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A Journal of Entomolog ae

y

Volume XVIII

ena

Published by the Cambridge Entomological Society,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University, Forest Hills,
Boston Mass., U.S. A.

367270
99

PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XVIII FEBRUARY, 1911 NUMBER 1

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS
On the Homologies and Mechanism of the Mouth-parts of Hem-
iptera. F. Muir and J. C. Kershaw , : : :
A Note on the Hunting Habits of an American Arnona C5 Jal,
Turner ; ; ; ; ‘ ; : : ‘
-New Neotropical Blowin E. Bera roi : P }

Notes on Some Genera of Ophioniz with Toothed memees! Oe Ae
Brues j : : : : j ;

Notes on the Guesta of Sanaa Oalifornian Ants. Ww. M. Mann .
Western Lepidoptera IV. ©. R. Coolidge . .

Additions to List of Sphingidee of America North of Menten! Wm.
Barnes and J. J. McDunnough . : é : ; :

Some Carabide Taken in Connecticut. A.B. Champlain .
New Predaceous and Parasitic Acarina. H. EH. Ewing

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

C. T. Brurs, Harvard University.

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C. W. JoHNSON, V. L. KELLoGe,

Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morse,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. EMErTon, J.G. NEEDHAM,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

feng elie

VOL. XVIII. FEBRUARY, 1911. No# 1

ON THE HOMOLOGIES AND MECHANISM OF THE
MOUTH-PARTS OF HEMIPTERA.

By F. Murr anp J. C. Kersuaw,

Mossman, North Queensland.

PART I. The Homologies of the Mouth-parts.

The morphology of the head of Hemiptera has received several
interpretations, some writers maintaining that there are no traces
of mandibular structure, while others consider the outer pair of
setze as the mandibles, and the inner pair as the maxille, but
most writers agree in considering that the setze are sunk into the
head-capsule. One of the authors in a former paper! endeavored
to show that in Pyrops candelaria the mandibles were present and
articulated in their normal position, viz., to the head-capsule,
between the clypeus and the maxilla, and that the maxille are
present in the form of two large plates in intimate contact with the
maxillary sete. In the present paper the authors have endeavored
to show that the same interpretation holds good for other Hem-
iptera, and also that the frons, clypeus and labrum of many
systematists are, in many. families, respectively the clypeus,
labrum and epipharynx.

If the head of a Cicada (Fig. 1) be softened in water or caustic
potash the groove (ms) along each side of the anterior part of
the head will prove to be a distinct suture, whose edges are pressed
closely together, but neither cemented nor joined by membrane.
We will call this the “‘mandibular suture.’’ At the posterior end
of this suture are articulated, by a true ginglymus articulation, the
mandibular sete (art. man. s.). The dorsal surface between these
two points will be the clypeus or clypeal region (cl r.). The posi-
tion of the articulation of this seta enables us to homologize it

1A Memoir on the Anatomy and Life-History of the Homopterous Insect Pyrops candelaria.
J.C. Kershaw. Zodél. Jahrb. Abth. f. Anat.: XXIX, p. 105-124.

Q Psyche [February

with the mandible of mandibulate insects. The lateral edges of the
clypeus are often turned down and produced into free plates (c)
projecting forward and fitting in between the labrum and the
maxillary plates (ma p). The separation of the clypeus and the
labrum is often difficult to recognize in an external view, but
internally the anterior part of the pharynx is fastened to the
anterior part of the clypeal region by two chitinous struts or
pillars; beyond this point the walls of the pharynx separate into
the epipharynx and hypopharynx; the pharyngeal muscles are
attached to the wall of the clypeus. The division between the
labrum and the epipharynx is often very obscure, and it may be
more convenient to use the compound word “‘labrum-epipharynx,”’
as is done in the Diptera. The latero-ventral coverings of the
mouth are formed by two plates (maz p), the anterior edges meet-
ing along the ventro-medial line, thus closing the mouth below
and beyond the hypopharynx and syringe. The maxillary sete
pass through the membrane (hypodermis) at the base of the inner
side, and the protractor muscles run forward and attach them-
selves to the walls, of these plates. We homologize these plates
as the maxille of mandibulate insects, and the sete as maxillary
sete. Judging by Prof. Smith’s study of the development of the
palpifers in many insects, it is probable that the maxillary sete
in this order and in Thysanoptera are also developments of the
palpifers. In the Homoptera the gular region is reduced to a
minimum, in many cases being but a thin membrane connecting
the labium with the occipital region; this causes the deflection of
the head. The occipital foramen is very large. Posterior to the
antenne the head-capsule is often developed into a “‘frontal’’ or
antennal ridge (fr); this plays but a small part in the Homoptera,
but in the Heteroptera it is large, and greatly modifies the shape
of the head.

In many of the Hemiptera (i. e., Siphanta, Fig. 5) the mandi-
bular setze (man. s.) are broad and bent a little beyond the base,
protractor and retractor muscles proceeding to the head-capsule.
In such forms their homology to mandibles is clear, but in other
Hemiptera, especially among the Heteroptera, the tendon of the
retractor muscle is greatly developed, and appears as the basal
part of the setz proceeding to the back of the head, the bent
true basal portion being greatly reduced and specialized; in such

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Mouth-parts of Hemiptera 3

forms it is hard to homologize them with mandibles without
some knowledge of the more generalized forms.

The Cercopid head (Fig. 2) is similar to the Cicada. The
clypeus (clr) is large; the mandibular sutures (ms) run half way
along its sides; the frontal ridges (fr) are drawn out over the
antenne, and along the basal sides of the clypeus, and the gula
is greatly reduced. The mouth parts of the Tetigonids are easily
homologized with these.

In the Membracids (Fig. 3) all the same parts can be plainly
seen. The clypeus (clr) is reduced somewhat basally; the mandi-
bular sutures (ms) approach nearer to the antenne; the frontal
ridges (fr) are well developed, and the gula is greatly reduced.

Among the Derbids (Fig. 4) and Siphantas (Fig. 5) the head is
drawn out anteriorly; the clypeus (cl 7) has its lateral parts (c)
long and the mandibular sutures (ms) running back to near the
base of the clypeus. In some species the eyes are comparatively
small and the gene large (Fig. 5, ge), in others the eyes are large
and the genze much reduced (Fig. 4, ge). The frontal ridges are
very little developed in these families.

It is easy to homologize the head parts of most other families
of Homoptera with the families quoted above, but the Heteroptera
are more difficult. This is greatly on account of the gular region
being much more largely developed, thus preventing the deflec-
tion of the head and throwing the whole of the ventral and lateral
parts of the head forward. The frontal ridges are greatly devel-
oped, and alter the shape of the head, but this is also the case
among the Psyllids.

Among the Lygeids (Fig. 6) the homologies of the head are
clear. The clypeus (cl r) with its lateral pieces (c) are well devel-
oped; the mandibular sutures (ms) run to near the antenne; the
maxillary plates (map), owing to the development of the gula
and the anterior position of the labium, are greatly shortened.
The frontal ridges are absent, unless the raised rim around the
antennee represents them.

Among the Pentatomids the frontal ridges play a conspicuous
part. In Cyrtocoris they are large, project forward, and divari-
cate like horns. In Tessaratoma (Fig. 7) they are flattish, project
forward, and meet along the central line (c. fr), the clypeus being
deflexed near its base, and passes between them (c. clr) The

4 Pysche [February

head-capsule behind the eyes is well developed, the gula large,
the maxillary plates (a & b map) reduced and the mandibular
sutures (a. ms) short and end near the antenne.

In the Coreids (Fig. 8) we find a similar arrangement, but the
inner edges of the frontal ridges do not meet together so closely
and do not cover the base of the antenne. The gular region is
elongated.

In certain of the Pentatomids (Fig. 9) the clypeus (cl r) is
deflexed near its junction with the labrum, the frontal ridges
(fr) lie alongside of, but do not fuse with it. The clypeus thus
becomes dorsal, and the maxillary plates are thrown forward.
A similar arrangement takes place in the genus Coleotichus.

The Reduviid head (Fig. 10) is the most difficult of all the
Hemiptera to homologize, on account of the distortion that has
taken place through its elongation, the ventral part having devel-
oped out of all proportion to the dorsal surface.

In Pristhesancus (Fig. 10) it is impossible to recognize the
clypeal region from an external view, but upon dissection one
finds that the pharynx is attached to the head by its lateral struts
at a point slightly anterior to the base of the antenne (b. st),
and the pharyngeal muscles are attached to the medio-dorsal
surface behind these points. By homology with other Hemi-
pterous heads this must be the clypeal region (ce. elr.). This form
of head could be brought about by two processes, firstly by amal-
gamation of the sides of the frontal ridges with the sides of the
clypeus in such a head as Figure 9, and the forward movement
of the lateral parts of the head, along with the elongation of the
gula; or, secondly, the frontal ridges could have moved forward
with the lateral and ventral parts of the head, and become abor-
tive, leaving the clypeus surrounded by and fused with the head-
capsule. In allied species there is a small prominence behind each
antenna which appears to be the remains of the frontal ridges,
thus indicating that the latter process is the more likely one.
The labrum and epipharynx (lb e), the maxillary plates (mzxp)
and the mandibular sutures (ms) and the articulation of the
mandibular sete (art. man. s.) are normal and easily homologized
with other Hemipterous heads. The head behind the eyes is
greatly elongated.

The nearest homology to the Hemipterous mouth parts is

~

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Mouth-parts of Hemiptera oO

found in the Thysanoptera, where the maxillee form long, sub-
triangular plates which, together with the labrum, form a short
tube through which the sete pass. The paired sete are mandibu-
lar, and the unpaired seta pertains to the left maxillary, the
right being absent.2. An analogy, if not homology, is to be found
among the Myriapods in the family Polyzoniide*, where the mouth
is adapted for sucking. Here the upper lip is produced into a
narrow snout, the lateral edges being turned down to form a
semi-tube; the protomale are drawn out anteriorly into long
slender sets, with slightly spoon-shaped tips, set round its edges
with fine teeth, the basal part being stouter, somewhat triangular,
and articulated in the normal position (viz., near the base of the
dentomalze). The dentomale form a thin plate, rounded at its
base, and drawn out thin anteriorly, which fits exactly against
the edges of the elongated upper lip, entirely covering the protom-
ale, thus making them internal organs.

PART II. The Mechanism of the Mouth-parts.

The membranous cesophagus (Figs. 11 & 12 oe) passes between
the brain (br) and the sub-cesophagal ganglion (sg), and then
merges in the chitinous pharynx (ph). The pharynx is.of the
usual double U-shape in transverse section, the dorsal plate being
thin and flexible, and capable of retraction from the thick and
chitinous ventral plate by the powerful pharyngeal muscles
(phm), thus creating a vacuum into which the liquid food flows;
the dorsal plate then falls back against the ventral plate by the
natural elasticity of the pharynx. The whole structure consti-
tutes the pharyngeal pump. The anterior portion of the dorsal
plate (dph) of the pharynx continues along the under side of the
labrum (le) and forms the epipharynx (e). The ventral plate of
the pharynx (vph) continues forward and forms the spoon-shaped
and acute hypopharynx (hyp). At the anterior end of the pharynx
the lateral edges of the ventral plate emit two struts (st), one
each side, which diverge laterally and upwards, and fuse with
the anterior sides of the clypeal-region (clr). These struts form the

2See Note A.
8The description of this mouth is taken from a species very common in rotten wood in the
Island of Ceram,

6 Psyche [February

main support of the pharynx. Just below these pharyngeal
struts the pharynx emits two other struts (és!), one each side,
which proceed almost horizontally and posteriorly and fork,
sending a strut (ts?) anteriorly to the base of the salivary-pump
or syringe (sp). This strut again forks and sends a strut (¢s*)
anteriorly to the base of the labium (bl). Posteriorly (beyond
the first forking) the struts become broad and thin plates follow-
ing the sides of the pharynx, and attached to its outer walls by
tissue. The plates in transverse section are roughly V-shaped
(Fig. 12d) and connected together by tissue; they enclose and
protect the sete. From the posterior end of the chitinous pharynx,
where the plates become broadest, they rapidly narrow to mere
tendons, which extend right to the occipital foramen, where the
tips of the two tendons broaden slightly, and attach to the occiput
near the attachment of the retractor muscles of the sete. In
more generalized forms, such as the Cicada, the posterior ends
of these seta-guides are connected by a transverse piece which
gives off two branches that are attached to the dorso-posterior
part of the head-capsule. This appears to indicate that the whole
structure is a modification of the tentorium to form a guide or
protection to the sete, and give support to the floor of the mouth
for the working of the salivary syringe. We therefore call this
arrangement of struts, plates and tendons the tentorial structure
(ts).

The syringe, or salivary pump (sp), lies beneath the anterior
part of the pharynx and opens on the basal part of the labium
(bl), beneath the hypopharynx. The body of the syringe is cup-
shaped, and highly chitinous, with an inverted top, thinner and
more flexible, which forms a plunger. From the center of the
plunger rises a chitinous tendon or plunger-rod, around which are
attached the powerful retractor muscles (spm). ‘These muscles
divide slightly posteriorly and form two branches which attach
to the base of the occiput beneath the occipital foramen. The
two salivary ducts (sd), after entering the head, lie on the floor
of the head-capsule in the space between the two branches of the
syringe muscles, and join in a very short common duct just before
entering the syringe near the valve (v). This valve is formed
by a membraneous fold of the syringe wall, which covers a shallow
recess made by a bulge in the wall where the common duct enters.

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Mouth-parts of Hemiptera 7

The orifice of the syringe tube opens through the base of the
labium, and is covered by a small chitinous tongue (pt), which lies
just beneath the hypopharynx. The plunger being retracted by the
muscles (spm) draws the saliva from the ducts (sd) into the syringe
barrel. On the relaxation of the muscles, the natural elasticity
of the plunger performs the return stroke, closing the valve (v)
and forcing the saliva past the tongue (pt) on the base of the
labium.

The labium is four-jointed and sub-cylindrical in cross-section,
with a longitudinal groove running down its dorsal surface.
Beyond the distal end of the labrum-epipharynx (le) the edges of
the groove meet together, and so form a trough in which the
setze lie. Strong muscles between the dorsal and ventral walls of
the labium enable the edges of the trough to be parted so as to set
the sete free. The ventral wall (Fig. 13, vwl) is formed by very
thick chitin, perforated by numerous pores; the dorsal wall (dwl)
is thin and flexible. Two large trachez (tr), and two nerve-cords
_(n) pass down to the tip of the rostrum. The rostrum is retracted
and drawn up to the underside of the head—into its normal
position at rest—by the retractor muscles (Fig. 11, rm) attached
to the greatly reduced first ventral sclerite (vbl‘); it is extended
by the muscles (em) attached to the second dorsal sclerite. Longi-
tudinal muscles down the interior of the rostrum actuate the sev-
eral joints thereof; the last joint, or tip, is especially mobile, and
can be deflected laterally to either side.

Almost on the mandibular suture (Fig. 10, ms), but slightly
below and at the posterior end thereof, the mandibles are con-
nected to the gene by a ginglymus articulation (Fig. 12, g and
Fig. 10, art. man. s), consisting of a small rod and triangular plate,
the latter hinging directly to the gena. The protractor muscles
(pm*) of the mandibles (man. s'., Figs. 12 and 14) attach to the
clypeal region between the bases of the antenne, and at the
other end at one arm of the triangular base of the mandible
(Fig. 14, thm). A membranous sleeve (msl), arising from near
the articilation of the triangular base of the mandible, encloses
the mandibular seta, and forms the air-tight joint; at the anterior
end the sleeve (part of hypodermis) opens near the base of the
maxillary plate. Behind the ginglymus the sete narrow to mere

‘This is the free part of basal labial joint; the rest is fused with gular region.

8 Psyche [February

tendons, at the posterior ends of which are the retractor muscles
(shown broken off in Fig. 126), attaching to the occiput on each
’ side of the occipital foramen.

The muscles of the maxillary setee are much more powerful than
the mandibular muscles. The protractor muscles (Fig. 12b, pmF)
attach to the maxillary plate (Fig. 10, map). In the drawing
they are shown slightly curved, to avoid confusion with other
parts, but in reality they are practically straight. The retractor
muscles attach to the occiput on each side of the occipital foramen.
Passing forward between the plates of the tentorial structure
(ts), (where the mandibular setz le on a slightly higher plane
than the maxillary) the pairs of setze on either side of the pharynx
approach closer together and pass between the struts (Fig. 11,
ts! and ts?) from the pharynx and the base of the labium, run
alongside and partly beneath the hypopharynx, and descend
over the base of the labium (b/) into the rostrum. Soon after
entering the rostrum, the maxillary sete close together and
interlock (Fig. 13 max s), forming an air-tight tube. The tips of
the maxillary setze are acute and smooth. The tips of the mandi-
bular sete are flattened and acute, and numerously and minutely
barbed on the outer sides, the barbs pointing backwards. The
tips of both pairs of sets are practically without curve. The
mandibular sete are quite free from the maxillar sete, though
they lie close on each side of the former in the rostrum.

That the maxillary sete form an air-tight tube can easily be
seen under a fairly high power, when liquid food and bubbles of
air can be traversed from end to end of the tube by pressing with
a needle. The maxillary sete or sucking-tube can be protruded
far beyond the tip of the rostrum, whilst the mandibular sete
can be protruded only slightly. The latter are used to pierce
the prey, and retain it in position by means of their barbed tips,
whilst the maxillary setae forming the sucking-tube are probed and
extended into every part of the body where there are any juices.
It seems probable, also, that the sucking-tube is used to conduct
the poisonous saliva from the syringe into the wound madein
the animal attacked. On attacking any animal the bug probably
slightly protrudes the tips of the setze and contracts the muscles
at the end of the rostrum, the latter thus closing on and holding
the tips of the sete firmly. The animal is then pierced and securely

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Mouth-parts of Hemiptera 9

held by the barbed tips of the mandibular setz. It seems highly
improbable that long slender rods like the sete could pierce a
chitinous insect without some support near their tips. Carniv-
orous bugs almost invariably suck their prey whilst it is suspended
from the tip of the rostrum, the bug meanwhile resting head
downwards; they often retain their hold on the prey and continue
to suck out its contents whilst the labium is withdrawn against
the ventral plates of the head and thorax—its usual position when
at rest. This feat would be impossible unless the prey was held by
the barbed tips of the mandibular sete, whilst the maxillary
setze were used to search the interior of the body for juices.

Note A. (Fig. 14)

This interpretation differs both from Uzel’s and Garman’s,
and is founded upon observations of a head of one of the Tubuli-
fera common in the flower of the sugar cane in the Mossman
district (North Queensland). We figure this head and give the
following short description to prove our homology.

The head-capsule is of the usual Thrips type, being deflexed
and inflexed, the mouth-parts being brought between the front
legs, as in Homoptera. The anterior edge of the head-capsule
(the oral margin) is strengthened by a thick rim of chitin (7).
From this rim arise two short pillars (k), one on each side, above
the maxilla, which proceed backward into, and sub-parallel with
the wall of, the head-capsule. At the distal end of these pillars
are articulated, by a perfect ball and socket joint (Fig. 14, 2), the
mandibular sete. Beyond these pillars are two stout conical pegs
arising from the head-capsule, evidently for the attachmertt of
muscles. The clypeus (clr) is well developed and slightly asym-
metrical, the left basal corner being emarginate. The labrum
(lb) is small, with its lateral edges bent round ventrally to form
a semi-tube. The right maxilla is formed by a sub-triangular
plate (Fig. 14a. mxp), the palpus arising from a membranous part
of the center; the left maxilla is asymmetrical, a membrane sep-
arating the sub-triangular distal part, bearing the palp (Fig. 14 y.
map. b.), from the rounded basal part bearing the seta (Fig. 14
y, map. a. and max. s.). This basal part is capable of movement
apart from the distal part, and carries the seta along with it.
The anterior edges of the maxilla meet in the medial line beneath

10 Psyche [February

the labrum and help to form the tube beyond the pharynx through
which the setze pass. The labium is short, wide, and consists of
three parts, a broad basal portion (mentum?), a second smaller
part bearing the palpi (palpifer?), and a minute distal portion
bearing two minute bodies (paraglossee?). The pharynx is small,
well developed, and situated below the clypeus, to which it is
attached by lateral arms; the epipharynx and hypopharynx are
indistinguishable. The base of the maxillary seta is short, the
tip flat and acute, without barbs, and evidently only used for
piercing. The mandibular setz are slightly spatulate at the tips,
and show no traces of groove under a 1-9 inch objective.

The paired setze we consider as mandibular, homologus to
those of Rhyncota, the part of the rim of the head-capsule to
which they were articulated having grown inwards to form the
mandibular pillars (k). The unpaired seta arises from the left
maxilla, and is part therof. The sub-triangular plates forming
the maxille may be the palpifers, the other parts being reduced
or lost. This interpretation was confirmed on another species of
Tubulifera, but two species of Terebrantia differed, and showed
an arrangement of mouth organs agreeing with Garman, viz:—
one mandibular seta on the left, and a pair of maxillary sete.
It is possible that this difference of mouth-parts will run through
these two sub-orders.

Uzel’s figure of Molothrips fasciata does not bear out his sug-
gestion that the unpaired seta is a development of the epipharynx,
and in the species herein figured, there is no doubt of its maxillary
origin.

June, 1910.

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Mouth-parts of Hemiptera 11

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 1. Head of a Cicada

Fig. 2. Head of a Cercopid

Fig. 3. Head of a Membracid

Fig. 4. Head of a Derbid

Fig. 5. Head of a Pockillopterid
Fig. 6. Head of a Lygaeid.

Fig. 7. Head of a Pentatomid

Fig. 8. Head of a Coreid

Fig. 9. Head of a Pentatomid

Fig. 10
Head of a Reduviid

In these ten figures a = front view, b = side view, c = dorsal view.

Fig. 11

a= Longitudinal median vertical section of anterior part of head.

b= View looking down on pharynx, ete.

c= View looking on side of pharynx, etc.

In b and c, some of the parts are drawn slightly out of their natural position,
to avoid hiding some of the structure.

Fig.12

a=Longitudinal median vertical section of head.

b=Longitudinal horizontal section of head (slightly diagrammatic).

c= Transverse section of head in front of antenne, looking towards the
occipital foramen.

d=Transverse section cut rather more posteriorly than c.

Fig. 13

Transverse section of rostrum.

Fig. 14

Part of R. H. mandibular seta, much enlarged.

Fig. 15
Head of a Thrips
a=front view.
b=side view
y =left maxilla enlarged
z=articulation of seta with mandibular pillar

2 Psyche

[February

Lettering of Figures.

am =antennal muscle

an =antenna

art. man. s.=articulation of mandib-
ular sete

bl =dorsal base of labium

br. = brain

c =clypeus, lateral edges of
(lore)

clr =clypeal region

dph =dorsal plate of pharynx

dwl =dorsal wall of labium

e =epipharynx °

é =eye

em =elevator muscle of labium

fr =frontal ridge

g =ginglymus- articulation of
mandibular sete

ge =gene

gu =gular region

hc =head capsule

hyp =hypopharynx

k = mandibular pillar

lab =labium

lb =labrum

le =labrum-epipharynx

m =muscles

man. s.=mandibular sete
max. s.=maxillary sete
ms =maxillary suture
msl =membraneous sleeve

mxp =maxillary plate

n =nerve
oc =ocellus

occ §==occiput

oe =cesophagus

ph =pharynx

phm =pharyngeal muscles

pm: =protractor muscle of mandi-
bular sete

pm” =protractor muscle of maxil-

lary sete
pt =syringe-tongue
pth =prothorax
r = thickened rim of head-capsule
ym =retractor muscle of labium
5 = sete
sd =salivary ducts
sg =sub-cesophageal ganglion
Sp =salivary syringe
spm =salivary syringe muscles
st = pharyngeal strut
t = tendon
thm =triangular base of mandible
ts _=tentorial structure
tr = trachea
v =valve of syringe
vbl =ventral base of labium
vph =ventral plate of pharynx
vwl =ventral wall of labium

Psycue, 1911. Vou. XVIII, Puate 1.

AX
ESS

ark. man.s.

MOUTH-PARTS OF HEMIPTERA.

MUIR AND KERSHAW

Vou. XVIII, Pirate 2.

Psycue, 1911.

“WH31IdINAH 40 SLHYVd-HLNOW-—MVHSH3AYW ANY HINW

XVIII, PLare 3.

Vou.

Psycue, 1911.

‘VHSLdIN|SY JO SLHVd-HLNOW_MVHSHIY GNV

HINW

Psycue, 1911.

‘VHALAINGH 40 SLY Yd HLNOW

MVHSHAYM GNY HINW

990

eee ae

Vou. XVIII. Puate 5.

Psycue, 1911.

“VHALdINAH 430 SidVd-HINOW—_MVHSHSYX GNY HINW

1911] Turner—Habits of an American Ammophila 13

A NOTE ON THE HUNTING HABITS OF AN AMERICAN
AMMOPHILA.

By €. H. TURNER.
Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo.

Fabre found that the Ammophilas studied by him stored their
nests with caterpillars which they dug out of the ground. The
published results of American students of these wasps seem to
indicate that our native Ammophilas have a different habit. Carl
Hartman! found that the large Ammophila procera stores its
nest with the tomato caterpillar, and the Peckhams? say that
Ammophila urnaria never digs for her prey. A chance observa-
tion, made this fall, shows that some American Ammophilas
dig in the ground for caterpillars with which to stock their nests.
It was about eleven o’clock on the morning of September 17th,
1910. The day was warm and the sun was shining brightly.
In sauntering along a narrow foot-path on the top of a hill at
Edgemont, IIl., I noticed an Ammophila sp. digging in the
barren pathway.

Thinking that she was digging a nest, I dropped upon the
ground to observe her method of work. After biting out a bit
of earth with her mandibles, she would retreat a distance of
about three times her length, then flirt broadcast, the dirt
and return for another load. Her movements were so quick
and jerky that one is tempted to call them nervous. Twice she
left the spot and flew away, only to return and continue the exca-
vation. After she had dug just deep enough for her prothorax
to be hidden from view, she suddenly disappeared into the ground.
This was my first intimation that the wasp was not digging an
original burrow. Even then I did not grasp the full significance
of her behavior, for I immediately concluded that she had uncov-
ered a burrow which had been made by her earlier in the morning.

1Observations on the Solitary Wasp of Texas, 1905, p. 13.
*The Solitary Wasp, 1898, p. 9.

14 Psyche [February

After the lapse of a few minutes, the wasp slowly emerged from
the burrow until her two posterior pairs of legs and all of her
body, except the prothrorax and head, were outside of the hole.
Bracing herself with her legs and straining every muscle of her
body, the Ammophila spent fully five minutes tugging and pulling
at something in the burrow. And at what? Presently a portion
of a caterpillar became visible in the mouth of the burrow. A
few more minutes of tugging and pulling and a large caterpillar
was dragged to the surface and to a short distance from the
burrow. The Ammophila had been digging for prey!

After dragging the caterpillar a short distance from the hole,
the Ammophila held it, with her mandibles, by the back of the
neck and, curving her abdomen around to the ventral side of the
caterpillar, stung it several times. Although the stinging was
done deliberately, yet it was done so quickly that, from my posi-
tion, it was impossible to determine into which somites the sting
was thrust. Having completed the stinging, the Ammophila
proceeded to malaxate the neck. Fully five minutes were occu-
pied in this procedure. All of this time the caterpillar had been
resting with its ventral side towards the ground. The Ammophila
now rolled the caterpillar over upon its back, straddled it, and,
grasping it by the throat with her mandibles, walked rapidly
away, trailing the limp insect beneath her body. At about two
yards from the spot where the caterpillar was captured, the wasp
placed it on a lower twig of a bush, made an orienting flight and
flew away.

A pressing engagement forced me to leave at this stage and
prevented me from seeing what disposition the wasp made of
the caterpillar; but, although I did not see this wasp place that
caterpillar in a burrow, yet I did see a wasp of the same species
carry a caterpillar of the same kind into a burrow; and a friend of
mine, who was waiting for me in a different portion of the field,
saw an Ammophila of the same species place a similar caterpillar
in a burrow and seal it. Evidently some of our American Ammo-
philas resemble those studied by Fabre in storing their nests with
subterranean caterpillars.

1911] Bergroth—Neotropical Pleariine 15

NEW NEOTROPICAL PLO@ARIIN~.

By E. Brercrorts,

Fitchburg, Mass.

Myiagreutes gen. nov.

Head elongate, as long as anterior lobe of pronotum, with a deep straight
furrow between the eyes, anteocular part seen from above parallel from the
eyes to the base of the antennz, then conically produced and sloping obliquely
downward, postocular part shorter than the anteocular, somewhat tumid
anteriorly, tapering toward the base, its lateral margins slightly sinuate
before the middle, eyes large, globular, strongly prominent, throat longitudin-
ally moderately convex, antennz inserted about midway between eyes and
apex of head, capillary, longer than the body, glabrous (at least in the female)
rostrum obtusangularly geniculate between first and second joint, first joint
reaching base of antenngz, second joint a little shorter than first, reaching
anterior margin of eyes, third joint almost as long as the two basal joints
together and much more slender. Pronotum in the middle strongly con-
stricted and transversely impressed, anterior lobe arched, tapering backward,
with a narrow median furrow throughout its length, the sides very slightly
rounded, the apical angles with a tubercle armed with a straight spine directed
outward and a little forward, posterior lobe campanulate, covering the meso-
thorax, moderately declivous, the disk broadly and slightly excavated
anteriorly in the middle, armed behind with three spines, one erect in the
middle a little before the basal margin and one obliquely ascending above
the humeral angles, basal margin truncate. Scutellum twice as broad as
long, unarmed but elevated in the middle, angularly gibbous in profile, apical
margin slightly rounded, almost as long as the basal margin; postscutellum
elongate-triangular, two times longer than scutellum, with a small tubercle
before the apex and a short suberect spine at the apex. Prosternum with a
longitudinal furrow on each side, the intercoxal process bearing the stridulatory
furrow strongly rectangularly elevated. Meso-and metasternum longitudi-
nally carinated in the middle. Hemelytra a little narrower than the abdomen
(2), corium with the outer apical part narrowly prolonged far beyond the
middle of the membrane, inner vein furcate in the middle, forming a long
triangular cell, clavus very narrow, membrane rather narrowly rounded at
apex, the inner basal cell triangular, very much shorter and narrower than the
outer basal cell, this subparallel in the middle and triangularly tapering
toward the apex which emits a single simple vein, outer apical cell with a fine
simple vein, inner apical cell with a free thick vein emitting branches toward
the inner margin. Abdomen (@) gradually widening from its base to the
apex of the fourth segment, then parallel to the apex of the fifth from where

16 Psyche [February

it is strongly tapering to the tip, apical margin of last dorsal segment obtusan-
gularly rounded, the ventral sutures almost straight, the spiracles situated
before the middle of the segments, the female dorsal genital segment sloping.
Fore cox half as long again as the head, slightly tapering toward the apex,
trochanters unarmed, femora a little longer than the head and pronotum
together, except near base and apex armed beneath with two rows of mingled
spinules and bristles, the outer row with some larger spines intermixed, the
inner row rather broadly interrupted in the basal half, tibize and tarsi together
considerably shorter than the femora, the tibize curved, reaching beyond the
middle of the femora, finely crenulate beneath and with a rather long densely
setose depression above in the apical half, tarsi flexible, four times shorter
than the tibiz, three jointed, the suture between the two first joints very
oblique, first joint a little shorter than the two other together, third joint
longer than second with two closely approximate obtusely dentate claws of
subequal length. Middle femora slightly overreaching the apex of the
abdomen, shorter than the tibie. Hind femora reaching far beyond the apex
of the abdomen, tibiz much longer than the femora and than the body.

Belongs to the Division Stenolemaria. Among the American
genera this remarkable genus comes nearest to Westermannias
Kirk. and Lutevopsis Champ., but it is more allied to the Old World
genus Myiophanes Reut.

Myiagreutes praecellens sp. nov.

Above dull, beneath slightly shining; black, with the following ochraceous
markings: a round spot on either side just before and behind the transverse
furrow of the head, the base of the head, the apical and basal margin of the
pronotum including all the spines, two oblique streaks, one behind the other,
on either side of the basal part of the pronotal fore lobe, a round antero-
lateral spot on either side, two apical anteriorly fused longitudinal median
bands and two narrower more distant longitudinal basal bands of the pronotal
hind lobe, the posterior margin of the propleura (interrupted near the middle)
and of the mesopleura, the acetabula, the elevated median part and the apical
margin of the scutellum, the apical spine of the postscutellum, the base of
the corium interiorly prolonged backward a little beyond the postscutellum,
the broad margins of the interior branch of the inner corial and of the apical
corial vein (including these veins themselves), a fascia running from the
inner part of the apical margin of the corium obliquely forward to the costal
margin, the basal half and the apex of the clavus, a posterior U- shaped figure
in the exterior basal cell of the membrane anteriorly fused with more obscure
indefinite spots of the same color, the inner apical cell (except the free ramose
central vein) and two longitudinal bands in the outer apical cell with its
central vein, a subquadrate basal spot to the connexival segments above and
beneath, the spiracles, two rather broadly separated basal quadrangular spots
to the ventral segments, a narrow sublateral band, interrupted at the basal

1911] Bergroth—Neotropical Pleariine Wg

margin of the segments, in the apical half of the venter, and the female dorsal
genital segment (except a median longitudinal band); antenne black, basal
joint fusco-ochraceous, black near the base and with an apical whitish ochra-
ceous ring preceded by a broader black ring, rostrum shining piceous, the
articulations testaceous; legs ochraceous, anterior cox suffused with fuscous
toward the base, anterior femora with two broad fuscous rings, the smaller
spines blackish, the larger ones ochraceous with black tip, anterior tibie
(exeept the basal part and the pilosity of the superior depression) and tarsi
black, femora of middle and posterior legs with three black rings, their tibise
fuscous toward the apex and with a black ring not very far from the base
(tarsi of middle and hind legs missing in the type); wings lacteous. First
joint of the antenne not quite reaching the middle of the abdomen, second
joint as long as the first, third joint shorter than the head (fourth joint lacking
in the type). Hemelytra (9) not quite reaching the apex of the abdomen.
Length, 2 17, 6 mm.

French Guiana.—My coll.

The color of the intricately variegated tabby membrane is diffi-
cult to describe. Its ground-color seems to be ochraceous and
looks as if it were irregularly painted over with fuscous black in
various shadings.

N. B. The genus Phantasmatophanes Kirk. is identical with
Stenolemus Sign. Kirkaldy says that his genus is ‘‘distinguished
from all the other Ploeariinze by the very long, thin pronotum
and the tufted antenne and legs.” The length of the petiolated
part of the pronotum is, however, different in different species of
Stenolemus, and Kirkaldy had overlooked that the pilosity of
the legs is arranged in tufts also in some other species of Sten-
olemus, for instance in St. fasciculatus Dohrn. St. (Ph.) muirt
Kirk. differs from the other species of the genus in having also
the first antennal joint tufted, but this, too, is a purely specific
character. From the description and particularly from the good
figure it is evident that all generic characters of Stenolemus
are present in St. muiri.—G. W. Kirkaldy, whose premature
death Hemipterology has recently had to deplore, was a most
enthusiastic Hemipterist but showed a singular lack of discrim-
ination in estimating generic and specific characters, the result
of which was that he greatly augmented the synonymy. In one of
his papers he redescribed an old well known genus under three
new generic names. The descriptions, taken as they are to a
great extent from different organs of the insect, read very different,
but the types prove to be congeneric. Ready as he always was

18 Psyche [February

frankly to admit his mistakes, he wrote to me some time before
his death that his ‘Fauna Hawaiiensis, Hemiptera,” published
in 1902, had to be entirely remade as he under few specific names
had lumped together a great many distinct species. He had
already published a revision of the Hawaiian species of the genera
‘Acanthia and Reduviolus, but from his meagre and inadequate
descriptions (of the Acanthia, for instance, and of his numerous
new “‘leaf-hoppers’’) few of his species can be recognized except
those that have been figured. Under these circumstances it is
sincerely to be hoped that his collections, including his numerous
types and a vast material of undescribed Hawaiian forms, will
ultimately be placed in some American or European museum,
as they are practically inaccessible in Honolulu.

Luteva rufoannulata sp. nov.

Pale flavo-testaceous, glabrous, prosternum and mesosternum sparingly
pilose, head with a basal lateral fuscous spot, prothorax with a lateral fuscous
band, mesothorax with a fine lateral white keel margined with fuscous, an
apical spot and three basal spots to mesonotum fuscous, scutellum with a median
fuscous line not reaching apex, antenne pale testaceous, first and second joint
with an apical white ring, the ring of the first joint being broader, third and
fourth joint slightly infuscated, legs pale testaceous, fore coxee from apex to
beyond middle ferruginous, fore femora with three incomplete ferruginous
rings, fore tibiz infuscated at apex, middle femora with the apex white pre-
ceded by a ferruginous ring, middle tibie narrowly white at base and with
a subbasal fuscous ring, their apex with the tarsi fuscous (hind legs wanting,
presumably colored as the middle legs), hemelytra whitish hyaline, corium
with four subcostal brown spots, the first a little before and the second immedi-
ately behind the middle, the third near the anterior basal angle of the membra-
nal discal cell, the fourth at apical angle of corium, veins of the membrane
greyish fuscous and margined with the same color, discal cell behind the
middle and inner apical cell in the middle with a blackish streak, the vein
separating the two outer cells of the membrane with a fuscous spot at its
outer end, the anterior outer cell with two fuscous spots, the posterior with
one such spot. Head distinctly shorter than pronotum, the postocular part
seen from above gradually and rather strongly narrowing backward to near
the base where it is suddenly constricted, first and second joint of rostrum of
equal length, third joint a little longer than second, first joint of antenne
reaching somewhat beyond the middle of the hemelytra, one third longer than
second joint, third joint about three times shorter than second. Pronotum
and mesonotum of subequal length. Anterior outer cell of membrane less
than two times longer than posterior outer cell. Fore cox scarcely shorter
than the head and pronotum together, trochanters very finely and sparingly

1911] Bergroth—Neotropical Pleariine 19

pilose without conspicuous bristles, fore femora a little longer than the coxe,
fore tibize not quite reaching the middle of the femora, half as long again as
the tarsi. Length to tip of hemelytra 9 mm.

Jamaica (Mandeville)—Coll. Van Duzee.

This very distinct species cannot be mistaken for any other
described form. The abdomen is mutilated; judging from a basal
fragment it is pale testaceous with a brownish longitudinal band
beneath.

N. B. From Mr. Banks’ description of his Luteva arizonensis
(PsycHE, 1909, p. 45)—‘‘tibia I nearly as long as femur I, and the
tarsus reaching over the trochanter,” “‘scutellum with a long erect
spine at base, and a shorter one at apex’’—it is clear that this
insect has nothing to do with the genus Luteva in which the fore
tibia is very much shorter than the femur, and the scutellum
unarmed.—Under the name Plearia carolina H. Sch. Mr. Banks
describes an insect which has almost nothing in common with
Herrich-Scheeffer’s species. There can be no doubt whatever that
Emesodema carolina H. Sch. is a true Luteva, and my friend Van
Duzee has sent me a Luteva from Florida which is very closely
allied to carolina but apparently distinct. Judging by the descrip-
tion of the abdomen Plawaria carolina Banks (nec H. Sch.) is
possibly a larva, either of Plearia or of Plawariopsis. Mr. Banks
ascribes the character “trochanter I without spines” to Luteva,
but this is not correct, most species of Luteva having one or two
strong spinelike bristles on the fore trochanters although they are
lacking in other species. “‘Antenne hairy” and “‘antenne not
hairy” are used by Mr. Banks as generic characters, but this
should be done with great caution and not without knowledge of
both sexes, as in numerous Ploeariinae the antenne are hairy in
the males and glabrous in the females.

Ghilianelia atriclava sp. nov.

Ferruginous, abdomen testaceous, the clavate apical dilatation of the male
abdomen (including the genital segments) and the antenne and legs black,
except the ferruginous middle and hind coxe and trochanters; head and
thorax finely and rather thickly granulated. Apical spine of the head slightly
deflected. Basal joint of antenne reaching the posterior end of the metano-
tum, second joint a little shorter than first, third joint as long as the postocular
part of the head. Mesonotum twice longer than pronotun, metanotum

almost half as long again as pronotum. Abdomen as long as thorax, the
t

20 Pysche [February

spiracles of the first three segments contiguous to the lateral margin. Fore
coxe a little shorter than head and pronotum together; fore femora distinctly
longer than mesonotum, their spined part a little longer than the unarmed
basal part; tarsi reaching the first spine of the femur, distinctly shorter than
tibiz. Middle femora a little longer than head and thorax together; hind
femora almost one third longer than middle femora, reaching over the apex
of the abdomen by a little less than half their length. Length, co’ 24 mm.

Male: Abdomen from its base to near the apex of the third segment very
narrow, linear, centrally longitudinally ridged above, apex of third segment,
the fourth, fifth, sixth and genital segments jointly clavately incrassate and
dilated, the clavate part of the abdomen occupying about one fourth of its
total length, subrhomboidal as seen from above, its greatest breadth being
near the apex of the fourth segment, longitudinally and transversely strongly
convex beneath, the two basal thirds longitudinally convex above, apical
third concavely reflexed; fourth segment above immediately within the
lateral margins elevated in a subtriangular apically rounded lobe, the two
dorsal impressed lines of the segment parallel; dorsal lamina of last abdominal
segment triangularly projecting a little beyond the genitals, strongly reflexed,
acuminate at apex; connexival part of the last three ventral segments broad,
the spiracles remote from lateral margin, apical margin of fourth ventral
segment broadly emarginate in the middle, fifth ventral segment almost
straight at apex, apical margin of sixth ventral segment rather narrowly
sinuate in the middle; first genital segment very short, second long, recurved,
linearly impressed beneath from base to beyond the middle; genital claspers
moderately broad, not incrassate at apex.

French Guiana.—My coll.

Allied to Gh. filiventris Spin., but at once distinguished by the
longer metanotum, the black unicolorous legs, ete.

1911] Brues—Ophionine with toothed Femora Q1

NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF OPHIONINZ WITH
TOOTHED FEMORA.!

By CuHarues T. BRUuEs.

Eiphosoma Cresson.”

This genus was first proposed by Cresson (Proc. Ent. Soc.
Philadelphia, Vol. 4, p. 52, 1865) for four Cuban species. Since
then five others have been described, one from Brazil and the
others from Mexico and the southern United States.

The addition of the species here described extends considerably
the northern range of the genus which has not been hitherto
found north of Missouri.

Omitting the Brazilian species, the others may be separated
by the following dichotomy.

Key to the Species of Evphosoma.

1. Mesothorax with two yellow oval spots anteriorly on its middle
lobe; metathorax principally black............ E. pyralidis Ashm.

Mesothorax either yellow with black stripes or black with elon-

gate yellow stripes; metathorax prevailingly yellow or at least

Wwathethreemyellowastripesen wilco sais cule eo etal ticked ata wiser eSiclaw ge alerecs 2
2. Metathorax with only a median black line, its anterior suture
SOMAC CITES: MDLAGIG pins eae Lo theta we ahe ae lne a wife lie tha aucho seeing o's sials oes 3 3
Metathorax with lateral black markings additional tothe median
SPOLMOT LIne Heyes ta Nema Riedie) rates Sat oie alae aes ene ei wikia @atel et tie 6
$. Mesopleura with a black spot: or oblique line: ..........5.5..:0.0..00%. 4
Mesopleura entirely yellow; wings entirely hyaline, areolet
DLESCH UE Py aCe nea eae eee le sacl sieinle a) avactecore E. vitticolle Cress.

4. Posterior tibize entirely honey-yellow; areolet wanting
be avaae Oey ie Omak hy Be i srovittatums Cress:
Posterior tibie black, except for a median pale annulus................ 5
5. Large, length nearly 25 mm. Wings entirely hyaline........
A eilaiilen thes Gy GR EUR) aes 0 a iene eat NL a E. mexicanum Cress.
Smaller, length 12 mm., wings infuscated somewhat at the tip
Re Eee Saree aig) a sud Biadate Bek E. septentrionale sp. nov.

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 34.

2(Changed to Xiphosoma by Szépligeti in the Genera Insectorum, fasc. 54, p. 4, but I believe
that the original orthography should be adhered to, and not changed for mere philological
Teasons. )

22 Psyche [February

64 Wings: entirely: -hyalines) 9.6.0 cicero 7
Wings tipped with pale fuliginous................-.+.seseeeeeeeee 8

7. Metathorax yellow with the median excavated space and a line
(abreviated posteriorly) on each side black...... E. annulatum Cress.
Metathorax black with four yellow stripes, the lateral one
abbreviated: basalllivavvereteryelarlerate acters spent neepet-n-loe E. texanum Cress.

8. Hind tarsi and hind tibize except pale median annulus, black;
metathorax with one black line, and a black spot on each side.
ESE Hae Senne enna Bats aM BIE cota did oo badd aie ne E. aztecum Cress.
Hind tarsi and hind tibie yellow; metathorax with three black
SULIPES bats, bcicss Sean es eee b ene CEO Coe ere E. atrovittatum Cress.

Eiphosoma septentrionale sp. nov.

9 Length 12 mm. Head, thorax and legs yellow, marked with black;
abdomen fulvous. Head lemon-yellow; mandibles piceous at tips, and
vertex above antennz, except orbits, black; the black enclosing the ocelli
and widening out to cover the entire occiput. Face protuberant beneath
the antenne and again on the clypeus, smooth, with sparse coarse punctures.
Mandibles with two equal teeth; palpi four jointed, the basal joint stouter;
vertex and occiput medially shagreened, the latter with a few punctures
laterally and sharply declivous behind the ocelli; head margined behind on
occiput, temples and cheeks, the latter shagreened, a little broader than the
malar space. Ocelliin a curved line, separated from each other and from the
eye margin by narrow depressions; front below them irregularly aciculated.
Antenne filiform, setaceous toward the tips, about 45-jointed; black, except
the two basal joints, first flagellar joint five times as long as thick; following
growing shorter, those toward the tip becoming nearly as broad as long.
Prothorax entirely yellow. Mesonotum with coarse, separated punctures;
yellow, with three broad longitudinal black lines, the median one abbreviated
tust behind the middle, the lateral ones uniting v-shaped near the base of
jhe scutellum. Scutellum shining yellow, very convex, with a deep trans-
verse furrow at the base that is furnished with a sharp elevated margin
laterally. Metathorax incompletely areolated; with two transverse caring
and one lateral one on each side; spiracles elongate oval; median depression
broad, but not deep, lateral ones narrower. Surface of metathorax finely
rugulose, entirely yellow except for a median black stripe abbreviated both
before and behind, and a thin black line on its anterior suture which meets
just above the middle coxa an oblique mesopleural line that extends nearly
to the upper anterior angle of the mesopleura. Remainder of pleurz and
underside of thorax yellow and sparsely punctate, the oblique black line
depressed and irregularly transversely aciculate.

Abdomen very long and slender, the first segment slightly swollen at the
tip, one-half longer than the metathorax; second segment one third longer
than the first; third two thirds as long as the second; fourth and fifth sube-
qual, each slightly longer than the third; sixth as long as the second with
the ovipositor arising from its tip, the apical segments being very short

1911] Brues—Ophionine with toothed Femora 23

and bent downwards. Ovipositor not quite half the length of the abdomen.
The abdomen is fulvous except the base of the petiole which is pale testaceous,
and a narrow dorsal black line interrupted at the tips of the segments, which is
black. Four anterior legs yellow, lighter on the trochanters and base of the
middle tibiz; posterior pair fulvous, their coxa with a black dot within,
their trochanters testaceous; their femora black on the basal third and whitish
at tips; their tibiae black except for broad annulus, and their tarsi black.
Wings hyaline except for a faint cloud at the tip. Areolet present! petiolate,
oblique, median and submedian cells of equal length; discoidal nervure
broken far above the middle.

Castle Rock, Pa., collected on August 25, 1907, by Mr. H. S.
Harbeck.

Pristomerus Curtis.
Key to the North American Species.

1. Cubital and discoidal veins distinct to the margin of the wing
NE Ot Neier ee acter) he ak Sane Ses P. euryptychiz Ashm.
Cubital and discoidal veins obliterated just beyond the second
recurrent nervure, from thence to the wing margin continued as

SCancelymmerceptiblerstreaks cis sine vietae m cteaa ein © Sinko nice wise aereemie snaia ts 2
2. Superomedian area of metathorax broad, scarcely donger than
broad, third section of discoidal vein entirely obsolete................ 3

Superomedian area nearly twice as long as broad; third section
of discoidal vein nearly as long as the transverse cubitus.....

Bish este; citar, Lolo RO ROS CR Cea a AS tak Mee RS P. appalachianus Viereck.
3. Hind cox almost entirely black, wings clear hyaline; base of
third discoidal cell very strongly contracted at the base

(SeCuIIENES mene mmttN ants MONS Rectan tth each Seep ters P. coloradensis sp. nov.
Hind coxe entirely ferruginous. Wings tinged with yellow;
third discoidal cell less strongly contracted at the base. (see

Ise SD) ay gallon ate aren te ea le a oS oR Eason hee P. pacificus Cress.

Pristomerus coloradensis sp. nov.

Q Length 8 mm.; ovipositor 5 mm. Black; head, legs and abdomen
in part ferruginous. Head very strongly transverse; face not narrowed
below; front much excavated above the antennzx, shagreened and subopaque;
face slightly elevated medially and sparsely punctate; clypeus convex, polished,
its anterior border broadly rounded; mandibles 3-dentate, yellowish white,
with black tips; cheeks punctate, the malar space one third as long as the
eye-height; head behind dull, shagreened; distinctly margined. Head clothed
with conspicuous white pubescence; the anterior and posterior orbits, widened
beneath the antenna, also the clypeus and cheeks ferruginous. Antennz
slender, first flagellar joint four times as long as thick; second and third
slightly shorter, subequal and each three times as long as thick; following

1This character is not common to all species of the genus as stated by Ashmead (Classification
of Ichneumon Flies, 1900, p. 89).

24 Psyche [February

joints growing shorter, at the apical third becoming nearly quadrate; entirely
black. Palpi 5-jointed, black at base and fuscous toward tips. Ocelli well
separated, in a triangle, the lateral ones as far from each other as from the
eye-margin. Thorax coarsely and closely punctate; mesonotum with quite
distinct notauli which converge and fade out posteriorly. Metanotum
completely areolated, but with the carinze very weak and indistinct except
on the sides; superomedian area large, pentagonal, as long as the petiolar
area, basal area very small, longer than wide. All the pleurz strongly and
coarsely punctate, the punctures more densely placed on the metapleure
but nowhere confluent. Mesopleura with a smooth space below the root
of the posterior wing, bordered below by a row of short striz.

Thorax black, with only the tegulz and the extreme margin of the pronotum
anteriorly ferruginous. Abdomen scarcely longer than the head and thorax
together, strongly compressed beyond the third segment. Petiole suddenly
constricted at its middle, the basal portion being less than one half as broad
as the apical half; its spiracles placed just before the apical third; its surface
shining and very faintly striolate laterally behind the spiracular elevations;
seen from the side it is quite strongly curved apically. Second segment
as long as the first, shining, very distinctly aciculate along the sides. Gastro-
coeli very distinct. Following segments shining. Ovipositor slightly longer
than the abdomen. First segment entirely black; second narrowly ferru-
ginous on the apical margin and on the sides behind: third to fifth broadly
ferruginous on the sides and behind; sixth and seventh ferruginous with a
broad dorsal black line. Legs ferruginous; hind cox, except base, hind
trochanters, hind tibise, except their inner edges, and four posterior tarsi
piceous; posterior femora darkened inwardly below and pale yellow at their
extreme tips, the femoral tooth moderately long, the denticulations following
it very minute. Wings hyaline; third discoidal cell very much contracted
inwardly, its base being scarcely one third the length of the second recurrent
nervure.

Described from a female collected by Mr. 8S. A. Rohwer on
flowers of Antennaria microphylla at Florissant, Col., June 16,
1907, and sent me by Professor Cockerell.

Pristomeridia (?) dubia sp. nov.

Length 9.5 mm. Fulvous, varied with piceous and with the legs more or
less pale testaceous. Head fully three times as broad as thick, strongly
emarginate on the vertex. Ocelli very large, in an equilateral triangle,
distinctly farther from the eye margin than from each other. Inner margins
of eyes parallel, the face a little broader than either eye. Vertex subopaque,
microscopically roughened; face more shining, with traces of transverse
striations and sparse punctures intermixed; clypeus very convex, its margin
rounded on the sides and subtruncate medially; mandibles bidentate, leaving
a small space between them and the clypeus when closed. Lateral clypeal
fover distinct, the face with a median convexity between the clypeus and the
antenne. Head behind and cheeks shagreened. Antenne 35-jointed,

1911] Brues—Ophionine with toothed Femora 25

three fourths as long as the body; setaceous; first and second flagellar joints
of equal length, much elongated; third and fourth each one third shorter than
the preceding one, following joints shortening until those just before the
apex are but little longer than wide. Mesonotum shagreened, with sparse
and large punctures; notauli very distinct on their anterior half beyond
which each one fades out into a group of short longitudinal strige. Scutellum
convex, subtriangular but sharply rounded at the tip; with a deep crenulated
furrow across the base. Metanotum elongated, quite distinctly excavated
medially along its entire posterior slope; basal area elongate, 4-sided; median
area large, elongate, separated from the elongate petiolar area. Lateral
and pleural areas completely separated; spiracles round, of moderate size.
Tip of metathorax extending considerably beyond the insertion of the hind
coxe; its upper surface shagreened between the carinze and sparsely punctate
on the sides. Mesopleura with sparse coarse punctures and a deep oblique
impression above, its upper anterior angle obliquely striated. Propleura
with a few irregular and very indistinct striae and a few punctures above.
Abdomen very long and slender, one half longer than the head and thorax
together. Petiole gradually enlarged toward its apex, the spiracles placed
at its apical third each one giving off a carina which extends to the basal
third of the petiole; second segment as long as the first, shining on its basal
third but opaque beyond; following segments much shorter and becoming
much compressed. Ovipositor issuing from the apex of the fifth segment,
as long as the body. Wings (see fig. 10) pure hyaline, slightly infuscated at
their extreme tips; stigma broad, subtriangular, the radial cell moderately
long; areolet present, very narrow and strongly oblique; third discoidal cell
very much narrowed at its base although the discocubital vein is but little
curved; discoidal vein in anterior wing broken far above the middle; in
posterior wing complete, unbroken. Legs slender, the posterior femora each
with an acute tooth before the apex but without any serrations. Body
fulvo-ferruginous; antennz, except basal joint, and tips of mandibles black;
front above antenne somewhat infuscated, the clypeus, mandibles and inner
orbits pale yellow or testaceous. Abdomen with the petiole except base and
apex; anterior half of second segment, base of third and dorsal spots on the
following segments piceous or black; ovipositor black. Legs pale yellow,
the posterior femora except extreme base and apex and the tibizw at base
and apex dull piceous.

Described from a female collected at Blue Hills, near Boston,
Mass., August 10, 1910.

This peculiar species apparently belongs to the tribe Pris-
tomerini on account of its broad stigma although the venation
is otherwise suggestive of Eiphosoma as is also the more strongly
produced apex of the metathorax and the indication of a median
methathoracic excavation. The genus Xzphosomella_ estab-
lished by Szépligeti (Gen. Insect. fase. 34, p. 4; 1905) for a

26 Psyche [February

Brazilian species is said (I. c.) to present transitions to certain
Pristomerini and Cremastini, and it would appear on the other
hand that the present species shows characters also which ally
it with Liphosoma and the related Xiphosomella.

Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the U. S. National Museum has very
kindly compared the drawing of the wing of this species reproduced
on the accompanying plate as figure 10 with the specimen of
Porizon agilis Cress.on which Ashmead based the genus Pristo-
meridia and writes me that “‘it agrees with the type except in having
an areolet and no indication of a break in the nervellus.”’ I believe
thereforethatit should be placedin thisgenus. Ithasbeensuggested
by Szépligetithat Pristomeridia cannot be retained as distinct from
Pristomerus, but the present species is so different in habitus
from typical species of the latter, that I do not think the two
extremes can be considered as congeneric, whatever disposition
be made of the species which seem scarcely separable from
Pristomerus.

Whether these Ophionine genera with toothed femora form
one or even two natural groups must, however, await the dis-
covery of other forms which will no doubt be found.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

2. Pristomerus pacificus Cresson, leg and wing of female.
Figs. 3, 4. Pristomerus vulnerator Panz., leg and wings of female.
5, 6. Pristomerus euryptychie Ashmead, leg and wing of female.
Figs. 7, 8. Pristomerus coloradensis sp. nov., leg and wing of female.
Figs. 9,10. Pristomeridia (?) dubia sp. nov., leg and wing of female.
1 Eiphosoma septentrionale sp. nov., wing of female.

Psycuer, 1911. Vou. XVIII, Puate 6.

BRUES~—OPHIONINAE WITH TOOTHED FEMORA.

1911] Mann—Californian Ant Guests Q7

NOTES ON THE GUESTS OF SOME CALIFORNIAN ANTS.

By Witit1am M. Mann.
Stanford University, Cal.

The following notes are based on a small collection of ants
and myrmecophiles made in the vicinity of Stanford University
during the spring of 1910. The paper does not include many
records, but as there are few exact data recorded concerning
the hosts of our western myrmecophiles, I have thought that
any additional notes will be worth while.

Unless otherwise noted, all of the ant guests are from nests
in the low hills about a mile south of the Stanford University
campus. The nests of seventeen species of ants were examined
during the spring. Fourteen of these species entertained guests
or parasites.

I am under obligations to Dr. W. M. Wheeler of Harvard
University who has named most of my ants, and to Prof. H. C.
Fall of Pasadena, for examining the type of Heterius wheeleri
n. sp. This paper was prepared in the Entomological Labora-
tory of Stanford University.

Camponotus maccooki Forel. The commonest local Cam-
ponotus. On March Sth, I found beneath a stone in a small
colony of this ant, a single specimen of Cremastochilus planatus
Lec. The beetle had evidently been ill treated, both hind and
one of the middle tarsi being gone. In a much larger colony,
on March 9th, two more specimens were taken. Both of these
were perfect. Three weeks later I revisited this nest and took
three more of the beetles, one of them with a leg mutilated.

The occurrence of specimens from two nests, one of the nests
containing specimens during the greater part of the time that
C. planatus is taken, tends to show that the occurrence of this
species with Camponotus is not altogether accidental. On the
same date (March 30) I took two specimens of the same beetle
with Formica rufa var. occidentalis Wheeler. A week later the
same nest contained a flourishing colony of Camponotus, which

28 Psyche [February

colony remained up to the time when my observations ceased,
so it is probable that the Camponotus occupied the nest, the
beetle normally was with them and the occurrence of the Formi-
cas accidental.

Throughout March the cockroach Ischnoptera sp. was abun-
dant in most of the nests. It seemed to be tolerated by the ants.
All ants are not so indifferent as Camponotus, and in the nests
of Formicas, dead and mutilated specimens are common.

The Californian ant-cricket, Myrmecophila formicarum Scud-
der occurs in practically every nest.

Camponotus maculatus sub. sp. vicinus Mayr. Common,
though less abundant than C. maccooki, nesting under stones.
The only guest found was Myrmecophila formicarum, which was
abundant.

Camponotus hyatti Em. Rare. Two colonies found
during the year. One of these, found November 4, 1909, had
excavated run-ways in a fallen board. This colony was small,
only fifteen major and minor workers being taken. On April
19, Mr. E. J. Newcomer took a series from a nest in a rotten
log. ‘

Formica rufibarbis var. occidentalis Wheeler. Common,
nesting mostly under stones. Associated with it are often
found small colonies of the little ant Leptothorax andrei. The
majority of the nests harbor Myrmecophila formicarum.

On February 13, I found with this ant a single specimen of a
Heteerius, different from any of our described species. Another
specimen of the same was taken from a different nest on March
5. They were clinging to the undersides of the stones which
covered the nests. I have named this species Heterius wheelert,
after Dr. William M. Wheeler of Harvard University, in recog-
nition of his work on myrmecophily.

Heterius californicus Horn was found locally only with this
ant. The beetle seems to be very rare in collections, but can
be found by careful search. Between February 27 and March
30, twenty one specimens were taken. They occur generally
singly, or two in a nest, though one nest contained five and
another three. Their occurrence in the first was interesting,
because the nest had been occupied the previous week by a
strong colony of Tapinoma sessile, and the beetles had either

1911] Mann—Californian Ant Guests 29

moved with the Formicas, or had found and entered the nest
later. Tapinoma does not harbor Het@rius as a rule. The
very long hairs covering the dorsal surface of Heterius cali-
fornicus give the little beetle a distinctive appearance and it
is undoubtedly a true symphile. When disturbed, it either
feigns death or walks awkwardly away.

Formica cinerea var. neocinerea Wheeler. Not common.
I have myself found no myrmecophilous insects with this ant,
but have before me Heterius tristriatus Horn, taken at Lake
Merced, Cal., March 6, 1910, by Mr. F. X. Williams.

Formica rufa var. near coloradensis. Several mounds
along Corte Madera Creek were examined, but nothing taken
except Myrmecophila formicarum, which was abundant. On
March 13, in a colony under a board were two specimens of
Batrisus zephyrinus Casey. They were walking about among
the ants, which paid no attention to them.

Formica fusca var. argentata Wheeler. Common. Gen-
erally in damp locations in the hills. I have taken four speci-
mens of Heterius tristriatus, one each from four nests of this
ant on April 17, 1910.

Prenolepis imparis Say. Common in damp places. This
is our local honey ant, but the workers away from the nest are
as often seen on carrion or dung as on anything from which they
might obtain honey. It harbors Myrmecophila formicarum, and
often the thief-ant, Solenopsis molesta Say.

Tapinoma sessile Say. Abundant everywhere. Myrme-
cophila formicarum occurs in most of the nests, and colonies of
Solenopsis molesta are common. The nest of one little colony
of Tapinoma contained a colony of Solenopsis approximately
five times as numerous in individuals as the host colony.

On December 22, in a nest containing colonies of both Tapi-
noma and Solenopsis was a little wingless Proctotrypid, Jso-
brachium myrmecophilum Ashmead. A second specimen was
taken from another nest on February 13. Ashmead! states that
this genus is parasitic upon the ants or upon myrmecophilous
Coleoptera. The latter being so rare in the nests of Tapinoma
it is probable that Isobrachium is a parasite of the ant itself.

1Bull. 45, U. S. Nat. Mus.

30 Psyche [February

Leptothorax andrei Em. Very small colonies are not rare.
Those found were either associated with Formica rufibarbis var.
occidentalis Wheeler, or independent.

Stenamma andrei. Common in dry localities. In March
and April Jschnoptera sp. is abundant in the nests. Myrme-
cophila formicarum is common also. On March 5, I took a single
Cremastochilus pilisicollis Horn in a large nest, and on the 30th
took from two nests, three specimens of Cremastochilus
schaumii Lec. A specimen of the latter species from the nest
of this ant is in the Stanford University collection.

C. schaumii leaves the nests in the early part of April and is
seen flying in the sunshine, or more often lying in the roads.

Pheidole californica Mayr. Common, nesting under sticks,
stones and old cans. One flourishing nest was under a piece of
steel rail. Solenopsis molesta frequently shares the nest. The
type of the Staphylinid, Conosoma heatht Wasmann, was collected
in April from the nests of Pheidole, but I took none during my
spring collecting.

Solenopsis molesta Say. Common. It nests with Tapi-
noma sessile, Camponotus maculatus subsp. vicinus, Camponotus
maccookt and Prenolepis wmparis. Independent nests are not
uncommon.

Cremastogaster lineolata subsp. coarctata Say. Com-
mon under stones in damp places. Myrmecophila formica-
rum occurs in most of the nests.

Hetaerius wheeleri sp. nov.

Length 2mm. Color reddish brown. Form broadly oval, robust, shining.
Upper surface finely punctate, each puncture with fine recumbent hair. Head
piceous, coarsely punctate, hairy; front concave. Prothorax wider than
long, narrowed in front; margin inflexed at the third distance from base,
separated from dise by impunctate impression, which becomes broader and
deeper from front to rear and ends in deep pit at the posterior angle; divided
at basal third by shallow impression; the posterior part elevated, piceous,
the anterior part flat; disc wider than long, punctate, each puncture with fine
hair. Elytra slightly wider than thorax at base; outer strie becoming con-
fluent with margin at about one half distance to base of elytra; the first two
discal strize nearly attaining the apex of the elytra; inner strive extending
about two thirds the distance to apex. Propygidium finely punctate, hairy.
Prosternum flattened, coarsely punctured, emarginate at base and apex,
margined at summit from base to five-eights distance from base to apex;

1911] Wann—Californian Ant Guests 31

marginal lines sinnate between and diverging in front and rear of COX. Front
femora about one third as wide as long. :

Type and the single paratype taken from a nest of Formica Paaharbrs var.
occidentalis Wheeler, at Stanford University, California.

Fig. 1. Heterius wheeleri, sp. nov.

The size, structure of prothorax and the scattered, recumbent
hairs will separate this species from those near it.

There are eleven denticles on the outer edge of the anterior
tibiez. The number seems to vary among the different species,
but to be fairly constant in the same one and may be of some
taxonomic importance.

32 Psyche [February

WESTERN LEPIDOPTERA IV.

By Cart R. Coo.ipGe.

Pasadena, Cal.

Polites coras Cramer. Mr. F. Grinnell, Jr., has lately given
me several specimens of this species, better known as P. peckius
Kirby (peckii!), taken by Mr. C. W. Herr at Priest River, in
northwest Idaho. Coras is a common eastern species, but I
do not believe that it has hitherto been recorded from further
west than Kansas.

Lycaena marina Reakirt. Egg. In shape round, abruptly
flattened both apically and basally; the micropylar area much
concave; a fine whitish lace work, with the meshes subrectan-
gular, and the angles somewhat elevated, covers the surface;
color when first laid a delicate light bluish green, soon changing
to a pure cream color; diameter about .02 inch. The duration
of this stage varies considerably, due to the prevailing weather
conditions. Some eggs hatched in slightly less than three days,
while others required as many as nine days. The larva accom-
plishes its emergence by eating away a considerable area about
the micropyle. The rest of the egg is left intact. Marina is one
of the commonest butterflies of the Far West, yet next to nothing
is known of its habits. In the Huachuca Mountains of southern
Arizona I found the larva feeding on five different food-plants,
and I do not doubt but that there were more in that one locality.
At present I can recognize specifically one of these, which is
Lathyrus larvatus.

Atalepedes mesogramma Latreille. Dr. Dyar in his Review
of the Hesperiide of the United States (Jour. New York Ent.
Soc., vol. 13, p. 127, 1905) includes this species in our fauna ‘‘on
the authority of Mabille, who credits the species to ‘North
America’. This may refer to the West Indies or Mexico.”
Mesogramma must, however, be stricken from our lists since it
appears to be confined strictly to Cuba and the Bahamas.
Scudder, in his Systematic Revision of some of the American

1911] Coolidge—W estern Lepidoptera 33

Butterflies (4th Ann. Rept. Trustees Peabody Acad. Sci., p.
78, 1872) erects the genus Atalopedes without description and
includes two species, Hesperia huron Edwards and H. campestris
Beisduval, the former being named as the type. These two
species are now known to be identical, campestris having priority.
Pamphila kedema Butler, from an unknown locality, also falls
into synonomy here. Further, on page 81, Dr. Scudder founds
the genus Pansydia, making Hesperia mesogramma the type,
which he apparently places in synonomy with H. cunaxa Hewit-
son. These two species are also one and the same, mesogramma
retaining. Dr. Scudder gives Poey as the author of this, but
presumably in error, as I find Latreille is given by all the other
writers to whom I have referred. Pansydia is acknowledged to
be a synonym of Atalopedes, which can then be seen to contain
two species, A. campestris Boisduval and A. mesogramma Lat-
reille, the latter occurring with us. However, I do not at all
believe that Atalopedes is worthy of generic rank, but for the
present I shall leave it so, although I hope to show that such
secondary sexual characters as the discal stigma or the costal
fold do not alone indicate generic difference.

Melitaea cerrita Wright. Butt. West Coast, p. 161, No.
189, pl. 20, fig. 189, #7, a, o&, underside, b@, 1905. Described
from 107, 19, the type locality being given as ‘‘Southern Cali-
fornia.””’ Mr. Wright, however, pointed out the exact habitat
to me last spring, which is Little Mountain, several miles to
the north of San Bernardino, and not far from the original
locality of M. wrightt Edwards. Cerrita is a pure aberration of
wrighti, with which it will be placed in synonomy. I have else-
where remarked that I cannot consider wrighti and leanira
specifically distinct, but would consider them as M. leanira
leanira Boisduval and WM. leanira wrightt Edw. In _ this
connection it is interesting to note that W. H. Edwards, after
his original description of wrighti, adds, ‘from 1c, and 19 sent
me by Mr. W. G. Wright at San Bernardino flying with leanira.”
The length and form of the antenna and the antennal club have
for some time been used as taxonomic characters, but the colora-
tion and annulation of these have perhaps been unduly neglected.

For instance, Jeanira leanira, leanira wrighti and alma Strecker,
of which I shall elsewhere show fulvia Edwards and cyneas

34 Pysche [February

Godman and Salvin are synonyms, may be differentiated as
follows:

1. With no black markings at base of secondaries below.................. 2
With" ‘these: markings: 935.0. nse Seni eee oer er ee nen 3
9 yAntennss ) wholly.) ferruginouss eames eee eee leanira leanira
Antennz black, the tip only partially ferruginous ....leanira wrighti
4. Antenne distinctly annulated black and white................... alma

In wrighti I think I can see a faint whitish annulation, and this
may vary. In both alma and wrighti the white is sometimes
continued along the sides of the club. While I have not examined
extensive series in this respect, the above characters hold in the
specimens at hand.

ADDITIONS TO LIST OF SPHINGIDZ OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO.

Since the publication of our list of Sphingidae!, we have
become aware of two species which should have been included
therein. We therefore add:

(2 1-2) Cocytius cluentius Cram.

Dr. W. W. Newcomb of Detroit has kindly called our attention
to the fact that he took a specimen of this species near Detroit
and that a further specimen is recorded from Chicago. (vide
Ent. News, vol. 15, p. 345.)

(86 1-2) Proserpinus vega Dyar. N. M.

We must apologize to Dr. Dyar for having overlooked this
species; the omission of P. terlooii (Dyar, No. 662) is intentional
as we know of no authentic record of this Mexican species from
Georgia.

Wn. Barnes anv J. J. McDuNNovucs.

1PsycuHE, Vol. 17, pp. 190-206. (October 1910.)

1911] Champlain—Carabide in Connecticut 35

SOME CARABIDAZ TAKEN IN CONNECTICUT.

By Aurrep B. CHAMPLAIN.

Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn.

Among the Carabide taken in Connecticut during the past
year, 1910, a few, mostly from the vicinity of New Haven and
Lyme, seem worth recording.

A series of arc lights near the Experiment Station yielded a

number of interesting species to which the ‘‘at are” records refer.

Omophron tessellatum Say. New Haven, 22 June, one specimen at arcs.

Cychrus lecontei Dej. appeared to be quite plentiful; at Lyme, Oct. 9,
I captured three pairs and a number of single specimens.

Cychrus elevatus Fabr. Lyme, 25 Sept., 9 Oct.; this species has been taken
in almost every section of the state, and the preceding species is undoubtedly
as well distributed.

Cychrus viduus Dej. is represented in the Station collection by one speci-
men taken July 7, 1905, at Torrington, Ct., by Dr. W. E. Britton.

Calosoma externum Say, New Haven, 19 May, 1903, one specimen,
collected by B. H. Walden.

Calosoma scrutator Fabr., Conspicuous by its absence. But one specimen
taken at arc lights.
fF? C. willcoxi Lec. Plentiful at arc lights and under stones in May and June.
Observed upon trees feeding upon canker worms.

E. C. frigidum Fabr. New Haven, May and June. Also collected by the
men employed in turning bands in gypsy moth work at Wallingford.

C. callidum Fabr. Several at are lights. One specimen observed feeding
upon Serica sp. directly under arc.

Carabus nemoralis Mull., Hartford, Ct., 1 Sept., 1909, R. W. Curtis;
New Haven, Ct., 2 April, 1906, Miss E. B. Whittlesey; Oct. 3, Nov. 3, 1910,
D. J. Caffrey.

Carabus sylvosus Say. Lyme, May, July, October; this is the narrow form.

Trechus chalybeus Mann. New Haven, 19 Noy.; two specimens taken
in swamp, under fallen leaves.

Myas cyanescens Dej. Lyme. A few specimens were taken in July and
Sept. from under fallen branches and logs, and one specimen was dug from the
stem of a toadstool. Mr. C. A. Frost of South Framingham, Mass., writes
me that he has taken this species under fungi while digging for Geotrupes.
The specimens all measured about 17 mm. in length, and in size nearly
approach my Pennsylvania specimens of M. coracinus Say.

Pterostichus adoxus Say, very common in and under dead logs. P.

36 Psyche [February

lachrymosus Newn., Lyme, 26 July, one specimen. P. appalachius Horn,
New Haven, 7 May; P. coracinus Newn. was fairly common at Lyme;
P. stygicus Say, sayi Brullé, lucublandus Say, luctuosus Dej., corvinus
Dej., mutus Say, were common everywhere. P. scrutator Lec., New
Haven, 13 June, one specimen at arcs measures 18 mm.; Lyme, 4 Dec., one
specimen under moss near swamp measures 13.5 mm.; both females. P.
erythropus Dej., not plentiful; two specimens from Lyme, 11 April, with the
legs black. P. patruelis Dej. New Haven, 19 Nov., common in swamp.

Amara latior Kirby, New Haven, 28 June, one specimen at ares. A.
apricaria Payk., plentiful at arcs.

Diplochila laticollis Lec. New Haven, 9 July, one specimen at arcs.

Dicaelus purpuratus Bon. A number of specimens, Lyme, New Haven
Meriden. D. elongatus Bon., common everywhere. D. politus Dej.,
Lyme, 9 Oct.

Badister pulchellus Lec., one specimen, and B. micans Lec., two speci-
mens, Lyme, 3 July, at a window where I had placed a lamp.

Calathus impunctatus Say, quite common in the spring under stones.

Lebia pectita Horn, Lyme, August 24, common on flowers of yarrow, each
flower containing three or four specimens.

L. pulchella Dej., Lyme, June and July, under stones.

L. scapularis Dej., New Haven, 4 June, one specimen.

Cymindis americana Dej., pilosa Say, neglecta Hald., New Haven.

Helluomorpha bicolor Harr., Lyme, 29 May; New Haven, 16 May, and
Seymour, Ct.

Chlaenius laticollis Say, Lyme, 1 May.

Geopinus incrassatus Lec. New Haven, 14 June, one specimen, at arcs.

Harpalus was represented at the arc lights by most of the common species.
One specimen of H. lewisii Lec., and several of H. laticeps Lec. were taken
at New Haven, 28 June, at arcs.

1911] Ewing—Predaceous and Parasitic Acarina 37

NEW PREDACEOUS AND PARASITIC ACARINA.

By H. E. Ewrnc.
Ithaca, N. Y.

The new species of mites here described will nearly all be
treated of more fully later. In this paper are included the de-
scriptions of two species which have a prime economic importance,
as they are two of the few species of mites which are largely
responsible for holding in check the oyster shell and other scales.
These forms, one a species of Tydeus, the other a Tarsonemus,
were studied by the writer while working at the Iowa Experi-
ment Station last summer, and will be treated of fully later by
Mr. R. L. Webster in a special bulletin upon the oyster shell
seale.

Another of the mites described is very interesting on account
of both its scientific and economic importance. Itis a new spe-
cies of the genus Stigmq@odes, and the first of this genus to be
found in North America. The members of this genus are long
drawn out, and have the body strongly constricted at the middle
which causes them to resemble strongly a pair of twins which have
been born attached to each other. This species was sent in
by Mr. S. A. Johnson from the Colorado Experiment Station,
where it is very abundant. It belongs to the group called the
“Red Spiders’? which are so notorious for their attacks upon
greenhouse plants and shade trees, and is a species which de-
serves careful watching as it is liable to take up habits similar
to the others of its group and cause serious damage to culti-
vated plants.

Two species of Analgeside@, ‘‘Bird Mites,’’ are described. One
of these, an Alloptes was sent to me this last summer from the
Bermuda Islands by Mr. A. O. Gross, who obtained the specimens
in great quantities from a tropical bird.

Complete illustrations of most of these species will be pub-
lished soon in a paper by the author on the ‘Phylogeny and
Distribution of the Parasitic Acarina.”’

38 Psyche [February

Gen. Tydeus Koch. (Eupodide.)
Tydeus coccophagus sp. nov.

Without color, being hyaline in appearance. Body and legs only sparsely
clothed with moderate bristles.

Cephalothorax subconical. Eyes lateral and over twice their width from
the posterior margin of cephalothorax. Mouth-parts in the form of a beak,
and extending forward for about one-half the length of the first pair of legs.

Abdomen two-thirds as broad as long, and with the posterior end evenly
rounded. A pair of small shoulder bristles present, and three pairs of bristles
are situated on the posterior margin of the abdomen, the outer pair being
slightly the longest.

First pair of legs slightly longer than the others. Second pair reaching to
about the middle of the first pair. Hind pair of legs barely reaching the tip
of the abdomen; tarsus one and a half times as long as the tibia, tibia one and
a half times as long as the patella which is as broad as long.

Length, 0.20 mm.; breadth, 0.11 mm.

This species was found in abundance attacking the oyster
shell scale during the month of August, at Ames, Ia. The
individuals flee with great rapidity from under the scale when
it is lifted with a knife-blade.

Gen. Harpyrhynchus Mégnin. (Cheyletide.)
Harpyrhynchus brevis sp. nov. (Pl. 7, fig. 4).

General appearance hyaline. Integument finely striated by concentric
lines for a large zone next to the margins of the body. This striated area
extends inward for about one-half the distance from the margin to the center
of the body.

Beak large, stout, extending forward to about the tip of the first pair of
legs. Dorsal hooks four in number, stout and strongly recurved. Each
palpus bears a very long bristle about equal to the total length of the beak.

Body circular in outline with sinuate margins. On the dorsal surface near
the base of the beak there is a large pair of posteriorly directed bristles which
extend almost to the posterior margin of the body; a similar but slightly
longer pair of lateral bristles is present just behind the second pair of legs.

Anterior group of legs stout, subequal, and terminated each with two
claws; tibia and tarsus subequal in length, the former somewhat broader than
the latter. Posterior group of legs very short and each terminated with from
five to seven enormous bristles which are longer than the body of the mite.
The last pair of legs extends to the margin of the abdomen.

Length, 0.28 mm.; breadth, 0.24 mm.

From Coccothraustes vespertina o&. Described from three
specimens.

1911] Ewing—Predaceous and Parasitic Acarina 39

Gen. Syringophilus Heller. (Cheyletide.)
Syringophilus elongatus sp. nov.

Hyaline: body enormously drawn out, about five times as long as broad:
Integument striated except for the middle region of the cephalothorax.

Cephalothorax, including beak, almost as long as abdomen; beak conical;
palpi short and extending to tip of beak where the small lance-like mandibles
may be seen projecting forward. On the dorsal surface of the beak is a
prominent pair of bristles about two-thirds as long as the beak itself. Dorsal
surface of cephalothorax proper with at least six pairs of enormous, long
bristles which extend about two-thirds the distance to the tip of abdomen.

Abdomen very long, cylindrical, and with about four pairs of large, dorsal
bristles and two pairs of smaller terminal bristles. Posterior end of abdomen
emarginate.

Legs subequal; first pair extending to tip of beak, posterior pair reaching
about one-half the distance from the point of their origin to the tip of the
abdomen. Segments of the legs subequal in width, the distal segment in each
ease with a large, bifid appendage, the parts of which are themselves each
resolved into several elements. Tarsal claws of front group of legs stout, and
strongly curved.

Length, 1.00 mm.; breadth, 0.18 mm.

From red winged blackbird, Agelaius pheniceus. Described
from about half a dozen specimens.

Gen. Stigmaeodes Canestrini. (Tetranychide.)
Stigmaeodes cinctus sp. nov. (PI. 7, fig. 2).

Body and appendages of a light cardinal color; in the region of the eyes
color much darker. Body with pronounced constriction at its middle, giving
it the appearance of being girded and compressed with a belt, hence the name
cinctus.

Cephalothorax as long and as broad as the abdomen. Mouth-parts rather
small; beak extending about half way to the tips of the front legs. Palpi very
small and just reaching the tip of the beak; distal segment bearing a spine-like
bristle longer than the segment itself. A double pair of lateral eyes present
at about half the distance from the anterior to the posterior end of the cephalo-
thorax.

Abdomen conical in shape and tipped at the end with three pairs of simple,
curved bristles, the inner pair being about two-thirds as long as the others.
Abdomen broadest slightly in front of the third pair of legs. It bears dorsally
only a few inconspicuous hairs.

Front group of legs situated far distant from the hind group; all the legs
subequal; posterior pair extending about one-third their length beyond the
hind margin of the abdomen. Each tarsus bears at its tip two small, curved
claws and a much larger bifid, pectinated adhering organ.

Length, 0.40 mm.; breadth, 0.12 mm.

40 Psyche [February

In wild grass. Collected at Fort Collins, Colorado by 5. A.
Johnson, from whom I received an abundance of live material.
This is the first species of this rare genus which has been recorded
from America. These mites are of very slow movement, and
their long drawn out body causes their gait to appear ludicrous.

Gen. Tarsonemus Canestrini and Fanzago. (Tarsonemidz.)
Tarsonemus chionaspivorus sp. nov.

Male. General appearance almost hyaline. Mouth-parts and posterior
pair of legs more chitinized than the other parts.

Beak, or cephalic papilla, rather prominent; extending for three-fourths the
length of the first pair of legs.

Cephalothorax as broad as long. Epimera of the first pair of legs united
to a median piece so as to form a Y; those of the second pair of legs similarly
united. The base of the Y formed by the epimera of the first pair of legs
is joined to the fork of the Y formed by the epimera of the second pair of legs
so that the two stem pieces of these Y’s make a median longitudinal sternum.

Abdomen longer and broader than the cephalothorax. Genital papilla
about as long, but broader than the cephalic papilla with its sides almost
straight and parallel.

Anterior group of legs subequal and sparsely clothed with moderate, simple
bristles; the second pair extending forward for one-half the length of the
anterior pair. Third pair of legs similar but slightly longer than the second
pair. Fourth pair of legs very stout, twice as thick as the third pair, strongly
curved and ending in a stout, sharp claw about equal in length to the segment
next to it. Near the base of this claw is situated a very long bristle slightly
longer than the fourth leg itself.

Length, 0.15 mm.; breadth, 0.09 mm.

Female. Legs almost hyaline; body and beak, which have the integument
more chitinized, brownish yellow.

Cephalic papilla two-thirds as broad as long; broadest at the base. Epimera
of the first pair of legs united at the median line so as to form a Y; epimera
of the second pair of legs not united. Cephalothorax broadest at its base
where it joins the abdomen.

Sides of abdomen straight and approaching each other as you pass from the
anterior to the posterior end. A pair of shoulder bristles present, about as
long as the femur of leg III. Posterior margin of abdomen with but two
minute bristles.

Legs of the anterior group subequal; those of the second pair extending for-
ward for two-thirds of the length of the first legs. Tibia of third pair of legs
about twice as long as tarsus. Last segment of leg [IV about one-third as
long as penultimate segment, and bearing at its free end two large bristles,
the shortest of which is about twice as long as the segment itself; the longer
bristle is fully twice as long as the shorter.

Length, 0.16 mm.; breadth, 0.08 mm.

1911] Ewing—Predaceous and Parasitic Acarina 41

From Chionaspis sp. on poplar. Specimens collected by the
writer at Ames, Ia., while engaged in studying the oyster shell
seale.

Gen. Histiostoma Kramer. (Tyroglyphide.)
Histiostoma phytophaga sp. noy.

Body granulate, greyish; legs flesh color. Cephalothorax as broad as long.
Mandibles sharp, tapering; teeth sharp and uniform. Palpi moderate;
anterior, lateral, hyaline projection tapering like a broad bristle, almost as
long as tarsus of leg I; posterior, lateral projection strongly recurved and not
more than half as long as the anterior.

Abdomen two-thirds as broad as long, evenly rounded behind and with a
few, small, curved, simple bristles.

Anterior legs extending beyond the tips of the palpi by about one-third
their length; tarsus very much narrowed near its base and ending in a stout
claw, and a long seta which is equal to the segment itself in length. Near the
tip of tarsus I on its outer margin is a stout spine almost as long as the tarsal
claw; a very small bristle is on the lateral margin near its middle; on the inner
margin near the tip are two small spines, and also a small one near the middle
of the inner margin. Tibia of leg I as broad as long, and about one-third as
long as the tarsus. Posterior pair of legs slightly larger than the third pair
and reaching the tip of the abdomen.

Length, 0.31 mm.; breadth, 0.20 mm.

I found this species upon a very small plant in a little cell
containing earth where I was rearing one of the common “Red
Spiders.” — Described from two specimens.

Gen. Alloptes Canestrini. (Analgeside.)
Alloptes longipes sp. nov. (PI. 7, fig. 3).

Integument well chitinized; posterior group of legs in the case of the adult
males more strongly chitinized than the body.

Adult Male. Beak small, inconspicuous, reaching to about the middle of
the third segment of leg I.

Body broadest in front of the third pair of legs then becoming rapidly
narrowed until the tip is reached. Epimera of first pair of legs fused together
_ at the median line; those of the second and third legs united into a Y on each
side of the body. The bases of the two Y’s thus formed are united to a medial
strip which joins them to the epimera of the fourth pair of legs. From the
posterior margin of the abdomen extends a long pair of bristles equal to the
entire length of the body of the mite. Each of these bristles has an enormous
swollen region near its middle.

Legs of the anterior group subequal; the anterior pair a little over twice as
long as the beak. Legs of the posterior group very large, fourth pair exceeding
the third considerably and reaching beyond the tip of the abdomen by about

42 Psyche [February

one-half its length. Distal segments of last pair of legs large, stout, and hook-
like; each bears two small, dull, tooth-like tubercles on its inner margin near
the base; penultimate segment about as long as the last segment.

Females of the Copulating Stage. Several males were found in copulation
with the young females. These females were much smaller than the males
and of a hyaline appearance. Mature females were not found.

Length of male, 0.60 mm.; breadth, 0.41 mm.

From a tropical bird. Many specimens were sent to me by
A. O. Gross from a sea bird killed in the Bermuda Islands.

Gen. Analges Nitzsch. (Analgeside.)
Analges passerinus Linn.?! (Pl. 7, fig. 1).

Male. Integument moderately and uniformly chitinized. Body and
legs clothed with many very large, long bristles.

Cephalothorax much broader than long; beak rather small, palpi reaching
its tip. From the posterior margin of the cephalothorax there extends back-
ward two pairs of long bristles which reach as far as the tip of the abdomen.

Abdomen broadest at the insertion of the third pair of legs, rounded on the
postero-lateral margin while it is terminated in two small projection near the
median line. On its dorsal surface near the insertion of the third legs there
are two very long bristles; on the lateral margins in front of the third legs
are situated three pairs of very large bristles, the posterior of which are only
about one-half as long as the other two pairs; at the tip of the abdomen are
three pairs of bristles, the outer pair of which is less than half as long as the
other two pairs.

Legs of the anterior group subequal. Legs’ of the third pair enormously
enlarged, being almost equal to one-half the width of the body, and extending
one-half their length beyond the tip of the abdomen; last segment formed
into a great claw which has a tooth-like, bristle-bearing tubercle on its inner
margin near the middle. This segment bears in all, four large bristles. Legs
of the fourth pair reaching beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen by
the length of their last segments.

Length, 0.45 mm.; breadth, 0.27 mm.

Female. Integument less chitinized thanin the male; body subrectangular.

Cephalothorax much broader than long; beak of moderate size, palpi extend-
ing slightly beyond its tip. From near the posterior dorsal margin of the
cephalothorax there extends a long pair of bristles which reaches to the
posterior margin of the body.

Abdomen with sides about parallel; postero-lateral margin oval. On the
shoulder is situated a pair of long bristles which extend beyond the posterior
end of the body; two other pairs of bristles are found on the dorsal surface

266

1 This species does not agree with the one which figures in Banks’ ‘‘ Treatise on the Acarina,”’
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 28, p. 91, under the name of A. passerinus, but agrees perfectly
with a named specimen of A. passerinus sent from Europe by Dr. Trouessart.

PsycueE, 1911. Vou. XVIII, Puats 7.

EWING PREDACEOUS AND PARASITIC ACARINA.

1911] Ewing—Predaceous and Parasitic Acarina 43

of the abdomen each about half as long as the shoulder bristles; two long
pairs of bristles are found situated at the tip of the abdomen.

Legs of the anterior group subequal, apophyses well developed. Legs of
the posterior group longer than those of the anterior group; those of the
fourth pair extending beyond the posterior margin of the abdomen by one-
third their length.

On red winged blackbird, Ageliaus phaeniceus. Described
from several specimens taken from blackbird skins in the Iowa
State College Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.

From photomicrographs by the writer.

Fig. 1—Analges passerinus Linn.? dorsal view of male, X 75.

Fig. 2—Stigmaeodes cinctus sp. nov. dorsal view showing marked constriction
of the body, X 75.

Fig. 3—Alloptes longipes sp. nov. dorsal view of male, X 45.

Fig. 4— Harpyrhynchus brevis sp. nov. dorsal view, X 75.

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A Revision of the North American Species of the Dipterous Genus
Hydrophorus. J. M. Aldrich ; 5 ; ‘ 45
| The Dipterous Genus Diostracus Loew. if M. “Aldrich. : 70
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Vou. XVIII. Puate 8.

Psycue, 1911.

ove iE

VOL. XVIII. APRIL, 1911. No. 2

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF
THE DIPTEROUS GENUS HYDROPHORUS.

By J. M. Aupricu.
The University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

The genus Hydrophorus, established by Fallén in 1823, as lim-
ited by Loew in 1857, as generally used since and as herein un-
derstood, comprises those flies of the family Dolichopodide which
have the posterior crossvein located near the hind margin of the
wing (distant about its own length, measured on the fifth vein);
fourth vein ending in or behind the apex (this excludes Scellus, in
which it ends before the apex); front femora thickened (this ex-
cludes Lianealus), more or less spinose beneath; dorsum of thorax
not with a concave or flattened space before the scutellum (ex-
cludes Medeterus); and with the usual single row of postorbital
small bristles replaced below with a loose tuft of pale hairs cover-
ing all the posterior surface of the head below the neck.

The species are rather small, from 2.5 to about 6 mm. in length.
The adults are always found close to the edge of water on wet
earth, or else running on the surface of the water. They are
carnivorous, seizing smaller flies, etc., and holding them with
their raptorial front legs while they suck out the juices. The
larvee have not been reported to my knowledge, but it is almost
certain that they live in mud at the edge of water.

The adults have a wide range of season, as will be indicated
by the dates cited in connection with the descriptions. Con-
sidering the fact that several species can easily be found in any
locality, the genus has been little collected. This is partly due
to the lack of those conspicuous male characters which render
some other Dolichopodide so interesting, and partly to a general
similarity of appearance which has made the taxonomy of the
genus comparatively unattractive. However, in the following

46 Psyche [April

pages it will appear that nothing but a closer study is needed
(especially with the new binocular dissecting microscopes) to
find characters almost if not quite as interesting as those of Doli-
chopus.

The North American species were so little known at the time
of Loew’s monograph of the family that he could describe only
three species, to which he afterward added two in the later part
of his Centuries. The principal contribution to the genus since
that time has been by Wheeler (Proc. California Acad. Sciences,
8rd ser. Zool. Vol. I, pp. 62-69, 1899) in which a table of
species is given, five new species described, and numerous excel-
lent figures published, showing especially the spinulation of the
front femur and tibia, which had been but little appreciated before.

Walker described four species in this genus, of which I think
I recognize chrysologus, which had before been identified with
his name glaber; the rest are mentioned at the end of this paper.
Say’s Medeterus lateralis I consider to be a Neurigona, and his
punctipennis to be a Pelastoneurus.

Bibliographic references are given herein only where they correct
or add to those of my Catalogue, now generally accessible.

A few suggestions about specific characters in the genus will
doubtless be of use to those who undertake to determine specimens.

A highly interesting and heretofore unreported character is
the presence in three of our species of a row of bristles across
the occiput (fig. 4); as the usual pair of postvertical bristles
are included in the row, I have referred to them all by that term.
The black bristles which form a row behind the upper part of
the eye I have termed the postorbitals; they extend much farther
down in some species than in others. Beneath the neck among
the pale hairs called the beard are sometimes several black bristles;
they are too hard to see to be of much importance in classification,
but I have mentioned their occurrence when I could see them.
The width of the cheek at the lower edge of the eye is an impor-
tant character, but it is difficult to measure it by anything very
tangible; the student will need to gain his ideas by comparing
several species. The metallic color of the face, and its alterna-
tive, the complete opacity of the face, might not seem to sound
very definite, but I think they work out very well. I find hardly
a species difficult to place by this character. The antennz

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 47

generally are of little diagnostic value. They are always wholly
black, except in some cases where there may be a whitish tip
to the arista, which I do not find worth mentioning; in a few
species the first joint of the antenna is elongated, and in cerutias,
especially the male, there is a remarkable elongation of the whole
organ (fig. 5). The width of the face and the color of the palpi
are occasionally unusual and useful.

The thorax presents many opportunities for distinguishing
species, especially in its chetotaxy. The scutellar bristles are
uniformly four except in gratiosus (2), intentus (6), plumbeus
(10), and cerutias (2). The numbers above four may be expected
to be a little variable. The notopleurals are generally two,
but are only one in gratiosus, intentus, plumbeus, cerutias and
agalma. Not to prolong the list too much, the dorsocentrals
vary in their size, some species having them large and others
small; one species, canescens, has them white, a striking feature.
The propleural (just above the front coxa on the side) shows
some interesting changes; in plumbeus there are several, in all
the rest one except cerutias, canescens and agalma, which have none;
in phoca, the single propleural is yellow instead of black. The
pleura often has fine, pale hairs in noticeable clusters in very
_ definite spots, which I have mentioned in many cases. The
halteres may be wholly yellow, or the knob may be more or less
infuscated, and these two alternatives divide the genus more
naturally than any other I can find, hence I have made primary
use of them in my table. The wings offer few valuable characters.
One of the first class is found in cerutias, but was overlooked
by Loew—the extreme shortness of the second vein (fig 1). No
other North American species has this peculiarity. The two
spots on the wing in a few species are very constant, but other
species have them in a very faint degree, also constant, which
makes the character unavailable in a table except in one group.
The paleness of the veins at the base is rather variable and I
have found it of little use except in a few species. The abdomen
presents very few salient characters. The hypopygium of the
male varies so much in drying that it is almost impossible t©
make any use of it, while in other Dolichopod genera it is often
of the greatest use and value. The legs except the front ones
offer few characters. I have paid considerable attention to

48 Psyche [April

the small black bristles of the front coxze; while they are somewhat
inconstant, they yield some good distinguishing marks. The
front femora have on the under side some short stiff spines, against
which the tibia closes with its row of spinules, thus holding the
prey while it is devoured. This arrangement is repeated in many
slightly varying forms in the different species, but in three, cane-
scens, amplectens and breviseta, a secondary modification has taken
place in the male, furnishing special grasping organs which must
be for the purpose of holding the female, since they are confined
to the male sex; in amplectens it is a question if the second func-
tion has not superseded the first. The middle and hind legs
offer a few slight and one (breviseta) rather striking ornamental
or other male characters.

In the measurements I have included the length of the wing,
as the abdomen shrivels to such a variable extent that the length
of the body becomes untrustworthy except in a general way.

Table of Species.

deekKnobssorehalteres yellow, 2 ciieercle sinc tee hitacte ceetes 2 chek ech tienen Retort 2
Knobs of halteres infuscated, at least on outer side.................0-00005- 13
%. Postvertical bristles in a row of six or more (fig. 4)............00000 eee eee 5
Postverticals; only’ twoyas usuals- seen ase coe hooks Je Ieee
3. Scutellar bristles one pair..... epee ie kt) ératiosus sp. nov.
Scutellar’ bristles: more than, two pairs, .ss-.--s892e0 2s asa eee 4
AEropleuralsbristles severaleay-4 tee eee eee plumbeus sp. nov.
Propleural bristles (black) none or only one.............. intentus sp. nov.
5 Propleuraliones<)3.y ose asia! oseecosie eaiccie se Ae oie Shae Dace cee eee ero 8
Propleural none ns4 3) ose te oe octal See ae ce oe ec 6

6. Second longitudinal very short, ending opposite hind crossvein
i120 0S eee eee ia ENE TALON Cote Hur Re GR cerutias Loew.
Second vein normal, much longer (figs: (2)3)../40 4 a ees eee 7
7. Dorsocentrals minute, white... .2.....50s0e «e260 scleen canescens Wheeler.
Dorsocentrals ;smally blacke Wien. hee nee ee agalma Wheeler.
8:, Face! opaque” non=metallicsee: ne aoe eee eae aestuum Loew.
Metallic color visible on upper part of face.........--s2n.-. 2220-2 -- eee 9

9. Tip of front tibia in both sexes with an acute angle produced toward
the femur (one to three bristles on upper outer corner of front
coxa, and the face generally very bright blue-green as far down

as the suture)........ een MUN Nr et philombrius Wheeler.
Tip of fore tibia not or but slightly angulated toward the femur
(face not shining so far down, generally no bristles on basal part

of front :coxa) . 4 hehe sods ore he Rieter head oe ee Oe ea eee 10
10. Front tibia of male notched on inner side at two-thirds its length

CORRECTIONS TO THE TABLE OF SPECIES OF HYDROPHORUS,
Pp. 48-49. (Psycue, April, 1911.)

ie Knobrof halteres:yellowes.cs-+ ses 25. ence oe >:
Knob of halteres infuscated, at least on outer side.
2. Postvertical bristles in a row of six or more (fig. 4)
Postvertical bristles only two as usual

In the first part of couplet 12, where the number 1 occurs at the right it should

be 13.

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 49

Giga Oe ten Sy cate ce Ne ecard inns, oar Lycans oh lacoh ahs breviseta Thomson.
rontatibiamnotmocched sca. mr ccs eaocleeaie tie egie eo cicls sta eri «) arity sais 11
11. Size 3 mm.; pleura with rather thick white pruinosity..... sodalis Wheeler.

Size 4.5 mm.; pleura with thin yellowish pruinosity....magdalenz Wheeler.
12. Wing with a brown spot on the middle of the last section

of the fourth vein, and another on the hind crossvein (fig. 2).............. 1
Wanesitwathoutithesesspotseer amis tekl lala ae cl -llolny ru sqeles afaay tay atv enauraraiils 18
Sstebacesopaquemon-metallice eyes clcry sets) ceva sa eval telertatal sya aleey ed ott lofcl'a Raye a 14
iHacexshowing some ymetallicvcolonsaaan lee ae aan ide aisle) siti torsieiel © aisle esha 17
14. Face brownish-yellow, a gray spot on each side below... .signiferus Coq.
HACE MOLISONMATKEC Or Hel eyNe rs va Mapeester a Meee kt Musee alae any mei eh abaya 15

15. Front coxze with black bristles on the front side besides those at
WOT oo to bits S00 Bole GROIN REEDS Pe os SONIC cnc Rte IST aE ONE rs ny eR ir De Ree ata TA 16
Front coxze with no black bristles except at tip........ o algens Wheeler.
16. Wings with the spots distinct enough to see with the naked eye.chrysologusWlk
The spots only faintly visible with a lens .................... pirata Loew.
em Withwasblackspropleural bristle.) 3.02 44. 255 42s 2: Q algens Wheeler.
Withtampalesbristlevoristout halt. aes lacierains cycle icra: phoca sp. nov.
SSH Cem wholly Opa Mees, vodkvctsscy oss rayel ously e475 5) 2 Gi sha 2 teanel ecaplerereieyevovanetenns See mene uetaele 19
Hacershowinessomennetallictcolonwiae cece otis tieoicke sialic ier eee 20

19. Front coxa with a row of black spines in front, longest above, run-
MIU SHOU pA DICA ll yseesion acacia ews cen ste cierto aia) letra wie ela Moana parvus Loew.

Front coxa with a row of spines, longest toward the tip, running
Outmproxamaa live wae war erdwn clone sya aie eye, teuseteteiens hs lave taeeg sees pirata Loew.
Front coxa with no spines except at tip................ extrarius sp. nov.

20. Front coxz with long and striking spines on the basal part in
TARO ho ARG Blo hold Behe ae, serene eee case LE ee eR innotatus Loew.
Front coxe with no spines on basal part in front........................- 21

21. Cheeks projecting downward in a small lobe below the eye ’
Ei aaa See tat RRA A ee eee a altivagus sp. nov.

Cheeks not forming a lobe below the eye, very narrow............-....-+- 22

22. Male with a protuberance preceded by a tuft of small spines on
the under side of front femur near tip (fig. 13)...... amplectens sp. nov.
Wealeawithowtesuchy structureless see aerate ciel cee otc isetean ch ailcns es cnay ter ene 23
23. Upper part of the face bright blue-green ................ pensus sp. nov.
Upper part of face dull, only a little greenish.......... extrarius sp. nov.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.
(Made with Zeiss binocular dissecting microscope, 30 diameters.)
Hydrophorus ¢gratiosus sp. nov.

Male. Occiput bluish-green above, with moderate whitish pruinosity; post-
vertical bristles rather close together, with about four bristles each side, forming a
row that joins the postorbitals both ways; the latter extending below the middle
of the eye, beard whitish, a few stiff black spines showing just below the neck;
front with dense brown pruinosity, not shining; face dirty whitish pruinose, not
shining, of medium width; palpi of moderate size, black in ground color, opaque

50 Psyche [April

like face, with mostly whitish hairs; antenne with rather long first joint, the
third wide, all black. Dorsum of thorax moderately shining, with two brown
lines in front, in the middle brown, back of the middle a little coppery on both
sides; humeral bristles one or two, scutellar one pair; a bunch of long, whitish
hairs behind humerus and above the notopleural suture, pleuree densely whitish
pruinose, not shining, with conspicuous whitish hairs on propleura and hypopleura,
the propleural bristle however black; halteres yellow with brownish base of stalk.
Coxee all with yellowish-white hairs and no black ones even at tip of front coxe;
femora rather opaque, with slight greenish metallic color, tibize and tarsi gradu-
ally a little darker; fore femur with numerous short, stiff spines below, arranged
very indistinctly in two uneven rows; fore tibia on inner side with a row of short
spines, the last two or three at tip becoming erect and slightly longer; the tibia
itself is provided with a slight process at tip, turning toward the femur, on which
the longest spine stands; fore tarsus fully double the tibia, pulvilli brownish.
Wings smoky, costa wholly blackish, an indistinct brown cloud on the hind
crossvein and another beyond it on the fourth vein. Abdomen rather shining
green, with black hairs above and whitish ones on the sides, the latter rather
conspicuous; hypopygium embedded, not very conspicuous. Length, 4 mm.; of
wing 4.3.
Female. Length 5 to 6.1 mm.; of wing 5.6 to 6 mm.; otherwise like the male.

Seventeen specimens, both sexes: Moscow, Idaho (type);
Pullman, Seattle and Friday Harbor, Wash., dated July 19 and
Aug. 2 and 16; Palo Alto and Redwood City, Cal., dated March
1 and April 12, 19 and 25. Three of the Washington specimens
are from Professor Melander, while one from Palo Alto is from
the collection of Stanford University.

Another male from Moscow differs in nothing but its minute

size, 3.1 mm.
Hydrophorus plumbeus sp. nov.

Female. Wholly covered with dense plumbeous pruinosity, nowhere showing
any metallic color. Occiput with a transverse row of black bristles including the
postvyerticals, which are continuous with the infra-orbitals extending entirely to
the mouth; the upper orbitals do not quite connect with this series, so there are
half a dozen small black bristles on the upper orbit which are a little isolated from
the ones on the orbit below; no black spines under the neck; front plumbeous,
yet in oblique view rather blackish, not shining; face very wide, uniformly plumb-
eous, the palpi concolorous, in the described specimen opened out so that the
base of the proboscis shows between—probably not the usual position; antennz
of moderate length, rather slender, the third joint truncated, arista short, its penul-
timate joint over half as long as the ultimate, which is hardly tapering at all except
at the extreme tip, but ends in a very fine point. Thorax everywhere plumbeous,
but with two fine dark lines running back from the front edge in the middle; humeri
each with three or four bristles of various sizes; on the mesial side of the humerus
a group of bristles, and another behind the humerus and above the notopleural

~

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 51

suture, where a cluster of whitish hairs occurs in some species (gratiosus), pro-
pleura with long white hairs and a bunch of black bristles above the coxa; meta-
pleura also with white hairs; scutellum with a row of erect convergent bristles on
the margin on each side, five or six in each; some supernumerary bristles also before
the scutellum; halteres yellow. Front coxe with white hair, long above and
shorter below, and a row of small black bristles just above the trochanter; middle
and hind cox with only fine white hair; front femur with irregularly placed
spines of all sizes below, indistinctly arranged in a double inner and a single outer
row; front tibia stout, gently curved, ending in a slight process with one con-
spicuous spine, the rest of the inner spines almost imperceptible; the other legs
and all the feet somewhat bristly; pulvilli brownish; the legs in every part showing
the characteristic plumbeous pruinosity of the species. Wings rather opaque
whitish, with a faint brown cloud occupying all the apical two-fifths except a
whitish spot in the first posterior cell, and another spot of deeper brown with its
center in the basal part of the discal cell and diffusing into the surrounding cells;
veins black.
Length, 5.6 mm.; of wing, 5.7.

A single female, Grand Coulee, Wash., Soap Lake, June 29,
1902, from the collection of the Washington State College
through Professor Melander.

This species has so many well-marked characters that it is
unnecessary to enumerate them. It was collected at a small
lake of strongly alkaline water.

Hydrophorus intentus sp. nov. (fig. 4.)

Male. Everywhere covered with a dense pruinosity, yellowish except on the
dorsum of the thorax, and front where it is brown; metallic ground color not
visible except very slightly on the abdomen. Occiput with a row of spines extend-
ing each way from the postverticals and joining the orbitals rather far down the
side; the orbitals extend down nearly to the lower border of the eye; behind them
the usual beard is yellowish, and there are black spines under the neck; front seal-
brown, face uniformly yellowish pollinose throughout, palpi concolorous in favor-
able light; antennz wholly black, first joint moderately long and slender, third
wide. Dorsum of thorax rather uniformly brown, humeri lighter; humeral bristles
two or three, scutellar about three pairs which are convergent and rather erect,
the outer sometimes considerably smaller; propleura with long yellowish hairs
and one black bristle; metapleura with fine soft yellow hairs and a few still smaller
behind the humerus, above the notopleural suture; halteres yellow. Hairs of the
coxee all pale yellow, long on front ones, which have some black spines on the hind
side, next the body, hard to see. Fore femur with two rows of spines underneath,
the outer of about seven quite uniform, the inner with four or five larger and an
irregular intermixture of smaller ones; front tibia almost straight, with a row of
small spines on inner side, the last one larger and erect, standing ona slight elevation;
pulvilli brownish. Wings somewhat uniformly brownish, the veins almost black,
not lighter at base, an almost imperceptible cloud on the hind crossvein and another

52 Psyche [April

beyond) t on the fourth vein. Abdomen very faintly greenish, cylindrical in middle,
the hypupygium small and concealed, not cutting into the fourth sternite at all.
Length, 4.5 mm.; of wing 4.6.
Female. Differs only in having the abdomen wider in the middle, and showing
a rather bright blue-green metallic color on the whole dorsal surface of the abdomen;
also in the larger size, 4.9 mm.; of wing 5.1.

Forty-one specimens: Horse Neck Beach (type), Woods Hole,
New Bedford, Chelsea, Cohasset, Chatham, all in Massachusetts;
Atlantic City, N. J. The Mass. specimens are dated from May
14 to Sept. 8, and were collected by Messrs. Johnson, Hough
and Melander. The New Jersey specimens are. dated May 6,
and were collected by C. W. Johnson, who informs me that this
is the commonest salt marsh species. Professor Melander also
reports it extraordinarily abundant in salt marshes at Woods
Hole.

I received this from Mr. Johnson under the name of viridiflos
Walker, but I do not see how it can be Walker’s species. Walker’s
description is mostly made up of items that would apply to almost
any kind of Hydrophorus, or in fact to many other flies; the
only character which seems of any diagnostic value is “‘wingribs
and poisers tawny; veins black, tawny at the base.”’ I do not
understand the distinction between wingribs and veins, but
it seems clear that he was describing a species, of which there
are several, in which the basal part of the veins is yellow. This
character does not apply at all to the species here described.
It suggests wstuum to me much more than intentus, as Walker
mentions a length of 3mm.

Hydrophorus cerutias Loew (figs. 1, 5).

Male. Occiput bright green, with only one pair of postverticals; postorbitals
about eight on a side, extending down only about one third of the way to the
mouth; beard yellow or whitish, dense; cheeks not visible at all below the eyes;
no black bristles under the neck; front yellowish or brownish pruinose; face long,
narrow above, wholly white pollinose, palpi concolorous and with rather long
pale hairs; antenne located rather high and pointing almost vertically upward;
all the joints elongated, but the third drawn out into a point along the upper edge
(see figure); arista short, the basal joint flattened so as to look like the tip of the
third antennal joint. Thorax quite bright green or bronze above, especially
bright behind; scutellum with only one small decussate pair of bristles, acrostichals
and dorsocentrals extremely small, humerals one medium and sometimes one small,
notopleural one; a tuft of pale hairs behind the humerus, above the suture; pro-

i a a i

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 53

pleura with long yellowish or whitish hairs and no black bristle; mesopleura with
long hairs of the same color on the lower anterior part; metapleura just in front of
halter with a conspicuous tuft, which blends with a similar but shorter one on the
posterior upper part of the sternopleura; halteres yellow with brown root; all the
cox with dense yellow or whitish hair on front side, the front ones with also a
lateral tuft near base and no black bristles; front femur not much thickened,
on under side with two irregular rows of stiff bristles, and in the rather wide space
between the rows numerous irregularly placed short spinules; fore tibia with a row
of short spines of increasing length and erectness towards the tip, where the last
and largest spine is on a curved point of the tibia; in addition to this row there is on
the outer side from it (laterad) another row of larger, more scattered, slanting
spines, some ten in number; middle and hind femora slender, rather long, somewhat
bowed. Wings slightly infuscated, unspotied, of medium shape, strikingly dis-
tinguished by the shortness of the second longitudinal vein, which ends opposite
or a little before the hind crossvein (see figure); veins broadly yellow at base.
Abdomen bright green, pruinose on sides below, with thin white hairs all over,
longest and conspicuous on the sides of the basal joints; hypopygium bulky but
short, bent under but not extending much forward. Length, 3.6 mm; of wing,
3.7 mm.

Female. Considerably larger and brighter green than the male; third antennal
joint not drawn out into a point as in the male, yet all three of the antennal joints
may be called elongated; the face and the pale hairs of the body surface are yellow,the
the latter quite variable in depth of hue. Length, 5. 1 mm., of wing the same.

Three males and seven females: Douglas Co., Kans. (Univ.
of Kans. Coll.); Brookings, 8. D.; Pierre, S. D.; Boulder, Col.

This species has such a wealth of specific characters that a
lengthy description seems almost unnecessary. The male has
a very remarkable appearance as it goes skating across the surface
of a pond, the long antenne pointing upward like a donkey’s
ears. I well remember seeing it near Lawrence, Kansas, in June,
1893, though the males in my collection are not of my own cap-
ture, all being from the University of Kansas collection. The
females collected by me in South Dakota and Colorado were not
recognized at the time. It was Professor Melander’s quick eye
that first noticed the peculiarity of the second vein, not men-
tioned by Loew.

Hydrophorus canescens Wheeler (fig. 9).

