( The abort portrait was given by the author to the translator.) Psychopathia Sexualis WITH ESPECIAL BKTEUNCI TO TH Antipathic Sexual Instinct A MEDICO-FOREN6LC STUDY BY DR. R. v. KRAFFT-EBING P. O. PROr. rtJB PSYCIIIATKIE UND NERVENKIIANKHEITEN AN DB* K. K. ONITRRSITAT WIBN ONLY AUTHORISED ENGLISH ADAPTATION OF THE TWELFTH GERMAN EDITION BY F. J. REBMAN With Author's Portrait as Frontispiece NEW YORK REBMAN COMPANY 141 WEST 36rH STREET All Elhta Reserved, Especially the Right 0* TranslatloB Printed in America PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. FEW people are conscious of the deep influence exerted by sexual life upon the sentiment, thought and action of man in his social relations to others. Schiller, in his essay "Die Weltweisen," touches upon this subject in these memorable words: "So long as philosophy keeps ^together the structure of the Universe so long does it maintain the world's machinery by hunger and love". From the standpoint of the philosopher sexual life takes a subordinate position. Schopenhauer ("Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," third edition, vol. ii., p. 586, etc.) considers it peculiar that love has hitherto offered material to the poet only and not also to the philosopher, the scant researches by Plato, Rousseau and Kant always excepted. Whatever Schopenhauer, and after him E. von Hart- mann, the philosopher of the unknown, discuss about sexual relationship, is so thoroughly incorrect and illogical that, so far as science is concerned, empirical psychology and the metaphysics of man's sexual existence are simply virgin soil. Michelet's "L'amour" and Mantegazza's "Physiology of Love" are merely clever causeries, and cannot be considered in the light of scientific research. The poet is the better psychologist, for he is swayed rather by sentiment than by reason, and always treats his subject in a partial fashion. He cannot discern deep shadows, because he is dazed by the blazing light and overcome by the benign heat of the subject Although VI PBEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. the "Physiology of Love" provides inexhaustible material for the poetry of all ages and of all peoples, nevertheless the poet will not discharge his arduous task adequately without the active co-operation of natural philosophy and, above all, that of medicine, a science which ever seeks to trace all psychological manifestations t6 their anatomical and physiological sources. In these efforts medicine succeeds, perhaps, in forming a connection between the pessimistic reflections of the philosopher of the stamp of Schopenhauer and Hartmann, 1 and the gay and naive creations of the pget. It is not intended to build up in this book a system of the psychology of sexual life, still from the close study of psychopathology there arise most important psychological facts which it behoves the scientist to notice. The object of this treatise is merely to record the various psychopathological manifestations of sexual life in man and to reduce them to their lawful conditions. This task is bj no means an easy one, and the author is well aware of the fact that, despite his (varied) far-reaching experience in psychiatry and criminal medicine, he is yet unable to offer anything but an imperfected system. The importance of the subject, however, demands scientific research on account of its forensic bearing and its deep influence upon the common weal. The medical barrister only then finds out how sad the lack of our knowledge is in the domain of sexuality when he is called upon to express an opinion as to the responsibility of the accused whose life, liberty and honour are at stake. He then begins to appreciate the efforts that have been made to bring light into darkness. 1 llartmann's philosophical conception of love ("Philosophy of the Unknown," Berlin, 18(59, p. 583) is: " Love causes more pain than pleasure. Pleasure is only an illusion. Reason would demand the avoidance of love were it not for that fatal sexual instinct. Hence it would be better to be castrated." Schopenhauer expresses the same vi-w in his work: "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung," third edition, vol. ii. p. 586, etc. PUEFACE TO TllK MUST EDITION. Til Certain it is that so fur as sexual crimes are concerned ( -IT- -iieuus ideas prevail, unjust decisions arc given, ;inermet aussi de tout dire". lie appeals to men engaged in serious study in the domains of natural philosophy and medical jurisprudence. A scientific title has been chosen, and technical terms are used throughout the book in order to exclude the lay reader. For the same reason certain portions are written in Latin. VIU PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION. THIS edition is entirely rewritten and considerably enlarged. The (exceptionally) favourable criticisms which have been accorded in professional circles to former edi- tions are a guarantee that the book* exercises a beneficent influence upon legislation and jurisprudence, and will as- sist in removing erroneous ideas and superannuated laws. Its commercial success is the best proof that large numbers of unfortunate people find in its pages instruction and relief in the frequently enigmatical manifestations of sexual life. The hosts of letters that have reached the author from all parts of the world substantiate this as- sumption. Compassion and sympathy are strongly elicited by the perusal of these letters, which are written chiefly by men of refined thought and of high social and scientific standing. They reveal sufferings of the soul in compari- son to which all the other afflictions dealt out by Fate appear as trifles. May it continue to convey solace and social elevation to its readers. The number of technical terms has been increased, and the Latin language is more frequently made use of than in former editions. May the same kind reception be accorded to this edition which was enjoyed by its predecessors. That it may prove of utility in the service of science, justice and humanity is the wish of the AUTHOR GSAZ. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. THE publishers sincerely trust that this translation from the Twelfth German Edition of Psychopathia Sexualis by Dr. R. v. Krafft-Ebing will be received with favour by those for whom the book is written, and that ita readers will derive that benefit which the author had in view. Preparing and sifting the material for the Twelfth Edition of this work was the final task of the late author. When he was attacked by the fatal illness which carried him off, the manuscript was all ready for the printer. Dr. Gugl and Dr. Stichl, pupils and for many years collaborators of the author, were entrusted by the family of the deceased with the revision of the proofs. The sale of the book is rigidly restricted to the mem- bers of the medical and legal professions. Any communications intended for the translator should be addressed to "Translator" (Krafft-Ebing), care of Rebman Company, 1123 Broadway, New York. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS PAD* L FRAGMENTS OF A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY Of SEXUAL LIFE I Force of sexual instinct, 1 Sexual instinct the basis of ethical sentiments, 2 Love as a passion, 2 Historical development of sexual life, 3 Chastity, 3 Christianity, 3 Monogamy, 4 Position of woman in Islam, 5 Sen- suality and morality, 5 Cultural demoralisation of sexual life, 5 Episodes of the moral decay of nations, 6 Development of sexual desire; puberty, 7 Sensuality and religious fanaticism, 7 Relation between religious and sexual domains, 8 Sensuality and art, 11 Ideal- isation of first love, 12 True love, 12 Sentimentality, 12 Platonic love, 13 Love and Friendship, 13 Differ- ence between the love of the mnn and that of the woman, 14 Celibacy, 15 Adultery, 16 Matrimony, 16 Fond- ness of dress, 16 Facts of physiological fetichism, 17 Religious and erotic fetich ism, 18 Hair, hand, foot of the female as fetiches, 21 Eye, smell, voice, psychical qualities as fetich, 22. H. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS a6 Puberty, 25 Time limit of sexual life, 26 Sexual instinct, 26 Localisation, 27 Physiological development of sexual life, 28 Erections : Centre of erection, 28 Sphere of sexuality and olfaction, 32 Flagellation as a stimu- lant for sexual life, 34 Sect of flagellants, 35 " Flagel- lum Salutis" of Paulini, 36 " Erogenous " (hypersss- thctic) zones, 38 Control of sexual instinct, 40 Coitus, 40 Ejaculation, 41. ffl. ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTS Primary and secondary sexual characteristics, 42 Psychical characterintics, 42 Differentiation of sexes, 42 rOyne- comasty, 43 Development of sexual type, 44 Eunuchs, 46. XI XII CONTENTS PACK IV. GENEBAL PATHOLOGY (KEUBOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL) 48 Frequency and importance of pathological manifestations, 48 iScliedule ot Literature, 48 Sexual neuroses, 49 In- fluences stimulating the erectile tissues, 49 Paralysis of the erectile tissues, 50 Temporary impotence, 50 Neurosis of the nerve centres of ejaculation, 51 . Neuroses produced by cerebral causes, 62 I'aradoxia, i.e., sexual instinct outside the period of anatomical- phyaiological processes, 65 Sexual instinct in early childhood, 55 Sexual instinct reappearing in old age, 57 Sexual perversions in seniles due to impotence or dementia, 57 Ana's thtivw acxualis, i.e., absence of sexual instinct, 61 congenital, 61 acquired, 68 Hyper- assthesia, i.e., pathologically exaggerated sexual instinct, 69 Conditions and manifestations of this anomaly, 70 Partfsthesia or perversion of the sexual instinct, 79 Perversion and perversity, 79 Madism, an attempted ex- planation of sadism, 80 Sadistic lust murder, 88 An- thropophagy, 95 Mutilation of corpses, 99 Maltreat- ment of women by cutting or flogging, etc., 105 Defile- ment of female persons, 113 Symbolic sadism, i.e., brutal force employed against female persons, 118 Ideal sadism, 118 Sadism practised on any other object, 121--Flogging of boys, 121 Sadistic acts on animals, 125 Sadism in woman, 129 Kleist's " Penthesilea/' 130 Masochism, 131 Essence and clinical manifestations of masochism, 132 Maltreatment and humiliation invited for the purpose of sexual gratification, 134 Passive flagellation and its relations to masochism, 140 Fre- quency and practices of masochism, 149 Symbolic maso- chism, 159 Ideal masochism, 161 Jean Jacques Rous- seau, 166 Masochism in scientific and belletristical literature, 169 Latent masochism, 171 Shoe and foot fetichism, 171 Koprolagnia, ISO-Masochism in woman, 195 An attempted explanation of masochism, 200 Sexual bondage, 202 Masochism and sadism, 213 Fetichism, definition of, 218 Cases in which the fetich is a part of the female body, 224 Hand fetichism, 226 Bodily defects as fetiches, 234 Hair fetichism, 239 Hair despoilers. 