twenty-five and thirty dollars. As it is much exposed to the risks of fire, when the trees surrounding it are being burnt, there is no need of building it over elegantly ; it sutiices that it shall be warm for the winter, and capable of keep- ing out the rain during the wet weather. The trunks of the first trees felled serve to build it ; they are cut into proper lengths, and having notched the pieces required, on two faces, at either end, a frame is made out of them of sixteen feet by twenty — the one nitch holding by the other. This symmetrical operation is repeated until the frame has attamed ten or twelve feet in heigth. A few more pieces of timber squared for the flooring and the ceiling, the whole surmounted by a roof covered with bark, and the fixing of the wooden door and a couple of windows, for light and egress, and the cabin is completed. By filling up with moss and earth the chinks in the frame of his house, the

— 112 —

settler has such a homestead as suffices in the begin- ing of his career; and if he have not bad fortune, within a short time he will broaden the narrow ho- rizon that sorrounds him, light will break into his cabin, glimmer upon his hearth, and contentment dwell within his humble home.

The cost of clearing, when it is done by con- contract, amounts to about ten dollars an acre. This consists in cutting the trees and in burning them, so that nothing remains but to extract the stumps. In this state, and until the roots shall have been sufficiently loosened to permit of being extracted, seed may be sown by means of harrow- ing, or by the use of the mattock, between the stumps. In certain localities a machine is used to extract the stumps at once, but in general this pro- ceeding is too costly to be followed by new settlers.

A skilled farmer, who has not the means of pur- chasing a farm, will find in the Province many agri- culturalists who are prepared to lease their farms or to farm on shares. In this way in a few years, with little or no risk, and without personal means, a practical farmer may lay aside sufficient to pur- chase an eligible farm.

XXXI.

CONCLUSION.

With institutions such as we have sketched, by utilizing the vast resources that we have in- dicated in this pamphlet, the Province of Quebec, without vain glory, may aspire to play an impor- tant part in the Canadian Confederacy. She has the advantaget! of a maritime and interior navi- gation unsurpassed on this continent, and pos- sesses nearly two-thirds of the territory of the Do- minion. By continuing to progress as in the past, her exhuberant and vigorously organized society cannot fail to form one of the most solid elements of the great American family ; and when we invite the European emigrant to come and share with us our destinies, we believe we ask him to participate in something that is truly enviable.

We would not, however, in the slightest degree, magnify the chances of success that our Province holds out to the emigrant. The undoubted triumphs successively carried off at the International Exhi- bitions of London, Dublin and Paris, by the Cana- dians, exist to testify to the truth of what we have advanced concerning the fertility of our soil, the richness of our natural products, and the ever- increasing importance of our industry.

But the utilizing of these resources involves energetic and persevering labour — success can be purchased only at the price of toil. By joining to

15

— 114 —

labour, intelligence and thrift, the emigrant who set- tles amongst us may rely, within a short time, upon being able to live in a condition of ease. Here as in Europe, great fortunes fall to the lot of the few only ; but we may with truth affirm that comfort is more general and more readily attained with us than it is in Europe.

How could it be otherwise? There, land is high in price, and owned by a small number, the masses closely competing for the little work that is given to them ; and this work, so poorly rem.unerated, scarcely enables the labourer to purchase the neces- saries of life. From this follow the discouragement and despondency which seem hereditary in certain classes. Here the reverse is seen, — land is cheap ; every man has his share of it, little or great, and works it for himself. It follows from this that we lack agricultural labourers for more con*side- rable operations, and their absence makes labour dear. The opening, therefore, is greatei in Canada, for the labourer than it is in Europe, and for all who aspire to better their condition.

They were all more or less poor, the ten thou- sand settlers who commenced the clearing of Lower Canada ; for it is never from choice that one leaves the fatherland. Nevertheless, they rapidly earned for themselves comfortable homes ; and already, after two centuries, they have multiplied to that extent, that they exceed to-day a million of souls. They were poor, also, those who came later on. But above all, they were poor, those who within the last twenty-five or thirty years we ourselves have seen landing upon our shores, decimated by epidemics and pursued by hunger. Nevertheless, to-day all are secure from want ; the greater number are even in a condition, to leave their offspring a heritage.