Male. Occiput coppery red, with only one pair of postverticals; postorbitals
about twelve on a side, ending opposite the neck; beard white, abundant, mixed
under the neck with some black bristles, which seem rather large and numerous;
cheek very narrow; front whitish pruinose, only in certain lights with a little cop-
pery reflection; face wholly white pollinose, palpi concolorous with white ‘hairs,
antenne short, of ordinary form. Thorax coppery red or even crimson on most of
the dorsum, greenish about the edges, the acrostichals and all the dorsocentrals

54 Psyche [April

except the posterior pair white; a single pair of scutellars; two humerals, two
notopleurals (both large), one posthumeral; propleura with two clusters of long
pale hairs, above and below, among the latter some have a rather dark appearance
in certain lights, but there is no black bristle; on the upper part of the sternopleura
is a cluster of long, loose, woolly, white hairs, very conspicuous; metapleura
bare; squama pale yellow with white hairs; halteres yellow, a little brownish at
the root. Front cox white pollinose and covered in front with long, erect and
dense white hairs, no black spines or bristles at tip; front femora thick, not taper-
ing for more than half their length, then with a deep, oblique excavation below
cutting out more than half the thickness of the member, beyond which the under
side is widened again in a thin longitudinal plate to the tip; the sloping proximal
surface of the excavation bears a diagonal series of short black spines; the femur
has rather conspicuous white hair on its outer side and on the inner side before the
excavation are several much longer white hairs; front tibiz strongly bowed out
where they oppose the excision of the femur and _ bare on the flat opposing surface
except for a row of minute black spines on the edge which continue, though very
small, to the tip; on the underside of the femur near the base are a few short spines
in a row; middle coxa with long, erect white hairs on outer part of the front side;
middle and hind femora long, slender and somewhat bowed; hind trochanter below
with a bunch of black spines which unite to form a tapering, sharp, thornlike
process, very striking; middle tibia and tarsus shortened, not much longer than
the femur, last tarsal joint flattened and enlarged, black. Wings rather wide with
veins yellow at base to a variable extent, unspotted, evenly and moderately infus-
cated in color; first posterior cell narrowed at end, not much more than half as wide
as the length of the posterior crossvein; alula with a row of long, white hairs.
Abdomen coppery above, more or less obscured with white pruinosity; all the hairs
of the abdomen are whitish and of unusual length, those on the sides near base quite
woolly and very striking; fourth sternite projecting V-shaped; hypopygium
moderately prominent but not uniformly so. Length, 4.8 mm; of wing, 5. mm.

Female. Color of face from pale yellowish to brownish; front femur gently ta-
pering, not notched, below with an irregular double row of small spines; front tibia
with a row of minute spines on inner side which does not extend to the tip. Length,
5.3 mm; of wing, 5.2 mm.

Seven males and two females: Lawrence, Kans., June, 1893;
Brookings, S. D.; and Green River, Wyo., Sept. 1, 1896. I
remember collecting the specimens at the edge of the river at
Lawrence, and I at once noticed the peculiar front legs of the
male. The Green River specimens were taken on an occasion
when I had to wait between trains all day at the town, but I
do not remember the species. My description does not sufficiently
bring out the characteristic pale yellowish soft dull coloring of
the whole fly, which suggested the specific name. Only the
coppery dorsum and greenish abdomen are moderately bright.
The type locality was forty miles north of Lusk, Wyoming.

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 55

Hydrophorus agalma Wheeler (fig. 12).

Male. Occiput rather coppery green, with one pair of postverticals; postorbitals
about a dozen, descending about a third of the eye-height; beard white, abundant
and long, no black bristles under the neck; the eye meets the mouth, so there is no
cheek; front opaque whitish in side view, but coppery with light from behind;
face wholly white pollinose, palpi of same color, with white hairs; antenne small,
of ordinary form. Thorax with strong coppery reflection on the disk, mostly outside
the dorsocentrals, a dark line in front on each side of the acrostichals. The
acrostichals and dorsocentrals are very small in front, but black; hindmost ones very
large; scutellar two pairs, large; humeral two, small; notopleural one; pleurze
densely whitish pollinose; propleura with two tufts of long white hairs, one above
the other, but no black bristle; sternopleura on the upper part with some scattering
very long white hairs; pleurze otherwise bare; metapleura just in front of the
halter with a peculiar protuberance, almost hemispherical; halter yellow with
brownish root. Front coxe whitish pollinose, with abundant long white hairs
in front and no black spines; front femur tapering, below with a row of short,
blunt spines extending nearly to the middle, about eight in number; front tibia
rather straight, with a row of slanting black spines on the front (outer) side, and on
the inner a very close row of minute black spinules, rather erect, ending at the tip
with two larger small spines; the tibia has on the outer side two or three regular
rows of pale hairs; middle femur with a row of long white hairs or bristles on the
lower side; the middle tibia and tarsus are rather short, and the last joint of the
latter is flattened and black; middle and hind legs provided with an unusual
amount of fine white hair. Wings unspotted, rather broad, slightly infuscated,
the veins broadly yellow at base, alula with a conspicuous fringe of white hairs,
first posterior cell considerably narrowed at tip. Abdomen with a dull coppery
reflection, the hairs all white and very long on the sides near the base. Hypo-
pygium bulky, but mostly concealed. Length, 5.2 mm.; of wing, 4.9 mm.

Female. The pollen of the body is a little yellowish, and the face is decidedly
yellow; the front femur below has an irregular double row of spines, 25 or 30 in
all; all the spines of the front tibia are larger; no white bristles under the middle
femur; middle tarsus normal; sides of abdomen with shorter hairs. Length, 5 mm.;
of wing, 5.3 mm.

Three males and two females, collected by me at Battle Creek,
Mich., in the summer of 1897; Professor Wheeler’s types were
out of this lot.

The species has many interesting points of resemblance with

canescens, but also has easily discerned differences.

Hydrophorus aestuum Loew.

Hydrophorus eldoradensis Wheeler.

Male. The whole insect covered with whitish pruinosity, less dense on the dor-
sum, which shows a little metallic color. Occiput with only two postverticals, and
only six to nine postorbitals on a side, extending only about a third of the way to
the mouth; beard white, no black bristles under the neck; cheeks hanging down as
a vertical flap below the eyes, which is short antero-posteriorly; face very wide,

56 Psyche [April

wholly white pollinose, antennz of usual form, small, first joint not elongated. °
Thorax with two small cupreous stripes in front, enclosing the acrostichals and
extending to the middle; outside the dorsocentrals is a wider cupreous stripe on
each side abbreviated at both ends. These stripes are often but little visible.
Scutellars two pairs, humerals two, notopleural one and sometimes another much
smaller; squama pale yellow with white hairs; halteres pure yellow with a dark root;
propleura with white hairs and one black bristle; a few microscopic white hairs
on sternopleura; front coxe with white hairs in front and few minute black spines
at tip; fore femur on the under side with one row of spines of irregular size, larger
along the middle. These are on the inner side of the folded tibia, but at the tip is a
single spine that comes on the outer side. There is a little variation in these femoral
bristles, and in one of Wheeler’s cotypes of eldoradensis, a male, from Magdalena
Mts., N. M., I find by removing the tibia that the femoral bristles consist of a
series near the base of about five minute ones bent laterad and three larger ones
near the middle, standing straight down; these all form a row as far as their inser-
tion is concerned. Wheeler’s description of two rows must refer to the female.
Tibia with a row of setules on the inner side, progressively longer and more erect
toward the tip, the last one still longer and standing on a sharp inwardly curved
point of the tibia. Middle and hind femora simple, slender but not greatly
elongated, both a little bowed. Wings hyaline, unspotted, of medium size, the
veins broadly yellow at base; this yellow color varies greatly in different specimens,
but generally the costa is yellow to a point about halfway between the tips of the
first and second veins. Third and fourth veins guite strongly convergent at tips.

Abdomen more or less greenish, rather broad and short, covered with white hairs;
the male appendages are so small and retracted that it is often difficult to determine
the sex of the specimen. Length, 3.2 mm.; of wing, 4.5 mm.

Female. Postorbitals about a dozen on a side; bristles of the lower side of front
femur in two rows, which are a little irregular near the middle.; Length, 4.5 mm.;
of wing, 5.3 mm.

Thirty specimens, both sexes: Magdalena Mts., N. M., Aug-
1894, W. A. Snow; Las Cruces, N. M., Aug. 23; 40 miles north
of Lusk, Wyo., July, 1895; Palo Alto, Cal., Aug. 6, 1894 (all
the seven preceding specimens are cotypes of Professor Wheeler’s
eldoradensis, from Professor Melander’s collection); Texas, Octo-
ber 18, 1899; Jacksonville, Tex., Oct. 20, 1895; Tifton, Ga.,
Sept. 24, 1896; Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); De Funiak
Springs, Fla., Mar. 1, 1900; Brookings, S. D., one pair copulating
on surface of water, Apr. 10, 1900; Moscow, Ida.; Pacific
Grove, Cal., on seepage of sand dunes near sea beach, May 6,
1906; Palo Alto, Cal., Oct. 7, 1905; Redwood City, Cal., Apr.
25, 1906; California (Coquillett).

The type locality of aestuwum was Newport, R. I., which with
Johnson’s recently published New Jersey records, nicely rounds

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 57

out the localities so that they cover practically the entire United
States. This is undoubtedly the most wide-spread species that
we have; it is also considerably variable in several of its characters
notably the amount of white pruinosity it bears. A specimen
sometimes looks quite metallic on one side, showing that a slight
amount of rubbing easily takes off the “dull finish” provided
by nature. The coppery stripes on the thoracic dorsum are
sometimes only green, sometimes almost obsolete. In general,
it may be described as a small species with considerable whitish
pruinosity, opaque face, white hairs all over except the distal
portion of the legs, and with hyaline wings, unspotted, the veins
yellow at base. Loew failed to mention the paleness of the
wingveins, which misled Professor Wheeler. Mr. Brues compared
some of my material with Loew’s types of estuuwm at the museum
of Comparative Zodlogy, and could find no material differences.

Osten Sacken, in his Western Diptera, p. 320, probably had
this species,—the second undetermined species mentioned.

Hydrophorus philombrius Wheeler (fig. 14).

Male. Occiput moderately shining green, the postvertical bristles only a single
pair, vertex considerably excavated on each side of the ocelli, which are on a tubercle;
front shining green, concave, wide above; face concave above the middle, smooth
and brilliantly shining, the metallic color usually continuing down over the suture,
which is elevated on a protuberance; there is considerable variation in the brilliance
of the color, even on the upper face, but it is always perceptible; below the pro-
tuberance sloping backward to the palpi, which are darker with brownish hairs.
The cheek a thin sharp plate, yellowish sericeous, standing straight down on each
side of the mouth; the face widens rapidly from a point just below the antennz;
the black postorbital bristles extend down behind the eye only about to the middle;
beard whitish and dense, making it impossible to tell certainly whether there are
any black bristles under the neck, though I think there are; antenne short, the
first and second joints of about equal length. Thorax above striped with green
and coppery, the former color occurring along the rows of bristles; only a single
row of acrostichals, beginning rather far back; dorsocentrals small except the
hindmost one; scutellars four, strong; two humerals; the hind notopleural small;
pleura rather dull with gray pruinosity, almost destitute of fine hairs; propleura
however with whitish hairs, longest just below the single black bristle; front coxa
with a somewhat sericeous whitish pruinosity, and fine white hairs, also at the
upper outer corner two or three small black bristles and five or six on the outer
side of the front near the tip; femur thick at base, rather bare, below with two rows
of bristles at base, the outer of only about four rapidly increasing ones and the inner
of five or six of rather uniform size, and beyond the latter a few extremely short
little stubs showing above the surface; front tibiee strongly curved inward at tip,

58 Psyche [April

and bearing on the inner side a row of little spines, quite erect all the way, the ter-
minal one not large; the other femora and tibiae quite shining; halteres yellow to
dark yellow, the knob not with a darker spot, the stem dark at base. Wings
almost hyaline, without spots, the veins yellow at base as far as the middle of the
basal cells and the first vein farther, the costa however only pale halfway to the
humeral. Abdomen greenish, short, with whitish hairs on the sides and below,
fourth sternite divided, behind it a pair of blackish protruding flaps.

Length, 3.9 mm.; of wing, 4.2.

Female. Face generally not bright below, yet distinctly green in the concave
upper portion; front coxee with the black spines quite small; dorsum of thorax
more opaque, hardly shining.

Length, 4.8 mm.; of wing, 5.5.

Thirty-two specimens: Battle Creek, Mich.; McHenry, IIl.
Lawrence, Kans.; Brookings and Pierre, S. D.; Austin, Tex.;
Moscow and Craig’s Mt. in Idaho; Palo Alto and Pacific Grove,
Cal.; Longmire’s Springs and Coulee City, Wash. The last and
the material from Texas and Illinois are from Professor Melander.
Dates: Austin, Texas, Oct. 29 and Dec. 25; Palo Alto, Apr. 12;
Pacific Grove, May 6; Brookings, 8. D., Apr. 25; Longmire’s, Aug.
2; Coulee City, June 25 and July 13. The species evidently has
a long season as well as a wide distribution. The dated speci-
mens from Brookings have some personal interest, as I collected
them in the spring of 1890, just after I had decided, under the
advice of Professor A. J. Cook, to take up the Diptera as a
specialty.

Hydrophorus breviseta Thomson (figs. 10, 11).

Male. Occiput green, with a bluish pruinosity, postvertical bristles only two;
orbitals extending about two thirds of the way down behind the eye, beard yellow,
numerous stiff spines below the neck; front opaque brownish; face green above,
below with some brown pollen; the eyes reach as far down as the lower edge of the
face, and the cheek is in the form of a very narrow vertical plate; palpi dark brown
with hairs of the same color; antennz small and very short. Dorsum of thorax
rather brown, not shining, with a row of small lighter spots on each side, where
they intervene between the dorsocentrals; four large scutellars; pleure rather
green in the middle, whitish pruinose below; propleura with conspicuous yellowish
hairs and one black bristle; mesosternum with thin, pale hairs; halteres rather
deep yellow. Front coxe with scattered pale hairs and at tip a few small black
spines; front femur thick at base, on its lower side at extreme base about five little
black spines with some whitish hairs, then about the middle a row begins of very
long bristles which decrease rapidly; front tibia with a swelling on the inner side,
largest just beyond the middle, followed by a deep excavation, beyond which to

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 59

the tip the outline again rises; the outer side of ihe tibia is also crooked and convex
over the excavation, and along almost its whole length has distinct, long hairs; the
inner side is provided with a row of short, erect spines, beginning before the middle,
interrupted at the excavation, and continuing again in only three or four spines
to a point halfway between the latter and the tip, so that there are no spines near
the tip at all, but only delicate pale hairs on the inner side, tarsi simple, with
brownish rather large pulvilli. Middle femora slender, a little bowed; middle
tibize with a few extra bristles on the inner side near the tip; tarsus a little shorter
than the tibia, its first joint bristly on the inner and hind side, the last two joints
black, flattened, and with a dense tuft of stout black hairs on the hind side of each;
pulvilli and empodium rather large, brownish. Hind legs of ordinary form. Wings
slender, but faintly infuscated, a rather distinct spot on the hind crossvein but
none beyond, veins black, humeral and the large stem behind it somewhat paler;
abdomen moderately shining above, rather long, strongly concave below; under-
neath the fourth segment are two flaps with yellow hair; terminal organs large,
folded under.

Length, 3.9 mm.; of wing 4.8.

Female. Instead of the long bristles on under side of front femur, there are
only a row of short, stiff ones; the front tibia is provided with a simple row of small
slanting spines on the inner side, not interrupted and extending to the tip.

Length, 4.3 mm.; of wing, 4.9.

Four males and four females: three males and three females
were collected at Friday Harbor, Wash., July 17, 1905; two
males and two females, same locality, collected by Professor
Melander on July 7, 1909; one female, Kanaka Bay, San Juan
Island, Wash., (four miles from Friday Harbor) May 31, 1906;
and one male sent me many years ago by Mr. Coquillett, Ala-
meda, Cal., which is presumably just about the type locality.

Hydrophorus sodalis Wheeler.

Male. Occiput green, moderately shining, with only the usual two postverticals;
front rather obscure green; face wide, shining green close to the antenne, but with
a white pollen covering the lower two-thirds; palpi brown; postorbitals scarcely
coming down to the level of the middle of the eye—just ten on a side in the de-
scribed specimen,— beard dense and white, no black spines under the neck; cheek
forming a narrow vertical plate, densely white pollinose; antennz small, first
joint short. Thorax and scutellum greenish bronze, rather shining; acrostichals
in a row of five, dorsocentrals sixin each row, the fifth longest, but all rather long,
scutellar four, strong; pleurze with dense white dust, especially below; propleura
with long white hairs and one black bristle, no other hairs on pleura except a few
microscopic white ones on the upper hind part of sternopleura; halteres dark
yellow; wings almost pure hyaline, unspotted, third and fourth veins rather widely
separated at tip. Color of veins black, scarcely lighter at base. Front coxee with
short white hairs, usually a few minute black setules at apex, and occasionally a

60 Pysche [April

small black hair near base; front femora thick at base, below with white hairs on
outer side and a row of about four stiff spines near base, on the inner side below
with numerous black spines in one row, “ five to seven spines in the broader basal
portion of the femur are considerably longer than the other spines, which are
inserted in two or three irregular rows.’ Inner side of the front tibia with a regular
row of stiff spines, running up on a slight process of the tibia at its distal end.
Middle and hind legs simple, tarsi blackish with yellowish pulvilli. Abdomen
short and compressed, bronze-green, the hypopygium retracted. Length, 2.9 mm.;
of wing 4.

Female. Beard and hair of front cox more yellowish; the postorbitals come
down two-thirds the height of the eye—thirteen in number in the specimen.
Wings a little more infuscated. Length, 2.7 mm.; of wing, 4.7.

The description is drawn from eight cotypes in Professor Melan-
der’s collection, Hunter’s Creek, Wyo., Sept. 11, 1895, Lusk,
Wyo., Aug. 26, 1895, and Black Rock Creek, Wyo., Sept. 13,
1895. I also have eight females, Marshall Pass, Colo., 10,856
ft., July 28, 1908.

Hydrophorus magdalenz Wheeler (fig. 6).

Male. Occiput bronze-green, with some brownish dust and only two postverti-
cal bristles; front opaque brown; face rather wide, slightly dusted allover, yet
with the green metallic ground color showing through distinctly on the upper
half, where the dust is brown; on the lower half the pollen is yellowish white;
palpi dark brown pollinose; antenne rather small, first joint a little stout at apex;
cheek narrow, dependent; postorbital bristles about twelve, descending a little
below the middle of the eye; beard yellowish, a few black spines under the neck.
Thorax golden green, heavily overlaid toward the front with brownish dust, which
extends down on the pleurz and becomes gradually paler; six or seven dorsocentrals,
two humerals, four large scutellars; propleura with long yellowish hair and
one black bristle; a few microscopic scattered white hairs on the upper end of the
sternopleura; halteres yellow; wings moderately broad, veins yellowish at base,
the costa becoming black at the tip of the first vein or beyond it. Legs rather
bright golden green; front coxee with rather long whitish hairs and at tip a few
small black sete; front femora with white hairs and a short row of spines on the
outer side below at base; on the inner side below a row of spines extending about all
the length; tibia on inner side with a row of slanting spines, the apex of the tibia
not enlarged toward the femur; all the tarsi blackish, with large, divergent claws
and brownish pulvilli. Abdomen quite bright green, with long, almost woolly
white hair along the sides extending to the tip in diminishing length; hypopygium
concealed, the two flaps that project behind the lower part with rather long and
dense white hair; fourth segment projecting V-shape below. Length, 3.5 mm.;
of wing, 4.5

The female differs hardly at all from the male. Length, 4.6 mm.; of wing, 5.7.

1911] Aldrich—N orth American Species of Hydrophorus 61

Twenty-five specimens: Mt. Rainier, Wash., above Longmire’s
Springs, Aug. 3, 1905, and Marshall Pass, Colo., July 28, 1908.
Compared with cotypes loaned me by the American Museum
of Natural History.

I was in doubt about the identification until I had examined
the cotypes, as in my material the costa is not yellow so far
from the base as in Wheeler’s.

Hydrophorus signiferus Coquillett.
(Copy of original description.)

Female. Upper part of the occiput, front and face opaque, densely brownish-
yellow pruinose, a small gray spot below each of the facial tubercles; palpi brownish-
yellow pruinose in the center, the edges gray; proboscis and antenne black, third
joint of the latter subquadrate, slightly broader than long; a notch at insertion of
the arista and another opposite it on the lower side of the joint; penultimate joint
of arista one-half as long as the last joint; bristles of occiput black, intermixed with
a few pale yellow hairs. Thorax blackish, the margins and upper part of the
pleura opaque, densely brownish-yellow pruimose (center of the dorsum may have
been abraded in the single specimen before me), remainder of pleura white pruinose;
scutellum opaque, densely brownish-yellow pruinose, bearing four bristles. Abdo-
men shining bronze green, the lateral margins and venter white pruinose. Coxe
and trochanters densely whitish pruinose, femora and tibiz shining, bronze green,
the tarsi black; front femora bearing a few short spines on the basal third of the
under side. Wings grayish-hyaline, veins bordered with pale brown, a dark brown
spot on the hind crossvein and another near the middle of the last section of the
fourth vein; third vein toward its apex strongly curving toward the fourth; hairs of
lower calypters pale yellow. Halteres yellowish, the knobs brown Length, 6
mm

Type.—No. 4052, U.S. N. M.

Bering Island, July-August, 1897. A single specimen collected
by Mr. Barrett-Hamilton.

Hydrophorus algens Wheeler.

Face rather wide in both sexes, only moderately narrowed above, bulging and then
receding below, with brownish-yellow dust, which is denser in the male, allowing
nothing of the ground-color to be seen; in the female however the metallic blue-green
color shows through, but is not very bright. Palpi with brown dust and mostly
yellow hairs; front opaque brown; postorbital black bristles in a rather dense row,
beard yellow; postvertical bristles only one pair. Thorax with thin seal-brown
pruinosity extending down to the middle of the pleurz, where it changes suddenly
(viewed from in front) into glaucous; dorsocentral and acrostichal bristles erect,
long and slender, about 10 de in a row. A lighter color in spots between these
bristles (in the row) gives the effect of three paler lines on the dorsum; four strong
scutellars; propleural one, among yellow hairs; halteres dark brown, stem yellow.

62 Psyche : [April

Abdomen concolorous with thorax, glaucous on the sides to a little above the suture;
hairs black above, pale on the glaucous portion; male appendages much retracted
in drying, as usual. Front cox with abundant yellow hairs on fore side and no
black spines at all; front femora only moderately robust, with yellow hair on
inner side, long toward the apex in male; underneath at base outside the flexed
tibia with four (male) to seven (female) smallish spines of increasing length distally;
fore tibiz almost straight, with a row of slender short spines on flexor side, stronger
distally. Wings indistinctly brownish with the two dots plainly visible to the
naked eye; none of the veins yellow. Length of male, 4 mm.; of female, 3.9 mm.

Redescribed from cotypes, one male and one female, collected
by Wheeler at Two-Gwo-Tee-e Pass, Wyo., Sept. 12, 1895. The
specimens were loaned to me for study by the American Museum
of Natural history.

I have seen no more material in this species. It differs from
chrysologus in having fewer spines on the under side of the front
femur. Chrysologus is mostly eastern, but I have one male from

Boulder, Colo.
Hydrophorus chrysologus Walker.

Male. Occiput, front, face and palpi wholly seal-brown pollinose, opaque;
postorbitals one pair, postverticals about twelve in number on a side, extending
down more than halfway behind the eye, beard deep yellow, abundant; cheek very
narrow; palpi with brown hairs; antenne rather small, with no unusual features.
Thorax and abdomen deep brown above, somewhat shining; this color extends
down on the pleura a short distance, and correspondingly on the abdomen, below
glaucous. In one of the two males the abdomen is distinctly more greenish. Scu-
tellar bristles two pairs, humeral two, notopleural two; dorsocentrals much smaller
than in pirata, acrostichals minute; propleura with stout yellow hairs and one black
bristle; remainder of pleura bare except a few microscopic hairs on the mesopleura;
squama brown with yellow hairs; halteres brown, the middle of the stem yellowish.
Front cox yellowish pollinose on the inner half of the front side, the rest some-
what glaucous, a row of small black spines running up the front outside the middle
line; these spines are scattering and irregular; front femora not much thickened,
below with two irregular rows of spines of uneven size and between the rows some
minute setules; tibia straight, with a row of short rather inclined spines on the flexor
side as usual, not ending with a longer spine; the other femora not especially slender
nor elongated for this genus. Wings narrow, with black veins, almost hyaline
with distinct spot on hind crossvein and another beyond it on the middle of the last
segment of the fourth vein; these two spots can be seen with the naked eye against
a white background. Fourth segment of the abdomen with a V-shaped projection
below, more conspicuous in a shriveled specimen than in a normal one; the latter
has two long lamelle hanging down near apex, which are folded in in the other speci-
men, so the hypopygium does not look like the same structure in the two specimens.
Length, 3 mm.; of wing, 3.5 mm.

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 63

Female. Very like the male and about the same size in some specimens; some
unshriveled ones a little longer.

Seven males and fifteen females: Crawford’s, Franconia and
Mt. Washington, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); New Bedford, Mass.,
April 20, 1896 (Hough); Provincetown and Eastham, Mass.,
(C. W. Johnson); Montreal, Quebec, Sept. 8, 1901 (G. Beaulieu);
Battle Creek, Mich.; Boulder, Colo.

I at first identified this with glaber Walker, but according to
the description that species has yellow halteres. The references
in my catalogue under glaber, mentioning its occurrence in Alaska
and New Hampshire, are probably this species.

Hydrophorus phoca sp. nov. (fig. 2).

Male. A small species with brown dorsum and spotted wings. Occiput greenish
with only the usual postvertical bristles; front and vertex sealbrown, not shining;
face of moderate width, with brown pollen, which is so thin on the upper half that
the green ground color shows through very plainly; this part of the face has deep
longitudinal corrugations; palpi dark brown; antennze wholly black, the first joint
short, hardly longer than the second; third joint also small; infra-orbital bristles
extending down almost to the lower border of the eye, beard yellow, no black
bristles below the neck. Thoracic dorsum brown above with two faint rows of
lighter spots that intervene between the bristles of the dorsocentral rows; the
posterior part of the thorax is damaged by the pin in the described specimen;
scutellum rather bright green, with four large bristles; the bristles of the sides of
the thoracic disk are much larger than those of the central part; two small humeral
bristles; no hairs behind the humerus; propleura with yellow hairs only on its
lower part, and above them a rather strong yellowish-brown bristle; no perceptible
hypopleural hairs; both halteres missing in the described specimen. Front coxe
with yellow hairs, long above, and only two or three small black spines at tip;
front femur thick at base, below with yellow hairs near base and in the same region
a short row of only four or five black spines; the front tibia not much curved, al-
most straight, seemingly with only minute setulz on the inner side, but in the
specimen it is impossible to see the structures here very well; middle and hind
femora long and slender. Wings slightly brownish, with a distinct brown spot
on the hind crossvein and another on the fourth vein a little beyond, both dis-
tinctly visible to the naked eye; all the veins black to the base. Abdomen small
and short, greenish above, pruinose on the sides and below, bearing pale hairs below
and longer ones on the sides of the first segment above; the fourth sternite has
a ridge in the middle, which is split from behind forward.

Length, 3.1 mm.; of wing, 4.4.

One male, collected by the late Rev. Mr. Livingston, at Corfield,
Vancouver Island, B. C., dated 8-7-96; from Professsr Melander.

64 Psyche [April

Hydrophorus parvus Loew. (fig. 3.)

Male. Minute brown species with wholly dark brown halteres. Occiput brown,
one pair of postverticals, postorbitals twelve, extending about halfway down the
eye; opposite the ocellar tubercle on the orbit an unusually long proclinate and con-
vergent pair of bristles; beard white and rather thin, cheek narrow; no black bris-
tles under the neck; front brown; face narrow above, yellow to brown, entirely
opaque, palpi blackish; antenne of medium size, not elongated, still the third joint
protuberant at tip in the middle. Thorax sealbrown above the notopleural suture
and glaucous below; two pairs of scutellars, one humeral and one or two hairs; one
posthumeral, two notopleural, both large; seven large dorsocentrals in each row;
acrostichals small; all these thoracic bristles are comparatively large; propleura
with only a few small white hairs and one black bristle; mesopleura with only a
few microscopic white hairs, the pleura otherwise bare; halteres wholly dark brown;
squama brown, with yellowish hairs. Front coxa white pruinose, with very few
white hairs, but a row of black bristles down the front side, largest at proximal end,
tapering off into a few white hairs near tip; there are also a few black spines across
the tip. All the legs below the coxe dark green, he tarsi blackish; front femora
below with about three stout spines near base, on the inner side with a row of small
spines most of the length; front tibia on the inner side with a row of inclined spines,
longer distally, but not ending in a prominent spine; middle and hind femora
slender, a little bowed. Wing narrow, subhyaline, veins black, first posterior cell
not narrowed, last section of fourth vein straight; last section of fifth vein as long
as the posterior crossvein. Length, 2.6 mm.; of wing, 3.6 mm.

Female. Face brown, narrow; resembling the male very much in all respects.
Length, 2.8 mm.; of wing, 3.6 mm.

Three males and two females: New Bedford, Mass. (Hough);
Hampton, N. H., April 17 and 22 and May 5, 1904 (from C. W.
Johnson, collected by S. A. Shaw); Somerset, Mass., Dec. 31,
1904 (from C. W. Johnson, col. by N. S. Easton). The type
locality was Illinois.

Hydrophorus pirata Loew.

Male. Occiput brownish pruinose, with one pair of postverticals; postorbitals
about sixteen on a side, descending nearly to the lower edge of the eye; beard rather
light yellow; cheek rather narrow; front and face opaque brown, palpi dark brown
with black hairs; antennz of ordinary structure, but the first joint a little elon-
gated. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen sealbrown, this color extending a little
below the notopleural suture and correspondingly on the abdomen, the side of the
body below being densely white pruinose with a slight glaucous tinge; scutellar
bristles two pairs, humeral two, notopleural two, the dorsocentrals much smaller,
yet not so small as in some species, about 11 in number, the next to the last largest;
propleura with a few delicate yellowish hairs above, some coarser ones below that
seem almost brown in certain lights, and one large black bristle; pleurze with no
other hairs except a few microscopic whitish ones on mesopleura; squama brown
with yellow hairs; halteres with brownish stem and very dark, almost black, knob.

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 65

Front coxe with a row of about sixteen black bristles on front side, more slender and
delicate above, and with rather dense hairs on the mesial side of the row; femora and
tibize somewhat shining green, the former only moderately thickened at base, below
with a scattering row about ten short spines on the inner side, extending the
whole length, and on the outer side six or seven forming a row on the basal half;
tibia with a row of spines on the inner side, not erect nor enlarged at tip, and the
tibia is not bent toward the femur at apex. The middle and hind femora bright
green, rather slender. Wings a little infuscated, with black veins, a slight cloud
on the hind crossvein, not very apparent but constant. Abdomen showing a little
green above, the sides of the two basal segments with rather woolly brown hair;
hypopygium mostly concealed. Length, 4 mm.; of wing, 4.9 mm.

Female. All that I have seem to have the abdomen shortened in drying, other-
wise not differing from the male. Length 3.6 mm.; of wing, 5.1mm.

Fourteen specimens both sexes: Franconia and Crawford’s,
New Hampshire, (Mrs. Slosson); New Haven, Conn., Oct. 21,
1903 (C. W. Johnson, collected by H. L. Viereck); Danvers,
Mass., Sept. 23 (C. W. Johnson); Montreal, Que., Sept. 1, 1901
(G. Beaulieu).

In some specimens there is a distinct metallic reflection on the
upper half of the face when the light comes from straight in front
or a little below.

Hydrophorus extrarius sp. nov.

Female. Occiput moderately shining green, with one pair of postverticals; post-
orbitals about fifteen, descending hardly to the middle of the eye; cheek very
narrow, beard white; no black bristles below the neck; front brownish pollinose,
in some lights dark greenish; face rather narrow for the sex, somewhat pollinose all
over, yet on the upper, concave part a dull green shows through the brown dust;
lower convex part of the face with dense brown dust in the middle, and whitish
on the sides; palpi gray, with mixed whitish and black hairs; antennz of plain
structure, a little longer than in some species. Thorax rather seal brown above,
brighter green behind; at the notopleural suture this changes to glaucous; scutellar
bristles two pairs, notopleural two, humeral two rather small, dorsocentrals fairly
well developed but slender, acrostichals except at extreme front of the same size
as the last. Propleura with white hairs and one black bristle; sternopleura with
only a few microscopic pale hairs; squama yellow with whitish hair; halteres yel-
low, with a large brown spot on the knob. Front coxze glaucous, with dense, short
white hair in front and no black spines except two or three short ones at the tip;
front femur not very much enlarged, below with a short row of five or six spines
on the outer side at base and another short row on the inner side toward the tip
(in one specimen a few small scattering spines continue this inner row toward the
base more than in the other one); front tibia straight, with the usual row of small
spines on the inner side quite slanting, not enlarged toward tip; middle and hind
femora rather slender and a little bowed; wings almost hyaline, unspotted, veins

66 Psyche [April

black at base, third and fourth veins not appreciably convergent at tip. Abdomen
rather bright bluish green, glaucous underneath, hairs of the bright part black, of the
glaucous part white. Length, 3.8 mm.; of wing, 5.1 mm.

Two females: Brookings, S. D. (type) and St. John’s, Quebec,
Aug. 8, 1901, the latter collected by G. Beaulieu, his number 46.

I hesitated a long time before describing this species. After
long consideration I satisfied myself that it is recognizably dis-
tinct, even in the female sex alone, so for the sake of completeness
I give ita name. Its relationships are with pirata perhaps more
than any other species, but the absence of procoxal spines and
the different color of the face, with other characters, are sufficient
to distinguish it.

Hydrophorus innotatus Loew.

Male. Occiput green, with brown dust, not bright, only two postverticals; front
opaque brown; face bright green above with only a little brown pollen, changing to
white above the suture and densely covering the lower half; palpi brown; cheeks
forming narrow flaps; the black postorbital hairs about 18 in number, descending
two-thirds of the way to lower edge of the eye; beard yellow, dense, mixed under
the neck with a few black spines; antenne short and small, first joint hardly larger
than second. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen rather uniform sealbrown; scutellars
two pairs, acrostichals in a rather dense row, dorsocentrals slender in front, the post-
humeral strong; pleure glaucous except irregularly along the upper part, where
they are brown like the dorsum; propleura with yellowish hairs and one large black
bristle; halteres with brownish knob; wings hyaline, veins black. Front coxe
glaucous, with very small white hairs and a conspicuous row of black bristles,
about seven in number, longest at the base, placed rather on the outer side of the
member; these bristles do not quite reach to the apex, but after an interruption
there are more placed somewhat transversely across the tip; front femur below with
a row of short but stout spines on the inner side, smallerand irregularly placed near
the base, and on the outer side a row consisting of three or four rather large spines at
base and beyond them as many more notably large, long ones, standing far apart, the
last a little beyond the middle; front tibize with a very regular row of small inclined
spines, not larger at tip, where the tibia curves slightly toward the femur; the
other legs of plain structure. Abdomen short, brown down on the sides almost as
far as the suture, glaucous underneath; hypopygium small, fourth sternite project-
ing V-shaped, this and the lobes of flaps behind bordered with whitish hairs; sides
of abdomen with yellowish hairs near base.

Length, 3.7 mm.; of wing, 5.2 mm.; the latter indicates that the specimen is
abnormally shortened in drying, or else has naturally a very short abdomen.

The female has a wider face, and the dust is wholly brown on the lower part,
except just below the suture on each side, where it shows a tendency to a white
spot asin signiferus. This is largely a matter of the direction of the light. Halteres
distinctly brown on the knob, rather more so than some males. Length, 4.1 mm.;
of wing, 5.2 mm.

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 67

Twelve specimens, both sexes: Beaver Creek, Newport, Oregon,
Aug. 13, 1902; Keyport, Wash., Aug. 7, 1905; near Seattle,
no date; Bellingham, Wash., July 29; Lyndon, Wash,. July 29,
1908. The last two lots mentioned are from Professor Melander,
and the preceding one from Prof. O. B. Johnson. The type
locality of the species was Sitka. Loew’s description is easily
recognizable and there can be no doubt of the identification.

Hydrophorus altivagus sp. nov.

Male. Occiput bright metallic green with faint brownish pruinosity; postverticai
bristles one pair; postorbitals about fourteen on a side, extending a little over half-
way down the eye; beard yellow, no black bristles below the neck; cheeks wide;
front brownish pollinose, not much shining; face bright green on the upper fourth,
the rest white pollinose; palpi strongly contrasting dark brown, with black hair;
antenne short, of ordinary form. Dorsum of thorax rather dark bronze-green,
moderately shining; upper part of pleura concolorous with the dorsum for a
narrow space; scutellar bristles two pairs, humeral two, notopleural two; dorsocen-
trals comparatively large for the genus, the penultimate one almost as large as the
scutellars; propleura with long, delicate yellow hairs and one strong black bristle;
mesopleura with a few microscopic pale hairs; squama yellow with yellow hair; hal-
teres almost black, the stem yellow in the middle. The pruinosity of the pleura is
almost white. Front coxa with abundant yellowish hairs on the anterior side; five
or six black spines at tip and a row of black spines, four in the described specimen,
running up the outer front edge from the tip about halfway to the base; front femur
moderately thickened, on the inner side below with seven stubby spines forming
an irregular row the entire length, on the outer side below there appear to be only
two or three short spines at base; front tibia straight, with the usual row of small
spines on the inner side; they are not erect, and are very uniform; middle and
hind femora shining blue-green, not very slender. Wings large and rather broad,
subhyaline, veins black, unspotted. Abdomen rather bright bronze-green above
and on the sides almost to the suture, the rest whitish pruinose; hypopygium more
concealed than usual. Length, 4.7 mm.; of wing, 5.1 mm.

Female. Face with yellowish-brown dust below, on each side below the suture
changing to gray; palpi as in the male, blackish; front coxee with one spine above
the tip or none (this is evidently a variable character); spines on under side of
front femur as in the male but somewhat longer. Length, 4.8 mm.; of wing, 5.6
mm.

One male, Marshall Pass, Colo., Alt. 10,856 ft., July 29,
1908; three females, Boulder, Colo., August, 1897.

Hydrophorus amplectens sp. nov. (figs. 8, 13).
Male. Postorbital black bristles about twenty-six in number, extending almost
down to the lower corner of the eye, postverticals only two, beard pale yellow,
cheeks exceedingly narrow; occiput green, front sealbrown, face rather narrow,

68 Psyche [April

shining green above, on the lower part with brown dust; palpi dark brown with
blackish hairs; antennz plain, small, first joint not elongated; underneath the
neck among the beard are rather numerous black bristles. _Dorsiim of thorax shin-
ing sealbrown, green before the scutellum and around the humeri, the acrostichal
and dorsocentral bristles very small and thin and rather numerous; even the hind-
most dorsocentral is thin and small; scutellars four; upper part of the pleura quite
pure green, lower part glaucous pruinose, few almost imperceptible microscopic
hairs on the upper part of the sternopleura; propleura with pale yellow hairs and one
black bristle; halteres brown on the outer side of the knob; front coxze with fine
brownish hairs on the front side and small black spines at and above the tip; front
femora not much thickened, with a single row of bristles below along the middle,
about nine to twelve in number; near the tip below there is a prominence fol-
lowed by an excision; just back of the prominence is a close row of five stiff and
bluntly pointed spines; on the front tibia at the base is a slight lateral prominence
about opposite the excision in the femur, surmounted with minute spines; following
this to the apex is the usual row of small, rather erect spines; the effect of the
excision and both prominences is evidently to form an organ for holding the female.
The other legs of plain structure, except that the last two joints of the middle tarsi
are black and somewhat flattened, the fifth joint more so than the fourth. Wings of
moderate width, subhyaline, the veins black, with almost imperceptible spot on the
hind crossvein and another beyond (in one specimen these are considerably stronger).
Abdomen bright bluish green, glaucous only below and on the under part of the
sides; fourth sternite emarginate behind and the space occupied with a large black
organ which seems to end in a thin edge behind, quite different from most species.
Length, 4.2 mm.; of wing, 4.8.

Female. The face is much wider, front and middle legs of plain structure.
Front femur below with loose brown hairs and toward the tip a small spine or two.
One female has the two spots of the wings more developed than the rest, but still
faint. Length, 4 mm., of wing, 5.1 mm.

Three males and two females, all taken at Brookings, S. D.;
three were captured in early spring of 1890. One male, Battle
Creek, Mich., summer of 1897.

The female differs from that of magdalene in having much
shorter dorsocentrals, no row of spines under front femur, and
a brown spot on knob of halteres. The male differs in the struc-
ture of the fore legs and in having a narrower Hees as well as
in the smaller dorsocentrals.

Hydrophorus pensus sp. nov. (fig. 7).

Occiput shining green, only one pair of postverticals, the postorbitals about twelve
in number, extending down only about one-third the height of the eye; beard white;
no black bristles under the neck; cheek below the eye exceedingly narrow; front
dark brown, hardly at all greenish; face narrow above, smooth and brilliant blue,
below covered with white dust; palpi concolorous, with pale hairs; eyes with

1911] Aldrich—North American Species of Hydrophorus 69

larger facets just below the antennse; antenne of medium size, not quite so short
as in some species, arista rather long. Dorsum of thorax sealbrown in front, green
behind; four scutellars, two humerals, dorsocentrals of moderate size, the hind
ones rather strong; pleurze wholly white pruinose, bare, propleura with white hairs
and one black bristle; squama blackish with pale hairs; halteres yellow with brown
spot on knob and brown root. Front coxe white pruinose and with fine soft hair,
at tip sometimes with a few small black spines, sometimes without these; front
femur with an irregular row of spines below, larger and smaller mixed and toward
the tip on the inner side two or three longer ones; front tibia straight, with a uni-
form row of nearly erect, even, small spines on inner side; middle femora long and
slender, a little bowed; hind femora also long, not so slender, beyond the middle
with numerous dense, curved bristles below; the femur tapers rapidly near the
tip, almost excised below; all the claws and pulvilli small. Wing narrow, almost
hyaline, unspotted, veins blackish. Abdomen bright green, with two long, brownish
lamelle projecting forward underneath, about half as long as the abdomen; fourth
sternite bent forward in a V-shape. Length, 3.2 mm.; of wing, 4 mm.

Female. Face wider than in male, but still narrowed below the antennz; about
fifteen postorbitals on a side; hairs on palpi blackish; a few pale microscopic hairs
on sternopleura. Length, 4.9 mm.; of wing, 5.4 mm.

Forty specimens, both sexes: Craig’s Mt. Idaho (type),
June, 1894; Moscow, Idaho, May 3, 1895; Potlatch, Idaho,
June 20, 1907; Troy, Idaho, Sept. 26, 1896; Harrison and Julia-
etta, Idaho, and Pullman and Seattle, Wash.

This appears to be the commonest Hydrophorus of the Pacific
Northwest.

WALKER’S SPECIES.

Under the name of chrysologus on a preceding page I have
described a species which may be the one to which Walker gave
that name, although there is no great certainty about the matter.
His description of glaber offers no characters of significance differ-
ent from that of chrysologus, except that in the former case he
mentions the dark knob of the halteres, while in the latter he
calls the halteres yellow, very possibly overlooking an infuscation
of the knob. The two spots on the wing occur in both descrip-
tions, and with the item about the halteres include almost all
of distinctive importance. I know no spotted-winged species
with wholly yellow halteres, though in phoca the question is
yet open, owing to the loss of both halteres in the single described
specimen. If the face is shining in chrysologus, it might be the

“same as algens, but the ambiguous expression used seems to
indicate an opaque face: “head covered with golden bloom,

70 Pysche [April

which is paler and brighter toward the mouth.” The two descrip-
tions of Walker may really refer to the same species, assuming
that the brown spot on the knob of the halteres was overlooked
in glaber.

Walker’s alboflorens seems to approach pirata, having infus-
cated halteres and unspotted wings, but so many characters
are omitted or vaguely mentioned that a decision is impossible.

His viridiflos has been identified with my intentus, but as I
understand the expressions used, it is much more nearly related
to aestuum, a widely different species. At least it is a small
eastern species with the wings pale at the base.

These conclusions will show the uselessness of trying to “do
something” with Walker’s names. If anything, I have gone too
far in assuming that I have identified one species. An exam-
ination of Walker’s types is the only process that will settle the
matter; even that will have only a bibliographical value, and
will not advance entomology in the least, assuming that we already
know all of his species under some name, which is highly prob-
able. I have heard of one entomologist who in recent years
did in fact examine a part of Walker’s types of Dolichopodide,
and who had the self-restraint on coming home to say nothing
about what he found, deeming it best not to disturb existing
nomenclature. And he is a man who has contributed vastly
to entomology in more than one order.

THE DIPTEROUS GENUS DIOSTRACUS LOEW.
(Pl. 8.—figs. 15-18.)
By J. M. Aupricu,
The University of Idaho, Moscow, Ida.

The genus Diostracus was founded by Loew in his Neue Beitrage,
VIII, 43, 1861, and redescribed in Monographs, II, 120, 1864;
the entire second notice is merely a translation of the first, both
as to the genus and the single species, with the addition of one
or two unimportant comments.! The typical and sole species,
prasinus, was collected by Osten Sacken in New York, presumably
near New York City. It has apparently not been collected since

i Note.—On page 122 of the monograph, the expression regarding the middle tarsi, ‘‘ the
first joint about as long as the other three taken together,” should have been translated “the
first Joint about as long as the following three,’’ etc.

1911] Aldrich—The Dipterous Genus Diostracus 71

the time of its discovery; at least, there are no references to it
in literature, and I have never seen it in any collection examined
by me. The discovery of a second species in the Puget sound
region enables me to add some chaetotactic characters, and for
convenience I redescribe the genus.

Generic characters.—Male. Antenne of medium size and simple form, first
joint moderately elongated, hairy above, the second short, hairy above and below,
the third short with a rounded tip and almost basal arista, which is of medium length
and has a very short pubescence. Face wide, short, with a strong transverse suture,
the lower part ending in a point in the middle; palpi very large, folded loosely across
the front of the large, bulky proboscis, which extends broadly up under the neck.
Occiput convex, nearly horizontal above, with a row of orbital bristles extending to
the mouth and only sparse beard below; postvertical bristles two, verticals two, as
large as the ocellar. Thorax with absolutely no small hairs on the dorsum except
at the extreme front edge; no acrostichals; six strong pairs of dorsocentrals; scu-
tellars one pair and several hairs on the edge; humeral one and a few hairs;
notopleurals two; posthumeral one; supra-alar two; postsutural one or two small;
propleural one rather weak; a row across the first abdominal segment. Pleura
bare. Metanotum large, nearly horizontal. Abdomen with six visible segments
dorsally besides the hypopygium, which is small but not much embedded; fourth
sternite bent out in a V-shape. Hind metatarsuslonger than following segment;
hind coxa without an erect bristle on the outside. Wings rather long, third and
fourth veins nearly parallel, ending in the apex, second vein ending a little before
the apex, hind crossvein less than its length from the hind margin.

Female. Face still wider, palpi not quite so large, more pointed and hairy. Two
good-sized postsuturals.

It will be observed that the added generic characters are not
drawn from the type species; but the close correspondence of
the new species with the type in all essential known characters
of the latter makes it highly probable that the type shows these
newly mentioned ones also. The relationships of the genus
are evidently with Thinophilus, as stated by Loew; five species
of Thinophilus examined by me all agree in having no acrosti-
chals, but differ from Diostracus in having the first antennal
joint bare and shorter, and in having one notopleural bristle
instead of two. In most of their characters, including the large
palpi, the two genera are much alike.

Diostracus olga sp. nov.

Male. Occiput thickly gray pollinose, showing only a little greenish ground
color; postorbitals rather scattering, black, the row extending to the mouth; beard
of only a few yellowish hairs; front short and wide, gray pollinose, ocellar tubercle

72 Psyche [April

prominent; face grayish above the prominent suture, shining green below it; palpi
large, yellow in ground color, with snow-white shining luster on the outer side,
which has only a few hairs, of a yellowish-brown color, mostly along the upper or
front edge; eyes prominent and rounded, extending much below the side of the
face, but not much below the pointed middle of the face; antennze wholly blackish,
as described under the generic characters. Thorax pure bright green above, not
very shining, with two narrow brown lines extending from the front almost to the
scutellum, close together, also a long and rather wide brown spot on each side,
extending about equally before and behind the suture; humeri and a stripe above the
notopleural suture pruinose with whitish; pleura wholly covered with a thin green-
ish-gray pruinosity, which also covers the metapleura; propleura with a brownish
bristle and one or two hairs; squama brownish, with yellowish hairs; halteres
yellow. Coxe and legs blackish, with little greenish luster, the tips of cox, the
trochanters and extreme base of femora yellow, tips of femora and bases of tibize
also yellow; front coxee with thin white hair on front side and a few black bristles
at tip; all the femora quite destitute of bristles except a preapical one on the
middle and hind ones; tibize plain, with ordinary bristles; tarsi plain, with small
pulvilli and empodia. Wings uniformly infuscated, the veins dark. Abdomen
short, grayish-green, not shining, with black hairs, which attain the size of bristles
only along the hind edge of the first segment, especially toward the sides; hypopy-
gium with two black lamellz hanging down from posterior part. Length, 4 mm.;
of wing, 5 mm.

Female. Face wider, not very shining, rather grayish-brown below the suture,
the palpi more pointed than in the male, covered with coarse black hair and grayish
pollen, which is paler along the lower edge. The postsutural bristles are uniformly
larger than in the male, always two on each side. Length, 4.9 mm.; of wing,
6.1 mm.

Three males and three females, collected by myself near Olga,
Orcas Id., Wash., July 14, 1909. One male, collected by Professor
Melander near the same place, July 28, 1909.

All the specimens were taken on rocks along a little brook in
a very shady place.

The wholly yellow legs of prasinus, among other characters,
easily distinguish it from olga.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

=
w

Hydrophorus cerutias Loew, wing of male.
cf phoca sp. nov. wing of male.
parvus Loew, wing.
intentus sp. nov. back of head, showing supernumerary
postvertical bristles.
cerutias Loew, side of head of male.
magdelene Wheeler, side of head showing wide cheek.

ie ss pensus sp. nov. abdomen and hind femur of male.

Ve

2.

3.
4

Sx

191] Johnson—Dipterous Genera Proposed by Billberg 73

Fig. 8. Hydrophorus amplectens sp. nov. side of abdomen of male.

9. * canescens Wheeler, front femur and tibia of male.

10. td breviseta Thomson, front tibia of male.

i <4 “ re upper view of tip of left middle tarsus,
male.

UE. £ agalma Wheeler, upper view of tip of middle tarsus, male.

13. - amplectens sp. nov., part of front femur and tibia of
male.

14. i philombrius Wheeler, front femur and tibia of male.

15. Diostracus olga sp. nov., side view of male.

16. ‘- i “front view of head of male.

17. Pit ise ‘“* antenna of male outer side.

18. - rs “wing of male.

NOTES ON THE DIPTEROUS GENERA PROPOSED BY
BILLBERG IN HIS ENUMERATIO INSECTORUM!

My attention has been recently called to this work by Mr.
Henry L. Viereck who was endeavoring to locate some genotypes
in the Hymenoptera. A copy of this rare book was presented
to the library of the Boston Society of Natural History by Mr.
Samuel H. Scudder. In looking over the pages (112-123)
pertaining to Diptera I find the following generic names:

“Tichodartha Eg.*—Mosillus Ltr..—Musca Ol.’’ No species
are mentioned.

Under ‘1 Divis. alis divaricatis, 1 subdivis. antennis capite
medio brevioribus,”’ page 118, appears the following :—

“Blera Eg.—Eristalis Flln—Syrphus Fbr. Ltr—Musca Ol.
fallax Svec. Linn. ' cemiteriorum Svec. Linn.”

Recognizing Cynorhina Will. (1886) as has been done by Verrall,
(Brit. Flies, VIII, 590) Musca fallax Linn. becomes the
type of Blera, or considering Cynorhina to be a synonym of
Criorhina Meigen, 1822, and ignoring Penthesilea Meigen, 1800,
Criorhina also becomes a synonym of Blera. Musca camiteriorum
Linn. is a doubtful species considered by some to be the same as
Chrysogaster solstitialis Fall.

“Dones Eg.—Doros Mgn. I1I—Syrphus Auct. Pler.—Scaeva
Filn.— Musca el [Ol].

1Enumeratio Insectorum in Museo, Gustav Johann Billberg. [Holmiz] Typis Gadelianis
Gadel, 1820.

2Eg. ‘ Auctor hujus operis.”’

74 Psyche [April

*abdomine elongato ** abdomine clavata
depressiusculo
festivus Svec. Linn. conopseus a

Musca festivum Linn. is a Chrysotoxum Meig. 1803, and Syrphus
conopseus Fabr. is the type of the genus Doros Meig, 1803.

“2 Divis. Alis incumbentibus. 1 subdiv. antennis longitudine
capitis vel ultra. Calicera Eg —Callicera Mgn. Pnz. Ltr.—Bibio
Fbr.—Syrphus Rss.”’

No species mentioned.

Under ‘11 Natio Dolichopides Palpis proboscide brevioribus;
alis incumbentibus. Calomya Eg.—Callomya Mgn. Flln.—
Dolichopus Fbr. Ltr. Wick —Musca Ol.”

No species mentioned.

Under ‘13 Natio, Asilides. Capite transverso thoraci collo
exserto adnexo. 1 Divis. Tarsis pulvillis duabus.”

“Laphyra Eg—Laphria Mgn. Ill. Ltr. Fbr. Flln—Erax Sep.—
Asilus auct. Pler.

gibbosa Svec. Linn. gilva Svec. Linn
flava marginata —
ephippium —— Fbr. rufipes Filn.”

All of these belong to the genus Laphria Meigen 1803.

“19 Natio Culicides Antennis gracilibus, capite longioribus, 0
valde plumosis 1, verticillato-pilosis; ocellis nullis.”’

“2 Divis. Alis deflexis Cnips Eg. —Culicoides Ltr.”

Of the above names only Blera seems to be of any special
importance. C. W. JoHNSON.

ANOTHER IMPORTED CLOVER WEEVIL.

Among the Phytonomus received for examination this winter I find specimens
that belong to a species apparently not hitherto reported from America. This
latest accession to the list of our clover and alfalfa enemies is Phytonomus}meles Fab.

Specimens have been identified from the following localities: Albany, N.Y.,
9 July 1908 bred from red clover (Dr. E. P. Felt); West Point, N. Y., W.
Robinson, 28 April 1908 (coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.); Brooklyn, N. Y.
(C. Schaeffer); Westchester Co., N. Y. (Schaeffer); Rockaway “* washup”’
(Schaeffer); Rockaway Beach, N. Y. (E. A. Bischoff); New Haven, Ct.,
28 May 1910 and Hamden, Ct., 16 May 1910 (A. B. Champlain); Framingham,
Mass., 5 May 1909 (C. A. Frost); Ramsey, N. J., 31 May 1908 (Schaeffer);
Hewit, N. J. (Schaeffer); Rahway, N. J., 23 July (Bischoff); Newfoundland,
N. J., 30 May (Bischoff); Lake Hopatcong, N. J., 30 May (J. A. Grossbeck).

It has much the same color as the alfalfa leaf-weevil (P. posticus Gyll.) but the
scales are cleft to the base as in P. nigrirostris and the thorax is much wider than
in either of these species. EK. G. Trrvs.

Mr. E. A. Bischoff (in litt. 18 Apr., 1911) states that this is the P. Castor of
Smith’s Cat. Ins. of N. J.

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Embryology of Head of Pristhesancus 15

ON THE LATER EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES OF THE
HEAD OF PRISTHESANCUS PAPUENSIS.
(REDUVIIDAE)

= By F. Murr and J. C. Kersuaw.

Mossman, North Queensland.

The authors, in a former paper,* based on anatomical studies
of the adult heads of Hemiptera, drew certain conclusions as
to the homologies of their mouth-parts. Wishing to see if these
conclusions could be verified by embryology, the studies herein
described were undertaken on the embryo of Pristhesancus
papuensis.

For our present purpose it is only necessary to begin our descrip-
tions from the fifth day after the eggs were laid.

5th day. (Fig. 1) At this stage the embryo is in a dorso-
ventral position. The procephalic lobes are large, and the anten-
nz distinct. All the appendages are distinct, but the Ist maxille
are plain, single lobes, as are also the 2nd maxille. There is
no sign of the eyes. Two small lobes over the stomodzeum repre-
sent the labrum.

6th day. (Fig. 2) There is a deep constriction between the
procephalic lobe and base of antenna. The appendages are
longer and the legs have two distinct joints. The embryo has
a posterio-ventral position. _

7th day. (Fig. 3) ‘The first maxille are now two-jointed,
the basal joint we will distingusih as the mavillary plate, the
distal as the mazillary seta. The 2nd maxille are distinctly
three-jointed. Legs also three-jomted. Eyes not yet apparent.
Labrum more pronounced with the two lobes amalgamated.

Sth day. (Fig. 4) The antenne have partly unrolled, and
all the appendages lengthened.

9th day. (Fig.5) The maxillary plate and maxillary seta
are separate up to their bases. The labrum has come forward
and developed. The 2nd maxille have coalesced except at their

pe the Homologies and Mechanism of the Mouth-parts of Hemiptera. Psycup, vol. 18, Feb.
1911.

76 Psyche [April

tips, and form the labium. The antenne hang down with the
legs. All the trophi are larger and more developed. The eyes
are not yet visible.

10th day. (Fig. 6) The head is well formed with the eyes
partly pigmented. The antenne are long and repose in a ventral
position between the first pair of legs, their basal part and the
head-capsule having begun to grow forward to cover the bases
of the mandibles and maxilla. The labrum and clypeus are
much longer and free. The mandibles are flattish bodies about
twice as long as broad, lying above the maxilla. The maxillary
sete have become twice the length of the mandibles and flattish,
the maxillary plates have altered but little, and still retain a
slight connection with the sete at their bases. The 2nd maxille ~
have coalesced to near their tips and are more distinct.

11th day. (Fig. 7) The head is distinct and the eyes much
more pigmented. The bases of the antenne have grown more
forward along with the head-capsule, and enveloped the base
of the clypeal region. The labrum is elongated. The labium
is one piece with three distinct joints, and a more obscure basal one.

12th day. The articulations of the mandibles to the head-
capsule have begun to assume their ginglymus character.

13th day. (Fig. 8) The forward movement of the head-
capsule and base of antennze has continued considerably, the
bases of the mandibles and maxille appearing to be within the
head-capsule. The lateral edges of the labium have begun to turn
up and form the groove in which the sete eventually repose.

14th day. (Fig. 9) The false sutures in the head-capsule
are plain, showing the forward movement of the head-capsule
and its fusion with the clypeal region, leaving only the labrum and
the epipharynx free. The sets are more slender and rod-like.
The labium is distinctly grooved.

15th day. The head is more chitinized and pigmented, the
greatest change being the more definite shape of the maxillary
plate, the dorsal edges being in contact with the lateral edges
of the labrum, and its ventral edges partly fixed to the basal
part of the labium. The ginglymus articulations of the mandibles
are distinct. The only connection between the maxillary plate
and seta is by the protractor muscle.

16th day. (Fig. 10) The forward part of the head-capsule

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Embryology of Head of Pristhesancus 77

has fused with the clypeus, the false sutures on the head-capsule
are distinct. The retractor muscles of the setse can be seen pass-
ing to the back of the head-capsule.

17th day. The head has become firmer; otherwise there is
little change.

18th day. (Fig. 11) The pseudo-sutures across the head from
eye to eye are distinct. The tips of the mandibles are barbed,
and the maxillary sete have their lateral edges turned up, and
the outer sides of their tips corrugated. There are bristles on
the labrum.

19th day. The maxillary sete are three-ridged longitudinally
(a central ridge, with the lateral edges turned up to form two
lateral ridges).

20th day. (Fig. 12) A slight alteration in the pseudo-sutures
of the head-capsule. The maxillary plates are firmer and more
chitinous. Tip of mandible reaches to tip of epipharynx. Tip
of maxillary seta reaches somewhat beyond tip of epipharynx.
The seta-ends are still outside the labium, 7. e., not in the trough
of the labium. The lateral edges of the labium meet along dorsal
central line from tip to epipharynx. ‘The basal joint of the labium
has become fused with the head capsule, the gular region and the
ventral part of the maxillary plates, the only free part being a
small ventral sclerite to which the retractor muscle is attached.

21st day,9 a.m. (Fig. 13) The tips of the sete reach a
little beyond the tip of the epipharynx. The epipharynx has
slightly lengthened.

21st day, noon. (Fig. 14) ‘There are slight changes in the
pseudo-sutures of the head. The seta-tips remain as before.
The second joint of labium is well defined. The labrum and
epipharynx are well defined.

21st day, half-hatched nymph. The occipital region, hitherto
partly invaginated into the prothorax, has greatly lengthened,
owing to the straightening out of the head, and become chitinous.
The 2nd joint of the labium has lengthened. The junction
of the gular region with the basal joint of labium is complete.
There is no line of demarcation between clypeus and labrum,
but the epipharynx is distinct from the latter. The only pseudo-
sutures remaining are those bounding the labral-clypeal region,
and the deep transverse constriction between the eyes. In fact,

78 Psyche [April

the head now much resembles that of an adult, but for the further
lengthening out which reduces the large epicranial lump behind
the eyes. The post-embryological development is very similar
to that of Sycanus croceovittatus.

Up to the time of hatching the tips of the sete project only
a little beyond the apex of the epipharynx, and are free, but as
soon as the young has freed itself from the amnion the tips of
the setze are placed into the trough, and pushed beyond the tips,
of the labium. It is able to do this for two reasons; one, because
during development the basal part of the seta, with its tendons
and muscles, has grown back into the head and formed a loop
which reached even onto the prothorax (Fig. 15 m. t. s.). This
is straightened out at birth, and pushes the seta-tip through the
trough of the labium. The second reason is because of a length-
ening of the anterior part of the seta after casting the amnion.

These studies lead us to the following conclusions.

What is termed the frons by many writers we consider as
clypeus, and their clypeus as labrum. The clypeal region is
often very indistinct, and amalgamated with the head-capsule.
The lore (mandibular sclerites of Meek) have no connection
with the mandibles, but are lateral developments of the clypeal
region. The dorsal and outer pair of sete are the mandibles,
developed direct from the first pair of appendages behind the
stomodzeum of the embryo, and articulated in the normal position,
viz.:—on the oral margin between the clypeus and maxille.
The ventral and inner pair of sete are part of the maxille, devel-
oped directly from the distal joint of the second pair of appendages
behind the stomodeum of the embryo, the basal joint being
directly developed into the maxillary plate (maxillary sclerite
of Meek, Maxillarhécker of Heymons). The complete amalga-
mation of this portion of the maxilla with the head-capsule,
leaving no line or suture of juncture, is unique among insects, and
constitutes one of the most difficult points for interpretation.
In many Heteroptera the maxillary plate fuses with the lateral
edges of the basal labial segment. The labium is formed by the
entire fusion of the 2nd maxilla. In many of the Heteroptera
_the basal joint fuses with the head-capsule and the ventral
edges of the maxillary plates. The salivary syringe (salivary
injector of Meek, Wanzenspritze of German writers) is homologous

Psycusn, 1911.

MUIR AND KERSHAW.——PRISTHESANCUS PAPUENSIS.

Vor. XVID, Rrarn)(9F

41

XVIII, Puate 10.

VOL.

PsycuHeE, 1911.

MUIR AND KERSHAW.——PRISTHESANCUS PAPUENSIS.

1911] Muir and Kershaw—Embryology of Head of Pristhesancus 79

to the claustrum salivee (Hansen) of Diptera, and is a development
of the salivary ducts. This can be plainly seen in the embryo
about the fifteenth day, when the syringe is in the shape of a
sack-like dilation of the common salivary duct, stiffened with
spiral threads, eventually becoming chitinous, and tnd whe ehere
the muscle is attached invaginated (Fig. 17). Our studies gave
us no clue to the missing palpi.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES 9 AND 10.

Bigs iF
Embryo of fifth day.
Fig. 2.
Embryo of sixth day.
Fig. 3.
Embryo of seventh day; a=embryo, b=Right mandible and maxilla.
Fig. 4.
Embryo of eighth day; a=embryo, b= Left mandible and maxilla.
Fig. 5.
Head of embryo of ninth day; a=head, b= Right mandible and maxilla.
Fig. 6.
Embryo of tenth day; a=embryo, b=Left mandible and maxilla.
Bigs
Head of embryo of eleventh day.
Fig. 8.
Head of embryo of thirteenth day.
Fig. 9.
Head of embryo of fourteenth day.
Fig. 10.
Head of embryo of sixteenth day.
Brot:
Head of embryo of eighteenth day.
Fig. 12.
Head of embryo of twentieth day.
Fig. 13.
Head of embryo of twenty-first day, 9 a. m.
Fig. 14.
Head of embryo of twenty-first day, 12 noon.
Fig. 15.
Head of nymph of twenty-first day, when nymph is half-way out of egg.
Fig. 16.

Head of nymph when just hatched out. a=dorsal view, b=side view, c=front
view.
Fig. 17.
Salivary syringe of embryo about fifteenth day.

80 Psyche [April

THE FOOD-HABITS OF MEGARHINUS."

By Freperick KNaB,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

In a previous paper discussing the food-habits of mosquitoes
I have expressed the opinion that the species of Megarhinus do
not suck blood but feed wholly upon the sweets of flowers.” I
was fully aware of the statements of some authors that these
mosquitoes bite, but for several reasons I was convinced that
these assertions are based on faulty observation or misidentifica-
tion. Indeed I have failed to find any record at first hand of
Megarhinus biting. Thus Theobald quotes Captain James
that Megarhinus immisericors “‘bites very severely in southern
India, and that its bite is very poisonous. It is known to the
natives as the ‘Stinging Elephant Mosquito.’”’* It is to be judged
from this quotation that Capt. James obtained his information
from natives; we can safely put aside such evidence for there is
little reason to doubt that, if there is any truth in the statement at
all, other large mosquitoes were the real culprits. Later, on
information obtained from correspondents, Theobald states of
Megarhinus separatus: “They are called ‘carapand’ and bite very
badly in the daytime and at night.” The truth is that in the
Amazon region “carapand&”’ is the vulgar name for any mosquito.
We have here, then, another error of like character with that of
Capt. James. This same mosquito is also accused by Goeldi on
information from his entomological preparator, Mr. Adolphus
Ducke, who assured him that its sting was comparable in severity
to that of a wasp. On the other hand good observers have
expressed their belief that these mosquitoes do not bite. Ban-
croft says of Megarhinus speciosus: “It is not a biting mosquito.” ®

1 In Megarhinus are included the species which have been placed in Toxorhynchites Theobald.
I do not consider the character used in the separation of the two, the difference in the length
of the palpi in one sex, as admissible for generic separation. Its introduction has only led to
confusion and much needless synonymy. No attempt is here made to codrdinate the specific
names and they are used as given in the originals, Worcesteria Banks has already been disposed
of by Professor Theobald (Monogr. Culic., vol. 5, 1910, p. 110).

2 Journ. New York. Ent. Soc., vol. 15, p. 219 (1907).

3 Monogr. Culic., vol. 1, p. 226 (1901).

* Monogr. Culic., vol. 3, p. 114 (1903).

5 Os Mosquitos no Par4. Mem. Museu Goeldi, no. 4, p. 124 (1905).
6 Ann. Queensland Mus., no. 8, p. 17 (1908).

1911] Knab—Food Habits of Megarhinus 81

E. E. Green controverts the idea that Megarhinus immisericors,
the “stinging elephant mosquito” before mentioned, bites. “TI
have never experienced its bite, nor have I been able to induce
it to bite me by method ssuccessful with other biting Culicide.’’*
Very significant is the fact that within the last few years, when
general attention has been directed to mosquitoes, no observations
confirmatory of blood-sucking have appeared although Megarhinus
have been recorded repeatedly as entering houses.

The most forcible evidence that Megarhinus does not suck blood
lies in the structure of its proboscis. While all the parts found
in the females of the blood-sucking species are present, the sheath,
or labium, is strongly chitinized and rigid. This is not the case
with the blood-sucking forms. The part played by the com-
ponents of the proboscis when a mosquito pierces the skin has
been common knowledge since the days of the immortal Réaumur
and need not be discussed here at length. When the lancets
are forced into the skin the sheath is pushed back and bent into
a loop, and in this way the piercing parts are made to protrude
beyond the tip of the proboscis to perforate the skin. It is there-
fore perfectly evident that Megarhinus, with its rigid proboscis
sheath, cannot pierce the skin.

For those to whom the structure of the proboscis is not con-
vinecing it may be further stated that of a considerable number
of Megarhinus which have come to hand not one shows traces
of a blood-meal. Furthermore, in collections the males far out-
number the females, a goodly proportion of the species being
known from the male alone, a condition the reverse of what obtains
with the blood-sucking species.

Probably the first direct observation recorded, of a Megarhinus
feeding, was that by the writer (I. c.) of a female M. septentrionalis
sucking honey from the flowers of Hydrangea arborescens. Since
then observations of Megarhinus visiting flowers for food have
been made both in the eastern and the western hemisphere.
I owe the following observations, which demonstrate very clearly
that Megarhinus are honey-feeders, to the kindness of the well-
known entomologist, F. W. Urich of the Board of Agriculture
of Trinidad, British West Indies, sent under the dates of 1 Nov.
and 6 Dec., 1910. “I had a rather good find a few days ago in

1 Spolia Zeylanica, vol. 2, p. 159-160 (1905).

82 Psyche [April

connection with Megarhinus superbus. At present there is a
composite flowering called ‘Christmas bush’; it attracts lots of
insects of all orders and is very common near roads all over the
island. What was my joy to see four M. superbus (20, 29)
hard at work sucking its flowers! This particular plant was
in the shade and it would appear as if these mosquitoes, although
day flying, keep in the shade. I have repeatedly seen this species
about during the day, but this is the first time that I actually
found them feeding.” In the second letter Prof. Urich informed
me that the “Christmas bush” is the composite Eupatorium
odoratum and added the following observation: “I re-visited
the locality where I saw the M. swperbus feeding and I was fortunate
in again seeing and capturing, not only M. superbus (29, 1c") but
also M. trinidadensis (1c). ‘Time of feeding 10 a. m.; sun shining
on flowers. Flowers growing on sides of road through cacao
estate where there were many Bromeliz on the shade trees.”

From Africa we have the following observations, made by
Dr. Graham in Ashanti and recorded in the last volume of Theo-
bald’s Monograph." A female of Megarhinus phytophygus was
“taken by Dr. Graham upon the flowers of a climbing plant.”
Of Megarhinus marshallii we read that it was found ‘on an
umbelliferous flower in the bush at 12 noon (o’s). Dr. Graham says
‘Specimens were taken upon several occasions upon the flower
of a climbing plant.’ ”’

STRIDULATION OF THE SHIELD-BACKED GRASS-
HOPPERS OF THE GENERA NEDUBA AND
AGLAOTHORAX.

By C. PEMBERTON.

Stanford University, California.

In many species of Decticinz, the wings are so atrophied as
to be almost completely gone, and the elytra are so reduced as
to be almost wholly covered by the characteristic shield-like
posterior extension of the pronotum. In some of these species
the elytra of the males bear very highly developed organs for
the production of sound.

* Vol. 5, p. 103, 105 (1910).

a
]
. :

)

.
a
>
4

Psycue, 1911. , Vou. XVIII, Puate 11

PEMBERTON. STRIDULATION OF NEDUBA AND AGLAOTHORAX,

1911] Pemberton—Stridulation of the Shield-Backed Grasshopper 83

Species of the genera Aglaothorax and Neduba have been taken
from a high range of hills a few miles west of Stanford University.
In all of the species examined no traces could be found of the elytra
or wings in the female, while the elytra were present in the males
of all the species examined, and were practically of the same
make-up in all the species. These short elytra in the male are
admirably specialized for sound production. The elytra of a
male specimen of a species of the genus Neduba may be taken
as a fair example.

They are 5 mm. in length, and 4 mm. in width, and flat, except
at the posterior and outer edges, which fold down over the body
They are hard and brittle except at the tip, which is membranous.
In the central portion they are very thin and drum-like, and
divided diagonally by a tough chitinous piece on the under side.
This piece is ridged transversely very finely, forming a file about
3 mm. in length. Along the lateral outer edge of each elytron
just above the lateral end of each file, the edge is chitinized and
tough, forming a scraper over which the file of the opposite elytron
rests and may rub. One elytron covers about one half of the other.
As the two elytra are exactly similar in construction, either the
right or the left may be above and still be able to produce the sound.
In some individuals the right elytron would be above and in some
the left. This condition differs from that in most species of
Orthoptera which produce sounds in a similar manner, for generally
there is a definite unchanging position of the wing-covers.

By moving the elytra over one another the Neduba males
produce shrill, high-pitched grating sounds, not continuous but
intermittent. The chirps average about one hundred a minute.
Sometimes the sound will be continued for several minutes; at
other times for but a few seconds only.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Fig. 1. Male, Neduba sp.

2. Male, with pronotum removed showing elytra.

3. (a) Elytron of male enlarged, showing the position of the file and the
drum-like vibrators.

(b) File enlarged.

4. Female.

84 Psyche [April

A NEW SPECIES OF LASIOPTERA WITH OBSERVATIONS
ON CERTAIN HOMOLOGIES.

By E. P. Fett.
Albany, N. Y.

The gall midge described below was received from William H.
Patterson of the Agricultural School, St. Vincent, W. I., under
date of November 28, 1910 accompanied by the statement that
it was reared from stem galls on purslane, Portulaca oleracee
Linn. With this sending there was a Hymenopteron, associated
with the gall midge, and presumably parasitic thereupon, which
was determined by Mr. Crawford through the courtesy of Dr.
L. O. Howard of Washington, D. C., as Lochites auriceps Ashm.

Lasioptera portulacae sp. nov.

Male. Length 1.5mm. Antenne short, sparsely haired; 14 segments, the third
and fourth slightly fused, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter, the
distal segment slightly produced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi; the first
segment rectangular, second a little longer, narrowly oval, the third as long as the
second, more slender, the fourth as long as the third. Mesonotum, scutellum,
postscutellum and abdomen a nearly uniform dark brown, the first some-
what shining. Wings hyaline, costa dark brown, the discal spot small,
whitish, subcosta uniting therewith near the basal third. Halteres reddish
brown, fuscous subapically. Legs a variable yellowish-brown, the articu-
lations of femora and tibie and the tarsal segments basally a light
yellowish; claws stout, strongly curved, unidentate, the spur large,
stout; pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long,
slender; terminal clasp segment strongly swollen basally; dorsal plate divided, the
lobes narrowly rounded, sparsely setose apically; ventral plate rather broad,
broadly rounded and sparsely setose apically. Harpes broad, irregular, strongly
chitinized distally; style short, stout.

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antenne short, sparsely haired, dark brown; 19 seg-
ments, the third and fourth slightly fused, the fifth with a length hardly equal its
diameter, the distal segment reduced, ovoid. Palpi nearly as in the male, the
distal segment a little longer than the third. Color characters nearly as in the
opposite sex, the ovipositor with a length nearly equal that of the abdomen, yellow-
ish, the terminal lobes with a length three times the width, narrowly rounded
apically and thickly setose; acicula apical, acute, and with a length twice that of
the terminal lobes.

Exuvie. Length 2 mm., whitish transparent, slender; antennal cases short,
thoracic horns short, slender; wing cases extending to the third abdominal segment,
the leg cases to the fifth, the dorsum of the abdominal segments thickly covered with
short, stout spicules.

1911] Felt—A New Species of Lasioptera 85

Larva. Length 1.75 mm., rather stout, whitish or yellowish-orange; breast-
bone slender, expanded distally, narrowly bidentate; posterior extremity broadly
rounded.

Type C. a2113, New York State Museum.

The female of the above described Lasioptera is extremely
interesting because of the terminal acicula being practically identi-
cal with the much better known needle-like appendage on the tip of
the abdomen of Asphondylia and certain close allies. A study
of this organ, to which we have applied the name acicula, shows
that this structure in the two genera is homologous and, further-
more, that it occurs in a more or less developed condition among
many of our gall midges, particularly those having a long ovipositor
or with the acicula chitinized and modified to form a piercing
organ. The acicula is essentially a chitinized rod arising from
an arched, furcate base and tapering to an acute point. It may
be apical as in Asphondylia, Schizomyia, Monarthropalpus,
Sackenomyia and Trotteria, or subapical, less chitinized and
frequently nearly concealed by other tissues. This latter ob-
tains in many species of Lasioptera, Rhabdophaga, Dasyneura,
Contarinia and numerous other genera. The acicula usually occurs
at the base of the apical segment of the ovipositor and is occa-
sionally forced out by the manipulation necessary in making a
balsam preparation. In Baldratia and Stefaniella it appears
to be composed of a pair of rather widely separated rods
terminating in irregular, acute, subapical processes, while the
minor lobe in these two genera is strongly chitinized, acute apically
and may possibly serve as a piercing organ. This compound
structure of the acicula may also be seen in Asteromyia and other
related genera, though the two long rods composing its shaft
are much more nearly approximate. The process of fusion is
complete in the very effective acicula of Asphondylia. The
development of this organ is somewhat less in Schizomyia, while
in Trotteria it is a blade-like rather than an aciculate structure.
Monarthropalpus and Sackenomyia both have the acicula modified
to form a rather stout, curved, not particularly acute organ.

The recognition of the homology above outlined necessitates
a careful examination of the apparently peculiar dorsal pouch of
Asphondylia. A study of the structures on the distal segment
of the ovipositor in Schizomyia, Monarthropalpus and Sackeno-

86 Psyche [April

myia shows that in each case there are rudimentary lobes homol-
ogous with our “terminal lobes” at or near the base of the acicula.
It is only a step from the conditions described in the Lasioptera
named above, with its well developed terminal lobes and the
apical acicula arising just below, to follow the reduction and
migration of these organs cephalad as in Monarthropalpus
and Sackenomyia, and to proceed from this to what
we find in Asphondylia with its highly developed terminal
lobes apparently at the base of the ovipositor. The rela-
tionship obtaining in the last named form is due simply
to the mechanical necessity of having at the apex of the
abdomen a_ sufficient length of invaginating tissue to per-
mit the withdrawal of the extremely long acicula into the
body of the female. Obviously, under these conditions there
must be either reduction to practical extinction or migration,
and in the case of Asphondylia the latter prevailed and was
accompanied by an increase in size of the terminal lobes and their
modification to form the peculiar dorsal pouch.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HOLCASPIS FROM MEXICO.
By Witi1aAM BEUTENMULLER.
American Museum of Natural History, New York City.
Holcaspis weldi, sp. nov. (Plate 12, fig. 2).

Female. Head dusky yellowish brown, finely and evenly rugose, slightly
pubescent. Antenne dull brown, 14-jointed, rather stout, third joint long and
slender, second subcylindrical, fourth joint shorter than the third and thick at
the end, following joints shorter and sub-equal. Thorax dull yellowish brown,
finely but distinctly punctate and slightly hairy. Parapsidal grooves distinct, and
almost reaching the collar. Median groove continuous and broadest at the scutel-
lum. Anterior parallel lines scarcely evident. Lateral grooves fine and not
distinct. Pleurz finely rugose. Scutellum dull yellowish brown, evenly rugose,
with a linear depression along the middle and a groove-like depression across the
base. Abdomen dark brown, paler dorsally, finely punctate and hairy along the
sides. Legs dull yellowish brown, middle and hind femora darker, femora rather
stout. Last tarsal joint and claws large and stout. Wings dusky hyaline, some-
what clouded, veins stout and brown. Radial area open. Areolet large. Cubitus
almost reaching the first cross-veins. Length 3-4 mm.

Gauu. In clusters on the terminal twigs and leaves of Quercus reticulata.

Monothalamous. Globular, thin-shelled, yellowish and tinged various shades of
pink and red, covered with a dense rusty brown, pubescence, which may be rubbed.
off with the fingers. Inside there is a rounded kernel held in position by radiating.

1911] Beutenmuller—New Holcaspis from Mexico 87

fibers which are covered with a moss-like substance. The inner side of the shell
is densely covered with a rusty brown moss-like substance. Diameter 20-40 mm.

Habitat: Mexico.

The galls were purchased by Mr. Lewis H. Weld from a woman
at a fruit stand on the street in the Mexico City and the specimens
evidently came from the nearby mountains. The galls were
bought September 12th, 1910 and the adults emerged between
October 2nd and 9th. The oak was kindly identified for me
by Dr. N. L. Britton.

Holcaspis mexicana, sp. nov. (Plate 12, fig. 3.)

Female. Head yellowish brown, rugoso-punctate and covered with pale hairs.
Antenne slender, filiform, the terminal joints scarcely thicker than the basal joints,
14-jointed, first joint stout, second very short and sub-globular, third to sixth long
and slender, third the longest, seventh to thirteenth gradually becoming shorter,
terminal joint longer than the preceding, all yellowish-brown. Thorax finely and,
densely punctate, and covered with short decumbent dull yellowish hairs;
anterior parallel lines and space between black, as are also the lateral grooves.
Parapsidal grooves extending forward to the middle of the thorax. Anterior
parallel lines, sharply defined, smooth and almost reaching the middle of the thorax.
Lateral grooves long, smooth and sharply defined. Scutellum rugose, no fovez.
Pleure punctate, hairy. Abdomen smooth, shining with short hairs at the base.
Reddish-brown, posterior end of second and third segment blackish brown dorsally.
Legs dark yellowish-brown and hairy. Wings yellowish hyaline, veins dark brown
and stout. Radial veins almost touching the costal marging. Areolet distinct.
Cubitus terminating some distance from the first cross-vein. Length, 4 mm.

Gauu. In a compact mass around the terminal twig of a species of oak. More
or less rounded with the sides usually flattened and pressed out of shape. Smooth,
somewhat shining, clay brown more or less tinged with red. Hard and woody witha
single rounded larval chamber near the base of the gall and firmly imbedded in the
hard inner substance. The individual galls measure from 8-18 mm. in diameter
and the entire mass 30 mm. in length and 25 mm., in width.

Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico. (D. L. Crawford.)
The specimen I received from Prof. C. F. Baker.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.

Fig. 1. Holcaspis mexicana sp. nov.
2. Holcaspis mexicana sp. noy. Inside view.
3. Holcaspis weldi sp. nov.

88 Psyche [April

NOTES ON SOME GENERA OF BLATTID.

By A. N. CaupDELL.
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

The genus Steleopyga was established by Fischer von Waldheim
in 1833! with three included species, orientalis, americana and
trichoprocta, the last a new species and the first two, while not
so listed, are known to be the Blatta orientalis of Linneeus and
the Blatta americana of the same author. Now the type of
Steleopyga must be one of the three above mentioned originally
included species. The first of the originally included species,
orientalis, is not eligible as it was designated as the type of Blatta
by Latreille in 1810.2 To date, so far as I know, orientalis is
the only one of the originally included species that has been desig-
nated as type of Steleopyga.* The type is therefore as yet undesig-
nated. The second originally included species, americana, has
long been the designated type of Periplaneta, thus eliminating
it from consideration as the type of Steleopyga. The third and last
of the originally included species, trichoprocta, becomes therefore
the type of Steleopyga.

Blatta aegyptica Linnaeus, the type species of the genus Poly-
phaga of Brullé, has as a synonym the Steleopyga trichoprocta
of Fischer, shown above to be the type of Steleopyga. Thus Poly-
phaga Brullé and Steleopyga Fischer, having synonymous species
as types, are themselves synonymous. Polyphaga therefore falls
as a synonym of Steleopyga, being the more recent by two years.
2 Blatt., p. 30 (1907), designates Blatta rhombifolia Stoll as type
of Stylopyga but it is not an originally included species of that genus.

In 18464 Fischer introduced a different spelling of his genus
Steleopyga, spelling it Stylopyga, crediting it to himself, quoting
the reference to its original proposal in 1833 and including but
a single species, Blatta orientalis Linneus, which is figured. This
is obviously but a different spelling, or an emendation, of Steleopyga
but it has recently been used as a distinct genus by Mr. Shelford, ®

1 Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, ey ay p. 356, 366 (1833).
2 Consid. Crust., Arach. & Ins.,

3 Shelford, Sjostedt’s Expedit. iting, nee &e., 17, Orth.
¢ Orth. Russie, p. 68.

5 Genera Insectorum, Fasc. 109, p. 14 (1910).

Psycue, 1911. Vout. XVIII, Puate 12.

BEUTENMULLER.—~—~NEW HOLCASFIS,

1911] Morse—Lucilia sericata as a Household Pest 89

who quotes the original Steleopyga in the synonymy under Blatta.
The only species, ortentajis, included under this emended form
by Fischer is not included by Shelford, who uses the name for a
group of species typlified by the Blatta rhombifolia of Stoll. This
group of species which Mr. Shelford lists under Stylopyga is sepa-
rable from the species of the genus Blatta only by the length and
development of wings in the male and can thus all be logically
referred to that genus. Therefore the twenty-five species listed
by Shelford in the above paper are transferred to the genus Blatta.

The genus Dorylea of Stal is very closely allied to Blatta and
will eventually very likely prove a synonym of that genus.

LUCILIA SERICATA AS A HOUSEHOLD PEST.

By A. P. Morse,
Wellesley College, Mass.

In October, 1910, a lady asked me, “Why do worms prefer
oriental rugs to Wilton carpets?” Inquiry revealed the fact
that one of her friends was finding large numbers of white ‘““worms”’
under her oriental rugs.

Naturally my first thought was of fleas and Dermestid larve,
but the description was at variance with either, neither dogs or
cats were about, the rugs had been recently cleaned, and the
house was immaculately kept,—so I requested samples. In a
few days a vial containing several Muscid maggots and a puparium
was received. Careful questioning in regard to food material
for such creatures finally secured the information that a squirrel
family had been evicted recently from one of the chimneys and
that one of the young squirrels, it was believed, had died in the flue.
This clue accounted satisfactorily for the presence of the trouble-
some maggots and the sequel. - With this introduction, the
following extracts from letters concerning the outbreak will be
self explanatory, due allowance being made, if thought necessary,
for a possible, but under the circumstances, very pardonable,
exaggeration in regard to the numbers of the pest.

[Nov. 23] “Mrs. writes me that you would like to hear
about our ‘squirrels.’ On Sept. 17 squirrel No. 1 came down the
chimney and took possession of the lower part of the house,

90 Psyche [April

and on the following day No. 2 raced through the second story
rooms. The chimney was then covered with netting and as
there seemed to be two youngsters left in the chimney, the poor
mother sat and cried on the outside of the wire. It was either
the 22nd or 23rd that one of those in the chimney was coaxed
out, but the other was never heard from and probably died in
the chimney although we have tried every way possible to find
the body.

“On Thursday, Oct. 6, I noticed small white crawling things
under a rug—then, lifting the corners of other rugs, found thou-
sands. Under fifteen oriental rugs we swept up several dustpans
full, but none from under the Wilton carpet rug in the living-
room, which of course made us think that they had something
to do with the rugs. Our rugs we have had for several years, and
they were all cleaned with vacuum cleaner about the middle of
September.

“On my return from Boston, Friday, Oct. 14, the day I gave
the specimens of maggot (or whatever it was) to Mrs. oe
found that the family had been killing green flies all day by
hundreds. They swarmed on the windows and were swept
down and killed. ‘They died hard—had to be burned or brushed
into Dalmatian powder. It was exciting! This lasted for over
a week. We gave up everything to kill flies. At first they were
sluggish but later in the season they were harder to kill.

“My mother thinks that there is some connection between
dead squirrel and fly—but why did they choose oriental rugs
and not those of American manufacture? There were more found
in the hall than in the rooms. The fireplaces from the squirrels’
chimney are in the living-room and hall and there were more worms
in those rooms. We are so anxious to know something about
them—why we were so pestered, and if we have this to look forward
to each October . . . I should have said that there are
no birds or animals in the house and that the whole house was
thoroughly cleaned just before the squirrels made their appear-
ance—that was why we felt so disturbed.”

[Jan. 4] ““As to the rugs—on each floor is a large rug, and one
in each doorway, leaving a space all around the rooms of about
11% to 2 feet. All are oriental excepting the large one in the
living-room. Most of the larvee were found in the hall and recep-

1911] Morse—Lueilia sericata as a Household Pest 91

tion-room, and in the front of the living-room. The rugs in the
bay-windows were the most popular, excepting the large one
in the hall, and it was at the front windows in the living and
reception rooms that the flies swarmed.

“We are still finding three or four [flies] daily.”

The flies, several of which were sent me, proved on examina-
tion by Mr. C. W. Johnson to be Lucilia sericata Meigen, a
common green-bottle fly.

The accompanying plan and scale will make clear the relation
of chimney, rugs, and windows, and the direction and length
of the larval migration. The house faces nearly west.

10_se.

Fig. 1. X=fireplace of squirrel’s chimney. The maggots were

most numerous under the oriental rugs in the front of

the hall and in the two bay windows at front of house.
Judging from the data secured, the odor of the decaying carcass
of the squirrel, passing out of the top of the chimney, led to it
the female flies seeking suitable places to oviposit. The larvee
of Phormia regina, an allied species, have been observed by Folsom
to be negatively phototropic until maturity, when they become
positively phototropic for a brief period, seek the light, leaving
the food to travel to some distance; then, becoming negatively
phototropic again, they seek shelter in which to pupate. Appar-
ently, the larve of Lucilia sericata exhibit similar tropisms.
This behavior, it is easy to see, is adaptive in character, resulting
in the development and preservation of larger numbers, under
natural conditions, than if the larvee remained in the food material.
Although all of the larve that could be found were destroyed,
it is evident from the abundance of the flies that many escaped

92 Psyche [April

observation, perhaps remaining in the chimney, or being over-
looked in the registers, ete.

The preference of the maggots for the oriental rugs rather
than the Wilton was probably due to the softer texture of the
lower side of the former, and the greater rigidity and weight of
the latter. Possibly additional reason may be found in the
character of the dyes used, which are said to be very largely of
vegetable origin in the oriental rugs. To determine if this was
also a factor experimentation would be necessary.

It is needless to say that assurance was given that there was
little likelihood of a repetition of the disagreeable occurrence.

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1911] Advertisements 93

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VOL. XVIII JUNE, 1911 NUMBER 3

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS
Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona. W. M. Wheeler : re OOS

On Some Northwestern Ants and Their Guests. W. M. Mann . an LOZ
A New Slave-Making Ant from Japan. M. Yano : ; , at 110
On Melanetxrius infernalis Fall. W.M. Wheeler . ; : : al
The Sound-Making of Diptera and Hymenoptera. C. EL. Pemberton . 114
The Stridulations of Two Interesting Locustide. H. A. Allard 5 alike:
Another Aquatic Caterpillar. W. 7. M. Forbes . : 120

A Few Suggestions on the Care of the Eggs and the Reurinlp of the
Walking-stick, ce haa skh. Jah Jal, Ven annel lal (Ce
Severin

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W. M. WHEELER,
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eon Go rile

VOL. XVIII. JUNE, 1911. No. 3.

TWO FUNGUS-GROWING ANTS FROM ARIZONA.!
By Witu1am Morton WHEELER.

In a recent paper on the North American fungus-growing ants 2
I based a new species of Trachymyrmex (T. arizonensis) on some
male and female specimens taken by Mr. Charles Schaeffer at
Palmerlee in the Huachuca Mts. of Arizona. Owing to the
absence of worker specimens, the status of this species has re-
mained somewhat problematical. At any rate, there was a
possibility that it might be merely a sub-species or variety of T’.
saussuret described by Forel many years ago from Orizaba,
Mexico* and subsequently taken as far north as Tepic by
Eisen and Vaslit.t I was pleased therefore to find during
the past November in the type locality a number of col-
onies of 7. arizonensis and to be able to learn something
of its habits. Both these and the characters of the worker
show that the species is valid and sufficiently distinct from
our other North American Trachymyrmex (saussurei Forel, septen-
trionalis McCook, turrifex Wheeler and jamaicensis Ern. André).

Somewhat later in November 1910, I came upon a few colonies
of a small undescribed Trachymyrmex in the desert near Tucson,
Arizona. Descriptions of the workers of this and of T. arizonensis,
together with some notes on their habits are contained in the follow-
ing paragraphs:

1. Atta (Trachymyrmex) arizonensis Wheeler (Fig. 1.)

Worker. Length 3.5-5 mm.

Head, without the mandibles, as broad as long, broader behind than in front,
with feebly concave posterior and feebly convex lateral borders and bluntly angular
posterior corners. Eyes hemispherical, in front of the middle of the head. Man-

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University. No. 37.

2The Fungus-Growing Ants of North America. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXIII, 1907,
pp. 669-807, 5 pls. 31 text-figs.

3 Etudes Myrmécologiaues en 1884, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. XX, 91, 1884, pp. 1-65, 1 pl.

4See Pergande, Mexican Formicide. Proc. Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3 ser. Vol. V, 1895, p. 896.

94 Psyche [June

dibles with two large apical and numerous smaller basal teeth. Clypeus flattened,
its anterior border slightly reflected and in the middle sinuately excised. Frontal
area triangular, rather indistinct. Frontal carine large, with rounded external
borders, their surface scarcely concave in the middle, continued behind as a pair of
straight, diverging ridges to the posterior corners of the head. Vertex with two
shorter, parallel ridges. There is also a short oblique ridge running mesially along
each inner orbit half way to the ridge continued back from the frontal carina.
Antennz long; scapes reaching somewhat more than 3 their length beyond the
posterior corners of the head, slender at the base, thickened distally and again
more attenuate at the apex. Pronotum with a slender, lapped-shaped inferior and a
stout, pointed superior spine on each side, without an anteromedian paired or
unpaired tubercle. Mesonotum on each side in front with a stout, blunt protuber-
ance and behind with three small protuberances, two of which are hardly more than
tubercles. _Mesoépinotal constriction pronounced. Epinotum with subequal

Fig. 1. Trachymyrmex arizonensis Wheeler. Worker; a, head;
6, thorax and abdomen seen from above; ¢c, same seen in profile.

base and declivity, the latter sloping, the former flattened and bearing a pair of
longitudinal ridges which diverge slightly behind and terminate in the spines.
These are acute and rather slender, a little longer than broad at their bases, directed
outward and backward and but very slightly upward. Petiole with a narrow and
very short peduncle; its node with a bitubercular summit, seen from above as long
as broad, rounded behind, with parallel sides; in profile it is acutely angular, with
straight anterior and posterior declivities, the former a little longer than the latter.
Postpetiole nearly twice as broad as the petiole, broader behind than in front; its
posterior border with a rounded lobe on each side and a rounded excision in the
middle. Its upper surface is distinctly concave behind, so that in profile it is highest
in front, with a short, straight anterior and a somewhat longer, concave posterior
slope. Gaster oval, slightly broadest behind the middle, its first segment with only

1911] W heeler—Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona 95

a trace of a median longitudinal impression at the anterior end. Legs long and
rather slender.

Mandibles and clypeal border shining, the former finely striated. Remainder
of body opaque and finely granular or very finely punctate-rugulose. The various
ridges, spines and protuberances, the front, the posterior corners and occiput of the
head, the thoracic dorsum and pleurze (except in the mid-dorsal line between the
protuberances), the upper-surface of the petiole, post-petiole (except its concave
dorsal surface), and gaster beset with small but prominent and rather acute tuber-
cles. Legs, scapes and cheeks beset with similar but smaller and much less promi-
nent elevations.

Hairs and pubescence fulvous, the former hooked, erect and rather uniformly
distributed over the body, legs and scapes; the pubescence is very short and delicate
and present only on the antennal scapes.

Body ferruginous red; legs and antenne a shade paler; borders of mandibles
black; frontal area, vertex and occiput each often with a black or dark brown spot.
Old specimens not infrequently have the body covered with a bluish bloom.

Described from numerous specimens taken Nov. 10-16, 1910
from several colonies in Miller and Hunter Canyons, Huachuca
Mts., Arizona at elevations varying from 5000 to 6000 ft.

T. arizonensis is most closely related to T. saussurei Forel but
differs from this species and from 7. septentrionalis in its larger
average size, much deeper color, longer antennal scapes, more
numerous and more acute tubercles, especially on the posterior por-
tions of the head and upper surface of the gaster, the less rounded
sides of the head, the stouter and more backwardly directed
epinotal spines and the erect, instead of reclinate, hairs on the legs
and antennal scapes. From 7. turrifex, arizonensis differs in its
much larger size, much longer antennal scapes, more backwardly
directed epinotal spines and proportionally narrower postpetiole.
In turrifex, moreover, the mesoépinotal constriction is more pro-
nounced, the epinotal declivity is not sloping but vertical, the
inferior pronotal spines are acute, there is a prominent median
pronotal tubercle and the dorsal surface of the postpetiole is beset
posteriorly with small tubercles and is flattened but not concave.

The territory in which 7. arizonensis was observed would seem
at first sight to be very unfavorable to an ant addicted to cultivat-
ing fungi for food, and is certainly very different from that inhabited
by T. septentrionalis and turrifex. T. septentrionalis flourishes only
in the sandy oak woods of the Mississippi Valley, Atlantic and
Gulf States as far north as southern Illinois and southern New
Jersey; while 7. turrifex prefers the black or argillaceous soil of

96 Psyche [June

the cedar brakes and post-oak woods of central Texas. Both are
essentially lowland species. T. arizonensis, however, lives in the
arid, stony mountain canyons of southern Arizona and undoubt-
edly also in similar localities in northern Mexico. In the Hua-
chucas the nests were never seen on ridges or elevations but
invariably on the slopes or in the very beds of the small dry
arroyos entering from the north the main canyons which run
from west to east. These situations are evidently selected
because of their greater exposure to the southern sun and the
longer retention of moisture in their soil.

The nests can be easily recognized by the portions of ex-
hausted fungus gardens scattered about their main entrances.
This refuse is usually of a bright yellow color and quickly arrests
the eye of one who is scrutinizing the soil for signs of ants. The
largest arizonensis nest seen was situated in front of Mr. Joseph
Palmerlee’s ranch in Miller Canyon at an altitude of 5500 ft. It
was in such hard, stony soil that I was unable to reach its lower-
most galleries even when Mr. Palmerlee came to my assistance
with a large pick and a pair of powerful arms. The nest had three
entrances, one on a rude crater sprinkled with yellow fungus-
garden refuse and two others about 10-14 inches from the crater
opening and about a foot apart at the edge of a boulder some three
feet in diameter. On removing this the two openings were seen to
lead into converging galleries 3 to ? of an inch in diameter, which
ran along the surface of the soil for several inches, and then united
and descended perpendicularly as an irregular passage-way be-
tween a couple of large stones to a depth of two feet. Here it
joined an obliquely ascending gallery which was traced to the
opening on the crater, and the common gallery thus formed at
once opened into a chamber 10 inches long by 6 inches in diameter
and only 2-3 inches high, the roof of which was formed by the
lower surface of one of the two large stones. Although this
chamber was apparently a natural cavity and had not been exca-
vated by the ants, it nevertheless contained a large fungus-garden
which was suspended from the lower surface of the stone and hung
in folds like a series of curtains. In this respect and also in its
bluish white color it resembled very closely the gardens of T.
septentrionalis and jamaicensis which I described in my former
paper (loco citato pp. 750 and 760). From the floor of the chamber

1911] Wheeler—Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona 97

a vertical gallery descended into the soil but was followed only
a few inches to where it passed under a boulder that could have
been removed only with a charge of dynamite. The soil about
the nest was so hard that it had been soaked by a recent heavy
rain only to a depth of eighteen inches and the walls of the fungus
chamber were very dry and dusty.

The colony inhabiting this nest was very large, comprising
several hundred workers and being fully four to six times as popu-
lous as the largest septentrionalis and turrifex colonies I have seen.
The workers were also more rapid in their movements and feigned
death much less readily than our other species of Trachymyrmez.
The colony was evidently in a hibernating or subdormant condi-
tion and contained neither larve nor pupee. I also failed to find
any dealated queens, but these may have escaped into the lower-
most galleries as soon as the surface boulder was removed. The
breeding season of the species probably does not begin till just
after the rains in early July. This is indicated by the late appear-
ance of the males and winged females which were taken, evidently
while on their nuptial flight, by Schaeffer, on August 24.

All the other colonies of 7. arizonensis found in the Huachuca
Mts. were examined less thoroughly, but all had essentially the
same structure at the surface of the soil. The entrances, usually
only one or two in number, were always near or just under the edge
of some large stone and when this was removed the galleries could
be followed along the surface for several inches before they de-
scended to a lower level. In two instances portions of the surface
galleries were packed with fungus-garden refuse in a manner that
recalled the conditions I have described for Cyphomyrmex wheeleri
(loco citato p. 768). Unfortunately I was unable to reach any of the
chambers in these nests and was therefore unable to determine
whether the size and conditions described for the single nest
excavated with the aid of Mr. Palmerlee, were normal. I believe,
however, judging from the character of the soil in which these
ants live, that the chambers are commonly under stones and that
the fungus-gardens are suspended from the under surfaces of these
and not from rootlets as in the other species of Trachymrmezx that
have been studied.

On warm days the arizonensis workers may be seen about the
entrances of their nests. They go forth timidly and singly like

98 Psyche [June

other species of Trachymyrmex, not in populous files like the
species of Atta sens. stricto, Acromyrmex and Mellerius, and bring
in caterpillar excrement and bits of green and withered vegetable
débris with which to replenish the substratum of their gardens.
Microscopic examination of these shows that they have essentially
the same minute structure as those cultivated by other species of
Atta. The brown, triturated substratum is enveloped and shot
through with a delicate, ramifying mycelium on which numerous
glistening white clusters of food-bodies are formed as pyriform
swellings at the ends of the hyphe. In my former paper I em-
ployed the name “bromatia”’ for the clusters (“Kohlrabihaufchen”
of Moeller) and that of “gongylidia’’ for the hyphal swellings
(“Kohlrabiképfchen”’ of Moeller), but Neger! has recently sug-
gested that the term “ambrosia’”’ be given to the hyphal modifica-
tions produced and eaten by all fungus-growing insects, 2. e., by
the ants and termites as well as by the Ipid (Scolytid) beetles
for which the term “ambrosia’’ was originally suggested by
Schmidberger as long ago as 1836. I am quite willing to accept
this term and to abandon my own nomenclature.

The only insects that could be suspected of myrmecophily in
connection with 7. arizonensis were a number of small, yellow,
wingless, cockroaches which I found in the superficial galleries of
a nest in Hunter Canyon. These cockroaches, however, were not
species of the genus Attaphila, which Berg and I have taken from
the nests of the large species of Atta, but were probably merely the
young of some much less remarkable cockroach and were behav-
ing as scavengers. The same species was also found in the upper
galleries of several other ants in the same locality, especially in
nests of Odontomachus clarus.

2. Atta (Trachymyrmex) desertorum sp. nov. (Fig. 2).

Worker. Length 2.5-3.5 mm.

Head, without the mandibles, as broad as long, slightly narrower in front than
behind, with feebly convex lateral and straight or nearly straight posterior border
and angularly rounded posterior corners. Eyes hemispherical, in front of the middle
of the head. Mandibles with two larger apical and several minute basal teeth.
Clypeus flattened, with its anterior border sinuately reflected. Frontal area triangu-
Jar, rather distinct. Frontal carine with angular external borders and flattened
but not concave surfaces; continued back as a pair of diverging ridges to the pos-

1 Ambrosiapilze. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell. 1908, Bd. XXVI. Heft 10, pp. 735-754, 1 pl.

1911] Wheeler—Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona 99

terior corners of the head. Vertex without a pair of short ridges, but each of the
inner orbits with a distinct ridge which runs obliquely and mesially and stops half
way between the eye and the ridge from the frontal carina of the same side. Anten-
nal scapes somewhat thickened just beyond the middle, reaching a little less than
3 their length beyond the posterior corners of the head. Thorax in profile with
deep mesoépinotal constriction; pro- and mesonotum convex; epinotum with sub-
equal base and declivity, the former slightly convex, the latter sloping and concave
Inferior pronontal spines prominent, with blunt tips; superior spines reduced to
angular projections, between which there is a pair of small blunt median protuber-
ances. Mesonotum on each side with two angular projections which are as large
as the superior pronotal pair and of similar size and shape. Extreme posterior
portion of mesonotum with a small blunt projection just in front of the mesoépinotal
constriction. Base of epinotum with four longitudinal ridges, the inner pair of
which is the more prominent, diverges somewhat posteriorly and terminates in the
spines, which are acute, a little longer than broad at their bases and directed up-

Fig. 2. Trachymyrmex desertorum sp. nov. Worker;
a, head; 6, thorax and abdomen seen from above;
c, same seen in profile.

ward, backward and slightly outward. Petiole with a very short, narrow peduncle;
its node seen from above as long as broad, rectangular, with four longitudinal ridges;
in profile the node is pointed above, with subequal anterior and posterior slopes,
the former concave, the latter straight. Postpetiole twice as broad as the petiole,
nearly as long as broad, broadest just behind the middle; its posterior border excised
in the middle, with a rounded lobe on each side; dorsal surface somewhat impressed
behind, so that in profile the upper surface is convex and rounded in front and
concave posteriorly. Gaster suboblong, broadest behind the middle, with straight
sides in front and without any trace of a median dorsal furrow. Legs moderately
long and stout.

Mandibles longitudinally striated, at least their apical portions and the border
of the clypeus shining; remainder of body opaque, finely granular, except the legs
which are very faintly shining. The various ridges and projections on the head,

100 Psyche [June

thorax and petiole, as well as the vertex, occiput and posterior corners of the head
and the upper surface of the gaster beset with small, rather blunt tubercles. These
are largest on the posterior corners of the head. Antennal scapes and legs covered
with smaller and much less distinct tubercles.

Hairs and pubescence fulvous, the former hooked, uniformly distributed over
the body, scapes and legs, suberect on the body, scapes and legs, more reclinate on
the legs. Pubescence very short and delicate, confined to the antennal funiculi.

Body ferruginous red; mandibles, antennz and legs somewhat paler; clypeus
darker, mandibular teeth, frontal area and a longitudinal mid-dorsal streak on the
gaster, black.

Described from nine specimens taken Nov. 24, 1910 a few
hundred yards from the Carnegie Desert Botanical Laboratory
near Tucson, Arizona.

This species is readily distinguished from all our other North
American species of Trachymrmex by its smaller size and the
conformation of the pro- and mesonotum. Seen from above this
region presents three successive pairs of bluntly angular projec-
tions of much the same size and shape, whereas in all our other
forms at least the first pair is long, rather slender and pointed and
differs considerably either in shape or size from the succeeding
pairs.

T. desertorum was first seen on the banks of a dry arroyo that
skirts the rocky hill on which the Desert Botanical Laboratory is
situated. Here in the feeble shade of the Parkinsonia and Acacia
trees and in the very hard, pebbly, desert soil, two nests were
located by following single workers that were returning home laden
with caterpillar excrement or with green or yellow Acacia leaflets.
These nests were so inconspicuous that they could not have been
found in any other way, for the entrance to each was merely a
circular opening only 1/16 of an inch in diameter among the
pebbles, with a few dead leaves forming a small and very indis-
tinct crater around it. The entrance gallery descended perpendicu-
larly into the soil. As I did not discover the ants till late in the
afternoon and was obliged to leave Tucson the following morning,
I was unable to excavate the nests. These are probably similar in
structure to those of 7. turrifex which I have described in detail in
my paper on the North American Attii (loco citato p. 753).

T. desertorum is one of three fungus-growing ants I have found in
the dry arroyo near the Desert Botanical Laboratory. As these
insects will be within very convenient reach of the botanist who

1911] Wheeler—Two Fungus-Growing Ants from Arizona 101

may care to study the interesting fungi which they grow and eat,
I may add a few remarks on the two species which occur with
T. desertorum. These are Atta (Mellerius) versicolor Pergande and
Cyphomyrmex rimosus Spinola. The former is very common and
conspicuous not only in the open deserts about Tucson, but also
at Yuma, Yucca and Benson, where I took it during the past
autumn and in Garden Canyon in the Huachuca Mts., where it
has been taken by Mr. W. M. Mann. Its workers are polymorphic
and those of the smallest caste are in size and coloration so much
like Trachymyrmex desertorum that this ant is very easily over-
looked even when one is scrutinizing the surface of the soil with the
closest attention. Cyphomyrmex rimosus, which, as I have shown
(loco citato p. 771), grows a very peculiar fungus on moist cater-
pillar excrement, nests in the shade of trees and bushes, and
although I have taken a few specimens along the banks of the dry
arroyo near the Desert Laboratory, I have found the species more
abundant on the damp walls of the irrigating ditches along the
Santa Cruz River between the laboratory and the city of Tucson.
Since C. rimosus is a very small ant, colored much like the soil
and quickly stops running or curls up and feigns death when the
soil in its vicinity is jarred, it readily escapes observation. Fortu-
nately its nests are shallow and its remarkable fungus-gardens, so
unlike those of the various species of Atta, Mycetosoritis, ete.,
are easily unearthed and examined after they have once been
located by following homing workers.

102 Psyche [June

ON SOME NORTHWESTERN ANTS AND THEIR GUESTS.
By Wituram M. Mann,

Stanford University, California.

These notes are based on a collection of ants and myrmeco-
philes made by the writer in Washington and Idaho, during
1908-1909, while a student at the State College of Washington, at
Pullman. Some collecting had been done previously at Helena,
Montana, and six weeks were spent at the Puget Sound Marine
Laboratory on Orcas and San Juan Islands, Puget Sound, where
considerable collecting was done.

I am under obligations to Prof. William M. Wheeler of Harvard
University, for determining my ants, and to Prof. A. L. Melander,
through whom I was given opportunities to visit and collect in a
number of localities. This paper was prepared in the Entomologi-
cal laboratory of Stanford University.

In collecting little sifting was done, but traps were used wherever
practicable. A piece of board or a flat stone buried in a mound
proved a good means to attract inquilines.

Solenopsis molesta Say—Common in vicinity of Pullman and
Wawawai, Wash.

Pheidole oregonica Emery.—Common at Pullman and
Wawawai, Wash. At the latter place, four specimens of
Cremastochilus knochii were found inanest. A great many other
nests were examined, but no inquilinous beetles were found.

Aphaenogaster subterranea Latr. subsp. occidentalis
Emery.—Many nests examined at Pullman and Wawawai, Wash.
During April and the early part of May the Pselaphid Ctenestes
pulvereus Lec. was taken commonly, nearly every nest containing
one or two. April 10, Prof. A. L. Melander took a number of
specimens of an undescribed Batrisus with this ant at Kendrick,
Idaho. Several nests were examined and all contained the beetles.
A single specimen of C. pulvereus was found here also.

Pogonomyrmex occidentalis Cress——Occurs commonly in
the Snake River Canyon at Wawawai, and at Lewiston, Idaho.

Myrmica rubra L. subsp. brevinodis Emery.—Taken at
Helena, Montana.

1911] Mann—Some Northwestern Ants and Their Guests 103

Myrmica scabrinodis Nyl. var. sabuleti Meinert.—A nest
on San Juan Island, Puget Sound.

Leptothorax curvispinosus Mayr subsp. rugatulus Emery.
Taken at Helena, Montana.

Tapinoma sessile Say——Common throughout Washington.
A large number of nests were examined and no myrmecophiles
found. But in the vicinity of Ellensburg, Wash. (March 12, 1909)
the tiny cricket, Myrmecophila oregonensis occurred in every nest
examined.

On Orcas Island, Puget Sound, nests of the pale variety of this
ant were often exposed in lifting the bark from fallen trees, and in
one nest there were three specimens of a Staphylinid, determined
by Dr. A. Fenyes as Zyras (Myrmecia) lugubris Casey. This
beetle, when the nest is uncovered, runs about among the ants,
with the tip of the abdomen raised. Wasmann has placed the
European Myrmecia fussi, also commensal with Tapinoma, as a
synechthran, and it has been observed to eat the ants. I have
not examined the other species, but in lugubris, on the dorsum of
the penultimate segment of the abdomen, are typical golden
trichomes, characteristic of symphiles. So if lugubris does feed
on the ants, here is a case of a predaceous insect with adaptations
toward making itself tolerated by its intended prey, an example
even more extreme than Xenodusa, which confines its attacks to
the larvee of the ants.

Iridomyrmex analis André.—At Wawawai, Wash. Rare.

Lasius niger L. var. neoniger Emery.—Abundant in the
vicinity of Pullman, where numerous nests were examined. Myrme-
cophiles were taken on two occasions only. May 13th a single
specimen of Heterius tristriatus Horn was found among a thick
cluster of ants on the under side of a stone, and two specimens of
the blind Adranes taylori Wick. were taken on the same date,
from another nest.

Lasius niger L. var. americanus Emery.—Adranes taylori
was taken in numbers with this ant at Troy, Idaho, in May. The
nests were first visited in the afternoon and the beetles found in
the upper galleries of every nest examined. No other myrme-
cophiles were found in these nests, but in July on San Juan and
Orcas Islands, Puget Sound, Myrmecophila formicarum was
abundant.

104 Psyche [June

Lasius brevicornis Emery.—A single nest found at Pullman,
Wash.

Lasius (Acanthomyops) interjectus Mayr. Common near
Pullman. Many nests were examined, some of them repeatedly.
The only guests were a pair of Adranes taylort, taken March 22.

Lasius (Acanthomyops) latipes.—One nest, found under a
stone on the banks of the Snake River, at Wawawai, contained
eleven specimens of Adranes taylori and one of Triballus cali-
fornicus. Though the latter beetle is often found in ant nests, it
is as frequently found away from them, and is doubtfully com-
mensal.

Formica sanguinea subsp. subintegra Emery, and Formica
subpolita var. picea Emery.—A mixed colony found under a
stone in the vicinity of Pullman, Wash.

Formica sanguinea subsp. subnuda Emery, and Formica
dakotensis Emery.—Mixed colonies abundant at Troy, Idaho,
in May and June, nesting in rotten logs and stumps.