241 The fetich is a part of female attire, 247 Mania for (theft of) female handkerchiefs, 255 Shoe fetichism, 260 The fetich consists of some special fabric, 268 Fur, silk, velvet, gloves, roses, 274 /Beast fetichism, 281 Antipathic sexual instinct, 282 Acquired sexual inversion in either sex, 286 Neurotic taint a condition of antipathic sexual instinct, 289 Grades of acquired perversion, 289 Simple inversion of sexual instinct, 289 Eviration and dcfemination, 297 Insanity among the Scythians, 302 Mujerados, 303 Transition to metamorphosis sevualis, 304 Metamor- phosis sexualis paranoica, 328 Congenital antipathic sexuality, 335 Various clinical forms thcroof, 336 -Gen- eral symptoms, 339 Attempted explanation of this anomaly, 340 Congenital antipathic sexuality in the male, 350 Psychical hernnnhroditism, 352 Homo- sexuality. 304 Urmngs, ZMEffeminatirm, 382 CONTENTS - XIII Androgyny, 389 Congenital antipathic c*ual\ty in tke female. 395 Complications of antipathic sexual instinct, 439 Diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of sexual inver- sion, 443. IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY 445 The manifestations of pathological sexual life in the various forms and conditions of mental disturbance, 462 In- hibition of psychical development, 462 Acquired mental debility, 466 Dementia following psychosis or apoplexy, 466 Or injuries to the head, 466 Or lues cerebralit, 467 Dementia paralytica, 468 Epilepsy, 469 Periodi- cal dementia, 478 Ptychopathia seantali* prriodica, 479 Mania, 481 Symptoms of sexual excitement in maniacs, 481 -Satyriasis and nymphomania, 482 Chronic satyriaaia and nymphomania, 486 Melancholia, 492 Hysteria, 492 Paranoia, 494. V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUAL LIFE BEFORE THE CRIMINAL FOEUM 498 Sexual crimes endanger the common weal, 498 On the in- crease, 499 Probable causes, 500 Clinical researches, 501 Sexual crimes not properly understood by the law profession, 502 Points for the proper judgment of sexual crimes, 502 Conditions for the cessation of responsi- bility, 502 Points for the paychopathological importance of sexual crimes, 503 tiexual crime* classified, 503 Exhibitionists, 604 Frotteurt, 522 Defilers of statues, 525 Rape and lust-murder, 526 Bodily injury, viola- tion of things, cruelty to animals caused by sadism, 633 Masochism and sexual bondage, 539 Bodily injury, robbery, theft emanating from fetichism, 543 Notes on the question of responsibility in sexual offences caused by delusions, 549 Immorality with persons under the age of fourteen, 552 Non-psychopathological cases, 552 Psychopathological cases, 554 Unnatural abuse, 561 Violation of animals, sodomy, bestiality, 561 Zooerasty, 663 Unnatural sexual relations with persons of the same sex, pederasty, 571 In relation to sexual inversion, 672 Necessity to distinguish between pathological and normal conditions of pederasty, 572 Forensic opinion on congenital sexual inversion nnd when pathologically acquired, 573 Letter from an timing, 574 Reasons why legal proceedings against homosexual acts should be topped, 578 Cultivated pederasty (not pathological), 685 Causes of the vice, 585 Social life of pederasts, 687 A woman-hater's ball in Berlin, 590 Various cate- gories of unle loving men, 593 Pcrdicatio mulierum, S94 Amor Irtbini*. 007 Necrophilia, 611 Incest, 612 Violation of wards, C14. INDEX 615 I. FRAGMENTS OF A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. THE propagation of the human race is not left to mere accident or the caprices of the individual, but is guaran- teed by the hidden laws of nature which are enforced by a mighty, irresistible impulse. Sensual enjoyment and physical fitness are not the only conditions for the en- forcement of these laws, but higher motives and aims, such as the desire to continue the species or Ihe individu- ality of mental and physical qualities beyond time and space, exert a considerable influence. Man puts himself at once on a level with the beast if he seeks to gratify lust alone, but he elevates his superior position when by curbing the animal desire he combines with the sexual functions ideas of morality, of the sublime, and the beau- tiful. Placed upon this lofty pedestal he stands far above nature and draws from inexhaustible sources material for nobler enjoyments, for serious work and for the realisation of ideal aims. Maudsley ("Deutsche Klinik," 1873, 2, 3) justly claims that sexual feeling is the basis upon which social advancement is developed. Tf man were deprived of sexual distinction and the nobler enjoyments arising therefrom, all poetry and prob- ably all moral tendency would be eliminated from his life. Sexual life no doubt is the one mighty factor in the individual and social relations of man which disclose his powers of activity, of acquiring property, of establishing a homo, of awakening altruistic sentiments towards a person of the opposite sex, and towards his own issue as well as towards the whole human race. 1 2 PSYCIIOPATHIA 8EXDALIS. Sexual feeling is really the root of all ethics, and no doubt of cestheticism and religion. The sublimest virtues, even the sacrifice of self, may spring from sexual life, which, however, on account of its sensual power, may easily degenerate into the lowest passion and basest vice. Love unbridled is a volcano that burns down and lays waste all around it; it is an abyss that devours all honour, substance and health. It is of great psychological interest to follow up the gradual development of civilisation and the influence exerted by sexual life upon habits and morality. 1 The gratification of the sexual instinct seems to be the primary motive in man as well as in beast. Sexual intercourse is done openly, and man and woman are not ashamed of their nakedness. The savage races, e.g., Australasians, Polynesians, Malays of the Philippines are still in this stage (vide Ploss}. Woman is the common property of man, the spoil of the strongest and mightiest, who chooses the most winsome for his own, a sort of instinctive sexual selection of the fittest. Woman is a "chattel," an article of commerce, exchange or gift, a vessel for sensual gratification, an implement for toil. The presence of shame in the manifestations and exercise of the sexual functions, and of modesty in the mutual relations between the sexes are the foundations of morality. Thence arises the desire to cover the nakedness ("and they saw that they were naked") and to perform the act in private. The development of this grade of civilisation is fur- thered by the conditions of frigid climes which necessitate the protection of the whole body against the cold. It is an *Cf. Lombroso, " The Criminal " ; Westermarck, " The History of Marriage "; Ploss, " Das Weib in der Natur- und VOlkerkunde," third edition, vol. ii., p. 413-90. Joseph Miiller, " Das sexuelle Leben der NaturvSlkur," 2 Aufl. 1902; derselbe, "Das sexuelle Leben der alten Kulturvolker, 1902 (Leipzig, Grieben). A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. anthropological fact that modesty can be traced to much earlier periods among northern races. 1 Another element which tends to promote the refined development of sexual life is the fact that woman ceases to be a "chattel". She becomes an individual being, and, although socially still far below man, she gradually ac- quires rights, independence of action, and the privilege to bestow her favours where she inclines. She is wooed by man. Traces of ethical sentiments pervade the rude sen- sual appetite, idealisation begins and community of woman ceases. The sexes are drawn to each other by mental and physical merits and exchange favours of preference. In this stage woman is conscious of the fact that her charms belong only to the man of her choice. She seeks to hide them from others. This forms the foundation of modesty, chastity and sexual fidelity so long as love endures. This development is hastened wherever nomadic habits yield to the spirit of colonisation, where man establishes a household. He feels the necessity for a companion in life, a housewife in a settled home. The Egyptians, the Israelites, and the Greeks reached this level at early periods, so did the Teutonic races. Its principal characteristics are high appreciation of virginity, chastity, modesty and sexual fidelity in strong contrast to the habits of other peoples where the host places the personal charms of the wife at the disposal of the guest The history of Japan furnishes a striking proof that this high grade of civilisation is often the last stage of moral development, for in that country to within twenty years ago prostitution was not considered to impair in any way the social status of the future wife. Christianity raised the union of the sexes to a sublime position by making woman socially the equal of man and by elevating the bond of love to a moral and religious 'According to Wctermarck, op. cit., it wag "not the feHinp of shame which sn^ested the garment, but the garment engendered shame. The desiro to make themselves more attractive originated the habit among men and women to cover their nakedness." 4 PSYCIIOPATHIA SEXUAU8. institution. 