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597738 v.. ."1'^^ As

American Veterinary RevieW.^

APRIL, 1903.

All communications for publication or in reference thereto should be addressed to Prof.
Roscoe R. Bell, Seventh Ave. df Union St. , Borough of Brooklyn, New York City.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, Feb. 15th, 1903.

Foreign Conception of the American Profession. —
I am quite sure that I have spoken to you of the Revue Gene-
rale de Medccine Vetermaire^ the new journal published at
Toulouse, which, with such an editor as Prof. E. Leclainche, is
bound to meet with great success ; and, indeed, it was with im-
patience that his first issue was looked for in the French veteri-
nary world. It has come, and has no doubt shown at once what
it is going to be, an innovator in veterinary journalism. I, for
one, was amazed when I noticed the preeminent part given to
the Review among the " revue des publications." Preeminent
place ! probably by alphabetical order ; but, at any rate, our
collaborators of the issue of December, such as Reynolds, Wil-
liams, Lyford, Coleman Nockolds, Childs and others will be
pleased to learn that their articles will receive proper analysis
by the editor of the Revue Generale.

Keeping on in my examination of the first number of the
new journal, I came to an article entitled " La profession vet^r-
inaire en France et a I'Etranger." In it the author makes remarks
on the profession in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany,
England, etc., etc, and the United States. There ....
I translate what he said :

" The vetermarzans of the United States have lately held in
Mlii'ieapolis a ' Conventions^ which once more has demonstrated

EDITORIAL.

the exuberant vitality of the profession^ and also the unfortunate
ejffects of the liberty of teaching and the absence of all regulations
relating to medical practice in most of the States. Pemtsyl-
vania counts rjoo practitioners ; out of this number., joo only
are graduated from a veterinary college. The multiplication of
the schools is again an obstacle to the rising of the profession :
if some colleges give serious guarantees., others try to attract
students by any kind of mea^is and deliver diplomas to all
comer s.^^

Oh ! Oh ! Prof. Leclainche ! Yon certainly know nothing
of the veterinary profession in America ; nothing of the socie-
ties ; nothing of the colleges ; and I am sure you would never
have written the above, had you had better knowledge or made
inquiries.

I will not criticise the part referred to with too much sever-
ity— deserved as it may be ; and, while we will acknowledge
the exuberant vitality of our profession., we certainly will also
continue to advocate the liberty of teaching., and remind our
worthy confrere that it is years since the practice of veterinary
medicine was regulated in the United States by State laws, a
feat which France has tried to do for years, and is yet far from
obtaining.

We certainly will smile at the /700 practitioners of Pennsyl-
vania (how enormous must have been the increase since a few
years). If it is so, we will ask more severity at the hands of
her Board of Examiners, as not only the ranks of the profession
will be overcrowded, but what can the 300 graduates only do in
that State with 1400 irregulars to struggle against !

There is, however, something that we cannot let go by. It
is the impression that some of our foreign colleagues may get
from the last part of Prof. Leclainche's notices, viz., — that there
are colleges which " try to draw students by any kind of means
and to deliver diplomas to all coiners." I would suggest a single
reply : Let every college send him a catalogue, every society
direct him a list of its members, with charter and by-laws, and
let the National Association give him all the points relating to

EDITORIAL.

the practice of veterinary medicine, regulations, etc., . . •
and I am sure the apology will not be long in coming, and will
be as frank and true as the errors have been serious.

* * >!<

Tubercular Immunization. — Well, well, $7,000,000!
This is a pretty figure, and tuberculosis must be pretty hard to
fight if it does not succumb to the army of searchers, of investi-
gators, experimenters, etc., that will come to win them — and yet !
That sum was not necessary to stimulate the energy of all those
who have been at work towards the object that those seven mil-
lions are prepared to repay for all the troubles, the deceived
hopes, hours lost, etc.

A short time ago 1 spoke to you of the experiments of Prof,
von Behring. He did not wait for the stimulus so generously
put forward by Mr. J. D. Rockefeller. Neither are American
veterinarians staying behind. I have read '* Some Experiments
upon Immunization of Cattle against Tuberculosis," by Dr.
Leonard Pearson and Dr. S. H. Gilliland ; and certainly Amer-
ican veterinarians will be proud to follow the efforts of our col-
leagues. But, after all, it is very well to find a cure for such a
disease ; yet it seems to me that if there ever was truth in a
proverb, it is in the saying, ''one ounce of prevention is worth
ten pounds of cure."

If Behring has already obtained success, if our friends Pear-
son and Gilliland have reached some valuable conclusions, pre-
vention may not be so far away after all. It is looked for in
every country, and now Prof. Thomassen, of Utrecht, records
on the subject of antituberculous vaccination the conclusions of
a series of experiments he has made in that direction. His at-
tempts to realize immunization were carried out in a plan simi-
lar to that of von Behring. It is only under some conditions
that experimental infection with human bacillus can be obtained
in cattle, and Prof. Thomassen had said in one preceding report
that " it is difficult, but not impossible, to produce in bovines a
generalized tuberculosis with cultures of human bacilli." But
if the infecting power diminishes, specially when the bacilli

EDITORIAL.

have been kept a long time in artificial culture without passage
through an animal, and if their origin has also a certain influ-
ence on the degree of virulency, they do ordinarily give rise to
certain diseased conditions which disappear in a few days or last
for several weeks, and the question is : Does this artificial and
temporary disease not confer a certain degree of immunity which
permits an animal to resist infection of more virulent cultures
than those of human origin ?

With this object in view. Prof. Thomassen has carried out
five experiments, following the plan of von Behring, and from
those * has come to the following conclusions :

" Bovines support quite well human bacilli, even when, at
the dose of 30 milligrams, they are introduced in the general
circulation. In one experiment we see that a recent culture of
human sputa, at that dose, gives only an insignificant reaction*
Probably the bacilli of that sputum had a weaker virulence than
those coming from any organ or a product of secretion, such as
milk. Would not symbiosis have an attenuating influence on
the microbe of tuberculosis ?

^^ K first infection gives rise to reaction only after 10 or 15
days, while after the second or a third injection of bacilli, hy-
perthermia appears in 24 hours. Do they act as tuberculin ?
In that case, it would be proper to admit that in four of the ex-
periments the animals were more or less affected with tubercu-
losis at the time of the second injection. At any rate, the reac-
tion is more intense after the injection of bacilli than after ordi-
nary tuberculination and it lasts longer. P'or two of the calves on
experiment, the existence of a local tuberculosis of the eye and
of the lungs is certain. The result of one experiment shows
that with a small dose of human bacijli a certain degree of im-
munity can be granted.

" The last experiment shows that a minimum quantity of
bovme bacilli produces more serious and more lasting troubles
than four times as much of human bacilli.

'' Too large doses of these are injurious, as they may put the

*^tt Recueil de Med. Vet., Jan. 15, 1903.

EDITORIAL.

life in danger or promote tuberculous lesions that could progress.
The process of Behring, beginning with one milligram dose, to
reach after several weeks a massive dose, is the proper one to
follow. The desiccation of the cultures, reducing considerably
the virulence of bacilli, deserves all attention.

''As to the practical value," says Prof. Thomassen in clos-
ing his article, " I will not give an opinion until by further ex-
periments in which I will resort to a mode of infection resem-
bling spontaneous contamination, it should be definitely fixed."

Decidedly, the question of immunization against tuberculosis
seems to be only a matter of time. Obtained experimentally
by Behring, Pearson and Gilliland, and finally by Thomassen,
it cannot be long before its practical application will be real-
ized.

Dr. Garnault's Tubercular Inocui^ation. — I have prom-
ised to keep you posted, if I could, about the results of the ex-
periments to which Dr. Garnault has submitted himself. The
report made by Dr. Borrel, of Pasteur Institute, has just been
made public. It states first that the deep nodule which follow-
ed the second inoculation of Dr. G., was removed on Novem-
ber 12 ; that parts of it were inoculated to guinea-pigs, which
became tuberculous ; that other parts were examined through
the microscope, and showed changes evidently of tuberculous
nature. Dr. Borrel concludes : " It is impossible to say, a priori,
what would have become, in the organism of Dr. G., of the mi-
crobes observed living and virulent for guiilea-pigs on Novem-
ber 12, at the time of the extirpation. Would they have
finally disappeared, or with lime adapted themselves to their
new life? It is not possible to decide, although after four
months of experiments (those requiring much patience and
time)."

The excision asked by Dr. G. has probably put an end to
the experiment — if, however, the excision has been radical and
complete, and if no virulent element has remained in the wound.

EDITORIAL.

The observed facts can only be registered, viz., that a piece
of tuberculous nodule of a cow, inoculated to a man, has pro-
duced a local tuberculous lesion, limited until now to the point
of inoculation. In this local lesion, tuberculous in structure,
bacilli have remained, living and virulent to guinea-pigs up to
the last day of the experiment, four months after inoculation
and their transplantation from cow and man.

Dr. Garnault makes the following statements : " Unless I re-
main inoculated in a latent manner, the report tells the con-
clusions to draw from the experiment. I have no doubt that
performed on a debilitated or weak individual, it would have
ended easily in general infection. I estimate that the results
obtained are sufficient to legitimate, contrary to the opinion of
Koch, all the legislative measures taken to protect man, and spe-
cially children, against bovine tuberculosis, and against the
meat, the milk and milky products of tuberculous animals."

Well, after all, we all knew it, as an old Yankee saying is.

* *

Antiseptic Surgery. — It is wonderful for one who consid-
ers surgery of years ago and that of to-day what enormous
changes have occurred, and it might be said are daily occurring,
even in its application to veterinary practice. It is but a short
time since traumatism of any kind of a serous membrane was
almost always followed by fatal results, and when direct surgi-
cal interference upon the abdominal cavity or the peritoneum
was considered as not allowed on the plea of forbidden ground.
How things are changed since the day of antisepsy, and how
often now do we find in our professional journals records of
operations where serous membranes have successfully been sur-
gically treated, some times with great severity. What existed
for the peritoneum of some animals, the horse for instance,
seemed to be almost as dangerous when a synovial sac was the
membrane in view, and lesions of tendinous synovials as well as
those of articulations have up to late years also remained ex-
empt from audacious surgical manipulations. But antisepsy
came and with it surgery. To-day synovials, tendinous or

EDITORIAL.

articular, are opened, washed, amputated, sewed up, and nothing
is thought of it, providing strict antiseptic measures have been
observed. It is true that in our surgery, thorough asepsy may
sometimes be difficult to obtain. Yet, if an animal is cast on a
straw bed, the use of an aseptized cover on the straw, as recom-
mended by Le Calve, or that of a rubber sheet, as patronized
by Jacoulet, one may safely go on with his work. For Messrs.
Meynard and Moran stocks are sufficient, and with them the
Vinsot table has answered their purpose ; but no matter how
the horse is secured, what is essential is strict asepsis of the re-
gion, of the instruments, of the dressing material, of the hands
of the operator, and with those precautions they have obtained
in the treatment of synovial enlargements in the horse by resec-
tion excellent results.

After all the preparation required upon the region to be
operated, they proceed and carry their operation into what we
might call seven steps, viz.: (i) Excision of a fusiform cutane-
ous flap ; (2) dissection of the synovial ; (3) removal of a syn-
ovial flap, as large as possible ; (4) washing of the part with
very warm phenic water ; (5) suture with catgut of the synovial
membrane ; (6) interred suture of the skin ; (7) large and very
compressive dressing with sterilized gauze and cotton.

With this method they have operated on five cases ; four on
large windgalls and one of a very large thoroughpin. In the
first four the cicatrization was perfect, the tumor had entirely
disappeared and did not return and the recovery was complete
in respectively 20, 22, 29 and 21 days. In the last one there
was an attack of paraplegia, which occurred twelve days after
the operation, for which he was destroyed. But with that case
also the union of the wound existed already on its whole length
and the recovery from the operation was certain.

In the Revue Genkrale^ where these cases are recorded, the
authors say : " These observations show that synovials are no
longer forbidden ground, under the express condition to avoid
all possible infection of the regions, which, by their position, is
always very possible." A. L.

EDITORIAL.

STILL ADVANCING IN NEW JERSEY.
The veterinarians of New Jersey have never rested since the
possibilities of united and harmonious action were made manifest
by the securing of the act to regulate their practice. They
asked for recognition, and received it ; they besought the Leg-
islature to create an Examining Board to guard the character of
the men who were to practice under their new law, and it was
theirs ; they asked for recognition on the State Sanitary Board,
and were promptly granted it. Not yet satisfied with their por-
tion, they sought to have the office of Chief Veterinarian cre-
ated to guide the Tuberculosis Commission, which has just
been done ; and now the Conference Committee of the State
Association is getting close to the State officials at Trenton
for the purpose of enlarging the scope of the Commission, or of
supplanting it by the establishment of a State Commission of
Animal Industry. The contemplated change will broaden the
work of the Commission, and it is believed will more effectively
and economically protect the vested interests of agriculture and
animal husbandry, for the reason that the entire work will be
more concentrated and under scientific supervision. In creating
the important office of Chief Veterinarian (another term for
State Veterinarian) our sister State has placed itself squarely in
line with the most modern conception of State sanitary legisla-
tion, and the appointment of Dr. William Herbert Lowe to that
position is a graceful recognition of his distinguished services
to the profession of the State and nation, as well as a guarantee
to the commonwealth of an intelligent and faithful administra-
tion of the duties of the office. The profession is particularly
fortunate in this appointment, as he enters upon his duties with
a united and harmonious State Association supporting his every
effort in behalf of the welfare of his profession and State. The
office of the Chief Veterinarian will be in the State House at
Trenton, in connection with that of the Commission. Our
brethren of New Jersey may well feel proud of their achieve-
ments, which are a perpetual {.object-lesson to less fortunate
States.

EDITORIAL.

As illustrating the power of the State Association to acquire
legislation in the interests of the profession, it secured the pas-
sage through both houses of a bill raising the rank of veteri-
narians in each troop of the State cavalry from first sergeant to
that of first lieutenant ; but when the bill reached the Governor
he vetoed it for the reason that veterinarians in the regular
army are not commissioned ofiicers, he taking the ground that
the military regulations of the State must conform to those of
the United States Army.

VETERINARY CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS.

An Iowa veterinarian, honored by his professional brethren
through affiliation with the State Association, and then elevated
to the important and dignified position of member of the Board
of Veterinary Medical Examiners, at the same time occupying
the post of Assistant State Veterinarian, was, at the recent an-
nual meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association,
found guilty and unanimously expelled from membership for
the very grave offense of conducting a *' Correspondence
School," designed to impart to farmers, breeders, non-graduates,
etc., sufficient alleged medical knowledge to enable them to be-
come worthless and therefore dangerous quacks. The Ohio
Association also adopted a report denouncing him in unmeas-
ured terms, so that, so far as this individual is concerned, be
has received the only treatment from his former colleagues
which was possible under the aggravation.

There is, however, nothing startling, peculiar, nor new
about this case, nor can there be obtained from it the least re-
flection upon the profession as a whole or the members individ-
ually. Such assinine nincompoops gain entrance into all pro-
fessions and callings, the ministry seeming a magnet that at-
tracts more of such frauds than any other, while our legal
friends are carrying all that a reputable craft can well stagger
under. Our sister profession of medicine is permeated with
them, and it would be strange indeed if veterinary science had
not reached a sufficiently high plane through the reputation of

1 0 % EDITORIAL.

its true exponents to cause them to seek to take advantage of
the opportunities she offers.

But, while there is nothing to excite our wonder that such
men masquerade in the respectable garments of the veterinarian,
the present case reaches the limit of disreputable audacity, since
the offender was from among those who stood with the loyal
men of Iowa in their efforts to purify and uplift the profession
by holding back all those non-qualified recruits who sought to
obtain the legal right to practice. The only method of dealing
with such men is the one pursued by the lowans : Cast them
out of the society of respectable veterinarians, branded so plain-
ly that they may be recognized wherever they may seek to ply
their dishonest trade, and should any of their dupes attempt to
perform the functions of a veterinary surgeon, punish them as
the law provides. '■' *"■■

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. r;

The subject of foot-and-mouth disease is one which i^ just
now very actively engaging the attention of the veterinary pro-
fession of this country. The progress of those engaged in its
extermination is watched with intense interest by everyone, but
with greater acuteness by the veterinarian. The Review has
each month since its unwelcome invasion placed before its read-
ers the freshest news concerning it from first hands. It is with
much pleasure that we are in this issue enabled to publish a
splendid article prepared for our readers by the Chief of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. D. E. Salmon, it
being in the nature of a condensation of his article written for
the " Yearbook " of the Department of Agriculture. While the
subject is very thoroughly considered from all points, it will be
noted that he devotes considerable space to a discussion of the
importance of slaughter as a means of stamping out an out-
break. There appear to be many, even among the veterinarians
of New England, who think the slaughter of diseased herds is not
necessary or justifiable. The argument of the author is, there-
fore, as timely and appropriate as it is logical and convincing.

EDITORIAL. 11

*' A Lesson from America."— Our esteemed contemporary,
the Veterinary Journal (London) devotes the entire editorial
space of its March number to a discussion of the Seventeenth
Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, for 1900, and
marvels at the magnitude of the work which this model bureau
is accomplishing, while holding its breath in contemplating the
wonderful enterprise of the Government in publishing 30,000
copies of such a large and well illustrated book, which contains
over 600 pages and nearly a hundred elegant illustrations, many
of them in colors. It closes its digest of the report with the fol-
lowing paragraph :

" We leave our readers to digest the above statements, and
to reflect upon them. We may return to the subject at another
time, but for the present we will content ourselves with point-
ing out one or two facts. In the first place, the country which
issues the report is not conservative France, nor paternally gov-
erned Germany, nor autocratic Russia, but the United States of
America, the most enterprising country in the world. The
Americans do not affect to be guided by sentimental or philan-
thropic considerations, but are quite frank in their avowal of
mere business principles. After all it is right that economic
matters should be directed by economic laws ; only then can
failure be avoided, if not success attained. If, then, the Ameri-
can Government finds that it pays to spend such immense sums
in the supervision of its animal industries, ought not the British
Government to go and do likewise ?"

North Carolina is the latest acquisition to States having
laws to regulate the practice of veterinary medicine. A bill
has just been passed by the Legislature providing for the appoint-
ment by the Governor of a Board of Veterinary Medical Exam-
iners to pass on the qualifications of applicants for license to
practice.

According to the Bollettina della Publica Instriizione^ the
number of veterinary students in Italy during the years 1901-
1902 was 1203, as follows: Milan, 200; Naples, 269; Turin,
212 ; Bologne, 199 ; Pisa, 109 ; Perogia, 74 ; Modena, 53 ; Parma,
45 ; Camerino, 42.

12 D. E. SALMON.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

THE RECENT OUTBREAK OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DIS-
EASE IN THE NEW ENGLAND STATES.

By D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, Washington, D. C.

An unexpected outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease was dis-
covered in Massachusetts and Rhode Island in November, 1902.
The United States Department of Agriculture first received an
intimation of the existence of this disease on November 14,
1902, in a letter from Dr. Austin Peters, Chief of the Cattle
Bureau of Massachusetts, under date of November 12. This
letter stated that a disease resembling foot-and-mouth disease
had been discovered in Rhode Island and that an investigation
would be immediately made and the results reported. On No-
vember 17 a telegram was received from Dr. Peters stating
that he believed the malady to be foot-and-mouth disease. Im-
mediately upon receipt of this telegram. Dr. John R. Mohler,
Chief of the Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, was sent to Massachusetts to investigate and report.
Dr. Mohler reported in a letter received November 24 that
the disease was probably the European foot-and-mouth disease,
and gave sufficient details as to symptoms and nature to allow
an intelligent opinion to be formed. A calf and two sheep
which he inoculated, contracted the disease respectively within
two, four and five days.

As there was no history of the introduction of affected ani-
mals into the United States, and a declaration of the existence
of the disease would have such serious consequences in commer-
cial restrictions, it was deemed advisable to have additional ex-
pert opinions. Promptly on receipt of Dr. Mohler's report. Dr.
Leonard Pearson, Dean of the Veterinary Department of the
University of Pennsylvania, and Prof. James Law, Dean of the
New York State Veterinary College, were asked to proceed at

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 15

cause our people have not experienced an outbreak of sufficient
magnitude to observe its effects. There has consequently been
some surprise expressed that such a radical measure as slaughter
was adopted, and there has been an effort to show that the dis-
ease is mild and causes only slight losses. The promulgation of
such views, even though they were founded upon ignorance of
the disease, had the effect of arousing a certain amount of op-
position to the work, hindering its progress, and to a certain ex-
tent jeopardizing its success. As we have the contagion now in
our territory, it is well that our people should understand the
losses which are caused by foot-and-mouth disease and the meas-
ures which have been found necessary to control it in other
countries. In most veterinary text-books we are told that foot-
and-mouth disease is a mild affection, that only one or two per
cent, of the animals attacked die from it, and the reader is left
to infer that the losses do not exceed two or three per cent, of
the value of the animals. Such a conclusion, however, would
be a very grave mistake.

This disease has been known to the veterinarians and agri-
culturists of Europe since the time when with advancing medi-
cal knowledge, it was possible to discriminate between the dif-
ferent plagues of animals. It has been more or less constantly
present in the countries of Europe and has been particularly
prevalent on the Continent. Dr. A. C. Cope, Chief Veterinary
Officer of the British Board of Agriculture, writing in the year
1900 of its ravages in Great Britain, says : ^

'* The disease was seen and recognized in 1839 and continued
with more or less prevalence until 1886. It was reintroduced
in 1892, and again appeared in the latter part of 1894. And
now after the lapse of an interval of nearly six years the disease
has again found its way into this country despite the fact that
the importation of animals from all countries in which foot-and-
mouth disease was known to exist has been prohibited for a pe-
riod of eight years."

In Continental Europe the disease became seriously dissem-
inated about 1886 and has continued its ravages until the pres-
ent, notwithstanding the most stringent regulations.

16 D. E. SALMON.

There have been but a few outbreaks in America, the most
extensive one being in 1870, when the contagion was introduced
by way of Canada and spread into the New England States and
New York. The type of the disease at that time appears to
have been mild, and the dissemination of the contagion was quite
easily arrested. About 1880 there were two or three lots of an-
imals brought to the United States affected with this disease,
but there was no extension from the animals originally affected.
In 1884 there v/as a small outbreak at Portland, Maine, caused
by imported cattle, and the disease spread to a few herds outside
of the quarantine station. Owing to the small number of ani-
mals affected and the limited area of territory covered by the
disease, it was easily controlled by the ordinary measures of
quarantine and disinfection.

During the many years that the disease has been known in
Europe there has been abundant opportunity to study its char-
acters and to become familiar with the losses which it causes,
and it may be fairly said that this disease is now dreaded more
than any other which affects live stock. Even in the mildest
outbreaks, when but one or two per cent, of the grown animals
die from it, there are- numerous other sources of loss which are
much more important than the actual mortality. The fever
and the difficulty of masticating the food cause a rapid and ex-
treme loss in flesh and the cessation of the milk secretion. The
udders often become inflamed and ruined by the formation of
abscesses ; the inflammation of the feet may cause the horn to
drop from the toes, causing great lameness and permanently
injuring the animals ; while abortion is frequent with pregnant
animals. Altogether this causes a loss of 20 to 30 per cent, of
the value of the cattle. The disease generally spreads to sheep and
hogs, causing proportionately severe losses with these animals.

The type of the disease varies, however, probably more than
with any other malady affecting the domestic animals, and in
some outbreaks it is extremely malignant. Fleming^ said in
1875 that it had been calculated that in recent invasions of the
disease in Great Britain the average loss by death in those local-

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 17

ides where it was very severe was lo per cent., ar^,d Professor
Brown stated that in one dairy in London i6 died out of 86.

Friedberger and Frohner^ state that sometimes the character
of the disease is so malignant that 5 to 50 per cent, of adult an-
imals die, and 50 to 80 per cent, of the sucklings.

Dr. Cope stated at the International Veterinary Congress at
Baden Baden, 1899 :^

" It is true that foot-and-mouth disease rarely assumes a fatal
character, but the fact that nearly all classes of animals on the
farm are susceptible, renders the indirect losses much greater in
the case of foot-and-mouth than rinderpest or pleuro-pneumonia
which only affect cattle. In my country, where it existed for
at least 50 years, it has caused enormous loss and inconvenience,
greater than that of all the other contagious diseases of animals
combined."

He further stated :

" We have now been free from the disease since 1894, and I
can assert that at the present time foot-and-mouth disease is
more dreaded by the farmers and stock owners of Great Britain
than cattle plague, or pleuro-pneumonia, and that they are now
willing and ready to put up with any restrictions, of however
drastic a character, considered necessary by the central depart-
ment to stamp it out."

Hafner,^ of Karlsruhe, gave an equally serious account of
the ravages of the disease in Southern Germany. He said foot-
and-mouth disease had prevailed almost continually in Germany
for a long series of years, and it had caused losses much greater
than all other epizootic diseases combined. It had also been
found that the disease, instead of following a benign course as
formerly, had during recent years become very malignant. In
fact, in numerous sections hundreds of cattle had suddenly died
and certain estates had lost from a third to half of their stock.

These observations of men who have studied the disease for
years where it has been almost constantly present, show what
disastrous losses it causes and what a calamity it would be to a
country like the United States to have the contagion spread
over the whole extent of our territory. Not only would the
immediate losses be tremendous, but the disease might linger

18

D. E. SALMON.

on this continent, as it did in Great Britain, for half a century.
To guard against such a calamity the most severe and rigid
measures would be justified.

In Europe the disease has usually been combated by isola-
tion and quarantine. But these measures have not been effec-
tive, as is shown by the continuous existence and the wide dis-
semination of the contagion. In considering the question as to
whether quarantine would be practicable, it is well to inquire
how long animals may spread the disease after they are affected
by it. Hess, of Berne, at the Baden Baden Congress of 1899,
contributed some obseivations of great interest in this connec-
tion.^ He said that with 370 cattle affected with foot-and-mouth
disease in the autumn of 1898 on the pastures of the Bernese
Oberland, 7 of them, or nearly 2 per cent., propagated the dis-
ease in the course of the winter. From this he concluded that
all cattle which recovered from this disease should be, if possi-
ble, held in quarantine for five months, and that the owners of
recovered cattle should not introduce new animals in their sta-
bles during this period of quarantine.

It has often been observed that cattle with chronic ulcers of
the feet disseminate the disease a considerable tims after they
have apparently recovered ; but this observation made by Hess,
that recovered animals are only safe after a period of five
months, makes the holding of diseased animals for recovery a
much more serious matter than has heretofore been suspected.
While diseased animals are alive they are constantly giving off
the contagion by the saliva which escapes from the mouth, and
by the serum and pus which is excreted from the vesicles and
ulcers of the udder and feet, and perhaps in other ways. The
stables are saturated with the contagion, and all persons or an-
imals that leave such stables carry it with them. When the
animals are killed and the carcasses properly disposed of, the
multiplication of this contagion ceases, and by ventilation and
standing the stables become less and less infected, while if they
are thoroughly disinfected with proper chemicals the danger of
the disease spreading from them is arrested.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 19

There is probably no disease which is spread more easily,
and possibly none which is spread as easily, as foot-and-mouth
disease, and it has in many cases been found impossible to vStop
its spread by quarantine measures. Dammann,'^ of Hanover,
at the Baden Baden Congress, said that without an absolute
quarantine of the infected farms, preventing- even the move-
ment of persons, the control of this disease is not to be thought
of, but this measure he says cannot be executed. He further
said that the very severe requirements of the sanitary law have
not succeeded in eradicating the disease ; and notwithstanding
the quarantine of the infected stables, reinforced in many States
by the quarantine of districts and often of a large zone around
these ; notwithstanding the very extended prohibition of ani-
mal markets and the supervision exercised over the abattoirs,
dealers' stables and railroad cars, the disease continued to pre-
vail.

Dr. Loeffler at the same Congress said : ^

" Foot-and-mouth disease is spreading more and more every
year ; and every year it costs the German Empire enormous
sums. Necessary measures had been taken with the greatest
care ; suspected grounds had been closely quarantined ; this
measure had been extended to whole communes and even to en-
tire districts ; disinfection has been carefully carried out ; and
notwithstanding all this, the disease kept spreading."

Cope said that one of the most remarkable features of an
outbreak which occurred in England " was the sudden appear-
ance of the disease in Edinburgh, which is 400 miles distant
from London, there being no centre between London and that
city."^ Such sudden extensions of the disease, although not
to this distance, have been common in all outbreaks and have
excited more or less comment and speculation as to how they
have occurred. Undoubtedly the contagion may be carried a
long distance in the clothing of persons who have been near the
animals, and Hecker has proved that the feathers of pigeons
which had picked up their food among infected chaff were in-
fectious 12 hours afterwards. He also produced the disease in
dogs, cats and rabbits by inoculation. ^ ^ In the Massachusetts

20 D- E. SALMON.

outbreak it has been suspected that the disease was carried in
some cases by pigeons and in others by dogs, cats and rats.
These observations serve to explain to a certain extent the
mysterious transmission of the disease from farm to farm over
several miles of intervening territory.

With a contagion which is so easily and frequently carried
from farm to farm or from town to town, and in which efforts
at control by quarantine have so generally failed, it becomes an
important object to lessen the period of existence of the conta-
gion as much as possible by slaughtering the diseased animals.
In Europe, slaughter has not usually been attempted because the
disease has been so widespread that this would necessitate the
destruction of nearly the entire stock of cattle. However,
slaughter has been frequently resorted to, and sometimes
with marked success.

This disease was at one time taken to Australia. Fleming
says :^ ^ " There was really only one outbreak in Victoria among
the cattle on two farms, into which it had been introduced by
an imported bull. These cattle were destroyed, and with them
the disease."

Dr. Cope refers to a communication which he received from
Dr. Bang, of Copenhagen, in which the latter says i^^ "Since
1876 we have had every year, once or twice, a case of foot-and-
mouth disease. In all cases we killed the cattle, sheep and
swine on the farms even if only one calf was attacked."

Hess, of Berne, at the Baden Baden Congress, gave as one of
his conclusions that the most efficacious and most economical
measure to adopt against foot-and-mouth disease in most cases
consists in the slaughter of all the infected animals. *'The dis-
eased animals," he said, " should be destroyed completely, in-
cluding the hides and hair ; and the exposed slaughtered under
police supervision." ^3

In England slaughter has been resorted to quite frequently
in recent years to stamp out the disease when first introduced.
Cope, speaking of an outbreak in that country, says : " It was
eventually stamped out in the County of Kent by the purchase,

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 21

slaughter and burial of several of the affected flocks." Again
he said : " Later in the year when the outbreaks were still fur-
ther reduced in number, the Privy Council urged and succeeded
in inducing some of the local authorities to stamp out the cen-
tre of disease, by slaughtering all the animals on the premises."
With reference to the measures adopted he said : '* Speaking
generally, it may be said that the latter consisted of the mainte-
nance of strict isolation of all centres of the disease, disinfection
of all persons and substances moved out of infected places, and
sometimes the slaughter of whole herds of cattle and flocks of
sheep." ^^

In his report for 1900 Dr. Cope said, referring to five out-
breaks in the County of Norfolk : " In all these instances the
whole of the animals of the farms were slaughtered immediately
after the nature of the disease had been confirmed." Further in
the same report he said : " After the lapse of six weeks the dis-
ease reappeared in the month of September as far south as
Melksham in Wilts. In this instance it spread from the first
centre to two neighboring farms. * * * 'phe slaughter of
all the cattle, sheep and swine on the farms was immediately
adopted and since that date no further cases have been discover-
ed in the west of England. On October 5th a centre was de-
tected in the County of Stafford. * * * fhe herd was
killed as rapidly as possible. * * * Other outbreaks of
foot-and-mouth disease were detected in Essex, in the imme-
diate neighborhood of the former, on December 13th, 15th and
1 8th. Slaughter of all the animals on these farms was again
rigorously enforced, but before it could be carried out 19 cattle
on one farm and 14 on another, fell with the disease." ^ ^

The report of the Assistant Secretary of the Animals Divis-
ion of the British Board of Agriculture for 1900 shows that
slaughter of the animals was resorted to in 21 out of the 24 out-
breaks of foot-and-mouth disease occurring in Great Britain dur-
ing that year. ^

Dr. Cope says in his report for 1901:^^ "On the 27th of
January, 1901, a report was received of a suspected outbreak

22 D. E. SALMON.

near Ipswich. * * * All the cattle on the farm were slaugh-
tered with the utmost speed as soon as the nature of the disease
had been confirmed." Again he says :

*' The more recent experience in the administration of the
foot-and-mouth disease order of the Board has gone to prove that
under the new system of stopping the movement of stock in
widely extended areas, and of slaughtering in every instance
where isolation cannot be effectually carried out, a general out-
break of the disease can with certainty be arrested. This view
is, I think, established by the fact that although the several cen-
tres discovered in 1900-01 were very widely distributed in Eng-
land and Wales, the measures adopted were so effectual that not
a single case of foot-and-mouth disease found its way into a mar-
ket, railway pen or truck, or into yards and lairs where animals
are so frequently congregated by dealers prior to movement."

These quotations are sufficient to show that the slaughter of
diseased animals has been frequently adopted as a means of com-
bating the disease in Europe, and that it has been more successful
than any other measures. In fact, the International Veterinary
Congress held at Baden Baden in 1899, stated in one of its reso-
lutions passed with reference to this disease, that it was necessary
to authorize slaughter and to establish uniform sanitary regula-
tions. ^ ^ It is plain that in Europe the failure of efforts to con-
trol the disease by quarantine and isolation is recognized and
that the slaughter of diseased animals is looked upon as the
most efficacious measure that can be adopted. The disease has
frequently been stamped out by this method when it has first
been introduced into a country. If slaughter is justified and
recommended in Europe, where the disease so frequently occurs
and is so prevalent, how much more is it to be recommended in
a country like the United States where it is confined to a very
small territory and where there is such an enormous number of
animals to be affected by it, if it spreads beyond control.

There is no disease in which different outbreaks vary more
in' their virulence than foot-and-mouth disease. In some out-
breaks the cattle suffer but little, scarcely an animal dies, and
the contagion spreads very slowly or dies out in a short time.
In other outbreaks 50 per cent, of the cattle may die, the disease

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. 23

is very contagious and spreads rapidly, and the contagion is car-
ried long distances in the clothing of persons and in the hair of
animals. The present outbreak in the New England States
has been a very virulent one. The disease has spread with ex-
treme facility and has affected all of the cattle in the infected
herds within a very few days, while the fever has been very
high, the loss of flesh extreme, and the after results very unfa-
vorable. In Massachusetts a number of herds were preserved
which had the disease in a mild form and which had apparently
recovered at the time the inspection was made. In about one-
third of these cases the owners afterwards came in with the state-
ment that a relapse had occurred with their animals, some were
again affected with the formation of vesicles, and most of the
others had abscesses in the udders which made them unfit for
milk production. At the time these cattle were slaughtered the
udders of many of them were so distended with pus that they
were ruptured as the animals fell, and discharged vast quantities
of this liquid, showing that they had been practically converted
into sacs of pus.

The following tables show the number of herds and animals
affected and the number slaughtered, by States, up to March i,

1903:

Cattle Affected Since Beginning of Outbreak.

Herds. Cattle.

Massachusetts • 149 2,956

Vermont 22 351

Rhode Island 17 367

New Hampshire 4 37

Total 192 3,711

Animals Slaughtered by U. S. Department 0/ Agriculture.

Herds. Cattle. Swine. Sheep Total

and Goats. Animal s ,

Massachusetts ... 119 2,611 220 54 2,885

Vermont 22 351 55 74 480

Rhode Island. ... 6 80 8 — 88

New Hampshire . . 4 37 — — 37

Total .... 151 3.079 283 128 3,490

The difference between the number of cattle affected, 3,711,

24 !>• E. SALMON.

and the number slaughtered, 3,079, represents those that either
died or recovered. Nearly all the recoveries were among the
early cases where the disease had run its course before the
work of slaughtering was begun or before the herds could be
reached.

The compensation paid by the Federal Government for cat-
tle slaughtered up to March i, was $103,335.75, and for other
animals $2,654.47, making a total of $105,990.22. The average
prices paid per head for the different kinds of animals were as
follows : Adult cattle, I34.92 ; calves, $7.57 ; all cattle, $33.56 ;
swine, $7.15; sheep and goats, $4.89.

By the first of February all the affected animals had been
destroyed, so far as then known, excepting the recovered cases
above mentioned. Since that time, however, there have been a
few more outbreaks, most of them in Massachusetts in a district
south of Boston. On March 6 the disease was discovered among
a lot of II cattle received at Watertown, Mass., from New Hamp-
shire, and an investigation at the place of origin, disclosed four
more diseased herds containing 63 cattle. In all these cases the
diseased and exposed animals were promptly slaughtered and
the premises thoroughly disinfected. These recent cases in-
crease the total number of affected herds to 197, containing
3,785 cattle, and the number of cattle slaughtered to 3,153.

REFERENCES.

1. Annual Reports of Proceedings under Diseases of Animals Acts,
etc., for 1900, p. 4.

2. George Fleming. A Manual of Veterinary Sanitary Science and
Police. lyondon, 1875. Vol. i, p. 466.

3. Friedberger and Frohner. Lehrbuch der speciellen Pathologic und
Therapie der Hausthiere. Stuttgart, 1900. Vol. 2, p. 682.

4. Seventh International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons. Baden
Baden, 1899. Vol. i, pp. 184, 187.

5. Ibid., vol. I, p. 350,

6. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 404-405.

7. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 270-272.

8. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 109.

9. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 200-201.

FOOT-AND MOUTH DISEASE. 25

10. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 384-385.

11. George Fleming. A Manual of Veterinary Sanitary Science and
Police. London, 1875, Vol. i, p. 447.

12. Annual Report of Proceedings under Diseases of Animals Acts, etc.,
for 1900, p. 10.

13. Seventh International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons. Baden
Baden, 1899. Vol. i, pp. 391, 407.

14. Ibid., vol. I, pp. 185, 197, 200.'

15. Annual Reports of Proceedings under Diseases of Animals Acts, etc.,
for 1900, pp. 6, 8.

16. Ibid., pp. 25-28.

17. Annual Reports of Proceedings under Diseases of Animals Acts, etc.,
for 1901, pp. 8-9, 13.

18. Seventh International Congress of Veterinary Surgeons. Baden

Baden, 1899. Vol. 2, p. 518.

New Jersey's Law PtJT to Test. — The first case tried
under New Jersey's new law (Chapter 18, Laws 1902) resulted in
a conviction of the defendant. R. R. Sample was arrested, and
indicted by the January Grand Jury of Monmouth County for
practicing veterinary medicine in violation of the law. He was
tried, convicted, and fined |ioo, which with costs brought the
amount up to $140. Being unable to pay the fine and costs, he
was sent to the Freehold jail. This conviction demonstrates
the strength of the law, and stands as a warning to all who dare
to violate it. Drs. Height, of Asbury Park, and Clark, of Long
Branch, were the men who pushed the case and made possible
the result recorded.

The Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey
has kept a watchful eye upon legislation at Trenton to prevent
the passage of bills intended to break the integrity of its hard-
earned statute. The wisdom of this course was demonstrated
when Assembly Bill No. 212 made its appearance, for it pro-
vided for the re-opening of the registry books of the State for a
period of three months to admit all who would make satisfactory
affidavits. This bill was put to sleep in committee in short or-
der. Then Assembly Bill No. 125 (amendment to Act of 1894
regulating medical practice) was investigated, with the result
that the introducer withdrew it on account of objectionable fea-
tures affecting the veterinary and other allied professions. In
place of this Assembly Bill 272, further safeguarding the veter-
inary profession, was favorably reported by the Committee.

'ZQ F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

ROUP.

By Prof. F. C. Harrison and Mr. H. Streit.

Bacteriological Department of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experiment Station.

The most widely spread and destructive disease affecting
domestic fowls in Ontario, and perhaps in Canada, is commonly
known as roup^ canker, or distemper. By some the disease is
called cancer of the mouth, throat, etc., or even by the name of
fowl diphtheria ; but all these different names are given to the
same disease, according as some particular symptom is more or
less prominent.

Economic Importance. — The economic importance of this
disease is very great, as it is probably one of the greatest hin-
drances in the poultry business. The direct losses from the dis-
ease vary greatly in different epidemics. Thus, in a virulent out-
break, there may be many deaths in a short time ; while in an-
other, a flock may become infected and only a few birds die.
Of much greater importance are the indirect losses ; and these
are apt to be overlooked by farmers or those who keep only a
few fowl and pay but little attention to them. The diseased
birds recover very slowly ; and they remain thin, anaemic, and
unfit for ^^^ production, fattening, or breeding, — eating just as
much as if they were normal and living at the expense of their
keeper.

GENERAL CONDITION OF ROUPY BIRDS.

The general condition of roupy birds varies very much.
After the first symptom of the disease, which is usually a putrid
catarrh from the nostrils, the affected fowl is generally restless,
separates from other members of the flock, becomes dull, cowers
in the corner of the coop, or mopes in the corner of the pen,
with its head drawn close to its body and often covered with its
wings.

If there is a severe discharge from the nostrils or eyes, then
the feathers upon the wings or back are likely to be smeared
with it, stick together, and after some time fall out ; and the

ROUP. 27

eyes are often shut, the lids being glued together by the sticky
discharge from them.

A fowl in a sleepy condition, or moping as described, fre-
quently rouses itself for a time, takes food, and especially water,
and then gradually returns to the apathetic condition.

Many fowls having the disease in a chronic form keep their
normal appetite for a long time, and seem very little disturbed
physically ; whilst others, especially when the face or eyes be-
come swollen, lose their appetite, grow thinner and thinner, and
finally become too weak to stand or walk around, when they lie
down and die in a few days. During the last stage, diarrhoea,
with offensive yellow or green discharge, often sets in and
causes death in a short time.

Many poultry keepers assert that roupy ' birds show fever ;
and it is certain that the head is very often hot, but the body
temperature is normal, or only very slightly higher than nor-
mal.

SPECIAL SYMPTOMS OF ROUP.

By the term roup we generally understand a more or less
putrid discharge from the nostrils, which lasts for weeks or even
months. The disease often follows a common cold, to which
fowls, especially young fowls and those of the more delicate
breeds, are much predisposed.

In the first stages of roup, the birds often cough or sneeze,
and the breathing is noisy, caused by the partial closing of the
air passages, which become blocked with the discharge from the
nostrils. When the air passages are entirely closed by the dis-
charged products, the fowl has to open its beak in order to
breathe.

Sometimes a yellowish, cheese-like mass forms in the nos-
trils, growing quickly and pressing the upper walls of the nose
upwards ; and if this mass is removed, an uneven blee(5ing sur-
face is left, which forms a new cheesy mass in from 24 to 48
hours.

Whilst many roupy birds show only the above mentioned
symptoms, others become more seriously diseased. The face of

28

F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

Fig. I. — A section of false membrane of.a roupy fowl, a False membrance. b Epithelium.
c Submucosa.

roupy birds is very often swollen, especially between the eyes
and the nostrils ; and this swelling^, which is hot and vSore, some-
times grows into a tumor as large as a walnut, generally firm
and hard. A bird in this condition is frequently found scratch-
ing at the tumor with its claws or wings, as if endeavoring to
remove it. If the tumor grows on the inner side, towards the
nasal passage, it forces the i-oof of the mouth downwards, and
the upper and lower beak are slowly pressed out of their normal
position, so that the bird cannot close its mouth.

On making an incision into the tumor, we find a solid,
cheesy, yellowish matter, which may be pulled out like the root

ROUP.

29

of a plant ; but it usually has to be broken into small pieces in
order to get it out. Around this mass, there is a more or less
smooth, grey or brownish membrane that is capable of again
forming a cheesy mass similar to what has been removed.

The mass itself, when not attended to, often grows into the
nasal canals, and blocks them up completely. Generally, com-
bined with the formation of the tumor on the face, there is an
affection of the eyes ; or the eyes become diseased without the
preliminary discharge from the nose, in which case poultry
keepers speak of fowls as suffering from " Roup of the Eyes."

Roup of the Eyes, — The first symptom of the eyes is gener-
ally an inflammation of the eyelids. These become red, swollen,
and hot ; then the mucous membrane and glands of the eyes be-
come inflamed and begin to secrete a liquid, at first clear, and
then of a grey, slimy, putrid character. Occasionally, the mu-
cous membrane of the eye socket is the primary seat of the in-
fection of the eye, and the eyelids swell as a secondary symp-
tom. It is easy to understand that the eyes may become in-
fected from the nasal cavity, as the eye socket has free connec-
tion, by means of the lachrymal canal, with the nasal cavity,
and thus the diseased products from the nostrils can pass into
the eye sockets.

Fig. 2.— Section of a false membrane (portion of (a) Fig. i, (more highly mignified) showing
pus cells {p), fibrous exudate (/) and bacilli (*).

30 F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

The secretion from the eyes is similar to that described as
coming from the nostrils, i. e.^ at first a clear liquid, then chang-
ing to a putrid grey and offensive discharge, which dries on the
feathers at the side of the head, causing them to stick together
or fall out. If the secretion is retained in the eye socket, it
undergoes a change, becoming a yellowish, solid, cheesy mass
of the same appearance as that found in the nasal tumor. This
cheesy mass either forces the eye out of its socket, or the inflam-
mation entirely destroys it. These cheese-like masses form in
one or two days, and may reappear after many daily removals.

All these affections, described above, may be localized on
one side ; but often both nasal passages and both eyes are af-
fected at the same time.

Combined with the symptoms of roup above described, there
often are patches of a greyish yellow exudation firmly adherent
to the mouth, throat, etc. These patches are called " false
membranes" ; and oin account of their somewhat close resem-
blance to the membrane which is formed in human diphtheria,
it has been thought by some writers that the avian and human
diseases are the same. Here, however, let it suffice to say that
the weight of evidence is against this contention ; but this
phase of the subject will be more fully dealt with later on in this
bulletin.

We may also point out that many poultry keepers who notice
the false membrane on the throat and mouth of their fowls, regard
the disease as quite different from the catarrhal form, and call it
" canker," which is probably a popular form of the word '' cancer."

Whether the disease is characterized by false membranes,
offensive discharge, or cheesy masses, the cause is the same, as
we have many times experimentally demonstrated.

At one or several places in the mouth or throat, these yel-
lowish, smooth or uneven membranes appear, and either remain
small and disappear after a few days, or grow thicker, spread,
and become firmly attached to the mucous membrane ; and if
they (the false membranes) are removed, an uneven, bleeding
surface is exposed, which looks like a true cancer.

ROUP. 31

After the appearance of the membranes, the adjacent sub-
mucous tissue sometimes becomes inflamed, and finally the
growths are found to be similar to those so often seen at the side
of the face, containing solid cheesy matter in the centre.

When the throat is blocked by these false membranes, the
animal's breathing becomes abnormal, and the air passing
through the throat produces loud noises. Gradually, the visible
mucous membrane and the comb turn blue, and the fowl finally
dies from suffocation.

The symptoms are much the same when the lungs are the
seat of the disease. In dead roupy fowls we have often found
the higher bronchial tubes completely filled with solid cheesy
matter, which prevented the air from passing into the lungs.

Occasionally cheesy matters are found in the folds of the
pleura, and in other situations.

THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE.

The course of roup is usually of long duration. A simple,
putrid discharge from the nose may stop in three or four weeks,
and similarly false membranes may soon disappear ; but gener-
ally the symptoms last for months. When the eyelids become
swollen and and tumors appear, the case is usually chronic.
Affected birds may be better for a few days or weeks, and then
become very weak again. Damp, cold weather usually intensi-
fies the disease.

It is well known that fowls may be more or less sick from
roup for one or even several years ; and these birds should have
the greatest care and attention, for they are generally the cause
of new outbreaks. Once introduced, roup may remain in a
flock for many years. The first cold and moist nights of the
fall and early winter cause all kinds of catarrhs, which in many
instances are followed by roup. Roup spreads rapidly in the
winter time, and may attack from lo to 90 per cent, of the
fowls in a flock. Towards spring, the disease gradually disap-
pears ; during the summer months, a few birds remain chron-
ically affected ; and then the first cold nights give the disease a
fresh start.

32

F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

Fig. 3.— Pigeon (No. 6) thirteen days after inoculation with the roup bacillus and two days
before death.

Young fowls and fowls of the fine breeds are especially lia-
ble to roup. While some poultry men maintain that birds once
having suffered from roup never take the disease again, most of
the experimental evidence tends to show that no acquired im-
munity exists, as sometimes happens after othei diseases. Some
fowls are, however, naturally immune, and never take the dis-
ease. In the course of our own experiments, a white chicken
which had never had roup, was inoculated with repeated and
large doses of the roup germ, but without effect.
THE CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.

Many opinions have been expressed as to the cause of the
disease ; and some of these have been based on scientific re-
search, while others have been mere guesses. Some waiters
have thought that the disease is due to '' Protozoa," a low form
of animal life ; and others have isolated various bacteria from
the diseased tissues, which bacteria when grown in pure culture
and introduced into healthy hens, have produced symptoms of
the disease.

As roup, especially when located in the mouth or throat, re-
sembles human diphtheria^ it has been claimed that the well-
known organism of this disease, the Bacillus diphtheria^ of Klebs-

ROUP. 33

Loeffler, is the cause of roup, or as it is termed by some, " fowl
diphtheria."

Statements have been made by European writers that out-
breaks of diphtheria occurred in men, while at the same time
poultry kept in the buildings in which the men lived were suf-
fering from roup. They, however, do not state whether the roup
commenced before the diphtheria or vice versa^ and they give
no good reasons for supposing that the outbreaks were actually
connected with each other. In fact, we must state that the cases
referred to, of alleged transmission of chicken diphtheria to man,
are on examination found to be mere assumption, due to ignor-
ance of veterinary pathology.

In 1898, several articles appeared in the Agricultural Press,
written by H. A. Stevenson, M. D., who said, " Roup is caused
by a specific germ, which appears to me to be identical with the
Klebs-Loeffler bacillus," i. e.^ the bacillus which causes human
diphtheria ; and in another place, he says, " I believe roup and
canker to be the same disease, a disease identical with diph-
theria in man."

If the above statements were borne out by experiments, and
found to be correct, we should have to demand the most rigorous
treatment of diseased birds ; for Dr. Stevenson takes the position
that diphtheria may be spread by roupy birds in exactly the
same manner as tuberculosis is supposed to be spread by tuber-
cular cattle.

These statements of Stevenson are, however, not based on
careful experiments, and the human diphtheria antitoxin which
he recommended as a sure cure for roup, has been found to be
absolutely worthless for that purpose.

The following experiments and observations may be cited
under this head :

A student of Professor Tresbot's devoured diphtheritic mem-
brane from fowls without contracting the disease ; and Loffler,
the discoverer of the human diphtheria germ, and Colin were
never able to produce diphtheria in fowls by inoculation with
human diphtheria germs. Gratia and Lieneaux treated roupy

34

F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT

fowls with the human diphtheria antitoxin, and secured very
poor results.

We have also ourselves made a large number of experiments
with roupy fowls ; and in about 300 roupy birds that have come
under our observation, we have never been able to isolate the
Klebs-Iyoeffler bacillus, i. e.^ the bacillus of human diphtheria.
Roupy fowls have also been again and again treated with diph-
theria antitoxin without any result. Were the germs of human
diphtheria and fowl diphtheria the same, the antitoxin would
certainly have affected the diphtheria in the fowl, since it is the
best known remedy for diphtheria in man.

Further, we find that the diphtheritic membranes in man and
fowls are different. That of the former consists of a fibrinous
exudation, — granular material, pus corpuscles, and debris of epi-
thelial cells,^-and contains the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus in great
numbers : and these can readily be stained by Gram's method.

Fig. 4.— Hen 47 ; sixty-seven days after inoculation with B. pyocyaneus and the day before death.

The membrane from fowls consists almost entirely of pus
cells, some granular masses, debris of epithelial cells (especially
swollen nuclei of these), and bacteria ; but amongst the bacte-
ria, we seldom find one that can be stained by Gram's method.

Roupy fowls never show any of the symptoms caused by the
bacterial toxin (poison secreted by bacteria), which always fol-
low an affection with the true diphtheria bacillus.

ROUP. 35

Hence we are bound to conclude, from the evidence here pre-
sented, and from other evidence we have at hand but which space
alone prevents us from presenting, that Stevejisoii' s theory is un-
tenable^ and that fowl diphtheria is never caused by the human
diphtheria germ^ — the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus.

RESULTS OF WORK AT COLLEGE.

In the present bulletin, only a brief summary of our work
with roupy birds can be given. Any one wishing the full de-
tails of the experimental work may obtain them by writing to
the College for the full report.

The first experiments were conducted, to find out whether
or not Roup 7vas an infectious disease ; and, for this purpose,
lo healthy fowls which had never been exposed to infection,
were confined in a cage with diseased birds ; and after varying
periods of time, five of the healthy fowls caught the disease.
Fourteen healthy birds were then treated by rubbing a portion
of the false membrane, or putrid nasal discharge from roupy
birds, upon the normal, or slightly scratched, mucous mem-
brane of the nose or eyes ; and in this way, two birds were in-
fected with typical roup.

These experiments, therefore, show the infectious nature of
the disease ; but the degree of infectiousness was not large. We
must, however, remember that when fowls are kept under natu-
ral conditions where they are subject to cold, etc., the infectious-
ness may be much increased.

Having thus shown that roup is infectious, the next step was
to isolate the causal microorganism, a task of some difficulty,
on account of the fact that the discharge from the nose, the
false membrane, etc., is in close contact with and likely to be
contaminated by the air and food, which always contain large
numbers of bacteria that find suitable material and favorable
temperature for growth in the albuminous secretions of fowl.

Very many bacteria were isolated, but when inoculated into
healthy chickens, they proved to be harmless.

In other infections, such as fowl cholera, etc., it is compara-
tively easy to isolate the causal organism, because it is found in

HARRISON AND H. STREIT

Fig. 5. -Head of hea 35; eight days after infection wUh a culture of the roup bacillus—
a, chee>;y matter.

the blood and organs of the diseased fow^l ; but in roup we find
that, as a rule, the organs and blood are free from bacteria, or
else if bacteria are present, they are harmless.

Without giving the results of a long-continued series of
fruitless examinations and experiments, made within the last
four years, we may say that at length we have isolated a germ
which causes roup, with all its varied symptoms. To this germ
we have given the name Bacillus cacosmus (ill-smelling), and
shall refer to it as the " roup bacillus." A technical description
of the germ will be given in a more scientific paper at a later
date.

Chronic diseases, of which we have an excellent example in
roup, are notoriously hard to reproduce by the inoculation of
healthy animals, because in most cases of sickness there must
be not only the causal orgaittsm^ but a lowering of the vital
forces ; and, to get over the difficulty, we used pigeons, which
are easily infected, to increase the virulence of the causal organ-
ism and thereby assist in the infection of hens. In this way,
we produced roup in hens at pleasure by inoculation with the
roup bacillus, taken from roupy pigeons.

ROUP.

37

Fig. 6.— Head of fowl 36; twenty-two days after inoculation with a culture ot the roup
bacillus — a, false membrane.

The "roup bacillus " tends to penetrate the deeper layers of
tlie mucous membranes or submucous tissues. Hence cultures
made from swabs taken from the false membranes very rarely
contain the " roup bacillus," because the bacilli are retained in
the depths of the animal tissue.

The " roup bacillus " is especially difficult to isolate in cases
in which the bird has had the disease for a long time, as the tu-
mors and false membranes contain very many other kinds of
bacteria in large numbers. In our experiments, even when roup
was produced in healthy fowl b}^ inoculation with pure cultures
of the " roup bacillus," the mucous discharge from the very be-
ginning contained many kinds of bacteria.

The roup germs seem capable of remaining in a sort of dor-
mant condition in the depths of the tissues for a long time, — so
long that the fowls sometimes appear convalescent ; but, sud-
denly, when the constitution is weakened by a cold or other
causes, the roup germs become active and the roupy symptoms
reappear.

38

F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

Fig. 7.— Fowl 46; throat and bottom of the mouth with false membrane (m), fourteen days
after inoculation with B. pyocyaneus.

We have also found that roup, with all its varying symptoms,
can be produced by the inoculation of healthy hens with the
well-known Bacillus pyocyaneus^ or green pus germ, which we
have frequently isolated from roupy birds. Hence, it would
seem that roup is simply a complex suppurative process ; but,
dififerent from ordinary forms of suppuration, the pus in fowls
appears in the form of a half or entirely solid, cheese-like, yel-
lowish white mass, without any tendency to become soft or
liquid, or to perforate the surrounding skin.

This may be proved by the injection of sterile turpentine
(oil) into the eye-lids, which gives rise to inflammation and the
formation of a solid cheese-like matter in the depth of the
tumor.

Therefore, the cheesy masses must be regarded as pus.

To sum up, roup, or fowl diphtheria, canker, etc., is a com-

ROUP.

39

?^

Kt^*^-.

• • .•

> . ,

• '^

'• '',•''

>; . i ;,

' *»,v

. A

t

'^^;

... ■<

'■S

i. "* ■ " ■* •

"' •^ t

-'/■

\ * ■ ^

■/:>■

.u';

^ •

, ' '

"

^«

.'t /•-

C-:-;^

-• r t

' 1

V,

" C-* ' '• .

^ '\

/'

L^ —

f^>'-

li]

Fig. S.— The Roup bacillus (B.
cacosmus), from a twenty-four
hour old agar culture.

KiG. 9. — The Roup bacillus show-
ing the flagella (organs of locomo-
tion). Van Ermegem's method.

plex of suppurative processes, taking place especially in the
head of fowls. This suppuration may be caused by different
species of bacteria, and these may be very wide spread (e.£'.
Pyocyaneus), and thus an outbreak of roup may occur in a flock
living in unsanitary conditions, without any previous introduc-
tion of the germs from elsewhere ; but certainly this is the ex-
ception. More often, the disease is spread by sick fowls intro-
duced into healthy flocks. Germs generally are spread through-
out a yard by means of the secretions, although these do not
always contain the causal organism. The infected fowls are
not very much different in their general appearance and condi-
tion at the beginning of the disease, and thus they often take
food and water for a long time, contaminating the food troughs
and cups. As the germs cannot infect fowls so long as the mu-
cous membranes are intact and healthy, the disease does not
spread for a certain length of time, although the germs may be
present almost everywhere in the yard. Then comes a change
of weather, such as a cold night or the beginning of fall and
winter, and suddenly the infectiousness of the disease is in-
creased and roup spreads rapidly among the birds. Unfavorable
weather, which causes colds and other infections of the mucous
membranes, directly opens the way for infection. But it is pos-
sible that the roup bacilli having infected a number of fowls,
may gain so much in virulence as to be capable of entering into
the tissues of the fowl without previous colds. Like colds,
other circumstances which weaken the constitution of the fowls,
such as unsuitable feed or feeding, unhygienic yards, bad water

40

F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

supply, etc., contribute towards the spread of the disease. Once
present in a poultry yard, the roup-causing bacilli cannot be
got rid of, unless by very careful disinfection ; and this is value-
less so long as any of the fowls are diseased; and, as we have
already stated, fowls often remain affected with roup, carrying
the germs in a semi-dormant state, for months or years.

Fig. 10.— Showing method of treatment of roupy birds b/ immersion of the head in one to
two per cent, solution of potassium permanganate.

It is possible that just one kind of bacillus, for example, our
" roup bacillus," causes an outbreak of roup ; or an outbreak
may be caused, as here at the Ontario Agricultural College, by
several species.

TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVES.

As roup is not a specific infectious disease, that is, a disease
caused by a single species of germ, it is almost impossible to
prepare a preventive or curative serum. Hence this method of
treating infectious diseases cannot be used in roup ; and besides
it would be very costly.

The germs of roup are not very resistent ; they can easily be
destroyed when present in cultures, or somewhere outside the
animal ; but in the animal tissue they are very difficult to kill,
because they penetrate into the tissue ; and unless this too is
killed, the germs continue living for a long time.

Roup may be cured by remedies, if the treatment is careful
and judicious. Obstinately reappearing false membranes can
be successfully treated by burning the diseased tissue with a

ROUP. 41

strong acid (hydrochloric acid 50% to 75%), or other caustics,
such as silver nitrate. If the eyes and nose are attacked, they
have to be carefully washed, at least twice a day, with an anti-
septic solution, such as 2% boracic acid in a decoction of chamo-
mile flowers, or ^% solution of corrosive sublimate. Thus the
microorganisms are killed, or, at least, the diseased products which
are discharged are removed, and the irritation caused by them ;
also the transformation into large cheesy masses is prevented.

We had chickens badly affected with roup of the eyes, which
were cured with boracic acid and chamomile. On account of
the smallness of the nostrils and nasal canals, it is very difficult
to get the antiseptic solutions into the nose and nose cavities ;
but it can be done with a small syringe. If this treatment is
too troublesome, then the nostrils, at least, should be washed
and opened several. times a day, to allow the secretions to pass
away. We have treated chickens for 14 days by daily washing
with a 2^% solution of creolin and glycerine. After the wash-
ings, small plugs of cotton wool, filled with the mixture, were
placed in the nostrils and lachrymal ducts. This remedy did
not cure the roup in the head, although the same mixture read-
ily kills the roup bacillus in cultures in from 2 to 3 minutes.
The greatest hindrance to a sure cure by remedies which have
to be used locally, is the ability of the germ to penetrate into
the tissue and the many secondary cavities of the nostrils which
cannot be reached by the antiseptics. Another method of treat-
ment which gives excellent results, especially in the earlier
stages of roup, is the use of a i to 2% of permanganate of pot-
ash. Fowls are treated in the following manner : — The nostrils
are pressed together between thumb and forefinger in the direc-
tion of the beak two or three times. Pressure should also be
applied between nostrils and eyes in an upward direction. This
massage helps to loosen the discharge in the nostrils and eyes.
The bird's head is then plunged into the solution of perman-
ganate of potash for twenty or thirty seconds (see Fig. 10), in
fact the head may be kept under the solution as long as the bird
can tolerate it. The solution is thus distributed through the

42 ^ F. C. HARRISON AND H. STREIT.

nostrils and other canals and has an astringent and slight disin-
fecting action. This treatment should be given twice a day and
continued until all symptoms have disappeared.

If there are solid tumors in the eyelids, they should be
opened so that the skin may bleed freely. The cheesy matter
should be removed, and the surrounding membrane touched
with a 5% carbolic acid, or silver nitrate solution, and then a
cotton plug filled with some antiseptic solution put into the
cavity. The cavity has to be washed out daily with an anti-
septic mixture, and a fresh cotton plug put in again to prevent
the cavity from healing too quickly. We have cured chickens
in this way in about a fortnight.

As all these methods of treatment demand a great deal of
time and care, they cannot well be used for whole flocks, but
the more valuable fowls may be treated in this manner.

Food remedies influence roup only by strengthening the
fowls and assisting nature to throw off or conquer the disease.

As in other infectious diseases, the most important thing is
to prevent an outbreak, or to suppress it as soon as possible.
All diseased fowls should be separated from the healthy ones ;
and the healthy ones should be examined daily, with a view to
isolate newly affected birds. After the isolation of the diseased
birds, the poultry yard should.be disinfected thoroughly with a
5% solution of carbolic acid, followed by a careful white-wash-
ing of the walls, etc. Slightly diseased fowls, or any of special
value, can be cured, if much care be taken. Less valuable birds,
which it will not pay to treat, should be killed as soon as mani-
fest symptoms of the disease appear, especially when the face
becomes swollen. These fowls, unless the best care is taken,
will remain diseased for months, or perhaps years, and give rise
to fresh outbreaks whenever an unfavorable season (with much
wet, cold weather) occurs.

The most effective preventive for roup is, to keep fowls in
good sanitary conditions, — in dry, roomy yards, and dry, clean,
airy houses which are free from draughts and can easily be
cleaned and disinfected.

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 43

VETERINARY DENTISTRY.

By Robert W. Ellis, D. V. S., New York.

Read before the I2th Annual Meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical
Society, September, 1902.