— 115 —

What these have done, others may still do we should say with greater facilities, for the path is better trodden now than heretofore, and in the open field there is ever room ; and as may have already been gleaned, the State has nothing closer at heart than the settling of its uncleared domain. If emigrants, arriving here without other re- sources than the wealth of energy and stout arms, could have triumphed over numberless difficulties, with what confidence may we not promise success to those who, upon their landing, were possessed of a little capital. However slender his means, we would say to the workingman ormedianic: come to Canada and apply intelligently your powers, enrich the land by your labour, and you will draw^ an interest therefrom quadruple what it would have been had you remained in Europe ; you will live at ease here, and your children will bless you for having had the manliness to seek out for them a fortune preferable to that which you left behind.

— 117

APPENDIX.

GOVERi!fMENT OF CANADA.

Governor-General :

The Right Honorable Sir John Young, Baronet, P. C,

G. C. B., G. C. M. G.

PRIVY COUNCIL.

The Honorable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, K. C. B., Minis- ter of Justice. — Chief of the Cabinet.

The Honorable Sir George- Etienne Cartier^ Baronet, Minister of Militia.

The Honorable Samuel Leonard Tilley, C. B., Minister of Cus- toms.

The Honorable Hector Louis La/ngevin, C. B., Minister of Pub- lic Works.

The Honorable Alexander Morris., Minister of Internal Revenue.

The Honorable Sir Francis Hincks, K. C. M. G., Minister of Finance.

The Honorable Joseph Hoive. Sectetary of State for the Pro- vinces.

The Honorable C. Tupper, C. B. President of the Privy Council.

The Honorable Peter Mitchell^ Minister of Marine and Fisheries.

The Honorable Alexander Campbell^ Post Master General.

The Honorable Christopher Dimkin, Mix.ister of Agriculture and Statistics.

The Honorable James Cox Aike7is, Secretary of State for Canada.

The Honorable Jean Charles Chapais^ Receiver-General.

Note. — Sir J. A. Macdonald, Sir Frs. Hincks, the Honorable A. Morris, the Honorable A. Campbell, the Honorable /. C. Aikins, form part of the Ontario representation.

Sir G. E. Cartier, the Honorable H. L. Langecin, the Hono- rable C. Dunkin, and the Honorable /. C Chapais; form part of trie Quebec representation.

The Honorable Joseph Howe, and the Honorable C. Tupper, C. B. belong to that of Nova-Scotia.

The Honorable S. L. Tilley, and the Honorable P. Mitchell, belong to that of New Brunswick.

The Seat of Governement is at Ottawa, capital of the Do minion of Canada.

GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF aXTEBEC

Lieutenant-Governor :

Sir Naroisse Fortunat Bellbau, Knight.

MEMBERS OF THE CABINET.

The Honorable Pierre Joseph Olivier ChauveaUj Secretary and

Registrar, Minister of Public Instruction. — Chief of the

Cabinet. The Honorable Gedion Ouimet^ Attorney-General. The Honorable /. G. Rohertson^ Treasurer. The Honorable Joseph Octave Beauhien, Commissioner of

Crown Lands. The Honorable Louis Archambeault, Commissioner of Agricul

culture and Public Works. The Honorable Charles Boucher de Boucherville^ President of

the Legislative CounciL The Honorable George Irvine^ Solicitor-General. The Seat of Government is at Quebec.

IMMIGRATION AGENTS FOB THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

IN EUROPE.

Wm. Dixon, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi London.

J. G. Moylan Ireland Dublin.

Charles Foy " Belfast.

David Shaw Scotland Glasgow.

E. Simays Belgium Antwerp.

IN CANADA .

L. Stafford Quebec.

J. J. Daly Montreal.

W. J. Wills Ottawa.

IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION AGENTS

FOB THE PBOVINCE OF QUEBEC

At Quebec The Department of Agriculture and Public

Works. At Montreal Charles E. Belle, No. 50, St. James Street.

Crown Land Agencies ate offices whereat the emigrant m&j obtain such information as he requires.—See the table that fol- lows.