1 Thence emanates the fact that the love of man, if considered from the standpoint of advanced civili- sation, can only be of a monogamic nature and must rest upon a staple basis. Even though nature should claim This assertion may be modified in so far that the symbolical and sacramental character of matrimony was clearly defined only by the Council of Trent, although the spirit of Christianity always tended to raise woman from the inferior position which she occupied in pre- vious centuries and in the Old Testament. The tradition that woman was created from the rib of the sleep- ing man (see Genesis) is one of the causes of delay in this direction, for after the fall she is told " thy will shall be subject to man." Ac- cording to the Old Testament, woman in responsible for the fall of man, and this became the corner-stone of Christian teaching. Thus the social position of woman had to be neglected, as it were, until the spirit of Christianity had conquered tradition and scholastic tenets. It is a remarkable fact that the gospels (barring divorce, Matt, xix. 9) contain not a word in favour of woman. The clemency shown towards the adulteress and the penitent Magdalen do not affect the position of woman in general. The epistles of St. Paul definitely in- sist that no change can be permitted in the position of woman (2 Cor. xi. 3-12; Eph. v. 22, "woman shall be subject to man," and 23, " woman shall fear man "). How much the fathers of the Church are prejudiced against woman on account of Eve's part in the temptation may be easily learned from Tertulllan, " Woman, thou shouldst ever go in mount- ing and sackcloth, thy eyes filled with tears. Thou has brought about the ruin of mankind." St. Jerome has aught but good to say about woman. " Woman is the gate of the devil, the road of evil, th sting of the scorpion" ("De Cultu Fcminarum," i. 1). Canon law declares: "Man only is created to the image of God, not woman ; therefore woman shall serve him and be his handmaid ". The Provincial Council of Macon (sixth century) seriously dis- cussed the question whether woman had a soul at all. These opinions of the Church had a sympathetic influence upon the peoples who embraced Christianity. Among the converted Ger- manic races the doicer value of woman fell considerably (J. FaU-~e, " Die rittcrliche Gesellschaft," Berlin, 18G2, p. 49. Re the valuation of the two sexes among the Jews, cf. 3 Moses, xxvii. 3-4). Even polygamy, which is distinctly recognised in the Old Testa- ment, (Dcut. xxi. l."j) is nowhere in the New Testament definitely prohibited. In fact many Christian princes (e.g. the Merovingian kings: Chlotar I., Charihort I., Pippin I. and other Prankish nobles) indulged in polygamy without a protest being raised by the Church at the time (Weinhold, "Die deutschen Fraucn itn Mittelalter," ii., p. 15 ; cf. Unger, " Marriage," etc., and Louis Bridel, " La Femme et le Droit," Paris, 1884). A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 5 merely the law of propagation, a community (family or state) cannot subsist without the guarantee that the off- spring thrive physically, morally and intellectually. From the moment when woman was recognised the peer of man, nli. -a monogamy became a law and was consolidated by legal, religious and moral conditions, the Christian nations obtained a mental and material superiority over the poly- .;c races, and especially over Islam. Mohammed strove to raise woman from the position of the slave and mere handmaid of enjoyment, to a higher x.cial and matrimonial grade; yet she remained still far below man, who alone could obtain divorce, and that on the easiest terms. Above all things Islamism excludes woman from public life and enterprise, and stifles her intellectual and moral advancement. The Mohammedan woman is simply a moans for sensual gratification and the propagation of the species ; whilst in the sunny balm of Christian doctrine, blossom forth her divine virtues and her qualities of house- \\ifi-, companion and mother. What a contrast! Compare the two religions and their standard of future happiness. The Christian expects a heaven of spiritual bliss absolutely free from carnal pleasure; the Mohamme- n verging in that one focus, love, i.e., the physical and mental possession of the beloved. 20 PSYCHOPATHIA 8EXUALI8. This fact establishes the existence of physiological fetichism. Without showing a pathological condition the fetich may exercise its power so long as its leading qualities represent the integral parts, and so long as the love en- gendered by it comprises the entire mental and physical personality. "Normal love appears to us as a symphony of tones Max Dessoir (pseudonym Ludwig Brunn) 1 in an article "The Fetichism of Love," cleverly says : "Normal love appears to us as a symphony of tones of all kinds. It is roused by the most varied agencies. It is, so to speak, polytheistic. Fetichism recognises only the tone-colour of a single instrument; it issues forth from a single motive ; it is monotheistic." Even moderate thought will carry the conviction that the term real love (so often misused) can only apply where the entire person of the beloved becomes the phy- sical and mental object of veneration. Of course, there is always a sensual element in love, i.e., the desire to enjoy the full possession of the beloved object, and, in union with it, to fulfil the laws of nature. But where the body of the beloved person is made the sole object of love, or if sexual pleasure only is sought without regard to the communion of soul and mind, true love does not exist. Neither is it found among the disciples of Plato, who love the soul only and despise sexual en- joyment. In the one case the body is the fetich, in the other the soul, and love is fetichism. Instances such as these represent simply transitions to pathological fetichism. This assumption is enhanced by another criterion of true love, viz., the mental satisfaction derived from the sexual act. 2 '"Deutsches Montagsblatt," Berlin, 20, 8, 80. * Magnan's " spinal ce"re"bral postgrieur " who finds gratification with any sort of woman, is only animated by lust. Meretricious love that is purchased cannot be genuine ( Mantegaaea). Whoever coined the adage : " Sublata lucerna nullum discrimen inter feminas," was A SYSTEM OF PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE. 21 A striking pin-it. -UK-MOM in fetiehism is that among (lie many thiM^s which may serve as fetiches there are some which gain that significance more commonly than I others; for instance, the HAIR, the HAND, the FOOT of \\onian, or the expression of the KYE. This is important in the pathology of fetichism. Woman certainly seems to be more or less conscious of these facts. For she devotes great attention to her hair and often spends an unreasonable amount of time and money upon its cultivation. How carefully the mother looks after her little daughter's hair! What an ( important part the hairdresser plays 1 The falling out of the hair causes despair to many a young lady. The author remembers the case of a vain woman who fell into melancholia on account of this trouble, and finally committed suicide. A favourite subject of conversation among ladies is coiffures. They are envious of each other's luxuriant tresses. Beautiful hair is a mighty fetich with many men. In the legend of the Lorelef, wno lured men to destruction, the "golden hair" which she combs with a golden comb appears as a fetich. Frequently the hand or the foot possesses an attractiveness no less powerful; but in these instances masochistic and sadistic feelings often though a cynic, indeed. The power to perform love's act is by no means a guarantee of the noblest enjoyment of love. There are urnings who are potent for women men who do not love their wives, but are nevertheless able to perform the marital " duty ". In the majority of these cases even lustful pleasure is ab- M-nt ; for it is simply an onanistic act rendered possible by the aid of imagination which substitutes another beloved being. This decep- tion may, indeed, superinduce sexual pleasure, but, rudimentary gratification as it is, it can only arise from a psychic trick, just as ' in solitary onaniam voluptuous satisfaction is obtained chiefly with the assistance of fancy. As a matter of fact that degree of orgasm which completes the lustful act is entirely dependent upon the inter- vention of fancy. Wlirre psychic impediments exist (such as indifference, disgust, ion, fear of contagion or impregnation, etc.) the feeling of sexual gratification seems to be wanting altogether. 22 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALI8. not always assist in determining the peculiar kind of fetich. By a transference through association of ideas, gloves or shoes obtain the significance of a fetich. Max Dcssolr^op. c#.7~p6ints out that among the cus- toms of the middle ages drinking from the shoe of a beautiful woman (still to be found in Poland) played a remarkable part in gallantry and homage. The shoe also plays an important role in the legend of Aschenbrodel. The expression of the eye is particularly important as a means of kindling the spark of love. A neuropathic eye frequently affects persons of either sex as a fetich. "Madame, vos beaux yeux me font mourir d'amour." (Moliere). There are many examples showing that odours of the body become fetiches. This fact is taken advantage of in the "Ars amandi" by woman either consciously or unconsciously. Ruth sought to attract Boaz by perfuming herself. The demi- monde of ancient and modern times is noted for its lavish use of strong scents. Jager, in his "Discovery of the Soul," calls attention to many olfactory sympathies. Cases are known where men have married ugly women solely because their personal odours were exceedingly pleasing. Binet makes it probable that the voice also may act an a fetich. Belot in his novel "Les baigneuses de Trouville" makes the same assertion. Binet thinks that many marriages with singers are due to the fetich of their voices. He also observes that among the singing bird3 the voice has the same sexual significance as odours among the quadrupeds. The birds allure by their song, and the male that sings most beautifully is joined at night by the charmed mate. The pathological facts of masochism and sadism show that mental peculiarities may also act as fetiches but in a wider sense. A SYSTEM OP PS >,Y OF SEXUAL LIKE. Thus the fact of idiosyncrasies is explained, and the old proverb "De gustibus non est disputandum" retains its force. Witli regard to fetichism in woman, science must at least for the present time be content with mere con- jectures. This much seems to be certain, that being a physiological factor, its effects are analogous to those in men, i.e., producing sexual sympathies towards persons of the same sex. Details will come to our knowledge only when medical women enter into the study of this subject. We may take it for granted that the physical as well us the mental qualities of man assume the form of the female fetich. In most cases, no doubt, physical attributes in the male exercise this power without regard to the existence of conscious sensuality. On the other hand it will be found that the mental superiority of man con- stitutes the attractive power where physical beauty is wanting. In the upper "strata" of society this is more apparent, even if we disregard the enormous influence exercised by "blue blood" and high breeding. The possibility that superior intellectual development favours advancement in social position, and opens the way to a brilliant career, does not seem to weigh heavily in the balance of judgment. The fetichism of body and mind is of importance in progeneration ; it favours the selection of the fittest and the transmission of physical and mental virtues. Generally speaking the following masculine qualities impose on woman, viz., physical strength, courage, nubility of mind, chivalry, self-conrufence, even self-assertion, inso- Icncc, }>ravail<>, and a c.