Solomon, I think it is, who is credited with having said,
" there is nothing new under the sun." Whether this be true
or not, we are daily forced to look at old things from new view
points, and in this paper I am endeavoring to view " veterinary
dentistry " from a different point of view from the one which,
it seems to me most of us view it. We have regarded it too
much, I fear, as something that needs no especial attention from
us as veterinary practitioners, beyond the point of "fixing a
horse's mouth" when called upon to do so, by coachman or trainer;
and solely because they ask us to do so, not, as in other operations,
because we decide that it is the thing to be done, after an exam-
ination of the subject. The cause, I think, for the suggestion
to operate upon the teeth, usually emanating from the source
mentioned, instead of (as it should be) from the practitioner,
is because we do not pay a sufficient amount of attention to the
horse's mouth. The result of this inattention on our part has
made this particular branch of veterinary surgery a prey to em-
piricism, and a menace to our practice laws, in states where they
exist. Having thus tried to establish what seems to me a fair
justification for introducing this topic and engaging your inter-
est, I will say, from Solomon's view point, that I am not at-
tempting to teach the members of this Association anything
new, but simply wish to review with you briefly an old subject,
which impresses me with greater importance as I look into it
the more closely, with the hope of provoking a discussion and
learning something therefrom. Leaving aside the structure of
the teeth and all tedious minutiae (data upon which is as accessi-
ble to all present as it is to me and its repetition herie tiresome),
let us at once proceed to briefly review the horse's mouth, rela-
tive to his teeth in a normal state, before touching upon the ab-
normalities, which it is my purpose to show would either not ex-

44 R- W. ELLIS.

ist or be present in a much modified form if we did our duty at ail
times in regard to making examinations of the horse's mouth.
I will endeavor to qualify this statement at another point in this
paper. The number of teeth ranges from thirty-six to forty-four,
forty being the number usually considered normal and regular
in the horse; consisting of twenty-four molars, twelve incisors,
and four tusks or canine teeth, commonly called bridle teeth.
The absence of the four last named being considered regular and
. normal in the mare, makes her total thirty-six. These teeth,
however, are sometimes present in the mare as she advances in
age. In either sex we may find in addition to those already
mentioned, four additional supplementary premolars or vesti-
gials. Their situation, when present, being directly in front of
the first premolar, in both the upper and lower jaws. Their ex-
istence, however, is irregular, occurring quite frequently in the
upper jaw, but not regularly, and very infrequently in the lower
jaw. I have seen but one mouth in which the vestigial premolar
was present in the lower as well as the upper jaw. In this case it
was present on one side only, in the lower jaw ; and I have every
reason to believe that their existence in the lower jaw is ex-
tremely rare. Discussion may throw some light on it. Just
why the vestigial premolars, as we find them in the horse, are
an irregular condition, existing in some subjects and not in
others, I am not prepared to state positively. One theory is ad-
vanced, that they do exist regularly, prior to the replacing
of the " milk-teeth " by the permanent teeth, they forming num-
ber four of the first set, and are in most instances crowded out
by the permanent teeth, but occasionally being retained. Hence
we find them as an irregular condition. I am inclined to accept
this theory. Especially as we notice that other animals, car-
nivora, swine, etc., have four premolars instead of three, making
seven in all in each jaw, instead of six, as in the horse. Indeed,
naturalists insist upon four premolars in the horse, counting the
vestigials as the first, and what we call the first, they term the
second premolar, because if the vestigial does not exist, they
contend that it has been crowded out with the shedding of the

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 45

milk-teeth. A condition which might readily occur, when we
take into consideration that the premolars in the horse are vast-
ly different from those in other species of animals, in that in the
case of the horse they are the largest teeth in the whole row, in
contradistinction to other animals, including man, in which they
are somewhat insignificant as compared with those succeeding
them. Dame Nature seems to have concluded that the charac-
ter of the horse's food demands that he have three good stout
premolars, rather than four indifferent ones. The fourth one re-
maining only as a trace (as its name implies) of a tooth which
possibly was developed in the pre-historic horse. Not infrequent-
ly in the horse we find the last molar to be the smallest in the
row, especially in the lower jaw, a contrary condition to that of
the carnivora, and man. The molars of the lower jaw in the
horse are, approximately, about two-thirds the width of those of
the upper jaw. There is also considerable disparity in the width
of the two jaws; the upper being that much wider than the
lower jaw, that when the mouth is closed, so that the upper and
lower incisors sit squarely over each other, the lower molars do
not cover more than about an eighth of an inch on each side of
the inner border of the upper molars. The amount is not the
same over the entire length, however, varying with the degree
of curvature of the upper jaw, so that the horse can only grind
on one side of the jaws at one time, during which the incisors
are not at all in contact. In a normal mouth the grinding sur-
faces of the lower molars should bevel slightly from above to be-
low, and from within outward, and the opposite condition exist
in the upper molars ; and there should be nothing exist either
on the grinding surfaces or on their borders to prevent them
from passing over the full width of their wearing plate while in
contact over their entire length. Any condition other than this
is abnormal. Following are some examples : First, and the
most common condition that we meet are sharp spiculae which
result from the extremities of the rib-like folds on the outer sur-
faces of the teeth being gradually drawn out to sharp points by
the two beveled plates passing over each other during the pro-

46 R- W. ELLIS.

cess of grinding the food, the harder materials in the tooth
formation persisting, while the less hard wear away. These
spiculse, if not removed, lacerate the inner sides of the cheeks as
a result of pressure from without, by the cheek-pieces of the
bridle ; and themselves become the cause of further trouble by
preventing the two plates of the upper and lower jaws from pass-
ing completely over each other ; thus restricting the grinding
surface. This in turn causes these " spiculse," small and com-
paratively innocent at first, by lack of contact with opposing sur-
faces, to increase in length, and continue to more materially in-
terfere with the proper mastication of food. And as they in-
crease in length, their base also becomes broader, and they con-
tinue to restrict more and more the lateral movements (diduction)
which the jaws describe in crushing the food. This, if allowed
to go indefinitely, might be responsible for the very grave con-
dition described by Girard and H. Bouley as " Beveling of the
Molars," in which condition the tables of the molars, instead of
meeting each other on an almost horizontal plane, are sometimes
worn down so obliquely that they become almost parallel to the
median plane and overlap each other like the blades of a pair of
shears. This obliquity of the wearing surfaces enables the ex-
ternal side of the superior molars, and the internal side of the
inferior, to frequently acquire enormous length, even to the ex-
tent of injuring the parts around the crowns. The French au-
thors give this condition the name of " molaires en ciseaux,"
from their resemblance to a pair of shears. I do not wish to be
understood as claiming that this grave condition just described
is always, or only, due to neglected spiculse, nor that neglected
spiculse would always lead to such an exaggerated abnormality ;
but that it is possible for it to result from neglected spiculse if
they occur early in the animal's life, by restricting the move-
ments of the jaws across each other, and gradually encouraging
the upper jaws to spread outward, and contracting the lower
jaws. This, if carried on for a life time would so change the
direction of the teeth that instead of their grinding surfaces
meeting, the sides would meet, and sharpen out in the manner

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 47

described. But the direction of the teeth resulting in this ab-
normal relation and consequent condition, might, on the other
hand, not be due to neglected spiculse ; but to having started
their growth at an improper angle. Another somewhat common
condition that we are brought in contact with is a projecting
molar, resulting from the absence of the opposing molar, and
consequent lack of wear. I will not touch upon the diseases of
the teeth in this paper, but have simply mentioned one or two
abnormal conditions, as compared with the normal state, and
will now endeavor to explain the statement that these abnor-
malities would not exist, or be present in a much modified form,
if we did our duty in regard to examining the horse's mouth at
all times, and gave it attention when we considered it required
it, and not merely when a layman thinks that something should
be done. I do not mean that we shall be so undignified and
unprofessional as to ask men to allow us to attend to their
horses' teeth ; far from it. That is done by another class of
" gentry " whom you all know ; but we can be careful to ex-
amine a horse's mouth as to the condition of his teeth when w^
are called upon to prescribe for him. We may be told that he
is " off his feed," or *'out of condition," or ^' isn't just himself,""
" does not drive up as he used to," etc., and it is our privilege
then to examine him thoroughly, and there is no restriction
placed upon his mouth. If we find that his teeth are in perfect
condition, it helps to our diagnosis by removing them as one of
the possible causes, and if, on the other hand, they require at-
tention we learn that. All of you have probably at some-
time or other found a so-called " subject to colic," to be suffer-
ing from irregular molars, and on correcting that condition had
the satisfaction of seeing the horse enjoy the same freedom from
that trouble that another horse would. I have. When exam-
ining horses for soundness, we have the privilege of passing the
hand over the surface of the molars, just as we would pass it
over any other part of his body. We need not condemn him
because his teeth are slightly irregular, and we need not men-
tion it in our report to our client, merely making a mental note

48 R- W. ELLIS.

of it for future use, but if we find a molar decayed, or one miss-
ing (not likely conditions, it is true, but possible ones, neverthe-
less), it is our duty to our client to know of their existence, and
to acquaint him of it. If we have found merely irregularities,
we need not call his attention to it necessarily until after he has
purchased, as it is a remediable condition ; but we should then
by all means acquaint him of the fact, and impress upon him
the importance of this gristmill turning out a product that is in
proper condition to pass down into the laboratory (the stomach),
where extracts are to be made from it for the requirements of
the body. One or a dozen men cannot materially affect the
condition of the horses' teeth of the country, but if there was a
unity of action very few would escape observation for any length
of time, and would not have opportunity of reaching the ex-
treme conditions cited. And the horse-owner, impressed with
the importance of the subject, and the interest taken in it by the
professional man, would not be a prey to the empirical self-
styled " veterinary dentist," who hopes by thus dubbing him-
self a specialist, to impress the uninitiated and escape the law
forbidding him to practice veterinary surgery without a license.
I always insist upon my students at the college examining the
molars as well as the incisors in examinations for soundness,
with the hope that they will continue to do so in practice, and
more and more appreciate and teach their clients to appreciate
its importance, so that " veterinary dentistry," like other
branches of medicine and surgery, may become prophylactic.
Gentlemen, while I know that I have scarcely outlined the sub-
ject under the title of this paper, I will end it at this point, and
trust that my shortcomings may be overlooked because I am con-
siderate enough to stop somewhere. In fact, the paper would
have been more properly entitled "The Horse's Mouth," as I
have not dealt with a single procedure to overcome the abnor-
malities mentioned, which would be more correctly speaking,
''Veterinary Dentistry." I have purposely curtailed my paper, so
as to leave the operative field untouched, as we have another paper
on the same subject, which I have assumed will enter into it.

EXAMINING HORSES FOR SOUNDNESS. 49

EXAMINING HORSES FOR SOUNDNESS.

By Dr. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
Retd before the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, January, 1903.

I might, perhaps, have found a more interesting subject to
write upon than examining horses for soundness, but it is a
subject of very great importance to some of us, especially some
of the younger practitioners. Although I may not be able to
enlighten a great many of the older members, especially those
in the large cities, who do a great deal of this kind of work, I,
myself, may be able to gain some valuable information through
its discussion.

This is a very broad subject, and one that requires a great
deal of skill and judgment on the part of the person making
the examination, and at times it is not an easy matter to state
positively whether the horse is sound or unsound. It puts the
veterinarian in a tight place at times, and quite often makes
enemies for him, as it often happens that the seller and the
would-be purchaser are both customers of his, and while he
does not want to deceive the buyer, at the same time he dare
not spoil the sale that is already made, providing they pass the
examination. How is this difficulty to be overcome? Of
course, if the horse is practically sound, with the exception of a
small splint or scar, or some other little minor blemish, and the
purchaser a man of good common sense, it becomes easy ; just
inform him that there are but very few horses that are abso-
lutely sound, and that this horse is sound with the exception of
this small blemish, whatever it may be, and that it will never
interfere with his usefulness in any way. There is a great deal
of deception and trickery in the horse dealing business, and
when a horse is brought before us for examination, we must
have our eyes open and also our ears. But sometimes it would
be better for its if we had, our ears closed to the seller, as he may
be a friend or relative or perhaps the parson of the church that
we attend, but friends and relatives are to be considered as strang-
ers until we have thoroughly made our examination and found

50 H. FULSTOW.

him to be as represented. Nearly everyone in the horse business
thinks he knows when a horse is sound, but I am sorry to say
that a great many of them have no idea of the word *' sound-
ness," when it comes to selling a horse. Absolutely sound
horses are as scarce as hen's teeth, when they come before the
critical eye of the veterinarian. There are a good many veteri-
narians who are not as good judges of horse flesh as they ought
to be, and I think that part of the training of the student while
in college is not given as much attention as it should be ; then,
again, some would never learn it. I claim that to be a good
judge it must be bred and born in him. Some of our best
judges are men who never saw the inside of a college, but are
expert judges, just the same. Then, again, some are good
judges, but have no principle whatever, and will do anything
for the fee they receive. Now let us see what " soundness "
means. It means entire, unbroken, free from any imperfection,
defect or decay, without spot or blemish. How many horses do
we see in our daily travels that would come up to this stand-
ard ? I say they are very scarce. There are a great many that
are practically sound ; what I mean by practically sound, is
that they have some slight blemish, such as a scar or small
splint or wind-puff, or some little noticeable thing that does not
interfere with their usefulness in any way, and are otherwise
sound. A person wishing to purchase a horse looks around
and finds what he thinks will suit him ; he rides after him, the
price is agreed upon, but he is no judge himself, so he says:
" I will take him if he is sound and all right. Now you take

him to Dr. and have him examined, and if he is sound

I'll take him." They drive up to your office and make their
business known. If hitched, get into the rig and take a ride
after him while warmed up, watching him at every move; see
that he does not nod and that he travels squarely behind ;
notice him while turning and backing up. Then have him un-
hitched and unharnessed. Take a good look at him while this
is being done, for any malformation which may be visible ; have
him placed in the stall until thoroughly cooled off, and while

EXAMINING HORSES FOR SOUNDNESS. 51

there watch him for cribbing, weaving, and see that he stands
squarely on all four feet. After he is cooled off, have him
backed out of the stall, watching for chorea, and see that he
does not come out sore. Some horses are quite sore when first
brought out of the stable, and after traveling but a very short
distance, get right over it. Next take a look at his lips for
paralysis, then his teeth for cribbing, decayed teeth, or any
malformation, such as parrot mouth or undershot, also at his
age. Then at the nostrils for any discharge or foreign body,
such as polypus, sponges or abscess of the false nostrils. Then
take a glance at the head, the general outline of it for enlarge-
ments of the various sinuses. Next look at the eyes, and see
that there is no discharge of tears flowing over the cheek from
the inner corner of the eye, indicating stoppage of the lachrymal
duct. Examine the ears for tumors, split ear, paralysis and fis-
tula ; then look between the jaws for enlarged glands, fistula,
etc., also at the parotid gland ; then examine for poll-evil and
pass the hand down the neck under the mane for warts, tumors,
etc. ; then raise the jugular, see that there is no obliteration of
it. Examine the withers for enlargements, fistula ; the shoul-
der for atrophy of the muscles, tumors, scars ; the elbow for
shoeboil ; flex the knee for anchylosis ; look down the cannon
for splints, the tendons for contraction, bowed tendon, examine
the suspensory ligament, the fetlock for bursal enlargements ;
look for ringbone, sidebone, quittor, quartercrack, corns,
atrophy of the frog, thrush, too concave a sole, pumiced foot,
brittle feet or contraction. Pass the hand down the back and
sides and under the belly for hernia ; examine the sheath and
scrotum carefully for warts, scars, the results of abscesses.
Then over the croup and hip, and see if both hips are alike.
Examine the stifle, then the hock carefully, as it is the seat of a
great many different kinds of lameness. Look at it from side
to side, also from between the front legs, also from behind ;
carefully pass the hand down over it, and be sure there is no
spavin present. Look at it from side to side for curb, spring
hock, bog spavin and thoroughpin. Examine the tendons and

52 ^ H. FULSTOW.

foot same as in front, then examine the other side in the same
manner. Lift the tail and look for gilflirt, if a mare, also for
melanotic tumors, and see if it has a good strong dock. Then
have your animal walked and trotted slow for lameness, giving
him his head. Next back him and turn him from side to side
for stringhalt ; scare him with a whip, then see if he can back
while excited. Next put a man on his back and give him a
good sharp gallop to test his wind, and if you are sure it is all
right and he has no signs of heaves, take him into a dark stall
and turn his head to the light, and test his eyes thoroughly.
If you are suspicious of heavesj put him back into the stable
and feed him plenty of hay and water ; then take him out and
try him again. This all requires considerable time, and we
must not be in too big a hurry in giving an opinion. A good
many of us are very careless in our examinations and do not go
at it as thoroughly as we ought to, merely looking the animal
over as he stands hitched, then take a short ride after him or
stand and watch him driven to and fro, and if he appears to be
sound give an opinion, and sometimes a certificate, as the case
may demand. If we make a mistake, someone is sure to find it
out and make it their business to tell the party ; then they will
have no confidence in us ; besides, it will injure our reputation.

'' The Review is a splendid periodical, and is doing good
work for the profession." — (/^ Torrance, D. V, S., Winnipeg,
Manitoba. )

"I CONSIDER THE REVIEW of incalculable value to every
live practitioner."— (^. B. Lewin\ D. V, S., Russell Lake Co.,
III.)

Wonderful Statistics. -^According to statistics, there
were in the United States in 1900 over 130,000,000 quadrupeds
useful for food or for work. They average a value of $20 a
head, making a total value of $2,500,000,000. This is nearly
three times the total debt of the United States. Later statistics
increase this total to $3,500,000,000. It is equal to more than
one-fourth of the capital employed in all the manufacturing in
the United States, and more than one-sixth of the value of all
the railways.

ACUTE INDIGESTION. 53

ACUTE mmGESTION.

By J. S. BUTI.ER, Minneapolis, Minn.
Read before the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association,

January, 1903.

This is one of the most painful and, when accompanied by
impaction, one of the most dangerous diseases of the horse. It
is estimated by some authors that at least four-fifths of the draft
horses sooner or later die from indigestion or its sequelae. The
small size of the horse's stomach with his practical inability to
perform the act of vomition makes him susceptible to the above
disease and its liability to end fatally when seized with an
acute attack.

It is more common among draft horses than those used for
driving purposes, owing to the large quantities of hay and grain
allowed them, often of inferior quality and given at irregular in-
tervals. Old horses who have worked hard and are heavily fed
frequently succumb to an attack.

Causes. — Improper food, dry innutritions hay, or the oppo-
site : green succulent food in large quantities ; lawn grass par-
tially cured; new oats or corn in too large quantities; mill
feed, the consistency of which is only known to the miller ;
bran and shorts when given too liberally and wet with cold wa-
ter; horses given a full feed of grain when tired and hungry
before satisfying their hunger partially with a little hay ; a
sudden change of food in regular quantities ; an extra quantity
of grain allowed when an extra amount of work is to be per-
formed, allowing large quantities of cold water soon after feed-
ing grain ; imperfect or sharp teeth preventing the proper mas-
tication of the food ; a ravenous eater when two horses are fed
together in one box, one may get more than his proper share ;
boiled food unless fed sparingly and before it is allowed to sour
and unless the boxes are kept sweet by frequent cleansing ;
wheat, unless very sparingly fed ; cut hay or straw with ground
feed owing to improper material being used and fed in too large
quantities ; ensilage improperly prepared and injudiciously fed ;

54 J. 5i. BUTLER.

oats or corn not thoroughly cured when consumed in large
quantities, swell and distend the stomach enormously, paralyz-
ing the organ or rupturing its walls.

Symptoms, — When at work is sluggish and hangs back in
the collar, perspires freely and looks around, showing abdomi-
nal pain. Hangs his head low and occasionally raises his head
as high as he can get it, holds the nose poked out and turns up
the upper lip. Stretches out to get the pressure of the abdomi-
nal muscles on the stomach, which the attendant invariably
considers a positive sign of urinary trouble. With a little treat-
ment, in some cases the attack may pass off without any other
serious symptoms. But usually the animal is kept at work till
he refuses to go farther and wants to lie down, which he will
do very forcibly sometimes. Mucus flows from the mouth,
gases are eructated from the stoniach and the pain becomes very
severe, and unless in a comfortable place, may tumble around
so as to injure himself unless restrained. He shrieks and
retches in his attempts to empty the stomach by vomition.
This he may be partially able to accomplish, small portions of
the food being forced up through the nose and mouth. The
pulse runs from 60 to 80 beats per minute, which is at first
strong, but gradually becomes weaker and faster unless the pain
is relieved. The stomach when badly distended with gases or
food, or both, may not be able to stand the strain, and when
throwing himself around violently the walls give away, or rup-
ture of the diaphragm or intestines may take place. The tym-
pany of the intestines may be so great that asphyxia takes place
unless speedily relieved. Small quantities of fseces are fre-
quently passed covered with mucus, and often soft in consist-
ency. The pain continues as long as gases are being generated
in the stomach and in some cases it is impossible to stop the
fermentation permanently. May be able to control it for a
time, and is a bad symptom when fermentation starts in
again after animal has been sick some time. Such cases
usually terminate fatally by exhaustion or gastritis.

Vomition is rarely performed in the horse and many theo-

ACUTE INDIGESTION. 55

ries have been advanced to explain the phenomena, viz. : (i)
His non-susceptibility to nauseants. (2) Anatomical peculiari-
ties of the stomach, it being very small in proportion to the size
of the animal. (3) Ruge or folds of mucous membrane in the
cardiac portion of the organ acting as a valve to the oesophagus.
(4) Non-development of the vomiting centre in the brain. (5)
The stomach too small for the abdominal muscles to properly
grasp it to force out the contents. In rare cases quite free vomi-
tion may and does occur, which immediately relieves all his suf-
fering, and when this occurs early in the attack before inflamma-
tion has taken place, recovery speedily follows. Vomition more
frequently occurs just prior to or at the time of rupture of the
organ.

Usually it is not difficult to diagnose rupture of the stomach
if the veterinarian has been present before and at the time the
rupture occurs, providing rupture is extensive. The eructation
of gases suddenly ceases, the pulse rapidly becomes weaker and
faster, membranes become pale, muscles tremble, cold sweats
break out over the body, ears lop, and ears and legs become cold,
respirations are accelerated and the animal usually stands. The
idea that sitting on the haunches is a symptom of rupture I
think is erroneous. This occurs when suffering from impaction
or other obstructions of the bowels. An animal may die in 30
minutes or live for hours, depending upon the extent of the rup-
ture and the vitality of the animal.

The sequelae are gastritis, gastro-enteritis, laminitis, coma or
delirium from the absorption of gases, chronic indigestion, dila-
tation of the stomach, functional inactivity of the heart, rupture
of the stomach, partial or complete, rupture of the diaphragm or
intestines, eczema.

Prognosis. — Should be guarded, for apparently simple cases
may develop into very severe ones ; any case may disappoint
one if too sanguine of success. Don't leave the animal too soon
thinking him out of danger, for fermentation may start in again
and the animal be found dead a few hours afterwards.

Treatment. — Place in a well-bedded box stall or small pad-

56 ^ J. S. BUTLER.

dock if possible, and if pain is very severe give morphine and
atropia hypodermically ; if moderate give 2 to 4 drs. fl. ext. can-
nabis indica, or i oz. chloral. Then give 3-4 drs. carbonate of
ammonia in pill form to arrest the fermentation, and repeat in
half an hour if necessary. If the second dose fails, try any one
of the following remedies or combination of two or more : Bi-
carbonate of soda, hyposulphite soda, chloride of lime, creolin,
salicylic acid, chlorate of potash, quinine, carbolic acid, sul-
phuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, chloroform, charcoal,
turpentine, capsicum, ginger, assafcetida, nux vomica. If case
is stubborn and there is impaction, give a cathartic of 6-8 drs.
of aloes, I dr. of calomel, and 2 drs. of ginger in a pill.

Whatever you give, give in concentrated form ; don't pour
bottleful after bottleful of liquids into an already over-filled
stomach, adding fuel to the fire.

Give hypodermically J^ gr. each of eserine and pilocarpine
to facilitate the removal of contents of stomach and intestines.
If in danger of asphyxia from tympany, use the trocar at the
most distended part on either side, or both.

Enemas are rarely necessary. Hand rubbing over the re-
gion of the stomach may facilitate the passage of the food from
the stomach. Have seen marked benefit from passing the
probang by relieving the distention from gases. Don't give up
the case, for an apparently hopeless one may finally yield to
treatment, and besides, if you give it up, a competitor may be
called in and get the credit of bringing a dead animal to life.

No routine treatment can be laid down for such cases, but
each one must be treated according to the symptoms presented.

Don't mistake a case of choking for indigestion with im-
paction, accompanied by retching and attempts at vomition.
The complications or sequelae must be treated as developed,
if amenable to treatment. A partial rupture of stomach may
occur and the animal apparently recover, but sooner or later
will succumb to another attack.

A. O. Kennedy, V. S., Columbia, Tenn., reports almost an
epizootic of influenza in his section.

NEW METHOD OF PREVENTING MILK FEVER. 57

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A NEW METHOD OF
PREVENTING MILK FEVER.

By a. S. Wheeler, V. M. D., Resident Veterinarian, Bilt-
MORE Farms, Biltmore, N. C.

During the past few months several modifications of the
Schmidt-Kolding treatment of milk fever have been announced,
such as the substitution of salt solution, sterile water and sterile
air for the iodide of potassium solution. Those who have tried
these modifications claim as good results as have been obtained
with the iodide.

Mr. Weston, our Farm Superintendent, who recently return-
ed from a trip to the Island of Jersey, informed me that the Isl-
and breeders depend upon not milking out the cows when they
calved, but simply eased the udder for the first few days, ^nd
seldom had a case of milk fever. I forthwith deterjnined to act
upon this suggestion, with the following results : Since Novem-
ber ist, 1902, the Island system has been tried on thirty cows,
fourteen of these being among our deepest milkers ; seven hav-
ing made over fourteen pounds of butter after previous calvings
and one having made eighteen pounds and fourteen ounces of
butter after being submitted to this treatment.

The modus operandi consists simply in milking from two to
three pounds every six hours after calving, for the first three
days, or about one gallon to a gallon and a half in twenty-four
hours. After the third day may milk the cow clean. In other
words, ease the udder in the same manner the calf would, only
drawing the milk equally from each quarter, which the calf
would not necessarily do.

Theoretically one might expect that mammitis would be in-
duced by not relieving the udder thoroughly. Four cows have
manifested udder derangement since this treatment has been re-
sorted to. Three of them had udder trouble after previous calv-
ings, and only one, not a serious case, developed after the last
calving, which might have occurred anyhow. We are not war^
ranted in drawing any definite conclusion on this point yet.

58 ^ A. S. WHEELER.

None of the thirty cows exhibited the slightest symptom of par-
turient paresis, which is unprecedented in the Biltmore herd for
an equal number of heavy milkers for several years past ; in
fact, ever since the lactsemic or milk poisoning theory has pre-
vailed, and we have been taking great pains to milk our cows as
often and thoroughly as we could after calving.

This colostrum-distention idea takes us back to the old fash-
ioned hypothesis of the causation of milk fever, namely : that it
is induced by the sudden determination of blood and nerve force
from the uterus to the udder ; disturbance of the blood pressure
and the nerve centres producing anaemia of the brain and a
shock to the whole organism.

I readily recognize that the foregoing facts do not demon-
strate the entire reliability of the treatment, as they do not cover
a sufficient number of cases, nor a long enough period. How-
ever, it certainly has given, in our hands, most encouraging re-
sults, and it is my desire that others will undertake it and give
it a fair trial and report their results, as at this writing I with-
hold my unreserved indorsement of it. I might add that no
other measure was employed in the foregoing cases, not even
a dose of salts was administered, as it was my desire to eliminate
as far as possible every other factor during the experiment.

'' I NOTICE that Dr. Gribble claims to have been a subscriber
to the Review for i8 years. I think your books will show that
I have been a subscriber since April, 1881, 22 years. In the
past two score and two years I have learned many lessons from
the experiences of others from its pages, that have been of great
benefit to me, and hope it will continue to be what it is now —
the very ^best veterinary periodical published.'^ — (A. W. Axford^
V. S., Naughright, N.J,)

In Brooklyn, N. Y., a horse died, and the contractor for re-
moving dead animals was notified to call and take away the
body. By error the driver entered an adjoining stable, where
the pacer Dr. Woods, valued by his owner at $3500, was lying
sick. Thinking this horse to be the one referred to, the driver
fastened a rope about his neck, and began winding up the windlass
on the wagon, which effectually asphyxiated the pacer. Now his
owner says he will sue the contractors for the price of Dr. Woods.

OBSERVATIONS ON COUNTRY PRACTICE. 59

OBSERVATIONS ON COUNTRY PRACTICE.

By S. H. Bauman, D. V. S., Birmingham, Ia.

Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association,

January, 1903,

Having had experience in both city and country practice, it
occurred to me that I might be able to give a few items that
might be of interest at least to those who have had no experience
in country practice, and perhaps be able to point out the large,
pleasant and lucrative field still open to our profession. A lit-
tle over five years ago when I left the city I hardly expected to
follow the profession except as a side-line, having decided to
make farming and stock-raising my future business. I was of
the opinion that in a farming community there would be little
or no sickness among stock owing to the natural surroundings,
such as exercise, forage, good care and experience gained by
farmers in handling stock from their youth up, and hardly ex-
pected to find anything outside of the simple cases and occa-
sional cases of obstetrics. But to my surprise I found the field
a large one with perhaps a greater variety of cases than are
found in a city practice. In regard to the side-line, inside of a
year I had to turn over the management of the farm to other
members of the family, my practice wholly occupying my time.
I have found the field both pleasant and profitable and find the
farmers take a great deal of interest in the treatment and opera-
tions and as a class are exceedingly well posted on disease and
treatment in general ; much more so than their city cousins.
This knowledge results from riding the best farm and stock
papers and reports from the experiment stations and Depart-
ment of Agriculture. To illustrate : when first I used the
Schmidt method in the treatment of parturient apoplexy for
quite an old farmer he watched me with interest for some time,
then said, " That's new in the United States. I don't see how
they got it over here so soon. Why, it's only a short time since
Dr. Schmidt was making his experiments in Europe." Asking
him how he came to know so much about it, he said

60 S. H. BAUMAN.

he had got it from the Government reports and papers.
The field is a nice one, in that you get good treatment from
your patrons. Talk about the cooks and good meals ! They
make you feel that the best is none too good for the '' horse-
doctor." It is not the dollar you earn, but the dollar you save
that counts in the end, and that is what I like in a country
practice. Your table is almost wholly supplied from your own
garden and farm. The feed for the horses is not a direct out-
lay, as .it is all produced on the farm, and this is quite an item
when you run an infirmary. Probably as great a source of profit
as any single item, is being able to pick up bargains in young
stock, slightly blemished, requiring time and not much treatment,
allowing it to run on the farm and develop. In a country prac-
tice a man should be fairly well posted in disease and treatment
of all domesticated animals, as many of your calls are to cattle
and sheep. Creameries and the two crops of sheep, /. ^., wool
and lambs, make money rather plenty in the country, making
collections fairly easy and prompt. Conditions have vastly
changed from what they were under the old system of farm life,
when the whole crop was held and marketed but once a year.
In the richer and better farming communities the stores run de-
livery wagons, delivering groceries to the farm-home regularly
and collecting the farm produce. New houses are being erected
everywhere with furnaces, baths, acetylene lights and all mod-
ern improvements. The tendency is for better schools, and all
the towns and villages have a good system of graded schools.
It is really hard to find a house that is more than a mile from a
rural telephone line, which keeps you in close touch with your
patrons and all the towns and villages in the country in which
you live. This, with rural mail delivery, makes the country
oue of the most desirable places to reside. The tendency in all
farming communities is for better roads, and already when the
material can be procured cheaper, all bad pieces of roadway are
being macadamized. We also have many places in our State
where interurban electric lines are being built, while many
other lines are being projected, and the farmers are ready to as-

OBSERVATIONS ON COUNTRY PRACTICE. 61

sist in the building of these by granting right of way and vot-
ing tax to help pay for their construction. Farmers as a class
are comfortably fixed, while many are quite wealthy, and, as a
rule, are contented. The society is of the best ; the young
people have their parties, socials, singing schools and literary
societies at nearly every school-house, while in the towns,
which are only five or six miles apart, they have lecture
courses, light operas, etc. The older portions of the community
have their birthday dinners and other social meetings without
number, and all who wish to attend are made welcome and cor-
dially treated.

The best part of a country practice with a home on a farm
is the healthy and moral surroundings of your family, who are
inspired by the natural environments to become industrious,
rugged citizens, all of them employed pleasantly, and, as a rule,
contented. The day of the " clodhopper " and " old hayseed "
is past. The farmers' sons and daughters are as a rule grad-
uates of the graded schools, and many of the most successful
business and professional men have developed their fine physical
constitutions and breadth of brain on the farm. The farmers
are waiting anxiously for men of our profession to locate among
them, and if we are worthy of their confidence and qualified,
they will do all in their power to hold us there by giving us
their patronage and encouragement. I do not wish you for a
moment to think everything is flowing with milk and honey in
the country. In certain times of the year roads are very bad.
We sometimes have partial failure of crops and many other dis-
couraging things, but on the whole I consider it pleasant,
profitable and a wide field to develop.

Last year Governor Murphy, of New Jersey, appointed Dr.
William Herbert Lowe (author of the law regulating veterinary
practice in that State) on the State Board of Veterinary Medi-
cal Examiners for the short term, so as to be able to give him
the long term while he was in office as Governor. Last month
the Governor carried out this purpose by appointing Dr. Lowe
to the full term of three years, to date from May 5, 1903.

62 TREATMENT OF ULCERS AND FISTUL.E.

COMPRESSED AIR IN THE TREATMENT OF ULCERS
AND FISTUL/E.

By Arnott a. Adamson, M. D. V,, Newton, Ia.
Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Association,

January, 1903.

Compressed air has for some time been used with varying
success by physicians of this and other countries, not for its
therapeutic value alone, but as a means for the application of
the therapeutic agents indicated in the treatment ; and for ap-
plication to delicate and remote tissues that could not be reached
by the ordinary methods.

In the arena of the veterinarian, the success of the physi-
cians along these lines can be duplicated, and more. As a
means of application of the required therapeutic agents in hos-
pital practice, it is convenient and exceedingly valuable in the
treatment of fistulae and sinuses of a tortuous nature that will
not permit the use of the knife or probe. In the application of
the required pressure the medicinal agents used for the cleansing
and dressing can be forced to the utmost ramification of the sinus,
thoroughly cleansing it without injury to the surrounding tissue.

In the treatment of diseases of the nasal passages and respira-
tory apparatus it is far superior to fumigation as a means of
reaching and relieving the delicate tissues and membranes in
those parts that are so sensitive to anything foreign. Another
advantage is that the exact amount of dosage is known and the
results arrived at in a much shorter time. Minute ulcers, al-
most microscopic, on the eyelids can be sprayed thoroughly and
effectively and to a great advantage with a spray. So gently is
it accomplished that the patient is not discomforted in the least,
as the air, when producing a spray, diffuses the force, while in
the syringe or dropper the force is concentrated, it matters not
how gently we endeavor to use it.

From an economical standpoint it permits the use of more of the
refined and valuable, instead of the cheaper and less refined drugs
and drug preparations, reducing the waste to an absolute minimum.

REPORTS OF CASES. 63

REPORTS OF CASES.

' * Careful observation makes a skill fid practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he addstothe knowledge of his profession, and assists bv his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.''''

SOME INTERESTING CASES OCCURRING IN PRACTICE.*

By J. H. BI.ATTENBERG, V. S., Lima, Ohio.

Strongyhts Armatus and Vertnmous Aneurism i7i a Foal,

During the latter part of the summer was called to Lima
Stock Farm, the home.of Norval, to see a highly-bred filly, four
months old, by the horse mentioned. To all appearances and
examination presented colic, due to volvulus. The administer-
ing of narcotics gave but temporary relief ; the free use of clys-
ters added nothing to her ease, she lingering about twenty hours,
when death ensued.

Curiosity prompted an examination of the cadaver. The
large intestines contained quite a number oi Siro7tgylus armatus
in a bloody-tinged liquid ; the walls dark red and thickened ; a
sero-hsemorrhagic infiltration of the wall at the attachment of
the mesentery. Large mesenteric artery contained a verminous
aneurism, showing quite thickened walls, the interior of which
presented an inflammatory calcification, resulting in almost en-
tire occlusion of the large mesenteric and some of its branches.
In these degenerative occlusions were quite a number of the
Strongylus armatus mmor. There were some also found in the
peritoneum in different parts of the abdominal cavity. There
was nothing noticeable of an altered condition with any of the
other organs.

The rather interesting part of this case is, it is so very rare
to find a verminous aneurism in an animal so young, but is
recognized by those in authority as common in the equine sub-
ject as the animal advances in age.

Amputation of a BulVs Penis.

On September 30th was telephoned to call at my conveni-
ence to see a bull which had not been doing well for a week
previous. On arriving found the animal in a much worse con-
dition than had been represented to me ; had not been seen to
urinate for some time. In appearance he was in somewhat of

* Read before the Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association,
January, 1903.

64 REPORTS OF CASES.

an emaciated condition. On completing examination it was
shown the trouble might be with his main organ of genera-
tion, as by the size it represented being abnormally large, the
distension forcibly retaining it within the sheath. Diagnosis :
uraemia.

Returning later, with hopples, I cast and secured the bull ;
protruded the penis, which required some little force, owing to
its abnormal size. It presented to all appearances a gangrenous
slough. The attachments of the penis to the deeper parts of the
sheath had nearly all sloughed loose. The meatus urinarius
could not be located at the extremicy of the sloughing organ.

Associating the owner with the probability of only making
a steer to fatten, quite a quantity of warm water was ordered,
the penis and inside of sheath cleansed as well as possible with
creolin solution, and cutting the remaining attachments of penis
and sheath. Cleansing the skin along the perineum, I made an
incision over the course of the penis about half-way between the
anus and testicles, severing the retractor muscles, taking up
what blood-vessels required it. Getting around the penis with
the fingers, it was forcibly drawn through this incision its en-
tire length except from the incision to the brim of the pubis.
Dissecting out the urethra, the penis was amputated. The
urethra, about half an inch longer, was stitched about the end
of the remaining penis, leaving a stub of penis about two inches
long. I stitched the incision in the skin close to the remaining
penis. After castrating, the patient with some effort was made
to rise. He now voids urine similar to a cow, and from last re-
ports is about ready for the market as a fat steer.

RUPTURE OF RECTUM AND VAGINA IN A MARE DURING PARTU-
RITION— SUCCESSFUI. TREATMENT.*
By S. H. Bauman, D. V. S., Birmingham, Iowa.

On March 29th, 1902, I was called to Keosauqua to see a
fine saddle-bred mare, and was informed by the owner that the
mare had been delivered of a colt through the rectum. That
he had been watching the mare and went to the house for a
short time, and on his return to the barn found the front legs
and nose protruding from the rectum. He undertook to shove
the colt back, but could do nothing. The colt was delivered in
a short time and seemed all right. I arrived about five hours

*Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January, 1903

REPORTS OF CASES. 65

after birth of the colt. The mare was uneasy and nervous, but
otherwise was all right. Upon examination I found the recto-
vaginal septum completely ruptured. The perineum was not
torn through, but the rupture extended down to the left of the
vulva close to the hip. It being late and not having a suitable
place to operate, I had the mare brought to my barn next day,
where I bought the mare and the colt. On examination I
found the parts badly swollen. No faeces had been passed since
parturition and the vagina was completely filled. After remov-
ing the contents and thoroughly cleansing the parts with a
creolin solution, I allowed all ragged edges to remain, not doing
any trimming with the scissors or knife. I took heavy twine
and tape and put in as many sutures as possible, part inter-
rupted, and others of any kind I happened to get. Then packed
the vagina completely full of carbolized oakum for a support to
the stitches. The mare was tied so that she could not lie down.
The faecal matter was all drawn by hand and the packing in
the vagina changed every third day. Whenever a weakening
in stitches was found a new one was inserted. In about twenty
days the septum between the vagina and rectum was completely
closed. My great trouble was in the external opening.' The
excrement would work down into the rupture in spite of all I
could do, and in cleaning out the same had to break granula-
tions almost as fast as they would form, so I commenced to re-
move the faeces with the hand again and not allow the mare
to do any straining, and in a short time the opening closed.
The mare was turned into pasture in about six weeks, but it
was August before I quit treatment. Weaned the colt in Sep-
tember and commenced driving the mare October ist. The
only inconvenience I find is that the anus remains slightly
open when the mare is very gaunt after a long and hard day's
drive. By the way, I have one of the best drivers I ever owned.
The filly is a splendid and very promising one. Owing to the
nature of the food and the fasting, the mare did not furnish suf-
ficient nourishment for the colt, so we had to feed cow's milk,
which I diluted with water and added limewater,sugar and brandy.

OBSTRUCTION OF BOWELS IN A HORSE DUE TO ABSCESS IN THE
LUMBO-SACRAL REGION.*
By S. H. Bauman, D. V. S., Birmingham, Iowa.
In t8q8 I was called to a case of colic, but the horse died

* Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January, 1903.

66 REPORTS OF CASES.

before I arrived. The history of the case was that the horse
had shown a few colicky symptoms for more than a week, but,
as he was in pasture and kept eating, the owner paid little atten-
tion to him. But on the day I was called he found the horse
in a serious condition, with result as stated above.

I found in making the post-mortem examination all organs
normal except the bowels, which were impacted, and especially
so was the floating colon. After removing the bowels and not
being satisfied that I had found a sufficient cause for death, I
continued my examination and found an abscess immediately
beneath the lumbo-sacral articulation. The abscess was almost
as large as the crown of a hat and had pressed upon the rectum
so as to completely obstruct the bowels. On opening the ab-
scess, which was about ready to break, I found over a pint of
pus. Since that time I have had quite a number of these cases,
and whenever I have an obstinate case of impaction, especially
where the horse points high, I make an examination, and it is
surprising the number I have found. All these abscesses are
similar and in the same location. The last one I had was Dec.
26, 1902, in a fine mare. A description of this case will answer
for all. The horse is drowsy, paws a little once in a while, lies
stretched flat on the ground, turns the head to the side and
points very high, as a rule, but I have had them where they
point low, get up, graze for a while and lie down as before,
and remain in this position for quite a while ; have never seen
any bloating in these cases. The only treatment required is to
remove with the hand all the faeces and repeat this as often as
the back bowels become obstructed. As soon as this is done the
horse will resume eating. As soon as the abscess is sufficiently
developed either break through the rectum with the finger or cut
through with a short hooked knife and evacuate the abscess.
No medicine is required in any of these cases except carbolized
oil. Do not allow the animal to have much bulky food. Many
of these cases will break quickly and the horse will recover of
his own accord. All the cases I have had recovered, but I have
had several which formed satellites, which required treatment as
above for ten to fifteen days. There are no external symptoms,
as in case of furunculus, close to the anus, in which we always
have external swelling. The only theory I can advance as to
the cause of these abscesses could be some injury to the verte-
brae at this point, or possibly a severe sprain.

REPORTS OF CASES. 67

TRAUMATIC MYOCARDITIS IN COW.
By C. E. BuRCHSTED, M. D. V., Exeter, N. H.

Was called Feb. 6th to see cow that had not felt well since
the Tuesda}^ prior to my visit. When questioning owner was
told that she had not eaten since that day. Found her lying
and getting up at intervals of five or ten minutes as though in
pain ; the temperature was elevated, io6" F., pulse small and
evasive, showed chills, bowels not very free, although had been
given salts, thoroughwort, etc. On auscultation found lungs
normal except over right, a spot as large as saucer seemed dull ;
dyspnoeic ; ears and horns warm, milk decreased ; had typical
symptoms of indigestion. Gave half dose of magnesia sulphate
and left fi. ex. nux vomica to be given in 3 ss doses t. i. d. She
seemed to improve until the following Tuesday evening, when
she became worse than ever. Saw her Wednesday morning be-
tween lo-ii ; found her stretched out upon right side, contraction
of cervical muscles to left ; dyspnoeic, chills and trembling ; was
unable to rise, propped her upon sternum. Upon auscultation of
lungs found them clear, except increased resonance ; examined
heart and found splashing, or metallic murmurs of a peculiar vi-
bration ; pulse imperceptible, except regurgitation in jugular
vein ; unequal temperature of body ; rectal 104° F. ; ears, horns
and extremities cold ; nose dry, with signs of cardiac distress.
Gave oil and strychnine, which seemed to weaken her, probably
through resistance offered. Gave grave prognosis, and said I
suspected foreign body in heart, which entered from stomach.
Requested owner to let me know when she died.

Upon post-mortem, found an opening in the abdominal
cavity and a protuberance the size of the thumb on inner coat of
reticulum. There was a large area of fibrous tissue between the
heart and diaphragm, through which passed a wire nail, 2 j4
inches long, and which was encapsuled, penetrating through the
reticulum, diaphragm, and left ventricle in lower third, forming
a gangrenous zone about }i inches in breadth. The endocar-
dium was covered with a septic coat of muddy appearance, and
the right ventricle was filled with posjt-mortem clot, but no evi-
dence of ante-mortem clot. The macroscopic appearance of mus-
cular coat of ventricle manifested a chronic lesion, of degenerated
appearance ; left ventricle was empty. No microscopic exami-
nation made. Thinking this an interesting case, I give it in a
clinical aspect only, which has its diagnostic difficulties, as there
were no tumultuous beating and no friction, etc., characteristic
of other cardiopathies.

REPORTS OF CASES.

CONGENITAL TUBERCULOSIS.
By H. B. Freeman, M. D. V., Inspector B. A. I., Sioux City, Iowa.

The following case is one which interested me very much
and I think will interest all the readers of the Review.

About Feb. 17th, while inspecting cattle at the Cudahy
Packing Co., in Sioux City, la., I found a pregnant cow badly
affected with tuberculosis of the pulmonary form, except for a
slight affection of the liver. The period of gestation w^as about
seven months advanced and the foetus well developed.

Upon careful examination, one of the posterior mediastinal
lymph glands was found to be enlarged and containing the
characteristic deposits of tuberculosis. One bronchial gland
was also found to contain a very small centre of the same ma-
terial. The most careful examination failed to reveal any fur-
ther infection either in the lymphatics or in the tissues of the
body. The mesenteric lymph glands were very slightly en-
larged but otherwise normal.

In order to verify my diagnosis of tuberculosis, the medias-
tinal gland was sent to the department at Washington for mi-
croscopic examination, which resulted in finding the Tubercle
bacilli in the gland, and thereby proving beyond any question
of doubt that this was a case of intra-uterine infection, which of
course helps to substantiate the theory that congenital tubercu-
losis is possible, even though it may be rare.

FIVE CASES OF AZOTURIA.*
By A. S. Brodie, V. S., Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Case No. I. — Bay gelding, down twelve hours before I was
called. Treatment : Emptied the bladder with the catheter and
took four quarts of blood from the jugular vein. Dissolved 16
drams of sodium chloride in three gallons of water and gave it
subcutaneously. The horse was on his feet twelve hours after.
Gave no further treatment and recovery was good.

Case 11. — Treated the same way, only gave the second injec-
tion in 24 hours. The animal was on her feet the next day.

Cases III and IV. — Treated the same way and made good
recoveries. The parts where injected became swollen from the
amount of water injected, but all passed away in a few hours.

*Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January. 1903.

REPORTS OF CASES.

Case V. — Bay mare, 14 years old. Had stood three days in
the stable, was driven three miles and went down. The gluteal
muscles were very much swollen and she was showing abdomi-
nal pain. Treated the same as the others. Died three hours af-
ter. Post-mortem revealed an aneurism in the left iliac artery.
Was the aneurism the cause of death ? This case had been go-
ing lame suddenly at times for two years in the left limb, and
would be in great pain and break out in a sweat, but would be
all right in 24 hours.

DISCUSSION.

Dr. Heck thinks the most important part of the treatment
in azoturia is good nursing.

Dr. J. W. Scott said that he only seldom catheterizes a male
that suffers from azoturia.

Dr. Simpson said that he thinks catharsis is strongly indicat-
ed in azoturia. He uses eserine or calomel.

In reply to an inquiry by Dr. Repp, a number of members
said that they have a common experience with azoturia in the
anterior part of the body without involvment of the hind parts.

Dr. Malcolm thinks diuretics contraindicated in azoturia,
but considers it useful to stimulate the bowels and liver.

Dr. McLeod uses potassium bromide internally to quiet the
animal and makes applications of hot water to the loins.

Dr. C. E. Stewart also reports better results from bromide
of potassium than from any other drug.

SUCCESSFUI. CASE OF TETANUS TREATED WITH ANTITETANIC

SERUM.

By T. J. Mbnestrina, M. D. C, St. Louis, Mo.

Black saddle mare, worth $500 ; contracted tetanus after two
weeks from a nail wound. Owner called me in, stating that
mare perspired very freely and acted very queer. On examina-
tion found the symptoms of tetanus, although I must state that
the jaws were not locked. Immediately gave one dose of P.,
D. & Co.'s antitetanic serum, about 6 p. m. The following day
at 4 p. M. I gave another, and so on, until nine doses had been
given. The mare made a complete recovery in the course of
one month.

A HORSE may, it has been said, pull with all his might, but
never with his mane.

70 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

GERMAN REVIEW.

By Adolph Eichhorn, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry, Albany, N. Y.

The Action of Liquids on Digestion in Dogs YDr. P.
Leconte]. — Similar to Colin's experiments on horses, Leconte
lately undertook a series of experiments to ascertain the changes
of food, in both, with or without taking up liquids, during the
different periods of stomach digestion. For this purpose, he ex-
perimented on thirty-three dogs, applying the same successful
technic as used by the great physiologist of Alfort. Selected
food was given, and drinking was allowed only on schedule
time, and then the animals were destroyed by cutting the me-
dulla, so as to prevent postmortal peristalsis. Following this
quickly, the cardiac and pyloric portions of the stomach and the
duodenum were ligated, and in this way each portion retained
the position and distribution of the liquid and solid substances
as they were at the moment of death. It was established that
water taken up by the empty stomach soon leaves this organ
and is promptly resorbed by the intestines ; the small portion
which remains in the stomach leaves this organ the latest in
thirty minutes. In case liquids are not taken during digestion,
as a rule the solids soon form a uniform soft mass ; large pieces
never pass into the intestines ; the largest piece of a potato
found in the intestines never exceeds the size of a wheat seed.
The execution of the gradual liquification in the stomach, is at
first noticeable in the pyloric portion and only at the end of
stomach digestion do the last particles of meat, bread, and po-
tato pass into the intestines, from whence a swift transportation
towards the colon takes place. The smallest particles disappear
in the first third of the small intestines, and only after twelve
hours is the stomach completely emptied. If food is taken be-
fore the completion of stomach digestion, no particles pass into
the intestines. The small intestines contain only small quanti-
ties of liquified food ; it is well emulsified and differently dis-
tributed in the different portions. In the first part of the duo-
denum, it is more or less mixed with bile, and has very little
adherence to the walls ; further, in the first third of the small
intestines, it takes on the consistency of syrup and is more ad-
hesive, so that it must be scraped off, by which the height of

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 71

digestion is reached, or even passed. In the second half of the
small intestines the chyle takes up a brown coloration, does not
adhere to the walls, and from here on shows more and more the
faecal-like character ; through resorption it becomes thicker, and
on nearing the caecum gas bubbles make their appearance, the
first sign of fermentation. If there are worms present they are
generally in the second quarter of the small intestines, where
the acid reaction and bile mixture ceases ; further back in the
brownish mass, one meets only fragments of ascarides and tape-
worms. In case liquids are taken during the progress of diges-
tion, when fed on a mixed diet, the liquid penetrates the solid
contents of the stomach with remarkable facility, frequently
without thoroughly soaking the same, and during which no
liquified food is pressed into the intestines, or only a very small
amount. After twelve minutes the liquid has already reached
the intestinal canal, and it is absorbed just as quickly as it ar-
rived there. After this time the contents of the intestines have
the same appearance as in dogs which have not received drinks ;
the digestion, therefore, is not interfered with, even when drink-
ing abundantly. Only when fed on pappy food, the drink mixes
thoroughly with the contents of the stomach, and dilutes
quickly the chyme, which is always accompanied with a marked
enlargement of both curvatures. These observations prove,
that those suffering with gastric troubles may be allowed to
quench their thirst at any time ; 100-200 c.c.m. c^n be taken
without the slightest harm, only if abnormal thirst is present
the first drink should be resorbed before the second is taken. —
{La Cellule, D. T. IV.)

Experimental Examinations of the Diuretic Action
OF Agurin, and its Application in Veterinary Medicine
[//. Jacob'\ . — The author recommends this drug in preference
to diuretin (also a theobromin preparate), which, due to its
component of salicylic acid, suppresses to some extent its diu-
retic action, and besides is contraindicated in simultaneous af-
fections of the digestive apparatus. Agurin is a double combina-
tion of theobrominnatrium and matriumacetate, both having a
diuretic action. Experiments which were performed by the
author on a number of animals, proved that this agent acts
promptly and markedly as a diuretic, in all hydropic conditions
with the exception of one, which results from parenchymatous
nephritis, and is well endured by a catarrhal condition of the
mucous membrane of the stomach. It has never caused poi-
sonous symptoms in its therapeutical applications. Doses for

72 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

dogs 1. 0-1.5 g. pro die, horses lo.o pro die, most suitably ad-
ministered in the form of pills. — y^Deittsche. Thier. Wochenschr.)
Studies of a South American Disease Affecting the
Extremities of Calves [(9. Voges^ Bite7ios Ayres\. — The
author observed this disease very frequently in calves. By his
description it appears in an enzootic form, and recommends the
name, phlegmone periarticidaris bovina. He never observed
the disease in new-born calves, but from the time they are a
few weeks old, until their first year, frequently ; in two-year-olds
seldom ; and after that age he never observed a case. From ob-
servations on sick animals, he established three stages. In the
early stage, a slight circumscribed elevation is noticeable on
the skin of a fore or hind leg, which gradually increases in size
up to a cocoanut. The early stage, therefore, is nothing more
than the appearance of inflammation and phlegmona, as the
tumor is filled with pus. The pus has a specific odor, which
V. considers important in establishing a diagnosis. The trans-
formation of the tumor into an abscess is the second stage,
when part of the pus is evacuated, which is of a yellowish-
white, grayish-yellow, or reddish-yellow (mixed with blood)
color, and always contains more or less fibrin fragments ; later,
part of the pus enters through the lymph circulation into the
blood circulation, causing septicaemia, which results in death.
This is the third stage of the disease, which might have also
another termination, namely, when the virulency of the virus
is lower, septicaemia does not develop, the animals live a longer
time, during which the non-evacuated pus will sink deeper,
reaching the bone and joint, causing anchylosis, to which a fis-
tula leads, from which pus discharges with the specific odor.
The author found in the pus a great number of bacilli, similar
to the chicken cholera bacilli, but smaller and narrower. The
ends of the small rods are rounded, and don't take the color as
well in the centre as at the ends. According to V., these are
the smallest of all known bacilli ; smaller than those causing
influenza. They dye with carbolic fuchsin (Ziehl's method)
without heating. They only grow in an anaerobic way ; in
bouillon under hydrogen ; a slight sediment forms in 24 hours,
and the culture has the characteristic odor of the pus. A stick-
ing culture in agar agar consists of small grayish-white isolated
colonies of a pearly shine, growing best at a temperature of
l-]"" C. ; the minimal temperature is 27° C, and grows yet in
40° C, but 50° C. destroys them in one minute. From the ex-
perimental animals, the guinea-pig, inoculated intraperitoneally.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 73

dies in 24-48 hours from septicsemia, and the bacillus can be
found in the serous fluid of the abdominal cavity, in the blood
of the heart and in all organs. Inoculations with the filtrated
bouillon culture (not containing the bacilli) did not produce
the disease. The treatment is surgical, consisting in opening
of the tumors and cleaning with disinfectants. — (C/ B. ti. P.
Erdos Veterinarms.)

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Congenital Atrophy of Both Eyes in a Filly {Prof.
Cadeac]. — The animal is a bay filly, two years old, congenitally
blind. The eye-lids are atrophied, and do not completely close
the eye ; through them the orbital cavity is seen. The lower
eye-lid has no eye-lashes and on the upper one the free border is
turned inwards. This entropion, also congenital, keeps up an
internal ophthalmia ; the discharge is abundant and runs down
on the face. The membrana nictitans, normally developed,
fills up, so to speak, the orbital cavity. Instead of the cornea,
there is a small, pedunculated mass, bluish, as big as a pea,
which is covered with blood vessels on its surface. This mass
on its basis is surrounded with a white circle, the sclerotic.
The animal being killed, the muscles of the eye are found as
big as in horses whose sight is perfect. The adipous pad of
the eye is represented by a soft, yellow-brownish mass ; there is
no fat. On the brain, there is a marked atrophy of the optic
nerves, which are flattened and reduced to half their normal
size ; they are made out only by their whitish coloration, which
isolates them from the grey tint of the brain substance. As
one looks on them closer to the orbital cavity, the atrophy is
more marked ; it is impossible to follow them ; there is no
retina. The atrophy of both eyes, with existence of the nicti-
tans and of the ocular muscles, is explained by the different
origin of the constituting portions of the ocular globe and of its
annexes, and we can conclude that the atrophy of the optic body
and of the eye-lids is exclusively due to an arrest of develop-
ment.— {/ourn. de Zobtechnie.)

Fistula of the Left Thigh Due to Foreign Body —
Operation — Recovery [P. ^^r^^6>;^]. — A horse, while in har-
ness, falls down, and one broken shaft enters his hind quarter.

74 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Two wounds are made, one on the right haunch involving the
skin and gluteal muscles, the other on the inside of the left
thigh, smaller. The wounds seem slight, and a prescription is
given for disinfecting washes, a dressing, and one injection of
anti-tetanic serum. The right leg is soon cicatrized, but the
left is still the seat of a fistulous opening, with a discharge of
yellow pus. The fistulous tract is situated between the short
adductor of the leg, the semimembranosus and semitendinosus.
Suspecting a foreign body, the animal, too ugly to be handled
standing up, is cast and secured for examination. A probe in-
troduced into the tract, runs through the muscular mass of the
leg for a length of 13 centimetres ; it reaches a hard substance,
slightly movable. With careful incision, the tract is enlarged
and finally a splinter of wood, five centimetres long, is extracted.
There was considerable haemorrhage, which was, however, com-
paratively easily controlled by plugging. Antiseptic washings
and dressings were followed by rapid cicatrization. — {Revue de
Zooiechnie.)

Volvulus of the Horse Compared to that of the Ox
[/. GJ]. — From the close watching of this case it seems that
*' this intestinal lesion has had for characteristic symptoms a
walking in a circle of the animal during the period of coma, a
peculiar attitude when he stopped, characterized by the head
carried low and the legs wide apart, and a special mode of lying
down on his sternum and belly." The animal, 10 years old,
does hard work ; he is well kept and well fed. One night, a
few hours after his meal, he is taken with violent colic. Ob-
struction is suspected. The animal does not lay on his back ;
he keeps rectal injections quite well, and when he rejects them
passes a few softened faeces. Pulse is strong, somewhat accel-
erated, mucous membranes not congested. Pilocarpine and eser-
ine have no effects, although given twice. The next day the
animal passed into a comatose state, interrupted now and then
with light colics. He remains for some time laying on his
belly and on his sternum ; when up he moves in a circle, makes
several turns, looks at his flank, then stops with his head down
close to the ground, extended forward, with his four legs apart
from each other as though the animal was afraid of falling. This
symptom is also noticed in volvulus of ruminants. At the post-
mortem it was found that all the intestinal portion preceding
the volvulus was much distended by gases. The portion that
came after was depressed and empty. All around the lesion
there was a gangrenous state of the intestine which, like the

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 75

corresponding part of the mesentery and of the caecum, was very-
black. The volvulus was formed by an intestinal loop twisted
into the shape of a sailor-knot neck-tie. — {Progres Veterin.)

Peculiar Case of Obstruction of the Urethra in a
Gelding \M. Dztmoulm']. — Retention of urine being rare in
horses, practitioners are likely to overlook the remark made
when a horse has colic that "he cannot make water." Called
to one case of colic, the author found the animal with anxious
countenance, with severe pains, and now and then making vio-
lent expulsive efforts. In the peritoneal region, on the lower
border of the anus there is a tumor as big as the two fists ; it is
the bladder, much distended with urine. Having no catheter,
the author resorted to a long piece of wire, which he bent in
tw^o, and rolled the two parts upon each other, thus making a
flexible probe, with which he was able to break up a mass of
calcareous concretions gathered at the ischial curvature and pre-
venting the escape of urine. Recovery was almost immediate.
— {Progres Veter\) [A few months ago such a case occurred in
my practice, the horse, a gelding, being the property of the
Greenwood Cemetery Corporation. My assistant, Dr. Clarence
B. Shaw, responded to a " hurry "call for colic, and upon exam-
ination of the patient found an enlargement, hard and stony, in
the urethra, some three or four inches below the ischial arch.
Confirming his suspicions of urethral calculus by introducing a
catheter, he cut down upon the obstruction and removed a stone
nearly as large as a walnut. The depth of the wound prevented
suturing, and it was allowed to take the course of an open wound.
Urine escaped through the opening for a few days, complete re-
covery taking place in two weeks.— (i'?<9j^6>^ R. BelLY\

Muscular Spasms Observed in a Horse at the Begin-
ning OF Voluntary Motions [Af. Carotigeatc]. — What is the
nature or the pathogeny of those manifestations, the author can-
not tell, and merely reports the case for its great interest and
character. It is an old horse, 15 years, whose history is not
known, but which is shown to Mr. C. because lately he acts
" singular " ; he starts walking only after presenting a series of
symptoms very peculiar. When he is excited to go ahead or go
back, a general rigidity, almost tetanic, takes place, and during
several minutes renders all movements impossible. The whole
muscular system is in contraction. The muscles of the neck,
of the legs, forward and behind, contract suddenly ; a motion
forward is about to take place, but is immediately arrested ; all
the muscles are contracted. These manifestations are observed

76 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

also in the muscles of the head ; the lips, nostrils, eyelids and
the ears are agitated by a few spasms and then become rigid ;
hence a peculiar expression of deep anxiety. This general con-
dition does not last long, 20 or 30 seconds ; then the contraction
relaxes and the animal can walk. At first his steps are irregu-
lar, the legs are thrown forward and outward as in cases of loco-
motor ataxia. Finally, after a few steps, in three or four min-
utes, everything is again normal ; all the spasms have disap-
peared, and will not return unless the animal is stopped, takes a
moment of rest, when with a new excitation, a new call to start,
the same series of symptoms will return. The attacks do not
seem painful, but no matter how frequent they may be, they
always have the same intensity. During the contractions the
muscles are hard and prominent. They are more sensitive to
the prick of a pin or a blow. This collection of symptoms does
not correspond to any well-defined disease. It is, however, in-
curable. Antispasmodics have remained as useless as stimu-
lants, and bromide of potassium did no better than strychnia. —
{Soc. des Sc. Veter. de Lyon.)

Fistula of the Inferior Maxillary — Odontitis, Al-
veolar Periostitis, and Osteo-Periostitis \^M./ea}t\. —
Seven-year-old horse, in good condition, but having a fistula of
the lower maxillary bone, following an incomplete fracture of
the bone, which has given rise to periostitis and caries of the
first lower molar. The bone is swollen, the fistula is located
near the neck of the bone, a little forward of the dental foramen.
The gums are swollen, the tooth seems healthy, but there is a
strong odor of caries. The probe introduced in the fistula
reaches the root of the tooth, and when it is taken away it is
covered with pus, having a bad smell. The tooth was extracted,
the . animal thrown, with well disinfected instruments. The
molar is free from caries ; the root only has a few granulations,
showing that it partook of the alveolar inflammation. In the
alveola, it is found that the anterior part is ready to slough off,
by necrosis. It is removed. The superior border of the inter-
nal wall of the alveola is scraped. The thermo-cautery is in-
troduced in the fistulous tract to promote healthy repair and stop
the haemorrhage. Recovery went on slowly with ordinary care
and without complications, leaving no soreness of the mouth
afterwards. — {Rec. de Med. Vet.)

Dr. J. C. Callender, Parkersburg, W. Va., has just com-
pleted and occupied a modern veterinary hospital, of brick, and
with all the conveniences of the best of such institutions.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof A. Liautard, M. D , V. M.