Formica rufa subsp. obscuripes Forel—This, the common
mound-building ant of the Northwestern states, is the most con-
spicuous ant in eastern Washington. Several large colonies,
located on the campus of the State College, were regularly examined
throughout the spring. March 1, I took with this ant a single
specimen of Platymedon laticollis Casey. This brightly colored
little staphylinid was later found common in most of the mounds
examined, and may be considered as the characteristic inquiline
of that ant in Eastern Washington. It was found in all parts of
the nests, generally where the ants were thickest and in no
instance did I observe the ants to molest or even notice it.

The most interesting find with obscuripes was a species of
Aphodius. Three specimens were taken on March 5 from a popu-
lous nest, which had been previously baited with a piece of board.
Although the allied genus Ewparia is an ant guest, no Aphodius
has been recorded as myrmecophilous, so the occurrence of these
three specimens was thought accidental. The board was carefully
examined and replaced on the nest. The next day another of the
beetles was taken, and specimens continued to turn up until March
18. In all eight were taken from the one nest.

The finding of this species, belonging to a genus normally
coprophagous in habit, in an ant nest may seem too slight an

1911] Mann—Some Northwestern Ants and Their Guests 105

evidence for considering it myrmecophilous, but the repeated
occurrence during a period of over two weeks’ time may have
some significance. The beetle is apparently new, and I am
describing it as Aphodius suspectus sp. nov.

Toward the middle of March, larve of Microdon were very
numerous in the nests. These pupated in the early part of April,
and I collected a number to rear. The first adult emerged April
20, and others from then until the middle of May. The species
is evidently a variety of Microdon tristis Loew.

One specimen of Cremastochilus pilosicollis was taken on March
26, and two more were found in April. Toward the middle of May
they became abundant, twenty-eight being taken from one nest.
When the nests were uncovered pilosicollis would be seized by the
legs and thoracic angles by numbers of ants. In two instances ants
retained their grip even after death in the alcohol bottle. Larvae
of pilosicollis were often exposed, but the ants did not attack them.
I have examined a series of fifty adults from the nest of obscuripes
and failed to find a single mutilated specimen, so this ant must
be much more tolerant of Cremastochilus than Pogonomyrmex, or
even Camponotus, with which mutilated beetles of this genus are
often found. This is surprising, for to judge from the ordinary
behavior of obscuripes, tolerance is the last quality to be expected.

One specimen of a small scavenger beetle, Tachyporus californi-
cus, was in one nest, and in another a single Cremastochilus knochit.
A spider, kindly determined for me by Mr. Banks as 7'meticus
perplecus Keyes, was very often found, generally deep in the nest.
It may feed on the very young ant larve. Large spiders, most
commonly Thomisidz, are not uncommon on the outskirts of nests
of other ant species. They are very often seen holding dead ants,
so their proximity to the nest is easily explained.

Formica rufa subsp. integra var. near coloradensis Wheeler.
A number of specimens were sent to me from Medford, Oregon, by
Mr. C. M. Keyes, and with them a number of Coscinoptera cases.
No adults emerged from these.

Formica rufa subsp. near integra Nyl.—Several nests exam-
ined on San Juan Island. Myrmecophila formicarum abundant.

Formica fusca var. argentata Wheeler—Common in vicinity
of Pullman, either in independent nests or as slaves of Polyergus
rufescens subsp. breviceps Emery. A mixed nest examined March

106 Psyche [June

5 contained one Heterius tristriatus, and one Hister subopacus.
Another contained one H. tristriatus. A third nest, a flourishing
one, was under observation from March 24 to June 1, during which
time six Cremastochilus knochii, one C. pilosicollis, seven Heterius
tristriatus, and six specimens of an undescribed species of Heterius,
were taken. All of these myrmecophiles and also Myrmecophila
manni Schimmer, were taken with independent colonies of argen-
tata at Pullman and at Wawawai. The new Heterius I am de-
scribing as H. exiguus sp. nov.

Formica fusca var. between neoclara and argentata.—
Common at Wawawai, Wash., where, during March, every nest
sheltered numerous inquilines
Heterius tristriatus, Cremastochi-
lus knochii, Myrmecophila manni.

Formica fusca var. subae-
nescens Emery.—One Cremasto-
chilus knochii, San Juan Island,
Wash., July, 1910.

Formica fusca var. neorufi-
barbis Emery.—San Juan Island,
Wash., Myrmecophila formicarum
Scudder was abundant.

Formica fusca.—Three un-
described varieties on San Juan
Island, in July. Myrmecophila
formicarum occurred in all, and
with one, two specimens of
Cremastochilus pilosicollis were
Fig. 1. Coleopterona larva, probably taken, one of them by Prof.

Ciccone taken; with Formica. NicConnells cof the Pennsylvania

State College.

Formica subpolita var. neogagates Emery.— Very common in
vicinity of Pullman. Cremastochilus knochii occurred in nearly
every nest during March. Myrmecophila manni was found, but
rarely.

Formica manni Wheeler.—Nests found at Wawawai, Pull-
man, Wapota, Kiona, and Wenatchee, Wash. This seems to be the
characteristic Formica of the upper Sonoran zone in Washington,
and it occurs also in the Transition zone at Pullman. A single

1911] Mann—Some Northwestern Ants and Their Guests 107

specimen each of Heterius tristriatus and Cremastochilus knochii
were taken with this ant at Wenatchee.

Formica camponoticeps Wheeler.—The only nest found was
under a flat stone at Wawawai, March 28, 1909. In the nest were
two remarkable, soft-bodied Coleopterous larve, which I have
been unable to determine definitely, though they are probably
Coccinellidee. These larvee (fig. 1) were in the runways of the
nests. In life they were covered densely with a white powder,
and some of this remains after an immersion of two years in alcohol.
The alcoholic specimens are 6—7 mm. in length; 2.5 mm. greatest
width, 2.25 mm. at greatest height.

Componotus maculatus subsp. vicinus Mayr.—One speci-
men of Xenodusa montana, (?) Casey, taken at Helena, Montana,
April 16, 1907.

Camponotus herculeanus subsp.
pennsylvanicus De Geer. Myrmeco-
phila formicarum was abundant with
this ant on San Juan Island, Wash.,
in July.

Camponotus maccooki Forel.—
Mr. C. M. Keyes sent me this species
from Medford, Oregon, and with it
several specimens of Myrmecophila
formicarum.

Aphodius suspectus sp. nov.

Length 4 to 5 mm., oblong black, shining. ig. 2. Aphodius suspectus sp.
Head coarsely punctate, some of the punctures nov.
on the front confluent; a narrow transverse
impunctate ridge, extending transversely across the head at about one third
distance from base; in front of this ridge depressed, then elevated to a low flat
tubercle; depressed between this and margin; margined for entire length, margin
with row of fine hairs, which end in front of eyes in a brush of longer hairs; front
with a few fine, short hairs; clypeus shallowly emarginate. Prothorax broader
than long, feebly narrowed behind, at base slightly wider than elytra; sides
moderately margined; base with feeble marginal line; sides slightly convex, disc
shining, convex, strongly punctate, the punctures arranged unevenly, and varying
in size; a longitudinal impunctate line at middle of disc, running entire length
of disc; margin with a row of short even hairs; a few fine scattered hairs on disc.

Elytra brownish, 12 as long as prothorax, brownish yellow, apex brown; suture
and margin sometimes brown; sides nearly straight for one half distances from base,
then gradually rounded to apex; striz, moderately impressed, the outer three

108 Psyche [June

becoming confluent before apex; each stria with row of punctures; fine scattered
hairs on elytra.

Body beneath black, everywhere with fine hairs; mesosternum posterior to
coxe finely granular; disc of metasternum flat, shining, with few punctures; sides
of metasternum divided into two triangular areas, the outer, anterior part opaque
and strongly punctate, the posterior part smooth and shining.

Legs dark brown to black, tarsi reddish brown.

Described from eight specimens from nest of Formica rufa subsp.
obscuripes, Pullman, Wash.

The width of the sutural stripe is variable. In two of the speci-
mens before me the punctures of the striz are larger and brown,
and the strie appear as brown stripes. There is a perfect grada-
tion from this to the totally unstriped form. Structurally this
species can be assigned to none of Horn’s groups of the genus.

I have placed paratypes of A. suspectus in the collections of H. C.
Fall, H. F. Wickham, and E. C. Van Dyke.

Hetaerius exiguus sp. nov.

Shining, color light reddish to dark brown; form rather elongate. Head above
very faintly punctured, with few hairs; clypeus with stronger punctures; front
slightly concave.

Prothorax transverse; sides straight, convergent from base to oblique trunca-
tion of outer angle; disc very minutely punctured; punctures without evident
hairs; no evident hairs on prothorax except short brush at margin; lateral portion
not more noticeably punctate than the disc, separated from rest of disc by shallow
groove, which terminates in depression at anterior and at posterior margin: divided
at basal third by shallow, oblique impression, the posterior portion slightly convex,
slightly elevated.

Elytra at base a little wider than prothorax, marginal strize complete, discal
strie nearly attaining the apex of the elytra, hairs few, short and fine, stronger at
margins and toward apex, most of the disc not noticeably hairy. Prosternum mar-
gined for five eighths of the distance from base, the margined posterior of disc
impunctate and shining, anterior part coarsely punctured.

Anterior femora about two sevenths as wide as long.

Eleven specimens taken at Pullman, Wash., during April and
May 1910, with Formica sanguinea var. argentata Wheeler, either
in independent nests or with Polyergus. One specimen, April
4 at Kendrick, Idaho, with the same species of ant. One at
Kendrick, Idaho, April 1, with Stenamma (Aphenogaster) sub-
terranea var. occidentalis. This is the least hairy and most elongate

1911] Mann—Some Northwestern Ants and Their Guests 109

of the known American species. It appears to be nearest to H.
minimus Fall, from which it differs in the inconspicuous punct-
ation and pubescence, the narrow femora and more concave
front. In these characters it approaches H. brunneipennis. It
can be separated from this species by the smaller size, more elon-
gate body and total absence of long yellow hairs. In brunneipennis

Fig. 3. Haterius exiguus sp. nov.

the margin of the pronotum is more noticeably punctured than
the disc, while in minimus and exiguus there is no appreciable
difference.

In the same specimens the elytral hairs are more noticeable and
can be seen the entire length of the striz, becoming stronger
posteriorly. There exists a wider variation in color than is common
in the genus. The elytra and pronotum are seen to be irregularly
punctate.

110 Psyche [June

A NEW SLAVE-MAKING ANT FROM JAPAN.

By M. Yano,
Imperial Forestry Experiment Station, Tokyo, Japan.

One of the most interesting Japanese ants in my collections is a
slave-making species, belonging to Polyergus, and apparently
distinct from the known European and North American forms of
the genus.

Polyergus rufescens Latreille subsp. Samurai subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 5-6 mm.
Head nearly pentagonal, excluding mandibles; with somewhat
parallel sides, prominent occipital portion and nearly straight

Fig. 1. Polyergus rufescens Latr., subsp. samurai
subsp. nov. Profile of thorax in female and worker.

posterior border; the mandibles narrow and long, curved inward,
pointed, with a minutely dentate masticatory margin, clypeus
triangular, broad, and flat, its anterior margin nearly straight;
frontal area small, distinctly broader than long, its posterior suture
rounded, anterior suture nearly straight; median line long and
distinct; antennal carinze not distinct; antenne rather short, the
scapes just reaching to the posterior border of the head, somewhat
swollen apically, the flagellum long, filiform; ocelli very distinct;

1911] Yano—A New Slave-Making Ant from Japan 111

eyes prominent. Thorax a little narrower than the head; prono-
tum rounded above and in front; mesonotum longer than broad,
flat above; pro-mesonotal suture distinct, with a lateral distinct
suture between the mesonotum and mesopleurze; meso-metanotal
depression very wide; epinotum a little narrower than the prono-
tum, much produced, rather sharply rectangular between the basal
portion and declivity, the basal portion as long as the declivity,
the former slightly convex, the latter feebly concave. Node of
petiole very thick, distinctly narrower than the epinotum, the
upper surface rounded and broad, anterior slope very convex,
posterior slope flat and convex below, gaster short, from above
subspherical.

Body finely punctured and opaque above; under surface of the
body, legs, mandibles, and tip of gaster somewhat shining.

Hairs brownish, sparse, bristly and erect, scattered on the
clypeus, dorsum of pronotum and metanotum, upper edge of the
node of petiole and gaster; mandibles with fine and short hairs;
grayish pubescence very fine, dense on the upper half of the body,
including antenne and legs.

Brownish black to deep reddish brown; antennze and legs some-
what paler.

Female (deilated). Length 7.5 mm.

Resembling the worker and female of the typical form. Meso-
notum flat above; epinotum more gibbous, the basal portion shorter
than the declivity. Body black; mouth parts, antennz and legs
chestnut brown, and the flagellum and tarsus paler. Bristly hairs
scanty; golden pubescence very dense on upper surface of thorax
and abdomen, obscure on the head and legs.

Habitat. Prov. Hyiga (M. Yano); Prov. Buzen (M. Yano.);
Tokyo (M. Oguma and M. Yano).

This subspecies differs from the typical rufescens in its darker
color, more opaque surface, shorter pubescence, and in the shape
of the epinotum which is more angular than in the European and
North American forms of rufescens.

This ant is a rather common species near Tokyo and in Kitt,
and probably throughout middle Japan. It inhabits nests in the
earth in the most exposed situations and even in dry fields. The
slaves of this ant are Formica fusca fusca var. japonica Mots-
chulsky (=F. fusca nipponensis Forel), a common species in my

ee Psyche [June

country, and curiously seem to resemble it in general appearance.
Their expeditions are made during the afternoon from the end of
June to August, occasionally three times in the same day.

I wish to tender my sincere thanks to Prof. W. M. Wheeler for
his valuable suggestions.

March 15, 1911.

ON MELANETARIUS INFERNALIS FALL.

By Witt1am Morton WHEELER,

Harvard University.

The singular Histerid beetle Melanete@rius infernalis was first
described by Fall in this journal in 1907! from a single
individual taken at Pasadena, California, Dec. Ist, 1902, “‘from
nest of unknown ant.” While I was on a collecting trip
during the past winter in Arizona and California Mr. Fall
showed me the type specimen, which he had found in a collection
obtained from a local entomologist who had died without leaving
any information concerning the precise locality in which the beetle
had been captured. By a strange coincidence, while I was collect-
ing Dec. Ist, 1910, on the anniversary of the taking of this type
specimen, I not only rediscovered the beetle but was able to ascer-
tain the host-ant with which, in all probability, it normally lives.
In a small canyon that enters the west side of the Gran Arroyo
Seco near Pasadena, I found several nests of the typical yellow form
of Pheidole hyatti Emery. All of these were under rather large
stones, and from one of the nests, which was somewhat isolated
and in the middle of the floor of the canyon, I took seven specimens
of the Melaneterius. They were all quietly clinging to the under
surface of the stone in the midst of the ants and made no effort to
escape when the nest was disturbed. A few hundred yards from
this spot and at the very opening of the side canyon into the
Arroyo I found another colony of the same ant containing a single
specimen of the beetle.

All of the specimens agree very closely with one another and

1Two New Myrmecophilous Histeride. Psyche XIV, Aug. 1907, pp. 68-70.

1911] Wheeler—Melaneterius Infernalis ys:

with the type, so that there is nothing to add to Fall’s excellent
description. The accompanying figure shows the generic charac-
ters of Melaneterius as distinguished from those of Het@rius, viz.
the absence of the elytral striz and longitudinal thoracic grooves,
the peculiar shape of the sides of the thorax, the remarkable legs
with the elongate grooves at the dilated apices of the tibize for the
accommodation of the reflexible tarsi, the remarkable folded hind
tibize and the foveolate or coarsely punctate surface of much of the
body.

The sides of the elytra bear stubby yellow hairs and the legs
and tips of the median thoracic tubercles have pointed hairs of the

Fig. 1. Melaneterius infernaiis Fall.

same color. All these hairs are probably ant-alluring in function.
It is, moreover, not improbable that the foveolz are connected with
exudate glands, but without a study of sections, this statement
cannot be substantiated.

The typical form of Pheidole hyatti is very common in southern
California, especially in the neighborhood of Pasadena, Claremont
and Santa Barbara, where it nests in dry, open fields, usually under
rather large stones but sometimes in obscure crater nests about the
roots of plants in the chaparral. After finding the Melaneterius
in two nests, I carefully searched all the Pheidole colonies which
I encountered—several hundred in number—but the beetle was

114 Psyche [June

not again seen. It is certain, therefore, that it must be very rare
and local. Since the various species of Hetwrius occur only with
species of Formica or very rarely (H. minimus Fall) with species of
Lasius, the occurrence of Melaneterius in the colonies of a
Myrmicine ant is additional evidence, if it were needed, that Fall
was right in regarding this beetle as the type of a distinct genus
and not as an aberrant species of Heterius.

THE SOUND-MAKING OF DIPTERA AND
HYMENOPTERA.

By C. E. PEMBERTON,

Stanford University, California.

That many Diptera and Hymenoptera produce sounds in two
distinct ways has been an accepted belief for a long time. One
of these ways is by the rapid vibration of the wings in the air; the
other one is by the forcible inspiration and expiration of air
through the spiracles, especially the thoracic ones.

The production of insect sounds by organs other than the wings
was probably first noted by Aristotle when he said that the
tracheee were set in vibration by rapid in- and out-rushings of air
causing a vibration somewhat similar to that produced by certain
reed instruments.

Dr. H. Landois in 1867 in a very complete and exhaustive paper
on the sounds and sound apparatus of insects devoted consider-
able attention to the Diptera and Hymenoptera. He made some
elaborate explanations to prove that sounds were produced by
certain vibratory portions of the spiracles, and performed a number
of experiments to verify his explanations.

Burmeister also has advanced the theory that flies produced
sounds by forcing air violently through the spiracles thus pro-
ducing a vibration loud enough to be heard, and similar theories
have been advanced by others. Landois’s work however is still
probably the standard.

Landois experimented with the house fly, (Musca domestica) a
flower fly (Eristalis tenax), a dung fly (Scatophaga stercoraria),

1911] Pemberton—The Sound-Making of Diptera and Hymenoptera 115

certain gnats, and a few other flies; also with a bumble bee, honey
bee and certain wasps and hornets. With all he came to the same
conclusion, namely, that besides the humming sound produced
by the vibration of the wings in the air, another finer, higher-
pitched sound was produced, not by the wings but by an appara-
tus connected with the spiracles and trachez, usually the thoracic
spiracles only. He found that by stopping the openings of the
spiracles humming ceases, or becomes so feeble as to be hardly
perceptible.

In one family of flies, however, (Stratiomyidee), in which the
thoracic stigmata are not strongly developed, no humming sounds
could be detected other than those produced by the wings. The
stigmata were similar in structure to all others examined, but not
so strongly developed.

It is interesting to note that Landois seems to find in those
insects which hum loudest with their spiracles, the strongest
developed spiracles to be found in all. These are, according to
Landois, excellently developed for sound production. The external
opening of the spiracle is covered with hairs and leads to an
enlargement at the commencement of the trachea and immediately
behind the spiracle. This enlargement serves as a sounding box.
A folded membrane, called the vocal membrane and forming lips
or curtains more or less plaited and fringed, is placed between the
edges of the spiracle and the sounding box and, when vibrated by
violent rushing of the air, produces sound. This theory has been
carefully worked out by Landois and has been generally accepted
as fact.

Having performed a number of experiments with certain Diptera
and Hymenoptera, and having obtained results in exact contra-
diction to those of Landois, I venture to state these results, offering
them to entomologists for what they are worth.

Despite the weight of testimony which seems to favor the
theory of the spiracular voice, I cannot avoid the conclusion, from
these observations of my own, that there has been some curious
mistake about it all. My experiments with several species of
Syrphide (Eristalis tenax in particular) the house fly, honey bee
and the bumble bee, show that these insects do not produce audible
sounds by vibration of any portion of their spiracles or trachez,
but that all sounds of the nature of humming or buzzing produced

116 Psyche [June

by them are made solely by the wings, either by their vibration
in the air or by striking the wing bases against the body wall.

In all the experiments I have kept constantly in mind Landois’s
theory and all my experiments have been performed in an attempt
to verify it. However, not in a single instance have the results
pointed in any way toward Landois’s conclusions.

The following are the experiments and observations made on
Eristalis tenax, similar ones with similar results having been made
on several other Diptera and Hymenoptera.

Experiment I.

A fresh, living adult was held by the legs allowing free motion
with the wings. Two sounds were produced, one low when the
insect attempted to fly, and which was made simply by the vibra-
tion of the wings in the air, and the other about an octave higher,
which was produced when the fly held the wings in a resting posi-
tion and vibrated or trembled them very rapidly. This high-
pitched note was made by the striking of the wing-bases against
the body-wall immediately below and of the wing-bases. A proof
for this was given when the wings were cut off close to the
bases and the same pitch of note was sounded. A _ paper strip
placed against the tips of the trembling wings so as to act as a
sounder, increased the strength of the note which the wing-bases
produced.

Experiment IT.

The wings were cut off close to the body and the insect held by
the legs as before. A loud, high-pitched buzz was produced.
While producing the sound the wing-stubs were seen to be vibrat-
ing rapidly. Upon examining the spiracles while the sound was
given, no external activity could be seen about them either in the
hairs surrounding the opening or in the normal appearance of the
spiracles while the insect was quiet. When a needle was placed
against the vibrating wing-stubs the sound always ceased. By
cementing the wing-stubs to the body no sound was made, though
the spiracles were open and untouched.

Thus if the fly produces this high-pitched note by means of the
spiracles it must be done only when the wings or wing muscles
are free to act.

:

1911] Pemberton—The Sound-Making of Diptera and Hymenoptera Lig br

Experiment ITT.

To prove that the spiracles have nothing to do with this note
and that they are not needed in connection with the wing muscles
in the sound production, the abdomen was cut off, likewise the
head, and the thoracic spiracles securely cemented with collodion.
Under these conditions the free wing-stubs still vibrated a little
and produced the familiar buzz for a short time. _ By leaving the
head intact in this experiment the note was as strong and clear as
in a fresh uninjured specimen. A fresh fly with all spiracles
securely closed and wings cut off, can be made to produce the
loud hum and stop at will by holding or releasing the wing-stubs
with a needle.

In another case the thoracic spiracles were completely destroyed
with a needle, and the abdomen cut off, but the wings left free.
The usual high-pitched buzz or hum was still produced.

Now, combining the fact that no sound, in any single case, was
produced with spiracles open and wings secured from action, with
the fact that sound, high and clear, was produced in every case
with wings cut off or intact, but free at the base, even though all
the spiracles were securely closed, we have, it seems to me, positive
proof as to the cause of all the audible sounds produced by this fly.

A further experiment was made which verifies in a way what has
already been proved.

The wings were pulled from an adult in such a manner as to
remove them completely, leaving no traces of the bases. No
sounds were produced. lLandois believed to have done this, but
seems only to have cut the wings off as closely as possible. It
would be impossible to cut off the wings without leaving some very
small portion which would be large enough to vibrate and produce
a sound.

The above experiments were carefully repeated several times
with the same results in every case. They seem to prove quite
conclusively that the supposed sound of the spiracles is merely a
buzzing of the wing-bases or a striking of them against a portion
of the body-wall adjoining them. The well-adapted character of
the spiracles for the production of sound if air could be very
violently forced through them, combined with the confusing fact
that the same pitch of sound is produced both with the wings cut

118 Psyche [June

off and intact, might easily lead one to conclude that the sounds
were produced by some other organ than the wings.

The question may well be asked, ““Why are the spiracles so
modified and complex as Landois considers them?” It must be
taken into consideration that the spiracles are comparatively
large openings to a very delicate and vital tracheal system, which
should be safely guarded at its openings against the entrance of
dust particles. In most cases they are protected by a dense growth
of hairs but often are not, as for example in the honey bee. The
thoracic spiracles of the honey bee are poorly protected exter-
nally but within the opening this folded membranous curtain, or
so-called vocal membrane, acts undoubtedly as a screen against
the entrance of dust, ete.

The work described in this paper was done in the Entomological
Laboratory of Stanford University.

THE STRIDULATIONS OF TWO INTERESTING
LOCUSTID. }

By H. A. ALLARD,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The writer’s first night collecting on Plummer’s Island, near
Washington, D. C., August 25, 1909, made him acquainted, for
the first time, with the stridulation of Atlanticus pachymerus
Burmeister. It was singing after dark very close to the ground
on a dry, rocky, thinly-wooded hillside. The notes of this odd-
looking locust have the same lisping character as an Orchelimum.
The phrases are brief, but rapidly repeated, with irregular inter-
vals of silence intervening, sh-sh-sh-sh-sh—sh-sh-sh-sh—sh-sh-
sh-sh-sh. One is reminded of the prolonged, lisping phrases of
Orchelimum molossum Rehn. Several times, while watching the
insect stridulate by lantern-light, the writer lisped an approach
to its notes and got an immediate response. The grayish brown
coloration of this locust is well adapted to its environment of dead

1Tdentified by Mr. A. N. Caudell of the U. S. National Museum.

1911] Allard—Stridulations of Locustide 119

leaves and vegetation. The tegmina are very short, giving the
insect an awkard, unfinished appearance.

Pyrgocorypha uncinata Harris. In October, 1909, the writer
took a single female of this interesting locust at Thompson’s Mills,
Northern Georgia. This individual had entered a dwelling and was
crawling on the wall, probably attracted by a lighted lamp. No
other individuals were taken until the writer captured a single
male in stridulation in the same locality one dark night in October,
1910. The insect was traced by its note to the low grass and weeds
on a bank almost in the midst of the settlement. By the strong
light of a bull’s eye lantern the writer approached within a foot or
two of the insect which continued to stridulate vigorously for some
time, even though in the full glare of a strong light. After its
notes had ceased, the insect at intervals jerked its body and wings
spasmodically without producing any sound. This peculiar behav-
ior is characteristic of a number of species of Conocephalus when
disturbed during stridulation.

As Mr. A. N. Caudell has pointed out, it is probable that the
male taken in Northern Georgia had not arrived at the adult
stage very long before its capture, since its tissues, which must
have been soft, had shrunken considerably after mounting and
drying. On the grass and weeds very near where this male was
taken, the writer a night or two before heard several locusts in
stridulation, presumably individuals of Pyrgocorypha uncinata.
As these insects were heard in stridulation but one or two nights,
it is possible that the stridulation period of this Pyrgocrypha
is very brief. The stridulation of this locust is a loud, penetrating,
prolonged 2-2-2Z-2-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z-Z quite like the notes of a Con-
ocephalus. Its habits in many ways are very similar to those of a
Conocephalus which it resembles in some respects.

Previous to the writer’s observations in Northern Georgia, the
stridulations of Pyrgocorypha uncinata appear to have been
unknown.

December, 1910.

120 Psyche [June

ANOTHER AQUATIC CATERPILLAR (ELOPHILA).

By Wm. T. M. Fores,
New Brunswick, N. J.

In my paper in the December Psycue, I referred to Elophila
(Cataclysta) as a larva not yet known in America. There is a
cocoon of this genus in the College collection here, agreeing with
those of the European species. It contained a skin in exception-
ally good condition, making it possible to compare the caterpillar
as well as the chrysalis with those of Nymphula and Paraponyx.

Caterpillar. In general characters agreeing with that of the
other two aquatic genera; with smallish head, no tracheal gills,
no posterior ocellus; with head, sete and prolegs essentially as in
Nymphula. Punctures of front closer together than in the others
(14 as far apart as the sete) ad-
frontal punctures higher than sete,
but not so much; 7 of labrum (see
figure) much lower than i and
quite near the middle line; the
puncture near i; antenne as in
Nymphula proper, but the first seta

Fig. 1. Labrum of Elophila sp. 1s rather farther out. Lower lip

normal. Apparently there are only
three ocelli, but the specimen is not favorable. Prolegs as in
Nymphula proper, the ventrals with 50, the anals with 15 hooks.
Spiracles of first four abdominal segments larger, especially those
of A38 and 4; but the others are more than half as large, and
evidently functional.

Case spheroidal, of a mosaic of Lemna leaves. It is distinguished
from those of Nymphula and Hydrocampa by the lack of a sharp
lateral edge. The leaves of the case do not seem to be eaten.

Pupa similar in appearance to Nymphula, and in details except
as follows. The last spiracles are on little conical projections, and
where the spiracle of A9 should be there is a more prominent
irregularly conical spine. Of the three enlarged spiracles, the
first is but little smaller. There are two parallel thickened trans-—
verse ridges on the center of the seventh and eighth abdominal

1911] Severins—Care of the Eggs and Rearing of the Walking-Stick 121

segments, just beyond the trip of the leg-case. They may be an
abnormality.

The species is only half as large as an average Nymphula.

Specimen from Cedar Lake, in the northwest corner of New
Jersey. This genus is evidently much nearer to Nymphula (Hydro-
campa) than to Paraponyx, but may be easily distinguished by the
different case and different front and labrum of the larva; and
by the very small size of the pupa (perhaps also by the ridges on
the under side of the abdomen.)

A FEW SUGGESTIONS ON THE CARE OF THE EGGS
AND THE REARING OF THE WALKING-STICK,
DIAPHEROMERA FEMORATA SAY.

By Henry H. P. Severin, College of Hawaii, and
Harry C. SEVERIN, South Dakota State College.

Some difficulty seems to have been experienced by a number of
investigators to determine the number of molts which various
species of Phasmids have. In a previous paper (7) we discussed
the diversity of opinions of various entomologists concerning the
number of molts undergone by our common American walking-
stick, Diapheromera femorata. Among the European Phasmidae,
Bacillus rossii seems to offer the greatest opportunity for a
difference in opinion as to the probable number of molts.
According to Pagenstecher,! Bacillus rossii casts its skin seven or
eight times, while Kheil (4) and Godelmann (3) both agree upon
five molts. Daiber (2), who did some work on this same species
of walking-stick, is unable to give the number of molts with cer-
tainty, because as she explains, the process of ecdysis occurs dur-
ing the night and the exuviated skins are often eaten immediately
by the recently molted walking-sticks. She says, “Da aus den
angefiihrten Griinden mit Leichtigkeit eime Hiutung itibersehen
werden kann, méchte ich diese Zahl von 5 Hiéutungen als
Minimum bezeichnen.”’” vy. Baehr (1) “méchte auch behaupten,
dass die Zahl 5 zu klein ist.”

1 Paper not accessible. Quoted from Godelmann’s (3) paper.

122 Psyche [June

In the above-mentioned paper we (7) called attention also to
certain indications which appear a day or two before Diapher-
omera molts. A method, which instantly revealed to us when the
walking-stick had molted, was to first mark them with a tooth-
pick, match or needle dipped in water-proof India ink. A few
hours after each molt, some difficulty may be experienced in mark-
ing the specimens, for the ink may not then spread evenly but may
run together to form drops, as if the newly exposed integument was
oily. This may be due to the molting or exuvial fluid which forms
between the old and new skins at the time of ecdysis. If, however,
the integument has thoroughly dried, no trouble will be encountered
in marking the walking-sticks. Sometimes after a week or more,
the India ink will wear or peel off, but this can be replaced very
readily by a second coating.

In our experiments, the walking-sticks were reared to maturity
in a large glass jar covered with a glass plate. Five young walking-
sticks were usually placed in each jar, these insects being first
marked with India ink on the dorsal side of one of the three divi-
sions of the thorax or the anterior or posterior halves of the abdo-
men. At the bottom of the jar rested a small narrow-mouthed
bottle filled with water, in which had been placed a few twigs of
hazel-nut or linden leaves. If a wide-mouthed bottle was used,
the top was closed around the twigs, for the young walking-
sticks in wandering about, as well as during the process of molting,
will otherwise often fall into the water and drown. The water
in the bottles was either changed every day or the loss of water
from the bottles due to evaporation or to transpiration of the
leaves was replaced with fresh water through a long pipette.
All the leaves attacked by fungus or bacterial diseases were
removed from the twigs; and the jar as well as the leaves were
freed daily from all excrement. Fresh twigs of hazel-nut or linden
leaves, first carefully washed in water, were supplied about twice
a week. The moisture which condensed in the jar was removed
whenever drops were formed, especial care in this respect being
exercised when the walking-sticks were very young, for otherwise
many specimens were found sticking to the glass jar. By keeping
the jars away from open windows, the condensation of the water
was greatly reduced.

To hatch the leaf-insect, Phyllium scythe (Gray), Morton (5)

1911] Severins—Care of the Eggs and Rearing of the Walking-Sticks 123

placed the eggs, “sur du sable fin dans une boite couverte par une

feuille de papier buvard épais. La boite fut mise dans une cage

en treillis, dans une serre, dont la température normal varie entre

18 et 20° C., et le papier buvard humecté chaque jour, afin de

donner aux ceufs, sans les mouiller, une certaine humidité.”’

Other naturalists, who hatched the eggs of various species of

Phasmids, used a wet sponge to supply the eggs with moisture.

In our work with Diapheromera, the eggs were kept upon fine lake

sand which was sprayed with water whenever it became too dry.

Attention has already been called in a previous paper (6) to the

fact, that if the sand is kept too dry, especially at the time of

hatching, many walking-sticks fail to emerge completely from the
eggs. If the eggs are kept in a well aérated breeding cage, molding
can be prevented.

; BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. v. Baehr, W. B., 1907. Uber die Zahl der Richtungskérper in parthenogentisch
sich entwickelnden Eiern von Bacillus rossii. Zoél. Jahrb. Anat. XXIV,
pp. 175-191.

2. Daiber, M., 1905. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Ovarien von Bacillus rossii
Fabr. nebst einigen biologischen Bemerkungen. Jena Zeit. f. Naturw.
XXXIX, pp. 177-202.

3. Godelmann, R., 1901. Beitrige zur Kenntnis von Bacillus rossii Fabr. mit
besonderer Beriicksichtigung der bei ihm vorkommenden Autotomie und
Regeneration einzelner Gliedmassen. Arch. Entmech. XII, pp. 265-301.

4. Kheil, N., 1900. Biologisches tiber Bacillus rossii. Ent. Zeit. No. 16 u.17.

5. Morton, W., 1903. Notes sur l’élevage des Phyllies. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci.
Nat. XXXIX, pp. 401-7.

6. Severin, H. H. P. and Severin, H. C., 1910. The Effect of Moisture and Dryness
on the Emergence from the Egg of the Walking-stick, Diapheromera femor-
ata Say. Jour. Econ. Ent. III, No. 6. pp. 479-481.

7. ———————_ 1911. The Life-History of the Walking-stick, Diapheromera
femorata Say. Ibid. IV, No. 3.

124 Psyche [June

At the regular meeting of the Cambridge Entomologica: Club on June 20,
1911, the following resolution was adopted:

Whereas, by the death of Samuel Hubbard Scudder on May 17, 1911, the
Cambridge Entomological Club has suffered a great loss which will be shared
by entomologists the world over, and

Whereas, Dr. Scudder was one of the founders of the Club, and during its
early days, a leader in all of its activities, and

Whereas, under his guidance, the publication of Psycur was begun nearly
forty years ago, be it

Resolved, that in recognition not only of our own debt to him, but of his
eminence in the scientific world, the club publish as the last issue of the present
volume of Psycu®, a number which wili be a small tribute to the memory of one
who, by incessant labors, added so greatly to our knowledge of both living and
fossil insects.

1911] Advertisements 125

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1911

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VOL. XVII AUGUST /19t1 NUMBER 4

Prodryas persephon e Scudder.

CONTENTS
The Philippine Mosquitoes. C.S. Ludlow
A List of the Bees of the Genus Perdita. T. D. G. Cockerell .

A New Genus of Reduviide. EH. Bergroth

Hosts of Insect Egg-Parasites in North andSouth America. A. A. Girault

Two New Names of Sphecoid Wasps. G. A. Rohwer

Book Review: Howard’s “ The House Fly.” C. 7. Brues

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eee gis

VOL. XVIII. AUGUST, 1911. No. 4

THE PHILIPPINE MOSQUITOES.

By C. S. Luptow,
Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

In April 1901, under the authority of the Medical Department,
U.S. Army, there was begun in Manila, a research having for its
original object some anatomical study of mosquitoes, especially
those connected with the transmission of malaria. However, as
the mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands were entirely unknown it
became at once evident that systematic study of these insects
was necessary before any anatomical problem could be under-
taken, and the research then became purely entomological, only
the correlation of the appearance of certain species with the inci-
dence of these diseases being left of the work in preventive med-
icine. The anatomical work has since, for the most part, been
worked out by others.

The collections are made by the Surgeons or Hospital Corps men,
and, with a statement of the number of cases of malaria, dengue
and filariasis present during the time of collection, mailed to me.
While many of the collections are received in excellent condition,
the identification of the specimens is often much hindered, or
rendered impossible by carelessness in collecting, in preparing for
shipment, and by accidents incident to transportation. On this
account some species must wait for additional collections, often
a matter of months, before accurate determination or description
is possible.

The following forms have been determined from these collec-
tions and most of them previously reported, but it seems of pos-
sible interest that a complete list to date should be published,
and this with the descriptions of some new forms are given below.

LIST OF MOSQUITOES REPORTED.

ANOPHELINE. Theobald. funesta Giles.
Anopheles Meigen. indefinita Ludlow.
formosus Ludlow. rossi Giles.

Myzomyia Blanchard. thorntonit Ludlow.

126

Stethomyia Theobald.
pallida Ludlow.

Myzorhynchus Blanchard.
barbirostris van der Wulp.
pseudobarbirostris Ludlow.
sinensis Wiedemann.
vanus Walker.

Nyssorhynchus Blanchard.
flava Ludlow.

(Cellia flava Ludlow.)
fuliginosus Giles.
philippinenSis Ludlow.
stephensi (?) Liston.
theobaldi Giles.

Calvertina Ludlow.

(calvertia Ludlow.)

lineatus Ludlow.

MEGARHININE. Theobald.
Toxorhynchites Theobald.
argenteotarsis Ludlow.
lewaldii Ludlow.
(Megarrhinus lewaldii Ludlow.)

Cuuicin&. Theobald.
Mucidus Theobald.
mucidus Karsch.
Quasistegomyia Theobald.
gardnerti Ludlow.
Kingia (?) Theobald.
gregoryt Ludlow.
Desvoidya Blanchard.
fusca Theobald.
joloénsis Banks.
(D. fusca v. joloénsis Ludlow.)
obturbans Walker.
Stegomyia Theobald.
amesii Ludlow.

fasciata Fabricius (calopus Meigen.)

“a

v. mosquito Arribalzaga.
my luciencis Theobald.
nigritia Ludlow.
quasinigritia n. sp. Ludlow.
samarensis Ludlow.
(S. scutellaris v. Samarensis

Ludlow.)

[August

scutellaris Walker.

Ludlowia Theobald.
chamberlainti Ludlow.
minima Ludlow.

Scutomyia Theobald.
nivea Ludlow.

Duttonia Theobald.
alboannulis Ludlow.

Popea Ludlow.
lutea Ludlow.

Culiciomyia Theobald.
annulata Theobald.
inornata Theobald.

Neomacleaya Theobald.
indica Theobald.

Danielsea Theobald.
paget Ludlow.

Reedomyia Ludlow.
alboscutella Theobald.
niveoscutella Theobald.
pampangensis Ludlow.

Pardomyia Theobald.
quadripuncta Ludlow.

Leucomyia Theobald.
argentea Ludlow.

(Taeniorhynchus argenteus
Ludlow.)
gelidus v. cuneatus Theobald.

Culex Linneus.
alis Theobald.
annulioris Theobald.
aureopunctis Ludlow.
cecus Theobald.
concolor Desvoidy.

fatigans Weidemann.

fragilis Ludlow.

hirsutum Theobald.

impellens Walker.

ludlowti Blanchard.
(annulifera Ludlow.

microannulatus Theobald.)

sitiens Walker.

tigripes Grand & Charm.

Taeniorhynchus Arribalzaga.
ager Giles.

1 This was at first referred tentatively to Chagasia Theob. but the abdominal scales seemed to throw it.

out of this genus.

1911]

aureosqumatus Ludlow.
(T. Pagei Ludlow).

lineatopennis Ludlow.

tenax Theobald.

whitmoreii Giles.

sp.?

Chrysoconops Goeldi.
aurites (?) Theobald.

brevicellulus (?) Theobald.

conopas Frauenfeld.
Mansonia Blanchard.
annulipes Walker.
uniformis Theobald.
Mansonoides Theobald.
annulifera Theobald.
septemguttata Theobald.
Etoerleptiomyia Theobald.
(O’Reillia Ludlow.)
luzonensis Ludlow.
Finlaya Theobald.
porcilia Theobald.
Oculeomyia Theobald.
fulleri Ludlow.

Ludlow—Philippine Mosquitoes 127

Skusea Theobald.
diurna Theobald.
mediofasciata Theobald.
(Pseudoskusea nigritarsis Ludlow.)

funera Theobald.

URANOTAENUN®. Mitchell.
Uranotaenia Arribalzaga.
ceruleocephala Theobald.
lateralis Banks.
(U. caeruleocephala v. lateralis
Ludlow.)
powelli Ludlow.
pygmea Theobald.
testacea Theobald.
Pseudouranotaenia Theobald.
parangensis Ludlow.
triangulata Ludlow.
Harpacomyinz. Ludlow.
Harpogomyia Meijere.
ceruleovitatta Ludlow.
Hodgesia Theobald.
niveocaputis sp. Nov.
DenpromyIn&. Lutz.

AEDINe. Theobald.
Aedeomia Theobald.

squamipenna Arribalzaga.

Dendromyia Theobald.
(Heizmannia Ludlow.)
scintillans Ludlow.

A few words as to this list. So far as may be such errors as have
occurred previously in my papers have been eliminated and cor-
rected, this accounts for a couple of synonomies; variety samarensis
mihi of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker I have elevated to a species,
not because I am greatly in sympathy with the creation of species
on slight differences, but merely to protect “‘the fruits of labor’;
Stegomyia persistans Banks has been omitted because so far as I
can judge it is merely a well marked fasciata (calopus) he being
undoubtedly misled by imperfect descriptions, and by not having
studied this species in America. The differences are destroyed by
the slightest rubbing of the thorax, and this marking occurs in the
Americas as well as the Philippines. Mr. Banks has been unfortu-
nate in his collections if this be the only form he has found, the
less well marked (or rubbed) form as well as v. mosquito, and v.
luciencis are fairly common in the specimens taken by myself in
the Philippines and in the collections sent by the Surgeons in the
last ten years.

128 Psyche [August

Danielsea pagei sp. nov.

Female. Head very dark, covered with dark flat scales except a narrow border
of bright ochraceous slender curved scales around the eyes, a small spot of the same
at the nape, and bright ochraceous forked scales also at the nape; antenne dark
brown, verticels and pubescence brown; palpi short, very dark; proboscis brown,
very dark, somewhat swollen at the apex; clypeus brown; eyes dark brown.

Thorax—prothoracic lobes brown with bright ochraceous curved scales and dark
brown bristles; mesonotum brown, covered with dark brown and bright ochraceous
slender curved scales, the latter occurring as a very slender line on each side of the
*‘bare space’ extending cephalad the length of the mesonotum, a broken irregular
or curved line exterior to this, and a more or less complete lateral line from the wing
joint to the nape, much widened on the cephalad portion; scutellum dark, covered
with bright ochraceous slender curved scales except in the middle of each lobe
where the scales are dark brown and broader; pleura brown with at least three
bunches of white scales; metanotum dark brown.

Abdomen with dark brown scales, with rather large white lateral spots on the
six proximal segments; venter with heavy basal white bands.

Legs—coxe and trochanters testaceous, the former with white scales; femora
dark scaled dorsally, lighter at the bases, and ventral aspect white almost
to the apex, more markedly so on the mid and hind legs, otherwise the legs
are dark scaled; ungues all uniserrate.

Wings brown, clear, heavily scaled with brown rather large clavate scales; Ist
submarginal longer and about the same width as 2nd posterior, its base interior,
and its stem about 2-3 the length of the cell. The stem of the 2nd posterior cell
markedly longer than its cell; root of 3rd longitudinal vein meets the mid cross-
vein and is of about the same length, the posterior cross-vein about the same
length as the mid, and distant twice its own length. Halteres with light stem and
fuscous knob.

Length 3.5 with proboscis 4.5 mm.

Habitat. Fort Pikit, Mindanao, P. I. Taken. Nov. 6 A.M.

Described from seven specimens sent in collections by Major

Henry Page, M. C., U.S. A.
Kingia gregoryi sp. nov.

Female. Head black covered with very dark flat round-ended scales, a brilliant
white median triangular spot extending from the vertex caudad about half the
length of the head, apex caudad, and equally brilliant lateral spots, a few dark bris-
tles over the eyes: antenne very dark, verticels dark and probably pubescence also,
but it appears white in some lights, basal joint very dark; palpi brown scaled at the
base and a very heavy brilliant white tip, probably extending over more than one
joint; proboscis broken, what is left is brown scaled, eyes very dark; clypeus
testaceous. ;

Thorax dark brown covered with dark brown broad curved scales and roundish-
flat white ones; prothoracic lobes heavily covered with silver-white scales and a few
brown bristles; mesonotum partly denuded but showing very dark broad curved
scales over the general surface, a heavy spot of brilliant white round-ended flat

1911] Ludlow—Philippine Mosquitoes 129

scales at the laterocephalic angles, and the remains of a white median line of the
same brilliant scales. This line is perfectly shown as a short line on the cephalad
portion and on a spot midway of its length, the rest of the median portion of the
mesonotum denuded; scutellum has a very large mid lobe, with brilliant white
round-ended flat scales, and brown flat scales on the lateral lobes; pleura is very
dark, and almost covered with brilliant white scales; metanotum dark brown.

Abdomen covered dorsally with dark brown scales and large lateral brilliant
white spots, more basal than apical, but not strictly basal, on all but the eighth
segment which is brown; venter with all creamy but brilliant scales.

Legs—coxe all with brilliant white scales, trochanters with brown apical bands;
femora a little lighter at the base and ventrally, otherwise the legs are entirely dark,
almost black, with a tendency to dark blue iridescence;u ngues simple and equal.

Wings clear, brown scaled; cells long; the first sub-marginal longer and about the
same width as the second posterior, more than twice as long as its petiole, its base
interior to that of the second posterior, the latter also somewhat longer than its
petiole; root of the third longitudinal is slightly interior to and about the same
length as the mid cross-vein; the posterior cross-vein about the same length as the
mid, and twice its own length interior; the scales resemble somewhat small
Taeniorhynchus scales. Halteres have the apical half of the stem and knob dark,
the base of the stem white.

Length, 4.5 mm. without proboscis.

Habitat. Ludlow Barracks, Parang, Mindanao, P.I. Taken. January.

Described from one moderately good specimen, its most serious
defect being the broken proboscis. I am not sure it is a Kingia
for there are no curved scales on the head, and the scales of the
lateral abdominal spots are not outstanding, but it agrees with the
description for this genus better than any other and I have there-
for referred it here. The specimen was sent in a collection made by
Capt. J.'C. Gregory, Me C.; U.S. A.

Stegomia quasinigritia sp. nov.

Male. Head black scaled except a very narrow median line of light scales, a
white median spot at the point of the vertex, minute submedian white spots at the
ocular margin, and a few white lateral scales: a few forked scales on the occiput;
antenne banded, verticels dark, first joint testaceous, enlarged, basal joint dark
with numerous white, close-lying scales, especially on the median aspect; palpi
long accuminate, dark brown with four large white spots, at the bases of the four
distal joints; proboscis black, not so long as the palpi by nearly the length of their
terminal joint; eyes dark; clypeus dark.

Thorax dark brown, prothoracic lobes with dark brown and white scales and
brown bristles; mesonotum with a short median white line of slender curved scales
at the cephalad margin, a few white scales near the wing joint, and also near the
“bare space’; scutellum dark, the mid-lobe with dark brown flat scales, the lateral
lobes white and the scales extremely long; pleura brown with a few white scales;
metanotum a rich reddish brown.

130 Psyche [August

Abdomen with dark brown scales and basal ochraceous bands, well marked on
the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments, lacking on the distal segments; greyish
lateral spots on some of the segments; venter heavily light banded on the 2nd,
3rd, 4th, and 5th segments, the rest mostly dark.

Legs—cox and trochanters testaceous with a few dark scales; femora dark
except the very base, a line on the ventral aspect, and the apex which are white;
tibiz all dark; first tarsal basally white banded, broadly so on the hind legs, second
and third minutely white at their bases on the fore and mid legs, broadly so on
the hind legs, fourth and fifth brown on the fore legs, the fourth with a very small
white basal spot on the mid legs, and mostly white on the hind legs, the fifth en-
tirely white on the hind legs, femoral and tibial spines white; ungues unequal the
larger uniserrate on mid and fore legs, simple on the hind legs.

Wings clear, brown scaled; 1st sub-marginal cell longer and slightly narrower
than the 2nd posterior cell, twice as long as its petiole, its base slightly in-
terior to that of the 2nd posterior; root of the 3rd longitudinal vein a little interior
to the mid cross-vein and about the same length; posterior cross-vein one-third
longer than the mid cross-vein and a little more than twice its own length distant;
halteres with dark knob and light stem.

Length, 4 mm. and 2 for Proboscis—6 mm.

Habitat. Turucan, Mindanao, P. I. Taken. Nov.

Described from one specimen sent by L. F. Seith, Sgt. Ist Cl.
H.C. It lies close to several of the dark Stegomyiew, but seems to
have enough differences to warrant describing as a new species.

Hodgesia niveocaputis n. sp.

Female. Head almost black, covered with white and very dark brown scales,
the white scales forming a large median spot extending well around to the sides,
where it almost joins a lateral white spot, and caudad, nearly to the margin of
the occiput, the extent being partly governed by the direction of the light, brown
scales and bristles on the occiput: antennz brown, verticels, and pubescence brown,
the hairs of the latter longer than in the usual forms, basal joint dark: proboscis
brown, a little swollen at the apex, and a well marked bulb-like expansion at the
base just anterior to the clypeus (dorsal aspect); eyes dark; clypeus testaceous.

Thorax shiny black; prothoracic lobes densely covered with white flat scales
{as described for the type); mesonotum sparsely covered with small extremely
slender dark brown curved scales; some brown bristles, near the scutellum and at
the wing joint; scutellum with small flat dark brown scales and brown bristles;
pleura with three white spots, one very near the wing joint; metanotum very
dark. Abdomen covered with dark brown scales, and five lateral white spots, the
latter occurring on the Ist, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 6th segments, those on the 3rd and
5th segments being much the more pronounced; venter practically white scaled,
but brown in some lights.

Legs; cox and trochanters pale, with some white scales; femora very light
lemonish white at the bases and ventrally, otherwise brown except in the hind
legs, where they are light lemonish white both dorsally and ventrally, only the

1911] Ludlow—Philippine Mosquitoes 131

apex being brown; otherwise the legs are brown (in some lights fawn color);
ungues simple and equal.

Wings clear, brown scaled; cells long; Ist submarginal longer but no narrower
than the 2nd posterior, its base slightly interior; root of the third longitudinal
vein and the mid cross-vein meet nearly in a line, and they are of about equal
length; the posterior cross-vein equal to the mid and a little more than its own
length distant; halteres have the bases of the stem light and the apex and knob
dark.

Length about 2.75 mm. with proboscis, 1.75 without.

Habitat. Fort Pikit, Malabong, Mindanao, P. I. Taken in November.

Described from five specimens sent through Major Henry Page,
M.C., U.S. A. One specimen of this genus was received a couple
of years ago, but was not in good enough condition to determine
and I referred it provisionally to sanguine Theobald. It is, how-
ever, almost surely the same as those just described.

Harpagomyia caeruleovittata sp. nov.

Female. Head black with a large brilliant blue white median spot, followed by
greyish or light golden brown and white lateral scales, all the caudad half of the
head covered with bronzy dark brown scales; antennz missing, basal joint very
dark; palpi thread-like yellowish, very short; proboscis short, much swollen
on the apical fourth, with the two long recurved bristles described for the type,
mostly brown scaled, but light at the base; eyes dark; clypeus long and appears to
be formed of three sclerites, or to have additional lateral sclerites, heavily covered
with a rather long fine white fuzzy tomentum.

Thorax shiny black; prothoracic lobes covered densely with brilliant white scales
mesonotum with very long slender curved bronzy dark brown scales except the
cephalad lateral angles where there are round light golden brown flat scales, and a
median line, extending back about two thirds the length of the mesonotum, of
round blue or bluish white scales; scutellum with mid lobe white scaled and the
lateral lobes brown scaled; pleura largely covered with brilliant white flat roundish
scales; metanotum very dark brown.

Abdomen brown scaled with large apical brilliant white scales on all the segments
but the 3rd, apical hairs light; venter with broad white apical bands.

Legs; cox and trochanters light testaceous; femora and tibie with ventral
light line, otherwise the legs are entirely brown scaled though the more distal joints
often appear golden. Ungues all missing.

Wings clear, brown scaled; the cells long, first submarginal longer and about the
same width as the 2nd posterior, more than twice as long as its petiole, its base
well interior to that of the 2nd post.; root of the 3rd longitudinal vein and
mid cross-vein of about equal length and meet in an almost straight line; posterior
cross-vein about equal to the others and more than its length distant. Halteres,
stem light, knob dark.

Length. 2.75 mm. with proboscis.

Habitat. Ludlow Barracks, Mindanao, P. I. Taken. July.

132 Psyche [August

Described from one specimen. The three species, Meijere’s,
Theobald’s and this lie very close together, the color of the iridescent
scales on the head and mesothorax being a possibly misleading
characteristic, but the scutellum in this species is white scaled
only on the mid-lobe, the scales on the lateral lobes being not only
brown but smaller than those on the midlobe, and while this is a
small difference it may serve to separate it from the others.

As I have only one specimen it has not seemed wise to dissect it,
but the mouth parts as described by.Meijere! and the peculiarities
of the clypeus as noted above seem to me to be of more than
generic value. The insect of course comes under Lutz’ group
Culicimorphe, for though the proboscis is long, the lack of develop-
ment of the maxillae and mandibles into the long processes found
in what Lutz calls the Euculicide prevents the insect from using
it as a piercing instrument. It, however, seems quite distinct in
its peculiarities, and as I prefer to keep all the forms with Culicid
wing venation under the Culicide the only way seems to be to create
a new sub-family. I therefore propose to call this sub-family
Harpagomyine n. sub-fam. with Harpagomyia splendens Meijere
as the type for genus and species.

Duttonia alboannulis sp. nov.

Female. Head dark, with flat white scales forming a median line, a broad stripe
of ochraceous and brown flat scales, a small brown spot and lateral white scales, a
line of curved scales brown around the eyes, and verysmall curved scales among the
forked brown and ochraceous scales on the occiput; brown bristles near the eyes;
antenne dark brown, verticels and pubescence brown, basal joint very dark,
covered with brilliant white close-lying scales; palpi dark brown with brilliant
white tips; proboscis dark brown; eyes dark brown; clypeus dark brown with
white long spatulate scales.

Thorax almost black; prothoracic lobes with brilliant white flat scales and brown
bristles; mesonotum entirely covered with slender dark brown curved scales
except a few light scales at the nape, and a small spot of broader white and
ochraceous curved scales just cephalad of the wing joint; scutelum dark, with bril-
liant broad white flat scales; pleura dark with several spots of white scales;
metanotum dark brown.

Abdomen dark and covered with dark scales, large basal lateral white spots, and
a few apical white scales on some segments, forming a very narrow band on the
seventh segment.

Legs; cox and trochanters testaceous with brown and white scales; femora
dark dorsally, ventrally light, and the hind femora are basally light for nearly one

1 J. C. H. Meijere. Drei myrmekophile Diptern aus Java. Tidg. v. Entom., Vol. LII (1909).

1911] Ludlow—Philippine Mosquitoes 133

half their length, white at the apex, more marked on the hind legs; tibie all dark;
first tarsals have a small basal white spot, larger on the hind legs and the remainder
of the forelegs is dark; second tarsals on mid and hind legs with a basal white
spot, the remainder of the mid-legs dark; third and fourth joints broadly white
banded in the hind legs, the last joint pure white; fore and mid ungues uniserrate.

Wings clear, brown scaled; the cells long, 1st submarginal longer and slightly
narrower than the 2nd posterior, double the length of its petiole, its base inside
that of the 2nd posterior; root of the 3rd longitudinal vein and the mid cross-
vein about equal in length and meet, posterior cross-vein a little longer, and more
than twice its length distant; halteres have the stem light and knob dark.

Length 6.5 mm. with proboscis, 5.75 mm. without the proboscis.

Habitat. Mindanao, P. I. Taken. Nov.—Jan.

In general coloring and marking this suggests some of the
Stegomyia, but besides the differences in cephalic scales, those on
the scutellum are broader, and round-ended like those found
in Kingia.

For only a few of these insects have the life-habits been worked
out in any country, and in the Philippines only M. Ludlowii has
been carefully studied. Banks found this Anopheline breeding
indifferently in fresh or brackish water, and lately some interest-
ing data as to M. indefinita have been received. It has been bred
from larve taken from muddy puddles, quite at variance with
our usual idea as to Anopheline habits and the latest collections
have the memorandum, “‘from larvee taken from an open drain, the
water comes from bath houses and is of course more or less soapy.”
So far as I know this is the first instance reported of Anophelines
breeding in dirty drain water.

134 * Psyche [August

¢

A LIST OF THE BEES OF THE GENUS
PERDITA SMITH.

By T. D. A. CockERELL,

The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

The present list includes all the known species of Perdita, the
genus being confined to North America, and only well developed
in the arid southwest. The South American insects referred by
Friese to Perdita belong to Parafriesia, a genus scarcely separable
from Calliopsis. The Old World genus Nomioides has the closest
possible superficial resemblance to Perdita, but is structurally
quite distinct, having much in common with Halictus. The species
of Perdita are mostly very small, and practically all are oligo-
tropic, confining their visits to a single genus, or to a few closely
allied genera. Occasionally specimens will be found on plants of
quite diverse families, and this seems especially to occur when
the proper food plant is not yet in bloom. Most of the species
occur in late summer and autumn, but there is quite a series of
spring-appearing forms. I have never taken any species both in
spring and summer, but Mr. Viereck took P. phacelie in May
and June, and P. pectidis in April and May, at Alamogordo, New
Mexico, these being previously known as September bees. It is
not known whether the September brood hibernates and reappears
in spring, or there are two generations in the year.

Subgenera and Sections.

CockERELLIA Ashmead, Psyche, 1898, p. 284. Type hyalina.
A name for the group of P. albipennis, verbesine, sparsa,
utahensis, ete.

Neoprerpita Ashmead. The diagnosis seems to indicate species
like P. spheralcee, but the designated type is P. zebrata.
Nomapopsis Ashmead. The assigned type was P. zonalis, but the

specimens pertain to a different, undescribed species.

Puitoxantuus Ashmead. Type P. beata.

For Ashmead’s characterization of the above four groups,
see Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XX VI (1899), pp. 84-85.

PerpDiItELLA Cockerell. Type P. larreew; also includes P. mar-

cialis. For figure of venation see Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

1911] Cockerell—Bees of the Genus Perdita 135

1896, p. 62. Robertson has described P. boltonie (1902)
as a Perditella.

PENTAPERDITA Cockerell and Porter. Type P. albovittata. Max-
illary palpi 5-jointed; claws all cleft in males; simple in
females.

TETRAPERDITA Cockerell and Porter. Type P. sexmaculata.
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed; claws cleft in male, simple in
female.

GrorerpiIrA Cockerell and Porter. Type P. chamesarache.
Maxillary palpi rudimentary; labial palpi 3-jointed.

The last three, which should probably rank as genera, were
described in Annals and Mag. of Nat. History, December,
1899, p. 415.

Tables.
(1) Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1896, pp. 45-52.
(2) Cockerell, Bull. Sci. Lab., Denison University, XI, pp. 52-59. (Species of

New Mexico.)

(3) Cockerell, University of Colorado Studies, 1907, p. 247.

(4) Cockerell and Porter. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. History, December, 1899,
pp. 414-415. (Table of measurements of labial palpi.)

(5) Cockerell, Entom. News, December, 1905, p. 331. (Species resembling P.
zanthisme.)

(6) Cockerell in Viereck, Entom. News, January, 1904, p. 22. (Yellow species.)

After each name is given the type, locality, and the collector of the type, if known.

List of Species.

Aeneifrons Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4. Visits [socoma.

Affinis Cresson 1878. Colorado (Ridings). Tab. 1, 2, 3, 4. Visits
Composite.

Albipennis Cresson 1868. Between Fort Wallace, Colorado,
and Fort Craig, New Mexico. (S. Lewis.) Tab. 1, 2.
Visits Helianthus.

Albipennis helianthi Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Tab. 1, 2. Visits Helianthus.

Albipennis lingualis Cockerell 1896. Fort Collins, Colorado
(Baker). A female variant.

Albipennis pasonis Cockerell 1896. El Paso, Texas (Cockerell).
A form approaching P. verbesine.

Albovittata Cockerell 1895. San Augustine, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1, 2,4. Visits Ximenesia.

136 Psyche [August

Anogrz Cockerell 1902. Las Vegas, New Mexico (Tuttle and
Tipton). Visits Anogra.

Arcuata Fox 1893. Calmalli Mines, Lower California (Haines).
Tab. 1. Fhes in April.

Ashmeadi Cockerell 1899. 5S. José de Guaymas, Mexico (How-
ard). Flies in April.

Asteris Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Aster and Heterotheca. Also in Arizona.
Austini Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).

Tab. 1, 2. Visits Gutverrezia, and rarely Isocoma..

Baccharidis Cockerell 1900. Tempe, Arizona, October (Cock-
erell). Visits Baccharis.

Baileyze Cockerell 1909. Mesilla, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Visits Baileya.

Bakerze Cockerell 1896. Fort Collins, Colorado (Baker). Tab. 1.
Apparently distinct by male genitalia, but otherwise inter-
grades with P. zebrata. Visits Solidago.

Beata Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (A. M. Holt).
Tab .1, 2,6. Visits Yimenesia. A bright canary-yellow species.

Bigelovize Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4. Visits [socoma.

Biparticeps Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). “Lab. 1,°2) Visits Pectis:

Bishoppi Cockerell 1906. Paris, Texas, August (Bishopp). Visits
Heterotheca. As to intergrades or hybrids with P. zgnota,
cf. Entomologist, 1906, p. 149.

Boltoniz Robertson 1902. Carlinville, Illinois (Robertson).
Visits Boltonia. Cheeks of male dentate.

Bradleyi Viereck 1907. Clementon, New Jersey (J.C. Bradley).
Flies in May.

Bruneri Cockerell 1897. West Point, Nebraska, August (Bruner).
Visits Solidago and Grindelia; cf. Ent. News, February, 1907,
p. 55.

Californica Cresson 1878. California (Edwards). Tab. 1.

Callicerata Cockerell 1897. Las Cruces, New Mexico, August
(Townsend). Tab. 2. Visits Baileya. Rarely at Atamosco;
cf. Can. Ent., 1901, p. 283. Female; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., 1897, p. 357. Remarkable for having more light
color on the face of the female than the male.

1911] Cockerell—Bees of the Genus Perdita 137

Callicerata chrysoceras Cockerell 1897. Near Las Cruces,
New Mexico (Cockerell). Tab. 2.

Callicerata leucura Cockerell 1909. Mesilla, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Perhaps a hybrid, callicerata X pallidior. Visits
Baileya.

Cambarella Cockerell 1906. Paris, Texas, August 26 (Bishopp).
Visits Heterotheca. Allied to P. mellina.

Canina Cockerell 1895. Santa Fé, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Identical with P. zebrata.

Cephalotes Cresson 1878. Nevada (Hy. Edwards). Tab. 1.
Head of male very large.

Chamesarachz Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Tab. 1, 2,5. Visits Chamesaracha.

Chrysophila Cockerell 1896. Organ, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 2. Visits Ximenesia and Hymenoxrys.

Citrinella Graenicher 1910. North Hudson, Wisconsin (Grae-
nicher). Alhed to P. perpallida. Visits Petalostemon.

Cladothricis Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1, 2. Visits Cladothriz, and sometimes Pectis,
Isocoma and Gutierrezia.

Claypolei Cockerell 1901. Mt. Lowe, California (Cockerell).
Visits Eriogonum polifolium.

Cockerelli Crawford 1906. West Point, Nebraska (Crawford).
Visits Grindelia and also Solidago. Resembles P. bruneri.

Coreopsidis Cockerell 1906. Cotulla, Texas, May 5 (W. D.
Pierce). Visits Coreopsis.

Crassiceps Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell)... Vab. 1, 2.

Crawfordi Cockerell 1901. Lincoln, Nebraska (J. C. Crawford).
Visits Grindelia.

Crotonis Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Croton.

Dallasiana Cockerell 1906. Dallas, Texas, July (W. W. Yothers).
Visits Helianthus. Runs in tables to vicinity of hirsuta.

Dasylirii Cockerell 1907. Alamogordo, New Mexico, June
(Viereck). Visits Dasylirion. Allied to P. lucie.

Dolichocephala Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Warbonnet
Cafion, Nebraska (Carriker). Visits Helianthus. Peculiar
for its long head.

138 Psyche [August

Dubia Cockerell 1896. Glenwood Springs, Colorado (Gillette).
Tab. 1. Allied to P. zebrata.

Erigeronis Cockerell 1897. Mesilla, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 2. Male of P. fallax; cf. Ent. News, 1907, p. 55.

Exclamans Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Jessie
Casad). Tab. 1, 2. At flowers of Prosopis in May. Doctor
Howard took it at 8S. José de Guaymas, Mexico.

Fallax Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Very close to P. affinis. Visits Composite.

Florissantella Cockerell 1906. Florissant, Colorado (Cockerell).
Visits Eriogonum.

Foxi Cockerell 1895. Santa Fé, New Mexico (Cockerell). Tab.
1,2. Peculiar for its orange-rufous legs, and black unbanded
abdomen.

Gerhardi Viereck 1904. East Chicago, Indiana (Gerhard). Tab.
6. Visits Monarda. A yellow species.

Grandiceps Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 1, 2,4. Visits Solidago early in September.

Gutierreziz Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1,2. Visits Gutierrezia. Related to P. bigelovie.

Halictoides Smith 1853. North America. Tab. 1. Nearest
to P. eneifrons; cf. Canad. Entom., 1904, p. 303. This is
the type of the genus.

Heliotropii Cockerell 1900. Juarez, Mexico (Cockerell). Visits
Heliotropium.

Heterothecz Cockerell 1900. Tempe, Arizona (Cockerell).
Visits Heterotheca. Resembles P. ignota.

Hirsuta Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (A. M. Holt).
Tab. 1, 2. Flies early in May.

Howardi Cockerell 1899. S. José de Guaymas, Mexico (Howard).
Tab. 6. Bright lemon-yellow; flies in spring.

Hyalina Cresson 1878. Colorado (Ridings and Morrison). Tab. 4.
Male of P. albipennis.

Ignota Cockerell 1896. Mesilla, New Mexico (Cockerell). Tab.
2,3. Visits Composite. Ranges to Nebraska.

Interrupta Cresson 1878. California (Crotch). Tab. 1.

Jonesi Cockerell 1906. Rosser, Texas (Bishopp). Visits Monarda;
var. a. at Petalostemon. Allied to P. octomaculata and affinis.

Lacteipennis Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Niobrara, Nebraska

1911] Cockerell—Bees of the Genus Perdita 139

(Swenk). Visits Helianthus. Allied to P. albipennis. Also
in Colorado.

Larreze Cockerell 1896. San Marcial, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4, 6. Small orange-yellow species; visits Covillea.
Although several species of Perdita are dependent on Covillea,
the plant can exist without these bees, as is shown by its
occurrence in South America, where Perdita is absent.

Larrezee modesta Cockerell 1897. Mesilla Park, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Tab. 2, 6. Head of male not nearly so large.
Visits Covillea.

Larrearum Cockerell 1896. San Marcial, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1,2. Visits Covillea.

Laticeps Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (A. M. Holt).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Ximenesia.

Laticincta Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Glen, Sioux Co., Nebraska
(H.S. Smith). Visits Helianthus.

Lepachidis Cockerell 1896. Santa Fé, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1,2. Very close to P. albipennis. Visits Ratibida.
Lepidii Cockerell 1907. Florissant, Colorado (Rohwer). Visits

Lepidium.

Luciz Cockerell 1899. S. José de Guaymas, Mexico (Howard).
Flies in April. Allied to P. martinz.

Luteiceps Cockerell 1896. Glenwood Springs, Colorado (Gillette).
Tab. 1. Flies in August. Related to P. martini.

Luteola Cockerell 1894. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4, 6. A yellow species, visiting [socoma and Guti-
errezia. Also occurs in Nebraska.

Maculigera Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 2. Visits Saltz in May. (Ent. News, 1896, p. 255.)

Maculipennis Graenicher 1910. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August
(Graenicher). Stigma with a black spot.

Maculipes Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (A. M.
Holt). Tab.1,2. Visits Isocoma. Very close to P. bigelovie.

Marcialis Cockerell 1896. San Marcial, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 1,2. Visits Covillea. Related to P. larree.

Martini Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Flies in April.

Maura Cockerell 1901. Cedar Bluffs, Nebraska (Bruner). Visits
Physalis, and sometimes Aster.

140 Psyche [August

Megacephala Cresson 1878. Texas (Heiligbrodt). Tab. 1. Male
of texana.

Melanostoma Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Glen, Sioux Co.,
Nebraska (P. R. Jones). Visits Gutierrezia.

Mellina Cockerell 1900. Phoenix, Arizona (Cockerell). Tab. 5.
Visits Heterotheca.

Mentzelize Cockerell 1896. Santa Fé, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4. Visits Nuttallia.

Mentzeliarum Cockerell 1897. Riley’s Ranch, Organ Mts.,
New Mexico (Cockerell). Tab. 2, 4. Visits Nuttallia.

Mentzeliarum lauta Cockerell 1905. Near Tularosa, New
Mexico (EL. O. Wooton). Visits Nuttallia.

Mexicanorum Cockerell 1896. Mexico. Tab. 1. Peculiar for
its yellow postscutellum.

Monardz Viereck 1904. Riverton, New Jersey (Viereck).
Visits Monarda.

Nebrascensis Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Neligh, Nebraska
(M. Cary). Visits Helianthus.

Nevadensis Cockerell 1896. Nevada. Tab. 1.

Nitidella Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits [socoma.

Noveeangliz Viereck 1907. Poquonock, Ct. (Viereck). Flies in
June and July. Also in Massachusetts.

Nuda Cockerell 1896. New Mexico. Tab. 1, 2. Resembles
P. phymate, but much larger.

Numerata Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1,2. Visits Salix in May.

Obscurata Cresson 1878. Georgia. Tab. 1. Visits Hydrocotyle.
Also occurs in Florida.

Octomaculata Say 1824. United States. Tab. 1. Visits Com-
posite; Illinois to Atlantic coast.

Pallidior Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 1,2. Very near to P. mentzelie. Visits Nuttallia.

Pallidior pulchrior Cockerell 1896. Albuquerque, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Tab. 1, 2. Cheeks of male spined.

Pallidipennis Graenicher 1910. Mouth of Yellow River, Wis-
consin (Graenicher). Group of P. albipennis.

Pectidis Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell)..

1911] Cockerell—Bees of the Genus Perdita 141

Tab. 1, 2. Visits Pectis, and sometimes Wedeliella and Kall-
stroemia.

Pellucida Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Isocoma.

Perpallida Cockerell 1901. Lehigh, Nebraska, July (Cary).
Tab. 6. Visits Petalostemon. Close to P. wootone; cf. Ent.
News, 1907, p. 57.

Perpulchra Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (A. M.
Holt). Tab. 1, 2. Visits Ximenesia. Male: Annals and
Mag. of Nat. History, April 1897, p. 398.

Phaceliz Cockerell 1898. La Cueva, Organ Mts., New Mexico.

(Townsend). Tab. 4. Visits Phacelia.

Phymatz Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Isocoma and Gutierrezia.

Pratti Cockerell 1906. Corpus Christi, Texas, October (F. C.
Pratt). Probably visits Helentum. Allied to P. crawfordt.

Pulchrior Cockerell 1896. Var. of pallidior.

Punctata Cockerell 1896. Fort Collins, Colorado (Baker).
Tab. 1. Visits Solidago.

Punctosignata Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico
(Jessie Casad). Tab. 1, 2. At flowers of Prosopis.

Quadrangularis Cockerell 1907. Alamogordo, New Mexico
(Viereck). Flies in May.

Rectangulata Cockerell 1896. Fort Collins, Colorado (Baker).
Tab. 1. Visits Solidago in August.

Rehni Cockerell 1907. Alamogordo, New Mexico (Viereck). In
Tab. 1 runs to pallidior, but distinguished by smaller size, much
darker abdomen, color of antenne, etc. Flies early in June.

Rhodura Cockerell 1897. Embudo, New Mexico, September 25,
(Cockerell). Tab. 2, 4, 5. Visits Chrysothamnus. Resembles
P. crotonis in the color of the abdomen.

Rhois Cockerell 1901. San Diego, California (Cockerell). Visits
Rhus laurina.

Rhois reducta Cockerell 1901. San Diego, California (Cocker-
ell). Female variant.

Salicis Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4. Visits Saliz in May.

Semiczrulea Cockerell 1896. San Marcial, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1, 2. Visits Covillea.

142 ; Psyche [August

Semicrocea Cockerell 1895. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 1, 2, 4,5. Visits Composite.

Senecionis Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (EF. 0.
Wooton). Tab. 1, 2. Visits Senecio in October.

Sexmaculata Cockerell 1895. Santa Fé, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 1, 2,4. Visits Chamesaracha.

For figure of mouth-parts, see Annals and Mag. of Nat. His-
tory, December, 1899, p. 416.

Sidze Cockerell 1897. Mesilla, New Mexico (Cockerell). Tab. 2,
4,5. Visits Sida hederacea.

Snowii Cockerell 1896. Estes Park, Colorado (F. H. Snow).
Tab. 1. Also at Santa Fé, New Mexico. Male; Psyche,
1910, p. 244. Visits Grindelia.

Solitaria Cockerell 1897. Soledad Cafion, Organ Mts., New
Mexico (Townsend). Tab. 2. Visits Pectis.

Sonorensis Cockerell 1899. S. José de Guaymas, Mexico (How-
ard). Fhes in April.

Sparsa Fox 1893. Margarita Island, Lower California (Haines).
Tab. 1. Allied to P. albipennis, but flies in March.

Spheralcez Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab. 1,2, 4. Visits Sph@ralcea. Rarely at Nuttallia;
cf. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1896, p. 206.

Spheralcez alticola Cockerell 1896. Santa Fé, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Visits Spharalcea.

Spheeralcez suffusa Cockerell 1896. Santa Fé, New Mexico
(Cockerell). A variant of alticola.

Stottleri Cockerell 1896. Tularosa Creek, New Mexico (Cocker-
ell). Tab. 2. Visits Chrysothamnus and Gutierrezia. Male;
Entomologist, 1904, p. 6.

Stottleri flavida Swenk and Cockerell 1907. Glen, Nebraska
(Bruner). Visits Gutierrezia and Solidago.

Subfasciata Cockerell 1897. Embudo, New Mexico, September
25 (Cockerell). Tab. 2. Visits Chrysothamnus.

Tarda Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Gutierrezia.

Texana Cresson 1878. Texas (Heiligbrodt). Tab. 1.

Tortifolize Cockerell 1906. Florissant, Colorado (Cockerell).
Visits Chrysothamnus. Possibly a mutation of florissantella;
cf. Entom., 1907, p. 267.

1911] Cockerell—Bees of the Genus Perdita 143

Townsendi Cockerell 1896. White Sands, New Mexico (Town-
send). Tab. 2, 4. Visits Chrysothamnus. Also found at
Embudo, New Mexico.

Trisignata Cockerell 1896. California. Tab. 1. Wings yellow-
ish; abdomen without markings.

Utahensis Cockerell 1896. Southwest Utah (Palm). Allied to
P. albipennis.

Vagans Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2. Visits Ximenesia.

Ventralis Fox 1893. Margarita Island, Lower California
(Haines). Tab. 1. Flies in March.

Verbesinze Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell).
Tab. 1, 2, 4. Visits Ximenesia.

Verbesinz cyanella Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Male variant.

Verbesinz intermedia Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New
Mexico (C. Rhodes). Female variant.

Verbesinz maculata Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Male variant.

Verbesinze nigrior Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico
(Cockerell). Tab. 1, 2. Female variant.

Vespertilio Cockerell 1896. Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cock-
erell). Tab.1,2. Visits Chrysopsis. Female; Entomologist
1906, pp. 148-149. |

Vierecki Cockerell 1907. Alamogordo, New Mexico, April and
May (Viereck). Related to P. exclamans.

Wilmatte Cockerell 1906. Florissant, Colorado (W. P. Cocker-
ell). Visits Phacelia alba.

Wooton Cockerell 1898. Near Tularosa, New Mexico (E. O.
Wooton). Tab. 2, 3, 4, 6. Visits Nuttallia. Also occurs in
Colorado and Nebraska.

Xanthismz Cockerell 1905. Goldthwaite, Texas (Crawford).
Tab. 5. Visits Yanthisma.

Xanthismz sideranthi Cockerell 1906. Ennis, Texas, Sep-
tember (Bishopp). Visits Sideranthus and Isopappus.

Zebrata Cresson 1878. Colorado (Ridings and Morrison).
Tab. 1, 2, 3, 4. Visits Peritoma.

Zonalis Cresson 1879. Nevada (Morrison). Tab. 1.

144 Psyche [August

A NEW GENUS OF REDUVIID.

By E. Brercrorn,
Fitchburg, Mass.

Among some Hemiptera received some time ago from the des-
ert regions of northwest Argentina, there was a very remarkable
Reduviid, by its color, the structure of the short head and broad,
laterally not sinuated but reflexed pronotum and the whole facies
closely resembling a Coreid. So strong is the likeness that I had
placed it among my material of Coreide, and it was not until an
attempt to determine it that its Reduviid nature revealed itself.

Psammolestes gen. nov.

Corpus robustum, oblongo-ovatum, opacum. Caput latitudine sua paullulo
longius, pronoto paullo brevius, parte postoculari anteoculari triplo breviore et
nonnihil latiore, pone oculos lateribus callosa, basi subito constricta, parte anteocu-
lari aeque lata ac longa, inter oculos et apicem tuberculorum antenniferorum sub-
parallela, tylo apicem truncatum versus dilatato, jugis apicem versus divergentibus,
tylo aeque longis, oculis magnis, subglobosis, mayimam partem altitudinis capitis
occupantibus, ocellis atque oculis aeque late distantibus, ad hos valde approximatis,
tuberculis antenniferi se supero visis libere porrectis et breviter cylindricis, antennis
ab oculis quam ab apice capitis paullo longius insertis, brevibus, basin pronoti
haud attingentibus, articulo primo brevissimo, incrassato, latitudine sua paullo
longiore, apicem capitis haud attingente, articulo secundo latitudini spatii interocu-
laris cum uno oculo subaeque longo, tertio secundo nonnihil breviore, quarto tertio
parte tertia breviore, rostro valde depresso, spatio interoculari inferiore latiore,
gulam subtangente, marginem anticum prosterni attingente, articulo primo medium
partis anteocularis attingente, secundo primo fere duplo longiore, tertio primo
paullo breviore. Pronotum transversum, apice vix sinuatum, marginibus lateralibus
rectis, reflexis, antice in tuberculum porrectum breviter conicum productis, angulis
humeralibus et basalibus rotundatis, non prominulis, impressione transversa disci
ante medium sita sat profunda sed latera non attingente, carinis duabus longitudi-
nalibus parallelis obtusis interrupta, his carinis antice in medium lobi antici con-
tinuatis, postice etiam in lobum posticum breviter productis, deinde retrorsum
leviter divergentibus et sensim obsolescentibus. Scutellum aequilateraliter tri-
angulare, leniter convexum, apice horizontali, vix producto. Sulcus stridulatorius
prosterni latus, leviter impressus. Mesosternum medio gibbum, parte gibbosa
longitudinaliter leviter impressa. Hemelytra abdomine angustiora. Abdomen
lateribus integrum. Pedes breves, antici leviter, posteriores magis distantes,
anteriores subaegue longi quam postici breviores, femoribus omnibus crassiusculis,
inermibus, posticis medium ventris nonnihil superantibus.

Allied to the genus Conorhinus Lap., but at once distinguished

’
.

1911] Bergroth—A New Genus of Reduviide 145

by the structure of the head and pronotum, the gibbous meso-
sternum, and a quite different facies.

Psammolestes coreodes sp. nov.

Luride testaceus, ubique plus minusve fusco-conspurcatus, cellulis membrane
Maxima parte fuscis, margine abdominis in omnibus segmentis maculis duabus
oblongis nigris notato, una ad basin, altera mox pone medium, ventre lineis tribus
longitudinalibus fuscis signato, linea media parum distincta, lineis exterioribus
irregularibus, hic et illic interruptis. Antennae breviter puberulae, articulis duobus
ultimis praeterea setis rigidis semierectis parce vestitis, his articulis (basi tertii
excepta) et apice articuli secundi infuscatis. Rostrum setulosum. Pronotum
longitudine media 2-3 latius, lobo postico antico duplo et dimidio longiore. Hem-
elytra (2) abdomine paullo breviora. Alae dilute lacteae. Segmentum sextum
ventrale () medio segmentis quinto et quarto dimidioque tertii unitis aeque lon-
gum. Pedes densius fusco-variegati, tibiis apice fuscis. Long. 9 15 mm.

Argentina (Chaco de Santiago del Estero, Rio Salado).

N. B. Attempts have been made of late to use the name Tri-
atoma Lap., instead of Conorhinus. As the name Triatoma was
proposed under the misconception that the antenne are three-
jointed in this genus, and as it therefore was rejected by Laporte
himself as inappropriate and misleading and altered to Conorhinus
in the same paper, there is, however, no sufficient reason to
discard the name by which the genus has been known nearly
eighty years.

146 Psyche [August

HOSTS OF INSECT EGG-PARASITES IN NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICA. II}

By A. ARSENE GIRAULT,
The University of Illinois, Urbana, Il.

The additional records of the hosts of insect egg-parasites in
North and South America given beyond, comprise those over-
looked previously (Girault, 1907) and those recorded in the lit-
erature during the years 1907 to 1910, besides a few as yet
unrecorded which are marked with an asterisk in the list to
follow. This paper should be considered as a sequel to the first
one, and the same arrangements hold here.

Our knowledge in regard to the hosts of hexapod egg-parasites
is increasing rapidly, but as far as is yet known, no true insect
egg-parasites are other than hymenopterous” and I have but two
additional groups to:add to those given in 1907 (pp. 28-29),

namely the Tetrastichini and Miscogasterini of the Chalcidoidea®;.

the former group may prove to be hyperparasitic on the primary
egg-parasites but certainly not always. Pentarthron minutum
(Riley) still maintains the lead as our most prominent, common
and widespread parasite of the eggs of insects, having to date
been recorded from thirty or more hosts in North America
as well as from several species of the pyralid genus Omiodes (mey-
rickt Swezey, blackburni [Butler], accepta [Butler]) in the Hawai-
ian Islands, where it was introduced by Albert Koebele about
1900 (Swezey, 1907, pp. 46-47); also in Java it attacks Diatrea
striatalis, and in New Zealand, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn. With
one or two exceptions, its hosts are all insects of the first economic
importance, such as the codling moth, the cotton bollworm, the
cotton-leaf caterpillar, the brown-tail moth, the West Indian sugar-
cane borer and so on. It stills confines itself to the Lepidoptera

1Part I appeared in Psycue, Vol. XIV, pp. 27-39.

2IT am aware of the following sentences of Aaron (1890): ‘Finally, we must consider the
enemies of the Odonata. In the egg state we have found a small red mite, an Arachnid, which
skims rapidly over the water in search of an Odonat egg, upon which it either deposits an egg
or excavates it for immediate nourishment. A minute Dipteron, genus unknown, was also
seen to oviposit on the egg of Diplax.’”’ I know of a true dipterous parasite on Fidia eggs,
observed by Mr. Paul R. Jones of the Bureau of Entomology, but unfortunately not reared to
maturity. See Johnson and Hammar, 1910, pp. 55-57, fig. 26. As yet, however, no definite:
records of true dipterous egg-parasites are known to me.

3Also perhaps the Pediobiini of the Entedonina. =

=

1911] Girault—Hosts of Insect Egg-P araittes 147

and Hymenoptera. Phanurus tabanivorus Ashmead is now known
to attack Tabanide other than Tabanus atratus Fabr., probably
some other species of the same genus or Chrysops flavidus Wied.
(Hine 1907.) The genus Aphanogmus Thomson, recorded from
the eggs of Tibicen septendecim (Linn.), is most probably not an
egg-parasite but a larval parasite of Cecidomyide (cf. Ashmead,
1893, p. 451; Chittenden, 1909, p. 6) especially since Marlatt
(1907, p. 129) records predaceous larval Cecidomyids on the eggs
of the periodical cicada, and since the subfamily to which the
genus belongs is usually parasitic on the larve of Diptera. The
records of Aphanogmus floridanus Ashm. from the eggs of the
Cicada appear to be based on a supposition.

Of the insect hosts of the egg-parasites, one order, Platyptera,
is added to those previously given (Girault, 1907, p. 29), while
definite, previously overlooked, records concerning the Odonata
are included. Of the hosts known to be parasitized, the parasite
unknown, mention may be made of Cecidomyia (?) foliora Rus-
sell and Hooker (1908); Notolophus oslari Barnes in Colorado
(Hopkins, 1907, p. 143); Malacosoma californica (Pack.) and M.
constrictor (Stretch) (Isaacs, 1905, p. 102); Craponius inequalis
(Say) (Brooks, 1906, p. 240). In passing, I wish to question the
record of the eulophid parasites (Pediobius gen. et sp. nov. Tet-
rastichine) recorded from the eggs of Eriocampoides limacina
Retzius by Lawrence (1904); entedonines and tetrastichines are
often reared from minute leaf-miners, cecidomyids and the like
and none of the records so far concerning this host are free from
suspicion in respect to the presence of these incidental hosts.
Westwoodella Ashmead is parasitic on jassid eggs in the stems of
grasses.

Subsequently, the scope of the list will be enlarged to include
the world, as it is impossible to ignore the fact that geographical
boundaries mean but little in this connection.

Secondary parasitism with egg-parasites was certainly but
little known up to several years ago. I had often wondered why
this phenomenon did not occur. Several cases are now on record,
and even tertiary parasitism, now, is also known to occur.

1 However, in regard to this, compare the record of a Closterocerus from the same host as
given below. The Pentarthron was reared at the same time and the former may be secondary,
its host the latter species. I think both are primary, however.

148

HOST.

Psyche [August
Hosts AND THEIR PARASITES.
COLEOPTERA.
PARASITE. AUTHORITY.
Poropea attelaborum Girault Girault, MS. notes 1910,

Attelabus analis Mliger

Calligrapha bigsbyana
Kirby

Calligrapha scalaris Lec.

Crioceris asparagi Linn.

(US SaNe ME):
Erizestus winnemana Crawford Crawford, 1910, p. 88.

Erixestus winnemana Crawford Crawford, 1910, p. 88.
Tetrastichus asparagi Crawford Crawford, 1909s, p. 150.

Tetrastichus xanthomelane
Rondani!
Anaphoidea sordidata Girault

Galerucella luteola Miill.

Tyloderma foveolatum
Say

Howard, 1908, p. 281;
fig. 7. Marlatt, 1908, p. 4.
Girault, 1909», p. 171.

In the Coleoptera, page 29 of the first part of the list, the follow-

ing changes have become necessary :

Anaphes conotracheli read Anaphoidea conotracheli.

Brachista fidie read Lathromeris fidie.
Tachypterus read Tachypterellus.

HEMIPTERA.
HOST. PARASITE.

Aphis pomi Dr. Geer ? Anagrus spiritus Girault
Abbella subflava Girault
?Trissolcus euschisti Ashm.
*Gonatocerus dolichocerus Ashm.
MS.
Ittys ceresarum Ashm.

Balclutha impicta
Brochymena obscura

Ceresa bubalus Fabr.
Ceresa taurina Fitch
Polynema striaticorne Girault

Dorycephalus platyrhyn- ?Oligosita americana Ashm.
chus Osborn
Enchenopa binotata Say *Gonatocerus species

Polynema enchenope Girault

P. consobrinus Girault MS.

Telenomus ashmeadi Morrill?

Telenomus ashmeadi Morrill?

4 chalcidoids (3 new to the
host).

Euschistus servus Say

Thyantha custator Fabr.

Tibicen septendecim
Linn.

AUTHORITY.
Girault, MS. notes, 1909»
(C. P. Gillette).

Id. (F. M. Webster).
Cockerell, 1897, p. 26.
Girault, MS. notes, 1911,
(USSSING Me):

Girault MS. notes, Ili-
nois, 1908.

Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
(N. Y. Exp. Sta.).
Girault, 1909:.

Girault, MS. notes, 1908,
(J. J. Davis).

Girault, MS. notes, 1908,
(J. J. Davis).

Morrill, 1907, p. 421.
Morrill, 1907, p. 421.
Marlatt, 1907, pp. 130-
USH

1Introduced artificially from Europe.

This may be (Tetracampe) Tetrastichus galleruce

(Boyer de Fonscolombe). Rondani did not describe a species called xanthomelane but in 1877
listed and figured Odmyzus galleruce Fonscolombe, but his figures do not agree with those of
Howard (1908). However, Marchal (1905) discusses this point and the suggestion is given

here without study.
2TIn laboratory.

1911] Girault—Hosts of Insect Egg-Parasites 149

In the Hemiptera, pages 30-31 of the first pait of the list, the
following changes have become necessary :

Anastatus giraultt Ashmead is a Nomen nudum.

Trichogramma ceresarum read Ittys ceresarum.

Polynema (Cosmocoma) sp. nov.read Polynemastriaticorne Girault.

Coccus . hesperidum Linnseeus—The parasite Trichogramma.
flavum Ashmead listed under this host is an unknown Apheli-
nine, thus doubtless not an egg-parasite; the record should be
expunged.

Homalodisca triquetra Fabrictus—The parasite Odctonus homalo-
disce Ashmead is a nomen nudum.

HYMENOPTERA.

HOST. PARASITE. AUTHORITY.

Cimber americana Leach. Pentarthron minutum Riley Severin and Severin, 1908,
pp. 68-70.
Nesomyia cimbicis Brues Brues, 1908, p. 162.
Eriocampoides limacina *Pentarthron minutum Riley Girault, MS. notes, 1909,
Retzius (R. L. Webster).

*Closterocerus cinctipennis Girault, MS. notes, 1909,

Ashm. (R. L. Webster).

In the Hymenoptera, page 32 of the first part of the list, the fol-
lowing emendations have become necessary :

Trichogramma minutum and T. pretiosum read Pentarthron
minutum (Riley) throughout. Anagrus columbi Perk. = Armatus
Ashm.

Omit entirely Jsosoma spp. and the parasites recorded from
them. All of these parasites are doubtless from jassid eggs. See
foregoing.

Eriocampoides limacina Retzius—The parasite ‘‘Encyrtus”
species is doubtless Pentarthron minutum (Riley), referred to thus
by Peck (1799).

LEPIDOPTERA.
HOST. PARASITE. AUTHORITY.
Agraulis vanille Linn. *Pentarthron minutum Riley Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
(Bur. Ent.).
Anisota senatoria Smith *Pentarthron minutum Riley © Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
and Abbot (Bur. Ent.).

(Archips) Cacecia rosa- *Pentarthron minutum Riley Girault, MS. notes, 1908.
ceana Harris}

Carpocapsa pomonella Anaphes gracilis How. Girault, MS. notes, 1911,
Linnezus (U.S. N. M.).

150 Psyche [August

HOST. PARASITE. AUTHORITY.
Datana integerrima Grote *Pentarthron minutum Riley Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
and Robinson (Bur. Ent).
Diatrea saccharalis Pentarthron minutum Riley Koebele, 1908, p. 91.19
Fabricius
Chalcidoid Id. Ib., pp. 91-92.
Euproctis chrysorrhea Telenomus phalanarum Nees: Howard, in Kirkland,
Linn. 1907, p. 123.

Pentarthron minutum Riley Fiske, 1910.
*Pentarthron euproctidis Girault Girault, MS. notes, 1910.

(Bur. Ent.).
Hemerocampa leucostigma Telenomus dalmani Ratz Brues, 1910, p. 107.
Smith and Abbot.
Heterocampa guttivitta Telenomus grapte Howard Fiske and Burgess, 1910,
Walker p. 390.
Hyphantria tertor Har- *Pentarthron minutum Riley Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
ris (Bur. Ent.).
Malacosoma disstria Odencyrtus clisiocampe Ashm. Ashmead, 1900.1
Hibn.
Meliana albilinea Hiibn. Pentarthron retorridum Girault, MS. notes, 1910,
Girault (R. L. Webster).
Notolophus oslari Barnes Telenomus coloradensis Craw- Crawford, 1909¢, pp. 206-
ford 207.

Porthetria dispar Linn. Schedius kuvane Howard3;7 Howard, 1910, pp. 3-4.
Tyndarichus nave Howard? Id. Ib. pp. 6-7.758

Antatus bifasciatus Fon- Id. Ib., pp. 7-8.357
scolombe®
Perissopterus javensts Howard Id. Ib., pp. 11-12.7
Telenomus new species Tdi tbS ps 12:3
Smerinthus astylus Drury Anastatus pearsalli Ashm. Ashmead, 1898, p. 24.

Corrections to Lepidoptera pages 32-35.

Trichogramma pretiosum, T. intermedium, T. minutum, T. minu-
tissimum should read throughout Pentarthron minutum (Riley).

Calpodes ethilius Cramer—The ‘‘Trichogramma’’ species is
Pentarthron minutum (Riley).

Hemerocampa leucostigma Sm. and Ab.—The parasites Tri-
chogramma fraternum Fitch and T. orgyie Fitch are eulophids
and not egg-parasites.

NEUROPTERA.
HOST. PARASITE, AUTHORITY.
Chauliodes rastricornis | Pentarthron minutum Riley Needham and _ Betten,

Rambur. 1901, p. 547.

i

1911] Girault—Hosts of Insect Egg-Parisites 151

ODONATA.
HOST. PARASITE. AUTHORITY.

Brachistella acuminata Ashm.
Centrobia odonate Ashm. f Ashmead, 1900°.

Polynema needhami Ashm. { Needham, 1900.

Hyperteles polynema Ashm.4 | Needham, 1903, p. 230.
Tetrastichus polyneme Ashm.5

Lestes uncala Kirby
L. unguiculata Hagen}

ORTHOPTERA.
Anazipha exigua Say Polynema bifasciatipenne Girault, 1908:.
Girault
Mantis sp. Eupelmus brevicauda Gahan Gahan, 1910, p. 205.

Oecanthus niveus Deg. Polynema _ bifasciatipenne Girault, 1910, p. 255.
Geer Girault

Stagmomantis carolina Eupelmus mantis Ashm. Ashmead, 1885, p. Xv.
Linn.
PLATYPTERA.
‘Cecilius aurantiacus Alaptus cecil Girault® Girault, 1908+, pp. 180,
Hagen 181, 191.

Iiterature Referred to.

1877. Rondani, C. Vesparia parasita non vel minus cognita. Bull. Soc. Ent.
Italiana, IX, pp. 190-191, tav. II, figs. 64-67.

1885. Ashmead, W. H. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XII.

1890. Aaron, Mrs. C. B. Life histories and structures of the Odonata. In the
Dipterous enemies of man: Their life histories and structure. A treatise
on their extermination. Dragon Flies versus Mosquitoes. The Lamborn
prize essays, New York, II, p. 50.

1893. Ashmead, W.H. Monograph of the North American Proctotrypide. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 45.

1897. Cockerell, T. D. A. Canad. Ent., X XIX, p. 26.

Enock, Fred. Proc. Ent. Soc., London, p. xvi.

1898. Ashmead, W. H. Ent. News, IX.

1900. (a) Idem. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXII, p. 382.

1Reared by Mr. J. J. Davis, Chicago, Ill. *Introduced artificially from Europe. ?*The rear-
ing as recorded by Needham does not distinguish between the hosts, so it is taken for granted
that the parasites are common to both. Ashmead merely gives Lestes species. Needham
records at first five egg-parasites and one hyperparasite, whereas Ashmead records five from the
egg of Lestes sp., but states Hyperteles polyneme and Tetrastichus polyneme, as their names
indicate, to be parasitic on Polynema needhami, novel cases of secondary parasitism. Later,
Needham changed the record to agree with that of Ashmead. 4‘‘Evidently a hyperparasite on
the Polynema noted below.’’ Ashmead, 1900, p. 616. °‘Undoubtedly a hyperparasite of
Polynema needhami.’”’ Ashmead, 1900, p. 616. ‘In England Enock (1897) records Alaptus
_fusculus Walker and a supposed male specimen of A. minimus Walker from the eggs of Stenop-
socus cruciatus (Linnzus), a record overlooked in Girault, 1908». This is the first record of
egg-parasites in the Platyptera. (See Girault, 1910, p. 244.) 7Imported into Massachusetts
from Japan. ‘S%Secondary on Schedius; cf. Howard. %Pachyneuron gifwensis Ashmead should
be mentioned here as a secondary parasite of the Schedius and Anastatus and as tertiary upon
the Tyndarichus. (Howard, 1. c., p. 8). And also see Atoposomoidea ogime Howard on the
pages following (1. c). I have verified this record through specimens reared from the same
‘host in North Carolina. "This is the T'richogramma sp. of Fiske (1910).

152

1901.
1903.

1904.

1905.

1906.
1907.

Psyche [August

(b) Idem. Some hymenopterous parasites from dragon-fly eggs. Ent.
News, XI, pp. 615-617.

Needham, J. G. Amer. Naturalist, XXXIV, p. 375, footnote.

Needham, J. G. and C. Betten. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 47.

Needham, J. G. Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 68. (Aquatic insects in New
York State—Needham, MacGillivray, Johanssen and Davis.)

Lawrence, W. H. Bull. Washington State Agric. College, Pullman, No. 65,
p. 13.

Isaac, John. - Bug vs. bug. First biennial Rep. Commissioner Horticulture
State of Calif. f. 1903-1904, Sacramento.

Marchal, Paul. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, Paris, pp. 81-83, fig. Extract.

Brooks, Fred E. Bull. No. 100,.W. Va. Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.

Girault, A. A. Hosts of insect egg-parasites in North and South America.
Psyche, XIV, pp. 27-39.

Hine, J. S. Bull. Louisiana Exp. Sta. No. 93, pp. 11-12, fig. 4.

Hopkins, A. D. Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, VIII.

Kirkland, A. H. Second annual report superintendent for suppressing the
Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths. (Commonwealth of Mass. Public Docu-
ment, No. 73.)

Marlatt, C. L. The periodical cicada. Bull. Bur. Ent., No. 71, U.S. Dept..
Agric.

Morrill, A. W. Amer. Naturalist, XLI.

Pierce, W. D. Ent. News, XVIII.

Swezey, Otto H. The sugar cane leaf-roller (Omiodes accepta) with an
account of allied species and natural enemies. Rept. Exp. Sta., Hawaiian
Sugar Planters’ Assoc. Bull., No. 5, Div. Ent.

1908. (a) Girault, A. A. Descriptions of three new North American Chalcidoi-

1909.

dea, etc. Psyche, XV, p. 117.

(b) Idem. A monographic catalogue of the Mymarid genus Alaptus-
Haliday, ete. Annals Ent. Soc. Amer., I, pp. 180, 181, 191.

Brues, C. T. Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc., VI, October.

Howard, L. O. The importation of Tetrastichus xanthomelane (Rond.)
Journal Econ. Ent. I, pp. 281-289, fig. 7.

Koebele, A. Insect investigations in Mexico. Rep. Div. Ent., 1907. 4th
Rep. Board Commissioners Agric. and Forestry, Territory of Hawaii,
Honolulu.

Marlatt, C. L. Circular Bur. Ent., No. 8, U.S. Dept. Agric., revised edit., p. 4.

Russell, H. M., and C. W. Hooker. Ent. News, Philadelphia, XIX, p. 352.

Severin, H. H. P. and H. C. M. Severin. Habits of the American Saw-fly,
Cimbex americana Leach, with observations on its egg-parasite, Tri-
chogramma pretiosa Riley. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters,.
XVI, pt. I.

Chittenden, F. H. Cir. Bureau Ent. No. 104, U. S. Dept. Agric.

(a) Crawford, J. C. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, XI.
(b) Idem. Ibid.

(a) Girault, A. A. Psyche, XVI, pp. 106-107.

(b) Idem. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVII, December.

1191] Rohwer—New Names of Sphecoid Wasps 153

1910. Crawford, J.C. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 38, May 3.

Brues, C. T. Psyche, XVII, June.

Fiske, W. F. Parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths introduced
into Massachusetts. Boston (State Forester’s Office), p. 55, table V.

Fiske, W. F. and A. F. Burgess. Jour. Econ. Ent., III, October.

Gahan, A. B. Canadian Ent.

Girault, A. A. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XVIII, December.

Howard, L.O. Bull. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser., No. 19, U.S. Dept. Agric.,
January.

Johnson, F. and A. G. Hammar. Bull. Bur. Ent., No. 89, U. S. Dept.
Agric.

TWO NEW NAMES OF SPHECOID WASPS.

By S. A. Rouwer,
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

The following two names purposed by Billberg in 1820 have
generally been overlooked by Hymenopterists.

Genus AmmosiA BILLBEeRG.

Ammobia Billberg, Enumartio Insectorum, 1820, p. 105.
Type.—Pepsis argentata Fabricius.

Chlorion (Ammobia) umbrosum (Christ.).
Syn.—Proterosphex H. Fernald. Ent. News, vol. 16, 1905, p. 165.

This genus was originally treated as follows (Eg. equals Billberg) :

“G. Ammobia Eg.—Amophila Krb. Latr. Ed. euc.—Pepsis Fbr. Spnl.—Miscus
Jur.—Sphex Auct. coet.

: . . fh, preetiosa Kg. 5.
Abdomine thorace duplo longiore tes Tass Mars pacity Fhe
[ argentata Hisp.—

** Abdomine longitudine thoracis F Z 3
arenarla SVeEC =

The first species included, pretiosa Billberg, is a nomen nudum.

The second species, Pepsis sericea Fabricius, is a variety of
Sphex (F. F. Kohl) aurulentus occurring in the West Indies so
probably was not before Billberg and should not be taken as the
type.

The third species, Pepsis argentata Fabricius, is a common
European species; is a synonym of Spher (F. F. Kohl) wmbrous,
and may be chosen as the type of Ammobia.

154 Psyche [August

The fourth species, Pepsis arenaria Fabricius, is a synonym of
Sphex (Ammophila Kirby and Auctorum) (Psammophila) hirsuta.

Inasmuch as either Psammophila Dahlbom (1842) or Proteros-
phex Fernald (1905) would have to fall as a synonum of Ammo-
bia Billberg it has seemed advisable to choose the latter name as
the synonym, so the first species which could with propriety be
chosen as the type of Billberg’s genus is here designated as such.

After carefully reviewing the case of Sphex versus Ammophila,
I can do nothing but agree with Dr. H. Fernald, and unless some
earlier designation for the types of the genera in question can be
found, I can see no way this change can be avoided. The objection
offered by Dr. F. F. Kohl? only serves to put off the day when our
nomenclature will be put on a firm basis.

Genus Lestica BILLBERG.

Lestica Billberg, Enumeratio Insectorum, 1820, p. 107.
Type.—Crabro subterraneus Fabricius.
Syn. Ceratocolus Lepeletier, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, vol. 3, 1834, p. 739.

Originally treated thus: (Eg. equals Billberg.)

*G. Lestica Eg.—Sphex Linn. VII.—Vespa Linn. Gffr—Crabro Auct. pler.

subterranea Svec. Fbr. fossoria Svec. Linn.
peltata 6 cincta Fbr.
cribaria Linn. alata Germ. Pnz.
clypeata a dimidata i

Included species:

1. Crabro subterraneus Fabricius, a common European species
which may be chosen as the type; placed in Ceratocolus by Dahl-
bom in 1845.

2. Crabro peltata Fabricius, said to be a synonym of cribrarius
Linneeus.

3. Vespa cribrarius Linneus, designated as the type of Crabro in
1837.

4. Sphex clypeata Linnzeus, a common European species; placed
Thyreus in 1864.

5. Sphex fossorius Linnzeus, a well-known species; placed in
Solenius in 1870, and erroneously chosen as the type of Crabro in
1899.

1 Ann. k. k. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien Bd. 21, 1906, pp. 228-229.

1911] Rohwer—New Names of Sphecoid Wasps 155

6. Crabro sexcinctus Fabricius, a well-known species; placed in
Solenius in 1852.

7. Crabro alatus Panzer, a common species; placed in Cera-
tocolus in 1834 and chosen as the type of the same genus in 1899.

8. There is no dimidata Panzer.

Crabro subterraneus is chosen as the type because it is the first
well-known species included. It is consubgeneric with Crabro
alatus Panzer, the designated type of Ceratocolus, hence the above
eited synonymy. _

156 Psyche [August

BOOK REVIEWS.

The House Fly—Disease Carrier; an account of its dangerous activities and of
the means of destroying it. By L. O. Howard. pp. xrx-312; figs. 40. Fred-
erick A. Stokes Co., New York. $1.50.

The dangerous character of the house fly as an agent in the spread of disease
has only very recently become a matter of common knowledge, but the great
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ciations has instilled a wholesome dread of this insect in the minds of the public
at large.

Many scattered, incomplete, and sometimes grossly overstated accounts of the
house fly have appeared in the public press, or in pamphlet form to enjoy a wide
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treatise in popular style, until the appearance of Doctor Howard’s book.

Although considering the matter from many sides, the book is eminently economic
in nature, with chapters on Zoological Position, Life History and Habits; the Natural
Enemies of the Typhoid Fly; the Carriage of Disease by Flies, Remedies and
Preventive Measures, Other Flies Frequenting Houses, as well as a short biblio-
graphical list and several appendices giving lists of flies frequenting human dejecta,
those found in kitchens, and those reared from cow manure, together with a copy
of the laws of the District of Columbia relating to the fly nuisance, and a reprint
of Stiles’ “Directions for Building a Sanitary Privy.”

Every entomologist will wish to see the book widely distributed among those
indifferent to the dangers attending the presence of house flies, and persons desiring
to know the present actual economic status of these insects, can do no better than
to peruse its pages.

The volume is well printed; with excellent figures, most of them gathered from
published sources, including several of Cobb’s very fine photographic enlargements
of the entire fly and the head. While its author says that the book “‘is not intended
to be a scientific monograph; it is simply an attempt to tell in an understandable
way what is known about the subjects in the title,”’ the material is so well select-
ed that few can claim familiarity with all the matter that has been included.

C. T. Bruss.

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XVIII OCTOBER, 1911 NUMBER 5

Daniel Willtam Coquillett . ; ; ‘ ; : ; Se ald
Tipula fallax and Others. R. W. Doane ! : : ‘ : . 160
Pseudoscorpions in Ant Nests. W.M. Wheeler. : : : . 166
Fluffy Cecropia Cocoons. P. Rau. : : : : : . 168
Notes on Coleoptera from Connecticut. A.B.Champlain . . ~/ ZO

Prodryas persephone Scudder.
CONTENTS
On Certain Olene Species. William Barnes and J. McDunnough . ltd
Notes on a Sarcophagid Found in a Turtle. TJ. L. Patterson ; sn dS

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

C. T. Bruss, Harvard University.

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Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

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Harvard University.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

h

PsycHE,

UOTE

VoL.

XVIII, Puate 13.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES

Upper row—Olene leucopheu A &S., male and female
Middle row—Olene interposita Dyar, male and female

Lower row—Olene styx n. sp., male and female

BARNES & McDUNNOUGH—OLENE SPECIES.

mop) (elghe

VOL, XVIII. OCTOBER, 1911. No. 5

ON CERTAIN OLENE SPECIES.
By WitutamM Barnes, M.D., and J. McDunnouanu, Pu.D.,

Decatur, Illinois.

A very interesting article on our present knowledge of the genus
Olene has recently appeared from Doctor Dyar’s pen in the Pro-
ceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (Vol. XIII,
p. 16, 1911.) This spring we have received several larvee belong-
ing to three different species from Southern Pines, North Caro-
lina, and offer the following observations in the hope that they
may perhaps serve somewhat to clear away a little of the existing
doubt regarding the identity of several of the older species.

O. achatina A. & S.

We received two larvee which agree fairly closely with Abbott's
figure. The two anterior and two posterior lateral hair-pencils
combined with the lack of the dorsal hair-pencil from the tuft on
abdominal segment VIII, are distinguishing features. Unfor-
tunately both larve were parasitized so the imago was not reared;
the larvee were oak feeders. We append a fuller description for
the sake of future reference.

Larva. Head blackish; body black, marbled strongly with white with two ante-
rior and two posterior long black hair-pencils and very thick dark tufts on abdomi-
nal segments I-IV and VIII, intermingled laterally with plumed white hairs; of
these tufts the one on segment IV is the smallest and contains the most white hairs.
Tubercles dark, smaller than in allied species; dorsal tubercles with black bristles
and numerous plumed white hairs; tubercle III with several bristles, one central
black plume and numerous white ones; lateral tubercles with spreading white
plumes and several central blackish ones. Abdominal segments VI and VII with
conical, whitish, eversible, dorsal glands; legs and prolegs flesh color; spiracles
creamy with black rim. Length full grown about 40 mm.

O. leucophaea A. & S.

Abbott’s figure of the larvee of this species is rather inaccurate.
As Doctor Dyar has pointed out the figure shows a double dorsal

158 Psyche [October

hair-pencil from abdominal segment VIII and seven dorsal tufts;
this must, we think, be attributed to inaccuracies in the drawing,
as it is rather improbable that the abdominal segments V—VII
would ever be tufted, VI and VII containing normally the evers-
ible dorsal glands, which indeed are present in Abbott’s figure,
but almost hidden in the tufts; a double dorsal pencil seems
equally improbable.

Allowing for these inaccuracies two larvae which we success-
fully bred through on apple agree well with Abbott’s figure in
the general yellow coloration, which is quite characteristic. We
would describe them as follows:

Larva. Head black with pale yellow mouth parts; body gray-green, marbled
slightly with ochreous and with a broad blackish dorsal band on abdominal seg-
ments V-IX; dorsal tufts on abdominal segments I-IV and VIII dark ochreous,
the latter with a long black hair-pencil; two anterior and two posterior lateral
black hair-pencils; tubercles pale ochreous, with numerous plumed hairs, similar
in color to the tufts; eversible conical glands of abdominal segments VI and VII

pale yellowish. Prolegs flesh color with dark lateral plate. Spiracles pale cream,
with black rim. Length, 40-55 mm.

The female larva seems to undergo an extra skin shedding. From
the two larve received, we bred one male and one female, which
we figure in the accompanying plate. Abbott’s figures are not
good. In the male the median area is much too strongly shaded
with white and the basal dash too prominent; the submarginal
row of dark spots is more suffused in our specimen, but the white
spot at inner angle is even more distinct than given by Abbott;
the course of the t. a. line is practically straight; the line itself is
angled three times outwardly; the t. p. lie is much as in the left-
hand side of Abbott’s figure. Abbott’s figure of the female is
very rough; the basal portion of wing contains far too much white
and the t. a. line is too regular. In our specimen there exists a
general diffuseness both in color and markings towards inner mar-
gin; the white spot at inner angle is present as in the male; the
hind wings are lighter than in Abbott’s figure and show a distinct
dark postmedial line.

O. interposita Dyar.

Four or five larvee found on a species of pine agree very exactly
with Mr. Beutenmuller’s description of the larva of montana,

1911] Barnes and McDunnough—Olene Species 159

assuming that Doctor Dyar is correct in stating that a black
hair-pencil accompanies joint twelve, a fact not mentioned by
Beutenmuller. These produced two males and one female of what
we consider to agree most closely with var. interposita Dyar. This
would support Doctor Dyar’s theory that manto, interposita and
montana are but three forms of one species. The ground color of
the female is much lighter brown than in the males, and the close-
ness of the t. a. and t. p. lines on inner margin is apparently
characteristic. We refer to the plate for further details.

In conclusion we venture to describe as a new species a form
from British Columbia, which is totally unlike anything we know,
but which may possibly be but an extreme melanic race.

Olene styx n. sp.

Primaries deep black-brown; all traces of maculation practically lost with the
exception of an obscure black basal dash, a large reniform very faintly outlined in
whitish and a small white spot above anal angle. Secondaries deep smoky, in the
female with outer margin concave below apex, in the male well rounded. Beneath
smoky with faint traces of discal spots on both wings. Expanse, male, 32 mm.;
female, 36 mm.

Habitat, Duncans, B. C. (Hanham). 1 male, 1 female. Types Coll. Barnes.

DANIEL WILLIAM COQUILLETT.

In the death of Mr. Coquillett on July 8th., entomology has suffered a severe
loss, which is a deep personal one to a host of workers who have had the good
fortune to know this accomplished student of Diptera.