>n.-vi..us .-how .f ma- r the weaker sex. A "Don Juan" impresses many women and elicits admiration, for he establishes the proof of his virile powers, although the inexperienced maiden can in no wise suspect the many risks of lues and chronic urethritis she runs from a marital union with this otherwise interesting rake. 24 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS. The successful actor, musician, or vocal artiste, the circus rider, the athlete, and even the criminal, often fasci- nate the bread and butter miss as well as the maturer woman. At any rate women rave over them, and inun- date them with love letters. It is a well-known fact that the female heart has pre- dominant weakness for military uniforms, that of the cavalry-man ever having the preference. The hair of man, especially the beard, the emblem of virility, the secondary symbol of generative power is g predominant feticli with woman. In the measure in which women bestow special care upon the cultivation of their hair, men who seek to attract and please women, cultivate the elegant growth of the beard, and especially that of the moustache. A The eye as well as the voice exert the same charm. Singers of renown easily touch woman's heart. They are overwhelmed with love letters and offers of marriage. Tenors have a decided advantage. Binet (op. cit.) refers to an observation of this charac- ter made by Dumas in his novel "La maison du vent". A woman who falls in love with a tenor-voice loses her virtue. The author has thus far not succeeded in obtaining facts with regard to pathological fetichism in woman. H. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. DURING the time of the physiological processes in the reproductive glands, desires arise in the consciousness of the individual, which have for their purpose the perpetua- tion of the species (sexual instinct). Sexual desire during the years of sexual maturity is a physiological law. The duration of the physiological pro- cesses in the sexual organs, as well as the strength of the sexual desire manifested, vary, both in individuals and in races. Race, climate, heredity and social circumstances have a very decided influence upon it. The greater sensu- ality of southern races as compared with the sexual needs of those of the north is well known. Sexual development in the inhabitants of tropical climes takes place much earlier than in those of more northern regions. In women of northern countries oyulation, recognisable in the de- velopment of the body and the occurrence of a periodical flow of blood from the genitals (menstruation), usually begins about the thirteenth to the fifteenth year; in men puberty, recognisable in the deepening of the voice, the appearance of hair on the face and mons veneris, and the occasional occurrence of pollutions, etc., takes place about the fifteenth year. In the inhabitants of tropical countries, ver, sexual development obtains several years earlier in women sometimes as early as the eighth year. It is worthy of remark that girla who live in citiea develop about a year earlier than girls living in (lie country, anil that (he larger the town the earlier, ccteris paribus, the development takes place. Heredity, however, has no small influence on libido and sexual power. Thus there are families in which, (25) 26 PSYCIIOPATIII.V SKXUALI8. with great physical strength and longevity, great libido and virility are preserved until a great age, while in other families the vita sexualis develops late and is early ex- tinguished. In woman the period of activity of the reproductive glands is shorter than in man, in whom sexual power may last until a great age; ovulation ceases about thirty years after puberty. The^geriodjof^waning activity of the ovaries is called the change of life (climacteriumj meno- pause ) . This biological phase does not represent merely a cessation of functional potency and final atrophy of the reproductive organs, but a transformation of the whole organism. In Middle Europe the sexual maturity of man begins about the eighteenth year, and virility reaches its acme at forty. After that age it slowly declines. The potentia generandi ceases usually at the age of sixty-two, but po- tentia cceundi may be present much longer. The existence of the sexual instinct is continuous during the time of sexual life, but it varies in intensity. Under physiological conditions it is never periodical in the human male, as it is in animals; it manifests an organic variation of intensity in consonance with the collection and expenditure of semen. In women the degree of sexual desire coincides with the process of ovulation in such a way that libido sexualis is intensified after the menstrual period. Sexual instinct as emotion, idea and impulse is a function of the cerebral cortex. Thus far no definite region of the cortex has been proved to be exclusively the seat of sexual sensations and impulses. This psycho- sexual centre is nothing more than a junction and crossing of principal paths which lead on the one hand to the sensi- tive motor apparatus of the sexual organs, and on the other hand to those nerve centres of the visual and olfactory organs which are the carriers of that consciousness which distinguishes between the "male" and the "female". Owing to the close relations which exist between thc> PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. 27 sexual instinct and the olfactory sense, 1 it is to be i> re- sumed that the sexual and olfactory centres lie close together in the cerebral co: The development of M-xiial life has its lv 'ginning in the organic sensations which arise from the maturing reproductive glands. These excite the attention of the individual. Reading and the experiences of every-day life (which, unfortunately, are now-a-days too early and too frequently suggestive), con- vert these notions into clear ideas, which are accent' by organic sensations of a pleasurable character. With this accentuation of erotic ideas through lustful feelings, an impulse to induce them is developed (sexual desire). Thus there is established a mutual dependence between the cerebral cortex (as the place of origin of sensations and ideas), and the reproductive organs. The latter, by reason of physiological processes (hypenrmia, secretion of semen, ovulation), give rise to sexual ideas, images, and impulses. The cerebral cortex, by means of preconceived or re- produced sensual ideas, reacts on the reproductive organs, including hypersemia, production of semen, erection, ejacu- lation. This is effected by means of centres for vasomotor i nervation and ejaculation, which are situated in the lum'nar regions of the cord, and lie close together. Both are reflex centres. The centre .,f erection (Goliz, I'rh-hard} is an inter- mediate station placed between the brain and the genital apparatus. The nervous paths which connect it with the brain probably run through the pcdnnruli crrrhri and the ports. This centre may be excited by central (psychical and organic) stimuli, by direct irritation of the nerve-tract in the pedunculis cerebri, pons, or cervical portion of the cord, as well as by peripheral irritation of the sensory 'The olfactory centre is presumed by Ferrier (" Function! of the Brain") to be in the n-jjion of the gyrus uncinntus. Zuckcrkandl (" UelT dm IJiorliciTilrnin," 1887), from researches in comparative :m:iti.iny, mnrludri that the olfactory centre haa ita seat in the Hip- I>ocaiiipu8 nmjor. 28 PSYCIIOPATHIA 8EXUALIS. nerves (penis, clitoris and annexa). It ia not directly sub- ordinated to the will. The excitation of this centre is conveyed to the corpora cavernosa by means of nerves (nervi erigentes Eckhard) running into the first three sacral nerves. The action of the nervi erigentes, which renders erec- tion possible, is inhibitory in so far as it inhibits the ganglionic nervous mechanism in the corpora cavernosa, upon the action of which the smooth muscle-fibres of the corpora cavernosa are dependent (Kolliker and Kohl- rausch). Under the influence of the action of the nervi erigentes, these fibres of the corpora cavernosa become re- laxed, and their spaces fill with blood. Simultaneously, as a result of the dilatation of the capillary net-work of the corpora cavernosa, pressure is exerted upon the veins of the penis and the return of blood is impeded. This effect is aided by the contraction of the bulbo cavemosus and erector penis muscles, which extend by means of an aponeurosis over the dorsal surface of the penis. The erection-centre is under the influence of both \ exciting and inhibitory innervation arising from the cere- brum. Ideas and sense-perceptions of sexual content , have an exciting effect. According to observations made on men that have been hung, it is evident that the erection-centre may also be aroused by excitation of the 1 tract of the spinal cord. Observations on the insane and those suffering with cerebral disease show that this is also possible as a result of organic irritation in the cerebral cortex (psycho-sexual centre'?). Spinal diseases (tain's, especially myelitis) affecting the lumbar portion 1 of the cord, in their earlier stages, may directly excite the erection-centre. Reflex excitation of the centre is possible and frequent in the following ways: by irritation of the (peripheral) 1 Later researches by MUller (Klin. u. experiment. Studien, etc., Deutsche Zeitschr. f. N. heilkunde xxi.) seem to render it more prob- able that the centre of erection does not lie in the conus medullrxns of the spinal cord,, but rather in the sacral ganglia, thus constituting a sympathetic reflex. 