Peculiar Case of Fracture of the Pelvis in a Mare
[Dr. F. Go7tnelli\. — Conditions of fractures are generally in
proportion to the violence of the injur}^ or the mode of applica-
tion, but yet there are cases where the veterinarian cannot al-
ways explain the results of the injury. This is demonstrated
by the following case : A mare of three years of age, being turn-
ed out in a field, came across a little stream about one metre
deep and sixty centimetres wide, which she attempted to jump.
In so doing her hind legs slipped, she fell down and was unable
to get up. She could well raise her forequarters, but it was
with great difficulty that she was gotten up, the help of two
strong men being required to prevent her from falling. She
had to be transported to a stable close by. It was evident that
she had a fracture of the left hip. She also exhibited some
symptoms of internal haemorrhage. She received some treat-
ment to that effect and was left comfortable. The next day
she seemed to have passed a good night, although she was lying
down. She ate well. An hour after she was dead. At the
post-mortem the lesions found were extremely interesting : On
the left side^ there was complete fracture of the internal angle
of the ilium, of the two ilio-ischiatic, and ilio-pubic symphysis,
with displacement of the iliac bone ; no luxation of the coxo-
femoral joint, as the coxo-femoral ligament was intact. On the
inferior median line^ luxation of the ischio-pubic symphysis,
with partial displacement of the ischiatic bodies. On the right
side^ complete fracture of the internal angle of the ilium, fracture
of the pubis and of the ischium, involving the foramen ovale and
resting on the anterior portion of the corresponding coxal bone.
Internally^ the pelvic cavity full of blood, the uterus, bladder
and rectum with large hsemorrhagic spots, the right iliac vein
torn by the fractured pubis. There were also blood extravasa-
ted at the internal face of the coccy, under the femoral aponeu-
rosis and towards the natural and artificial openings of the pel-
vic cavity. — {La Clinica Veteriit.)

A Simple and Certain Method of Coloration of the
Bacillus of Bovine Tuberculosis [Z^r. G. de Angelis]. —
The following is considered by the author as a simple, certain
and practical method, with which he has never failed to detect
the microbe. Four solutions are required : {a) Pure ammonia.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

20 c.c, in distilled water, 40 c.c., filtrated and limpid, {b) Sat-
urated alcoholic solution of violet of gentian (Gluber). {c) Sul-
phuric acid, 10 c.c, in distilled water, 40 c.c, filtrated with
care, {d) Saturated alcoholic solution of crisoidine (Merck).
The material to examine being put on a slide and pressed by
another, which has been laid on it vertically, so as to leave but
a very thin layer of substance between, is allowed to dry in the
thermostat or in the air, and passed through fleames as in other
methods. Three parts of solution {a) are mixed with 7 of {b)
and poured over the preparation examined, heated by the lamp
to boiling point and appearance of a splendid metallic gilded
tint. After thorough cooling, wash freely and leave it in verti-
cal position to get rid of all the water. Pour one drop of solu-
tion {c) so as to cover the colored part, wash thoroughly until
the violet color has disappeared and the liquid assumes a clear
yellowish tint with slightly greenish hue, and for 1-2 minutes
let the solution (d) act. Wash then with alcohol and allow it
to dry thoroughly. When the preparation is mounted, the ba-
cilli are detected in the field of a handsome golden color and
observed colored violet with all their typical and specific charac-
ters.— (// Nuovo ErcolanL~)

A Case of Cerebellar Echinococci in a Steer {^Dr.
G. de Angelis]. — Rare case, adding to the history of this para-
site in bovines. The animal was a steer which had presented
such peculiar head symptoms that he had to be kept ti^d up
close and placed in slings. He had worked well previously, but
for some three months had carried his head low down and stag-
gered more or less in walking. Now he is almost paralyzed be-
hind, keeps his hind legs stretched backwards as if he wanted
to micturate ; the head is resting against the wall, the eye is
staring, stupid like, the conjunctivae are red, and saliva flows
freely from the mouth. Now and then he has general trembling
all over the body, sometimes he appears comatpus and again as
in delirium. The case was diagnosed as one of acute hydro-
cephalus, and as the animal was in good condition he was
slaughtered. At first at the post-mortem a special condition of
irritation of the digestive organs seemed to show an error of
diagnosis, but when the cranial cavity was observed, it was an-
other story. A large tumor was then exposed, occupying the en-
tire subarachnoid space and resting on the cerebellum. This
tumor consisted of a large cyst (mother-cyst), within which
others were either attached or floating in a clear, limpid
fluid, and which, with examination under the microscope.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 79

proved to be cysts of echinococci. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.)
A Singular Case of H^moglobinemia in a Horse [^Dr.
Umberto de Mia\. — A seven-year-ol<J horse in the winter of
1900 began to lose his appetite ; the owner had him bled, but as
no improvement was noticed, it was decided to lay him off in
the stable altogether during the following summer. His food
consisted of good hay from natural prairies, oats, corn, etc.
During the month of August, 1901, a very cold wave, lowering
the temperature by several degrees, struck the place. When
it occurred the horse had already been several days in his stable,
when after five days an extensive cutaneous hsemorrhage was
observed on the chest, but more specially on the knees and the
hocks. This lasted about seven days, when it all ceased.
Frightened on seeing the blood, the owner wanted to take the
animal out, but found him so lame on the right fore and left
hind leg that he had to leave him in the stable. Then the
horse showed some intestinal pains and had borborygms. The
pains were at times very violent, and then again would pass off
entirely. The borborygms lasted for several days. There was
no mark of myositis, but synovitis of the great sesamoid sheath
of the fore leg. The lameness of the hind leg lasted only a few
hours ; that of the fore leg was more severe, as the horse was
unable to stand his foot on the ground. The appetite was very
capricious, the pulse, 60 at first, dropped to normal. The tem-
perature varied between 38" and 39.5". On September i, the
horse had a small epistaxis ; the following day threw blood per
mouth ; he had croupal pharyngitis. The treatment consisted
in bicarbonate of soda and nux vomica, with local applications
to the synovitis. — (// Nuovo Ercolani.)

An Uncommon Case of Cramps in a Filly [^G. Fogliata].
— The condition generally considered as cramps of the muscu-
lar apparatus of a hind extremity and commonly understood as
pseudo-dislocation of the patella, is an affection met quite often
in horses, and, according to the author, more frequently among
young animals. Whatever are the causes of the appearance of
the symptoms, the subject of this record is evidently most singu-
lar because of both its etiological (?) and clinical forms. A filly
after a racing season was, as it is customary with some racing
stables, submitted to a purgative treatment and received a dras-
tic. As soon as the action of the purgative began, a cramp of
the left hind leg became manifest with all its classical symptoms.
Simple treatment, frictions on the stifle and upon the muscles of
the patella, seemed to bring on a good recovery and in four hours

80 ARMY VETERINARY IJEPARTMENT.

the cramps had all subsided. During the winter, a few months
after this first attack, the filly was to be prepared for the spring
work, and with the other animals of her stable received another
dose of aloes. Twelve hours after taking the medicine, both
hind legs were taken with cramps, contraction of the muscles,
displacement of the patella, etc. The right leg became relieved
spontaneously, but for the left it required manipulations on the
joint, frictions, and the administration of laudanum. It lasted
six hours. After some time, this same filly was to have some
operation performed on her, and so as to prepare her for it, she
for the third time received a dose of aloes. Again the same
symptoms reoccurred, but at that time they were much more
severe ; the animal was in great pain, and had almost the ap-
pearance of a tetanic patient, so great were the excitability and
the rigidity of the muscles. This case lasted fourteen hours,
and was relieved by the same means. — {Giornale (Tlppologid).

ARMY* VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This new Review department was opened in the last num-
ber (March, 1903), and its object was there explained — the
betterment of the Army Veterinary Service, through affording
a forum for the discussion of subjects in which army veterinari-
ans are deeply interested, and which are at the same time of
interest and value to veterinary readers generally. The profes-
sion, and particularly army veterinarians, are invited to con-
tribute communications, original articles, items of news, etc.

" A DISEASE RESEMBUNG GLANDERS IN THE PHILIPPINES."
Fort AssiNABOiNE, Mont., March 14, 1903.

The note reprinted in the last issue of the Review from the
Manila Times^ under the above heading, constitutes another
instance of the blissful ignorance of our worthy medical col-
leagues as regards veterinary topics. If the government bacter-
iologists are so eager to draw animal diseases into the domain of
their research, they should become acquainted with our current
veterinary literature in order to avoid post-date discoveries and
sensational reports.

The "startling discovery'' of Dr. R. P. Strong, director of
the biological laboratory in Manila, that "more than 50 per cent,
of cases which have been treated as glanders, are not glanders at
all," is humorous reading to army veterinarians who have been

ARMY VE'HERINARY DEPARTMENT.

serving in the Philippines. As early as November, 1900, an of-
ficial report about this disease was forwarded by me to the A. A.
Adjutant-General at Vigan, P. I., calling attention to the fact
that several officers in charge of army animals had mistaken
this disease for farcy, warning against a premature destruction
of such suspects. A concise, but more scientific description of
this disease under the name of " tropical ulcers of horses " (Afri-
can farcy), was prepared for the A. V. Review in 1901, but its
publication was deferred until May, 1902, in order to secure a
good photograph of the characteristic lesions of the disease,
which the readers will find in that issue. A good description of
the disease was also given by Dr. C. Nockolds, ist Cavalry, in
the A. V. Review of November, 1902, under the name of " ul-
cerative lymphangitis."

While Dr. Nockolds and myself do not agree on several
points, I am confident that we shall straighten out our diver-
gencies of observation and conclusions in this journal. But how^
are we going to correct the errors of Dr. Strong, to whom the
American Veterinary Review is evidently unknown. He
exaggerates in his description of the disease, because he has evi-
dently only seen fully developed and severe cases, which are
rather exceptional and do not convey the clinical picture of the
ordinary form of this disease, so commonly met with in army
stables in the Philippine Islands. He cannot possibly have the
opportunity to observe and study the early beginning of the dis-
ease, and, if so, I doubt that he could see what an experienced
veterinarian would see. If he had confined himself to the bac-
teriological study of the disease he would have had a chance to
discover or rediscover the specific germ of these specific ulcers,
whicli was neither seen by Dr. Nockolds nor by myself, yet
which must be there. But when he oversteps the limits of his
knowledge and draws a clinical picture of a horse-disease and
steps into a dissertation on differential diagnosis and veterinary
therapeutics, he blunders badly and dangerously.

The trumpet-sounds from the army-pathological laboratory
at Manila that "glanders " was not glanders but " surra" have
already done their ruinous work in checking the stamping out
of tlie real, old-fashioned glanders among army horses in the
Philippines, and now comes the bacteriologist of the Govern-
ment Board of Health and proclaims in his over-confidence that
"farcy" is not farcy in more than 50 per cent, of cases, but
" probably a variety of lymphangitis epizootica." Yet, this dis-
ease never starts as a lymphangitis, but only occasionally re-

82 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

sembles it as it resembles farcy in exceptionally severe cases.
We shall more fully review the different descriptions of this
disease in a near issue, as it is about time that we agree at least
on its correct name. To-day I only wish to reduce this "start-
ling discovery " to its true history as far as its existence in the
Philippines has been known to us for nearly three years.

Olof Schwarzkopf.

army veterinarians and side arms.

The Army and Navy Register of February 21, 1903, con-
tains the following note :

"The War Department Jias rendered an important decision.
It is now held that veterinarians of light Artillery and Cavalry
are entitled to wear side arms. There has been a difference of
opinion on this subject and, strange to say, the matter was never
officially brought to the attention of the War Department until
recently. The ruling now settles the question beyond dispute
and veterinarians may take their place with commissioned offi-
cers with the privilege of wearing side arms."

This decision has not been promulgated throughout the
army, so that it may be presumed to have been rendered in the
form of an official reply to an individual inquiry. Veterinarians
who have been serving in the Philippine Islands will be rather
surprised that such decision was deemed necessary by some-
body. During the period of insurrection the veterinarians had
to visit the different stations of their regiments, compelling
them to march through towns and barriers infested by insur-
rectors. As our military escorts consisted seldom of more
than two to four soldiers with a pack-mule, we were just few
enough to be easily surrounded and captured. Army veteri-
narians are not protected in war by the rules of the Geneva
convention, as army surgeons are, thus we had to be prepared to
defend our lives or resist capture. The writer preferred to wear
a sabre, which he knows how to handle from his student days,
while Dr. Gelston, 3d Cavalry, had a carbine slung on his horse
in soldier style. There were no orders given to us what to
wear, but necessity demanded it. If, then, army veterinarians
have to use arms in time of war, they should get used to them
in time of peace. Moreover, as the veterinarian of Cavalry
rides with the regimental staff on mounted inspections and re-
views, he is simply obliged to wear a sabre on this occasion as
on all other occasions where he may appear with officers wear-
ing side arms.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 83

Some of us should cease asking questions which are under-
stood by the military code the world over, and if we ever expect
to be thoroughly respected in the U. S. Army we must be mili-
tary in our appearance and attentive to military customs. O. S.

LIST OF VETERINARIANS OF CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY,
U. S. ARMY.

ist Cavalry. — i. Coleman Nockolds, ist Cavalry, Manila,
P. 1. ; 2. Vacancy.

2d Cavalry. — i. William V. Lusk, Fort Myer, Va. ; 2. Va-
cancy.

jd Cavalry. — i. Olof Schwarzkopf, Fort Assinaboine, Mon-
tana ; 2. Samuel L. Gelston, Fort Assinaboine, Montana.

//.th Cavalry. — i. Alexander Plummer, Fort Riley, Kansas ;
2. Vacancy.

^th Cavalry. — i. Robert S. van Agnew, Manila, P. I. ; 2.
Vacancy.

6th Cavalry. — i. Sidney L. Hunter, Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas ; 2. Jules H. Uri, Manila, P. I.

"jth Cavalry. — i. Joseph R. Jefferis, Chickamauga Park,
Ga. ; 2. Vacancy.

8th Cavalry.— \. Ray J. Stanclift, Jefferson Barracks, Mo. ;
2. Harry F. Steele. Fort Sill, Oklahoma Ter.

^th Cavalry. — i. S. Glasson, Jr., Presidio of San Francisco,
Cal. ; 2. John Tempany, Fort Walla Walla, Washington.

loth Cavalry.— \. C. D. McMurdo, Fort Robinson, Ne-
braska ; 2. S. W. Service, Fort Robinson, Nebraska.

nth Cavalry. — i. Alex. McDonald, Manila, P. I.; 2. John
H. Gould, Manila, P. I.

1 2th Cavalry.— \. William P. Hill, Fort Clark, Texas ; 2.
Vacancy.

ijth Cavalry. — i. Charles H. Jewell, Fort Meade, S. D.; 2.
Walter Fraser, Fort Meade, S. D.

14th Cavalry. — i. Henry W. Peter, Fort Grant, Arizona ; 2.
Vacancy.

T^th Cavalry. — i. W. R. Griitzman, Manila, P. I.; 2. Chris-
topher J. Willgans, Manila, P. I.

Artillery Corps. — i. Gerald E. Griffin, Fort Sheridan, 111.;
2. Daniel LeMay, Fort Douglas, Utah; 3. Frederic Foster,
Fort Ethan Allen, Verm.; 4. R. B. Corcoran, Presidio of San
Francisco, Cal.; 6. William A. Sproule (recently appointed) ; 7.
Lester E. Willyoung (recently appointed) ; 8. Fred. B. Gage
(recently appointed).

84 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Besides these regularly appointed veterinarians of Cavalry
and Artillery, there are engaged about forty to sixty contract-
veterinarians, most of them in the Philippines. The names of
these contract-veterinarians are not given in any army list or
register, as they are civil employes.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT NOTES.

Human Instruments for Army Veterinarians. — At a recent
issue of veterinary supplies according to the new veterinary
supply table, human hypodermic syringes and post-mortem
cases have been furnished. Especially the former instrument
is useless for veterinary practice except, perhaps, in the treat-
ment of private dogs of officers, for which they were hardly in-
tended. If similar issues have been made to other posts, veter-
inarians should promptly forward an official communication to
the Quartermaster-General, U. S. A., through military chan-
nels, in order to have such instruments returned and exchanged.

Sailed for the Philippines. — Dr. Daniel LeMay, Vet. Artil-
lery Corps, U. S. Army, writes from Fort Douglas, Utah, under
date of March 14th : Veterinarians Walter Fraser, 13th Cavalry ;
Wm. R. Griitzman, Christopher J. Willgans, 15th Cavalry, and
Fred. B. Gage, Artillery Corps, sailed on the U. S. Transport
Lo^an from San Francisco, Cal., to Manila, P. I., Feb. 28th, 1903.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Session ok
1902. Edited by the Publication Committee, M. H, Reynolds, Chairman, St.
Anthony Park, Minn.

About the first of January the well-printed and neatly-bound
volume of the '^Proceedings" was mailed to each member of
the National Association, and they are thus enabled to place in
their libraries a faithful record of the splendid meeting of 1902.
Next to actual attenda-nce upon the annual meetings is the
pleasure and profit to be obtained from a perusal of this yearly
record. While the present volume is similar in most respects
to those of the past few years, a number of new features have
been added which make it a more valuable reference book, while
the papers and discussions are presented in a very clear and com-
prehensive manner. The committee has compiled and printed
in the first section of the book a list of the meeting places of the
A. v.. M. A. from its organization, at the Astor House, New
York City, June 9 and 10, 1863, until the 39th annual gather-
ing at Minneapolis. Semi-annual meetings were held until

CORRESPONDENCE. 85

1890, when they were discontinued, and the number of days de-
voted to the annual meeting increased. For the first 20 years
they were held alternately in New York and Boston, the mem-
bership being confined to the veterinarians of the Eastern States.
What a great advance there has been when one peruses the
minutes of the early meetings, and then goes through the 346
pages constituting the story of the last meeting. The very few
now living who were present at the Astor House meeting must
feel a great satisfaction when they reflect upon what good and
productive Seed were sown on that memorable occasion, while
the memories of those who have gone should be held in venera-
tion by the great organization which now occupies the distinc-
tion of being the largest in the world, ^s well as the most influ-
ential in the English-speaking countries, at least. The amount
of labor bestowed upon the preparation and supervision of the
*' Proceedings " by Chairman Reynolds is probably not suffi-
ciently appreciated by the membership. The preparation, prun-
ing and correction of manuscript, the arranging of the minutes,
to say nothing of the reading of proofs, etc., is an arduous, tedi-
ous and thankless work that not every one has the ability to
perform, while fewer have the inclination to sacrifice their time
and energies to its accomplishment. Dr. Reynolds is entitled to
a " tablet in the hall of fame," and he would be greatly missed
if he were unwilling to continue at this post. Not a murmur
has come from him, but such labor should be appreciated and
one so capable should be encouraged to feel that he was accom-
plishing a service to his profession and colleagues.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THAT PURE WHITE FOAL.

HiLi^BORO, Ohio, Feb. 27, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Reviezv :

Dear Sirs: — Have just finished reading the February
Review, and I note the inquiry by Dr. Bell at the top of page
109 1 as to whether anyone had ever seen 2, pure white foal. A
Mr. McGeehan, of Sinking Springs, near here, some years ago
had a beautiful pare white colt foaled, very well developed,
with the exception that there was not \.\\^ least sign of fore legs.
It lived about a week or two. The hair was regular and
straight, and the skin perfectly smooth. It was a beautiful
specimen. He had it mounted. Very truly yours,

S. R. Howard.

36 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

WISCONSIN SOCIETY OF VETERINARY GRADU-
ATES.

The annual meeting took place in the club rooms of the
Avenue Hotel, at Madison, at 3 P. m., February 4th, 1903, and
was called to order by the President, J. F. Roub, and the follow-
ing members answered to roll-call ; S. Beattie, J. W. Beckwith,
C. M. Crane, C. E. Evens, H. F. Eckert, G. H. Fay, L. M. Jargo,
G. E. Leech, W. J. Malone, E. H. Newton, J. F. Roub, E. D.
Roberts, D. Roberts, T. A. Schneekloth, Chas. Schmitt, S. S.
Snyder, and one visitor. Dr. A. J. Alexander.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and accepted.

The Secretary's and Treasurer's reports were read and ac-
cepted.

On motion an auditing committee was appointed by the
Chair to examine the books of the Secretary and Treasurer.
The President appointed Drs. Schmitt, Evens, and Beckwith,
who examined the books and signed them as correct.

Dr. G. H. Fay, an early member of this Society, who has
discontinued practice for a time, applied as a new member. It
was moved and seconded that Dr. Fay be accepted as a new
member by paying membership fee of $3 and one annual due of
$2 for the year 1903. Carried. Dr. Fay responded by thank-
ing the Society for the action they had taken and promised to
become an active member.

The subject of holding our next semi-annual meeting in
Milwaukee was lively discussed by Drs. Schmitt, Evens, Roub
and Beckwith, which resulted in a motion that was seconded
that we hold our next meeting in Racine. Carried.

Dr. Alexander addressed the meeting by a nice little talk on
horse feed and horse feeding, which he sweetened at the begin-
ning with molasses, but as the doctor proceeded to illustrate the
disadvantage of using molasses as food for horses and its inferior
value as compared with good oats, that sweetness turned to bit-
terness in a decision against molasses.

On motion a vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Alexander.

On motion the Society adjourned to meet at 7.30 P. M.

Evening Session, — The Secretary read a bill relative to pro-
hibiting the importation of Western branded horses into Wis-
consin by State Veterinarian Roberts without a veterinary in-
spection, as a great deal of glanders and other contagious diseases

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 87

is brought East by this class of horses, and a change was pro-
posed that in place of Western branded horses it should read
Western horses branded or otherwise.

1 1 The President, in view of the fact that several members had
violated the Code of Ethics by placing on the market proprie-
tary remedies, asked the Secretary to read the Code, which was
read and discussed by all members present.

Motion was made and seconded that the Chair appoint a
committee of three members to revise the Code of Ethics and
make them more lenient. Carried. The Chair appointed Drs.
R. S. Heer, G. H. Fay and S. S. Snyder. It was moved and
seconded that the committee report at our next meeting. Carried.

Tlie Secretary read a bill framed by the Committee on Leg-
islation for the purpose of establishing a Veterinary Examining
Board, also a letter from Supt. Whitehead advising the substi-
tution of medical doctors on that board in place of veterinari-
ans. On motion, the Secretary was instructed to answer Mr.
Whitehead's letter declining to change the original bill.

Dr. R. S. Heer read an excellent paper on " External Ulcer-
ative Ano-Vulvitis in Cattle," which was discussed by Drs. D.
Roberts, Alexander, Leech and Schinitt. Dr. Beckwith re-
ported a similar outbreak in his own herd.

Dr. Snyder reported a peculiar case of influenza in a horse,
in which the animal had intermittent attacks for several weeks
of digestive trouble, which was discussed by Drs. D. Roberts,
Alexander and Leech.

On motion, the Society proceeded to the election of officers,
which resulted as follows :

President — Dr. S. S. Snyder, Cedarburg.

Vice-President— Dr. R. S. Heer, Platteville.

Secretary — S. Beattie, Madison.

Treasurer — Dr. Chas. Schmitt, Dodgeville.

Censors— Drs. J. W. Beckwith, G. H. Fay, and H. F. Eckert.

Dr. E. D. Roberts reported several outbreaks of rabies
throughout the State, which was discussed by several members.

Dr. Leech, who is an honorary member, moved that the So-
ciety accept his usual annual dues. The motion was seconded
and carried.

Motion was made and seconded that the Society uphold the
just acts of the State Veterinarian. Carried.

On motion, the Society adjourned to meet at Racine subject
to the call of the President and Secretary.

S. Beattie, Secretary.

88 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
ASSOCIATION.

This association met in annual session at the St. Nicholas
Hotel, Decatur, 111., Jan. 14th and 15th, 1903, and was called
to order by President Dr. V. G. Hunt, of Areola, 111. Follow-
ing the roll-call, which was responded to by a goodly number
of the membership, President Hunt delivered an exceedingly in-
teresting and very instructive address, which was warmly ap-
plauded, and was as follows :

" Gentlemen : — As we meet to-day, we may well rejoice at
the rapid strides made by the profession within the last few
years. The profession no longer pins its faith to theories that
cannot be demonstrated. Nothing but absolute fact will satisfy.
Every veterinarian is doing some original thinking and does
not rush into print with a new discovery, until it has been
demonstrated to be practical. Drugs have become so cheap,
that the veterinarian can give our domestic animals the benefit
of all new and best remedies with comparatively small cost.
What an advantage the young man to-day has over the old prac-
titioner who gained his knowledge thirty years ago. While he
was in practice, he had to be a diligent student to keep up with
the times. Necessity kept him on the alert, but to-day the novice
has his text books, his lectures, last, but not least, his veterinary
journal, and if Dame Nature has been liberal with brains, he
will make a success.

'' We see by our dailies, that in the East that terrible foot-
and-mouth disease has invaded their territory. The veterina-
rians are already on the ground and we trust will stamp it out.
The utmost precaution will always be necessary from the fact
that to improve our flocks and herds importations from infected
districts must be made in spite of the danger. The veterinarian
must be on the alert, not to pose as an alarmist, but where the
symptoms are imperfectly developed use every precaution to in-
sure the safety of the herd, even if his worst fears were never
realized. The veterinarian of to-day has diseases to contend
with that were little known thirty years ago, some of which are
of such a malignant character they must be met in their incipi-
ency or a fearful loss will be the result. Most liberal appropria-
tions will have to be made, to meet the necessary expense. Con-
ditions are constantly changing that will require nice diplomacy
to not inflict a hardship on unfortunate owners in infected dis-
tricts. Then the veterinarian with practical experience, coupled

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 89

with a clear head, will do his duty without fear, favor or affec-
tion.

" All Europe is watching our live-stock interests with a
jealous eye and will look with no degree of composure, which
will require us to be alive to our individual interests. Our ex-
ports to other climes are immense. We can hardly conjecture
what they will be within the next decade. Let us hope we may
meet every emergency, so American interests will be subserved.

" Our late veterinary law without doubt has not met the ex-
pectations of its authors, unless the fee was the focus of their
thoughts and the height of their ambition. Be this as it may,
in many localities quackery is as prevalent as ever. Let us
hope in the near future the stock owner himself, unaided by
State legislation, will give each practitioner his proper place.
Individual interest is a wonderful safeguard. True merit will
eventually win. Glittering theories are very inspiring, but
avail but little in the sick stall. Here is where the true veteri-
narian shows his skill. We trust our beloved profession in the
near future will reach that perfection that our domestic animals
will be treated on the same intelligent basis as his lordly mas-
ter. We owe this to that all- wise Creator who placed them in
our care. When sick do not fly to some therapeutic arsenal for
a remedy, without any thought as to their ailments. Is it to be
wondered at if he loses his valuable animal under these circum-
stances? Is it any wonder the public becomes disgusted at the
impotency of the healing art? One writer has truly said:
* Medicine in incompetent hands is like a sword in the hands of
a mad man.'

" The world is full of vain pretenders with a hfemorrhage of
words, gaudily dressed, for a time capable of deceiving the very
elect. This forcibly reminds us of a I40 harness on a #20
horse, but all they have to do is to move a little farther along
and catch another sucker. Thus it has been and will be, to the
end of time.

" The conscientious veterinarian realizes his ability and
never dreams of trickery, is strictly honest with his patrons and
enjoys their well-merited confidence.

" Now, in conclusion, let me most heartily thank you for your
most valuable help while President of your society, and in retir-
ing will hold every member in grateful remembrance, hoping
their usefulness will increase with their years, hoping and trust-
ing my successor will receive the same valuable support, so gener-
ously extended to me. May the society be inspired witlv new

90 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

life by a younger man. Our society has a world-wide reputation,
capable of doing much good, located in one of the richest agri-
cultural districts on the globe. Its inhabitants represent every
civilized country on earth and the very best of them. Need we
fail under such circumstances ? "

The minutes of the previous meeting were then read and ap-
proved by the Association.

The election of officers for the ensuing year followed and re-
sulted as follows :

President— Dr. V. G. Hunt, Areola, 111.

First Vice-President— Dr. A. Travis, Ivitchfield, 111.

Second Vice-President— Dr. F". D. Bliss, Earlville, 111.

Secretary— Dr. W. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski, 111.

Treasurer — Dr. J. M. Reed, Mattoon, 111.

Three new members (Dr. H. P. McKinney, Neoga, 111. ; Dr.
C. F. Griffin, Newman, 111., and Dr. F. D. Bliss, Earlville, 111.)
were duly elected, after passing the requisite examination, and
were introduced to the members by the Secretary.

The following standing committees were appointed by the
President :

Committee 07i Membership — Drs. S. H. Swain, J. M. Reed,
A. Tiavis, C. A. Hurlbutt and W. C. Dawson.

Committee on Programme — Drs. V. G. Hunt, W. A. Swain
and S. H. Swain.

Committee on Arrangements — Drs. V. G. Hunt and F.
Glassbrenner.

Committee on Legislation — Drs. John Osborne, V. G. Hunt.
S. H. Swain and C. A. Hurlbutt.

The following papers were read : " Retained Foetal Envel-
opes," by Dr. J. M. Reed, of Mattoon, which was very instruct-
ive and interesting, and was responded.^ by. Drs. V. G. Hunt
and S. H. Swain. " CEsophageal Obstruction," by Dr. C. A.
Hurlbutt, of Stonington, 111., was treated of in a most credit-
able manner. "Persistency of the Urachus," Dr. S. H. Swain,
of Decatur, a very concise and instructive paper on the subject,
which was responded to by Drs. J. W. Marsh and C. A. Hurl-
butt. Dr. John Osborne next read a most entertsiining paper
on the subject of " Vegetable Poisoning, Milk Sickness," which
was responded to by Dr. V. G. Hunt and others. The subject
of " Parasitic Bronchitis" was next treated of by Dr. J. W.
Marsh, of Illiopolis, in a very interesting and instructive man-
ner. He was responded to by Drs. S. H. Swain and F. D. Bliss.

Under the head of " Reports of Cases," Dr. A. Travis, of

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 91

Litchfield, read a report of an operation for scrotal hernia,
which was well received and discussed at length. Dr. W. A.
Swain, of Mt. Pulaski, reported a case of " Fungosis Toxicum
Paralyticus" in his practice, which was of more than passing
interest and brought forth some animated discussion. " Cere-
bro-Spinal Meningitis," by Dr. V. G. Hunt, a^d many other
extremely interesting subjects were discussed.

Among the visitors present were : Drs. Ansell Gould, Bone
Gap, 111. ; J. B. Edgar, Ivesdale, 111. ; A. Robertson, Mt. Car-
mel. 111. ; John Turrell, Mackinaw, 111. ; Chas. K. Howard,
Lebanon, 111. ; P. L. Stombaugh, Altamount, 111., and W.
Smith, Ti.nley, 111.

The date and place of the next meeting was fixed for August
i2th and 13th, 1903, at Decatur, 111.

Meeting adjourned uutil the above date.

W. A. Swain, Secretary.

THE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA.

The annual meeting of this association was held in the city
of Winnipeg, on February 19th, the President, Mr. S. A. Coxe,
in the chair. The following members were present : S. A.
Coxe, President, Brandon ; C. Little, Winnipeg ; C. McGilvray,
Binscarth ; J. A. Stevenson, Carman ; A. M. Liviugstone,
Melita; W. A. Hilliard, Minnedosa; W. R. Taylor, Portage la
Prairie; H. F. Whaley, Glenboro ; W. E. Martin, Winnipeg ;
W. Harrison, Glenboro ; J. Welch, Roland ; W. S. Henderson,
Carberry ; F. Torrance, Winnipeg ; W. J. Hinman, Winnipeg ;
R. Frame, Treherne ; M. B. Rombough, Morden ; W. Swiner-
ton, Carberry ; W. A. Dunbar, Winnipeg ; A. E. Williamson,
Winnipeg ; E. P. Westell, Winnipeg.

The report of the Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar showed
the Association to be in a flourishing condition, the total mem-
bership ']^,

The election of officers resulted as follows :

President — W. R. Taylor, Portage la Prairie.

Vice-President — G. Hilton, Portage la Prairie.

Secretary-Treasurer and Registrar — F. Torrance, Winnipeg.

Council — Messrs. Torrance, Stevenson, Coxe, Hilton, Tay-
lor, Henderson and Martin.

A grant of $100 was made to the central committee at Ot-
tawa as a contribution towards the expense of entertaining the
A. V. M. A.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. C. D. McGilvray read an interesting paper on '' The
Physical Examination of the Sick Horse." The essay showed
evidence of careful preparation, and the essayist received the
thanks of the Association, and \yas awarded the prize offered at
the last meeting.

It was decided to hold the semi-annual meeting at Portage
la Prairie, the date to be fixed by the executive.

F. Torrance, Secretary-Treasurer.

NORTH CAROLINA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

This association met in Raleigh, N. C, on January 26th,
1903, in Dr. Tait Butler's office. There were several enthusias-
tic veterinarians present. The only business of importance
transacted was the appointment of the Legislative Committee,
and the drawing up of the Veterinary Bill to present to the
Legislature. The meeting then adjourned, to meet in Wil-
mington, N. C, in July.

The Legislative Committee, composed of Dr. Thos. B. Car-
roll, Dr. Tait Butler, Dr. W. C. McMackin and J. W. Petty,
went to work at once with the legislators, in the interest of the
bill, and finally succeeded in getting it passed. The bill re-
quires the Governor to appoint five of the members of the Asso-
ciation a 3oard of Veterinary Medical Examiners to examine
all applicants to practice veterinary medicine and surgery.

We feel very much encouraged over our success, and hope
that at the next Legislature to have some laws passed pertaining
to the control of contagious diseases, especially as to meat and
milk inspection, etc. J. W. Vk^TY^ Secretary.

Alumni Dinner. — At a meeting of the Executive Commit-
tee of the Alumni Association of the American Veterinary Col-
lege, held on March 19th, a dinner committee was appointed
to complete arrangements for an alumni dinner, to be held in
conjunction with the Alumni Association of the New York-
American Veterinary College, at the Hotel Marlborough, April
2d, 7 p. M., and the prospects look bright for a hearty turnout.
The two associations will hold meetings at the college build-
ing, 141 West 54th Street, in the afternoon of the same day.

Frank Briard, a third-year student; at the University of
Pennsylvania, died at the University Hospital, Jan. 3, after ten
weeks' illness from acute articular rheumatism, complicated with
endocarditis. He was a native of Jersey, England.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 93

NEWS AND ITEMS.

D. A. Piatt, M. D. C, V. S., Lexington, Ky., has occupied
his new infirmary on South Broadway. It is well located, near
the Fair Grounds, where there are 500 horses in training, besides
S. T. Harbison & Co.'s large sale stables.

At the recent annual meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary
Medical Association, twenty-two new members were elected, and
three who had been been suspended for non-payment of dues
were reinstated, making twenty-five accessions to membership.

" Jingo," the largest elephant in the world, successor to
" Jumbo," for twenty years at the Zoological Gardens of Lon-
don, was recently purchased by Bostwick, the menagerie owner,
for $50,000, and shipped to New York. He died of sea-sickness
when in mid-ocean.

Nebraska's Law. — " You will probably be pleased to hear
that the prospects for the passage of our Veterinary Bill, intro-
duced in the House of Representatives, seems to be good at this
time, and we hope to see it become a law." — (G. R. Yozaig^ D.
V. S., Omaha ^ Neb.)

Veterinarian Eugene Burget, formerly of New York
City, where he was a business partner of Dr. James L. Robert-
son and who retired from practice some five years ago and re-
moved to the West, has received the Republican nomination foi
Mayor of Wadsworth, Ohio. He is a graduate of the American
Veterinary College.

Isaac H. Dahi^man, who prior to a dozen years ago was
for a quarter of a century the most extensive dealer in horses
in this country, located in the Bull's Head Market, New York
City, and known to horsemen throughout this and other coun-
tries, died at his home in New York City, last month. Al-
though possessed of great wealth fifteen years ago, he was a
poor man at the time of his death.

Now there are horses at Hot Springs, Ark., taking the
" boilingout cure " to get rid of sundry ailments of the rheu-
matic order. One race horse is there from the Bast which is so
much better that it is thought the treatment may ultimately en-
able him to race as well as he did when a two-year-old. This
horse went all to pieces as a three-year-old on account of some
rheumatic affection, and the veterinarian in charge suggested
that perhaps the baths might do him good. The horse gets
bathed in water at 106 degrees each day and is then thoroughly
dried. — {Breeder^'s Gazette.)

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The consensus of opinion among veterinary practitioners in regard to
Zenoleum as an all-round antiseptic for every day use in practice, is,
that it fits their requirements to a nicety. That is what that enterpris-
ing firm, the " Zenner Disinfectant Co., " were striving to produce, and it
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SANMETTO

A POSITIVE REMEDY

IN

DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS

OF

THE HORSE AISTD IDOGr.

Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from

KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE

—Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis —

OR FROM

ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT

— Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine —

ORDER SANMETTO

Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been
found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA—
many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito-
urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys
and Bladder— hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract,

To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus :

R SANMETTO— one bottle— original package.
Dose : — For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day.
For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day.
Price One Bottle, $i.oo. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00.
Pamphlet on application.

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9

WILLIAM R. JENKINS*

new books for

VETERINARIANS.

THE nOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN
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Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics

By KENELM WINSLOW, B.A.S.; M.D.V. ; M.D. (Harv.)

Assistant Professor of Therapeutics in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; Fellow of
Massachusetts Medical Society; Surgeon to the Newton Hospital, etc.

The text is concise and methodical ; the classification follows chiefly a physiological basis.
.The work includes, besides the Materia Medica and Therapeutics of drugs proper, a thorough
explanation of prescription writing with copious examples and sections on Food and Feeding
Counter-irritants, the use of Heat and Cold. Venesection, Enteroclysis Hypodermoclysis and In-
travenous Transfusion, which are to be found in no other veterinary publication. The prepara-
!ions described are according to both United States and British Pliarmacopceias, and
therefore the book is adapted to all English speaking veterinarians. The doses are given in
both the metric and apothecaries' systems of weights and measures in the text and also in a sep-
arate table arranged alphabetically.

The book is most conscientiously indexed, including both a general index and one for Dis-
eases and Remedial Measures, and, in the latter, reference is made to the page on which is to be
found a detailed description of the same in the bodv of the book. The work should prove the
best book on the subject both for students and practitioners of the veterinary art.

2nd EDITION REVISED, 8vo, CLOTH, 750 PAGES, $6.00.

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By M. G. dc BI^UIN, instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School, Utrecht.

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Complete catalogue of all publications sent when requested.

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851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, - - - - - NEW YORK.

10

American Veterinary Review.

MAY, 1903.

EDITORIAL,

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, March 20, 1903.

Rabies is an inexhaustible subject and investigations on
any point relating to it are always numerous and interesting.
I will consider some of them, which have attracted my atten-
tion lately, and which, of course, I must give our readers.

First among them we have a contribution to the etiology^
which was presented by Mr. A. Rabiaux at the Soci^te de Biol-
ogy. The author asked himself this question : Mixed saliva being
virulent, is this virulence common to each of the salivary secre-
tions or proper to one of them ? In collaboration with Mr. Guin-
ard, he collected the saliva of the sub-maxillary gland through
a fistula of Wharton's canal, from seven dogs in full rabid de-
velopment, and from five others before the apparition of the first
symptoms of the disease. The virulence was then tested by
intra-cranian or intra-ocular inoculation to rabbits. The saliva
proved always virulent when coming from the mad dogs ; with
the others it was virulent four times out of five between two to
four days before the apparition of the symptoms. This experi-
ment, therefore, confirms those of Nocard and Roux with mixed
saliva.

Then Rabiaux and Guinard experimented with the pan-
creatic juice ; the virulence was there also demonstrated by
positive results in three experiments.

Attempts to cultivate the rabid virus in various media have
always failed ; even those of culture in collodion-bags in the

95

96 EDITORIAL.

peritoneum of rabbits have given no better results ; more than
that, the virulence had entirely disappeared from the contents
of the bags after three or five weeks.

But if the French investigators have not succeeded in culti-
vating the microbe, Dr. F. Levy, of Pavia, has made lately two
communications to the Academy of Medecine of Turin which
are resumed in II Nuovo Ercolani as follows : " Levy has made
a bacteriological study of the tissues, has made cultures of the
microbe that he has found and isolated, in various media, aerobic
and anaerobic ; he has made experiments, and from the results
he has obtained he concludes : that all his researches have con-
firmed the general opinion that rabies is a microbian disease ;
that it is due to the action of a microorganism ordinarily spheri-
cal in appearance, and which he proposes to call Blastomyces or
Saccaromyces aureus lyssce. The parasite penetrates by the way
of the blood or of the nerves to reach the pia mater, the nu-
tritive membrane of the nervous centres, arrives in the cerebral
cavity, where the parasite settles itself, becomes nocive, and,
being in anaerobic surroundings, gives rise to a process of fer-
mentation, and, among other changes, produces an eminently
toxic gas, oxide of carbonne, which gas acts immediately upon
the bulbo-nervous centres and gives rise to carbossiemoglobina,
which is revealed by chemical as well as spectral examination."
Let us wait ! !

* *

But the last part of Dr. Levy's communication relates prin-
cipally to the pathology of the disease, and that has brought me
to notice the researches made on the pathological histology of
rabies with fixed virus by Y. Manouelian, which I find resumed
in the Revue Generale. He proposed to himself to find out if
the lesions observed and described by Van Gehuchten and Nelis
as existing in the cerebro-spinal ganglions of animals dead of
street rabies, did exist also in the virus of fixed rabies. We
know that the researches of Van Gehuchten and those more re-
cent of Goebel were negative on that question. The observa-
tions of Manouelian seem to justify a different state of affairs,

EDITORIAL. 97

and he affirms that the lesions described in street rabies exist
also in rabies with fixed virus. In all the sections he has made,
he has observed an entire destruction of a certain number of
nervous cells by small neuronophage cells, and he has observed
all the stages of invasion of the elements by the neuronophages ;
the vascular lesions existed also, under the form of perivascular
nodules.

Let us, however, look at another side of the same question.

Those lesions of Van Gehuchten and Nelis, which called
the attention of pathologists to the peripheric, cerebro-spinal
and sympathetic ganglions in the diagnosis of rabies, have been
confirmed by many other observers, and the general conclusions
were soon accepted as being demonstrated that : Any dog, dead
or killed, that presented lesions of the ganglions must be consid-
ered as rabid ; that the absence of those lesions in animals pre-
maturely killed does not authorize the declaration that they are
immune from rabies. Rabiaux has taken up the subject, and
in Wi^ Journal of Zobtechiiie records: In animals that have died
because of rabies, lesions of ganglions were always observed ;
they were more or less masked, but always present ; in animals
killed during the development of the disease, the lesions may
not exist, even in frequent cases. The rapidity in the appar-
ition of the lesion varies much ; they have been observed some-
times in dogs killed at the start of the disease, while they were
missing in others, killed after the apparition of rabid symp-
toms ; no analogous lesions were ever observed in the plexiform
ganglions of dogs having died from any other diseases but
rabies, although they may have exhibited symptomatic charac-
ters common to those of that disease.

And now comes the conclusion of a young pathologist, one
who has made in the last few years his mark and taken rank
among the first— Mr. H. Valli, of Alfort. He also made inves-
tigations, and, while he looked for the alterations that old dogs
might present in their cerebro-spinal ganglions, he made com-
parison with the possible analogies that might exist with the
lesions found in animals dead of rabies. He examined the plexi-

98 EDITORIAL.

form ganglions of thirty-five dogs of all ages, dead of various
affections, and failed to find in them the lesions of neurono-
phagy mentioned by some authors in man. He examined those
of 30 dogs, incurable or old, between the ages of 14 and 20 years ;
all were free from rabies. In most of them, the third or the
quarter of the capsules observed on a section of a plexiform
ganglion had an unusual aspect. Some nervous cells are en-
tirely destroyed ; leucocytes fill the endothelial capsula which
first contained the nervous cell ; in others, the cell is still there,
but has lost its chromatophilous elements ; it is surrounded by
macrophages, which are even sometimes found in the proto-
plasmic mass of the nervous element. The ganglionar struc-
ture itself is infiltrated wath numerous leucocytes. Those le-
sions are very apparent, easy to analyze ; they are the lesions of
neuronophagy. Nothing in the previous condition of the ani-
mals from which those ganglions come can explain the presence
of those lesions, which must necessarily be ascribed to a normal
phagocytose of the nervous elements in aged animals.

It is a confirmation of the observations already made by
others, and specially by Metchnikoff, on the part played by leu-
cocytes in atrophied individuals.

" Besides,^' concludes Valli, " those senile lesions of neurono-
phagy resemble extremely the alterations of the plexiform gang-
lions of rabid dogs killed prematurely. The presence only in
an aged dog suspected of rabies of the capsular lesions men-
tioned by Van Gehuchten and Nelis, does then justify, in the
absence of other rabid signs, the conclusion that rabies was
present."

* *

A few words now, to finish this general review, on the im-
munization with mixtures of rabid virus and antirabid serum.
It is in the Revue Veterinaire de Toulouse thsit I find a commu-
nication of Mr. A. Marie recorded : " It is known that the se-
rum of mammalia neutralizes in vitro rabid virus ; and that an
emulsion of virulent bulb prepared in such serum is innocuous
when inoculated in the brain of a rabbit. Mr. Marie has made

EDITORIAL. 99

researches to find out if mixtures of fixed virus with antirabid
serum have immunizing properties. He made inoculations un-
der the skin and in the peritoneum of rabbits and guinea-pigs.
Every time that the dose injected has been somewhat large, the
animals have presented, after one single inoculation, an anti-
rabid immunity which was manifested very rapidly. Indeed,
the animals, inoculated by this method, were able to support
the severe test of fixed virus or of street virus in the anterior
chamber of the eye from the very day of the inoculation. How-
ever, all those vaccinated animals tested with intra-cerebral
inoculation of either virus, fixed or street, took rabies, with the
exception of two guinea-pigs which had received a very large
dose (8 c.c.) in the peritoneum.

If one bears in mind, first, that it has never been possible to
immunize animals against rabies by inoculation even of very
large quantities of normal nervous substance ; and, again, that
the serum of animals not vaccinated has no destroying power on
the fixed virus, and, finally, that the antirabid serum does not
protect an animal against rabies, but only retards its evolution,
one is justified to conclude that immunization by the method of
Marie " is due to the union of the specific serum with the rabid
substance." Experiments on a large number of dogs will decide
the value of the process to the point of view of its practical ap-
plication ; but, nevertheless, the fact is now demonstrated that
animals can be immunized by one single injection of fixed virus
and antirabid serum mixed, a mixture which is harmless, as
long as it can be injected into the brain without producing
trouble.

And, now, a positive record of antirabid inoculation, which
is in the Veterinarius and Deutsche Thierarstl. Wochensch.
Two veterinary inspectors of Budapest write : In a lot of 47
colts, two presented at the same time the characteristic symp-
toms of rabies and died in a few days. Careful examination of
the other animals brought out 7 which had on their bodies
cicatrices which were considered as suspicious of contamination

100 EDITORIAL.

by bites. This, however, could not be proved as certain. Two
weeks later one of those seven died with rabies.

The 44 remaining colts were submitted to antirabid inocula-
tions, with a virus prepared at the Pasteur Institute of Budapest.
Three inoculations were made under the skin at intervals of five
days first, then of two days. There was no hyperthermia or any
other manifestation ; the animals remained in perfect health.
Since more than six months no new case of rabies has occurred.

This is the first time that antirabid inoculations have been
used in veterinary practice ; they show their preventive efficacy
when made in proper time.

Why, then, did failure follow the case treated recently at the
hospital of the New York-American Veterinary College ?

*

In my last chronicle, I made some remarks on an article
which had appeared in one of the French veterinary journals.
But to arm myself properly, in case of further needs, I must ask
our friends in America to send me the necessary documents,
viz. : each veterinary college one of her last catalogues and each
vete'rinary society, local or State organization, one copy of their
constitution and by-laws. I would also be much obliged if our
friend Dr. Hoskins would give me the correct figure of the num-
ber of regular and irregular (if any) practitioners in Pennsyl-
vania. All documents I ask for can be mailed to my address,
14 Ave. de I'Opera, Paris. A. L.

McGILL TO CLOSE ITS VETERINARY SCHOOL.

It is with deep regret that the Review learns that this old
and honored school — the Faculty of Comparative Medicine of
McGill University, formerly the Montreal Veterinary College —
has decided to disband, after almost forty years of devoted labors
in the best interests of veterinary science. Founded away back
in the sixties by Prof. Duncan McEachran, it has occupied an
enviable position among the institutions of veterinary learning
in America, and her graduates are among the very best mem-

EDITORIAL. 101

bers of this profession. Prof. McEachran has maintained the
school largely through his personal efforts and financial support,
it never, we believe, having been self-supporting ; but it ever
held to the high standard which he established for it, preferring
always quality to quantity. After this long service, the dean
feels that he must lay down the burden which he has borne for
so many years, and has tendered his resignation to the Univer-
sity. We reprint elsewhere an editorial from the Montreal Daily
Witness^ which urges and holds forth the hope that a small en-
dowment may be secured, whereby the great work may be con-
tinued and enlarged, so as to constitute an agricultural school, in
connection with McGill, thus conferring greater benefits upon
the citizens of Canada, whose live-stock interests are enormous.
We sincerely trust that the hope there expressed may be real-
ized, as the veterinary profession of this country cannot afford
to lose so valient a standard-bearer as this school has ever been ;
and Prof. McEachran's grand work in behalf of veterinary edu-
cation should be perpetuated and immortalized by the creation
of a permanently endowed school of veterinary medicine as a
department of McGill University. Should, however, the effort
now making, fail of realization, the school, and those who have
labored so long and sacrificed so much for it, can feel confidence
and satisfaction in the fact that it has done a noble work in hav-
ing ever held to the highest standards and given to the person-
nel of veterinary medicine some of its most brilliant and honor-
able members.

THE HORSE SHOW SEASON.
What a great institution the horse show has become in this
country. So numerous are they that it has been found neces-
sary to issue a volume, like the Racing Guide^ giving the
names of the various associations, the dates of their exhibitions,
and a list of the horses that have been exhibited, with their
owners, winnings, etc. These equine exhibitions vary greatly
in their magnitude and quality, from the grand collection of
valuable animals which gather at Madison Square Garden to the

102 EDITORIAL.

modest local display at the county fair. No city whose resi-
dents boast of fine horses (and what one does not ?) is now re-
garded as meeting modern demands without its annual horse
show. No event occurs which attracts greater attention in its
locality, and there are none which add greater stimulus to the
breeding of the best specimens of horses of different classes. We
risk nothing when we assert that it is doing more to raise the
qualitv of horses than any other single factor. The desire to
win the coveted ribbons is the means of distributing the best
types of harness and saddle horses, while the thoroughbred and
the pony of the higher order are not overlooked, and the car-
riage-builder and the harness-maker are kept busy creating the
finest quality of their productions. The show has probably done
as much to advance the price of certain kinds of horses as any
other single cause, and the great value of these animals makes
them a typical patient for the veterinarian. Few gentlemen
will now purchase such valuable property without the approval
of his veterinary advisor, and when disabled or sick his services
are sought without delay, and his attendance is not limited by
the fear of "the bill."

Aside from this mercenary view of the horse show, it is a
splendid institution, instilling and fostering a love for and fa-
miliarity with the noblest of the animal kingdom, creating a
popularity for him that extends and resides with the man who
first forms his acquaintance through the dictates of society.

The horse show has come to stay, and the veterinarian has
much right to encourage and bless it.

Activity in veterinary legislation is shown all over the
country. Each issue of the Review records some advance ac-
tion in one or more of the States. Now comes the news that
the Minnesota State Veterinary Association has secured the
enactment of an amendment to their veterinary practice act,
which provides that, after six months, only graduates of recog-
nized three-year schools may come before the Board for exam-
ination, and the examining fee has been raised from $5 to $25.

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTIC/EMIA IN CATTLE. 103

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE.

By S. D. Brimhall, V. M. D., Director of the Veterinary De-
partment, Minnesota State Board op Health.

Read before the 39th Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A., September, 1902.

In December, 1900, Dr. L. B. Wilson and the writer pub-
lished in ih^ Journal of Comparative Medicine a preliminary
report on Hsemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cattle, and in Jannaryr
1901, the Minnesota State Board of Health published a more
complete report as a bulletin by the same writers.

History of Previous Outbreaks. — Fried berger and Frohner
say, " This disease is not so recent as might be believed.
* * * The terrible epizootic described in the Veterina-
rian in 1858, an epizootic which decimated the bovines and
wild ruminants, was nothing else than the disease in question.'^
In 1878 Bollinger described, under the name "Wild" and
" Rinderseuche," an epizootic disease which killed 234 boars
and 153 deer in the royal game preserves in the environs of
Munich. After the plague in the parks had died out, the do-
mestic cattle in the neighborhood began dying of the same or a
very similar disease.

In 1885, Kitt studied an outbreak of an unknown epizootic
disease of cattle, pigs, etc., in Simbach. He isolated a short
polar-staining bacillus, non-motile, growing best serobically in
broth at incubator temperature, not liquefying gelatine, and in-
oculable to cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, and rabbits.
In blood preparations collected in 1878 (consequently preserved
17 years) from the cases which had been described by Bollinger,
Kitt found bacilli morphologically the same as those from the
Simbach outbreak. Johne confirmed Kitt's observations on ma-
terial and cultures furnished him by Kitt.

Huppe from specimens received of Kitt, also confirmed the
latter's statements and identified the bacilli with (a) those

104 S. D. BRIMHALL.

shown by Semmer, Perroncito, Toussaint and Pasteur to be the
cause of European chicken cholera; (b) those described by
Koch and Gaffky as producing septicaemia in rabbits ; and (c)
those Loffler and Schutz had found to be the cause of schweine-
seuche or German swine plague. Huppe proposed the name
B. septicaemia haemorrhagicae for the members of the group,
and his observations and classification have been corroborated
by a number of later observers.

In 1898, Dr. H. D. Fenimore described, under the name
" Wild and Cattle Diseases,^' a malady among the cattle of East
Tennessee. It was recognized through the assistance of Dr.
Norgaard as the disease described by Bollinger in 1878 under
the denomination of " Wild und Rinderseuche."

On August 17, 1900, the first observed outbreak of this dis-
ease in Minnesota occurred near Newport, and in fourteen days it
caused the death of 15 animals in a herd of 26. Seven other out-
breaks w^ere studied during the year. The conditions under which
they occurred differed greatly as to soil, weather, feed, sex, etc.

No uniformity of local conditions prevailed. The weather
at the beginning of outbreaks Nos. I and II was hot and moist ;
during the time of outbreak No. Ill, cool, and during out-
breaks Nos. V, VI and VII, very cold and the ground frozen.
Thus it would appear that in these outbreaks neither tempera-
ture nor moisture were essential predisposing factors, though
the latter has been frequently noted as such in other countries.
Though the food or water or both may have been the vehicle
for the ingestion of the bacteria causing the disease, the char-
acter of the food or water per se would appear to have no bear-
ing on the infection. The wild nature of the pasture, part of it
on low marshy ground, in the first three outbreaks, might have
led to the suspicion that the animals died from eating poison-
ous plants. In outbreaks V, VI, and VIII, the fact that the
animals were being fed on standing corn fodder, considered in
connection with the obscure symptoms, suddenness of death and
the absence of marked external lesions had convinced the own
ers that their cattle died of "corn stalk disease."

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 105

Age, sex and previous general good health were not deter-
mining factors in the infection, since animals of all ages, both
sexes, and in the best of health were attacked.

The onset of the disease in every case has been sudden and
proved rapidly fatal. In some of the cases death occurred
within 6 hours ; in most of them within twent5--four hours,
while a few lived three or four days.

All the animals which showed any S3^mptoms died, a mor-
tality of loo per cent, of affected animals. Out of a total of i6o
animals in the 8 herds affected, 64, or 40 per cent., showed symp-
toms and died.

Symptotns, — The animals observed at the onset of symptoms
appeared " dumpish " and " out-of-sorts." Sudden stopping of
the milk secretion was present in milch cows. Most of them
made no attempt to eat or drink. Of the few that did make
the attempt, those with affected throats were unable to swallow
except with great difficulty. These cases also breathed very
heavily. The animals showed marked disinclination to move,
and when incited to do so, exhibited stiffness and in some in-
stances, actual lameness. Some of the animals dropped to the
ground and died in a short time, apparently without pain.
Others were down when first observed to be sick and lived for
several hours in great pain, as indicated by groans, and spasms
of the muscles. These attacks of pain were apparently inter-
mittent. There was extremely rapid loss of flesh in the ani-
mals which were sick more than one day. The temperatures
ranged from 100 to 105.6, usually falling before death.

Painful, cedematous swellings about the legs, shoulders, and
under the throat were noted as early symptoms. The bowel
discharges were often streaked with blood, while at other times
a black, tarry or a bloody serous discharge was noticed. Bloody
urine and a bloody serous discharge from the nose were present
in some of the cases. The vaginal and rectal mucous mem-
branes were intensely congested.

Morbid Anatomy. — The characteristic lesions of the disease
were areas of haemorrhage widely distributed, and varying in

106 - S. D. BRIMHALL.

size from a pin point to several inches in diameter, and from
light red to almost black in color. They were accompanied in
most instances — though of less general distribution — with a sero-
fibrinous exudate, usually yellow, but occasionally dark red in
color. The haemorrhagic areas in the animals just dead were
not so dark as those in animals dead some hours. The large
areas — several inches in diameter — were apparently due, in some
instances, to single haemorrhages infiltrating an extensive mass
of tissue, and in others to a number of minute haemorrhages
closely placed and partially coalescing. No gas was present in
the subcutaneous connective tissue except in a few instances in
which extensive post-mortem changes had occurred. The fol-
lowing is a more detailed description of the lesions :

An excessive fullness of the vessels of the subcutaneous con-
nective tissue was present in some of the acute cases, especially
in those animals which were not killed by bleeding. In the
animals which lived until emaciation was marked, there was no
engorgement of the vessels.

All the animals showed some haemorrhagic areas in the sub-
cutaneous connective tissue, though the number and size of
those varied greatly in the different cases. A few animals
showed not over one-half dozen areas between an inch and an inch
and a half in diameter, though many minute ones were present.
In other animals, on removing the skin, the haemorrhagic areas
were found in great numbers and so extensive that a large frac-
tion of the body surface appeared to be involved. The larger
haemorrhages in the subcutaneous connective tissue appeared to
be of the composite type noted above.

The favorite location of the superficial lesions varied in the
different animals. In most of them, the region about the
shoulders was most affected ; in some, the throat region, and in
others the digital region. In the gluteal and inguinal regions,
a few showed marked lesions. When the skin had been re-
moved sometime before autopsy the lesions in the subcutaneous
tissue were much obscured.

At first sight the muscle tissue in some cases appeared to be

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE. 107

much involved. A close examination, however, usually showed
that while some of the minute haemorrhages were sometimes
seen in the muscle proper, the larger ones were in the intermus-
cular septa. Here also was frequently found a yellowish or
blood-stained serous exudate in considerable quantity. This
connective tissue, where examined, appeared quite as much in-
volved as the subcutaneous connective tissue, and where the le-
sions in the latter were obscured, as by long exposure of the
skinned animal to the air, furnished a likely field for observa-
tion. Particularly was this true of the tissue under the shoul-
der.

The lymphatic glands were frequently enlarged, oedematous
and often hsemorrhagic.

Respiratory Organs. — The nasal mucous membrane in some
cases was congested, and a bloody serous discharge from the
nostrils was present in a few instances. The tissues around the
larynx were haemorrhagic and infiltrated with bloody serum.
The mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea was more or
less congested and covered with a frothy mucus, sometimes
streaked with blood. In a few instances, no lesions were ob-
served in the larynx or trachea. The lungs were in general al-
most free from evidence of disease. A few showed a small
number of hsemorrhagic areas, pyramidal in shape, with their
bases on the pleura. One animal had consolidation of a portion
of the anterior lobes of both lungs. In most cases, the parietal
pleura was studded with small haemorrhages. The diaphragm
sometimes contained very large haemorrhagic areas.

Circulatory Organs. — The pericardial sac usually showed
small — sometimes very numerous — haemorrhages in its walls,
and in many instances contained bloody serum.

The heart walls, with but few exceptions, contained large
and small haemorrhages. These sometimes extended deeply
into the muscle. Similar areas of haemorrhage were also visible
on the endocardium. The heart contained blood clots, post-
mortem in formation.

The blood in the animals jusjt dead, was somewhat lighter

108 S. D. BRIMHALL.

than normal in color. When post-mortem changes had set in,
the blood was darker in color, but reddened on exposure to air.

The spleen showed on its surface a few small hsemorrhagic
spots. It was usually normal in size, color and consistency, ex-
cept where post-mortem changes had taken place.

Digestive Organs. — No stomatitis or glossitis was present.
The pharynx was usually congested.

The stomach walls contained few or many hsemorrhagic
areas. These were sometimes extremely large, especially on the
third stomach of which, in one instance, the entire thickness of
about half the wall, was involved. As a rule, the larger haem-
orrhages penetrated the entire thickness of the walls. The
smaller ones were confined to the subserous or mucous coats.
The stomach contents were apparently normal.

Hsemorrhagic areas involving all the intestinal coats were
frequently present. Smaller ones, visible only from the inner
or outer aspects, were always present. General enteritis and
peritonitis were present in one case. Localized enteritis was
frequent.

The bowel contents were in some cases black and tarry ; in
others fseces apparently normal in color and consistency, but
streaked with bloody mucus were present.

No gross lesions, excepting post-mortem ones, were found in
the liver.

Genito- Urinary Organs. — The kidneys were usually but
slightly affected. When lesions were present they were pin-
point in size and mostly confined to the cortical substance,
though a few were found in the walls of the pelvis and ureters.

The bladder wall in a few cases was oedematous and con-
tained scattered hsemorrhagic areas. A general cystitis was
present in animal No. 5. The urine was bloody in a few in-
stances.

The vaginal mucous membrane was congested in a number
of cases. One animal. No. 17, which was four months preg-
nant, showed small areas of hsemorrhage in the placental mem-
branes.

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 109

The udder was congested and in some cases consisted of one
mass of haemorrhage.

Central Nervous System. — This was examined in but three
cases, Nos. 9, 10 and 14. The first two showed haemorrhages
of the dura. An examination of a small portion of the spinal
cord (in No. 14) showed no lesions.

Synovial Membranes. — The synovial membranes of the prin-
cipal joints of the limbs were examined in animals Nos. 9, 10
and 14. No. 14 showed no lesions. Nos. 9 and 10 showed
haemorrhages in all of the joint surfaces.

Morbid Histology. — Portions of subcutaneous tissue, skeletal
muscle, lymphatic glands, lung, heart wall, stomach wall and
spleen, after fixation in 95 per cent, alcohol and in 4 per cent,
formaldehyde solution, were stained by various methods and
examined. In general, the lesions found were enormous ex-
travasations of blood, some recent and some showing coagula-
tion of fibrin. In the areas of less recent haemorrhage the sur-
rounding tissues showed varying degrees of ordinary coagula-
tion necrosis. This was particularly marked in aflFected mus-
cles, lymph glands, and portions of the lungs. In the borders
of such necrosed areas, leucocytic infiltration was not infrequent.
In the spleen, in which hsemorrhagic areas were neither numer-
ous nor large, there was, in some instances, an apparent destruc-
tion or shrinkage of the parenchyma.

Bacteriology. — The bacillus found so uniformly present was
recognized from the first as belonging to the hsemorrhagic sep-
ticaemia group of Huppe and best specifically designated as ba-
cillus bovisepticus by Kruse.

The organism is a bacillus, though from its tendency to
show marked polar staining in tissues and to form chains of
much shortened individuals in fluid media, it may be mistaken
in examinations of a single specimen for a diplococcus or strep-
tococcus. In the cultures from the recent outbreaks many of the
long streptococcus forms as figured by Wertheim were frequent-
ly met with. Sometimes in coverslip preparations from solid or-
gans and very frequently in those from the bloody fluids and

110 S. D. BRIMHALL.

liquid cultures, the bacilli were found in chains of three to
twelve individuals. In direct coverslip preparations the bacteria
appear to be from 0.6 to 0.8 microns in transverse diameter, and
from i.o to 1.5 microns in longitudinal diameter. In tissues
which have been fixed in 96 per cent, alcohol, the bacteria are
somewhat less than the above dimensions, probably due to
shrinkage by the fixation. In cultures, especially in fluid media,
they are apt to be much less in size and closely approach diplo-
cocci in appearance. They are ovoidal in shape and the ends
are always rounded.

In the specimens directly from the tissues, most of the ba-
cilli have the ends intensely stained and the central portion but
faintly so. In some chains in rapidly growing broth cultures,
this is not the case, but many of the individual bacilli are even-
ly stained throughout and may be somewhat pointed at the ends.
Loffler's methylene blue brings out the polar stain to good ad-
vantage. The bacilli do not retain the stain by Gram's method.
The organism is non-motile. It is aerobic, but prefers the depths
rather than the surfaces of media. It will also give a faint
growth angerobically in glucose media even when the strictest
precautions are used to exclude oxygen. It grows best at incu-
bator temperature and more slowly at room temperature.

Diagnosis, — The suddenness with which the animals die in
many instances makes the diagnosis from symptoms alone ex-
tremely difficult or impossible.