He was born near Woodstock, Illinois, in 1856, and twenty-four years later
began his entomological career with some work on larve of Lepidoptera, published
in the tenth report of Prof. Cyrus Thomas, who next year make him assistant to
the State Entomologist of Illinois. Soon, on account of ill health, he went to
Los Angeles, California, where he engaged in entomological work for the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, discovering the feasibility of using hydrocyanic acid
gas for orchard fumigation, and doing other valuable work in rearing imported
scale-insect parasites. In 1896 he was made Honorary Custodian of Diptera in
the U. S. National Museum, where he continued to study the taxonomy of Diptera
until shortly before his death, publishing a long series of valuable papers.

Mr. Coquillett was one of the most kindly and patient of men, rare attributes
which will be cherished in the memory of his many friends.

C. T. Bruges.

160 Psyche [October

TIPULA FALLAX AND OTHERS.
By R. W. Doangs,

Stanford University, California.

For sometime I have had in my possession a number of species
of Tipula with wing markings similar to T. fallax, hebes and grata.
T. hebes may at once be distinguished by the yellow antenne with
the black rings at the base of each segment beyond the third and
by the first posterior cell being black only in the base. All attempts
to separate the others on the basis of wing markings or other mark-
ings on the body have proved futile. An examination of the hypo-
pygium shows that eight different species, the three just mentioned
and five new ones, are represented in the lot.

T. fallax is represented in my collection by specimens from

an 2S 3 % piss

Fig. 1. Wang of Tipula fallax Lw.

Stanford University and vicinity; Keyport, Washington; Sitka,
Alaska. <A single female from Oak Creek Cafion, Ariz., is also
placed here but it is not impossible to definitely place the female
without the males.

Another group from Keyport and Olympia, Washington, is
represented by ten males and possibly two females. The mark-
ings of the wings and body are similar in almost every respect
except that as a rule, but not always, the markings are a little
more intense. I have always confused this species with T. fallax
and Snodgrass, in his article on the ‘““Hypopygium of the Tipu-
ladee,”’ Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXX, No. 3, relying on my
identification, figures this species under that name. A descrip-
tion of the species follows:

1911] Doane—Tipula fallax and Others 161

Tipula olia sp. nov.

Brown: Head grayish with faint median and lateral brownish lines; rostrum
yellow with brown stripes laterally; palpi, brownish yellow, darker toward the base;
first and second segments of the antenne yellow, others brown; mesonotum with
three broad brown stripes, the median one is entirely divided by a broad fusiform
grayish line, the lateral stripes are also marked but not completely divided by a
broad gray line; metanotum and scutellum yellowish gray, the latter with two
faint brown spots; pleura grayish with a rather distinct brownish line reaching
from the neck almost or quite to the base of the wing; halteres brownish, knobs
darker, base yellowish; legs yellowish; tarsi and tips of femora and tibie darker;
abdomen yellowish brown, with interrupted median and lateral brown lines; pos-
terior margin of each segment grayish; eighth sternite wholly brown, produced
posteriorly and ending in three blunt conical projections which are covered with
thick short yellow hairs; hypopygium (see Snod. fig. of 7. fallax) much elongated;
ninth tergite brown, lateral margins converging slightly, posterior margin strongly
chitinized, extreme tip produced downward into two short sharp curved claws;
ninth sternite brown, lighter posteriorly, no pleural sutures, posterior ventral mar-
gin deeply notched and provided with two long, slender, sinuous, blade-like proc-

Tipula olia Doane

esses; lateral margins of the sternite with deep oval incisions which are filled with
a whitish membrane; the points that project just above these incisions bear a pair
of pendulous appendages which are made up of a somewhat quadrate basal portion
and three arms, the upper and middle arms are short incurved, claw-like and chiti-
nous at the tips, the lower arm is long, slender, pointed and membranous; the first
pair of appendages are a little more than twice as long as wide with the tip bluntly
rounded; the second pair of appendages consists of a membranous basal portion
and two strongly chitinized lobes, the largest one triangular and sharp pointed,
the smaller one rounded at the tip; the third pair is membranous, roughly quadrate,
broadly joined to the middle appendage; the upper margin is provided with fine
short hairs and a weakly chitinized ridge sets off a small darker lobe on the poste-
rior dorsal corner; the females that I think belong with this species have the upper
valves of the ovipositor long, slender and blunt at tip; lower valves shorter, broad,
obtuse; wings, brownish with several whitish hyaline spots in nearly all the cells;
a whitish, hyaline, interrupted band beginning in the anterior margin just beyond
the stigma extends through the submarginal, first posterior and discal cells and
along the edges of the fourth and fifth posterior cells to the posterior margin of the

162 Psyche [October

wing; first posterior cell almost wholly white, the base and a spot along the ante-
rior margin about the middle being brown. Length, 15 mm., wing, 17mm. Key-
port, Wash., 9 males, 2 females; Olympia, Wash., 1 female.

The hypopygium of 7. fallax differs from T. alia in the follow-
ing particulars: The blade-like processes arising from the pos-
terior incisions of the ninth sternite are broadly triangular, the
tip ending in a sharp backward curved claw; the pendulous appen-
dage has but two arms, the middle one being represented by a
very short projection, the lower arm is shorter and more slender;
there are also other less conspicuous differences but these will
serve to separate the two species.

Tipula madera sp. nov.

Brownish: Head brownish yellow, with a faint median and plainer lateral brown
lines above; rostrum yellow, with brown stripes laterally; palpi brown, lighter
toward the tips; first and second and the extreme base of the third segment of the
antennz, yellow; others, brown; mesonotum grayish pruinose, the usual three
brown stripes divided in such a way as to appear as eight separate lines, the lateral
pairs uniting anteriorly; metanotum and scutellum grayish with a median brown
line, scutellum with brownish spots on the sides; pleura grayish pruinose with a
distinct brownish line reaching from the neck to the base of the wings, lower half
of sternopleura and the margins of the hypopleura brown; halteres yellow; knobs
brown, tips whitish; legs brownish yellow; tarsi and the tips of the femora and
tibia darker; abdomen light brown with distinct median and lateral, interrupted,
brown lines; eighth sternite brown, yellowish posteriorly, posterior margin with
two deep incisions making three distinct lobes, which are covered with short, thick,
yellowish and brownish hairs; hypopygium much elongated as in 7. fallax and
T. alia; ninth tergite brown somewhat narrowed posteriorly, posterior margin
more strongly chitinized, the median portion produced into a short, broad, three-
pointed, downward-projecting tooth; ninth sternite brown, yellowish posteriorly,
divided ventrally by a broad more membranous area, no pleural sutures; posterior
margin with a broad crescent-shaped incision, from the middle of which arises a
pair of long strap-like appendages, the inner edges of which are straight, parallel;
the outer edges bisinuate; lateral margins with deep oval incisions which are filled
with a whitish membrane; the points that project just above these incisions bear
a pair of quadrate, weakly-chitinized appendages, the posterior margins of which
are deeply notched; the two triangular teeth thus formed are more strongly chitin-
ized and slightly incurved toward the tips; first pair of appendages but little longer
than broad; upper edge of second pair of appendages divided into two strongly
chitinized unequal teeth; third pair membranous with the base broadly joined to
the second; upper valves of ovipositor of female long, narrow, obtusely pointed;
lower valves reaching to or beyond the middle of upper valves; wings brownish
with several whitish hyaline spots in nearly all the cells, making a pattern exactly

1911] Doane—Tipula fallax and Others 163

like that on the wings of 7. alia except that the brown is a little more intense.
Length 18 mm.; wing 20 mm. Corte Madera Creek, near Stanford University,
Cal., 2 males, 1 female. Stanford University, 2 males, 1 female.

Although the markings and general appearance of this species
are very like T. fallaz, the structure of the lateral appendages of
the ninth sternite will enable one readily to separate them.

Tipula newcomeri nov. sp.

Brown: Head brownish yellow, with a broad, dorsal, brown stripe; rostrum
yellow; palpi brown, the last segment lighter; first and second joints of antennee
yellowish, others brown, cylindrical; collar light brown with three brown spots;
mesothorax light brown, with three brown stripes, each of which is divided by a
brownish yellow line; coxee and pleura hoary; scutellum and metanotum yellow-
ish brown with a narrow, median, brown line; halteres brown; extreme base yel-
low; knobs darker brown; legs yellowish brown, tips of the tibize, femora and tarsi,
darker; abdomen brownish yellow, with a broad dorsal brown line and narrow
interrupted lateral lines; posterior margin of each segment lighter; eighth tergite
almost wholly brown, lighter posteriorly; eighth sternite broad, somewhat pro-
duced posteriorly, posterior half, particularly the posterior margin and two light
colored areas on the posterior lateral angles, thickly covered with short, soft, yellow
hairs; ninth tergite wholly brown, a little longer than wide, posterior margin
somewhat depressed and with a pair of short, black, downwardly-projecting, hook-
like processes; ninth sternite brown, completely divided below by a broad suture
which is filled with a white membrane; from the posterior lateral margins of the
suture arises a pair of rather long, thin, sharp-pointed, blade-like processes; lateral
margins with deep, oval incisions which are filled with a whitish membrane; the
points just above these bear a pair of appendages consisting of a slightly chitin-
ized base with three processes, the upper one spatulate and black-tipped, the mid-
dle one triangular, sharp-pointed, the lower one long, narrow and slightly curved
toward the tip; first pair of appendages broad, brown, tips rounded; second pair
rather flattened, edge and tips black; posterior margin of third pair with a deep
median incision dividing the appendage into two lobes, the lower one largest, yellow-
ish; the upper one oval, brown, with short brown hairs; the upper valves of the
ovipositor long, very slender, tips rounded, lower valves rather long, narrow, sides
parallel, tip rounded; wings with a brownish tinge, with several irregular whitish
spaces, and darker brown spots; two irregular whitish spots in the middle of the
second basal cell, the first sending an arm across the anal into the axillary cell, the
second sending an arm into the anal cell; the posterior half of the first basal cell,
the bases of both the marginal cells, the submarginal, and the first and fourth pos-
terior cells, whitish; discal cell, almost wholly whitish; distal portion of the first
posterior cell somewhat lighter, a brownish spot over the origin of the prafurca
and a larger one over the stigma; veins brown. Length male 13 mm., wing 15
mm.; female 15 mm., wing 15 mm. Deer Park, California. Four males, four
females.

164 Psyche [October

The hypopygium differs from 7’. alia in the following particu-
lars: ninth sternite divided; the blade-like processes arising from
the posterior margin are shorter and more triangular, in this respect
more like 7. fallax from which it may be separated by the char-
acter of the pendulous appendage which has three arms as in 1’.
alia instead of two as in T’. fallax.

Tipula coloradensis sp. nov.

Brown: Head light brown with a broad, brown line above; rostrum yellowish,
darker above; palpi brown, lighter toward the tips; first and second segments of
antenne yellow, others brown, cylindrical; antennz of female with third and
fourth joints more or less yellow; collar yellowish, with a median brown spot;
mesonotum grayish brown, with three brown stripes each divided by a rather
broad, grayish line; the gray line dividing the median brown line much narrowed
anteriorly; pleura hoary; mesopleura and sternopleura much darker; a brown
line running from the upper angle of the mesopleura to the neck; scutellum yel-
lowish brown with a median darker line; metanotum dark brown; halteres yel-
lowish toward the base, darker toward the tip, knobs brown; legs yellowish, tarsi
and tips of femora and tibiz darker; abdomen yellowish brown, darker poste-
riorly; eighth sternite wholly brown, posterior portion with very thick rather long
yellow hair, posterior margin with a median tuft of yellow hairs and with a pair
of rather broad, flat, somewhat triangular, yellowish appendages which are folded
back over the posterior-lateral portions of the sternite; ninth tergite very dark
brown, about twice as long as wide; posterior lateral angles ending in short blunt
points below which is a pair of short triangular strongly chitinized plates; ninth
sternite divided below by a rather broad suture which is filled with a whitish mem-
brane, posterior margin with a pair of long twisted heavily chitinized processes
which are narrowed toward the tip and then suddenly broadened into flat back-
ward projecting plates; no pleural suture; first pair of appendages broad at the
base, narrowing toward the tip which is broadly rounded; the lateral appendages,
arising from above the lateral membranous incisions, consist of broad, rather
weakly chitinized basal portions from the anterior margins of which projects a short
two-pointed process and from the posterior margin a long rather broad membra-
nous lobe with the tips distinctly incurved; upper valves of ovipositor long and very
slender; tip rounded; lower valves not reaching to tip of upper valves, broader,
flat, tip rounded; wings with a brownish tinge, with a few indistinct whitish spaces
as follows: one in the posterior portion of the second basal cell beyond the middle,
two near the middle of the anal cell, a larger one extending from the base of the
second marginal cell through the discal cell and fading out along the margins of
the fourth and fifth posterior cell; distal portion of first posterior cell somewhat
lighter; stigma and a small spot over the origin of the prefurca brown; veins
brown. Length male and female 15 mm.; wing 15 mm. Tabernash, Col. One

male, three females.

1911] Doane—Tipula fallax and Others 165

A single somewhat lighter female from Arizona seems to belong
here also. The brown on the wings of this species is much less
intense than in alia. The shape of the blade-like processes arising
from the posterior margin of the ninth sternite and the pendulous
appendages are also quite different.

Tipula rohweri sp. nov.

Grayish brown: Head grayish pruinose witha median brown line above; rostrum
light yellow, with brown lateral stripes; palpi brownish, lighter toward the tips;
first two segments of antenne yellow, basal portion of third yellowish; distal
portion brownish, other segments brown; mesonotum light brown, each of the
three broad brown stripes divided by a grayish brown line; scutellum and metono-
tum grayish, lighter laterally; pleura grayish pruinose, an interrupted brown
line running from the neck to the base of the wings; halteres brown, whitish at
the base; legs yellowish brown; tarsi and tips of femora and tibize darker; abdo-
men light brown with a median, lateral, broad, interrupted, brown band, pos-
terior lateral margin of each segment grayish; eighth sternite brown, posterior
margin lighter, with two incisions dividing the margin into three prominent lobes
each furnished with an abundance of short yellowish hairs; ninth tergite brown,
posterior margin with a downward projecting process which ends in two sharp lat-
eral claws and a median blunter tooth; ninth sternite brown, lighter posteriorly,
no pleural sutures, divided below by a rather broad more membraneous portion
from the posterior margin of which arises a pair of long slender blade-like
processes which bend first upward then backward at almost right angles;
lateral margins of the sternite with deep oval incisions which are filled
with whitish membrane; just above these there arises a pair of membranous
appendages which terminate posteriorly in two more strongly chitinized
projections, the upper ones broader and somewhat spoon-shaped and_ the
lower narrow and claw-like; upper pair of appendages less than twice
as long as wide; second pair of appendages ending in two. strongly
chitinized teeth, the larger one of which bears on one edge a conspicuous
coat of fine yellow hairs; lower pair of appendages comparatively small, mem-
branous; base broadly joined to the second; wings brownish with whitish hyaline
spots in all the cells, making a pattern like that on the wings of 7. alia. Length
15 mm.; wing 17mm. Florissant, Colo., 3 males and 1 female (type). Big Horn
Co., Wyoming, 2 males, 3 females.

This species differs from 7. grata, which it most closely resembles
by being darker the whole body and wings having a grayish rather
than a yellowish tinge; antennz much darker brown; the lower
claw-like arm of the lateral membranous appendage much shorter
and stouter.

166 Psyche [October

The following table will aid in separating the species:

1. Antenne yellow, base of each segment black ........................ hebes
Antenne; except, basal segments; brown... 24...0-.1 24-4) eees eee ee eee 2

2. Lateral appendages of the ninth sternite (below the pleural appendages)
without a lower pendulous or claw-like arm..................... madera
Lateral appendages with a lower pendulous or claw-like arm................ 3
3. Wateraljappendages withionly two arms: aeasqs. osc ate ener ane 4
Lateralfappendages! wath, threeiarmss. ys eye eae eye eye ee 6

4. Lower arm of lateral appendage slender; membranous, nearly straight. . fallax
Lower arm of lateral appendage more strongly chitinized, claw-like, tip

EY oot eae eee aired nena anne HM ASR Ee lS Alt arois 5
5. Lower arm of lateral appendages short, broad, flat.................. rohweri
Lower arm of lateral appendages long, slender....................... grata
6. The two upper arms of lateral appendages consisting of two small subequal,
spine-like: “processes s.cs) iin ec ends sae eine hiss ee aes eras coloradensis
First and second arms of lateral appendages very different in size and shape. . .7

7. The blade-like processes arising from the posterior margin of the ninth
sternite loneyslenders sinllousi a aaanies eee ee ee ere ee alia
The blade-like processes shorter, more triangular.............. newcomeri

PSEUDOSCORPIONS IN ANT NESTS.

By Witiram Morton WHEELER,

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

The sporadic occurrence of pseudoscorpions, especially of species
of Chelifer and Chernes, in ant nests has been reported by several
authors. Haldemann! seems to have been the first to note this
occurrence in America. Wasmann? states that species of the genus
Chelifer are not uncommon in ant nests, “but apparently only as
occasional inquilines.”” He also says that he received from Mr.
Pergande specimens of Chelifer that had been taken in nests of
the American Aphenogaster fulva. Banks* describes several
pseudoscorpions taken by Brues in the nests of Texan ants,
namely Chelanops unicolor with Eciton cecum and Pachycondyla

10n the Occurrence of Cremastocheilus and other Insects in Ant Nests, and of Chelifer found Parasitic under
the Elyiraiof Alaus oculatus. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts (2) VI, 1848, pp. 148-149; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1848,
Wee ee Ce) te ; : ; : ;
Smee Verzeichniss der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden. Berlin, Felix L. Dames,
» Dp. :

®The Pseudoscorpions of Texas. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., VI, 1908, pp. 39-42.

1911] W heeler—Pseudoscorpions in Ant Nests 167

harpax, Ideobisium rufulum with Camponotus sansabeanus and Olpi-
um minutum with Eciton cecum. I have myself not infrequently
taken single pseudoscorpions of different species in the nests of
various ants, and have received them in vials of ants sent to me
for identification, but I have till recently supposed that they were
accidental intruders and not myrmecophiles in the proper sense
of the word.

Donisthorpe! gives the following more precise notes on three
species of pseudoscorpions which he found in England: “Chernes
scorpioides, Herm. In May last this species was found in the
greatest profusion in F. rufa nests at Buddon Wood, Leicester-
shire. Mr. Wallace Kew, who kindly identified them for me, told
me there were males, females, and females carrying eggs exter-
nally, present. ‘They occurred in the nests, literally in thousands,
especially at the very bottom of the nest. Every handful of the
débris of the nests placed on paper was seen to be swarming with
the Chelifers. The ants paid no attention to them. It has been
recorded with the same ant in Denmark by Hansen. I have taken
it sparingly with F. rufa at Weybridge (Ent. Rec., 1907, p. 255),
and have intruduced specimens into my observation nests. The
ants treated them with indifference. When a F. rufa worker was
forced to take hold of a Chelifer, it dropped it at once. I think it
is quite clear that this species, at least, cannot be said to have
‘nothing to do with ants.’ Jdeoroncus cambridgii, L. Koch.—
Several specimens were found in nests of L. flavus at Virtuous
Lady Mine, in Devonshire, in April. Chthonius rayi, L. Koch,
occurred in a nest of F. rufa.in Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight,
in April. I have taken this common species before with L. fuli-
ginosus at Oxshott.”

On January 15, 1811, while collecting at Point Joe, near Pacific
Grove, Cal., I came upon many flourishing colonies of Formica
subpolita nesting under rough stones in the grass near the sea-
beach. In every nest there were great numbers of snow-white
root-coccids and root-aphids, several small white Isopods of an
undescribed species, apparently related to the European Platyar-
thrus hoffmanseggi, and a dozen or more pseudoscorpions. These,
which have been kindly identified for me by Mr. H. E. Ewing as

ine the Founding of Nests by Ants; and a Few Notes on Myrmecophiles. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var. XXII,
0.

168 Psyche [October

specimens of Chelanops dorsalis Banks, were clinging to the lower
surfaces of the stones, and were usually resting quietly in the small
depressions or crevices, with their legs and chelee folded up against
their bodies. They were often covered with clusters of ants which
seemed to be quite unaware of their presence. In the same locality
and under stones of the same size, there were also many colonies
of a Myrmicine ant, Aphenogaster subterranea var. occidentalis,
but none of these contained any of the insects, Isopods or pseudo-
scorpions above mentioned. I believe, therefore, that Chelanops
dorsalis may properly be regarded as a synoekete, or indifferently
tolerated guest, of F. subpolita. At any rate, the observations
here recorded and those of Donisthorpe above quoted, suggest
that the association of pseudoscorpions with ants may not be as
accidental and insignificant as we have hitherto supposed.

FLUFFY CECROPIA COCOONS.
‘ By Pui Rav,

St. Louis, Missouri.

Muck discussion has been carried on! as to the nature and abun-
dance of the large, loosely woven cocoons of Samia cecropia Linn.

Chief among the conclusions to be gleaned from these casual
observations are: (1) that the fluffy cocoons occur only on low
boughs or in damp places; (2) that they bring forth only female
insects, and (3) that they harbor only parasitized pup. All of
the writers agree that they are uncommon, or even “rare.”

The following data collected upon this subject during the past
two seasons will probably throw some light upon these little under-
stood points.

In the spring of 1910 and also 1911, large numbers of the cocoons
were gathered at random about the fields near River des Peres and
Macklind Avenue, St. Louis. In making these collections, no
appreciable difference was observed in the positions 0 the two
kinds of cocoons, the large, fluffy ones as well as the tightly woven
ones occurring in both the high and the low, the dry and the damp
positions.

1Ent. News, Vols. XI-XIII, XVII.

Vou. XVIII, Prats 14.

Psycue, 1911.

VICdOUOHOD VINVS AO

NOOOOO ATIOATA—AVU

7 janet | =
.

1911] Rau—Cecropia Cocoons 169

The proportion of fluffy cocoons to compact ones was as follows:

Year. No. fluffy. No. compact. Total.
1910 39 166 205
1911 105 560 665

The figures show that in 1910 the baggy cocoons occurred in
the proportion, roughly, 1:4, and in 1911, 1:6. Hence they can-
not be called rare in this locality.

The records kept at the time of the emergence of the imagines
yield the following data:

Year. Fluffy cocoons Males. Females. Dead.
1910 39 17 22 0
1911 105 50 40 15

This shows that only a small per cent., if any, of the pup may
have been parasitized. It further shows that sex plays no part in
determining the form of the structure, but that individuals of
either sex are quite capable of spinning cocoons of this character.

The tightly woven cocoons are so well known that any descrip-
tion would be quite superfluous. In the fluffy ones all degrees of
size were found; some only slightly larger than the ordinary com-
pact cocoon and a little more loosely woven. From this they
ranged to the size illustrated herewith. This photograph gives
the exact size of the largest one found. Most of them, however,
were just about one half this size, and varied much in shape.

It was suggested that these individuals must represent a sep-
arate and distinct race. So when the female emerged from this
large cocoon, it was bred with a male of like character, with the
purpose of learning whether or not the tendency to fluffy cocoon
spinning might be an inherited characteristic. It was, however,
unfortunate that on account of the lack of proper facilities, the
larvee soon died.

But along with this experiment, some interesting data on ovi-
position were gathered. In the first place, the female was an
exceptionally large one, the expanse of the forewings measuring
20cm. It mated before daybreak, May 18, two days after emerg-
ing, and remained in copula the normal length of time, about
twenty-four hours. By noon, May 19, it had deposited 358 eggs.
For the next two days, no eggs were laid; on the 22d and 23d, 44;

170 Psyche [October

on the 24th, none, and on the 25th, 23 eggs were deposited. The
insect died on the 26th, after a normal life of ten days, retaining
93 ova. Thus the total number of eggs carried by this female
was 518.1 It is of interest to note that only the eggs which were
deposited on the first day were fertile; although the insect remained
in coitu the usual length of time, all the eggs deposited subsequently
proved infertile.

It is much to be regretted that breeding experiments on the
inheritance of fluffy cocoon making cou'd not be carried to com-
pletion. This extremely interesting problem should be taken up
by some one having proper breeding facilities.

July 29, 1911.

NOTES ON COLEOPTERA FROM CONNECTICUT.

By Atrrep B. CHAMPLAIN,

Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn.
CARABID

In a previous article, entitled “Some Carabidee Taken in Con-
necticut,” ? the author gave notes on a number of species of this
family. ‘These additional notes are supplementary, and are the
result of further collecting in the state.

Cychrus lecontet De}. Found this species at night under an arc
light, New Haven, May 7; about a week later Mr. B. H. Walden
found it at another light.

Cychrus elevatus Fabr. Observed fragments of this species in
the remains of an owl pellet. Several years ago in Pennsylvania,
I dissected C. stenostomus Web. from the stomach of a toad.

Carabus serratus Say. New Haven, May 21, under an arc
light. Previous to this year, I had never observed Cychrus or
Carabus at ares.

Carabus memoralis Mull. This introduced species occurs rather
abundantly in one section of New Haven. Mr. J. Kk. Lewis, while
on his way to the Station every morning, from April 25 to May 10,
found specimens crushed upon the sidewalk in the vicinity of a

1Records kept on the oviposition of sixty-four ordinary cecropias (Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, Vol. XX,
p. 316, 1911) showed that the number produced varied from 200 to 480, with an average of 344.
2Psyche, vol. 18, p. 35 (1911).

1911] Champlain—Coleopiera from Connecticut 171

light. On May 10, Doctor Britton collected a perfect specimen
running upon the sidewalk during the daytime, and that night,
Mr. Walden and myself found it at the light. Mr. H. B. Kirk
captured a specimen in the same locality, July 7. Our records
show that it occurs as an adult from April 2 until November 3.

Calosoma externum Say. Wallingford, July 20, taken by Mr.
D. J. Caffrey under bands placed for gypsy moth larve. —C. will-
coxt Lee. and C. frigidum Fabr. common, running over trees and
feeding upon canker worms during the period when these larvee
were the most plentiful. C. frigidwm and C. calidum Fabr. common
at Wallingford under Gypsy Moth bands.

Elaphrus fuliginosus Say. Lyme, April 30. Two specimens
found in swamp.

Clivina rubicunda Lec. Dr. W. E. Britton collected five exam-
ples of this rare species at Hamden, May 25, under stones along
a stream in the swamp. I found one specimen at Lyme, April 30,
in a similar situation.

Patrobus rugicollis Rand. Middlefield. Prof. W. R. Coe.

Pterostichus corrusculus Lec. Single specimens, New Haven,
February 5, March 21, and Pomfret, April 10.

Pterostichus vitreus Dej. Ridgefield, March 29, under stones.
Taken by J. K. Lewis.

Pterostichus scrutator Lec. is found at Lyme in a swamp about
thirty feet in diameter. I have searched for it carefully through
all the neighboring country, but without success. It occurs
principally in the moss and grass clustered about the bases of
skunk cabbage and small bushes, occasionally under stones. I
have taken the adults in April, May, August and December.

Olisthopus parmatus Say. New Haven, April 8, one specimen,

Tachyscellus badiipennis Hald., and kirbyi Horn, New Haven,
not rare: TJ. nigrinus Dej., Pomfret, April 10, two specimens.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Xenodusa cava Lec. Lyme, May 1, several under stones with
ants. The trees on the station grounds are banded with tree
tanglefoot about five or six feet above the ground, principally
to catch the females of the fall canker worm; incidentally we
find quite a variety of insects thereon. On August 3, I found X.

172 Psyche [October

cava in numbers caught in this sticky trap; the ants also fell vic-
tims. Placing the specimens in a solution of alcohol removes all
traces of the tanglefoot.

Among some Staphylinide sent to Major Thomas L. Casey for
identification, a few proved to be new species and were described
in “ Memoirs of the Coleoptera II, 1911,” as follows:

Atheta vierecki Casey. Double Beach—H. L. Viereck.

Atheta irvingt Casey. Occurs at Stafford—W. E. Britton.

Sableta brittont Casey. Westville—W. E. Britton.

Datomicra (Hilarina) mina Casey. Double Beach—H. L.
Viereck.

Hoplandria brittont Casey. Westville—W. E. Britton.

Strigota recta Casey. New Haven—H. L. Viereck.

Malachius eneus Linn. New Haven, June 2, on flowers.

Collops tricolor Say. Lyme, May 29, 1910. Occurred on lichen-
covered ledges by the hundreds. Their object in confining them-
selves to the rock, I could not determine. Vegetation was scarce,
and the only trees that grew nearby were cedars. We also have
recorded from Connecticut.—C. eximius Er. New Haven—B. H.
Walden; C. vittatus Say, Stratford—August 17, H. L. Viereck;
C. quadrimaculatus Fabr. occurs throughout the state.

The are lights have great attraction for Scarabeide, Lachnos-
terna predominating, L. ilicis Knoch occasional and L. crenulata
Froehl. very common. Many others, Copris, Trox, Ligyrus,
Dyscinetus trachypygus Burm., Cotalpa lanigera Linn. are very
common at times, and occasionally A phonus castaneus Mels.

Diplotaxis atlantis Fall. occurs everywhere, at lights, under
stones and on plants; we have records of two other species occur-
ring here, liberta Germ. and sordida Say, but they are rare.

Polyphylla variolosa Hentz. One specimen from Wallingford,
July 7, J. K. Lewis.

Gnormius maculosus Knoch. New Haven, June 19, 1910. I
found this example flying about the flowers of a species of Cornus
on the summit of West Rock.

Euphoria (Cetonia) aurata Linn. Doctor Britton found this
European species among imported nursery stock. (See Ninth
Rept. State Ent. Conn., p. 374, Plate XVI, 1910.)

A number of very interesting species of Longicorns were taken.

4911} Champlain—Coleoptera from Connecticut 173

from under gypsy moth bands at Wallingford by Mr. Caffrey and
his assistants; this idea might be employed very successfully as
a means of collecting tree-infesting insects.

Oberea oculata Linn. This is a European species collected at
New Haven, July 9, by Mr. Walden; one specimen being taken
near the Experiment Station. It is recorded as living in willow.

Pytho niger Kirby and planus Oliv. Windsor, January 2, 1907.
Taken from cells under bark of dead and dying white pine—A. F.
Hawes.

Rhiptphorus limbatus Fabr. and flavipennis Lec. Common in
flowers near the Station.

Tricrania sanguinipennis Say. Lyme, April 3, on plowed
ground in which a species of bee had made numerous burrows.

Homorus undulatus Uhler. New Haven. Common _ Disfig-
ures the leaves of lily-of-the-valley on the Station grounds. (See
Fifth Rept. State Ent. Conn., p. 259, Plate VI.)

Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr. and O. ovatus Linn. Very common in
Connecticut, and occur in numbers at are lights

Barypithes pellucidalis Boh. New Haven, May. Common at
are lights.

Stephanocleonus plumbeus Lec. Prospect, August 15—W. E.
Britton. New Haven, May 23, July 13—B. H. Walden. Unusual
in this section.

Phytonomus meles Fabr. This imported species discovered by
Dr. E. G. Titus is very common in the vicinity of New Haven.
During May, I found that it greatly outnumbered P. punctatus
Fabr. and nigrirostris Fabr. Taken also in Meriden, May 29, by
W. E. Britton.

Notes ON A SARCOPHAGID FouND IN A TURTLE.

From rather a large number of native turtles collected in the
vicinity of New Haven, Conn., for dissecting purposes at the Shef-
field Scientific School of Yale University, one was found to be
infested in the axilla with maggots of a Sarcophagid.

The maggots, although nearly full grown, were only noticeable
after close observation as they were well concealed within a black-
ened, elevated, horny funnel about 1 cm. in diameter and nearly
lcm. in depth. The extreme edge of the funnel was composed of

174 Psyche [October

the scales of the turtle standing nearly perpendicular to the sur-
face of the body, gradually becoming thicker with the integument
as it continued inward. On removing a portion of the blackened
material within the funnel, six large maggots were disclosed, appar-
ently feeding on the fresh adipose tissue. The turtle was killed
and this infested portion with the maggots was removed and placed
in a glass tumbler partly filled with earth and covered with cheese
cloth. This was on April 26, and they pupated on the following
day, having left the mass of tissue and crawled into the earth.
The adult flies began to emerge on May 22 and continued until
May 24, when the total number was complete. These, as well
as the puparia were determined definitely as Sarcophagids, but
owing to the somewhat chaotic conditions of this family the iden-
tity of the species was uncertain. ‘The surroundings being unfa-
vorable for keeping them alive, they all died by May 28 and the
writer was unable to try with them any reproduction experiments

on caterpillars.
T. L. Patrerson.

[Mr. Patterson has asked me to adda short note regarding similar recorded
cases of turtles infested by Sarcophagid larvee. Apparently the first reference to
such larvee, definitely shown to belong to a species of this family was made in
1890 by Wheeler (a supposed Bot-fly Parasite of the Box-turtle. Psycue, Vol. 5,
p. 403). He succeeded in rearing adults of a Sarcophaga from larvee found in a
pocket beneath the skin upon the neck of a turtle which had been taken near
Windsor, Connecticut. Wheeler refers to a previous account by Packard (Ameri-
can Naturalist, Vol. 16, p. 598, 1882) of similar larvee from the neck of the same
species of turtle collected at Middleboro, Massachusetts. As no adults were reared,
Packard supposed the larvee to be those of some species of bot-fly. More recently,
Mr. H. G. Barber has described at a meeting of the New York Entomological Society,
a turtle similarly parasitized.] Eprror.

ERRATA.

The following corrections and additions should be made to the article by C. S.
Ludlow on “ The Philippine Mosquitoes,” published in the last number of Psycur:

Page 125, under Anopheline, add to the list, Myzomyia ludlowti Theob.

Page 126, second column, line 39, for ludlow7i, read ludlowi.

Page 127, first column, line 1, for awreosqumatus, read awreosquamatus.

Page 127, second column, remove Hodgesia Theobald, niveocaputis sp. nov., and
place under Urotaeniinze. This genus does not belong to the Harpagomyine,
and its appearance is an oversight, due to the original arrangement.

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1911

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL, XVI

DECEMBER, 1911 NUMBER 6

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS
Samuel Hubbard Seudder. J. S. Kingsley :
Doctor Scudder’s Work on the Lepidoptera. William L. W. Field
Scudder’s Work on Fossil Insects. 7. D. A. Cockerell 5
The Orthopterological Work of Mr. 8. H. Scudder, with Personal Rati

iniscences. Albert P. Morse . : : .
Synonymical, and Other Notes on the amelie Dipters. lGyanes 1a,
Alexander

Three New Ants from Mexico and ek America. Walliam Morton
Wheeler

Book Review

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

C. T. Bruns, Harvard University.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

C. W. JouHnson, V. L. Ketioee,

Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morss,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. Emerton, J.G. NEEDHAM,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
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Psycue, 1911. . Vout. XVIII, Puate 15.

SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER

re haGlals

VOL. XVIII. DECEMBER, 1911. No. 6

SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER.
By J. S. Kincstey.

The Scudders are an old New England family with its center
at Barnstable, on Cape Cod. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, the son
of Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder, was born in Boston,
April 13, 1837. He received his early education in the Boston
Latin School and then, like two of his brothers, entered Williams
College, graduating from there with the class of 1857. David
Coit Scudder, of the class of 1855, became a missionary to India
and was drowned a few years after taking up his work. Horace
Elisha Scudder, of the class of 1858, was a man of letters and was
for some time the editor of the Atlantic Monthly. A third brother,
Charles, was long prominent in business in Boston, being for years
treasurer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and of the
Boston Society of Natural History.

The incentives to a scientific life were at that time great at Wil-
liams—probably as great as at any other American College. Eben-
ezer Emmons, the eminent geologist, was in charge of the instruc-
tion in natural history, while Albert Hopkins, the intellectual peer
of his better known brother, was a most enthusiastic student of
nature. Then there was a student scientific society, the Lyceum
of Natural History, founded in 1835, which was accumulating a
library and a museum. This had a great influence on Scudder as
it has on a long series of students who have aided in the develop-
ment of American science.

One of the early works of the Lyceum was the preparation and
publication of a catalogue of the local fauna and flora. To this
catalogue, one of the rarest of American natural history papers,
Seudder contributed the list of molluscs of the neighborhood of
Williamstown. He also was of great assistance in the preparation
of other parts of the lists.

Scudder had decided, before leaving college, to devote himself to
entomology, and with that end in view he went to Cambridge to
study with Agassiz, then in his prime. He has published an

176 Psyche [December

account of the way the master began with him, and this has been
reprinted many times. As a preparation for the study of insects
the master set him at work at fishes. First he had to study a single
specimen, day after day, with no other aid than his eyes. Then
came the study of related forms and the beginning of a monograph
of the group of Serranids, which, however, was never published.
This account is still of great value as showing the pedagogic
methods of one of the great teachers, described in the most charm-
ing manner.

The study with Agassiz continued, with interruptions, until
1862 when he received the degree of bachelor of science from the
Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard. ‘Then followed an appoint-
ment as assistant to Agassiz, which continued until 1864. In 1862
he also became the secretary of the Boston Society of Natural
History, and when he left Agassiz it was to become also the custo-
dian of the Boston Society. He continued to hold both offices
until 1870.

From 1870 to 1879, when he became assistant librarian of Har-
vard University, he held no official position. In 1882 he was
elected president of the Boston Society of Natural History and was
annually reélected until 1887, when he refused to hold the office
longer. The position in the Harvard library was resigned in 1882.
In 1886 he was appointed paleontologist of the U. S. Geological
Survey, with especial charge of the work upon fossil insects, the
position being held until 1892. After that date he refused all
official positions and, until stricken with the disease which, after
years of suffering, caused his death, he devoted himself to his
insect studies. His library and collections grew too large and too
valuable to be longer accommodated in his house. So he built a
large and attractive study in the yard, which formed their home as
well as the meeting place of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
as long as he was able to work.

Of his entomological work others will write in this number of
Psycue. His general publications were comparatively few.
Among them are to be enumerated that extremely useful work, the
Catalogue of Scientific Serials (1879), that enormous task, the
Nomenclator Zoologicus (1884) and an account of an early trip
into the Winnipeg Country with one of the eclipse expeditions,
which first appeared as by “A. Rochester Fellow” but soon was

1911] Kingsley—Samuel Hubbard Scudder 177

acknowledged as his production. Here may also be mentioned
his many contributions to Appalachia, dealing with outdoor life
and adventure.

Scudder had the ability to recognize scientific needs and to start
the machinery for meeting them. Thus as much to him as to any
one was due the formation of the Cambridge Entomological Club
and the establishment of this journal. He was also the leading
spirit in the organization of the Appalachian Mountain Club. He
and Edward S. Morse established the Boston Naturalists’ Club,
unique as being without a constitution and in having but a single
officer. This club, which is still flourishing, has entertained every
naturalist of note who has visited Boston since 1869.

Especial emphasis should be laid on his connection with the
periodical ‘Science.’ There had been a struggling and jejune
journal with that name but Scudder was able to interest some
wealthy men in the project of a weekly scientific newspaper which
should adequately represent all departments of science. So the
old journal was bought, so as to control the name, and the new one
was started, with Scudder as chief editor, in 1883. It was ably
edited and rejoiced the hearts of the scientific men of the day.
It began by paying for all contributions and soon exhausted its
guarantee fund; there were not subscribers enough to pay the
expenses and no one thought of the later expedient of making it
the organ of some large association. So, after two years in the edi-
torial chair, Mr. Scudder dropped out. The scientific public was
not large enough and the general public would not support the
journal, so, after lingering along for a few years it died.

So much for an outline of the scientific life of Dr. Scudder. There
is a personal side which was far more interesting to those who were
privileged to know him. I became acquainted with him in 1874,
while I was a junior in college. He returned in that spring to his
alma mater and, as he was the first active, publishing zoologist I
had ever met, I must have made life a burden to him. Yet he was
most helpful and suggestive and answered my every question with
the utmost patience. Later, I came into more intimate connection
with him when he was at work at his fossil myriapods and insects,
as I was employed to draw many of these forms. Among these
were numerous fossil cockroaches. Often these had al. four wings
superimposed and the difficulties of working out the nervures in

178 Psyche [December

each separate wing were great. When my drawings came to him
for criticism, I was astonished, again and again, at his extreme
accuracy; a vein a hundredth of an inch from its proper Bastion
was always noted.

Another characteristic was a quiet humor; witness his selection
of the lines from the “‘Dunciad”’ which appears on the title page of
his Nomenclature Zoologicus:

Index learning turns no student pale
Yet holds the eel of science by the tail.

Then there was the case of the hairy fossil which he regarded as a
myriapod and described as Trichiulus. Later he came to believe
that he had been deceived by a bit of a fern, and I recall the way
in which he said that the name selected was indicative of his error;
he should have spelled it Tricky Iulus.

Scudder was most helpful to young naturalists. He could always
find plenty of time to aid them over their difficulties. Speci-
mens would be brought out, books hauled down and all of his rich
stores of knowledge called upon. In larger affairs his judgment
was always good and he bore a large part in all of the societies with
which he was connected.

There were many sorrows in his life. Married in 1867 to Miss
Jeannie Blatchford, they had one of the most charming of homes
in Cambridge. But soon the wife sickened. The Riviera was
visited in search of health but in vain, and she died when the only
child, Gardner Hubbard Seudder, was a small boy. The boy grew
up, graduated at Harvard and Harvard Medical School, and began
work as an intern in the hospital, when he was attacked by an
infectious disease to which he succumbed at the very outset of his
active life. Then came, about 1896, the first stages of the disease
which was to continue through his life, increasing gradually in
severity, until, in a few years, all work was impossible and friends
could be allowed but two or three minutes’ conversation with him.
He realized his condition, knew that his work was done, and so
he gave away his collections and library and patiently waited for
the end. His collections went to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology; his library to the Boston Society of Natural History,
those that were duplicated there passing to Williams College. At
last, on May 17, 1911, he was relieved from his sufferings.

1911] Field—Doctor Scudder’s Work on the Lepidoptera 179

DOCTOR SCUDDER’S WORK ON THE LEPIDOPTERA.

By WiuiaM L. W. FIe.p,
Milton, Mass.

Doctor Scudder’s monumental work on “The Butterflies of the
Eastern United States and Canada” was the culmination of more
than thirty years of research in the life-histories and affinities of
the higher Lepidoptera. After its publication, in 1889, his atten-
tion was largely given to the study of fossil insects and of Orthop-
tera, though he nevertheless found time for the preparation of
several books designed to cultivate popular interest in the butter-
ffies. Indeed he had in mind the publication of a book of wide
scope,—a manual of the butterflies of North America. Great
would have been the gain to the science of entomology had he
lived to carry out his plan.

Few writers upon the Lepidoptera have approached him in
philosophic breadth of view, in felicity of expression, in taxonomic
precision. Perhaps no other has possessed these qualities in such
wonderful combination. The spirit of Louis Agassiz, whose pupil
and assistant he had been, is in his systematic work—the spirit
which lays deep and sure foundations for the generalizations that
are to come. “Facts are stupid things,” he quotes his great
teacher as saying, “until they are brought under some general
law’’; but he himself shows, all unconsciously, that the scientist’s
prevision of the light that will illuminate his facts invokes a lustre
from the facts themselves. Comparisons of structural details
in closely-allied insects are apt to make dull reading; but those
from his pen have something which redeems and individualizes.
We see, beyond the printed page, the ever-fresh zeal of the
investigator.

And into the generalizations enters a new spirit—that of Charles
Darwin. Doctor Scudder’s essays upon migration, geographical
distribution, protective coloration, dimorphism, and other evolu-
tionary aspects of butterfly life, pointed the way to broad fields
for research among our native species. These essays, most of
them placed as “excursi’’ between the accounts of different
families and genera in his great monograph, are perhaps the most

180 Psyche [December

widely read of all his writings. Some of them were reprinted, a
few years ago, in the little volume entitled ‘Frail Children of the
Air.” One, which did not find a place in the smaller collection,
but which is regarded as a classic by students of zoédgeography,
is called “The Spread of a Butterfly in a New Region.” It gives
a detailed history of the invasion of North America by Pieris
rapae.

“The Life of a Butterfly,” a little monograph of Anosia plexippus,
was published in 1893. The influence of this book is seen in the
almost unanimous adoption of plexippus as the “typical butterfly”
by teachers of elementary zodlogy in American schools.

Though mainly interested in the careful working out of life-
histories, and their application to the solution of ontogenetic and
phylogenetic problems, Doctor Scudder was the author of the
first descriptions of some thirty species of American butterflies.
His studies in classification were far-reaching. It is perhaps
because these studies led him, in some instances, a long way from
the beaten track of earlier monographers, that his popular manuals
have not been so generally used as their author hoped they might
be. But among men of learning his conclusions gained wide
acceptance and support; and as time goes on, and students of
heredity and evolution learn to make use of the wealth of material
which the butterflies afford for their investigations, new cause will
appear for grateful remembrance of his thorough and critical survey
of the ground.

In all his published works, but more especially in those dealing
with the Lepidoptera, Doctor Scudder showed the qualities of
the real naturalist. Like Darwin, going again and again to watch
the Bryony buffeted by the gale, he was ever revisiting the haunts
of particular butterflies, and amending or confirming, by patient
observation, his accumulated data. So the breath of outdoors is
in his writings, and the eagerness of the explorer was in his spoken
words; and the sight of the autumnal flocks of the Monarch, or
the feeble flight of Oenets about leeward ledges, must always recall
to us their greatly gifted interpreter.

1911] Cockerell—Scudder’s Work on Fossil Insects 181

SCUDDER’S WORK ON FOSSIL INSECTS.

By T. D. A. CocKERELL,
The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

Scudder was the founder of American Paleeoentomology, and
by far the largest contributor to the subject. He described over
a thousand species, ranging from the Carboniferous to the Quater-
nary, covering a much larger field than any of his successors in
this country. His great knowledge of living insects, and broad
grasp of biological problems, especially fitted him for this work,
while the discovery of some extraordinarily rich deposits gave
him unusual opportunities. It is true that some recent writers
have felt obliged to disagree with certain of Scudder’s conclusions,
but considering the difficulty of the subject, 1t cannot be doubted
that he did excellent work; nor is it by any means certain that all
the revisions of later years will be found valid. When we compare
Scudder’s work with that of European paleoentomologists, we
are struck by the methodical and detailed descriptions of his
species, the frequent synoptic tables, and the abundant illustra-
tions. We are impressed by the idea that he always did his best,
and did not willingly or intentionally leave things in a confused
or imperfect state. The European literature, while containing
much fine work is full of scrappy descriptions or mere allusions,
which are worse than useless. Even Handlirsch, the most eminent
living authority, does not hesitate to publish such descriptions
(without figures) as this: “Gryllacris (s. 1.) Kittli m. Fundort:
Radoboj, Kroatien. Unteres Miociin. Das Wiener Hofmuseum
besitzt ein exemplar, welches Ahnliches Geider zeigt wie Ungeri;
und brevipennis, aber nur 28 mm. lange Vorderfliigel besitzt.”
This sort of thing has never been customary in this country, and
consequently our literature is not crowded with names which are
almost or wholly meaningless unless one has access to the types
on which they were founded. Whenever Scudder’s species are
obscure, it is because they are based on obscure specimens, and
in some cases we are obliged to admit that he used too imperfect
materials for descriptions.

Scudder not only made himself familiar with American fossil

182 Psyche [December

insects from all horizons, but examined European collections,
visited some of the classical localities, and published descriptions
of a number of new European species.

Scudder’s first paper on fossil insects, published in 1865, related
to those ancient forms from New Brunswick, considered by many
Canadian geologists to be of Devonian age, but on the evidence
of the accompanying fossil plants, referred by David White and
Kidston to the Carboniferous. In time, his work on Paleozoic
insects assumed large proportions, nearly two hundred species
being described. In Scudder’s opinion, the Paleozoic insects
were not separated into orders like those of the present day, but
nevertheless could be divided into groups which more or less resem-
bled modern orders. It was not that the Paleodictyoptera were
characterized by any very marked ordinal characters, but they
lacked the special features which distinguished the living groups.
Even in the case of the Paleeozoic cockroaches, Scudder thought
that they should be separated from the true Orthoptera, though
certainly ancestral to them. These Paleoblattariz were supposed
to be exclusively Palzeozoic, until numerous species were found
in the “Trias” of Colorado. In the opinion of David White,
however, the so-called Triassic beds at Fairplay are not ijater than
Permian, “if indeed they are above the highest Coal measures,”
and consequently are Paleozoic.

These opinions of Scudder’s have given rise to some controversy,
and today few would maintain the all-inclusive “‘ Paleodictyoptera”’
in the sense of Scudder. The following table contrasts Scudder’s
arrangement of the Paleozoic insects with the most modern, that

of Handlirsch:

HANDLIRSCH ScuDDER

Order Palzodictyoptera. Paleodictyoptera in part.
Dictyoneuride. Orthopteroidea Protophasmida.

: ; Neuropteroidea Hemeristina.

Lithomantide. 7 Tennthedie
Lycocercide. N.* Palephemeridee (?)
Homothetide. N. Homothetide.
Breyeriide. O. Protophasmida.
Brodiide. N. Hemeristina.
Paoliide. O. Protophasmida.

* N. =Neuropteroidea; O. = Orthopteroidea.

1911] Cockerell—Scudder’s Work on Fossil Insects 183

Order Mixotermitoidea N. Homothetide.
(?) Order Reculoidea. (Unknown to Scudder).
Order Protorthoptera.

Spanioderide. N. Palseopterina.

Pachytylopside. N. Hemeristina.

(dischiide. N. Homothetide.

: N. Gerarina.
Eee 1 N. Homothetide.
; include genera placed by
Order Protoblattoidea | Sane ead Handlirsch as uncertain
: Protoblattoidea.
Protophasmide. O. Protophasmida.
rie Hemipteroidea.

Oryctoblattinide. | @ Bikteae

AKtophlebide (rect. AUthophlebidee). N. Paleeopterina. |

Cheliphlebide. N. Homothetide.

Eucenide. N. Homothetide.

Gerapompide. N. Homothetide.

Adiphlebide. N. Gerarina

Anthrocothremmide. N. Homothetide.

Order Mantoidea* (includes living Mantidz). (Unknown to Scudder as Palseozoic.)
Order Blattoidea* (includes living Blattide).

Archimylacride. O. Blattinarie.
Spiloblattinidee. O. Blattinariz.
Mylacride. O. Mylacride.
Neorthroblattinide. Neoblattariz (includes modern cock-
roaches).
Poroblattinide. O. Blattinariz.
Mesoblattinide. Neoblattariz.
Diechoblattinide. Neoblattariz.
Proteremidee. O. Paleeoblattarie,
Order Hadentomoidea. (Unknown to Scudder.)
(?) Order Hapalopteroidea. (Unknown to Scudder.)

Order Perlaria.* (A Permian genus unknown to Scudder provisionally placed here.)
Order Protodonata.

; N. Palephemeride.

eee n ate: \ O. Protophasmida.

Paralogide. O. Protophasmida.
Order Protephemeroidea. (Not considered by Scudder.)
Order Plectoptera.* (Three genera of Russian Permian, unknown to Scudder.)
Order Megasecoptera. Neuropteroidea.
Order Protohemiptera. Hemipteroidea.
Order Palzeohemipterea. (Unknown to Scudder.)

Orders still living are marked with an asterisk. It will be seen
that Scudder admitted some of the cockroaches into the group

184 Psyche [December

still living, but these genera were supposed by him to be later than
Paleozoic. On the other hand, Handlirsch, if we except genera
unknown to Scudder, places only the cockroaches in a modern
order. The main issue therefore narrows down to (1) Whether
the Palzeozoic cockroaches in general, or only some of them, should
be placed in the same order as the living ones, and (2) whether
among the Paleozoic insects excluded from modern orders, we
should recognize one order or many. Even so, the disagreement
diminishes when we note that Scudder opposed his Paleeodictyop-
tera to a group of equal rank including all other insects, and
divided it up into sections which he considered related to the
modern Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera. To a consid-
erable extent the apparent difference is due to different conceptions
of what constitutes an order; thus Handlirsch makes several
orders out of the living Orthoptera, usually considered to be one.
In detail, there is more serious disagreement as to the placing of
various genera, and since many of these are known from very
unsatisfactory fragments, it is likely that diverse opinions will
prevail in the future as in the past. If many writers, for reasons
of convenience, adopt throughout the nomenclature of Hand-
lirsch’s great work, this will not necessarily imply critical judgment
between opposing opinions. In this comparison, the data from
Scudder are taken from his summary published in 1886, with
some additions from later works.

Since Handlirsch published his classification, Sellards has made
known a magnificent series of insects from the Permian of Kansas.
In connection with a very large and well-preserved dragon-fly, he
discusses the standing of the Protodonata, and arrives at the
conclusion that they should rank as a sub-order only, under
Odonata. Sellards also reports from these deposits a series of
ten genera and thirteen species of Plectoptera (Ephemerids),
forming a new family Protereismatide (Protereismephemeride,
Sellards). Summing up, we may consider the following propo-
sitions valid, so far as present knowledge goes:

(1.) During the later Paleozoic the Blattoid Orthoptera were
well established, and in the latest Paleeozoic (Permian) the Ephe-
merids, and possibly the Perlids and Mantids, had become suff-
ciently differentiated to be placed in the same orders as their
living representatives.

1911] Cockerell—Scudder’s Work on Fossil Insects 185

(2.) For the rest, the Paleozoic insect fauna was too primitive
to be placed in existing orders, and was undoubtedly far more
homogeneous than the fauna of any later epoch. Whether it
should be regarded as a single great group (contrasted with a group
including all living insects), divided into several “sections,” or
should be divided into a number of orders, depends principally
on one’s conception of the limits of an “order.” Even Hand-
lirsch does not insist upon the recognition of all his “‘orders,”’ but
expressly states that several of them are provisional. It must also
be said that one who felt convinced that numerous valid orders of
insects really did exist in the Paleozoic, might nevertheless
hesitate to recognize ordinal divisions made so often in ignorance
of the metamorphoses, mouth-parts, and other matters considered
of prime importance in classification.

Seudder described six species from the Lias of England; four
are Blattoids, and two (according to Handlirsch) Prohemerobiid
Neuroptera. Twenty-three Blattoids were described from the
English Purbeck, which Handlirsch treats as uppermost Jurassic,
but A. 5S. Woodward as lowermost Cretaceous. Hylobiites cretaceus
Scudder was founded on a fragment of an elytron from the Pierre
Shales (Montana Cretaceous) of Manitoba,—a quite unexpected
discovery, the Pierre being marine. Corydalites fecundum Scudder
is a name for egg-masses found in the Laramie beds of Colorado.

The 838 Tertiary insects described by Scudder, principally in
his great work “The Tertiary Insects of North America” (1890),
represent only a portion of those he accumulated and studied.
There are in the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at Cambridge
very numerous specimens representing undescribed species, which
Scudder intended to make known. Some of these have been
published in later years by other writers, and many others will
eventually be described. It is greatly to be regretted that the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy has never felt able to put a
series of Scudder’s Tertiary insects on exhibition; they are many
of them so beautiful and so well-preserved, that they would excite
the interest of all visitors, and no doubt some would be led to
take up this neglected branch of entomology. The British
Museum, having a much smaller collection from the American
Tertiaries, has hastened to exhibit them to the best possible
advantage.

186 Psyche [December

The work on Tertiary insects was largely based on specimens
from Florissant, Colorado, where Scudder himself made a very
large collection. He also collected from the White River deposits
on the Colorado-Utah boundary, and visited Giningen, the famous
locality in Baden which may be said to represent Florissant in
Europe. Scudder’s writings on Tertiary insects are so voluminous
that it is hardly practicable to review them in this article; but
attention must be called to the fossil butterflies from Florissant
and from Aix in France, and to the great work on the Rhyncho-
phora. In the course of the work, various important generaliza-
tions were made; these are now familiar to entomologists, and
need not be discussed in this place. The detailed descriptive work,
however, has not received the attention it deserves, and monog-
raphers of groups of living insects cannot be too strongly urged
to examine Scudder’s writings, which will undoubtedly throw
important light on problems of descent, and especially on the
migrations of faune.

Scudder took great interest in the Quaternary insect-fauna,
describing 80 species of beetles from the Postpliocene and Inter-
glacial deposits of Canada, and three from Massachusetts. This
work was important in a number of ways, but perhaps most of
all as indicating the approximate rate of the evolution of species
in insects, proving that Coleopterous species, at least, are much
less permanent than those of plants,!. On the other hand, it is
seen that the specific changes taking place are comparatively
insignificant, and that for generic differentiation in insects, long
periods are usually required. From the Tertiary and Quaternary
work we conclude that in the rate of evolution, insects stand
between flowering plants and vertebrates.

1A very exact study of the preglacial flora of Britain was published by C. and E. M. Reid in
1908 (Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany). It was found that of 147 species, nearly all
were living, but a few apparently extinct.

1911) Morse—Orthopterological Work of Mr. S. H. Scudder 187

THE ORTHOPTEROLOGICAL WORK OF MR. 8. H. SCUD-
DER, WITH PERSONAL REMINISCENCES.

By ALBERT P. Morse,
Wellesley, Mass.

In March, 1861, there appeared in the Proceedings of the Boston
Society of Natural History a brief paper of nine pages “On the
genus Rhaphidophora Serville, with descriptions of four species
from the caves of Kentucky and the Pacific Coast,” by Samuel
H. Scudder of Cambridge and Boston. This was the first paper
on orthoptera published by Mr. Scudder. It was followed in
November of the succeeding year by an article of 80 pages in the
Boston journal of natural history entitled ‘‘ Materials for a mono-
graph of the North American orthoptera, including a catalogue
of the New England species,”’ which treated of 115 species, including
78 from New England. For forty years from that date, until
1902, when Mr. Scudder definitely abandoned scientific work
in consequence of increasing physical infirmities, he was facile
princeps of American authorities on orthoptera and one of the
foremost in the world, a position due primarily to great natural
ability and excellent equipment fortunately associated with
adequate time and means to seize the opportunities presented.

I have been unable to learn what particular reason led him to
choose this group of insects for special study; but it is evident
from the preface of the “Materials”” that even at that date he
had acquired considerable collections and had devoted much study
to the group.

A few short papers on the order came from him during the next
five years and in 1868 appeared his “Catalogue of the Orthoptera
of North America described previous to 1867,” a work of 110
pages including an extensive bibliography, prepared for and
published by the Smithsonian Institution;—this work formed
for many years a point of departure for students of the group in
America. From this time until 1880 his activity in study and
publication on the order was very great, papers appearing in
rapid succession, on a wide variety of topics—descriptive, sys-
tematic, anatomical, and biological, including stridulation and

188 Psyche [December

distribution. Between 1880 and 1890 his energies were devoted
chiefly to other groups and subjects—fossil insects, and the prepa-
ration and publication of his great work on butterflies—but for
the ten years from 1891 to 1901 his orthopterological activity
was incessant, resulting in nearly 70 titles in the order, including
months of work on the “Revision of the Melanopli,” and termi-
nating practically with the preparation, jointly with Professor
Cockerell, of the ‘“‘First list of the orthoptera of New Mexico.”
Would that his strength might have been as were his days, that
he might have been spared the afflictions of his later years: how
much more he would have given us!

It would be superfluous to name here even the more important
of his systematic papers—every student of the order in America
is acquainted with them perforce and a full bibliography up to
the end of 1900 will be found in his “Index to North American
orthoptera”’ (Occas. papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 6, 1901)
which is practically a bringing-up to the end of the century of
his “Catalogue”’ of 1868. Mention should be made in this con-
nection, however, of his “Catalogue of the described Orthoptera
of the United States and Canada” (Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat.
Sci., Vol. 18, 1900) which is a list of the species described up to
that time; also to the scholarly “Revision of the Orthopteran
group Melanopli,” a work already alluded to, which involved a
prodigious amount of labor and brought something like order out
of the chaos which prevailed at the time in reference to this domi-
nant group of North American Orthoptera; and also to the
‘Guide to the genera and classification of North American Orthop-
tera,” a most useful aid to the student of the order.

His studies were not confined solely to the North American
members of the order but extended to those of all parts of the
world. One hundred and twenty-two foreign species were described
by him in his earlier period of activity (“List of exotic Orthoptera
described by S. H. Scudder, 1868-1879,’ etce..—Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 27, pp. 201-218) and in later years the orthop-
tera of the Galapagos Islands and the Melanopli of the Old World
and of South America received his attention.

Mr. Scudder did relatively little field work and that chiefly
in his earlier years; but that he was equally at home in the field
as in the laboratory is fully attested by his notes on the distribu-

1911] Morse—Orthopterological Work of Mr. S. H. Scudder 189

tion and stridulation of the orthoptera and the habits of butterflies.
Throughout his writings, from the earliest period to the very
latest, it is evident that the biology and distribution of these
insects appealed strongly to him; two special papers only need
be mentioned in this connection: “The distribution of insects
in New Hampshire” and “Alpine Orthoptera.” His last and
most complete article on stridulation will be found in the 23d
annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario (1893),
being practically a revision of his earlier papers combined with
subsequent observations.

Mr. Scudder’s systematic articles on orthoptera were written
from the point of view of the specialist, and for specialists, and
in the absence of an adequate technical introduction to the order
are sometimes difficult for the unaided student. It is to be regretted
that he did not prepare such an introduction as is needed to fill
the hiatus between the novice and the expert.

In systematic work he was often too far in advance of his time
for his views to be popular or fully appreciated by his contempo-
raries. This was notably the case in the Lepidoptera where his
apparently undue splitting-up of genera seemed to them unjusti-
fiable, his discrimination of species being more generally recognized.
Yet today his views on genera are largely accepted. The publi-
cation of his North American Ceuthophili with its wealth of new
species caused a gasp of protest at standards called ‘“‘Scud-
derian,”’ yet there are probably even more species in the group
than were recognized by Mr. Scudder. In the Orthoptera I have
often thought that his judgment on genera was more accurate
than on species, both in his earlier and later works. In estimating
species he was more likely to describe the same one twice without
apparent justification than to fail in detecting a new form, but
there are occasional instances of tangled nomenclature due to
the latter type of error.

The material which Mr. Scudder studied came to him from
various sources: a limited portion was collected in person, partic-
ularly most of his early New England specimens; a part was
acquired by purchase and exchange—by these means he secured
much from foreign localities as well as from the west; another
part was obtained by acting as official expert in reporting upon
the specimens collected by the government surveys of the western

190 Psyche [December

territories; and finally, in later years, gifts, exchanges, and loans
from his colleagues supplied him with a large amount. Being
for many years almost the only authority on the group he was
naturally the recipient of a very large proportion of the new forms
discovered, so that his collection inevitably became, with his
continued activity and relative absence of competitors, extremely
rich in types. It needs revision in many particulars, still contains
much unworked material, and is losing its relative importance
owing to the cessation of activity directly connected with it and
the development of collections elsewhere, but historically it must
remain a most important collection of American Orthoptera.

Mr. Scudder worked rapidly—too rapidly for accurate results
sometimes; but in no other way could he have accomplished
so much. Once, on remarking to him in connection with some of
my own studies that if one worked rapidly he was liable to make
errors, he rejoined with emphasis, “Sure to, sure to!”’ In the
early period of his activity he was perhaps prone to draw conclu-
sions from too limited a supply of material, but that was the custom
of the time quite as much as of the man. In later years, with
long series before him, he often worked with selected examples
of the species he had tentatively discriminated, instead of with
the series as a whole. This method, though economizing time,
provided the possibility of numerous errors, from which he did
not wholly escape. No one, however, was ever more ready to
acknowledge and rectify mistakes when called to his attention.!

Mr. Scudder frequently said that he was unable to draw, and
regretted his inability to express by this means the characters
which he observed. Perhaps the fact that he felt a difficulty,
thus acknowledged, may account in part for that experienced by
others in following some of his work.

No systematist can judge correctly the work of another without
actually studying the material upon which his conclusions were
based and bearing in mind his experience and personal knowledge
at the time. It is a genuine pleasure to follow a great leader, one

1Tt seems well to take this opportunity to correct the erroneous measurements of certain
species described by Mr. Scudder in his ‘‘Materials’’ which have caused much perturbation
among later workers. He once told me that in measuring he then used a scale other than the
inch, which needed correction to give the right dimensions. Some of the figures failed to receive
correction and need to be multiplied by two to give the right measurement. (See Gryllus
spp., T'ettiz triangularis.)

1911] Morse—Orthopterological Work of Mr. S. H. Scudder 191

masterly in execution, inspiring in word and deed; but in science—
the pursuit of truth—it must not be done blindly, it is necessary
to preserve an unbiased attitude and accept or reject conclusions
independently.

Personally Mr. Scudder was the highest type of a scholarly
gentleman: a broad-minded, dignified, cultivated, courteous
savant, in whom were united the finest attributes of the scholar
and man of science; yet genial withal, and most kind and helpful
to the inquiring student. Well do I remember the cordial welcome
he extended to me, an unknown quantity, in response to the rat-a-
tat of his laboratory knocker,—that quaint conceit, a knocker
in the form of a locust, beating upon the door with its hind legs!—
when I first called upon him, as well as the many delightful hours
spent there afterward in the study of his collection. His unrivaled
library, rich in everything entomological and as complete as
possible in his specialty; his collection, unequaled in America,
containing specimens from the ends of the earth; and most of all
the man himself, well-versed in many branches of the science,
made his laboratory the Mecca of every entomologist, resident
or migrant, native or foreign.

In those days (the 90’s) the Cambridge Entomological Club
met there, its members few but determined to keep the lamp alive
and maintain the high traditions of an earlier time. Mr. Scudder
was a host in himself; Roland Hayward, now with the great major-
ity, was very regular in attendance; Mr. Henshaw came frequently,
less often in the later years; Messrs. Bowditch and Emerton, still
with us, occasionally appeared; rarely, birds of passage visiting
the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy or Mr. Scudder himself,
among them Dr. Geo. H. Horn, Prof. Lawrence Bruner, and other
entomologists of note; and among the younger men, while resident
in Cambridge, I recall especially J. W. Folsom and W. L. Tower,
both of whom have since made their mark.

This period was at the flood tide of Mr. Scudder’s productive-
ness on the orthoptera. Never a meeting passed but that he had
something to communicate ;—additional or newly worked material,
new discoveries based on his studies, or notes of interest gleaned
from his wide reading of entomological literature. Those were
indeed, golden days

192 Psyche [December

“When every morning brought a noble chance,
And every chance brought out a noble”’

theme from Mr. Scudder’s pen.

In the spring of 1897 Mr. Scudder made a proposal which led
to my spending the summer on the Pacific Coast in search of the
Orthoptera of that region. On the way out I stopped for a few
days in southern New Mexico with Professor Cockerell and col-
lected there. The material thus secured, amounting to several
thousand specimens, was shared between us, the bulk of it re-
maining in my collection, but was determined almost wholly by Mr.
Scudder, though the Xiphidiini and Tettiginze were worked up by
me at his special request. No report on the collection as a whole
has ever been prepared but upon it were based in large part a
series of short papers by Mr. Scudder during the late 90’s, papers
which form a very considerable contribution to the knowledge
of the orthoptera of that region. The weekly, sometimes daily,
postal card bulletins which Mr. Scudder sent me during the proc-
ess of identification, announcing progress and new discoveries,
remain among my treasured mementoes of a delightful and all
too brief association with one of the truly great men of his time.

\

SYNONYMICAL, AND OTHER NOTES ON THE
TIPULID (DIPTERA).

By Cuarites P. ALEXANDER,
Ithaca, N. Y.

The question as to whether, or not, the name Limnophila, Mac-
quart (Nat. Hist. Dipt., Vol. I, p. 95, 1834) can be retained for
the well-known genus of crane-flies, has faced every student of
Tipulide since the time of Rondani. Rondani in his “Prodromus
Dipterol. Italice’”’ (Corrigenda, IV, 1861) stated that this generic
name was preoccupied in the Mollusca and proposed the new
name, Limnomya.

A careful study of conchological literature failed to find any
mention of a genus Limnophila, but constant reference to a sub-
order of that name. G. W. Tryon, Jr., “Structural and Systematic

1911] Alexander—Synonymical and Other Notes on the Tipulide (Diptera) 193

Conchology” (Vol. III, p. 92, 1884), gives Limnophila, Hart-
mann, as a synonym of the suborder Hygrophila, Ferrusac (order
Basommatophora). Dr. Paul Fischer in his great work, “Manuel
de Conchyhologie et de Paléontologie Conchyologique (Paris,
1887, p. 503) concerning the suborder Hygrophila, states that the
suborder Limnophila is a synonym.

It is, of course, possible that a genus Limnophila was erected in
the Mollusea in 1828, in which case the name of the Tipulid genus
would become Limnomya, Rond., this being the first term applied
to, the genus as a whole, although the sub-genera El@ophila, Ron-
dani (56); Lasiomastex, O.S. (60); Prionolabis, O.S. (60); Dac-
tylolabis, O.S. (60) and Dicranophragma, O.S. (60) were erected
before this genus. One, /dioptera, Macq. (Nat. Hist. Dipt., I,
p. 94) was proposed even before Limnophila. However, these
names are used by many authorities as full genera, and by others
as sub-genera, all applying to groups of species contained in the
old genus Limnophila. If any change should have to be made,
it would be better to use the name which first covers the genus as
a whole.

If there is no genus Limnophila in the Mollusca prior to 1834,
then the Tipulid name is perfectly valid because that section of
the rules of nomenclature that deals with synonymy decrees that
“the laws of synonymy appertain only to genera, subgenera,
species and sub-species” and consequently the Suborder Lim-
nophila is outside the field.

The late Mr. D. W. Coquillet on p. 590 of his invaluable publi-
cation, “The Type species of the North American genera of Dip-
tera’! has placed the American species of the genus Limnophila in
Bigot’s genus Phylidorea (Bigot, Synoptic Table, etc., p. 456).2. As
explained by Osten Sacken (Studies on Tipulide, pt. II, p. 234,
235)° the genus Phylidorea is merely a synonym of Limnophila.

Bigot, |. c., p. 456, states that “the species of Limnophila,
Macq., provided with a discal cell are my true Tipulide and re-
ceive the new generic name, Phylidorea, Bigot.” But Osten
Sacken, |. ¢., p. 235, remarks, “what species Mr. Bigot places in

1Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 37, pp. 499-647 (1910).
2 Bigot. Ann. Soc. Entom., France, pp. 447-482 (1854).
? Osten Sacken, C. R., Berliner Entom. Zeitschr., Bd. XXXI, Hett II, pp. 163-242 (1887).

194 Psyche [December

his genus Limnophila without discal cell is not explained in his
paper and I am not aware of the existence of any such species.”

Consequently, the species in the New World, as well as the Old,
should be known as Limnophila, but it would be better to accept
the prior name Petaurista (Meigen, 1800) as the tribal name, 7. e.,
Petauristini instead of Limnophilini.

There are a few corrections in synonymy to be made. Tipula
costalis, Say of the Eastern United States (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, III, 23.2, 1823) is preoccupied by Macromastix cos-
talis, Swed. of Australia. (Tipula costalis, Swederus; Act. Holm,
286, 1787.) No other name seems to have been applied to the
costalis of Say, and I propose the name Tipula sayi, nom. nov.
(non Oropeza sayi, Johns). Dicranomyia brunnea, Grimshaw, of
Hawaii (Fauna Hawaiiensis, III, 1901) is preoccupied by D.
brunnea Doane (Eastern United States) (Jour. New York Ent.
Soc. VIII, 1900) and its describer should propose a new name for
the Hawaiian insect. In the ‘““Type-species of Am. Dipt.,” the
late Mr. D. W. Coquillet states that the type of Holorusia, Loew,
is grandis, Bergr. Bergroth (Ent. Tidskr, IX, 1888) proposed
the name grandis to replace rubiginosa, preoc., on the grounds
that Holorusia is not distinct from Tipula. If the genus Hol-
orusia is to be considered as distinct as is done by Mr. Coquillet,
the type is still rubiginosa, Loew, and not grandis, Bergr.

DeEscrIPTIONS OF NEw SPECIES.

In the description of the following species of crane-flies, I have
adopted many of the suggestions proposed by Mr. R. A. Mutt-
kowski in his splendid article “The Composition of Taxonomic
Papers.” (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., June, 1911; Vol. II, No. 2, pp.
194-217). Concerning the thoracic structure, the terminology given
by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, ‘““The Thorax of Insects and the Articu-
lation of the Wings” (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXXVI, pp. 568, 569;
pl. 62; figs. 173, 174; pl. 63, figs. 175-178) is largely used. The
best paper on crane-fly genitalia, is, without question, that by
Mr. Snodgrass on ““The Hypopygium of Tipulide.” (Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., XXX, June, 1904; pp. 179-236, pl. VIII, XVIII.) The
terminology used therein has been adopted in the present paper,

1911] Alerander—Synonymical and Other Notes on the Tipulide (Diptera) 195

but it would be desirable could we have a common terminology
for all of the Dipterous families, if not for all the orders of insects.

I wish to thank Dr. A. D. MacGillivary, of Illinois, for advise
on certain points; Dr. J. C. Bradley, for the Georgia material
herein included, and, especially, Dr. J. G. Needham for kind
advice and assistance upon many points.

Limnophila similis sp. nov.

Male. Dark brownish-black: L. 7.5 mm.; wing, 9 mm. Rostrum brownish-yel-
low, darker at the tip; palpi dark brownish-black; front, vertex and gene, light
gray. Antenne: first segment elongated, cylindrical, as long as segments two,
three and four combined, brown; second segment, globular, reddish-brown; remain-
ing segments generally similar to one another in shape, cylindrical, armed with
long black verticils and clothed with a fine yellow pubescence.

Thorax: Pronotum, dark brown with a fine pubescence; mesonotum: anterior
portion of the prescutum, glabrous, shining black; remainder with a yellowish-
brown bloom; a regular V-shaped row of yellowish-brown hairs, extending from the
caudal end of the naked patch described above, posteriorly to near the transverse
suture; scutum, scutellum and postnotum with a gray bloom, the scutum with
scattered hairs; scutellum with a transverse row of yellowish-hairs along
the caudal margin. Metanotum gray. The pleure dull yellowish-brown; venter,
pale yellow, its sides with a gray bloom. Halteres, pale yellow, the knobs darker,
brown. Legs: coxe, bright yellow; femora, yellow, tipped with brown; tibiz,
brownish-yellow, extreme tip darker; metatarsus yellowish-brown, the remainder
of the tarsi, dark brown.

Abdomen, dark brown, densely covered with long, pale brown hairs, the genital
segment brighter brown. Genitalia: the pleura is moderately long, thickly armed
with very long dark brown hairs; these hairs as long as the apical appendages.
The dorsal apical appendage, pointing meso-caudad, chitinized at the tip, toothed;
the ventral appendage thickened at the base, the slender apical portion short, di-
‘rected caudad. (See fig. 8.)

Wings of a whitish color; cells C and Sc tinged with yellow; stigma, brown;
basal deflection of Ris, base of Rg and the deflection of Cu: with brown clouds;
distal portion of cells 2d Ri, R2, Rs and R:;, tinged with darker. Venation: al-
most exactly as in L. adusta, O.S., both agreeing in the following essentials: Rg
very short, arcuated at its origin; Rs rather short, oblique, with the radial cross-
vein near its middle and at the tip of Ri; 2d Anal similar in the two species. (See
fig. 4.)

Female. Similar to the male; L. 8-9 mm.; w. 10-10.5 mm. Generally similar
to the male, but the mesothoracic scutum and scutellum are covered with a yel-
lowish-brown bloom; postnotum with a gray bloom; abdomen pale yellow with
light brown apical rings on the segments; abdomen beneath, light yellow with
brown caudal margins to the segments. ~

196 Psyche [December

Limnophila similis is allied to adusta, O.S., but is much darker in
coloration, dark brown, not red or yellow. In adusta, the ventral
apical appendage of the male hypopygium (see fig. 9) is thick-
ened on both sides of the base; in similis (see fig. 8) the thicken-
ing is all on one side (cephalic margin in the normal position of
rest). The slender portion of this appendage is much longer than
the thickened base in adusta, shorter than this base in similis.
The dorsal appendage in adusta is long, slender, thickened on the
inner margin of the chitinized tooth, in similis much shorter. The
gonapophyses are much smaller in s¢milis than in adusta, but have
not yet been studied critically.

Holotype: male; Johnstown, N. Y. (Hale’s Creek) June 10,
10.

Allotype: female; with the type.

Para-type: female; Johnstown, N. Y., June 26, ’10.

Swept from vegetation near water; Coll. C. P. Alexander.

Limnophila noveboracensis sp. nov.

Male and female. Brownish-yellow; legs, yellow; L. male, 5.2-5.8 mm. Female
7-8 mm.; W. male, 6.5 mm.; female, 7—-7.5 mm.

Rostrum, light brown; palpi with numerous long hairs, brown; front and ver-
tex yellow with a light gray bloom, producing a silvery effect. Antenne: Ist seg-
ment, elongate, cylindrical; 2d, more globular, both segments brown, armed with
scattered black hairs; segments of the flagellum becoming gradually more and more
elongated and slender, yellowish-brown, with a rather short pubescence and long
scattered verticils. Front, vertex and the prolonged occiput, thickly beset with
long, brown hairs.

Thorax: surface opaque; Pronotum, brownish-yellow; the neck with a gray
pubescence. Mesothorax: przescutum, yellowish-brown; a distinct humeral pit
on the latero-anterior margin, brownish-black; no distinct thoracic stripes; a
conspicuous double dot near the cephalic margin of the preescutum. Remainder of
the mesothoracic and the metathoracic dorsums, light brownish yellow. Pleurz
pale brownish-yellow. Halteres pale, the distal portion of the knob darker. Legs:
coxze yellow; femora and tibize pale yellow, the extreme tips barely darker; tarsal
segments excepting the metatarsus, yellowish-brown.

Abdomen hairy, brownish above, paler, yellowish, beneath; genitalia, light.

Wings hyaline, or nearly so; stigma indistinct; veins pale brown. Venation:
Sc long, extending almost to the inner margin of cell Rs. Se: about twice the length
of Se. R long, the cross-vein r far from its tip, at least twice its own length. Rs
long, gently arcuated at its origin; petiole of cell Rz, short, from one-fourth to two-
fifths as long as vein Ro; Rs long, sinuate; R:+s between Rs and the cross-vein
r-m, longer than this cross-vein. Ms; beyond the cell 1st M2, longer than this cell.

1911] Alexander—Synonymical and Other Notes on the Tipulide (Diptera) 197

Basal deflection of Cu: anterior to the middle of cell Ist M2. R2-+-:, so arcuated
that Rg is not in a direct line with Rs. 2d Anal vein curved sharply inward at its
tip. Cell Rs is decidedly anterior to cell Rs and about on a level with cell Ist M:.
M+: fused to the wing-margin, eliminating cell Mi. (See fig. 3.)

Limnophila noveboracensis comes in the same category with
lenta, O.S., quadrata, O.S.; nigrilinea, Doane and antennata, Coq.
in that it lacks cell M,. It differs from these species as follows:

L. lenta, O.S. (fig. 1) CE. U.S.) has: Se, slightly longer than
Seg; petiole of cell Ry (R2+3) rather long, two thirds the length of
R.; cross-vein 7 usually just beyond the fork; vein Ry» short, ob-
lique; R, almost on a straight line with Rs; cells Rg, R; and Ist
M, all on a level; distal portion of vein M3 rarely longer than cell
Ist Ms; R, usually short, arcuated at origin; coloration, ochra-
ceous-yellow.

L. quadrata, O.S. (fig. 2) (EK. U. 5.) has: Se, longer than Sc,;
petiole of cell Ry (R2+3) nearly as long as Ry; the cross-vein r in-
serted just beyond the fork; vein Ry short, oblique; R, in a straight
line with Rs; cells Rs, R; and 1st Mz all on a level; distal portion
of vein Mz; about as long as cell Ist My; R, long, gently arcuated
near its origin; coloration yellowish-gray.

L. nigrilinea, Doane (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VIII, p. 190) (W.
U.S.; Olympia, Wash.) has: Petiole of cell Ry one and one half
the length of the basal deflection of Cu,; cross-vein r slightly re-
moved from tip of R,; cell R3 slightly anterior to cell R;; general
color yellow, with a black dorsal band. L. (female) 12 mm.; distal
portion of wings pubescent.

L. antennata, Coq. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XIII, pp. 58, 59)
(W. Am.; Brit. Col.) has: Petiole of cell Ry obliterated or nearly
so; cross-vein r at the tip of R,; cell Rs slightly anterior to cell
Rs; general color black; antennz of the male long, reaching the
base of the 6th abdominal segment.

Although noveboracensis agrees, superficially, with lenta and
quadrata, it belongs to a very different group of species. In all
respects except the presence of cell Mj, this species is a typical
member of the luteipennis group of the genus. The four species,
luteipennis, contempta, inornata and the present species, agree in
possessing the following group characters: Structure of the head,
narrowed and prolonged behind; neck produced forewards to

198 Psyche [December

meet the caudal portion of the head; structure of the antenne;
the pronounced humeral pits, and the double dot on the meso-
thoracic preescutum; venation; cell R3 longer than cell R;; vein
Rz arcuated; 2d A strongly incurved at tip, ete.

Holotype: male. Sacandaga Park (Fulton Co.), N. Y., along
the R. R. embankment, June 28, 1911.

Allotype: female; with the Holotype.

Para-types: 3, in the type-locality, June 21, °11.

Para-types: 10, in the type-locality, June 28, °11.

Para-types: 3, Coy Glen, Ithaca, N. Y.; July 11, ’11.

Common on rank vegetation, usually near running water; Coll.
C. P. Alexander.

L. noveboracensis is common, and apparently widely distributed
in the North. The type locality is in the Southern Adirondack
Mts. (N. Y.). The species is common about Ithaca, N. Y. (Coy
Glen), and there are specimens in Dr. Needham’s collection
labelled ““Walnut Lake, Mich., July 8, 1906.” It has probably been
confused with LZ. quadrata in collections. The figure in Dr. Need-
ham’s Report on the Crane-flies of New York (23d Rept. of the
N. Y. State Entomol., pl. 18, fig. 6) is not quadrata but belongs to
this new species. The specimen of L. luteipennis, mentioned by
Osten Sacken (Monographs, etc., IV, p. 218) where he says “TI
possess a specimen without petiolated (second) posterior cell in
both wings” may possibly belong to noveboracensis.

Limnophila (Prionolabis) simplex sp. nov.

Male. Dark brown; L. 11 mm.; w. 11.5 mm. Described from an alcoholic
specimen. Rostrum pale; palpi brown; front, occiput and vertex, dark brown;
antenne, dark brown.

Thorax: pronotum, dark brown. Mesonotum, prescutum and scutum dark
brown, the scutellum lighter brown. Metanotum dark brown. Pleure dark
brown. Halteres uniformly pale. Legs: coxe brown; trochanters brownish-
yellow; base of femora, brownish-yellow, gradually darker to the tip; tibia, yel-
lowish-brown, the tip suddenly darker; tarsi dark brown.

Abdomen: dorsum, light reddish-brown, the 8th segment rather darker; hypo-
pygium, brown, the pleura medium-brown, paler mesally; apical appendages yel-
low with the tips chitinized, brownish-black. Genitalia: hypopygium, tergal
portion rather deeply notched, the notch obtuse, the sides produced posteriorly
into short blunt points; pleura, rather short, armed with long, numerous black
hairs. The apical appendages two, the ventral one produced posteriorly, elongate,

1911] Alexander—Synonymical and Other Notes on the Tipulide (Diptera) 199

toothed along the inner face of the tip; teeth relatively few, one tooth, near the
middle, relatively larger than those below it. The anterior, or dorsal apical ap-
pendage is simple, unarmed, projecting mesally, curved so that the tip projects
slightly caudad. The Anal tube is long, almost concealing the guard of the penis;
the second gonapophyses are long and slender; the guard of the penis is bent
strongly ventrad near its tip. (See fig. 10.)

Wings: light yellowish-gray, the cells all uniform in coloration; stigma rather
indistinct, gray; a pale gray cloud at the base of Rs; pale clouds along R2-+s, basal
deflection of Rs-+s, cross-vein m, deflection of Mi-+2, and along the basal deflection
of Cui; Cu tinged with brown. Venation as in Limnophila rufibasis, O.S. to which
this species is related.

This species belongs to the sub-genus Prionolabis, O.S., and is closely related to
L. (P.) rufibasis, O.S. of the Eastern States. It differs in the following respects:
L. rufibasis has the costal and subcostal cells much richer yellow than the other
cells of the wing; stigma clear-cut, dark brown; markings along the cord of the
wing and along Cu, much darker. Base of the femora bright yellow, not tinged
with brown. The deciding difference lies in the shape of the anterior apical appen-
dage of the male genitalia, which, in rufibasis (See fig. 11) is bifurcated with the
ventral arm toothed, whereas in simplex (see fig. 10), it is simple. The species, L.
munda, O.S., which is also referred to the'subgenus Prionolabis is very distinct from
either of the above.

Holotype: male, Gainesville, Ga., April 2, 1911; Coll. J. C.
Bradley.

It is probable that some of Osten Sacken’s specimens of rufi-
basis (Monographs, etc., IV, p. 226) belong to this new species, as
he says “the wings are more yellowish in the larger specimens and
more grayish in the smaller ones.” The drawing of the genitalia
(id., pl. IV, fig. 27) is highly diagrammatic.

Polymera georgiae sp. nov.

Male. Dark brownish black; L. 4.2-5 mm.; w. 5 mm., ant. 5.75 mm. Described
from alcoholic specimens.

Rostrum and palpi, light brown; front and vertex, dark brown; eyes, black, the
ommatidia large, few in number; antennz: first segment, short, round, brown; second
segment, rounded, brown; third, very elongated, cylindrical, brownish-yellow, the
tip, pale, whitish; segment with short scattered hairs and a few long delicate ones;
segment 4 to 16, generally similar to one another in shape, elongate-cylindrical,
swollen near each end, the swellings armed with short, scattered hairs and on the
third to fifth segments with scanty long delicate ones; segments brown, pale at the
ends producing an annulated effect.

Thorax: pro-, meso-, and meta-nota, as well as the pleure, dark brownish-black.
Halteres brownish-yellow, the knob large, darker. Legs: anterior pair, coxe
brown, trochanters light brown; femora, light brown, with a dark sub-apical ring,

200 Psyche [December

the extreme tip yellowish white; extreme base of the tibise, yellowish white, re-
mainder of tibiz, brown; tarsus light yellow, the base of the metatarsus rather
darker. Middle pair: femora brown, darkest before the tip; tip abruptly whitish
yellow; tibize and tarsi as in fore legs. Posterior pair: cox brown; femora
brown, with a darker subapical band; tip yellowish-white; base of tibia yellow;
remainder brown; tarsi, yellowish-white, the terminal segments somewhat darker.

Abdomen dark brownish-black with long conspicuous hairs.

Wings: grayish brown throughout; venation: quite similar to P. albitarsis.
Will. (Dipt. St. Vincent; P. 296, 297; Pl. 10, fig. 71) (Copied in Needham, Crane-
flies (23d Rept. St. Ent. N. Y.; Pl. 21, fig. 2) and Williston, Manual of N. Am.
Dipt. (1908); p. 85, fig. 28). However the longitudinal veins in the distal por-
tion of the wing are much longer than there shown, the free portions of M; and Cu,
longer, the basal deflection of Cu: beyond the fork of M, not at it, ete. (See fig. 5.)

This species differs from P. albitarsts Will. (Is. St. Vincent), in
the conspicuous annulated antennz, darker color of the thorax
and other colorational differences. From the unsatisfactory de-
scription of P. fusca, Wied. (Brazil) (Wiedemann, Aussereur-
opiische zweifl. Inseckt, Vol. I, p. 58, pl. VI b, figs. 3 and 4) it
differs in the color of the antenne and feet, and, if the drawing is
accurate, in venation. P. obscura, Macq. is similar to fusca and
considered a synonym by Kertesz. PP. hirticornis, Fabr. (S.
America) has white bands on the wings.

The genus is new to the Nearctic fauna, having been recorded,
hitherto, only from South America and the Lesser Antilles.

Holotype: male, St. Simon’s Is., Ga., April-May, 1911. Coll.
J. C. Bradley.

Para-types: 2 males, with the holotype.

Ormosia apicalis sp. nov.

Male.‘ Yellow and brown; L. 4.5 mm.; w. 5.25 mm. Described from an alco-
holic specimen.

Rostrum and palpi brown; front, vertex and occiput, yellowish-brown; anten-
nz: Ist segment of the antenne, elongate, cylindrical; second globular; 3d to 8th
oval, generally similar to one another in shape; remainder elongated, the segments
covered with a short pubescence, and long, scattered hairs; antenne, pale yellowish-
white.

Thorax: Pronotum grayish-white. Mesonotum: prescutum yellow with two
indistinct brown lines running forwards from the ends of the arms of the V-shaped
suture; these lines with numerous black hairs which meet jn front of the suture;
an indistinct brown median line; scutum yellow with a row of hairs on either side
leading from the ends of the V-shaped suture toward the wing-roots; scutellum
whitish-yellow, thickly set with dark hairs; postnotum very pale, almost white.

1911] Alexander—Synonymical and Other Notes on the Tipulide (Diptera) 201

Metanotum yellow; pleurze whitish with a tinge of brown. Halteres, pale. Legs,
brownish-yellow throughout.

Abdomen, dark brown, pleuree somewhat paler; genital segment yellow, tinged
with brown in the apical half.

Wings: hyaline, the costal margin somewhat darker. A large, dark spot above
the base of the Rs, a second surrounds Sc: and a third at the tip of Sc:, extending
down over cross-vein r. The whole apical portion of the wing from the stigma
down to the median veins is blackish. Dark clouds on the basal deflection of Cur
and cross-vein 7m; base of wing between R and Cu dark; veins brown; deflec-
tion of Mi+2, very pale. Venation (see fig. 6): Se long, Se: ending at a point
slightly anterior to the cross-vein 7. Sc2 remote from the tip of Se:, about midway
between that point and the base of Rs. Rs long, feebly arcuated. Cross-vein r
far back from the tip of R; and just beyond the fork of Rz+3. R2z+s longer than the
basal deflection of Cu:. Cell Ist M2 closed. Basal deflection of Cu: anterior to
the fork of M. (Most of the pubescence of the wing disc has become detached due
to its being in alcohol with other specimens.)

This species does not seem very closely related to any of the
described American forms. The three species with spots on bands
on the wings, innocens, O.S., fascipennis, Zett., and nubilus, O.S.
are quite distinct in that the spotted and banded effect is brought
about by dark hairs, and not by the color of the membrane itself,
as in apicalis. It agrees with innocens in the essential features of
venation, closed cell Ist Ms, divergent Anal veins, ete.

Holotype: male, Burton, Ga. (May 20, 1911); Coll. J. C.
Bradley.

Furcomyia monticola sp. nov.

Male and female. Light yellow and brown; L. male 6-6.5 mm.; female, 7.5-7.8
mm.; w. male, 6.5 mm.; female 7 mm.

Rostrum brownish-yellow; palpi brown, the first segment lighter colored.
Front and vertex, brown. Antenne: first segment, cylindrical, light yellow, with
a few scattered black hairs; remaining segments rounded-oval, almost monili-
form, brown.

Thorax: Dorsum light yellow, marked with brown. Pronotum, very light
brown medially. Mesonotum: a straight band of brown beginning near the ce-
phalic margin of the prescutum, running backward and expanding out over the
caudal portion of the sclerite, in the middle ending just before the V-shaped suture
on the sides running to the suture and meeting the mark on the scutum; scutum

with two lunate brown marks on each side of the yellow median line; scutellum
largely brown; postnotum brown, yellow on the cephalic margin. Metanotum
brown. Pleure clear light yellow, unmarked. Halteres pale, knob slightly
darker. Legs light yellow throughout, with numerous black hairs.

Abdomen: dorsum yellowish-brown, the joints of the sclerites darker. Ven-
tral surface light yellow; genitalia brownish-yellow. Genitalia of male. (See figs.

202 Psyche [December

12, 13.) The ventral soft fleshy lobes, very large, resembling boxing gloves in
shape, covered with scattered hairs pointing posteriorly. From its inner margin,
pointing inwards, is a slender arm, terminating in a stout chitinized tooth, armed
with denticule along the cephalic margin; on the caudal margin of this arm, and
pointing posteriorly, are two stout bristles. The dorsal arm is chitinized, rather
slender, the free portion short, curved, pointing cephalad. The guard of the penis,
when viewed from above, is almost straight, the second gonapophyses pointing
inwards. Viewed from the side, the penis-guard is strongly decurved ventrally,
with a protuberence beyond the middle on the ventral side; the second gonapo-
physes, conical, pointing ventrad and armed with numerous hairs at the tip.

Wings: hyaline; stigma light brown, distinct. Venation (see fig. 7); Se mod-
erately long, the fork at the origin of Rs, or (usually) somewhat beyond it. Sci,
from one to two times as long as Sez. Cross-vein rat the tip of R:. Deflection of
R4+:; about one half as longas Rs. Basal deflection of Cu: at the inner end of cell
Ist Ma. Cross-vein m present, closing cell 1st Me.

On some of the cotype males, the basal deflection of Cu: is anterior to the fork

of M.

This species comes nearest to F. moniliformis, Doane (Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1900, p. 184, pl. VII, fig. 8) but differs in the fol-
lowing particulars: antennz and palpi brown; markings on tho-
racic dorsum very different, as well as decided differences in color
of legs, abdomen, wings, ete. Se, ends beyond the origin of R,,
never before it; no pubescence in distal portions of the wings, ete.
The forceps of the male are notable and agree in some respects
with the brief description of this part in haeretica, O.S. (Mono-
graphs IV, p. 70.)

Holotype: male, Black Rock Mt. (Rabun Co.) Ga., alt. 3,000
ft., May 24, °11. Coll. J. C. Bradley.

Allotype: female; with the holotype.

Para-types: 7 males, 1 female, with the holotype.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE

1. Limnophila lenta, O.S.; wing. (Ithaca, N. Y., Aug. 12, ’10.)

2. Limnophila quadrata, O.S.; wing. (Ithaca, N. Y., May 21, 711.)

3. Limnophila noveboracensis sp. nov. Para-type; wing. (Ithaca, N. Y., July
qi Ns)

4. Limnophila similis sp. nov. Para-type; wing. (Johnstown, N. Y., June 26, ’10.)

5. Polymera georgia sp. nov. Para-type No. 2, wing. (St. Simon’s Is.; Ga., April-
May, 711.)

6. Ormosia apicalis sp. nov. Holotype, wing. (Burton, Ga., May 20, ’11.)

7. Furcomyia monticola sp. nov. Para-type, wing. (Black Rock Mt., Ga., May
24, °11.)

Psycue, 1911. Vou. XVIII, Pirate 16.

9

ALEXANDER—TIPULID

1911] Wheeler—New Ants from Mexico and Central America 203

8. Limnophila similis sp. nov. Holotype, male genitalia. (Johnstown, N. Y., June
10, °10.)

Pleura of the hypopygium; left side; ventral aspect. d. dorsal apical append.;
v. ventral ap. app.

9. Limnophila adusta, O.S. Male genitalia. (Ithaca, N. Y., July 16, ’11.)

As in No. 8 (similis).

10. Limnophila simplex sp. nov. Holotype, male genitalia. (Gainesville, Ga.,
. April 2, *11.)

Pleura of the hypopygium; right side; dorsal aspect. p. posterior, or ventral
apical app.; a. anterior, or dorsal apical app.; g. 2d gonapophyses; h. hypopy-
gium; w. anal tube; x. guard of the penis; y. pleura.

11. Limnophila rufibasis, O.S. Male genitalia. (Ithaca, N. Y., May 22, °11.)

As in No. 10 (simplex).

12. Furcomyia monticola sp. nov. Holotype, male genitalia. (Black Rock Mt.,
Ga., May 24, 11.)

Hypopygium, lateral aspect.

m. guard of the penis. j. 2d gonapophyses. |. ventral apical app.

13. Furcomyia monticola sp. nov. Holotype, male genitalia hypopygium; dorsal
aspect.

h. hypopygium; i. pleura; j. 2d gonapophyses; k. dorsal apical app.; 1. ven-
tral apical app.; m. guard of the penis.

THREE NEW ANTS FROM MEXICO AND
CENTRAL AMERICA.!

By Wituam Morton WHEELER.

Pheidole tisiphone sp. nov.

Soldier. Length 5.6 mm.

Head large; from above subrectangular, longer than broad, a little broader in
front than behind, with nearly straight sides and very feebly excised posterior
broader and a short, shallow occipital groove; in profile truncated anteriorly, flat-
tened above in front and feebly convex below, with a narrow and very deep scrobe
on each side, running obliquely backward and downward just over the eye to the
outer border of the gula and ending abruptly at the middle of the head. The edges
of the scrobes are sharp and parallel, the upper edges passing anteriorly into the
frontal carinze which are very widely separated. Frontal area small, deeply im-
pressed, rounded behind. Frontal groove obsolete. Eyes small, about 1-6 the
distance from the anterior to the posterior border of the head. Clypeus short and
very convex, with a faint, median, longitudinal impression, and entire and deflected

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard Uni-
versity, No. 51.

204 Psyche [December

anterior border. Mandibles very convex, with two large, incurved apical teeth.
Antenne very short and slender, the scapes curved, but scarcely flattened, less than
half as long as the scrobe; funicles longer than the scapes; all their joints longer
than broad. Thorax robust, especially in front, without humeral callosities; pro-
and mesonotum in profile forming a simple subangular convexity, without a con-
striction at the pro-mesonotal suture; meso€pinotal constriction well-developed;
epinotum small, its base and declivity sloping, not separated by an angle; spines
short, slender and rather blunt, longer than broad at their bases, directed upward
and slightly backward, less than half as long as the distance between their bases.
Petiole from above about 11% times as long as broad, broadest behind, with con-
cave sides, its node rather high, strongly compressed anteroposteriorly, in profile
with concave anterior and posterior declivities and seen from behind with straight,
entire upper border. Postpetiole 114 times as broad as the petiole, convex above,
nearly twice as broad as long, with the sides projecting as blunt angles, which are
rounded in front and slightly concave behind. Gaster smaller than the head, ellip-
tical. Legs long and stout, with distinctly incrassated femora.

Whole surface, especially that of the gaster, shining. Mandibles coarsely stria-
topunctate. Clypeus transversely rugulose-punctate. Head in front longitudi-
nally punctate, transversely and arcuately rugulose on the posterior two thirds
except the posterior corners which are rather densely reticulate-rugose. Gular
surface more shining, punctate. Thorax above, including the epinotal declivity,
transversely rugose, pleure shining, more indistinctly rugose. Petiole and post-
petiole rather smooth, the latter coarsely punctate on the sides. Gaster and legs
glabrous, with small, indistinct, scattered piligerous punctures.

Body, legs and scapes covered with very long, suberect, golden yellow hairs,
which are very abundant on the upper surface of the head and clypeus and sparser
elsewhere. The hairs on the upper surface of the head are directed backward,
those on the clypeus, mandibles and gula forward.

Ferruginous red; legs slightly paler and more yellowish; gaster, borders of man-
dibles, clypeus, gula and antennal scrobes, black.

Described from a single worker taken by Mr. Frederick Knab
at Almoloya, Oaxaca, Mexico (Nat. Mus. Coll. Type No. _ ).
Two workers taken by the same collector in the same locality may
belong to this species but they are so unlike the soldier that I
deem it best not to describe them.

This extraordinary species is very distinct from all the species
of the genus known to me. In the possession of deep antennal
scrobes running obliquely downward to the sides of the head, it
resembles Ph. aberrans Mayr of South America and Ph. scrobifera
Emery of Costa Rica; but the head in these species is much shorter
and of a very different shape, the scrobes are shallower and broader,
the pilosity and color are very different, and the latter species
measures only 2.75 mm. Ph. cavifrons Emery of Uruguay seems

1911] Wheeler—New Ants from Mexico and Central America 205

to be an allied form but although the head resembles that of Ph.
tistphone in outline, the sculpture is very different and the length
of the body is only 3 mm.

Macromischa lzevissima sp. nov.

Worker. Length 1.6 mm.

Head, excluding the mandibles, nearly as broad as long, with feebly convex sides,
rounded posterior corners and convex posterior border. Mandibles convex, with
two large apical and 3 or 4 minute, indistinct basal teeth. Eyes rather large, con-
vex, situated a little in front of the middle of the head. Clypeus, convex, with
rounded, entire anterior border and a median longitudinal impression bounded on
each side by a narrow, rather distinct ridge. Frontal area obsolete. Frontal car-
inze short, feeble and parallel. Antenne rather slender; scapes reaching to the pos-
terior border of the head; funicle with a 3-jointed club as long as the remainder of
the funicle; its first joint fully as long as joints 2-4 together; joints 2 and 8 as long
as broad, joints 3-7 a little broader than long, joints 9 and 10 together shorter than
the terminal joint. Thorax narrower and a little longer than the head with the
mandibles, from above somewhat broader in front than behind, with rounded humeri,
in profile evenly rounded dorsally, without sutures or constrictions; epinotum de-
pressed and sloping, without distinct base and declivity, armed with two rather
long, slender, acute spines, which are directed backward and outward and slightly
upward, closely approximated at their bases and with their tips very slightly de-
flected. Petiole with a long, slender peduncle and an erect node at its posterior
end. This node is nearly as high as the length of the peduncle, strongly compressed
anteroposteriorly with rounded upper border and flat anterior and posterior sur-
faces, the former passing over rather abruptly into the horizontal dorsal surface of
the peduncle. Postpetiole from above a little broader than the petiole, broader
than long, subrectangular, nearly as broad in front as behind; in profile its node is
convex though much lower than the node of the petiole. Gaster elliptical, with
broadly excised anterior margin and feebly convex sides and dorsal surface. Legs
rather long; middle and hind femora incrassated.

Surface very smooth and shining; mandibles, sides of clypeus and cheeks finely
and sharply striated; surface of head, thorax and gaster with much scattered,
minute piligerous punctures.

Hairs white, very short, erect and scattered, obtuse on the body, slender, pointed
and appressed on the legs and antennal scapes.

Black; mandibles, antenne, petiole and postpetiole dark brown; tibize and tarsi,
brownish yellow.

Described from a single specimen taken by Prof. A. Petrunke-
witch at La Buena Ventura, near Santa Rosa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
M. levissima is the smallest known species of the genus. It is
closely related to the Texan M. subditiva Wheeler and goes down
to it in my table of Macromischa (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

206 Psyche [December

XXIV, 1908, p. 141). This latter species, however, is larger, its
head and thorax are not glabrous but rugulose, its epinotal spines
are somewhat shorter and stouter, and the erect, obtuse hairs on
the body are much longer and more abundant.

Apterostigma calverti sp. nov.

Worker. Length 3.5-4 mm.

Head, excluding the mandibles about 1/4 times as long as broad, with rather
straight, parallel sides and broadly rounded, convex posterior portion, suddenly
contracted into a short neck without a reflected posterior edge. Vertex with a
feeble longitudinal impression in the middle. Eyes convex, at the middle of the
sides of the head. Clypeus about twice as long as broad, with broadly rounded,
entire anterior border. Mandibles with 7-9 teeth, the two apical ones largest.
Frontal carine in front with large, thick lobes, behind continued as diverging ridges
which are shorter than the lobes. Antennze robust; scapes surpassing the posterior
border of the head by about 14 their length, first funicular joint as long as joints 2-4
together; joints 2-9 not longer than broad. Thorax rather stout; pronotum with
prominent, reflexed cervical border, behind with a transverse convexity which is
continued down onto the mesopleura as a distinct, rounded ridge; mesonotum with
a pair of very distinct, subparallel, longitudinal ridges, more approximated in the
middle; base of epinotum with a similar pair of ridges which are shorter, more
closely approximated and more nearly parallel. In profile the base of the epino-
tum is moderately convex and longer than the concave declivity with which it forms
a rounded angle. Constriction between meso- and epinotum much the same as in
other species, but with a short ridge on each side. Epinotal stigmata very promi-
nent. Petiole from above about twice as long as broad, broadest behind and grow-
ing gradually narrower anteriorly as far as the stigmata where it narrows more
suddenly to the insertion in the epinotum. In profile the node is low and rounded,
about half as high as the length of the petiole, with long, straight anterior and more
abrupt, slightly concave, posterior slope. Postpetiole as long as broad, campanu-
late, broadest behind, with rounded sides, very feebly excised posterior border and
a very feeble dorsal impression behind. Gaster elliptical, without a longitudinal
ridge on each side of the first segment. Legs long and rather stout.

Mandibles glossy, with smooth and shining dentate border, the remaining sur-
face finely striated and finely and sparsely punctate. Antennal funiculi slightly
shining; body scapes and legs very opaque and very finely and densely punctate;
the head, thorax, petiole, postpetiole and gaster being also rather coarsely reticu-
late-rugose.

Hairs much as in other species; black at the base with grayish or yellow tips,
coarser and more appressed than in wasmanni, scarcely curved at the base on the
tibize and scapes. Pubescence fulvous, sparse and very short.

Black or dark brown; mandibles, funiculi, tarsi and articulations of the legs,
petiole and gaster ferruginous; mandibular teeth black; impressions between the
ridges on the thorax not paler than the surrounding surfaces.

1911] Wheeler

New Ants from Mexico and Central America 207

Female. Length 4.5 mm.

Closely resembling the worker, but with the neck like posterior portion of the
head much longer and the eyes larger. Mesonotum above with four longitudinal
welts, the two lateral of which are short and feeble and cover the paraptera, while
the two median are longer. Scutellum behind bearing two flat, blunt teeth which
are as long as broad at their bases. Epinotum in profile with subequal base and
declivity, both flattened and meeting to form an obtuse angle. Seen from above
the base bears a pair of longitudinal ridges like those of the worker.

Sculpture, pilosity and color as in the worker. The hairs are, perhaps, shorter
and more appressed on the head and thorax. Wings opaque, gray, with yellow
stigmal region and two sharply defined, elongate black spots, one at the base and
the other between the two branches of the cubital vein.

Described from twelve workers, one deiilated and five winged
females taken by Dr. P. P. Calvert from two colonies in the Banana
River District and Juan Vifias, Costa Rica, during October and
November, 1909. Both the colonies from which the specimens
were taken had constructed their fungus-gardens between the
overlapping leaves of Bromeliads growing on trees 10-15 feet
above the ground. One of the Bromeliads was also tenanted by
a caterpillar and the larva of an interesting dragon-fly (Mecisto-
gaster modestus). Fragments of one of the fungus-gardens, pre-
served in alcohol with the ants, seemed to present the same primi-
tive development of the hyphal swellings (“ambrosia”) growing
on a substratum of insect (beetle?) excrement as described by
Moeller for some of the South American species of A pterostigma.
The gardens of all previously described species of this genus have
been found either in rotting wood or under stones. The unusual
situation of the gardens of the new species may account for its
having been overlooked by the many diligent collectors of Central
American Formicide.

A. calverti is most closely related to A. wasmanni Forel, but
differs in its much darker color, coarser sculpture and pilosity, in
the shorter backward continuations of the frontal carins, and in
lacking the longitudinal lateral ridges on the first gastric segment.
The following table will serve for the identification of the workers
of the known species of the genus, with the exception of the Mexi-
can A. scutellare, which is known only from a single male speci-
men:

1. Head gradually constricted behind into a narrow neck, which has a
distinctly reflected or expanded posterior edge...................000c0e 2

208 Psyche [December

Head suddenly constricted behind, without a neck or with a short

neck, the posterior edge of which is not reflected or expanded............. 4
2. Petiole scarcely more than twice as long as broad; joints 2-9 of the
funiculus not or very slightly longer than broad....................0005. 3
Petiole three times as long as broad; all the funicular joints distinctly
longer than broad. Length 6-6.5 mm. Trinidad............ urichi Forel.

3. Neck rather short and but slightly reflected at its posterior edge;
funicular joints 2-7 not longer than broad. Length 3.5-4 mm.

1 oye VAI ete curs cys ia eRe OE ROR ee ream oad Siesta Sacto oe pilosum Mayr.
Neck longer and more distinctly reflected at its posterior edge; funi-
cular joints 2-7 longer than broad; antenne and petiole more slender;
hairs on body and_legs longer and less appressed. Length 4.6 mm.

CostarRica nice, pene see ic tinted oan Silence ee EE collare Emery.
4. Head without a neck. Length3.5mm. Buenos Aires..... steigeri Santsche.
Head withvashort, but distinct necks. 1.02 s-ccee ane eee eee eee er 5

5. Postpetiole longer than broad; body slightly shining, dirty brown,
with ochre yellow antennze, mandibles and legs. Length 3.2-3.5

TM PAZ en oe chee seis a sene eke aes ate Ne tear akin eae meelleri Forel.

Postpetiole broader than long, body opaque.................+.+e.000:: 6
6. Ridges on meso- and epinotum feebly developed....................22005. Uf

Ridges on meso- and epinotum strongly developed...................... 8
7. Funicular joints 3-7 a little longer than broad. Length 6 mm. Costa

FUGA Serre See rae creas ee St a ee beets ee EA ate tk ete robustum Emery.

Funicular joints 3-7 broader than long. Length 3.4-3.5 mm.

Mripidad es, Oe oe Pais oS Ae RR ee mayri Forel.

8. Ferruginous; body indistinctly reticulate-rogose; first gastric seg-
ment with well developed lateral ridges; posterior diverging
portions of frontal carinz longer than the lobes; hairs on an-
tennal scapes and tibiz curved at the base. Length 3.5-4 mm.
Brazil ik se oe Ae ees es gene ee wasmanni Forel.
Black or dark brown; body more distinctly reticulate-rugose; first
gastric segment without lateral ridges; posterior diverging por-
tions of frontal carinee shorter than the lobes; hairs on antennal
: scapes and tibiz not curved at the base. Length 3.5-4 mm. Costa
RIGA, 3.5 Ben ges Nate and See eteteiowhe esau cetera aI Otte calverti sp. nov.

1911] Book Review 209

BOOK REVIEW.

THE REDUCTION OF DOMESTIC MOSQUITOES.

Instructions for the use of municipalities, town councils, health officers, sanitary
inspectors, and residents in warm climates. By Edward H. Ross, pp. x-114,
Figs. 22. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia.

The domestic mosquito is dangerous and should be exterminated in our towns
and cities. This is the message which Edward Ross’s new book entitled, “The
Reduction of Domestic Mosquitoes” conveys. It does more than this, however, by
convincing us that it can be accomplished, for Edward Ross, after battling with
the ignorance of natives and the most adverse political conditions succeeded in
exterminating the Culicines as well as the Anophelines in Cairo and Port Said.

The first half of the book is concerned with the life histories of the Culicines and
the diseases which they spread; the second half with the means used in interesting
the people and the practical methods adopted towards exterminating the pests.

“Deal with the domestic mosquito whether the Anopheline is present or not in
the town.” Culex fatigans may not be dangerous in a certain locality while Stego-
myia calopus and the Anophelines are rapidly spreading diseases. Yet if Culex
fatigans is permitted to thrive, people will continue to be bitten, and the work will
fall into ill repute. It must not be forgotten that all mosquitoes are alike to the
average person. Culex is, however, usually dangerous, a fact which Ross empha-
sizes repeatedly. This insect is known to spread some diseases and probably does
more harm than we are aware of owing to the fact that the understanding of so
many illnesses, especially those of warm climates, are as yet in their infancy.

This book is written in a popular way, even quite humorously at times, and is
intelligible to laymen as well as to professional guardians of the public health. For
this reason its good effects should be far reaching if the work is widely read.

R. W. Guaser,

Bussey Institution.

Advertisements

SECOND VOLUME

Illustrations

Diurnal Lepidoptera

WITH DESCRIPTIONS

BY

ANDREW GRAY WEEKS, Jr.
1911

gs es Blake, ad., nat. , and B. Meiced lithog-
rapher, i oson ane of 35 species hith-
erto undescribed or figured, from the Suapure
district of Venezuela, with a steel plate frontis-
piece of William Henry Edwards. The plates
are of the same high, artistic order as those of
_ the first volume.
Vou. 1. $15.00. 117 pages. 45 plates. 81 species.
Vor) 2. 5.00

ADDRESS ORDERS TO

H. PECK, Agent
8 CONGRESS STREET
BOSTON,. MASS., U: S: Az
Or to BERNARD QUARITCH
15 PICCADILLY
LONDON

Index

213

PSYCHE.
Inpex to Vou. XVIII, 1911.

SUBJECTS.

(New genera, species, and new names
are indexed in bold-faced type.)

Acanthia, 18.
Acanthomyops, see Lasius.
Acarina, new 37.
Acromyrmex, 98.
Adranes taylori, 103, 104.
Holothrips fasciata, 10.
Agelaius pheniceus, 39, 43.
Aglaothorax, stridulation of, 82.
Alloptes longipes, 41.
Amara apricaria, 36.
latie, 36.
Ambrosia, 98.
Ammobia, 153.
pretiosa, 153.
Ammophila procera, habits of, 13.
urnaria, habits of, 13.
Amophila, 153.
Analges passerinus, 42.
Ant, a new slave-making from Japan,
110.

Ant guests, 102.

Ants, California, guests of, 27.

Ants, from Mexico and Central Amer-
ica, 203.

Ants, fungus-growing from Arizona,

94.
Aphenogaster, see Stenamma.
subterranea, var. occidentalis, 102,
168.
Aphodius suspectus, 105, 107.
Aphonus castaneus, 172.
Apterostigma calverti, 206.
collare, 208.
mayri, 208.
mellert, 208.
pilosum, 208.
robustum, 208.
steigeri, 208.
urichi, 208.
wasmanni, 208.
Aquatic caterpillar, 120.
Arizona fungus-growing ants, 93.
Asilus, 74.
Asphondylia, 85.
Atalepedes mesogramma, 32.
Atheta irvingi, 172.
viereckii, 172.