1MIY8IOLOOI 29 sensory nerves of the genitals and surrounding parta by fricti.n ; by irritation of the un-tlia ( g< niOTrtHHO , of the rectum (hemorrhoids, oxyuris), of the bladder (distension with urine, especially in the morning; irritation of cal- culi) ; by distension of the vesieulffi seminales with semen; by hypersemia of the genitals, occasioned by lying on the back and thus inducing pressure of the intestines upon the blood-vessels of the pelvis. The erection-centre may also be exerted by irritation of the nervous ganglia which are so abundant in th prostatic tissue (prostatitis, introduction of catheter, etc.). The experiment of Goltz, according to whom, when (in dogs) the lumbar portion of the cord is severed, erection is more easily induced, shows that the erection- centre is also subject to inhibitory inllunir.^ from the brain. In men the fact that will power anl emotions, (fear of unsuccessful coitus, surprise inter actum sex- ualem, etc.) may inhibit the occurrence of erection, and cause it, when present, to disappear, also indicates this. The duration of erection is dependent upon the dura- tion of its exciting causes (sensory stimuli), the absence of inhibitory influences, the nervous energy of the centre, and the early or late occurrence of ejaculation (v. infra). The central point of the sexual mechanism is the cere- bral cortex. It is justifiable to presume that there is a definite region of the cortex (cerebral centre), which gives rise to sexual feelings, ideas and impulses, and is the place of origin of the psycho-somatic processes which we <1 nate as sexual life, sexual instinct, and sexual desire. This centre is susceptible to both central and peripheral stimuli. Central stimuli, in the form of organic excitation, may be due to diseases of the cerebral cortex. Physiologically they are dominated by psychical impressions (memory and sensory perceptions, lascivious stories, touch, pressure of the hand, kiss, etc.). Auditory and olfactory perceptions certainly play but a very subordinate role. Under patho- 30 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS. logical conditions (v. infra}, the latter have a very decided influence in inducing sexual excitement. 1 In beasts the influence of olfactory perception on the sexual sense is unmistakable. Al/lmus ("Beitrage zur Physiol. und Pathol. des Olfactorius," "Archiv fiir Psych." xii., II. 1) declares that the sensa of smell is important with reference to the reproduction of the species. He shows that animals of opposite sexes are drawn to each other by means of olfactory perception, and that almost all animals, at the time of rutting, emit a specially distinct odour from their genitals. An experiment by Schiff is confirmatory of this. He extirpated the olfactory nerves in puppies, and found that, as the animals grew up. the male was unable to distinguish the female. Again, an experiment by Mantegazza ("Hygiene of Love"), who re- moved the eyes of rabbits and found that the defect con- stituted no obstacle to procreation, shows how important in animals the olfactory sense is for the vita sexualis. It is also remarkable that many animals (musk-ox, civet-cat, beaver), possess on their sexual organs, glands which secrete substances having a very strong odour. Althaus also shows that in man there are certain re- lations existing between the olfactory and sexual senses. He mentions Cloquct ("Osphresiologie," Paris, 1826), who calls attention to the sensual pleasure excited by the odour of flowers, and tells how Eichelieu lived in an atmosphere laden with the heaviest perfumes, in order to excite his sexual functions. Zippe ("Wien. Med. Wochenschrift," 1879, No. 24), in connection with a case of kleptomania in an onanist, likewise establishes such relations, and cites Hildebrand as authority, who in his popular physiology says: ''It can- not be doubted that the olfactory sense stands in remote l Cf. Albert Hagen, "Die sexuelle Osphresiologie," Charlotten- burg, 1901 (Verlag H. Basdorf), a most interesting monograph on the relations between the olfactory senses and odours and the sexual acts in man. Albert Moll, " Untersuchungen liber libido sexualis," p. 377. (Literature and studies on the olfactory sense as a stimu- lating cause of the sexual instinct.) 1'IIYM' FACTS. 31 with the sexual apparatus. Odours of flov. often occasion pleasurable sensual feelings, and when infers the passage in the 'Song of Solomon,' 'And my hands dropped with myrrh, and my lingers with R\\ smelling myrrh, upon the handles of the lock,' one finds that it did not escape Solomon tti<>n. In the Orient the pleasant perfume* an- esteemed for their relatioi the sexual organ-, and the women's apartments of the Sul- tan are redolent with the fragrance of flo\\ Most, professor in Rostock (cf. ///>/*), relates: "I learned from a sensual young peasant that ho had excited many a chaste girl sexually, and easily gained his end, by carrying his handkerchief in his axilla for a time, while dancing, and then wiping his partner's perspiring face with it." The case of Henry III. shows that contact with a person's perspiration may he the exciting cause of passion- ate love. Ar the betrothal feast of the King of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, he accidentally* dried his face with a garment of Maria of Cleves, which was moist with her perspiration. Although she was the bride of the Prince of Conde,- Henry conceived immediately such a passionate love for her that he could not resist it, and made her, as history shows, very unhappy. An analogous instance is related of Henry IV., whose passion for the beautiful Gabriel is said to have originated at the instant when, at u ball, he wiped his brow with her handkerchief. Professor Jdger, the "discoverer of the soul," refers to the same thing in his well-known book (2nd. ed., 1880, chap, xv., p. 173) ; for he regards the sweat as important in the production of sexual effects, and as being especially seductive. 1 One learns from reading the work of Ploss ("Da Weih"), that attempts to attract a person of the opposite ex by means of the perspiration, may be discerned in many forms in popular psychology. 'See also further interesting observations on the aphrodiaic ef- fect* of sweat on both sexes. Ftrt, 1'instinct sexuel, p. 127. (Paris, 1899). 32 PSYCHOPATH'IA SEXUALIS. In reference to this, a custom which holds among the natives of the Philippine Islands when they become en- gaged, as reported by Jagor, is remarkable. When it be- comes necessary for an engaged pair to separate, they ex- change articles of wearing-apparel, by means of which each becomes assured of faithfulness. These objects are care- fully preserved, covered with kisses, and smelled. The love of certain libertines and sensual women for perfumes 1 indicates a relation between the olfactory and the sexual senses. A case mentioned by Heschl ("Wiener Zeitschrift f. pract. Heilkunde," 22d March, 1861) is remarkable, where the absence of both olfactory lobes was accompanied by imperfectly developed genitals. It was the case of a man aged forty-five, in all respects well developed, with the exception of the testicles, which were not larger than beans and contained no seminal canals, and the larynx, which seemed to be of feminine dimensions. Every trace of olfactory nerves was wanting, and the trigona olfactoria and the furrow on the under surface of the anterior lobes were absent. The perforations of the ethmoid plate were sparingly present, and occupied by nerveless processes of the dura instead of by nerves. In the mucous membrane of the nose there was also an absence of nerves. Finally, the clearly defined relation of the olfactory and sexual senses in mental diseases is worthy of notice, for in the psychoses of both sexes superinduced by mas- turbation, as well as in insanity due to disease of the female organs, or during the climacterium, olfactory hal- lucinations are especially frequent, while in cases where a sexual cause is wanting they are very infrequent. II am inclined to doubt 2 that, under normal conditions, olfactory impressions in man, as in animals, p? an im- portant role in the excitation of the sexual centre. On *Cf. Laycock, who ("Nervous Diseases of Women," 1840) found that in women the love for musk and similar perfumes was related to sexual excitement. The following case, reported by Binet, seems to be in opposition to this idea. Unfortunately nothing is said concerning the mental PHY8IOLOOICAI. PACTS. 33 account of the importance of this consensus for the under- rtamling of pathological cases, it is necessary here to thor- oughly consioVr tin- relations existing between the olfactory and srxtial senses. With n (" rence to these physiological relations it may he mentioned as an interesting fact that there exists a cer- tain histologieal conformity Intwctn the nose and the genitals, ff the person. In any event, it is certainly confirma- tory of tne relations existing between the olfactory and sexual MOMS: D., a medical student, was seated on a bench in a public park, rending a book (on pathology). Suddenly a violent erection dis- turbed him. He looked up and noticed that a lady, redolent with perfume, had taken a seat upon the other end of the bench. D. could attribute the erection to nothing but the unconscious olfactory im- pression made upon him. 3 34 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS. Other interesting observations and elucidations about the consensus narium et gcnitalium may be found in a book by Fliess recently published r "Die Beziehungen zwisoiim N&se und weiblichen Geschlechtsorganen," Vienna (Deut- icke), 1897. Cerviset, contribut. a 1'etude du tisses erec- tile des fosses nasales. These de Lyon 1887. Joal, rcvuc mensuelle de laryngologie 1888 Fevr. Peyer, Miinch. med. Wochenschr, 1889. 