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TABLE OF FREE GRANTS.

Tach^ Road.

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Rimouski.

Charles T. Dub^j, Agent, Riviere-du-Loup {en has.)

C. F. FouRNiBR, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli.

20,900 acres open for location.

The Tache Road, which is only partially constructed, ua verses the Township of Maillonx, in the County of Bellechasse, the Townships of Montminy and Patton, in the County of Montmagny, the Townships of Arago, Uarneau and Lafontaine, in the County of I'lslet, the Townships of Chapais, Painchaud, Chabot and Pohene- gamook, in the County of Kamouraska, the Townships of Armagh, Viger, Denonvillc, in the County of Temiscouata, the Townships of Bedard, Chenier, Raudot, Macp^s, Neigetto, Fleuriau and part of the Township of Cabot, in the County of Rim ouski, to its Junc!tion with the Matapediac Road.

Matap^diac Road.

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Rimouski. J. N. Verge, Agent, Carleton.

20,600 acres open for location.

This Road commences ia the Parish of Ste. Flavle, on the River St. Lawrence, in the County of Rimouski, and connects with the east end of the Tache Road, in the Township of Fleuriau, and passes thence (occasionally intersecting the Kempt Road) through the Township of Cabot, the Seigniory of Lake Matapediac and the Townships of Lepage and CausupscuU, in the County of Rimouski, and the Townships of Assemetquagan and Ristigouche to the mouth of the Matapediac, in the County of Bonaventure.

16

— 122 —

Kempt Koad.

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Rimouski. J. N. Verge, Agent, Carleton.

21,700 acres open for location.

The Kempt Road commences on the River Ristigouche, in the Township of Ristigouche, traversing that Township and the Township of Assemetquagan, in the County of Bonaventure, the Township of Causupscull and Lepage, the Seigniory of Matape- diac, the Township of Cabot and the Seigniory of Metis, in the County of Rimouski, to the River Metis, on the River St. Lawrence.

Mataue aud Cap €liat Koad.

Louis Roy. Agent, St Anne-des-Monts.

3,200 acr«s open for location.

This Road commences at St. Jerome, in the Seigniory of Ma- tane, in the County of Rimouski, and passes along the shore of the River St. Lawrence through the Townships of St. Denis, Cher- bourg, Dalibaire, and Romieu, in said County, and the Township of Cap Chat to St. Anne's, in the County of Gaspe.

liangevin Road.

J. A. FoRTiN, Agent, St. Joseph, Beauce. 1,800 acres open for location.

The Langevin Road traverses portions of the Townships of Ware and Langevin.

Mailloii]!: Road.

J. A. FoRTiN, Agent. 9,860 acres open for location.

This Road starts at a point on the Tache Road, in the Town- ship of Mailloux, traverses said Township, the Townships of Rioux, Bellechasse and Daaquam, in the County of Bellechasse.

— 123 — Temiseonata Road.

Charles T. Dube, Agt^nt, Rivi6ie«(lu-Loup. 22,000 acres open for location.

The Temiscouata Road commences at Rivi^re-du-Loup, to- wards the Townships of Whitwoith and Armagh, and the Seig- niory of Temiscouata, to the Province Line.

£lSin Road.

C. F. FouRNiBR, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli. 26,000 acres open for location.

The Elgin Road, in the County of 1' Islet, commences at the River St. Lawrence, at Port-Joli, in the Seigniory of Port-Joli, and thence passes on the division line between the Townships of Fournier, Ashford, Garneau, Lafontaine, Casgrain and Dionne, in- tersecting the Tache Road, on the line between the Townships of Garneau and Lafontaine.

— 124 — STATEMENT OF GRANTS

TO CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS— 1870.