Autopsies are demanded in every outbreak. Bacteriological
examinations are equally necessary in the first outbreaks studied
by a veterinarian, in a community, or when for any reason the
lesions are obscured, as in the sub-acute form of the disease or
from exposure of the skinned carcasses to the air. It may read-
ily be confounded with anthrax, black-leg, "corn stalk disease,"
or poisoning. The occasional swelling of the neck, bloody dis-
charges from the nose and rectum, bloody urine, and the sudden
fatality makes many of the cases closely resemble anthrax.
(Post-mortem, in animals recently dead, the light color and
ready coagulability of the blood, the normal size, color and con-

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE. Ill

sistency of the spleen, and in ^ny case the absence of anthrax
bacilli and the presence of bacillus bovisepticus should establish
the diagnosis.) Occasionally in young stock, the swelling es-
pecially if not marked about the digits, the lameness and the
rapid fatality may cause confusion with black-leg. The absence
of crepitation due to gas in the swollen areas, and post-mortem,
the character and general distribution of the haemorrhagic areas,
and the absence of the bacilli of symptomatic anthrax, in prop-
erly grown anaerobic cultures, with the presence of the bacillus
boviseptic will serve to accurately differentiate the two diseases.

In the fall and winter, when the cattle are running in stand-
ing cornfodder, as in outbreaks^ V, VI, VIII, a sudden outbreak
of the disease with rapid fatality, and post-mortem, the occasion-
al finding of only small, though widely distributed haemorrhagic
areas, may lead to a diagnosis of "corn stalk disease." Indeed,
it is quite conceivable that some of the many so-called cases of
this latter malady, which have occurred in the northwest this
and previous years, may have been due to the bacillus bovisep-
ticus. When the conditions are as above, the finding of the
more marked post-mortem lesions in other cases or the isolation
of the specific bacilli alone from the organs, should determine
positively the diagnosis of haemorrhagic septicaemia.

When cattle are in weedy pastures, the sudden onset, occa-
sionally with absence of external lesions, and the rapid fatality
may lead to strong suspicion of poisoning from plants. The
presence, post-mortem, of the characteristic lesions, or the isola-
tion of the causative bacteria, will fix the diagnosis.

Treatment. — The sudden fatality of this disease gives little
or no opportunity for medical treatment.

Prophylaxis. — The healthy cattle should be removed from
the infected pastures at once. Division of the herd into small
groups or individuals, with isolation of each, would be very de-
sirable, and, where possible, should be done. Carcasses should
be promptly burned or deeply buried, and the ground where
they lay should be covered with straw or hay which should be
burned until the ground is thoroughly heated. When cattle

112 S. D. BRIMHALL.

die in the stable all contaminated litter should be burned. The
stable floor should be thoroughly saturated with a 5 per cent,
solution of carbolic acid. The walls and all woodwork should
be thoroughly whitewashed with freshly slacked lime. Corro-
sive sublimate i to 1000 may be substituted for the carbolic
acid.

* * *

NEW OUTBREAKS OBSERVED SINCE THE PRECEDING " REPORT
OF THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH."

This disease has been recognized on 72 different farms in 18
counties since the date of the first report, making in all 80 out-
breaks, the location of which are shown on the map before you.
The location of these outbreaks indicates its wide distribution
in Minnesota, where it has caused the death of 551 cattle.
Many reports have been received during this time of cattle
dying suddenly from unknown causes. Further inquiry in
some instances elicited information from the owners of the dis-
eased cattle which satisfied the writer that death was due to
ha^morrhagic septicaemia. None of these outbreaks, however,
have been included in the above data. Minnesota is not alone
a sufferer from this disease. During the middle of August, 1901,
the writer accompanied Dr. J. P. Foster, State veterinarian of
South Dakota, on a trip of investigation into portions of that
State where anthrax was prevalent. The possibility of two ma-
lignant diseases occurring at the same time in a herd or locality
was a point which was thought worthy of investigation.

On one range 36 animals had died a few weeks previous to
our visit. These cattle, the owner supposed, all died of an-
thrax. One cow which was taken sick at the same time with,
it was supposed, the same disease was still alive, although
weak and greatly emaciated. When made to move it stag-
gered and breathed heavily. With the owner's consent she was
killed for the purpose of autopsy. Evidences of previous
haemorrhages were found and the anterior lobes of the lungs
were adherent and contained many small abscesses. On the
left knee was an extensive higroma. Cultures were taken from

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE. 113

the knee, spleen, and heart's blood. Portions of the various
organs were also obtained and taken to the laboratory of the
Minnesota State Board of Health. B. bovisepticus was obtained
in pure cultures from the same, while B. anthrsecis was not
found.

Later reports were received from other portions of South
Dakota stating that in several instances cattle had died sud-
denly, after being protected from anthrax by the second vacci-
nation.

As the disease had been found co-existent with anthrax it
seems probable that some of these protected animals may have
died of hsemorrhagic septicaemia.

In the American Veterinary Review, March, 1902, Dr.
C. Brown, of Neillsville, Wis., reports hsemorrhagic septicaemia
as having been prevalent for a number of years in that
vicinity.

The most interesting work which has been done on hsemor-
rhagic septicaemia in Europe during the last year has been that
by Nocard, on white scour and lung disease of calves in Ire-
land. It is worthy of note that this experienced observer made
observations on material from several autopsies before he found
the specific organism, and that he then returned to his original
cultures and found the organisms in most of them.

Symptoms. — The symptoms observed in the Minnesota out-
breaks of 1901, were much the same as in the previous year;
i. e.^ loss of appetite, stiffness, fever, swelling of legs or
throat, and a black tarry or bloody discharge from the bowels.
Bloody urine and bloody nasal discharge were present in a few
cases. Many animals died, however, without the owner having
observed any symptoms, being found dead in the yard or pas-
ture.

During the early part of the present year a peculiar form of
this disease made its appearance in several large herds in the
northern part of the State. It is but a few years since this sec-
tion was an untrodden wilderness. One herd of 125 head was
kept on land never before occupied by cattle. Eighty animals

114 S. D. BRIMHALL.

out of this herd died in about four months. Cattle in several of
the older parts of the State were also affected with this new type
of the disease, the symptoms varying somewhat in the different
outbreaks. Emaciation was rapid and the mucous membrane
soon became pale ; weakness of the hind legs followed by ina-
bility to rise was a common and early symptom. The appetite
in many cases remained good to the last. One cow which was
down for several weeks gave birth to an apparently healthy calf,
although she remained down and died after five weeks' sickness.

In several instances cows which were unable to get up for a
number of days and were much emaciated, gave birth to healthy
calves and after from two to four weeks regained their feet and
made recovery. In the majority of cases which were unable to
rise the temperature was not found above normal. But temper-
atures varied greatly in the different stages of the disease, rang-
ing from 98° to 106°.

In some instances the symptoms of paralysis were absent and
swelling of submaxillary region was noticed and in other
instances stiffness with soreness of legs was observed. Cerebral
symptoms were noticed in several cases, such as turning in cir-
cles, running, jamming into corners, running backwards, champ-
ing of the jaws and trembling. In one instance wry neck was
caused by contraction of the muscles of one side of neck, and
another case was totally blind due to paralysis of optic nerve.
The cases showing cerebral symptoms were usually acute, dying
in about 48 hours.

Post-mortem Appearances. — In outbreaks previously re-
ported it will be noticed that hsemorrhagic lesions varying in
size and number were found in all the animals. The digestive
organs were most involved in some instances, while in others
the lesions were most numerous in the thoracic cavity, no por-
tion of the body being exempt. The location of the lesions
varied with the outbreaks, practically all affected animals in an
outbreak having lesions in the same region or set of organs.
This s^me tendency has been noticed in the outbreaks occurring
this season. These recent outbreaks are peculiar on account of

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA IN CATTLE 115

the prevailing tendency of the disease to affect the membranes
of the spinal cord and brain, causing minute haemorrhages
therein, and an extensive sero-sanguineous exudate into the spi-
nal canal. In cases killed for autopsy the spleen has been prac-
tically normal aside from the small areas of haemorrhage found
under the capsule. In one outbreak in a herd of twelve cattle,
where six animals died with the spinal form of this disease, one
animal which was down and unable to rise was killed for au-
topsy. Very few hsemorrhagic areas were found subcutaneously
or in the internal organs, although marked lesions of the spinal
cord were found. In this instance the spleen presented a very
unusual condition, being much enlarged. The pulp was soft
and very dark with a tendency to gravitate when lifted by one
end. Exposure to the sun and hot wind for a short time caused
it to shrink to less than normal size. In nine outbreaks, in-
cluding the one mentioned above, bacteriological examination
of specimens of one or more cattle showed the presence of B.
bovisepticus.

Diagnosis. — In addition to what was contained in the origi-
nal report, the more recent cases have shown the necessity of
extreme care in diagnosing, by clinical symptoms alone, cerebro-
spinal meningitis in cattle. It is also certain that several of the
outbreaks occurring in the southern part of the State would —
had hsemorrhagic septicaemia been unknown — been diagnosed
as corn stalk disease. Under certain conditions this disease
might be confounded with black -leg, as one instance in the
experience of the writer will illustrate : In one neighborhood
several cattle had died, and on one farm visited, a calf was very
sick and two yearlings which had been sick were still somewhat
stiff. The calf showed no external swelling, but as he was very
sick the owner consented to its being killed for autopsy. No
haemorrhagic areas were found subcutaneously or in the inter-
nal organs. Deep in the muscles of the hip was a small area of
infiltration which was dark but free from gas formation ; in fact,
gas formation was not found in any part of the body. The organs
in the thoracic cavity were normal. The abdominal cavity con-

ll(j S. D. BRIMHALL.

tained a quantity of bloody exudate. The visceral peritoneum
and omentum were stained a dark red color.

In this case a provisional diagnosis of black -leg was made
and vaccination advised. Laboratory findings proved the diag-
nosis of black-leg to be correct.

On Jan. i, 1901, there were 152 qualified veterinary sur-
geons in Norway. According to the census taken on Dec. 3,
1900, there were 172,879 horses, 948,736 bovines, 994442 sheep,
214,295 goats, 164,610 pigs, and 93,765 reindeer in the country.

Sensible Advice to Breeders. — This journal has of late
been appealed to by breeders for assistance in combating abor-
tion which has broken out among the mares on their farms.
This dreaded trouble seems to take on different guises, though
of course the result is the same in all instances. In one case the
breeder spoke of his mares doing quite badly for some time. All
of them showed to be more or less ill and finally one lost her
foal. In a few days several more had followed suit until very
serious financial damage had been done. On another farm no
sickness could be discerned among the mares. A young mare
apparently as well as she ever was in her life was seen to lie
down. When visited shortly afterwards it was found that she
had slipped her colt about ten weeks before its time. The mare
soon got up and went to eating as though nothing had happened
and never seemed to be ailing afterwards. Within the next
seven days three of the other mares did exactly the same thing,
all apparently about the same length of time along. In no case
did these mares seem to suffer any immediate bad effects from
the abortion. It will be seen, therefore, that sometimes this
awful scourge steals into a herd like a thief in the night. At
other times its coming may be heralded for some weeks. In all
instances as soon as it appears in the neighborhood or for other
reason is feared, a skilful veterinarian should be summoned at
once. There is no other way. He will prescribe for the sick
and the well. He will detail sanitary measures, which should
be undertaken faithfully and forthwith, and generally order the
work of eradication. So dreadful a scourge is this disease that
no one can afford, out of considerations of economy or anything
else, to let a moment slip without getting to work to fight it.
The veterinarian alone is qualified to order the work. This is
the best advice we can offer to all who are unfortunate enough
to be menaced in this wise. — {Breeder's Gazette,^

GASTROENTEROTOMY, WITH REPORT OF A CASE. 11?

GASTROENTEROTOMY, WITH REPORT OF A CASE.

By J. Miller, V. S., Ottumwa, Ia.

A Paper read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical
Association, January, 1903.

The triumph in this field of human surgery and the success
attending this operation in some of the domestic animals would
warrant its more general application. Gastroenterotomy im-
plies an incision of the intestine through an opening in the ab-
dominal wall. It is the least complicated of all intestinal sur-
gery, but the marked intolerance of some of our patients to any
operation of this character demands great skill on the part of
the operator in the technical part of the work. We should spare
no pains in making ourselves acquainted with the most im-
proved methods, and should by practice make ourselves familiar
with the technique. This familiarity can easily be acquired, as
we have frequent opportunities to hold post-mortems. It is said
a fairly good method skilfully performed is better than the best
method clumsily performed. A thorough knowledge of the
anatomy is essential to secure the best results. Any ignorance
as to the muscles and their disposition, the course of important
vessels and nerves and the arrangement of the intestines and
their relation to the other organs of the abdomen will not only
make the operation more difficult, but also more hazardous.

Gastroenterotomy is indicated in the following conditions :
Coprostasis, foreign bodies in the intestines, and intestinal dila-
tation. Undoubtedly many lives have been sacrificed from each
of these conditions that might have been saved by proper surgi-
cal interference. The diagnosis of diseased conditions within
the abdominal cavity is not always easy, and every precaution
should be taken to prevent arriving at erroneous conclusions.
The history of the case should be thoroughly inquired into, a
careful examination should be made, and not until proper med-
ication has failed should we resort to any operation. When,
however, all other agencies have failed and we are quite sure of
the correctness of our diagnosis and have good reason to believe

]18 J. MILLER.

that the life of the patient can be saved by the use of proper
surgical measures it is a wrong and a shame to fail of our duty
and abandon our patient to fate.

Preparation of the Patient. — Frequently there is not much
time for this, as the suffering is so great and the demand for re-
lief so urgent. The importance of dieting for a day or two pre-
vious to operating should not be overlooked, as an empty con-
dition of the stomach and bowels greatly enhances a speedy re-
covery. It not infrequently happens that the illness of the pa-
tient and consequent inappetence has secured this condition.
Hospitals are seldom at our command and in many instances it
it difficult to secure a suitable place to operate. A clean place
should be selected, as free from dust and dirt as possible, and just
before operating should be sprinkled with an antiseptic solu-
tion.

Having determined on the site of the opening it should be
clipped, shaved and disinfected. But few instruments are
needed in enterotomy, but these should be in readiness before
casting the animal and administering the anaesthetic. A couple
of scalpels, artery forceps, scissors, a few assorted needles with
suitable thread is all that is required. These with a supply of
gauze or muslin and a can of iodoform should be placed within
easy reach of the operator. It is important in operations of this
character to observe the following considerations with care :

1. The avoidance of all unnecessary haemorrhage.

2. The prevention of the escape of any irritating matter into
the abdominal cavity.

3. The union of the divided borders so that they will remain
properly joined and result in perfect repair.

4. The avoidance of any unnecessary shock or irritating in-
fluence.

The first indication is met by the avoidance of any incision
through the lines of an established course of vessels and by the
use of needles which do not possess cutting edges. To meet
the second indication requires a great deal of care. If the na-
ture of the case will allow, the contents of the viscus should be

GASTROENTEROTOMY, WITH REPORT OF A CASE. 119

pushed aside before the incision is commenced. If the length
of the mesentery will permit, it is advisable to bring the bowel
out on the surface of the abdomen. Should this be impossible
the serous surface can be protected by packing around gauze or
muslin saturated with a mild, warm antiseptic fluid. Despite
every precaution, occasionally there will escape some of the con-
tents of the intestine into the abdominal cavity. A small quan-
tity can be sponged or wiped up, but if considerable quantity has
escaped and become diffused, it is best to irrigate with -^^ per
cent, saline solution at a temperature of 112° F. In opening
up the abdomen, if the incision is made through the linea alba,
the haemorrhage is so slight that no ligaturing is necessary. In
making the incision at other points there is more danger of
haemorrhage, and not infrequently one or more vessels will have
to be tied. This should be done before the peritoneum is in-
cised. The incision in the small intestines should be made at
a point opposite the attachment of the mesentery and parallel
with the long axis of the bowel. Any tearing or separation of
the mesentery from the bowel should be avoided, as it lowers
the vitality and diminishes the probability of repair. In oper-
ating on the colon the incision may be either transverse or
longitudinal as best suits the convenience of the operator.
When chronic dilatation exists it is advisable to remove an
elliptical piece, suturing the intestine to the proper size. In
fulfilling the third condition sutures of various forms and meth-
ods of application are employed, the aim of all being to bring
the serous, muscular and submucous coats in contact and main-
tain them until perfect union is established.

The fourth indication is very important, especially if the
operation be prolonged and tedious. Unwarranted rough hand-
ling, dull scalpels, and other imperfect instruments, too large
or too small an incision, and all other iitiperfect conditions tend
to increase the shock.

Intestinal Suture. — We have many varieties of intestinal
sutures to choose from, but some are too complicated to be prac-
tical. My aim, therefore, will be to describe only those having

120 J. MILLER.

the sanction of practicability. Needles that displace and do not
cut the tissues in the passing are the ones employed in intesti-
nal sewing, the common cambric needle being a good illustration
of the kind. Catgut or silk sutures are used, but the latter is
preferable to the former, as it is not so liable to stretch and allow
the parts to separate before a perfect union has taken place. A
size suitable to the work is selected and sterilized. The iron
being preferable when the suturing has to be done in the abdo-
men where it is difficult to make sure of the exact location of
each stitch on account of a poor light or other conditions which
obscure the operation. The strength of the suture should be
tested lest it should break when applied, confusing the surgeon
and delaying the operation. Much stronger thread is required
in suturing the stomach of the ox than the intestines of this or
other animals on account of the size and weight of this organ
and its vigorous movements.

The sutures should include the serous, muscular and sub-
mucous coats. The borders of the incision should be turned in
and the serous surfaces brought together and transfixed by either
one of the following methods :

The Continuous Suture. — This is a very useful and a very
practical suture in joining the borders of the incision, as it is
very easily and quickly applied, the stitches being placed about
two lines apart, in this respect differing from cutaneous sewing.

The Gely Suture. — A long thread is secured, armed with a
needle at each end. The needles are inserted about half an inch
from the angle of the wound and carried along the tissues of the
bowel for about a sixth of an inch, and brought out on the same
level so as to appear on the peritoneal surface. The needles are
crossed and passed as before. If a knot is made at each crossing
slipping is prevented. This suture, although a good one, is not
so well understood and cannot be as promptly applied.

The Gushing Suture.— \w this suture, as in all others, the
serous, muscular and submucous coats are included. The thread
is knotted and the needle inserted in a longitudinal direction for
about two lines and is brought out on the serous surface. It is

GASTROENTEROTOMY, WITH REPORT OF A CASE. 121

now carried to the opposite side and at the same distance from
the border of the incision is passed as before, being carried back
again and the process repeated. When the thread is drawn
tight, the wound is closed and the stitches are concealed.

Lemberfs Suture. — This method is one that is commonly
used and is quite reliable. It consists of a number of inter-
rupted sutures which never come in contact with the contents
of the alimentary canal. There is no slipping in this method,
as each stitch is tied by itself. Each stitch being independent,
the premature giving away of any one would not necessarily in-
terfere with any of the rest, or result in the opening of the
wound, as might occur with a continuous suture.

The Czerny-Lembert Suture. — Two rows of sutures are em-
ployed in this method ; neither, however, passes through the
mucous membrane. The first, being the deeper series, are
placed quite close to the borders of the incision, bringing them
into contact ; the second, the Lembert, are placed farther from
the borders of the wound and outside of the finst series, thus
making two rows.

The Hals ted Suture. — The Halsted, or quilt, sutures are sim-
ilar to those used in the knotting of a quilt. Tying should be
omitted when practical until all the sutures are placed.

Two methods of closing the opening in the abdominal wall
are practiced : that (i) in which certain tissues are joined inde-
pendently with each other, called tier suturing ; (2) that in
which the borders are joined as a whole, sometimes called sutur-
ing en masse. In the former the peritoneum is joined independ-
ently with a continuous suture, later the muscles, and, finally,
the skin by interrupted or Lembert sutures. The wound should
be thoroughly cleaned and dusted with iodoform, and before the
opening is completely closed the air should be forced out by
pressing the walls of the abdomen. In the latter method the
borders are transfixed by using two needles passing from within
outwards, thus rendering to a minimum the probability of in-
fection. Although this plan is the best, the transfixing may be
done in the usual way, using but one needle and passing from

122 J- MILLER.

right to left or the reverse, penetrating one side from without
and other from within. In the small animals this latter method
is quite safe and just as effectual.

After Treatment.— ThQ patient should be kept as quiet and
comfortable as possible. No solid food should be allowed for
six or seven days. Small quantities of water, milk or oatmeal
solution can be given. Sometimes the pulse becomes very fee-
ble and the strength of the patient rapidly runs down, showing
that the system has been greatly disturbed by the operation.
This is what is commonly called shock and should be met by
the use of stimulants hypodermically, followed later by sub-
cutaneous injections of saline solution in extreme cases. Peri-
tonitis is one of the most likely complications and should be
overcome by fomentation and morphine. Nutritious enemas
may be used to keep up the strength. The wound may be
coated with collodion, or, where practical, it may be protected by
sterilized gauze held in position by a broad body bandage. Be-
cause of unfavorable circumstances it is difficult to get union by
first intention ; therefore, it is wise to examine the wound on the
second day, and, if need be, dress it once a day. Where there
has been considerable infection of the abdominal cavity, the
symptoms become alarming and it is best in such cases to open
the wound and irrigate the cavity with a weak bichloride solu-
tion, I to 10,000. Occasionally the stitches will give way be-
fore union of the borders has taken place, demanding resutur-
ing.

In connection with this paper I have two cases to report.

The first was a case of coprostasis in a member of the bovine
family. Strictly speaking this case does not come within the
title of this paper, but, as it bears such a close analogy, I have
thought best to include it. The operation was one of rumenot-
omy on a dairy cow in the prime of life. The first operator
had failed in securing union of either the stomach or abdominal
walls and I was called to complete his work. Both openings
were gaping at the time and the movements of the stomach
could be easily seen. The cow did not seem to be much incon-

GASTROENTEROTOMY, WITH REPORT OF A CASE. 123

venienced and ate reasonably well of the soft food given her.
The first sutures giving way before perfect union had taken
place, I found it necessary to again apply them to permanently
close the openings, this making the third time the parts had
been sutured.

The second case was one of foreign bodies in the intestines
of a pug dog. This little sufferer had been sick for about lo
days. The symptoms were those of inactivity of the bowels,
occasional ineffectual attempts at defecation, with languor and
vomiting of all solid food and medicine for the last few days.
The obstructions were found to be in the floating colon and
consisted of two intestinal concretions, spherical in shape,
almost one inch and a half in diameter and made up of pieces of
bones and sand cemented together with alimentary matter and
as hard as a rock. He rallied from the operation in good shape
and, although quietude was enjoined, he insisted upon going
about the house, and even upstairs, and refused to be carried.
Primary union in the wound was realized and there was no sup-
puration except at the points where the stitches were inserted.
The stitches were removed oh the seventh day. By this time he
was practically well save a little complication which occurred at
the time of administering the anaesthetic, viz. : keratitis. No
bandages were used in either case. The wound was dusted with
equal parts of talcum and tannaform two or three times a day.

What I have said is based on a limited, but successful expe-
rience, and I am of the opinion that this and other operations for
the relief of neoplasms, volvulus, intussusception and strangula-
tion should be, and I doubt not will be, performed more fre-
quently.

Draught Horses on the Chicago Market. — A new
price-record was made in the Chicago market, March 26, for a
whole load of draughters sold at auction. John Harschberger, an
Illinois shipper, closed out a collection of seventeen head for a
total of $4,615, making an average of $271.40. Two geldings
which weighed a ton or more each were sold for $400 each and
two matched pairs sold for $605 and $600.

124 G. L. BUFFINGTON.

ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS IN THE HORSE.

By G. L. Buffington, D. V. M,, Baxter, Ia.

A Paper read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, January, 1903.

The essential organs of digestion, the stomach and intes-
tines, being charged with the complex process of converting
foods into nutriment, which may be assimilated and thus used
in building up and maintaining all tissues and organs of the
animal body, are, of necessity, very complex in their organiza-
tion. That they are capable of disintegrating and separating
the various foods into material which can be used in building
up all parts of the animal by supplying it with the required
nutriments for maintaining heat and energy is evidence that
they have a vast amount of work to perform, and that the
physiological process is very complex. The anatomical con-
struction also favors the physiological process. The great
length of the alimentary canal ; the irregular dilations and sac-
culations and the longitudinal bands with which it is traversed
give to it a very extensive surface to present to the alimentary
matter in its onward passage through the canal. It also tends
to stay its progress until all the material has been subjected to
the digestive fluids so that nothing can escape which may be
utilized for nutrition. The normal peristaltic movements also
assist digestion by increasing the secretions and producing a
more thorough mixture of the alimentary matters.

Considering, then, that all the functions of the alimentary
canal must be performed in a normal condition in order to in-
sure perfect health, and that it is compelled under so many cir-
cumstances and environments to carry on this process of diges-
tion and assimilation under abnormal conditions, it is not
strange that we find the digestive organs of the horse subject to
many diseases. In this view we may regard the disease as a
transformation from the physiological to the pathological con-
dition brought about by some abnormal condition of the food
or environment, or by infection.

c

ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS IN THE HORSE. 125

We wish to consider briefly but one of the many diseases of
the digestive organs of the horse. Ulcerative enteritis is so
closely related to some other intestinal affections that it is often
difficult to distinguish between them.

Symptoms. — The symptoms are often obscure at the begin-
ning, but soon manifest themselves in such a decided manner
that the attendant is convinced he has a very serious case to deal
with. The first symptom usually observed is refusal of all food,
or if he is at pasture where this would not so readily be observed,
a profuse diarrhoea first attracts the owner's attention. The
horse appears dull and languid ; a general tucked up appearance
is observed ; the buccal mucous membrane is usually red and
in cases of a subacute type the membrane is ulcerated, as is also
the tongue ; petechise cover the nasal mucous membrane and
sore spots sometimes appear under the alse of the nostrils, though
this is not a constant symptom. There is usually a foul odor
in the mouth ; the pulse is accelerated and feeble ; the tempera-
ture is not usually high, ranging from 102 to 104°, or perhaps
as high as 105°. Diarrhoea often sets in early in the disease, and,
if the inflammation is not intense enough to destroy life quickly,
the evacuations become liquid and dark colored and in some
cases run from the anus in a stream without any expulsive effort
on the part of the horse ; borborygmus is present ; a craving for
salt was observed in one case, though it refused all food. As the
disease progresses the symptoms are indicative of the most in-
tense pain. The animal will roll around in every conceivable
shape. I have observed them to roll upon the back and remain
in that position for some time as though it afforded some relief.
The veterinarian called at this time might mistake the symp-
toms for those of spasmodic colic, but an examination of the
pulse, which is now very rapid and feeble, will convince him
that he has something much more serious than colic to deal
with, as in colic the pulse is normal or nearly so. The charac-
ter of the pain is also different. In colic it is subject to remis-
sions, while in this form of enteritis it is constant. Manipula-
tion or pressure over the abdomen will reveal the watery con-

126 G. L. BUFFINGTON.

tents of the bowels and also will often cause the animal ^o evince
pain.

Course of the Disease. — The course of the disease may vary
from one to three days in acute, to as many weeks in subacute
cases. A large percentage of cases prove fatal, but when recov-
ery does take place it is very slow.

Treatment. — A considerable number of horses suffering from
this disease are beyond the reach of medical treatment before
the veterinarian is called, and I believe most of them are hope-
less from the outset. Where the symptoms are not so aggrava-
ted but that there is some hope of recovery, beneficial effects
may be expected from the application to the abdomen of blank-
ets wrung out of hot water and these covered with dry ones.
Opiates are to be given to relieve the pain and quiet the action
of the bowels. If diarrhoea is established, subnitrate of bismuth,
prepared chalk, gentian and ginger along with opiates. In one
subacute case which had refused all food for six days and then
begun purging I gave the following prescription :

Prepared chalk, ^

Gentian powder, I

Subnitrate of bismuth, [each 4 drams.

Potassium chlorate, j

Powdered ginger, 2 drams.

This was mixed with a quart of milk and three or four eggs,
and then 4 drams of tincture of chloride of iron added and given
three times a day. The patient began to improve in about two
days and made a complete, but slow, recovery.

Post-mortem Appearances. — The lesions on post-mortem ex-
amination are well defined and very severe. No tympanites is
present, but the intestinal canal is filled with a dark-colored,
watery fluid ; in no case have I observed any trace of any solid
excrement in any part of the intestinal canal. The wall of the
large colon and caecum is thickened to four or five times its nor-
mal thickness, though this thickening is not uniform in all
parts of the intestinal walls. Some portions will be necrosed
and of a green or black color. The internal surface of the co-

ULCERATIVE ENTERITIS IN THE HORSE. 127

Ion and caecum is dotted with ulcers of various sizes up to about
one-half inch in diameter. These ulcers are irregular in outline
with ragged margins and are sometimes raw and sometimes cov-
ered with yellowish exudate which is easily scraped off, leaving
a raw surface.

I observed one case in which the ulcerations were more uni-
form in outline and much smaller than those above described.
They were small circular ulcers and the mucous membrane of
both colon and caecum was studded with them. The small in-
testine shows inflammation of a catarrhal nature, but I have as
yet observed no ulcers in that region. The stomach is some-
what reddened, but I have not seen any indication of much in-
flammation in that organ. In some cases there is ulceration of
the mouth and tongue. The mesenteric lymphatic glands are
somewhat softened. The blood is fluid, dark colored and very
scant.

Etiology. — I have very little of value to offer on this very
important phase of the subject. The cause is as obscure as the
treatment is unsatisfactory. It attacks horses of all ages under
circumstances and environments which we would think ought
to be favorable to health.

It was observed in a large three-year-old Clydesdale mare
last September that had run in a good blue grass pasture all sum-
mer with a number of other horses and colts, all of which con-
tinued in the best of health. In another case, a twelve-year-old,
well-bred, large driving mare that had been running in pasture
all summer suckling a colt, became affected on October ii and
was dead at noon the next day. She was seen on October lo
and was not noticed to be sick, but was found the next morning
scouring profusely and died in about thirty hours, so she could
not have been sick more than about forty-eight hours at the
most.

Another case, pure-bred weanling Clydesdale colt, had been
running in good pasture with other colts in daytime during the
fall and early winter. They were put in the stable at night
and fed oats. On December 4th this colt was observed to be

128 G. L. BUFFINGTON.

dull and stupid and not inclined to eat, but did not seem much
sick until four days later, when I saw him and found a tempera-
ture of 104I, labored respiration, and quick, feeble pulsation^
but not suffering much pain ; bowels moving about normal.
The following day he began to manifest considerable pain and
rapidly grew worse, and on the evening of the next day died.
There was no discharge of faeces during the last two days, but
on post-mortem examination, the characteristic fluid condition
of the intestinal contents and absence of any solid material, to-
gether with the usual lesions of an inflamed and ulcerated colon
and caecum, determined the seat of the disease.

Another case was a seven-year-old mare that had been kept
upon dry feed and worked at light work on the farm. This
was but a mild case and recovered.

The cause is probably to be found in a fungus or mould of
some kind which develops on the grass or weeds, though this^
so far as I know, has never been demonstrated. The past sum-
mer and fall were excessively moist, a condition which would
favor the growth of fungus or mould, and it seems to have been
more prevalent the past fall than heretofore. At least, it is the
first time it has come under my observation.

The Race-Horse " Dope." — Washingtoit^ March 2-]. —
The writer of this column picked up a very interesting docu-
ment on the lawn yesterday. It was a prescription blank from
a pharmacy at Bennings and on it was written the following :
Strychnine 2 grams^ cocaine 10 grains^ ginger 60 grains. The
document was turned over to President Rowland, and the un-
fortunate owner or trainer who wants to recover it may apply
to that gentleman. However, the prescription is reprinted
herewith for his benefit. It was no doubt a dope prescription,
and it looks like pretty good evidence that the speed balls were
being used at the meeting. This dope question is one which
merits the Jockey Club's attention. It is said that veterinary
surgeons are easily able to detect a horse that has been doctor-
ed. If that is true, a veterinary should be employed for this
special purpose. Running a horse one day with the dope and
another day without it is a form of sharp practice which should
be stamped out. — {Special Correspondence New York World.)

* surra" and ulcerative lymphangitis. 129

SOME FACTS AND THEORIES REGARDING " SURRA"
AND ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS.

By Coleman Nockolds, M. D., V. S., Vet. ist. Cavalry",
Batangas, p. I.

A third rainy season has just ended with its accompanying
epidemic of surra amongst imported American horses, the mor-
tality of which has amounted to thousands of Walers and na-
tive ponies, and the results of observations point to the follow-
ing facts : Surra is a rainy-weather disease, beginning about a
month after the rains have set in and lasting until between four
and six weeks after the dry season commences. Animals be-
come infected by taking into their stomachs organisms which
exist in swamps through the agency of either grass which
grows or has been dipped in the infected water, or the water it-
self. The life history of the trypanosoma is not known, but un-
doubtedly one stage of its existence is passed in water, and it is
reasonable to suppose that it sinks in mud and becomes a pris-
oner when the surface of swamps are baked hard by the tropical
sun ; thus explaining the rarity of surra during the dry season.
If this is true the surra parasite somewhat resembles \h^ Plasmo-
dium malaricB in this particular habit. Surra exists in districts,
and grass taken from swamps in those districts andifed to horses
invariably causes surra, as does drinking water from those swamps.
Grasses taken from high lands do not cause surra, the parasite
not being able to live in dry regions ; nor does thoroughly dried
grass. Flies and other insects do carry the infected blood
around, and most probably cause the disease by inoculation, es-
pecially if there is a raw surface or abrasion upon the animal
attacked, or they might be taken into the stomach either whilst
the animal is biting itself, or with fodder, water, etc. Certain
forms of mosquitoes may carry the infection from the swamps,
but there have been noticed no different flies, or flies in larger
quantities during the wet than the dry seasons in this district,
although a great many of them when examined were found to
contain the surra parasite ; this was only true of flies that were

130 C. NOCKOLDS.

in surra infected districts. Flies are not important factors in
the propagation of surra. Color of animals make no differ-
ence either in the number attacked or severity of the disease.
Neglect, hard work, and exposure to the inclemencies of the
season are predisposing causes ; those animals that have had
good care, and especially shelter, have certainly not been at-
tacked in as large a proportion, and in some cases not one ani-
mal in a troop has died from surra during nearly three years on
the islands.

Surra is an absolutely incurable disease, and once the para-
site has gained entrance to the blood the animal will surely die
within a few weeks. It was thought at one time that the ar-
senical treatment would cure, but although some animals treat-
ed with that drug rallied, and returned to duty, vsooner or later
they relapsed and died. Everything has been tried as a cure
for surra by different veterinary surgeons out here, but with-
out avail ; we have yet to discover a cure for this disease. Pre-
vention might be carried out by keeping animals in non-infect-
ed zones, and care being exercised with feed and water, and by
not allowing animals to feed outside their proper stables, but
the expense would be enormous.

ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS

seems to be on the increase ; there are certainly more cases of it
during the wet season, but it can be seen at all seasons,
and in most places on these islands where there are Ameri-
can horses ; Walers and native ponies are also victims. It is
rather a puzzling disease, as it so much resembles farcy-glanders,
and upon a superficial examination it is easily mistaken for that
disease. But there is something in the general appearance of
ulcerative lymphangitis, which, although hard to explain, leads
one to think it is not glanders. There is not present the gene-
ral cachexia of the latter disease ; the coat is shiny, the eyes
bright, and, until the final stages, the animal remains in good
condition ; it is just as loathsome, but of course not as danger-
ous to man as glanders. This disease is caused by a crypto-
coccus which gains entrance to the system through flesh wounds.

** surra" and ulcerative lymphangitis. 131

or granulating surfaces ; the parasite is easily examined by
staining with a simple dye some of the discharge taken from the
sides or base of an ulcer ; the mallein test gives no reaction, and
the animal does not look as unthrifty as in glanders, until quite
the last stages of the disease. Abscesses form without following
any particular line of lymphatics, or any change in the appear-
ance of the skin and are apparently painless, more like cysts ;
these burst, leaving ulcers, in size from a ten cent piece to a dol-
lar or larger, which have a hard firm base, white in color, and
when scraped with a knife give one the sensation of scraping
cartilage ; the edges are clean cut, as if punched out, and the dis-
charge is not over abundant, amber colored and thin. A horse
may have only a few of these ulcers or may become literally
covered ; often metastatic lesions occur in the internal organs. A
great many animals die from ulcerative lymphangitis, and a
great many more have been killed because this disease has been
mistaken for glanders. By careful treatment the mortality need
not be excessive from this disease. Cattle, sheep, pigs or dogs
do not suffer from ulcerative lymphangitis.

New Jersey's IvAw in Force. — " Dr. " R. R. Sample, who
practiced veterinary medicine in New Jersey without a license
as required by Chapter i8. Laws of 1902, is still serving time
in the Freehold jail. This ought to be a sufficient warning to
all offenders against New Jersey's splendid law. The best thing
about this law, however, is the fact that it is being enforced. The
penalty " Dr." Sample is now paying is a good sample of what
is liable to happen to others who dare practice in New Jersey
without a license from the State Board of Veterinary Medical
Examiners. In this connection it is pertinent to inquire as to
what has become of President Law's Prosecuting Committee of
the New York State Society. They were instructed by resolu-
tion to collect a fund with which to employ counsel for the spe-
cific purpose of prosecuting offenders against New York's laws ;
but we have not heard of their making an effort. The Review
has offered to start the fund with a subscription of $25, but so
far no request has been made for the money. New York will
soon be known as " E. Z. Mark " if its lethargy in this respect
continues.

13^ REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

' * Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations^ he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists bv his facts
in building up the solid edifice of patholos[ical science. ' '

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS.

By W. L. Williams, V. S., Prof, of Surgery, New York State Veterinary

College, Ithaca, N. Y.

I. Rigidity of the Cervix Uteri in a Cow., zvith Retention
and Decomposition of the FcBtiis and the Formation of a Utero-
Alimentary Fistula ; Enlargement of Os Uteri by Incision.^
Removal of FcBtal Skeleton.^ Recovery.

Patient, a large, well-developed high-grade Galloway cow,
aged 4 years, pregnant for the first time. Her age indicated
that she had proven difficult of impregnation, since otherwise
she should have bred at least one year earlier.

She was supposed to be due to calve about June lo, 1901,
and on June 13th the foetal envelopes were protruding from the
vulva. The owner supposed she had calved and made a fruit-
less search for the young. Presuming that she had calved she
was taken from the herd and pasture and milked. She appeared
fairly well, but lost condition somewhat and strained occasion-
ally, but continued to yield a fair amount of milk. About
August 9th or loth she was attacked with a severe diarrhoea,
the faeces being exceedingly foetid, and on August 12th the local
veterinarian, Dr. G., was called and made a manual exploration
of the vagina, finding the os uteri very small, admitting of the
passage of but one or two fingers and quite undilatable. On
the 13th of August in consultation with Dr. G., I incised the
OS slightly, which permitted of free dilation, and the foetal re-
mains were readily extracted. The first portion of the foetus to
be encountered was the tail, which had resisted to a great degree
the process of putrefaction, and in contact with this was found
one mass of putrid soft tissues, weighing about two pounds.
These were the only remnants of soft tissues discovered and
showed presumably that the original presentation had been by
the breech. The other contents consisted of bones, almost all
of which had separated into their original ossifying centres, the
long bones being each in three pieces, etc. The uterus extended
abruptly downwards, was firmly contracted on the little mass of
foetal remnants, its walls thick and hard like those of a great
abscess wall, which it essentially was, and seemed immovable in

REPORTS OF CASES. 1 33

the abdominal cavity. At the inferior end of the uterus some
foetal bones were so pocketed in diverticuli that much effort and
patience were required for their removal.

Mixed with the skeletal fragments in the most dependent
parts of the uterus were found and removed quantities of whole
grains of oats and maize. The former must have entered the
uterus very recently as the first allowance of oats to the cow was
only two or three days before. The existence of the oat and maize
kernels in the uterus indicated clearly a communication be-
tween it and the alimentary tract and their being whole would
lead to the conclusion that the fistula opened into the rumen.
The direction of the uterus strengthened this view and the ap-
parent diverticuli in the uterus above alluded to in which bones
were incarcerated were probably the uterine mouths of communi-
cation, but were so far distant that they could only just be
reached with the finger tips and not adequately explored.

The uterus had played the part of a great abscess with the
foetus and pus as contents, and a narrow, contracted superior
opening, the os, and finally a more effective inferior opening
into the rumen. The " pointing " and rupture of this " abscess "
apparently took place about Aug. 9th or loth, 57 or 58 days
after the placenta had been seen hanging from the vulva ; and
doubtless caused the profuse, foetid diarrhoea previously noted.
What proportion of the uterine contents may have passed into
the rumen and thence evacuated could not be determined, as the
various portions of the bony skeleton were almost unrecogniz-
able, but the soft parts must have largely escaped in this way, as
none were seen to pass from the vulva except a portion of the
placenta in June.

During this entire period, except the brief diarrhoea, the pa-
tient had shown little discomfort, as was demonstrated by a reg-
ular milk secretion of two gallons per day.

On Aug. 18, five days after evacuating the uterus, her appe-
tite was good and her milk yield increased, though on the pre-
vious day she had had an attack of diarrhoea, with very foetid
discharges, perhaps due to the passage of more foetal remains
which had lain in the digestive tube since our operation four
days previously. On Aug. 24th the owner reported steady im-
provement with occasional discharge of food per vulva.

From that date forward progress toward recovery was un-
broken, and during the winter following she was fatted and
along with others sold and passed from our observation.

We report this case because we have comparatively few of

134 REPORTS OF CASES.

this character recorded, and none that we recall where there has
been a passage of food into the uterus as well as uterine con-
tents into the alimentary canal. Ruminants, with their high
immunity against wound infection, offer almost all the cases of
what we might term " maturing abscess of the gravid uterus "
ending by the uterine contents discharging finally either into
the vagina or the alimentary canal or externally through the ab-
dominal walls.

II. Rigidity of Cervix in a Coiv with Putrefaction and
Expulsio7t of the Foetus through the Vagina.

In the preceding article we observed that a putrefying foetus
might ultimately slough out of the uterus in three different
ways — through the vagina, the alimentary canal, or through the
abdominal walls.

We have no notes on this case, which we observed as a stu-
dent 24 years ago, and our relation from memory may not prove
as accurate in all details as desired.

The patient was of Alderney or Guernsey breed and well pedi-
greed. She was at about the 7th or 8th month of gestation, when
showing signs of oestrum, the caretaker permitted service by
the bull. Shortly after — the following day, as I recollect it —
the cow was found with the head of a foetus protruding from
the vulva. As the caretaker could not push it back nor readily
pull it out, he cut it off and threw it away. The remainder of
the foetus returned into the uterus and the os closed. Later,
after a day or two, two veterinarians tried in vain, first without
and then with anaesthesia^ to reopen the os through which the
foetal head had so recently passed. Failing utterly, the cow
was kept in a stall where her progress could be constantly
watched.

She seemed none the worse for her mishap until some 10 or
12 weeks later, when the stableman found the putrid foetal re-
mains behind her, which seemed to close the incident and the
cow made an uneventful recovery.

After this long period of gross putrefaction going on within
the uterine cavity, that organ must necessarily have become
essentially a great abscess, thick, hard and paretic, devoid of
any expulsive powers and to be emptied only through the pres-
sure of surrounding tissues or organs. It furnishes a good illus-
tration of the perverseness of the cow's cervix uteri, which had
dilated sufficiently to permit the foetal head to pass through,
then closed firmly and resisted all efforts to pass the hand.

The efforts at dilation, however, proceeded from opposite

REPORTS OF CASES. 135

directions, that from before backwards partially succeeded, that
from behind to before failed. This difference is readily recog-
nized in practice generally, and it has been observed that if an
instrument can be inserted through the cervix and then enlarged
in a cone form and drawn backward, the dilation of the cervix
becomes far more effective. The cervix is so long that in push-
ing forward with the hand or an instrument the organ tends to
deflect from the normal line in such a way that the force be-
comes directed against the side instead of along the line of the
cervical canal, and the effort comes to naught.

III. Torsion of the Uterus iii a Ewe^ with Transverse Rup-
ture of the Cervix^ Putrefaction of the Foetus and its Sloughing
through the Abdominal Walls. Recovery,

The subject was a medium sized adult merino ewe belong-
ing in a flock of 125. She appeared well so far as observed un-
til about Jan. ist, 1898, when a tumor about ten inches in diam-
eter appeared in the right side of the linea alba near the umbili-
cus. The tumor may have existed for some time previously and
escaped detection, being partly hidden by the fleece.

About Feb. ist, 1898, the tumor ruptured and discharged a
quantity of foetid pus and upon examination of the cavity by
the owner a hard movable object was felt, the nature of which
he could not determine. Some 10 days later the decomposed
remains of a foetus of ordinary size dropped from the opening.

The ewe gradually became convalescent and was making
good progress toward recovery when procured for examination.
The patient showed a circular opening, about 4 inches in diam-
eter in the abdominal floor, on the right side of the linea alba,
and through this opening appeared a hernia-like granulating
mass.

The animal was destroyed ; the autopsy revealed a fairly well-
nourished and generally healthy body with a moderate amount
of fat.

The involved parts constitute specimen No. 120, New York
State Veterinary College.

The vagina with possibly a portion of the cervix uteri is
cylindrical, abnormally firm and ends obtusely at a point two
inches anterior to the pubis, and from this there extends down-
wards and forwards a thin peritoneal fold, soon augmented by
the broad ligaments, stretched and attenuated, but intact, and
showing midway between the pubis and umbilicus a complete
torsion from left to right. No trace of the uterus exists from
the above described blunt end of vagina or cervix for a dis-

136 REPORTS OF CASES.

tance of five inches, where the twisted uterine body appears. In
the umbilical region, corresponding to the external opening
and firmly adherent to the abdominal floor, was an ovary
and a uterine cornu still containing some debris and showing
cotyledons.

The abomasum, mesocolon, and two loops of small intestine
had contracted adhesions to the uterus and abdominal floor.

As nearly as could be determined the putrid foetus which was
discharged from the abscess about Feb. lo, 1898, should have
been born in May, 1897, but the uterus having become twisted
prior to the completion of pregnancy resulting in a complete
transverse rupture of the uterus, rendered birth impossible and
the uterine contents having become infected, presumably prior
to the parting of the uterus, putrefaction of the foetus ensued,
which acting as an abscess ruptured through the abdominal floor
after a period of nine months from the date of torsion and rupture.

This transverse rupture of the uterus is one of the untoward
results to be apprehended in uterine torsion, since the engage-
ment of the broad ligaments tends to double the uterus upon it-
self and bring a greater strain upon the vagina, while the torsion
itself destroys the equal distribution of the tension upon all
parts of the vagina and concentrates it upon certain folds, which
yield to the combined twist and longitudinal tension, furnish-
ing a starting point in the transverse rupture, which may ulti-
mately become complete, leaving the uterus as a detached pouch,
except for the broad ligaments, and largely robbed of its broad
supply.

IV. Irreducible Uterine Torsion in a Cow.

Case No. 3861. Patient a medium sized common bred cow,
due to calve about March 13, 1902, at which time the owner ob-
served the animal to be uneasy, kicking at the abdomen and
otherwise appearing to be in pain. The appetite was poor and
the patient lay down more than normal, and gradually be-
came weak and emaciated until we were called on March 27,
two weeks subsequent to the advent of symptoms of illness. Ex-
amination per vagina at once revealed right uterine torsion.
The rolling process was vigorously and patiently applied with-
out result. The animal was then suspended by the hind feet
and vaginal manipulations attempted in vain.

An opening was then made in the right flank with a view
to grasping the uterus directly and replacing it, but upon incis-
ing the peritoneal layer of the abdominal wall we found it firmly
adherent to the uterus and that organ immovable.

REPORTS OF CASES. 137

The cow was destroyed and the examination revealed the
uterus adherent by its peritoneal surface to the abdominal
walls, the diaphragm, the small intestines, omentum, and me-
sentery.

The torsion was very firm, and when all external adhesions
had been dissected away there was little tendency to untwist.
The uterus was of enormous size, at least double the normal,
and on incision the wall was found to be very thick, about one
inch, dark colored, congested, and oedematous, as though almost
necrotic, owing to disturbance of the circulation, all vessels sup-
plying the parts being necessarily involved in the torsion. The
uterus contained probably 20 gallons of bloody fluids. The
foetus was oedematous but not putrid. The cotyledons were
enormously swollen. The foetal membranes were greatly thick-
ened. It seemed to us that the changes recorded, adhesions,
congestions, etc., were the result of the prolonged mechanical
impediment to the circulation, and we had emphasized in this
instance two important factors which may become great or even
insurmountable obstacles to replacement of the gravid uterus —
adhesions and increased volume and weight.

In this case the adhesions alone were insurmountable, and it
may well be questioned if even without this replacement could
have been effected with so great a weight and the exaggerated
volume which unnaturally filled the abdominal cavity. The
question of engorgement of the uterus and its increase thereby in
size due to vascular interference has been but little studied, yet
it must occur in a measure in every case, because both utero-
ovarian and uterine arteries and their veins are involved in the
twist and their circulation inevitably impeded.

V. Torsion of the Uterus in a Cow^ Reduction^ Transverse
Rupture of Uterus. Death.

The patient was a pedigreed Jersey cow in good condition
and due to calve. Appearing uneasy, but making no progress
in calving, we were called in attendance and recognized uterine
torsion. The rolling treatment was applied and inadvertently
the first turn of the patient's body was made in the wrong direc-
tion, which increased the twist. The torsion quickly yielded,
the foetus presented normally, and was delivered alive with lit-
tle assistance. Immediately after delivery the patient showed
signs of collapse and examination revealed a large transverse rup-
ture of the uterus. The cow soon succumbed. Some writers assert
that in the application of the rolling process an error in direc-
tion amounts to nothing except the loss of time and labor. We

138 REPORTS OF CASES.

believe this is erroneous and are quite of the opinion that
in this case, our fatal rupture was due to the sudden increase of
the twist as a result of our blunder. It seems certain to us that
the congestion and oedema along with the increased weight of
the gravid uterus greatly increases the danger from rupture and
that in this state any sudden increase in the torsion may pre-
cipitate fatal lesions. We conclude, therefore, that the operator
should be extremely careful in ordering the direction of the
rolling process, and that it should always take place in the same
direction as the uterus has turned.

Complicated directions are given by some writers for differ-
entiating between right and left torsion, but to us this seems of
minor value. When the rolling process is to be applied and
the operator has his hand in the vagina engaged in the spiral
folds due to the twist, he needs only to direct the attendants to
turn the cow in the same direction as his own hand turns to
follow the spiral.

VI. Torsion of the Uterus in a Mare. Death,

The subject was a grade draught mare, due to foal two
weeks prior to our examination.

At the time she was expected to foal she showed uneasiness
and faint labor pains. A local amateur was called at that time,
but could not comprehend his inability to insert his hand far
into the vagina. Nothing further was attempted until we were
called, though the mare exhibited signs of illness, gradually in-
creasing in severity. We found the patient weak, tottering,
pulse imperceptible and evidently near to death. Torsion of
the uterus was readily diagnosed and the condition of the mare
being deemed hopeless she was promptly destroyed and an ex-
amination made. The uterus was of enormous size, the foetus
emphysematous and about thrice its normal volume, with a large
amount of foetid fluid surrounding it in the uterus.

The torsion had existed so long that inflammatory adhesions
had occurred in the twisted portion so that replacement would
have been very difficult on that account, while the immense
weight of the uterus, and its great volume filling so completely
the abdominal cavity, presented a second very formidable im-
pediment to adjustment.

Writers speaking of uterine torsion give to the inexperienced
a hopeful view. Most cases reported in current literature have
proven brilliantly successful. How many failures have occurred
which have been passed over in silence?

We have yet to see our first successful case.

REPORTS OF CASES. 139

THREE ANOMALIES I HAVE MET WITH IN CASTRATION.*
By J. R. Sanders, M. D. C, Corydori, Iowa.

In reporting these cases I will dispense with a description of
the manner of casting, and the mode of disinfecting. I will say,
however, that in each case due regard was had for antisepsis.

Case No. /.—Hermaphrodite belonging to Mr. Sager, three
miles southeast of Promise City, la. This gentleman informed
me that he had a mare that would behave like a stallion when
in company with mares that were in heat, and, owing to her bad
disposition, he was compelled to keep her to herself. May i6,
1902, I had occasion to be in his vicinity. Mr. S. being in-
formed by telephone, soon arrived with the mare, which I ob-
served was a well-formed, muscular animal of the Percheron
breed, rather large, dark iron-grey, three years old, and in very
good flesh.

Ordinarily one would not suspect another sex in disguise.
Closer inspection, however, showed that there was about an
equal tendency toward either sex. The udder was large and
pendent, resembling a gland that had once been active. There
was no commissure in what appeared to be a queerly formed
vulva, which rounded off inferiorly to a rudimentary penis,
which was pierced with the urethral opening. The testicles
could not be located by digital examination, consequently I de-
cided they must be intra-abdominal. The owner requested me
to find them if possible, regardless of danger, as the animal was
not worth much as it was. For the sake of being brief, I will
only say that the animal was cast and operated upon, both testi-
cles being found inside the abdominal cavity close to the ab-
dominal ring and brought to the surface and removed. A good
recovery followed.

Case No. II. — Cryptorchid mule. I was called to our county
farm April 26, 1898, to castrate a ridgling mule, two years old,
medium weight, and in good condition. The left testicle had
been removed the year before. The mule was cast and held
upon his back by two men. After making an incision opposite
the median line the hand endeavored to follow the natural
course of the canal. The peritoneum was opened close to the
abdominal ring. Two fingers inside, the vas deferens was
found without any trouble and brought out. The testicle would
not follow. Holding the vas in one hand, I again searched in-

*Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Associa-
ition, January, 1903.

140 REPORTS OF CASES.

side the peritoneum as far as two fingers could reach. Not find-
ing the testicle, I thought I would try taking off the vas, which
was unusually large. This did not prove a success, for in about
two weeks the warden informed me that the mule was as bad as
ever and had to be stalled on account of his amorous disposition.
He thought the donkey must have had three seeds. Taking his
advice I departed at once to remove, if possible, the other seed.
Securing the animal as before, I gained the abdominal cavity
close to the old wound ; with the whole hand inside I soon dis-
covered about half way to the renal organs a mass about the
size and shape of a large cocoanut. This was pulled loose from
its attachment and with considerable traction brought through
the opening. This proved to be a testicle with red surface, in-
dicating recent inflammation, the centre being filled with dark-
colored matter, fluid in consistency, which probably made up
four-fifths of the entire bulk. Why this gland in its diseased
condition influenced its possessor is a mystery. A good recov-
ery resulted.

Case No. III. — Cryptorchid mule, 2 years old, rather large and
in good condition, right testicle in scrotum, left intra-abdominal.

Operation took place on the owner's premises, May 28, 1901.
The animal was cast and held in position by assistants and the
incision made about one and one-half inches to left of the
raphe. The canal was followed as near as possible and two
fingers entered the abdominal cavity near the ring. After about
five minutes search I located an unusually large vas, which was
brought to the surface. Traction could not induce the testicle
to follow. Thinking I might have a case similar to No. 2, I
began to search the abdominal cavity with the whole hand. By
following the vas in for several inches I could plainly make out
an irregular mass with an osseous formation in the interior.
Near this hard part I could feel an attachment to something,
presumably the mesentery. A little manipulation with the
fingers caused its separation and the supposed testicle brought
to the outside and removed. This specimen I have preserved
in alcohol and have brought with me ; any one thinking it worth
while can inspect it. I have never investigated the hard sub-
stance. The other I am confident is testicular tissue.

Perhaps I should remark that after the mule regained his
feet a loop of intestine dropped out and descended very near to
his hocks. Knowing the mule to be of good disposition, as he
was raised a pet, I lay hold and suspended the bowel until he
was recast, when it was returned and secured by bringing the

REPORTS OF CASES. 141

incision together with two deep strong sutures, which were re-
moved in 24 hours. The owner informed me two weeks later
that his mule never seemed any the worse by the operation.

DISCUSSION.

Dr. C, E. Stewart said that, although he has had a large
experience in cryptorchid castration, he has never met with a
cryptorchid mule.

Dr. Moyer said he castrated a cryptorchid mule in Illinois
some years ago ; also that he met with an hermaphrodite equine
with external genitals resembling those of the female, from which
he removed two hidden testicles.

THREE CASES SHOWING THE USE OF OII^ OF TURPENTINE IN

THE TREATMENT OF ATROPHY OF THE SHOULDER MUSCLES.*

By Dr. W. A. Heck, Maquoketa, Iowa.

Case No. I. — Small bay mare, six years old, was injured in
May, 1900, by pulling a heavy load of corn up a steep hill. The
right scapular muscles began to shrink soon after and there was
decided lameness. Oil of turpentine was injected at intervals
of three inches into the scapular muscles and the animal turned
to pasture. Three weeks later there was not much improvement
and the injections were repeated. Six weeks later no improve-
ment was visible. It was decided to wait a little longer and
allow the mare to run in pasture. Early in September she was
caught up and the shoulder seemed to be a trifle improved, which
indicated to me that Nature was restoring the muscles without
artificial aid. The turpentine injections were repeated. Next
day the animal was unable to go out of the barn, owing to stiff-
ness and swelling of the scapular muscles, the swelling extend-
ing down the iimb to the knees. In three days the soreness and
swelling disappeared sufficiently for the mare to be turned into
a paddock and she was put to light driving in a week ; w^as used
to buggy daily thereafter and the swelling never went out of
the shoulder enough to lead any one to suspect that the animal
had ever been "sweeneyed." The injections were made by
simply putting a twitch on the nose and using no antiseptic
precautions whatever except to have the hypodermic syringe
and needle afterwards sterilized. At last injection a small ab-
scess formed and when opened about five drams of pus es-

* Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January, 1903.

142 REPORTS OF CASES.

caped. No treatment was given the abscess and the wound
healed in a few days.

Case No. II. — Young black mare, weight looo lbs., was
brought in fifteen miles to be treated for atrophy of both shoul-
ders. The mare was " sweeneyed " plowing for corn. Both
shoulders were injected at close intervals, using i^ dram in each
side. Instructed the owner to take her hoiUe and turn her into
pasture, and informed him that the next day the animal would
be swollen some, but that we would have no good results if we
got no swelling and cautioned him not to get frightened. Here
let me say that it is always necessary to explain to the owner
the conditions we may expect in a day or so after the injections.
I advised the return of the animal in three weeks for a repeti-
tion of the treatment. According to promise, the animal was
returned in three weeks, and to my agreeable surpise no treat-
ment was necessary, as the muscles had so nearly filled that I
thought there was no need of further treatment. This was a
bad case, one of the worst I have ever seen, and the injury had
been done only a couple of weeks. No antiseptic precautions
were taken and no abscesses resulted. The client was so well
pleased that the following year he brought two more horses to
be treated for scapular atrophy.

Case No. III. — The third subject was a fine, young, bay ex-
press horse, purchased for shipment to Chicago market, suffering
badly at the time of purchase from scapular atrophy, but, being
such a nice horse, the buyer bought him and turned him over
to me for treatment. I injected both shoulders, after washing
the parts well with a strong solution of creogen, using about }4;
dram of oil of turpentine in each shoulder. In about three
weeks the shoulder was very much improved ; in fact, it was
nearly well. The owner said to me, " he needs only a small
dose, just to fill the parts, and before the swelling goes out I will
ship him." Accordingly, I sterilized my instruments, scrubbed
the shoulders well with creogen solution and injected about one-
half the former dose. The horse resisted a good deal and after
the injections seemed in great agony, lay down in the stall and
kicked and rolled and in a few minutes was covered with per-
spiration. The shoulder swelled fearfully. In four days ab-
scesses appeared at each point of injection ; I think not a single
point escaped. These abscesses were opened and syringed daily,
and healed in a few days, but the muscles did not fill as satis-
factorily as with the former injection. Six weeks have elapsed
and still the shoulders are somewhat shrunken and the owner is

REPORTS OF CASES. 143

afraid to repeat the treatment, and I myself am nearly so, and
he is such a fine horse I hesitate to apply a counter-irritant to the
parts.

These three cases illustrate the success I have had with this
therapeutic agent in these troubles, and, until I find a better
treatment, I shall continue to use it.

FRACTURE OF THE RIBS IN A HORSE.*
By WiiyiviAM Drinkwater, V. S., Monticello, Iowa.

In the early part of the summer of the past year a farmer
brought to my place of business a brown gelding with a large
swelling on the left side of the thorax, extending from about the
right rib to the twelfth and from about the ends of the ribs
where they are extended by cartilage to the sternum to eight
inches above. The history of the case was that in the winter
— which was a year previous to the past one — the horse was
kicked by another. It did not seem to suffer from it for some
time and did its share of the summer's work, but the past win-
ter the owner said it got the heaves from food of a poor quality.

On the surface of the swelling were several nodules that
were about ready to discharge. I made an opening in one of
the more prominent ones and it discharged a quantity of serous
fluid. I then explored with the fingers the various recesses of
the swelling for pieces of ribs or any dead tissues, but found only
a blood-clot, and the part bled freely, probably from the subcu-
taneous veins.

After clearing out the cavities I packed them with cotton
saturated with a solution of copper sulphate, zinc sulphate, and
lead acetate, one ounce of each to a quart of water. My thoughts
at that time were that an astringent and caustic would stop the
haemorrhage, which it did in a few minutes, and also cause some
slough and in that way reduce the enlargement. The horse
was led home and brought to me again in a few days and the
swelling was reduced in size. The owner said the horse had
been failing and becoming useless and was not improving. I
removed the cotton packing and cleansed the cavities and filled
in again with cotton and the solution. He was brought again
in a few days, seeming a little better in spirits, but the parts
affected and his breath were giving off a sickening odor. He
was left in my care and I washed the cavities daily and injected

* Read bafore the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
-ciation, January, 1903.

14-4 REPORTS OF CASES.

the solution and packed, but the horse would not eat much of
the grass and oats offered him and weakened, so I sent word to
the owner to take him home before he died. When the owner
arrived next morning the horse was dead and we made an ar-
rangement with a man to take the carcass out and take off the
hide and let us examine the seat of the difficulty.

We found a mass of tissue being formed around an opening
into the thoracic cavity where tliree ribs had been broken in. I
removed one piece of rib three inches in length which was lying
loose. The other parts were crumbled to small pieces and some
pus was found in the cavity. A thickened membrane was
formed to protect the lung and the lung itself was discolored
and hardened along its lower border, which I believe accounted
for the heaves or broken wind condition. If there had been an
operation and a thorough clearing of the lesion at a proper time,
could it have resulted in relief to the patient ?

NECROSIS.
By F. R. Whipple, M. D. V., Kewanee, 111.

My subject is a roan mare, six years old, which with mate
took the blue ribbon at our county fair last fall, in the driving
team class. During the winter the team has done very little
work. About January i, 1903, while the owner was driving
them one very suddenly began shaking its head, pulling very
much on the lines, and very nervous. Always before she was a
little slower than her mate, but now she takes the lead. After
driving her several times, the owner thought her teeth were the
cause of the trouble. I was called to examine them, and found
small projections, on each lower sixth molar, which were re-
moved and all the teeth floated. I informed the owner that I
thought the trouble was of a nervous origin. The mare was
driven several times after floating, but she was no better, when
I was again called. I placed a mouth speculum in position and
examined all the molars, and all appeared to be sound. I no-
ticed while rubbing over the location of the superior maxillary
branch of the fifth pair of nerves at its exit from the infra-or-
bital foramen, that she was very quiet and hung her head as if
it relieved her pain. This was about January 25th, and I placed
her under treatment. Having divided the nerves in one case
before without happy results, concluded to rely on drugs.

I applied cantharides ointment (i to 6) over the nasal bones,
and gave the following mixture :

REPORTS OF CASES. 145

I^ Potass, iodide,

F. E. Gelsem.,

F. E. Nux vom., aa § i,

F. E. Rhus radicans, §ij,

Aquse, q. s. ad I xii.

M Sig. § ss. three times daily.

Soon a steady improvement set in, and in about four weeks
there was complete recovery. The mare now drives in her old-
time form. Dr. Hanawalt, of Sheffield, 111., saw the case and
confirmed my diagnosis.

CLITORIDECTOMY AND ITS SEQUELS.
By Francis Abei.E, Jr., Quincy, Mass.

The October number of Review had in '' French Re-
view " an article on " Cancroid of Clitoris." Description was
complete, operation well described, but it was like a hospital
operation seen by a visiting student. The operation is success-
ful, but he never knows the result.