Atlanticus pachymerus, stridulation of,
118.

Atta, see Trachymyrmec.
Attaphila, 98.

Bacillus rossi, 121.
Badister micans, 36.
pulchellus, 36.
Barypithes pellucidalis, 178.
Batrisus, 102.
zephyrinus, 29.
Bees of the genus Perdita, 134.
Bibio, 74.
Billberg, Dipterous genera proposed by,
ios
Blatta egyptica, 88.
orientalis, 88.
rhombifolia, 88, 89.
Blattide, notes on some genera of, 88.

| Blera fallax, 73.

Box-turtle, sarchophagid parasite of,
174.
Bromatia, 98.

Calathus impunctatus, 36.
Calicera, 74.
California ant guests, 27.
Callicera, 74.
Callomyia, 74.
Calomyia, 74.
Calosoma calidum, 35.
externum, 35, 171.
frigidum, 35, 171.
willcoxt, 35.
Camponotus herculeanus, subsp. penn-
sylvanicus, 107.
hyatti, 28.
maccooki, 27, 28, 30, 107.
maculatus subsp. vicinus, 28, 30,
107.
sansabeanus, 167.
Carabide from Connecticut, 35.
Carabus nemoralis, 35, 170.
serratus, 170.
sylvosus, 35.
Cataclysta, aquatic caterpillar of, 120.
Caterpillar, aquatic, 120.
Ceratocolus, 154.
Cecropia cocoons, fluffy, 168.
Cercopid head, 3.
Chelanops dorsalis, 168.
unicolor, 166.
Chernes scorproides, 167.
Chionaspis, 41.

,

214

Chlenius laticollis, 36.
Chlorion umbrosum, 153.
Chrysogaster solstitialis, 73.
Chthonius rayi, 167.
Clivina rubicunda, 171.
Clover weevil, another imported, 74.
Cnips, 74.
Coccinellid larvae, myrmecophilous,
107.
Coccothraustes vespertina, 38.
Cockerellia, 134.
Cocytius cluentius, 34.
Coleoptera from Connecticut, 170.
Collops eximius, 172.
quadrimaculatus,: 172.
tricolor, 172.
vittatus, 172.
Connecticut Carabide, 35.
Connecticut Coleoptera, 170.
Conorhinus, 144.
Conosoma heathi, 30.
Coquillett, D. W., note on life of, 159.
Coreid head, 4.
Coscinoptera, 105.
Cotalpa lanigera, 172.
Crabro subterraneus, 155.
Cremastochilus knochii, 102, 105, 106,
107.
pilosicollis, 30, 105, 106.
planatus, 27.
schaumii, 30.
Cremastogaster lineolata, subsp. coarc-
tata, 30.
Criorhina, 73.
Ctenestes pulvereus, 102.
Culicoides, 74.
Cychrus elevatus, 35, 170.
lecontei, 35, 170.
stenostomus, 170.
viduus, 35.
Cymindis americana, 36.
neglecta, 36.
pilosa, 36.
Cynorphina, 73.
Cyphomyrmex rimosus, 101.
wheeleri, 97.

Danielsea pagei, 128.
Dasyneura, 85.
Datomicra mina, 172.
Derbid head, 3.
Diapheromera femorata, eggs and rear-
ing of, 121.
Dicelus elongatus, 36.
politus, 36.
purpuratus, 36.
Dicranomyia brunnea Doane non Grim-
shaw, 194.

Index

Diostracus, generic characters, 71.
prasinus, 72.
olga, 71.
Diplochila laticollis, 36.
Diplotaxis atlantis, 172.
liberta, 172.
sordida, 172.
Diptera and Hymenoptera, sounds made
by, 114.
Dolichopus, 74.
Dones festivus, 74.
Doros, 73.
Dorylea, 89.
Duttonia alboannulis, 132.
Dyscinetus trachypygus, 172.

Eciton cecum, 166, 167.

Egg parasites, hosts of, 146.

Eggs and rearing of the walking-stick,
121.

Eiphosoma, key to species, 21.

Eiphosoma septentrionale, 22.

Elaphrus fuliginosus, 171.

Elophila, aquatica caterpillar of, 120.

Embryology of Pristhesancus, 75.

Emesodema carolina, 19.

Eraz, 74.

Eristalis tenax, sound produced by, 114.

Errata to paper on Philippine mosqui-
toes, 174.

Ewuparia, 104.

Eupatorium odoratum, 82.

| Euphoria aurata, 172.

Fluffy cecropia cocoons, 168.

Formica camponoticeps, 107.
cinera, var. neocinerea, 29.
dakotensis, 104.
fusca, 106.
fusca, var. argentata, 29, 105, 108.
fusca, var. japonica, 111.
fusca, var. between neoclara and ar-

gentata, 106.
fusca, var. neorufibarbis, 106.
fusca nipponensis, 111.
fusca, var. subenescens, 106.
manni, 106.
rufa, 167.
rufa, subsp. integra, var. near colo-
radensis, 105.

rufa, subsp. near integra, 105.
rufa, subsp. obscuripes, 104, 107.
rufa var. near coloradensis, 29.
rufa, var. occidentalis, 27.
rufibarbis var. occidentalis, 28, 31.
sanguinea, subsp. subintegra, 104.
sanguinea, subsp. subnuda, 104.
subpolita, 167.
subpolita var. neogagates, 106.

Index Q15

Formica subpolita, var. picea, 104.

Fungus-growing ants from Arizona, 94.

Furcomyia monticola, 201, 203.

Geoperdita, 135.
Geopinus incrassatus, 36.
Ghilianella atriclava, 19.
Ghilianella filiventris, 20.
Gnormius maculosus, 172.
Gongylidia, 98.

Harpagomyine, 132.
Harpagomyia ceruleovittata, 131.
Harpagomyia splendens, 132.
Harpalus laticeps, 36.

lewisii, 36.
Harpyrhynchus brevis, 38.
Hemiptera, homologies and mechanism

of mouthparts of, 1.

Hesperia campestris, 33.

cunaxa, 33.

huron, 33.

mesogramma, 33.
Heterius brunneipennis, 109.

californicus, 28, 29.
Heterius exignus, 106, 108.
Heterius minimus, 109.

tristriatus, 29, 103, 106, 107.

wheeleri, 28, 30.
Hister subopacus, 106.
Histiostoma phytophaga, 41.
Hodgesia niveocaputis, 130.
Holcaspis mexicana, 87.

weldi, 86.
Holorusia rubiginosa,
Homologies and mechanism of mouth-

parts of Hemiptera, 1.

Homorus undulatus, 173.
Hoplandria brittoni, 172.
House-fly, Howard’s, review of, 156.
Household pest, Lucilia sericata, 89.
Hydrangea arborescens, 81.
Hydrocampa, 121.
Hydrophorus estuum, 52, 55.

agalma, 55.

alboflorens, 70.

algens, 61, 69.
Hydrophorus altivagus, 67.

amplectens, 67.

breviseta, 58.

canescens, 53.

cerutias, 52.

chrysologus, 62, 69.

eldoradensis, 55.
Hydrophorus extrarius, 65.
Hydrophorus glaber, 63, 69.
Hydrophorus gratiosus, 49.
Hydrophorus innotatus, 66.

Hydrophorus intentus, 51, 70.
Hydrophorus magdalene, 60, 68.
North American species of, 45.
parvus, 64.
Hydrophorus pensus, 68.
Hydrophorus philombrius, 57.
Hydrophorus phoca, 63, 69.
Hydrophorus pirata, 64, 66, 70.
Hydrophorus plumbeus, 50.
Hydrophorus signiferus, 61.
sodalis, 59.
viridiflos, 52, 70.
Hymenoptera and Diptera, sounds
made by, 114.

Ideobisium rufulum, 167.
Ideoroncus cambridgii, 167.

Insect egg-parasites, hosts of, 146.
Ibid beetles, 98.

Ischnoptera, sp. 28, 30.
Tsobrachium myrmecophilum, 29.

Japanese slave-making ant, 110.

Kingia, 133.

Kingia gregoryi, 128.
Kohlrabihiufchen, 98.
Kohlrabikpf6chen, 98.

Labrum-epipharynx of Hemiptera, 2.
Lachnosterna crenulata, 172.
itlicts, 172.
Laphria, 74.
Laphyra ephiphium, 74.
flava, 74.
gibbosa, 74.
gilva, 74.
marginata, 74.
rufipes, 74.
Lasioptera portulace, 84.
Lasius brevicornis, 104.
flavus, 167.
fuliginosus, 167.
interjectus, 104.
niger, var. americanus, 103.
niger, var. neoniger, 103.
Lathyrus larvatus, 32.
Lebia pectita, 36.
pulchella, 36.
scapularis, 36.
Lepidoptera, western, 32.
Leptothorax andrei, 28, 30.
curvispinosus, subsp. rugatulus, 103.
Lestica, 154.
Limnophila, 192.
adustus, 196, 203.
antennata, 197.
lenta, 197, 202.

216

Limnophila nigrilinea, 197.

Limnophila noveboracensis, 196, 202.

Limnophila quadrata, 197, 202.
rufibasis, 199, 203.

Limnophila similis, 195, 202.
(Prionolabis) simplex, 198, 203.

Locustide, stridulation of, 118.

Lucilia sericata, as household pest, 89.

Luteva arizonensis, 19.

Luteva rufoannulata, 18.

Lycena marina, 32.

Lygeid head, 3.

Macromischa levissima, 205.
Malachius eneus, 172.
Mandibular suture of Hemiptera, 1.
Maxillary setze of Hemiptera, 1.
Mechanism of mouthparts of Hemip-
tera, 1.
Medeterus lateralis, 46.
punctipennis, 46.
Megarhinus, food habits of, 80.
immisericors, 80.
marshallii, 82.
phytophygus, 82.
separatus, 80.
septentrionalis, 81.
speciosus, 80.
superbus, 81.
trinidadensis, 82.
Melaneterius infernalis, 112.
Melita alma, 33.
cerrita, 33.
cyneas, 33.
fulvia, 33.
leanira, 33.
wrighti, 33.
Membracid head, 3.
Microdon tristis, 105.
Miscus, 153.
Mellerius, 98.
versicolor, 101.
Monarthropaplus, 85.
Mosillus, 73.
Mosquitoes of the Philippines, list of,
125.
Mouthparts of Hemiptera, homologies
and mechanism of, 1.
Musca domestica, sound produced by,
114.
fallax, 73.
festivum, T4.
Myas cyanescens, 35.
Myiagreutes precellens, 16.
Mycetosoritis, 101.
Myrmecophila formicarum, 28, 29, 30,
103, 105, 106, 107.
manni, 106.

Index

Myrmecophila oregonensis, 103.

Myrmecophiles, 102.

| Myrmecophiles of Californian ants, 27.

Myrmecophilous pseudoscorpions, 166.
Myrmica rubra, subsp. brevinodis, 102.
scabrinodis, var. sabuleti, 103.
Myrmecia fussi, 103.
lugubris, 103.

| Myzomyia indefinita, 133.

| Neduba, stridulation of, 82.

Neoperdita, 134.
Neurigona lateralis, 46.

| Northwestern ants and their guests, 102.

Nomadopstis, 134.

| Nymphula, 121.

Oberea oculata, 173.
Odontomachus clarus, 98.
Olene achatina, 158.
certain species of, 158.
inter posita, 158.
leucophea, 158.
Olene styx, 159.
Olisthopus parmatus, 171.
Olpium minutum, 167.
Omophron tessellatum, 35.

| Ormosia apicalis, 200, 202.
Otiorhynchus ovatus, 173.

sulcatus, 173.
Oyster-shell scale, 38.

Pachycondyla harpax, 166.
Pamphila kedema, 33.
Pansydia, 33.
Paraponyx, 121.
Parasites of insect eggs, hosts of, 146.
Parasitic Acarina, 37.
Patrobus rugicollis, 171.
Pelastoneurus punctipennis, 46.
Pentaperdita, 135.
Pentatomid head, 4.
Pepsis arenaria, 154.
argentata, 153.
sericea, 153.
Perdita, list of species of, 134.
Perditella, 134.
Periplaneta americana, 88.
Petauristini, 194.
Phantasmatophanes, 17.
Pheidole californica, 30.
hyatti, 112.
oregonica, 102.

Pheidole tisiphone, 203.
Philippine mosquitoes, list of, 125.

Philoxanthus, 134.
Phylidorea, 193.
Phyllium scythe, 122.

Index

Phytonomus castor, 74.
meles, 74, 173.
nigrirostris, 74, 173.
posticus, TA.
punctatus, 173.
Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi, 167.
Platymedon laticollis, 104.
Plearia carolina, 19.
Pleariine, neotropical, 15.
Pleariopsis, 19.
Pogonomyrmez occidentalis, 102.
Polites coras, 32.
peckius, 32.
Polyergus rufescens, subsp. breviceps,
05.
Polyergus rufescens, subsp. samurai,
110.

Polymera georgia, 199, 202.
Polyphaga egyptica, 88.
Polyphylla variolosa, 172.
Polyzoniide, 5.
Predaceous Acarina, 37.
Prenolepis imparis, 29, 30.
Pristhesancus, 4.
papuensis, 75.
Pristomeridia dubia, 24.
Pristomerus coloradensis, 23.
Pristomerus, key to North American
species, 23.
Proserpinus terlooti, 34.
vega, 34.
Psammolestes, 144.
coreodes, 145.
Pseudoscorpions in ant-nests, 166.
Pterostichus adoxus, 35.
appalachius, 36.
coracinus, 36.
corvinus, 36.
corrusculus, 171.
erythropus, 36.
luctuosus, 36.
lucublandus, 36.
patruelis, 36.
say, 36.
scrutator, 36, 171.
lachrymosus, 36.
stygicus, 36.
vitreus, 171.
Pyrgocarypha uncinata, stridulation of,
119.
Pyrops candelaria, 1.
Pytho niger, 173.
planus, 173.

Rearing the walking-stick, 121.
Reduviid head, 4.

Reduviide, new genus of, 144.
Reduviolus, 18.

217

Rhabdophaga, 85.
Rhipiphorus flavipennis, 173.
limbatus, 173.

Sableta brittoni, 172.
Sackenomyia, 85.
Sarcophagid found in turtle, 173.
Scseva, 73.
Scatophaga stercoraria, sound produced
by, 114.
Schizomyia, 85.
Scolytid beetles, 98.
Scudder, S. H. Resolution on death of,
124.
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, 175-192.
Siphanta, 2.
Slave-making ant from Japan, 110.
Solenopsis molesta, 29, 30, 102.
Sounds produced by Diptera and Hy-
menoptera, 114.
Sphex aurulentus, 153.
hirsuta, 154.
umbrosus, 153.
Stegomyia quasinigritia, 129.
Steleopyga americana, 88.
orientalis, 88.
trichoprocta, 88.
Stenamma andrei, 30.
subterranea, var. occidentalis, 108.
Stenolemus fasciculatus, 17.
muirt, 17.
Stephanocleonus plumbeus, 173.
Stigmzodes cinctus, 39.
Stridulation of Locustide, 118.
Stridulation of Shield-backed grasshop-
pers, 82.
Strigota recta, 172.
Stylopyga, 88.
Syringophilus elongatus, 39.
Syrphus cemiteriorum, 73.
conopseus, T4.

Tachyporus californicus, 105.

Tachyscellus badiipennis, 171.
kirbyt, 171.
nigrinus, 171.

Tapinoma sessile, 28, 29, 103.

Tarsonemus chionaspivorus, 40.

Tessaratoma, 3.

Tetraperdita, 135.

Tettigonid head, 3.

Tichodartha, 73.

Tipula coloradensis, 164, 166.

Tipula fallax, 160, 162, 166,’
hebes, 160, 166.

Tipula madera, 162, 166.
newcomeri, 163, 166.
alia, 161, 164, 166.

218 Index

Tipula rohweri, 165, 166.
sayi, 194.
Tipulide, synonymical and other notes
on the, 192.
Tmeticus perplexus, 105.
Trachymyrmex arizonensis, 94, 95, 96,
7

Trachymyrmex desertorum, 98, 100.

Trachymyrmex jamaicensis, 94, 96.
saussuret, 94, 95.
septentrionalis, 94, 95, 96, 97.
turrifex, 94, 95, 97, 100.

Trechus chalybeus, 35.

Triatoma, 145.

Triballus californicus, 104.

Tricrania sanguinipennis, 173.
Trotteria, 85.

Tubulifera, head of, 9.

Turtle, sarcophagid parasite of, 173.
Tydeus coccophagus, 38.

Weevil, another imported clover, 74.
Western Lepidoptera, 32.

Xenodusa, 103.
cava, 171.
montana, 107.

Xiphosomella, 25.

Zyras lugubris, 103.

AUTHORS.

Aldrich, J. M., on North American
species of Hydrophorus, 45.
Aldrich, J. M., on the genus Diostracus,

70.
Alexander, C. P., on Synonymical and
other notes on the Tipulidae, 192.
Allard, H. A., on the stridulations of
Locustide, 118.

Barnes, Wm., and J. J. McDunnough,
on certain Olene species, 157.

Barnes, Wm., and J. J. McDunnough,
on Sphingidz of North America,
34.

Bergroth, E., on a new genus of Redu-
viidee, 144.

Bergroth, E., on New Neotropical Ploe-
arine, 15.

Beutenmuller, Wm., on new species of
Holcaspis from Mexico, 87.
Brues, C. T., on Ophionine with toothed

femora, 21.
Brues, C. T., Review of Howard’s ““The
House Fly,” 155.

Caudell, A. N., on some genera of Blat-
tide, 89.

Champlain, A. B., on Carabide taken
in Connecticut, 35.

Champlain, A. B., on Coleoptera from
Connecticut, 170.

Cockerell, T. D. A., on bees of the genus
Perdita, 134.

Cockerell, T. D. A., on Scudder’s work
on fossil insects, 181.

Coolidge, C. R., on Western Lepidop-
tera, 32.

Doane, R. W., on Tipula fallax and
others, 160.

Ewing, H. E., on predaceous and para-
sitic Acarina, 37.

Felt, E. P., on a new species of Lasiop-
tera, 85.

Field, W. L. W., Doctor Scudder’s
work on the Lepidoptera, 179.

Forbes, W. T. M., on another aquatic
caterpillar, 120.

Girault, A. A., on hosts of insect egg
parasites, 146.

Glaser, R. W., Review of Ross’ “‘The
Reduction of Domestic Mosqui-
toes,” 209.

Johnson, C. W., on Dipterous genera
proposed by Billberg, 73.

Kershaw, J. C. (see Muir, F.)

Kingsley, J. S., on Samuel Hubbard
Seudder, 175.

Knab, F., on the food habits of Meg-
arhinus, 80.

Ludlow, C. S., on the Philippine Mos-
quitoes, 125.

Mann, W. M., on Guests of Californian
ants, 27.

Mann, W. M., on some northwestern
ants and their guests, 102.

McDunnough, J. J. (see Barnes, Wm.)

Morse, A. P., on Lucilia sericata as a
household pest, 90.

Morse, A. P., on the Orthopterological
work of Mr. S. H. Scudder, with
personal reminiscences, 187.

Muir, F., and J. C. Kershaw, on mouth-
parts of Hemiptera, 1.

‘

Index

Muir, F., and J. C. Kershaw, on the
embryology of Pristhesancus pa-
puensis, 75.

Patterson, T. L., on a Sarcophagid
found in a turtle, 173.

Pemberton, C. E., on the sound-making
of Dipteraand Hymenoptera, 114.

Pemberton, C., on the stridulation of
shield-backed grasshoppers, 82.

Rau, P., on fluffy Cecropia cocoons, 168.
Rohwer, 5. A., on new names of Sphe-
coid wasps, 153.

Severin) HoH. PP) and H.)'©.> on the
eggs and rearing of the walking-
stick, 121.

219

Titus, E. G., on an imported clover

weevil, 74.
Turner, C. H., on habits of Ammophila,
Se

Wheeler, W. M., on Melaneterius infer-
nalis, 112.

Wheeler, W. M., on Pseudoscorpions in
ant nests, 166.

Wheeler, W. M., on three new ants from
Mexico and Central America,
203.

Wheeler, W. M., on two fungus-growing
ants from Arizona, 93.

Yano, M., on a new slave-making ant
from Japan, 110.

ERRATA.

Article on ““Tipula fallax and others,” by R. W. Doan in the October Psycue.
p. 160, line 13, for impossible, read possible.

p- 161, line 1, for olia, read alia.

p- 161, legend of figure, for olia, read alia.

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New North American Diptera. Charles W. Johnson 1
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A New Proscopiid Grasshopper from Peru. A. N. Caudell . : se i (2
On the Early Stages of Certain Geometrid Species. W.M. Barnes and

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VOL. XIX. FEBRUARY, 1912. No. 1

NEW NORTH AMERICAN DIPTERA.

By Cuaries W. JOHNSON,

Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass.

In the genus Cylindrotoma there is considerable variation in
the venation of both species and individuals. The three speci-
mens of C. distinctissima Wiedemann received from Herr. M. P.
Riedel show very little variation, the second posterior cell is of
almost uniform length (Fig. 1). The figure shown by Prof. J. G.
Needham of “C. distinctissima Meigen, after van der Wulp”
(N. Y. State Museum, bull. 124, pl. 15, fig. 4, 1908) does not rep-
resent the species. In C. americana O. S. the two specimens before
me from Capens, Moosehead Lake, Maine, July 11, 1907, have
the second posterior cell the same length as the third (Fig. 2).
Regarding the venation of C. splendens Doane (Fig. 5 after Doane)
he says:—“‘Submarginal cell either longer or shorter than the first
posterior cell. In two of my specimens it is longer in one wing
and shorter in the other.”” In C. guncta Coq. the base of the sec-
ond posterior cell is slightly before the base of the third. C. tar-
salis sp. nov. (Fig. 4) has normally a venation similar to C. distinc-
tissima, but there are many abnormalities. Among the fourteen
specimens, four have the second posterior cell as long as the third
in one or both wings; one has the vein m! obsolete with only a
slight indication of the vein at the margin; another specimen has
a very abnormal venation, in one wing a small cell is present at
the base of the submarginal and first posterior cells, extending
from the marginal cell to and partly over the base of the discal
cell; the junction of vein mM! is imperfect in both wings. In C.
anomala sp. n. (Fig. 3) the first posterior cell is petiolate and the
anterior cross-vein extends to the petiole.

Q Psyche [February

Cylindrotoma tarsalis sp. nov. (Figure 4.)

Male. Front and occiput black, with a slight grayish pollen; rostrum and palpi
yellow, tips brown, the three basal joints of the antenne entirely light yellow,
flagellum brown, densely pubescent, the joints slender and not contracted at the
ends. Thorax light yellow, with three narrowly separated opaque black stripes, the
dorsal one extending from the collar to the transverse suture, the lateral stripes begin
at the middle of the dorsal stripes, curving inward beyond the suture, and extend-
ing nearly to scutellum; pleure light yellow; a brown spot above the front coxe,
another between the front and middle coxe, and also at the base of the halteres;
scutellum and metanotum yellow, the latter bearing two faint brown spots. Abdo-
men brown, a wide dorsal line, venter and genitalia yellowish. Coxe yellow, fem-
ora, tibize and metatarsi dark brown, the remainder of the tarsi (except the extreme
tip) yellowish white. Halteres infuscated above, yellowish below. Wings gray-
ish hyaline, covered with minute hairs, stigma obsolete, veins brown and hairy.
Length 8 mm.

Fourteen specimens, Woodworth’s Lake, Bleecker, N. Y., August 19, 1909. Holo-
type and six paratypes in the author’s collection. The remaining paratypes
returned to the collector, Charles P. Alexander.

Cylindrotoma (?) anomala sp. nov. (Figure 3.)

Male. Very similar to C. tarsalis in general appearance. The palpi are longer
and the antenne much shorter; the joints of the flagellum are irregular in size and
more abruptly tapering. The stripes on the thorax are the same, the collar is
slightly infuscated; the brown spot above the front coxe is present, but the other
spots of the pleurze and metanotum are wanting. The abdomen is similar in color
but the genitalia are much larger and of an entirely different structure, with promi-
nent forceps and appendages. The legs have the same peculiar coloring of the tarsi
but the wings have quite a different venation as shown in the figure. Length, 8 mm.

1912] Johnson—North American Diptera 3)

One specimen, Woodworth Lake, Bleecker, N. Y., August 19, 1909, collected by
Charles P. Alexander.

This species is placed here provisionally awaiting more material. It seems
strange that two species taken at the same time and place should resemble each
other so closely in color. The five posterior cells would indicate its place in this
genus, but the antenne and genitalia are quite different from the typical
Cylindrotoma.

Elliptera alexanderi sp. nov. (Figure 5.)

Male. Rostrum and palpi black, antenne light yellow, the second and
third joints globose, flagellum slender, verticils long, tip of the flagellum brown.
Thorax yellow with three broad, brown stripes, the middle one obscurely divided
before the suture; scutellum and metanotum brown, margined with yellow; pleure
yellow with three brown longitudinal stripes, the upper one somewhat obsolete,
the lower one broader than the others and extending over the bases of the coxe.
Abdomen brown, posterior margins of the segments and venter yellowish, genitalia
large, yellow; tips of the appendages black. Legs yellow; the entire front femora,
apex of the middle femora and a subapical band on the posterior femora dark brown;
tibizeand bases of the metatarsi whitish, bases and apices of the front and middle
tibia, tips of the posterior tibize and all of the tarsi including the outer half of the
metatarsi dark brown. Halteres yellow the knobs slightly infuscated. Wings hya-
line with a slight brownish tinge, stigma brown with a light spot on each side, the
costa and costal and subcostal cells white. Length, 4.5 mm. The female differs
but little from the male. The front and middle metatarsi are entirely brown; the
ovipositor entirely yellow.

Six specimens, Sport Island, Sacandaga River, N. Y., July 5, 1909, and August
24, 1910. Holotype and two paratypes in the author’s collection; the others in
the collection of the collector, Mr. Charles P. Alexander.

Leptis gracilis sp. nov.

Male. Front and occiput blackish, grayish pollinose, with two slight tubercles
above the antenne; ocelligerous tubercle black; eyes widely separated; palpi and an-
tenne yellow, ariste black. Thorax yellow, with narrow somewhat obsolete
stripes due largely to rows of fine black hairs; pleurze and scutellum yellow. Abdo-
men slender, yellow, first segment with a black spot below the scutellum, the re-
maining segments with broad basal bands of black. Halteres and legs light yellow,
a small black dot at the base of the femora on the inner side; tarsi somewhat brown-
ish toward the tips. Wings hyaline, veins light brown, anal cell closed, with a
short petiole extending to the margin. Length, 6 mm.

The female differs but little from the male except that the black on the first
segment of the abdomen extends entirely across the base. The front is slightly
wider and has three slight grooves, the tubercles are obsolete.

Six specimens Holotype and Allotype-—Amsden, Vt., July 10, 1908 (C. W. John-
son). Paratypes—Mt. Ascutney, Vt., above 2,000 ft., July 11, 1908 (C. W. John-
son.) Mt. Greylock, Mass., August 8, 1907 (Owen Bryant). Types in the New
England collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.

4 Psyche [February

This interesting species is not a typical Leptis, for the eyes of the male are dichop-
tic. In form it resembles Dialysis, but the front tibize are without spurs and the
hind tibize have two as in typical Leptis. The anal cell is closed, but the open
anal cell is not a fixed character. Among twenty-six specimens of L. mystacea
seven have the anal cell closed, as shown in Williston’s Manual, 1908, p. 157, fig.
51, although the table on page 163 says open. This character also varies in L.
plumbea (4 open and 8 closed) and L. punctipennis (2 open and 8 closed), one speci-
men has it open on one wing and closed on the other. A specimen of L. albicornis
has the discal cells open.

Chrysopila davisi sp. nov.

Female. Head velvety black; antenne black. Thorax black, covered with a
dense golden yellow tomentum, similar to C. thoracica pleure, scutellum and the
entire abdomen velvety black. Femora black, tibie and metatarsi light yellow;
the remainder of the tarsi blackish. Halteres black. Wings smoky black.
Length, 15 mm.

Two specimens collected by Mr. William T. Davis, Clayton, Georgia, “‘2,000—
3,700 ft.” June, 1900. Holotype in the author’s collection. This species seems to
be intermediate between C. velutina, Lw. and C. thoracica Fabr., the wings and abdo-
men are like the former and the thorax like the latter.

Nemotelus bonnarius sp. nov.

Male. Face shining black, facial projection moderate, proboscis double the length
of the head, bent slightly beyond the middle; a small spot above the base of the an-
tenn; eyes sub-contiguous; antenne black; thorax and scutellum black, with a
small white spot on the humeri. Abdomen mostly white, the first segment black
except at the posterior angles; second white except for a short anterior, central _
margin of black; third white except a small black spot at the anterior angle; fourth

_black, except for a narrow lateral and posterior margin, which is often interrupted
posteriorly leaving a dorsal spot, fifth black, with a narrow lateral and posterior
margin dorsally expanded; venter black with a large irregular white spot on the
second, often extending onto the third segment. Femora black, tips of the femora
and the greater part of tibie and tarsi white, middle of the posterior tibie
black and of the front and middle tibizee brown. WHalteres white. Wings hyaline,
veins light yellow, third vein furcate. Length, 5 mm.

Female. Front very broad with a small white spot at the lower end of the frontal
orbits, narrowly separated from an elongated spot on the facial orbits; proboscis
short and thick, bent near the middle. Abdomen black, with a small, white,
dorsal spot on the posterior margins of the second, third, fourth and fifth segments,
the lateral margins are narrowly margined with white, which often extends for some
distance around the posterior angles.

Ten males and eight females, Farewell Creek, South Saskatchewan, August, 1907,
collected by Mrs. Varah A. Armstrong. One male, Ramsey Co., Minn. Holotype
and Allotype in the author’s collection.

Allied to N. kansensis Adams, but distinguished by the greater amount of black

1912] Patch—Psyllide: Livia 5

on the abdomen of the male, which in N. kansensis is confined to the fifth segment.
The female of the latter has a wider lateral margin and larger triangular spots on the
abdomen.

Euparyphus greylockensis sp. nov.

Male. Face and inferior orbits black, a yellow, arrow-shaped mark on the side
of the face, orbits with white pubescense; frontal triangle yellow, ocellar triangle
and occiput black, ocelli yellow; antenne black. Thorax black, sparsely covered
with yellowish hairs; two spots, the humeri with stripes extending to the suture
and the post-alar callosities, yellow; pleurzee black, with long white hairs, a large
triangular spot just forward of the wing with a second spot between this and the
middle coxa yellow. Scutellum yellow, the extreme base and tips of the spines
black. Abdomen black and marked with yellow as follows: base of the first seg-
ment very narrowly margined; the third segment with oblique stripes, each scarcely
one-third the width of the segment in length, extend from the posterior angles,
between these and the middle of the segment are two small spots; fifth segment
with a central marginal triangle; venter black, a spot on the lateral margin of the
third, and the posterior margin of the fifth segment yellow. Femora black, tip of
the femora, all of the tibize and the basal half of the tarsi yellow, the outer half of
the tarsi and a band on the middle of the posterior tibize black. Halteres yellow.
Wings hyaline, third longitudinal vein simple. Length, 6 mm.

One specimen, Mt. Greylock, Mass., August 8, 1907 (Owen Bryant). Type in
the Boston Society of Natural History. Distinguished from E. tetraspilus Loew,
by its yellow scutellum and peculiar abdominal markings. EL. bellus Loew, is sepa-
rated from E. tetraspilus by third longitudinal being forked.

NOTES ON PSYLLID: LIVIA.
By Epira M. Parcs.

As a preparation for work with New England Psyllids, it has
been the good fortune of the writer to receive specimens from widely
separated localities for systematic study. Much of this material
has no data other than the locality and date of collection, and it
is with the hope that host plant and other biological information
may be added by collectors from time to time, that these meagre
records are given as a beginning. Photographs of the wing, head
and caudal segment are given for the most part instead of detailed
description. In order to connect the published account with the
specimens studied, the accession numbers of each specimen are
given together with what data are available.

1 Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station: Entomology No. 51.

6 ~ Psyche [February
Livia maculipennis Fitch.

A brief description of this species is given by Thomas (1879),
which is quoted as follows:—

“Diraphia maculipennis, Fitch. The Spotted-winged Diraphia.

“This is a smaller species than the preceding, being only about
one-tenth of an inch long to the tips of the wings. It is of a tawny-
red color, the thorax being shaded more or less with dusky; the
antenne have a broad black band near the tips. The fore-wings
somewhat shorter and broader than in either of the preceding
species; hyaline with a broad smoky band at the tips, a spot back
of the shoulder, and some freckles near the margin, of the same
color; the marginal and other veins all white, alternating with
numerous black rings. The breast, blackish; legs, dusky or
brownish.”

The specimens examined by the writer agree with this descrip-
tion except that the wings vary from “hyaline with a broad smoky
band at the tips”’ in the paler specimens to wings which are densely
smoked over most of the surface, and that most of the specimens
are larger than those recorded by Fitch. The white or colorless
veins are in all specimens examined “alternating with numerous
black rings.”

Livia bifasciata Provancher (1890) appears from the description
to be this species.

The nymph of this species has not yet been recorded.

Figs. 1, 6, and 8 give the wing, head, and cauda.

- Lot 1339 Sub. 11. Two females lent by Dr. E. P. Felt with the
data “Phoenicia N. Y. Aug. 25, 1904, Van Duzee collector, N. Y.5.
Coll. (8).”

Lot 1347 Sub 26. One female lent by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt
with data “Brockville, Ont. Sept. 20, 1903. Collected by W.
Metcalfe.”

Lot 1440 Sub 3. Four females lent by Dr. W. E. Britton with
data “New Haven, Conn. Collected by B. H. Walden, 13th
May, 1911, 30th May, 1911, 26th June, 1910.”

Lot 1348 Sub 1. One female and two males lent by Prof. C. P.
Gillette with data “Colo. Agr. Coll. No. 2779.”

1912] Patch—Psyllide: Livia ib

LITERATURE.

1879 Thomas, C., Third Report (Illinois Eighth) p. 14. Description after Fitch.
On Sweet Flag, Acorus calamus.

1890 Provancher, L., Faune Entomolog. du Canada et partic. de la prov. de Québec.
Hemipteres. p. 307. (Livia bifasciata new species.)

1895 Mally, C. W., Proceedings Iowa Academy of Science for 1894, p. 153. Listed
for Ames, Iowa.

1910 Smith, J. B., Insects of New Jersey, p. 108. Listed.

Livia vernalis Fitch.

Thomas (1879) describes this species as follows :—

“Diraphia vernalis, Fitch. The Vernal Diraphia or Jumping
Plant-louse.

“Found upon the leaves of the pine during the greater part of
the year, puncturing them and sucking their juices. They are of
an orange-yellow or bright rust-red color, about (.15) one-seventh
of an inch in length, with a square-flattened head, concave on its
upper side, with a slight, impressed line along the middle of the
front. The antenne short and thread like, about as long as the
head; their basal joints largest, and forming one-fourth of their
entire length; the forewings thick and leathery, feebly transparent,
dull, pale, brownish yellow; the breast coal-black and legs pale.”

The Colorado specimens differ somewhat from those from Con-
necticut, the emarginate projections of the front of the head being
smaller in the former and the second antennal joint being larger.
These are both present in collections determined as vernalis by good
authorities. In the absence of biological data it is perhaps best
to indicate the Colorado material as variety a. for the present.

Livia saltatrix Provancher (1890) is possibly this species.

The nymph of this species has not yet been recorded.

Figs. 2, 5, and 9, illustrate wing, head, and caudal segment of
variety a. Fig. 4 pictures the head of a Connecticut specimen.
Fig. 10 pictures the cauda of Lot 1339 Sub 59.

Lot 1339 Sub 59. One male lent by Cornell University with data
“Tavia vernalis Fitch. Ag. Coll. Mich. 205. Cornell U. Lot 157
Sub. 38. Received by exchange from Carl F. Baker.”

Lot 1347 Sub 27. One female lent by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt
with data “‘Aylmer, Que. 31-V—1903. W. Metcalfe.”

Lot 1348 Sub 2. Two females lent by Prof. C. P. Gillette, one

8 Psyche [February

with data “‘ Livia vernalis Fitch var. Colo. 388. Trinidad, Colo.
5-14-92. C. P. G.” The other with data “Colo. 1624, 6—4-94.
Et. Collins, VW. Po Gs:

Lot 1348 Sub 60. One specimen lent by Prof. C. P. Gillette
with data “Antonito, Col. 8-5-99. Dry ground. C. P. G.”

Lot 1440 Sub 1. Four specimens lent by Dr. W. E. Britton
with data “Livia vernalis, North Haven Ct. 15th July, 1910.
B. H. Walden.”

LITERATURE.

1851 Fitch, Asa., Catalogue with references and descriptions of the Insects col-
lected and arranged for the State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 64. Orig-
inal description ‘‘ Found in spring in vessels of sap of the sugar maple.”

1879 Thomas, C., Third Report (Ill. Eighth) p. 14. Described. Adults recorded
on pine most of the year.

1884 Riley, C.V. Proc., Biol. Soc. Wash. Vol. 2, p. 68. Livia vernalis Fitch (Diaphia
femoralis Fitch) (calamorum Fitch).

1890 Packard, A. S., Forest Insects, p. 803. Description after Fitch. Listed for
pine.

1890 Provancher, L., Faune Entomolog. du Canada et partic. de la prov. de Québec.
Hemipteres. p. 307. Livia saltatrix new species.

1893 Riley, C. V., in Lintner IX, p. 411.

1894 (1895) Mally, C. W., Proc. Iowa Acad. of Sci. for 1894.

1909 (1910) Smith, J. B., Insects of New Jersey. “‘Common Sane: the eastern
United States on Juncus sp.; mage in winter on pine.’

Livia marginata sp. nov.

A single male specimen collected at Colebrook, Connecticut,
Z1st of July, 1905, by H. L. Viereck apparently needs aname. The
species is probably close to maculipennis and the cauda resembles
that of that species. The head as is evinced by the front margin
and the basal segments of the antenne is more like that of vernalis.
The wing is of the same general type as maculipennis though it is
conspicuously different in that it lacks the dark spots on the veins.
The deep smoky band at the wing tip extends in the specimen at
hand from Cu? to R® which as will be seen by referring to the
figures is different from the space darkened in maculipennis. Lot
1440 Sub 2. Figs. 3 and 7 show the wing and head of this species,

Psycun, 1912. Vou. XIX, Puate 1.

PATCH—PSYLLIDA: LIVIA.

Psycupr, 1912. Vou. XIX, PLatE 2.

at,

gg wy QELS

cee

ee eee ny as ae

or

PATCH—PSYLLID#: LIVIA.

1912] Fall—Myrmecophilous Coleoptera 9

FOUR NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS COLEOPTERA.

By EEC PAL,

Pasadena, California.

The following brief paper is offered primarily for the purpose of
making known a most remarkable Rhyncophorous myrme-
cophile recently discovered in Arizona by Mr. Wm. M. Mann.
Opportunity is taken however to describe three other myrmecophil-
ous novelties, two sent me by Mr. Mann, the other found by myself
in California. ‘Two of the four species are notable, in that new
genera must be erected for their reception.

Liometophilus gen. nov. (Curculionidz).

Body narrow, costate, and clothed with non-contiguous appressed, and short
stout erect, scales. Head evenly convex; eyes small, coarsely granulated, com-
pletely uncovered and separated by five or six times their own width as seen from
the front. Beak shorter than the prothorax, subequal in length to the front thighs,
moderately stout, feebly evenly arcuate, gradually feebly narrowed to the antennal
insertion (as viewed from the front), the tip a little expanded. Antenne inserted
at apical 2/5, scrobes lateral, continued beyond the point of insertion to the apex,
scape not quite reaching the eye; funicle 6-jointed, first joint obconic; nearly twice
as long as wide, second narrower and a little shorter, 3-6 subequal in length, grad-
ually wider, each a little shorter than the second, the sixth as wide as long; entire
funicle and club pubescent, the latter ovate pointed, as long as the three preceeding
joints and feebly annulate in outer half. Prothorax longer than wide, dorsum
strongly produced over the head, disk bicostate from the front margin to a strongly
elevated submedian transverse ridge which extends from side to side and is abruptly
almost vertically declivous behind. At the bottom of the declivity is a transverse
impressed line each side, behind which the surface becomes convex. Elytra elongate,
wider than the thorax, sides broadly arcuate, humeri distinct, apices separately
rounded, disk with rows of rather coarse punctures, the second, third, fifth and
seventh interspaces costiform and bearing a series of stout erect scales. Pectoral
channel deep and wide, extending into the mesosternum, the margin of the recess
broadly flaring and prominent. Mesosternal epimera narrowly attaining the pro-
thorax, gradually wider posteriorly, the episterna not reaching the elytral margin.
Metasternum longer than the first ventral segment, side pieces narrowly exposed,
the suture indistinct because of the vestiture. First, second and fifth ventral
segments longer, third and fourth equal, each a little shorter than the second; first
suture fine, broadly arcuate at middle; following sutures deep and straight. Legs
moderate; claws simple.

10 Psyche [February

Liometophilus manni sp. nov.

Dark brown, elytra with a subbasal and post-median transverse fascia in which
the scales are paler; beak and prothorax finely granulose, each granule bearing a
rounded appressed scale; beak also with numerous short, stout, erect scales. Pro-
thorax with anterior margin reflexed, slightly notched at apex and bearing together
with the discal and elytral costz a single line of longer erect scales; disk of prothorax
behind the transverse groove densely scaly and with a median impressed Ime.
Elytra with rows of coarse punctures, somewhat as in Areoschizus; scales appressed
except on the summits of the coste. Legs clothed like the beak with appressed
and short, stout, erect scales. Other characters as in the generic description, or
in the figures. Length 3.5 mm.; width 1.2 mm.

Described from two examples taken by Mr. Wm. M. Mann,
then of Stanford University, now at the Bussey Institution, Har-
vard University, Forest Hills, Mass. Mr. Mann writes me that
the two specimens were found in runways of different nests of
Liometopum apiculatum Mayr., Aug. 15, 1910, in Ramsey Canyon,
Huachuca Mts., Arizona.

This very odd and interesting weevil is evidently a Cryptorhynch
(Group Cryptorhynchi—Lec. & Horn Class.) but does not show
close affinity to any genus known to me. Type in my collection;
paratype in Mann collection.

I am much indebted to Mr. A. B. Wolcott of the Field Museum
of Natural History for the accompanying very characteristic
figures (Plate 3). The eyes are drawn a little too large in the
lateral view, as is also the antennal club in the dorsal aspect.

Lophioderus ovipennis sp. nov. (Scydmeznidz).

Elongate, entirely rufotestaceous, impunctuate; pubescence sparse, recurved.
Antennae () barely as long as the head and prothorax, the joints proportioned
nearly as in gracilis. Head elongate, eyes much smaller than in gracilis, their dia-
meter but slightly greater than the thickness of the basal joint of the antenne.
Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, widest at about the middle, form and sculp-
ture as in gracilis except that the base and apex are more nearly equal, and the trans-
verse basal impression is less distinct. Elytra nearly twice as long as wide, twice as
wide as the prothorax, oval, widest at middle, sides obliquely narrowed to base,
humeri completely wanting. All else as in gracilis. Length 1.65 mm.; width .55
mm.

Described from one of a series of specimens taken (IV—4-08)
at Kendrick, Idaho, in nest of Aphenogaster subterranea var.
occidentalis by Prof. A. L. Melander and sent me by Mr. Mann.

In its small eyes and obsolete humeri this species agrees best

3.

XIX, Pate

Vou.

PsycHeE, 1912.

oN Sie ree fae
ORAS

MANNII,

FALL—LIOME TOPOPHILU

1912] Fall—Myrmecophilous Coleoptera 11

with the description of myops Csy., but that species is smaller
and less elongate according to measurements given (length 1.35
mm.; width .6 mm.) the prothorax scarcely longer than wide, the
transverse basal impression of the latter deeper than in gracilis
and the color quite different.

I am not aware that beetles of this genus have been found with
ants and it is possible that the association was in this case acci-
dental; the small eyes and obsolete humeri may be significant and
indicative of a more subterranean life.

Of the other species of this interesting genus, biformis Makl.
occurs in Alaska (Queen Charlotte and Prince of Wales Islands),
arcifer Csy., described from Astoria, Oregon, was found by Mr.
H. S. Barber at Eureka in Northern California; gracilis is not
rare about San Francisco Bay; myops is described from San Fran-
cisco.

Batrisodes aphzenogastri sp. nov.

Red brown, polished, subimpunctate, sparsely finely pubescent. Closely in
agreement in all general features and most details with the other members of
the group to which it belongs. By Casey’s table—Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. VII,
1893, p. 469—it falls with albionicus and zephyrinus, being most nearly allied to
the former, from which it is separable with certainty only by the pygidial char-
acters of the female. In the male the pygidium is broadly evenly convex, in the
female rather strongly tumid posteriorly as a whole, and with a small basal con-
ical tubercle. The two small median prominencies at the base of the first dorsal
segment of the abdomen are not appreciably produced backward as carinz, and
are mutually nearer together than either is to the inner line of the side margin.
The median pronotal sulcus is feebly impressed, but detectable in basal half.
Length 2.5 mm.; width .8 mm.

Kendrick, Idaho.
Described from one pair taken by Prof. A. L. Melander, in
nests of Aphenogaster subterranea var. occidentalis, and sent me by

Mr. Mann.

; Xenomedon gen. nov. (Staphylinidz).

Body rather broad and somewhat depressed, integuments densely punctuate and
dull. Head subquadrate, eyes small; labrum quadridentate, the teeth acute, very
nearly equal in prominence, the two middle ones a little more distant; gular sutures
rather widely separated, most approximate before the middle; third joint of max-
illary palpi oval, not quite twice as long as wide, apex broadly squarely truncate.
Antenne moderate, not appreciably wider distally, joints 1-10 feebly obconical,
the first about twice as long as wide, wider than and subequal in length to the two

12 Psyche [February

following; 2-10 very gradually diminishing in length, the tenth a little wider than
long. Neck about $ as wide as the head; prosternum strongly carinate, margins
of ventral segments both above and beneath with a row of widely spaced porrect
sete, and on the lower surface with sparse erect or suberect discal sete. Front
tarsi short, slightly thickened; hind tarsi slender, nearly as long as the tibie.

Xenomedon formicaria sp. nov.

Ferruginous throughout or with the head and abdomen slightly darker. Head
and prothorax very densely coarsely punctuate, the punctures in mutual contact
throughout; elytra more finely and less densely punctuate; abdomen very finely
and moderately closely so. Head subquadrate, just visibly widened behind, hind
angles broadly rounded; eyes small, situated at about four times their length from
the hind angles, their diameter about } the length of the basal jomt of the antenne.
Prothorax just perceptibly wider than the head, a little wider than long, sides feebly
convergent posteriorly and with a short faint sinuation at middle; all the angles
rounded. Elytra about } longer than the prothorax, as long as wide or very nearly
so, wider behind, distinctly impressed along the side margin giving a subexplanate
appearance. Abdomen broad, sides arcuate, fifth segment as long as the two pre-
ceding, the sixth broadly, moderately deeply subtriangularly emarginate in the male.
Length 2.9-3.5 mm.; width .7 mm.

Described from two males taken by the writer at Pasadena,
California, Oct. 28 and Dec. 3, in nests of Formica wpilicornis,
beneath large stones.

Xenomedon will by Casey’s table fall between Platymedon and
Caloderma, but is by the characters given not very closely allied
to any of the genera there recognized. The gular sutures are more
widely separated than in Platymedon, and distinctly more distant
in one of the two specimens than in the other.

A NEW PROSCOPIID GRASSHOPPER FROM PERU.

By A. N. CaupDELL,

Bureau of Entomology, U. 5. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

Epigrypa brevicornis sp. nov.

Most nearly allied to H. curvicollis from Ecuador but differs from that species,
as well as from the third member of the genus, HE. variegata from Colombia, in having
a terminal spine above on the hind tibiz on the outer side only, instead of the inner
side, and in the antenne of the female being shorter than the rostrum, instead of
surpassing it.

1912] Caudell—Grasshopper from Peru 13

Size moderate. Head as long as the pronotum, the basal part moderately broad
but the apical portion from a distance before the eyes as great as the rostrum be-
yond them narrow, the rostrum slender and twice as long as the eye; the whole
head is distinctly curved, the curvature being gradual and especially noticeable along
the front of the head; eyes prominent, about twice as long as broad and situated
beyond the middle of the head counting from the clypeal suture to the end of the ros-
trum; antenne short, falling distinctly short of the tip of the rostrum. Pronotum
nearly straight and slightly flattened, the prozona distinctly separated from the
prosternum by a longitudinal ridge; the anterior margin is a little flaring and dis-
tinctly elevated, the edge subtuberculate; the mesonotum is wider behind than an-
teriorly and elevated into a transverse ridge surmounted by several pointed tuber-
cles; metanotum with one moderately elevated tubercle at the middle of the hind
margin. Abdomen unarmed, the surface rough and with a dorsal keel; upper valves
of ovipositor long, the scoop occupying almost half the entire length; lower valves
but little shorter than the upper ones. Legs moderate, the tarsi furnished with long,
slender, apically expanded pads between the claws; hind femora slightly swollen
as common in the group and with a very small black short genicular spine on each
side above; hind tibize without apical spines above on the inner margin but with
one on the outer, beneath towards the apex with a few minute black spinules.

General color brown, probably more or less greenish in life.

Measurements: length, exclusive of head, 60 mm.; head, from lower part of mouth
parts to tip of rostrum, 13 mm.; rostrum, beyond eyes, 4 mm.; eye, 2 mm.; anten-
ne, 3 mm.; pronotum, 13 mm.; fore femora, 9.5 mm.; middle femora, 8.5 mm.;
hind femora, 21.6 mm.; hind tibie, 22 mm.; Width, head, across the eyes, 3 mm.;
thorax, across mesothorax, 5 mm.

Type female, Piura, Peru, February, 1911. C.H.T. Townsend,
collector. (Catalogue No. 14510, U.S. National Museum.)

A paratypic series of two males and eight females from the same locality has been
examined, representing dates from February to September. The females show very
little variation from the type specimen either in color, size or structure but the males
have quite a different appearance, being much smaller and with a short rostrum.
Structurally the male is similar to the female except the rostrum is much shorter,
being shorter than the eye and elongate triangular in shape, the antenne being
comparatively longer than in the female, extending beyond the tip of the rostrum.
The eyes are fully as large as in the larger female and are thus distinctly more prom-
inent than in that sex. The supra-anal plate is triangular and the cerci are simple
and extending to the tip of the plate. The subgenital plate is apical and subcon-
ical, extending considerably beyond the apex of the supra-anal plate. The male
gives the following measurements: length, entire, tip of rostrum to end of abdomen,
42 mm.; head, mouth to tip of rostrum, 8 mm.; rostrum, beyond eyes, 1 mm.; eyes,
2mm.; antenne, 2 mm.; pronotum, 9 mm.; fore femora, 7 mm.; middle femora,
5.5 mm.; hind femora, 14 mm.; Width, head, across eyes, 3 mm.; thorax, across
mesothorax, 3.5 mm.

Some of these specimens were taken feeding on mesquite bushes.

14 Psyche [February

ON THE EARLY STAGES OF CERTAIN GEOMETRID
SPECIES.

By Wn. Barnes, M.D., and J. McDunnovuan, Pu.D.,

Decatur, Illinois.

As the result of our breeding of Lepidoptera during the past
two years we have accumulated a number of notes on the early
stages. Finding that in several cases there is apparently nothing
known of the life history, we venture to present these notes on
Geometrid larve in the hopes that other workers may be stimulated
to study in more detail these species. ‘There is an extensive field
open in the study of the early stages of our North American Geo-
metride, Doctor Dyar being practically the only one who has pub-
lished during the last ten years any articles in this particular
line.

When one takes into account the ease with which most Geomet-
rids will deposit eggs and the hardy nature of the larve we are.
surprised that not more is known of the early stages; as an instance
we might cite that the whole of the Ewpethecia group is practically
unworked territory, or if work has been done nothing has been
published, which is just as bad. ‘The one difficulty in breeding
from the egg is that there is often no record of the food-plant and
the young larve perish miserably before the proper leaves can be
found; we have found this the case with Eucymatoge intestinata,
Sciagraphia mellistrigata and others; Pero honestarius has accepted
wild cherry, but has never thriven, dying after the first moult.
If collectors could but be induced to publish their observations
concerning larval food-plants, even if they could not work out the
life history themselves they would at least pave the way for some
other worker and facilitate greatly the study of the early stages.

Dyspteris abortivaria H. S.

Ovum. Pale green, turning darker before hatching; duration of egg stage 8 days.
Stage I.

Head orange-brown; body pale yellow green, cylindrical; prothorax with two sharp
conical protuberances on anterior margin, somewhat resembling a dog’s ears. Length
3 mm.

1912] Barnes and McDunnough—Geometrid Species 15

Stage IT.

Head slightly yellowish; body smooth, shiny, cylindrical, green, with prothoracic
“ears” sharply pointed. Length 6 mm.

Stage IiI.

Very similar to preceding stage; traces of reddish on dorsum and rear segments;
faint red dorsal and subdorsal spots at the junction of segments. “Ears” very
prominent, tinged with red. Length 12.5 mm.

Stage IV.

Head small, well hidden by prothorax which is squarely built with “ears” drawn
out into two sharp points; body cylindrical, green, tinged with rose, which color
increases gradually towards the anal segments, until it becomes the prevailing color;
anterior margin of prothorax rose; three rose-colored dots on posterior portion of
each segment dorsally. Length full grown 30 mm.

The larva spun up but failed to pupate.
Food plants. Ampelopsis; Vitis.

Eupithecia miserulata Grt. (teste Grossbeck).

Ovum. Oval, flattened slightly at micropylar end, 4 mm. long; when first laid
pale yellow, later light orange. The whole surface of egg is faintly sculptured with
irregular hexagons. Duration of egg stage about 6 days.

Stage I. May 18th.

Head black; body muddy green, slightly lighter laterally. Length, after feeding
a day, 3 mm.

Stage II. May 23d.

Slender, cylindrical, tapering anteriorly; dull yellowish-green, skin granulated;
a broad red dorsal stripe tending to diamond-shaped enlargements in centre of each
segment; traces of a red subdorsal line on first two segments and a narrow lateral
line of similar color. Legs black. Length 5 mm.

Stage III. May 26th.

Pale whitish, markings as before but rather clearer. Length 9mm.
Stage 1V. May 30th.

Head small, flat, whitish, with sparse hairs; body tapering anteriorly, rather
flat with prominent lateral fold; skin somewhat granulate, whitish; a narrow red-
dish dorsal line, and a broad dorsal arrow-shaped mark with apex pointed forward
and resting on dorsal line on first five abdominal segments; 6th abdominal with
very small arrow-mark; other segments without; a brownish-red subdorsal line,
distinct on thoracic segments, very faint on abdominal, where it forms a lateral
boundary to the dorsal arrow-marks; a red stripe below lateral fold of skin; ventrally
whitish; claspers white. Length full grown 18 mm, Pupation on surface of earth
in slight web on June 4th.

Pupa. Whitish with legs, antennz, and veins on wing cases marked distinctly
in black. Emerged June 16th.

Food plants. Our larvee were fed up on the flowers of dandelion.
We discovered similar larvee later on willow and wild cherry, which,
however, did not reach the imaginal stage.

16 Psyche [February

Percnoptilota fluviata Hbn.

The larval stages of this species have already been recorded
by Doctor Dyar (PsycHeE 1899, p. 429). Larvee reared from ova
by us offer considerable differences to those described by Doctor
Dyar; we therefore publish our notes for the sake of recording the
larval variation.

Ovum. Pale yellow when first laid, turning later darker; oval, with flattened
micropylar end; faintly sculptured with regular hexagons. Length .5mm. Dura-
tion of egg stage 7 days.

Stage I.

Entirely dull greenish black, head slightly reddish. Length 2 mm.
Stage IT.

Head slightly reddish; body greenish white with faint traces of geminate dorsal
and subdorsal lines; abdominal segments with rather diffuse lateral purplish patches.
Length 6 mm.

Stage ITT.

Head light greenish, mottled with reddish. Body green with geminate light
yellow dorsal stripe tending to diamond-shaped enlargements on segmental inci-
sions; two dorsal yellowish lines; lateral portions tinged with reddish-purple which on
abdominal segments forms indistinct transverse bands across the body at junction
of segments, lateral portion usually contains a dark streak. Beneath yellowish-
green. Length 9-10 mm.

Stage IV.

Color and markings very variable—green to reddish brown, head whitish, striped
and sprinkled with reddish; indistinct geminate dorsal and subdorsal stripes; the
abdominal segments are crossed by 5 purplish intersegmental bands, most distinct
in the green larvee; laterally these bands are often terminated by a blackish longi-
tudinal dash. Tubercles small, white; claspers usually marked with purplish. Be-
neath segmental divisions frequently marked with yellow. Length 19 mm.

Food plant, Rumex.

Tornos scolopacinarius Gn.
Stage I.

Head deep brown, sprinkled with white, slightly broader than first segment.
Body brownish-black, cylindrical, granulate in appearance, anterior margin of pro-
thorax white; traces of white subdorsal, lateral, and spiracular lines. On abdominal
segments II, III and IV the tubercles are large, semiconical, and white, forming to
the casual glance an almost continuous white transverse band across segment;
on segment III the dorsal tubercles coalesce, forming a single conical black wart
arising from a white base; other tubercles small, whitish, with black sets. The
ventral surface is studded with white tubercles. Length 1.6 mm.

Stage IT.

Head and body deep brown, former small, slightly retractile, sprinkled with white

and with two creamy stripes on posterior portion. Body wrinkled in appearance,

1912] Barnes and McDunnough—Geometrid Species W/

thickly sprinkled with whitish or light brown granules, with black dorsal line and
traces of creamy subdorsal stripes. Dorsally on abdominal segments IJ, IIT and
IV, a pair of conical protuberances, tipped with creamy, those of III uniting to form
a large single wart; on these segments the lateral tubercles are also prominent
and heavily marked with cream-color, sustaining the appearance of the white trans-
verse bands of the previous stage. Beneath darker than above. Length 4 mm.

At rest the larva assumes a curved position similar to a question mark, with the
head just removed from the twig or leaf, and when disturbed will keep up a
swaying motion from side to side for a considerable length of time.

Stage ITI.

Very similar to previous stage; dorsal tubercles all conical, small, except those of
2d, 3d, 4th and 8th abdominal segments, that of III being largest, single, formed
by junction of two dorsal tubercles. Slightly waved subdorsal and lateral lines,
and a much waved spiracular line which forms oblique stripes onabdominal segments
2-6, extending upwards as far as the lateral line; a dorsal dark line formed by the
lack of white granulations on this portion of the body; lateral warts of II, III and
IV abdominal all more or less tinged with creamy. Beneath with medio- and sub-
ventral lines. Length 6.3 mm.

Full grown (Stage V?).

Head and body reddish-brown to deep brown, granulate in appearance; body
cylindrical, thoracic segments rather swollen; tubercles I of abdominal segment
III unite to form a conical wart, inclined rather towards rear, and bifid at its apex;
tubercles of segments II, [TV and VIII small, conical, separate, but larger in compari-
son than the same tubercles of the remaining segments; all other tubercles minute.
An indistinct dark dorsal stripe, and an irregular subdorsal one, bordered laterally
with yellowish and tending to form V shaped marks on central abdominal segments,
the apex of the V pointing backwards; in dark colored specimens these markings
are almost obsolete. A light yellow spiracular stripe, straight on the thoracic
segments, indistinct on first abdominal, broken and forming 5 oblique upwardly
inclined stripes on the following segments, lacking on rear segments; these oblique
pale stripes are bordered dorsally with blackish shades, the last of which continues
as a lateral dark stripe to the anal segment. Beneath as above with a broad dark
subventral stripe. Spiracles pale, rimmed with black. Length 26 mm.

Food plant, Aster.

Ectropis crepuscularia D. & S.

The early stages of this species are doubtless well known in
Europe. We know of no account of the life history of the American
form. It may prove interesting for the sake of comparison.

Ovum. Pale green, smooth, oval, laid in batches under slight covering of wool.
Hatches in 7 days.
Stage I.

Black with a double row of white dorsal spots, consisting of two on anterior and
two on posterior portion of each segment, and a broad irregular white lateral stripe.
In later stages the larva turns dull purplish-brown. Length 2 mm.

18 Psyche [February

Stage IT,

Head light brown, marbled over with darker streaks and dots; body dorsally,
olive-brown to black, ventrally, black; four whitish dorsal lines, the central two of
which show traces of the dots of previous stage in slight enlargements at anterior
and posterior portions of segment; a thin white lateral line followed ventrally by
white segmental blotches; on second abdominal segment a black lateral patch. All
marking more or less obsolete towards posterior end.

Stage ITT.

Head brown, rather square, with darker markings; body light brown, shaded with
black, especially on central abdominal segments, traversed by a series of longitudinal
stripes of a lightish yellow color; a prominent black oblique patch on 2d abdominal
segment; slight elevation on 8th abdominal segment, edged with oblique black
stripe; no trace of white dorsal dots or lateral stripe; first pair of prolegs with broad
white stripe.

Stage IV.

Very variable in color; head yellowish, sprinkled and marbled with red-brown
and with black stripes at apical portion of clypeus; body usually red-brown, often
dull ochreous, marbled and lined with dark and light shades; the most constant
features are a black velvety lateral patch on second abdominal segment and yellow-
ish stripe on first pair of prolegs; traces of whitish dorsal stripe and geminate black
lateral band are present, and often a wavy yellowish lateral line is apparent; fleshy
protuberance on 8th abdominal segment with lateral black shading; tubercles small,
black. Beneath darker than above. Length 16 mm.

Stage V.

Head as before; mesothoracic segment swollen; black patches of 2d abdominal
segment lacking; ground color deep red-brown, shaded with black; geminate black
dorsal stripe more or less distinct, tending to spread apart and enclose white spots
on posterior portion of segments; double black lateral stripe, most prominent on
anterior portion of body; black oblique mark on side of fleshy protuberance of 8th
abdominal segment, yellow stripe on first prolegs. Beneath dark smoky brown,
with traces of yellow median line. Spiracles yellow with black rim; tubercles
black. Length 25 mm,

Food plants. Various trees and shrubs.

Metanema determinata Wlk.

Ovum. Pale green, turning later yellowish white with numerous orange dots
and stripes; oval, twice as long as broad, smooth or very slightly pitted. .8 by .4
mm.

Stage I.

Head flesh color with broad lateral dark-red stripe, continued over prothorax.
Body whitish green with a broad red dorsal stripe and lateral stripes of a similar
color continued down sides of first pair of prolegs; tubercles and setze minute.
Legs reddish. Length 4mm.

Stage II.

No change from previous stage; general color whitish. The stripes in advanced

stages turn deep brown. Length 7 mm.

1912] Barnes and McDunnough—Geometrid Species 19

Stage ITT.

Head white, flat, narrowed posteriorly with broad dark-brown lateral stripe and
dorsal V-shaped mark. Body whitish green with broad brown dorsal and lateral
stripes; a subdorsal stripe, the continuation of the stripe on head, is distinct on first
two segments, indistinctly wavy on others. On 2d and 3d abdominal segments
traces of brown shading between subdorsal and lateral lines; traces of a thin, waved,
spiracular line; first pair of prolegs brown; anal claspers with brown stripe on anterior
margin. Length 9 mm.

In late stages the dark dorsal stripe tends to disappear, the ground color becomes
brown to brownish yellow and numerous light longitudinal strie appear, leading
to the markings of the following stage.

Stage IV.

Head flesh-color, marbled with brown, with broad brown lateral stripe. Body
light ocher, strongly mottled and marbled with brown. Markings indistinct and
diffuse, consisting of numerous longitudinal lines of which a light subdorsal one is
most prominent. A broken geminate dorsal black line is present on anterior and
posterior segments; the central segments are shaded laterally with black, andafaint
white supraspiracular stripe is visible; the lateral black band of the preceding stages
lies beneath the spiracular fold and is continued down the anterior margin of the
anal claspers, edged with whitish ventrally; tubercles II of abdominal segments
black, not prominent. Ventrally whitish with 4 brown longitudinal lines. Legs
white, slightly mottled with brown, prolegs considerably more mottled. Length,
full grown, 22 mm.

Food plant. Willow.

Metanema quercivoraria Gn.

Ovum. When first laid dirty green, turning soon red-brown, shiny, regularly
sculptured with an hexagonal design, the lines composing which are slightly raised;
in shape oval, considerably flattened at the micropylarend. LengthS mm. Dura-
tion of egg stage 12 days.

Stage I.

Very slender in shape. Head light brown. Body whitish green to light brown,
lighter towards posterisr end; a lateral row of 7 or 8 small black dots, one situated
near the posterior margin of each abdominal segment. Length 5 min.

Stage II.

Head pale reddish, as broad as prothorax. Body very slender, pale green, be-
coming lighter towards anal extremity and marbled laterally with dark brown on
first two and last three segments; a Jateral row of 8 black dots, commencing on meta-
thorax and situated near hind margin, on abdominal segments posterior to the
spiracles; a brown lateral line, sometimes broken, often continuous. Length 9 mm.
Stage ITT.

Head pale green, marbled strongly with brown and with reddish-brown lateral
patch. Body pale green with faint traces of dorsal and subdorsal lines; a broad
purplish lateral stripe most marked on anterior and posterior segments where it is
broadest and marbled with white; black lateral spots as in previous stage; tubercle

20 Psyche [February

II on abdominal segments ITI, IV, V and VI prominent, black. Beneath green with
a pair of small black warts on the rear of abdominal segments. Length 16 mm.
Stage IV.

Head yellowish marbled with brown. Body green or yellow-green, in some cases
much marbled with brown; lateral purple stripe prominent only on anteriorand pos-
terior segments where it is marbled with white; black lateral dots as before; black
dorsal tubercles also present, especially prominent on abdominal segment III,
where they form more or less raised warts; claspers striped with purplish, being the
continuation of the lateral stripe. Two small black tubercles on posterior margin
of segments underneath. Length 25 mm.

Stage V.

Very variable in ground color and markings. The majority have pale green head,
marbled with brown; body olive green with no traces of stripes; mesothorax swollen,
with reddish-purple lateral wart, shaded inferiorly with lighter, this color being
continued forward to the head. Third abdominal segment with two prominent
dorsal red-brown warts, more or less confluent, and two lateral ones, all situated
on posterior portion of segment; similar dorsal warts on 6th abdominal. Rear seg-
ments shaded with purple brown; lateral dots of previous stages almost or wholly
lacking; tubercle II of abdominal segments also much less marked with black.
Beneath green with two reddish warts in medio-ventral region of 2d abdominal
segment.

Other larvee are generally much browner in appearance, due to geminate dorsal,
subdorsal and lateral lines filled in with brown, but much broken and irregular.
Beneath markings of dorsal surface repeated; all tubercles and warts more promi-
nently marked than in the green form of larva; tubercles frequently arisefromasmali
white patch, being themselves black; tubercle II of 4th and 5th abdominal segments
often reddish, more or less prominent. Length full grown 37 mm.

Pupa. Light brown,strongly marked with olivaceous and darker shades of brown;
antenne and leg sheaths darker; wing cases with numerous small grooves, giving
a general sponge-like appearance. Spiracles dark brown; segmental incisions
banded with dark brown; cremaster with two strong hooks.

Food plant. Quercus.
The species is double-brooded, the first specimen emerging 52
days from date of oviposition.

A NEW SPECIES OF PSELLIOPUS (MILYAS).

By Wn. T. Davis,
Staten Island, New York.

While in quest of insects in the country to the west of Beltsville,
Prince George Co., Maryland, on September 26, 1911, with Mr.
Frederick Knab and Mr. Clarence R. Shoemaker, I observed that

1912] Davis: Pselliopus (Milyas) pa |

the specimens of Milyas or Pselliopus that I saw were unusually
orange in color. They were also quite plentiful and a pair was
observed in copulation. Upon comparing the specimens collected
with the darker colored Pselliopus cinctus Fabr. in my collection
from Long Island, N. Y.; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; Virginia
and Washington, D. C., it was observed that, in addition to color
differences, the humeral angles were not the same. I communi-
cated these facts to Mr. Harry G. Barber, who has been my chief
guide in things Hemipterous, and he has kindly given the insects
more study and has pointed out some other differences. The
description of cinctus by Fabricius will cover both species, but
we may consider it to be the darker and somewhat smaller form.
From this, the new species which I take pleasure in naming after
my friend, may be separated as follows:

Pselliopus barberi sp. nov.

Color. Anterior lobe of pronotum with black markings usually absent or re-
duced to two faint oblique streaks at anterior portion. Posterior lobe marked as
in cinctus. Scutellum with no prominent black markings, which are either absent
entirely or reduced to a small spot or to two faint oblique bands at extreme ante-
rior part between the two whitish pruinose spots. Corium unmarked with black;
orange yellow. Connexivum banded with black as in cinctus. Venter with black
markings arranged much the same, but considerable variation occurs in both
species. Markings of the legs, rostrum and antennex are similar, but the head has
less amount of black maculation in barbert.

Structural differences. In cinctus the short, black tipped, acute spine, before the
rounded humeral angle projects beyond the humeri and is directed slightly back-
ward, while in barberi the black tipped spine preceding the humeral angle, is
shorter, more obtuse and directed more laterally. It never extends beyond the
humeral angle. Basal margin of the pronotum in front of the scutellum is feebly
bisinuate in einctus, while in barberi it is straight across. Scutellum of barberi is
not so foliaceus and flat as in cinctus and a well defined ridge or keel runs backward
from the transverse crescentic ridge. Apex of last genital segment of male with a
very short, blunt erect spine in cinctus. Last genital segment of male in barberi
armed with a long very pointed simple spine, which is directed obliquely forward
and somewhat concealed. The inner genital lobes on either side of this are not
produced in barber or in cinctus as in zebra. In zebra the apex of the last genital
segment of male is produced in the middle and armed with a sulcate pointed spine.

In addition to the type locality mentioned above, specimens
of barberi have been examined from Great Falls, Va., Langdon,
Mo., Kansas, and Austin, Tex.

22 Psyche [February

SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF
ENTOMOLOGY.

The Second International Congress of Entomology will be held
at Oxford, England, from August 12th to 17th, 1912. Futher par-
ticulars will be announced shortly. The executive committee pro-
poses to find for members of the congress lodgings in the town,
or in rooms in one of the colleges at a moderate charge; rooms in
the colleges will be available only for men. ‘The executive com-
mittee invites an early provisional notice of intention to join the
congress, in order to make the arrangements for the necessary
accommodation. The proceedings of the First Congress have
just been published.

All communications and inquiries should be addressed to
Malcolm Burr, Esq., care Entomological Society of London, 11
Cavendish Square, London, W., England.

HENRY SKINNER,
Member Permanent Executive Committee representing America.

THE WASHINGTON MEETING OF THE ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The sixth annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America
was held in Room 376 of the new United State National Museum
Building on Tuesday and Wednesday, December 26 and 27.

The following papers were read:

Herbert Osborn.—Faunistic studies in entomology.

E. P. Felt Numerals as aids in classification.

EK. S. Tucker.—Studies of insects bred and collected from the
American mistletoe. Presented by Andrew Rutherford.

H. C. Severin.—The influence of temperature on the moulting
of the walking-stick, Diapheromera femorata. (Title only.)

R. Matheson and C. R. Crosby.—Notes on aquatic Hymenop-
tera. Presented by C. R. Crosby.

Ann H. Morgan.—Photographs illustrating the life histories of
May-flies.

H. Y. Tsou—The Chinese wax-scale.

1912] Washington Meeting 23

A. D. MacGillivray.—The lacinia in the maxilla of the Hymen-
optera.

Lucy Wright Smith.—Glycogen in insects, especially in the
nervous system and the eyes.

J. A. Nelson.—Note on an abnormal queen bee.

J. Chester Bradley—The designation of the venation of the
hymenopterous wing.

Ann H. Morgan.—Homologies in the wing-veins of May-flies.

A. D. MacGillivray —The pupal wings of Hepialus thule.

J. Chester Bradley.—The wing venation of chalcid flies.

F. M. Webster.—Our present educational system in relation to
the training of economic entomologists.

C. W. Johnson.—The use of color in designating types and
varieties.

Leonard Haseman.—Entomological work in Missouri.

Herbert Osborn.—A problem in the flight of insects.

E. P. Felt.—The biology of Miastor and Oligarces.

P. P. Calvert.—Seasonal collecting in Costa Rica.

W.L. W. Field —Hybrid butterflies of the genus Basilarchia.

The following papers were read by title only, because of the ex-
piration of the time allowed for the reading of papers:

O. A. Johannsen.—Cocoon-making by Bucculatrix canaden-
sisella.

J. G. Needham.—Some adaptive features of Myrmeleonid vena-
tion.

K. H. Strickland—The Pezomachini of North America.

Z. P. Metcalf—Homologies of the wing-veins of Homoptera
Auchenorhynchi.

The following officers were elected for 1912:

President, S. A. Forbes; First Vice-President, A. D. Hopkins;
Second Vice-President, C. P. Gillette; Secretary-Treasurer, A. D.
MacGillivray; Additional members of executive committee, J. H.
Comstock, John B. Smith, Henry Skinner, Herbert Osborn, E. D.
Ball, P. P. Calvert; Member of committee on nomenclature for
three years, H. T. Fernald.

The Society adjourned, to meet with the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, at Cleveland, Ohio, January, 1913.

AuEx. D. MacGrtiivray,
Secretary-Treasurer.

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ANDREW GRAY WEEKS, Jr.
1911

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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874

VOL. XIX Wad el 5 Dea EO NUMBER 2

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS

Four Burrowing Lycosa (Geolycosa Montg., Scaptocosa Banks) Including

one New Species. J. H. Hmerton, ' : 5 : : 3925
Parabiosis in Brazilian Ants. W.M. Mann. : ; A . oO
New Bees from Brazil. 7. D.A.Cockerell . 2 3 ‘ < ANP: 3!
A New Sawfly from Brazil. S.A. Rohwer . ; : , ; Seay
A Peculiar New Crane-fly from Porto Rico. C. P. Alexander : OS
Observations on Micoutalis calua Say. Ignaz M. atausch ; ; GO,

The Period of Incubation of Eggs of Samia cecropia. Phil Rau . 69)

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

C. T. Bruzs, Harvard University.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS.

C. W. JoHnson, Vial. Karrneec

Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MELANDER, A. P. Morss,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. Emerton, J. G. NEEDHAM,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

1912

a

PSYCHE

VOL XIX; PLATE 4

EMERTON—LYCOSA

Poy CHE

VOL. XIX. APRIL, 1912. Now 2

FOUR BURROWING LYCOSA (GEOLYCOSA MONTG.
SCAPTOCOSA BANKS) INCLUDING ONE NEW
SPECIES.

By J. H. Emerton,
Boston, Mass.

In Psycue, Vol. 2, 1877, S. H. Scudder described the burrowing
spider of the Atlantic seacoast under the name Lycosa arenicola,
which was preoccupied by Cambridge in the “Spiders of Dorset”
in 1875. It was again described by George Marx in the Ameri-
ean Naturalist in 1881 as Lycosa pikei. The upland species of

jie

Fig. 1. First and second legs; a, pikei, b, nidifex, c, missouriensis, d, wrightit,

the Eastern States was described by Marx at the same time with
the name Lycosa nidifex. Lycosa missouriensis was described by
Nathan Banks in Entomological News, 1895, and again under the
name domifex by J. L. Hancock in Entomological News, 1899.
The fourth species which is described here, Lycosa wrightii, has
long been known without any name or description being published.

26 Psyche [April

This group is distinguished, as mentioned by Banks in his de-
scription of Scaptocosa in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1904, by the
absence, in females only, of spines on the upper side of tibia III
and IV and by definite black markings on the under side of legs
I and II in both sexes. In piket the black extends the whole
length of legs I and II including the coxe. In nidifex it covers
four terminal joints. In missouriensis it covers three terminal
joints and in wrightw three joints of leg I and two and part of the
third of leg Il. Fig 1. In this group the first leg is proportion-
ally thicker in both sexes than in the other Lycoside. In the

Fig. 2. Lycosa pikei sitting in the mouth of its burrow waiting for insects
to come within reach.

males the first leg is three times at long as the cephalothorax in
nidifer and wrightti and two and three-fourths times as long in
missouriensis and pikei. In females it is two and a half times as
long in nidifex, two and a quarter in wrightt, two and a fifth in
pikei and twice in missouriensis.

L. pikei lives in sandy country near the seashore from Maine
to New Jersey; L. nidifex along the eastern coast from Maine
to Georgia and westward as far as Albany, N. Y., and Atlanta,
Ga.; missouriensis along the Great Lakes in Ohio, Indiana
and Illinois and south to Missouri and North Carolina; J.
wrightii in sandy country along the Lakes from the eastern end

1912] Emerton—Four Burrowing Lycosa Q7

of Lake Erie near Buffalo to Chicago, Ill.. and south to the mid-
dle of Illinois, along the Illinois River.

In this group the burrowing habit is so far developed that, ex-
cepting adult males during the mating season, their whole life is
passed under ground or within a short distance of the mouth of
the burrow. As soon as the young leave their mother they make
burrows of their own proportioned to their size. The digging is
done by covering the sand with silk enough to hold the grains
together and it is then gathered into pellets of convenient size
and carried in the mandibles to the mouth of the burrow, where

Fig. 3. Lycosa nidifex sitting in the mouth of its burrow.

it is thrown outward by the ends of the front feet and on open
sand the pellets may be seen in a circle ef three or four inches
radius around the hole. When watching for prey, they sit with
the front half of the body out over the edge of the hole and the
legs turned under. Fig. 2. They are sensitive to the slightest
movements on the ground, and when down in their burrows will
notice the walking of an insect within an inch or two of the hole
and come quickly to the top. The movement of a straw on the
surface will sometimes deceive them and bring them to the mouth
of the hole.

Lycosa nidifex digs often in sod and makes a “turret’’ around

28 Psyche [April

the mouth of the burrow, sometimes only a narrow ring of dead
grass, but often rising an inch or more above the surface of the
ground and covered with straw, chips or any fine, loose material
within reach. When watching, the spider sits in the top of the
turret. Fig. 3. L. missouriensis also habitually makes a turret,
low or high, according to the material and surroundings. Fig 4.
L. piket makes no turret except a slight ring where there is much
loose material blowing near the hole. Fig. 2. In open sand _ it

Fig. 4. Mouth of burrow of Lycosa missouriensis surrounded by grass and
leaves of bearberry, Buffington, Indiana.

sometimes makes a flat collar of silk over the surface an inch wide
around the hole. L. wrightii also prefers to dig in open sand and
makes no turret or only a rudiment of one.

L. nidifex matures in May, the other species in August and Sep-
tember. The males all die before winter. Both sexes of all the
species pass the winter half grown. In nidifex they mature early
enough to lay their eggs the next summer but the other species
do not mature until late and the fertilized females live over a sec-

1912] Emerton—Four Burrowing Lycosa 29

ond winter and lay eggs in May or June. The burrows are not
closed during the winter except as the weather accidentally flat-
tens the lining around their mouths and makes the opening smaller.
The spiders remain torpid at the bottom, unhurt by the freezing
of the soil around them

Lycosa pikei Marx.

Pl. 4, Figs. 1, la, 1b, 1c.
Lycosa arenicola, Scudder, Psycuw, Vol. II, 1877.
Lycosa pikei, Marx, American Naturalist, 1881.

Lycosa nidifex, Emerton, N. E. Lycoside, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1885.
Lycosa pikei, Emerton, Supplement to N. E. Spiders, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909.

The name arenicola was preoccupied by O. P. Cambridge in the
“Spiders of Dorset,’ 1875. In Trans. Conn. Acad., 1885, I have
confounded this species with ZL. nidifex and the description given
there applies in part to both species. This mistake has been con-
tinued by T. H. Montgomery in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Philadel-
phia, 1904, and by R. V. Chamberlin in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1908. The differences between this species and nid-
ifex are described in my supplement to N. E. Spiders, Trans. Conn.
Acad., 1909. Lycosa arenicola McCook refers to this species in
his accounts of habits on the Massachusetts coast, but he also
applies the name arenicola to “the turret spider,’ and so proba-
bly includes nidifex and perhaps other species.

Lycosa pikei is distinguished from nidifex by its color, which is
darker toward the front, and the distinct middle stripe on the abdo-
men. The legs are also slightly shorter. These differences are
more distinct in the males and less so in old females and young.
The cephalothorax in females is dark gray with a lighter middle
stripe. The first and second legs are colored like the cephalo-
thorax with the first pair a little the darker. The third and fourth
legs are lighter gray more like the light stripe of the cephalotho-
rax. The abdomen is light gray with a slightly darker middle
band extending its whole length, the front end following the out-
line of the dorsal vessel and the hinder half a little wider with the
sides notched. On the under side the legs I and II are black their
whole length, and the sternum is black, at least at the front end.
The abdomen is pale with usually, but not always, a gray stripe
in the middle for the whole or part of its length. The sides of

30 Psyche [April

the abdomen are black and sometimes in young individuals the
middle and side stripes unite and the whole under surface is as
black as in wrightiv.

In males the upper side is all light gray, fi front legs only a
little darker than the third and fourth. The front of the mandi-
bles is more brightly orange, with sometimes a little orange around
the eyes, and there is a bright orange marking bordered with
black in the middle of the abdomen. The light middle stripe of
the cephalothorax is bordered by black markings radiating toward
the sides, the most conspicuous marks ending at the two upper
eyes. On the under side the markings are like those of the female,
with still stronger contrast between the light and dark parts.

The length of the cephalothorax of the female is 9 mm., of the
male 8mm. Leg I of female 20 mm., of male 22 mm.

The holes are usually in clear sand, but where the spiders are
numerous they dig on high land among low plants, and some-
times even in pastures where there is a thick sod. They make
no “turret” around the mouth of the hole, but where they dig
among loose rubbish, a few pieces may be sometimes fastened to
the lining around the mouth. A flat collar on the sand is some-
times made around the hole. The spider sits out on the edge of
its hole when looking for prey with feet I and II turned under the
thorax, as shown in Fig. 2. Insects are noticed within six or eight
inches and the spider rushes for them, returning quickly to the
hole.

Freshly molted males and females are found in their holes in
August and the males wander about on the surface through that
month and September. The pairing was once seen at the mouth
of the hole. The female sat out of the hole with her feet under
her as usual, while the male approached very slowly, holding his
first legs above his head and alternately moving them slowly for-
ward and drawing them quickly back until he was within the
female’s reach, when she came out toward him and after a show
of defence, allowed him to step over her and grasp her around
the cephalothorax as usual in the Lycoside. The eggs are laid
the next spring in May and June. The young remain a long time
with the mother, in one case as late as September.

This species lives from Old Orchard Beach, Maine, to Sandy
Hook, New Jersey, but never far from the seashore. It is espe-

1912] Emerton—Four Burrowing Lycosa 31

cially abundant in the sandy hills of Cape Cod, Mass., and in the
dunes from Cape Ann north to Plum Island. The spiders de-
scribed by Marx were from Long Island, New York, where it is
abundant.

Lycosa nidifex Marx

Pl. 4, Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c.
American Naturalist, 1881.

This species has for the most part been confounded with L.
pikei. In 1870 I described in the American Naturalist the holes
of this spider with their large turrets at the mouth covered with
grass and leaves, but found at that time only immature spiders
which I did not distinguish from L. pike, which I afterward found
at the seashore. In my own writings and in those of McCook,
Montgomery and Chamberlin, Lycosa arenicola or nidifex has
included both species. Marx left no type specimens, but in his
collection now at the U. S. National Museum are spiders of this
species taken in the neighborhood of Washington and no doubt
the ones used by Marx at the time he described Lycosa nidifex.

The color of the female is dark gray modified by lighter hairs,
with very little difference between the front and hind legs and
anterior and posterior parts of the body. The cephalothorax
has a lighter middle stripe and the abdomen has a dark middle
stripe following at the front end the shape of the dorsal vessel, at
the sides of which the abdomen is lightened by paler or yellowish
hairs. On the under side the legs I and II have the four terminal
joints black, the femora and the other legs gray with light hairs.
The coxze, sternum and maxille are also gray, a little darker than
the legs. The under side of the abdomen is pale with a dark mid-
dle band and dark sides and spinnerets, the width of the dark band
is variable and in some individuals appears to cover the whole
abdomen with dark color.

The male is light gray, when freshly molted varying from bluish
gray to flesh color. The middle stripe of the cephalothorax is
bordered with black, broken into radiating dark lines extending
forward beyond the upper eyes. On the abdomen there is a dis-
tinct dark mark over the dorsal vessel and a less distinct and wider
stripe extending back to the spinnerets. The mandibles have
more orange hairs than in the female and in some individuals the

32 Psyche [April

markings of the back are partly outlined with orange yellow hairs.
The under side has the same light gray color with black markings
like those of the female.

This species is longer legged in both sexes than L. pikei. The
cephalothorax of a female and of a large male measures 9 mm.
Leg I of female 24 mm. and Leg I of male 27 mm.

L. nidifex digs its holes in open fields, often through sod several
inches thick and covered with growing grass and other low plants.
It is most abundant in sandy regions but sometimes digs in hard
gravel. Jt makes usually a so-called ‘“‘turret” around the mouth

Fig. 5. Mouth of burrow of ZL. nidifex surrounded by pieces of decayed
wood, Waltham, Mass.

of its hole, sometimes a low ring of straw or chips attached to the
edge of the lining of the burrow and sometimes rising an inch or
more above the ground and covered with dead leaves, straw,
chips or whatever loose material may be at hand. Figs. 5 and 6. The
spider watches for insects sitting in the top of the turret with the
head above the edge and the feet turned under the thorax. Fig. 3.

Unlike the other species of this group, nidifex matures in the
spring and freshly molted males and females may be found in
Massachusetts from the tenth to twentieth of May. A half-
grown male taken from its hole near Albany, N. Y., on May 16
matured and molted May 27.

1912] Emerton—Four Burrowing Lycosa 33

This species is common in eastern Massachusetts in sandy soil
at least partly covered with sod. At Plymouth it lives in the
sandy hills within quarter of a mile of the seashore where pikei
lives in the sand fields. At Tyngsboro it lives in similar places
along the Merrimack River and in Wellesley and Waltham in
open pastures with gravelly soil and thick sod. At the railroad
station Karner, west of Albany, N. Y., it is abundant in the bar-
ren sandy fields. Southward it is common around Washington
and at Atlanta, Ga.

This is probably L. fatifera Hentz, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,

Fig. 6. Mouth of burrow of LZ. nidifex surrounded by pieces of dry cow-dung,
Waltham, Mass.

1841, though this name has been applied to several other species
of large Lycoside.
Lycosa missouriensis Banks.
Pl. 4, Figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.
Entomological News, 1895.
L. domifex, J. L.Hancock, Ent. News, 1899.

Female from Buffington, Indiana, has the cephalothorax 10 mm.
long and the first leg 20 mm. Male from Havana, IIl., has the
cephalothorax 8 mm. long and first leg 22 mm. The color is dull
yellow brown, the femora lighter and brighter orange. The under
side is pale without much variety in color except the distinct black
of the three last joints of legs I and II. The spinnerets are brown

34 Psyche [April

and the maxilla and labium are darker than the sternum and
coxee, the tarsus and metatarus of legs III and IV are also a little
darkened. On the upper side the cephalothorax is lighter in the
middle without any distinct middle stripe. The abdomen is
faintly marked with a series of dark and light transverse stripes.
The mandibles are dark brown, black at the ends with orange
hairs on the front. In young the femora are brighter yellow and
the tibia and metatarsus of legs I and II are black above as _ well
as below and in the adult male these joints are dark above though
not as black as on the under side.

The burrowing habits of this species have been well described
by Hancock in his account of L. domifex. The holes are made
usually in sand but are sometimes dug in soil of any kind. I found
two at Durham, North Carolina, in hard clay soil. There is usu-
ally a turret of some kind unless in open sand where there is no
material for one. Fig. 4 shows the top of a hole at Buffington,
Indiana, with a turret partly covered with leaves of the bearberry.
The species matures in August and September and I have a male
taken by Mr. A. G. Vestal at Havana, IIl., among litter on the
ground as late as October 10. The eggs are laid in May, rather
later than those of wrighttt. One dug at Durham, North Caro-
lina, early in July had young on its back.

This species is very abundant in the sand dune country along
the Great Lakes. I found them at Sandusky, Ohio, near the sum-
mer laboratory of the University of Ohio, and they are common
all through northern Indiana and Illinois. It does not mix its
burrows with those of wrightit but each species lives in colonies
of its own. R. V. Chamberlin reports it from Utah and L. latt-
frons Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1904, from Texas, is
said by Banks to be the same species.

In his account of L. fatifera, Hentz, in Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,
1841, mentions ‘“‘a piceous variety” pale on the under side, which
is probably this species.

Lycosa wrightii sp. nov.
Pl. 4, Figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d.

Although no description of it has been published, this species
has long been known. J. L. Hancock in his account of L. doma-
fex mentions several species of burrowing spiders in the neighbor-

1912] Emerton—Four Burrowing Lycosa 35

hood of Chicago, of which this is no doubt one. I received a speci-
men from C. B. Davenport, then Professor in the University of
Chicago, in 1904 and the last few years its habits have been
studied by Mr. W. H. Wright, a teacher in Chicago from whom
I have received specimens of both sexes.

This spider is a little smaller than missouriensis and lighter in
color, the whole upper surface a light yellowish gray. The ceph-
alothorax is lighter in the middle than at the sides but has no
definite middle stripe. ‘The abdomen has a dark mark in the mid-
dle over the dorsal vessel, around which may be a few bright yel-
low scales. At the sides of the abdomen in front the black edges
of the ventral black spot extend far enough to be seen from above.
On the under side the color is more varied. The tarsus, metatar-
sus and tibia of leg I are black, and the tarsus, metatarsus and part
of the tibia of leg II are also black. The whole under side of the

,abdomen except around the epigynum and around the spinnerets
is black and the spinnerets are also black at the ends. The ends
of the mandibles are black and the maxillee and labium are a darker
gray than the rest of the body. The front of the mandibles is
thinly covered with orange hairs and there is a little orange on
the front of the head about the eyes.

In the male (Pl. 4, 4, 4a) the color is the same, but the legs are
longer and more slender and the whole body smaller. The cephalo-
thorax of an adult female measures 8 mm., that of a male 7 mm.
Leg I of the female 18 mm., leg I of male 21 mm., a little longer
legged in both sexes than missouriensis.

The burrows are like those of pikez without a turret or with only
a few chips attached to the lining around the mouth. They are
usually in clear sand and extend down 12 to 18 inches, enlarged
at the bottom.

The spiders mature in August and September and the eggs are
laid in the following May in light blue cocoons. Pl. 4, 4d. After
laying eggs the females become darker in color and resemble more
L. missouriensis.

This species is found at the eastern end of Lake Erie, opposite
Buffalo, N. Y., at various places along the southern end of Lake
Michigan (W. H. Wright), as far as Chicago and at Havana, IIl.,
in sand dunes along the Illinois river (A. G. Vestal).

36 Psyche [April

Description OF PLATE 4.

Lycosa pikei, male 1, la, female 1b, lc.

Lycosa nidifex, male 2, 2a, female 2b, 2c.

Tycosa missouriensis, male 3, 3a, female 3b, 3c.

Lycosa wrightii, male 4, 4a, female 4b, 4c, old female with cocoon of eggs, 4d.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.
J. C. BRANNER, Chief.

PARABIOSIS IN BRAZILIAN ANTS!
By Witiram M. Mann.

During the different visits of the members of the Stanford Expe-
dition at Para, the suburb Souza was found to be the best collect-
ing ground, and much of their time was spent there. The com-
bination of forest and good trails, quickly reached by electric cars,
made the locality quite ideal for collectors having only a limited
time at their disposal.

Here, as elsewhere in Brazil, ants abounded, and of these the
small, black Dolichoderus bispinosus Oliv. was most in evidence.
This species lives in carton nests, built on the branches of trees,
though often a colony is found in a deserted termitarium. After
a couple of attempts I gave up investigating the larger nests, for
when these were disturbed myriads of ants swarmed out, literally
tumbling over one another to the ground, where they scattered
in all directions in search of the disturber. On hurriedly leaving
the vicinity of one nest, I happened to leave my net lying on the
ground. On my return, a few minutes later, it was covered with
ants, each gripping so tightly that when I pulled it away its head
often remained attached to the net. In young trees along the
trails there were numerous small nests, four or five inches in diam-
eter, and several of these were opened. Each contained, besides
the Dolichoderus, a colony of a small black Cremastogaster. ‘The
smaller ants were not scattered throughout the nest, but were
grouped in certain of the chambers.

Forel? has recorded observations which he made in Columbia

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 54.
2La Parabiose chez les Fourmis. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. XXXIV, 130, p. 380-385.

1912] Mann—Parabiosis in Brazilian Ants 37

on the association of ants belonging to the same genera. The
colonies which he examined contained larvee, and these were
grouped separately in different parts of the nest. To this associa-
tion, where colonies of different species live in the same nest, but
in different chambers, and have no other relations with each other,
each species foraging for itself, Forel has given the name “‘para-
biosis.”” In the case of Dolichoderus and Cremastogaster, it would
seem that all the advantage must be on the side of the latter, since
it shares the nest built by the other and is well protected, without
apparently contributing anything in return.

Among the observed species of Dolichoderus, bispinosus was
the only one capable of being at all offensive to man. One species,
D. lugens Emery, which was common on the upper Rio Madeira,
attempts to defend itself by secreting from the anus a large drop
of yellow, oily substance, but this has no effect on the human skin.
Dolichoderus debilis var. rufescens hereafter described, attempts to
defend its nest, but because of the small size and feeble mandi-
bles, it is scarcely capable of repelling a large intruder.

In August, while collecting along a trail near Camp No. 41 on
the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad in the State of Matto Grosso, my
attention was attracted to a number of small red Dolichoderus.
They were moving excitedly about, holding the abdomen up and
a little to one side, so that they had a comically asymmetrical
appearance. A tree by the trail had been felled, and in a fork of
its branches, at what had been a height of approximately forty
feet, I found the nest, an earthy structure, ovate in form, about
a foot in length and eight inches in diameter. Fine roots of a plant
ramified through this nest in all directions in such a manner as to
make it quite firm, despite the nature of its component material.
When I dug into the structure, numbers of the Dolichoderus
rushed out. While collecting these I had a momentary glimpse
of another ant, colored similarly to the Dolichoderus, but much
larger, and with long legs. It emerged from one chamber and
immediately disappeared into another. Hoping to collect this,
as well as all phases of the Dolichoderus, I brought to the place
a large quinine can, containing a piece of cotton saturated with
chloroform, and began to dig and throw into this fragments of the
nest. Hereupon numbers of the large ants rushed out, and my
hand was severely stung before I realized that two colonies of ants,

38 Psyche [April

one of them a stinging form, were occupying the nest. On exami-
nation, the fragments thrown into the can were seen to contain
large numbers of both species, together with many larvee and pupz
of each. The larger ant proved to be a Ponerine, of the genus
Odontomachus. Males and females of Dolichoderus were also
found, but there was none of these phases of the other. But the
presence of many larvee in all stages showed that the sexual forms
of both species must have been present. During the two days
following I revisited the nest frequently, and stirred it up. Each
time both species of ant sallied out. Touching the nest lightly
would bring out Dolichoderus, but it required a more vigorous
prod to excite the other. My first examination had so disarranged
the nest that I could make no close study of its structure, but was
able to ascertain definitely that the Odontomachus were gathered
together in its deeper recesses, while the smaller species occupied
the peripheral chambers and galleries. No other nest was found,
nor did I again find either of the ants. This may be readily ex-
plained by the usual inaccessability of tree tops to the collector,
so failure to find more in no wise proves that the species are un-
common.

It is unfortunate that only one nest was found as this leaves
some doubt as to whether the two species are normally parobiotic.
Odontomachus is, as Wheeler’s observations have shown,! entomo-
phagus in habit. Mr. C. T. Brues tells me that in Grenada, B. W.
I., he found numerous colonies of a closely related ant, Anochetus
emarginatus Fabr., living in the nests of termites which form
their chief food. In this case the ant lives in a small part of the
nest constructed by the termites. This association is, of course,
not in any sense parabiotic, and there is a possibility that the
Brazilian Odontomachus may have been feeding on the Dolicho-
derus larvee. But it seems hardly probable that the latter would
remain in the same nest with a colony of ants which were destroy-
ing its young. That they had been associated for some time is
shown by the presence of all stages of the immature forms of both
species. Odontomachus is normally ground-inhabiting, nesting
beneath stones or in rotten logs, but it is not surprising that a

1Biol. Bull. II, 1900.

1912] Mann—Parabiosis in Brazilian Ants 39

species should have become arboreal in a region where so many
animals have taken up this habit.

I admit that the finding of one example is not conclusive evi-
dence of regular parabiotic association, but the observations here
recorded seem to indicate a much closer relation than that of Doli-
choderus and Cremastogaster, for it is evident that both species
would derive benefit from the association. In the earthy, arbo-
real nest of Dolichoderus, Odontomachus finds a condition similar
to that of the ordinary nesting place of the genus, while to the
other, a feeble species, the advantage in having a colony of power-
ful stinging ants in the same nest is obvious, provided of course
that it, itself, is not molested. For the reasons stated above, I
do not believe that such molestation occurs.

The difference in the stimulus necessary to bring each species
out of the nest is interesting. Dolichoderus sallied out at a slight
disturbance, Odontomachus not until the nest was more thoroughly
jarred and prodded. Ordinarily the smaller ant would be able
to combat a feeble enemy, while one capable of seriously disar-
ranging the nest would excite the more powerful nest-mate. This
difference of habit was observed a number of times in the same
nest.

As both of the forms of Dolichoderus and Odontomachus are
new to science, I append a description of the worker of the latter
and of all the phases of the former.

Odontomachus affinis Guérin, subsp. mayi subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 9.5 mm. Head,: excluding mandibles, 1} times as long as
broad. Mandibles } length of head; inner edge with twelve fine teeth; apex with
three large teeth, the most apical long and pointed, the most basal nearly as
long, but sharply truncate; between these, closest to the most apical and one half
as long as this is a smaller tooth. Thorax as in affinis, but sculpture on pronotum
is longitudinally oblique. Petiolar node short and thick, spine slender, acuminate.

Head shining, finely punctate. Thorax opaque; pronotal sculpture strong,
cencentric, on disc longitudinally oblique, diverging from the median impression.
Abdomen smooth, shining.

Head with fine short, recumbent pubescence; vertex in front with two long hairs.
Pronotum above with several long erect hairs. Abdomen with erect pile and re-
cumbent pubescence. Cox and base of posterior border of femora with long
hairs. Legs finely pubescent. Pubescence and pile pale yellow in color.

Color rufo-testaceous, the apex of the abdomen in some specimens is slightly
darker. Mandibles fuscous.

40 . Psyche [April

Described from numerous specimens taken at Madeira Mamoré
Railroad Company Camp, No. 41, 306 kilometers from San Anto-
nio, State of Matto Grosso, nesting with Dolichoderus as described
above.

The typical affinis differs from mayi in its larger size
(length 12 mm.), coarser sculpture, which is transverse on disc
of pronotum; absence of long hairs on the epinotum and on ver-
tex, and black abdomen. Var. mayi is intermediate between
the typical affinis and the small Central American variety pan-
amaénsis Forel.

Named after Mr. May, senior member of the firm now building

the Madeira Mamor’ Railroad_-Cempany.

Dolichoderus (Monacis) debilis var. rufescens, var. nov.

Worker. Length 35 mm. Head excluding mandibles, behind nearly as broad
as long, subcordate; eyes small, convex, a little posterior to middle of head; cly-
peus convex, anterior margin straight; mandibles short and thick; antennz long,
scape extending ? its length past occiput; funicular joints sub-equal, except api-
cal, which is 1} times the length of preceding joint. Pronotum convex, broader
than long, sides rounded without margin; spines short, acuminate, directed for-
ward and outward, the distance between tips as great as width of head at base.
Mesonotum convex; meso-epinotal impression very pronounced. Epinotum with
sub-equal base and declivity; base feebly convex, seen from above rectangular,
somewhat longer than broad, its lateral and especially its posterior borders strongly
marginate; declivity arcuately excavated. Petiole broad, lamelliform, compressed
anteriorly, its anterior surface flattened below and convex above, its apex with a
minute tooth. Gaster broadly elliptical, about the length of thorax. Legs rather
long.

Head and thorax sub-opaque with coarse shallow punctures, which are less
numerous on the front of the former, and finer and more indistinct on the prono-
tum. Pleurz longitudinally regulose. Mandibles rather shining, sparsely punc-
tate. Petiole and gaster shining, very finely striolate and sparsely and finely
punctate.

Hairs pale yellow, suberect on the gaster, clypeus and thoracic dorsum, fine and
oblique on the antenne and legs.

Color ferruginous red, mandibular teeth black, tibiz slightly infuscated.

Female. Length 5 mm. Resembling the worker. Ocelli small. Pronotum
33 times as broad as its length at middle, without spines. Mesonotum convex in
front, more flattened behind. Epinotum rounded, without trace of margin, its
base convex, about half as long as the concave declivity. Petiole as in worker.
Gaster more elongate.

Sculpture similar to that of the worker, but the punctation of the head and
thorax is somewhat coarser.

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 41

Wings. Length 5 mm. Infuscated; veins fuscous, except sub costa, which is
piceous; stigma piceous,

Male. Length 3mm. Head, excluding mandibles, broader than long, margin
of occiput slightly concave; mandibles well developed, toothless; clypeus slightly
convex, anterior border slightly accuate; eyes very large and convex; ocelli large;
cheeks short; antenne long, extending to second abdominal segment; scape short,
barely extending to occiput; first funicular joint as broad as long, second three
times length of first, joints 3-11 sub-equal, each about twice the length of first;
terminal 1} as long as the preceding joint. Pronotum small, with convex sides.
Mesonotum broad. Epinotum rounded above, with small tubercle at base of de-
clivity. Petiole short; node thickened, short, rounded in front, nearly flat behind.
Gaster short, much broader than deep. Legs slender.

Head and thorax opaque, coarsely punctate. Gaster shining. Head and tho-
rax with abundant, erect fuscous pile. Gaster with semi-erect white pile. An-
tennze with fine white pubescence.

Color black, except tarsal joints, which are fuscous. Genitalia yellow. Wings
slightly infuscated, veins fuscous.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.
J. C. BRANNER, Chief.

NEW BEES FROM BRAZIL.

By T. D.-A. CockERELL.
The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

Eulzma manni sp. nov.

Male. Length about 19 mm.; anterior wing 16 mm.; facial quadrangle much
longer than broad; clypeus high, broadly hollowed (not in the least keeled) in the
middle, with a smooth band, bounded on each side by densely punctured regions;
this central basin of the clypeus is bounded on each side by obtuse but well-devel-
oped longitudinal keels or ridges; labrum tricarinate; a large punctured basin
below middle ocellus, the sides of which are continued below as an elevation
(grooved in the middle) down middle of supraclypeal area; third antennal joint
longer than fourth, but not nearly twice as long; mesothorax anteriorly dull, densely
and minutely punctured, posteriorly shining in middle; scutellum shining, with
very minute and feeble punctures, and scattered larger ones; abdomen finely gran-
ular; middle basitarsi long, with a rounded lobe behind at upper end; hind tibize
greatly incrassate, the protuberances above the spurs small, but the apical half of
the posterior side strongly grooved, and ending in three spines or teeth, of which
the outer two are much nearest together; hind basitarsi produced to a sharp angle
at apex; second s. m. very broad, receiving first r. n. at about the beginning of its

42 Psyche [April

last third; second r. n. joining third t.c. Face and front brilliant green, the mid-
dle of the clypeus and supraclypeal area strongly flushed with crimson, the sides
of the face with golden; mandibles black; vertex and cheeks a sort of dark copper
color, with black hair; antennz black, flagellum dark reddish beneath; prothorax
dark coppery, with black hair; pleura dark purple, with dark hair showing reddish
in favorable lights; nearly the anterior half of mesothorax brilliant green, with
thin ferruginous hair, the posterior part, and the scutellum black (slightly brassy),
with black hair; abdomen clear yellowish-green, with short ferruginous hair, becom-
ing whitish apically, the basal segment with black hair at sides toward base; no
bands om abdomen; apex of abdomen bituberculate; ventral surface of abdomen
with segments 3 to 5 green, the others dark; tegule large, pointed posteriorly, ante-
riorly with a large green patch; wings strongly dusky, reddish; legs black, ante-
rior tibiz purple in front; middle tibiee bronzy behind, in front flattened, dull and
without punctures, suffused with carmine, except at apex, where they are bright
blue-green; middle basitarsi densely covered on outer side with shining yellowish-
white hair; hind basitarsi smooth and concave on outer side, on inner covered with
black hair.

Hab—Abuna, on the Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker).
A magnificent species, but superficially, when seen from behind,
looking exactly like the common E. mussitans (Fabr.). It may
also be compared with E. superba (Hoftm.), to the vicinity of which
it runs in Ducke’s table. E. manni will be especially known by
its mussitans-like appearance, bicolored mesothorax, total absence
of a median keel or clypeus, small size of the prominences above
the spurs of hind tibize, and first abdominal segment colored like
the rest. The coloration resembles that of E. fallax Smith, but
that species has a central keel on the clypeus.

Xylocopa branneri sp. nov.

Female. Length 21 mm., anterior wing 16 mm.; exactly like XY. grisescens Lep.,
but much smaller, with hair on sides of thorax all black. Abdomen beneath with
a median raised line; clypeus smooth in middle except apically, lateral margins
strongly elevated; labrum tridendate; wings dark, with bluish green and purple tints.

Hab.—Natal, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (W. M.
Mann). Named after Dr. J. C. Branner, leader of the expedition.

Centris (Hemisia) bakeri sp. nov.

Male. Length about 13 mm., anterior wing 11; head and thorax black, with
fulyous pubescence above, white below, and on cheeks and occiput, hairs of middle
of vertex stained with fuscous; face narrow, eyes diverging below; clypeus strongly
raised, with a broad flattened face, the sides of which are sparsely punctured; scape

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 43

short, yellow in front; flagellum reddish-black, apical half of the long first joint
red beneath; clypeus (except a very broad black bar on each side), a transversely
crescentic supraclypeal mark, lateral marks (pointed above on orbital margin), the
short malar space, labrum and more than basal two-thirds of mandibles all lemon-
yellow; tegule ferruginous, dark at base; wings reddish-smoky, nervures fuscous;
legs black, with the tarsi, hind femora apically, and hind tibie for the greater part
(the basal half behind) ferruginous; spurs ferruginous; spot at base of anterior
and middle tibiz, and long stripe on anterior tibiz, yellow; hair of legs mostly pale,
black on hind tibiz except a large tuft posteriorly on apical half, on hind basitarsi
reddish-black without and dark red within, but pale and strongly plumose poste-
riorly; hair on inner side of anterior and middle tarsi red; abdomen short and broad,
dark metallic green, with the apical margin and sides of fourth segment, and the
whole of fifth to seventh, clear red, a reddish suffusion also at sides of second and
third apically; second and third segments each with large lateral yellow patches,
that on the second much the largest, subquadrate; first abdominal segment, except
at apex, and fourth and following segments, with pale hair; apex of first, and sec-
ond and third, with thin short black hair, only visible in lateral view; venter with
abundant pale reddish hair.

Hab.—Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamore R. R. Co. Camp
43 (Mann & Baker). This is 325 km. from Porto Velho. C. bakeri
is a species of the C. versicolor group, recognizable by the yellow
patches on the sides of the abdomen. C. haemorrhoidalis (Fb.)
has a yellow spot on each side of the second abdominal segment,
but the abdomen is quite a different color, and the thorax is dark-

haired.

The three species of Hemisza in the collection are separable thus:

Wings bicolored, very dark, with broadly pallid apical field; hair of ver-
tex WOuiMblacksseus cect crsne oe horvaeher ey keotg eed siane ACRE ae ral hae maculata Lep.
Wan gsinot: bicolore dig ss pene airaus ater ents re iraren schol le Stay a eee Ree ee Bee pec ae 1
1. Abdomen yellowish-green, the hind margins of the segments pallid,
but the apex not red; cream-colored spots at sides of segments 2-5,

that ony Dita) mens Gow. i055 0 ibame aces ania ed ie eepeen at Se enea Lep.
Abdomen dark green, red apically; yellow patches on sides of second
segmentivery large: <2 sb<).c.atee cles tes RARE Sot cite eae . .bakert Ckll.

Centris (Ptilotopus) heterodonta sp. noy.

Female. Very robust; length about 19 mm., anterior wing about 12; black,
the legs and the end of the abdomen red; hair of head and thorax fulvous, without
black or fuscous, paler beneath, becoming dull white on lower part of cheeks; scape
thick, yellow in front; flagellum dark, ferruginous at extreme apex; clypeus convex
with a large median cup-shaped black area, on which is a longitudinal yellow band,
this band smooth and shining, but the black space on each side of it dull, with

44 Psyche [April

scattered strong punctures; very broad anterolateral areas of clypeus yellow, as
also are the lateral face-marks, which are triangular, the upper edge nearly straight,
but with a linear process extending a short way up orbital margin; labrum pale
yellow, broad, but with a median apical spine, which is dark reddish; no supra-
clypeal mark; malar space dark reddish; mandibles strongly curved, very broadly
yellow basally, apically broadly red on outer side, teeth four, two apical, one about
twice as long as the other (inner one), one broadly truncate and subemarginate on
the inner side near the middle, and a short angular one at the base of that; lower
part of sides of prothorax red; truncation of metathorax with a large whitish patch
on each side; tegule light ferruginous; wings strongly dusky, marginal cell smoky,
strongly appendiculate, the area above the appendicular nervure fuliginous; ante-
rior and middle tibiz with a yellow spot at base, and indications of a stripe on ante-
rior pair; hair of legs bright ferruginous, cream-colored on anterior legs behind;
scopa of hind tibie and basitarsus very large, strongly plumose, a very fine coppery
red; abdomen with the first three segments black above, the hind margins of sec-
ond and third dark red, the remaining segments red, the fourth dark basally; first
segment with pale fulvous hair; second and third with very short inconspicuous
black hair, the others with red hair; venter ferruginous; apical plate truncate.

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker). A
very fine species, not close to any known to me. It is placed in
Ptilotopus, but in spite of its lack of metallic color, it is doubtless
allied to the species of Hemisia. In Friese’s table of Melanocen-
tris (Ptilotopus) it runs to 22, and except for its rather smaller size,
on to the vicinity of fuscata or fusciventris, which it does not re-
semble. In the table of species with red abdomen it cannot be
made to fit anywhere. It cannot be run to anything in Schrottky’s
tables of Brazilian or Paraguayan species.

Centris (Ptilotopus) libertatis sp. nov.

Female. Length about 113 mm.; black, the head and thorax with fulvous pub-
escence, becoming white beneath, fuscous on vertex; clypeus much broader than
long, rugose, with a longitudinal keel, a median triangular area black, the apex of
the triangle downwards, the lateral areas, almost meeting below, yellow; a nar-
rowly crescentic supraclypeal mark, lateral face-marks filling space between cly-
peus and orbit and sending a narrow band up orbital margin beyond level of an-
tenn, labrum entirely, and more than basal half of mandibles, all lemon-yellow;
mandibles rather slender, not dentate; eyes yellowish-green; antennz short, black,
first joint of flagellum elongated; mesothorax and scutellum densely punctured;
a slender hairless line along hinder middle of mesothorax, but no other bare space;
tegulz closely and minutely punctured, ferruginous, with broad whitish margin;
wings strongly infuscated, nervures piceous, very heavy; the three submarginal
cells about equally long below, the second broader than high, little produced at
upper apical corner, receiving first r. n. about middle; marginal cell short, with a ful-

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 45

iginous streak at base; legs black, the middle arsed anterior tibize with a yellow spot
at base; hair of legs black, in part very dark fuscous, thin and yellowish-white
on outer side of anterior tibize, and a fringe of the same color on their femora; scopa
of hind legs black, large and very coarse; abdomen black, moderately shining, with
short black hair, the first segment without pale hair, but that of the fifth thin and
white (best seen in lateral view), with an apical chocolate-colored fringe, and long
chocolate hairs on each side of apical plate; beneath, the fourth segment has a con-
spicuous fringe of light hair.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann & Heath). At
first sight this seems a most ordinary little species, just like several
of the nitida group. On closer examination, it appears not to be
a typical Centris, by reason of the venation, which in Schrottky’s
table of Brazilian genera, would throw it out of Centris altogether.
It is however actually allied to some of the nztida series, especially
perhaps to C. birkmanni; Friese, which however has a much shorter
first s. m., and the clypeus entirely black in the females.

Centris ceratocephala sp. nov.