SERVICE.		—	Total.
		$ cts.	$ ets.
Beauport Lunatic Asylum		105,458 00
St. John's do 1	20,000 00 4,000 00
Marine and Emigrant Hospital,	Quebec. .
			1 9Q a.'^ft 00
Corporation of the Gen.-Hosp...	Montreal.	4,000 00	Latjj'zOO \J\f
Deaf and Dumb Institution. . .	do ..	3,000 00
Indigent Sick	do ..	3,200 00
St. Patrick's Hospital	do ..	1,600 00
Soeurs de lo Providence	do ..	1,1?0 00
St. Vinc.nt di; Paul Asylum.. .	do ..	600 00
Protestant House of Industry
and Refuge	do ..	800 00
St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum..	do ..	640 00
University Lving - in Ht Hia-
tal.	do ..	480 00
Magdalen Asylum, (Bon Pas-
teur)	do ..	720 00
Roman Catholic Orphan Asy-
lum . .	do ..	320 00
Soeurs de la Charite	do .. do ..	1,000 00
Protestant Orphan Asylum...	640 00
Lying-in Hospital, care Soeurs
de la Misericorde	do .. do ..	480 00
Bonaventure St: eet Asylum. .	430 00
Nazareth Asylum for the Blind
and for Destitute children. .	do ..	830 00
Dispensary	do ..	320 00
Ladies' Benevolent Society for
Widows and Orphans (in-
cluding late House of Re-
fuge)	do ..	850 00
Home and School of Industry .	do ..	320 00
St. Bridget Asylum	do ..	300 00
Freres de la Charite de St.
Vincent de Paul	do .. do ..	300 00
Hospicie de Bethleem	300 00
Hospice de la Misericorde, Ful-
lum Street	do .-	200 00
Charitable Ladies, Association
of the Roman Catholic Or-
phan Asylum	Quebec . . rd	600 00
Carried forwa	23,050 00	129,458 00

— 125 — STATEMENT OF GRANTS, ETD. -{Continued.)

SERVICE.

Total.

Brought forward ,

Indigent Sick do

Asylum of the Good Shepherd. do

Hospice de la Maternite Quebec. .

Ladies' Protestant Home do

Male Orphan Asylum do

Finlay Asylum do

Prf testant female orphan Asy -

lum do

St. Bridjjet Asylum do

Canada Military Asylum do

Dispensary do

Indigent Sick Trois -Ri- vieres.. .

General Hospital Sorel , ,

St. Hyacinthe Hospital St. Hya-

cinthe.

Hospice Youville St. Benoit

Asile d^ la Providence Cdteau du

Lac. .

Hospice St. Joseph Beauhar-

nois.

Hospice Ste. Marie Ste. Mari

de Monnoir.

Asile de la Providence Mascouche.

Hopital St. Jean St. Jean . .

Hospice La Jemmerais Varennes.

Hospice des So^urs de la Provi- dence St. Vincent

de Paul..

H&pital de la Providence Joliette . .

Hospice de Laprairie Laprairie.

H6pital St. Joseph Chambly.

Reformatory Schools. Industrial Schools . . .

$ cts. 23,050 00 300 00 800 00 480 00 420 00 420 00 420 00

420 00 50> 00 160 00 200 00

2,500 00 500 00

500 00 200 00

200 00

200 00

200 00 200 00 200 00 200 00

200 00 200 00 200 00 200 00

2,500 00 1,600 00

$ ctg. 129,458 00

35,770 00

4,000 00

169,228 00

— 126

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FORKIOIV COl^SUIiS KN CANADA.

AKGENTINE REPUBLIC— Consul : St. John, N.B., J. Robertson.

AUSTRIA.— Consuls: Halifax, N. S., Wm. Cimard; Montreal, E. Schultze.

BELGIUM. — Consuls : Halifax, N. S., C. E. Ronne ; Montreal, Jesse Joseph. — Vice-Consul : Quebec, Abraham Joseph.

BRAZIL.— Consular Agent : Halifax, N. S., M. Tobiii.

DENMARK. — Consul ; Halifax, S. Tobin. — Vice-(Jonsuls : Montreal, T. Ryan ; Quebec, E. Ryan and G. T. Pemberton

FRANCE. — Consul-Gineral : Quebec, A. F. Gaiitier. — Consular Agents : Montreal, Dr. P. E. Pir;ault ; Toronto, W. J. Mac- donnell ; St. John, N. B., George Carville. — V ice-Consuls : Sydney, N. S., M. Boiirinot ; Halifax, W. Cimard.