4; Eudriss, Dissertat, Wurz- burg 1892. The sexual sphere of the cerebral cortex may be ex- cited, in the sense of an excitation of sexual concepts and impulses, by processes in the generative organs. This is possible as a result of all conditions which excite the erec- tion-centre by means of centripetal influence (stimulus resulting from distension of the seminal vesicles ; enlarged Graafian follicles ; any sensory stimulus, however produced, about the genitals; hyperaemia and turgescence of the genitals, especially of the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosum of the penis and clitoris, as a result of lux- urious, sedentary life ; plethora abdominalis, high external temperature, warm beds, clothing; taking ;of cantharides, pepper and other spices). Libido sexualis may also be induced by stimulation of the gluteal region (castigation, whipping). 1 This fact is important for the proper understanding of certain pathological manifestations. It sometimes happens that in boys the first excitation of the sexual instinct is caused by a spanking, and they are thus incited to mas- turbation. This should be remembered by those who have, the care of children. On account of the dangers to which this form of pun- ishment of children gives rise, it would be better if parents, teachers and nurses were to avoid it entirely. Passive -flagellation may excite sensuality, as is shown Mfeibowutw, " De flagiorum usu in re medica," London, 1765: Boileau, "The History of the Flagellants," London, 1783; Doppct, " Aphrodisiaque externe," Paris, 1788; Cooper, " Der Flagellantismus u. d. Flagellanten; Hunscn, Stock u. Peitache in xix. Jahrhundert (Dohrn, Dresden), 2 vola. 1MIY8IOLOGICAL FACTS. ,V by the sects of flagellants, 1 so widespread in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. They were accustomed to whip themselves, partly as an atonement and partly to mortify the flesh (in accordance with the principle of chastity pro- mulgated by the Church i. e., the emancipation of the soul from sensuality). These sects were at first favoured by the Church ; but, since sensuality was only the more excited by flagellation, and this fact became apparent in unpleasant occurrences, the Church was finally compelled to oppose it The fol- lowing facts from the lives of the two heroines of flagella- tion, Maria Magdalena of Pazzi and Elizabeth of Genton, clearly show the significance of flagellation as a sexual ex- citant. The former, the daughter of distinguished parents, was a Carmelite nun in Florence (about 1580), and, by her flagellations, and still more through the results obtained by them, she became quite celebrated, and is mentioned in the "Annals". It was her greatest delight to have her hands bound by the prioress behind her back, and her naked loins whipped in the presence of the assembled sisters. But the whippings, continued from her earliest youth, quite destroyed her nervous system, and, perhaps, no other heroine of flagellation had so many hallucinations ("Ent- ziickungen"). While being whipped her thoughts were of love. The inner fire threatened to consume her, and she frequently cried, "Enough ! Fan no longer the flame that consumes me. This is not the death I long for; it comes with all too much pleasure and delight." Thus it con- tinned. But the spirit of impurity wove the most sensual lascivious fancies, and she was several times near losing her chastity. It was the same with Elizabeth of Genton. As a result <>f whipping she actually passed into a state of bacchanalian madness. As a rule, she raved when, excited by unusual l Corvin, Hist. Denkmale des ohrist lichen Fanatismus, II., L?ip- tig, 1847; Fofrittmann, Die chriatlicheo Geiaalergoaellachaften, Halle, 1828. 36 PSYCIIOPATIIIA SEXUALI8. flagellation, she believed herself united with her "ideal". This condition was so exquisitely pleasant to her that sho would frequently cry out, "O love, O eternal love, O love, you creatures! cry out with me: 'Love, Love!' ' It is known, on the authority of Taxil (op. cit., p. 175), that rakes sometimes have themselves flagellated, or pricked until blood flows, just before the sexual act, in order to stimulate their diminished sexual power. These facts find an interesting confirmation in the following experiences, taken from Paullini's "Flagellum Salutis" (1st ed., 1698; reprint, Stuttgart, 1847) : "There are some nations, viz., the Persians and Rus- sians, where the women regard blows as a peculiar sign of love and favour. Strangely enough, the Russian women are never more pleased and delimited iliaii when they re- ceive hard Mows from their husbands, as John Barclarus relates in a remarkable narrative. A German, named Jordan, went to Russia, and, pleased with the country, settled there and took a Russian wife, whom he loved dearly, and to whom he was always kind in everything. But she always wore an expression of dissatisfaction, and went about with sighs and downcast eyes. The husband asked the reason, for he could not understand what was wrong. 'Aye/ she said, 'though you love me, you do not show me any sign of it.' He embraced her, and begged to be told what he had carelessly and unconsciously done to hurt her feelings, and to be forgiven, for he would never do it again. 'I want nothing/ was the answer, 'but what is customary in our country the whip, the real sign of love.' When Jordan adopted the custom his wife began to love him dearly. Similar stories are told by Peter Pcireus, of Erlesund, who adds that husbands, immediately after the wedding, among other indispensable household articles, provide themselves with a whip." On page 73 of this remarkable book, the author says further: "The celebrated Count of Mirandula, John Picus, relates of one of his intimate acquaintances that he was PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. 37 an insatiable fellow, but so lazy and incapable of love that he was practically impotent until he had been roughly I handled. The more he tried to satisfy his desire, the heavier the blows he needed, and he could not attain his ', unless he had boon whipped till the blood came. For this purpose ho had a suitable whip made, which was placed in vinegar the day before using it. He would give this to his companion, and on bended knees beg her not to spare him, but to strike blows with it, the heavier the better. The good count thought this singular man found the pleasure of love in this punishment. Not being a bad man in other respects he understood and hated his weak- ness." Coelius Rhodigin relates a similar story, as does also the celebrated jurist, Andreas Tiraquell. In the time of the skilful physician, Otten Brunfelsen, there lived in Munich, then the capital of the Bavarian electorate, a de- bauchee who could never perform his (sexual) duties with- out a severe preparatory beating. Thomas Barthelin knew a Venetian, who had to be beaten and driven before he could have intercourse, just as reluctant Cupid was driven by his followers with sprays of hyacinths. & few years ago there was in Liibeck a cheesemonger, living on Mill Street, who, on a complaint to the authorities of unfaith- fulness, was ordered to leave the city. The prostitute with whom he had been, went to the judges and begged on his behalf, telling how difficult all intercourse had become for him. He could do nothing until he had been mercilessly beaten. At first the fellow, from shame and to avoid dis- grace, would not confess, but after earnest questioning he could not deny it There is said to have been a man in the Netherlands who was similarly incapable, and could do nothing without blows. On the decree of the authori- ties, however, he was not only removed from his position, but also severely punished. A reliable friend, a physician in an important city of the kingdom, related to me how a woman of bad character had told a companion, who had been in the hospital a short time before, that she, with 38 PSYCHOPATIIIA SEXUALI8. another woman of like character, had been sent to tho woods by a man who followed them there, cut rods for them, and then exposed his naked buttocks, commanded them to belabour him well. They obeyed, and it is easy to conjecture what he then did with them. Not only men have thus been excited and inflamed to lasciviousness, but (also women, that they too might experience greater in- tensity of pleasure. 1 For this reason the Roman woman had herself whipped and beaten by the lupercis. Thus Juvenal writes: ."" Steriles moriuntur, et illis Turgida non prodest condita psycido Lyde: Nee prodest agili palinas prtebere Luperco." y In men, as well as in women, erection and orgasm, or leven ejaculation, may be induced by irritation of various other regions of the skin and mucous membrane. These "hyperaesthetic" zones in woman are, while she is a virgin, the clitoris, and, after defloration, the vagina and cervix uteri. In woman the nipple particularly seems to possess this quality. Titillatio hujus regionis plays an important part in the ars erotica. In his "Typographical : Anatomy," 1865, Bd. i., p. 552, Hyrtl cites Val. Hildenbrandt, who observed a peculiar anomaly of the sexual instinct in a girl, which he called suctusstupratio. She had her mammae sucked by her lover, and after a while, by constantly pull- ing her nipples, she was enabled to suck them herself, an act that gave her most intense pleasure. Hyrtl also calls attention to the fact that cows sometimes suck the milk from their own udders. L. Brunn ("Zeitg. f. Literatur." etc., d. Hamburg, Correspondent, 1889, No. 21), in an in- teresting article on "Sensuality and Love of Kin," points mt how zealously the nursing mother gives herself to the cursing of the babe, "for love of the weak, undeveloped, helpless being". 