Female. Length about 14 mm., unusually long and slender for a Centris, head
and thorax black, abdomen bright red; legs red, the anterior ones, and the middle
tibiee, suffused with black. Very close to C. bicornuta Mocsary, having the same
peculiar structure, but larger; the shining clypeus black with a triangular yellow
mark on each side; wings dusky, but not dark; abdomen with the first segment
suffused with blackish, but its hair all pale fulvous; second and third segments bare,
fourth with fuscous hair, fifth with fulvous; scopa of hind legs entirely light fulvo-
ferruginous. There is much black hair on the head above, both before and behind
the ocelli. Mandibles bidentate; labrum longer than broad, black with two very
large elongate yellow patches, which nearly meet in the middle line below, apex
strongly bidentate, lateral margins obtusely angulate near the middle; teeth at
sides of apex of clypeus long, black, cylindrical. Eyes dark brown. Hair of thorax
above fulvo-ferruginous, without any dark.

Hab.—Manaos, Brazil (Mann & Baker). Possibly a subspecies
of C. bicornuta. Manaos is more than a thousand miles from the
type locality of bicornuta.

Dianthidium heathi sp. noy.

Male. Length about 5 mm.; head and thorax strongly and densely punctured;
clypeus, mandibles except apex, broad bands along inner orbits and two long narrow
bands passing just mesad of antennal sockets, all pale yellow; scape ferruginous;
a continuous orange band across occipital region; mesothorax with very large punc-
tures, black with somewhat more than the lateral thirds of the anterior margin
broadly yellow; a broad yellow band from axille across scutellum, narrowly inter-

46 Psyche [April

rupted in middle; legs reddish, blackish and yellow, the anterior femora and tibize
broadly striped with yellow; tegule deep ferruginous, with an orange spot; mar-
ginal cell and apical part of wing dark fuliginous; abdomen black, with very broad
oblique orange bands, widely separated in middle, on first segment, on second a nar-
rowly pear-shaped yellow mark on each extreme side, on third a narrow yellow band
on each side ending mesad in a very large elongate club, on fourth to sixth entire
bands, that on sixth notched in front; seventh segment cream-color, the lateral cor-
ners with long straight spines, the truncate ends of which are dark, while in the mid-
dle is a very slight prominence. So close to D. gregarium (Hypanthidium gregarium
Schrottky) that I had considered it identical, until I noted the antennz, which is
heathi are long but quite normal, the flagellum slender but not crenulate, dark above,
ferruginous below, whereas in gregariwm the flagellum is very long, strongly crenu-
late below, each joint light ferruginous with the base black, but the last entirely
black; the armature of the apex of the abdomen is quite the same in both. These
forms have pulvilli, and represent an aberrant section of Dianthidium.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (type locality), 3 males
(Mann and Heath); Natal, Brazil, one male (W. M. Mann). The
D. gregarium compared is from Villa Encarnacion, Paraguay, col-
lected by Schrottky. An apparently allied species is Anthidiwm
pygmeum Friese, known only in the female. Judging from
Friese’s description, our species is too different from pygmeum
to be its male.

Ceratina chrysocephala sp. nov.

Female. Length about 93 mm.; head and thorax very strongly and coarsely
punctured, golden-green, the head with golden tints, the mesothorax with crimson,
the posterior disc of mesothorax with a smooth dark area; pubescence very scanty,
thin and white on pleura and sides of metathorax; mandibles and labrum entirely
black; clypeus dull in the middle, and with large punctures, the lower margin with
a very broad transverse orange band, not reaching lateral corners; lateral face-
marks orange bands, very broad below, rather irregular on inner side, ending above
at about level of antennz; posterior orbits with broad orange bands, the upper
part leaving the orbit; antenne red as far as fourth or fifth joint, dark piceous or black
beyond; scutellum closely punctured, roughly granular posteriorly; tubercles
green; tegule dark chestnut; wings deep fuliginous, with violet tints; legs more
or less green; anterior tibie with a yellow stripe, connecting with a spot at apex of
femur; middle tibize with a yellow basal spot, hind tibie ferruginous at base; hind
tibiz with much white hair; middle femora conspicuously angled beneath toward
base; abdomen shining dark bluish-green, with slight brassy tints, strongly punc-
tured; sixth ventral segment subcarinate.

Hab.—Manaos, Brazil (Mann & Baker). In Schrottky’s table
of Brazilian species this runs to the vicinity of C. longiceps Sm.
and cupriventris Sm. The shape of the head is not at all as in

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 47

longiceps, while the colors and markings disagree with eupriventris.
In Schrottky’s later table (Zeits. Hym. Dipt., 1907, p. 480) this
runs to C. gossypii Schrottky, which really seems to be closely
allied, but in gossypu the pleura is finely punctured, the scutellum
is blue-green, and there are various other differences. Compari-
son with other recent descriptions does not indicate identity in
any case.

Ceratina manni sp. nov.

Female. Length about 43 mm.; dark but shining bluish-green, the apical half
of the abdomen roughened; sides of front hardly punctured; a large broad elongate
(vertical) mark on clypeus, a small broad-oval mark on each side of it, a broad elon-
gate mark (like that on clypeus, but smaller) along each anterior orbit opposite
antenne, and a stripe on each cheek (receding from orbit) all ivory-white; mandi-
bles and labrum dark, the labrum and apical half of mandibles obscurely reddish;
antennz black basally, the thick flagellum light ferruginous below, dark rufopi-
ceous above; tubercles broadly white margined; tegule dark reddish; wings dusky.
The mouthparts are not greatly elongated. Tarsi dusky reddish; anterior tibie
with a pale stripe. (In C. lucidula the legs are pale testaceous.)

Hab—lIndependencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 6 females (Mann &
Heath). This little species resembles C. nautlana Ckll., but is at
once distinguished by the five light marks on face. It also resem-
bles, on account of its small size, C. lucidula Sm., muelleri Friese,
gossypii Schrottky, and minima Friese, but it will not agree with
any of them. Ducke says that muelleri is the same as lucidula,
but the legs are quite differently colored. C. minima is known only
in the male, but I am confident that manni is not its female.

Melipona pseudocentris sp. nov.

Worker. Length about 113 mm.; head and thorax with pale fulvous pubescence,
bright orange-fulvous in middle of pleura; clypeus light ferruginous, the upper
border infuscated, a median stripe and the lateral corners cream-colored; a cres-
centic cream-colored supraclypeal mark, bordered above by ferruginous; cream-
colored lateral face-marks broad below, narrowing above, ending above level of
middle of front; scape red; third antennal joint conspicuously red beneath; abdo-
men bright chestnut red, with coarse black hair in apical region, but tuft at ex-
treme apex ferruginous; legs red and black. Extremely close to M. rufiventris
Lep., from which it differs in its larger size and considerably darker abdomen. The
legs are marked exactly as in rufiventris, and the face markings essentially agree.

Hab.—Manaos, Brazil (Mann & Baker). I should have con-
sidered this a local race, or perhaps individual variety, of M. rufi-

48 Psyche [April

ventris, were it not that the two specimens are quite alike, while a
rufiventris from Abuna exactly agrees with one from F. Smith’s
collection, now in my possession. ‘There is accordingly some evi-
dence of stability in the comparatively slight characters noted.
The name of the species is derived from the fact that superficially
it is exactly like a red Centris, such as C. tarsata Smith. Ducke
asserts that M. mixta Lep. is the same as rufiventris, but Lepele-
tier says the hair of the head and thorax in mizta is black. Ducke
also makes M. fulva Lep. a synonym of rufiventris, but according
to a specimen before me, from F. Smith’s collection, it is quite
distinct: the legs, as Lepeletier describes, are fulvous, the hind
tibiz without black markings, although the anterior and middle
tibiz are strongly infuscated. In rufiventris the hind tibize are
red with about the apical half black, and there is long black hair
on the posterior margin.

Melipona abunensis sp. nov.

Worker Length 10 mm. or slightly more; head, thorax and legs black, the large
apical tarsal joints dark red; abdomen chestnut red, without bands; head broad;
clypeus bare, dullish, minutely roughened, with a feebly indicated median dark
red stripe; mandibles black, edentate; malar space large; sides of face bare; scape
black, red at extreme base; flagellum reddish beneath; vertex with long black hair,
occiput with light fulvous hair; mesothorax shining black, more than the posterior
half bare, anterior part with long black hair, with shorter pale hair intermixed;
scutello mesothoracic suture with black hair in front and pale behind; scutellum
prominent, wholly black, apically with a tuft of long black hair, but the hind mar-
gin with long pale fulvous hair; sides of metathorax with pale hair; hair of pleura
pale anteriorly, but black below wings; anterior femora fringed with whitish hair
behind, their tarsi with red hair on inner side; the broad hind tibie fringed with
black hair; tegule ferruginous; wings orange-ferruginous, with ferruginous nervures;
hair of apical part of abdomen mainly ferruginous, but some dark hair at sides of
the last three segments; first abdominal segment with a black spot on each side.

Hab—Abuna, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker). The
general appearance is like an overgrown M. mandacaia Sm., with
the abdomen much brighter red. On more detailed comparison
there are many differences, as in the color of the legs and base of
abdomen.

Trigona mannii sp. nov.

Worker. Length 73-9 mm., the wings about 8 mm.; rufotestaceous, the head
black, marked with very pale yellow, and the mesothorax black or piceous, mar-

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 49

gined with yellow; pubescence light fulvous; mandibles light yellow, black at tip,
with a strong tooth at inner corner; malar space narrow but distinct; clypeus,
except a pair of subobsolete reddish bars, elongate supraclypeal mark (its upper part
reddish), and broad lateral face-marks, all pale yellow, the lateral marks filling space
between clypeus and antenne and eyes, ending squarely a little above level of
antenne; front and mesothorax pruinose with fine yellowish-gray hair; scape pale
yellow-testaceous, black above at apex; flagellum dark above and ferruginous be-
neath, last joint red also above; prothorax yellow; narrow lateral margins of meso-
thorax yellow, and anterior margin broadly subtestaceous, except a central portion,
which is dark; tegulae rufo-fulvous; wings very long, suffused with orange, except
the broad apical field, which is grayish; nervures ferruginous; legs bright ferrugi-
nous, with ferruginous hair, but the broadly expanded apical part of hind tibic
piceous, the hind basitarsi black, and the small joints of hind tarsi dark red;
abdomen of the long and narrow type, shining, with scanty red hair.

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil, two, one the type
(Mann & Baker). Also one from Abunda, Rio Madeira (Mann &
Baker). Related to T. clavipes (Fabr.), which it resembles a good
deal in the markings of the head and thorax, but much larger,
with longer wings, the scutellum wholly light, ete. It is one of
the species placed in the subgenus T'etragona.

Trigona rhodoptera sp. nov

Worker. Length about 73 mm., the very ample wings a little over 8; head black,
with the clypeus, supraclypea! area, and more than lower half of cheeks (except a
band along orbits) ferruginous; hair of vertex and front dark fuscous; sides of face
pale grayish pollinose; cheeks densely covered with a short pale yellowish tomen-
tum; eyes ferruginous; mandibles quinquedentate, dark reddish, blackish apically;
malar space quite distinct; scape ferruginous, black above at apex; flagellum clear
ferruginous beneath, black above, except at apex; thorax entirely bright ferrugi-
nous red, with hair of the same color; tegule red; wings very red, orange-fulvous,
nervures clear red; legs red, with the greatly broadened hind tibiz more or less
infuscated, having especially a black patch covering the inner half (on both sides
of the tibia) apically; middle and hind tarsi infuscated; long hair on margin of
hind tibiz sooty; abdomen short, very shiny, dark fuscous with the base pale
rufotestaceous.

Hab.—Type from Abunda, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker).
Also one from Madeira-Mamore R. R. Co. Camp 41, Rio Madeira,
Brazil (Mann & Baker). Superficially not unlike 7. manni, but
entirely different in the markings of head and thorax and charac-
ter of the mandibles. 7’. pallida Latr., also collected at Abuna, is
much smaller, with differently colored wings. T. williana Friese
must be a similar insect, but it has ferruginous hairs on the hind

50 Psyche [April

tibiz, and the margins of the wings broadly smoky: the head also
must be different.

Trigona frontalis flavocincta subsp. nov.

Worker. Like T. frontalis Friese, but the pale markings of the thorax light yel-
low instead of white; all the femora and anterior and middle tibiz and tarsi, clear
ferruginous. Length 3 mm.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann «& Heath).
Friese described 7. frontalis from Honduras, without citing any
precise locality or collector. Professor C. F. Baker kindly sent
me four which he collected at Chinandega, Nicaragua. Some of
the same lot, he informed me, were determined by Friese.

Trigona pellucida sp. nov.

Worker. Like T. amalthea (Oliv.) except that the wings are clear, somewhat
milky, with the apex a little dusky, the stigma and nervures bright clear ferrugi-
nous; abdomen sepia-brown basally; hind tibia reddish, but dark; small joints of

tarsi deep ferruginous. Length 53 mm., anterior wings 5. Mandibles dentate,
obscure reddish at apex. Dorsal surface of abdomen distinctly keeled.

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil, one (Mann & Baker).
This seems to be related to 7. amalthea as T. flavipennis Friese
is to T. ruficrus. Possibly both represent mutations.

Trigona branneri sp. nov.

Worker. Length 63 mm., anterior wing 63; like T. gwiane Ckll., but smaller,
with the wings only very faintly dusky, with a yellow stain in the base of the mar-
ginal cell and along the subcostal and basal nervures; abdomen shining black;
short tomentum of thorax above dark fuscous, hardly noticeable; mandibles dark
castaneous, dentate. The series of eight is quite uniform in appearance. Com-
pared with 7. ruficrus, it is at once known by the pale wings, and the black hind
legs; compared with 7. amalthea, it is larger, with pale wings, and the scape and
flagellum both chestnut red beneath. The wings, although pale, are dusky com-
pared with those of 7. pellucida. I might think T. branneri to be T. flavipennis
Friese, but Friese says the posterior tibize of his species are more or less fulvous,
which is not true of ours. A species which superficially looks just like T. branneri
is T. postica (Latr.), but postica has a dull abdomen (except the extreme bases of
the segments), with two patches of light pubescence on the fifth segment, and also
a finely rugose punctate mesothorax.

Hab.—Manaos, Brazil, eight (Mann & Baker).

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 51

Trigona spp.

Twenty-three specimens from Porto Velho, Abuné and Madeira-
Mamore R. R. Co. Camp 41, represent at least three species of
the amalthea group, which I do not at present attempt to describe.
It appears that in this group of Trigona there exist numerous very
closely allied races or species, but at present it is difficult to define
them or to decide whether they are really distinct from various
previously published members of the genus. They should be col-
lected, like ants, in large numbers from individual nests.

Coelioxys ardescens sp. nov.

Male. Length 10 mm. or slightly over; black, with the tegule and legs bright
ferruginous; hind tarsi black, abruptly contrasting with the red tibiae; first abdom-
inal segments, and sides and extreme base of second and third, dark red; ventral
surface of abdomen wholly dark red, with white hair-bands; eyes brownish-gray,
with very short hair; mandibles red, black at apex; lower part of cheeks and base
of mandibles with very dense pure white hair; face and front densely covered with
silky pale fulvous hair; vertex flattened, strongly punctured, with very short and
scanty black hair; antennz entirely black; mesothroax shining, with very large
scattered punctures; an undulating band of hair along front of mesothroax, a stripe
(enlarging posteriorly) at sides, and two transverse patches in scutello-mesotho-
racic suture, all lively fulvous; hair of under side of thorax white; scutellum smooth,
impunctate in middle, with large punctures at sides, apex angularly produced
and slightly upturned; axillar spines rather short; wings hyaline, faintly dusky,
the apical margin broadly dusky; stigma ferruginous, nervures fuscous; anterior
eoxal spines short and stout; tibial spurs red; abdomen shining, first segment
rather sparsely punctured, the others largely impunctate in middle, except at base
and apex; first segment with an entirely uniform, narrow yellowish hair-band;
third to fifth with subdorsal transverse stripes of grayish tomentum, and second
to fifth with apical hair-bands at sides only; sixth segment elongate, deeply and
broadly sulcate in middle, with a long sharp spine on each side near base, the four
apical spines sharp, the lower somewhat the longest; venter sparsely punctured,
with very faint indications of a kee!. The scutellum shows no trace of a keel.

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann «& Baker).
Of the genus Coeliorys no less than 94 neotropical species have been
described, but I cannot identify this with any of them. It appears
to be close to C. levigata Smith, from Para, but the angular apex
of the scutellum of our species can hardly be called “a broad
spine,” while the account of the abdominal banding does not at
all agree. In Schrottky’s table in his Catamarca paper (1909)
C. ardescens runs to C. edentata Schrottky, and agrees well in several

52 Psyche [April

respects, but that species is evidently much more closely punctate,
and the lateral spines of the sixth segment are said to be short.
In Schrottky’s table of Brazilian species it runs to the vicinity
of C. agilis Sm., which is smaller, with no red on abdomen, and C.
rufopicta Sm., which is larger, with darkened wings in which are
irregular transparent spaces. In Holmberg’s table (1903) it runs
out at 23, because the fourth ventral segment is perfectly simple,
without any process or teeth. In Friese’s Argentine table (1908)
it runs to a species doubtfully determined by him as C. simillima
Sm., but I have seen the type of simillima, and it has a dark
stigma (cf. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., XX XI, 335). Comparison with
the various species not included in the tables does not indicate
identity in any case. Among the northern species, our insect
is to be compared with the Mexican C. otomita Cresson, to which
it must be closely allied, differing however in the abdominal
banding.

Czenonomada tertia sp. nov.

Male. Length 83-93 mm.; structure as in C. bruneri Ashm.; bright lemon
yellow and black, the thin long hair very pale fulvous above, white beneath; eyes
fusco-ferruginous; clypeus very prominent, bright lemon yellow with a black band
along upper margin, above which is a large semicircular supraclypeal mark; labrum,
basal two-thirds of mandibles, and broad bands along anterior and posterior orbits,
all yellow, the band along anterior orbits ending in a sharp point on orbital margin
little below level of anterior ocellus; front shining, concave; scape greatly swollen,
bright yellow, with a triangular black patch at end; flagellum ferruginous, dark
fuscous above, with the structure typical of the genus; upper part of prothorax
broadly yellow; mesothorax dull black, the lateral margins and two very conspicu-
ous longitudional stripes (not reaching anterior or posterior margin) yellow; pleura
with an elongate yellow patch; axille, anterior half of scutellum, postscutellum,
and a very large C-shaped mark on each side of metathorax, yellow; area of meta-
thorax triangular, black; legs yellow, black at base; hind tarsi ferruginous, with
ferruginous hair on inner side; hind femora yellow on outer side, black beneath,
on inner side black with two large yellow marks; abdomen bright yellow with six
broad black bands; apical plate yellow, black at apex; venter black in middle,
yellow at sides; tegule fulvotestaceous, with a yellow spot; wings moderately
dusky; venation normal, third s. m. much longer than first or second. The six-
jointed maxillary palpi are very slender. Hind tibia with one spur very large,
the other very small.

Female. Length 104 mm.; similar to the male, but the yellow not so bright,
and with the usual sexual differences; clypeus shining black, punctured, with about
the lower half pale yellow, except in middle; lateral face-marks broad below, but
abruptly cut-off at about level of antenne, except for a slender line which continues

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 53

up orbit; scape not enlarged, black with the basal two-thirds yellow in front; yellow
markings of thorax nearly as in male, the two stripes on mesothorax well-developed,
but the tubercles are entirely dark, the pleura has no yellow mark, the yellow band
on scutellum is broadly notched behind, and the yellow of the metathorax is re-
duced to an irregular mark shaped rather like an agaric, at each side of the enclosure;
tegule rufofuscous, with a very small yellowish spot; legs black, anterior pair with
a yellow stripe from near middle of femora nearly to end of tibise; middle legs with
a yellow patch on apex of femora and base of tibie, hind legs with a yellow mark
at end of femora; anterior and middle tarsi thick, with reddish hair; posterior
knee-plate large, long-oval, covered with dark reddish hair; long hair of hind tibiz
and basitarsi white on outer side, shining yellowish-white on inner side of tibiz,
dark fuscous on inner side of basitarsi; both tibial spurs of hind legs large; apical
plate of abdomen with fine concentric striz; apical hair chocolate, but ventral
segments fringed with white hair; venter all black.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 2 males, 1 female
(Mann & Heath). This is the third known species of Cenonomada.
It is close to C. bruneri Ashm., but easily separated by the presence
of large yellow stripes on the mesothorax in both sexes, and other
details of the markings. From C@enonomada pluricincta (Tetra-
pedia pluricincta Vachal), from Goyaz, it is separated by the yellow
markings of the thorax, the color of the legs, etc. Vachal suggests
that Eyicharis unicalcarata Ducke may also prove to belong to
Caenonomada. Vachal protests against the use of Ashmead’s
generic name Cenonomada, on the ground that the description was
insufficient, and the insect was placed in the wrong family. I
believe, however, that Cenonomada must be considered to have
been established according to the rules, although one could wish
it were possible to adopt instead Holmberg’s Chacoana, which was
well-defined and well understood by its author.

Pszenythia canina sp. noy.

Male. Length about 8 mm.; black with bright lemon-yellow markings, no red
on head, thorax or abdomen; head extremely broad, eyes diverging below; clypeus
with long pointed lateral lobes; clypeus (except two dots and lower margin), a large
quadrate area (twice as broad as long) on labrum, broad lateral face-marks shaped
like the mainsail of a schooner, large dog-ear marks, and an elongated mark on upper
part of cheeks, all yellow; supraclypeal area and scape entirely black; flagellum
ferruginous beneath, darkened basally; mandibles long and slender, the basal half
yellowish, the apical red; front rugose, cheeks shining; mesothorax shining, very
finely and closely punctured; upper border of prothorax, tubercles and a spot
behind them, a pair of oblique marks extending over axille and side of scutellum,
a stripe on postscutellum, and two marks near the middle of the base of meta-

54 Psyche [Aprik

thorax, all yellow; scutellum shining, the punctures larger and much less dense than
on mesothorax; legs piceous, the small joints of tarsi light reddish-brown; a small
spot on all the knees, stripe on anterior tibie, and base of middle tibiz above, yellow;
hind tibize with silvery-white hair; tegule light fulvotestaceous; wings dusky;
abdomen with bright yellow bands on first six segments, widely interrupted on
second and third, with a linear interruption on the others; apical plate very large,
obtusely emarginate, bulging laterally; genitalia ferruginous. Third s. m. unusually
Jong.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann & Heath).
In the tables by Schrottky and Friese this runs to P. burmeistert
Gerst, which however is much larger, and otherwise different.
From all the races of P. picta Gerst., it is known not only by the
details of the markings, but also by the very much more finely
punctured mesothorax. In the shape of the head, and in the
face-markings, there is much resemblance to P. philanthoides
Gerst., but the head is broader, and the colors are quite different.
The name canina may be taken to refer to the bulldog-like head
or to the well-developed dog-ear marks.

Megachile lenticula Vachal.

Female. Length 103-13 mm.; black, including the legs, except that the hind
coxe, trochanters and basal half of femora are ferruginous above; tegule clear bright
ferruginous, the anterior margin somewhat expanded; wings strongly dusky; hair
of vertex, mesothorax and scutellum coarse and black, of sides of thorax fulvous
above, whitish below, with a little black hair below the wings; metathorax with pale
fulvous hair, and pale hair in scutello-mesothoracic suture; face and front with mixed
cream-color and black hair; clypeus and supraclypical area bare, shining, with
scattered punctures; middle of clypeus flattened, sides subrugose, lower margin
thickened and broadly concave; mandibles quadridentate; abdomen with narrow
entire pale fulvous bands on the second and following segments, and pale fulvous
hair at extreme sides of first; basal part of abdomen red beneath; ventral scopa
creamy-white, largely black at sides and apex.

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker).
Madeira-Mamore R. R. Co. Camp 43 (Mann & Baker). Male
also at Porto Velho. JI had regarded the female as a new species,
but it is evidently the undescribed sex of M. lenticula Vachal.
The following table contrasts the female with some species which
it resembles.

Ventral scopa “‘nearly white,” without black; abdomen not banded.nudiventris

Sm.
Ventral scopa black at apex, and more or less at sides.............-..-02e0% 1

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 55

1. Hair around base of antenne bright rufofulvous......... constructrix Sm.
Hair around base of antenne not brightly colored........................-. 2
2. Length 9-10 mm.; hair of face mainly black............... schrottkyi Vachal
Length 103-13 mm.; hair of face as much pale as black. ...... lenticula Vachal.

Megachile virescens sp. nov.

Female. Length about 12 mm.; black, the tarsi dark brown, the dorsum of abdo-
men with variable, sometimes very conspicuous, green tints, with also sugges-
tions of dark purple; hair of head and thorax white, the dense bands in front and
behind the scutellum, the dense tuft behind the tegule, and to some extent the
hair of upper part of sides of thorax, creamy-tinted; vertex with short black hair;
hair of legs white, orange-ferruginous on inner side of tarsi; abdomen with moderately
broad, entire creamy-white hair-bands at the apices of the segments; sixth segment
with appressed gray hair; ventral scopa yellowish-white, black on last segment;
mandibles quadridentate, black, with an obscure reddish subapical band; clypeus
and supraclypeal area shining, strongly punctured, the punctures sparse in middle,
antenne black; area between the ocelli with large well separated punctures, but that
on either side of them densely and minutely punctured, in complete contrast;
mesothorax with the anterior half dull, the posterior half shining, with fine punctures
of various sizes, but none large; scutellum posteriorly with black hair; tegule
piceous, finely punctured; wings strongly dusky, posterior basitarsi broad and flat;
abdomen of the triangular type.

Hab.—Baixa Verde, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Mann).
Extraordinarily like M. deceptrix Sm. from S. Domingo (West
Indies), but the flagellum in Smith’s species is fulvous beneath.
It is also very close to M. chrysophila Ckll., from Mexico, but
that has a densely granular abdomen, without green tints.

Megachile microsoma sp. nov.

Male. Length about 64 mm.; black, the anterior tibie slightly reddish in
front, the hind tibiz distinctly reddish on inner side toward apex; head very large,
as large as thorax, abdomen short; hair of head and thorax above scanty, partly
black and partly pale yellowish (the latter easily overlooked); front and area just
below the antenne with black hair, but pale hair at sides of face, and lower margin
of clypeus densely covered with silky white hair; cheeks below with long white hair;
under side of thorax with dense white hair; basal part of abdomen with short black
hair, but sides of third segment at apex, a broad entire apical band on fourth, all of
fifth (densely only at apex), and all of sixth very densely, covered with pale fulyous
hair; hair of legs scanty and white, fulvous on inner side of tarsi; clypeus shining,
with large strong punctures, which are very sparse in middle; supraclypeal area
entirely dull, densely granular; antenne long, entirely black; mesothorax finely
and closely punctured; tegule rufopiceous, very dark; wings dusky, the costal
region very dark; stigma rather large; anterior legs simple, their coxee unarmed;
sixth abdominal segment retracted, with two distant sharp black teeth.

56 Psyche [April

Hab.—Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Brazil (Mann & Baker).
This little species resembles the Mexican M. bidentis Ckll., but
differs in the color of the wings, dark fuscous nervures, and some-
what larger head. They are however closely related. The color
of the nervures and tegule will also separate M. microsoma from
the South American M. pilosa Sm.

Megachile permunda sp. nov.

Male. Length about 9 mm.; black, the femora and tibize a rather lively chest-
nut red, all the tarsi light yellow; a short compact species, superficially like the
Australian M. sequior Ckll.; eyes light green, the lower part tinged with red; man-
dibles and antennz black, the flagellum very faintly reddish below; face densely
covered with shining golden hair; lower part of cheeks, and under side of thorax,
with pure white hair; the broad vertex, and thorax above, with long erect dark
fuscous hairs, but mesothorax margined all round, and scutellum in front and behind,
with dense fulvous tomentum, the edge of the fulvous area in front of mesothorax
trilobed or tridentate posteriorly; abdomen with entire pale fulvous apical hair-
bands, but band on fourth segment broadly interrupted, while fifth has no apical
band, but its basal third or more is densely covered with appressed fulvous hair;
sixth segment densely covered with creamy-white hair, except the projecting mar-
gin, which is broadly emarginate, but otherwise simple; ventral segments with white
hair-bands; apical antennal joint slightly broadened; mesothorax and scutellum
dull, densely granular; tegule dull ferruginous; wings dusky; anterior coxe with
strong black spines; anterior tarsi hardly broadened, but with a long white fringe
behind, on the inner side of the fringe is some black hair; middle tarsi posteriorly
with extremely long white hair; hind tarsi with long white hairs in front; spurs
yellowish-white.

Hab.—Natal, Brazil, two males (W. M. Mann). Except for
the almost simple anterior tarsi, this much resembles the Mexican
M. veraecrucis Ckll.

Exomalopsis paraguayensis manni subsp. nov.

Female. Length about 84 mm.; black, the mesothorax, scutellum and abdomen
shining; agrees with the description of E. paraguayensis Schrottky, except
as follows: mesothorax shining, not very densely punctured, the anterior third with
scanty pale hair, the posterior part with very scanty black hair, easily overlooked;
scopa of hind legs creamy-white, the basitarsi densely black-haired behind; wings
dusky at apex; stigma large, amber-color, nervures more dusky; tegule rufo-
piceous. The head is broader than long, and the abdomen is elongate, not sub-
globose as in many Exomalopsis. The base of the metathorax is roughened. The
mandibles are black, with a bright red spot about the middle. The b. n. goes
basad of t. m., and second s. m. is very small.

1912] Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil oli

Hab.—Natal, Brazil (W. M. Mann). Probably a distinct
species, but agreeing so nearly with the description of D. para-
guayensis that I leave it for the present as a subspecies.

Tapinotaspis heathi n. sp.

Male. Length about 8} mm., anterior wing nearly 8; shining black, the supra-
clypeal region, front and abdomen very brilliant; pubescence mainly black, but
dense and shining creamy-white on clypeus and sides of face, long silvery hairs
project below mandibles, the anterior half of pleura has long plumose white hair,
anterior legs with white hair on outer side, hair on inner side of hind tibiz dull
white, and on inner side of their tarsi pale ferruginous; fourth abdominal segment
with a tuft of white hair on each side, fifth and sixth with white hair at sides, and
dorsally in the subapical region with glittering, pale, partly metallic hairs; under
side of abdomen with black hair-bands; hair of thorax above, and the very abundant
hair of middle legs, all black; malar space obsolete; supraclypeal area smooth and
impunctuate; antennz long and slender, scape black, flagellum ferruginous, pale
beneath, the first joint largely dark, the last three joints on inner side, and a square
patch on apical part of the one before, shining snow-white; mesothorax microscopically
sculptured; anterior wings dark fuliginous, the apical field very large, nervures fus-
cous, stigma rather large, reddish; b. n. meeting t. m.; marginal cell obtusely pointed
at apex, away from costa; first and second submarginals about equal, third larger;
second quadrate, narrowed about a third above, receiving first r. n. almost at its
apex; third s. m. broader above than second, receiving second r. n. a little beyond
beginning of its last third; lower wings hyaline, darkened on costa and broadly
so at apex, anal lobe very well developed; hind basitarsus nearly as long as tibia,
produced at end into a thumb-like lobe which is largely red; first three abdominal
segments without apical hair, except at sides; fourth with a short purplish-black
fringe, fifth and sixth with heavy black fringes; apical plate broadly truncate. The
elongate two basal joints of labial palpi are subequal.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann «& Heath).
This may perhaps have been described as a Tetrapedia from the
female, but if so, there is no way to ascertain the fact. It looks
like Tetrapedia diversipes Klug, except for the smaller size and the
color of the hair on the hind legs. The venation is however entirely
different from that of 7. diversipes, and also very different from
Exomalopsis, to which genus I next thought to refer it. The
reference to Tapinotaspis is unsatisfactory, because the second
submarginal cell is not at all as in that genus, but it is possible that
the definition of Tapinotaspis may be altered to include such forms
as the present. Tapinotaspis is considered by Brethes a synonym
of Tetrapedia, while a species was described by Friese as an Exo-
malopsis. It is probably a valid genus, or at any rate, the species

58 Psyche [April

now described is generically distinct from both Tetrapedia and
Exomalopsis.

Diadasia Patton.

The three bees described below are referred to Diadasia, which
is probably distinguishable from Ancyloscelis. I have not been able
to examine the type of Ancyloscelis (A. ursinus Hal.), but from what
I can learn, I believe it is a Dipedia or Leptergatis. Holmberg’s
Leptometria and Teleutemnesta have been referred to Ancyloscelis,
but they have an apparently valid character in the hind wings,
pointed out by Holmberg; the separation of the discoidal and
cubital nervures takes place about half way between the trans-
verso medial and the transversocubital, instead of very much nearer
the transversomedial as in Diadasia, ete. In this character the
bees now described agree with Diadasia, and are readily separated
from Leptometria and Teleutemnesta. The North American
Dasiapis, which in some ways closely resembles Leptometria,
has the Diadasia venation of the hind wings.

Diadasia parahybensis sp. nov.

Male. Length about 6} mm., the abdomen short and subglobose; black,
wholly without light face-markings, the long tarsi, and apical spot on tibi, fer-
ruginous; eyes pale ochreous; facial quadrangle very much longer than broad; hair
of head and thorax very pale ochreous, almost white, quite white below; on vertex
the short hair is stained with brownish; flagellum ferruginous beneath; mesothorax
shining, with rather dense strong punctures; tegule dark reddish; wings strongly
dusky; b. n. meeting t. m.; middle and hind femora incrassate, but not excessively
so; hind spur of hind tibia considerately longer than the other; hind basitarsus
gently curved; abdomen covered with a short felt-like reddish tomentum, the hind
margins of the segments broadly pallid but also hairy.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann & Heath).
In Friese’s table of Ancyloscelis (Flora og Fauna, 1908, p. 51)
this runs to 4, and runs out on account of its size, but really comes
nearest to A. riparia Ducke, with which it agrees in the keeled
sixth ventral segment of abdomen; it differs, however, by the dusky
wings and the color of the hair of the head. In my table of North
American species (Amer. Nat., XX XIX, p. 742) it runs to Dia-
dasia diminuta (Cr.), from which it differs at once in the character
of the abdominal hair, which in diminuta is long and loose.

1912] . Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil 59

Diadasia murihirta sp. nov.

Male. Length about 11 mm.; black, the head and thorax with rather dense
hair, which is warm ochreous above (fuscous on scutellum, and slightly so on dise
of mesothorax) and white below, the transition from one color to the other quite
gradual; small joints of tarsi ferruginous; antennz short for a male, the flagellum
obscurely reddish beneath; clypeus densely covered with light hair; mesothorax
with small but strong and rather close punctures; hind femora incrassate but not
at all subglobose; spurs piceous (in D. parahybensis they are cream-color); hind
basitarsus curved, red at apex but not prolonged; tegule fuscoferruginous, pallid
at sides; wings moderately dusky (not reddish as they are in D. suwmichrasti vul-
pthirta); abdomen with pale ochreous hair on first segment, the other segments
with very short and thin black hair (obscure brown on basal half and sides of second),
and broad dense apical ochreous hair-bands; sixth ventral with a large median
hair-tuft.

Hab.—Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 2 males (Mann &
Heath). In Friese’s table runs to facialis Friese, differing in the
total lack of light face-markings. In the North American table
it runs to the Mexican D. sumichrasti (Cr.), but the hair is less
brightly colored, while the second s. m., is broader above than
in sumichrasti, and receives the first r. n. nearer the apex.

Diadasia sumichrasti vulpihirta subsp. nov.

Female. Exactly like D. suwmichrasti (one of Cresson’s cotypes compared)
except that it is somewhat larger, the scape is largely red, and the flagellum is
partly red beneath, the color especially bright on the second joint and apex of the
first. There is a strong contrast between the bright fox-red hair of the mesothorax
and region about the tubercles, and the grayish-white of pleura. The abdominal
bands are broad and bright ochreous. The mouth-parts are as follows: maxillary
palpi 6-jointed, joints measuring in p:(1.) 224 (2.) 416 (3.) 464 (4.) 272 (5.) 176
(6.) 176; apex of second joint, and all of third, with a dense brush of hair on one
side; last joint very slender; blade of maxilla about 2400 4 long, about 160 broad
near middle, and about 352 near base; maxillary comb very well developed, with
about 23 sharp teeth; paraglossz linear, reaching to a little beyond middle of first
joint of labial palpus; labial palpi with first joint about 1170 / long and 192 broad,
second 1010 long; third (arising laterally 160 » from end of second) 176 long;
fourth 160. Labrum about 1360 4 broad and 800 long, apex very obtusely angled,
the apical margin with strongly fimbriate hairs.

Hab—Baixa Verde, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (Mann).
Six females.

The following list enumerates all the bees collected by Mr. Mann
and his associates in Brazil.

60 Psyche

[April

Rio GRANDE DO Norte.

(1.) Natal (W. M. Mann & Heath).

Xylocopa brasilianorum L.
aE branneri n. sp.

Centris enea Lep.
“maculata Lep.

“ee

lanipes Fabr.
(2.) Baixa Verde (W. M. Mann).

Megachile virescens n. sp.

June, 1911.

June, 1911.

Exomalopsis paraguayensis mannt
n. subsp.
Megachile permunda n. sp.
Trigona amalthea Oliv.
“< ruficrus Latr.
Dianthidium heathi n. sp.

Diadasia sumichrasti vulpihirta n. subsp.

PARAHYBA.

(3.) Independencia (Mann & Heath).
the city. June, 1911.

Xylocopa grisescens Lep.

zs frontalis morio Fabr.
Bombus kohli Ckll.

Centris libertatis n. sp.

“ bimaculata Lep.
Augochlora diversipennis Lep.
Dianthidium heathi n. sp.
Ceratina maculifrons sm.

“e

mann n. sp.

a
Para.

(4.) Pard (Mann, Heath & Baker).

of Souza, along trails through the forest.

Xylocopa frontalis morio Fabr.
Oxea festiva Sm.
Trigona recursa Sm.

Collecting was done in the hills north of

Trigona ruficrus Latr.
amalthea Oliv.
frontalis flavocincta n. subsp.
Psenythia canina n. sp.
Cenonomada tertia n. sp.
Tapinotaspis heathi n. sp.
Diadasia parahybensis n. sp.

2 murthirta n. sp.

“

Most of the collecting was done in the suburb

July, 1911.

AMAZONAS.

(5.) Manaos (Mann & Baker).

Bombus cajennensis Fabr.
Xylocopa barbata Fabr.
Melissa maculata Friese.
Centris bimaculata Lep.

“ ceratocephala n. sp.

Megalopta idalia Sm.
Ceratina chrysocephala n. sp.

On the Rio Negro.
little meadow near the hacienda “‘Kete Purange.”’

The bees were collected in a
August, 1911.

Trigona clavipes Fabr.
“~~ amalthea Oliv.
branneri n. sp.
Melipona pseudocentris n. sp.
Tetrapedia plumipes Sm. (? =ornata
Spin.)

“ee

1912]

(6.) Porto Velho (Mann & Baker).

Cockerell—New Bees from Brazil

61

This is located seven kilometers north of the

old native town, San Antonio, which is just below the lowest falls of the

Madeira, State of Amazonas.

Megachile microsoma n. sp.
“; lenticula Vachal.
curvipes Sm.
brasiliensis D. T.
flabellata Vachal.
Coelioxys ardescens n. sp.
Euglossa cordata L.
Centris heterodonta n. sp.

“se
ee

ee

(7.) Itacoatiara (Mann & Baker).

Amazon, about forty miles below the mouth of the Rio Madeira.

bees were taken about some
anchored boat.”

Euglossa cordata (L.)

September, 1911.

Trigona fulviventris Guér.

“ guiane Ckll.
silvestriana Vachal.
longipes Sm.
mannt n. sp.
pellucida n. sp.

sp.

“The town is situated on the north bank of the

The
orchids, which had been brought aboard an

Matto Grosso.

(8.) Abund (Mann & Baker). ‘‘On

Rio Abunda.”

Xylocopa viridis Sm.
Eulema dimidata Fabr.

- mannt Nn. sp.
Melissa decorata Sm.
Euglossa cordata L.
Melipona rufiventris Lep.

ne abunensis n. sp.

(9.) Madeira-Mamore R. R. Camp 41 (Mann & Baker).

306 km. from Porto Velho.”

Euglossa cordata (L.)
Trigona rhodoptera n. sp.

“e sp.

(10.) Madeira-Mamore R. R. Camp 43.

325 km. from Porto Velho.”

Megachile lenticula Vachal.
Centris bakeri n. sp.

the Rio Madeira nearly opposite mouth of

September 1911.

Centris tarsata Sm.
Trigona pallida Latr.

“ manni n. sp.
rhodoptera n. sp.

sp.

“se

es

“Located on Rio Madeira
September 1911.

(Mann & Baker). ‘“‘On Rio Mamore

September 1911.

The following abbreviations are used in the descriptions, in accordance with
my usual custom: s. m., submarginal cell; r. n., recurrent nervure; t.c., trans-
verso-cubital nervure; t. m., transverso-medial nervure; b. n., basal nervure.

62 Psyche [April

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.
J. C. BRANNER, Chief.

A NEW SAWFLY FROM BRAZIL.!
By S. A. Rouwer.

Mr. W. M. Mann has referred to me the sawflies and wood-
wasps obtained in Brazil by the Stanford Expedition. They are
as follows:

Sericocera sgibba (Klug)

Female: Ceara, Brazil. (Mann.)

Manaos gen. nov.

Belongs to the Sterictiphorine and runs to couplet 31 in Konow’s last table,
to the genera of this group. The very narrow facial quadrangle will separate
Manaos from related genera.

Slender species. Eyes large, extending almost to the anterior margin of the
clypeus, converging to the clypeus; facial quadrangle narrow, much narrower than
the length of the eyes; clypeus truncate, or nearly; palpi large; supraclypeal suture
present, straight; frontal carina strong; antennz inserted near the middle of face;
ocelli in a curved line, the lateral ones tangent to the supraorbital line; posterior
orbits very narrow; antenne bifurcate in male; female unknown; tarsal claws simple;
hind basitarsus longer than the following joints; fore wings: radial cell not appen-
diculate; four cubital cells, the basal three small, the second and third each receiv-
ing a recurrent vein near the base; basal vein remote from the origin of the cubitus;
anal cell petiolate; transverse median received before the middle of the cell; hind
wings: radial cell open; two discal cells; anal cell about the same length as the
petiole.

Type.—Manaos nigrinotatus sp. nov.

Manaos nigrinotatus, sp. nov.

Male, Length 5 mm. Labrum narrowly arcuately emarginate; supraclypeal
area convex; antennal furrows present, broad, shallow, nearly complete; ocellar
basin oval in outline, more sharply defined near ocellus; postocellar furrow present,
angulate from anterior ocellus; postocellar area not defined laterally; postocellar
line subequal to the ocellocular line; hypopygium short, broadly rounded apically;
stigma broad at base, tapering to a pointed apex; third cubital cell nearly quadrate.
Testaceous; head above antennz, meso- and meto-notum, tibiz (except beneath),
tarsi, apical three tergites and apical sternite black; clypeus, labrum, mandibles
(except piceous apices) and base of venter pallid. Wings dark brown; venation
black.

1Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology, Forest Insect Investigations.

1912] Alexander—New Crane-fly from Porto Rico 63

Manaos, Brazil. One male collected by Mann and Baker.

Type.—Cat. No. 14579, U. S. National Museum.

Ophrynopus batesianus Westwood.
Ophrynopus fulvistigmus Westwood.

Both from Porto Velho, Rio Madeira. (Mann & Baker.)

A PECULIAR NEW CRANE-FLY FROM PORTO RICO
(TIPULIDA; DIPTERA).!

By Cyarues P. ALEXANDER,
Ithaca, N. Y.

In some large collections of Neotropical crane-flies received for
study from various sources, a peculiar form was discovered which
can searcely be placed in any of the described genera and the fol-
lowing new group Is proposed for its reception:

Megistomastix gen. nov.

Antenne (See fig. 1) very long, almost twice the length of the body; first seg-
ment cylindrical, short, the basal two-thirds smooth, the apical third on the dorsal
aspect, with a broad depression; second segment short, irregularly cyathiform, the
proximal side produced much farther cephalad than the distal side; third segment
very elongate, at the base about two-thirds the diameter of segment two, rapidly
narrowing to a diameter equal to one half of segment two, thickly clothed with long
delicate hairs; segments four to thirteen, gradually decreasing in length, bearing
the delicate hairs throughout. Rostrum without a nasus. Palpi short, none of
the segments conspicuously longer than the others. Vertex produced forward
into a short protuberence. Thoracic pronotum not conspicuous from above, the
scutellum represented by a very narrow transverse piece; mesonotum rather de-
pressed, the preescutum sub-circular, about as broad as long. Halteres long, stem
slender. Legs long, femora shorter than the tibia; tarsi very long, twice the length
of the femora.

Venation: Sc rather long, Sc2 entering Rs just before the origin of Rs. R: rather
long, ending opposite the fork of Re+3. Rs, very short, transverse, shorter than
the cross-vein r-m. R:+; rather long, about one-third the length of R3. R2z leaves
R2+; at an angle of about 100°, its terminal section obliterated, represented by an
indistinct spur at the junction of cross-vein r. Cross-vein r-m, long, longer than

1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University.

64 Psyche [April

the deflection of Rats. Cell Ist M2 elongate, the sides parallel. M42 beyond
the cross-vein m, short, about equal to the cross-vein r-m. Cu: meets M; at a point,
barely obliterating the cross-vein m-cu. Cell Cu: broadest basally as in the Tipu-
line, Cuz being gently situnaed; 2d A rather short. Cells of the wings with
sparse hairs, more numerous in the distal portion of the wing. Type and only
known species, M. portoricensis, sp. nov.

This genus is referable to the tribe Dolichopezini. It agrees most closely with
Oropeza and Dolichopeza but the antenne, hypopygium and details of venation
are quite different from these genera. It agrees to some extent, in the shape of
the antenne and the frontal tubercle, with Macromastiz O. S., of Australasia and
Chile; however it is only distantly related to this genus.

A Key to the Dolichopezini.
1. R» distinct for its entire length; antenne with less than 13 segments;

Male genitalia ‘smallsimple im structures....+-- seeders eer 2

R» obliterated, at least on its terminal section; antennz with 13 seg-
ments; Male genitalia complex in structure..................-----+-----: 4

2. Antenne long, filiform, or short; R2+s; perpendicular, simulating a
cross vein; cross-vein m-cu present.............. Megistocera Wiedemann
(Asia, Africa and America; tropics)
Antenne short; R2+; not perpendicular; cross-vein m-cu absent............ 3

3. Head closely applied to the pronotum; 2d anal vein rather long
Tanypremna Osten Sackent
(Cent. and South America; tropics)
Head on a neck-like prolongation of the thorax; 2d anal vein short, running
into the anal angle of the wing............ Brachypremna Osten Sacken
(North and South America)

4. Rs apparently lacking; if interpreted as being present, its basis much

farther distadsthanitsitipac. | ssa ene ee Scamboneura Osten Sacken
(East Indies)
Rs present, but often short and simulating a cross-vein.................4.. 5

5. Cell Ist M2 absent; basal deflection of Cui proximad of the fork of M.
Dolichopeza Curtis
(Eur.; N. Am.; Australia)
Cell Ist M present; basal deflection of Cu: distad of the fork of M.......... 6

6. Antenne of male normal, short, with a few scattered hairs; cross-vein
m tends to become obliterated; Rs, more elongate....Oropeza Needham
(Eastern U. S.)

Antenne of male longer than the body, thickly clothed with long deli-

cate hairs; cross-vein ™ prominent; Rs short, transverse

Megistomastix, gen. nov.
(Greater Antilles)

——————————

1Tanypremna omissinervis de Meijere (New Guinea) would run down to section Aj; it
undoubtedly represents a new genus. I havea 2 from Milne Bay, New Guinea. Tanypremna
fastidosa Skuse (Australia) scarcely seems to be congeneric with the Neotropical forms; these
species need further study.

1912] Alexander—New Crane-fly from Porto Rico 65

Megistomastix portoricensis sp. nov.

Male. Antenne elongate; color light brown; pleure paler; legs brown.

Length 5 mm.; wing 7.5 mm.; antenne 9.5 mm.; fore leg, femur, 5 mm.; tibia,
6.5 mm.; tarsus, 10.6 mm.

Vertex produced cephalad into a triangular tubercle; on the sides, at the inner
angle of the eye, a shallow depression. Antenne light brown, the flagellar seg-
ments darker brown, the long flagellar hairs black. Vertex light brown, with a
yellowish median line; front internally light gray, a narrow median brown line
extending from the cephalic margin of the vertex forwards; front between the
antennze and inner margin of the eye, light brown; gene and occiput brown. Ros-
trum and palpi light yellow, palpal segments three and four, darker brown.

Thorax: prothoracic scutellum light, whitish-yellow; mesonotal preescutum
light brown, with indistinct spots of darker brown, the Jateral and cephalic edge of
the sclerite pale whitish-yellow; scutum, scutellum and postnotum uniform medium
brown. Pleure light brown with an oblique pale stripe extending from near the
mesothoracic spiracle to above the mesocoxa. Halteres pale, knob brown. Legs:
coxa and trochanters light yellow; femora external face with a light yellow basal
streak, rest of the femora and the tibia and tarsi dark brown.

Abdomen: targum, basel two segments light yellowish-brown; remainder dark
brownish-black; hypopygium light yellow; sternum paler brown.

Wings: light grayish-brown; stigma large, square, occupying most of cell 1st
R, and the distal end of cell C; a brown furrow-like mark in under Cu. Venation
(see generic characterization) as in fig. 2.

Genitalia: 6th and 7th sternites projecting, sheath-like, beyond the basis of the
following segment; hypopygium not prominently exserted. Hypopygium (see
fig. 3). Suture between sternite and tergite of the 9th segment not very distinct;
sternal region (e) produced caudally into a lobe which is broadly and roundly emar-
ginated on the ventral aspect, the whole of this projection being clothed with long
hairs; tergal region narrow, deeply emarginate, the inner arm (a) bearing a caudad-
projecting appendage (b); the ventral or outer arm (c) is more slender and bears
three teeth on its inner margin; below this and nearer to the sternal margin is an
appendage (d) which is pseudo-segmented; a large pale organ, brown at the tip,
projects from the dorsal portion of the genital chamber. The figure is drawn from
the unique type and is somewhat compressed under glass.

Holotype—Male, El Yunque, Porto Rico; 2800 ft.; Feb. 20,
1900. C. W. Richmond, collector. (Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.; Ac-
cess, No. 14,592).

It is barely possible that the Megistocera brasiliensis Wiede-
mann (Aussereuropiische Zweifliigeligen Insekten, I; p. 554;
pl. VI b.; fig. 13, antenna; 14 wing.) is referable to this new genus.
The species is stated by Osten Sachen to be nearly related to Pach-
yrhina Macquart (See Osten Sacken, Studies on Tipulide, p.
241; Berliner Ent. Zeitschr., XX XI; [1887]; Pt. 2).

66 Psyche [April

I wish to state my indebtedness to Dr. Frederick Knab for the
kind loan of the extensive collections of the National Museum.
My thanks are due to Dr. J. Chester Bradley and Dr. James G.
Needham for frequent advice on difficult questions.

OBSERVATIONS ON MICOUTALIS CALVA SAY.
By Ignaz Martauscn,
Roselle, N. J., 1911.

Two years ago, on September 26, I found the first insect of this
species, a female, near Irvington, N. J. Last year I did not see
a single one, but this season, on August 20, while examining an
elder bush near Roselle, N. J., for a larger genus (Acutalis), I
found two very small insects like it, but of a considerably smaller
size, which proved to be Micoutalis; one of these I captured, but
the other escaped.

While hunting around that bush, where numerous ironweed-
plants (Vernonia noveboracnsis) had been in full bloom, I found
one very small nymph belonging, as I saw, to a small kind of Mem-
bracide. Soon afterward I found more of these nymphs, and at
the same time more of the adult insects of Micoutalis. I thought
they probably were the nymphs of that species, and to make sure
I collected a number which I succeeded in rearing, as all (with
the exception of one which died) were in the last nymphal stage.
They matured, and both sexes have been obtained; on August
22d, the first, a male; on 23d afemale; on 24th another female; on
26th more males and females. On this last day the plant wilted,
and on the 28th all died.

On September 3, when the plants in the field began to wither,
I collected two more nymphs which matured, one on September
11 and the other the following day, both females. On September
4 I found one soft nymph, of a brilliant yellow-red color, just after
the change from the preceding stage into the last nymphal stage;
but its bright color did not last, and after about one hour turned
to a yellowish-red brown.

They seem to be very delicate, for after being handled in that

EO.

XIX, Pat

VOL.

¢
4.

Psycue, 191

ALEXANDER—M EGISTOM ASTIX

1912] Matausch—Micoutalis Calva Say 67

condition the insect died the next day. Whether these insects
have this bright color, after each molt, as does Kuchenopa bino-
tata (which are at first always of yellow and red), I cannot state,
but they probably do.

On September 15 a frost set in and on the 17th only very scat-
tered blossoms were found and the plants began to dry. At this
time only one nymph was collected which matured on September
22 into a splendid female. After that time none were found until
October 8, when only a few smaller plants were partly green; then
I discovered one nymph of which I made a water-color picture

a

Fig. 1. Nymph and egg of Micoutalis calva Say.

on the 12th of October. By supplying a fresh plant I found it
fully developed on October 14.

After that I could not find any food plant in nursing condition
so I tried Trifolium pratense and T. hybridum. The insect was
kept on those plants till December 3 when I found it dead, fastened
to the stem with its sucking bristles. The figure shows the nymph
in the stage before maturity; they are nearly equal to the adult
in size and vary somewhat according to the sex; averaging 3.5
mm. in length. In color some are dull green, others yellowish-
brown, or red-brown; but the majority are purple, the exact color
of the stems toward the upper parts of the plants. _ Before trans-

68 Psyche [April

forming into the adult they fasten themselves by means of their
piercing mouthparts often near or on the bud of the flower, as I
found quite a number of shed skins at these places.

Metamorphosis takes place usually very early in the morning as
on my morning examinations I always found the insects in their
adult stage in full color, although in one instance when I collected
on September 4 a male of a somewhat grayish-white, which soon
became yellow, then passed through brown into black in a little
less than half an hour. It is a very lively insect as an adult;
but the nymphs hardly move, as I found them resting all the time
on the thinner stems near the flowers, always with the head di-
rected downwards. This habit is also most frequently charac-
teristic of the adult, as I noticed on September 4 when I was vainly
watching them for some time, in hopes of observing one in the
act of oviposition.

The adult male insect is about 3.2 mm. in length, the female
3.6 mm., and the colors as well as the pattern vary considera-

ly in both sexes. I found in one case a male with the whole
prothorax, except the humeral angles, shining black. In case of
one female the lateral marginal markings were absent, while in
another the anterior pair of legs of the femora were light brown.
The claws in living specimens are bright green. The abdomen
varies from bright green in some specimens, through all shades
to bright yellow, usually mixed with more or less bright red dor-
sally. The pygofer is always green, a little blackish at the apex
in the male; in the female the ovipositor is sometimes green but
generally black, the black often extending along the side of the
ovipositor and forming an oval marking.

On August 20 and on the following day both sexes were col-
lected, the males in greater number. On September 3 and 4th I
collected 7 females and 5 males. On September 17 only females
were found, of which two were collected for observation. One
died on September 26 and the other was killed and both examined
for eggs; one containing 9, the other 13. On September 24 three
other females were captured for the same purpose, the first dying
on October 5 containing only 3 eggs, the second on October 14
containing 9 and the third on the 19th when 11 eggs were found;
in the insect I kept in captivity till December 3 I found 10 eggs.
On October 1 I did not succeed in finding a single insect, but on

1912] Incubation of Eggs of Samia Cecropia 69

the 8th of this month in addition to the above mentioned nymph,
the last adult insect was seen.

The eggs are green or yellowish-green in color, measuring about
0.7-0.8 mm. in length, 0.2 mm. in width, slightly curved in
shape, and almost equally pointed on both ends. Fig. a.

As I could not find any of the females in the act of oviposit-
ing although I examined all the plant parts where females were
seen resting, and then after having kept the females so long in
captivity without any egg being deposited, I doubt whether the
insects lay their eggs in the food plant. They may do as I have
observed in the case of Campylenchia curvata which feeds on Soli-
dago and is found depositing its eggs on Vernomia.

THE PERIOD OF INCUBATION OF THE EGGS OF
SAMIA CECROPIA.

During the spring of 1911 it was found convenient to gather
data on the relation of each day’s deposit of Cecropia eggs to their
period of incubation.

The table on p. 70 shows the number of days required for the
hatching of the eggs of each of 36 females for the Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th,
5th, 6th, and 7th day’s deposit. Queries indicate that the eggs
did not hatch at all.

The periods recorded are counted from the days when the great
majority of each day’s lot hatched. In some instances a small
part of the caterpillars emerged a day earlier, and in a few other
cases a few stragglers were observed later.

The table clearly shows that the period of incubation of the
eggs deposited between May 16 and June 26 varied from 6 to 11
days, the great majority being 8 or 9 days. The table also shows
that the period of incubation is practically the same for each day’s
deposit; first or last oviposition does not seem to cause the period
of incubation perceptibly to vary.

We see a few periods of 10 days and one of 11 days occurring
during the early experiments, but possibly climatic conditions at
that season can account for this prolonged time.

St. Louts, Mo., February 14. Puit Rav.

[April

Psyche

70

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= SOSVMAUAAAAMHAARARAAAAHDADAARHDAGTA HHA HHH HOH

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Or SS SS SS OO OR RAR RNRNARKRKRKAAAR| OOO OH O

Queries indicate that the eggs failed to hatch.

Advertisements

SECOND VOLUME

Illustrations

Diurnal Lepidoptera

WITH DESCRIPTIONS
BY

ANDREW GRAY WEEKS, Jr.
1911

Mata HIS second volume contains 37 pages

Ze) and 21 colored plates by J. Henry
Bo Blake, ad., nat., and B. Meisel, lithog-
rapher, cases of 35 species hith-
erto undescribed or figured, from the Suapure
district of Venezuela, with a steel plate frontis-
piece of William Henry Edwards. The plates
are of the same high, artistic order as those of
the first volume.

Vou. 1. $15.00. 117 pages. 45 plates. 81 species.
Worn. 2... 0.00

ADDRESS ORDERS TO

H. PECK, Agent

8 CONGRESS STREET
BOSTON, MASS., U. 5S. A.

Or to BERNARD QUARITCH
15 PICCADILLY
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PSYCHE

A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY

ESTABLISHED IN 1874.

WOL. XIX JUNE, 1912 NUMBER 38

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

CONTENTS

The Cleride of the Stanford Expedition to Brazil. A.B. Wolcott . : 71

The Development of the Mouthparts in the Homoptera, with Observ gitanera on hie ee
bryo of Siphanta. F. Muirand J.C. Kershaw . i : 5 3 : j 77
New Names for Some Ants of the Genus Formica. W. M. Witeelen : : : : 4 90
The Red-Margined Luna, a New Variety. W. M. Davis . : : , : é 4 91
On.a Supernumerary Median Ocellus in Melanoplus femur-rubrum. M.W. Blackman . 92
A New Species of Emeside from Vermont. Nathan Banks j : A ‘ ; P 97
Melaneterius infernalis Fall. H. Bickhardt F 4 ; : j , : : i 97
Note on a Guest of Eciton hamatum. W.M. Mann . ; ; : d j ; : 98
Sphex Overcoming Obstacles. C. H. Turner A A , ; 4 : : 5 ; 100
Dipterological Notes. C. W. Johnson : : : P ; i ui y ‘ 102
Coccinella undecimpunctata Linn. in ITHaeeeHURe Tre! C. Scheffer. 5 : 5 3 104
| Some Bees from Guatemala. J.D. A.Cockerell . . : : ‘ , F : 3 105
Drosophila repleta Wollaston. F.Knab. : ; 4 : ‘ ; A : 106

The Velutinous Species of the Genus Girusaniies C.W.Johnson . : : j 3 108
| Book Notices : : : ¥ d . : : : ! . i ‘ 3 ‘ 110

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

C. T. Bruss, Harvard University.

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Boston Society of Natural History. Stanford University.
A. L. MeLanpeEr, A. P. Morss,

Washington State College. Wellesley College.
J. H. EMERTON, J. G. NEEDHAM,

Boston, Mass. Cornell University.

W. M. WHEELER,
Harvard University.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

ger Olas

VOL. XIX. JUINE) 1912. No. 3

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.

J. C. Branner, Director.

THE CLERID/ OF THE STANFORD EXPEDITION
TO BRAZIL.

By A. B. Wotcort,
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Through the kindness of Mr. William M. Mann, the Cleridz
taken by him and his companion, Dr. Fred Baker, in the upper
Rio Madeira Country have been placed in my hands for identifi-
cation.

So far as I know, no species of Cleride has been recorded from
the Rio Madeira Valley, hence, as might be expected, a goodly
portion of the material submitted proves to be of species new to
science.

Mr. Mann writes that “All the Cleride, with the exception of
a Necrobia from Santarem, were taken on the upper Rio Madeira.
Up to the time that I reached the Madeira, I had about come to
the conclusion that there were no Cleride in Brazil. All the
species taken, excepting Necrobia, were exceedingly active, some
taking flight quite as readily as Cicindela.” He has also supplied
some extended information regarding localities, as follows:

1. Santarem, State of Pardé. At mouth of Tapajos.

2. Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas. The town is situated on
north bank of the Amazon, and about forty miles below the mouth
of the Rio Madeira.

3. Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, State of Amazonas. This place
is located 7 kilometers north of the old town, San Antonia, which
is just below the lowest falls of the Rio Madeira.

4. Abund, Brazil. Located on Rio Madeira, nearly opposite
mouth of Rio Abund.

2 Psyche [June

Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Company’s Camps.

These are along the railroad which is being built along the river.
All are in the State of Matto Grosso.

5. Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp No. 39. On Rio Madeira,
284 kilometers from Porto Velho. )

6. Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp No. 41. Located on Rio
Madeira, 306 kilometers from Porto Velho.

7. Madeira-Mamoré R.R. Camp No. 43. On Rio Mamoré,
325 kilometers from Porto Velho.

1. Enoclerus lugubris Erichson. (Plate 6, fig. 1.)
Clerus lugubris Erich. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, XIII, 1847, p. 85.

Originally described from eastern Peru, it has since been re-
corded by Herr Sigm. Schenkling as occurring in Bolivia. This
species was taken at Porto Velho, Camp 39 and Abunda, most of
the specimens were, however, captured at the last named place.

The ante-apical, rounded, elytral maculation is in all the speci-
mens a pale orange yellow; the color of this spot is given by Erich-
son as “‘albidis,’ Schenkling states that these spots are “bald
weisslich, bald orange-gelb, selten blutrot,” and adds “der Hin-
terleib rot, selten mit schwarzer Spitze, der Brust schwarz.” All
the specimens before me agree with the type as described in having
the apical abdominal segments, in part at least, black, and the
posterior femora pale at base.

2. Enoclerus inimicus sp. noy. (Plate 6, fig. 2.)

Niger, sat nitidus, subtiliter punctatus, prothorace margine antico griseo pubescente,
elytris sub-violaceis, fasciis quattuor flavido-albis, prima et secunda obliquis parallelis,
juxta suturam colligatis, tertia lata mediana, quarta obliqua arcuata ante apicem, pedi-

bus nigris—Long. 6-7.5 mm.
Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39.

Moderately robust, rather shining, finely densely punctured, clothed with very
fine, short, sparse, grayish pubescence with long erect black hairs intermixed. Head
black, front sparsely clothed with long grayish pubescence. Antenne black, basal
joint beneath pale testaceous. Thorax black, broader than long, anterior margin
densely clothed with grayish pubescence. Elytra dark violaceous, with four yel-
lowish white fasciz, the first two of which are basal, oblique and parallel (one start-
ing before, the other behind the humeral umbone), not quite attaining but united
near the suture by a backward prolongation of the anterior fascia, the third median,

~

1912] W olcott—The Cleride of the Stanford Expedition 73

rather broad, starting at the margin and extending slightly obliquely to near the
suture, the fourth subapical, strongly oblique, arcuate and widely interrupted at
the suture. Body beneath and legs black, more densely pubescent than the upper
surface.

Allied to E. ruficollis var. nigricollis Schklg., and E. subjunctus
var. tristiculus Schklg., but having quite different elytral markings
and the anterior margin of prothorax clothed with a band of dense
gray pubescence, the latter arranged exactly as in E. hieroglyphi-
cus Gorh. A comparison with typical specimens of the last named
species (taken by H. W. Bates at Ega) show E. inimicus to be a
narrower, more convex, quite differently marked species.

Qo

3. Enoclerus deliciolus Gorham. (Plate 6, fig. 3.)

Clerus deliciolus Gorh. Cistula Entomologica, II, 1876, p. 82.
One specimen, Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 41.

The type locality as given by Rev. Gorham is “Amazon.”
Schenkling records the species from Callanga, Peru, and states
that the thorax is eccasionally entirely black. In the individual
at hand the head and thorax are bright red, while in the original
description these parts are said to be “rusty red (in one example
clouded with pitchy on the disc) clothed with a few dark col-
ored sete.”’ These setze are rather numerous and conspicuous in
the fresh specimen and the tarsi are dark (pale in the type). The
antennal club is peculiarly colored, being quite pale with the apical
joint nearly white.

4. Phyllobznus manni sp. nov. (Plate 6, fig. 4.)

Flavus, nitidus, capite viridi-nigro, antice rufo, ruguloso, antennis rufo-piceis, arti-
culis 1, 2, 8, 9, 10°, albidis, prothorace viridi-nigro, sparsim fortiter punctato, lateribus
griseo-hirtis, elytris antice seriatim punctatis, maculis 6 nigro-violaceis guttis parvis
albo-setosis ornatis, mesosterno nigro, pedibus flavis, femoribus posterioribus tibtisque
eatus nigro-maculatus.—Long. 6.5 mm.

Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp No. 41.

A very distinct species, resembling P. erythrocephalus Gorh. somewhat in form,
but with the body broader at the middle. Head very finely rugulose, occiput with
a longitudinal finely impressed line. Thorax strongly convex, coarsely, sparsely
punctate, densely so at sides and apex; flanks clothed with coarse, shaggy, gray
hairs. Scutellum small, black. Elytra at base wider than the prothorax; sides
broadly, evenly rounded from humeri to apex; basal half coarsely, seriately punc-
tate, scutellar region and apical half very finely punctate, nearly smooth; color

74 Psyche [June

pale yellow, on each side two large, marginal, violet black maculations, one of which
is post-humeral and very irregular in form, the other subapical and irregularly ovate,
on suture at middle a transverse rhombus and anterior to and narrowly separated
from this an elongate, anteriorly acuminate maculation extending nearly to the
scutellum violet black; the maculations with very small spots of shining white
hairs, the suture and apex rather densely clothed with similar hairs.

5. Epipheelus bakeri sp. noy. (Plate 6, fig. 5.)

Epip. principi Gorh. valde affinis.

Capite prothoraceque tenuissime, fortiter punctulatis, nigris, nitidis, hoc lateribus
albo-hirtis, elytris antice seriatim punctatis, nigris, basi. testaceis, fascia mox pone
mediana, sutura postice, maculaque magna communi ante apicem flavis, elytris ad
suturam seriatim foveolatis, antennis fuscis, articulo basali flavo, corpore subtus (capite
prothoraceque exceptis) pedibusque flavis—Long. 5.7 mm.

Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 43.

Head black, sparsely, coarsely punctulate, the front densely, almost rugosely °
punctate. Antenne fuscous, basal joint yellowish white. Thorax black, coarsely
but very sparsely punctate; sides conspicuously clothed with long, dense, white
hairs. Elytra black, basal fourth (except extreme flanks) testaceous; a submedian
fascia (broad at the suture, narrow at the flanks), suture-posteriorly and a large,
common, ante-apical maculation, yellow; surface rather coarsely seriately punctate
from base to fascia, behind which the puncturing is gradually finer, the outer rows
longest and becoming obsolete at apical fourth; bordering suture each side a series
of distinct, sparsely placed foveee, these extending from the base to the apex; pube-
scence clothing the suture and the pale portions long, dense and whitish. Legs
and body beneath (head and prosternum excepted) pale yellow, sparsely clothed
with long, whitish pubescence.

Closely related to, but amply distinct from E. princeps Gorh.,
from which it may be distinguished by its much smaller size, its
black head, the very sparsely punctate thorax, and the absence of
a median, thoracic line of fine, ashy hairs, which at the sides like-
wise do not enclose “‘a denuded spot.”’

6. Epiphloeus iracundus sp. nov. (Plate 7. fig. 1.)

Niger, subnitidus, capite prothoraceque subtilissime punctato-rugulosis, capite antice
rufo, thoracis marginibus antico et postico pallide-testaceis, elytris a basi fere ad apicegn
usque subseriatim punctatis, macula basali magna, fasciisque duabus (prima mediana,
secunda subapicali), angustatis, flavis, abdomine piceo, antice rufo, pedibus flavis.—
Long. 3.5-5 mm.

Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camps No. 41
and 43. The type specimen from the first of these localities, a
paratype from the last.

1912] Wolcott—The Cleride of the Stanford Expedition (53

Head finely, densely, rugosely punctate, black, front red. Antennz with joints
1, 6, 7, 8, and 11 yellowish white; joints 2, 3, 4, and 5 rufo-piceous; joints 9 and
10 fuscous. Thorax finely, rugosely punctate; color black, anterior and posterior
margins pale testaceous. Elytra rather coarsely, very vaguely seriate-punctate;
color black with a large, longitudinal maculation starting at the base (where it occu-
pies all the space between scutellum and the humeri) and extending io basal
fourth, a median and a subapical fascia, both of which are interrupted at the
suture and do not attain the flanks, yellow. Abdomen piceous, two or three
basal segments red. Legs yellow, sparsely pubescent.

To judge by the descriptions of E. serplagiatus Kuw., and
E. parvulus Schklg. (no specimens of either being available for com-
parison), the new species appears to be an intermediate form, but
still entitled to specific rank. E. tracundus differs from both the
above mentioned species in elytral sculpture, manner and form
of the markings, and the color of the antenneze and the abdomen.
From E. sexplagiatus it differs further in having the front and hind
margins of the prothorax pale. In EF. parvulus the hind legs are
largely black, not entirely pale yellow as in the present species.

7. Ichnea marginella Klug. (Plate 7, fig. 2.)

Enoplium marginellum Wlug. Clerii, 1842, p. 876. (cireumcincta Chevr.; eno-
plioides Spin.; pubescens Spin.)

This is an extremely variable species and one of very wide dis-
tribution. The original types of the species came from Para,
Brazil; the species is now known from other places in that country
(Jatahy, Amazon and Itaituba). There are also records showing
it to occur in southern Peru. (Vilcanota), French Guiana, Vene-
zuela, Colombia, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Mexico.

Three specimens before me are all from Madeira-Mamoré R. R.
Camp No. 43 and vary but little inter se. Two of the specimens
are typical in every detail except that the scutellum is not “‘albi-
dum,” but fuscous, being concolorous with the elytra. The other
specimen has the vertex (as well as the front) of the head very
white, the sutural margin of the elytra less distinctly bordered
with pale color, the abdomen entirely pale yellow, and the tibize
and tarsi totally fuscous.

8. Ichnea sericea Klug. (Plate 7, fig. 3.)

Enoplium sericeum Klug. Clerii, 1842, p. 373, pl. TI, fig. 16.

76 Psyche [June

Known only from “Brazil.” Two specimens were sent, both of
which are from Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp No. 41. Neither
of the specimens differs in any way from the type as described.

9. Ichnea humeralis Spinola var. irrita nov. (Plate 7, fig. 4.)

Elongata, subnitida; elytris sub-violaceis, vittis duabus una laterali una discoidali
ad basim confluentibus pallide flavis—Long. 5.5-8.5 mm.

Rio Madeira, Brazil; Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camps No. 41
and 43. Type and paratypes from the latter place.

Differs from the typical form in having the lateral margins of the elytra narrowly
bordered with pale yellow, the pale margin usually extending to apical fifth, rarely
reaching only to about the middle of the elytral length. Ground color of the elytra
slightly variable, usually dark violet, some times nearly black, rarely with a dis-
tinct coppery luster.

Apparently an abundant species, to judge by the extensive series
taken by the expedition. Singularly enough there is not a single
example of the type form in the entire lot.

10. Pyticera flavicollis Gorham. (Plate 7, fig. 5.)
Pyticera flavicollis Gorh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 416.

The original types of this species were taken at Ega and San-
tarem, Brazil, by Mr. Henry W. Bates. Herr Sigm. Schenkling
has since described a variety from Bolivia (Yungas de La Paz), to
which he has given the name suturalis.

A single specimen of this rare and interesting species from Abuna,
Brazil, was sent me. The specimen is 9.5 mm. in length, being
somewhat larger than the types which are 6-8 mm. in length.
The specimen in some ways nearly agrees with the variety sutura-
lis, the length of which is given as 11 mm., and in which the suture
of the elytra from scutellum to the middle is yellowish red. The
specimen before me has the same part of a dull testaceous color,
being not at all conspicuous and in feeble contrast with the black
ground color. The head is uniformly yellowish red, the inflexed
elytral margin, the cox and trochanters, the sides of abdomen
wholly, and the basal segments in part, yellow. The legs black,
~ with the exception of the front pair, which are rufo-piceous.

Psycur, 1912. Vou. XIX, Puare 6.

WCOLCOTT—BRAZILIAN CLERID 2

1. Enoclerus lugubris Erich. 2. Enoclerus

intmicus sp. nov. 3. Enoclerus deliciolus Gorh.
4. Phyllobrnus manni sp. nov. 5. Epiphlxus bakeri sp. nov.

ie

7

te

a
7

PsycuHe, 1912.

Vou. XIX, Piatn 7.

WOLCOTT—BRAZILIAN CLERIDA.

1. Epiphleus iracundus sp. nov. 2. Ichnea marginella Klug.

Oy Tchnea sericea Nlug. 4, Tchnea
hu meralis S in. var. irrita now, Oo. 127 ticera flavicollis Gorh
’ Y /

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts in Homoptera rig

11. Necrobia rufipes DeGeer.

Clerus rufipes DeG. Mémoires pour servir 4 |’ Histoire des Insectes, V, 1775, p.
165, pl. XV, fig. 4.

This cosmopolitan species was taken at Santarem, Itacoatiara,
Porto Velho and Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp No. 39.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOUTHPARTS IN THE
HOMOPTERA, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON
THE EMBRYO OF SIPHANTA.

By F. Mui and J. C. Kersnaw,
Honolulu, Hawaii.

THe REVOLUTION OF THE EMBRYO.

The following observations were undertaken to see whether the
development of the head of a Homopteron was similar to that of
a Heteropteron and to observe if the “mandibular plate” of cer-
tain authors was of mandibular origin or not. As certain early
embryonic stages present features of interest we have included a
short description of them.

The eggs of Stphanta acuta are long, cylindrical, flattened on
the ventro-anterior surface where the micropylar area is situated,
pointed at the anterior and rounded at the posterior end. The
chorion of the eggshell bears the more or less hexagonal honey-
comb impression of the follicle cells (epithelium) of the ovaries.
The micropylar area appears to be a modification of this hexag-
onal pattern, where the (apparent) cell-walls are more crowded
together and thus narrowed. ‘The eggs are laid in batches of about
60 with the ventral surface uppermost, one overlapping the other
so that, except the last layer, only the micropylar area is exposed.
They are glued together with colleterial fluid and are difficult to
get asunder without injury to the egg. The nymph, with the
aid of an egg-burster, cuts a straight slit down the centre of the
micropylar area to escape.

Twenty-four hours after the egg is laid, the blastoderm is dis-
tinct and a thickening along the dorso-posterior area indicates the
primitive streak. At about the thirtieth hour the posterior end

78 Psyche [June

of the primitive streak begins to invaginate (Fig. 6, a 7.) and is
entirely invaginated about the fourtieth hour (Fig. 7); the amnio-
tic cavity then closes. The embryo now lies on the dorsal side of
the amniotic cavity (Figs. 7 and 8) with its caudal extremity
towards the anterior and its cephalic extremity towards the poste-
rior end of the egg; its ventral surface is turned towards the ven-
tral aspect of the egg. In this position the embryo develops
until about the fifth day when the revolution of the embryo takes
place; a caudal flexure occurs as the embryo increases in size.

Laterai view of embryo on 2d day.

. Side and front view of ‘maxilla and mandible, 3d day.
Front and side view of embryo on 4th day, with detached maxilla.
Front view of embryo of 5th day, with detached maxilla and mandible.
Front view cf head of embryo, 6th day.
Front view of head of embryo, 10th day.

~

Ba el

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts in Homoptera 79

6. Lateral diagram of egg, about 30 hours; 7, same, about 40 hours; 8, same,
about 4 days; 9, same, about 5 days; 10, same, about 12 days.

On the second day, before the amniotic cavity has closed, an
“indusial thickening” appears on the antero-dorsal, area of the
blastoderm, similar to that described by Wheeler in Xiphidium
(Fig. 7, ind.). We have not followed the development of the indu-
sia in detail, but two are formed which entirely surround the egg
beneath the serosa. The outer indusium (Figs. 8-10, ind. 1) be-

80 Psyche [June

comes closely applied to the serosa, except at the two poles, and
remains intact until the hatching of the nymph; the inner indu-
sium (Figs. 8-9, ind. 2) joins to the amnion near the head of the
embryo and takes on the usual functions of the serosa during the
revolution of the embryo. Between the fifth and sixth day the
amnion (and the inner indusium) breaks open near the head of
the embryo and the revolution commences. The head of the em-
bryo leaves the amniotic cavity and moves upward to the dorsal
side of the egg, towards the original position of the primitive
streak; but when the head is well round to the dorsal side, the
entire embryo, including the amnion and inner indusium, begins
to revolve round the longitudinal axis of the egg, the revolution
from the amniotic cavity continuing at the same time (Fig. 9)
until the embryo lies on the ventral side of the egg in the normal
position of insects during the later stages of embryonic develop-
ment.

An embryonic cuticle covers the embryo, entirely sheathing all
its members; a thickening of the cephalic portion of this cuticle
forms the “‘egg-burster.”” Thus the mature embryo is enveloped in
three coverings, apart from the chorion, viz.: The serosa (Fig.
10s), forming the outermost covering, the outer indusium (Fig.
10, ind'.) and the “embryonic cuticle” (Fig. 10, cw). The latter is
generally referred to as the amnion, but there is little probability
of the amnion having anything to do with its origin. In fact we
question whether the amnion enters into the final membrane
enveloping the adult embryo of Hemiptera (and perhaps all
insects). The growth of the amnion over the ventral surface of
the embryo has not been demonstrated; and the only other way
for it to envelope the embryo would be by “‘substitution” (by
disintegration and reformation over the surface of the embryo).

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TROPHI.

A comparison of the development of the embryonic head of
Siphanta to that of Pristhesancus' demonstrates that they are
fundamentally identical and that the differences that arise are
due to the secondary developments of the head-capsule and its
relative position to the thorax.

\Muir, F. and J. C. Kershaw. On the later embryological stages of the head of Pristhesancus
papuensis. PsycHE, Vol. 18, No. 2, (1911).

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts in Homoptera 81

2d day. (Fig, 1). On the second day the embryo is invaginated
and lies on the dorsal side of the amniotic cavity and faces the
ventral side of the egg, the head pointing posteriorly. The trophi
and legs are fairly well developed, the clypeo-labrum being a
median (apparently undivided) prominence of the cephalic lobes,
forming the dorsal boundary of the oral cavity. The mandibles
are plain, round, undivided processes or protuberances (man)
forming—together with the maxille—the lateral boundaries of the
oral cavity. ‘The maxille already have a constriction indicating
their future development into the maxillary plate (map) and the
maxillary sete (Maz). The labrum (forming the ventral bound-
ary of the oral cavity) is divided from its base and is very similar
to a pair of legs. The abdomen is not distinctly segmented, is
very long and ventrally flexed towards the head.

3d day. ‘The protuberance forming the clypeo-labrum has be-
become somewhat pointed in the middle and the constrictions
between the maxillary-setee and maxillary-plates have further
deepened (Fig. la). The abdomen has become more compact.

4th day. (Fig. 2). The procephalic lobes and clypeo-labrum
have come forward, and the maxillary sete and maxillary plates
are well developed. The joints of the legs are indicated and the
abdomen is fully segmented.

5th day. (Fig. 3). The clypeo-labrum is further developed and
the labrum is indicated. The trophi have largely developed, the
legs are not much altered but the labrum has begun to coalesce
at the base. Between the 5th and 6th day the revolution of the
embryo takes place.

6th day. (Fig. 4). The embryo is now in its final position, its
ventral side towards the ventral aspect of the egg and its head
pointing anteriorly (Fig. 10). The distal joint of the antenna has
thinned and lengthened remarkably; the labrum is differentiated
from the clypeal region; the mandibles and maxillary setz are
long, pointed rods. The maxillary plates and the pharynx and
clypeus have grown forward still more, forming between them the
sulci in which the sete lie. The labrum has wholly coalesced
except at the tip, the edges have begun to turn up to form a trough,
and the joints are discernable.

7th and Sth days. There is nothing striking to record.

9th day. The eyes are beginning to pigment, the edges of the

82 Psyche [June

labrum are quite turned up and over to form a trough, and the
tip has also coalesced. From this stage onward to the hatching
of the nymph, the various parts differ little from the adult, in
which, however, the lines indicating the egg-burster, discernable
since the third day, are not present. The basal portions of the
sete in the latter embryonic stages project slightly into the thorax
as in the Heteroptera. On account of the comparative shortness
of the sete in Stphanta the basal portion is merely curved into
the shape of the figure 6, and is nearly all contained within the
head.

NymMpHaut Heap oF CIcADA.

In the nymph of Cicada, which appears to be less specialized
than Siphanta, we found the relations of the setz to the head-
capsule clearly defined, and the key to the head of Szphanta.

In the head of Cicada there are three longitudinal sulci on each
side. The first and most dorsal of these commences near the eye
and, gradually deepening, runs anteriorly where it fuses with the
lateral edges, and forms the main support of the pharynx. We
call this the pharyngeal sulcus (Fig. 11 phe) and the pillar formed
by its junction with the anterior-lateral edges of the pharynx the
pharyngeal strut. (Fig. 11, pst). The second commences a little
posterior to the pharyngeal sulcus and, rapidly deepening, runs
anteriorly to the point of articulation of the mandibles; we call
it the mandibular sulcus (Fig. 11, mdc.). The third, which we
term the maxillary sulcus, divides the maxillary plate from the
gular region. It runs round and joins the mandibular sulcus
beneath the maxillary plate which projects as a free plate from
between these two sulci. By lifting up the maxillary plate the
setz can be seen attached to the membrane at the junction of these
two sulci. The walls of these sulci, especially in the adult,
are closely, applied together and have the appearance of being solid
plates projecting into the head and have been so described; they
have also been described as the tentorium. That this latter opin-
ion is incorrect is seen by the fact that the tentorium exists in its
normal condition and is formed by three pairs of invaginations.
The largest of these invaginations is in the gular region, at the
base of the maxillary sulci, and appears as a part of it; it joins
the corresponding invagination from the opposite side and forms

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparis in Homoptera 83

a large cross-bar. The second invagination arises from the pos-
terior end of the mandibular sulci and, amalgamating with one
from the antennal ring, joins the cross-bar near its origin.

The maxillary sete arise from the base of the inner surface of
the maxillary plate, a position they hold in the embryo after their
division into two parts. The tendons (Fig. 11, mat.) which sup-
port the retractor and protractor muscles (Fig. 11 rm 2, pm 2) arise
as all such internal chitinous structures arise, by the invagination

ety
eS
>

{

(Sat

(

YU,

lla. Internal view of right side of head of nymphal Cicada.

11b. Horizontal section through head above pharynx.

lic. Attachment of mandibles to head-capsule.

11d. Attachment of maxillary seta to head-capsule.

lle. Sectional diagram of maxillary seta showing nature of chitinous ‘‘tendon.”

of the ectoderm at the base of the setze which becomes solid or
partly solid by deposits of chitin (Fig. 11, e). These are often
described as the basal parts of the maxillary setse and have led
to the idea that the sete are drawn back into the head and have
partly become internal organs.

o4 Psyche [June

The mandibles are articulated at the anterior ends of the man-
dibular sulci. There is a thickening of the chitin of the walls of
the mandibular sulci from the point of articulation to some dis-
tance posteriorly to which the protruder muscles are partly
attached. This thickening we term the mandibular pillar (Fig.
11, C mdp). It plays an important role and its homology in the
more highly modified forms is difficult to recognize, but its origin
can be easily discerned in the Cicada nymph. The tendons to
which the retractor muscles (Fig. 11, mdt and rm 1) are attached
have a similar origin to that of the maxillary sete, namely, to an
invagination and chitinization of the ectoderm at the base of the
sete.

The position of the trophi of the head of the nymphal Cicada
is thus seen to be very little modified in position; the tentorium
is similar to that of other insects and arises from the usual invagi-
nations. The greatest modification is in the shape of the head-
capsule, the formation of the three pairs of sulci, the amalgama-
tion of the maxillary plate to the head-capsule and the forward
position of the labrum and pharynx. The sulci appear to be the
outcome of the maxillary plates and head-capsule overlapping
and enclosing the sete.

Tue Heap or Siphanta acuta Walker.

If we now compare the head of Siphanta acuta (Fig. 12) with
that of the nymphal Cicada we can follow their homologies. In
Cicada the head-capsule is short and broad, the eyes being nearly
on a level with the vertex; in Siphanta the head is long and nar-
row and the vertex prolonged far beyond the eyes. Incidentally
we may state that a large “‘food-reservoir”’ (Fig. 12, fr) (a diverti-
culum from the cesophagus and crop) fills the epicranium of Flata
in a similar manner to Pyrops candelaria.

The pharyngeal sulci are near the median line of the clypeal
region, short, but project inward as long pharyngeal struts to the
antero-lateral edges of the pharynx; the pharyngeal struts also
give support to the protractor muscles of the mandibles. The
sections (Fig. 14, f pst) show a distinct lumen but actually the
walls are so pressed together as to practically form a single plate.
The walls do not, however, fuse; the invaginations can easily be

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts in Homoptera 85

pulled out flat with the rest of the clypeal region. The whole of
this part is thus one piece and undivided.

The mandibular sulci (Fig. 12, mde) start somewhat below the
antenne, extending in a curved line to the articulation of the man-
dibles where they meet the maxillary sulci at the base and inner
side of the maxillary plates. From the point of articulation of
the mandibles to the anterior end of the mandibular sulci, the

Ss

a
4
b
Y,
/ 4
4
,
ote
”
Myer ti Ss 1
nt ft
t i ‘
OM ‘
fie 1 .
on i ‘
'
ea ld
We ‘
4 7
: 4 A
‘
/
mo
a
Ww
a
a \e
Ay
WE D

pT TT)

NN

TRABUTUAN TERE

Aunt

Thi

Wi
Wu
sae

TO
Yi

12a. Vertical median section through head of Flata.
12b. Hind view of skeleton of head of Flata.

bottoms of the sulci are chitinized to form the mandibular pillars.
Owing to the delicacy of the rest of the sulcal membrane the man-
dibular pillars appear as rods projecting from the clypeal region,
to which the mandibles are articulated. The thinning of this
intermediate part of the sulci allows of a freer movement of the

86 Psyche [June

pillars and mandibles. The protractor muscles are attached to
the mandibular pillars.

In the former paper we called the base of the mandibular pil-
lar the point of articulation of the mandibles, which is morpho-
logically incorrect but functionally correct. The tendons to which
the retractor muscles are attached arise as invaginations at the
base of the mandibles and are attached by muscles to the occiput;
but they are so strongly chitinized in many forms that they ap-
pear as the basal portion of the mandibles and have led to the idea
of the mandibles being drawn into the head-capsule.

The tentorium is the same as in Cicada. From the end of the
maxillary sulcus arises an invagination which meets a similar
invagination from the opposite side and forms the cross-bar; a
slender invagination from the antennal ring joins the cross-bar
near its origin, having just previously joined with the one from
the mandibular sulcus. The fact that the principal branch of
the tentorium arises from the bottom of the maxillary sulcus, the
walls of which are pressed together and appear as one plate, has
led to the idea that it (along with the mandibular sulcus) are parts
of the tentorium.

The maxillary plate projects as a free body from between the
ends of the maxillary and mandibular sulci, forming a cover for
the sete. The maxillary seta arises from the basal inner portion
of the plate. A tendon arises from its base in a similar manner
to that of the mandible and gives support to the retractor and
protractor muscles, the former proceeding to the occupit, the lat-
ter to the distal portion of the maxillary plate (Fig. 11, d and e).

The salivary syringe is attached by a flange to the back of the
hypopharynx and opens at the distal end thereof. The syringe
is a modified portion of the salivary duct.

While making the preceding studies it has appeared to the
authors that the greatest difference between the head of Homop-
tera and the mandibulate insect lies in the amalgamation of the
basal part of the maxilla to the head-capsule and its growth
over the mandibles, along with the forward growth of the labrum
and pharynx. The growth of the head-capsule necessary to bring
about this change has resulted in the mandibular and maxillary
sulci. The pharyngeal sulci appear to have been formed by the
growth of the clypeal region whilst its anterior portion has been

1912] Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts in Homoptera 87

held fixed to the pharynx. The “mandibular plates” or lore lie
between the pharyngeal and mandibular sulci and are formed by
them. They are not derived from the mandibles and have no
relation whatever with them. The relative positions of the tro-
phi have changed but slightly in spite of the great change of func-
tion. |

Embryology shows us only that the maxillary plate is formed
from the basal portion of the first maxilla and the seta from the
distal portion. It is possible that the former represents the cardo
and stipes and the latter the lacinia and galea combined, or the
palpiger. That the palpus does not enter into the seta is evident

|
(| rm?
Oe TD bat wt
| pee f 1 = Pa H te iN d
i \ i ‘ =" er AR yD)
Vly ta =i 4 E\\| (A
THA SU hace n/a
| | Fe in pe Sil = ai
| , u 1] ‘\ t =| =
re Me Fe | Kb oe teal |
ey ett] BS iN ALN) ee Siz
d : al iS \ \\ \\e =S \ IA >
mat T Saw HIS xe
WET \A\ tll SS Se
~~ bL i iS SS

13a. Attachment of mandibles to head-capsule (Flata).

13b. Attachment of mandibles to head-capsule (section).
13c. Section through mandibular sulcus.

13d. Attachment of maxillary seta to head-capsule (section).

from the Thysanoptera having both seta and palpus. The two
small lobes at the extremity of the maxillary plate in Thysanop-
tera may represent lacinia and galea, in which case the seta would
most likely be a development of the palpiger, a conclusion one
would be led to from its position.

The labrum is formed by the amalgamated second maxille and
is homologous to the labrum of Thysanoptera. The similarity of
the mouthparts of these two orders is not a superficial resemblance

88 Psyche [June

but a true homology, the mandibular pillar of Thysanoptera being
formed in a similar manner, but the sulcus closes up more com-
pletely; the relationship of the maxillary seta to the maxillary
plate is identical in the two orders.!

One of the latest works on the mouth-parts of Homoptera that
we are acquainted with is the interesting memoire by E. Bugnion
and N. Popoff.2. These well-known savants have studied the sub-
ject from the adult stage and come to some slightly different con-
clusions than those reached by us from a study of the embryo.

14a to g. Successive vertical sections through head of Flata; a, the most ante-
rior; g, the most posterior.

In conclusion we find that:

(1) The mandibles and maxillary arise as in other insects, the
former being articulated in an approximately normal position.

(2) The Homopteran and Heteropteran mouthparts arise and
develop in the same manner.

1In a species of Thrips (Tubulifera) from Larat the young develop in the uterus of the female
and are born fully developed. In some young embryos taken from a dried specimen of one of
these there appears to be a seta on the right maxillary plate as well as on the left, which become
aborted at a later stage. Our specimens were old and the evidence not reliable but the point
is worth noting.

2Ann. Sci. Nat. 9° S. Zool. 1910.

1912]

Muir and Kershaw—Development of Mouthparts of Homoptera 89

(3) There is no “mandibular plate.”

(4) The tentorium agrees essentially with that of other insects.

(5) The maxillary seta does not represent the palpus, but may
be a development of the palpiger or the combined lacinia and

galea.

(6) The maxillary-plate represents the cardo and stipes.

LETTERING OF FIGURES.

A= anterior
am = amnion
an = antenna
ai = amniotic invagination
bl = blastoderm
ch = chorion
cl = columella
clr = clypeal region
cu = embryonic cuticle
D = dorsal
e=eye
eb = egg burster
em = embryo
ep = epipharynx
fr = food-reservoir
he = head-capsule
hyp = hypopharynx
ind = indusial thickening
ind! = first indusium
ind? = second indusium
lab = labium
Ibr = labrum
mi = micropylar area
max
mx

Cee i = mandibular seta
md }

= maxillary seta

m = muscle
mde = mandibular sulcus
mdp = mandibular pillar
mdt = mandibular tendon

msp = muscles of salivary syringe
mxc = maxillary sulcus
mxp = maxillary plate
mxt = maxillary tendon
n=nerve
ce = cesophagus
P = posterior
pel = procephalic lobes
ph = pharynx
phe = pharyngeal sulcus
phm = pharyngeal muscles
php = pharynegal pump
pm!= mandibular protractor mus-
cles
pm?= maxillary protractor muscles
pml = protractor muscles of labium
pst = pharyngeal strut
rm! = mandibular retractor mus-
cles
rm? = maxillary retractor muscles
rml = retractor muscle of labium
5S = serosa
sd = salivary duct
sp = salivary syringe
spf = salivary syringe flange
t =tentorium
ti = tentorial invagination
’ = ventral
1= first pair of legs
2=second pair of legs
3 = third pair of legs

90 Psyche [June

NEW NAMES FOR SOME ANTS OF THE GENUS
FORMICA.

By Witi1am Morton WHEELER.
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

While revising the North American ants of the genus Formica,
I find that both Prof. Carlo Emery and myself have inadvertently
created several homonyms. The liability of doing this is, of course,
unusually great in the case of species of Formica, both because all
ants were originally included in this single genus and because many
of the old specific names have been long since either included
under other generic names or have been relegated to the limbo of
unrecognizable species. I propose the following new specific, sub-
specific and varietal names for seven of our Formica:

1. Formica criniventris nom. nov. for F. crinita Wheeler (1909).
Fred Smith described in 1858 a F. crinita which has been referred
by Mayr to the genus Lasius.

2. Formica rufa L. subsp. aggerans nom. nov. for F. rufa rubigi-
nosa Emery (1894). Latreille in 1802 described a F. rubiginosa
from a female specimen, which has not since been assigned to any
known species.

3. Formica flammiventris nom. nov. for F. rufiventris Emery
(1894). An ant described in 1804 by Fabricius under this name
has been recognized as identical with Camponotus fulvopilosus
De Geer (1778).

4. Formica fusca L. var. argentea nom. nov. for F. fusca var.
argentata Wheeler (1902). F. argentata described by Fabricius
in 1804 is a synonym of F. sexspinosa Latreille (1802), which is
a Myrma (Polyrhachis).

5. Formica rufibarbis Fabr. var. occidua nom. nov. for F. rufibarbis
var. occidentalis Wheeler (1910). Buckley described in 1866 a F.
occidentalis which has not since been recognized.

6. Formica lasioides Emery var. vetula nom. nov. for F. lasioides
var. picea Emery (1894). A European variety of F. fusca was
designated as picea by Nylander in 1846.

7. Formica pallidefulva Latr. subsp. schaufusst var. dolosa nom.
nov. for var. meridionalis Wheeler (1904). A Siberian variety of
F. rufa was called meridionalis by Ruzsky in 1889.

1912] Davis—The Red-Margined Luna, a New Variety 91

THE RED-MARGINED LUNA, A NEW VARIETY.

By Wituram T. Davis,
Staten Island, N. Y.

In the vicinity of New York City the Luna moth is double
brooded and occasionally there is also a third generation. The
earliest Staten Island record that we have for the emergence of
the moth out of doors, is April 20, 1891, and the next May 1, 1887.
Later May records are more numerous, but the majority of the
moths emerge in June and July. We long ago pointed out in the
Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island
for April 13, 1895, that there was a spring form of Tropea luna.
This color variety may be called rubromarginata, the Red-mar-
gined Luna. It differs in color from the typical luna, having the
costa red or reddish, and the outer margins of both the fore and
hind wings are also of a reddish or scarlet hue. From this extreme,
which is represented by three individuals in the author’s collec-
tion, the variety grades into moths with the costa purplish and
the outer margins of both the fore and hind wings of the same
color, or of a reddish hue. The Lunas that have but the costa of
a purple color appear later in the season than those in which the
outer margins of both wings are deeply colored as well. These
observations it should be understood refer to insects found out of
doors and not artificially raised.

Dr. Alexander M. Ross in his “Classified Catalogue of the Lepi-
doptera of Canada,’ Toronto, 1872, which is now a scarce pub-
lication, has this to say of his Actias rossi, now considered a variety:
“T am satisfied this is a new species. The three specimens in my
collection I obtained in a grove of maple, birch, and oak, near
Toronto. The male is pure white, and expands three and a half
inches; the female is white, with a light yellowish tinge. In form
and marking, this moth closely resembles Actias luna. In my
work on “The Butterflies and Moths of Canada,’ a full description
of this beautiful insect is given.”

“The Butterflies and Moths of Canada”’ referred to above, did
not appear until 1873, and while there is a cut of the ““Empress
Luna Moth”’ on page 42, and a description of Actias luna on page

92 Psyche [June

43, there is no mention of Actias rossi. Neither is it mentioned in
the “synopsis” on page 78, where only luna is listed.

Another variety of Tropea luna, is Walker’s dictynna, Cat. Lep.
Het. Brit. Mus. VI, 1264. The description is as follows: ‘“Yel-
lowish green. Head and fore part of the thorax whitish. Thorax
with a broad purple band in front. Wings with an exterior slen-
der incomplete pale brown band, which is most incomplete on the
hind wings. Fore wings with a purple costal stripe, from whence
a short branch proceeds to the vitreous ocellus; the latter is trans-
versely elliptical and is bordered with brown, tawny, black, blue
and black on the inner side, and with lilac, red, luteous and fer-
ruginous on the outer side. Hind wings with a round ocellus,
larger than that of the fore wings, but with the like disposition of
colours; tails rather shorter than the breadth of the hind wings.
Length of the body 12 lines; of the wings 52 lines.

“This species much resembles 7. luna, but may be distinguished
by the band on the wings, by the not empurpled exterior border,
by the fore wings, which have a less oblique and more straight
exterior border, and by the hind wings, which have shorter tails.”

Variety dictynna is to be found more abundantly in the South-
ern United States.

ON A SUPERNUMERARY MEDIAN OCELLUS IN MEI-
ANOPLUS FEMUR-RUBRUM.

By M. W. Biacxman,
Zoological Laboratory, Syracuse University.

In conducting laboratory work upon invertebrate forms, the
teacher often has opportunities for observing interesting abnor-
malities of various organs both internal and external. ‘These
unusual structures are as a general thing very apparently due to
injuries followed by a more or less successful attempt at repair or
regeneration. Occasionally, however, anamolies occur which seem
hardly to fit in with such an explanation and which must be classed
as congenital. It is the belief of the writer that such cases should
be reported even though no adequate explanation of the reason
for the abnormality can be offered.

In insects the ocelli are usually present to the number of three—

1912] Blackman—Supernumerary Median Ocellus 93

two lateral ones, lying more dorsally, and a single median one.
This arrangement is subject to considerable variation and even
the number is not constant for the entire class. There may be
only two present (Lepidoptera, ete.) or only one, and indeed in a
number of cases (Dermaptera, Locustidee, Coleoptera, some Hom-
optera, and some Lepidoptera), the ocelli may be entirely absent
in the adult. So far as the writer knows the ocelli are never more
numerous than three except in immature forms, degenerate para-
sitic forms, and in certain of the very lowest insects in which groups
of ocelli take the place of the compound eyes. In the pupal stage
of Bombus the median ocellus, according to Packard’ possesses “‘a
double shape, being broad, transversely ovate and not round like
the two others, as if resulting from the fusion of what were origi-
nally two distinct ocelli.”” In accordance with this we might ex-
pect to find a pair of median ocelli or at least a transversely ovate
one in the adult or nymphal stages of lower insects. Such, how-
ever, is not the case except possibly in other members of the order
Hymenoptera where as will be mentioned later the structure of
the nervous connections are such that we might expect occasional
double median ocelli in the immature stages and possibly even in
the adult.

The normal number of ocelli in the short horned grasshoppers
is three, arranged in a triangle, the two dorsal ones being lateral
and near the inner margin of the compound eye, while the ventral
ocellus is median in position ventral to the antenne. In a num-
ber of years experience with grasshoppers in laboratory work with
large classes the writer has never seen any variation in the number
or relative position of these ocelli. Last fall, however, an adult
female specimen of Melanoplus femur-rubrum was brought to me
by one of my students which possessed two median ocelli instead
of the ordinary single one. As I had never seen or heard of such
an anamoly, the specimen was preserved for further study.

The accompanying photograph reproduced at a magnification
of about five diameters shows the conditions better than would a
lengthy description. The two median ocelli will be plainly seen
placed symmeirically one on each side of the median line. Each
is approximately circular and apparently perfect in every respect.
Each one as far as could be observed is but slightly smaller than

1Packard A. S. Text Book of Entomology Macmillan Co., New York (1898).

94 Psyche [June

the single ocellus usually is. The two are entirely distinct, each
being set in a slight depression with the intervening distance
greater than the diameter of each ocellus. The lateral ocelli, one
at the inner upper margin of each compound eye are both present
and both normal. Unfortunately, due to lack in depth of focus
of the lens used, these do not show in the photograph.

Believing it would be interesting to know the nature of the ocel-
lar nerve and its relation to the brain, the head was removed and

Fig. 1. Face view of Melanoplus femur-rubrum showing
the supernumerary median ocellus.

placed in weakened solution of eau de Labaraque for twenty-four
hours to soften the chitin. It was then dehydrated and embedded
in paraffin in the usual way and serial sagittal sections ten
micra thick were prepared. These sections were used as a basis
for a reconstruction of the ocelli and ocellar nerve.

In the normal grasshopper as was shown many years ago by
the beautiful dissections and drawings of Burgess,” the nerve to
the median ocellus in M. femur-rubrum arises independently as

2Burgess, E. In the article ‘‘The brain of the Locust”? by A. S. Packard. 2d rept.
U. 8S. Entom. Com. 1880.

1912] Blackman—Supernumerary Median Ocellus 95

a single strand from the central brain mass in the median line and
passes directly to the ocellus without branching. The writer was
interested to know whether in this abnormal case the nerve sup-
ply would take the form of two entirely separate nerves or would
arise as a single nerve and later branch. A graphic reconstruc-
tion made by the well known method is shown in Fig. 2. The
nerve arises as a single one just as in the normal head and is
divided only in the last third of its course. As would be expected
from the distance between the ocellar lenses as seen in Fig. 1, there
is a complete division of the nerve termination, the two retinal
cups being entirely separate.

brain

Fig. 2. Graphic reconstruction of the median ocellar nerve, showing its origin
as a single strand and its later bifurcation. X 50.

Fig. 3. Sketch of a portion of a median sagittal section of the head, showing
the origin of the nerve from the brain, and the ocellar cup and lens. The fixation
is such as to be of value only in showing the general relations. X 50.

The entire length of the undivided portion of the nerve is not
shown in Fig. 2 on account of a looping (apparent in Fig. 3) just
after its exit from the brain. This would of course result in a
considerable fore-shortening in a graphic reconstruction. Fig. 3
represents a sketch of a portion of a median sagittal section of the
head showing the proximal half of the ocellar nerve and also a sec-
tion of the ocelli. The histological fixation, due to the fact that
the material was preserved with a large number of other speci-
mens for ordinary dissecting purposes and perhaps was later wholly
or partially dried, is not such as to show finer details either in brain,

96 Psyche |June

nerve, or ocellus but is sufficiently good to show the relations of
the various parts.

It would appear to be true that in the grasshopper the nerve of
the median ocellus is primarily a single nerve bundle. In other
insects, notably Hymenoptera, it has been shown that the nerve
supply of the single median ocellus arises as two strands which
later fuse,* (Viallanes,* Janet) and ends in the single sensory cup.
In such cases each half of the median ocellar nerve arises as a
branch of the nerve of the lateral ocellus of the corresponding side.
In Bombus, where in an immature stage the median ocellus is elon-
gated laterally or even slightly constricted to form a lobate ocel-
lus, it is likely that at that period the two nerve branches supply-
ing it are practically distinct throughout.

The question arises whether the occurrence of two median ocelli
should be considered as a reversion to some ancestral type, or
should be looked upon as a variation having other significance.
The fact that a tendency to a doubling of the ocellus is apparent
in the pupal stage of Hymenoptera but later disappears in the
adult might lend support to the former view. However, as, so
far as is known to the writer, no normal examples of a double me-
dian ocellus occur in lower insects, it would seem that the case in
Bombus should be explained in some other way—possibly as merely
the mechanical result due to the double origin of the nerve and
the crowded condition of the organs of the head in bees.

In the case of the abnormal doubling of the ocellus in the grass-
hopper it would seem to the writer that the explanation probably
lies in some unusual influencing factor during its embryological
period.

THE SECOND [yTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Since the preliminary notice which appeared in Psycue for Feb-
ruary, the date of meeting for the congress at Oxford has been
changed.

The meetings will extend from the fifth to the tenth of August,
1912, and a large and distinguished attendance is expected.

3 Viallanes, H. Le Cerveau de la Guépe (Vespa crabro et vulgaris) Ann. Soc. Nat. Zool.
1887 7° Ser. II, pp. 5-100, 6 pl.
Janet, Chas. Anatomie de la Téte du Lasius niger, Limoges, 1905.

1912] Banks—A New Species of Emeside from Vermont 97

A NEW SPECIES OF EMESIDA FROM VERMONT.

By Natuan Banks,
East Falls Church, Virginia.

Ploiariodes hirtipes sp. nov.

Pale grayish yellow; body barely marked; a faint V-mark back of antenne, a
dark dot each side at base of beak, and two each side on second joint of beak; mar-
gin of pronotum whitish; antennz pale, about nine dark bands on second joint,
and six on the third joint, beyond dark; legs pale, femur I witha broad, dark band
before (but not reaching) tip, and two smaller bands before it, tibia I with a sub-
basal and an apical dark spot, other femora with about three dark bands before the
middle, one beyond middle, and one before tip, tibize with about eight dark bands.
Fore-wings with two costal dark spots, and three near tip separated by two white
spots, elsewhere mottled with brown, more distinctly near tip; hind wings with
dark cloud at tip (other specimens will probably be more heavily marked). The
antenne and legs with long, dense, whitish, erect hairs, three or four times as long
as width of joint; femur I a trifle longer than head plus pronotum; pronotum not
tuberculate behind; scutelli each with a slightly sloping white spine. Length
7 mm. bd

A female from Brattleboro, Vt., 15 July, 1908 (C. W. Johnson).
Type in Boston Society of Natural History.

MELANETRIUS INFERNALIS FALL, 1907.
Terapus mnizechi Mars. 1862.
(12th paper on Histeride).

Dr. W. M. Wheeler had the kindness to send me one of the
examples of Melaneterius infernalis Fall, taken by him on Dec.
Ist 1910, near Pasadena in nests of the ant Pheidole hyattt Emery.
The figure given by Wheeler in Psycun, XVIII, 3, p. 113 is good,
as Mr. H. C. Fall has written to me.

This beetle, and also most of the details of the figure agree
exactly with the description and the figures given by Marseul
of Terapus mnizechi of Mexico (Supplément 4 la Monographie
des Histérides, Ann. Soc. Ent. France p. 682; Plate X (7), genre
XLV, fig. 1, a-c).

H. BickHarpt.

Cassel, Germany, May Ist, 1912.

98 Psyche [June

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZITZI, 1911.

J. C. Branner, Director.

NOTE ON A GUEST OF ECITON HAMATUM FABR.
By Wituiam M. Mann,

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.
A ’ y

In 1908 Dr. Nils Holmgren described as Mimopria ecitonophila,
a remarkable wingless Proctotrupid which was taken with a col-
umn of the legionary ant, Eciton hamatum Fabr., at Chaquimayo,
Prov. de Carabaya, in Peru.’

In September, 1911, at Porto Velho, on the Rio Madeira, in
Brazil, I had opportunity to observe living specimens of this inter-
esting ecitonophile. The host ant was one of the most abundant
in that vicinity and almost certainly to be found during a,morn-
ing’s walk through the woods. It travels in immense armies and
the large size and bright color of the individuals make the columns
very conspicuous. One extraordinarily. large army remained in
one circumscribed locality in the woods near Porto Velho for two
days, during which time one could walk scarcely a dozen yards
along the trail without meeting individuals. Small columns were
seen ascending the highest trees, and returning laden with the
larvee, pup, and even adults of other ants, from arboreal nests
that they had raided. It was interesting to note that they brought
down adults of Dolichoderus lugens, while other adult ants, as Cryp-
tocerus, were not molested, and the Cremastogasters were always
avoided, even when encountered by a column.

Unlike some of the other Ecitons, hamatum is readily observed.
The species travels above ground, often using the top of a log as
a runway, and at such times one could sit by the log and watch
the column quite comfortably, the only drawback being the fran-
tic haste with which the ants marched along. The only other ob-
jection one could have to hamatum was the scarcity of guests. I
watched many columns before finding any iniquilines. This was
very disappointing, for many Ecitons are known not only to be

1 Uber einige myrmecophile Insekten aus Bolivia und Peru. Zoolog. Anzeiger. Bd. XX XIII
No. 11, p. 337-349

1912] Mann—Note on a Guest of Eciton Hamatum 99

accompanied by numerous species of guests, but these guests are
numerous in individuals.

The first Mimopria was found with the large army mentioned
above. It was running along the column in a manner exceedingly
ant-like, a good mimic of the small worker form, but darker in
color. After an interval of several minutes another followed.
This for some reason stopped. It was immediately surrounded
by Ecitons feeling of it with their antenne. Then one, a medium

Fig. 1. Eciton hamatum Fabr. (small worker), and guest, Mimopria ecito-
nophila Holm.

sized worker, seized it by the thorax and resumed the march with
the Mimopria extending backward beneath its body. It seemed
possible that the Proctotrupid had been taken as prey, but when
placed in the collecting bottle it was seen to be uninjured. Many
of the Ecitons were carrying objects, generally dead insects and
ant pup, and by watching the column in profile, I found two
more Mimoprias that were being carried in the same manner.
Later, at another camp further up the river, I found another
specimen with an army of the same ant species. From these

100 Psyche [June

records, and those of Holmgren, this ecitonophile seems to be char-
acteristic of hamatum armies and widely distributed, though the
number of individuals in a colony is not large.

Mimopria is undoubtedly parasitic on its host, probably on
the immature phases. Like many other ecitonophiles it closely
resembles the ant both in form and in manner of progression and
in the possession of some quality that ingratiates it with the host.
Eciton being altogether carnivorous it is possible that Mimopria,
like certain other myrmecophiles, takes no food during the imagi-
nal stage of its existence.

SPHEX OVERCOMING OBSTACLES.
By: C. Turner. Pa: De

Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo.

The front yard of one of the public schools of Wellston, Mis-
souri is bordered on the south by a low picket fence and on the
west by a four-foot fence constructed of upright boards placed
close together. Between the school house and the front fence
there is a fifteen foot lawn. About ten feet west of the board fence
and at about the same distance from the street as the school there
is a wooden cottage the first floor of which is about four feet above
the ground. The space beneath this house is walled in so as to
form a cellar.

At about noon, June 28, 1911, I discovered a digger wasp (Sphex
sp. ?) moving backward and dragging a spider across this school
lawn. The wasp continued her westward course until she had
backed into the wooden fence. Then, after depositing the spider
in the grass, Sphex flew over the fence and descended obliquely
towards the northwest until she had reached the door of the cellar
mentioned in the first paragraph. After pausing there a moment,
the wasp returned to the school yard, picked up the spider and
began to climb backwards up the fence. Everything moved along
smoothly until the upper scantling to which the fence boards were
attached was reached. (Inequalities in the lawn made it possible
for the wasp to mount the lower scantling.) Sphex tried and tried
but she could not back over that scantling with her burden. She

1912] Turner—Sphex Overcoming Obstacles 101

then descended to the ground, deposited her spider in the grass,
made a short flight of orientation and then revisited the cellar
door.

Returning to the school yard, the wasp picked up the spider and
began to drag it up the fence. Soon she backed into the upper
scantling and found it impossible to climb over it with her burden.
This time, however, she did not return to the ground; but, chang-
ing her tactics, Sphex backed away towards the south until she
reached the corner of the fence, which was fully six feet away.
Then backing towards the east, she moved along the front fence
until she had arrived at the space between two pickets. Still
dragging the spider after her, the wasp backed through to the out-
side of the fence. Turning around the wasp moved westward
and downward until she reached the ground at the southwest cor-
ner of the fence, where she deposited her spider in a clump of grass.
After making a short flight of orientation, the wasp flew, in prac-
tically a straight line, to the cellar door. The line of flight on
this occasion made an angle of about 45 degrees with the line of
her former flights to the door.