ITALY. — Consul : Montreal, H. Chapman. — Consular Agent, GaspS, 0. LeBouthillier.

NETHERLANDS.— (^nsul-General : B. Homer Dixon, K. N. L., Toronto. — Vice-Consul : Quebec, Alfred Falkenberg.

NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION.— Consuls : Quebec, Chs. Pithl ; Montreal, G. F. Lomer ; St. John, N. B., C. 0. Tren- towsky ; Halifax, N. S., C. A. Creighton ; Miramichi, R. E. Hutchinson.

OLDENBURG. — Consul : Quebec, Gustave Beling.

PORTUGAL.— ViCE-CoNSULS : Quebec, C. H. E. Tilstone ; Gaspe, P. Vibert, jr. — Consuls : New Brunswick, Edward Allison ; Nova Scotia, Thomas Abbott.

fcPAIN. — Consul-Genbral : Montreal, H. de Uriarte. — Consul : Que- bec, . Consul : Ga&pe, Antoine Painchaud. —

Consular Agent : ^S'^. George, S. Johnson. — Vice-Consul : Halifax, N. S., Manuel C. Crooke.

— 129 —

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.— Consul : (Quebec, A. Falkenberg

ViCE-CoNSULS : Rimouski, Geo. Sylvain ; Trois-FistoleSj N. Tetu.

URUGUAY.— Consul : St. John, N. B., J. Robertson.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.— Consul-General : Montreal, W. A. Dart. — Consuls: Clifton, W. M. Jones; Fort Erie,

A. C. Phillips ; Goderich, Th. Allcock : Hamilton, F. N. Blake ; Kingston, S. B. Hance ; Prescott, C. S. Sims ; Port Sarnia, Samuel D. Pace ; Toronto, Albert D. Shaw ; Windsor, Geo. W. Swift ; Coaticook, Edwin Vanghan ; Gaspe Basin,

; Quebec, Chas. Robinson ; St, John, Q., L. P.

Blodgett ; Halifax, N. S., M. M.Jackson; Pictou, JV. : .,

B. H. Norton ; St. John, iV. B., Darius B. Warner ; St. Johri's,

VENEZUELA.— ViCE-CoNSUL : Montreal, T. W. Henshaw.

17

COST OF LIVING.

Farmers and Mechanics may live very cheaply in the Province of Quebec.

Subjoined is a list of prices of the principal ar- ticles of food, &c :

Brend, 6 lbs. Loaf $0 12

Flour per Barrel c200 lbs.) 5 00

Moat " lb 0 06

Pork " '' 0 08

Butter (salt) " 0 15

Cheese " 0 12

"Maple sugar " 0 6

Potatoes per Bushel 0 40

Pea:^ Oats

Buckwheat Linen *

Flanel ' Tweed

yard

to

0 TO 0 40 0 60 0 20

0 51) 0 80

Fine Boots per pair 2 00

Common" *' " 0 80

$0 15 6 00 0 08 0 12 0 20 0 16 0 10

0 50

1 00 0 45 0 80 0 25

0 60

1 00 3 00 1 00

— 131 —

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INDIANS OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

The principal itidiau tribes which still inhabit the Province are the Iroquois, the Algonquins, the Abenakis, the Nippissingues the Hurons, the Micmacs and the Montagnais. The Iroquois are congregated in a village at Sault St. Louis, and at St. Regis, on the boundary of the United States ; the Algonquins, the Iroquois and the Nippissingues inhabit the lake of Two Mountains ; the Abenakis, St. Francis, near Lake St. Peter and Becancour ; the Hurons, Lorette, near Quebec ; the Micmacs, with some families of Malecites and Abenakis, inhabit Ristigouche, near the mouth of the river of that name, at Cascapediac, etc. There are also about one hundred Algonquins in the vicinity of Three Rivers. Th ' Montagnais have no fixed abode ; they roam abroad over the mountains of the north, living solely by the chase and fishing. They come down and treat with the whites at the ports situated on the Saguenay and at the mouth of the principal rivers on the northeast shore, such as at Tadousac, Chicoutimi, the Islets-de- Jeremie, the river Godbout, the Seven Islands, Mingan, Mascouaro, etc. The other tribes, or relics of tribes, are the Petits-Esqui- maux, the Naskapis, (Montagnais,) the Tetes-de-Boule, the War- montashings, etc.