I had a similar case July 13, where mare was too ticklish to
be useful. Removed by ligature and knife, yet gave doubtful
prognosis. Mare was put back to work, did well ; treated daily
with bichloride wash. September 14th, or just two months
later, tumor was large as before, and just as troublesome.

The Thoroughbred in Germany. — According to the
" German Racing Calendar," a Government publication, there
are only 800 thoroughbred mares registered in the German Em-
pire for breeding purposes, and of these more than 25 per cent,
proved barren last spring. These figures, while they do not in-
dicate any great measure of thrift in the breeding of thorough-
breds in Germany, are a vast improvement on those of former
years and show that the impetus given to the breeding of thor-
oughbreds by Count Lehndorf is gaining headway to the end
that more real blood may be injected into the horses of the Teu-
tonic Fatherland. — {Breeder^ s Gazette.')

Polo has been listed among the sports and pastimes at Yale
and Harvard. Both universities will have teams in the field this
season, which will shortly open, and it is related that graduates
will be eligible to play as well as students actually attending the
colleges until the game becomes fixed on a solid basis at both.
The intercollegiate polo matches between Oxford and Cambridge
in England are annual fixtures which excite a great amount of
interest and there is every reason to believe that polo will be-
come quite as popular at Yale and Harvard as in the ranking
schools of Britain.

146 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Paralysis of the Pharynx in the Horse {Prof. Hend-
rickx] . — Judging from the records in veterinary journals, this
affection must be rather rare. Its symptoms are not alike in
all cases. For some it is due to paralysis of both laryngeal and
pharyngeal muscles; for others only the pharynx is affected,,
and again in some cases it seems to be preceded by an inflam-
mation of the mucous membrane, while it may also occur sud-
denly in animals which to that time had not seemed serioush
ill. The following is interesting for its manifestations, al-
though the origin of the disease could not be made out at the
post-mortem. Unfortunately, the brain was not examined, as it
might explain all. A colt, two years old, suddenly stops eat-
ing ; he coughs and throws up part of his food through his nos-
trils. The subglosseal glands are a little enlarged and he has
bilateral salivary discharge. He chews his food well, but as
the alimentary ball is to pass in the oesophagus he has a slight
motion of the head and a large quantity of the well-masticated
food returns by the nostrils. The pulse is normal, temperature
slightly raised ; pressure on the parotid region is not painful.
There seems to be no trouble of the oesophagus, no foreign
body, no stenosis of the organ, no oesophagismus. All those are
excluded by careful examination. The diagnosis of paralysis
imposes itself, and the prognosis is extremely serious, notwith-
standing the severe treatment prescribed. After a few days, the
dysphagia increases, symptoms of dyspnoea occur several times^
loss of flesh takes place rapidly, symptoms of pulmonary com-
plications appear and the animal dies with gangrenous broncho-
pneumonia. At the post-mortem pulmonary lesions were
found ; the nasal cavities were filled with regurgitated food,
slight erosions on the mucous membrane made by the food^
some on that of the pharynx, pharyngeal muscles normal.
Retro-pharyngeal glands are the seat of an abscess as big as a
pigeon's egg. Other organs healthy. — [Annates de Bruxelles.)

Epistaxis Due to a Fracture of the Inferior Maxil-
i^ARY {Zwaenepoel]. — The causes of epistaxis are numerous and
vary much. The following case gives another of great interest :

I

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 147

An animal refuses his food, and when manipulations are made
to examine his mouth he shows great pain, struggles and rears.
A slight oedematous swelling is observed over the right tem-
poro-maxillary joint. Pressure upon this spot is very painful.
The incisive arches are no longer in perfect adaptation ; the
lower jaw is deviated to the right about half a centimeter.
There is crepitation. The diagnosis is positive. No bandage,
no external application ; liquid diet is prescribed. After a few
days the deviation of the jaw is more marked and the left lower
corner tooth corresponds to thesuperior divider of the same side.
At that time also occurred the epistaxis. The haemorrhage is
bilateral, specially abundant when the animal chews his food
and has the head dov/n. The flow of blood stops almost in-
stantaneously as mastication ceases. After two weeks from the
apparition of the haemorrhage, the animal died. At the post-
mortem, besides lesions of lobular pneumonia by foreign bodies,
are found those of the fracture, which explained the epistaxis.
The condyle of the maxillary was crushed, the coronoid process
pushed in the crotaphite muscle ; between these bony pieces
some thirty splinters were implanted in the pterygoid muscle,
some having in several places punctured the internal maxillary
and the pterygoid veins ; others were protruding through the
gutteral pouches, which were filled with blood. During life and
during mastication the blood flowed more or less in the gutteral
pouches, hence the epistaxis. — [Afmales de Bruxelles.)

Nervous Troubles by Pressure of the Spinal Cord
Following a Cervical Luxation in the Horse [Prof.
Riibay and Assistant Navez\. — The subject was a six-months-
old filly which was found one morning with her head down,
staggering walk, and unable to raise the neck or move it side-
ways. She remained for two months in that condition, then
came an atrophy of the superior cervical region, and on the
middle of the neck came a hard painless tumor, projecting even^
ly on both sides. Then some improvement took place in the
motions of the neck, but walking grew worse, and, being con-
sidered incurable, the filly was turned over to the veterinary
school of Bruxelles. She remains lying down, in lateral decu-
bitus, and seems without pain. She rises with great difficulty,
and when she is standing the neck is carried low down, the head
almost on the ground, ears drooping backwards, legs in abduc-
tion, the front ones wide apart and resting on the toes. The
tumor of the neck has the size of a man's head and is produced
by a deviation upwards of the lower curvature of the cervical

148 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

portion of the vertebral column. The superior cervical muscles
are atrophied, the inferiors hard and retracted. The olecranon
muscles, those of the anterior antibrachial region, are soft and
flabby, while those of the posterior are hard and contracted.
The dorso-spinal seem free from trouble, but present strong
spasmodic contractions when they are percussed. Displacements
are very difficult ; the animal staggers ; movements in circle
are more difficult ; going backward is impossible. No other dis-
turbance exists in all the other functions except that at rest, the
respiration is slow and that the double respiration of heaves is
much marked, occurs immediately after respiration. The voice
is modified, less clear and less vibrating. Both pupils are dilated.
Taking all the symptoms into careful consideration, a diagnosis
of probably myelitis or sclerosis of the antero-lateral fasciculi of
the cord, due to slow pressure, was made. At the post-mortem
it was found that between the fourth and seventh cervical verte-
brae the neck formed an arch with its concavity turned down-
wards : the vertebral bodies, although deviated, are perfectly in-
tact ; only two intervertebral menisci are ruptured. Meninges
are not altered ; the cephalo-rachidian fluid is in normal quan-
tity. On the level of the deviation, the marrow is slightly de-
pressed, normal in color and consistency ; no alteration is ob-
served in transversal sections. Nothing abnormal in the other
parts of the cord, nor in the brain. The roots of the nerves
are normal. There was atrophy of the superior cervical muscles
with some haemorrhagic centres. The other muscles, nerves of
the brachial and pelvic plexuses are normal. Thoracic and abdom-
inal organs healthy with the exception of a large verminous
aneurism of the great mesentery. The conclusions of the writers
are that : First, simple pressure of the cervical spinal' cord may
give rise to troubles excessively serious ; second, slow pressure
of the cord is not always manifested by paraplegia ; it may also
assume the form of paralysis with contractura as is found in
man ; third, one may exceptionally observe the double expira-
tion of heaves, when the centrifugal portion of the respiratory
reflex circuit is injured, without any pulmonary lesion ; fourth,
troubles of the voice exist when the centrifugal cerebral tract is
injured in front of the point of origin of the phrenic nerves.
— {Annates de Bruxelles).

The number of students at the Milan veterinary school for
the present year is 131—29 first year, 24 second, 43. third, and
35 fourth.

€

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 149

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

A Case of Complete Fracture of the Trachea in a
Horse [Dr. Goffredo Cassai'\. — All solutions of continuity of
the trachea are due to traumatism, and, although this may vary
in nature and in the lesions that follow, their prognosis is al-
most always serious. The following case is one of exceptional
interest in all its particulars, and its results were most satisfac-
tory. Ridden almost bare-back by a young man, a five-year-
old horse came in contact with an obstacle on the road he was
galloping over, and he and his rider were thrown down. The
horse only was severely hurt, as he laid down, unable to rise by
himself, and had to be assisted to get up and be led to a black-
smith shop close by. When he got up he had a few severe
spells of coughing, followed by the expulsion of blood through
the nose and mouth. The blacksmith did all he could to help
him, washings, injections, frictions, even purgation, but as the
animal seemed to be in great pain, his respiration becoming
difficult, and a swelling appearing on the inferior part of the
neck, the author was then sent for. After i8 hours from the
time the horse was injured he was found in the following con-
dition : Lying under a little straw, the animal seems dying ;
made to rise, he stands with his fore legs apart, the hind ones
engaged under the abdomen ; the head is carried low down
near the ground ; the tongue protrudes from the mouth ; the
eyes almost out of the orbits. On the superior third of the in-
ferior border of the neck there is a swelling, soft in its centre
and in which motions rhythmatic with respiration are observed.
Inspiration is deep, respiration shorter and followed by a rat-
tling noise. The flanks are accelerated and irregular in their
motions. No external mark of traumatism is visible anywhere,
but on manipulation of the neck a complete fracture of the
trachea is recognized with a separation between the fractured
ends of five or six centimetres. The skin and the tissues un-
derneath are the seat of a large emphysematous swelling, which
interferes much with the respiration and asphyxia is threaten-
ing. Danger is pressing, and tracheotomy is performed some
20 centimetres further down the neck. As soon as the tube is
in place, relief is manifest, respiration is relieved, four or five
spells of coughing with bloody foaming mucus take place, and
the flanks resume their normal motions. At that time the tern-

150 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

perature was 42.2° C. On account of the late hour in the day^
the animal was made comfortable, secured so as to prevent his
injuring his wound and left for the night. On the following
day, 5 A. M., the reduction of the fracture took place. This
consisted in an incision of 18 or 20 centimetres made over the
seat of the injury, dissection of the subcutaneous muscles and
exposure of the tracheal fragments. They are 6 centimetres
apart, oblique, and involving four of the rings, the 6th, 7th, 8th
and 9th the highest point formed by the 6th rests on the
oesophagus, the lowest by the 9th is on the inferior border of
the neck. With two strong sutures, one on each side, the frag-
ments were pulled, brought and secured together ; eight other
smaller wires were applied all round, sewing the fragments of
rings as closely together as possible. The skin was closed with
sutures, a drain tube put in and an antiseptic dressing put on.
The case went on with little trouble. Careful diet, attention to
the wound, scarifications to relieve the emphysema, which once
or twice assumed serious conditions, and after scarcely a month
the animal was convalescent and soon able to resume his work.
It had, however, been found necessary to have the horse carry
a permanent tracheotomy tube. It had been taken out once,,
but threatening suffocation imposed its reintroduction. The
horse worked with it for several months. One day while in
harness he lost it and died asphyxiated on the road. — (II Nuova
Ercolani.)

DiSTOKiA IN A Sow [Z>r. Goffredo Cassai\. — This is un-
doubtedly a case of great interest by its duration and the power
of resistance exhibited by the young mother. It relates to the
history of a year-old sow, which on April 6th, 1902, was taken
in labor. The first foetus delivered lived after much difficulty
and free use of oil and vaseline to lubricate the parts. An hour
later a second foetus presented itself by the hind extremities,,
and also a third ; these two were extracted dead. After a short
time of comparative rest, thesow expelled a small sac,the placenta,
containing a fourth foetus of much reduced size, and mummified.
Was it all ? No. Two more foetuses were again removed after
a while, both alive and had to be fed with cow's milk, as the
sow had no colostrum. The mother then seemed to be quiet
and comfortable, but towards the middle of the night, she again
had parturient pains and another dead foetus was expelled.
After more than thirty-six hours pains returned again and on
exploration of the vagina and uterus, another foetus was detected
partly engaged, but kept back because of the swelling of the

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 151

parts. This had to be removed by embryotomy. And finally
another was extracted in the same manner some twenty hours
after. Notwithstanding all this suffering and the excessive
pains the mother had to support, her recovery was complete,
after a length of time, which was shorter than that of the de-
livery, this having lasted seventy hours, from the morning of
Sunday to the following Wednesday. — {II Moderno Zooattca.)

Intestinal Foreign Body in Dog — Laparo enterot-
OMY — Recovery \^Dr. E, Morellt], — It is certain that all cases
of similar interference do not always recover, and for this reason
when they occur they oug;ht to be recorded. In December last
a slut was suffering with loss of appetite and vomiting. She
also revealed by abdominal palpation the presence of a hard
avoid substance in the abdomen. The treatment prescribed did
not seem to relieve her, and she grew worse. She was then
brought to the clinic of the Veterinary School of Pisa, when
the diagnosis of a foreign body was confirmed, its presence being
detected in the left flank and somewhat towards the left sub-
lumbar region. The case was urgent and operation advised and
performed at once, without chloroform on account of the exces-
sive weakness of the patient. The abdomen being opened by
Prof. Vachetta, he searched for the portion of the obliterated in-
testine, brought it out and extracted a pit of peach, which was
the cause of the trouble. The intestines and the cutaneous
wound were closed with sutures and an antiseptic bandage ap-
plied over the parts. Absolute diet was prescribed for three
days. There was no reactive fever, no suppuration and in ten
days cicatrization was complete. — {II Nuovo Ercolani.^

Bovine Cysticerci on the Market of Trieste {Gio-
vanni Spadig Her {\. — Having had charge of this market for over
twenty years the author had not observed one case of cysticer-
cus in bovines up to the end of Sept., 1902, with perhaps the
exception of one case in 1887. But having observed since 1902
that the cases were reported from different parts of Germany,
Austria, and Italy, he began to have closer researches made, and
finally, at the end of Dec, 1902, the parasites had been found
221 times in 8860 male cattle, and 4 times out of 824 cows.
The frequency and the different structures in which cysticerci
were found are recorded as follows : 137 times in masseters, 101
in the sublingual gland, 48 in the sterno-maxillary, 42 in the
lips, 39 in the muscles of the thigh, ^'^ in those of the back, 36
in the lumbar muscles, 32 in the sub-scapularis, 31 in the heart,
26 in the tongue, 16 in the diaphragm, 16 in the pectoral mus-

l^a EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

cles, 7 in the intercostals, 4 in the subcutaneous, 3 in the tail.
In the cases where the parasites were few and situated in the
head, say masseter or pterygoid muscles, tongue or cervical
muscles, the meat was allowed to be used after salting. When
they were in great number and spread all over the body, the
carcasses were cremated. — (C/imca Veterin.).

Sedimentous Calculi of the Urethra in Steers —
Perforation of the Bladder \^Dr. Umherto de Mia\ . — In
December, 1900, the author was called to advise for a steer which
had difficulty in urinating, and in January, 1901, was urgently
requested to attend to him, as he presented alarming symptoms.
As the symptoms presented by the animal had returned on dif-
ferent occasions, and as the ischuric troubles were rather char-
acteristic, a diagnosis of urethral calculus was made and ure-
throtomy performed in the usual way, back of the scrotum.
The calculus was readily detected by the introduction of a fine
catheter, and it was found that the urethra was largely dilated
and the stone well adherent to it. The animal was ordered to
be slaughtered. At the examination of the carcass, the author
found the urethra and the bladder highly inflamed ; the former
contained two calculi, one sedimentous, measuring 7 centimetres
in length and o cm. 5 in width ; the other was spherical, and
situated some distance from the first. At the bottom of the
bladder and also on the external surface there was a purplish
patch, with a small ulceration in its middle, from which urine
was escaping day by day. The coats of the bladder were diseased
and covered with sedimentous deposits. — {II Nuovo Ercolani.)

Contagious Scratches (?) in Cattle {^Dr. Umberto de
Mid\. — Under that name the author describes an affection that
he has observed during the summer of 1896 and spring of 1897,
which he attributes to contagion, as having not information up-
on the mode of feeding and the hygiene of the animal, he
thought of the opinion expressed by a French veterinarian for
scratches in horses. The disease described by de Mia affected
most of the animals of the region ; it was localized to the folds
of the knee, hock and fetlock, and manifested itself by a serous
exudation followed by scabs. There was much swelling, heat and
pain. Ordinarily only one joint was affected ; sometimes, how-
ever, the disease appeared at the hock and to the knee. In some
animals there came a corriplication of paralysis of the hind leg,
followed by death. The duration of the disease was in the aver-
age of 30 to 60 days. Recovery was very common, by the sim-
ple use of baths of creolin at 3^ and applications of creolined
ointment, i part in 10. — (// Niiovo Ercolani.)

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 153

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,

This new Review department was opened in the March
number, and its object was there explained^the betterment of
the Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR GOOD, MILITARY VETERINARIANS MUST
HAVE SUPREME CHARGE OF ANIMAI. DISEASES.

A correspondent in the Philippines has forwarded the Re-
view the following communication under date of Feb. 24,
1903:

" Receiving to-day the enclosed Circular, No. 6, Headquar-
ters Division of Philippines, brings up the question as to wheth-
er military veterinarians should not, for the benefit of the pub-
lic service, be allowed more authority and scope in regard to the
veterinary management of animals entrusted to their charge.
Circular No. 8, third indorsement. War Department, Surgeon-
General's Office, Sept. 29th, 1902, also states that 'surra' is
caused by the parasite being taken into the alimentary canal
with wet native grasses. During Oct., 1901, one of our army
veterinarians sent in a communication through military chan-
nels, to the Adjutant-General, Division of Philippines, request-
ing that the use of native grasses as forage to American animals
be stopped, which was referred to the Chief Surgeon of the
Division, who placed it in the hands of Capt. Allen Smith, As-
sistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, in charge of the Army Bacterio-
logical Laboratory at Manila, P. I., for remarks, which were
partly as follows : — ' Captain Allen Smith does not believe that
native grasses have anything to do with causing the disease.
Hypodermic doses of quinine will cure it, etc' A pamphlet
upon a new parasitic disease of animals, by Capt. Smith, was
also issued, which stated that the disease might be caused by
slugs or flukes which attack the liver of horses, etc.

"In the veterinary communication referred to the disease was
termed 'surra,' and it was asked that the grasses be stopped as

154 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

a preventive, as a great number of animals had died from it.
Of course, endorsement as above caused it to be returned to the
writer for his information, and no further official notice was
taken of it.

" General Sumner, who was in command at that time, or-
dered Dr. Coleman Nockolds to send in a full report on the dis-
ease ' surra,' which he did, using every reference available, and
giving his observations on ^ surra,' which had been raging in
his district for nearly a year. Soon after that a circular was
published by Captain Smith, this time calling the disease ' sur-
ra.' Since that time the veterinarians have repeatedly requested
that grasses be stopped and that swampy water be avoided, ex-
plaining that one phase of the life of the haematozoon was passed
in water and could be taken into the stomach of animals with
the wet grass, etc.

" This particular instance is mentioned as up to the present
time veterinary advice has been disregarded in favor of people
that certainly have not had the advantage of a veterinary edu-
cation, with the result that since the time that the veterina-
rians pointed out the danger of feeding grasses about half a mil-
lion dollars have been lost through horses dying of ' surra,' and
which certainly could have been prevented here as well as in
India. We have an advantage over the Indian government in
that there has been always plenty of American-made hay at
hand in these islands. For a further account of the endorse-
ment back to Dr. Allen- Smith reference is made to the F^/^/-
tnary Journal (Ocioh^r^ 1902), and if necessary all reports on
' surra ' can be obtained at the Adjutant-General's office.

'* It seems that this matter should be brought before the Army
Committee of one of the veterinary associations, as these condi-
tions must remain until the veterinarian is given different
status, with sufficient power to handle his own particular branch
of the service.

" It may be mentioned that the note under asterisk, in Octo-
ber, 1902, Veterinary Journal is not correct, although a few an-
imals improved under the arsenic treatment — enough to return
to duty. They all finally died from ' surra,' which is incurable."

* *

Since the above communication was in type the following
was received from Dr. Olof Schwarzkopf, which emphasizes the
grave error being committed by the War Department in en-
trusting these matters to men who are totally unqualified by

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 155

education to deal with them, and through their blundering
causing great financial loss to the country. Hard as it may
prove to the dignity of army officers, sooner or later they will
be forced to recognize the sovereignty of the educated military
veterinarian, who alone should have absolute authority in such
matters. The Army Committee of the A. V. M. A. will do well
to secure the material here furnished as ammunition for their
next attack upon Congress to force the army veterinarian to
his proper rank and authority.

According to the Army and Navy Journal^ Brigadier-Gen-
eral Theodore J. Wint, U. S. A., Manila, P. I., with an aide-de-
camp, and Major Ramsay D. Potts, Inspector-General's Depart-
ment, U. S. A., have been ordered to proceed to British India to
investigate and report upon the methods of the English army
in dealing with " surra " among horses.

This is quite interesting news to army veterinarians, and we
ought to be permitted to comment upon it. Nothing can be
said against the detail of General Wint for this purpose, as he
is a former cavalry officer of large practical experience, and a
friend of the army veterinarian, so that we can feel coisoled as
to the choice of the person. But may we not justly ask why
such action has become necessary at all? When, two years ago.
Congress was asked to provide for an efficient army veterinary
service, abusive criticism was heaped upon the position of the
army veterinarian, and we were arraigned for the audacity to
ask that we be made commissioned officers with a few ranking
as captains and majors. Did not Senator Grosvenor say at the
time on the floor of the Senate : '' You might as well give rank
to the man who curries the colonel's horse " ? And now it takes
a full-fledged brigadier-general to investigate a horse disease.

However, this question may be sentimental. The practical
side of it can certainly be far-reaching. Perhaps it takes just
such dire demonstration as the ravages of " surra," perhaps sev-
eral such calamities, to awaken in the minds of our authorities
the necessity of having an intelligent and useful veterinary ser-
vice. Hence it is interesting to calculate what the result of such
investigation will be. It cannot be much different from the
advice given by the calmer and more experienced army veterina-
rians in the Philippines, that it was useless, and certainly wast-
ing valuable time, to search for a remedial cure for this disease
on account of its peculiar causation, but instead to go ahead

15 fi ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

and enforce the principles of preventive hygiene by which alone
such devastating diseases can be stopped, in our present knowl-
edge of scientific medicine. One of the fundamental recommen-
dations was to discontinue the feeding of swamp-grass ; but this
was not approved in Manila, and instead all sorts of useless di-
rections were spread broadcast, some of which bordered on hum-
bug, with results too painful to tell.

Let us hope that the mission of General Wint will be fruit-
ful of showing to our military authorities that there exists a
military veterinary science, and that its practical application
can only be performed by educated army veterinarians, a fact
which will constitute another stepping stone towards the ulti-
mate creation of an organized veterinary service in our army.

(O. S.)

INQUIRIES AS TO ADMISSION FOR THE MILITARY SERVICE.

One unexpected result of the opening of the " Army Veteri-
nary Department " in the Review, has been the receipt of in-
quiries by young veterinarians as to the requirements for admis-
sion to the military service. It would not be proper for us to
reply to such inquiries, as they might be looked upon as author-
itative by the recipients. Candidates must make application
for examination to the " Secretary of War, Washington, D. C'

However, in order to give an idea of the requirements, we
may copy an answer to a similar inquiry published in the Anny
and Navy /our nal^ Jtme 30, 1900, which may be looked upon
as coming from proper authority. It states :

"The examination for army veterinarians consists of a physical,
theoretical and practical examination. The physical examination is
made by an army surgeon under the rules governing enlistment for the
Army. The theoretical examination is competitive. The basis of the
examination is English grammar, arithmetic, geography and history,
and the subject of the examination is anatomy and physiology, pathol-
ogy, practice of medicine, descriptive and operative surgery, materia
medica and therapeutics, sanitary medicine, conformation of the horse,
examination for soundness, horse-shoeing, meat inspection, veterinarj^
hygiene — general feeding, watering, stabling and care of animals in
garrison and field, saddling, bitting, packing, etc. — aptitude and proba-
ble efficiency. The practical examination consists of tests of riding a
horse in walk, trot and gallop, and of saddling a horse."

We may add that the personality of the candidate is carefully
observed, and that the theoretical examination is all in writing,
sealed questions being given to the candidate. The time con-
sumed for the examination has generally been nine days, and it
is undertaken at the nearest military post of the applicant. He

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

157

has to pay his railroad fare and provide for his living expenses
during the examination. (O. S.)

VETERINARY ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GERMAN ARMY.

Prussia. — 17 inspecting veterinary surgeons (Corpseos-

sarzte).
I inspecting veterinary surgeon attached to
the School of Farriery at Berlin.
146 first-class veterinary surgeons (Oberros-
sarzte).

5 first-class veterinary surgeons attached to

Military Veterinary School, Berlin.
4 first-class veterinary surgeons attached to
School of Farriery, Berlin.
27 first-class veterinary surgeons attached to
Remount Depots.
201 veterinary surgeons (Rossarzte).

6 do., attached to School of Farriery, Berlin.
153 assistant veterinary surgeons (Unterros-

sarzte).
Saxony. — 2 inspecting veterinary surgeons.

4 first-class do. do.

3 do. do. do. Remount De-

pots.
18 veterinary surgeons.
. 2 do.. School of Farriery, Dresden.
16 assistant veterinary surgeons.
Wiirte 771 burg, — i inspecting veterinary surgeon.
8 first-class do. do.

I do. do. do. Remount Depots

10 veterinary surgeons.
8 assistant veterinary surgeons.
The numbers in the Bavarian army are not given. — [Berlinef
Thier. Woch.)

In a paragraph headed " How Animals Die," the Paris
lournal of Medicine says it is the habit of cats and dogs at the
moment of death to expire in some corner far from their habitual
domicile, doubtless the practice of these creatures in the wild
state. Rabbits leave their burrow of their own accord, and not,
as is said, driven out by their fellows. Dying birds fly the light
of day and seek the darkest retreats. This explains why we do
not see dead birds in the pathways of public gardens. — <^The
Zoophilist and Animals'^ Defender.^

158 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

PROMOTIONS OF VETERINARIANS DURING THE YEAR I902.

From $2 ^2^0 to $2,^00. — Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of Patho-
logical Division, Washington, D. C.

From $2^000 to $2^2^o. — Dr. O. E. Dyson, inspector in
charge, Chicago, 111.

From $1^400 to $1^600, — Dr. Joseph B. Clancy, National
Stock Yards, 111. (Placed in charge of station.)

From $1^400 to $t,^oo. — Drs. Leslie J. Allen, Oklahoma
City, Okla.; Thomas Castor, Trinidad, Colo.; C. H. Davies,
Kansas City, Kans.; Charles M. Day, Sidney, Iowa; H. H.
George, Kansas City, Kans.; A. A. Holcombe, Aurora, 111.; G.
A. Johnson, Sioux City, Iowa ; W. H. Smith, Jr., Chicago, 111.;
Walter J. Stewart, Chicago, 111.; B. P. Wende, placed in charge,
Buffalo, N. Y.

From $1,200 to $1,400. — Drs. H. M. Ball, Buffalo, N, Y.;
H. M. Batchelder, South Omaha, Neb.; B. L. Bertram, Chicago,
111.; Herbert Caldwell, Milwaukee, Wis.; E. T. Davison, placed
in charge, Rushville, Neb.; Arthur R. Glaisyer, Spokane,
Wash.; Joseph M. Good, inspector in charge, Dayton, Ohio ;
John S. Grove, Kansas City, Kans.; H. J. Hammond, Amedee,
Calif.; John J. Hayes, Chicago, 111.; Daniel S. Hays, Boston,
Mass.; R. W. Hewett, Philadelphia, Pa.; John B. Hopper, New
York, N. Y.; George T. Irons, South St. Paul, Minn.; Raymond
Johnson, South St. Joseph, Mo.; lyouis A. Klein, Fort Worth,
Texas ; Clarence Loveberry, inspector in charge, Seattle, Wash.;
Albert Long, Boston, Mass.; Frank C. McCurdy, South St.
Joseph, Mo.; Monroe B. Miller, New York, N. Y.; George
Byron Morse, Washington, D. C; B. W. Murphy, Jr., South St.
Joseph, Mo.; Wesley N. Neil, inspector in charge, Waterloo,
Iowa ; Isaac W. O'Rourke, Reno, Nevada ; James L. Otterman,
Kansas City, Kans.; Charles F. Palmer, Indianapolis, Ind.;
John O. P\ Price, National Stock Yards, 111.; Henry Roome,
Sioux City, Iowa ; H. R. Ryder, Buffalo, N. Y.; William G.
Shaw, Nogales, Ariz.; Daniel G. Shumway, South St. Paul,
Minn.; John A. Sloan, South St. Joseph, Mo.; Herbert M. Smith,
Louisville, Ky.; Nathaniel B. Smith, Billings, Mont.; F. L.
Stevens, Boston, Mass.; A. W. Swedberg, Kansas City, Kans.;
Joseph J. Thackaberry, New York, N. Y.; Norris L. Townsend,
Helena, Mont.; A. H. Wallace, San Antonio, Texas; Thomas
White, Douglas, Wyoming ; Alexander E. Wight, Boston, Mass.;
Warner W. Worcester, Des Moines, Iowa.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 159

OBITUARY.

WILLIAM HENRY FAIRBANKS, D. V. S.
We regret to announce the death of Dr. Fairbanks, graduate
of the American Veterinary College, class of 1887, which oc-
curred the first week in March at his home in Winthrop, Maine,
from a lesion of the brain. The deceased had practiced both in
Winthrop and in Augusta, and was about 60 years of age.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The annual exercises were held in the Pepper Building,
Kansas City, Mo., on Thurday evening, March 12, and there
was a large attendance of friends of the college and of the grad-
uates.

The Rev. T. D. Roberts offered the invocation, after which
Miss Stella Ruth rendered " The Midnight Fire Alarm " as a
piano solo, and Miss Agnes Eagle sang very effectively. The
faculty address was delivered by the Rev. Paul B. Jenkins, after
which Miss Laura Wellenersang "The Swallow."

Dr. R. C. Moore, of the faculty, then presented diplomas to
the following graduates :

J. P'lue Barnett, Atvill Byrd, Arthur T. Coleman, Charles
M. Crandall, Thomas J. Eagle, James E. Ellis, Frank L. Kamp-
schmidt, Clarence A. Krause, Edward C. Lahr, Milton C. Lint,
George W. Merker, George B. Nicholas, Irvin Owens, Charles
Pearson, Rube P. Poage, George J. Roach, Guy A. Roberts,
Adolph Ruth, Dale E. Sawyer, Henry J. Sebaugh, J. Harvey
Slater, Lee C. Songer, Walter Sorrell, James M. Tade, John F.
Tippett, Laomer West.

The class response was delivered by Dr. Charles Pearson,
after which the musical programme was continued by Mr. A. L.
Bailey, Miss Mabel Hax, and the Misses Norvel.

The class of graduates of 1903 numbers 26, the largest in
the history of the college, which is in a general flourishing
condition.

ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The closing exercises took place March 25, at the college,

Principal Andrew Smith presiding, supported on the platform

by the Mayor, Dr. J. G. Rutherford (Chief Veterinary Inspector

of Canada), Col. Lloyd, Dr. Cowan, Dr. Brenton (of Detroit,

160 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

Mich.), Dr. J. F. Duncan, Profs. Lang and Amyot, and Dr. D.
King Smith. Addresses were delivered by all those occupying
seats on the platform, that by Dr. Rutherford being very instruc-
tive, interspersed by amusing anecdotes. He graduated from
this school twenty-four years ago. Dr. Brenton, who took his
diploma the year following Dr. Rutherford, said that as proof of
his confidence in his alma mater he had the pleasure of witness-
ing his son's graduation on the present occasion. There were
more than one hundred graduates, as follows :

A. E. Bowman, St. Thomas ; Wm. Boyd, London ; G. W.
Brashear, Newtown, Ky. ; W. L. Brenton, Detroit, Mich. ; A. W.
Busselle, Guelph ; A. H. Chamberlain, Lexington, N. Y. ; D. H.
Chase, Flint, Mich. ; J. T. Chorlton, Providence, R. L ; G. A.
Coates, Port Perry ; John Coyle, Wilmington, Ohio ; H. J. Culp,
Orangeville ; W. E. Coover, Muncie, Ind. ; A. P. Drew, Provi-
dence, R. I. ; L. A. Evans, Sawyerville, P. Q. ; Wm. M. Evans,
Elizabeth, N. J. ; J. M. Fawcett, Drayton ; Alberto C. F'ernan-
dez, Buenos Ayres, Argentine ; F. J. Fischer, Petersburg, Va. ;
D. B. Phaser, Forest ; C. J. Gillen, Ottawa, 111. ; W. E. Grace,
Toledo, Ohio; J. A. Graham, Elkhart, Ind. ; J. W. Haffer, Pat-
erson, New Jersey ; F. Narburn, Mitchell ; Wm. J. Hartman, Lad-
ner, B. C. ; Wm. Henderson, Toronto; H. E. Houze, Atwood ; E.
H. Ives, New Hudson, N. Y. ; C. B. Kern, Shimerville, Pa. ; F.

B. Lambie, Brussels ; W. J. Lee, Vasey ; C. A. Leslie, Belvidere,
Neb. ; E. W. MacKay, Sawyer ; Wm. J. McLevey, Florence ;
Alexander MacMillan, Sonya ; R. T. Mack, South Bend, Ind. ;
H. S. Maxwell, Salina, Kansas ; John H. Meany, Athol, Mass. ;
P\ C. Miller, Dubuque, Iowa ; P^ D. Monell, Waterbury, Conn ;
Vicente Ocampo, Buenes Ayres, Argentina ; Wm. O. Oliver,
Marinette, Wis. ; Byron A. Owens, Massillon, Ohio ; J. H. Part,
Leigh, Lancashire, England ; H. Pomfret, Burnley, Lancashire,
England ; M. Porterfield, Clifford ; T. F. Quinn, jun.. North
Adams, Mass. ; A. A. Reinhardt, Apple Creek, Ohio ; L. J. Rich-
ards, Granville, Ohio ; Geo. W. Rogers, Rochester, N. Y. ; J. C.
Rusk, Clifford ; W. N. Russell, Buffalo, N. Y., Fred. W. Schwein-
ler, Jefferson, Wis. ; R. A. Sibley, Waltham, Mass. ; B. C. Smith,
Brigden ; Wm. A. W. Sparling, Toronto ; E. R. Struve, Parsons,
Kansas ; Thomas O. Sykes, Sykesville, Pa., H. J. Taylor, Guelph;
L. H. Thurston, Parsons, Kansas ; G. R. Tomlinson, Orion, 111. ;

C. Van Vlaanderen, Paterson, New Jersey ; W. M. Walker,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; George C. Webb, Akron, Ohio ; Guy N.
Welch, Groton, Vt. ; H. L. Williams, Granville, Ohio; T. W^
Wilson, Atwood.

CORRESPONDENCE. 161

CORRESPONDENCE.

VETERINARIANS WHO ARE NOT SANITARIANS.

QuiNCY, Mass., March 30, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Reviezv :

Dear Sirs : — The foot-and-mouth epidemic about here
brings forcibly to the front the differences in veterinarians in
care, caution, and cleanliness. Many of the progressive inspec-
tors wore rubber boots or shoes, rubber gloves and rubber coat,
and used modern antiseptic precautions against distributing
infection ; other inspectors did not do so. In one virulent sta-
ble one inspector took antiseptic precautions, while his assistant
who held the heads took no precautions. Why couldn't his
shoes and clothes spread the disease at the next place which
they passed as free of disease, but in a little over a week showed
the disease? They may after this, for the papers said that the
Secretary of Agriculture would require it.

What has a man gained from his college education who
would not use these precautions without being told ?

Is not a dirty veterinarian in such a place worse than a clean
layman ? Many people associate veterinarians with uncleanli-
ness, but I think that idea is fast disappearing. Surely our
progressive men are not such. Many losers of stock claim that
the inspectors brought the disease to their places. Could they
make that claim if they had seen the inspector don his regi-
mentals and wash up, or even had they seen him wash his
hands before running them about their cows' mouths ?

These inspectors I speak of are not Dr. Salmon's men, but
our local men, such as you'll find in any place but a veterinary
meeting ; for there they might increase their knowledge, al-
though they cannot believe this fact, but fear they might im-
part some of their secrets.

I once spayed a bitch that had had two difficult parturitions.
After removing the pups by Caesarian section we spayed her.
A medical doctor gave ether, a second looked on. One re-
marked : "I saw that bitch spayed two years ago, with no an-
tiseptics, and the veterinarian ran his dirty fingers about the
abdominal cavity for a time, cut off some omentum and sewed
her up. I asked him what should be his future line of treat-
ment ; he replied, ' Oh, give her a kick in the and turn

her loose in a snow-drift.'" I might say, this same veteri-
narian is an inspector.

People here will swear that the inspectors did not even wash.

162 CORRESPONDENCE.

their hands before or. after feeling the diseased cattle's mouths ;
then trace them to a neighbor's, who will swear to the same
effect.

Friedberger and Frohner enumerate modes of infections and
place veterinarians near the end of their list. Evidently these
authors never visited this State, where any charlatan may prac-
tice. We have no registration of veterinarians, hence they do
not have to pass examination before practicing. This will ex-
plain my remark that a clean layman is to be preferred to a
dirty veterinarian in this inspection, and also urge for registra-
tion of veterinarians.

We have seen quite a number of articles in the Review
where veterinarians are urged to cleanliness about work and
person, both for their own uplifting and for that of their pro-
fession. Here is another urge. Yours truly,

Francis Abele, Jr.

subcutaneous injections of saline solutions.

Passaic, N. J., April 14, 1903,

Editors Americmi Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — I notice in this month's Review under " Re-
ports of Cases," that A. S. Brodie, V. S., of Cedar Falls, Iowa,
reports his experience with five cases of azoturia, which he
treated with subcutaneous injections of sodium chloride. The
Doctor states that he dissolved sixteen drams of sodium chloride
in three gallons of water and gave it subcutaneously, and further
that in the second case he repeated the injection in twenty-four
hours.

It appeared to me as a very large quantity to inject at one
time. I would like to ask the Doctor at what part of the body
he makes his injection, and what kind of a syringe he uses (in
fact, the details of the modus operandi). Also, what his theory
is regarding a saline solution in azoturia. If a saline injection
is used, would it not be better to inject it directly into the jugu-
lar vein ? Very truly yours, J. Payne lyOWE.

The latest proposal in the packing line is that of a Chicago
man who says he is going to erect a plant in Kansas City for
the exclusive handling of Angora goats. The name of the cor-
poration which is to carry on the business will be the Angora
Lactic Food and Packing Co. and it will be chartered under
the laws of Texas.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 163

SOCIETY MEETINGS,

MICHIGAN STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The twenty-first meeting convened in the parlors of the
Hudson House, Lansing, Mich., February 3, 1903, at 2 o'clock
p/M. The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr.
H. F. Palmer, of Detroit. Members present : — Drs. Brenton,
Black, Byers, Campbell, Cummings, Drury, Deadman (J. F.),
Deadman(A.), Dunphy, Ervin, Gifiin, Gohn, Harrison, Hamil-
ton, Joy, Jopling, Moody, McQueen (H. D.), McDonald, Palmer,
Sutherland (D. G.), Sutherland (G. N.), Rose, Whitney, Waddle,
Ward, Scott, Russel, Brodie, Veldhiries, Wells (F. C), Waldron,
Smith, Muir, Elzinger, Farmer, Jones, Book, Bellenger, Gibson,
Manning. Honorary members present : — Drs. Hawkins, Baker,
and Prof. Marshall. Visitors present were Drs. J. S. Donald,
H. W. Nobles, F. Lare, W. E. McCandlass, C. E. Slaght, D.
King Smith.

President Palmer then delivered the annual address, as fol-
lows :
" Ladies and Gentlemen :

" Following the custom of all similar bodies, it now becomes
my pleasant duty to say a few words to you upon the opening
of the twenty-first session of the Michigan State Veterinary
Medical Association.

" The past year has been one of imiversal uplift along all
veterinary lines. The general prosperity of the country, the ad-
vancement in prices and demand for live stock and the better
qualifications of the veterinarian to meet the emergency de-
mands, each has had its share in the betterment of the veteri-
narian's condition.

" Probably there never was a greater demand for veterina-
rians than to-day. The electric cars, the wheels and, lastly, the
automobiles, have each in a characteristic cartoon way put the
horse and his co-partner, the veterinarian, away down in the
back seat ; but, despite all of these depressing influences, the
country is using every available veterinarian. Not a single in-
dividual who has successfully passed the civil service examina-
tion as inspector, but has received an appointment before an-
other examination was scheduled. What profession can show
a better demand ?

" Along the lines of our own State Society I think we can

164 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

see the word prosperity emblazoned thereon. To-day we are
an unbroken chain. Not one link has been slipped out during
the past year by the great garner, death. Harmony prevails.
Not one single instance has arisen to mar the effect of a calm
and peaceful deliberation of those questions concerning our best
welfare. In a political way not a single recommendation of this
society has been turned down. And right here let me digress a
little and offer a .word of commendation to the Chief Executive
of our State. I believe each of us regardless of our political
affiliations feels a warm spot in our heart for Gov. Bliss in ac-
knowledgment of the consideration that we as veterinarians
have received at his hand. Twice during the year he has been
called upon to name a member of the State Board of Veterinary
Examiners, and each time named a member of this organization.
Every appointment made by him in the past has been a mem-
ber of our State Society, and I was greatly rejoiced to know
that nearly every member of our society gave him their support
last fall, and to-day we feel we have his hearty support in the
uplift of the veterinary profession.

" Not only our society but veterinary work all along the
line in our country has been in a prosperous way. The Bureau
of Animal Industry has recently shown to the country what a
little organized effort can do. The dreaded foot-and-mouth dis-
ease has again made its appearance within our confines, but by
prompt and efficient work of the inspectors, guided by their
chief, D. E. Salmon, hardly a vestige of the dread disease is now
(even in this short space of time) to be found. Can we count
the cost in the stamping out of this dread malady ? Can we
realize what it would have meant to the live-stock industry of
this country if this disease had once obtained a foothold in our
western ranges ? In the language of Jerry Simpson, the Bureau
of Animal Industry has once, if never before, done something
for which our country should be truly grateful. I also desire to
mention the work that has been accomplished by our brethren
across the water, and also carried on in quite an extensive way
by Dr. Pearson, State Veterinarian for Pennsylvania. I refer to
the immunization of cattle against tubercular infection. With this
dread disease, that carries away about one-seventh of our popula-
tion, and despite the words of the renowned Koch and the ac-
cepted belief that bovine and human tuberculosis are one and the
same disease. Anything that will lessen this disease will be
hailed as a boon to our population. We cannot help but feel
that Dr. Pearson is on the right track. Immunity against an-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 165

thrax, blackleg and Texas fever is now such an important factor
in our commercial world, we can but hail with delight the sem-
blance of success in this new line of immunity.

•' During the past year frequent cases have been brought to
my notice of those who, though unregistered and not qualified to
be registered, were boldly displaying their names and titles in an
attractive manner. In some of these same cases requests have
come for me as Secretary of the Board to lawfully proceed
against these offenders. In each case I have replied that I had
no more power to proceed than they. Anyone knowing the
facts can make complaint to the prosecuting attorney of the
county in which they reside and he takes it upon behalf of the
State as being a violation of State law. Some State associa-
tions in their annual meetings have appointed what they call a
prosecuting committee, who take all such cases in hand, and
with the financial aid given by the society, can proceed against
all such offenders. If we are successful in getting more and
better legislation, I would recommend that such a committee be
made a part of this organization and be given power to act in
such cases. One or two vigorous prosecutions successfully car-
ried out will have a wholesome effect on our quack population.

'' In these days of experimental and research work, the vet-
erinarian finds much information of practical value in the bulle-
tins and other publications of the Department of Agriculture
and the State experimental stations. The majority of these
publications can be had for the asking. I would recommend
that our Committee on Intelligence and Education be instructed
to make it a part of their duty to secure sufficient numbers of
all available bulletins of interest to the veterinarian and bring
them to the meeting each year for distribution among the mem-
bers. Of necessity, then, this committee would have to keep
in touch with all stations issuing free bulletins, and when one
of interest was sent out, a request could be made for a sufficient
number to supply all.

'^Veterinary Legislation. — Each year of late, our society has
had a bill before its .sessions to discuss its merits or demerits,
and this year is no exception. Your Legislation Committee has
spent much time and pains in the preparation of a bill that will
be presented to you for acceptance or rejection. We feel that
this year of all years we are in the best shape to ask for an
amendment to our present bill. Nearly every member of this
organization has had this on his mind during the past year and
when the politician was approached a promise was secured from

166 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

him before his election and in some cases even before nomina-
tion. This, coupled with the fact that we have a chief execu-
tive who is favorable to our interests, makes it seem a most op-
portune time to strike for better legislation along veterinary
lines.

" During the past year the question has often arisen regard-
ing the eligibility of graduates of a certain veterinary college
located in our State to registration under the State Board of
Veterinary Examiners. From the first organization of this
board until such a time as the majority of its members were
members of this society, these graduates were placed on a level
with graduates of any reputable veterinary school. After our
society gained the majority vote on the Board, then we failed to
recognize those graduates,, claiming the school did not live up
to original provisions of its charter. In our stand we appealed
to the Attorney General, but found that office and its force ap-
parently guided by home and brotherly feeling, and he advised
and recommended us to register said graduates. Not caring to
have to believe the Attorney General on this stand, an appeal
was made to the Superintendent of Public Instruction for a
general investigation of said school and its methods of working.
Unfortunately this has been more of a personal interview than
a rigid investigation, and we are now face to face with a propo-
sition to register such graduates, and I fear it will have to be
done despite all of our work along that line. This being the
case, from time to time some of her graduates may apply for
admission to our society. If such do knock for admission, I
would recommend that each one be critically looked over and
see that we get a man who is in sympathy with us and not one
who will antagonize us.

" And, now, in conclusion, I can but say a few words com-
mendatory of those men in our society who have so faithfully
worked for the passage of a bill for better legislation. Not
only have they taken the time from their own personal business
to help out on these matters, but money has been freely given
in order to get an appropriate bill passed. And the least that
we can do is to heartily support the Legislation Committee in
their grand efforts. Let us give the time of this meeting largely
to the discussion of this one subject, and may we here at this
time so formulate and so put in action a movement, the out-
come of which will be a law properly protecting the veteri-
narian in his honest work of alleviating the sufferings of the
live stock of this great commonwealth."

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 167

After the President's address, the proceedings of the previous
meeting were read and approved.

The following applications for membership were referred to
the Executive Committee : Dr. Chas. C. Slaght, Chicago Vet-
erinary College ; Dr. Francis Lau, Nashville, Indianapolis Col-
lege ; H. Wynn Nobles, Hastings, Ontario Veterinary College ;
W. E. McCandlass, Capac, Ontario Veterinary College ; J. S.
Donald, West Bay City, Ontario Veterinary College; M. M.
Coxe, Maryville, Ontario Veterinary College ; R. C. Rolls,
Eaton Rapids, Ontario Veterinary College. The committee re-
ported favorable on Drs. Donald, Slaght, Lau, Nobles, and
McCandlass, and recommended that the applications of Drs.
Rolls and Coxe be held over for one year, as their applications
were not accompanied by the required fee. Upon motion the
report of committee was adopted. The President declared the
five first mentioned members of this body.

The Secretary read a number of letters from members, which
on motion were placed on file.

Dr. J. Hawkins spoke at this time very feelingly of the honor
the Association conferred upon him at the last meeting in mak-
ing him an honorary life member of the Association. He spoke
of his attendance at all meetings and stated that while he was
living in the State he never was absent from a meeting. He
said that his heart had always been with the Association from
the time in 1883 when it made its modest beginning to the
present time. He concluded with the remark that he never had
anything occur that pleased him as did the act making him a
life member of the Association, and, while he did not expect to
be present at many more of our meetings, his heart would always
be here. Applause. Dr. Palmer here referred to a matter that had
been brought to his notice, regarding his connection with the
Michigan Farmer as veterinary advisor. He said he was not
aware until his attention was called to it that he was violating
our Code of Ethics, and stated that if it was the wish of the As-
sociation he would withdraw from the position. Considerable
discussion was brought out, the drift of which was to leave the
matter to Dr. Palmer, with the understanding that the Code
must stand.

The Secretary's report was read and showed the business of
the Association to be in a prosperous condition, there being
I116.16 balance on hand.

Treasurer's report read and referred to Committee on Fi-
nance, who found everything O. K.

168 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The chairman of the Committee on Intelligence and Educa-
tion made a very full report and dwelt particularly upon the re-
cent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. His report was very
interesting-, inasmuch as he gave much inside history of the in-
cident. On motion report of the Committee was accepted and
filed.

Moved and supported that the thanks of this Association be
extended to Senator Holmes for his assistance in procuring the
appointment of C. A. Waldron as member of the State Veteri-
nary Board. Carried unanimously.

Moved and supported that this body recommend for reap-
pointment as State Veterinarian Dr. Frank C. Wells and that a
committee be appointed to wait upon Governor Bliss with a
copy of this resolution. Carried without a dissenting vote. The
President named as this committee Drs. Sutherland, Black and
Giffin.

Dr. W. A. Giffin tendered his resignation, which was reluc-
tantly accepted.

Regular order of business was suspended for the election of
officers.

The following officers were elected by acclamation :

President — H. M. Gohn, St. Johns.

First Vice-President —G. W. Dunphy, Quincy.

Second Vice-President — H. S. Smith, Albion.

Third Vice-President — J. Harrison, Maple Rapids.

Secretary-Treasurer — J. Black, Richmond.

Directors— J. C. Whitney, R. Muir, D. G. Sutherland, Wm.
Jopling, W. Irvin, C. A. Waldron.

Upon motion the meeting was adjourned until 8.30 o'clock,
Feb. 4th.

Feb. 4th, ipoj, p. I J A. M. — Meeting called to order by
President H. F. Palmer. Dr. Giffin being absent on committee
work. Dr. Wm. Jopling was appointed Secretary /rc> /^;«.

Dr. Palmer in opening called attention to the veterinary
bulletins in relation to the work of the Committee on Diseases.

Dr. F. C. Wells, State Veterinarian, reported the following
communicable diseases at present in the State : Glanders, tuber-
culosis, symptomatic anthrax, malignant catarrhal fever, and
maladie-du-coit.

Dr. Hal. I,. Ballenger referred to venereal diseases in stal-
lions.

Dr. H. M. Gohn stated the need of cooperation of members
of the Association in collecting material for the report of the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 169

Committee on Diseases. He suggested that action should be
taken in regard to control of rabies. He recommended that the
Committee on Diseases decide upon what line of investigation
they wish to take up. Also that an appropriation should
be made to defray expenses in the way of postage, printing,
etc.

Dr. Wells asked the members if they would like the report
of the Live Stock Sanitary Commission sent them.

Prof. Chas. H. Marshall read a paper upon some investiga-
tions he was conducting regarding pathogenic germs found in
drinking water. It was a very interesting paper, and the Pro-
fessor's work along this line is very much appreciated.

Dr. Wells read bills amending the present live-stock sanitary
law. The bill as amended will do away with the Live Stock
Sanitary Commission and put that work in the hands of the
State Veterinarian, who is to receive $2000 per year. Dr. Baker,
Secretary of the State Board of Health, made many excellent
suggestions regarding the amendment, which were inserted.
Among the many improvements he spoke of was one requiring
local boards of health to report to the State Board as well as the
State Veterinarian any outbreak of a suspicious character, and
that the State Veterinarian make an annual report instead of
biennial. The bill as amended was referred to the Committee
on Legislation.

Dr. Giffin read a bill regulating the practice of veterinary
science. This bill if passed will neither recognize nor register
anyone after 1904 (May) unless a graduate of a three-year school
and makes it illegal for any one not licensed to practice after
the above date. This bill was referred to the Committee on
Legislation. Dr. Wells also read a bill on meat and milk in-
spection, which originated in the State Board of Health, which
was referred to the Committee on Legislation.

Dr. Black read a paper upon " Hsemorrhagic Septicaemia,"*
which was followed by a very interesting talk on the same sub-
ject by Dr. Jopling. Dr. Dunphy advised being careful in diag-
nosing until bacteriologists have found the germ.

Dr. Gifhn at this time made a special report for the Execu-
tive Committee, reporting favorably upon the names of F. L-
Baldock and John F. Cline, and as there was some opposition to
the name of P. Hasseltine, it was decided to delay action on his
application in order to give the applicant a personal hearing.

* Will be published in an early number of the Review.

170 SOCIETY MEETINGS,

Report upon motion was adopted, and Drs. Baldock and Cline
were elected to membership.

Dr. Brenton presented his experience in the use of trikresol
solution as an injection into the mammary gland instead of
potassium iodide, and reported very satisfactory results.f

Dr. Jas. Harrison read a paper in which he described a very
mysterious case of apparent dropsy which left a permanent
tumor very large upon the sheath and belly.* The members of
the Association will be anxious to hear of the final disposition
of this peculiar case.

Dr. J. J. Joy read a paper on " Laminitis," which was very
useful in suggesting the proper use of the foot after an attack.

Dr. Ballenger read a paper entitled " Protrusion of the Os
Uteri before Parturition, with Surgical Treatment."

Dr. Muir's paper upon " A Few Interesting Cases," * was
read by his partner. Dr. Elsinger, and gave a good description of
some of those unavoidable cases that all practitioners occasion-
ally see.

Dr. Palmer's paper on '' Rabies " concluded the reading of
the papers, which were perhaps the best assortment we have had
at any meeting.

Dr. Hawkins, discussing Dr. Muir's paper, spoke of a case of
spontaneous fracture of the femur occurring in his practice,
which he said was, in his opinion, due to osteo-porosis, and sug-
gested the case of Dr. Muir's may have been due to the same
cause.

Dr. Brenton exhibited a new instrument for dressing teeth,
which created much interest.

Dr. H. M. Gohn, President, named the following Committees :
Intelligence and Educatio7t — Drs. Wm. Jopling, J. Drury, R.
W. McDonald.

Diseases — Drs. H. F. Palmer, R. Muir, J. J. Walkington,
Prof. C. E. Marshall.

Finance — Drs. S. Brenton, Geo. C. Moody, J. J. Joy.

Legislation— T>xs. F. C. Wells, W. A. Giffin, D. G. Suther-
land, Geo. W. Dunphy, J. Black.

Dr. P. Hasseltine came in just before adjournment to get his
hearing before the Executive Committee, but, owing to a num-
ber of the committee having gone home, it was thought best to
defer until full committee meeting. J. Black, Secretary.

♦See American Veterinary Review, Vol. XXVI, No. 12, page 1124.
f Will be published in an early number of the Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 171

The annual banquet of the M. S. V. M. A. was held in the
Hudson House on the evening of Feb. 3d, 1903. Ladies pres-
ent : Mrs. Brenton, Mrs. Giffin, Mrs. Campbell, Mrs. Whitney,
Mrs. Deadman and Mrs. McDonald. Governor Bliss was pres-
ent on this occasion and spoke in a complimentary way of the
Association. Dr. S. Brenton, toastmaster. Toasts responded to :
'' The Veterinary Profession in its Relation to Public Health,"
Dr. G. W. Dunphy ; " Michigan State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation," J. Black ; " Our Legislation," Gov. Bliss ; " Our Offi-
cers," H. F. Palmer ; " Our Visitors," Dr. D. King Smith ; " The
Ladies," H. S. Smith ; " The Veterinarian in Politics," F. C.
Wells.

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Boston Vet-
erinary Hospital, Wednesday evening, Sept. 24. Members pres-
ent : Drs. Beckett, Babbitt, Emerson, Harrington, Lewis, Mc-
Laughlin, Pierce, Playdon, Rogers, Winchester and Winslow.
The death of Dr. J. M. Parker in South Africa was announced.
It was voted that Dr. Winchester be appointed a committee of
one to draw up resolutions on the death of Dr. J. M. Parker
to be forwarded to his parents.

An informal talk of the meeting of the American Veterinary

Association was then given by Drs. Winchester and Pierce.

E. T. Harrington, Secretary,
*

The regular monthly meeting was held Wednesday evening,
Oct. 22, at the Boston Veterinary Hospital. Members present :
Drs. Beckett, Babbitt, Howard, Emerson, Winchester, Lewis
and Wallingford.

It was voted that the Association take up for discussion at
its next meeting the enforcement of the law relative to State
veterinary work.

Dr. Winchester exhibited and demonstrated the use of an
instrument for spreading horses' feet. Meeting then adjourned.

E. C. Beckett, Secretary pro tern.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Boston Vet-
erinary Hospital, Wednesday evening, Nov. 26. Members pres-
ent : Drs. Beckett, Babbitt, Dyer, Frothingham, Harrington,
Howard, La Baw, Lewis, McLaughlin, Peters, Pierce, Playdon,
Rogers, Riorden and Winchester. Visitors : Drs. Whitz, Bab-
son and Robinson, of Westerly, R. I.

172 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The following resolutions were presented by Dr. Winches-
ter :

" Whereas, It has come to the notice of the Massachusetts
Veterinary Association an order issued by the Chief of the Cat-
tle Bureau, under date of Oct. ist, 1902, that in the future cat-
tle shipped to the quarantine stations at Brighton, Watertown
and Somerville will be held and tested with tuberculin free of
expense to the owner by the agent of the Cattle Bureau ;

" Whereas, It has been demonstrated in the past when sim-
ilar methods were in vogue they were impracticable ;

" Whereas, Those cattle that react to the tuberculin test
are allowed to be returned by the owner to the State from which
they came ; and,

'' Whereas, The Chief of the Cattle Bureau has decreed
that those animals that have reacted to the tuberculin test must
not be retested for the Massachusetts market ;

" Whereas, It appears in the above order that veterinari-
ans (with the exception of the Cattle Commissioners) are alone
recognized as competent to test cattle with tuberculin in the
State of New Hampshire ;

" Whereas, It has come to our knowledge that the Chief
appoints as the agent of the Cattle Bureau to test all cattle
coming to the quarantine stations at Brighton, Watertown and
Somerville, a man without veterinary education ; be it

" Resolved^ By the Massachusetts Veterinary Association, in
regular meeting assembled, that in our opinion portions of the
order are not practicable and will react to the detriment of the
State of Massachusetts ; be it further

" Resolved, That the appointing of a man as agent of the
Cattle Bureau to have charge of the quarantine stations without
a veterinary education is detrimental not only to the State, but
it directly reflects against the veterinary profession in the State
of Massachusetts."

The reading of the resolutions was followed by a general
discussion, indulged in by all members present, after which it
was voted that the acceptance of the resolutions be laid over
until the January meeting.

This was followed by a demonstration of the operation of
peroneo-phalangeal tenotomy by Dr. J. F. Winchester, assisted
by Dr. C. H. Playdon. The subject of the operation had been
successfully operated upon in one leg.

A vote of thanks was tendered both gentlemen by the As-
sociation for their kindness in providing a clinic.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 173

It was voted that the regular monthly meeting be held the
third instead of the fourth Wednesday of December.

The following communication was received from the Har-
vard Alumni Association :

" That the council of this Association sitting with a commit-
tee of the Massachusetts Veterinary Association (if that Asso-
ciation sees fit to appoint a committee) draw up a bill and have
it presented to the Legislature of Massachusetts requiring the
registration of veterinarians." After a general discussion of the
matter, it was decided that the appointment of a committee was
not necessary ; that the matter could be brought before the Leg-
islative Committee by the Committee of the Alumni Associa-
tion, and when the matter came up for a hearing this Associa-
tion could lend its aid to fuither the matter.

Meeting then adjourned.

E. T. Harrington, Secretary.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Boston Vet-
erinary Hospital, Wednesday evening, Dec. 17, at 7.30 p. m.
Members present : Drs. Beckett, Burr, Babbitt, Bunker, Bmer-
son, Frothingham, Harrington, Howard, McLaughlin, Peters,
Peterson, Pierce, Playdon, Rogers, Riorden and Winchester,

On motion of Dr. Winchester, it was voted to insert in the
records that the reason of postponement of action on resolutions
was on account of the December meeting coming on Christmas
eve.

There was a general discussion of the bill to be presented to
the legislature regulating practice of veterinary medicine which
was read by Dr. Frothingham.

Voted that Dr. Frothingham be appointed to confer with
the medical board in regard to having our board associated with
them.

Moved by Dr. Winchester that resolutions presented at last
meeting be reconsidered. Not carried. Voted to hold our
next meeting at the Harvard Medical School at which Dr.
Frothingham is to read two papers, viz. : *' Tumor-like Lesions
of Lungs due to a Blastomyces," and *' Foot-and-Mouth Disease
from a Scientific Standpoint."

Meeting then adjourned.

E. C. Beckett, Secretary pro tern.

*
* *

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Harvard Medi-

174 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

cal School, Wednesday evening, January 28, at eight o'clock,
Members present : Drs. Babbitt, Beckett, Burr, Bunker, Clark,
Draper, Emerson, Frothingham, Harrington, Howard, La Baw.
Lewis, McLaughlin, Osgood, Paige, Peters, Pierce, Rogers,
Winchester, Winslow. Visitors : Dr. Bailey, of Maine ; Dr.
Browell, of Brockton.

It was voted that the resolutions presented by Dr. Winches-
ter at the November meeting be taken from the table. Dr.
Winchester went into explanation in detail of the resolutions
presented. He did not think that cattle on arrival at quaran-
tine station were in condition to be immediately tested with
tuberculin, as after confinernent in cars animals might be suffer-
ing from subacute laminitis, or rutting period, etc., which
would interfere with its action.

Dr. Winchester did not think the order issued by the Chief
of the Cattle Bureau gave the educated veterinarian proper re-
cognition in appointing a layman at Brighton.

Dr. Frothingham thought a man who was not a veterina-
rian but who had had a great experience testing cattle would be
better qualified to test cattle than a regular veterinarian without
experience.

Dr. Osgood thought resolutions called for a vote of censure
against one of our members. It seemed to be the policy of the
State of Massachusetts to appoint agriculturists on cattle com-
missions. In the last six or seven years the profession had suc-
ceeded in getting a regular veterinarian appointed at its head.
He thought the grange interests had probably some influence in
appointing Mr. Dennen, to which it was necessary to accede
in order to have a regular veterinarian appointed at its head.
He did not think we should pass a vote of censure on one
of our members in a matter which was possibly out of his con-
trol.

Dr. Howard thought it was a question as to whether the
Massachusetts Veterinary Association had the courage to stand
up to a matter of principle, and not a matter of politics or per-
sonality.

Dr. Peters thought the resolutions were a criticism of his ac-
tions. He thought he had acted for the best. He did not start
into his new position hampered or trammeled by any pledge.
He appointed Mr. Dennen because he was on the Cattle Com-
mission a number of years and had control of yards at Brighton,
Somerville and Watertown. If he had to appoint a new man
he would appoint a regular veterinarian. Thinks Mr. Dennen

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 175

is a thoroughly trained man ; also, that it is practical to test
cattle on arrival.

Dr. Winchester : Cattle reacting were held back a week and
retested. Cattle reacting to tuberculin to-day would not react
again for several months. Did not think resolutions were at all
personal. Asked how can Mr. Dennen be an expert when he
cannot recognize other diseases.

Dr. Paige thought resolutions consisted of two parts — the de-
tail of work done and the manipulation of Cattle Bureau,- the sec-
ond part a serious matter to veterinary surgeons in the matter of
principle. He thought it might be a matter of policy in ap-
pointing Mr. Dennen at the time ; at the present time it might
be different. He knew many farmers thought it unfair for Mr.
Dennen to draw pay from the State and enter into competition
with them in the cattle business. He wished to go on record
as opposing the appointment of Mr. Dennen. If the matter of
opposing appointment of Mr. Dennen would react to the detri-
ment of the veterinary profession it would be better for us to lose
our connection with the Cattle Commission.

Dr. Burr thought the resolutions covered more than a mat-
ter of principle.

Dr. Beckett thought we sometimes had to sidetrack principle
for policy, as in getting our bill for registration through the leg-
islature it was necessary to include non-graduates who had been
in business a certain length of time.

Dr. Peters did not know as the time was yet ripe for ap-
pointing only veterinarians on the Board of Agriculture.

Dr. Howard offered an amendment that the resolutions
should be rewritten. He thought the matter should be referred
to a committee.

Dr. Winchester arose to a question of privilege. He
thought the matter should be acted upon at this meeting. Dr.
Winchester moved that vote on resolutions be by roll-call.
Defeated, 10-3.

Dr. Osgood offered the same motion as Dr. Howard's, which
was carried, 10-7.

Voted to appoint a committee of five from the floor^Win-
chester, Howard, Burr, Rogers, Paige.

An application for membership was received from Dr. W. M.
Simpson, of Maiden, which under the rules was laid over till
the next meeting.