'It is a common proceeding for biased and impotents to have themselves whipped. A few years ago mucli noise was made about one such amateur who died whilst being whipped by several women in a house of prostitution at Moscow. (Ibankoic. Archives d' An- tnropol. criminelle. xiv. p. 697). PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS. 'I'.) It is easy to assume tliat, l.y the side of the ethical motives, tin- fact tliut the sucking may be attend. -d by feelings of physical ili-asurr phtys a part The remark of I'.ninn. although correct in it>elf, Lut one-sided, that, ac- cording to HouZ' iierienee, among the majority of animals the relations between mother ami offspring are close only during the time of nursim:. ami thereafter in- different, also speaks in favour of this assumption. Bastion found the same thing (blunting of the feeling for the offspring after weaning) among savages. Under pathological conditions, as is shown by Cham- bard, among others, in his thesis for the doctorate, other portions of the body (in hysterical persons) about the mammae and genitals may attain the significance of "hy- peraesthetic" zones. In man, physiologically, the only "hyperaesthetic" zone is the glans penis and perhaps the skin of the external genitals. Under pathological conditions the anus may become a "hyperaesthetic" area. Thus anal automasturbation, which seems to be only too frequent, and passive pederasty would be explained. (Cf. Gamier, "Anomalies sexuelles,*' Paris, p. 514; A. Moll, "Contrare Sexualempfindung," 3rd ed., p. 369; Frigerio, "Archivio di Psichiatria," 1893; Cristiani, "Archivio delle Psicopatie sessuali," p. 182, "au- topederastia in un alienato, affetto da follia periodica".) The psycho-physiological process comprehended in the idea of sexual instinct is composed of (1) concepts awakened centrally or peripherally; (2) the pleasurable feelings associated with them. The longing for sexual satisfaction (libido sexualis) arises from them. This desire grows stronger constantly in proportion as the excitation of the cerebral sphere ac- centuates the feeling of pleasure, by appropriate concep- tions and activity of the imagination ; and the pleasurable sensations are increased to lustful feeling by excitation of the erection centre and the consequent hypersemia of the 40 PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS. genitals (entrance of liquor prostaticus into the urethra, etc.). If circumstances favour the satisfactory performance of the sexual act, the ever-increasing desire is gratified ; if, however, conditions are unfavourable, inhibition occurs, checks the central erectile power, and prevents the sexual act. To civilised man the ready presence of ideas which inhibit sexual desire is of distinct import. The moral freedom of the individual, and the decision whether, under certain circumstances, excess, and even crime, be committed or not, depend, on the one hand, upon the strength of the instinctive impulses and the accompanying organic sen- sations; on the other, upon the power of the inhibitory ideas. Constitution, and especially organic influences, have a marked effect upon the instinctive impulses ; educa- tion and cultivation of self-control counteract the opposing influences. The exciting and inhibitory powers are variable quanti- ties. For instance, over-indulgence in alcohol is very fatal in this respect, since it awakens and increases libido sexu- alis, while at the same time it weakens moral resistance. THE ACT OF COHABITATION/ The essential condition for the man is sufficient erec- tion. Anjel ("Arch, fur Psych., viii., H. 2) calls atten- tion to the fact that in sexual excitement not alone the erec- tion centre is influenced but the nervous excitement is dis- tributed over the entire vasomotor system of nerves. The proof of this is the turgescence of the organs in the sexual act, injection of the conjunctiva, prominence of the eye- balls, dilation of the pupils, cardiac palpitation (resulting from paralysis of the vasomotor nerves of the heart, which arise from the cervical sympathetic, and the resulting dila- tion of the cardiac arteries, and the increased stimulation of the cardiac ganglia induced by the consequent hype- *Cf. Roubavd, " TraiW do Pimpuissance et de la eWrilittf," Paria 1878. Till 41 r:i mia of the canliae walls). The sexual act is accom- panied by a pleasurable feeling, which, in the male, is evoked by the passage of semen through the ductus ejacur II to tho urethra, in consequence of the sensory stimula- tion of the genitals. This pleasurable sensation occurs earlier in the male than in the female, grows rapidly in iisity up to the moment of commencing ejaculation, reaches its acme in the instant of free emission, and disap- pears quickly post ejaculationem. In the female the pleasurable feeling occurs later and comes on more slowly, and generally outlasts the act of ejaculation. The distinctive event in coitus is ejaculation. This function is dependent on a centre (geni to-spinal), which Budge has shown to be situated at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. It is a reflex centre. The stimulus that excites it, is the ejection of semen from the vesicula* semi' nales into the pars membranacea urethras, a reflex effect of stimulation of the glans penis. As soon as the collec- tion of semen, with ever-increasing pleasurable sensation, has reached a sufficient amount to be effectual as a stimu- lus of the ejaculation-centre, this centre acts. The reflex motor path lies in the fourth and fifth lumbar nerves. The action consists of a convulsive excitation of the bulbo- cavernosus muscle (innervated by the third and fourth sacral nerves), which forces the semen out. In the female as well, at the height of sexual and pleasurable excitement, a reflex movement occurs. It is induced by stimulation of the sensory genital nerves and consists of a peristaltic movement in the tubes and uterus as far down as the portio vaginalis, which presses out the mucous secretions of the tubes and uterus. Inhibition of the ejaculation centre is possible as a result of cortical influence (want of desire in coitus, emotions in general, influence of the will). Under normal conditions, with the completion of the sexual act, libido sexualis and erection disappear, and the psychical and sexual excitement gives place to a comfort- able feeling of lassitude. III. ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTS. 1 EVERY individual whose sexual development has been in accordance with the normal process, represents physical and metaphysical attributes which, as experience shows, are typical of the sex to which the individual belongs. These sexual characteristics are either primary (sexual glands and organs of propagation) or secondary. The latter are bodily and psychical and are developed only during the period of puberty. Now and then cases of precocious as well as retarded sexual development are reported. As a rule they may be found to be due to abnormal evolutionary conditions in them, chiefly in individuals with a heavy neu- rotic taint. The secondary sexual characteristics differentiate the two sexes ; they present the specific male and female types. The higher the anthropological development of the race, the stronger these contrasts between man and woman, and vice versa. Important somatic secondary sexual characteristics are, the skull, skeleton, pelvis (particularly), facial types, hair, larynx (voice), mammae, thighs, etc. Important psychical characteristics are sexual con- sciousness (i.e., the knowledge of a special sexual indi- viduality as man or woman) and a congruous sexual in- stinct, from both of which a long series of special features and individual peculiarities are evolved, such as psychical dispositions, inclinations, etc. This differentiation of the sexes and the development of sexual types is evidently the result of an infinite suc- 'Bardach, Die Physiologic als Erfahrungswissenschaft, 1826-40; Ploss, Das Weib, 1891, 3d edition; A. Moll, Die contrare Sexualem- pfindung, 3d ed. p. 3; Idem, Untersuchungen fiber die Libido sexualis, 1897-98. (42) ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTS. 43 cession of intermediary stages of evolution. The primary stage undoubtedly was bi-sexuality, such as still exists in the lowest classes of animal life and also during the first months of foetal existence in man. The type of the present stage of evolution is mono-sexuality, that is to say, a gruous development of the secondary bodily ami psychical sexual characteristics belonging to the respective sexual glands. Observation teaches that the pure type of the man or the woman is often enough missed by nature, that is to say that certain secondary male characteristics are found in woman and vice versa, to wit, men with an inclination for female occupations (embroidery, toilet, etc.), and women with a decided predilection for manly sports (without the inlluencing elements of early education). In both in- stances particular cleverness in the inverted and pro- nounced awkwardness in the originally proper occupation will be noticed. In this class belong castrates, women with a bass voice (abnormal development of the larynx), a narrow pelvis, a beard, undevelopment of the mammae, etc. Of special scientific interest are the cases of GyncB- comasty, i.e., the development of mammae in the male in- dividual, with concomitant inhibited development of the testicles during the period of puberty. Galen described and named this anomaly. Laurent's monograph 1 on this sub- ject is worthy of mention. As a rule the gynccomast is slender in build, has a smooth face and stunted testicles, Is devoid of the secondary sexual characteristics of the man, has but little sexual de- sire for the opposite sex, is in short a sort of a man- woman of moral and metaphysical inferiority. It is a remarkable fact that Gynecomasty only occurs in neurotically degenerated families, and must be looked upon as the manifestation of an anatomical and functional ; i oration. 'Laurent, lea bisexual, Paris. 1894; Idem, de l'here\litfi dec gyn&omaates. Annales d. 'hygiene, publ. 1990. 