The Indians congregated in villages cultivate fields of Indian corn, oats, wheat, green crops, etc., and are owners of cattle ; but as a general rule, they occupy their time with fishing and hunting. They have churches and missionaries who live among them or visit them regularly. The Imperial Government has reserved for their use considerable tracts of land, causes to be distributed among them yearly presents, consisting of cloth, fire-arms, jewelry, etc., and sees to the payment of their missionaries.

136 —

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— 137 — EXPORTS.

Table exhibiting the value of articles of Canadian growth and manufacture, exported from the Province of Quebec to differ- •!nt countries, fw the fiscal year, ending 30th June, 1869.

Great Britain

United States

Newfoundland

Prince Edward Island

France

English West Indies

French '' ''

Spanish " "

Monte- Video

Buenos- Ayres

Brazil

Valparaiso

South America

Pontifical States

Naples

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Holland

Germany

Gibraltar

St. Pierre Miquelon

Australia

Total products

Coin and Bullion

Articles not being products of Province

Estimated short returns from Inland ports . . .

Grand total of exports

$

16,344,825

5,627,276

592,718

93,386

122,758

73,296

6,886

2,716

69,048

36,203

31,880

16,632

150,8)7

23,771

28,922

88,936

21,357

42,677

3,717

56,242

22,913

47,719

41,369

23,546,054

1,967,790

1,960,121

749,303

28,223,268

18

138 —

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_ 139 — CLASSICAL COLLEGES.

Name of the Institution and where situated.

Seminary of Quebec.

do

Montreal .

10

11

High School of Quebec

do of McGill College.

Ste. Marie, Montreal.

12

13

14

do Nicolet

do St. Hyacinthe . . do Ste. Therese....

C8 rSi

10

6 to 10 16 24

Ste. Anne Lapocatiere

Seminary of I'Assomption. ... 6 to 15

Col. Ste. Marie de Monnoir.

St. Francis, Richmond.

Three Rivers .

Morrin College.

15 Col. St. Germain de Rimouski,

30to50 ...

$ 80

86

66

100

80

80

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42 to50

30

18

12to32

12

20

200 250

120

100- 120

80

70

72

234 8

30 30

35

70 8

12

469 16

9

14 80

21

27

160

— 140 — INDUSTRIAL COLLEGES.

Name

of the Institution and where situated.

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Joliette College .

Masson College

N. D. de Levis College. . St. Michel College

16

14

66

80

50 to 1

Laval College

6 Rigaud College

Ste. Marie de Beauce College,

12

6 to 8 I

Lachute College.. Vercheres College .

Varennes College . . Sherbrooke College.

Longueuil College.. St. Laurent College .

12

12 20

120

72

60

8 : 1

9 ' 2 30 !

25

80 ■ 12

12

139

30

1 40

80

lii.sl of ^ewspaper^ published in the Province of Quebec.

La Minerve Montreal.

The Montreal Herald Montreal.

The Montreal Gazette Montreal.

Le Pays Montreal.

L'Ordre , Montreal.

Le Nouveau Monde Montreal.

The True Witness Montreal.

The Montreal Witness Montreal.

The Evening Telegraph Montreal.

The Daily News Montreal.

The Evening Star Montreal.

The Canadian Illustrated News Montreal.

L'Opinion Fublique Montreal.

La Semaine Agricole Montreal.

La Revue Canadienne Montreal.

L'Echo de la France Montreal.

L'Echo du Cabinet de Lecture Montreal.

Les Decisions des Tribunaux — Lower Canada

Jurist Montreal.

The Trade Review Montreal.

New Dominion Monthly Montreal.

The Quebec Gazette Quebec.

Le Canadien Quebec.

Le Journal de Quebec Quebec.

The Morning Chronicle Quebec.

The Quebec Mercury Quebec.

Le Courrier du Canada Quebec.