Meeting then adjourned.

Edw. T. Harrington, Secretary,

176 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

The regular monthly meeting was held at the Harvard
Medical School, Wednesday evening, Feb. 25, at eight o'clock.
Members present : Drs. Beckett, Burr, Babbitt, Clark, Emerson,
Frothingham, Howard, Lewis, McLaughlin, Paige, Peters,
Pierce, Rogers, Harrington, Winchester, Winslow. Visitors :
Drs. Allen, Conway and Boutelle.

Dr. Beckett wished to have inserted in records of last
meeting that the order of the Chief of the Cattle Bureau as dis-
cussed at the last meeting allowed cattle which had responded
to the tuberculin test to be returned to the State from which
they came, except Vermont, with the consent of the cattle
commissioners of those States.

It was voted to stand for a separate board of registration.

An interesting paper upon " Foot-and-Mouth Disease " was
read by Dr. PVothingham, after which there was a general dis-
cussion of the subject.

An application for membership was received from Dr.
Charles Arthur Boutelle, of Newton Centre. Laid over till next
meeting.

Dr. W. M. Simpson, of Maiden, was unanimously elected to
membership.

The report of Committee on Resolutions was accepted as
progressive.

Meeting then adjourned.

Edw. T. Harrington, Secretary,

PASSAIC COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at 169 Paterson
Street, Paterson, N. J., on Tuesday evening, February 3d, 1903,
with Dr. William Herbert Lowe, President, in the chair.

On roll-call the following members answered to their names :
—Drs. William J. Reagan, M. A. Pierce, T. J. Cooper, Wm. H.
H. Doty, David Machan, John H. Degraw, Wm. Herbert Lowe,
Paterson ; William C. Berry, Haskell ; J. Payne Lowe, Passaic.

Dr. David Machan was chosen Secretary pro tern.

The minutes of the last regular meeting were read and ap-
proved.

Dr. Cooper moved that the Association provide for a substi-
tute for the relief of any member when needing the services of
the same. This motion was discussed pro and con. Several
members were of the opinion that this was a matter that could

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 177

be best arranged by members themselves as occasion required.
Motion was finally carried. Dr. Cooper then moved that the
Chair appoint a committee of three on the substitute proposition
to report at the next meeting. The Chair appointed as such
committee, Drs. Cooper, Reagan and Doty.

Dr. J. Payne lyOwe spoke in favor of the Association paying
the expense of sending specimens to the State Laboratory for
bacteriological or other examination when the Association re-
ceived the benefit of such examination. Upon motion of Dr.
Reagan, the Association authorized such expense to be paid out
of the treasury when in the judgment of the President the case
was of such a nature or character as to warrant the same, but
such expense was only to be allowed upon the written order of
the President.

The Treasurer, Dr. M. A. Pierce, reported all bills paid and
$13 balance in the treasury.

The delegates to the annual meeting of the Veterinary Medi-
cal Association of New Jersey, held at Trenton, January 8th,
1903, made the following report: —

" Your delegates would report that the Passaic County Vet-
erinary Medical Association was represented at Trenton by Drs.
Pope, J. Payne Lowe, Fredericks and President William Herbert
Lowe. The sessions were well attended by leading members of
the profession from all parts of the State, by several state offi-
cials as well as by a number of prominent veterinarians from
neighboring States. Among the visitors from Pennsylvania
were Drs. Leonard Pearson, Dean of the Veterinary Department
of the University of Pennsylvania, and W. Horace Hoskins, edi-
tor of \}l\^ Journal of Comparative Medicme and Veterinary Ar-
chives ; from New York, Dr. Veranus A. Moore, Professor of
Comparative Pathology and Bacteriology at the New York State
Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca ; and from New
York City, Drs. George H. Berns, E. B. Ackerman, Robert
Dickson, Robert W. Ellis, James L. Robertson and Roscoe R.
Bell, editor of the American Veterinary Review, the three
latter being professors in the New York-American Veterinary
College, New York University. The morning session was given
over to the transaction of routine business, the election of offi-
cers and the delivery of the President's address.* There were
many salient points in the address. Dr. Lowe recommended
the establishment at Trenton of a State Bureau or Commission

*See American Veterinary Review, Vol. XXVI., No. ii.

178 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

of Animal Industry with a Chief Veterinarian as State Veteri-
narian. With such an organization the veterinary sanitary
work of the State could be more efficiently and economically
administered than by a number of separate bureaus working in-
dependently without professional directorship, as at present.
Dr. Lowe said in his address that a layman or a veterinarian
could with just as much propriety attempt to direct the official
work of the medical profession in the State as a layman or an
M. D. has to undertake to direct the veterinary work of the
State. A conference committee was appointed to confer with
the officers of the State Board of Health, the State Board of
Agriculture, the State Tuberculosis Commission and others con-
cerned, with a view of adopting a plan satisfactory to all con-
cerned, as recommended by the President. As soon as prelimi-
naries are arranged it is proposed to take steps to secure the
necessary legislation. The afternoon session was devoted to the
reading of papers and discussions. Professor Veranus A. Moore
read an excellent paper on ' Etiology and Prevention of Infec-
tious Diseases of Animals,'* illustrated by the stereopticon. A
paper on ' The Relation of State Boards of Veterinary Examin-
ers to the Teaching Schools, the Profession and the State,' by
Drs. T. B. Rogers and William Herbert Ivowe, was read and dis-
cussed. Dr. Leonard Pearson gave some valuable data based on
experiments made by him on the immunization of cattle against
tuberculosis. The Veterinary Medical Association of New Jer-
sey will hold its semi-annual meeting at the United States Ani-
mal Quarantine Station at Athenia, on the Newark and Pater-
son branch of the Erie Railroad and on the Boonton branch of
the D. L. & W. R. R., on Thursday, July 9th, 1903, which will
give members of the profession an excellent opportunity not
only of seeing fine specimens of imported stock, but of learning
something of the method and system of inspection and quaran-
tine as conducted by the Federal Government.'^

The report of the delegates was received, and it was moved
and carried by unanimous vote that the Passaic County Veter-
inary Medical Association approve and endorse the recommen-
dations of President William Herbert Lowe made in his recent
address before the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jer-
sey, at Trenton, for the establishment of a State Bureau or Com-
mission of Animal Industry with a Chief Veterinarian as the
State Veterinarian of the State of New Jersey, and that a com-

*See American Veterinary Review, Vol. XXVI. No.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 179

mittee be appointed by this Association to aid the committee of
the State Association in this important undertaking. The Chair
appointed as such committee, Drs. Pope, Fredericks and J.
Payne Lowe.

The Association learned with regret of the illness of Dr. John
Kehoe, and, upon motion of Dr. Machan, Dr. J. Payne Lowe
was appointed a committee of one to call upon Dr. Kehoe at
his home.

The President appointed Dr. Reagan essayist for the March
meeting. The subject of his paper is "-Poisoning in the Dog."
On motion meeting adjourned at 10.30 P. M.

D. Machan, Secretary pro ie7n.

The regular monthly meeting was held at 169 Paterson
Street, Paterson, N. J., on Tuesday evening, March 3d, 1903.
Tlie President being absent, his brother. Dr. J. Payne Lowe,
was requested to take the chair. He called the meeting to order
at the usual hour, and upon roll-call a quorum was declared
present. The minutes of the last regular meeting were read
and approved. Dr. Cooper reported progress for the committee
on substitute. Dr. J. Payne Lowe reported that Dr. Kehoe
was much better and out again.

Dr. Cooper raised the question as to whether glanders was
on the increase or decrease in this county, which was discussed
by the members present, each giving his individual experience.

The members then listened to a most creditable paper on
" Poisoning in the Dog," * by Dr. Reagan. Dr. Reagan was
given a vote of thanks, and it was ordered that a typewritten
copy of his paper be sent to both veterinary periodicals for pub-
lication. Dr. H. K. Berry was appointed essayist for the April
meeting. On motion meeting adjourned at 10.30 P. M.

Wm. J. Fredericks, Secretary pro tern.

*

The regular monthly meeting was held at the office of Dr.
Wm. Herbert Lowe, corner of Paterson and Van Houten Streets,
Paterson, N. J., on Tuesday evening, April 7, 1903. The meet-
ing was called to order at the usual hour by First Vice-Presi-
dent Dr. David Machan. The minutes of the March meeting
were read and approved. The Committee on Substitute re-
ported progress. Dr. Cooper reported that a certain practitioner
was charging less than the schedule rates. On motion, this
matter was laid over until the next meeting.

* Will be published in an early number of the Review,

180 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Dr. H. K. Berry, the essayist, being absent, several interest-
ing cases were reported and discnssed and the meeting turned
out to be an interesting and profitable one. On motion, meet-
ing adjourned at 10.30 p. m.

J. Payne Lowe, Secretary pro tern.

ALUMNI ASvSOCIATION OF THE NEW YORK-AMER-
ICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The regular meeting was held in the College Building,
Thursday, April 2, 1903, at 2.30 P. M. The President, Dr. Wm.
Herbert Lowe, in the chair. Members present : — Drs. R. W.
Ellis, R. F. Meiners, J. F. Winchester, W. Horace Hoskins, W.
H. Lowe, Wm. Dougherty, W. C. Miller, J. L. Robertson, F.
R. Hanson, T. E. Budd, W. J. Coates, H. D. Gill and Wm. An-
derson. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and
approved. It was then reported that the annual banquet was
to be held in conjunction with the Alumni Associations of the
American Veterinary College and the New York College of
Veterinary Surgeons at the Hotel Marlborough on that evening
at 7 o'clock.

In the absence of the Treasurer, Dr. Miller reported that
there was a balance of $40 in the treasury.

The class of 1903 was admitted to membership to this Asso-
ciation as follows : Drs. W. J. Butler, W. W. Bennett, G. E.
Smith, F. Glynn, S. A. Selby, C. E. Willis, F. M. Kettner, M.
Smith, C. D. Huxtable, A. Berdan, J. M. Young, F. D. Owens
and H. Stark.

There was a dicussion on the subject of increasing the
membership to make this society a more powerful factor, and to
this end, upon motion, the President appointed the following
committee representing each school to solicit new membership :
Dr. W. C. Miller (Chairman), Dr. H. D. Gill, Dr. R. W. Ellis.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year :

President — Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe.

Vice-President— Dr. H. D. Gill.

Secretary— Dr. W. C. Miller.

Under the head of new business, Dr. Hoskins asked for in-
formation through the President of the workings of the college
for the purpose of aiding and lending the support of the Asso-
ciation to it in whatever way it might be of service. Dr. Lowe
referred to Dr. Coates, not knowing the workings of the college,
and Dr. Coates suggested that hereafter Dr. Munn, of the Coun-
cil, be invited to attend the Alumni meeting, where the work-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 181

ings of the Council for the benefit of the college might be
learned, Dr. Munn being on the Committee for the Veterinary
Department. Dr. Hoskins then put it in the form of a motion
that Dr. Munn be notified at a reasonable time of such meetings,
inviting him to attend, which was seconded and carried.

A discussion then arose in regard to means for the advance-
ment of the college in regard to new buildings and better facil-
ities for working. Dr. Hoskins then made a motion that
the officers and Executive Committees of the Alumni Asso-
ciations of the A. V. C. and N. Y.-A. V. C. meet jointly some
time during the winter to draft resolutions for the same, and to
report to the Association at the regular meeting.

President Lowe then appointed the following members to
act on the Executive Committee for the following year : Dr.
R. W. Ellis (Chairman), Drs. Wm. Anderson, J. W. Fink, T. E.
Budd, and W. H. Hoskins. Adjourned.

F. R. Hanson, Secretary.

The annual banquet of the allied associations was held at
the Hotel Marlborough, Broadway and 36th Street, on the same
evening, and there was quite a large gathering of the alumni,
who partook of a splendid dinner. When the refreshments were
through with, Dr. Wm. J. Coates, the toastmaster, introduced
Dr. John P. Munn, of the University Council, who was slated
to respond to the sentiment " Universities." The Doctor is
always a welcome guest at veterinary gatherings, because he ap-
preciates their worth and the possibilities of this profession, and
his advice and encouragement is gratefully received, for we know
that it is sincere, while his long connection with educational in-
stitutions, coupled with his sound judgment, make it of value.
" Law " was the subject assigned to L. J. Tompkins, LL.M., and
he delivered a very interesting and amusing address, citing
numerous legal cases where live-stock were the objects of con-
tention. " Professional Hobbies " brought Prof. James L. Rob-
ertson to his feet, but he disclaimed his familiarity with such a
subject, believing that the only hobby a veterinarian should
have was to endeavor to improve our science through individual
effort. H. Taylor Cronk, M. D., spoke on "Our Sister Profes-
sion," and showed how closely allied it is with our own.
" x\lumni " was the theme of Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Phila-
delphia, and he paid a glowing tribute to his alma mater, show-
ing that her sons all over the country were giving good accounts
of themselves. Wherever movements to advance the interests

182 * SOCIETY MEETINGS.

of the profession were making, graduates of the old A. V. C.
would be found among those who were working hardest for their
accomplishment. The toastmaster next called upon Dr. Roscoe
R. Bell to respond to " Science," and he spoke of the wonderful
growth of that science in which we are most interested, claim-
ing that not one of the advanced sciences could show such prog-
ress in the short time it has existed in America ; no Old World
country could approach the energy thrown into it by the Amer-
icans ; her schools, her laws, her Bureau of Animal Industry,
etc., were fast becoming models for other countries to follow. Dr.
Wilfred Lellman spoke to the toast of " Faculty," and did so
in a pleasing and comprehensive manner. Then Dr. George G.
Van Mater, Professor of Ophthalmology at the N. Y.-A. V. C,
who, while practicing as an oculist to the humans, retains a
lively interest in the profession which was his first love, re-
sponded to the toast of " Ladies," and interspersed his remarks
by witty anecdotes and quaint stories. Dr. H. D. Hanson's sub-
ject was "Our Alma Mater," to which he paid filial homage.
Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe made a strong appeal in his remarks on
" The Alumni of N. Y.-A. V. C." for better facilities for hospital
and college buildings, making some pertinent suggestions as to
securing endowments for the purpose. Dr. Lester H. Howard,
who with Dr. John F. Winchester came up from Boston to pay
his annual respects to alma mater, gave a good account of the
" Alumni of the A. V. C. in New England," stating that the
New England Association would hold its banquet in the " Hub "
on the 25th, and extended a cordial invitation to all to be pres-
ent and join with them. Dr. Winchester was forced to catch
the midnight train before his number was reached. A number
of impromptu remarks were made by other guests, and the party
broke up a little after 12 o'clock, having spent a very pleasant
and profitable evening.

THE ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL AS-
SOCIATION.
The. twenty-first semi-annual meeting of this Association
was held in Urbana, February 17th, at Morrow Hall, State
Agricultural Building. Meeting was called to order at 10 A. M.
Members present :— Drs. W. W. Giles, Oilman ; E. J. List, Ha-
vana ; F. H. Ames, Canton ; D. Mcintosh, Champaign ; T. W.
Corkery, Urbana ; N. I. Stringer, Watseka ; L. C. Tiffany,
Springfield ; F. C. Grayson, Paxton ; C. S. Hay ward, Mattoon ;

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 183

E. L. Quitman, Chicag^o ; G. G. Ratz, Red Buel ; F. H. Barr,
Patia ; W. J. Martin, Kankakee ; H. A. Pressler, Fairbury ; D.
K. Kinsella, Chillicothe ; G. B. Jones, Sidell ; C. C. Mills, De-
catur ; A. H. Baker, Chicago ; George S. Frye, Naperville.

The minutes of last meeting were read and approved.

The report of the Treasurer showed a balance on hand of
$88.69. '^^^ following bills were allowed : For printing 2000
envelopes, $6 ; for printing 1000 letter heads, $4.50 ; stamps, $4 ;
express, 60 cents ; for printing 500 by-laws and constitutions,
$20 ; for printing 400 programmes, $4 ; Secretary's fees, $10 ;
total $49.10.

The following papers were read and discussed : " Gastro-In-
testinal Catarrh of the Ox," Dr. F. H. Barr, Pana ; "Veterinary
Obstetrics," Dr. W. J. Martin, Kankakee ; " Fraternalism in Vet-
erinary Science," Dr. T. W. Corkery, Urbana ; " Azoturia and its
Treatment," Dr. F. H. Ames, Canton ;" Analogous Foot-and-
Mouth Disease," Dr. C. C. Mills, Decatur ; " The Treatment of
Tetanus by Excessive Doses of Potassium Bromide," Dr. D. Mc-
intosh, Champaign. Under the last topic. Dr. Mcintosh re-
ported the recovery of 23 cases of tetanus, each of which re-
ceived from three and one-half x.o five pounds of potassiiini brom-
ide in their drinking water, covering a period of three to five
days. He stated that he encouraged the animal to drink ex-
cessive amounts of this drug and invariably when he had re-
ceived three and one-half to five pounds, perfect relaxation of the
muscles occurred and recovery took place. There seems no
danger in pushing the drug, and he aims to get this amount
into the animal in as short a time as possible, usually from two
to five days.

It being understood that a bill had been presented to the
Legislature amending our present bill so that registration might
ag^ain be opened for a period of six months to those quacks who
had not availed themselves of securing a license to practice,
the following resolution was presented by the Committee on
Legislation and passed :

*' Resolved^ That it is the sense of this Association that
we are strongly opposed \.o the passage of any amendment to the
present Veterinary Bill." It was moved and seconded that the
Secretary notify all members and secure their cooperation to
defeat the passage of the amendment.

Dr. Andrew Robertson, of Mount Carmel, was elected to
membership.

A vote of thanks was given to the Trustees of the Illinois

184 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

College ; also Dr. Mcintosh, for the use of the hall and other
courtesies.

Adjourned to meet in Chicago at the call of the President.

W. H. Welch, Secretary,

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
Secretary Repp informs us that thus far the following actions
have been taken by passenger associations in regard to passenger
rates for the Ottawa meeting : The Canadian Pacific Railway,
the Grand Trunk Railway, and the Canada Atlantic Railway
have granted a special rate of one and one-third fare for the
round trip, certificate plan, for 50 or more in attendance, and
one and two-thirds fare for 49 or less in attendance. The New
England Passenger Association and the Trunk Line Passenger
Association have granted a rate of one and one-third fare certifi-
cate plan, for 100 or more in attendance, and the Southeastern
Passenger Bureau has refused to grant a special rate from its ter-
ritory. Those attending from this latter territory should pur-
chase a ticket to the nearest point at which certificates are kept
in the territory of the Trunk Line Association or the Central
Passenger Association, if this latter should grant a special rate,
as it is expected to do, and then purchase a ticket from this
point to Ottawa and take certificate therefor. It is confidently
expected that special rates will later be granted by the Central
and the Western Passenger Association and perhaps by the
Southwestern from part of its territory at least. Report will be
made through the journals as soon as these associations take
action. Full information will accompany the programme. This
announcement is made so that our members and others may
know at the earliest possible moment what to look for in the
way of rates, as this will doubtless have an important bearing
in deciding the question whether they will attend the meeting
or not.

" The New York Medical Journal," in a recent issue,
editorially considers the prevalence of rabies throughout the
country, and believes that, while many reported cases are not
genuine, it is dangerously common.

Dog Meat in Bavaria. — It seems that the use of meat has
assumed such proportion at Munich and the number of dogs
slaughtered is so large that a municipal slaughter-house is to be
established for the killing of dogs and the curing of the meat.
Generalized tuberculosis has been recently found in one of the
canine carcasses.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 185

NEWS AND ITEMS,

Dr. Henry J. Lehrmann, of Montclair, N. J., is a mem-
ber of the City Council of that city.

Dr. T. B. Newby has succeeded John J. Millar as Secretary
of the McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, 111.

Dr. T. E. Smith, of Jersey City, N. J., is an enthusiastic
member of the Hudson County Road Drivers' Association.

Dr. Henry Vander Roest, of Newark, N. J., is an enthu-
siastic member of the Essex County Road Drivers' Association.

Dr. William Sheppard, of Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., has
joined the Veterinary Medical Association of New York County.

Dr. E.B. Ackerman, of Brooklyn, N. Y., acted in the ca-
pacity of veterinary judge at the recent Lakewood (N. J.) horse
show.

Dr. J. H. CONOVER was one of the founders of the Fleming-
ton Public Library, Flemington, N. J., and takes an active part
in the affairs of his town.

Veterinarian William Hebert Lowe is Chairman of
the Committee on Animal Diseases and Animal Food of the
New Jersey Sanitary Association.

Dr. James E. Ellis, a recent graduate of the Kansas City
Veterinary College, accepted a temporary appointment in the
meat inspection service at Kansas City.

" Hook Worms in Cattle " is the title of Bulletin No. 36
of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, issued April
ist, by Dr. Charles F. Dawson, station veterinarian.

J. H. McNeall, V. M. D., who has for a year or more been
acting dean of the Veterinary Department of the Iowa Agricul-
tural College, has been appointed to the full deanship.

Dr. J. C. Callender, Parkersburg, W. Va., has just com-
pleted and occupied a modern veterinary hospital, of brick, and
with all the conveniences of the best of such institutions.

Dr. C. E. Dornheim has removed from Pomfert Centre,
Conn., to II Brewer Street, New London, in the same State,
and has found the change a great improvement from a business
standpoint.

The San Francisco Veterinary College advertises a full
three-year course in this issue of the Review, but, unlike any
other veterinary school, the course extends over the summer
and early fall months.

Army Veterinarians are invited to contribute articles of
interest to the " Army Veterinary Department " of the Review.

186 NEWS AND ITEMS.

This can be made of immense value to the service, and the op-
portunity should not be lost.

Recently a dealer took a contract in Portland, Ore., to
supply the United States Government with upwards of loo cav-
alry horses at $117 per head. Some years ago a similar contract
is alleged to have been filled at I55.

Dr. E. M. Ranck, formerly engaged in experimental work
for the H. K. Mulford Company, of Philadelphia, has removed
to Natchez, Miss., and engaged in private practice, and we are
pleased to hear that his prospects are bright.

New Veterinary College. — The government of India
will open a new veterinary school in the presidency of Madras.
The hospital will get its principal supply of clinical material
through the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

The Manitoba Veterinary Association has issued a
pamphlet containing the full minutes of its last annual meeting,
which we have received from Secretary Torrance. A synopsis
of the proceedings was published in a recent number of the
Review.

Dr. J. F. DeVine, who located at Goshen, N. Y., about two
years ago, has built up a lucrative practice and an enviable
reputation in this famous " horse centre." He has found it
necessary to employ an assistant, and is preparing to construct
an infirmary.

It is said that Mr. T. W. Lawson intends to build the fast-
est track in the world on Dreamwold farm. It is to be built of
a new substance altogether instead of the old-fashioned dirt and
clay and will be four or five seconds faster than any harness
course in existence.

New Veterinary Journal. — The Italian Veterinary
Academy of Turin has decided upon the publication of a new
monthly journal, exclusively scientific, named Archivio Scien-
tifico della Reale Societa Nazionale ei Academia Veterinaria
Italiana. Quite a big name, is it not?

Dr. H. H. George, a member of the B. A. I. force in Kan-
sas City, has been transferred to Louisville, Ky., and placed in
charge of the inspection at that station. Dr. Thomas J. Turner,
who has been in charge at this point for a number of years, ex-
changed places by mutual agreement with Dr. George and goes
to Kansas City.

A New Catheter.— Whether it would answer for veteri-
nary practice, it matters little ; but anyhow it shows the ingenu-
ity of a thoughtful practitioner. Called to relieve, a woman

NEWS AND ITEMS. 187

suffering with retention of urine, and not provided with cathe-
ter or any other means to relieve the patient, who was in great
pain, the doctor resorted to the use of the stem of a clay smoking
pipe, which, after boiling five minutes as an antiseptic measure
allowed him to remove 1500 grammes of urine and give imme-
diate relief to the suffering woman. — {/ourn. de Med. de Paris.)
$1,000,000 FOR Filipino Cows. — Manila^ April 8. — Gov-
ernor Taft has planned for the immediate expenditure of $1,000,-
000 of the $3,000,000 appropriated by Congress for the relief of
the impoverished provinces in the purchase and transportation
of farm animals, which the recent epidemic of rinderpest almost
exterminated. Agriculture has since been practically paralyzed.
These animals will be distributed by the provincial officials at
cost after they have been made immune at the government
farm.

The Legislature of Missouri has recently appropriated
$15,000 to apply on a veterinary building for use in experiment
station work as well as clinical work, and for purposes of con-
struction. Missouri is the first State to follow the lead of Mas-
sachusetts and Minnesota in providing adequate accommoda-
tions and equipment for the veterinary department in agricul-
tural college and experiment station work. The Minnesota
building cost $25,000, and it is the evident intent of the Mis-
souri legislature to furnish a building which will cost consider-
ably more than $15,000.

Dr. a. H. Drucker, of New York City, was the victim of a
most unfortunate and painful accident while in the discharge
of his professional duties on March 30. He was in the act of
clipping the hair from the rear of the metacarpal region of a
horse preparatory to blistering the tendons, and had an attend-
ant holding up the opposite front foot. The horse made a side
kick with the hind foot, which struck the doctor midway of the
tibial region, making a compound fracture of the tibia and
fibula. He is now in the Presbyterian Hospital, and it is said
that he will have to remain there for three months.

Beet-Sugar Syrup as a Food for Horses. — As a result
of several weeks of experimenting, Dr. E. F. Vorhis, of Owego,
thinks that beet-sugar syrup is a better and cheaper food for
horses than oats. He bought thirty barrels of this syrup, each
containing fifty gallons, from the Binghamton Beet Sugar Com-
pany. The syrup costs three cents a gallon, if the barrels are
returned. This syrup has been fed to the horses of George
Crabb, who runs the Owego omnibus and baggage transfer line,

188 NEWS AND ITEMS.

and to those of James Forsyth, a farmer. All of these horses
have been able to perform their work satisfactorily, they like
the food and it seems to agree with them, as they have kept in
better condition than when fed on oats. The syrup is also said
to be considerably cheaper than oats. — {America7i Cultivator.)

A New Anesthetic. — The London Zoophilist gives an ac-
count of a new anaesthetic that has been discovered by Dr. G.
RoUand, director of the dental school and hospital of Bordeaux.
Its name is "somnoform." It promises to be a great boon to
suffering humanity, and the most perfect mode of ensuring
complete anaesthesia for animals. Dr. Rolland has experi-
mented with it more than a hundred times on himself, nearly
as many times on his colleague, Mr. Clerc, and has administered
it to fifteen hundred patients without an accident. — {Exchange.)

Horses Increasing in Both Number and Value. — The
last report of the Department of Agriculture shows the follow-
ing very satisfactory state of the horse industry in the United
States : In 1902 there were 16,533,224 horses in the country,
worth $968,935,178, an average of $58.61 a head. In 1903 the
number had increased to 16,557,373, worth $1,030,705,959,
being an average of $62.25, ^^ ^^ increase in value per head of
$3.64. The decadence of the horse must, by all fair reasoning,
be postponed yet awhile, if these figures reflect the mind of the
American people.

Contagious Animal Diseases in New Jersey. — Horse
owners in Newark, Paterson, Jersey City and other places in
New Jersey have recently suffered heavy loss from glanders,
which is widely disseminated in the Northern part of the State,
and the work of extermination is seriously handicapped for
want of a State Bureau or Commission of Animal Industry hav-
ing control of all dangerous animal diseases, as recommended by
President William Herbert Lowe in his recent address before the
Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey at Trenton.
There is a strong and determined movement on foot, backed up
by live-stock owners, farmers, sanitarians, boards of health, the
road drivers association, horsemen generally and veterinarians
for the establishment of such a bureau or commission. The
day is past for a division of control of this important part of the
State service, and that all of this work should be under veter-
inary directorship is no longer questioned. It is more than
probable that the next legislature will place all the vested in-
terests of animal husbandry, industry and products and animal
diseases in one bureau or commission, where they properly be-

NEWS AND ITEMS. 189

long, and where they can be managed to the best interests of
those most concerned. It would be quite as absurd for a veteri-
narian to attempt to direct the extermination of contagious dis-
eases among human beings, as it is for an M. D. to undertake
to direct veterinary sanitary work.

The Loss of McGill. — It will be a serious loss to the coun-
try if McGill's faculty of comparative medicine has to be closed
up for lack of funds. The expense of it has heretofore been
largely borne by its enthusiastic and public-spirited founder, Dr.
Duncan McEachran, who brought it up to the standard of being
at one time the leading school in America, though, owing to
United States rivalry, it cannot make that boast now. As noth-
ing but a veterinary school it is of the utmost importance to
Canada, which largely lives by the production of animals and
animal products. The value to the country of having compe-
tent veterinarians is illustrated by thc' splendid services render-
ed the country by Dr. McEachran himself, and that such men
are needed everywhere is proved by the fact that so many from
the school in Montreal have been drawn off by other countries.
As a department of biological science the study of animal life is
taking a higher and higher place, and Canada should not be be-
hind in this department of enquiry. It would probably be wise
if the faculty is to be reorganized to develop it into a general
agricultural department, with a farm. This valuable school
has enjoyed a subsidy of two thousand dollars from the Provin-
cial Government. If this could be increased to ten thousand the
school, with its connection with McGill, could be made as good
as any on the continent and the farmers and breeders of the
province could profit accordingly. — (:Mo7itreal Daily Witness^
March 24.)

Dr. George R. White Resigns as Meat Inspector of
Nashville. — The city Board of Health at its regular meeting
Monday afternoon transacted an important piece of business in
accepting the resignation of Dr. George White as LiVe Stock
and Meat Inspector and electing Dr. Joseph Plaskett in his
stead. The resignation of Dr. White was accepted with the
greatest regret and the highest praise was given the retiring of-
ficer by the members of the Board. The system of municipal
meat inspection has been in vogue here six years, and for five
years Dr. White has held the position of meat inspector. He
has proved himself in this time not only a highly efficient offi-
cer, but a very courageous one, as it took personal courage on
more than one occasion to carry out the orders of the Board of

190 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Health concerning the inspection of meat. For the past four
years he has operated under the new inspection law, one of the
best in the country and which passed the Council only after
the hardest sort of fight, many of the butchers vigorously oppos-
ing it. This opposition of the butchers, however, has happily
disappeared, and they now show an inclination to cooperate
with the Board of Health. Dr. White retires to devote all his
time to his practice. Dr. White's successor. Dr. Joseph Plaskett,
is a graduate of the McGill University, Montreal, Canada, and
has been in active practice in Nashville for the past eight years,
save one year when he was engaged in transporting animals to
South Africa for the British Government. Dr. Plaskett is well
qualified for the work and stands in high favor with the veteri-
nary profession of the entire country. — (^Nashville {Ten7t.)
American^ April 8.^

Horse Feeding Experiments. — The U. S. Department of
Agriculture has just issued Bulletin 125, Office of Experiment
Stations, entitled " A Digest of Recent Experiments on Horse
Feeding," by C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. This bulletin is a com-
pilation which summarizes and discusses recent experimental
work with horses, especially that carried on at the agricultural
experiment stations in the United States. The principles of
nutrition with reference to horse feeding are discussed and fig-
ures are given showing the composition and digestibility of the
coarse and concentrated fodders commonly fed to horses. Ex-
periments are summarized which discuss the comparative value
of the different feeding stuffs and special attention is paid to
some, like molasses, which are becoming more important than
formerly. The comparative merits of different ways of prepar-
ing feed are also treated, as well as the proper time of watering
and the amount of water required. Something is also said of
the energy expended for different kinds of external work and its
measurement, the energy required for chewing and digesting
food and other forms of internal muscular work, and similar
topics. Data are summarized in the form of a table, which
shows the nutrients and energy furnished per 1000 pounds, live
weight, by the rations fed to American and foreign army horses,
cab and bus horses, etc., as well as those supplied to the horses
of express companies, fire companies, packing houses, breweries,
etc., and the farm horses employed at the different experiment
stations, such data having been especially compiled for this bul-
letin. Average values were calculated, showing the amount of
nutrients furnished to horses performing different amounts of

NEWS AND ITEMS. 191

woik, which it is believed may serve as a guide in fixing upon
suitable rations.

The Antiquity of Enterocentesis. — We find the fol-
lowing quaint description of this very excellent and popular
operation in the recent work by H. Caulton Reeks, F. R. C. V.
S., entitled " The Common Colics of the Horse " : " Again I find
mention of it in an old volume I have before me as I write,
written by one Leonard Mascall, in the time of good Queen
Bess, and published in 1600. These are the words : ' For a
horse that is swolne with much wind in his body. Some horse
with eating certatne windy meate or such herbs, will be so
swolne there will be as though his belly wold burst, and then
he will eat no itleat, but stand and hang downe his head, ready
to fall, and so die, if he have not speedie help. When ye shall
see any horse so, the riext remedy as I can learne, is : ye shall
take a sharp-poiilted kilife, or bodkin, and arme it so with some
stay, that it go not too deep, for piercing his gnts. Then strike
hinl therewith through the skin into the body, before the hollow
place of his haunch bone, halfe a foote beneath the backe bone,
^rtd the winde will come out thereat. Then if ye put a hollow
quill therein (or some feather to keep it open awhile), the winde
will voyd the better and so heale againe . . . this hath bene
prooved the best remedie to save your horse or ox.' Vegetius,
in the fourth century, advises its adoption, giving minute in-
structions as to the seat of the operation — in this case the linea
alba, four fingers breadth behind the navel — and suggesting the
instruments to be used." " Common Colics of the Horse " was
reviewed in the March number of the Review. We since have
received a copy from Alex. Bger, 34 Van Buren Street, Chicago,
111., the American publisher of the book. We are decidedly of
the opinion that every practicing veterinarian should read it
carefully, for, while all may not agree with the author's ideas of
treatment the pathology is most accurately detailed, the result
of most intelligent observation and splendid reasoning. The
author has a remarkable command of language and places his
arguments before his readers in that clear and fascinating style
which rivets his attention and interest in the manner of a
charming work of fiction, reminding the veterinarian of that
old English master, Percivall, whom he frequently quotes. We
believe that "The Common Colics of the Horse" is the best
practical treatise given to the veterinarian in recent years, and
the author should be encouraged to attempt something more pre-
tentious by a large sale of his first little volume.

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ifublishers^ rates.

Scores of efforts have been, made to secure a substance which would
satisfactorily Ireplace iodoform. There is no question as to the actual
remedial value of iodoform. It is the veterinary surgeon's standby in
a wide field of application. But its odor always creates a feeling of re-
pugnance.. In facts the smell of iodoform is so disgusting and so pro-
nounced that owners of animals often ask the attending veterinarian
whether ".something else " cannot be employed in place of iodoform.
Then, usualily, the surgeon tries to mask the smellwith essential oils,
or to coven it up in some other wa3\ At best, however, this disguising
of the odor is only a makeshift, and the results are never satisfactory.
Thus the introduction of Tannoform (Tannin.-formaldehydei has been
viewed with special favor by veterinarians. First of all, Tannoform is
odorless, and it more than takes the place of iodoform, for it possesses
drying propertiefs which are lacking in iodoform. Added to these im-
portant advantages is the fact that Tannoform is twice as bulky as iodo-
form. It naturally follows that Tannoform i.s very much the cheaper
drug to employ: iC. L. Blakely, M. D. V., Augusta, Me., isone among
the many who have a high regard for Tannoform Merck. He says :
" As an antiseptic dressing to control and promote so-
called healthy granulation, I have never seen the equal of
Tannoforni. I regard it as far superior to iodoform, and
heartily recommend its use."
Tannoform is also an effective antidiarrhceal. In fact, its interna!
uses are quite as important as its field of external application As to its
value internally I. A. Wynn, D. V. S., Kenton, Ohio, reports :

' * Tannoform gave good results in 24 hours in the case of
A colt that' had diarrhoea for several days. "

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12

American Veterinary Review.

JUNE, 1903.
EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, France, April 15, 1903.

Although tuberculous lesious have occupied the attention of
all pathologists, the subject is far from being exhausted, and al-
most every day scientific papers bring out some new discover-
ies or at least remarks of interest on their presence. Mr.
Arloing, in a recent thesis for a medical degree, took for sub-
ject that of "Tuberculous Ulcerations of the Stomach in Ani-
mals," from whom I abstract the following :

Those ulcerations are rare in animals. Only eleven cases
are recorded, and among those one is personal to the author.
Most of them occurred in cattle, and it is in the rumen, the
many-leaves, or principally the abomasum that they were
found. To the point of view of their external aspect and of
their histological seat, those ulcerations are identical to those of
the stomach of man. Often single, sometimes in numbers, the
loss of substance is rounded, with their borders undermined or
sometimes thick and raised. Seldom are tubercles of the mu-
cous membrane found on their edges.

In some cases a few bacilli only can be colored from these
lesions, which are generally met with in tuberculosis of the peri-
gastric lymphatic glands and also with pulmonary, intestinal or
generalized tuberculosis.

The production of those tuberculous ulcerations has been
attributed solely to direct bacillar infection of the wall of the
gastric compartments, the bacilli of Koch being taken in with
food or with expectoration. The possibility of another way for
a parietal infection seems to have been overlooked. For in-

193

194 EDITORIAL.

Stance, for McFadyean, "it is not doubtful that deglutition
brings numerous bacilli into the stomach." The relative im-
munity of the first three is explained naturally by the thickness
of the epithelial covering. And for the fourth stomach, its re-
sisting power is due to the acidity of its secretion. For Johne,
the cause is a direct infection of the mucous membrane. But
for Mr. Arloing the direct infection cannot be admitted, and for
him it is through the general circulation that it takes place.
Nevertheless, there is absolute identity in the tuberculous ulcer-
ations of man and those of animals. They are probably more
frequent than is supposed, and more complete post-mortem ex-
aminations ought to be made to enlarge the list of those already
recorded.

But what is probably more rare than those gastric ulcera-
tions is the record of tuberculosis of the mamm^ in a mare,
published in 'the Archiv. fur wissenschaftliche und praktische
Thierheilkunde. It seems it was a mare which showed weak-
ness, loss of appetite, less ambition to work, and one day had
the mamnife swollen and presenting a little nodule in one of the
posterior quarters of the gland. This soon grew larger, became
as big as a hen's egg^ hard, elastic, slightly painful and finally
fluctuating. A caseous pus was extracted. Two guinea-pigs
inoculated with the pus died in three weeks with generalized
tuberculosis. The mare's condition grew worse, her tempera-
ture raised a little, she still eat very little. The first abscess
healed, but two others were formed in the same way and re-
moved for further examination. The disease spread, invasion
was manifest through the lung, and the animal died in three
months of progressing cachexia. The examination for bacilli
in the nodules showed them only in small number.

*
* *

This case brings me naturally to speak of one which I have
just read in the Revue Generate de Medechie Veterinaire and
which throws light on an interesting subject. Tuberculosis of
the mammae, says Mr. Conte, is almost always secondary ; it

EDITORIAL. 195

coincidates with the generalization of the lesions and is the con-
sequence of infection of the gland by the circulation. But, if
this is the rule, it is not without exception, and several cases
are recorded in which the gland was the initial seat of the in-
fection ; and, indeed, nothing was ever detected to justify the
suspicion of tuberculosis except the condition of the posterior
quarter of the udder, which had become hypertrophied, and the
seat of a diffused, painless swelling with the perception of nod-
ules in the superficial parts of the gland. Tuberculin settled
the question. At the post-mortem the lesions were almost ex-
clusively located in the mammae. All the visceral organs were
free from disease except the parietal pleura, which was slightly
diseased. But the mammae was the almost exclusive seat of
the lesions. The posterior quarter weighed over 15 pounds.

A.n interesting point is the manner in which the entrance of
the virus took place. This cow was kept for several years with
four other cows free from tuberculosis, as proved by tuberculin
test ; therefore contamination from them was impossible. But,
the owner had for some time used as bedding the straw coming
from the straw-mattresses of one of the poor-houses of the town.
Soiled by the dejections of those sick individuals, it can be
easily understood how the straw could have been virulent and
gave rise to inoculation.

Why should it not be so ? Nocard has shown how poorly
the mammae in function will defend itself against microbian in-
fections ; the mucous membrane of the excretory ducts is not a
sufficient obstacle against invading bacilli, and the injection of
a virulent cukure of bacilli made without injury to the gland or
to the muqueuse of its canal is sufficient to insure infection. Is
it not possible, then, that contaminated little pieces of straw
may have penetrated the teat and that bacilli deposited on the
surface of the mucous membrane of the canal have given rise to
tuberculization of the gland ?

* *

Last month I sent a quantity of material on the subject of
rabies, and certainly I might stop where I left off, but on glanc-

196 EDITORIAL.

ing over the last report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, I find
on rabies some records which I can compare with one which I
find in the Journal de Zootexhny, where a statistic is published
by Prof. Galtier, with other interesting material. It relates to
the number of rabid cases which were brought to the Lyon
School between January, 1890, and December, 1902, a period of
thirteen years. 1434 cases of rabies were observed at the sani-
tary department of the school, viz., 1301 in dogs, 127 in cats, 3
in goats, 3 in solipeds. In the article of Dr. Salmon I find that
the University of Pennsylvania holds the record in number
— between 300 and 400, said Prof. Pearson. From this, it is
certain that the disease prevails more in France, both statistics
covering about the same number of years. But, of course, this
is of secondary importance. The point to consider is that there
is at the Lyon School a special service of sanitary medicine —
when I say Lyon School, I might name the other two schools
also, as such service must exist there likewise ; and from that
service of sanitary medicine are issued special records, as the
one I am alluding to, and also information of importance from
which other similar institutions might derive benefit. For in-
stance, I find in the report of Prof. Galtier that during the same
number of years, 4738 have been examined because of having
bitten people. Now, what is done with those examinations and
what is their object ? It is to establish the fact that those ani-
mals which have bitten people are or are not dangerous to
the public health. If I read correctly, those dogs or cats are
brought at stated periods to be examined, and after a certain
number of observations are granted a certificate stating that they
are free from rabies. The animals are presented one, two, three,
four days after having bitten ; if nothing abnormal is observed,
they are sent home to be brought back on the eighth day or
sooner, should any peculiarity of the animal be observed. At
that date only a certificate of health is granted. Of the 4738
dogs and cats above mentioned, 4488 received the certificates,
the balance, 240, were not presented to the obligatory examina-
tion for the obtaining of the certificate.

EDITORIAL. 197

It seems to me that this is a good way to control rabies and
prevent its spreading, that veterinary schools ought to be pro-
vided with similar departments and that every owner of an
animal which has bitten a person should be obliged to have it
professionally examined and its condition certified to, before the
restrictions imposed by law could be removed.

I remember some ten years ago our poor friend Huidekoper
entertained the idea of establishing in New York a School of
Horse-vShoeing, of which, of course, he would have been the di-
rector and principal teacher. Some way or another the plan
never came to a successful end. It might have been better if
it had, as, after all, every one who owns a horse and many
horses would have gained by it and no one would have suffered
at the hands of those who would have graduated from the School
or College of Horse-Shoeing. And why should it have been so?
Simply because of the laws which regularize the practice of vet-
erinary medicine in the State, which all our readers know.

But, unfortunately, such a law does not exist in every coun-
try, and there is where the danger exists. In France, the birth
place of veterinary science, there is no law to regularize the
practice of medicine, and on that account empiricism is more or
less prospering. And not only such a law does not exist, but
there is no law which prevents the organization of any school.
The result is that lately a school of horse-shoeing, Ecole Super-
ieiire de Marechalerie^ if you please, has been established in
Paris. The programme has been published — the faculty organ-
ized. An appropriation of funds has been promised, as support,
by the Secretary of Agriculture ; and the Secretary of War has
named two military veterinarians to deliver lectures during the
session. There are to be lectures and practical demonstrations
on castration ; a gentleman from Alfort (?) will show the use
of the operating table; lectures on anatomy, physiology, and
the diseases of the feet will be given, courses on pharmacology
and chemistry, on commercial deontology, and on shoeing, for-

198 EDITORIAL.

eign shoeing, that of American hotteurs, etc. In other words,
an aborted veterinary school.

This is very well, but the veterinarians of Paris, the socie-
ties, the professional journals, the schools (professors and stu-
dents) are all on the warpath, and it may be after all that the
school of farriery will have to close before it is open. It would
be, in fact, but right and no doubt it would be a great shame
and a backward step in the elevation of the profession if the ex-
istence of such a school should be allowed ; it is already a dis-
grace that it has been permitted to come to the point it has
reached, and no word can be found to condemn the unprofes-
sional act of the graduated veterinarians who are willing to lec-
ture before this legalized class of prospective empirics.

*

Impartial chronicler, I have on various occasions spoken
aboat the Physalix prophylactic treatment of distemper in dogs,
and have told of the results which have been obtained here, of
the failures of the experiments which had been carried out to
test it, and also of the writings to which the treatment had
given occasion in England. Although all that I said had been
published without the slightest prejudiced opinion, I hear that
I have been rather pessimistic of the results of the treatment.
And, to conclude, I stated that an experiment was to be conducted
in England, and that I hoped it would give no facts to conclude
in one way or another. I am pleased to see in the Veterinary
Record the following : " The subscriptions received for the pro-
posed experimental test have now reached a sum warranting a
commencement. A place has been secured which has never
had any dogs in it and which can be certainly protected against
any chance of contagion. One great want now is some puppies
between six and sixteen weeks old. We should be much oblis^ed
to any veterinary surgeon who could help us to obtain these.
The sooner the better, because all must be kept for some time
in isolation to insure absolute freedom from accidental infec-
tion."

Now let us wait for the work of the commission. But here

EDITORIAL. 199

is another question which had been presented to the Societe
de Medecine Veterinaire Pratique: Does distemper of dogs re-
cidivate? The question was warmly discussed and at the time
of adjournment remained unsettled. Some say it may — others
it does not. A. L.

THE OTTAWA MEETING OF THE A. V. M. A.

In just three months the great mass of the membership of the
American Veterinary Medical Association, as well as many
other veterinarians — especially prospective Canadian members
— will be en route or on the ground to attend the fortieth an-
nual convention of that national body. It is not too early to
urge our readers to begin preparation for this important event.
It requires a great deal of labor on the part of the Secretary and
other officers to have the arrangements so perfect that this meet-
ing shall keep up the record of annual improvement over its
predecessors. These officers have a great responsibility. There
are a hundred things to be done, the lack of any of which might
seriously affect that perfect harmony of arrangement necessary
to a successful meeting in its fullest sense.

One of the most important tasks imposed upon, the officers,
the Secretary in particular, is the preparation of the literary
programme ; and, yet, while they are in a measure looked to to
gather an adequate number of acceptable papers and reports, it
is a part which they have no power to supply. They may send
forth invitations to all members for contributions, which in the
present instance has already been done ; but they have no means
nor disposition to compel members to furnish them. It is not
the spirit of the organization for the Secretary to make personal
appeals to special members to perform such a duty ; this should
be voluntary with each one ; each one should feel so great an
interest in the success of the meeting and the advancement of
veterinary science as to notify the Secretary in good time-^two
months at least in advance of the date of the meeting — of his in-
tention to present a paper or other material, and this should be
regarded as a privilege and an honor conferred upon him by

200 EDITORIAL.

virtue of his badge of membership in the largest and grandest
veterinary organization in the world. In this way the Secre-
tary's office is relieved of much annoyance and anxiety, the pro-
gramme is developed and diversified by the democracy of
authorship, and the time of the Secretary may be more thor-
oughly devoted to the consummation of the many other details
of the preparations. His office has to keep in touch with the
local committee of arrangements, with the railroads, the hotels,
the clinic, and many minor matters — omitting altogether the
worry and anxiety incident upon the fear of failure of any of
the cogs in the wheel which he is perfecting.

It is not too earl)- to remind our readers that it is their duty,
if within their power, to be in personal attendance, as we are
sure it will be their pleasure. A veterinarian daily fulfilling the
exactions of private practice or official duties owes it to his
health, both mental and physical, to take a respite from, such
arduous grind, while he enriches his capacity to better serve his
patrons and his profession.

The magnanimity of our Canadian brethren, as shown
through the reports of their preparations for entertainment, and
the universal interest they are manifesting in the approaching
meeting, should cause every member in the States to exert him-
self to show his appreciation of their enthusiastic cooperation.
Canada offers many attractions, and those who journey to its cap-
ital in September will experience one of the most pleasant and
profitable vacations imaginable, while side trips to some of its
ancient and quaint cities will ever be remembered by those who
are so fortunate as to be able to make them. A number of
Eastern veterinarians contemplate returning by way of Quebec,
Montreal and Toronto, reaching Ithaca in time to attend the
meeting of the New York State Society the following week,
or the Pennsylvania State meeting, occurring about the same
time.

The Review will in each issue until September publish the
programme as rapidly as it is developed.

Get ready for Ottawa !

EDITORIAL. 201

ANOTHER STATE ASSOCIATION FORMED.
And now Texas falls into line, its veterinarians having or-
ganized a State Association, " its object being to promote cooper-
ation among its members, to supply a medium for exchange of
professional experience, and to encourage, develop and protect
the veterinary profession within the State." In transmitting
the minutes of its organization meeting. Secretary Paxson writes :
''The veterinarians of this State have joined the procession ;
there are obstacles before us, but we are not wanting in enthu-
siasm." Query : At the present rate of organization, how many
States will there be in five years lacking in laws recognizing
and regulating the practice of veterinary medicine?

The recent law enacted by Montana, mainly through the
efforts of State Veterinarian M. E. Knowles, is worthy of the
greatest appreciation by the veterinary profession of the coun-
try, as well as emulation in most of the States of the Union. It
emphasizes the power which can be wielded by one whose per-
sonality inspires the confidence of his fellow-citizens, and in the
present instance in a section where veterinarians are so scarce
that candidates to fill the very positions created have to be
sought for from without. Dr. Knowles has done a great work
for his profession in the West, and his colleagues owe him a debt
of gratitude for the splendid services he has rendered to veteri-
nary science.

Although there has been, to our knowledge, no official
declaration to that effect, it is the impression of those in a posi-
tion to know, that the recent alarming outbreak of foot-and-
mouth disease in the New England States has been thoroughly
eradicated. The officials are still on the ground, however,
making house-to-house inspections, so that no single case may
be overlooked, and thus perpetuate a plague which never had
any right to gain a foothold on this continent. For this grand
work the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry has added another
gem in its splendid diadem.

202 J. BLACK.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

H^EMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.

By Dr. J. Black, Richmond, Mich.
Read before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, at Lansing, Feb. 3. 1903.

In selecting the title for this paper I do not claim that the
disease described herein is hsemorrhagic septicaemia, but I am
impressed with its similarity to the one investigated and classi-
fied as such by Prof. M. H. Reynolds, of the University of Min-
nesota, and Dr. Wilson, of the Laboratory of the Minnesota
Health Board, and described by the former in the December
and January numbers of the American Vetkrinary Review.
There is a strong probability, however, that it is the same dis-
ease, as the symptoms mentioned, with, perhaps, two exceptions,
I have seen in a peculiar and mystifying outbreak it has been
my privilege to witness. It is a matter of regret that the notes
taken at the time were mislaid, as it, therefore, becomes neces-
sary to rely upon memory for a description of the history and
symptoms. Again, there was no opportunity to hold a post-
mortem, owing to the remote location of some of the subjects
and to the mercenary disposition of the owners. This account
will therefore be of necessity more or less meagre, but it may be
of benefit to those who have not seen the disease, and, perhaps,
bring out something new from those who have. I freely con-
fess it was, and is, a mystery to me, and my opinion was guard-
ed in every case.

The first cases I saw were diagnosed as cornstalk disease,
which has been seen and written of mostly as occurring in the
West. The diagnosis, however, was unsatisfactory to me, for
the reason that I had not heard of the disease in the East, and,
again, as I saw more of it it was witnessed in many cases where
no cornstalks were fed. Every case exhibited cerebral or spinal
symptoms, and more often both. A veterinarian, writing in one
of the reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry, says that he
had '' observed during some years after a hot dry spell, that cattle

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 203

grazing on pastures usually considered sound and healthy, have
become affected with indigestion, followed by delirium and
coma, but was unable to satisfy himself as to the causation."

All cases of the affection under consideration occurring un-
der my observation were seen in the late summer or early fall,
and the cases seen near St. Clair were pastured upon a farm on
which the grass was exceedingly parched and dead looking, the
weather having been continuously dry and hot for a long
period.

In the township of Columbus, in August, 1900, was seen the
first case I will mention. A cow standing in the stable with
her hind parts toward the stanchions, her head was swaying
from side to side, and, as I remember it, she was dull, and eyes
staring ; upon being forced to move she would stagger. Tem-
perature 105°, constipated and complete anorexia. Prior to the
attack she had been eating sewed corn, which had been cut
and thrown to her. I called it cornstalk disease, and gave an
unfavorable prognosis. She died in a few days, as did another
cow a little later, showing the same symptoms and belonging to
the same owner.

During the month of July, 1901, in response to a telegram I
went to St. Clair (or rather near there), where I found five cat-
tle in different stages of an unusual outbreak. Case /. — Steer,
two years old, was found in the yard sheltered from the rays of
the sun by an improvised tent. He was lying on his broadside,
apparently oblivious to- his surroundings. Pulse 120, tempera-
ture 103°, respiration very rapid, constipated. He was turned,
when he got up on his sternum, but no change for the better.
Case II. — Steer, same age, respirations and heart about as Case
I. Temperature 105°, lying on sternum and making repeated
efforts to get on his feet, without accomplishing it, however.
Case III. — Fine Holstien cow, lying on her breast, with hind
legs extended backwards. She was bright and intelligent look-
ing, and was apparently suffering no inconvenience ; pulse, tem-
perature, and respirations not much disturbed. Unable to get
up. Case IV. — Cow standing tied in stable, showing marked

204 J. BLACK.

cerebral symptoms, continually bawling, very excited, appar-
ently vicious, as she had the attendants frightened out. When
her head was elevated she would drop in a faint, but would get
up after a moment. Pulse about 60 or 70, temperature 105°.
Was in a dying condition. She died a few hours after I saw
her. Case V. — Cow, standing ; no apparent pathological con-
dition present except when moved she would stagger ; constipa-
tion was present to a less degree than in any of the others. This
was the only case that a hopeful prognosis was given of. How-
ever, she, with the other four mentioned, died, as did seven
others from the herd within two weeks after the first case was
stricken. The pasture was explored with great care for evi-
dence of malicious or accidental poisoning, but none was found.
Diagnosis, cerebro-spinal fever, caused by ptomaine poisoning.
The water on this farm was excellent. Treatment was purga-
tives, stomachics, and where necessary nerve and brain seda-
tives. About the only thing I was positive about in the whole
business was that the treatment was useless.

In August of the same year two more cases, twelve or four-
teen miles from the last mentioned, occurred, which are of suf-
ficient interest to note. Case I. — Cow in shed was standing on
her hind legs and on her knees with her head lying on the floor ;
complete coma, vitality very low, pulse very weak and rapid.
As she was considered to be dying nothing was done for her-
Case II. — Cow in another part of the shed with head pushed
into a corner among a lot of barrels, she was forced back, but
not without much effort, only to push immediately upon being
released into a beam in front. Temperature 104° or 105° ; pulse
about 70. Remembering my non-success in treating the St,
Clair cases and calling to mind the good results of potassium
iodide in several cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis in the horse,
I prescribed it for this case, and gave an unfavorable prognosis ;
however, she recovered in about four days.

I call to mind one more case that was thought to be hope-
less that recovered by this treatment. This was in the summer
of 1902, and there was some question as to the diagnosis, as her

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA. 205

symptoms may have been caused by acute indigestion. By your
permission, I will read some extracts from Prof. Reynolds' arti-
cle referred to above. In speaking of the cause, history and
symptoms you will also be persuaded that my presumption is
not groundless.*

When I had determined to present these cases to this honor-
able body I wrote to the owner of the St. Clair herd asking him
if he had noticed any red spots when skinning, and I have here
his reply [letter was read] . Here is further evidence that the
disease I have endeavored to describe is hsemorrhagic septi-
caemia, and I will leave it to your consideration, and will be
pleased to hear from any member who has had any similar cases.

At the annual meeting of the Louisiana State Medical Soci-
ety, held at New Orleans, April 30, Veterinarian Wm. H.
Dalrymple (an honorary member of that Society), read an
interesting paper on " A Few Differential Characteristics in
the Anatomy of the Lower Species, Compared to that of Man,
with Passing Attention to Analogy and Homology."

Important Changes in Minnesota. — The Minnesota leg-
islature has recently passed a law establishing a Live Stock San-
itary Board, removing the live stock sanitary work from under
the State Board of Health, and placing it in charge of this new
board. This board is composed of five members, three men
who are financially interested in live stock, and two graduate
veterinarians ; there is also provided a secretary and executive
officer, a graduate veterinarian, who is to be the executive head
of the work ; a field veterinarian, a bacteriologist and lawyer.
The four latter are not members of the Board. The secretary
and executive officer and field veterinarian are to be graduates,,
as in the case of the two veterinary board members. This now
places the Minnesota veterinary sanitary work under the inde-^
pendent management of a veterinarian. Previously this work
has been done under the State Board of Health. Readers of
the Review will be glad to know that Dr. S. H. Ward, of St.
Cloud, has been elected secretary and executive officer. Drs.
Cotton and Reynolds have been appointed by Governor Van
Sant as the two veterinary members. The position of field vet-
erinarian has not been filled at this writing.

*See American Veterinary Review, Vol. XXVI., Nos. 9 and 10.

206 A. YOUNGBERG.

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS IN THE MARE.

By Dr. A. Youngberg, Detroit, Minn.
Read before the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association.

Our worthy Secretary having invited me to appear as one of
the essayists of this meeting and believing it to be the duty of
every practitioner to lend his hearty support for the advance-
ment of our profession, I herewith present my findings on the
above entitled subject, trusting that some may be benefitted
thereby. During the past twelve years I have had considerable
experience in treating this trouble, and am pleased to state that
by constant and careful attention I have been generally suc-
cessful.

This very troublesome affection (eversion of the uterus),
known as falling of the womb, is not very common in mares,
but is no doubt exceedingly dangerous and most invariably
ends in the death of the animal if not speedily and carefully
handled.

I have found the cause of this trouble to be the failure of
the uterus to contract after difficult parturition. The after
pains will sometimes lead to the fundus passing into the body
of the organ, and the adhering placenta, assisting it by its
weight to pass out through the vagina and the whole everted
organ appears externally and hangs down on the thighs. It
may also be caused by relaxation of the ligaments, the duty of
which is to retain that organ in position.

The result of the eversion of this organ, is rapid engorge-
ment, and swelling which, after it has been everted from one to
two hours, is many times its natural size and of dark red color
and very easily torn — and right here is where a veterinarian
has to face something that will end in death if not speedily and
carefully handled.

In returning an everted uterus, the standing position is
preferable to that of a recumbent position, as the abdomen is
more pendent and there is less obstruction for its return.

If the mare be vicious, it may be necessary to hobble her

EVERSION OF THE UTERUS IN THE MARE. 207

hind limbs to prevent kicking. After applying the hobbles, we
sometimes find an adherent placenta, which together with every
vestige of filth must be removed. Next, — impaction of the
rectum with faeces and distension of the bladder with urine —
all of which must be removed, the box-stall well bedded and
the mare warmly clothed before the organ is prepared for re-
placement into its proper position ; then give chloral hyd. di-
luted in milk or oil, or morphine — intertracheally, to prevent
straining.

The best way to clean the uterus is to take a common wash-
tub half filled with warm water and adding thereto plumbi ace-
tatis one ounce and tincture opii two ounces. If the organ is
very filthy, and congested together with some haemorrhage, the
wash should be changed until the organ is perfectly clean. I
have changed this solution three times while treating a mare
and have failed to discover any ill effects from the use of plumbi
acetatis.

After all filth and foreign substances is removed, the organ
must be replaced as carefully as possible. This is best done by
bandaging the uterus with a clean cotton bandage 9 yards long
and five inches wide, winding the uterus as tightly as possible,
beginning at the most dependent parts. This bandage serves
two good ends : ist, it forces into general circulation the enor-
mous mass of blood which engorged and enlarged the organ ;
2d, it protects the delicate and friable mucous membrane of the
uterus from being torn by the operator's hand — which will inva-
riably cause death — but when covered with a bandage it can be
safely manipulated without danger of laceration.

The next step is to push the organ back into its proper place
which is best done by the operator taking hold of the mass,
pushing it into the vulva, while two assistants, one on either
side, open the lips of the vulva, lifts up the organ on its centre^
and unrolls the bandage as the mass passes into the vagina.
This manipulation may be made with perfect safety so long as
the organ is closely wrapped in the bandage and not unrolled
too rapidly, but just fast enough to prevent the uterus passing

208 A. YOUNGBERG.

out in folds between the bandage and the outer edges of the
vulva.

After a portion of the organ has been introduced into the
vagina the rest will usually follow with increasing ease.

To complete the work the operator should insert his clean
hand and arm extended full length within the uterus and move
from point to point so as to straighten out all parts of the organ
so that no portion remains inverted within another, which will
prevent further straining.

The operator now removes his hand and inserts two large
sutures into the lips of the vulva, — the most inferior to be re-
moved after 24 hours, and the other 12 hours later. In some
cases the contractions are too violent to allow of the return of
the womb even with large intratracheal injections of morphine
or chloral hyd. ; in such cases I resort to tracheotomy. The
mare should be watched constantly for 24 hours, and if straining-
returns, repeat the opium or morphine and feed her on warm
bran mashes and give sodium sulphate in her drinking water to
prevent constipation, which generally follows, and keep her
warmly clothed to prevent chills, which would have a tendency
to induce metritis.

In conclusion, let me say, that since I have followed the
above described method I have had fairly good results.

In all cases the operator should remember, first, to prevent
straining without the use of chloroform ; second to replace the
uterus without injuring the mucous membrane, and that any
attempt to replace the organ without its being well covered with
a bandage, will result in the operator lacerating the mucous
membrane, which will result in metritis and death in seventy-
two hours.

The Race-horse "Dr. Riddi^e " died at Morris Park last
month from the effects of a dose of cocaine administered for the
purpose of sustaining his speed, or, as it is popularly called,
" dope." It is said on good authority that the quantity given
was eight grains. Very much larger doses have been given
with impunity, so far as the life of the horse or even danger to
it is concerned.

PURPURA HiEMORRHAGlCA. 209

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.

By J. W. Cook, V. S., Duluth, Minn.
Read at the Annual Meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association.

The disease known as " purpura hsemorrhagica " is known to
exist among horses all over the world ; there is no country or
climate to my knowledge that is exempt. It is an eruptive non-
contagious fever usually but not uniformly occurring as a sequel
to another disease. I will not attempt to describe the symp-
toms, as they are too well known and too easily diagnosed by
the practitioner to warrant a description ; the only disease with
which it might be confounded is scarlatina in its early stages ;
so that in this paper I will simply confine myself to what I be-
lieve to be the best course of treatment.

In this disease, as in many others, we cannot confine our-
selves to any radical treatment ; sound practice always rests
upon science and good sense ; science serves to make clear the
principles and reasons upon which we must depend for the
proper and successful treatment of any disease with which we
may come in contact, and good sense helps us in the application
of sound practice and right methods ; combine the two, and they
are after all only the rational and natural methods supplemented
and reinforced by reason.

Some cases will commence to improve under proper treat-
ment and rational measures on the third or fourth day ; other
cases take a longer period, the fever being of a remittent char-
acter, and the animal is at all times liable to a fatal termination
from an extravasation of blood into the thoracic or abdominal
viscera or from swelling of the head and interference with the
respiratory functions. I have seen one case where death oc-
curred without the usual external manifestations, but the post-
mortem examination revealed many of the characteristics of this
disease.

Treatment. — In treating this disease we must see that the
animal has pure air, light, comfortable quarters and be removed
from all offensive smells, badly drained stables, and, if the weather

210 J. W. COOK.

will permit, place him in an open paddock or out to pasture.

I have never used the antistreptococcus serum, and from
conversation with some veterinary surgeons who have, I have
not been very favorably impressed with it. In treating this
disease we must always remember that extravasation of blood
depends more upon the condition of the blood than upon the
blood vessels ; for this reason to alter the abnormal fluid condi-
tion of the blood, chlorate of potash has a marked effect. I
usually give in the earlier stages an ounce morning and evening
and always a dose of aloes, from one-half to an ounce, combin-
ing with the aloes two ounces of turpentine and one ounce of
tr. of iron. As the animal improves I give an ounce of the
chlorate of potash daily and also an ounce of turpentine and tr.
of iron, and to overcome any astringent effect the styptics may
have on the bowels I give every second day, as the case may re-
quire, an aperient of from eight to sixteen ounces of raw linseed
oil. Usually about the fourth or fifth day I commence to use
alcoholic stimulants and nux-vomica in small doses — say, two
ounces of alcohol and one drachm of nux-vomica three times
per day until all of the swelling has disappeared. Give the an-
imal a liberal supply of food, grass if in season, green corn-
stalks, with a good feed of bran and oats three times per day,
and when the swelling has commenced to subside exercise him
daily, and at any time the kidneys are not working freely use
nitrate of potash and nitrous ether.