Soon Sphex returned to the fence corner, seized the spider by
its pedipalpus and, walking backwards, dragged the spider across
the ground to the cellar door. ‘There she deposited the spider on
the ground and, after a short flight of orientation, flew to and ex-
amined the door. Returning to the spider, the wasp attempted
to drag it to a crack at the top of the cellar door. The task seemed
to be too difficult, and, after several failures, the wasp placed the
spider on the ground, and, without making a flight of orienta-
tion reéxamined the cellar door. Returning to the spider, she
attempted to drag it to an opening that was much nearer the
ground; but was defeated by a scantling over which she could not
drag her burden. Depositing the spider on the ground, she flew
to the door and soon found another opening. When she attempted
to drag the spider to this opening, she was prevented by another
piece of scantling. Once more the spider was returned to the
ground while the wasp made another careful examination of the
cellar door. Returning to the spider, Sphex picked it up and,
moving backwards, dragged it to a knot hole in the door and passed
into the cellar with her prey.

The behavior of this wasp does not harmonize at all with the

102 Psyche i une

theory that the movements of wasps are tropisms in the sense the
term is used by Loeb; nor is it apparent how it can be the result
of what Thorndike calls “trial and error”» movements. Her whole
behavior is that of a creature struggling, against obstacles, to
attain a certain known place in a known environment.

DIPTEROLOGICAL NOTES.

By Cuartes W. JOHNSON.

Boston Society of Natural History.
Chionea valga Harris.

A specimen was found by Mr. J. H. Emerton while sifting for
spiders at Tyngsboro, Mass., December 6, 1911. This date was
more than three weeks prior to any snow in this section, and indi-
cates that the appearance of this insect on snow is merely acci-
dental. The imago probably emerges during the late fall and
passes the winter in that state. The difficulty in seeing this wing-
less gnat excepting when it happens to crawl upon the snow, makes
its life habits hard to study.

Cholomyia longipes Fabricius.

Musca longipes Fabr., Syst. Antl., p. 298, 1805.

Cholomyia invquipes Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, Vol. IV, 6 ser., pt. 2, p.
XXXVII, 1884.

Thelairodes basalis Giglio-Tos. Bull. R. Univ. Torino, VIII, No. 147, p. 3, 1893;
Ditt. del Mess. III, p. 65, 1894.

While studying some South American diptera, my attention
was called to a specimen which had been in my collection for some
time that had been collected by Mr. E. Daecke at Richmond Hill,
Long Island, N. Y., July 2, 1901. I was greatly surprised to find
that it agreed with a specimen from the Caura Valley, Venezuela,
collected by Mr. 5. M. Klages. Recently Dr. O. A. Johannsen
spoke of a specimen taken at Ithaca, N. Y., which he identified as
C. inequipes Bigot, as figured by Van der Wulp (Biol. Cent. Amer.
Dipt., I, 247, pl. 4, f.1, 2.) This distribution is further augmented
by specimens in the National Museum from Peaks of Otter, Va.
(W. Palmer); Mo. (from Conotrachelus); and Marion, La., bred

1912] Johnson—Dipterological Notes 163

from. Conotrachelus juglandis. Another feature which is brought
to light is that all the C. longipes are males, while of the specimens
of Thelairodes basalis with a similar distribution are females.
The latter has been recorded from Dover and Orange Mts., N. J.,
and specimens are in the National Museum from Lexington, Ky.,
and Lawrence, Kans.

Similar records of wide distribution of species of Dexiide are
not uncommon. FHuantha liturata Oliv. (Dexia dives Wied.) ex-
tends from Guatemala to New Jersey. Cordyligaster minuscula
V. d. Wulp, (C. septentrionalis Towns.) Mexico to Virginia and
Maryland. Devia vertebrata Say., New Hampshire to Florida
and westward to Arizona. Thelairodes cinerticollis V. d. Wulp,
Mexico to New Jersey. That C. inequipes Bigot, is the same as
longipes Fabr. there seems to be no doubt.

Wohlfahrtia opaca Coquillett.
Paraphyto opaca Coq., Revis. Tachin., p. 123, 1897.

The presence of this genus in North America has been known
to the writer for a long time, but the determination of the species
was quite a different matter, as few realized that 1t had already
been described as a Tachinid under the genus Paraphyto. This
error together with others which unavoidably entered into the
first attempt of a work of the magnitude of the “Revision of the
Tachinide of America north of Mexico,” had been discovered by
Mr. Coquillett, and it is to be greatly regretted that he was unable
to make a revised edition of this most comprehensive and valu-
able work ever published in the North American Tachinide.

Sometime ago I received from Professor S. Arthur Johnson,
three specimens of this species collected at Fort Collins, Col., May
8 and June 21, 1901. Recently I received from Dr. E. G. Titus
five specimens collected at Logan, Utah, April 20, 1908; Lehi,
Utah, July 1, 1908, and Cache Junction, Utah, May 1, 1906.

Coquillett in his ““'ype-species of the North America Genera of
Diptera,” makes Wohlfahrtia a synonym of Sarcophila. As the
two genera are considered distinct by European authors, I prefer
to treat them accordingly. The species agree quite well with the
description of W. meigenii of Europe, but a comparison of speci-
mens is necessary for accuracy.

104 Psyche [June

In regard to the Sarcophaga carnaria recorded in the New Jer-
sey list I intended to have the name questioned, but it was in some
way overlooked. The record is based on a large species (14 mm.)
having black genitalia, and a long fringe of hairs on the posterior
tibiz; it closely resembles the S. carnaria of Europe but lacks the
anterior acrosticals and dorsocentrals. The species seems to be
confined to the immediate sea-shore of New Jersey, and has also
been found in similar situations at Chatham (June 30), Wollaston
(September 5), and Plum Island, Mass. (July 17). The latter
were collected by Mr. A. P. Morse.

The Sarcophaga “georgiana” of the New Jersey list is a large
species (13 mm.) with reddish genitalia and a long fringe of hairs
on the posterior tibiz. Whether it is the true S. georgina Wied.
I cannot say as his description is inadequate. The latter is the
proper form for the name.

COCCINELLA UNDECIMPUNCTATA LINN. IN
MASSACHUSETTS.

By CHARLES SCHAEFFER,
Museum of Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.

While in Boston recently, Mr. Charles W. Johnson gave me
two specimens of a Coccinella of which he had taken several,
Sept. 5th in Wollaston, Massachusetts, for which he said he could
get no name.

The species proved to be Coccinella undecimpunctata Linn. a
European species given with the var. menetriest Muls. in Hen-
shaw’s “Third Supplement to the Coleoptera.”

Mr. Casey, in his Revision of the American Coccinellide in
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. vol. VII, p. 71, omits the species entirely.
Mr. Leng in the same publication vol. XI, p. 201, gives a descrip-
tion and distribution of the var. menetriesi Muls. However, he
said, that though it was described from California, the species
should be dropped as there were no other records of its occurrence
in America.

The species is an easily recognized one. The form is less convex
than the other North American species of the genus and more

1912] Cockerell—Some Bees from Guatemala 105

like Adalia bipunctata Linn. The head is black with one white
spot near each eye, the clypeus, especially in the male, is often
more or less white. The prothorax is black with a large white
spot on each side of the anterior angles. The elytra, yellowish
red, distinctly punctate, with a somewhat inverted heart-shaped
scutellar spot and four spots on each elytron, one at humeral
umbone, two slightly above middle placed in an oblique line and
two slightly below middle. The var. menetriest Muls., which
may occur in our Northwestern territory, differs from the typical
form in having the lateral margin of prothorax from apex to base
and also the anterior margin narrowly white.

SOME BEES FROM GUATEMALA.

By T. D. A. CockERELL,
University of Colorado, Boulder.

Leptergatis wheeleri sp. nov.

Male. Length 7 mm.; closely resembling LZ. armata (Sm.), with the same
greatly incrassate hind femora, but differing as follows: scape black; clypeus and
labrum entirely black (although the mandibles are cream-color except apically);
tegule piceous with a subhyaline patch anteriorly; b. n. going a little basal of
t. m., though there is no interval between them; abdomen rather larger, and the
hair-bands ochreous-tinted; hind femora and tibiz black, basitarsi dark, red at
apex; small inner tooth en hind tibia nearer the apex; thorn-like tooth on inner
side of hind basitarsus smaller.

Hab.—Escuintla, Guatemala, Dec. 30, 1911 (W. M. Wheeler).

Xylocopa guatemalensis sp. nov.

Female. Length about 24 mm., anterior wing 17 mm., width of head a very
little less than 7 mm.; entirely black, with black hair, that on inner side of anterior
tarsi ferruginous; antenne dark, fourth joint with a reddish patch beneath;
wings very dark fuscous, the region beyond the cells feebly greenish; labrum
tridentate; clypeus with the lower margin shining, with an obtuse median tubercle;
sides of clypeus with very large strong punctures, the median smooth area narrow
below, above broad, with a longitudinal median groove; tubercle between antennze
moderately large; ocelli in a triangle, sulcus around median ocellus failing behind;
eyes converging above, so that the vertex is conspicuously narrower than the middle
of the face; tegule black; disk of mesothorax smooth and impunctate; first four
segments of abdomen with small widely scattered punctures, about the same on all;
fifth with closer and stronger punctures; sixth with dense small punctures; no

106 Psyche [June

dorsal or ventral keel; process on outer side of hind tibia bidentate, the anterior
tooth about twice as long as the posterior.

Hab.— Guatemala City, Guatemala, Dec. 1911 (W. M. Wheeler).
Very much like Brazilian X. rotundiceps Smith, but distinguished
by the narrowed vertex (that of rotundiceps 1s exceptionally broad)
and the punctation of the abdomen. From X. ordinaria Smith
it is readily known by the absence of a keel on under side of abdo-

men.
Xylocepa wilmattee Cockerell, ined.

Guatemala City, Dec. 1911 (W. M. Wheeler). Exactly like
the type.

Anthephora marginata Smith.

Guatemala City, Dec. 1911, Female (W. M. Wheeler). New
to Guatemala.
Bombus unifasciatus Smith.

Guatemala City, Dec. 1911, Female (W. M. Wheeler).
Eulzma mussitans (Fabr.)

Guatemala City, Dec. 1911 (W. M. Wheeler).

DROSOPHILA REPLETA WOLLASTON.

By Freperick Knap,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

A series of this species has been recently received at the U. S:
National Museum from Calabacillas, State of Chihuahua, Mexico,
through Dr. S. McGibbon, In the course of determination it
was found that although this species is a very widely distributed
one, but little has been published concerning it. The species
stands in the Aldrich catalogue as Drosophila punctulata Loew,
but Becker, in the “Katalog der paliarktischen Dipteren,”’ vol.
4, 1905, makes Loew’s species and D. adspersa of Mik synonyms
of D. repleta Wollaston, and there seems every reason to accept
this synonymy. In justice to Mik it should be added that he
himself suspected the identity of his species with Loew’s, but
he had no means of verifying it. —

1912] Knab—Drosophila repleta 107

The species is a strikingly colored one. The mesonotum and
scutellum are gray, mottled with small dark brown spots, these
spots mostly confluent and tending to form four broad longitudinal
stripes on the disk. The abdomen is marked black and yellow
—dorsally there is a broad, yellow, continuous median longitu-
dinal stripe and each segment is broadly yellow at the base and
narrowly so on the apical margin. Mik gives a good detailed
description of the insect, but it should be kept in mind that the
coloration is subject to considerable variation and that the struc-
tural characters must be carefully compared. ‘Thus in the major-
ity of specimens before me the legs are yellow and the darker
shadings described by Loew and Mik are not very obvious; in
other specimens the legs are almost wholly dark, almost black.
Yet these all belong to one species. I am inclined to think that
the insect darkens somewhat with age and that perhaps also the
character of the food may have some influence, as-is known to
be the case in certain blood-sucking Diptera.

The species appears to have a very wide distribution in the
warmer parts of the globe. Wollaston’s specimens came from
Madeira, Loew’s from Cuba and Mik’s from Vienna (Austria)
and Ashanti (West Africa); Williston records the species from the
island of St. Vincent, There are many specimens in the National
Museum collection, some of which stood determined by Mr.
Coquillett as punctulata, while the rest turned up among the
undetermined material. There is but a single specimen from the
Old World, taken by C. W. Howard at Lourenco Marques, Portu-
guese East Africa; it agrees in every respect with American
specimens. There are specimens from the following American
localities: New York (E. B. Southwick); District of Columbia;
St. Louis, Mo., Oct., 1904 (A. Busck); Flat River, Mo., Oct.
(T. Pergande); Nashville, Tenn., 17 Aug. 1904 (H. S. Barber);
Jacksonville, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson); Key West, Fla.; Willis,
Tex.; San Diego, Tex., 25 May, at exuding sap of Celtis occiden-
talis (E. A. Schwarz); Brownsville, Tex. (C. H. T. Townsend);
Claremont, Cal. (C. F. Baker); Cuernavaca, Mex., 7 July, 1900
(C. C. Deam); Amatlan de los Reyes, near Cérdoba, Mex., 16
Feb., 1908, about wine-bottle in tavern (F. Knab); Nicaragua;
Port Limon, Costa Rica, 24 Sept. 1905, one specimen at crab-hole
in cacao orchard (F. Knab); Alhajuela, Panama, 15 April, 1911,

108 Psyche [June

on wild fig (A. Buseck); Havana, Cuba (S. Fernandez); Cayamas,
Cuba, 28 May, 10 June, in house (E. A. Schwarz); Baracoa,
Cuba, Sept., 1901 (A. Busck); Kingston, Jamaica, 11-9-07
(M. Grabham); St. Domingo, 8 June, 1905 (A. Busck); Ceara
Brazil (F. D. de Rocha); 5. Paulo, Brazil, bred from peaches
(R. von Ihering); Buenos Ayres, Argentina.

THE VELUTINOUS SPECIES OF THE GENUS
CHRYSOPILUS.

By CHarLes W. JOHNSON.

Among the species of the genus Chrysopilus is a small group
of velvety looking flies with dark smoky wings. These show an
interesting combination of colors:—velvety black, with or without
golden tomentum on the thorax and silvery white tufts of hairs
on the abdomen, and comprise some of.our most beautiful species
of diptera of eastern and central North America. The group
consists of four species, which can be readily defined by the fol-
lowing table:—

1. Thorax.entirelyvelvebtyiblack : i on, 522 snc aeeeys tacise actewioe Goat ocr eee Q
Thorax covered with a dense golden tomentum..................-+++++2+5> 3
2. Abdomenrentirelive velvety, blackwarcem cian neater cree eames velutinus Loew.
Abdomen with two rows of tufts of white pile............... connexus sp. NOV.
3: Abdomen’ entizely, velvety, blacke.sem-iat. eect ee eee eer davisi Johns.

Abdomen with two rows of transverse tufts of white or light yellow pile
thoracicus Fabr.
Chrysopilus connexus sp. noy.

Male and Female. Front and face velvety black, antennz, proboscis and palpi
black, the latter and the inferior orbits with long black hairs. Thorax with velvety
black tomentum, scutellum with long black hairs and a tuft of yellowish hairs
in front of the halteres in the male, pleuree brownish back. Abdomen velvety
black with two rows of tufts of white hairs on the posterior margins of the first
to fifth segments, very small on the fifth segment of the male and apparently wanting
in the female, the other tufts are more conspicuous in the female than in the male,
venter velvety black, coxee and femora black, tibiz and tarsi yellow. Halteres
brown. Wings smoky with the veins broadly margined with brown. Length
male, 11 mm., female, 12 mm.

North Carolina Holotype (male) and Allotype in the U. 5.
National Museum. Paratype in the author’s collection. I am

1912] Johnson—V elutinous Species of the Genus Chrysopilus 109

indebted to Mr. Frederick Knab for the privilege of describing
this species. The specimen figured in the insect book by L. O.
Howard, pl. 16, fig. 23, is this species and not C. velutinus. It
is marked ‘“‘Fla.’’ Specimens are in the collection of Mrs. Slosson
from Hot Springs, N. C.

The distribution of two of the species is quite wide. C. davisi
is known only from the type locality, Clayton, Georgia. C.
velutinus Illinois (type locality), Kentucky (Osten Sacken), and
St. Augustine, Fla. (C. W. Johnson). C. thoracicus, was described
from “Carolina.” I have no record south of Maryland and
Virginia. It is common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connec-
ticut and western and central Massachusetts. I have not seen
it from the eastern part of the State, nor north of Massachusetts,
although L. E. Hood (Psycun, July 1892, p. 283), recorded it
from Mt. Lincoln, N. H. and Maine. F. L. Washburn records it
from Minnesota, but intermediate records are very scarce. The
writer found the larva of this species in a wet decayed log along
Brandywine Creek, Chester County, Pa., Apr. 27; it pupated
May 8 and the imago appeared May 30.

The original spelling of the generic name is Chrysopilus not
Chryopila and the date 1826 not 1827.

In looking for records my attention was called to figure 75, in the
Diptera of Minnesota (Tenth Ann. Rept., p. 84, 1905), by F. L.
Washburn. The figure represents Atherix variegata Walk. and
not Leptis mystacea female, the head would indicate a male.

U. S. Postat REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE MAILING OF
INSECTS.

The following extract from a recent order of the Postmaster
General will be of interest to entomologists.

“Queen bees and their attendant bees, when accompanied by a copy of a cer-
tificate of the current year from a State or Government apiary inspector to the
effect that the apiary from which said queen bees are shipped is free from dis-
ease or by a copy of a statement by the bee-keeper made before a notary
public or other officer having a seal that the honey used in making the candy
used in the queen mailing cage has been diluted and boiled in a closed vessel;
beneficial insects, when shipped by departments of entomology in agri-
cultural colleges and persons holding official entomological positions; other live

110 Psyche [June

insects, when addressed to the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, to departments of entomology in State agricultural colleges,
and to persons holding official entomological positions, and dried insects and dried
reptiles may be sent in the mails when so put up as to render it practically
impossible that the package shall be broken in transit, or the persons handling the
same be injured, or the mail bags or their contents soiled.

“Nursery stock, including field-grown florists’ stock, trees, shrubs, plants, vines,
cuttings, grafts, scions and buds (which may carry injurious insects) may be
admitted to the mails only when accompanied by a certificate from a State or
Government inspector to the effect that said nursery stock has been inspected and
found free from injurious insects.”

BOOK NOTICES.

Butterfly-hunting in Many Lands;-Notes of a Field Naturalist. By George
B. Longstaff. pp. 728, pls. 6 & A-J. Longmans, Green & Co., London, New
York, etc. 1912. ($7.00).

This extensive volume is an account of the travels of an entomologist who has
visited a number of countries, mainly in the tropics, searching for butterflies.
Among entomological books, it is probably unique in its scope, and although
it does not aim at completeness of detail for any region, the connected form of
presentation gives it a value to the collector or general entomologist which is not
shared by any of the various, elaborately illustrated works on butterflies now extant.
There are lists of butterflies taken in India, Ceylon, China, Japan, South Africa,
Guiana, the Antilles, New Zealand and many other interesting places, but with
them are many notes on their habits as well as observations on some of the more
striking insects of other orders.

Still more interesting are the descriptions of these places as an entomologist
views them from the standpoint of his own interests, which are naturally quite
different from those of the ordinary globe trotter and again less prejudiced than those
of the naturalist who deals with an isolated area.

In addition to the entertainingly written body of the book, there is a chapter
of over 100 pages entitled ‘‘ Bionomic Notes,” dealing with the scents of butterflies
heliotropism, attitudes, polymorphism, which is of considerable interest for the
general zoologist.

Translations of a number of papers by Fritz Miiller on the scent organs of Lep-
idoptera are given in an appendix, and the book is supplied with a good index.

C. T. Bruzs.

Guide to the Insects of Connecticut, Prepared under the direction of W. E. Britton.
Part I. General Introduction pp. 38, pls. 5, by W. E. Britton.
Part IJ. The Euplexoptera and Orthoptera, pp. 43-169, Vols. 6-11, by B. J.
Walden.

Published as Bull. 16, State Geol. & Nat. Hist. Survey, Connecticut, 1911.
These two papers form the first part of a synopsis of the insects of Connecticut
which is being prepared under the direction of Dr. W. E. Britton, the State Ento-

a es

1912] Book Notices ot

mologist. ‘The first part is a brief general account of insects designed for those
unfamiliar with entomology, and the second part, a descriptive synopsis of all the
Euplexoptera and Orthoptera known from Connecticut or likely to occur there.
It is illustrated by over 60 figures in addition to six photographic plates.

This is the most ambitious state list of insects yet undertaken, and Dr. Britton
is to be congratulated on the fine start already made. Entomologists throughout
New England will find it a most valuable handbook, and will no doubt anxiously
look for the appearance of the later parts, some of which, at least, are now
awaiting publication.

The bulletin is well printed and furnished with a complete index.

ERRATA.

P. 66, line 5. Micoutalis should read Micrutalis here and in the body of the article.
P. 66, line 16. The name of the plant should read Vernonia noveboracensis.

P. 67, line 2. Euchenopa should read Enchenopa.

P. 69, line 12. Vernomia should read Vernonia.

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VOL. XIX AUG DSi Lot? NUMBER 4

Prodryas persephone Scudder.

—

The Stanford Expedition to Brazil: List of Histeride and Buprestide. W. M. Mann 118
Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.). H. E. Ewing

and F. L. Webster . : : : : : ; : ; : ; : ; : 121
Note on Myrmeleon immaculatus De Geer. J. H. Emerton . ‘ : ‘ ; : 134
Synonymical Notes on Phoride. C. 7. Brues . F F : j : ; : ; 135
The Copulation of Ammophila abbreviata Fabr. C.H. Turner : : ; 4 : 137

CONTENTS
A New Genus and Three New Species of North American Thysanoptera. J. D. Hood 113

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF.

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Entered as second-class matter, Dec. 21, 1906, at the Post Office at Boston, Mass., under
the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Po Gia

VOL. XIX. AUGUST, 1912. No. 4

A NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN THYSANOPTERA.

By J. Doucuas Hoop,
Bureau of Biological Survey, U. 8. Department of Agriculture.

Heliothrips phaseoli sp. nov. (Plate 8, Figs. a, b, and c.)

Female.—Length about 1.1 mm. General color yellowish brown; head and
thorax paler than abdomen, the former nearly yellow (vertex almost white by re-
flected light) and shaded with brown at base; legs brown, with the femora and tibiz
paler at extremities; tarsi pale; abdomen slightly paler at tip.

Head about 1-4 times as wide as long and about equal in length to prothorax;
cheeks slightly arcuate; dorsal surface distinctly but not conspicuously reticulate,
roughened between the lines of reticulation; frontal costa nearly or quite as wide
as first antennal segment; vertex subcarinate in front of ocelli. Eyes twice as long
as their distance from posterior margin of head, not protruding, setose. Ocelli
approximate, opposite center of eyes. Antenne about 2.4 times as long as head;
segment 1 subspherical; 2 broadest, a little longer than wide; 3 and 4 urn-shaped,
the former about 2.2 times as long as wide; 5 clavate; 6 and 7 together of same
form as 5, but inverted; 8 very long and slender. Segments 1, 2, 6,7, and 8 brown;
intermediate segments nearly white, brownish in apical half. Maxillary palpi two
segmented.

Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, about equal in length to head, and with
similar reticulation; a band of about eight short bristles across middle, and a
few scattered ones near posterior and: anterior margins. Pterothorax somewhat
broader than prothorax, the membrane and mesoscutum yellow, other plates brown.
Wings long, surpassing the abdomen; fore wing thirteen times as long as width
at middle, and with two veins nearly or quite attaining tip; principal vein at base
with four spines, of which the distal is longer, nearly black, and situated at the fork;
anterior vein with one spine at base and two near apex, the last nearly black; pos-
terior vein with five or six equidistant spines at middle, of which three are usually
black; hind wings brownish, with darker median vein.

Abdomen broadly ovate, pointed at tip; notum of segments 1-8 closely striate
laterally, the striee transverse toward middle of segment and longitudinal at sides.
Segment 10 without longitudinal dorsal suture, though sometimes irregularly weak-
ened toward tip.

Measurements: Length 1.10 mm.; head, length .108 mm., width .175 mm.;
prothorax, length .108 mm., width .210 mm.; mesothorax, width .280 mm.; abdo-
men, width .336 mm. Antennal segments: 1, 21/; 2, 364; 3, 504; 4, 4214; 5, 38/7;
6, 274; 7, 144; 8, 264; total, .25 mm.

114 Psyche [August

Male.—Length about .77 mm. Sternum of abdominal segments 3-7 each with
a large, pale, transverse area about nine times as wide as long. Segment 9 with
two pairs of dorsal spines, of which the basal is much shorter and stouter than the
apical.

Described from many specimens of both sexes, taken on bean
plants at Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoras, Mexico, in June
and July, by Charles A. Hart.

Type locality —Brownsville, Texas.

It is easily distinguished from its ally, H. fasciatus Pergande, by
the abdominal sculpture, and, in the male, by the broad, pale areas
of the abdominal sterna; in fasciatus these areas are not more than
two ar three times as wide as long.

According to Mr. Hart, this species was very injurious in 1908
to beans in the region of Brownsville, Texas. Its ravages were so
severe that the plants became yellowish and the crop was greatly
diminished. Across the Rio Grande in Mexico, near Matamoras,
it was found on a species of wild bean which grew along the river
bank; and for this reason it would appear that the species is a
native one which has lately turned its attention to the cultivated
bean. It may become a serious pest to truck gardening in the

south.
Zygothrips americanus sp. nov. (Plate 8, Fig. d.)

Zygothrips minutus, Hood, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, Art. II,
p. 364 (1908). Misidentification.

Female: forma brachyptera.—Length about 1.1 mm. Color yellowish brown to
brownish black, with maroon hypodermal pigmentation which is denser along sides.
of pterothorax and abdomen; tibiz, tarsi, and segments 1-3 of antenne usually
paler. Surface shining.

Head about 1.1 times as long as wide, broadest slightly behind eyes, thence nar-
rowing very slightly to base; vertex rounded and evenly declivous; dorsal and.
lateral surfaces almost free from lines of sculpture and with the spines few and very
inconspicuous; postocular bristles capitate, fully as long as eyes. Eyes about one
fourth as long as head, not protruding. Anterior ocellus not overhanging; pos-
terior ocelli situated in front of middle of eyes. Antennee about twice as long as
head, moderately slender, often uniform dark blackish brown, but usually with
segments 1-3 (sometimes only 3) paler; segment 5 broadly subconical, with a short
pedicel; 4-6 oval, briefly pedicellate, subequal in length; 4 scarcely broader than
3; 5 slightly the longest of distal segments; 7 oblong, pedicellate, truncate at apex
and broadly united to 8, which is subconical and about twice as long as wide; sense
cones slender, transparent. Mouth cone blunt, reaching well beyond middle of
prosternum; labrum not surpassing labium.

Prothorax .7 to .8 as long as head and (inclusive of coxee) about twice as wide as.
long; surface smooth; sides slightly concave in front of middle; posterior margin

1912] Hood—New Genus and Species of North American Thysanoptera Oks
P Pp

lobed; all spines present, capitate, moderate in size, the pair at the posterior an-
gles longest. Pterothorax slightly narrower than prothorax, broadest in front,
sides nearly straight. Legs rather short and stout; fore tarsi armed with a very
small, acute tooth; femora concolorous with body; tibize usually paler, shaded in
basal half with brownish ; tarsi pale.

Abdomen usually broadest at segments 5 and 6, thence the sides converge roundly
to base of tube. Tube about two thirds as long as head, twice as long as basal
width, and a little more than half as wide at apex as at base; terminal bristles two
fifths longer than tube.

Measurements: Total length 1.14 mm.; head, length .144 mm., width .127 mm.;
prothorax, length .102 mm., width (inclusive of coxze) .216 mm.; pterothorax,
width .210 mm.; abdomen, width .256 mm.; tube, length .098 mm., width at base
.051 mm., at apex .029 mm. Antennal segments: J, 30; 2, 42; 3, 364; 4, 38”;
5, 41; 6, 364; 7, 384; 8, 234; total length of antenna, .29 mm.; width at seg-
ment 4, .040 mm.

Female: forma macroptera.—Differs from the brachypterous form only in the
presence of wings (which are clouded with brownish and narrowed at middle) and
the increased development of the pterothorax.

Male: forma brachyptera.—Length about .98 mm. Fore femora slightly swollen;
tarsal tooth scarcely larger than that of female. Abdomen slender; tube with
scale at base.

Described from fifty-three females—three of which are mac-
ropterous—and_ sixteen males, from the following localities:—
Illinois: Boskydell, Carbondale, Dubois, Hillery, Lyons, Pulaski,
Sumner, Urbana. Michigan: Baldwin. Missouri: Wittenberg.
Nebraska: Lincoln. Maryland: Plummer’s Island (in the Poto-
mac, near Washington, D. C.). Specimens were kindly contri-
buted by Charles A. Hart, Lindley M. Smith, Robert D. Glasgow,
James Zetek, Henry E. Ewing, W. L. Mc Atee, A. G. Vestal, and
G. H. Coons.

Type locality —Urbana, Illinois.

This little species is one of the commonest and widely distri-
buted North American Phloeothripids, and occurs throughout the
year under loose bark of apple, cherry, cottonwood, hickory, maple,
oak, osage-orange, sycamore, and willow. The long-winged form
is found from January to July, occasionally in flight.

From Z. minutus Uzel, the common Old World species to which
it is closely related, it may readily be distinguished by the longer
prothorax which is lobed behind, the armed fore tarsi, and the
predominance of short-winged individuals. In minutus the short-
winged female is unknown.

116 Psyche [August

Glyptothrips gen. nov.
(yAuzTOs, carved; 0pty’, a wood worm.)

Body very broad; dorsal surface reticulate. Antenn stout, seven-segmented;
intermediate segments with long pedicels; spines and sense cones long, slender,
subparallel to axis of antenna. Eyes subpedicellate, coarsely facetted, separated
from gene and dorsum of head by a deep furrow. Anterior ocellus overhanging,
directed forwards; posterior ocelli directed laterally and protected by the over-
hanging edge of the vertex. Mouth cone much shorter than its basal width;
labrum not surpassing tip of broadly rounded labium; palpi very short, stout.
Pterothorax ‘transverse (as wide as length of antenna) and much broader than pro-
thorax. Wings of equal width throughout, not closely fringed. Tube long and

heavy.

Type.—Glyptothrips flavescens sp. nov.

Glyptothrips is one of the most sharply characterized genera of
the Phloecthripide. Together with the monotypic genera Poly-
phemothrips and Allothrips,—also confined to the Americas, it is
remarkable for its seven-segmented antenne. This condition is
approached in representatives of the genera Trichothrips, Cryp-
tothrips, Neothrips, Kladothrips,| and Onychothrips, but here the
fusion of the two apical segments is incomplete and a more or less
distinct suture is always visible. Although the antennal struc-
ture suggests Allothrips very. strongly, the genus above described
‘is probably closely related to Eurythrips Hinds, and should be
placed after it in a linear arrangement of the genera.

Pactothrips flavescens sp. nov. (Plate 9, Figs. a, b, and c.)

Female.—Length about 1.3 mm. Color bright brownish yellow, with thorax,
vertex, and sides of head darker, due to maroon pigmentation; legs, antennal seg-
ments 3-7, and tip of tube more or less darkened with blackish. Dorsal surface
reticulate.

Head about one and one sixth times as long as greatest width, deeply reticulate
above, more finely beneath; vertex elevated, its lateral margins shelf-like and
slightly protecting the posterior ocelli; its tront margin concave and bearing the
anterior ocellus, which is directed forwards; cheeks somewhat rounded, converg-
ing slightly to base and very abruptly to posterior margins of eyes, and set with a
few, short, anteriorly-directed spines; postocular bristles short, clavate, situated
well towards sides of head. Eyes small, subglobose, less than one fourth as long
as head, subpedicellate, coarsely facetted. Antennz twice as long as head, stout,

1912] | Hood—New Genus and Species of North American Thysanoptera TAN?

reticulate; segments 1 and 2 concolorous with head; 3-7 dark blackish brown, pedi-
cels yellowish; segments 3-6 subglobose, with abruptly narrow pedicels, that of
segment 8 very long; 7 lanceolate, pedicellate, without trace of suture; sense cones
long, slender, scarcely distinguishable from the spines, of which at least a dorsal
pair on segments 3 and 4 are widened in apical half.

Prothorax about .7 as long as head and, inclusive of coxee, about twice as wide as
long; dorsal surface subreticulate; cox only slightly projecting, without spine;
all bristles rather short, dilated at apex, only one pair on anterior margin; the pair
at the posterior angles arises from the apex of a more or less evident tubercle. Ptero-
thorax nearly 1.4 times as wide as prothorax, sides subparallel; anterior angles
shoulder-like, broadly rounded. Wings of both pairs uniform brownish; fore pair
without double fringe on posterior margin near apex. Legs not long, reticulate,
sparsely and inconspicuously spinose; fore tarsi armed with short, acute tooth
standing at right angles to the tarsus.

Abdomen narrowing slightly to segment 8, thence tapering roundly to tube; sides
reticulate, the lines of reticulation cuspidate posteriorly. Tube about 1.1 times as
long as head and 2.5 times as broad at base as at apex, sides perfectly straight.
Marginal abdominal bristles on segments 2-8 short, dilated, curved; segment 9
with upper pair capitate or blunt, two thirds as long as tube; lower pairs pointed,
about equal to tube in length; terminal bristles about half as long as tube.

Measurements: Length 1.34 mm.; head, length .192 mm., width .164 mm.;
prothorax, length .131 mm., width .271 mm.; pterothorax width .372 mm.; abdo-
men, width, .389 mm.; tube, length .210 mm., width at base .086 mm., at apex
.034 mm. Antennal segments: 1, 51; 2, 544; 3, 594; 4, 504; 5, 514; 6, 50”;
7, 801; total length of antenna .39 mm.; width at segment, 4.039 mm.

Described from three females, all macropterous, taken by Mr.
Charles A. Hart in sweepings, as follows: Grand Tower, Illinois,
June 30 and July 10, 1909; Pulaski, Illinois, June 28, 1909.

Type locality: Grand Tower, Illinois.

This is doubtless the long-winged form of some species which
spends the greater part of the year in seclusion at the base of
- grasses, under bark, or in turf. It may easily be known by the
long heavy tube,—which is fully half as wide at its base as the
greatest width of the head,—the peculiar vertex, the seven-seg-
mented antenne, the strongly projecting eyes, and the dorsal retic-
ulation. The general appearance of the upper part of the head
is much like that of Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouché.

EXPLANATION ‘OF PLATES.
PLATE 8.

Fig. a. Heliothrips phaseoli sp. nov., female.—Right fore wing, x 131.
Fig. b. Heliothrips phaseoli Right antenna, x 361.

118 Psyche [August

Fig. c. Heliothrips phaseoli Right half of tergum of second abdominal segment,
x 361.

Fig. d. Zygothrips americanus sp. nov.—Head and prothorax of female, x 99.

PLATE 9.

Fig. a. Glyptothrips flavescens gen. et sp. nov., female-—Head and prothorax,
re fe

Fig. b. Glyptothrips flavescens Right antenna, x 255.

Fig. c. Glyptothrips flavescens Portion of occiput, showing sculpture, x 515.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.

J. C. Branner, Director.

LIST OF HISTERIDZ AND BUPRESTID.

By Wn. M. Mann,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

Among the material collected by the Expedition many families
are represented by only a few species. These lots, as well as those
more extensive, have been placed in the hands of specialists in the
respective groups for identification. When these have been re-
turned without notes, it seems advisable to list the species to sup-
ply data on distribution, most of the specimens being from regions
in which few collections have been made.

The Histeridee were determined by Mr. George Lewis of Tun-
bridge Wells, England, the Buprestide by Mr. Charles Kerre-
mans of Brussels, Beligum.

HISTERID &.
Oxysterus maximus L.

Abunda, and Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39. Taken flying in evening,

Lioderma devium Mars.

Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39. One specimen.

Lioderma 4-dentatum Fab.
Abuna, Rio Madeira.

Hololepta jamarii Mars.
Madeira-Mamoré R.R. Camp 39.

Trypaneus spiniger Mars.
Abuna. Beneath bark.

Vout. XIX, PuatE

Psycue, 1912.

HOOD—THYSANOPTERA.

HOOD—THYSANOPTERA.

1912] Mann—List of Histeride and Buprestide 119

Trypaneus noxia Mars.
Abuna. Beneath bark.

Trypaneus nasicornis Mars.

Abuna. Beneath bark.

Xyloneus fallax Mars.
Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 43.

Hister cavifrons Mars.
Porto Velho, Rio Madeira.

Hister punctifer Payk.
Baturité Mts. (Ceara).

Hister curvatus Mars.
Porto Velhe, Rio Madeira.

Saprinus pavidus Er.
Porto Velho and Camp 41 Rio Madeira.

Saprinus milium Mars.

Natal (Rio Grande do Norte). Very common in dung.

Omalodes conicollis Mars.
Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39.

Omalodes foveolatus Mars.
Madeira-Mamoré R.R. Camp 89, and Porto Velho.

Omalodes amazonius Mars.

Abuna, Rio Madeira.

Phelister hemorrhas Mars.

Porto Velho.
Phelister confusaneus Mars.
Independencia (Parahyba).

Phelister fairmairei Mars.
Natal (Rio Grande do Norte).
Tsolomalis hispaniolus Mars.
Para. Beneath bark.
Epierus kraatzvi Sch.
Abuna, Rio Madeira. Beneath bark.
Epierus vagans Mars.
Abunda, Rio Madeira.

Carcinops misella Mars.
Abuna. Beneath bark.

120 Psyche [August

BUPRESTID &.
Euchroma gigantea Linn.

Several specimens from Abund, and Camp 39, Madeira-Mamoré R.R. Two
specimens were taken at Abuna, Bolivia. Found on trunks of the silk-cotton tree
(Ceiba sp.)

Pelecopselaphus lateralis Waterh.

Two specimens, Madeira-Mamoré R.R. Camp 39.

Chrysesthes tripunctata Fab.

One specimen, Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 28.

Chrysobothris amazonica Kerr.
Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39. (Matto Grosso).

Chrysobothris sexpunctata Fab.
Abunda and Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Camp 39. (Matto Grosso).

Chrysobothris cordicollis Cast. Gory.

Abuna, Rio Madeira (Matto Grosso).

AActenodes nobilis Linn.

Common at Porto Velho, Rio Madeira (State of Amazonas). Ovipositing in
recently cut timber.

Taphrocerus angustus Gory.

Independencia (Parahyba).

Agrilus mansuetus Cast. Gory.
Abuna and Madeira-Mamoré R.R., Camps 39 and 41.

Agrilus arnus Gory.
Abuna, Rio Madeira.

Agrilus umbartus Har.

Numerous specimens taken by sweeping, at Independencia (Parahyba).

Agrilus niger Cast. Gory.
Natal (Rio Grande do Norte).
Agrilus frigidus Gory.
Madeira-Mamoré R. R., Camp 28. (Matto Grosso.)

Agrilus cearicus Kerr.

Natal (Rio Grande do Norte).

Agrilus madeiricus Kerr.
Abunda and Madeira-Mamoré R.R., Camp 28.

Agrilus temeratus Wat.

One specimen. Porto Velho, Rio Madeira.

i)
1912] Ewing and Webster—Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale Le
Agrilus oblitus Wat.
One specimen. Madeira-Mamoré R.R., Camp 39.

Agrilus molestus Wat. °

Independencia (Parahyba). One specimen taken by sweeping.

MITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE
(LEPIDOSAPHES ULMI LINNE).

By H. E. Ewrne and R. L. Wersster.

INTRODUCTION.

The fact that mites frequently attack scale insects and so play
an important part in the natural control of those insects, is by no
means new, and most of the literature on this subject is not of
very recent date. The observations of Walsh (1868), Shimer
(1868), followed by other notes by Riley (1873), show us that the
importance of these mite enemies was even better appreciated in
a general way then, than at present. Some further careful obser-
vations by Ligniéres (1893) in Europe threw much more light on
the exact relations of two of the most common mites which are
found under the oyster-shell scales, many of which observations
the present writers have been able to verify in the work reported
on in this paper.

The notes on which this paper is based were made by the writ-
ers in Iowa, largely in the vicinity of Ames, although by no means
restricted to that locality.. The determinations of the mites are
on the authority of Mr. Ewing. This paper represents a part of
a larger article on the oyster-shell scale, to be published at some
future time as a bulletin from the Iowa Agricultural Experiment
Station, but it was thought best to present this portion of the work
in advance.

NATURE OF MITE ATTACKS.

The most efficient mite found attacking the oyster-shell scale
in Iowa is one which feeds for the most part on the eggs of the
scale insect, although it feeds also on the insects themselves. This
mite is Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer). Another mite, Monieziella
entomophaga (Laboulbéne), which was about as common under

122 Psyche [August

the scales as the first, did not feed on the sound eggs of the scale
insect, but acted only as a scavenger, feeding among shriveled
egg shells and following the first named mite in its work beneath
the scales. Besides these, several other mites were noticed in
connection with the oyster-shell scale, and observations thereon
are given in this paper.

In order to understand the relations of these several mites to_
the oyster-shell scale it will be necessary to give a brief outline of
the life history of that insect. Near Ames the eggs of the scale
insect begin to hatch from about the 10th of May to the Ist of
June, depending upon the season. The tiny crawling nymphs
soon settle down on the bark of the infested tree when a suitable
position has been found, and proceed to secrete their scale cover-
ing. This is completed in July, and late in that month the eggs
of the scale insect begin to appear under the scales. Thus, from
the first of August until about the middle of May, a period of nearly
ten months, the eggs may be found beneath the scales. It is no
wonder that the mites frequently have an almost unrestricted
sway during this period.

IMPORTANCE OF MITE CONTROL.

Walsh (1868) said that in examining six hundred scales about
the last of October in Illinois, he found “‘that at least two-thirds
of the whole number were either already gutted, or were under-
going the process of being gutted, by the minute larva of a mite.”
From the description of the injury Hemisarcoptes malus was prob-
ably the mite that was doing the work mentioned.

On October 29, 1908, a lot of scales from apple twigs obtained
at Ames were examined, and many of them were found to be in-
fested with mites (probably Hemisarcoptes malus) which were
feeding on the eggs. Of 100 scales examined, 35 showed evi-
dences of mite injury, or revealed the presence of the mites.

In the early spring of 1911 a lot of apple twigs infested with the
oyster-shell scale were taken from different orchards around Ames,
and at other localities in the state to the north of Ames. In prac-
tically all of these samples mite injury was evident beneath the
scales. In some cases the mites had done very effective work in
checking the scale, elsewhere they were not so effective.

One sample taken from an orchard near Ames showed consid-

1912] Ewing and Webster—Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale 123

erable benefit occasioned by mites. Out of 100 scales counted
February 27, 1911, sixty-five showed indications of mite work.
Of the remainder, 32 scales were empty, while 3 were sound, 7. e.
contained sound eggs quite unaffected by mites. Hemisarcoptes
malus was the mite concerned in this case.

In this connection it must be mentioned that many oyster-shell
scales remain on the trees long after the insects themselves are
gone. The presence of 32 empty scales in the count just given
would refer to scales which had probably remained on the bark for
a year, or perhaps even more, rather than to those which had been
cleaned out by mites.

From other counts made in 1911 it was found that a great varia-
tion existed in the condition of the scales at different places in the
state. In some of the infested orchards near Ames as low as 3.7%
of the scales contained sound eggs that spring. The remainder
were either empty, or had been gutted by mites. At this time in
the orchard at Ames that showed the scale in the best condition,
only 16.48% of the scales contained sound eggs. These last counts
were made for another purpose than to find mite injury, so that
this factor was disregarded in making them. If a scale had any
sound eggs in it, it was counted as such, so that a scale might be
half gutted by mites, and still contain sound eggs. Many of the
empty scales, however, were made so on account of mite attacks,
and so these counts are given here.

At Northwood, Iowa, near the Minnesota line, a variety of con-
ditions were found. Much mite injury (Hemisarcoptes) was no-
ticed. From samples of scale collected in one orchard 82.4% of
the scales contained sound eggs; from another orchard 69%; from
a third, 34%; from a fourth, 23%.

Samples taken from three orchards near Iowa F alls contained
15.2%, 23.8% and 41.2% scales with sound eggs. Other samples
from additional places in the northern half of the state showed
that from 10% to 20% of the scales contained sound eggs, the
proportion occasionally running as high as 30%.

Considering that a large proportion of the empty scales are left
over from the previous year, the percentage of scales not injured
must be larger than appears from the figures. A count made at
Ames, August 5, 1909, shows how these old scales remain on the
trees. Out of 500 scales from a mountain ash tree, 218 contained

124 Psyche [August

live insects, while 282 were empty. That is, 43.6% of the scales
contained living insects; the remainder, more than half of the
scales counted, had been left over from the year before.

In computing the percentages of scales given herein, 500 scales
were usually counted, rather more, than less.

From these observations, as well as from others not mentioned
here, it is quite evident that the oyster-shell scale is in many places
kept in check by mites. At the time these notes were made the
mites were the only agents of natural control in evidence, and they
are therefore given the credit for keeping the scale in check. Of
these mites the most efficient was Hemisarcoptes malus.

THE REAL MITE ENEMIES OF THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE.

Of the total of nine species of mites found in connection with the
oyster-shell scale, six were either parasitic or predaceous. ‘These
six species will be taken up in order of their importance.

Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer.

Identity and Synonymy. ‘This, the most important enemy of
the oyster-shell scale, was first described by Dr. Henry Shimer
(1868). Riley (1873) gave a drawing of a different species of mite
found with the oyster-shell scale, which he rather suspected was
not the same as Shimer’s species. In regard to this figure, Riley
said:

“T present, herewith, a side and ventral view of the species which so effectually
destroyed the contents of the Georgian scales, in order that the reader may get a
correct notion of the appearance of these mites. It may be a form of the Acarus

maius of Shimcr, but differs from his description in being almost four times, instead
of twice, as long as broad, as well as in other details.”

This drawing is of no other species than Monieziella entomo-
phaga (Lab.), a scavenger species found in association with the
oyster-shell scale both in this country and in Europe. It is by no
means a drawing of the (Acarus?) Hemisarcoptes malus described
by Shimer. Riley’s description, however, refers both to Monie-
ziella, and to the species we are considering, Hemisarcoptes malus
(Shimer). This fact, with the misleading reference to Shimer’s
species, has done much to confuse the identity of these two com-
mon mites found beneath the oyster-shell scales.

Ligniéres (1893) found both these species in Europe, and,

1912] Ewing and Webster—Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale 125

strange to say, he described the real (Acarus?) Hemisarcoptes ma-
lus of Shimer as a new species, coccisugus, erecting for it at that
time the genus Hemisarcoptes. On the other hand the name of
Tyroglyphus (Acarus) malus Shimer was given to the second mite
present, which is no other than Laboulbéne’s Monieziella entomo-
phaga. ‘That Ligniéres had confused the names of these two
species has already been shown by Micheal and also by Banks.
An examination of Ligniéres’ paper and figures shows that their
conclusions were correct.

To summarize, we may make the following statements regard-
ing the identity of the species under consideration and its confu-
sion with Monieziella entomophaga (Lab.).

1. Acarus malus Shimer is the same as Hemisarcoptes coccisugus Ligniéres.

g. The name should be written Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer), since Ligniéres’
genus Is a good one, although his species is not.

3. The mite figured by Riley (1873) as a possible variety of Shimer’s Acarus
malus is Monieziellu entomophaga (Lab.). -

4. The description accompanying Riley’s figure (1873) refers both to Monie-
stella entomophaga and to Hemisarcoptes malus.

5. The species considered by Ligniéres as Tyroglyphus malus Shimer is Monie-
<tella entomophaga (Lab.).

In this connection it must be stated that Banks (1906) has de-
scribed a species which he calls Monieziella angusta, which may or
may not be the same as Monieziella entomophaga (Lab.). Banks
has considered that his species and the one figured by Riley (1873)
were probably the same, while Michael thinks that Riley’s figure
refers to Monieziella entomophaga (Lab.).

Habits. The individuals of this species are about the same size
as the eggs of the oyster-shell scale. They can easily be distin-
guished from other mites present under these scales by the fact
that the tarsi of their legs end each in a rather short pedicle, which
bears at its end a small cup-like sucker. The mites walk easily
about, and when doing so drag after them a few very long bristles,
which are not attached to the abdomen, but to the tarsi of the
posterior group of legs.

These mites are found invariably under scales that contain at
least a few sound eggs, and never under old scales where there is
only decaying animal matter. Shimer (1868) and Walsh (1868)
also, noticed the predaceous habits of this mite in Illinois at

126 Psyche [August

about the same time. Both of these men gave interesting ac-
counts of their observations. In the fall of 1867 Shimer found
that many of the eggs under the scales were damaged by this mite,
and he described the shriveled, brown appearance of the egg shells
left by the mites. As Shimer and Walsh noted, the mites begin
to work at the caudal end of the scale, feeding on the eggs, and
gradually pushing forward beneath the scale. As the work under
the scale proceeds the sound eggs are devoured, and the brownish,
shriveled remnants of the eggs are thrust behind by the mites.
Late in the fall, and in the spring, if these mites are abundant,
many a scale may be found with only the shriveled remains of the
eges deposited there the summer before.

Shimer evidently had a very favorable opportunity to watch
the work of this mite. In his notes dated September 15, 1867, he
says that one fourth of the eggs were then damaged, while on Octo-
ber 22 that same year, he found that nine-tenths of that year’s
scales had all of the eggs destroyed by the mites, while not over
1% of them contained all sound eggs.

Walsh (1868) gave an account in his characteristic language of
the manner in which a mite that he observed worked among the
eggs of the oyster-shell scale. From this account it is quite evi-
dent that the species in question was Hemisarcoptes malus.

Ligniéres (1893), whose careful work on this subject is the most
valuable contribution that we have on the subject, has the follow-
ing to say regarding the eggs that have been eaten by Hemisar-
coptes malus.

* * * ils sont plus ou moins bosselés; souvent ils sont complétement vidés,
et les deux parois de l’ceuf, plus ou moins recroquevillées, offrent une teinte jaunatre.

The scale insects as well as the eggs are attacked by these mites,
as Ligniéres observed. In one observation made at Ames the
beak of one of these mites was actually extracted from the scale
insect itself. This was done with a pin on the stage of a com-
pound microscope. Apparently the mite was attached by the
beak or mouth parts alone. In 1910 Hemisarcoptes was found
several times beneath oyster-shell scales where the scale insects
were present, but without eggs.

Life History. Wigniéres has already traced out the main de-
tails of the life history of Hemisarcoptes malus. Reference is here

1912] Ewiny and Webster—Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale 127
made to his observations, together with some additional notes
made in Iowa.

In France, Ligniéres found the eggs of Hemisarcoptes during
practically the whole year. They were abundant beginning in
April, reaching the maximum about the middle of May. Then
there was a decrease until the latter part of July, following an
increase, then again a decrease, reaching the minimum in Novem-
ber, December and January. In February and March there was
a slight increase.

The Iowa notes show a similar condition here. Under some
scales taken March 24, in Northern Iowa, the eggs and mites of
this species were abundant when examined March 29. Again
these mite eggs were found abundant under scales examined April
14 and May 4, having been taken at places in northern Iowa a
few days previous to their examination. In each case the eggs
were common and the mites quite active.

Again, later in the year, Hemisarcoptes eggs were abundant
around Ames, this being noted August 19 (1910), and as late as
October 3 (1911).

The eggs of this species we found to be deposited among the
fresh eggs of the oyster-shell scale. They are a little less than
half as long as the eggs of the scale insect, more shiny and less
granular in appearance. ‘They are white, broad oval, .10 mm.
long, .07 mm. broad.

Ligniéres observed these eggs in his work in France, and he gave
a description of them, together with some notes on their period of
incubation. From five eggs which were deposited at one time or
another in the spring, he found that about twenty days were re-
quired for them to hatch. We have but a single observation to
add to this. One of the eggs that was obtained from among fresh
oyster-shell scale eggs at Ames, August 19, hatched on August 31.
This egg was found with two others and the female, so it proba-
bly had not been deposited long. It is possible that the egg stage
is about twelve or fifteen days in midsummer, somewhat less than
in the spring, although we have no exact data to show this.

The larve of this species are very similar to the adults, except
that they are hexapod, not octopod, and are hardly as active.

That Ligniéres fully appreciated the value of this important
mite is shown by the following extract from his paper.

128 Psyche [August

Fig. 1. 1, Hemisarcoptes malus Shimer; 2, Tydeus coccophagus Ewing.

Tydeus coccophagus Ewing. 3

L’Hemisarcoptes coccisugus est un Acarien parasite dans toute I’ acceptation du
mot. Il est le plus terrible ennemi des Kermes, qu’il tue pour nourrir.
Il est done pour nous un auxiliaire extrémement précieux.

This mite is next in importance as an enemy of the oyster-shell
scale. It is a very small, white, active species, and is possibly
one of several to which Walsh refers under the name of ‘‘Cannibal
mites.” The following quotation is from Walsh.

* * * All cannibal mites that I am acquainted with, are, in the adult stage,
exceedingly active, and run with astonishing rapidity for creatures of their minute
size.

If one will raise up several of these scales during the month of
July or later, he may notice a very minute, white, speck-like crea-
ture dart out from under one of them, and run rapidly about the
twig or limb and disappear. Such is the behavior of the mite
mentioned. The individuals are extremely hard to catch, but
after much persistance we succeeded in getting several.

1912] Ewing and Webster—Mites Associaced with the Oyster-Shell Scale 129

That this mite is predaceous upon the scale insect or its eggs,
there is but little doubt. However, the case here is not so con-
clusive as it is with Hemisarcoptes malus, where we have time and
again observed the mites attacking the scale insects and their eggs.
The whole organization of the mouth-parts of this species (Tydeus
coccophagus) is suited for predaceous habits, and the other mem-
bers of the genus are known to be predaceous. These facts, to-
gether with the fact that we have found the mites under the scales
and associated with the eggs and adult insects, makes out a strong
case against them. However, these mites were frequently found
under empty scales in June and July, where they probably were
feeding upon the old decaying bits of eggs, etc., left from the past
winter and spring. But as soon as the scale insects reached ma-
turity, and began to deposit eggs, these mites were found in abund-
ance under these sound scales. A different species of this genus
is known to be an important enemy of scale insects in Florida.
All the species of the genus so far as known are predaceous.

Bdella cardinalis Banks.

Associated with the scales were frequently found very small
nymphs of the genus Bdella. Although none of these were reared
to maturity, their palpal characters, and the very common occur-
rence of Bdella cardinalis Banks under the bark of many kinds of
trees around Ames would indicate that these nymphs belonged to
that species. The Bdellidz are predaceous in all their stages.

Cyta brevipalpa Ewing.

This very small, bright red species was found several times under
the scales. The species is known to have a wide distribution over
the Mississippi Valley, where it is found on and under bark and
in moss. It is a predaceous form, and doubtless feeds upon the
eggs or the scale insects themselves, although it was not actually
observed to do so. One observation made July 14, 1911, records
the mite apparently feeding on old egg shells, etc., beneath an old
scale.

Anystis agilis Banks.

This very common and widely distributed species of Acarina
appears to be an enemy to the oyster-shell scale only in the larval
state. The adults are much too large to get under the edges of

150 Psyche [August

the scale, hence they could not get at the mature insects or their
eges. The larvee, however, were found under the scales, but were
not observed feeding on the eggs or the insects. A larva found
July 25 at Ames was beneath an old empty scale, probably feed-
ing on egg shells.

Eupalus sp.

This, the last of the real enemies to be mentioned, is rare among
the scales examined at Ames. The members of this genus have
large raptorial palpi and are predaceous. Consequently this spe-
cies is included in the list of predaceous mites.

MITES NOT ENEMIES FOUND WITH THE OYSTER-SHELL SCALE.

Three species of mites were found frequently among the oyster-
shell scales on the limbs and twigs of various trees. One of these,
Monieziella entomophaga, is a constant companion of the scales,
while the other two are essentially bark or leaf species, and there
is no symbiotic or definite relation between them and the scales.
These mites are mentioned in the order of their importance.

Monieziella entomophaga Laboulbéne.

Identity. This species has already been mentioned in connec-
tion with Hemisarcoptes malus, with which it has been confused.
It is the species which Riley figures doubtfully as a form of the
Acarus? malus of Shimer. Ligniéres, apparently misled by Riley’s
figures, calls it Tyroglyphus (Acarus) malus Shimer. The real
identity of Ligniéres’ mite was pointed out by Michael, who re-
ferred it to Laboulbéne (1852).

In this country, Banks has described a species very closely re-
lated to Monieziella entomophaga under the name of Monieziella
angusta. It may be that these two species are the same, for some
of the specimens which we have examined show such variations as
to strongly suggest the synonymy of the two.

This species is about the same size as Hemisarcoptes malus, and
since the two are generally found together during the season, it is
not to be wondered that earlier writers confused the two species.
Monieziella entomophaga can be distinguished from Hemisarcoptes
malus, however, by the marked constriction between the cephalo-
thorax and the abdomen, by the absence of the tarsal appendages

1912] Ewing and Webster—Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale 131

with their sucker-like discs, and by the absence of the very long
bristles which are dragged behind the abdomen in the case of the
second named species.

Habits. This is the mite that was given much of the credit of
causing havoc among the oyster-shell scales up to the time of
Ligniéres’ work. Ligniéres was the first to ascertain its true
relationship to the scale insects and their eggs, which is that of a
scavenger and not of a parasitic or predaceous enemy.

It seems probable, also, that Shimer (1868) observed this mite,
from a short account of a species which he saw among oyster-shell
scales. He says:

“The careful observer will not confound this Acarus (malus Shimer) with another
yellowish-white mite-like insect, that I find here on the bark of the trees; this runs
much more rapidly than my Acarus; its body is, in proportion to its size, much
longer, as it appears under my exploring glass. * * * I don’t find it under any
of this year’s scales, therefore I do not believe that it is an egg-eater, like my Aca-
rus; it may be a vegetable feeder, or possibly feeding on the decomposing matter
of the scales of former years.” -

Monieziella entomophaga may be found among injured eggs of
the oyster-shell scale at almost any time of the year. They are
never found among fresh eggs of the scale insect, and only follow
up the work of other mites.

This relationship was clearly seen by Ligniéres, as the follow-
ing quotations from his article shows:

* * * j’ai enfermé plusieurs de ces Acariens (aprés les avoir fait jetner huit
jours) dans des coques de Kermés remplies d’ceufs; ces derniers sont restés intacts,
tandis que tous les Tyroglyphes sont morts au bout d’ un mois environ.

Quand, au contraire, je les enfermais avec des coques de Kermés maintenues un
peu humides, ils vivaient facilement.

That this species does not feed upon the living scale insects, nor
upon their sound eggs is, we think, fully established. Our obser-
vations, which quite agree with those of Ligniéres, may be summed
up in the following paragraphs.

1. The species was never found among eggs that were all fresh,
nor attacking the live scale insects, but was found only in scales
that contained old eggs, eggshells or dead scale insects under-
going decomposition.

2. The members of the family to which this species belongs are

132 Psyche [August

known to be, almost without exception, feeders upon decaying
animal tissue, and not upon live plant or animal tissue.

3. We have repeatedly observed the mites feeding upon old
eggshells and dead scale insects.

4. Individuals of this species confined with fresh eggs of the
oyster-shell scale in a small cell, crawled about over the eggs, but
finally died, while the eggs remained as perfect and fresh as when
first placed in the cell.

The eggs of Monieziella entomophaga were figured and described
by Lignieres. We met with them occasionally at Ames during
the summer, finding them beneath empty scales. The egg is white,
about one-third as long as the egg of the oyster-shell scale, and
similar in shape.

The Hypopus Stage. In the case of a great many of the species
of the family Tyroglyphida, the family to which Monieziella ento-
mophaga belongs, there exists a very peculiar stage in the life his-
tory, immediately following the first nymphal stage. This stage
is known as the hypopus stage, and the individuals then present
as hypopi. The hypopus is entirely different from any of the other
immature forms of the species and from all other mites. The
body is more chitinized, frequently very much smaller; there is
no mouth orifice; the legs are ill adapted for locomotion; and as
a rule there are many suckers on the posterior ventral part of the
body. This stage was primarily an adaptation for the migration
of the species, this migration taking place by the hypopi attaching
themselves to insects or other Arachnids. However, as was shown
by Michael, this stage is vanishing in many species, in some of
which the hypopi never emerge from the first nymphal skin, in
others the hypopi never become even fully formed. The hypopus
finally moults into an octopod nymph, which after a period of
feeding, transforms into the adult.

In France Ligniéres discovered the hypopus stage of Monieziella
entomophaga, but the present writers have failed to do so in this
country, hence we quote from him as follows.

“Les huit exemplaires que je posséde actuellment sont le résultat de recherches
poursuivies pendant deux années; durant celles-ci, }’ai eu la bonne fortune de trou-
ver deux fois la Nymphe hypopiale vivante dans lintérieur méme de la _nymphe-
octopode normale; Ace moment, cette derniére était inerte comme si elle allait effec-
tuer une mue ordinaire; mais a l’intérieur de son corps, on distinguait une teinte
un peu roussatre dénotant la présence de |’ hypope.”’

1912] Ewing and Webster—Muites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale oo

Tetranychus telarius Linné.

This species is found frequently in any one of its stages among
the scales on the bark of the trees, and for this reason might be
thought to be preying upon the scale insects or their eggs. We
noticed it commonly at Ames. This, however, is a plant feeder,
as are all the members of the family Tetranychide, and it is in
no manner connected with the oyster-shell scale. As a rule these
mites confine their attacks to the leaves of the trees, but espe-
cially during the dormant period, many of them take refuge upon
or under the bark, where they may occasionally suck some nourish-
ment from the bark.

Oribata sp.

Upon examining trees infested with the oyster-shell scale we
frequently found nymphs of a species of Oribatidee moving slowly
over the surface of the bark, or sometimes inside old empty
scales. As we did not succeed in rearing any of these nymphs
to maturity, no specific determination could be made. They are
more or less scavengers in habits, eating bits of decaying organic
matter and frequently fungi. These mites are never predaceous
or parasitic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1852 Laboulbeéne, Alexandre. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 54. Original descrip-
tion of Monieziella (Acarus) entomophaga.

1868 Shimer, Henry. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Vol. I, p. 368. Original descrip-
tion of Hemisarcoptes (Acarus?) malus. Account of its injury to the eggs
of the oyster-shell scale.

1868 Walsh, B. D. First Rep. State Ent. Ill. p. 44. Account of mites found
beneath the oyster-shell scales.

1873 Riley, C. V. Fifth Rep. Ins. Mo. p. 87. Notes on mite enemies of the oys-
ter-shell scale. Gives a figure of Monieziella, but the description which
refers to the figure applies to Hemisarcoptes as well as to Monieziella.

1877 Murray, Andrew. Economic Entomology, Aptera. South Kensington
Museum Science Handbook, pp. 97-102. Gives several figures of Tet-
ranychus telarius, and ample notes on its habits and its varieties.

1893 Ligniéres, Joseph. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, tome V, pp. 5-25. Discusses
habits of Monieziella entomophaga (here called Tyroglyphus malus) and of
Hemisarcoptes malus (called Hemisarcoptes coccisugus). The first species
is found to be a scavenger only, while the second is the real enemy of
the oyster-shell scale.

134 Psyche [August

1894 Banks, Nathan. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 211 and p. 219. De-
scribes Bdella cardinalis and Anustis agilis.

1900 Banks, Nathan. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent. Tech. Ser. Bul. 8, pp. 65-77.
Describes Tetranychus telarius and gives many notes on related species
of red spiders.

1901-1903 Micheal, A. D. British Tyroglyphide. Ray Society. The most
complete and extensive work yet published on this family of mites.

1904 Banks, Nathan. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxviii, p. 1-114. A good treat-
ise on the Acarina. Gives characters of the genera Ewpalus and Oribata.

1906 Banks, Nathan. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Tech. Ser. Bul. 13, p. 23. De-
scribes Monieziella angusta and gives remarks on allied species.

1909 Ewing, H. E. The University Studies (University of Illinois) vol. iii, No. 6,
pp. 32, 73, 80; fig.6 and Plate III, fig. 13. Gives figures and descrip-

tions of Cyta brevipalpa and Anystis agilis.

1911 Ewing, H. E. Psyche, vol. xviii, p. 38. Describes Tydeus coccophagus.

NOTE ON MYRMELEON IMMACULATUS DE GEER.
By J. H. Emerton.

Large numbers of larvee of this ant-lion were found at Merry-
meeting Park near Brunswick, Me., Aug. 24, 1911, in their pits
in loose sand along the sides of foot paths. Several of these
larvee were kept alive, each in a separate bottle with enough sand
to make a small pit and fed with spiders at irregular intervals
sometimes of several weeks. They remained all winter in an
ordinary living room without any special care. The first of
November they ceased to make pits and no food was offered
them until they began again in March when they took all spiders
and insects of suitable size that were given them. On May 1
one of them made its cocoon on the top of the sand and came
out adult June 2. The others followed and the last one made
its cocoon June 2, coming out July 1. The insects are now in
the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.

1912] Brues—Synonymical Notes on Phoride 135

SYNONYMICAL NOTES ON PHORID.

By Cuarues T. Bruss,

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

The present brief note will serve to correct some errors of
nomenclature which have recently crept into the literature relat-
ing to this family of Diptera.

Conoprosopa Becker.

1909. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, No. 3, pp. 113-120.

1910. Brues. Psycuer, Vol. 17, p. 34 (Coryptilomyia).

1910. Becker. Ann. Soe. Ent. France, Vol. 79, p. 30 (reprint of original
description of Conoprosopa which is indicated again as a new genus).

1912. Enderlein. Stettiner Ent. Zeit. p. 51 (Metopotropis).

The type came from “Southern Ethiopia,’ that of Coryptilo-
myia from Natal, and that of Metopotropis from German South-
west Africa. There can be no doubt of the generic synonomy
and the three species, Conoprosopa scutellata Becker, Corypti-
lomyia armigera Brues, and Metopotropis herero Enderlein are
probably synonomous also.

Phalacrotophora Enderlein.

1912. Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 21.

To the type species described (loc. cit.) by Enderlein should be
added Aphiocheta epeire Brues (PsycnEe Vol. 9, p. 351 (1902)),
originally described in Phora and since placed as an aberrant
Aphiocheta differing from the other species of that genus by the
absence of any median reclinate frontal bristles. Aphiocheta
longifrons Brues (Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc. 1906, p. 100)
belongs here also.

Aphiochaeta Brues.

1903. Trans. American Ent. Soc., Vol. 29, p. 337.

Aphiocheta enderleini nom. nov. for A. minuta Enderlein (Stet-
tiner Ent. Zeit. 1912, p. 36) which is a homonym of A phiocheta

156 Psyche [August

minuta Aldrich (Canadian Ent. Vol. 24, p. 146, 1892 (Phora)),
which is in turn a synonym of A. minor Zett.

Aphiocheta ferruginosa nom. nov. for A. ferruginea Enderlein
(Stettiner Ent. Zeit., March, 1912, p. 37) which is homonymous
with A. ferruginea Brunetti (Indian Mus. Notes, p. 84, 1912) de-
scribed one month previously but referred to under that name
earlier without description.

Aphiocheta umbripennis nom. nov. for A. fumipennis Enderlein
(Stettiner Ent. Zeit., p. 37, 1912), not A. fumrpennis Brues (Ann.
Mus. Nat. Hungarici, p. 407, 1907).

Aphiocheta juli Brues. This species was originally placed in
Plastophora (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1908, p. 201), but must be
removed to Aphiocheta where it will find a place with A. xantippe
Banks which it resembles closely. Both have a lengthened ovi-
positor and thus differ markedly from the other members of this
extensive genus, but it would seem unwise to add another generic
name for this small group to the already large number now extant.

Melaloncha Brues.

1903. Trans. American Ent. Soc., Vol. 29, p. 374.

I do not see how the genus Udamochiras Enderlein can be re-
tained as distinct from Melaloncha, as the type U. colossia Ender-
lein differs from M. pulchella only by the form of its antennee which
are presumably rounded and not pointed, although their shape
is not mentioned in the description. Otherwise the two agree in
all characters that are of essential generic value.

SPHEX OVERCOMING OBSTACLES.

Mr. S. A. Rohwer of the U. S. National Museum has written that the
unidentified species of Sphex mentioned in the paper by C. H. Turner published
in the last number of Psycre (p. 100) is probably the common Chalybion cerul-
eum (Linn.).

[Editor.]

1912] Turner—Copulation of Ammophila abbreviata 134

THE COPULATION OF AMMOPHILA ABBREVIATA

By C. H. Turner,
Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo.

In the latter part of the summer of 1911, the copulating Ammo-
philas, illustrated in the accompanying figure, were captured at
Merimee Highlands, St. Louis County, Missouri. When first
observed they were slowly flying along just above the tops of the
four-foot weeds. Occasionally they would touch the tops of the
plants; but it was impossible to decide whether such a contact
represented a momentary rest or an accidental brushing of the
weeds by the wasps. The wasps were captured in a strong cy-
anide bottle, which killed them immediately. Later a magnified
photograph was made of the pair. It is thought that this illus-
tration affords a better idea of the attitude of these wasps during
copulation than could be given by a verbal description. The
coiled antennz, the protruding mouthparts, and the general atti-
tude indicate intense excitement. One who believes that insects
have emotions will find much in the attitude of these two Ammo-
philas to support his view.

Fig. 1. Ammophila abbreviata Fabr., in copulation.

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WOl, XIX OCTOBER, 1912 NUMBER 5

CONTENTS
The Yellow Currant Fly or Gooseberry Fruit Fly (E2pochra canadensis Lw.)
J. H. Paine 0 Fs : : : < : 6 ci ; 139
A Protective Ajaptation in a Brazilian Membracid. W. M. Mann . 145

The Species of the Coleopterous Family Temnochilide Collecte on the Stanford

Expedition to Brazil. C. Schaeffer ‘ ; F ‘ Fi - 147
Studies Amongst the Coccinellide, No. 3. F. W. Nunnemacher . 6 ‘ 2 149
New and Interesting Diptera. C. W. Johnson ‘ F 3 $ : ; 151
Variations of Orsodachna atra-Coleoptera. C. A. Frost F : 5 3 5 153
The House Fly in Its Relation to City Garbage. J. H. Paine ; 5 : 156
Note on a Pink Locustid. Rk. W. Glaser - : F : ; 159

Notes on the Mantid Genus Gonatista Sauss. <A. N. Caudell . ‘ . ; 160

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)

————

*

PsycHe, 1912. Voi. XIX, Puate 10

ae F | z 7

Epochra canadensis Loew, ovipositing in currant.

J. H. Paine, Photo.

snd, abe

VOL. XIX. ©GIOBER, WOl2. No. 5

THE YELLOW CURRANT FLY OR GOOSEBERRY FRUIT
FLY. (EPOCHRA CANADENSIS LOEW.)

By JouHn Howarp PaAtne,
Stanford University, California.

HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION.

The Yellow Currant Fly, or The Currant Fly, as it was called
until the appearance in Washington of a similar insect (/hagoletis
ribicola Doane)! affecting the same hosts made the use of a more
specific name necessary, was first described by Loew in 1873 from
a single faded specimen contributed by Osten Sacken. The type
locality is either Canada or Maine, Osten Sacken giving Norway,
Maine, as the locality for his material and Loew giving Canada as
a locality upon the authority of Mr. Provancher. One cannot say
how long the species may have been known before its description,
and Osten Sacken says that it “seems to be common in those
regions.” If he knew of its currant-infesting habits, no mention
was made of them.

In 1883 the Currant Fly was again brought to notice when its
currant-infesting habits were recorded for the first time by Saunders,
though his knowledge on the subject was apparently slight.

The first detailed account of this species was given by Prof.
C. P. Gillette who found it very abundant in Colorado. He
noticed the flies ovipositing and observed the eggs under the skin,
also stating that the affected currants ripened prematurely and
dropped to the ground where the maggots remained in them for
some time. He recorded one brood.

Dr. F. L. Harvey in 1895 gives us the most detailed account of
the Currant Fly and its habits, with numerous figures. He
records it as abundant in Maine, Washington and British Colum-

*Piper and Doane, Insects Injurious to Currants and Gooseberries. Bull. 36. Wash. Ag.
Exp. Sta. 1898.

140 Psyche [October

bia, and states that Epochra canadensis Loew is quite certainly a
native American species, distributed throughout the northern
part of the United States and in Canada, extending from the
Atlantic to the Pacific slope.

The following notes were taken from observations of the Yellow
Currant Fly made in the vicinity of Stanford University. The
data here recorded refer to the fly only in the San Francisco Bay
region, its habits elsewhere being unknown to the writer from
personal observation.

LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS.
The Eqg; Its Deposition.

The egg (Plate 11, fig. 2) of the Currant Fly is oblong, shining
opalescent white, with a short pedicle at one end. This pedicel-
late end is finely sculptured in a hexagonal pattern for about one
third the length of the egg, giving it a pitted appearance, as shown
in the photograph. The egg, measuring slightly over one milli-
meter, is plainly visible, as a rule, lying directly under the epi-
dermis of the stung fruit with the pedicellate end near the puncture
(Plate 11, fig. 3). The adult flies were first observed in Palo Alto
on April thirteenth; they probably issued several days earlier.
Specimens were sent to the laboratory from San José which had
issued on April eighth. The habits of the adult female are very
interesting, a constant fluttering of the wings and continual run-
ning around in circles on the berries being quite characteristic.
As a rule in egg-laying, the fly may prefer a berry that has not
been stung before, but among the fruit under observation most of
the berries had been stung twice and usually oftener. One case was
noted where three eggs lay within a quarter of an inch of each
other. When ready to oviposit, the insect comes to rest on the
fruit with legs well braced, turns the last three segments with the
ovipositor under the body at an angle of about forty-five degrees
and makes a puncture in the epidermis (Plate 10).

The time consumed in depositing an egg varies greatly, the
maximum period noted being fifteen minutes and the minimum a
minute and a half; the usual time consumed is about three minutes.
After puncturing the epidermis a long cavity is formed directly

1912] Paine—The Yellow Currant Fly or Gooseberry Fruit Fly 141

underneath the skin, the ovipositor being worked back and forth
with a pumping movement accompanied by a constant and rapid
movement of the mouth-parts. The result of an attack upon a
berry is at first visible only upon close examination, but in a few
days the area about the egg turns brown and makes a very con-
spicuous spot with dark edges as may be seen in Plate II, fig. 3.
These spots are also visible in Plate 10.

In the vicinity of Stanford University egg laying continued
throughout the mouth of April and till about the middle of May.
By that time scarcely a currant or gooseberry could be found that
had not been badly affected.

The Larva and Its Development.

After a period of incubation lasting, in the case of specimens
taken into the laboratory, for eleven days, the minute white larva
or maggot hatches and begins to burrow in the pulp, often
following a winding path for some little distance before making
its way into a seed. These twisting burrows may often be ob-
served from the exterior. The larva is white, its footless body
consisting of about thirteen segments. Protruding from the
mouth are two conspicuous black chitinous hooks, the rasping
organs, by means of which it gnaws its way through the fruit.
This maggot when mature measures about seven millimeters in
length. As it continues feasting upon the juicy fruit, its quarters
within the seed become cramped, and it then leaves the seed to
feed upon the surrounding tissue. The presence of the larva
causes the berries to ripen and drop prematurely; they turn red,
with unsightly black blotches caused by the decaying matter
within the fruit. As soon as the fruit drops, the larvae, if full
grown, issue and make their way into the ground. Often, how-
ever, they have not attained their full size, in which case they
remain within the fallen fruit until mature. According to some
observers the larvae may leave the berries before the latter drop
to the ground; this however, was not observed by me.

Although nearly all of the currants had several eggs deposited
in them, in no instance was more than one mature larva found in a
berry; in one case one half-grown and one small maggot were
discovered in the same fruit.

142 Psyche [October

The Pupa.

After the larva has penetrated the ground to the depth of an
inch or two, or perhaps more, it changes to the pupal condition.
The pupa is straw colored and rather hard, measuring about five
millimeters. Throughout this stage the insect is, of course, inac-
tive and remains in the ground until the following spring. This
fact has suggested some of the methods of control that have been
recommended.

The Adult.

There appears to be but one brood, the insects remaining in the
ground as inactive pupae for ten months. The writer has not had
opportunity to observe this personally, but it seems unlikely that
a second brood would have escaped notice for so many years. It
is reported that growers state that they obtain a second crop of
currants after the insects have disappeared. The only evidence
that suggests a second brood, is the report of a single specimen of
Epochra canadensis collected at Redwood City late in the summer.

As stated above the adults appear about the second week in
April and remain near the currant and gooseberry bushes for
about a month. The males appear in less numbers than the fe-
males, but this may be due to the fact that the former do not con-
fine themselves so closely to the bushes. Numbers of males were
found upon the limbs of a nearby apricot tree. They show the
same restless habits as the females, running about over the bush
with wings a-flutter and often with the mouthparts and trans-
parent sides of the abdomen distended. On the bushes they seem
to show no preference for the fruit, as do the females, but are
often found upon the stems.

Where the adults pass the night was not dives vered. A careful
search of the currant and gooseberry bushes and of neighboring
shrubs and trees in the morning failed to locate the insects. Often
they do not appear in the morning till ten o’clock, especially if the
veather is cloudy. The adult insect is rather variable in size,
the average specimen being about as large as the common housefly.
It may be recognized about currant and gooseberry bushes during
the last half of April and first part of May by its pale yellow or
orange color, green iridescent eyes and wings marked by dark
smoky bands (Plate 11, fig. 4). Probably its most notable char-

1912] Paine—The Yellow Currant Fly or Gooseberry Fruit Fly 143

acteristic, and the one by which it may be most easily recognized
while alive, is the nervous habits previously described. For a
complete technical description of the insect the reader should
turn to Dector Harvey’s report (95) on the fly in Maine.

REMEDIAL MEASURES.

The methods usually recommended are as follows:

1. Frequent burning of fallen currants. If some of the maggots
leave the fruit before it falls, this remedy cannot be relied on to
destroy all the flies. However, in fighting a pest it is often the
application of a series of control measures which becomes effective.

2. The removal of the top soil underneath the bushes to a depth
of two or three inches and placing the same in a traveled roadway
or burying it deep would destroy the pupae in the ground. This,
of course, should be done only after the crop has entirely gone.

3. A mulch of coarse straw or hay under the bushes, well packed,
might hinder the flies from emerging. The efficiency of this
remedy is doubtful.

4. Allowing young chickens to run under the bushes at the time
of ripening of the fruit should lessen the numbers of the pests.

5. A measure which seems to have met with approval is to pick
and destroy the entire crop while green. If there is no fruit in
which the flies may lay their eggs they must go elsewhere or
perish. This remedy is usually classed as “radical” or “‘heroical, ”’
but the fruit in this vicinity could not be used in any event and
might just as well have been destroyed before the larvae had an
opportunity to enter the ground. Of course, where the infesta-
tion is light, this might not be advisable if part of the crop could
be harvested. For most people, however, a few wormy berries
in a basket, provided they knew it, would be sufficient to render
them unfit for use, unless they did as one discouraged and disgusted
lady suggested, “‘Pickle them and save meat bills”—her fruit
was fairly alive with maggots. The trouble with this, as well as
with the other remedies, is the fact that if your neighbor has
bushes and does not take the same precautions, he will supply you,
the following spring, with a bountiful supply of the insects. If,
however, no fruit is grown in the vicinity this method should
prove effective.

144 Psyche [October

6. A remedy tried by the writer which proved effective, yield-
ing sound fruit in a heavily infested region, was to cover the entire
bush with mosquito netting, thus keeping the flies away from the
berries. This should be done immediately after the fruit has
set; the fly does not attack very young currants or gooseberries.
Plate II, fig. 1 shows stages at which both fruits become infested;
the small currants at the end of the cluster have not been stung
and should be covered at this stage; the same is true of the smaller
gocseberries.

This remedy was tried only on a small scale in gardens where
the fruit is grown for table purposes. It is not known whether
the method could be applied commercially. One large currant
bush required three and one half yards of double width netting
costing ten cents a yard. The netting should be tied closely about
the base of the bush to exclude the flies. The bush itself may be
tied together before applying the net, to make it smaller.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

°73. Loew, H. In Smith. Miss. colls. 256. Monograph of the Diptera of N. Amer-
ica. “Pt. 3p. 235. Dec. 1873:

°83. Saunders, W. Insects Injurious to Fruits, 1883, p. 352.

°92. Gillette, C. P. Bull. Colorado Exp. Sta. No. 19, p. 18, May, 1892.

91. Editors Insect Life. Injurious Insects of 1891 in Colorado. Ins. Life, Vol. 4,
p. 355. 1891-2.

°94. Snow, W. A. Kansas Univer. Quar., Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 159, 1894.

°95. Harvey, F. L. The Currant Fly, Goosberry Fruit-Fly. Ann. Rep. State
College, Maine, 1895, Pt. 2, p. 111.

°97. Harvey, F. L. The Currant Fly, Gooseberry Fruit-Fly. Bull. 35, Maine
Agric. Expt. Sta. 1897. Also in 13th Ann. Rept. Maine Ag. Expt. Sta.,
1897, p. 25.

°98. Piper, C. V., and R. W. Doane. Insects Injurious to Currants and Goose-
berries. Washington Ag. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 36, 1898.

10. Johannsen, O. A. Inseet Notes for 1909. Maine Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull.
No. 177, p. 36. 1910.

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1912] Mann—A Protective Adaptation in a Brazilian Membracid 145

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.

J. C. BRANNER, Director.

A PROTECTIVE ADAPTATION IN A BRAZILIAN
MEMBRACID.

By Wo. M. Mann,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

On his first visit to the tropics a collector is sure to have a great
many disappointments, especially if he has preconceived ideas as to
what he expects to find there. My first surprise came at Para,
almost as soon as we landed, when in company with Dr. Heath, I
spent the evening collecting at arc lights. Our pockets were full of
collecting jars, but we returned, having seen one cockroach and
nothing more. Of course, later on we bad fair collecting at lights,
but in general, conditions were quite unlike our imaginations had
pictured them to be. There were noticeable exceptions to the
rule, in particular two insect groups ants and the Hemipterous
family Membracide, which not only came up to our expectations but
surpassed them, the former on account of their great abundance
and the latter because of the varied and bizarre structures which
were quite in accord with our ideas as to what tropical insect life
should be.

In the Membracide there seems to be no limit in structure
beyond which the pronotum. will not develop. It may resemble
in miniature a Roman helmet, an anchor or a pawnbroker’s sign,
‘often being so large and awkward looking that one would think it
an actual hindrance to the insect. This awkward appearance
impresses one most when the insects are removed from their natu-
ral surroundings. On their food plant they are not more notice-
able than inseets of simpler structure, while some are even good
mimics of galls, seeds, fruit and other objects of a vegetable nature.
Poulton! in an interesting and detailed paper has pointed out the
resemblances of many of the Membracidz to various plant growths

1 Suggestions as to the Meaning of the Shapes and Colors of the Membracide in the Struggle
for Existence, in Buckton’s Monograph of the Membracide. London, 1903.

146 Psyche [October

and to protected insects such as ants, Ceccinellid beetles, ete.
He consaders the structure and patterns to be distinctly protec-
tive in nature. Sharp (Cambridge Nat. Hist. p. 577) states that
no remarkable habits are known to occur in the family.

One of the extraordinarily developed genera of the family is
Combophora, which has the pronotum enormously inflated, it being
often as large as the rest of the insect, and armed with sharp
spines. At Porto Velho, on the Rio Madeira, I had an oppor-
tunity to observe living specimens of one of the species (C. beski
Germ.). Beske, who first observed it, says that the nymphs are
attended by ants, which obtain a liquid secreted from a space
between the head and pronotum. Poulton suggests that the insect
may be a mimic of a Coccinellid beetle. Those individuals which I
first found were on a low bush in a little clearing. Ants were run-
ning about on the leaves and I was collecting these when the bugs
began flying with a loud buzz away from the bush. Those which
had remained were on the stems, and their gall-like form and color
pattern blended well with the background, rendering the insect
quite inconspicuousfor such a large,oddly shaped and marked form.
I took two before they all flew away, and then found that those I
had picked up had flown also, after detaching themselves from the large
inflated pronotum and leaving this for me to place in the collecting bottle!
The species was not at all common locally, and I afterwards found
only two specimens. Both of these were flying. When netted
they immediately separated from the pronotum, which by itself
is far more conspicuous than the rest of the insect, and attempted
to fly away without it.

I think it may safely be considered that the easily detached
pronotum is distinctly advantageous to the possessor, its use being
comparable with that of the locsely jointed tails of certain lizards.
Neither of these adaptations is resorted to till coloration or
other means of defense have failed, and the object in both cases
is to distract the attention of the foe till a place of safety can be
reached. The lizard has the advantage of being able to grow
another tail, but it is not probable that this means of defense is
used many times during the life of an individual. In other ways,
the adaptation of Combophora would seem to be an effective
defense. The tail of a lizard must give some satisfaction to the
captor, and in no wise would deter it from further attacks, but

PsycuHe, 1912. Vou. XIX, Prats 12.

Combophora beski Germ. 1, Lateral view of complete insect; 2, dorsal view, pro-
notal development detached; 3, detached pronotum, from beneath; 4, front
view of complete insect. Six times natural size.

1912] Schaef'er—Coleopterous Family Temnochilide 147

the hollow, spiny, chitinous object that an insect or bird foe
would seize when attacking the tree-hopper could be no possible
incentive toward further efforts. In the above cited instance,
this adaptation certainly saved two individuals from me, and with-
out doubt in nature is often used successfully, and may be con-
sidered as a sort of adaptive self mutilation, or autotomy.

The accompanying plate will give an idea of the appearance of
the insect, with and without the pronotal development.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.
J. C. Branner, Chief.

THE SPECIES OF THE COLEOPTEROUS FAMILY TEM-
NOCHILID 4 COLLECTED ON THE EXPEDITION.

By CuHas. SCHAEFFER,
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Temnochila chalcea Kirsch

Berl. Ent. Zeitsch. XVII, p. 149. Reit., Verh. Nat. Ver. Brunn, XIII, p. 13.

Sharp, Biol. Cent. Am. Col. II, pt. 1, p. 397.

Eleven specimens collected at Abund4 and Porto Velho, Rio
Madeira. ;

The females of this species, which is widely distributed in Cen-
tral and South America, have the last ventral segment more or
less deeply and broadly triangularly impressed, a rather unusual
female character in this genus.

Tenebroides bipustulata Fab.

Fabr. Syst. El. I, p. 152.
Reit. Verh. Nat. Ver. Brunn, XIII, p. 67.
Sharp, Biol. Cent. Am. Col. II, pt. 1, p. 422.

Seven specimens collected at Porto Velho and Abunda, Rio
Maderia.

The middle and hind tibiz are armed with one or two small

148 Psyche [October

spines on the upper edge, which is rather unusual in this genus and
apparently overlooked by every author dealing with this species.

Tenebroides bipustulata var. impressifrons Reit.

Reit. Verh. Nat. Ver. Brunn, XIII, p. 66.
Lev. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1889, p. VII.
Sharp, Biol. Cent. Am. Col. II, pt. 1, p. 422. One specimen, Rio Madeira.

Differs from bipustulata only in the absence of the red elytral

spots.
Tenebroides subcostata sp. nov.

Elongate, feebly convex, color of upper surface brown, under side, antennz
and legs castaneous. Head moderately coarsely, not densely punctuate, a narrow
space near clypeus almost smooth, with at most only a few very fine punctures.
Antennal club abrupt and relatively large, sensitive space of joints large, occupying
about half the width of the joint. Prothorax transverse, lateral margin crenulate,
scarcely rounded at sides and feebly obliquely narrowing to base at about basal
third; hind angles obtuse; anterior margin rather deeply emarginate, anterior angles
prominent; basal marginal line almost entire, only narrowly interrupted at middle,
surface rather coarsely and densely punctate at sides, less densely at middle.
Scutellum small, smooth, shining. Elytra almost parallel, striee replaced by very
narrow, smooth and more or less distinctly elevated lines; intervals wide and very
densely irregularly punctate. Underside of head smooth, shining with a few sparse
punctures. Prothorax below densely and rather coarsely punctate. Abdominal
segments irregularly transversely impressed and rather coarsely punctate. Length
7 mm.

Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Co. Camp 39. One specimen.

Judging from the descriptions this species seems to be related to
anceps Ley. and lineolata Reit. Both have also the elytral strize
replaced by narrow elevated lines but have the intervals distinctly
uni- or biseriately punctured, while the intervals in subcostata
are very densely, confusedly punctate.

Tenebroides vittata sp. nov.

Form short, feebly convex. Color above subeneous, shining, anterior mar-
gin of head, lateral margin of prothorax, an almost entire vitta on each elytron,
occupying the fifth and sixth intervals and lateral margin narrowly red. Under-
side, antennz and legs reddish. Head rather sparsely and finely punctate. Pro-
thorax about twice as wide as long; sides arcuate but feebly narrowing towards
base and not sinuate before basal angles; base scarcely narrower than the thorax
at apical angles; basal margin almost straight with the angles rectangular, basal
line entire; apical margin moderately deeply emarginate, angles acute, surface

1912] Nunenmacher—Studies Amongst the Coccinellide 149

rather sparsely and finely punctate, punctures a little coarser towards the lateral
margin. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax at base; humeral angles prom-
inent but rounded; lateral margin slightly sinuate below humeral angles; the
punctures representing the strize feebly impressed on the disk but stronger at
sides; intervals with a few, scarcely visible punctures. Antenne rather short, the
club nearly as long as the preceding joints. Submentum and gula almost smooth,
with only a few coarse punctures at sides. Prosternum very sparsely punctate.
Abdominal segments finely alutaceous, not densely punctate. Length 5 mm.

Madeira-Mamoré R. R. Co. Camp 43. One specimen.
I was unable to find a description that would fit this distinct
little species.

THE STANFORD EXPEDITION TO BRAZIL, 1911.

J. C. Branner, Director.

STUDIES AMONGST THE COCCINELLID. NO. 3.

By F. W. NuNENMACHER,
Piedmont, California.

The following paper consists of a list of the Coccinellide taken
by the Stanford Expedition to Brazil in 1911. The Coccinellid
material of their collection was entrusted to the writer and among
the species taken I find two new to science which are described in
their proper places in the list.

Genus Epilachna Chevr.

Epilachna gossypiata Muls. Rio Madeira, Brazil, 2 specimens.

Genus Psyllobora Muls.

Psyllobora confluens Fab. Ceara, Brazil, 8 specimens.

Genus Cycloneda Cr.

Cycloneda sanguinea L. Abunda, Bolivia, 1 specimen.

Genus Exocomus Redt.

Exocomus bimaculosus Muls. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil (Mann and

Heath).

150 Psyche [October
Genus Brachyacantha Chevr.

Brachyacantha mannii sp. nov.

Color: head, thorax, legs and meso-episternum of o straw yellow; the posterior
portion of the pronotum being piceous with two somewhat rounded prolongations
of the same color running forward towards the disk.

Q with head black, a large straw yellow spot on the occiput; pronotum black
with anterior angles straw yellow. Elytra shining black with five straw yellow
spots on each elytron arranged as follows: a triangular humeral, a large juxta-scu-
tellar almost touching the humeral, a large squarish marginal near the middle, an
oval spot somewhat behind the middle and placed about half its width from the
suture, and a transverse oblong sub-apical spot rather closer to the margin than
to the suture. Ventral surface piceous except meso-episternum which is straw
yellow.

Form rounded oval, convex. Head thickly and finely punctured; Pronotum a
little more coarsely punctured than the head; Hlytra not so thickly punctured as
the pronotum, the punctures being as a rule about the same size but becoming rather
coarser at the sides. Ventral surface; meso- and meta-sternum very coarsely punc-
tured, the abdominal segments being much more finely punctured. Length 2 mm.
Width 1.5 mm.

Type & @ in my collection, cotype in the Stanford University
Collection.

Type locality. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 1911, 4 speci-
mens (Mann and Heath).

The & has the fifth ventral segment deeply excavated almost
to the fourth ventral suture, this character bringing the species
into Leng’s fourth group near B. albifrons Say. The tibial spurs
are very small and sharply pointed. This species comes close to
B. propria Kirsch as regards the position of its spots, but can
readily be separated by its yellow coloring. I take great pleasure
in naming this pretty species for its discoverer, Mr. Wm. M. Mann.

Genus Pentilia Muls.

? Pentilia sp. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 1 specimen in poor condition.

Genus Scymnus Kug.

Scymnus sp. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 2 specimens.

Genus Ayza Muls.

Azya sp. near A. scutata Muls. Independencia, Parahyba, Brazil, 1 specimen.

1912] Johnson—New and Interesting Diptera Weil

Genus Exoplectra Chevr.

Exoplectra tibialis Muls., Rio Madeira, Brazil, 1 specimen.

Exoplectra brasiliensis sp. nov.

Color: @ blood red tinged with yellow, reflexed edges of pronotum and elytra
somewhat darker, clothed throughout with a short, fine, whitish pubescence, ventral
surface and legs yellowish red. Form broadly oval, convex. Head thickly and
finely punctured. Pronotum rather coarsely punctured, the punctures being dis-
tinctly larger than those of the head. Flytra slightly more coarsely punctured
than the pronotum, the punctures becoming a little deeper towards the sides. Ven-
tral surface sparsely and finely punctured, the femora thickly and coarsely punc-
tured, tibial spurs short and blunt. Length 3.1 mm. Width 2.5 mm.

Type in my collection.

Type locality. Rio Madeira, Brazil, 1 specimen.

At first glance this species was taken for Corystis hypocreta
Muls. with which the facies and color have much in common.
The species however, comes close to E. ruberimmea Weise, from
which it can be easily separated by its distinctive punctation.
This species is among the most interesting of Mr. Mann’s captures.

NEW AND INTERESTING DIPTERA.

By Cuarues W. JOHNSON,
Boston Society of Natural History.

Leptomydas desideratus sp. nov.

3. Face and front black, orbits widely margined with brownish pollinose, hairs
black; antennze black, the terminal joint flattened. Thorax black with four grayish
pollinose stripes, the two on each side narrowly connected at the transverse suture;
the wide black dorsal stripe is divided by a somewhat denuded area, and divided by
the suture are also two small similarly denuded subdorsal areas; pleurze black, shin-
ing. Abdomen: first segment black, margined posteriorly with red with a dorsal
patch of black, sides of the segment with long black hairs; second, red with an
oblong black spot on each side at the lateral margin; third, red; fourth, fifth and base
of the sixth, dark brown; the greater portion of the sixth and all of the seventh
black; venter with the narrow posterior margin of the first and all of the second,
third and fourth segments red, the others black. Legs black, basal half of the pos-
terior femora red. Halteres black. Wings brownish hyaline, veins very narrowly

152 Psyche [October

clouded with a darker brown, the second submarginal cell is contracted anteriorly,
a slight variation however in this respect is present in the two wings, see figures 1
and 2. Length, 14 mm.

One specimen, Atlanta, Ga., July 9,1910. Received from Dr. J. Chester Bradley.

Fig. 1. Leptomydas desideratus sp. nov., left and right wings.

This is a very interesting species and possibly throws some
light on Walker’s Florida and Massachusetts records, for Mydas
isopterus Wied. = Dolichogaster brevicornis Wied.

It seems strange that after so many years and with the amount
of collecting that has been done, that something bearing on this
record should not have been found.

Minus antenne the species described could on venation and
color be readily confounded with D. brevicornis. The venation of
Dolichogaster as figured by Williston (Manual page 190) does not
agree with the type of the genus D. brevicornis as figured by Wied-
man (Mon. Gen. Midarum, pl. 53, fig. 9).

Ceraturgus similis sp. nov.

Ceraturgus nigripes, Johns., Psycur, XVII, 228, 1891 (non Williston).

o. Face with dense yellow pollinose, mystax and beard light yellow; front black,
shining with a narrow occipital margin of yellowish pollinose; occiput black, grayish
pollinose, hairs black; beak black, tip red; antenne black similar to C. cruciatus but
much shorter, the last joint velvety black, due to the presence of very short dense
pubescence. Thorax partly covered with a yellowish pollinose, (becoming grayish
behind the suture) and arranged so as to form a wide dorsal stripe and on each side
two roundish spots of black, narrowly separated by a sutural line; pleure and coxee
yellowish pollinose; scutellum black with a grayish pollinose margin; metanotum
shining black, sides yellowish pollinose. Abdomen black with wide yellow pollinose
posterior cross-bands on all the segments, the first three not quite reaching the poste-
rior margin in the middle; hypopygium shining black, obscured by long yellowish
hairs. Femora black, tibize and tarsi yellow, tips of the tibize and tips of all the
tarsal joints black. Halteres yellow. Wings grayish hyaline, with a more brown-
ish tinge the costa and extending over the outer half. Length, 12 mm.

The female is like the male in general appearance. The terminal segments are

1912] Frost—V ariations of Orsodachna Atra 153

shining black with a circle of reddish spines at the end of the ovipositor. Length,
13 mm.

The male (holotype) was taken about two miles above Bashbish
Falls, Mass., June 27, 1912, and the female (allotype) on Mt.
Equinox, near Manchester, Vt., June 5, 1910. Types are in the
New England collection of the Boston Society of Natural History.

I referred a single specimen of this species provisionally to
C. nigripes Will., but an examination of a specimen of that species
in the U. S. National Museum proves them to be distinct. It is
readily distinguished from C. nigripes by its yellow tibiz and tarsi,
and brownish not “pure hyaline’ wings.

Nicocles politus Say.

This species was taken by Mr. A. P. Morse at Haggetts Pond,
Essex Co., Mass., Sept. 21, 1911. The only other record for
this species in New England, is in the Harris collection, Cam-
bridge (Mt. Auburn), Mass., Aug. 1, 1836.

Promachus fitchii O. S.

This species has been captured at Dudley, Mass., July 10, 1911,
and Southbridge, Mass., July 7 and 8, 1912, by Stanley W. Brom-
ley. The previous New England records are Amherst, and Mt.
Tom, Mass., July 14.

VARIATIONS OF ORSODACHNA ATRA—COLEOPTERA.
By C. A. Frost,

Framingham, Mass.

An interesting series of this beetle was taken on the flowers of a
clump of Viburnum bushes growing beside a road in the town
of Paris, Maine, on June 15, 1910. There were no other clusters of
the bushes to be seen in the vicinity, and the surrounding country
was largely cultivated, with a few bushes along the road. The
elevation is in the neighborhood of 800 feet above the sea level.
The following descriptions of the color variations may be worth
presenting:

154 Psyche [October

Two specimens.—Piceous black except the base of femora, basal
half of tibize, base of tarsal joints, and the antenne: beneath, which
are testaceous; first antennal joint, and the fourth to tenth inclu-
sive, dark above, except at the bases. Length 6mm. These are
tibialis Kirby.

Two specimens.—Head, body, and elytra black. Thorax red+
dish. Legs mostly reddish-testaceous in one, and mainly black
in the other. Antenne partly dark above as in previous specimens.
Length 6:and 4mm. Hepatica Say.

One specimen.—All black except for humeral spots, posterior
half of epipleuree, gular region, mouth parts, antenne, and the
greater portion of the legs, which are testaceous. Length 4.5 mm.

One specimen.—Similar to the last with the addition of a tes-
taceous apical spot on each elytron, and with the femora darker
at ip. Length 5 mm.

One specimen.—Similar to the last two but with a smaller apical
spot and with the antenne lighter above; front and middle legs
lighter. Length 3.5 mm.

One specimen.—Similar to the last but with the humeral spot
extending behind the middle, legs entirely light, antennee lighter,
light area of epipleuree extending farther forward. Length 4.5
mm. ‘The last three specimens appear to answer to the variety
childreni Kirby.

One specimen.—Similar to the last but with half of the front
and all of the under side of the head testaceous, front angles of the
prothorax with a testaceous area extending back along the sides,
anterior portion of the prothorax beneath reddish testaceous,
part of hind femora piceous. Length 5.2mm. Between luctuosa
Lae. and childreni Kirby.

One specimen.—All testaceous except occipital spot, body
beneath, and a broad post-median band, equaling one-third of the
elytra, which extends along the suture and margins to the base,
sends out a short submarginal spur posteriorly and darkens the
suture nearly to the apex of the elytra; there are also two darker
spots and an anterior transverse line on the disk of the prothorax.
Length 5.6 mm.

One specimen.—Similar to the last but having the post-median
band interrupted near the suture. The metasternal side pieces

1912] Frost—V ariations of Orsodachna Atra 155

and the posterior coxe are here lighter than the abdomen. This
approaches trivittata Lac. in color. Length 6 mm.

One specimen.—All testaceous but the metasternum, abdomen,
a triangular spot near the middle of the elytra extending part
way to the humeral angles, the apex of elytra, and a portion
of the suture, which are black. Length 6 mm.

One specimen.—Similar to the last with the dark areas still
further reduced and the abdomen showing a testaceous shade.
Prothorax more reddish yellow. This specimen, at first glance,
appears to be entirely testaceous. Length 7 mm.

One specimen.—This has a general fuscous shade with a discal
stripe on the elytra lighter. Prothorax reddish. Length 5 mm.
Vittata Say (?).

In all the above specimens the punctation is about the same;
irregularly, coarsely punctate on the prothorax, where the punc-
tures are separated by one to four times their own diameter,
becoming closer at the sides; they are closer and more regular on
the elytra.

A series taken by me at Fraser, Colorado, July 4, 1911, at an
elevation of about 8,000 feet, have the punctation exactly like those
from Maine. This series has three specimens of the variety
childrent, one near tibialis, and the rest near trivittata. A number
of specimens near the last variety were taken on the top of Lookout
Mountain near Golden, Colorado, about 7,000 feet. The varia-
tions in length are from 4 to 7 mm.

Another series of five specimens, received from Dr. A. Fenyes,
taken at Ahwahnee, California, in May, have the elytra so closely
punctured, especially on the disk, that the punctures are nearly
confluent transversely, causing the elytra to appear rugose. All
but one of these specimens have the prothorax reddish, the excep-
tion having a discal black spot. Three of them have the base of
the femora and part of the tibiz and tarsi reddish yellow. In
color these appear to be near hepatica Say. They vary in length
from 5 to 7.5 mm.

Through the kindness of my friend, Mr. William M. Mann, I
have been able to examine a series of five specimens from “Corte
Madera Creek, Cal., I1J—16-1900,” and another of ten specimens
from “Pullman, Wash., [V—21-09.”’

The California specimens have the normal punctation, like

156 Psyche [October

those from Maine, while those from Pullman present almost the
two extremes of elytral punctation and clearly demonstrate that
no line can be drawn by the sculpture. In both series specimens
vary from almost entirely testaceous, (having an occipital spot
and the suture darker, and the abdomen and metasternum black)
to entirely black, with the antenne, mouth parts, and tarsi piceous.
The California specimens all measure 5 mm. in length while the
Pullman specimens vary from 4 to 7 mm.

In all the series examined the darker specimens have a closer
and deeper punctation but the series from Ahwahnee present such
an extreme that, if it were not for intermediates like those from
Pullman, they would appear to merit specific rank.

THE HOUSE FLY IN ITS RELATION TO CITY
GARBAGE!

By Jonn Howarp Patne.

In connection with an endeavor to introduce into the city of
Boston the use of paper bags in garbage pails, with the idea of
preventing fly maggots from remaining attached to the sides of the
pails after collection of the contents, the question arose, “‘ Does the
housefly breed extensively in garbage?” To obtain data upon
this subject, experiments were undertaken to breed out flies from
miscellaneous collections of maggots occurring in city garbage.

Considerable attention has been given to the breeding places
of the house fly. A general idea seems to prevail that this species
seldom develops in garbage. Howard? quotes Professor J. S.
Hine, of Ohio State University, as being of the opinion that
“while house flies visit garbage in numbers, they appear in most
cases to be after food only, as only a few specimens of this species
were reared from such material during the season when he was at
work.” Howard then goes on to say that Professor Hine found
that the fly which commonly bred in fermenting vegetable refuse
from the kitchen was not the typhoid fly, but Muscina stabulans,

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 58.

2 Howard, L. O. The House Fly
Dos

Disease Carrier. F. A. Stokes Co., New York (1911)

1912] Paine—The House Fly in Its Relation to City Garbage 157

the so-called stable fly. To quote further, “Musca domestica was
also reared, as was also another species known as Phormia regina,
but it seems from these observations, although they were limited
to a single locality in Central Ohio, that the recently acquired
opinion to the effect that the typhoid fly breeds abundantly in
vegetable refuse when it has reached the proper fermenting stage
is due many times to the mistake of considering the stable fly
and its larve as those of M. domestica.” As will be seen by ref-
erence to the table given below, but a single occurrence of Mus-
cina stabulans was recorded in the present experiments.

Newstead carefully investigated the breeding places of these
flies in the city of Liverpool and his results, as given by Howard,
tend to confirm those of the present writer. He found that the
housefly bred in ash pits containing vegetable refuse in the proper
state of fermentation, often to the same extent as in stable manure.

Professor R. W. Doane! states that, “Decaying vegetables or
fruit, fermenting kitchen refuse and other materials sometimes
also serve as breeding places.”’ Smith?, in his observations on the
breeding of flies in human excrement in India, has discovered
many of these insects issuing from this source, as has previously
been noted by others. ,

The conditions in the section visited in the present instance, one
of Boston’s tenement districts, would appear to one unaccustomed
to such sights, quite alarming. Various species of Muscids, in-
cluding a large percentage of houseflies, we found swarming about
the garbage, depositing eggs and feeding upon it and upon other
refuse thrown into the alleys. These were the flies that were
supplying the nearby restaurants in such numbers.

The larvee were collected from the contents of various pails as
they were emptied into the carrier’s wagon. As a rule they were
found in quantities and often were so abundant that the interior
of the receptacle appeared as a wriggling mass. In the laboratory
the maggots were placed in covered boxes containing a little earth
in which they could pupate, and were fed upon stale, water-soaked
bread. In a few lots kept in milk bottles the mature larve crawled

~—

1Doane, R.W. Insects and Disease. American Nature Ser., Group IV, Henry Holt & Co.
New York (1910) p. 63.

2Smith, F. A Further Note on the Ways of Common Flies in India, Jour. Royal Army
Medical Corps. (July, 1908)

158 Psyche [October

up the sides and into the loose muslin cover in order to find a dry
place to pupate. No doubt they escape from the garbage recep-
tacles in the same manner. Cracks or openings in the bottom of
receptacles afford an easy means of exit, and often when a garbage
barrel was moved many maggots were found on the ground under-
neath. The little garbage “houses”? in which the cans are often
kept are excellent places for the larve, the floor always containing
many cracks by means of which they may easily obtain access to
the dry ground underneath. In instances where the garbage
had not been collected for two or three weeks, an all too common
occurrence, many larve had pupated in the dryer, fresher material
which had recently been thrown in.

TABLE OF REARINGS SHOWING NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF
EACH SPECIES COLLECTED.

|
| Number of specimens.
| Musca | Phor- | Lucilia Cally, Muscina Percentage Date of
Lot No. | ; : ; phora ven of house | collection.
domes- mia sert- stabu-
ti 7 erythro- flies.
ica. regina. cata. lans.
| cephala.
I 80 40 66.6 Sept. 5
II 9 1 | 90. :
lil 1 2 12.5 s
IV 8 5 60 10.9 ¥
V + 16 1 19 5
VI 38 0 Sept. 9
VII 26 I 96.3 nS
Vill Uh 100 s
IX 1 1) | 1100 a7 | 78 | Aug. 10
x 139 110 | 0 “
Totals ...| 136 145 338 20m lied
Percent..| 22.4 oe 3 50.5 4.4 { 1 22.4

When one considers the great numbers of Muscids issuing from
the garbage every day during the warm summer months, the
presence of twenty-two percent of house flies means that this
place of breeding ranks among the first to be considered in a cam-

1912] Glaser—Note on a Pink Locustid 159

paign against this insect. The writer has not studied the con-
ditions in other cities but would venture the opinion that those
which obtain here are in no way peculiar to this locality.

NOTE ON A PINK LOCUSTID.

While at Woods Hole, Mass., in August, Dr. A. S. Pearse gave
me a pink male Locustid which he found on some blackberry
bushes in the vicinity. At the time I received the insect, it had
not passed through its last instar and I was very much interested
to see whether or not it would retain its beautiful pink color after
passing through this final stage. Professor Morgan was interested
in the animal, and according to his advice, I constructed a cage
over some blackberry bushes in a field, thinking that conditions
which were approximately the same as natural conditions might be
the most favorable for development.

The insect passed through its last moult about one week after I
had it in my possession and is fully as pink, wings included, as
before, with the exception of the eyes which are white and the ven-
tral side of the thorax and abdomen which are considerably lighter
than the other regions of the body.

At present we are engaged in attempting to cross this Locustid
with normal green ones of the same species in order to find out
what the mendelizing characters are.

Mr. Gray, the curator, found a similar pink form early this
summer and, according to Professor Morgan, a yellow form was
taken several years ago. This led Professor Morgan to make the
suggestion that two factors may be involved, the presence of both
of which produces the pink form, the absence of one the yellow and
the absence of both factors the ordinary normal green form.

R. W. Guaser.

160 Psyche [October

NOTES ON THE MANTID GENUS GONATISTA SAUSS.

By A. N. CavupEL1L,

Bureau of Entomology, U. 5. Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

Besides the doubtfully included trifasciata of Haan from Brazil
the genus Gonatista is represented in our catalogues as containing
a single species, grisea Fabr., with four names quoted in the syn-
onymy under it. All these synonymic names are based on early
diagnoses of a few broad terms, wholly inadequate for accurate
determination. It is indeed doubtful if all the names do refer to
the same species, as there are no less than four distinct species of
the genus before me from North America and examination of the
types of these various species now quoted as synonyms of grisea
is necessary to settle without doubt their identity and to deter-
mine whether, or not, they are all one species. The size of Ser-
ville’s phryganoides shows its distinctness from the larger forms -
and cubensis of Saussure is precluded by its size from being the
large species described below as new under the name major.
Grisea Fabr. was published without either measurements or locality
and with characters almost equally applicable to any of the four
species before me. I follow most authors in using this name for
the common species found in the Southern United States. Phry-
ganoides Serv. I use for a small finely maculate species from the
West Indies. For a third species, also from the West Indies, I
arbitrarily use the name reticulata of Thunberg and refer to the
synonymy under it the bifasciata of Haan and the cubensis of
Saussure. The fourth, and largest, species I describe as new.
As stated above a future study of the types of the old authors may
show the above nomenclature to be faulty but for the present no
better arrangement seems possible.

The four species of the genus as here considered may be sep-
arated as follows, the characters based wholly on the male sex,
females of several species being unknown to me.

1912] Caudell—Notes on the Mantid Genus Gonatista Sauss 161

1. Larger, length of elytra over 30 mm.; maculation of elytra consisting of small
spots and larger splotches, the latter predominating....................
Smaller, length of elytra not over 30 mm.; maculation of elytra consisting mostly

onalmost whollyofsmallispotseaens.te. sesso eee oe phryganoides Serv.

2. Medium in size, the elytra from 32 to 40 mm. in length................... 3
Of large size, the elytra 45 mm. or more in length............... major sp. Nov.

3. Elytra less densely maculate, distinctly less than one half of the total surface
ITIGUS Ca LEC pene ween pene ats ie PME Nts cou etcn es) sta chee eer grisea Fabr.

Elytra more densely maculate, about one half the total surface infuscated.
reticulata Thunb,

Gonatista grisea Fabr.

This is the form found in the United States and I have material
only from within our borders, though it also surely occurs in Mex-
ico and West Indies. It is of medium size and the elytra are
sparsely maculate with spots and splotches, the infuscation covering
distinctly less than one half of the total area. The measurements
are as folows: Length, pronotum, o’, 9-10 mm., 2 9-11 mm.;
elytra, co’, 32-35 mm., 2 18-23 mm.

Gonatista reticulata Thunberg.

This species is represented in the collection of the National
Museum by two males from Porto Rico. It is closest to grisea
but the two specimens before me are lighter in color and the infus-
cation of the elytra is more profuse, covering about one half the
total area. It is also a little larger. I place bifasciata Haan and
cubensis Saussure as synonyms of this form. The measurements
of the two males studied by me are as follows: Length, pronotum,
11-12 mm.; elytra, 36-40 mm.

Gonatista major sp. nov.

In general color this species is lighter than either of the preceding
ones and is decidedly larger than either of them. The infuscation
of the elytra is no more profuse than in grisea but is gathered in
decidedly larger blotches, in this respect more like reticulata.
The female is unknown to me. The measurements of the males
are as follows:

Length, pronotum, 13.5-14.5 mm.; elytra, 45-48 mm.

162 Psyche [October

Two males, type and paratype, from Dr. W. Zulesky, San
Domingo, W. I. Type U. S. National Museum, Catalogue No.
15088.

Gonatista phryganoides Serville.