44 PSTCHOPATHIA 8EXUALIS. Castration never produces Gynecomasiy , in which the glandular tissue but rarely develops, whilst the nipple bo- comes erogenous and capable of erection as in woman. Lac- tation has but seldom been observed. With involution even the mammae disappear. The true Gynecomast betrays signs of effemination the voice is soft and has a high pitch, the hair on the mons veneris is that of a woman, the skin is soft, the pelvis wide, potency though weak is yet heterosexual and libido is wanting. It cannot be denied that in these cases through the interruption of evolutionary processes the sexual characteristics of the man have been replaced by those of the woman and that by this substitu- tion the development also of other physical and psychical sexual characteristics has been influenced in the sense of inversion. The possible combinations, of course, vary greatly. An interesting and important question now arises, viz. : "What determines the development of an individual of that definite sexual type which possesses all the character- istics of a man, or a woman ?" One is tempted to look upon the development of the genital glands as the determining factor which may be recognized even in the apparently bisexual foetus. For the primary sexual characteristics in the form of the sexual organs are present and may be with puberty developed into the secondary sexual characteristics. That the sexual glands are important so far as the sex itself is concerned is hardly open to controversy, but they are not necessarily the determining factor. For we shall see later on that the secondary characteristics (sexual sen- sations, attraction by the physical and psychical properties of the opposite sex, and the instinct to have sexual inter- course with persons of the opposite sex) may be inverted even at the very beginning of sexual development. Again the experience of gynecologists allows of the fol- lowing deductions: Hegar (Nothnagel's Pathologic, xx. Part L, p. 371) points out: (1) that despite of congenital defects and rudimentary ANTHROPOLOGICAL FACTS. 45 development of the ovaries the feminine type may be thor- oughly preserved ; (2) that the female sexual characteristics are relatively independent of the ovaries as is proved by transverse lit rmaphroditism. The old axiom "Propter solum ovari- uin raulier est quod est," therefore falls. The sex-determining moment tun is unknown. ( The form of the sexual glands is therefore not the quali- fying element of sex-determination, but we must look rather to sexual sensations and the sexual instinct. All this directs our attention to the central domains of that nervous plexus which dominates the sexual functions and which renders intermediary sexual gradations between the pure type of man and woman possible, oripheral factors might largely depend on whether the elimination of the sexual glands took place before or after the development of pu- berty ; and again due regard must be given to the fact that the rise of psychical sexual characteristics may have con- siderably preceded physical development. Facts seem to prove that with the loss of the genital glands previous to puberty the development of somatic and psychical sexual characteristics is stunted even unto Asexuality. This is true as to the male and female of the human kind as well as of domestic animals. Matters are different if the injury occurs after this bio- 46 PBYCIIOPATHIA 8EXUALIS. logical phase. Here we are bound to find physical as well as psychical characteristics already existing, but their further development becomes stunted. The manner in which these organs succumb (through illness or surgical interference) is of no import, neither is the sex itself. The only condition needed is that the development of the sec- ondary sexual characteristics had already begun as this is plainly dependent upon central spheres. How far then sexual development will go, depends chiefly upon the con- dition and the developing powers of these central factors; whilst its direction is governed by the biological energy of these bisexually predisposed centres. If the development ran hitherto in heterosexual chan- nels, but was lacking in force, the sex experiences simply a check ; but if the original bisexual predisposition had not yet received a definite sexual direction, and possessed strength, sexual characteristics of the opposite sex and under circumstances even of an inverted nature may un- fold. In most cases there is but a partial development of the characteristics of the opposite sex. Analogous experiences are made in cases in which the sexual glands were lost long after matured puberty. For instance, bearded women are frequently found in the post mortem, minus ovaries (Diet, de med. et de chirurg. prat, art. "ovario"). In a similar manner pheasant hens are found with degenerated ovaries, but with the plumage and voice of the male. 1 (Discuss, de la societe zoologique de Londres). It is a well-known fact that many women grow a beard after the climacterium and that the voice drops to a lower register. If the climax be reached very early and vitality remains very strong even another (opposite) sex may be developed. See page 247 and cases 128 and 129. A smart difference may also be found in eunuchs, ac- cording to whether castration took place before or after l Cf. Moll, Libido sexualis, p. 335-350, where he gives a large number of cases of perverted sexual characteristics, of a physical as well as psychical nature, even of sexual inversion. ANTIIBOP01 FACT8. 47 hical pulM-rty. In tin- 1; tlie vita scxualis is Ity no menus a Malik ]>:iL r - f->r M-xnal fVrling, and sexual in-tinct for the opposite sex are present, although physical and psychical sexual characteristics of the male are stunted and femininism may take its place. In rare cases apparently in strongly developed bi- sexuality signs of inverted sexuality may appear (Bedor's case in Cadiz of a eunuch with developed mammae). These facts are not in favour of the exclusive effects exercised by the sexual glands upon the development of the vita sexualis, especially of the psychical sexual character- istics, which no doubt belong to those central spheres which normally come into functional force with arriving puberty a^pd thus determine the essential criterion of the sex (sex- ual instinct). IV. GENERAL PATHOLOGY. 1 (NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.) ANOMALIES of the sexual functions are met with especially in civilised races. This fact is explained in part by the frequent abuse of the sexual organs, and in part by the circumstance that such functional anomalies are chiefly the signs of an inherited diseased condition of the central nervous system ("functional signs of degeneration"). 'Literature: Parent-Duchatelet, " Prostitution dans la ville de Paris," 1837. Rosenbautn, " Entstehung der Syphilis," Halle, 1839 also, " Die Lustseuche im Alterthuin," Halle, 1839. Descuret, " La medecine des Passions," Paris, 1800. Caspar, " Klin. Novellen," 1860. Bastion, " Der Mensch in der Geschichte ". Friedlander, " Sit- tengeschichte Roms ". Wiedemeister, " Casarenwahnsinn ". Scherr, " Deutsche Kultur und Sittengeschichte," Bd. i., cap. ix. Jeannel, " Die Prostitution," dcutsch von Miillcr, Erlangen, 1809. ; v. Krafft, " Neue Forschungen auf dcm Gebiete der Psychopathia sexualis," 2 Aufl., Stuttgart, 1891. Taxil, " La Prostitution conteraporaine," Paris, 1884. Frank Lydston, " Philadelph. Med. and Surg. Reports, 1889. Urquhardt, Journal of Mental Science, Jan. 1891. Antonini, " Archiv. di Psichiatria," xxi., 1, 2. Cantat ano, Zcitschr. " La Psi- chiatria," v., 2, 3. Krauss, " Psychologic des Verbrechens," 1884. Kiernan, "Medic. Standard," Nov., 1889. Delcourt, " Le Vice ft Paris," 1889. Lombroso, " L'uomo Delinquente," 2 Aufl., 1878. Toul- mouche, " Annal. d'hygiene," 1868. Giraldds et Horteloup, ibidem, 1876, p. 419. Eulenburg, " Klin. Handb. d. Harn- und Sexualorgane," 1894, 4 Abthl., p. 36. Moll, " Untersuchungen tiber die Libido sex- ualis," 1897; "Archivio delle psicopatie scssuali," Naples (1896) volume unico. Tardicu, " Des attentats aux mceurs," 7 e"dit., 1878. Emminghaus, " Psychopatliol.," pp. 98, 225, 230, 232. Schiile, "Hand- buch der Geisteskrankheiten," p. 114. Marc, "Die Geisteskrankheiten," ii., p. 128. v. Krafft, " Lehrb. d. Psychiatric, 6 Aufl. i., p. 77; " Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol.," 3 Aufl., p. 279 ; " Archiv f. Psychi- atric," vii., 2. Morcau, " Des aberrations du sens genesique," Paris, 1880. Kirn, " Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatric," 39, Heft 2 u. 3. Lom- broso, " Geschlechtstrieb und Verbrechen in ihren gcgenseitigen Bozie- hungen". (Goltdammer's "Archiv." Bd. 30). Tamotcsky, "Die krank- haften Erscheinungcn des Geschlechtsainnes," Berlin, 1886. Ball, " La (48) SPINAL NEUROSES. 40 Since the general ivo organs stand in Important func- tional relation to the entire nervous system, and especially to its psychical and somatic functions, the frequency of general neuroses and psychoses arising in sexual (func- tional or organic) disturbances, is easy to understand. SCHEDULE OF THE SEXUAL NEUROSES. I. PERIPHERAL. 1. Sensory. (a) Anaesthesia; (6) Hyperaesthesia ; (c) Neuralgia. 2. Secretory. (a) Aspermia; (6) Polyspennia. 3. Motor. (a) Pollutions (spasm) ; (6) Spermatorrhoea (paralysis) II. SPINAL NEUROSES. 1. Affections of the Erection Centre. (a) Irritation (priapism) arises from reflex action of peripheral sensory irritants (e.g., gonorrhoea) ; directly, from organic irritation of the nerve-tracts leading from the brain to the erection centre (spinal disease in the lower cervical and upper dorsal regions), or of the centre itself (certain poisons) ; or from psychical irritation. In the latter case satyriasis exists, t. e. t abnormal dura- folie trotique," Paris, 1888. Rtrieux, " Recherches cliniques sur le* anomalies de 1'instinct sexuel," Paris, 1888. Hammond, " Sexual Impotence," 1889. v. Krafft, " Qber sexuale Penrersionen." Leyden'i deutache Klinik, l!01, vi. v. 8chrenk-\otzing, Die Suggestionathera- I i- 1S92; also, Zeitach. fUr Hypnotism us, vii., H. 1 & 2, viii., H. 1. ( I.iti-ntnr.) Moll, die contrftre Sexualempfindung, 3 Aufl. 1889; also. Intorsurhunt.'.-n ab. d. Libido sexualis, 1897-98. Hirachfeld, Jahrb. f. sexucllc Xwi^-licnstufon, Jahrg. i.-iv. Block, Beitrfige z. Aetiologie >lor Paychopathia sexualis, ii., Tlieil, 1903. Among mo