External Treatment. — In the early stages and before there
is any great swelling, leave him alone, but when the extravasa-
tion is profuse puncture him freely, using antiseptic precautions,
clipping close the hair and washing the surface with a strong
antiseptic solution of carbolic acid, creolin, bichloride of mer-
cury, etc. If the head be much swollen and there is danger of
suffocation from tumefaction of the nostrils, continuous cold
sponging must be ordered with cold water and some astringent
solution, as vinegar, sugar of lead, terchloride of iron tincture
well diluted, and if the dyspnoea becomes too great from this
cause tracheotomy must be performed.

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA. 211

My reasons for preparing this paper on pupura haemorrha-
gica are these : I believe when preparing a paper on any disease
it is well to take one in which your efforts are generally crowned
with success, as by so doing you may be of some assistance and
possibly give some pointer to your brother practitioner, who
may not have been so successful in that particular disease. An-
other reason is that many practitioners do not puncture the
swellings in cases of this disease, and I am well awa^e of the
fact that this method of treatment may be severely criticised,
but this I have always done, and used the lance freely, making
a dozen incisions at one time in as many different parts of the
body, allowing many gallons of fluid to escape, thereby relieving
the strain on the excretory organs that must have been other-
wise severely taxed to get rid of the extravasate, as many times
we are not called to see such cases until the extravasation is very
profuse, and of course the time for all measures of cutting short
the course of the disease is gone by. When such is the case, I
am inclined to believe that without puncturing the swellings
freely all other efforts are liable to prove futile. I have never
yet had any case where sloughing of the tissues followed the
punctures. Following the treatment here outlined, I have never
had a fatal termination in any case but one, and I have had
many of them, and in different climates, and that one case was
of such unusual characteristics as to warrant a description.

Patient. — A bay gelding, six years old, property of Great
Northern Express Co. The horse had apparently been in the
best of health up to the evening in question, when he came in
from work, eat his supper as usual and in half an hour after, or
about 7 p. M., when led out to water, was noticed to be very
stiff and suffering from some disease. I was called at once and
was much puzzled to make a diagnosis. The symptoms were
as follows : Pulse 58, temperature 103, respiration accelerated,
slight attempts to lie down, perspiring about the flanks and
shoulders and a very pronounced swelling through and in-
cluding the two hind quarters ; 8 P. M., pulse 65, temperature
104, swelling in the quarters increasing rapidly and more pain ;

212 J. W. COOK.

lo p. M., pulse 85, temperature 105 >^, no attempts to lie down,
swelling much increased, extending as high as the anus ; 12
midnight, or only six hours from coming into stable, pulse no,
scarcely perceptible, temperature 104, respiration very rapid,
mucous membranes pale and blanched, sighing breathing,
sweat breaking out all over the body, and in fact showing every
symptom of approaching death ; fell in the stall and was with
assistance raised to his feet and helped outside, as I thought he
could not live 10 minutes. He rallied some, however, and lived
until next day at 4 P. M., when he died. Showing, however,
next morning additional swelling on belly and breast, mulberry
spots in the nostrils, haemorrhage from the lungs, swelling ex-
tending down to the hocks and hind quarters large enough for
a horse of double its size.

The Paris-Madrid Automobile Race caused more deaths
in one day than all the race-horses have done in half a decade.

The Governor of New Jersey Thrown from His
Horse. — It is the habit of Governor Franklin Murphy, of New
Jersey, when the weather permits, to take a little canter before
breakfast. The veterinary profession, not only of his state but
the entire country, read in the newspapers with much regret of
the Governor's recent accident, when he was thrown from his
horse and painfully though not seriously injured. It is a pleas-
ant duty for us to announce that he has fully recovered from his
accident. He is an honorary member of the Veterinary Medi-
cal Association of New Jersey, and the signing of New Jersey's
veterinary law by his Excellency was an act that has endeared
him to the profession whose special province it is to care for and
alleviate the sufferings of that part of the animal creation over
which man has dominion.

The Passaic County (New Jersey) Veterinary Med-
ical Association is the banner local organization of the coun-
try in two respects. In the first place, every licensed veteri-
narian in the county is a member in good standings, and in the
second place, all dues of every member are paid in full. It
would be well for veterinary associations, local and state, to take
note and profit by the earnestness and activity of the members
of this local association that is so nobly supporting the advance
movement of the State Association.

SEPTICEMIA AND PYiEMIA. 213

SEPTIC/EMIA AND PYEMIA PROM A MEAT IN-
SPECTION STANDPOINT.

By C. H. Jewell, D. V. M., Kansas City, Ma.

Septicsemia is a term loosely applied by meat inspectors in
post-mortem diagnosis of those diseases which cannot be prop-
erly classed under any of the specific septicsemic diseases of
which the etiology and post-mortem lesions are now well under-
stood. Among the latter class may be mentioned anthrax,
black quarter, hog cholera, swine plague, hsemorrhagic septi-
caemia, and many others.

Septicaemia may be defined as a general febrile condition,
caused by the entrance into the organism of pathogenic bacteria
or their toxins. These organisms may first enter the circula-
tion and then elaborate their poisonous products, or the toxin
may be produced at the seat of entrance. One thing necessary
is a preexisting wound which has become infected. The toxic
product once in the circulation acts in one of two ways, namely,
by destroying the red blood cells, or by influencing the tissues
of the whole body. The germs causing this disorder are many,
and the same as those producing pyaemia, namely, staphylococ-
cus pyogenes aureus Siud albus^ streptococcus pyogenes^ pyocya-
neus, bacterium colt communis and other pus-producing organ-
isms. In septicaemias they differ somewhat in their activity, and
act upon a system with a modified susceptibility, and are void
of lesions of the internal membrane of the vascular system. The
symptoms may be produced by the introduction into the system
of putrefactive products of dead animal tissues. Such a condi-
tion is spoken of as septic intoxication^ whereas, when the mi-
crobes gain entrance into the blood and multiply therein, it is
known as septic infection.

In any prolonged case of septicaemia the tendency is to the
formation of suppurating foci, and develops a condition spoken
of as septicopyaemia. Thus giving rise to the oft mistaken idea
of the identity of the two diseases.

In connection with septicaemia can be mentioned that pecu-

214 C. H. JEWELL.

liar phenomenon termed aseptic or resorption fever following
the intravenous injection into the blood of healthy animals, of
fine foreign particles, normal salt solution, well water, pepsin,
pancreatin or trypsin. It has been attributed to the introduc-
tion and metabolism of fibrine and other elements, but manifest-
ly arise also from the solution of the red blood globules.

Symptoms of septicaemia are ushered in by staring coat, slight
chill, rarely violent, such as seen in pyaemia ; rapid rise of tem-
perature, 102-104, which persists for 3 to 7 days without the
marked remissions of pyaemia ; weak compressible pulse ; great
muscular debility ; hurried, shallow breathing, loss of appetite,
emesis in vomiting animals, dusky or yellow mucosae, urine
scanty and high colored ; dullness and often nervous twitching,
delirium, stupor or paraplegia ; either constipation or diarrhoea,

Progjiosis grave unless the infection be slight, or the active
cause can be readily removed, as the removal of a putrefactive
area or of a blood clot undergoing putrefaction and absorption.

Lesio7ts. — In fermentation or resorption fever no lesions are
present. If arising from pathogenic bacteria or their toxins the
blood is dark and coagulates feebly if at all. Spleen is en-
larged, softened, dark color and gorged with blood ; there is
liable to be petechia of the serosae, mucosae, and of the solid
organs ; haemorrhages of a diffuse character and serous exudate
and infiltration of the tissues ; congestion and even haemorrha-
gic condition of the lymph glands ; kidneys congested, ofteu
swollen and exudates between the glomeruli and their capsules.

Disposal of the Meat.—li septic infection be general or the
toxic products have produced marked changes in the tissues,
the meat should be condemned and sent to the rendering tank ;
but should the infection be slight and confined to a localized
area, the remainder of the carcass being in a healthy condition,
I see no reason why the meat should not be passed for food after
removal of the affected tissues. The specific septicaemiae men-
tioned renders the meat unfit for food.

Pyaemia is a morbid condition characterized by the forma-
tion in different organs of multiple abscesses dependent on the

SEPTICEMIA AND PYEMIA. 216

transference in the blood stream of infected clots or particles
containing pus microbes, and their arrest at distant points so as
to cause foci of suppuration commencing with the intima of the
vessels.

Causes. — The entrance of any of the previous mentioned pus
microbes into a deep-seated wound or lodged subcutaneously.
Trivial wounds or those having good drainage and ready access
to the oxygen of the air are not prone to cause this malady.
The natural susceptibility of the animal is important, as seen in
the horse and ox. A debilitated system lowers the resisting
powers and induces an attack.

A complex infection appears at times to overcome the vital
resistance more effectively than the presence of even a potent
microbe alone, owing to toxic products of associated germs less-
ening the resisting powers of the tissues, and allowing the potent
germ to make headway. In ordinary cases the occurrence of
thrombosis is an important step in its causation, especially when
the clot is produced by bacteria. These clots soften and break
down and are carried on in the blood stream until they become
lodged in some distant blood channel and set up new seats of
suppuration. If the invading microbe is weak and the resist-
ance of the leucocytes potent, such clot may remain circum-
scribed or be absorbed, but if the opposite conditions be present,
namely, potent and numerous microbes, with abundant and
effective toxins, the disposition is to a continuance of the infec-
tion and acute febrile pysemia.

The mere presence of pus microbes or their products in the
blood does not determine pyaemia ; a modification of the intima
of the vessel leading to local infections with the surely follow-
ing thrombosis and embolism. The original lesion may be a
trauma as from a bruise, puncture, operation, ligature, or exten-
sion of a disease process, as in phlebitis.

The seat of secondary abscesses depends primarily on the
location of the original suppurative centre, as such centres are
most commonly in the systemic circulation. The lungs are
commonly attacked. When the primary infection comes from

216 C. H. JEWELL.

the chylo-poietic viscera, the liver shows the first secondary
abscesses and it is not an uncommon thing on post-mortem in-
spection to find the livers of cattle, complete masses of secondary
abscesses, and the carcass otherwise free. If the uterus be the
seat of the primary infection, it is not uncommon to find met-
astatic abscesses upon the abdominal walls. When the lungs
are the primary seat, the great flow of blood through the kid-
neys renders them especially liable to become the secondary foci
of suppuration.

Symptoms. — The formation of secondary abscesses is usually
marked by violent rigor, lasting from a few minutes to an hour,
and repeated at regular intervals, which serves to distinguish it
from septicaemia. Temperature rises with the chill, 102-105,
but shows marked remissions in the morning, when it may be
normal, again rising on the ushering in of the chill ; pulse in-
creased in frequency, soft and compressible ; remissions may be
attended by profuse perspiration. Advanced stages are accom-
panied by diarrhoea, blood passed with fseces if intestinal ab-
scesses be present. Albumen and pus corpuscles passed with
the urine denotes suppurating foci in kidneys. There is cough
and dyspnoea when the lungs are attacked, the animal is dull
and cardiac murmur may be present if the lining membrane of
the heart be attacked ; stupor, coma and paralysis if the brain or
meninges be attacked. In case of a trauma the evidence of a
thrombus in one or more veins leading out from the wound.

The prognosis is always grave in the acute type, in chronic
forms not so unfavorable. Animals may live for a long time
and even ultimately recover, as is shown in post-mortem meat
inspection. A large number of animals slaughtered show lesions
of chronic forms of pyaemia and yet the animals are otherwise
in a healthy condition.

Lesions. — The blood retains its normal bright red color and
clots firmly, contrary to the condition in septicaemia ; the spleen
is often the seat of small abscesses ; the liver may contain small
abscesses, or the organ becomes nearly a complete mass of ab-
scesses ; the peritoneum may be studded with suppurating foci ;

SEPTICEMIA AND PYEMIA. 217

abscesses are found in the lungs and kidneys. If infection fol-
low castration, the diseased process may follow the line of the
spermatic cord into the abdominal cavity and involve the peri-
toneum and any of the contained organs. Ulcerative endocar-
ditis may be present with coagula on the valves of the heart.
If the attack be acute and results from a trauma, embolism may
be present at the different suppurating centres. The abscesses
are usually smaller and more numerous in the acute than in the
chronic forms.

Disposal of the Meat of Pycsmic Carcasses. — If the disorder
be an acute infection and extensive or generalized, the carcass
should be condemned. Should the disease be chronic and the
metastatic abscesses be few in number and encapsulated, there
is no reason why the meat should not be passed for food, after
the removal of the diseased areas.

The regents of the University of Minnesota have recently
made provision for an assistant to Dr. M. H. Reynolds, to begin
work October ist. The assistant will be a graduate and assist
with the teaching and experimental work.

The recently inaugurated branch of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Fort Worth, Texas, comprises the following meat
inspectors : H. D. Paxson (in charge), Elisha Myer, John H.
Lowe, Walter C. Bower, and Stephen L. Blount.

A Jersey Cow, the property of John D. Rockefeller, at
Tarrytown, N. Y., and valued at $20,000, has been suffering
from what the lay press calls a " mysterious sickness." He has
had about one dozen New York City veterinarians in consulta-
tion, as well as Profs. Law and Moore, of Ithaca. The diag-
nosis is not stated. We trust that some of the veterinarians
connected with the case will gi\'e REVIEW readers a full account
of the distinguished patient.

City practitioners desiring a day's outing and an oppor-
tunity of visiting the United States Animal Quarantine Station
for the Port of New York, should attend the forthcoming meet-
ing of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey at
Athenia (near Paterson) on Thursday, July 9th. Athenia is
only about half an hour's ride from New York. Take either
the Erie R. R. (Newark and Paterson Branch) or the D. L. &
W. R. R. from Hoboken (Paterson and Boonton Branch) to
Athenia.

218 H. A. VERMEULEN

CONGENITAL CONTRACTION OF THE EXTENSORS
IN THE HORSE.

By H. A. VERMEULEN.
Translated and Abstracted from Tijdschrift voor Veeartsenijkimde

(Vol. XXX, No. I.)
By L. Van Es, M. D., V. S., Agricui^tural Coi^lege, N. D.

While there is a great deal of literature on the congenital
contraction of the flexors and its treatment, little has been said
on the shortening of their antagonists.

This contraction is by no means rare and cases should find
their way more frequently into the veterinary journals.

The abnormality is most often seen in the fore legs, but is
also met with in the posterior extremities.

The contraction is first recognized when the colt succeeds in
getting up for the first time. It supports itself entirely on the
distal extremities of the canons, while the phalanges are turned
forward in a horizontal direction, or in very pronounced cases
are turned upwaid. Canon and pastern form an angle of 90°
or less.

The act of bringing the limb in a normal position is extreme-
ly difficult and very painful to the patient. When this is at-
tempted the extensor tendon becomes very prominent from the
lower third of the canon to the lower portion of the pastern.
The posterior part of the fetlock soon becomes abraded.

Prognosis is always favorable when the front legs are in-
volved and quite doubtful when the contraction occurs behind.

Treatment must be undertaken before the articulations ac-
commodate themselves to the abnormal position of the bones.

The treatment is very tedious and lasts about two months,
while decubitus cannot be prevented.

The means for relief adopted consists of bandaging. After a
suitable padding is put iti place a splint bandage is so adjusted
that the fetlock is fixed, canon and pastern forming a straight
line. The bandage is changed every two days.

PERITONEAL FILARIASIS IN THE HORSE. 219

In most cases the splints had to be discarded in from 8
to 14 days on account of decubitus.

The patient is sustained by a highly nutritious diet and is
given plenty of fresh air.

In 4 to 6 weeks it is noticed that the colt makes an attempt
at putting its feet down. When it succeeds, the bandages are
discontinued and the patient turned to pasture, where the cure
is soon completed.

The reviewer, who never met this condition while in prac-
tice, wonders if a tenotomy, aseptically performed, would not
favorably affect the duration of the treatment.

PERITONEAL FILARIASIS IN THE HORSE.

By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, Iowa.

I have frequently observed in the peritoneal cavity of horses
in Iowa a nematode worm about as thick as a knitting needle
and two to six inches in length, with the tail disposed in a
spiral manner. My observations have extended over horses
varying in age from one to thirteen years. The worms have
never in my experience been in great numbers, such as described
by MacGillivray, nor have I ever been able to trace evil effects
to them. Recently I have identified this worm as the Filaria
equina Abildgaard {Filaria papulosa Rudolphi).

Neuman gives the following description :

" Body long, filiform, white, attenuated at both ends, and
especially behind. Mouth small, and provided with a chitinous
infundibuliform ring, the border of which is divided into four
rounded and salient papillae ; outside this ring are other four sub-
median papillae in the form of spinules. Male^ 6 cm. to 8 cm.
long ; tail curved in a spiral manner, and having eight papillae
on each side, of which there are four pre-anal and four post-anal ;
two unequal spiculae enveloped in a transparent sheath. Female^
9 cm. to 15 cm. long ; tail slightly spiral, and terminated in a
papilla preceded by two others. Vulva situated near the anter-
ior extremity. Ovoviviparous."

These worms frequently occupy the tunica vaginalis along
with the testicle and come out through the incision when cas-

2/iO J. J. REPP.

tration is being performed. Their presence is recorded in the
pleural sac, arachnoid space, subperitoneal connective tissue, and
in the substance of the diaphragm, but I have never met with
them in any of these positions.

A Remarkable Dog. — Mamaroneck^ N. F., April 24. —
Bowlegged Jack, a bulldog who for many years did police duty
for the village of Mamaroneck and won fame by capturing burg-
lars, giving the alarm in case of fire, and rescuing children from
drowning, was buried to-day. His funeral, which was held at
the home of his owner, former Postmaster Fairchild, was the
largest ever given to a dog in this town. A score of villagers
and children attended, and placed wreaths and flowers on the
grave of the faithful dog. Several of the children whose lives
had been saved by the dog shed tears. Bowlegged Jack, was
known to every person in the town. He first made his appear-
ance in Mamaroneck ten years ago as a tramp. Mr. Fairchild
found him shivering on the town dock, lean from hunger and
exposure, and took him home. The animal showed his friend-
ship in a valuable manner a year or two later by saving the life
of Mr. Fairchild's youngest son, who, while bathing waded out
beyond his depth and was sinking, when " Jack " heard his cries
and plunged in and brought him ashore. He also rescued two
other boys and a little girl who fell into the Sound. In the
daytime Jack usually slept at Oliver's Hotel, behind the stove,
and he got his meals at the Richbell Inn. His chief delight
was to accompany the village police on their rounds and in ten
years he was never absent from duty. He would run ahead of
the police and scour the alleys and dark places and if he found
anyone there would bark. A few years ago he discovered a
strange man lurking in the darkness in the rear of the Mamaro-
neck Bank, who started to run, but the dog caught and held
him. The stranger who proved to be a burglar, pulled out a
"jimmy " and attempted to beat Jack off, but the animal clung
to him until a policeman appeared and took him to the station.
The prisoner had a " jimmy " and dark lantern and was held for
attempted burglary. On several occasions Jack discovered
buildings on fire and saved lives of occupants by barking. Jack
continued to do police duty until two years ago, when the uni-
formed police force was appointed. After they appeared in
uniform he took a dislike to them and refused to patrol their
posts. His death was caused by a battle with a big rat which
bit Jack on the jaw, blood poisoning setting in. — (A^. Y. Herald.)

LAMINITIS. 221

LAMINITIS.

By Dr. James J. Joy, Detroit, Mich.

Read before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, at I^ansing, Feb. 3-4,

1903.

In presenting to you this short treatise on laminitis, I do
not profess to have anything new to offer either on the pathol-
ogy of the disease or its treatment. I intend to deal with the
after-effects of the disease as we find them in some cases. Lam-
initis is an inflammation of the sensitive laminse or pododerm,
more often found in the fore than in the hind feet, and its location
is generally around the toe or anterior portion of the wall, where,
owing to the congestion and resulting inflammation, the sensi-
tive and horny laminae become torn apart and the pedal bone,
being deprived of a part of its support, drops downward and
forward, the coronet dropping in at the toe ; the quarters be-
come raised ; we have rings forming around the external part of
the hoof, and, owing to the inflammation, we have the structure
of the white line breaking down and crumbling away, leaving
in many cases a condition known as "seedy-toe." In still other
cases we have such a change in the position of the bones of the
foot that they force the sole downward until it is in many cases
higher than the surrounding wall. We have a change in the
horse's method of traveling. In many cases we find the animal
placing the heels to the ground first. Of course, all of these
conditions are found after the acute stage has passed, and then
only when the cases have resisted treatment or have had no
treatment.

Now, regarding the treatment of such cases as I have men-
tioned, I find that by assisting nature by keeping the foot in
nearly as natural a shape as is possible, and the application of
easy-fitting shoes, with the object in view of relieving pressure
on the affected parts, we are enabled to render the animal ser-
viceable if we cannot restore him to a perfectly sound condi-
tion.

222 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

♦ « Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner , but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists bv his facts
in building up the solid edifice of patholos[ical science. ' '

CASES OCCURRING IN PRACTICE.*
By Drs. MuiR and Elzinga, Grand Rapids, Mich.

We propose in this paper to give yon the history of a few
cases that occurred in our practice during the last year, in
Grand Rapids.

Fracture of the Humerus in Both Leg s^ of a Horse,

The first case was that of a fracture of the os humeri in both
limbs in a six-year>old harness horse, for which no cause can be
assigned. The horse belonged to a string butcher living about
seven miles from the city. The butcher had not had the horse
in his possession very long. He was a little lame when bought,
but was driven the day before, and had apparently got over his
lameness. In the morning he was hitched to a light double
wagon to take meat to town. He came to town without show-
ing any signs of lameness, was stopped about fifteen minutes to
deliver meat and, on being asked to go on, could hardly manage
to move, but as he went he seemed to get better ; after the next
stop he was worse than before. The owner drove him to a
shop to have his feet attended to. There he was shod, and with
difficulty was moved to a livery barn. When we were called to
see him we called it shoulder lameness and did not suspect
fracture at this time. After being moved a little, he would walk
a good deal better, and would lie down and get up again with-
out any difficulty. About a week afterwards he was found with
the bones displaced in one leg, and was shot. Post-mortem :
Comminuted fracture of both humeri. From the appearance of
the bones the fractures were about a week old. The owner is
an intelligent and reliable man and could not account for the
fractures in any way.

Another Rare Shoulder Lesion,

About the same time we had a draught mare, six or seven

years old, belonging to the Columbia Transfer Co. She worked

in a double team all forenoon and was put in the stable to feed

at noon apparently all right ; but when the teamster attempted

*lRead before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, at Lansing, Feb.
3-4, 1903.

REPORTS OF CASES. 223

to ^et her out at i o'clock he could not back her out of the stall.
She was very lame in the left fore leg-, and with difficulty was put
in a box stall. When we were called in, the shoulder was swol-
len and sore, and a slight sound like crepitus could be heard.
Fracture was suspected, but we ordered the mare left as she was
until fully satisfied. The shoulder and both front legs swelled
badly, and in about three weeks, as she was in a bad way, we
ordered her destroyed. Post-mortem : The ligaments were torn
away from the bones at the joints, part of the bone coming with
them. There seemed to be a degenerated condition of the bones
at the joints, and a quantity of pus in the shoulder, elbow and
knee joints of the left leg ; also the same appearances in the
right knee. The mare was well and healthy until that day at
noon.

A Fracttcred Ilium Punctures the Vagina.

The owner of the first horse had another experience that was
rather curious. We were called to his place to see a mare that
was bleeding from the vagina. On making an examination, we
found a punctured wound on the left side of the vagina about
two inches inside. On exploring the wound we found the isch-
ium was fractured and had punctured the vagina. The mare
had lost considerable blood and could not stand up. The wound
was washed out, and packed with cotton to stop the haemorrhage,
and the wound stitched to prevent the cotton from working out.
The cotton was removed after several days, a dependent orifice
made, the wound washed thoroughly, dressed with antiseptics,
and at last accounts the mare was doing well. A peculiar thing
about this case was that although the bone was fractured the
mare walked without showing much if any lameness.

Intestinal Cases.

We will now give the history of three cases of bowel trouble,
which show the advantage of making a post-mortem examina-
tion in cases of this kind, both for our own satisfaction and that
of the owner.

The first case was that of a grey mare, belonging to one of
the express companies. This mare had several attacks of azo-
turia, and at this time had been laid up with a puncture in the
foot. She was put to work and brought in with azoturia ; was
treated and given a physic pill, and at night was doing well.
Afternoon next day we were called to see her as she seemed un-
easy. As the pulse was only 48 we told the stableman that it
was the pill griping her. An hour or two later the pulse

224 REPORTS OF CASES.

had dropped to 44, and the mare seemed better. At night we
were called to see her again, and we found things were not going
right; her pulse accelerated, and she was very uneasy. We
treated her all night, and the next day we came to the conclu-
sion she had a twist in some part of her intestines, as she passed
neither gas nor faeces. She died the following day. Post-mor-
tem : The double colon was twisted or turned on itself at the
anterior or diaphragmatic flexure, making a complete closure of
the bowel at this place. The bowel anterior to this place was
completely filled with soft material, showing that the physic had
operated all right. From the twist to the rectum the bowels
were entirely empty.

A black gelding belonging to the city was brought to our
place one morning by the driver, who said his horse was acting
strangely, uneasy, and protruding his rectum through the anus.
The protruded portion was badly inflamed and swollen. On ex-
amination per rectum, about eighteen inches from the anus, we
found what seemed to be a twist of the bowel. One finger could
be partly worked around the twist and balls of faeces pulled
away. The horse had strained so much that the other bowels
were pressed back and jammed into the pelvic cavity. The horse
was cast and rolled over, but owing to the other bowels being
jammed so tightly in the pelvic cavity, the twist could not be
reduced. Post-mortem : Twist of the rectum. The only way
this could have been helped was to have hung the horse up by
the heels and allowed the bowels to fall forward.

We were called to see an aged harness mare one morning.
The liveryman found her sick about five o'clock and gave her
some stable remedy, but soon made up his mind he had a very
sick mare on his hands. When we saw the mare she was in a
great deal of pain, pulse 80, breathing fast, membranes highly
injected. Nothing passed the mare all day, the rectum being
completely empty all that day and the next night. We told the
owner that she probably had a twist or some obstruction of the
bowels. On going to the stable the next morning the owner
was there, and the liveryman told us she was better, but an ex-
amination soon dispelled that illusion ; she died soon afterwards.
I may mention that on pressing under the left flank she seemed
to be sore and tender. As someone had driven the mare the
night before without the owner's consent, a post-mortem was
ordered, when, to our satisfaction, the following lesions were
found : the spleen was partly torn away from the stomach, and
through the opening thus formed almost the entire ilium had

REPORTS OF CASES. 225

passed, and became strangulated. The strangulated part was
gorged with blood and on the left flank, where we had found so
much pain on external pressure, the muscles and peritoneum
were torn.

We took care that the owners should see those post-mortems,
and they were entirely satisfied that all had been done for their
animals that could have been done. But if the post-mortems
had not borne out the diagnosis it might have been different.

EMBOLISM OF THE PULMONARY ARTERY IN A HORSE.*
By J. W. ScoTT, V. S. Manchester, la.

I will report to you a case which I diagnosed to be " Em-
bolism of the Pulmonary Artery," but which has not been
proven by post-mortem, as the animal, a bay mare, about eight
years old, is still alive and in the same condition as when I saw
her last August. The early history of the case which I ob-
tained from the owner showed that the animal had been healthy
until some time during the late winter or early spring of 1902,
when she commenced to show symptoms of weakness and dysp-
noea when at work or moving rapidly. These symptoms were
not apparent if the animal was allowed to stand. Her appetite
was normal and all the organs of excretion and secretion were
normal. Her condition was attributed to the fact that she was
heavy with foal, but this was disproven when parturition oc-
curred. Her condition remained unchanged and she was kept
in the pasture until an opportunity came to dispose of her.

Her owner at the time of my examination got her in a trade
some two weeks prior, and he informed me that as he drove out
of the town toward his home, which was about four miles dis-
tant, the animal showed symptoms of falling. These symp-
toms were speedily developed into fact, for before he could un-
hitch from his vehicle the animal was floundering on the ground
fighting for breath and was as he supposed in her death agony,
from which it took about fifteen minutes to recover sufficiently
to regain her feet. After resting for an hour he rode her slowly
to his home and turned her to pasture where she remained with-
out further incident until the day I was called in to examine
her.

Examination conducted in the field revealed no indication
of disease, the pulse, respiration, and temperature, all being
normal. She was then haltered and led at a sharp trot for about

* Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January, 1903.

226 REPORTS OF CASES.

one hundred yards, which occasioned some excitement, the
breathing being rapid and tumultuous. We then harnessed her,
being careful to select a good fitting collar which could in no
way interfere with breathing or the free passage of blood in the
jugular veins, and hitched her with another animal to an empty
wagon. We started at a slow pace toward the road, which was
not more than sixty yards distant. By the time we reached the
gate she commenced to stagger and the driver stopped. She
was quite excited, the mucous membranes were cyanotic and the
breathing stertorous. The submaxillary artery was full but pul-
sation was feeble. She recovered her composure very quickly.
I then instructed the driver to go ahead and keep going till I
asked him to stop. After going about one hundred yards I
judged from the character of her breathing, which was loud and
hoarse, and the excited manner in which she threw her head
from side to side, that she had about reached the limit of exer-
tion to which she could be safely subjected, so we stopped, and
with her struggling and surging and dashing the head wildly
about we managed to get her unhitched from the wagon, but
before we could remove the harness she fell to the ground gasp-
ing for breath and giving evidence of the greatest distress. This
agitated condition was of such long duration and of such sever-
ity that recovery seemed doubtful, and her efforts were so vio-
lent that I could not make any examination at this time, but,
as the more furious symptoms subsided, I approached and felt
for her pulse. The artery was full but motionless, the mouth
and nasal membranes of a leaden color and circulation was to
all appearances completely stagnated. I placed my finger on
the jugular and made an unsuccessful effort to raise the vessel.
It was almost half an hour before she was able to regain a
standing posture and was not wholly recovered when I came
away about one hour later.

What pathological state would be most likely to call forth
these symptoms ? That the trouble was one of circulation I
felt well assured, and that it was thrombosis or embolism of
some important vessel appeared to be the only rational conclu-
sion. After mature deliberation I pronounced it to be embol-
ism of the pulmonary artery and will give my reasons for be-
lieving that this diagnosis was correct. The common aorta and
the pulmonary artery are the only vessels in the body which
carry the whole volume of the blood. The latter leaves the
right ventricle and proceeds to the upper level of the auricle,
then backward a short distance, the entire length of the vessel

REPORTS OF CASES. 227

being four or five inches. Here it divides into right and left
branches, each of which conveys the blood to its respective
lung. It is now returned to the left heart by the pulmonary
veins and the whole volume is forced by the contraction of the
left ventricle through the common aorta. Occlusion of either
of these vessels would cause a complete stagnation of the whole
circulatory system and would consequently occasion just such
symptoms as those I have described, and, if continued for any
length of time, death would be the result. Therefore occlusion
could not have been complete in this case. Why should those
symptoms be seen only when the animal is subjected to exer-
tion ? This is a question to which a conjectural answer must
be given, and in answering I make use of a theory which ex-
plains this, also why it is most likely that the impediment was
in the pulmonary artery. I will first call your attention to the
difference between a thrombus and an embolus. A thrombus
is an obstruction to a vessel by a clot which is adherent to the
vessel's wall and consequently stationary. An embolus is a
clot floating in the blood stream and may not occasion any
great hindrance to the blood flow unless forced along into a
narrow part of the vessel, where it may completely plug it.
Now, it is evident that if the difficulty was due to thrombosis
the distressing symptoms would have been constant, as any ob-
struction remaining at the site of formation would interfere
with the blood flow to almost the same extent during the period
of rest that it would when at work. This is not the case in
embolic obstruction, as the symptoms are aggravated when the
clot reaches a narrow part of the vessel. In the case under
consideration, when the animal is exercising the blood moves
in the aorta with more force, and as a consequence the obstruct-
ing mass is pushed along to the bifurcation of the artery and
lodges there, producing obstruction and rendering the whole
circulatory system inactive.

During quiescence of the animal the embolus becomes
lodged in the widest part of the dilated artery and equilibrium
is restored.

But what distinguishing symptoms would be presented if the
obstruction were in the systemic aorta? The answer must be
conjectural and is based upon our knowledge of the anatomy of
the heart. The walls of the left ventricle are of about three times
the thickness of the right and have a contractile power propor-
tionately greater, which drives the blood with such force through
the aorta that were an embolus contained therein it would be

228 REPORTS OF CASES.

forced to the juncture of the posterior and the anterior aorta,
from which place it could not recede, and the symptoms would
be continuous until the heart, now distended with blood and
wholly powerless to urge it past the obstruction, would cease its
efforts, death occurring in a few minutes after the first indica-
tion of distress?.

DISCUSSION.

Dr. Heck said he had a case which resembled this somewhat
and that he had made a diagnosis of spasm of the glottis.

Dr. Walrod said he thought Dr. Scott's case might be one
of arterio-sclerosis of the large arteries.

Dr. Repp said he would expect to find at autopsy either
thrombosis alone or aneurism combined with thrombosis in one
of the large arteries near the heart. The appearance of the
trouble on exercise could be explained by the fact that the de-
mand upon the circulation was greatest at such times, while
when the animal was at rest the demand could be supplied not-
withstanding the obstruction.

Dr. Simpson mentioned two cases in horses in which there
were heart murmurs, but he did not ascertain their exact na-
ture.

THE SERUM TREATMENT IN PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.*
By J. H. McLeod, D. V. S., Charles City, Iowa.

I cannot recommend as yet the serum treatment in purpura
haemorrhagica. However, I can inform you just how far I have
gone and the results I have had with this serum.

Case I. — Bay horse, driver. The disease developed in a
mild form and was doing very well under my usual treatment
of stimulants and tonics, but after the fifth day, with the own-
er's urging, I used the antistreptococcus serum in dose of 30 c.c.
The horse was a small driver and I thought this dose enough to
start on. It was not necessary to repeat. The horse got along
well and made a splendid recovery. No microscopical examin-
ation was made in this case, as the symptoms were not grave
enough to warrant anything of the kind.

Case II. — Almost similar to the former, a well developed
case of purpura, which yielded readily to the serum in doses of
40 c.c. repeated twice.

Case III. — Called to treat Nov. 17th, 1902, a large draught
gelding. Temperature 105°, pulse 90, and respiration about

*Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, January, 1903,

REPORTS OF CASES. 229

20. On being moved was stiff all over and did not care to move
unless disturbed, but stood quite still or shifted uneasily on his
legs. Very large swelling on back and medium sized to small
on the breast, abdomen and groin. Mucous membranes blanched
with occasional patches of ecchymosis. I promptly informed
the owners that the horse would most likely die, but commenced
to treat the patient immediately with stimulants and tonics and
advised the use of the antistreptococcus serum if the price was
no object. Injected 40 c.c. the following day at noon, although
in the meantime the symptoms had improved since the previous
day. The stiffness had lessened considerably, mucous mem-
branes highly injected and the hsemorrhagic spots more typical
and plainly visible. The following day : Temperature is nor-
mal, pulse is 60 and stronger, the swellings have almost disap-
peared, the animal is bright, and the prospect good for recov-
ery. Next day the animal was improving, and, contrary to my
advice, was allowed his liberty and he even played around out
doors. Friday morning the animal was worse again, stiff in
hind quarters, more swelling in groin with straddling gait,
groaned and seemed in considerable pain at times ; patches on
mucous membranes gone. The symptoms got gradually worse
as the day wore on. Later he was removed into a box stall,
where he cast himself. When relieved, on attempting to rise,
could not do so. One hour later he got on his feet, but his hind
legs refused to support his weight. He had now all the symp-
toms of azoturia. I passed the catheter and found the urine
nearly normal in color but of higher specific gravity. The
prognosis was now very unfavorable. Next morning I could
plainly see that the end was near. The attendant informed me
that he had passed a large quantity of bloody urine, but he did
not save any for my inspection.

As far as the serum treatment in this case is concerned I
consider it eminently successful, in fact more so than in the pre-
vious cases, as it was of a much graver nature.

WHAT IS IT?*

By Dr. I. A. Wynn, Kenton, O.

I suppose you have all been up against it, as I now am, and

have wondered "what is it?" How shall I treat it? What

shall I tell the owner ? iVnd am I safe in making him any

promises ?

* Read before the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, January, 1903.

230 REPORTS OF CASES.

Case I. — On July 25th, about noon, I was called one mile
west of town to see a two-year-old colt that was down in the
pasture. They told me that at 9 A. M. it was up and appeared
to be all right. Upon examination found temperature and pulse
about normal, respiration slightly accelerated, due to the colt
trying to get up. The colt was unable to get up or stand after
being helped up. I could find no indication of soreness any
place. I put it in the swing, but it could not stand, and seemed
to be in great pain while in the swing. As I did not know what
the trouble was, T did what any of us would do — gave what rem-
edies I had at hand that were best calculated to relieve the symp-
toms— used liniments over the back and gave belladonna and
cannabis indica. On the 29th, the colt was still down. I put
it in the swing ; it did not evince as much pain as it had before.
Kept it up part of the time. I heard from it every day or two,
but did not see it again until the 15th of November. It could
then walk around, but had a staggering gait.* The owner re-
ported last week that it was improving, but slowly.

Case II. — Aug. 8th I was called ten miles west of town to see
an eight-year-old horse. They had turned him out the evening
before and he was all right and played. In the morning they
found him down, but he got up with help. He could hardly walk
and fell twice while being taken to the barn, a distance of about
ten rods. I saw him at noon. He stood with his feet apart in
a braced position, and was eating. Respiration, temperature,
and pulse were normal. One side of the neck was swollen, but
not sore. I prescribed bathing the neck with hot water and lin-
iment, and gave nitrate potassium. On Dec. 1st he was not
much better.

Case III was a horse that had had poll-evil last spring. In
October they found him in the pasture staggering around. When
the owner went up to him he fell, but could get up without as-
sistance. The owner came to me and described the above case,
but as he was not a valuable horse I did not go to see him. He
could eat all right, but staggered around for three weeks. One
morning they found him dead in the pasture. He had evident-
ly fallen dead off his feet as there was no evidence of a struggle.

Case IV. — On Nov. 25th I was called four miles east of town
to see an old horse that could not get out of the stable. I found
him with his head resting on the manger, and was told that he
stood that way most of the time, but staggered when moved.
He had a good appetite. They informed me that he had been this
way about six weeks before, and that they had given him a

REPORTS OF CASES. 231

physic and tonic, and he had improved for a short time, but was
soon as bad as ever. His temperature and pulse were normal.
I gave him a tonic of nux, arsenic and gentian. On Saturday,
Jan. 3, the owner drove him to town and when he started home
his horse could not go. I was called, and when I tried to move
him he could go straight, but if turned he would stagger and
almost fall, and he could not stand still without leaning against
something. I took him to my barn, and he began at once to eat
as though nothing was wrong. I gave him nux, and the next
morning the owner took him home. On Tuesday the owner re-
ported him not much better, but feeling good. When he turned
him out he rolled and got up, shook himself and went off eating.

A CASE OF TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN THE COW.

By Dr. Wm. J. Reagan, Paterson, N. J.

Reported to the Passaic County Veterinary Medical Association at Paterson, N. J.,

May 5th, 1903,

On April 22d I was requested by Mr. Chittenden, of Bal-
lair, Bergen County, to make a post-mortem examination of a
two-year-old heifer which he informed me was found dead in
the stable that same morning. I went over to the premises, the
farm of a Mr. Garrison, on the river road, and found the animal
in question lying on her side against the side of the stall with
her head toward the door. The position of the carcass, with its
condition, and the fact that the litter was not at all disturbed,
as it would have been had the animal suffered long, convinced
me that she had died suddenly, and as the carcass showed that
she had not been affected with any acute or chronic disease, I
told Mr. Chittenden that in my opinion she had died of trau-
matic pericarditis due to puncture of the pericardium and heart
by a foreign body, a nail, hair-pin, piece of wire or needle. I
stated that she might have been poisoned by some weed in her
pasturing place, but after examining the place in question
where she had been staked out, and finding nothing of a poison-
ous nature as far as I could judge except some daffodils, which
while poisonous are not so poisonous as to cause such sudden
results, and taking into consideration the fact that she had been
eating them off and on for the last two weeks, I gave as my
opinion that they did not cause her death, and that I still judged
that she had died from traumatic pericarditis.

On post-mortem found everything perfectly normal and
healthy except the pericardium and heart. The pericardium
showed a punctured wound on its posterior face, through which

232 REPORTS OF CASES.

protruded the metal portion of one of those short black-headed
hat-pins which ladies use to fasten their hats on. On the pos-
terior face of the right ventricle there was a jagged lacerated
wound, which penetrated into the cavity of the ventricle ; this
wound showed distinctly how the point of the pin at each beat
of the heart had lacerated the muscular fibres till it finally wore
them through. The pin had evidently passed through the
walls of the omasum, as I found it sticking through the ante-
rior wall of that organ. Inside the pericardium was an enor-
mous blood clot. On exploring farther I found the head of the
pin, which had become detached from the metal portion inside
of the abomasum or true stomach. This fact showed that the
pin had been swallowed only a few days before, as otherwise
the rounded head would have passed out of the digestive tract
with the faeces. The history of this case was brief. The
owner stated that for two days previous to her death she had
bellowed in a peculiar way and would butt the feed pail over
and also other objects. At times this behavior was thought
due to sexual excitement or rutting. This bellowing was evi-
dently due to the pain produced by the passage of the pin
through the organs involved.

THREE CASES OF CHOKING.
By Wm. Schumacher, M. D. V., Milwaukee, Wis.

A gray horse apparently took sick during the night, broke
down its stall, knocked out a door, broke through the ice of a
ditch and was found there by its owner next morning. On ar-
rival, diagnosed thoracic choke, ascertained that the horse
could not swallow anything ; gave morphine and atropine
hypodermically to relieve the spasms, and a grave prognosis.
The animal died next morning, and on post-mortem found no
obstruction or dilatation of the oesophagus, but a ball of worms
the size of a fist in the pyloric orifice of the stomach ; the latter
contained partly digested food and was of normal size.

A bay horse, after being hitched and checked up, was given
half an apple by a child. Driven a short distance, he took sick
and was taken home. On arrival, found the horse bloated to
the utmost, and used at once the trocar. Diagnosis, thoracic
choke. The animal was in great distress ; was reaching and
swallowing air all the time. Drenched with some water and
found it would pass. Gave one pint of ol. lini to lubricate, and
used the trocar repeatedly on both sides to relieve the tympan-
ites. Finally the horse became very violent, kicked and threw

REPORTS OF CASES. 233

himself, and even repeated doses of morphine and atropine
would not quiet him. Emptying the rectum and clysters did
not give any relief ; the bloating and the swallowing of air
kept up. As a last resort, gave 2 >^ grains of eserine sulphate
(the large dose on account of the morphine and atropine he had
received), whereupon the horse passed some faeces and flatus
and subdued the tympanites somewhat. Gave again one pint
of ol. lini and one ounce of spts. ammon. arom., but the swal-
lowing of air and the distress was the same as before. Finally
gave some more ol. lini and spts. ammon. arom. and another
2 ^ grains of eserine (three hours after the first dose). A few
minutes later the horse passed flatus very violently, the reach-
ing, swallowing and tympanites diminished gradually and by
and by the horse became well.

A large draft horse took sick and the stable boss administer-
ed a ball of his own concoction, which probably was too large and
hard from age. The horse acted strangely, so the doctor was call-
ed, and found the patient rolling, kicking and shaking his head ;
pulse and membranes not abnormal, peristalsis increased. Gave
a capsule of spts. ammon. arom., and while waiting for its pass-
ing down noticed antiperistalsis. The capsule would pass up
and down the oesophagus ; by and by the animal cried out with
pain, doubled up and made violent efforts to vomit. Upon in-
quiry the stable boss admitted that he had given a ball and that
the animal acted very strangely afterwards. Gave a dose of mor-
phine and atropine, and the horse gradually became quiet ;
laid down, but kept on shaking the head and trying to vomit.
Emptied rectum and bladder, gave clysters, and finally i grain
of arecoiine hydrobromate, which brought on profuse salivation.
One hour later another ^ grain of arecoiine was given, where-
upon the bowels evacuated and the symptoms of choking disap-
peared.

LIPOMA OF A HORSE.
By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, Iowa.

On March 30, 1900, a sorrel carriage gelding, eight years
old, was brought to my clinic at the Veterinary Hospital, Iowa
State College, to be treated for a swelling over the external face
of the right anterior crural region which had been developing
for a year. I found a smooth, flat, tumor nearly a foot in diam-
eter. It was not attached to the skin, but the skin showed
some scars which resulted either from ulceration or from at-
tempts at treatment. The tumor was not prominent when the

234

REPORTS OF CASES.

horse was standing, but, when he flexed the leg in advancing, it
became quite prominent when seen from the driver's seat, and
on account of its unsightliness the owner wished to have it re-
moved. The horse was cast on the grass and anaesthetized with
chloroform. The hair was shaved over the tumor and the site
washed with 5% carbolic acid solution. With a convex bis-
toury an elliptical incision was made to enclose a space 8 inches
long and 4 inches wide. The tumor was then dissected from
the skin and the underlying tissues, to which it was loosely
attached, and removed. The tumor was circular in outline,
about 10 inches in diameter, 3 inches thick in the centre, and
tapering to a very thin periphery. Its weight was 4 lbs. 8 oz.
It showed the characteristic lipomatous structure throughout,
not being mixed with any other kind of tumor tissue. There
was a well-developed reticulum of connective tissue enclosing
lobules of adipose tissue }i to }4 inch in diameter. It imparted
an oily sensation to the hands and the knife used in cutting it
was smeared with grease. These latter features will always en-
able one to recognize a lipoma. The accompanying figure rep-

resents one-half of the tumor and shows the elliptical piece of
skin which was removed with it. The photograph was made
after the specimen had been kept in formaldehyde for several
years.

On account of the large cavity resulting from removal of the
tumor healing progressed slowly but uninterruptedly under daily
washing with a disinfecting solution, until, finally, the wound
closed up in such a manner as to leave only a small cicatrix to
indicate that the locality had been the seat of a tumor.

REPORTS OF CASES. 235

PARTURIENT PARESIS.
By A. W. Baker, V. S., Brasher Falls, N. Y.

I have noticed in the Review several times articles from
different veterinarians as to their treatment and success with
^' milk fever." I have had several cases this spring and I have
used the following treatment in three of them with excellent
results :

One case in particular, of recent date, was a valuable Hol-
stein cow and highly prized by the owner. On April 23, at 9
A. M., the owner came to my office, stating the case, and had
very little hopes of a recovery, as he said he had seen, and also
had had some cases treated, but with poor results ; but, how-
ever, he requested that I should go and do what I could. The
animal was a very large one, and was apparently suffering a
great deal, being very restless.

Symptoms. — Moaning, inappetence, mental dullness, coma,
paralysis; temperature 97°, pulse 120 (also venous pulse), res-
piration 28, with all the usual symptoms of the disease.

Modus Operandi. — I made an examination, and found the
bladder and rectum full ; so emptied them, which apparently
gave some relief. Found she was unable to swallow. We gave
her as clean a place and as good care as was available. Then
gave the following

Treatment. — Magnesia sulph., lb. i ; aquae, ad. litres ii. In-
jected through oesophagus. I then gave the following injection
in the udder through each teat : Potass, iodide, 3 iv ; creolin,
fl. 3 ss ; aquae ad. (warm)y?. § x, every 8 hours, with frequent rub-
bing of the udder and removing the milk ; also any manipula-
tions of benefit. When finished, I gave a stimulant of the fol-
lowing : Fl. ex. nucis vomicae and fl. ex. belladonna, aa § ss ;
ammonia aromatic spr., 5 iss ; aquae, ad. J xv ; two tablespoon-
fuls every two hours injected in mouth. Supply laxative food.

From 5 p. M. and up to 12 p. m. not much change, but at 2
A. M. she got on her feet. I again visited her in 24 hours and
found her convalescing, and at present writing she is as well as
ever.

RESULTS OF FOUR OPERATIONS FOR CRIBBING.*
By J. H. McIvEOD, D. V. S., Charles City, Iowa.
Case I. — Chestnut gelding, trotter. The operation consisted
of section of the sterno-maxillaris below where it receives the

* Read before the 15th Annual Meeting of the Iowa State Veterinary Medical Associ-
ation, January, 1903.

236 REPORTS OF CASES,

spinal accessory ; also resection of the sterno-hyo-thyroid mus-
cles. This animal made a few unsuccessful attempts after the
operation but gave it up for a time.

Case II. — Brown draught stallion. Operation : Neurectomy
of the spinal accessory ; unsuccessful. The owner, however,
informs me that he only cribs about half as much and that his
general condition has improved very much.

Case III — Black Percheron stallion. Operation : Section
of the sterno-hyo-thyroid and resection of the spinal accessory ;
partially successful. The animal attempted the act immediately
after the operation, but failed. After three days I found him at
times with his mouth held fast to a plank, which he could let go
with difficulty. Advised his removal into another stall. This
horse was worse when being watched, and at that time next day
he performed the act successfully. I ordered his removal into
a stall where he could not get hold of anything, and he has not
been known to crib since.

Case IV. — Operation same as previous case ; successful.

DOG CHOKED ON FROZEN TALLOW.

By Francis Abele, V. S., Quincy, Mass.

Held post-mortem on Boston terrier, valued at about one
thousand dollars. Had been let out for exercise at night-
fall ; did not return ; neighbor came over in morning saying :
" Swill man had come in to ask if we wanted the dead dog in
swill-tub taken off." They found owner's name on collar and
notified him. Dog was frozen stiff ; mouth and fauces were
choked with a mass of frozen tallow. Dog probably could
make no outcry and must have died quickly.

FOREIGN BODY IN CHEEK OF HORSE.
By Francis Abele, V. S., Quincy, Mass.
Horse had fistulous opening on outside of cheek and small
one opposite on inside. Had been cast, and broke iron fittings to
stall. The owner thought that there was a piece of iron in the
cheek. Bone forceps were employed and they produced a pyr-
amidal piece of tooth, which proved to be the " hook " of the
first superior molar. It must have been one inch long and
almost half an inch at base lines. From close questioning and
from the condition of the parts it was evident that this foreign
body had been in place for a week.

REPORTS OF CASES.

237

CELOSOMIAN MONSTROSITY.

Posterior presentation ; delivered from a seven-year-old Jersey
cow, April 14, 1903, by B. W. Flint, V. S., Fairlee, Vt. Cow
owned by Samuel Cutting, of Oxford, N. H.

"It would be like dropping my veterinary acquaintances to
drop the Review." — [J. C. Burneson^ Hammond^ Ind.) | ^

The first trotting races of which there is any authentic ac-
count took place in New England somewhere about the begin«
ning of the last century.

Statistics show that there was a sacrifice, during the Boer
war, of 419,000 horses, but mainly from being used before they"
became acclimated.

Recent statistics of the Department of Agriculture show
that Illinois, Iowa, and Texas are the only States that have a.
million or more horses within their borders.

The estimates for the appropriation for the support of the
army for the fiscal year 1 903-1 904 carry with it an item of
1450,000 for the purchase of horses. The appropriation for the
past year was $600,000.

238 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

GERMAN REVIEW.

By Adolph Eichhorn, D. V. S., Bureau of Animal Industry.

Recovered Cases of Hernia Inguinaus and Perinea-
LiS l^^Prof. D. A. Plosz\. — During the period of fourteen months,
three cases of inguinal hernia were operated upon ; all three re-
covered. First case, a four-year-old pointer bitch. Following
the third birth, a swelling developed in the left inguinal region,
gradually gaining in size until it reached the size of a child^s
head, interfering with the movements of the animal. The
swelling showed all the signs of a reducible hernia ; at the base
of the same, in the part corresponding to the annulus inguinalis
in males, a four cm. long, and one-and-a-half cm. wide rupture
was noticeable. Anaesthesia was produced with morphine. The
hernia was reduced, and in the centre of the swelling an 8 to lo
cm. long incision was made through the skin. The correspond-
ing portion of the mammary gland, and the peritoneum, also the
lining portion of the latter, were resected and their borders
united with catgut sutures. Following this, the ruptured open-
ing was closely sutured with catgut, and after uniting the bor-
ders of the skin, a bandage was applied. In seventeen days
complete recovery took place. Second case, four-year-old fox
terrier bitch. After the last birth, she developed also in the
left inguinal region a hernia, which considerably interfered with
the movements of the animal. Operation as in the first case ;
recovery in twelve days. Third case, ten-year-old bitch. After
repeated births, a right-sided hernia developed. Operation as
in the first case, recovery in seventeen days. A case of perineal
hernia came under observation in a five-year-old pug dog. To
the left, and slightly below the anal opening, gradually a swell-
ing of the size of a goose ^^^ developed, which diminished in
size when the hind quarters of the dog were raised, while, when
standing on its hind leg, it increased in size. Near the anal
opening the 2 ^ cm. wide ruptured opening was detectable.
The rupture interfered with the act of defecation, and caused an
enlargement of the rectum. The operation, performed under
anaesthesia, consisted in the opening of the reduced hernia in the
length of 8 cm, ; from the raised peritoneum a portion correspond-
ing to the size of the tumor was cut off, and its borders united

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 239

with catgut sutures ; after a resectiou of a superfluous piece of
skin, the opening of the skin was sutured. A suturing of the
rupture was impossible, as the borders of the same were partly
formed by the rectum. By resecting a piece of the skin, the
sack was diminished in size, and thereby the pressing out of the
abdominal contents was prevented. On the anal portion an
cedematous swelling appeared. Recovery took place in twelve
days in spite of the fact that a part of the wound did not heal by
first intention, due to a probable infection from the rectum. —
(Veterinarius.)

Simple and Sure Staining of Tubercle Bacilli [^De
Angelis]. — The author describes a method of staining tubercle
bacilli, which, compared with Ziehl's method, surpasses it
markedly. Some of the examining material is placed on the
slide, on which transversely is placed another one. Through
friction of both slides, the material is properly spread. The
slides are then dried, and fixed in the flame. For the staining,
the following solutions are required : {a) ammon. caust. 20, -\-
aqu. dest. 40 (filtrated) ; (b) saturated alcoholic gentian violet
solution ; (r) acid sulph. 10, + aqu. dest. 40 (filtrated) ; {d)
saturated alcoholic solution of chrysoidin. Three parts of solu-
tion a are mixed with seven parts of solution b. The prepared
slide is then covered with this solution, heated until it bubbles,
and has the appearance of a goldish metallic lustre. After cool-
ing it is rinsed with plenty of water, which is then allowed to
drip off, and a few drops of solution c are put on until the violet
disappears and the solution takes up a marked yellow coloration
with a slight, greenish hue. This solution is then poured off,
and the solution d is applied and allowed to act for one to two
minutes. This is followed by rinsing with alcohol, complete
drying and imbedding in Canada balsam. The tubercle bacilli
appear violet on a goldish yellow field. — (// Nuovo Ercolant.)

KcHiNOCOCCUS Cyst in the Brain of an Ox \^De Aftgelis] .
— The author found an ox strongly tied up in a stall, to prevent
it from falling. According to the history" of the owner, the
animal, which he had owned for three months, while plowing
became staggery, refusing food, sometimes being depressed,
other times excited. The pulse was small, hind parts almost
paralyzed, standing with the hind legs far extended. The head
was pressed against the wall, eyes staring. From time to time
the whole body trembled, coma and excitement alternating.
After slaughtering the animal, over and behind the cerebellum,
in the subarachnoidal space, a large echinococcus cyst was found,

240 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

containing numerous daughter cells. — (// Nuovo Ercolani),
Contributions to the Knowledge of Rabies. — An
eight-year-old cow with a staring look stood very quietly in the
stall. From time to time she kicked with the left hind leg at
the abdomen, at which times the muscles of the left side of the
neck became spasmodic ; at the same time the head was slightly
elevated, and with strong blinking of the eyes turned to the
left side. After a few minutes the spasms disappeared, and now
the animal bit the manger with rage, abraising the mucous
membrane of the palate. After the attack subsided the cow re-
mained perfectly quiet for some time, standing with the head
drooped, during which bloody foam flowed from the mouth.
The attacks came on, at every 15-20 minutes, in the way de-
scribed above. A two-year-old cow was in a state of great ex-
citement, trampling continually around, tearing on the chain,
shaking the head violently, trying to step into the manger, bel-
lowing almost continually, with a changed, but not a hoarse
voice. The eyes were bright, without a wild expression. —
{Berndl). A cow, at first restless, had periodically attacks of
rage, foaming very much. Later on paralysis of the pharynx,
insensibility and weakness of the hind quarters appeared, grad-
ually developing into complete paralysis. — {^Rupprecht). A cow
showed a staring look, restlessness, salivation, licking different
objects, continual bellowing during day and night, stepping into
the manger, and at the wall of the stall, rapid emaciation- and
weakness. After two days the voice became hoarse, finally fail-
ing completely. On the third day paralysis of the hind quar-
ters, lower jaw, and pharynx made its appearance, and on the
fourth day, the animal died. — {Kreis^ Gross Wartenberg). A
cow observed by Gabbey refused food and drink, was very ex-
cited and fearful, bellowed continually, and manifested weak-
ness in the hind quarters. The clinical picture in sheep, is de-
scribed by Melchert as follows : the animals when approached
by men or objects, give a short wheezing sound, which is pro-
duced by the violent stortuatory expirations ; this is accompanied
by stamping with a fore leg. A sick lamb jumped in dog-fash-
ion after a stick, which was held up. Biting rage, however,
was not noticeable ; the animals only manifested a great desire
for licking and abnormal sexual excitement. In one animal
early symptoms of paralysis of the hind quarters came in the
foreground ; in another, which died after eight days of sickness,
the paralysis of the hind quarters did not manifest itself until the
last two days of life by collapsing in the hind parts in jerks, but

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 241

still was .able to get up. A reporter - from Lanenberg states
that a rabid sheep continually ran from one end of the shed to
the other, staggering in the hind quarters, occasionally jump-
ing high, and attempting to bite people approaching it. Appe-
tite was completely depraved, foaming profusely from the mouth.
A rabid goat showed itching on the place of the bite, manifest-
ing the same by continual rubbing against objects, great excite-
ment, refusal of food, and running against approaching persons.
— {^Bennbach's Veroeffentlich.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard. M. D., V. M.

A Case of Rapid Radicai. Recovery of Umbilical
Hernia in a Foal \^Dr. C. Croci and A. Minardi'\. — The
operation preconized by Prof. Baldoni, which we recorded in our
*' Italian Review " some time ago, has suggested to the authors
its application in this case, although there was no need to resort
to the use of the pin to secure the hernial sac. The foal was
one year old, and since birth had a hernia, which had been left
without treatment. The tumor is about as big as a hen's ^%^^
is covered with healthy skin and shows the umbilical cicatrix
very plainly. It is easily reduced. The ring measures about
3 centimeters in diameter. Although probably other simple
mode of treatment might be successful, the process of radical
cure is decided upon. After thorough disinfection and shaving
of the operating field, an incision is made through the skin, the
sac opened and the margins of the ring sewed with catgut
sutures, and solidly brought well together. The skin is sutured
with solid string. A dressing of iodoform is applied and kept
in place with a bandage, which, however, it is necessary to re-
move as it is soon soiled with urine. The wound is then
sprinkled with solution of sublimate and dusted with iodoform
only. All the sutures are taken out towards the tenth day and
in 15 days after the operation the ring is firmly closed. — {Clin'
ica Veter.)

Puerperal Collapsus Relieved by Insufflation of
THE Mamm^ [Z)r. Santo Stazzi\. — Prevented for 24 hours
from answering a call to visit a sick cow, the author did not see
her until she had been ailing four days. When he saw her he
was told that she had calved three days before, had fed her calf
for three days, and then began to stagger behind, breathing rap-

242 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

idly and with difficulty, carrying her head right and left and
then finally had dropped. Such indeed was her condition and
the history that the diagnosis was certain. Taking into consid-
eration the length of time the animal had been ailing, her
chances for recovery were very limited, and if any possibility of
treatment existed it was in the use of one which would have a
rapid, almost immediate action. Dr. Stazzi ordered thorough
washing of the udder with tepid water and soap, with the inten-
tion of resorting to the insufflation of air into the udder. A
pump like those used by cyclists was adapted to a syringe of
Pravey, and this new adaptation was carefully disinfected ; when
introduced successfully in each one of the teats, those of the
right side first and then those 6f the left, air was thrown into
each quarter of the mammae. When this was sufficiently dis-
tended, an assistant knelt down and applied thorough massage.
After a certain time the cow, which was almost in a comatous
condition, began to move her head, raised it toward the flank,
and was able to take a large drink of tepid farina water. Massag-
ing being continued, after a few hours the symptoms gradually
diminished and disappeared, the animal getting up and partak-
ing of her food. A second insufflation, however, had to be re-
sorted to. The result obtained makes the author believe that
air insufflation is more advantageous, less dangerous and easier
of application than the treatment by injection of iodide of potas-
sium solution. Anyhow, the cyclist pump has thus a new ap-
plication.— {Chn. Veter.)

Fistula of the Plantar Fibro-cartilage — Acci-
dental Wound of the Capsular Ligament [^Dr. Dario
Ferld\. — Wound of the capsular ligament and opening of the
joint of the second and third pastern bones during the operation
for cartilaginous quittor is always a serious complication, and,
notwithstanding the great advantages by the new process of op-
eration and antiseptic precautions, surgeons do not like to see it
Occur. The case here recorded is, however, interesting princi-
pally by the rapidity of the recovery. It is that of a thirteen-
year-old horse, which since four weeks has a discharge from the
left fore foot close to the coronary band. Of course, there is a
fistula which runs four centimeters downwards under the hoof.
The animal is very lame, and carries but little weight on his
leg. He is thrown, disinfection applied as well as is permitted
to a country practitioner, the cartilage is exposed by incisions of
the skin, the necrotic portion is excised, when at that moment a
struggle of the animal made the sage knife drop from the oper-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 243

ator's hand on the bedding after cutting the capsular ligament
and opening the joint. There is no error — the synovia is escap-
ing. Without losing time disinfection with sublimate was freely
resorted to and a dressing of naptaline applied. In thirteen
days the owner put his horse to work. — {Clin, Veter,)

A Bearded Horse [^Dr. G. B. Dalait], — This animal,
which is between seven and eight years old, does every week
the service of bringing calves to markets in the neighborhood,
and is the object of such curiosity that the people go to the mar-
kets only to see the bearded horse. On the superior lip, which
is perfectly normal in shape, he carries a pair of mustaches, not
made of a few fine hairs gathered together, as those which are
sometimes observed on the upper lip, but these are white, thick,
and measure 20 to 25 centimeters in length ; they are true hairs
like those of the mane and tail, and give certainly a very pecu-
liar looking aspect to the horse. If the case has no important
scientific value, it is nevertheless interesting. — {Clinic. Veter. ^

Dislocation of the Tendon of the Postea-vSpinatus
Muscle of the Horse — Bursitis of its Synovial \Prof. A.
Vacthetta]. — These conditions have been observed by the au-
thor: In one, the near side horse of a team, slipped and fell, re-
maining down under the weight of the pole of the wagon and
that of his mate. Raised, he shows apparently no trouble, and
walks toward home, when after a short distance he shows lame-
ness of the right fore leg. A blacksmith is called and prescribes
an astringent poultice. Later on the professor is called. He
finds the horse lame, with difficulty of leg being carried forward,
there is slight rotation inwards and slightly backwards ; the
right trochiter is covered only by the skin and the cutaneous
muscle ; the tendon of the postea-spinatus is relaxed and pushed
backwards. The right foot being raised, the fore arm flexes,
with the arm extended and the elbow brought near the trunk.
All attempts to push the tendon back in its position failed. A
blister is applied over the whole region ; in three weeks the ani-
mal resumes work. There remained a slight atrophy of the
muscle. In the second case, it was a draught horse which had
a swelling on a level with the tendon of the postea-spinatus.
This tumor is warm, rather painful, tense and slightly moveable ;
it is projecting and raises the skin which is over it. This is
normal. Twelve leeches are applied over it and hot fomenta-
tions prescribed. After a slight improvement, the swelling in-
creases, becomes hard and fibrous, and is resistant to treatment
of alteratives and massage ; the serous bursitis has become hy-

244 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

perplasic. Firing and afterwards extirpation are resorted to. —
(// Nuovo Ercolani^

Retention of the Afterbirth in Cows \yito Giachint].
— In connection with the excellent article on the subject by Prof.
W. Iv. Williams, published in the December (1902) Review, I
find the following from one who advocates the interference of
the obstetrician under peculiar circumstances : (i) If the foetal
envelops appear outside, slow and continued traction is indicated
until resistance is felt ; the protruding envelops are excised and
the operation continued the next day ; (2) If the envelops are
entirely within the uterine cavity, introduce the hand into the
womb, to take hold of the mass, bring it out in the vagina and
extract it by slow, careful pullings ; (3) If the placenta and
ovaries are disintegrated, clean the cotyledons and also the
uterus. The operation is finished by thorough washing of the
vagina and uterus with 4% glycerine phenicated solution, re-
newed twice a day, according to the condition of the envelops.
Should puerperal fever occur, injections of Marmoreck serum
and phenol glycerine give good results. — (^Giour. della R. Soc.
and Acad, Vet, ItaL )

Multiple Mixoma of the Omentum in a Dog {Proj.
U. Caparini~\. — Mixomas are comparatively rare in our domes-
tic animals ; few observations have been recorded, and the fol-
lowing adds to the history of those neoplasms by its clinical
value and the symptoms presented. A young setter had died
with all the manifestations of pulmonary oedema. He had been
sick for a month ; presenting among the most prominent symp-
toms a progressive enlargment of the abdomen, which in a few
days had assumed an enormous size. There was first diminu-
tion of appetite, then complete anorexia, constipation, excessive
loss of flesh. On manipulation of the abdomen, the presence of
a large mass was detected, bosselated, somewhat elastic, which
by its enormous size could not be but a malignant tumor. At
the post-mortem, there was no fluid in the abdominal cavity,
but an enormous mass filling the greatest part of the abdomen
and attached by various points on the omentum. The mass
was divided into several tumors. Five or six being larger than
the others, two were as big as one steer kidney ; another had
the shape of the heart of a dog with its base continued to the
structure of the spleen. A large number of those neoplasms
varied in size between that of a nut to that of an orange ; all
were covered with a thin membrane. Their consistency was
soft, somewhat fluctuating ; their superficy appeared generally

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 245

grey, slightly yellowish and in some parts reddish or even dark
red. No other lesions were found. The mass of the growth
weighed six kilogs and a half (13 pounds.) — {II Ntcovo Erco-
Ia7i7.)