L'Evenement Quebec.

L'Opinion Nationale Quebec.

Le Journal de 1' Instruction Publique Quebec.

Journal of Education Quebec.

Le Naturaliste Canadien Quebec.

Les Decisions des Tribunaux Quebec.

La Voix du Golfe Rimouski.

^_ 142 —

La Gazette des Campagnes Ste. Anne de

la Pocatiere.

La Semaine des Families Levis.

Le Constitutionnel Three Rivers.

Le Journal des Trois -Rivieres Three Rivers.

Sherbrooke Gazette Sherbrooke.

Le Pionnier de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke.

Richmond Guardian Richmond.

Waterloo Advertiser Waterloo.

Stanstead Journal Stanstead.

L'Union des Cantons de I'Est Arthabaska.

Le Messagei Oanadien Granby.

La Gazette ae Joliette. Joliette.

La Gazette de Sorel Sorel.

L'Echo du Richelieu Sorel.

La Revue Legale Sorel.

Le Franco-Canadien St. Jean.

St. John News St. Jean.

Le Courrier de St. Hyacinthe. St. Hyacinthe.

La Gazette de St. Hyacinthe St. Hyacinthe.

Le Journal d' Agriculture St. Hyacinthe.

Le Courrier de Beauharnois Beauharnois.

Huntingdon Journal Huntingdon.

Canadian Gleaner Huntingdon.

Aylmer Times Hull.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Chapters. Pages.

Introduction 3

I — Canada and the Province of Quebec : Political Or- ganization 5

II. — The Province of Quebec : Historical Eetrospect. . 9

III. — Population 20

IV. — The Climate 25

V. — The Soil and its Productions 28

VI. — Territorial Divisions 31

VII. — Municipal Institutions 33

VIII. — Education 35

IX. — Religious and Charitable Institutions 41

X. — Mode of Living : Agriculture — Home Manufac- tures — Commerce 44, 46, 47

XI. — Our Finances 50

XII. — Colonization 51

XIII. — Colonization Societies 54

XIVl — Our Homestead Law 57

XV. — Wooden Bailvvays 60

XVI. — Crown Lands 62

XVII. — Woods and Forests 64

XVIII. — Mines 66

XIX. — Lands fit for Settlement : Conditions of Sale —

Free Grants 67

XX. — Valley of the Saguenay 70

XXI. — Valley of the St. Maurice 73

XXII. — Valley of the Ottawa 75

XXIII. — Eastern Townships 77

XXIV. — Lower St. Lawrence (South Shore) 80

XXV. — Gaspe 82

XXVI, — Immigration : Recital of the Policy of the Govern- ment 84

XXVII. — Means of Communication 91

XXVIII. — LawK of the Province : Civil Status — Naturali- zation — Franchise — Successions — Wills — Marriages — Acqiiisition of Immoveables — Hy- pothecary System 101

— 144 —

Chapters. ^ Pages. XXTX, — To Capitalists ; Loans made upon Real Estate — Bank Shares and Joint Stock Companies — Cur- rency 106

XXX. — General Information 109

XXXI. — Conclusion 113

APPENDIX.

Pagbs.

Government of Canada 117

Government of the Province of Quebec 118

Immigration Agents for the Dominion of Canada 119

Immigration and Colonization Agents for the Province of

Quebec 119

Tabular Statement of Crown Lands Agencies 120

Table of Free Grants 121

do do do (continued) 122, 123

Statement of Grants to Charitable Institutions — 1870 124

do do etc , (continued) 125

List of Colonization Societies 126

do do do (continued) 127

Foreign Consuls in Canada 1 28, 1 29

Cost of Living 130

Rates of Postage ot) T^pf.f *n-s from Canada to the United Kiug-

dom and Foreign Countries 131

Population of the Province of Quebec, according to Census of

1861 132, 133, 134

Indians of the Province of Quebec 135

Imports 136

Exports 137

Statement shewing the Number and Tonnage of Vessels, etc... 138

Classical Colleges 139

Industrial Colleges 140

List of Newspapers published in the Province of Quebec. 141, 142

msm&s^

i^AKrPERioDi 12

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