This is the smallest member of the genus and is represented in
the collection of the U. S. National Museum by a series of six males
from San Francisco Mts., San Domingo, W. I., taken in September,
1905, by August Busck. Besides being much smaller than any
other known species of the genus this differs from all others in the
maculation of the elytra, which is here composed almost or entirely
of small dots, no large elongate splotches being present as in the
larger forms. I have seen no females of this species. The measure-
ments of the males studied aré as follows:

Length, pronotum, 7.5-—9 mm.; elytra, 26-28 mm.

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VOL. XIX. DECEMBER, 1912. No. 6

NEW NEARCTIC TIPULIDAE (DIPTERA).!

By Cuarues P. ALEXANDER,

Ithaca, N. Y.

The following crane-flies, received from various correspondents
during the past few months, are believed to be new to science.

Limnobia argenteceps sp. nov.

Antennz 15-segmented; pleure yellow, with a brown band; wings spotted; Se
short, ending before the origin of Rs.

o', Length, 4.6 mm.; wing, 5.9 mm.

Head: rostrum and palpi black; antennz 15-segmented, with the segments
all black, flagellar segments rounded-ovate; front, vertex and occiput black with
a conspicuous silvery-grey bloom; gene darker.

Thorax: pronotum light brownish-yellow; mesonotum, prescutum: in front
and on the lateral margin, rather bright yellow; an indistinct broad, brown, median
stripe which spreads out behind and covers the entire sclerite before the suture;
scutum brown, paler, yellowish, medially; scutellum and post-notum brown.
Pleure yellow, with a broad brown band extending from the cervical sclerites back
to the halteres and base of the abdomen. Halteres, pale at base; remainder, darker,
brown. Legs: cox bright yellow; trochanters yellow; femora yellowish-brown,
darker toward the tip; tibisze and tarsi brown.

Wings: hyaline, veins brown; a brown spot at the tip of Se, extending around
the base of the sector; a large square stigmal spot; all cross-veins and deflections
of veins, narrowly marginal with brown; tip of the wing and ends of all of the veins,
faintly tinged with brown. Venation (See fig. 1): Se short, Se. at the tip, end-
ing before the base of Rs; Rs rather square at its origin; basal deflection of Cuz
before the fork of M.

Abdomen: tergum dark brown, the extreme apice of each sclerite and a broad
median patch on the base of segments 1 to 6, yellow; sternum mostly pale yellow,
the lateral margins and an indistinct, sub-apical, cross-band, brown. Hypopy-
gium yellowish: margin of the 8th tergite almost straight; pleural pieces, cylin-
drical, thickly beset with stout hairs, bearing apically, a large pale segment which
is likewise beset with hairs, and armed at its tip with a slender, chitinized projec-
tion, curved at its ends; guard of the penis long, prominent, enlarged apically and
notched. :

1Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Cornell University.

164 Psyche [December

Holotype, o, Huachuca Mts., Arizona; Aug. 1905 (H. Skinner, Coll.) Type in
coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

The reference of this insect to Limnobia is merely provisional;
I do not care to add a new genus to our already too long list, nor
do I know of any genus into which this species will accurately fit.
It is remarkable in possessing antennze which are 15-segmented.
The hypopygium is more like that of Zimnobia than it is like that
of Furcomyia, still the appearance of the insect, and its venation,
are strongly suggestive of the last-named genus. It may be well
to compare it with this genus; in Doane’s Key (Ent. News, Jan.
°08; p. 5-7) it runs down to couplet 30, but runs out because of its
spotted wings. It is related to Furcomyia signipennis Coq. of
California (J. N. Y. Ent. Soc.; vol. 13; p. 56; (1905).

Elliptera astigmatica sp. nov.

Wings without a stigmal spot.

o& Length, 8.75 mm.; wing, 14 mm.

Head: rostrum and palpi brownish-black; antennze, segment one, elongate-cy-
lindricai; flagellar segments oval, similar to one another in shape, gradually smaller;
antenne black;. front, vertex and occiput black; the occiput narrowed behind.
(It is probable that the head is covered with a grey bloom in fresh specimens; the
type is injured.)

Thorax: very convex, preescutum large, greyish-brown, clearer grey along the
margins and on the pleur; the preescutum is very large, so that the meso-thoracic
legs are very widely separated from the prothoracic pair, but close to the metatho-
racic; scutum, scutellum and post-notum dark grey, the caudal margin of the scutel-
lum brown. Halteres light yellow, the knob brown. Legs: fore coxee dark brown,
yellowish at the tip; remainder lacking; middle and hind legs, cox yellowish-
brown; femora and tibiz obscure yellowish-brown; tarsi lacking.

Wings: hyaline, with a faint yellow suffusion in cells C, Se, Ri and anterior por-
tions of Rs; stigma entirely absent; veins, brown, R: darker than the others; a
brownish suffusion below Cu and 2nd Anal. Venation (See fig. 2.): Costa in
vicinity of Sc bellied out cephalad and incrassated; Se rather long, lying closer to
C than to R; Se: far retracted, so that Se: is about equal to Rs; R long, ending
before the wing-tip, strongly incrassated to near the origin of R:,s; Rs long, aris-
ing at an extremely acute angle, diverging only slightly from Ri; R2.s in a direct
line with Rs; basal deflection of Ris short, strongly arcuated, beyond cross-vein
r-m, straight, parallel with R23 to near the tip when it runs somewhat caudad; M
weak, on a line with M; and Cui; deflection of Mi,2 almost as long as the cross-vein
r-m; Mi.2 proximad of m longer than that portion beyond it, making cell 1st M2
very elongate; Cu strong, Cu: about two-thirds as long as Cuz; Cu: fuses with M
just before the fork; Ist A very weak; 2nd A stronger, gently bisinuate; anal angle
rather prominent.

1912] Alexander—New Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera) 165

Abdomen greyish on dorsum, pleure darker, blackish; sternum testaceous.

Holotype, , Roger’s Pass, British Columbia; July 30,1908. (J. Chester Brad-
ley, coll.)

Type in Cornell Univ. coll.

This species agrees with the other American species, clausa O. 5.
of California, in its possessing a median cross-vein. It differs in
the entire absence of a stigmal spot. I have seen the types of
clausa in Cambridge, thanks to the kindness of Mr. Henshaw, and
find that that portion of Ri, just underneath the stigma is bent
caudad, and, beyond the stigma, regains its former level; no such
condition exists in astigmatica.

Erioptera (Mesocyphona) distincta sp. nov.

Vertex variegated; mesonotum clear light grey; dorsal stripes rather broad,
clear; pleural stripes very distinct, clear-cut; femora with two dark bands, except-
ing the middle pair which has one; wings greyish, spotted and dotted, on the veins
and in the cells, with white.

o, Length, 3.6—3.8 mm.; wing, 4.6 mm.

Head: palpi brown; antennz light yellowish-brown; vertex with a large, clear
grey, oval spot, surrounded by a brown border; the outer margins of the vertex,
nearest the eyes, fawn-colored; occiput dark brown. Cervical sclerites pale yellow,
dorsally with two dark spots.

Thorax: pronotum whitish, the scutellum interrupted medially with a dark pit;
mesonotum, preescutum clear light grey, the lateral margins narrowly greyish; a
brown stripe on either side, beginning near the caudal end of the pronotum, con-
tinuing backward; a brown stripe on either side of the grey median vitta. Pseudo
sutural pits! elongate-oval, pale; the space anterior to this fovea is pale, fawn-
colored; preescutal, or tuberculate, pits, distinct, black, separated from one another
by a distance equal to one and one-half the diameter of one; these pits are located
in the median ground stripe near the proximal edge of the dark dorsal stripes;
scutum, greyish, the vittze of the prescutum continued backward onto this; scu-
tellum light yellowish-brown, darker anteriorly; post-notum grey, tri-vittate with
dark brown. Pleurse dark brown; a narrow yellowish-white pale stripe running
from the lateral margin of the cervical sclerites, caudad; broadening out above the
fore coxa and continuing to the wing basis; a broad, clear, silvery-white stripe,
narrowest anteriorly, beginning back of the fore coxa, running back to the base of
the abdomen; sternum clear grey. The pleura has the appearance of having three
dark and two pale bands. Halteres, stem white, knob pale brown. Legs: fore and
hind femur, yellow with a broad sub-basal, and a narrower, sub-apical, brownish-
black ring; tibize and tarsi whitish; extreme tarsal segments darker; middle leg,
similar, but femur has only the sub-apical dark band.

Wings greyish, browner on the cephalic half, with numerous white spots and
dots, these largest along the costa and on the cord; the cells are speckled with
numerous fine dots.

166 Psyche [December

Abdomen light brownish-yellow; a broad, brown, median stripe.

Holotype, o&, Highrolls, New Mexico; May 31, 1902. Paratypes, 3 os;
Highrolls, New Mexico; May 31, June 2, and June 10, 1902.

Types in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

This species differs from its nearest ally, caloptera Say, in its
very clearcut pattern of coloration, clear grey with distinct
pleural stripes, not yellowish with indistinct pleural stripes, etc.

Trimicfa pygmza sp. nov.

Small; brown; basal half of antennz yellow, remainder brown; wings greyish
with a short pubescence in all the cells.

9, length, 3.2 mm.: wing, 3.5 mm.

Head: rostrum and palpi dark brown; antenne, basal seven segments light yel-
low, terminal segments dark brown; front, vertex and occiput dark brown.

Thorax: dark brown, the lateral margin of the mesonotal praescutum dull yellow-
ish; scutum, scutellum and post-notum dark brown, dark stripes not evident;
pleure dark brown, more yellowish near the dorsal margin. Halteres yellow.
Legs: coxee and trochanters yellowish-brown; femora, tibiz and tarsi brown.

Wings: hyaline with a slight greyish tinge; stigma indistinctly grey; veins brown,
R more yellowish. Wing covered in all the cells with a thick short pubescence.
Venation: (See fig. 3) Sc retracted far back from the tip of Sci; Rs leaves Ri at an
acute angle; fork of R23 deep, R2:3 being a little shorter than the basal deflection
of Cur; cross-vein r just beyond the fork of R23 and far removed from the tip of
R:. Abdomen: dark brown; in the 2 with the valves of the ovipositor rather short,
yellow.

Holotype: o, Woodworth’s Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y. (alt. 1660 ft); Aug. 22, 1910
(Alexander, coll.). Allotype; 9, withthe type. Paratypes: @, Wooster, Ohio;
Sept. 20, 1911, on grass-lands. (Houser, coll.) In coll. John Houser. co Coy
Glen, Ithaca, N. Y.; May 28, 1912; (Alexander and Sheffield.)

The types are mounted in balsam, in the author’s collection.
Related to T. anomala O. S. but much smaller and quite differ-
ently colored; Mexican specimens which I have determined as
T. anomala may, or may not, be conspecific with T. pilipes Fabr.
of Europe (Compare Osten Sacken, Western Dipt., p. 20°.) If
so, it is easily separated from pygmaea by its non-pubescent
wings.

1T have applied the term ‘pseudosutural pits’ to the deep impressions on the antero-lateral
margins of the prescutum existing in many Tipulide (humeral pits of Osten Sacken). The
‘double dots’ of Osten Sacken are spoken of above as the ‘tuberculate pits.’

1912] Alexander—New Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera) 167

Limnophila laricicola sp. nov.

Small; antennz of the o elongate; color of the body light yellow; wings sub-
hyaline.

o', Length, uncertain, abdomen broken; wing, 5.4 mm.

Head: antennz elongate, the segments indistinct, twisted, elongate-ovate, nar-
rowed at the ends, brownish in color; front, vertex and occiput light brown, but
discolored, and possibly different in fresh material.

Thorax: pronotum brown; mesonotum, preescutum brown on the anterior mar-
gin; a dark brown spot on the frontal third of the sclerite in a median position;
remainder of the sclerite light yellow, sub-shining, with a sparse pale bloom; scu-
tum and post-notum light yellow, the latter with an indistinct narrow brown median
stripe; pleure yellow, darker near the dorsal margin. Halteres, stem pale, knob
darker. Legs: cox and trochanters light yellow; remainder of the legs brown,
rather darker outwards.

Wings: subhyaline, stigma indistinct, brown. Venation (See fig. 4): Se rather
long, extending to beyond the fork of Rs; cross-vein r at the tip of Ri; Rs short,
less than M; or Mz in length; R2,s rather long, as long as Rs, gently arcuated; R:
rather oblique, cross-vein r near its middle; deflection of Rss about as long as cross-
vein r-m; petiole of cell M: moderately long, about three-fifths of cell Mi; basal
deflection of Cu: beyond the middle of cell Ist M2. Cell Rz very acute at its proxi-
mal angle; cell 1st M: long and narrow.

Abdomen broken.

Holotype, co. Canada Lake, Fulton Co., N. Y.; June 20, 1911 (Alexander).
Occurred in an extensive sphagnum bog, on vegetation growing underneath larch
trees. (altitude 1550 feet)

Type in author’s collection.

This species by its elongate antenne in thea’, is allied to poetica
O.S. I thought that it was a small o of this species until I saw
the types in Cambridge. Poetica is conspicuously larger, with
quite different antennal structure. In Jlaricicola, the antennal
segments are twisted, and’ the sutures between them indistinct,
producing an appearance quite different from that which obtains
in the male sex of poetica, tenuipes, niveitarsis, etc. Venationally,
this new species differs from poetica in its longer Rz,3, shorter
petiole to cell M,, etc. Unfortunately my type, and only speci-
men, was recently accidentally damaged.

Eriocera albihirta sp. nov.

Antenne short in the co’; cell M: present; body densely clothed with long white
hairs.
o Length, 15 mm.; wing, 15.6 mm.; antenna, 4.5 mm.
Fore leg, fem. 8 mm.; tibia, 10 mm.
Middle leg, fem. 9.2 mm.; tibia, 8.4 mm.
Hind leg, fem. 12 mm.; tibia 12.6 mm.

168 Psyche [December

Head: rostum and palpi dark brown; antenne, first segment large, cylindrical,
brown; remainder of antenne black with black hairs. Front wide, the frontal
tubercle not prominent; front, vertex and occiput, medium brown densely clothed
with long pale hairs; a spot on the front just behind the base of the antennee, paler,
golden-yellow.

Thorax: mesonotal preescutum dark dull black without apparent stripes (though
these may have been destroyed by some means or another), the entire sclerite
densely clothed with elongated white hairs, very conspicuous; those on the dorsum
darker and shorter, those on the lateral margin of the sclerite exceedingly conspicu-
ous; scutum dull black; scutellum dark brown, also with numerous pale hairs;
post-notum black. Pleurz light grey with dense white hairs; the light color of
the pleurz renders it probable that the dorsum is grey with darker stripes, in living
material. Halteres, stem light brown, knob darker brown. Legs: coxe brown,
with a grey bloom; trochanter brown; fore femora, basal half brownish-yellow;
apical half dark brown, uniform throughout; tibia and tarsi dark brown; middle
leg, femora with rather more than the basal half light-colored; hind leg, femora
with only the extreme base yellowish.

Wings: subhyaline or light brown, more brownish near the veins; cells C and
Se brownish-yellow; stigma small, oval; veins brown. Venation: (See fig. 6);
Se extending beyond the fork of Ro:s; R long, cross-vein r about one-half as long
as that portion of Ri beyond it; r before the middle of R2; cell Mi present. Vena-
tion almost exactly like the eastern E. brachycera O. S.

Abdomen: tergum uniform dark brown, the lateral margin pale yellowish, and
provided with long pale hairs, these longest on the basal segments; hypopygium
yellowish-orange; sternum more greyish.

Holotype: The labels read ‘22 California. No. 846. Coll. Hy. Edwards.’ Prob-
ably from Marin Co.

Related to E. brachycera O. S. but darker and clothed with long
pale hairs much longer than in brachycera. The basal segments
of the antennz in brachycera are very light yellowish-red, not
brown; the front of brachycera in the vicinity of the tubercle is
uniformly pale; the thoracic dorsum may or may not be simi-
larly colored in the two species (see statement, above, concerning
the condition of the thorax in albihirta). In brachycera the legs
are much lighter-colored with narrow blackish tips to all the femora;
in albihirta the femoral tips are uniform brown and very broad.

Eriocera fultonensis sp. nov.

Antenne short in both sexes; cell M: absent; body coloration dark brown;
prescutum four-striped; wings light brown; cross-vein r far before the fork of
Roy.

o', Length, 9.6-10.2 mm.; wing, 9-10.4 mm.

9, Length, 11.2-11.5 mm.; wing, 10.5-11.3 mm.

1912] Alexander—New Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera) 169

Head: palpi dark, blackish, rostrum much paler brown; antennz short in both
sexes; scapal segments dark above, reddish-yellow underneath; flagellar segments
black. Front, vertex and occiput black with a grey pruinosity, most distinct behind
the eyes.

Thorax: mesonotal preescutum light yellowish-brown with a dark brown stripe
on either side of the paler median vitta, these stripes broadest in front, narrower
behind, ending just before the suture; a shorter, curved, lateral stripe on the lateral
edge of the sclerite, beginning just behind the pseudo-suture, continuing to the
transverse suture; scutum, scutellum and post-notum blackish, scantily grey
pruinose; pleurz unicolorous greyish-black. Halteres, base of stem, pale, yellow;
remainder of stem, and the knob, dark brown.

Legs: coxe light brown; trochanters and basal three-fourths of the femora,
light brownish-yellow; apical fourth of the femora, brown; in the fore-legs, the
apical half of the femur is brown; tibia light brown, the tip black; tarsi brown.

Wings: veins dark brown; membrane rather uniformly tinged with light brown;
stigma small, delimited externally by the radial cross-vein; extreme tip of the
wing rather darker. Venation (See fig. 7): cross-vein 7 near the tip of Ri, situated
far before the fork of R2;3; R2 much shorter than R2,3; cell Mi absent; basal deflec-
tion of Cu: slightly before the fork of M.

Abdomen shiny black, including the large hypopygium; in the 9, the valves of
the ovipositor are likewise black.

Holotype, o, Sport Is; Sacandaga R; Fulton Co.; N. Y. June 28,1911. (Alex-
ander, coll.) Allotype, 9, with the type. Paratypes, 5 o&, 5 2, with the type.

Types in author’s collection.

Nearest related to E. fuliginosa O. S. (East. U.S.), from which
it is readily distinguished by the lack of a grey bloom on the thorax,
the shiny jet black abdomen and genitalia, ete. In normal indi-
viduals of fultonensis, cross-vein r is far before the fork of R243 (See
fig. 7). In rare instances, however, the cross-vein is much nearer
to the fork though never quite at it. Specimens which I refer
to fuliginosa, provisionally, show a venation similar to that des-
cribed for the species (See fig. 8); the coloration is very dark,
however, and comparison with the type may prove them to be
novelties. E. fultonensis differs from E. gibbosa Doane! (Mich.)
in the same venational peculiarity.

Eriocera cinerea sp. nov.

Cell Mi absent; color of the thorax light grey; stripes on the mesothoracic
preescutum indistinct; cross-vein r far beyond the fork of Ros.
9, Length, 11.4 mm.; wing, 11.2 mm.

9, Head: rostrum yellow; palpi yellowish-brown; antenne, segments one

1Doane, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.; vol. 8; p. 193; pl. 8, fig. 10. (1900)

170 Psyche [December

and two, light orange-yellow beneath, light brown above; flagellar segments brown.
Front and clypeus light orange-yellow; vertex and occiput light grey, more brown-
ish medially, paler on the vertex behind the eyes, and on the genze.

Thorax: prothorax, scutum dark brown with a grey bloom and prominent pale
hairs; scutellum dark brown medially, the ends conspicuously orange-yellow.
Mesothorax yellowish-grey, the praescutum with four very indistinct darker lines;
the middle pair long, confluent or nearly so at their cephalic ends; lateral pair
short, beginning behind the prominent rounded, black pseudo-suturalfovea; scutum
and scutellum brown with a clear light grey bloom; post-notum dark brown.
Pleure light grey; halteres, stem brownish-yellow, knob brown. Legs: coxee and
trochanters rich orange-yellow; femora light brownish-yellow, the extreme tip
darker, brown; tibize, extreme base brown, remainder yellowish-brown, insensibly
darker apically; tarsi brown.

Wings sub-hyaline or very pale brown; costal and subcostal cells light yellow;
stigma ill-defined, yellowish-brown; veins brown. Venation (See fig. 9) Sc short,
ending before the fork of Rois; Res slightly longer than that portion of Re before
cross-vein 7; cross-vein 7 inserted near the tip of Ri and far beyond the fork of
R23; cell Mi absent; cell 1st M2 elongate.

Abdomen: tergum dark brown, the lateral margins of the sclerite broadly, the
caudal margin narrowly, brownish-yellow; valves of the ovipositor brownish-
orange; sternum greyish-brown.

Holotype. @, Boston, Massachusetts.

Type in author’s collection.

Related to fuliginosa O. 5. but head and thorax conspicuously
grey, not brown; abdomen not uniform brown; cross-vein 1 sit-
uated far beyond the fork of R2;3, etc. The female of EK. wilsont
O. S. (East U. S.), of which I have seen the types in Cambridge,
is unknown. This new species cannot be that sex of wilsoni
because of its totally different body-color. E. longicornis Walker
is quite a different species; its venation seems never to have been
figured (The figure in Needham’s 23rd Rep’t of the N. Y. State
Entomologist, is not longicornis, but spinosa.) so I include a
drawing. (See fig. 10.)

Rhaphidolabis neomexicana sp. nov.

Cross-vein m of the wings absent; wings pearly-white with a distinct dark brown
stigmal spot.

2, Length, 5.4 mm. wing, 7.6 mm.

Head: rostrum and palpi dark brownish-black, antenne black; head dark
brown, sparsely grey pruinose. Thorax: mesonotal preescutum dark brown, very
sparsely grey pruinose without distinct darker stripes, though rather deeper-
colored medially; scutum, scutellum and post-notum dark brown with a faint grey

2 ¢
f
:
i
cot =
Maas te
© Me, 1
a
; 2
»
* 7 '
=
\
i
J = ‘
-
?
i
1
. A
*
ue - 1
o: e
* ‘
s
i
to =
{ = -
fi i
p 7 D
ie) sa =
|
( . Lo OF ee
’ Gy 7
4: Ys » j Vie a s

Vou. XIX, Puate 13

Psycue, 1912,

er—New Nearctic Tipulide

Alexand

1912] Alexander—New Nearctic Tipulidae Diptera 171

dust. Pleurze dark brownish-black, grey-dusted. Halteres, stem pale, knob
brown. Legs: cox brownish-yellow, more greyish anteriorly; trochanters brown-
ish-yellow; femora and tibize uniform medium brown; tarsi gone.

Wings: hyaline or sub-pearly; a prominent elongate dark brown stigmal spot;
veins brown, the longitudinal veins rather paler at the wing-root. Venation:
(See fig. 5): Se long extending beyond the fork of Re;3; Ri long, cross-vein r very
near its tip; Rs short, oblique; R»2:3 very short, only a little longer than cross-veins
ror7r-m; cross-vein r beyond the middle of Rz; M: about as long as Rs; no cross-
vein m; basal deflection of Cu: beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen: dark brown, the pleural sutures lighter brown; valves of the oviposi-
tor light colored, brownish-yellow.

Holotype, 9, Beulah, New Mexico: June 29, 1902.

Type coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

Most closely allied to R. tenuipes O. 5. of the Eastern United
States, but differs in its wing coloration, apparent lack of thoracic
stripes, dark stigmal spot and venational details, 2. e., more oblique
Rs, shorter and more divergent M, and Msg, etc.

R. debilis Will.! appears to be a Tricyphona by its venation
(Rei; fused and Ry, and R; separate). It agrees most closely with
T. vitripennis Doane.

The members of this tribe, Pedicini, require careful study at the
hands of some competent student who has access to an abundance
of Western material. The West appears to be the center of dis-
tribution for the members of this group, which, in other parts of
the continent, are represented only by a few species, or else, as in
the tropics, quite lacking. I surmise that such a study, based on
sufficient material, would show congenerousness of Plectromyia

O. S. and Rhaphidolabis O. 5., with Dicranota Zett.

Explanation of the Plate 13.

Wing of Limnobia argenteceps, sp. n.
“ “ Elliptera astigmatica, sp. 0.

“<< Trimicra pygmaea, sp. 0.

* Limnophila laricicola, sp. n.

ils
2
38
4.
5. “ * Rhaphidolabis neomexicana, sp. 0.
6 “ Hriocera albihirta, sp. n.

7

8

9

oe fultonensis, sp. n.
peed Op fuliginosa O. S. (or related species)
; alan Ly: cinerea, sp. N.
10. eee OF longicornis Walker.

1 Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart.; vol. 2; p. 62; Oct. 1893.

172 Psyche [December

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANTS OF
THE GENUS MYRMECOCYSTUS WESMAEL.!

By Witu1am Morton WHEELER.

Since my paper on the honey ants was published in 1908? our
knowledge of the distribution of these insects has been increased
and two new species have been brought to light. Mr. Percy
Leonard of the Raja Yoga Academy at Point Loma, California,
has discovered a new subspecies of M. melliger and has published
an interesting account of its habits and of those of M. mexicanus
mojave.* During the winter of 1910 I made a second journey to
Arizona and California and was able to observe the latter and sev-
eral of the other subspecies in the field. The discovery of the typ-
ical M. mexicanus in Arizona and Southern California by Mr. W. M.
Mann, Mr. Leonard and myself brings all of the known species,
subspecies and varieties of the genus within the confines of the
United States. The separation of these from the Old World
forms, till recently regarded as Myrmecocysti, but now placed in
Forster’s genus Cataglyphis by Emery and Forel, is also an im-
portant step in advance, as is also the recognition by the former
authority of the fact indicated in my former paper that Myrme-
cocystus is closely allied to the circumpolar genus Lasius, whereas
Cataglyphis is more intimately related to another circumpolar
genus, Formica. These diverse relationships of the New and Old
World genera are most clearly seen in their respective males. An
unsolved problem is still presented by some of the small species
of Myrmecocystus and Formica of the subgenus Proformica, such
as M. lugubris Wheeler of Arizona and P. emme Forel of Algiers,
which resemble each other in the most extraordinary manner.
This resemblance, however, may be due to convergence of habit,
as both are desert ants.’ Mr. Leonard has found that M. melliger
lomaénsis has replete, or “honey pot” workers, like the typical

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, No. 60.

2Honey Ants, with a Revision of the American Myrmecocysti. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. XXIV, 1908, pp. 345-397, 28 figs.

3The Honey Ants of Point Loma, California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. I, No. 3,
1911, pp. 85-113, 6 figs.

1912] Wheeler—Ants of the Genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael 173

melliger, but such a physiological caste is still unknown in the sub-
species orbiceps, mendax, mimicus and semirufus and in M. lugu-
bris and yuma. All of these seem to be eminently predatory and
insectivorous. The repletes of the typical M. mexicanus and its
subspecies mojave have been studied by Leonard, and it is highly
probable that the subspecies navajo presents very similar condi-
tions.

I append a table for the identification of the workers of all the
known species, subspecies and varieties of Myrmecocystus with
some geographical and ethological notes and with descriptions of
the new forms.

Table of Myrmecocystus.

1. Mandibles 9-toothed; eyes larger; head and thorax and usually also the gaster

ay CLO Wamertice etfs Ser caye & rar cit sn Ie eed cit tect Sato SOE oan 2
Mandibles 7-toothed; eyes usually smaller; color always darker, head and
thorax rediormmore.or lessnntuscatedss 4-445 see eee eae een eee 5

2 llarcedorms averaging more than o mM) ese. se fee ae ose ee 3
Small forms; averaging less: than Smm.-<.nss45.- 4. os asses soeee eee oe 4

3. Head and thorax sordid yellow, gaster brown or blackish. . mevicanus Wesmael.
Head, thorax and gaster pure yellow. ...mexicanus var. horti-deorum MacCook.

4. Head narrow; pronotum longer than broad; base of epinotum very convex; erect
hairs only on anterior surfaces of antennal scapes. .mexicanus navajo Wheeler.
Head broader; pronotum as broad as long; base of epinotum less convex; whole

of antennal scapes with erect hairs............ mexicanus mojave Wheeler.

5. Large forms, averaging more than 4 mm.; stature very variable........... 6
Small forms, averaging less than 4 mm.; stature more constant.......... 13

6. Gaster opaque or subopaque, densely pubescent; length 7-9 mm........... if

Gaster shining, with shorter and more dilute pubescence; length 4-6 mm. .10
7. Hairs and pubescence grayish, the latter short, not silvery; length 8-9 mm.
ee emer es eer oaeae Wao arteeus bras Meee eas sexe melliger Forel.

Hairs and pubescence silvery, the latter longer; length 7-8 mm........... 8
8. Head of largest workers large, orbicular............ melliger orbiceps Wheeler.
Head of largest workers smaller, rectangular..........................00 9

9. Erect hairs shorter and less abundant, obtuse or subobtuse

BR aOR CIS ER Cr CTE Ae ERR ESOT NARS Chacha er melliger mendax Wheeler.
Erect hairs longer, more abundant, pointed

ce tt eee eS ey, melliger mendax var. comatus Wheeler.
10. Erect hairs nearly or quite lacking on antennal
SCADES EA siaes Sts od 5 cane RAMON STIRS Re ae melliger mimicus var. depilis Forel.

174 Psyche [December

11. Head, thorax, petiole, antennze and legs uniformly deep brownish

TEC, Pcerncieetgnteae toe RACE NG eee melliger mimicus Wheeler.
Thorax and posterior portion of head usually very dark red
oriblack 5458 cre ae ave oie aoa lense eames ERO Ie ee 12

12. Petiole very blunt and rounded above, scarcely compressed anteroposter-
iorly; color of head and thorax variable. . melliger mimicus var. jesuita Wheeler.
Petiole somewhat more compressed anteroposteriorly; pilosity more abundant;
thorax, gaster and posterior portion of head black
melliger lomaénsis subsp. nov.

13. At least the whole head and thorax light yellowish red................... 14
Head\and thoraxdargely black or darkibrowntess +2. ee eer roe ee 15
14. Gaster brown, blackish or piceous................ melliger semirufus Emery.

Gaster red, like the head and thorax. . . melliger semirufus var. testaceus Emery.

15. Head, thorax and gaster black; head much longer than broad; gula flat

orslightly, conca verte ae ae eee oe ee lugubris Wheeler.
Most of the body dark brown; head but little longer than broad,
pula ‘CONVEXS e2 ro. otaei etree earch elspa ee ater oie eer 16

16. Pubescence very short; thorax, gaster and much of the head dark brown;
mandibles and anterior border of clypeus and cheeks yellow. .ywma sp. nov.
Pubescence longer and more silvery; yellow of head extending further
posteriorly rvs tele toe ctsteietsl ole sslel sas ei aiere slere yuma var. flaviceps var. nov.

Myrmecocystus melliger Forel.

Very few United States localities for this ant are cited in my
former paper. I have since obtained specimens from the following
places:

Texas: Laredo (C. E. Hood); Hondo and Catulla (J. D.
Mitchell); Kenedy (G. P. Goll).

Avizona: Huachuca Mts. (C. R. Biederman).

New Mexico: Rito de los Frijoles (T. D. A. Cockerell); Santa
Fei@h.G: Pratt):

The specimens from Kenedy, Texas, comprise two ordinary
workers, a replete, a male and a winged female. I describe the
female and male, because they have not been seen heretofore.

Female. Length 12 mm.

Body stout and broad. Head subrectangular, excluding the mandibles a little
broader than long, a little narrower in front than behind, with feebly convex lateral
and posterior borders. Eyes but little larger than in the worker major. Thorax
considerably broader than the head. Petiole low, more compressed anteroposte-
riorly than in the worker, its upper border blunt and feebly impressed in the middle.
Gaster larger, elliptical, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally.

1912] Wheeler—Ants of the Genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael 175

Sculpture and pilosity as in the worker major, except that the upper surface of
the head is less shining.

Head and lower portions of mesopleurz and pronotum yellowish red; mandibles,
antennz and legs darker red; remainder of body dark brown. Mandibular teeth
black. Wings tinged with yellowish; veins dark brown, stigma paler.

Male. Length 6.5 mm.

Head, excluding the eyes, longer than broad, with very convex eyes and long,
slightly concave cheeks. Mandibles with an apical and a rather large, blunt basal
tooth. Antennz slender. Thorax robust. Petiole much compressed anteropos-
teriorly. Gaster narrow. Wings with well-developed discoidal cell.

Body somewhat more shining than in the worker. Erect hairs whitish, as abun-
dant on the body, scapes and legs as in the worker; pubescence shorter and sparser.

Black; mandibles, anterior border of clypeus and genitalia reddish yellow;
thoracic sutures, antennz and legs brown. Wings whitish hyaline, with pale
brown veins and stigma.

M. melliger orbiceps Wheeler.

Texas: Victoria (J. D. Mitchell).
Arizona: Miller and Garden Canyons, Huachuca Mts. (Wheeler)

M. melliger lomaénsis subsp. nov.

Worker. Length 4.5-5.5 mm.

Differing in the shape of the petiole and in color from the worker of the typical
form. The petiole is more wedge-shaped and compressed at the superior border.
Black; mandibles, cheeks, clypeus, antennze and legs deep red. Body, and es-
pecially the head shining; pilosity and pubescence white, shorter and more dilute
than in the typical form and resembling the conditions in mimicus.

Replete. Length 9-10 mm.
Color, especially of the head and thorax, paler and more reddish throughout;
in other respects, except for the distention of the gaster, like the ordinary worker.

Female. Length 8.5-9 mm. Wings 12 mm.

Head with straight and less convex sides than in the female melliger, as long as
broad. Eyes more convex. Petiole cuneate in profile, with flat anterior and pos-
terior surfaces and rather sharp superior border, which is distinctly emarginate
in the middle.

Sculpture, pilosity and pubescence as in the worker.

Black; gula, corners of clypeus and mandibles, except the teeth, antennal
scapes and legs dark reddish brown; median funicular joints sometimes paler and
more yellowish. Wings whitish hyaline; veins and stigma pale yellow; first
longitudinal vein blackish.

Described from six workers, three repletes and two females
taken by Mr. Perey Leonard on Point Loma, near San Diego, Cal-
ifornia.

176 Psyche [December

This subspecies is closely related to the subspecies mimicus,
but the petiole of the worker is more compressed anteroposter-
iorly and less blunt at the margin, and the color, especially of
the head, is much darker in both worker and female. The wings
of the female are fully 1 mm. longer, the erect hairs are sparser
and more delicate, and the pubescence of both worker and female
is more dilute.

Leonard says that this ant “is strictly diurnal in its habits and
has been seen feeding upon the white flowers of Mesembryanthemum
equilaterale.”

M. melliger mimicus Wheeler.

I have taken specimens of this widely distributed desert ant at
Benson, Arizona, and have received a series of workers, males and
females from Kennedy, New Mexico (W. D. Hunter) and several
workers from Riverside and Whittier, California (K. J. Quayle).

M. melliger semirufus Emery.

This small, light-colored form is common in sandy spots in the
desert about Yuma, Arizona. It has also been taken by Mr. P.
Leonard at Point Loma, Cala. The specimens from the latter
locality have the head and thorax somewhat darker than the
Arizona specimens and the gaster reddish at the base, so that
they are transitional to the var. testaceus Emery.

M. lugubris Wheeler.

This species bears a striking resemblance to certain Formicas
of the subgenus Proformica, notably to P. emme recently dis-
covered by Forel in the deserts of Algiers. The structure of the
maxillary palpi and the shallower mesoépinotal constriction
alone indicate that the Arizona species is a Myrmecocystus. 'To
my description (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. XVII, 1909, p. 98) I
would add that the gula is flattened or slightly concave when
seen in profile.

M. yuma sp. nov.

Worker. Length 2.5-3.5 mm.
Allied to lugubris; monomorphic. Head only slightly longer than broad, convex
above and below, distinctly broader behind than in front, with broadly rounded

1912] Wheeler—Ants of the Genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael 177

lateral and posterior borders. Eyes very convex, fully half as long as the cheeks.
Ocelli minute. Mandibles 7-toothed, with the apical tooth longest and curved.
Clypeus convex but not carinate in the middle, flattened and depressed on the
sides. Frontal area distinct. Antennze moderately slender, scapes extending
about 2/5 their length beyond the posterior border of the head. Thorax much
as in the other species of the genus; pronotum as broad as long; mesoépinotal
constriction shallow; epinotum with subequal base and declivity, bluntly angular.
Petiole half as broad as the epinotum, cuneate in profile, inclined forward, com-
pressed anteroposteriorly, with flattened posterior and feebly convex anterior
surface and blunt border, which, seen from behind, is straight and entire. Gaster
and legs of the usual conformation.

Mandibles subopaque, densely and finely striated. Clypeus and head very
smooth and shining. Thorax and gaster more opaque, especially on the dorsal
surface, finely shagreened.

Hairs and pubescence white, the former short, erect, absent or very sparse on
the scapes, moderately abundant on the head, somewhat sparser on the thorax and
gaster, short, sparse and reclinate on the tibize. Pubescence short and delicate,
moderately abundant on the head, thorax, gaster and appendages.

Dark brown; anterior half of head, antenne, palpi and legs paler; mandibles,
anterior border of clypeus and cheeks, tibiz and tarsi yellowish or pale brown.

Mandibular teeth black.

Described from numerous workers taken from several colonies
at Yuma, Arizona.

This species differs from lugubris in the shape of the head and
petiole, from the various forms of melliger in its much smaller
size and in the inclination and shape of its petiole.

M. yuma inhabits small crater nests, 3-4 inches in diameter,
in the pebbly desert. . The nest entrance is small, often less than
44 in. in diameter and often surrounded by small twigs and
dead leaves. The numerous remains of small insects, frequently
seen around the edges of the craters, show that this ant is pred-
atory in its habits. The colonies are quite populous so that they
cannot be regarded as incipient colonies of any of the subspecies
or varieties of M. melliger. At first sight M. yuma may be readily
mistaken for the small desert form of Dorymyrmex pyramicus
Roger var. niger Pergande.

M. yuma var. flaviceps var. nov.

Worker. Length 2.5-3.5 mm.

Differing from the typical form in color and pubescence and in having the head
more rectangular and broader in front. The brown coloration of the body and
appendages is paler and the yellow color on the head extends back over the gula

178 Psyche ]December

and cheeks and often also over the clypeus and front. Palpi yellow. The white
pubescence, especially on the thorax, gaster and posterior portion of the head is
much longer and more silvery. The anterior surfaces of the antennal scapes have
a row of erect hairs.

Described from numerous workers taken from several colonies
at Yuma, Arizona, in the same localities as the preceding.

The craters of this variety are larger than those of the typical
yuma, measuring 6-8 in. in diameter, with entrances nearly 4
in. across. ‘These nests are also more populous. The precise
relations of this variety to ywma and to the smaller forms of
melliger (semirufus and testaceus) cannot be determined till the
sexual phases have been discovered. Perhaps flaviceps will then
have to rank as an independent species.

M. mexicanus Wesmael.

Until recently the typical form of this species was not known
to occur within the United States. During August 1910 it was
discovered in the desert about Hereford in Southern Arizona by
Mr. W. M. Mann. Early in November of the same year I found
it in the same locality, and Mr. P. Leonard simultaneously found
it on Point Loma, near San Diego, California. So far as known,
therefore, it is confined to Mexico and the extreme southern
boundary of the United States. It is a less handsome form than
the variety horti-deorum, as the yellow of the head and thorax
and the brown of the gaster have a dirty grayish tint. Besides
these differences in coloration I can detect no others of impor-
tance between the two forms.

The nests of mexicanus at Hereford are not abundant. They
resemble those of the variety horti-deorum but are in adobe soil,
so hard that I was unable to excavate it to a depth sufficient to
expose the honey chambers. Mr. Leonard was more successful
at Pomt Loma. He gives an interesting account of the nests and
of the habits of this ant and its repletes (loc. cit.).

M. mexicanus var. horti-deorum McCook.

The range of this variety, which was formerly known to occur
only in Colorado and New Mexico, has been considerably extended
of late. The locality “California” given in my paper (loc. cit.

1912] Wheeler—Ants of the Genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael 179

p. 359) on MacCook’s authority, probably refers to the subspecies
mojave (vide infra). During November 1910 I found a single colony
of horti-deorum in Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, at an
altitude of about 5,600 ft., and Mr. A. O. Garrett has taken it at
Garfield, Utah, near the southern end of Great Salt Lake. This
is the most northern point at which any of our Myrmecocysti have
been taken.
M. mexicanus navajo Wheeler.

The types of this subspecies which is easily distinguished by its
small size, the much greater convexity of the base of the epinotum
and the erect hairs only on the anterior surfaces of the antennal
scapes, are from Albuquerque, New Mexico. I have recently
received a number of workers, which agree in all respects with the
types, from Kennedy in the same state (W. D. Hunter).

M. mexicanus mojave Wheeler.

The discovery of the males and females by Mr. P. Leonard at
Point Loma, Cala., shows that this subspecies is very clearly
marked. It was found some years ago at Pasadena, Cala., by
Mrs. Elizabeth Grinnell, who kindly permits me to publish a
photograph which she took of a number of living repletes (Fig. 1).
Winged females have been taken by Mr. C. F. Baker at Claremont,
Cala., and during December, 1910, I found numerous colonies
containing workers and males, on the grounds of Pomona College
in the same locality. As my original account of the worker is
very brief I give a somewhat more explicit description in connec-
tion with that of the other unpublished phases.

Worker. Length 4.5-5 mm.

Head only slightly longer than broad, subrectangular, but little narrower in
front than behind, with rather straight sides. Mandibles short and rather convex.
Eyes large and convex, more than half as long as the cheeks. Mesonotum and
neck of pronotum distinctly shorter than in the other forms of mexicanus, the
pronotum being as broad as long. Base of epinotum more convex than in mexicanus
and horti-deorum but less convex than in navajo. Border of petiole somewhat less
blunt than in the other forms, its border sometimes impressed or feebly excised in
the middle.

Body a little more opaque and pubescence and pilosity somewhat more abundant
than in horti-deorum; coloration, especially of the gaster, more sordid or brownish
yellow. In some specimens the gaster is uniformly brown. Head reddish behind;
antennz, palpi and legs pale or whitish yellow.

180 Psyche [December

Replete. Length 7-10 mm.

Like the ordinary worker, except in the great distention of the gaster and the
more brownish tint of the posterior portion of the head, thoracic dorsum and
gastric sclerites.

Fig. 1. Repletes of Myrmecocystus mericanus mojave Wheeler. (From a photo-
graph by Mrs. Elizabeth Grinnell).

Female. Length 8-10 mm. Wings 12 mm.

Differing from the female of horti-deorum in the following characters: cheeks
somewhat more, eyes somewhat less convex. Petiole much more compressed
anteroposteriorly, with a sharper and much more deeply excised border. Body
dark brown; thorax and posterior portion of head nearly black; anterior half of
head, venter and thoracic sutures paler and more reddish; mandibles, except the
teeth, antennze and legs yellow or pale brown. Stigma and veins of wings dark
brown. Erect hairs on the body and appendages somewhat more abundant
than in horti-deorum.

Male. Length 4-5 mm.

Differing from the male of horti-deorum in having the head broader, the man-
dibles shorter, with broader blades, and the head, thorax and gaster dark brown
or blackish, with the mandibles, antennal scapes, legs and genitalia somewhat
paler, the funiculi and tarsi yellowish. The erect hairs on the body are distinctly
longer, coarser and more abundant.

1912] Johnson—The Genus Hematopota 181

At Claremont, Cala., where I hurriedly examined some 20 nests
of this ant, I found the craters to vary from 4-8 inches in diameter,
with a central opening 4—-} of an inch across. They were
in dry, hard soil, often along roads or paths in situations where
there was considerable vegetation, either chaparral, live-oaks
(Quercus agrifolia) or scrub-oaks (Q. dumosa). In such localities
the ants probably obtain their supply of nectar from the galls
or from coccids and aphids on the oaks or other components of the
chaparral. Mr. Leonard has given a more extensive account of
the habits of mojave at Point Loma. He found that it is nocturnal
like horti-deorum and that it visits aphids on carnations and roses,
and the nectaries of the pepper tree (Schinus molle), rattle-snake
weed (Euphorbia setiloba), honey plant (Echium simplex) and
Ceanothus cuneatus. The last is a well-known element of the
Californian chaparral.

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE
GENUS HA MATOPOTA.

By CuHarues W. JoHNSON.

In the Eastern United States the species of this genus are com-
paratively scarce, and in all my collecting I have taken only two
specimens. Under such circumstances it is often very difficult
positively to determine an inadequately described species of the
older authors: thus the only species collected in this region was
naturally referred to H. punctulata Macq., described from Caro-
lina. In preparing recently a faunal paper on the diptera of
Florida, my attention was called to four specimens collected by
Mrs. Annie T. Slosson, which were very different from Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey specimens which I had referred to Mac-
quart’s species. A careful study shows that the Florida specimens
are undoubtedly the true H. punctulata, while the more Northern
specimens represent a new species. The species may be tabulated
as follows:
ee Antennseventirelyablacks practise sein cvcieeeont cl eholeiouss ave cesions cineca aie cite ieee 2.

Antennz with the third joint (except the annuli) red. Front with two sub-

quadrate black spots. Apical band of the wing broad and distinct from the
anterior tothe posterlommanrgiMere reece. oleate: rara sp. noy.

182 Psyche [December

2. Front tibiz strongly dilated; wings brownish black, very finely flecked with
white, apical band broad, slightly curved and reaching the posterior margin
ofthe wang: ea ..42.9 5. yeces ite ae ouns iaiade De pueret Meee eet eae punctulata Macq.

Front tibiz scarcely dilated; wings grayish with small, irregular flecks of white,
apical band narrow, angulate and not reaching the posterior margin of the

i americana O. 8.

Hematopota rara sp. nov.

Female. Face whitish pollinose, thickly punctated with black, the upper punc-
tures fusing into an irregular spot near the base of the antennz; lower half of the
front shining black, slightly rugose and raised along the upper margin; the upper
portion of the front grayish pollinose, with two subquadrate, velvety black spots
on each side narrowly separated from the shining portion; a minute central spot
also present on the upper part of the front; antenne black, the first jomt consid-
erably thickened, shiny, slightly pruinose on the inner side near the base, third
joint reddish, base yellow, annuli black; palpi light yellow. Thorax grayish
black, with three pollinose stripes; humeri, a spot above the base of the wing, and
the post-alar callosities, brown; pleurze and scutellum grayish pollinose. Abdo-
men grayish black, with whitish pollinose posterior margins and spots on the seg-
ments similar to those of H. americana. Femora and coxe black, grayish pollinose;
anterior tibiz black, basal fourth white; middle and posterior tibiz with three black
and two white bands unequal in width, the middle black band being about double
the width of the others; tarsi black, base of the middle and posterior tarsi white.
Stalks of the halteres white, knobs brown. Wings grayish black, with numerous
white dots, some of which form ocellar spots, with the cross veins forming the
center of the spots; the white apical band broad and extending from the end of
the second to the posterior branch of the third longitudinal vein; stigma brown.

Length, 7 mm.

One specimen collected by the author at Folsom, Delaware
County, Pa., June 12, 1894.

Hematopota punctulata Macquart.

H. punctulata Macq., Dipt. Exot., I, 1, p. 163, 1838.
As the description of this species is brief and not accessible to

many I will redescribe the species more fully:

Female. Face whitish pollinose punctated with black, the upper punctures fusing
and forming an irregular transverse stripe extending from the base of the antennz;
lower part of the front shining black, upper portion of the front and vertex black,
grayish pollinose, the former with two subtriangular, velvety black spots, very
narrowly connected with the shining black area at the lower angle; a minute black
spot above at the lower end of an obsolete vertical vitta. Thorax dull black with
three very narrow grayish stripes; humeri and sternum grayish pollinose. Abdo-
men dull black, with grayish posterior margin and two obsolete spots near the

1912] Book Notices 183

sides of each segment. Legs black, the tibiee strongly dilated in comparison with
other species, anterior tibize with one, and the middle and posterior tibize with
two narrow bands of white; basal half of the middle posterior tarsi white. Halteres
with stalk white and knobs black. Wings a uniform brownish black, finely flecked
with white, those toward the base forming narrow crescent shaped markings;
apical band prominent and extending from the end of the second to the end of the
posterior branch of the third longitudinal vein; the outer end of all the posterior
cells margined with white. Length, 6 mm.

Jacksonville, Fla., (Mrs. Slosson); Crescent City, June,
(Hubbard), U.S. Nat. Museum. This species was referred doubt-
fully to Hematopota americana in my first list of Florida Dijeteva,
(1895).

I am indebted to the kindness of Mrs. Slosson and Mr. Frederick
Knab for the loan of specimens.

BOOK NOTICE.

Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der siidamerikanischen Dipterenfauna. Fam. Asilidae.
By Professor Dr. F. Hermann. (Abh. der Kaiserl. Leop.—Carol. Deutschen
Akad. der Naturforscher XCVI, Nr. 1, pp. 1-275, Tab. 1-5, and with 87 fig.
in text, 1912, Halle).

The present work on the Asilidee of South America covers only
the subfamily Laphriinz, and is largely based on the collection
made in Chili, Peru and Bolivia in 1902-1904 by the late W.
Schnuse.

The author has worked up this material in a very thorough and
comprehensive manner, and his work forms a valuable contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the Diptera of that region. The work
has also considerable bearing on the North American species.
The author considers many of the recognized species of Atomosia
to be only varieties of A. rufipes Macq., placing in this category
A. sayw Johns., mucida O.S., soror Bigot, punctifera Herm., and
eupoda Bigot. The author also calls attention to the fact that the
true types of the genus Dasyllis, (D. hemorrhoa and. croceiventris
Wied.) are very different from the North American species com-
monly referred to this genus, such as D. grossa, etc. Twenty-one
new genera and sixty-one new species are described.

C. W. J.

184 Psyche [December

AN ORPHAN COLONY OF POLISTES PALLIPES LEPEL.
By C. H. Turner,
Sumner High School, St. Louis, Mo.

It was the seventh of August, 1912. Beneath the eaves of a
small, well painted railroad shed in the suburbs of St. Louis, a
small nest of Polistes pallipes Lepel. was hanging. There were
nine capped cells containing pups and fifteen open cells contain-
ing larvee in all stages of development, from recently laid eggs
to forms almost ready to enter the pupal stage; but the only
adult inhabitant was the female wasp (the “widow-mother”’ or
“queen’’) that founded the colony. This paper nest was trans-
ported several miles to my in-door insectary and suspended from
a shelf. The “widow-mother”’ was left behind.

On the morning of the fifteenth of August four wasps were
resting on the nest; evidently they had emerged over night. As
I approached, they elevated the front portions of their bodies and
waved their antennz. I offered them some honey on the end of a
short glass rod. They ate it immediately, even reaching out to
secure it. I then offered them some honey on a steel spatula and
they ate that. Placing some honey on the tip of my index finger,
I presented it to them. After a moment’s hesitation they cau-
tiously sipped the honey. Normally the “‘widow-mother”’ of the
colony would have fed these newly emerged wasps with food held
between her jaws. Apparently these wasps possess an instinctive
tendency to sip food from any small object that happens to be
near.

The next morning, August sixteenth, when I approached the
nest with a spatula of honey, the wasps hung down by their hind
legs to sip it. One, in her eagerness, stretched so far out that she
lost her balance and fell to the shelf below. Most of these wasps
seemed to be eating for the gratification of self; one, however,
acted differently. After sipping the honey she walked about the
nest, entering cell after cell. She was feeding the larvee on honey.
The heads of the larger larvee reached so near to the rims of the
cells that I could see the nurse as she placed the drop of liquid
to their mouths.

=

1912] Turner—An Orphan Colony of Polistes Pallipes Lepel 185

All of the four wasps that were on the nest emerged after I had
left the insectary in the afternoons. On the morning of the six-
teenth I arrived at the insectary at a quarter past seven. One
immature wasp had partly emerged from its cell and seemed to
be resting. Its head, its first pair of legs and its prothorax were
protruding from the cell.~ After I had fed the wasps in the manner
mentioned in the above paragraph, the remainder of the time was
devoted to watching the emerging wasp. By slowly wriggling,
it succeeded in freeing the second pair of legs, the mesothorax,
the wing pads, and a portion of the metathorax. These wing
pads were slender and sub-conical and did not reach quite to the
beginning of the abdomen. By the time this much had been
accomplished it was twenty-seven minutes after seven. From
this time on, the behavior of the emerging insect consisted of va-
rious combinations of the following movements: squirming from
side to side through angles varying from forty-five to ninety de-
grees, flexing the body forward and straightening it upwards, and
bending the body to the right or to the left. Usually the antennze
were waving. Most of the time the forelegs were folded across
the prosternum, occasionally they were flexed or straightened;
but they took no part in either shoving or pulling. The second
pair of legs were frequently pulling or pushing in an effort to
help free the body. From twenty-five minutes after seven in the
morning to half past three in the afternoon—nine tedious hours
—this emerging wasp was watched continuously. At the last
mentioned hour fatigue and other duties made it necessary for
me to leave for the day. At seven o’clock the next morning this
wasp was dead; but another wasp had emerged from a neigh-
boring cell. While the wasp that died in an effort to emerge was
making strenuous efforts to escape from its cell, the wasps of the
nest frequently approached it; but none attempted to assist it.

On the eighteenth it was one o’clock in the afternoon when I
visited the insectary. In the meanwhile two more wasps had
emerged from their cells and two of the largest larvee had woven
their cocoons, thus capping their cells. These larvee fasted from
the seventh of August to the fifteenth, and from that time to the
eighteenth the only food they received was honey; yet the caps
they wove for their cells were as perfect as those on the other cells.
Being acquainted with Margaret Morley’s experience with orphan

186 Psyche [December

wasp larve I was entirely unprepared for this outcome. Miss
Morley ! fed her larvee on maple syrup and raw egg. The larval
period was prolonged for at least two weeks and the caps spun
by the larvee were thin and transparent. The caps spun by the
larvee observed by me were as opaque as the ordinary caps.

At five minutes to two, on that same afternoon, a wasp was
detected sipping honey from a Minot watch-glass. After making
a flight of orientation she flew towards the nest, which was only
ten feet away. Bethe believes that bees are led home by an
unknown force which acts reflexly. Had he been present that
afternoon he would have obtained material for much thought.
. That nest was on the under side of the uppermost shelf of a bank
of five. The space between each shelf and the next was one foot.
For descriptive purposes let us call the spaces above the shelves
A; B.C, D‘and E respectively. The nest was in space D. The
wasp flew into space B; then, after searching around, flew out
and entered space C, where it searched about for a minute or two.
From there it went to space D. Although the nest was in that
space the wasp failed to find it and left it and flew into space E.
After searching there a short time it returned to D and succeeded
in finding the nest. After feeding the young and making a flight
of orientation the wasp revisited the bottle of honey. From the
honey it flew, in practically a straight line, to the nest. Although
this behaviour does not harmonize with Bethe’s hypothesis, yet
it is in perfect accord with the theory that memory of the en-
vironment assists hymenopterous insects to find the way home.

Up to the nineteenth of August not one of the wasps had been
outside of the insectary. At all times they were well supplied
with honey; but no substitute was made for the usual insect diet.
At half past two on that day I noticed a wasp biting at the cap
of one of the pupal cells. Soon a second and then a third wasp
began to bite at the cap. Bit by bit the cap was picked away.
As the hole became larger and larger all of the wasps on the nest
began to move about in an excited manner. In an hour the hole
was about as large as the cross section of the cell. The activity
of the wasps was now increased. They seemed to vie with each
other for a chance to bite at the neck of the partly exposed pupa.

1 Morley, Margaret. Waspsand Their Ways. 1900, pp. 177-180.

1912} Turner—An Orphan Colony of Polistes Pallipes Lepel 187

Soon they had severed its head from the body and had begun to
feed upon the contents of its thorax. They had become cannibals!
Apparently the lack of food rich in protein was the cause.!
Fearing that all of the pup might share the fate of this one,
I decided to supply food containing proteids in greater abundance.
In my garden I captured some small caterpillars of the cabbage
butterfly (Pieris rape). Ipicked up one that was about one inch
long and offered it to the wasps. One of the wasps seized it with
her first pair of legs. Without stinging or making any attempt to
do so, she proceeded at once to chew the posterior end of the
larva. According to Margaret Morley,? Belt remarks: “A speci-
men of Polistes carnifex was hunting for caterpillars in my garden.
I found one about an inch long and held it out towards it on the
point of a stick. It seized it immediately, and commenced biting
it from head to tail, soon reducing the soft body to a mass of
pulp. It rolled up about half of it into a ball and prepared to
carry it off.’ The behavior of Polistes pallipses Lepel. was un-
like this. The wasp did not bite the larve from tail to head;
but, holding the caterpillar with her fore feet, she rotated it on its
longitudinal axis and gradually elevated it while she malaxated
the posterior end of the squirming insect until her jaws con-
tained a large ball of pulpy matter. She then dropped the rest
of the caterpillar and flew to her nest where she fed the larvee in
the uncapped cells. She would place the juicy mass aganst the
mouth of a larva and then remove it, always leaving a portion
of it clinging to the mouth of the young wasp. Although several
of the wasps accepted the caterpillars offered, only one seemed to
take any part in feeding the young. A few of the wasps refused
to accept the caterpillars that I presented to them; but they
accepted such food from the jaws of other wasps. One even
stole food out of the mouth of one of the larvee. From now on
these wasps were daily supplied with insect food, and they always
treated the caterpillars in the manner described above. An

1 Margaret Morley, in her book on ‘‘ Wasps and Their Ways,”’ describes a case of cannibalism,
Speaking of a nest of wasps that she had captured she says: ‘‘It was necessary to keep the
nest shut up in a box for several days, and in that time the confined wasps, perhaps becoming
crazed with adversity, so far forgot themselves as to pull the larve out of the cells and suck
their juices.’’ There were numerous larve in the nest I studied; but the wasps passed them
by and laboriously uncapped a cell and fed upon a pupa.

2 Op. cit., pp. 184, 185.

188 Psuche [December

opening was left above the door, with the hope that the wasps
would learn to go afield and capture their own prey.

At half past five in the afternoon, when I left the insectary for
the day, all of the wasps were resting quietly or else cleaning their
antenne. At a quarter to six next morning, when I returned to
the insectary, I discovered that the wasps had eaten out all of
the contents of the thorax of the pupa and had thrown the body
to the shelf below. The contents of the abdomen had not been
touched.

From this date to the twenty-eighth of August the wasps were
daily fed on caterpillars of the cabbage butterfly or on other
lepidopterous larvee. Certain wasps would accept the larve and,
after malaxating them in the manner described above, feed
the wasp larve and even the adults. Other wasps would not
take the caterpillars. It may be that these latter wasps acted as
guardians of the nest. If so they were not very efficient. The
rearing on the hind legs, the darting forward and backward, the
waving of the antenne and the moving of the wings, although
they may be defensive movements, certainly are not formidable.
I placed some caterpillar larvee on the top of the nest. The wasp
that had been functioning as nurse captured one of them; but the
other wasps on the nest made no attempt to either bite or sting
them. Indeed, the only stinging done during the time these
Wasps were under observation was when I was attempting to
induce them to feed upon the larvee of the squash bug (Anasa
tristis). Grasping a bug in a pair of small forceps, I offered it to
a wasp. She darted at the bug and, with her mandibles, dashed
it to the shelf below. I presented it to her four times in succes-
sion. Each time she behaved as above. The fifth time the
squash bug was presented, the wasp darted at the forceps and
struck out with her sting, which slipped along the forceps and
stuck in my finger. The wasp fell to the shelf below and then
returned to the nest. A few minutes later I offered her a cabbage
butterfly caterpillar, to which she responded in the usual manner.
Although regularly supplied with caterpillars, yet these wasps
would occasionally feed their young upon honey collected from
a watch glass.

At five minutes to five on the afternoon of August the twenty-
eighth a wasp found the crack above the door and passed through

1912] Turner—An Orphan Colony of Polistes Pallipes Lepel 189

to the outside. A few moments later I found her hovering before
the insectary, with her face towards the building, repeatedly
ascending and descending and moving now to the right and now
to the left in irregular curves; she seemed to be inspecting the
front wall of the shed. Shortly the wasp flew into my neighbor’s
yard and I reéntered the insectary to await developments. Twenty
minutes later she returned with a ball of malaxated food in her
jaws and proceeded to feed the wasps on the nest and to enter,
one by one, the uncapped cells. Once these cells contained living
wasp larvee; but now they were either empty or occupied by the
dried remains of the dead. A few days ago the last large larva had
woven its cocoon and the last of the small ones had died. For
several days this wasp continued to hunt and on her return always
entered the uncapped cell. Had the “‘widow-mother”’ lived, each
cell would have contained a larva or an egg, and the worker wasps
would have fed them. Following an instinctive tendency to feed
the hungry babes that normally would occupy those cells, this
wasp repeatedly entered those tenantless cells with food. It was
a pathetic sight to watch the creature repeatedly and industriously
attempting to perform an impossible instinctive function.

On the night of September the first a wasp emerged from one of
the recently capped cells. Another emerged the following night,
and in a few days wasps had emerged from all of the newly capped
cells. While in the larval stage these wasps fasted from the
seventh to the fifteenth of August. From the fifteenth to the nine-
teenth the only food they received was honey. From the nine-
teenth until the cells were capped they received the normal food
of such larvee. Yet these insects emerged in perfect form. This
result was a surprise to me. Margaret Morley! fed four larvee
of a species of Polistes (she does not state which species) on maple
sugar and raw egg. One of them died before weaving its cocoon;
three wove cocoons that were thin and transparent, but none
emerged from the cocoons. Of the three that constructed cocoons,
one fell out and died and two died in the cells without developing
their wings. Since she fed her wasps for three weeks they were
probably much younger than mine when they lost their natural
nurses.

1 Op. cit., pp. 177-181.

190 Psyche [December

No conclusive evidence of paper making by these orphan wasps
was obtained. When the nest was obtained there were several
unfinished cells. These cells were never finished. On one occa-
sion I thought I detected an addition to the rim of one of the
cells containing the large larvee; but since I had placed no mark
on the cell I could not be certain. A day later the silken cap was
placed on the cell. The upper extension of the wall of this cell
seemed to be of paper; it was not so white as the top of the cap
which was woven by the larve. To be sure that this portion was
constructed of paper, I would have been forced to remove a piece
of the wall; and I could not do that without disturbing the pupa
within.

It is the first of October; for a week it has been cool enough
for fire; this morning a slight frost is whitening the tops of the
insectary. All but three of the wasps have disappeared, and those
are resting, in a stupor, upon the top of the nest, awaiting an
inevitable death.

Summary.

1. These workers of Polistes pallipes Lepel. which had never
seen the widow-mother of the colony nor associated with any
other wasps, performed all the activities of such wasps, except
egg-laying and, possibly, paper-making.

2. The large larve that had nearly completed their larval
period of life, after fasting for eight days, feeding on honey only
for the next three days and receiving their normal diet for the
remainder of their larval life, constructed perfect cocoons and
emerged as normal imagoes. The small larvee, when submitted
to such hardships, died.

3. After being restricted to a honey diet for several days, these
wasps became cannibals. Bit by bit, they removed the cap from
a pupal cell, decapitated the inmate and ate the contents of its
thorax.

4. From the first, these wasps were so tame that they would
accept honey or insect larvee when offered to them on glass rods,
in forceps, or even upon my fingers.

5. Lepidopterous larvee captured for food are not stung.
Grasping the caterpillar with her fore feet, the wasp rotates it
on its longitudinal axis and gradually elevates it while she ma-
laxates its posterior end until her jaws are filled with a ball of
pulpy matter. The remainder of the insect is then dropped.

1912] Rosenau & Brues—Transmission of Poliomyelitis by Stomoxys 191
Y Y Y

NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE

Although the following article is written from a medical stand-
point, it deals with a matter of practical importance to economic
entomologists, and presents the first experimental data bearing
on the hypothesis ! that poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) may be
carried by Stomoxys calcitrans.

Since it appeared, Anderson and Frost? of the Public Health
and Marine-Hospital Service have reported similarly successful
results in transmitting poliomyelitis among monkeys, by repeat-
ing these same experiments with Stomoxys. They have further
been able to induce the disease in a third monkey by inoculation
with an emulsion of the spinal cord taken from a monkey that
developed the disease after being bitten by infected flies, thus
proving the diagnosis in the case of the fly-bitten monkeys. (Ed.)

SOME EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS UPON MON-
KEYS CONCERNING THE TRANSMISSION OF
POLIOMYELITIS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF
STOMOXYS CALCITRANS, A PRELIMI-

NARY NOTE.’

By M. J. Rosrenau,

Professor of Preventive Medicine aed Hygiene, Harvard Medical School,
and
CHARLES T. BRUEs,
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.
The work we are about to report was done for, and under, the
auspices of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts.

We should like to have it distinctly understood, and therefore

emphasize the fact right in the beginning, that this announcement
is to be considered as a preliminary report, for the work is still

1Brues, C. T. & P. A. E. Sheppard, The Possible Etiological Relation of Certain Biting
Insects to the Spread of Infantile Paralysis. Month. Bull. State Board of Health of Massa-
chusetts, Dec. 1911, pp. 338-340 and Journ. Econ. Entom., Vol 5, pp. 306-324 (Aug. 1912).

2 Anderson, J. H. and Frost.

3’ Reprinted from the Monthly Bulletin of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts,
Vol. 7, n. s., pp. 314-317. (September, 1912).

192 Psyche [December

in progress. Certain results have been obtained which it seems
advisable to announce at this juncture. In taking this action in
announcing work before it is completed we have not assumed the
sole responsibility, but have taken counsel with older and wiser
heads, friends for whose judgment we have the highest regard.

When we first took up the study of this disease—infantile pa-
ralysis—with the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, we con-
sidered all possible modes of transference of the virus from the
sick to the well, but gradually focussed our attention upon the
fact that the disease seemed to be spread rather directly from
person to person. In other words, the disease appeared to us at
first blush to be a “‘contagious”’ disease, but one in which mild or
abortive cases, missed cases, and third persons probably played
an important role in the transfer of the infection. We were
probably prejudiced in favor of this viewpoint on account of the
splendid work of Wickman, whose publications we studied with
care. We were further influenced to regard poliomyelitis as a
“contagious” disease owing to the views of Flexner, who com-
pared it to epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, and who regarded
that it spread in the light of a contact infection through the
secretions from the mouth and nose. The analogy to meningitis
was a very close one, and the experimental fact that the virus
could be demonstrated in the nasal mucosa of monkeys (Osgood
Lucas and others) seems to corroborate the suspicion that we are
in fact dealing with an infection spread very much as cerebro-
spinal meningitis is spread.

If these assumptions were correct, then the virus should be
demonstrable in the secretions from the nose and throat. Rosenau
Sheppard and Amoss therefore injected 18 monkeys with the nasal
and buccal secretions obtained from 18 persons who were suffering
with the disease at the time, or in the stage of convalescence, or
from persons suspected of acting as carriers. These results were
negative. At the same time Straus of New York had a series of
negative results, and other American workers were also unable to
find the virus where we assumed it should be. These negative
results seemed to us to have positive significance, and was the
first definite indication that we were upon the wrong trail.

That poliomyelitis is not a “contagious”? disease was clearly
brought out by Dr. Richardson and other observers who have

1912] Rosenau & Brues—Transmission of Poliomyelitis by Stomoxys 193

spoken this morning,' all of whom have emphasized the point
that the disease shows little or no tendency to spread in crowded
districts, in schools, in institutions, in asylums, in camps and in
other places where one would expect a disease spread by contact
through secretions of the mouth and nose to spread most readily.
We have in mind the fact that many cases of the disease have
been brought into asylums and hospitals throughout the State
of Massachusetts, in all stages of the infection; yet secondary
cases have not occurred under such circumstances. On the con-
trary the disease prevailed in Massachusetts more particularly in
rural and country districts sparsely settled.

Another reason that led us away from the theory of contacts,
and made us believe that we were not dealing with a contagious
disease in the ordinary sense of that term, was the close analogy
between rabies and poliomyelitis. All investigators in laboratories
who have worked with these two viruses have been struck with
the similarity between rabies and poliomyelitis. Both viruses are
diffused widely throughout the body, both exist in special concen-
tration in the central nervous system, both are filterable, ete.
Rabies being a wound infection made us conjecture that polio-
myelitis may also be similarly transmitted.

Our experience with yellow fever, perhaps more than anything
else, influenced us concerning the probable mode of transmission
of poliomyelitis. It had been the privilege of one of us to work
with yellow fever before and after the mosquito days, and many
analogies came to mind which made us believe that poliomyelitis
also was not a contagious disease.

All the various reasons that influenced us in turning from con-
tagion to some other mode of transference need not engage our
attention now, for the history of this part of the work has been
ably and accurately given by Dr. Richardson in the paper which
he has just read. In justice to Dr. Richardson we desire to state
that all the essential conclusions of his paper were arrived at
before he knew of the results in the laboratory with the monkeys.

The work which we now briefly desire to report consists in
exposing monkeys during all stages of the disease to the bites of
Stomoxys calcitrans. The monkeys were infected in the usual way

1 Before the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, at Washington, D. C
September 27, 1912.

194 Psyche [December

by bringing an emulsion of a known virus obtained from human
sources in direct association with the central nervous system.
After the flies had had abundant opportunity to bite these in-
fected monkeys during the various stages of the disease, including
the period of incubation, healthy monkeys were then exposed to
the bites of these same flies. Of 12 healthy monkeys indications
of the disease have been obtained in 6, 3 of them ina virulent
form, resulting in death, the other 3 with transient tremblings,
partial paralysis, diarrhoea and recovery. It is interesting to note
that several of the monkeys had diarrhoea, therein the disease
resembles the human disease more closely than when monkeys are
simply inoculated with the virus into the brain, for gastro-intestinal
upsets in children are frequently associated with infantile paralysis.

In these experiments it is important, we think, to use the proper
technic in order to obtain successful results. The flies should be
handled as little as possible, It is much better to handle the mon-
keys and leave the flies alone. In our experiment the flies were
caught in nature, some of them were bred, placed in a large cage
about 6 feet long by 5 or 6 feet wide, and some 3 or 4 feet high.
The monkeys are stretched out at full length and wrapped in
chicken wire. In this way they can be placed in the cage and the
flies have full opportunity to bite. The flies appear to need a
feed of blood about every day or two. They sometimes visit
water which is kept in the cage, but apparently cannot be in-
duced to eat any other food than the blood. At least, in our
experiments, bananas, fruits and other substances exposed ap-
parently were little visited by the flies. Furthermore, in our
experiments a very large number of flies were used.

In conclusion we desire simply to summarize the fact that we
have apparently transferred the virus of poliomyelitis from
monkey to monkey through the bite of the stable fly, Stomorys
calcitrans. We would like to emphasize the fact that this does
not appear to be simply a mechanical transference, but rather a
biological one, requiring a period of extrinsic incubation in the
intermediate host.

What conclusions can we draw from these facts? At present it
seems to us we would not be justified in drawing any conclusion
—the significance of the facts if confirmed! is self-evident.

1As previously noted (p. 191), these experiments have been confirmed by Anderson and Frost.

1912] Bartsch—“Sugaring” in the Autumn 195

“SUGARING” IN THE AUTUMN.

By Rupour C. B. Bartscu,
Roslindale, Mass.

Of the many methods employed in collecting Lepidoptera there
is none, which has been tried in this country, that has given
poorer results than the so-called “‘sugaring.”’ European collectors
come here with tales of phenomenal luck in collecting moths by
means of “sugar,” especially members of the family Noctuide.
Upon consulting Mr. William Reiff, I found that the methods of
the German entomologists vary so greatly from those recom-
mended by American authors that it seemed to me this must be
the reason for the extraordinary results. Mr. Reiff agreed to
accompany me and give this method a trial after I had explained
to him my previous unsuccessful attempts to secure anything
worth while by means of “‘sugar.”’

The first difference that I found was in the “sugar” used, and
the second in the manner of applying to the trees. Holland, for
instance, in his “Moth Book’! recommends on page 146, the fol-
lowing formula: 4 lbs. sugar, 1 bottle of stale beer and a little
rum, to be placed in a bucket and applied to the trees with a
whitewash brush. This mixture naturally gives a very thin
solution and soaks readily into the bark of the trees, and since he
recommends a whitewash brush it is supposed that he is desirous
of covering a large area quickly. The formula given me by Mr.
Reiff is as follows: 1 quart cheapest molasses, to which add about
one half a bottle of stale beer and then boil until it nearly stiffens
when dropped in cold water. Let it cool and then add about a
wine-glass full of Jamaica rum. This mixture should be prepared
some days in advance as aging seems to improve it. This “sugar”
is enough for three trips and gives, each time, enough for from
40 to 50 trees. Just before using add to the mixture necessary for
one night, 3 or 4 drops of amyl acetate. The method of applying
to the trees is as follows: take a small round brush (about 1 inch
diameter) and dip it into the sugar, then cover a space on the
bark of the tree about the size of palm of the hand, working

1 Holland, W. J., The Moth Book. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1905.

196 Psyche [December

the “sugar” well into the bark, and have it about the height of
the shoulders from the ground. The “sugar” being very thick is
not easily absorbed by the bark and trickles down very slowly.

The next and most important point is to select a proper place
to “sugar.”’ We first tried “sugaring”’ along the paths of a large
wood-lot where the large trees had been thinned out until they
were on an average about 10 feet apart. There was, however,
very heavy underbrush. The results here were so discouraging
that even Mr. Reiff was inclined to admit that “sugaring’’ in
America seemed to be more or less a failure, but he maintained
that the place was not ideal, so we hunted for a better spot.
Finally we found at Concord, Massachusetts, a large woods in
which about eight acres had been thinned out until the large
trees were about 8 to 12 feet apart and without underbrush.
This place was intersected by several well-worn paths and was
surrounded on all sides by dense forest extending for a consider-
able distance in all directions. The trees have an average diameter
of about 8 inches, and are mostly white and red oaks, with a few
pines, birches, maples and hickories scattered here and there.

On September 14th we made our first attempt at this place and
had such gratifying results that we have been “‘sugaring”’ there at
least once a week since that time. On no trip have we secured
less than fifty specimens each and on October 19th we each secured
over 200 perfect specimens of about 30 different species. At all
times we made it a point to apply the “sugar” to the trees right
after sunset and then waited until it was quite dark (about 20 to
30 minutes after sugaring last tree), before we lighted our ‘‘Bulls-
eye’ lanterns. The lantern should be held carefully so that the
rays of light shine steadily on the trees, for flitting lights and
shadows scare the insects from the sugar. Another important
point is to approach the sugar directly in front and not from one
side. As you approach the tree it is well to notice carefully just
what species are resting there, and then try to secure the new and
rare specimens first, for at times it is possible to secure only very
few of those that are sipping the sweets. Just what causes this
restlessness of the insects at times we were unable to determine.
October 12th and 19th were two almost identical days, both fairly
warm (about 55° in the evening). On the 12th a very heavy fog
-hung over the land making it difficult at times to distinguish

1912] Bartsch—“Sugaring” in the Autumn 197

objects more than 100 feet away, while on the 19th a heavy misty
rain was falling, also shutting out the landscape. On both even-
ings shortly after dark a southwest wind sprung up, clearing the
atmosphere and also bringing with it the moth of the “cotton
worm,” Alabama argillacea Hiibner, which came freely to our
“sugar. '

The moths however acted very differently on these two days.
On the 12th they rested very quietly on the “sugar” and were
not disturbed very much by our approach, so that it was possible
to take all the specimens we desired which were there. We were
fortunate enough to secure over one hundred, each of us. On the
19th, however, the moths behaved very badly, and if they had
not been ten times more numerous than previously I am afraid
we would have caught very few of them. They seemed to be
swarming about the “sugar” and on one tree I counted over fifty
specimens, but I was able to secure less than a dozen on this tree.
It was very exciting and-interesting to collect as many as ten
different species of Xylina, with a Catocala here and there, also
several Scopelosoma and many other interesting insects. Besides
the moths, we found two species of ants. (Cremastogaster sp.,
and Lasius niger var. americanus), some Ichneumonide and
Vespidee, Coleoptera (mostly Carabidee Lampyridee, also Tene-
brionidz), Orthoptera (Diapheromera femorata and Gryllus penn-
sylvanicus), Diptera and Myriapoda.

We found on all our trips that the first round of the trees yielded
about 70 per cent of our catch, the second round about 25 per cent,
and the third round only 5 per cent. Of course the second and
third rounds yielded different species from the first, showing con-
clusively that certain species feed later than others and it is
therefore advisable to make several trips in order to secure these
different late feeding species. We made a later attempt on the
26th of October after three days of heavy rainfall and found
that the moths came quite freely to the “sugar,” but only the
more common and more numerous species, showing that the rain
in all probability had killed them in large numbers or that they
were still too weak to fly.

These “sugaring’’ experiments also gave us some data as to the
length of the flying period of some of the Catocalas. We had
taken Catocala amica f. nerissa, Hy. Edw., in the middle of July

198 Psyche [December
on the trees in the daytime and found it as late as October 5th on
the “sugar.” Catocala concumbens, Walk., we found the first
week in August and as late as the 19th of October, Catocala cara,
Guen., from the middle of August to the 26th October; Catocala
relicta f. phrynia middle of August to 12th of October; Catocala
antinympha, Hiibn., the middle of July to the first week of October.
From these data we decided that the flying period is at the least
two and one-half months long.

The following is a list of the species taken which we have so far
identified:

Noctuidae.

Caradrina multifera Walker.
Oligia grata Hiibner.
Hyppa xylinoides Guenée.
Euplexia lucipara Linneus.
Actinotia ramosula Guenée.
Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenée.
Heliotropha reniformis Grote.
Prodenia ornithogalli Guenée.
SC eudiopta Guenée.
Laphyma frugiperda Abbot & Smith.
Ryhnchagrotis rufipectus Morrison.

i placida Grote.
minimalis Grote.
Adelphagrotis prasina Fabricius.
Semiphora elimata f. janualis Grote.
Agrotis badinodis Grote.

“ ypsilon Rottemburg.
Peridroma margaritosa Haworth.

4 a f. saucia Hiibner.
Noctua bicarnea Guenée.

“ e-nigum Linneeus.
plecta Linneus.
lubricanus Guenée.
Euxoa messoria Harris.

Anytus privatus Walker.

Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg.
renigera Stephens.

Heliophila unipuncta Haworth.

* albilinea Hiibner.
multilinea Walker.
Tithomoia germana Morrison.

Xylina disposita Morrison.

“

oe

“e

“e

Xylina innominata Smith.
“ laticinerea Grote.
groter Riley.
antennata Walker.
tepida Grote.
baileyi Grote.
pexata Grote.
thaxteri Grote.
petulca Grote.
capax Grote & Robinson
unimoda Lintner.
Calocampa nupera Lintner.
te curvimacula Morrison.
Jodia rufago Hiibner.
Eucirredia pampina Guenée.
Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnzeus.
Orthosia bicoloraga Guenée.
“< helva Grote.
Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote.
ss walkert Grote.
Glea inulta Grote.
“* sericea Morrison.
viatica Grote.
Epiglea pastillicans Morrison.
“< declira Grote.
Alabama argillacea Hiibner.
Eustrotia apicosa Haworth.
Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth.
Catocala insolabilis Guenée.
“ tristis Edwards.
“< relicta Walker.
a “ f. phrynia Hy. Edwards.

ee

1912] Malloch—Limosina Mirabilis Collin

Catocala cara Guenée. Euparthenos nubilis Hiibner.
ss amatrix Hiibner. Parallelia bistriaris Hiibner.
Se concumbens Walker. Homoptera lunata (edusa) Drury.
“ groteiana Bailey. Eipzeuxis americalis Guenée.

“ee

ultronia Hiibner.
tlia f. uxor Guenée.
alia f. osculata Hulst.

“oe

“ee

amica f. nerissa Hy. Edwards.
And about 30 to 40 species as yet unidentified.

Geometridae.

Hydriomena latirupta Walker.
ae ee var i

About a dozen species of the so-called micro-Lepidoptera.

lubricalis Geyer.
denticulalis Harvey.
scobialis Grote.
antinympha Hiibner. Plathypena scabra Fabricius.
** badia Grote & Robinson. Hypena humuli Harris.

199

LIMOSINA MIRABILIS COLLIN, A SPECIES OF

BORBORIDZ NEW TO THE UNITED STATES.

By J. R. Mattocy anp F. Knap,

U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

of Limosina mir-

abilis Collin, divisions sub-equal.

Amongst a miscellaneous lot of Diptera col-
lected at Veitch, Va., on June 9, 1912, there were
three specimens of an interesting Borborid.
was originally described by J. E. Collins (Ent.
Month. Mag., Vol. 13, 2d ser., p. 59, figs. 5, 6,
1902), from specimens taken by G. H. Verrall
at Newmarket, England, and recorded also from
Kirtling, England in the same paper.
markable thorn on the hind tibia present in both
sexes (see fig. 1) readily distinguishes it from

any other described species of the genus Limo-
Fig. 1. Hindleg sina. The wing has the second and third costal

It

The re-

200 Psyche [December

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CORETHRA
ALBIPES JOHANNSEN.!

By C. H. Ricnarpson, Jr.

Early in August 1912, a number of larvee of Corethra albipes
Johannsen together with those of Anopheles punctipennis Say,
Ochlerotatus sylvestris Theobald and Ablabesmyia dyari Coquillett
were collected in a small pool at Forest Hills, Mass. These were
kept in the laboratory for more than a month, observations being
made upon them from time to time, with a view to rearing the
imagoes, the male of which has not hitherto been described, as
well as to gather any facts of interest concerning the biology of
this species.

Corethra albipes was described by Johannsen? in 1903 from a
single female specimen obtained at Ithaca, N. Y., during August
1903. Since that time no additional specimens have been men-
tioned in literature, and it was therefore with considerable interest
that the species was again secured at Forest Hills.

When full grown the larva of this fly is between 9 and 12 mm.
in length, colorless, except for the large black eyes, the black
posterior eye-spot, the two pairs of silvery air-sacs, covered dor-
sally with large black spots, and the brown-tipped mandibles.
Often, too, the digestive tract is conspicuous as a brownish or
greenish tube with several enlargements and constrictions.

In general structure the larva resembles that of Corethra plumi-
cornis var. americana Johannsen® from which it differs in a num-
ber of details. There are four long bristles of equal length on the
distal end of each antenna as described for americana, and in
addition another short one slightly more than one half as long as
the others (see fig. 1). Posteriorly from the antennz, are the
filaments of the third metamere of Meinert, five on either side of
the median line; back of these the paired transparent appendages
of the third metamere of Meinert with serrated outer margins,

1Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Institution, Harvard
University, 63.

2N. Y. State Museum Bull. 68, 1903, p. 398, pl. 39, fig. 11.

3 Loc. cit. pp. 395-397, pl. 39, figs. 1-10.

1912] Richardson—Life-History of Corethra Albipes Johannsen 201

The labrum is a large papilliform organ with two groups of about
twenty stout hairs at the distal end, and a single bristle on either
side about one third the length of the labrum above the distal end.
Between the labrum and the mandibles and above the latter are
the paired fans, each composed of nine long coarse hairs. ‘There

+

Fig. 1. Antenne ot Corethra albipes Johannsen.

are from 18 to 22 such hairs on the fans of americana according to
Johannsen. The mandibles consist of a group of about four,
large, brown chitinized teeth, the last with a serrated posterior
margin; above the teeth and on the anterior surface of the man-
dibles are two spines. The maxille are fleshy lobes each with one
anterior long jointed appendage, one median short stout spine
and a smaller posterior spine. The labium possesses two short
spines of equal length.

The two pairs of air sacs are situated in the thorax and in the
seventh abdominal segment respectively as in C. plumicornis
var. americana Johannsen. Their dorsal surface is covered by
large pigmented cells with large nuclei which appear as hyaline
spots in the darker medium.

The caudal appendages are as follows: a ventral comb of
twenty long, plumose hairs; Johannsen gives twenty-five such
hairs for americana; four elongate blood-gills on the apex of the
caudal segment; above these four plumose apical hairs, the dorsal
pair longer than the ventral; about twelve short, apical hooks
situated between the ventral comb and the blood gills, each with

202 i Psyche [December

a serrated blade directed posteriorly; below the apical hooks is a
pair of large hooks, curved forward.

The food of the larva appears to consist largely of unicellular
organisms taken into the mouth without any apparent selection.
Microscopie examination of the contents of the alimentary canal
showed a quantity of such brown organisms and a smaller number
of some sort of an alga. Three Copepods were found in the pro-
ventriculus of one specimen.

The pupa does not differ from americana except in color, the
abdomen being quite colorless while the dorsum of the head and
thorax is yellowish brown and the lateral and ventral surfaces

dull white.

The transformation from the pupa to the imago took place in
the aquarium after approximately sixty bours, the adult issuing
through an irregular aperture in the dorsum of the thorax.

The following description of the male is taken from freshly

emerged specimens:

Corethra albipes Johannsen. (male)

Basal joint of antenne pale red, succeeding joints pale yellow with black bases;
antennal hairs light yellow, upper surface of proboscis and palpi fuscous; incisures
of palpal joints not lighter; cheeks yellowish white; ocellar space brown. Ventral
surface of proboscis fuscous. Thorax pale brown dorsally with three reddish
brown longitudinal stripes, the median stripe with a piceous median line and
piceous lateral borders, the lateral stripes with piceous lateral borders only; the
median stripe is produced anteriorly and abbreviated posteriorly, the lateral
stripes are abbreviated anteriorly and produced posteriorly; plure dull white with
a pale brown suffusion, spotted with piceous; scutellum pale brown with a black
median line and an irregular black spot on each lateral angle; metathorax pale
brown, peppered with darker spots. Ventral surface of thorax yellowish white.
First and last abdominal segments smallest, others nearly equal; ground color of
dorsal surface pale yellow marked with piceous, the markings being heaviest on
the anterior part of the segments; sometimes a more or less well-defined anterior
median spot and a darker anterior lateral spot on each segment. Hypopygium
consisting of two jointed hooks, dark brown in color and about as long as the last
abdominal segment. Ventral surface of abdomen with an irregular black spot on
either side of the median line. Legs pale yellow, the last three tarsal joints dark-
ened. Wings pale yellow, the veins clothed with long yellow hair; hair is also
present on the wing margins, reaching its greatest development on the posterior
margin; hair on posterior margin in two rows, one about half the length of the
other; longest row composed of very wide hairs (see fig. 2;1). Halteres white.
Length of two specimens 7 mm. and 6.5 mm.

1912] Girault—A New Melittobia from Queensland, Australia 203

The female is larger, lacks the bands on the antenne and has
less distinct markings on the abdomen. (Fig. 2;2 shows the wing
of the female.)

Fig. 2. Wings of Corethra albipes Johannsen. 1, Wing of male, enlarged 17 times;
2, Wing of female, enlarged 23 times.

A NEW MELITTOBIA FROM QUEENSLAND,
AUSTRALIA.

By A. A. Grravtr,
Nelson (Cairns), North Queensland.

Melittobia australica, nov.

Normal position.

Female:—Length, 1.1 mm.; usual in size for the genus. General
color dark brown-black, including the antennz; proximal two
thirds of abdomen lighter, greyish yellow; legs yellow, the coxee
and femora washed with dilute dusky; venation grayish; fore

204 Psyche [December

wings lightly, uniformly, fumated throughout, the posterior wings
hyaline. Eyes dark red. Distal tarsal joint not darker than the
rest of the tarsus. Fore and posterior wings densely, uniformly
ciliate in the disk, the marginal cilia of the fore wings short,
those of the posterior wings nearly twice longer yet the longest
here (middle of caudal margin) are not longer than a fourth of the
blade’s greatest width (across apex of the venation); they are
moderately short. The fore wings are about two and a quarter
times longer than wide. Stigmal vein distinct; postmarginal vein
absent; other veins normal. The posterior wings bear about
twelve lines of discal ciliation across its widest part. Two dis-
tinct parallel lines of discal cilia in the fore wing run along the
caudal margin opposite the venation, while beneath the slender
portion of the submarginal vein are two short lines of minute
cilia, one on each side of the base of the cephalic of the two long
lines just noted. Posterior wings broad. Distal joint of tarsi
longest of the four. Parapsidal furrows complete, long; the
keystone-shaped (cuneate) mesoscutum starred with minute white
setigerous dots, also present on the para sides but absent else-
where. Scutellum regularly rectangular, longer than wide. Ab-
domen sessile, ovipositor not exserted, long. Abdomen ovate,
clothed with paired rows of minute setae. Antennz 9-jointed
scape, pedicel, 1 ring-joint, 3-jointed funicle and 3-jointed club;
subclavate. Scape normal, slightly compressed, only moderate in
length; pedicel obconic, somewhat longer than any of the following
joints; ring-joint very short, like a lamella; funicle joints 2 and
3 subequal, slightly wider than long, 1 subquadrate, slightly
longer than wide; club cylindrical-ovate, its proximal two joints
slightly wider than long, each larger than any of the funicle
joints, more than thrice the size of the small apical joint which is
conical and terminates in a stout, spur-like seta arising from its
center. Funicle and club joints bearing, as seen from any single
aspect, several conspicuous, oblique white sulci. Vertex sparsely
pubescent.

Male:—Length 1.25 mm.; somewhat more robust than the
other sex. Entirely different in color and in certain structures.
General color light honey yellow, contrasting with the female;
only the dorsal aspect of the abdomen, the femora, the distal
tarsal joint and the antennal scape darker, nearly fuscous, the

1912] Girault—A New Melittobia from Queensland, Australia 205

antennal flagellum, however, greyish black; venation greyish
brown, the fore wings uniformly, rather lightly, fumated through-
out. Differing from the female in the following characters: the
fore wings are perfect but very small and the stigmal vein is
absent; the posterior wings are reduced in proportion. The tibial
spur is lengthened, especially on the caudal legs; the antennz are
more compact, the scape enormously enlarged, but the appendage
is 9-jointed if a ring-joint is present, which I doubt; the pedicel
is short and attached to the inner side of the scooplike portion of
the scape and is wider than long; all funicle joints wider than
long, the first short, transverse, not a third of the length of either
the second or third, which are subequal and large; club as in the
female, but it is somewhat more compact and the terminal spur
is just traceable as a nipple-like projection from the apex. Body
subhispid, the pubescence especially noticeable over the whole
abdomen and on the antennal scape; sulci on flagellum reduced
and present on the club joints only. Fore wing bearing about
eight lines of discal ciliation; its marginal cilia are short.

Described from three males and ten females received for iden-
. tificaton from Mr. Henry Tryon, Government Entomologist and
Vegetable Pathologist, Department of Agriculture and Stock,
Brisbane, mounted in balsam on two slides labelled, ‘Host,
Pison spinole (Hym.) Mt. Tambourine, 5. Queensland, Dept.
a bigs (Coen hi bem l4e%s Wl las

Types: No. Hy. 997, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, two
males, seven females on a single slide in balsam. Cotypes—One
male, three females on a single balsam slide deposited in the col-
lection of the Department of Agriculture and Stock, Brisbane.

Mr. Tryon informs me that the parasites emerged from the
host in its cocoon but not until after it had transformed into the
adult; the latter died. A number of the parasitic larvee make
their way out from each Pison and pupate nakedly.

This Melittobia, the first known from Australia, differs from
a North American species as yet not identified but which is par-
asitic on the larva of Sceliphorn cementarium, the common mud.
dauber of the United States, in a number of specific characters,
all distinct but none marked. The shape of the antennal joints
differs, the coloration and the pubescence or ciliation of the wings.
I could not discover a ring-joint in the male of the American
species either and have reason to think it is absent.

206 Psyche |December

THE MALE OF ECITON VAGANS OLIVIER.

By Wrt~t1am Morton WHEELER,

Bussey Institution, Harvard University.

Only the worker form of Eciton vagans is known, although it
was first described by Olivier as long ago as 1791 and is one of the
most abundant and conspicuous legionary ants of tropical America
from Mexico to Southern Brazil. That its female has never been
seen is not surprising, because female Ecitons are among the
rarest of insects, but it is strange that the male of such a common
insect should not have been described as one of the numerous
species of Labidus, a genus to which all male Ecitons were referred
by Latreille, Westwood and other entomologists of the first half
of the nineteenth century. The only described male, however,
that may prove to belong to E. vagans, is E. dubitatum Emery
(vide infra), but this is by no means certain.

November 29, 1911, while collecting ants at La Sabana, a suburb
of San José, Costa Rica, I came upon a small army of EF. vagans
rapidly ascending the grassy slope of a ravine. While I was
watching the rust-red workers a large chocolate brown male with
infuscated wings came marching along in the file, and a few mo-
ments later another appeared alternately flitting and walking in
the grass about a foot away from its worker companions but
moving in the same direction. There could be no doubt that
these two insects were accompanying the army and that they
belonged to the same species as the workers, because the most
careful search revealed no other Ecitons on the whole grassy
slope of several acres. Moreover, it was not the regular season
for forays of these ants, for I encountered very few species of the
genus in Panama, Costa Rica and Guatemala during November,
December and January. Only E. cecum Latr., which is a subter-
ranean species, seems not to interrupt its forays during these
months. I append a description of the two males which I captured.

1912] Wheeler—The Male of Eciton Vagans Olivier 207

Eciton vagans Olivier.

Male. Length 15-16 mm.

Head transverse, nearly twice as broad as long, very nearly as broad as the
thorax; broadly arcuate behind, its anterior border broadly and arcuately excised.
Eyes and ocelli rather small, the former less convex than in many species. Frontal
caring. very short, not carried up on the front or curving outward behind the an-
tennal insertions. Mandibles long, as long as the transverse diameter of the head,
flat, straight and with subparallel borders, except at the tip, which is curved and
pointed, with a single large, triangular tooth about 2-3 the distance from the base
to the tip. Antenne rather slender, first funicular joint not more than half as
long as the second. Thorax only moderately convex above, not overarching and
concealing the head when the insect is seen from above. Mesonotum with distinct
parapsidal and median longitudinal furrows. Scutellum and metanotum very
convex, each longitudinally impressed in the middle. Epinotum abruptly sloping,
with a blunt transverse protuberance on each side. Petiole twice as broad as long,
much narrower in front than behind, deeply concave in the middle above, with
prominent anterior and posterior angles, the latter projecting considerably. Gaster
rather short and thick. Hypopygium terminating behind in two claw-like teeth.
Hind legs long, the tips of their femora surpassing the posterior border of the
second gastric segment. Claws of tarsi not dentate as in the worker.

Mandibles, head, thorax, antennz and legs opaque, very finely and densely
punctate; mandibles, head and mesonotum also with more scattered, coarser,
piligerous punctures. Petiole and gaster shining, finely shagreened.

Hairs fulvous; long only on the posterior surfaces of the fore coxze and femora,
on the mandibles, head and anterior border of the scutellum; short, subreclinate
and denser on the mesonotum, tip of gaster, posterior corners of petiole and ventral
surfaces of m ddle coxze; absent on the pronotum and pleure. Antennal scapes,
petiole and gaster with only very short and delicate pubescence which is not suffi-
ciently dense to conceal the surface.

Mandibles, head, scapes, thorax, petiole and gaster dark chocolate brown;
funiculi, tarsi and tibize light yellowish brown; femora darker. Wings rather deeply
infuscated, with resin-brown veins and stigma.

This form agrees in many particulars with the description of
E. dubitatum Emery from Paraguay (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. XX VITI,
1896, p. 8). The shape of the mandibles is the same as is evident
from comparison with Emery’s figure, but there are numerous
differences in sculpture, pilosity and coloration. Emery believed
that his dubitatum might be the male of E. vagans Oliv. or of E.
rogert Dalla Torre, but in his latest contribution (Genera Insect.
Doryline, p. 20) he cites it only as the possible male of the latter
species.

208 Psyche [December

NOTE ON TRICRANIA SANGUINIPENNIS SAY
(COLEOPTERA).

By C. A. Frost,

Framingham, Mass.

On March 30, 1912, a large number of bees were noticed flying
about a sunny bank in a shallow cut on the line of the Boston
Water Works Conduit in the Town of Sherborn. It was in a run
out and sandy pasture where the burrows could easily be seen
amid the sparse grass by the white sand thrown out in digging.
The bees were flying about very actively close to the ground,
occasionally alighting and entering the burrows.

As I stood watching them I noticed a number of red insects
scattered about; these proved to be Tricrania and in a few minutes
I picked up thirty-two males and thirteen females of this inter-
esting genus. They were found only on the east end of the bank,
overlapping but very little the area occupied by the bee burrows
and toward the west, from which direction a strong wind was
blowing. None at all were found where the holes and bees were
most abundant.

The beetles were crawling about quite actively, but I did not
see any in copulation nor any evidences of eggs. A few adults
were found beneath dry cow dung and one beneath a small stone.
Only a few were seen in close proximity to any of the holes, and
none of the bees were seen to molest them.

Specimens of the bees were sent to Mr. John H. Lovell of
Waldoboro, Maine, who kindly identified them as Colletes com-
pactus Cress.

CORRECTION

In the paper on “Mites Associated with the Oyster-Shell Scale” by H. E.
Ewing and F. L. Webster in Psyche, Aug, 1912, Figure 2, p. 128 is incorrectly
named. This mite is Monieziella entomophaga Lab.—Enp1ror.

The Index and Title page to Vol. 19 will appear as a supplement to the
February, 1913, issue.

Index

211

PSYCHE.
INDEX To Von. XIX, 1912.

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Alexander, 63, 162.
Banks, N., 97.

Barnes, W., 14.
Bartsch, R. C. B., 195.
Bickhardt, H., 97.
Blackman, M. W., 92.
Brues; C. T., 135, 191.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 41, 105.
Caudell, A. N., 12, 160.
Davis, W. T., 20, 91.
Emerton, J. H., 25, 134.
Ewing, H. E., 121.

Kalle ides @-., 9:

Frost, C. A., 208.
Girault, A. A., 203.
Glaser, R. W., 159.
Hoods Je. De 113:

Johnson, C. W., 1, 102, 108,181.
Kershaw, J. C., 77.

Knab, F., 106.

Mann, W. M.., 36, 98, 118, 145.
Matausch, I., 66.
McDunnough, 14.

Mitre Bes avs

Paine; J: H., 139.

Patch, E. M., 5.

Rau, P., 69.

Richardson, C. H., Jr., 200.
Rosenau, M. J., 191.

Shaeffer, C., 104, 147.

Turner, C. H., 100, 137, 184.
Webster, F. L., 121.

Wheeler, W. M., 90, 172, 206.
Wolcott, A. B., 71.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS.

(New species and new names in boldface type.)

Ablabesmyia dyari, 200.
Acarus malus, 125.

Actias luna, var dictynna, 91.
Ammophila abbreviata, 137.
Ancyloscelis, 58.

Ancyloscelis riparia, 58.
Anochetus emarginatus, 38.
Anopheles punctipennis, 200.
Anthidiwm pymeum, 46.
Anthophora marginata, 106.
Ants, parabiosis in, 36.
Anystis agilis, 129.
Aphenogaster subterraneous, 11.
Aphenogaster subterranea, 10..
Aphiocheta enderleini, 135.
Aphiocheta epeire, 135.
Aphiocheta fumipennis, 136.
Aphiocheta ferruginea, 136.
Aphiocheeta ferruginosa, 136.
Aphiocheta juli, 136.
Aphiocheta longifrons, 135.
Aphiocheta minor, 136.
Aphiocheta minuta, 135.
Aphiocheta umbripennis, 136.
Aphiocheta xantippe, 136.

Batrisus apheenogastri, 11.
Bdella cardinalis, 129.
Bees from Brazil, 41.
Bees from Guatemala, 105.

Bombus unifasciatus, 106.

_Brachyacantha manni, 150.

Brazil, bees from, 41.

Brazil, Buprestidee from, 118.
Brazil, Cleridee from, 71.

Brazil, Coccinellidee from, 149.
Brazil, Histeridee from, 118.
Brazil, sawfly from, 62.

Brazil, Temnochilidse from, 147.
Brazilian ants, parabiosis in, 36.
Buprestidee from Brazil, 118.

Cenonomada bruneri, 52.
Cenonomada pluricincta, 53.
Czenonomada tertia, 52.
Caloderma, 12.

Camponotus fulvopilosus, 90.
Cataglyphis, 172.

Centris enea, 60.

Centris bakeri, 42.

Centris bicornuta, 45.
Centris birkmanni, 45.
Centris ceraocephala, 45.
Centris hemorrhoidalis, 43.
Centris heterodonta, 43.
Centris lanipes, 60.

Centris libertatis, 44.
Centris maculata, 60.
Centris manni, 47. —
Centris nitida, 45.

Centris tarsata, 48, 61.
Centris versicolor, 43.

212

Ceratina chrysocephala, 46.
Ceratina cuprewentris, 46.
Ceratina gossy pv, 47.

Ceratina longiceps, 46.
Ceratina lucidula, 47.

Ceratina minima, 47.

Ceratina nautlana, 47.
Ceraturgus similis, 152.
Chacoana, 53.

Chalybion ceruleum, 136.
Chionea valga, 102.

Cholomyia inequipes, 102.
Cholomyia longipes, 102.
Chrysopilus connexus, 108.
Chrysopilus davisi, 4.
Chrysopilus, velutinous species of, 108.
Cicada, nymphal head of, 82.
Cleridee from Brazil, 71.
Coccinella undecimpunctata, 104.
Coccinellide from Brazil, 148.
Celioxys agilis, 52.

Ccelioxys ardescens, 51.
Celioxys edentata, 51.

Celioxys laevigata, 51.

Celioxys otomita, 52.

Celioxys rufipicta, 52.
Celioxys simillima, 52.

Colletes compactus, 208.
Combophora beski, 146.
Conoprosopa scutellata, 135.
Copulation of Ammophila abbreviata, 137.
Corethra albipes, 200.
Coryptilomyia armagera, 135.
Crane fly from Porto Rico, 63.
Cremastogaster, 36.

Currant fly, 139.
Cylindrotomia americana, 1.
Cylindrotomia anomala, 1, 2.
Cylindrotomia distinctissima, 1.
Cylindrotomia juncta, 1.
Cylindrotomia splendens, 1.
Cylindrotomia tarsalis, 1, 2.
Cyta brevipalpa, 129.

Dasiapis, 58.

Diadasia, 58.

Diadasia diminuta, 58.
Diadasia facialis, 59.
Diadasia murihirta, 59.
Diadasia parahybensis, 58.
Diadasia sumichrasti, 59.

Diadasia sumichrasti subsp. vulpihirta,

59.
Dianthidium gregarium, 46.
Dianthidium heathi, 45.
Dipedia, 58.
Diptera, new species of, 151.
Diraphia maculipennis, 6.

Index

Diraphia vernalis, 7.

Dolichoderus bispinosus, 36.
Dolichoderus debilis, var. rufescens, 40.
Dolichoderus lugens, 37.
Dolichopezini, key to genera of, 64.
Drosophila repleta, 106.

Dyspteris abortivaria, 14.

Eciton dubitatum, 206.

Eciton hamatum, guest of, 98.
Eciton vagans, male of, 206.
Ectropis crepuscularia, 17.

‘Eggs of Samia cecropia, period of in-

cubation of, 69.
Elliptera alexanderi, 3.
Elliptera astigmatica, 164.
Emesidie, new species of, 97.

Ynoclerus delictolus, 73.
Enoclerus inimicus, 72.

Enoclerus lugubris, 72.

‘ntomological Society of America, 22.
Entomology, International Congress of,

Doed,

Epicharis unicalcarata, 53.
Epigrypa brevicornis, 12.
Epiphlceus bakeri, 74.
Epiphloeus iracundus, 74.
Epochra canadensis, 139.
Eriocera albihirta, 167.
Eriocera cinerea, 169.
Eriocera fultonensis, 168.
Erioptera distincta, 165.
Euglossa cordata, 61.
Eulema dimidiata, 61.
Eulzama manni, 41.

ulema mussitans, 42, 106.
Eulema superba, 42.
Eucymatoge intestinata, 14.
Eupalus, 130.
Euparyphus greylockensis, 5.
Eupithecia, 14.

Eupithecia miserulata, 15.
Exomalopsis, 57.
Exomalopsis paraguayensis, subsp.,

manni, 56.

Exoplectra brasiliensis, 151.

Formica crinita, 90.

Formica criniventris, 90.

Formica flammiventris, 90.

Formica fusca argentata, 90.

Formica fusca, var. argentea, 90.

Formica lasioides var. picea, 90.

Formica lasioides var. vetula, 90.

Formica, new names for some species of,
90.

Formica pallidefulva subsp. schaufussi,
var. dolosa, 90.

Index

Formica pallidefulvua subsp. schaufussi,
var. meridionalis, 90.

Formica rufa rubiginosa, 90.

Formica rufa subsp. aggerans, 90.

Formica rufibarbis var. occidentalis, 90.

Formica rufibarbis var. occidua, 90.

Formica rufiventris, 90.

Formica sexspinosus, 90.

Geolycosa, 25.
Glyptothrips, 116.
Glyptothrips flavescens, 116.
Gonatista grisea, 161.
Gonatista major, 161.
Gonatista, notes on the Mantid genus,
160.
Gonatista phryganoides, 162.
Gonatista reticulata, 161.
Gooseberry fruit fly, 139.
Guatemala, bees from, 105.

Hematopota, North American Species of
181.

Hematopota punctulata, 182.

Hematopota rara, 182.

Heliothrips phaseoli, 113.

Hemisia, 42.

Hemisia, key to species from Brazil, 43.

Hemisarcopetes malus, 124.

Histeride from Brazil, 118.

Homoptera, development of mouth-
parts in, 77.

Housefly in relation to city garbage, 156.

Lepidosaphes ulmi, mites associated
with, 121.

Leptergatis wheeleri, 105.

Leptis gracilis, 3.

Leptometria, 58.

Leptomidas desideratus, 151..

Liometophilus, 9.

Liometophilus manni, 10.

Liometopum apiculatum, 10.

Limnobia argenteceps, 163.

Limnophila laricicola, 167.

LTimosina mirabilis, 199.

Tivia, 5.

Livia bifasciata, 6.

Livia maculipennis, 6.

Livia marginata, 8.

Livia saltatrix, 7.

Livia vernalis, 6.

Lophioderus arcifer, 11.

Lophioderus biformis, 11.

Lophioderus gracilis, 11.

Lophioderus myops, 11.

Lophioderus ovipennis, 10.

213

Lucustid, notes on a pink, 159.
Luna, red margined, 91.
Lycosa arenicola, 29.

Lycosa domifex, 33.

Lycosa fatifera, 33.

Lycosa, Four burrowing, 25.
Lycosa missouriensis, 33.
Lycosa nidifex, 29, 31.

Lycosa, pikei, 29.

Lycosa wrightii, 34.

Mailing insects, postal regulations con-
cerning, 109.

Manaos, 62.

Manaos nigronotatus, 62.

Megachile bidentis, 56.

Megachile chrysopila, 55.

Megachile constructrix, 55.

Megachile deceptriz, 55.

Megachile lenticula, 54, 61.

Megachile microsoma, 55, 56.

Megachile nudwentris, 54.

Megachile permunda, 56.

Megachile pilosa, 56.

Megachile schrottkyi, 55.

Megachile verecrucis, 56.

Megachile virescens, 55.

Megistomastix, 63.

Megistomastix portoricensis, 64, 65.

Melaneterius infernalis, 97.

Melaloncha pulchella, 136.

Melanocentris fuscata, 44.

Melanocentris fusciventris, 44.

Melanoplus femur-rubrum, supernumer-
ary median ocellus in, 92.

Melipona abunensis, 48.

Melipona fulva, 48.

Melipona mandacia, 48.

Melipona mizta, 48.

Melipona pseudocentris, 47.

Melipona rufiventris, 47.

Melissa decorata, 61.

Melittobia australica, 203.

Membracid,protectiveadaptationin, 145.

Mesocyphona distincta, 165.

Metanema determinata, 18.

Metanema quercivoraria, 19.

Metopotropis herero, 135.

Micoutalis calva, observations on, 66.

Milyas, 20.

Mimopria ecitonophila, 98.

Mites associated with Oyster-shell
Seale, 121.

Monieziella angusta, 125.

Monieziella entomophaga, 125, 130.

Moths, list of, taken at sugar, 198.

Mouthparts, development of, in Hom-
optera, 77.

214

Musca domestica, 157.
Muscina stabulans, 156.
Myrma sexspinosa, 90.
Myrmecocystus, 172.
Myrmecocystus melliger, 174.
Myrmecocystus melliger lugubris, 176.
Myrmecocystus melliger lomaénsis, 175.
Myrmecocystus melliger mimicus, 176.
Myrmecocystus melliger orbiceps, 175.
Myrmecocystus melliger semirufus, 176.
Myrmecocystus mexicanus, 176.
Myrmecocystus mexicanus hortideorum,
178.
Myrmecocystus mexicanus mojave, 179.
Myrmecocystus mexicanus navajo, 179.
Myrmecocystus, table of species, 173.
Myrmecocystus yuma, 176.
Myrmecocystus yuma flaviceps, 177.
Myrmecophile, 98.
* Myrmecophilous Coleoptera, 9.
Myrmeleon immaculatus, 134.

Necrobia rufipes, 77.

Nemotelus bonnarius, 4.

New Nearctic Tipulidae, 163.
Nicocles politus, 153.

North American Diptera, 1.

North American Thysanoptera, 113.

Ocellus, supernumerary in Melanoplus
femur-rubrum, 92.

Ochlerotatus sylvestris, 200.

Odontomachus, 38.

Odontomachus affinis panamaénsis, 40.

Odontomachus affinis, subsp. mayi, 39.

Ophrynopus batesianus, 63.

Ophrynopus fulvistigmus, 63.

Oribata, 133.

Orsodachna atra, variations of, 153.

Oyster-shell scale, mites associated with,
LOL.

Pactothrips flavescens, 116.
Parabiosis in ants, 36.
Paraphyto opaca, 103.
Percnoptilota fluviata, 16.

Pero honestarius, 14.

Peru, Proscopiid from, 12.
Phalacrotophora, 135.

Phormia regina, 157.
Phalacrotophora epeire, 135.
Phalacrotophora longifrons, 135.
Phoridze, Synonymical notes on, 135.
Phyllobznus manni, 73.

Pink locustid, 159.

Plastophora, 136.

Platymedon, 12.

Ploiariodes hirtipes, 97.

Index

Poliomyelitis, transmission of, 191.
Polistes pallipes, orphan colony of, 184.
Polyrachis sexspinosa, 90.

Porto Rico, Crane fly from, 63.
Promachus fitchti, 153.

Proscopiid Grasshopper, 12.
Psenythia burmeistert, 54.
Psenythia canina, 54.

Psenythia philanthoides, 54.
Psenythia picta, 54.

Pselliopus barberi, 21.

Psyllide, 5.

Ptilopus, 43, 44.

Pyticera flavicollis, 76.

Review: Beitriige zur Kentniss der siid-
amerikanischen Dipteren——Fauna,
183.

Review: Butterfly Hunting in Many
Lands, 110.

Review: Guide to the Insects of Con-
necticut, 110.

Ryagioletis ribicola, 139.

Rhaphidolabis neomexicana, 170.

Samia cecropia, period of incubation of
eggs of, 69.

Sawfly from Brazil, 62.

Sayomyta albipes, 200.

Scaptocosa, 25.

Sciagraphia mellistrigata, 14.

Sericocera gibba, 62.

Siphanta acuta, head of, 84.

Siphanta, observations on embryo of, 77.

Sphezx, habits of, 100.

Sphex overcoming obstacles, correction,
136.

Stomoxys calcitrans, 191.

* Sugaring ” in the autumn, 195.

Tapinotaspis heathi, 57.
Teleutemnestra, 58.
Temnochila chalcea, 147.
Temnochilide from Brazil, 147.
Tenebrioides bipustulata var. impressi-
frons, 148.
Tenebrioides bipustulata, 147.
Tenebrioides subcostata, 148.
Tenebrioides vittata, 148.
Terapus mnizechi, 97.
Tetragona, 49.
Tetranychus telarius, 133.
Tetrapedia diversipes, 57.
Thelairodes basalis, 102.
Thysanoptera, 113.
Tipulide from Porto Rico, 63.
Tipulidee, New nearctic, 163.
Tornos scolopacinarius, 16.
Tricrania sanguinipennis, 208.

Index 215

Trigona amalthea, 50.

Trigona amalthea, 60.

Trigona branneri, 50.

Trigona clavipes, 49.

Trigona flavipennis, 50.

Trigona frontalis, subsp. flavocincta,
50.

Trigona mannt, 48, 49.

Trigona pallida, 49.

Trigona pellucida, 50.

Trigona rhodoptera, 49.

Trigona ruficrus, 50.

Trigona ruficrus, 60.

Trigona spp., 50.

Trigona williana, 49.

Trimicra pygmza, 166.

Trophi, development of in Homoptera,

i

Tydeus coccophagus, 208.
Tyroglyphus malus, 125.

Udamochiras colossia, 136.

Vermont, new species of Emesidee from,
97.

W ohlfahrtia meigenit, 103.
Wohlfahrtia opaca, 103.

Xenomedon, 11.
Xenomedon formicaria, 12.
Xylocopa branneri, 42.
Xylocopa brasilianorum, 60.
Xylocopa frontalis morio, 60.
Xylocopa grisescens, 42, 60.
Xylocopa guatemalensis, 105.
Xylocopa wilmatte, 106.

Yellow currant fly, 139.
Zygothrips americanus, 144.

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