Salol in Hepatic Distomatoses \^Dr. M. Romagnoli']. —
In a flock of sheep, after pasturing on a marshy land, many of
them developed all the symptoms of distomatose : slow motions,
poor appetite, great thirst, subcutaneous oedemas, pallor of the
skin of the ears, of all the visible mucous membranes, charac-
teristic swelling in the intermaxillary space, yellow color of the
skin and of the mucous membranes ; in some animals diarrhoea
and collapse. To confirm the diagnosis the author made post-
mortems on two animals killed for the purpose, and found le-
sions of undoubtful nature. In the presence of the extent of
the disease, of the loss of many of the animals, and of the pecu-
niary loss in view, all kinds of treatment were resorted to with-
out any result. At last the author decided to use salol. He
prescribed one gramme of salol in a spoonful of water to be
given every morning on empty stomach for eight days. The
result was a perfect success, as all the animals remaining recov-
ered.— (// Mode mo Zooiatro.)

An Interesting Case of Diffused Echinococci in a
Sow [Z)r. Alf. MinardP\. — This was observed in a three-year-
old animal killed in a public slaughter-house. The lungs were
found containing a great number of small cysts situated princi-
pally near the borders. The heart, which was enlarged in size
and so changed in shape that it had an almost spherical form,
had two cysts in the walls of the left ventricle and one as big as
a nut in the right. These walls were much thicker than nor-
mal. In the liver there were numerous parasitic cysts, some of
them as big as an hazel-nut. The spleen was literally covered
with about thirty cysts, some of them being as big as pigeon's
eggs. The right kidney had on its outside surface three cysts,
and the right two external and one in the medullary substance.
This last was in process of degeneration. Some cysts were
found in the adipose tissue round the kidneys and one in the
psoas muscle. These last were as big as a nut and are very sel-
dom met with. The examination of the cysts revealed their
parasitic nature — they were echinococci. — {Clin. Veterm.)

Dr. a. S. Alexander, of Evanston, 111., has been appoint-
ed professor of animal husbandry and veterinary science at the
University of Wisconsin, Veterinary Department, Madison, Wis.

246 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

BELGIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Intermittent Tympanites in a Cow — Cicatricial Con-
traction OF THE Small Intestine — Peculiar Dilatation
OF THE Organ [Af. Nandrm] . — This animal has been ailing for
some six months. At intermittent spaces, say about every fif-
teen days, she is taken sick ; it lasts a few days, recuperates and
is taken bad again about two weeks later. During her sickness
there are always three principal manifestations : loss of appetite,
arrest of rumination, slight tympanites. She has lost consider-
able flesh, has some liquid passages at times — that is all. Care-
ful examination reveals nothing except at the rectal exploration
some abnormal sensibility when the hand presses on the rumen.
The cow was destroyed. At the post-mortem an abscess was
found on the rumen, twice as big as a man's fist. It opened in
the rumen, and contained pus and food mixed. But the intes-
tine showed the most interesting part. In its anterior portion,
for a length of about three metres, the small intestine is dilated
four or five times its normal size and its coats are thickened, the
muscular coat being exceptionally developed. This dilatation is
not uniform ; and on the surface of the organ are seen numer-
ous spherical little tumors, all fluctuating and opening in the
cavity of the intestine. They were all running along the small
curvature of the organ and nearly at equal distance from each
other. This dilated portion ended suddenly at a limited con-
traction indicated by a circular ring hard and cartilage-like.
The small finger can scarcely pass through it. Beyond this
contraction, the viscera resumes its normal condition. For the
author these lesions were probably the sequelae of the presence
or a foreign body which had given rise to the abscess of the
rumen, to an injury, prick or tear of the intestine, which has
ended into cicatricial contraction, partial obstruction and dilata-
tion of the intestine with change in the muscular coat. — (An-
na/es de Brnxelles,)

Sero-Fibrinous Pleurisy of the Horse — Three Cases
Successfully Treated by Early Thoracentesis [E.
Lienanx]. — Encouraged by the numerous reports relating to
the good effect of the early operation, the author decided to re-
sort to it. The three cases which he describes were treated in
about the same way, the result being the same, viz., rapid re-
covery. The first case affected with typhoid fever, complicated

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, 24?

with jaundice, had also pneumonia, with the bilateral dullness
of pleurisy. Two punctures were made, one on one day, the
other the day after ; serous fluid escaped ; in a few days the
animal was discharged. In a second case, the animal was af-
fected with pneumonia first and pleurisy occurred only a few
days after. With one puncture only, the animal recovered in
less than two weeks. The third case was a little more serious.
The subject had typhoid fever, pneumonia set in, followed in
four days with bilateral dullness of pleurisy, on an horizontal
line from the lower part of the chest up to the separation of the
lower and middle third. Besides the puncture, spirits of tur-
pentine was added to a diet of milk. At the first puncture only
a small quantity of bloody serum with fibrinous clots was re-
moved. On the next day five litres of fluid were taken away
by another puncture. L<ater on three more punctures were re-
sorted to and pilocarpine nitrate administered once. Iodide of
potassium was also prescribed towards the end of the treatment.
The total amount of fluid extracted varied between fifteen and
twenty litres, but it remained all along with its hsemorrhagic
tint. The treatment of this animal lasted longer than the
others. Its sickness began on the 19th of November and it was
not before the 20th of March that he resumed work. The
author recommends that the operation be done aseptically, and
that no air be allowed to enter the pleural cavity ; he avoids it
by using Dientafay's aspirator. — {Annales de Bruxelles.)

Perineal Pseudo-Hernia in a Dog — Inflection of the
Rectum by Hypertrophy of the Prostate — Reduction by
Rectoplexy [/>^ ^. Lte7tatix]. — An aged dog had difficulty in
making manure ; he makes violent efforts and only expels very
little matter. On the perineum there is a tumor as big as the
fist. It is situated below the anus and is regularly round. On
feeling it, the skin is found sound, loose, and the tumor is redu-
cible. Its contents seem formed of various elements, a soft vis-
cera, rather twisted, and a hard body, also reducible. There is
no trouble in micturation. The deformity runs along the anus
and its contents seem in continuity with the end of the rectum.
An asymetrical dilatation of the rectum is suspected. The small
hard mass felt in the tumor is probably an hsemorrhoidal lym-
phatic gland hypertrophied. As treatment rectoplexy is decided
upon. The flank is opened, the rectum taken hold of, drawn
forward, and when the reduction is completed, is sutured to the
wound of the flank with two stitches. The immediate effects
were good, but the next day the tumor had returned and with it

248 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the difficulty in defecation. Direct action is then decided on, the
skin is incised to the right of the median line of the perineum
and the rectum exposed as well as the hypertrophied lymphatic
gland. This is removed, and instead of the supposed rectal dila-
tation, an inflexion is found. The rectum forms a curved loop,
with two branches four or five centimeters long, which is the ob-
stacle to the passage of the faeces. The recto-genital ciil desacoi
the peritoneum is pushed well backwards and is separated from
the skin only by a thin layer of connective tissue. The diagnosis
being now established, rectoplexy is to be performed a second
time, but with the modification that the rectum shall be more
firmly secured to the edges of the wound. This is obtained by
six sutures involving the musculo-serous coat of the organ and
the borders of the incision of the parietal peritoneum. On the
following day defecation was normal and remained so afterwards.
An examination of the prostate revealed it to be quite largely
hypertrophied. — [Annales de Bruxelles.)

A Remarkable Outbreak of Contagious Mastitis in
Cows [C Radway, M. R. C. V. S.'\, — In April, 1902, a farmer
bought two fresh cows, which he introduced among his. They
seemed healthy. Three weeks later complaints were made
about the milk, which kept badly and had an offensive smell.
After inquiries and observations, it was found that the two new
cows were not the only ones that proved diseased, but fourteen
others gave bad milk. All the cows were isolated, stalls disin-
fected, floors limed. This was not sufficient to stop it, as new
infected animals were detected, even among cows kept in other
sheds some distance from the original one. No matter what
was done, now and then a new case showed. Strong disinfect-
ing injections were made in the udder of the sick, and, although
they helped as long as they were carried out, the bad condition
of the milk returned as soon as they were stopped. The incu-
bation of the disease in fresh cows varied from six to twelve
days, according to the animal being an easy or a hard milker.
Tired of using all the sanitary measures indicated and having in
vain resorted to all known processes of disinfection, the owner
decided to slaughter them. A few of them, which appeared to
have recovered, were kept, but isolated. The infected buildings
and all utensils were again submitted to the most thorough wash-
ing and disinfection, and after several months the buildings
were thrown open to fresh air and sunlight, and ultimately new
stock allowed to go in. Since that no more disease has occur-
red, but it had a long run. — [Journ. Comp. Path, and Therap.)

ADSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. 249

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

Under the Direction of E. M. Ranck. V. M. D., Natchez, Miss.

The Distribution of Hydrophobic Virus in the
Body. — There are a number of interesting problems connected
with hydrophobia which claim our attention. Aside from the
all-important question of the causative agent, which is still un-
known, we are still lacking in information on the exact mode
of the dissemination of the virus. We know, for instance, that
the virus is constantly found in the saliva and in the nervous
system, but whether it is also present in other organs and fluids
of the body has not been definitely established. Bombici de-
tected the virus in the lachrymal, superenal, pancreatic and
mammary glands. Cardelli failed to find it in the liver, spleen
and crystalline lens. De Blasi and Travali found it in the se-
men. Roux and Galtier detected it in the lymphatic glands
and lymph. Bardach and Rough proved that the virus may be
transmitted through the placenta. This was corroborated by
cases of alleged placental infection reported by La Josse, Canil-
lac, Kolesnikoff and others, but contradicted by the experiments
of Pastuer, Horsley, Celli, De Blasi and especially Zagari. Kro-
kieweiz [Gazeta lekarska^ No. 8, 1902) inoculated into rabbits
pieces of medulla obtained on an autopsy from a pregnant woman,
who died of rabies, and her nine months' old foetus. The rab-
bit inoculated with the medulla from the mother developed
rabies, while the other remained well, thus showing that the
virus is not transmitted through the placenta. Nor is immu-
nity to rabies transmitted through the placenta, as shown by the
experiments of Hogyes. The most exhaustive work on the dis-
semination of hydrophobic virus has been done by Tcherevhoff.
In a recently published paper {Russky Vratch^ No. 48, 1902)
he presents the results of his extensive experiments conducted
since 1890. He determined the presence of the virus in the
blood, spleen, submaxillary gland, liver, voluntary muscles, pan-
creas, bone marrow, the fluid from the lateral ventricles and
cerebro- spinal fluid, suprarenal gland, kidneys, lungs, testicles
and various nerves. With the exception of the peripheral ner-
vous system and the submaxillary gland, the virus could not be
found in any other tissues. The author has also shown that,
when injected into the blood- current, the virus disappears within
an hour, being deposited primarily in the liver and spleen. The

250 ABSTRACTS FROuM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

practical conclusions which can be drawn from the experiments
are, first, that the virus is carried only by way of the nervous
system, and there is, consequently, no danger if it happens to
enter the circulation, and, second, that the various organs of a
rabid animal, except the nervous system and salivary gland, may
be handled with comparative impunity. — (^Editorial Comment^
Phil. Med. Journal, Vol. II, No. 4.)

On the Communicability of Bovine Tubercui^osis to
Man. — Koch gives a general view of the work that has been
done since the publication of his celebrated article on this ques-
tion. He now confines himself strictly to the consideration of
the communicability of animal tuberculosis to human beings,
stating that discussion of the contrary proposition would carry
him too far. He says that, in spite of his request to the author-
ities to inform him of any case of intestinal tuberculosis, possi-
bly due to drinking the milk of tuberculous cattle, he has had
no such case brought to his notice within fifteen months. He
draws especial attention to the great infrequency of cases that
are worthy of consideration as being possible examples of this
condition. He considers all the cases of tuberculosis verrucosa
cutis to be subject to the most severe criticism. He believes
that, if milk causes tuberculosis, the infection should be one
that occurs in groups ; yet this is not the case. He also be-
lieves that there is no instance on record in which it has been
shown that tuberculous meat has caused tuberculosis in a human
being, in spite of the fact that there is every probability that all
human beings eat living tubercle bacilli in the course of their
lives. As for the effects of milk, Koch reviews the reports of
Ollivier and Hiils, in particular, and decides that they do not at
all demonstrate that the infection took place from milk. He
insists that, in order to settle this question, cases of supposed
infection from milk must be investigated post-mortem, that
there must be an exclusion of other sources of infection, that
tuberculosis of the udder in cattle supposedly causing the infec-
tion must be present, and that other persons who have taken
the same milk must be shown to have acquired tuberculosis.—
{Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift, Nov. 2J, 1^02 ; Abs.
Phila. Med. Journ., Vol. II, No. 4.)

Pediatrics. — Wentworth {Boston Medical and Surgical
fournal, June 26th and July 3d, 1902), discusses this problem at
length. The substance of his paper is given in the following
conclusions : (i) The general statement that the upper one-
fourth of a quart of cow's milk in which the cream has risen,

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. 251

contains io% of fat, is the average of a large number of milks,
but there is too much variation in different cows to enable one
to figure the milk modifications on this basis accurately. (2)
This would not be of so much consequence if the percentage of
fat in the cream was always low, but too much fat in modified
milk is more liable to cause digestive disturbance than too lit-
tle. (3) It is advisable, therefore, to have the percentage of fat
determined in the cream at least once whenever the infant be-
gins to use modified milk and to repeat this at the time of the
year when the cattle's food is changed. (4) It is not advisable
to modify the milk with cream in which the percentage of fat
is under 10%, because, if one obtains a sufificient percentage of
fat ii;i the modification, the percentage of proteids will be too
high in many cases. (5) If the percentage of fat is too low in
the upper 8 ounces of one quart of " set milk " it is better to
take fewer ounces off the top, determine the percentage of fat in
these ounces, and use such a number of ounces of cream as con-
tains 12% or more of fat. If more proteid is required it can be
obtained by the addition of the lower milk, which is almost free
from fat. (6) A safe rule would be to have at least one deter-
mination of fat made, no matter how many ounces are taken
from the top of the ^' set milk " and afterward to continue to
take the same number of ounces off each time. (7) In order to
make a modification of milk in which a high percentage of fat
is combined with a low percentage of proteid it is necessary to
use cream that contains a high percentage of fat. In general,
it is better to use a cream removed from the milk at home than
to use a cream bought for this purpose, because the latter is
much more likely to be stale and to have undergone changes
due to heat or age. (8) Within certain limits, accurate percent-
age modifications of milk are not essential to the well-being of
a majority of the babies that are fed on modified milk. Proof
of this is afforded by the fact that so many infants do well when
fed on modified milk and yet it has been shown by the results
of analysis that these modifications are rarely accurate. Un-
fortunately, it is not always possible to tell beforehand to which
class a given case belongs, and this is a sufficient reason, even
if there were no others, for modifying the milk as much as pos-
sible. A complete analysis of the milk requires too much time
and training to make it a practical procedure, except in special
cases. The determination of the percentage of fat in the cream
used for modification is easily made, requires but a few minutes
to do and enables modifications of milk to be made that are ac-

252 ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

curate enough for most cases, if in addition directions for mod-
ifying are carefully given and followed. (9) The advantage of
modifications of milk furnished by establishments is that it is
convenient. It relieves the family of all responsibility so far as
the preparation of the infant's food is concerned. Three great
objections to the use of commercial modifications of milk are :
(a) inaccurate modifications ; (b) stale milks ; (c) expense, (a)
The claim is made by those interested in the sale of commercial
modifications of milk that the percentage of fat, sugar and pro-
teids are accurately determined in each modification. This
claim of exactness forms the basis upon which such commercial
modifications of milk largely depend for their success. The
26 analyses he gives show how little dependence can be placed
upon such statements, (b) People who reside beyond the lim-
its of wagon delivery (and most people do for several months
each year) have to use on Sunday and a part of Monday milk
that is delivered on Saturday and of a necessity milked on Fri-
day. It is claimed that no deleterious changes take place in
these milks if they are kept cold. A sufficient number of clin-
ical observations has been made to show that such a claim is
unwarranted, (c) The cost of modifications of milk made at
home is less than twenty-five cents a day. Compare this with
the cost of commercial modifications of milk, to which in many
cases must be added the cost of transportation. (10) The tech-
nique of fat determined by the Babcock method is simple and
easily acquired. The entire outfit, including a centrifugal ma-
chine, flasks, pipettes and acid can be purchased for nine dol-
lars. The time required for a fat determination by this method
is about 15 minutes. — {Boston Medical and Surgical Jour7tal,
June 26 andjnlyj^ ipo2 ; Therapeutic Monthly^ Vol. II., No. 8.)

No Hydrophobia in England and Australia. — In both
of these countries the presence of hydrophobia has been com-
pletely stamped out by drastic measures and legislation regu-
lating the importation of dogs. Every dog arriving in England
is quarantined for several days, during which time it is exam-
ined by experts to ascertain whether the dog has rabies or not.
Thus the lack of hydrophobia in England or Australia is due
to the simple fact that no animal with rabies is admitted into
the countries, and no other animal can contract the disease,
since there is no chance of coming in contact with an animal
having the disease. — {Phil. Med. Journal, Vol. I J No. /.)

Pasteurized and Sterilized Milk as a Cause of Rick-
ets and Scurvy.— Sill holds that cow's milk is the best sub-

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. 253

stitute for mother's milk, when properly prepared ; but cow's
milk is not bettered by sterilization or pasteurization ; on the
contrary, he believes that this treatment undoubtedly makes it
the direct cause of rickets and scurvy and kindred diseases in
children. The object of pasteurization can be safely accom-
plished, in his opinion, by receiving the milk in sterilized
quart-bottles, which are then tightly sealed, labeled with the
dairyman's name and the date, and cooled immediately to a
temperature of 40° F. — (^Phil. Med. Journal^ Vol, 11^ No. /.)

K0EH1.ER ON THE Present Status of the Communica-
BiuTY OF Tuberculosis of Cattle to Human Beings. —
The article is a general view that leads up to the conclusion
that it is not yet determined whether tuberculosis of cattle and
that of man are due to different organisms. It is, therefore, not
known whether they are intercommunicable. It is, however,
certain that tuberculosis of cattle is of less importance to human
beings than tuberculosis in other human beings. It is very im-
portant to see that milk is sterile, less on account of tubercu-
losis than on account of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and other
diseases. In connection with tuberculosis, however, it is chiefly
important to see, so far as possible, that no opportunity is given
for one tubercular person to infect another. Measures taken
with this object in view are the most important of all in relation
to the spread of tuberculosis and the limitation of this disease.
Consequently, hygienic regulations of human beings and, as far
as possible, their isolation in sanatoria are the chief matters of
importance in connection with the control of tuberculosis. —
[Deutsch. Medic. Wochen. ; Phil. Med. Journal^ Nov. ^, 1^02.)

A Very Old Horse. — Dr. E. P. Edwards, in the London
Veteriftary Record^ furnishes the details of the following story :
" Old Tom," as he was known for the latter part of his life, was
born in March, 1859. He was a black gelding, used when
young as a saddle and harness horse ; for the last ten years he
enjoyed a well-earned pension from his owner, living chiefly out
of doors. He was never sick, his only trouble being with his
molars, which required periodical rasping. He died lately at
the advanced age of forty-three (43) years and a few months.
The peculiarity of this record is that his owner was S2> Y^^^^
old, his wife 86, and the old horse 43 — making for the trio the
respectable figure of 212 years. [This does not approach the
greatest recorded age of the horse, however, by many years. —
Editor Review.]

254 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This Review department was opened in the March num-
ber, and its object was there explained — the betterment of the
Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

PROPOSED LEGISLATION FOR RETIREMENT OF ARMY VET-
ERINARIANS.

There are now two Army Veterinarians on the active list —
Veterinarian John Tempany, 9th Cavalry, and Veterinarian
Samuel W. Service, loth Cavalry — who are both over 64 years
of age, and with a service of over 40 years, who would be en-
titled to retirement pay — if they were not veterinarians.

As this is a matter which vitally interests all Army Veteri-
narians, a letter was addressed to Dr. Tempany, asking informa-
tion in regard to the fate of his bill for his retirement which he
had introduced at the last session of Congress, and as to what,
in his experience, had made such a course necessary, and
whether he had beforehand definitely ascertained that he could
not be retired under the present laws governing the Army.
Dr. Tempany replied very promptly, informing me that he
knew of no law whereby he could be retired as veterinarian,
hence his special bill. He states that the retirement laws were
made for commissioned officers, and as we are not commis-
sioned, he could only be retired on special legislation. He also
informs me that Dr. Service, loth Cavalry, was about to apply,
through official channels, for retirement, and if this failed, as it
likely would, that the x\rmy Veterinarians would introduce a
bill at the next Congress asking for rank^ which would, of
course, include the privilege of retirement.

This brings us face to face with our future legislation. I
have intentionally held back so far with any proposition in this
line, hoping that someone else would start suggestions. But
we must do something, do it openly, and it is not too early to
5tart it. While I am heartily in sympathy with attempts to se-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 255

cure the much-earned retirement for our old army colleagues, I
am also frank to confess that I am, personally, opposed to such
piece-meal legislation.

What we need is legislation for the creation of an organized
veterinary service that will enable us to perform our duties un-
hampered and with a certain degree of authority, which need
not be the military authority that comes with rank ; we need
som& promotioft and retiremeiit on age or disability, so that in-
telligent and ambitious veterinarians may have something to
look forward to and will stay in the service. The indolent
hanger-on cannot assist us in squaring ourselves with the Army
as regards our worth and advancement.

But the renewed attempt to gain rank by congressional leg-
islation is bound to be again a failure. One must know the
spirit of our Army to understand the situation. I have taken
some pains to ascertain the feeling of those Army officers from
whom I could expect a candid opinion, and the consensus of opin-
ion seems to be that the feeling in the Army is against giving
us rank, not so much because we are veterinarians, but from a
general principle gained by the favored position of other officers,
who were not military men, and whom rank has made distaste-
ful in many minor ways. Veterinarians who are on familiar
terms with Army officers understand this sentiment. On the
other hand, it appears to be conceded that we ought to have the
right to retirement, and some sort of promotion after certain pe-
riods of service and due examination ; for instance, the pay and
allowances of first-lieutenant after five years' service and exam-
ination, and the pay and allowances of captain after ten years'
service and examination for chief veterinarian. It is conceded
that we need chief veterinarians, as our duties, especially in the
field, in the suppression of contagious diseases, are much more
cooperative than those of the dental surgeon's, whose work is
entirely individual, but who have nevertheless three examining
and supervising dentists. Even the female nurse corps possesses
a superintendent. This comparison is somewhat ludicrous, yet
it was made in all earnest by one of our friends, and it illustrates
how difficult it is for our Army friends to literally grasp the
wide, scientific education which our professional study entails.

If the feeling to better our position in the Army along the
lines suggested above is present, we ought to make use of it, and
not antagonize it by asking for rank, which would, after all,
merely add to our lustre by military splendor and gold laces,
which an earnest scholar of a great science can well afford to

256 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

accord to the purely military man, who needs it for his outward
show af authority.

Our future veterinary service would, as I understand it, be
organized about as follows :

1. One officer of the Adjutant-General's Department in
charge of veterinary affairs, as at present.

2. One Chief Veterinarian of Cavalry, with pay and allow-
ances of Captain, after ten years' service.

3. One Chief Veterinarian of Artillery, after ten years' ser-
vice.

4. One Chief Veterinarian of the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment, after t^n years' service.

5. 15 Regimental Veterinarians of Cavalry with pay and
allowances of First Lieutenant, mounted, after five years of
service.

6. 25 Assistant Veterinarians of Cavalry and Artillery,
with pay and allowances of Second Lieutenant, as at present.

7. Contract Veterinarians, as many as are authorized by
the present law, at $100 per month.

8. Promotion of farriers and horse-shoers to sergeants after
examination and second enlistment.

This scheme necessitates only the creation of the three addi-
tional positions of Chief Veterinarians, and the promotion of
fifteen veterinarians to the pay and allowances of first lieutenant
after five years' service, with a small advancement of pay. Sure-
ly it is a modest scheme, but it will be a working unit. It may
be a disappointment to the young among us who dream of a
full-fledged veterinary corps, and it will be hard for those of
middle age who have only a few years of service to see men
younger in years and experience step into the favored places
gained by greater length of service. But personal considera-
tions cannot be entertained in a plan for the general good, and
it is only that we can attain an organization if we follow the
precedent in the Army as established in all other branches of
the service.

Now, please, Army colleagues, come out with your sanction
or objections in the pages of the Review, which were so gener-
ously offered us for this purpose. Olof Schwarzkopf.

THE REPORT ON " SURRA " BY GENERAL WINT, U. S. A.

In the last issue of the Review we commented on the trip
of General Wint, U. S. A., to British India for the purpose of

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 257

investigating the English methods of dealing with " surra," and
predicted that the results of this inquiry could not be much dif-
ferent from the advice given by the calmer and more experi-
enced army veterinarians in the Philippines.

While we have not yet seen Circular No. 6., Headquarters of
the Philippines, which was also mentioned in the issue of last
month by a correspondent from the Philippines, it is evident
from the tenor of his letter that the circular in question recom-
mends the treatment of " surra " by hygienic measures, rather
than by medicines, laying great stress on the avoidance of feed-
ing infected grass and water. This was exactly the position
taken by us, but our advice was not heeded, and instead those
were favored with credulity who advocated all sorts of medic-
inal agents, with loss of valuable time in the eradication of this
disease. (O. S.)

* *

DR. geIvSTon's disappearance.

By order from Headquarters of the Army, dated May 5, 1903,
Veterinarian Samuel L. Gelston, 3d Cavalry, was discharged
from the service of the United States on account of abscence
without leave.

This order has a sad story at its foundation. Dr. Gelston
was temporarily stationed at Fort Meade, S. D., and early in
April he acted strangely for a day or two, finally exchanged his
uniform for civilian clothes, left the garrison, and has not been
seen since. Searches after him have been without definite re-
sults. There is no doubt that he wandered off in a fit of tem-
porary insanity, as he disappeared once before under similar cir-
cumstances while serving in the Philippine Islands, but at that
time a searching party rescued him, and a three-months treat-
ment at the Military Hospital at Corrigidor Island, Manila, had
apparently restored him to health. Under these circumstances
desertion has been excluded, and his disappearance and probable
death are the result of a recurrent attack of mental aberration
originally caused by service in the Tropics. (O. S.)

SOME CHANGES WHICH HAVE TO TAKE PLACE AMONG THE
ARMY VETERINARIANS.

(i) An organized corps, which can only be consummated by
a joint interest of veterinarians all over the country, getting the
assured promise from their Congressmen and Senators to vote
for the bill when presented ; then we must have some influen-
tial representative in Washington to keep pushing it for us. I

258 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

think if Dr. Salmon would accept the task he would be our best
man. If veterinarians would call on their Senators and make
them cognizant of the necessity of having a corps, as all other
nations have, and show them how badly managed everything
pertaining to our branch in the Army is run, they could not but
help give their support. Will all who read this do this at their
first spare moment ?

(2) We must have a commission. Without it we are on a
low footing with enlisted men and the unpleasantness of being
turned out of quarters by any newly joined second lieutenant
because he happens to rank you ; in fact, at present the veter-
inarian is at the tail end of everything.

(3) We must endeavor to show the War Department we are
educated men and not the old-time home-made "horse doctors"
they employed in bygone days ; show them that if we are given
microscopes we can investigate outbreaks of obscure diseases
just as well if not better than the M. D.'s ; and that when a dis-
ease is to be investigated in British India veterinarians are the
men to send and not major-generals or majors of artillery. Then
socially let us hold our heads up, being proud of our profession,
and show to the officers whom we associate with that we are
scientific, thoroughly educated professional men. The sine qua
non is a veterinary corps, and once we have one with a good man
at the helm everything will be righted.

I ask on behalf of the Army veterinarian the most earnest
help from all our confreres in the United States to obtain this
recognition for us. W. P. Hill,

Veterinarian 12th Cav., Fort Clark, Tex.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT NOTES.

Dr. S. ly. Gelston, of the 3d Cavalry, disappeared from Fort
Meade, S. D.. very mysteriously on the morning of March 24,
and no trace of him can be found.

First-Lieutenant McNalley, of the 3d Cavalry, and Veteri-
narian C. H. Jewell, of the 13th Cavalry, have been detailed to
purchase 235 cavalry horses at Fort Meade for the 3d Cavalry.

President Springer, of the National Live Stock Associa-
tion, has notified Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of his appointment as a
member of the Committee on Sanitary Measures of that Asso-
ciation. The Doctor is already a member of the Executive
Committee.

I

Colorado's practice act. 259

COLORADO'S PRACTICE ACT.

State Veterinary Sanitary Board of Colorado,

Denver, Colorado, March 27, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — Thinking it might be of interest, I enclose a
copy of a bill which has been introduced in the Legislature of
Colorado, has passed the House and is now before the Senate,
with every prospect of the success of its passage. The veteri-
narians of Colorado realize this bill is not very drastic, but at
the same time realize that it is a step in the right direction,
and since heretofore Colorado has had no law whatever govern-
ing the practice of veterinary surgery and medicine, we will
feel highly elated if this bill passes, and hope in future years to
finally get legislation which is needed.

Yours truly,

A. B. McCapes, V. S., Secretary.
* *

A BII^L FOR AN ACT REGUI.ATING THE PRACTICE OF VETERI-
NARIANS AND VETERINARY SURGERY IN THE STATE OF
COLORADO, AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR THE VIOLA-
TION OF THIS ACT.
Be it Enacted by the Ge^ieral Assembly of the State of Colorado :

Section i. There is hereby created a board of veterinary
surgeons. Said board shall be appointed by the Governor and
shall consist of three members, one of whom shall be the State
Veterinary Surgeon and the other two shall be graduates of a
recognized veterinary college, who shall have resided in the
State of Colorado and been in the practice of veterinary surgery
for the space of three years prior to their appointment.

Sec. 2. Said board of veterinary surgeons shall have power
to examine all applicants for admission to practice veterinary
surgery and medicine in the State of Colorado, and to issue cer-
tificates or licenses to practice veterinary surgery and medicine.
Said board shall sit at the capital of the State at least once a
year for the purpose of making examinations and issuing cer-
tificates or license to practice veterinary surgery and medicine,
which meeting shall be held on the first Tuesday in January of
each year.

Sec. 4. The board of veterinary surgeons shall receive no

260 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

salary from the State, but they shall be entitled to receive a fee
of five dollars for each examination, and an additional fee of five
dollars for each certificate issued.

Sec. 5. Nothing in this act shall prevent any person prac-
ticing veterinary medicine, provided said person shall not use
the title of veterinary surgeon, or that of any degree conferred
by a recognized veterinary college.

Sec. 6. Any person violating any of the provisions of this
act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic-
tion shall be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred dol-
lars, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days,
or may be both fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the
court. Justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction under this act.

Sec. 7. In the opinion of the General Assembly an emer-
gency exists ; therefore, this act shall take effect and be in
force from and after its passage.

That said bill shall be amended by the striking out of Sec-
tion 3, of the printed bill, and the substitution thereof of a sec-
tion to read as follows :

No person shall be admitted to or licensed to practice veter-
inary surgery, dentistry or medicine in the State of Colorado,
unless such person shall be a graduate of some well-known and
recognized veterinary college, and any college having a course
of two years or over, and having six (6) collegiate months in
each year, and having at least five (5) instructors in the science
of veterinary surgery and medicine shall be a recognized vet-
erinary college. The license or certificate granted by the
Board herein created shall be to practice veterinary surgery,
dentistry and medicine, and the person so licensed shall be
known and deeme'd in law a veterinary surgeon.

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

CHICAGO VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The nineteenth annual commencement exercises were held
at the College Auditorium on Friday evening, March 27th, 1903.
The room was handsomely decorated for the occasion and was
filled with an appreciative audience of more than three hundred,
numerous ladies, friends of the faculty and graduating class
being present.

Professor A. H. Baker presided and the following members

COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS. 261

of the faculty were present : — Professors Joseph Hughes, M. R.
C. V. S. ; A. S. Alexander, F. H. A. S., M. D. C. ; B. L. Quit-
man, M. D. C. ; J. F. Ryan, D. V. S. ; G. A. Lytle, M. D. C. ;
G. M. Gushing, M. D. ; L. A. Merillat, M. D. V., V. S. ; E. Mer-
illat, A. B., M. D. V. ; James M. Wright, D. V. S. ; James Rob-
ertson, M. D. C. ; John D. Robertson, M. D. ; and C. A. White,
M. D. C. In a short introductory address, Professor Baker com-
mented on the exceptionally good showing made by the class of
1902-3, complimenting them on their regularity in attendance,
general conduct, and high average in their final examinations.
Professor Hughes then read the Secretary's report, congratulat-
ing the present class on their high attainments, and stating
that in point of quality they have never been surpassed by
any previous class. He alluded to the fact that this year was
a record-breaker both with regard to the number of honorary
graduates and regular students attending. The classes of 1902-3
comprised one hundred ' and eighty-five regular students and
twenty post graduates. Concluding he announced the names of
those who had passed the final examinations, the following of
whom comprised the honor list : J. L. Axby, C. A. Dawdy, C.
A. Hatterscheid, A. B. Hollis, J. B. Jaffray, H. J. Kohler, E. L.
Lewis, D. J. McMahan, C. Olson, G. M. Otis, J. M. Parks, L. H.
Quitman, J. W. Robinson, A. H. Schmoyer, C. G. Schultz, R.
Snyder, C. M. Weese, M. M. White, W. D. Wright, M. J. Wood-
liffe, B. J. Zimprich.

Following the Secretary's report Prof. A. H. Baker con-
ferred the degree of Doctor of Comparative Medicine (M. D. C.)
on the members of the class, and Professors Hughes and Quit-
man distributed the diplomas as follows : R. M. Allen, Marshall-
town, Iowa ; J. L. Axby, Guilford, Ind. ; P\ N. Anderson, Buffalo,
N. Y. ; h. F. Barber, Tyndall, N. D. ; F. R. Bernard, Sheridan,
111. ; H. F. Boettner, Perryville, Mo. ; P. H. Browning, Carroll-
ton, Mo. ; D. B. Clark, Janesville, Wis. ; A. B. Cox, Chicago,
111. ; C. A. Dawdy, Greenville, 111. ; A. L. Deal, Wilmot, Ohio;
C. S. Evans, Grand Island, Neb. ; E. O. Faires, St. Jacob, 111. ;
O. K. Faires, St. Jacob, 111. ; L. A. Forge, Burlington, Wis. ; G.
J. Graen, Toulon, 111. ; S. Gault, Knoxville, 111. ; F. A. Gibbs,
Palatine, 111. ; H. H. Gibbs, Flora, Ind. ; H. B. Hallenberger,
Hannibal, Mo. ; C. A. Hatterscheid, Corwith, Iowa ; H. F. His-
gen, Chicago, 111. ; A. B. Hollis, Des Moines, la. ; J. L. Hoyl-
man, Wilsonville, Neb. ; J. B. Jaffray, Chicago, 111. ; G. W.
Johnson, Chicago, 111. ; A. Kaderabek, Jr., Delafield, Wis. ; W.
H. Kenwell, Mt. Eaton, Ohio ; H. J. Kohler, Somerville, N. J. ;

2f)2 COLLEGE COMMENCEMENTS.

E. L. Ivewis, Opelousas, La. ; Jas. Lewis, McKinney, Tex. ; D.
J. McMahan, Noblesville, Ind. ; L- B. Michael, St. Jacob, 111. ;
H. J. Mongeau, Manteno, 111. ; N. C. Nelson, Manistee, Mich. ;
J. H. Newman, Little Falls, Minn. ; C. Olson, Athens, 111. ; G.
M. Otis, Des Moines, Iowa; J. M. Parks, Covington, Ky. ; L. J.
Price, Liberty Center, Ohio ; F. B. Perkins, Ellsworth, Wis. ;
L. H. Quitman, Chicago, 111. ; J. W. Robinson, Coal Harbor,
N. D. ; G. E. Repp, Chambersburg, Pa. ; A. H. Schmoyer,
Boynton, Pa. ; C. J. Schults, Columbus, Wis. ; R. Snyder, Dixon,
Iowa ; C. J. Spencer, Jasper, N. Y. ; J. F. Spiker, Jr., Chariton,
Iowa ; C. E. Stockton, Braddock, Pa. ; J. F. Talbert, Edgerton,
Kas. ; W. W. Talbot, Omaha, Neb. ; J. L. Ward, Bowling
Green, Mo. ; C. M. Weese, Plattville, 111. ; G. R. Weise, Prince-
ton, III. ; M. M. White, Shreveport, La. ; W. D. Wright, Walla
Walla, Wash.; M. J. WoodlifEe, Denver, Colo. ; B. J. Zimprich,
Marshall, Wis.

Prof. L. A. Merillat distributed prizes to the following : For
highest general average, gold medal, Dr. C. G. Schultz, who
also received the gold medal in anatomy ; equine pathology,
gold medal, Dr. Rudolph Snyder ; cattle pathology, gold
medal. Dr. B. J. Zimprich ; general surgery, gold medal, Dr.
Carl Olson ; materia medica. Dr. L. H. Quitman ; lameness. Dr.
D. J. McMahan ; bacteriology and physiology, Dr. J. L. Axby ;
meat and milk inspection. Dr. C. A. Dawdy ; hygiene, Dr. J.
W. Robinson ; canine and feline pathology,- Dr. J. B. Jaffray ;
helminthology. Dr. C. A. Dawdy ; dentistry, Dr. L. B. Michael.

Dr. A. Kaderabek was class prophet and Dr. J. L. Axby was
the valedictorian.

The exercises closed with the doctorate address by Prof.

Baker, who gave some valuable advice to the new class and sent

them forth with words of cheer and encouragement.

*

The annual banquet tendered to the faculty and students by
the Board of Trustees of the C. V. C, was held at the Sherman
House, March ii, at 8 p. M., at which Prof. Quitman was toast-
master. Prof. A. H. Baker responded to the toast, "The Chi-
cago Veterinary College;" Mr. F. H. McMahan, "Conclusions
of a Senior Student ; " Mr. G. H. Harland, " Conclusions of a
Junior Student ; " W. R. Edwards, " Aspects of the Profession
in the South ; " Prof. J. M. Wright, "The Profession, Past;"
Prof. A. S. Alexander, " The Profession, Present ; " Prof. G. A.
Lytle, " The Profession, Future ; " Prof. J. Dill Robertson, M. D.,
" The Sister Profession ; " Dr. P. Quitman, " The Alumni of the

OBITUARY. 263

Chicago Veterinary College." Numerous impromptu toasts
were responded to by the various members of the faculty and in-
vited guests present. The musical programme furnished was as
follows : Song, " The Goblins," by the College Quartette, Messrs.
Axby, Parks, Hisgen, and Perkins ; " Bedouin Love Song,"
solo, by Mr. W. H. Cork, Jr. ; song, '' Barcarolle," by Mr. J. M.
Parks; song, "The Toreador Song," by Mr. W. H. Cork, Jr. ;
song, " Farmer John," by the College Quartette ; whistling solo,
by Prof. G. M. Cushing ; song, " The Holy City," by Mr. J. M.
Parks ; piano solo by Mr. Irving C. Hancock.

OBITUARY.

Robert C. Jones, D. V. S., of Waterbury, Conn., died about
May loth, following an operation on the base of the brain. He
was a graduate of the American Veterinary College, class of
1886, and had practiced for a number of years at Port Jefferson,
L. I., at which place his remains were buried in the family plot.
He removed to Waterbury about three years ago, and soon after
locating there his office, with all his paraphernalia, was burned
in the great fire which devastated that city. Deceased was about
44 years of age.

Dr. R. R. Letts, a graduate of the American Veterinary
College and a member of the Veterinary Medical Association of
New Jersey, died at his home at Allendale, N. J., May i8th.
Dr. Letts had been an Inspector at the Jersey City Stock-yards
for several years, and was respected by all with whom he came
in contact personally or officially. President Lowe appointed
representatives of the State Association which attended his
funeral, who conveyed an appropriate floral piece expressive of
the sympathy of the profession.

Dr. James W. White, Roberts, 111., died on January 31, of
diabetes. He was born at Alexandria, Ky., March 14, 1859.
He held many positions of trust and honor in his home city,
and enjoyed a good practice in conjunction with Dr. H. J. Camp-
bell. He was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College.

Dr. P". S. McNair, Elbnrn, 111., died on December 11, 1902,
at EJburn. He was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege, class of 1893.

The story comes from the West that the old type of the
Texas pony is about extinct. The war with Spain and the
Boer conflict about used them up.

264 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Pursuant to a call issued by a committee of veterinarians of
the State, composed of Doctors M. Francis, College Station ;
H. D. Paxson, Fort Worth, and W. A. Knight, Houston, the
following veterinarians met at the Hotel Worth, Fort Worth,
Tex., at 8 p. m., April 30, 1903, for the purpose of discussing
the propriety of forming a State Association : M. Francis, Col-
lege Station ; W. A. Knight, Houston ; Newton G. Le Gear,
Waco ; S. L. Blount, Temple ; A. E. Flowers, Dallas ; L. A.
Klein, W. C. Bower, J. H. Lowe, H. D. Paxson, Fort Worth.

H. D. Paxson was selected as chairman of the meeting. Each
one present was called upon for a free expression of his views
concerning the advisability of forming the association. Each
in turn responded ; and it developed that there was a unanimity
of opinion in favor of the movement. Enthusiastic talks were
made, tempered with the conservatism necessary on account of
the magnitude of the undertaking.

The Chairman read letters from the following veterinarians,
who regretted their inability to attend the meeting, but each of
whom pledged his support in the formation of an association :
A. H. Wallace, San Antonio ; C. M. Noble, Houston ; Thos. A.
Bray, El Paso ; Irvin Owens, Greenville, and J. W. Burby, San
Antonio.

The Chairman remarked that as no other replies had been
received by him, the sentiment in favor of the movement was
unanimous.

The meeting then, by unanimous vote, decided to form a
State Veterinary Medical Association.

The following officers were elected for one year :

President — M. Francis.

First Vice-President — W. A. Knight.

Second Vice-President — Newton G. Le Gear.

Secretary — H. D. Paxson.

Treasurer — A. E. Flowers.

The Secretary read a proposed Constitution.

The following was adopted :

CONSTITUTION.

Article I.

Section i.— This Association shall be known as the Texas Veterinary
Medical Association.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 265

Section 2. — Its object shall be to promote cooperation among its
members, to supply a medium for exchange of professional experiences,
and to encourage, develop and protect the veterinary profession within
the State.

Article II.

Section 1. — The officers of this Association shall be a President, two
Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer.

Section 2. — It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all
meetings of this Association, to announce the business before the meet-
ing, to submit 3*11 motions presented by members, to announce the vote
on all matters presented, to appoint committees, to preserve order, and
to perform such duties as are usually performed by such officer.

Section 3. — It shall be the duty of the First Vice-President to per-
form the duties of President in the absence of that officer ; and it shall be
the duty of the Second Vice-President to perform the duties of President
in the absence of both of those officers.

Section 4. — It shall be the duty of the Secretary to preserve, in a
suitable book, a record of all meetings, and at the expiration of his term
of office to deliver it, in good order, to his successor. He shall order the
official stationery of the Association.

Section 5. — It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to collect all fees or
dues from members and to pay such debts as the Association may by a
majority vote authorize him to pay. He shall keep a record of the af-
fairs of the Association in a business-like way, and, at the expiration of
his term of office, he shall deliver to his successor such record.

It was the sense of the Association that further adoption of a
constitution should be deferred until the next meeting in order
to give an opportunity to a greater number of veterinarians to
assist. The President appointed those present a committee of
the whole to complete the Constitution and report at next meet-
ing.

The next meeting will be held at the call of the President ;
at this meeting the organization of the Association will be com-
pleted. H. D. Paxson, Secretary.

PASSAIC COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.

The regular monthly meeting was held at 169 Patterson
Street, Paterson, N. J., on Tuesday evening, May 5th, 1903,
with Dr. William Herbert Lowe, President, in the chair. Dr.
William J. Fredericks was chosen vSecretary /rt* tern.

On roll-call the following members answered to their names :
Drs. William J. Reagan, William H. H. Doty, T. J. Cooper,
John H. Degraw, Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson ; J. Payne
Lowe, Passaic ; W^illiam J. Fredericks, Delawanna.

Dr. Anderson Crowforth, veterinarian, Lock port. New York,

266 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

uncle of Dr. Cooper, was present as the guest of the Association.

The minutes of the last regular meeting were read and ap-
proved.

Dr. Cooper, Chairman of the Special Committee on Substi-
tute, reported that in case of sickness or in case of a member
being out of town that the brother practitioner called upon to
attend the sick or absent practitioner's cases should receive one-
half of the fees for the services rendered, and that it be left to a
practitioner's own option as to who would be called upon to
help him out in cases of sickness and emergency. On motion,
the report was received and opened for discussion. It was
argued that this whole matter of a substitute was one that could
be best managed and arranged between members themselves as
necessity required, and that it would be an unwise thing for the
association to attempt to regulate the terms in such cases. On
motion, the adoption of the recommendations of the Committee
on Substitute were lost. It was moved and carried that the
committee be discharged with the thanks of the Association.

The Association received with much regret the resignation
of Secretary Alexander Machan, which was made necessary on
account of his moving to Canada. On motion his resignation
was accepted and the Secretary instructed to send him a suita-
ble letter expressing the regret of the Association of the neces-
sity of his resignation. The Association proceeded at once to
fill the vacancy in the office of Secretary. Dr. William J. Fred-
ericks, of Delawanna, was nominated and elected by a unani-
mous vote.

President William Herbert Lowe reviewed briefly recent
Legislative doings at Trenton that concerned the veterinary pro-
fession.

Chapter 55, Laws 1903, Automobile Law : — Every person
driving a motor vehicle shall, at request or upon signal by put-
ting up the hand or otherwise from a person riding or driving a
horse or horses in the opposite direction, cause the motor vehi-
cle to stop and remain stationary so long as may be necessary to
allow said horse or horses to pass.

Chapter 181, Laws 1903, Speedway Bill: — Authorizes
Boards of Chosen Freeholders to borrow moneys in their respec-
tive Counties for lands purchased for speedways to an amount
not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars by issuing bonds of
the respective counties.

Assembly Bill, No. 212 : — To reopen the veterinary registra-
tion books of the state to non-graduates was promptly killed in

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 267

committee in the House of Assembly by the Veterinary Medical
Association of New Jersey.

Chapter 228, Laws 1903, amends in several important par-
ticulars the act of 1894 regulating the practice of medicine and
surgery in the state of New Jersey. The following clause is
contained in the medical law as amended by the act of 1903 :
" This act shall not apply to any legally licensed and registered
veterinary physician, surgeon or dentist of this state, engaged
in the practice of veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry in
any of its branches." Veterinary practitioners "not legally
licensed and registered " are liable to prosecution under the pro-
visions of the medical act as well as under the provisions of the
veterinary act. The penalty for violation of the medical law is
the same as that for the violation of the veterinary law, viz. :
for the first offence, a fine of not less than one hundred dollars,
or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less
than thirty days, or by both fine and imprisonment, and for each
subsequent offence the punishment is made double that of the
preceding one.

President Lowe told of the indictment, conviction and im-
prisonment in Monmouth County of " Dr." R. R. Sample for
practicing veterinary medicine illegally in violation of Chapter
18, Laws 1902, and stated that this was simply a sample of
what might happen to others who dare practice veterinary med-
icine without a license in violation of the law.

The President expressed much gratification at the fact that
every licensed veterinarian in Passaic County was a member
of the local association and emphasized the fact that every mem-
ber had paid his dues, and that every member was an earnest
and loyal supporter of the association. President Lowe added
that he knew of no other veterinary association, (local, state or
national) where as much could be said in the above respects,
and predicted great results for the profession in the future.

President Lowe then made two announcements as follows : —

Meeting of the State Board of Veterinary Medical Examin-
ers for the examination of candidates for license to practice Vet-
erinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the State of New
Jersey would be held in the Capitol at Trenton, on Tuesday
and Wednesday, June 23d and 24th.

Meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jer-
sey will be held at the United States Animal Quarantine Sta-
tion, Athenia, N. J., on Thursday, July 9th.

Dr. Anderson Crowforth of Lockport, N. Y., was then called

268 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

upon and made an excellent address on veterinary progress that
was both interesting and instructive.

Dr. Reagan gave a carefully prepared report of a case of
•' Traumatic Pericarditis in a Cow " * and exhibited a lady's
hat-pin that he had removed from the heart on post-mortem.
Dr. Reagan said that he would present the pin to the association
so that a museum might be started by the association. It was
ordered that the report of Dr. Reagan's case be sent to the vet-
erinary periodicals for publication.

On motion meeting adjourned at eleven p. m.

William J. Fredericks, Secretary.

CENTRAL CANADA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The second meeting of the Central Canada Veterinary Asso-
ciation was held in the Committee Room of the City Hall, Ot-
tawa, on Monday evening, April 13th, President Harris in the
chair. The meeting was well attended, those present being, Drs,
Fisher and McGregor, Carlton Place ; Higginson, Rockland ;
McGuire, Cornwall ; Thacker, Renfrew ; Young, Almonte ;
Young, Cobden ; Young, Merrickville ; Lynchke, Carp ; Allen,
Brockville ; Haworth, Eganville ; Rutherford, Harris, Higgins,
Hollingsworth, White and Boucher, of Ottawa.

The following new members were elected : J. J. McGregor,
Carlton Place ; C. W. J. Haworth, Eganville ; W. G. Gilpin,
Ottawa ; Charles Thacker, Renfrew ; and J. Massie, of Kings-
ton.

The Constitution and By-Laws as prepared by the commit-
tee appointed at the previous meeting were adopted with few
changes. The Constitution and By-Laws provide rules for the
conduct of business, a code of ethics regulating professional con-
duct ; qualifications for membership, and a council to whom
matters pertaining to the welfare of the Association are re-
ferred.

A resolution expressing sympathy with Dr. A. E. James, a
member of the Council, in his recent illness was passed.

The coming meeting of the A. V. M. A. was referred to by
Dr. J. G. Rutherford, who stated that while it was desired that
as many as possible should avail themselves of the privilege to
become members, this was not necessary and they would be
heartily welcomed as guests at the meeting in September, when
the veterinary profession would practically own the Capital City
of Canada.

* Published elsewhere in this number of the Review.

I

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 269

On motion of Dr. Hollingsworth, of Ottawa, seconded by Dr.
McGuire, of Cornwall, it was voted that the Central Canada
Veterinary Association give the sum of $ioo toward the enter-
tainment of the A. V. M. A. at its coming meeting.

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Chief Veterinary Inspector to the Do-
minion, gave a very interesting and instructive talk upon the
present method of dealing with glanders in this country. He
stated that his idea in presenting in detail the present method
of dealing with this disease, was to acquaint the members of
the profession (who in the past had attempted to manage out-
breaks under the Provincial laws), with a quicker and better
solution of the problem, namely, that of reporting them to the
department which had the authority to take the latter in charge
without the delay necessitated by summoning witnesses and
bringing delinquents before magistrates, which course has up
to the present been necessary. He also stated that the practi-
cal results of the present methods of dealing with outbreaks of
glanders would in all probability be presented to the meeting
in September.

The report of a case of phimosis was given by Dr. Lynchke,
of Carp, which evolved numerous comments and considerable
discussion.

On motion of Dr. McGuire, the meeting adjourned.

Charles H. Higgins, Secretary.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Ames, Iowa, May i8, 1903.
To the Members of the A. V. M. A. :

The following contributions to the programme of the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association for the Ottawa meeting
have been offered :

" The Effect of Certain Drugs upon Blood-Pressure and Car-
diac Inhibition in the Horse," Dr. Pierre A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.

*' An Outbreak of Epizootic Encephalitis of the Horse in
South Carolina," Dr. G. E^. Nesom, Clemson College, S. C.

" Veterinary Dentistry ; Its Use and Abuse," Dr. T. S.
Childs, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

'^ Nitroglycerine," Dr. S. S. Whitbeck, Decorah, la.

'' Immunization of Hogs Against Cholera," Dr. G. W. Dun-
phy, Quincy, Mich.

, Papers have been promised by Dr. J. W. Connaway, Colum-
bia, Mo. ; Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia ; Dr. E. M. Ranck,
Natches, Miss. ; Dr. J. F. De Vine, Goshen, N. Y.

270 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Others have signified their willingness to furnish a paper for
the programme in case their services are needed. The subjects of
these papers will be announced later.

It has been arranged with Hon. W. C. Edwards, M. P., of
Rockland. Ont., Canada, to address the Association upon some
topic of general interest.

Responses to requests which have been made for contribu-
tions to the programme have not up to this time been such as to
warrant a very sanguine prediction as to the success of the lit-
erary part of the meeting. Much more is needed, and it must
come very soon. If any member is aroused to an appreciation
of the need for help in finishing the programme and will offer a
paper, it will be gratefully received. It must soon be known
what we will be able to do at Ottawa. Please let me hear the title
of your paper at once. John J. Repp, Secretary.

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL AS-
SOCIATION.

This association will hold its annual meeting at the Park
House, Pottsville, Pa., Wednesday, June 17th, 1903. An es-
pecially interesting programme has been arranged. All will be
cordially welcome. W. G. Huyett, Secretary,

President William Herbert Lowe announces that the
New Jersey State Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners will
hold an examination of candidates for license to practice vet-
erinary medicine, surgery and dentistry in the State of New Jer-
sey on Tuesday and Wednesday, June 23d and 24th, 1903, in
the Capitol at Trenton, N. J.

Dr. W. T. Monsarrat, of Honolulu, H. I., writes that
while he cannot attend the Ottawa meeting of the A. V. M. A.,
in the flesh, he will surely be there in spirit. He is, however,
already laying plans to be present at the convention of 1904.

Dr. L. Van Es, State Veterinarian of North Dakota, at
the State Agricultural College, Fargo, writes that he has gotten
his new work well under way, and will now have some leisure
hours, and he expects to devote a few of these to preparing
some translations from Ttjdschrift voor Veeartsenijku7tde for
Review readers. The first installment will be found elsewhere
in this number.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 271

NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. J. H. CoNOVER, of Flemington, N. J., has been elected
Chief of the Flemington Fire Department.

Dr. H. N. Mover, V. M. D., has moved from Pittsburgh to
Monongahela City, Pa.

Dr. James C. McNeil, V. M. D., has been relieved as City
Veterinarian owing to political changes in Pittsburgh, Pa.

Dr. C. H. Jewell, 13th U. S. Cavalry, Fort Meade, N. D.,
has suffered a sad bereavement in the loss by death of his wife.

Dr, Austin H. Baker, of Chicago, 111., is President of the
Rio Grande and Southern Gold Mines Company, located in
Southwestern Colorado.

Dr. Connaway, of the University of Missouri, is to be pro-
vided with an assistant, which will doubtless very greatly facil-
itate his work in his new veterinary building.

Dr. John J. Millar, late Secretary of the McKillip Veteri-
nary College, Chicago, has entered private practice and opened
an office at 2800 Michigan Ave., Chicago.

There are now thirty- three inspectors engaged in house-to-
house inspection for foot-and-mouth disease in Massachusetts,
and it is now confidently believed that the disease is thoroughly
eradicated from that State.

The Zeigler expedition in search of the North Pole, which
has recently been fitted out for a second attempt, carried a large
quantity of Spratts dog cakes, and cod liver oil cakes for its
dogs. They will sustain the dogs better than any other food.

Dr. Chas. W. Boyd has been appointed City Veterinarian
of Allegheny, Pa., to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna-
tion of Dr. J. Stewart Lacock, who has removed his office to his
big boarding stables at Seventh Avenue and Grant Boulevard,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Cornelius C. Ladue, for forty years a veterinary surgeon,
dropped dead from heart disease at Matteawan, April 18, while
talking with an acquaintance on the street. Ladue had charge
of the horses on ex-Fire Commissioner John J. ScannelPs farm
at Fishkill Landing, N. Y.

August Berg, a Chicago dog fancier, was bitten by a rabid
dog on November 4, but felt no ill effects from it until January
14, when he recognized the symptoms and requested that he be
taken to a hosptial, where he was seized with convulsions soon
after arrival and died at 6 o'clock of the same evening.

272 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Dr. I. W. HORTON, M. D. C, formerly of Providence, R. I.,
has located at Morgantown, W. Va., where he is enjoying a
comfortable practice after spending three years in the 3d Cav-
alry, U. S. Army.

Robert B. Ogilvie, of Wisconsin, has been elected Vice-
President of the Zenner Disinfectant Co., makers of the famous
Zenoleum dip and disinfectant. He has taken charge of the
Chicago office of that company and is located at 39 Exchange
Avenue, Union Stock Yards, and will be pleased to see his
friends at that address.

Dr. Conniff has kindly furnished us with a copy of an
article, read by G. A. Johnson, D. V. M., before the Sioux City
Medical Society, entitled " A Compend on Milk." In looking
over it carefully we are so much delighted with it that it has
been put aside for our Twelfth Bi-ennial Report. Everybody
is interested in milk, as it is one of the essentials of mammalian
life. And yet we are woefully ignorant of many things in re-
gard to milk that we ought to know. A careful perusal of this
paper will prove highly instructive. — {Iowa Health Bulletin).

Feeding Vai^ue of Molasses. — Interesting articles recent-
ly published in the veterinary journals relative to this subject
have caused no little stir among veterinarians and horsemen.
The trend of the articles has been to show that cane-sugar mo-
lasses, diluted with an equal amount of water and mixed with
cut hay or grass, forms a perfectly suitable food for horses and
proves a valuable adjunct to ordinary rations in place of oats
night and morning. The use of molasses, it is claimed, lessens
the cost of maintaining horses, plumps them up, polishes their
coats, cures chronic indigestion, does away with skin troubles,
imparts vim and vigor and withal causes no disturbance of the
digestive organs. It is recounted that weary, woebegone, emaci-
ated, harness-galled saddlers have been made to blossom like the
rose on a ration of molasses, water and cut hay or grass alone.
So rapidly have these ^'pilgrims " become rejuvenated that their
riders soon failed to recognize them, while hard working drafters,
fed molassed food twice daily in place of oats, not only continue
to perform their customary labor satisfactorily but gained in flesh
and materially improved in appearance. All of this is sweet
reading to be sure, but in our opinion should be taken with a
liberal seasoning of salt. We are ready to concede that molasses
will fatten and plump up emaciated horses, for it is a fattening
food, easily digested and immediately assimilable. Its chemical
constituents, in the form of sucrose and glucose, require little

NEWS AND ITEMS. 273

elaboration in the stomach to become available. Its nutrients
are at once seized upon and utilized. The resultant effect upon
the animal is prompt and apparent. Naturally when the diges-
tive apparatus has been so weakened by abuse that the nutri-
ents of oats and other customary foods cannot be perfectly dealt
with, molasses acts like a charm in that it practically nourishes
without effort upon the part of the animal. In a normal,
healthy state of the digestive organs, together with a sufficiency
of time for proper mastication and insalivation, oats and bran
would, however, more perfectly nourish growing or working
animals. This fact is clearly shown by analysis of molasses
which follows: Water, 35.06; Protein, 0.00; Sucrose, 18.30;
Glucose, 43.78 ; Ash, 2.85. From this we see that molasses is
rich in carbohydrates (starch, sugar, glucose, etc.) but altogeth-
er wanting in protein (nitrogenous matters), yet it is protein in
food that repairs waste of tissues and goes to form muscle, ten-
don, hoof, hair, etc., and furnish vim, vigor, and stamina for
hard labor. This protein is abundantly found in oats and bran.
In the former we find 11.8 per cent, and in the latter some 15
per cent., so that these foods are particularly well adapted for
the feeding of growing and working animals as they furnish not
only protein, but a sufficiency of carbohydrates and fat, and are
likewise rich in ash for bone buildings Practical experience
throughout the world has proved these foods best adapted for
the feeding of growing and working animals, and we would not
be justified in abandoning them for an " incomplete " food such
as molasses, which fattens and furnishes heat but cannot fully
repair waste tissue nor build up a strong muscular frame. When
horses are sensibly managed by allowing ample time for the ade-
quate mastication and insalivation of oats, bran, and hay ; when
they are allowed to rest before and after eating, and when drink-
ing water is given before and not immediately after a meal,
colics, chronic indigestion, and kindred ailments will become
rare and the need for a food such as molasses disappear. In
conclusion it may be added that peace and quietude are neces-
sary to perfect mastication and digestion, but flies in summer
time often so torment horses at their meals that they fail to de-
rive full benefit from their food. Were they fed a sloppy mess
of sweet, sticky molasses and cut hay during hot weather,
one can well imagine the resultant condition of the stable. All
of the flies in the district would gather there for the feast, then
follow the poor beasts at their work to sip the sweets bespattered
upon their faces and fronts. With all due respect for the em-

274 NEWS AND ITEMS.

inent advocates of molasses as a food for horses, we submit that
the foregoing facts are well worthy of weighty consideration. —
(A. S. A/exandery F. H. A. S.^ M, D. C, in Chicago Veterinary
College Quarterly Bulletin.)

The Veterinarian's Reading Matter. — I have dis-
cussed the educational work to be performed by the aspirant to
a veterinary degree before graduation, and at this time will en-
deavor to show the advantages of continued study on the part
of the graduate. The sources of information for the practising
veterinarian are : i, professional journals ; 2, new works ; 3, vet-
erinary association meetings ; 4, agricultural journals ; and 5,
postgraduate courses. To the recent graduate sources one, three
and four are especially useful, two and five become more so after
several years in practice. Unfortunately the professional jour-
nals have not the circulation they should have, and the loss falls
the heavier on the profession at large, for the individual suffers
by his neglect to read at least one journal regularly. The reas-
ons for such a loss are at once seen when the advantages to be
derived from subscribing and reading a professional journal are
enumerated. It may be reiterated that the graduate who thinks
his studying days are over as soon as he leaves college is deceiv-
ing himself only ; sooner or later the public finds him out, and
his income, if not suffering a decrease as the result, will certainly
not increase. Five to ten dollars invested annually in the right
kind of reading matter is money well invested for the following
reasons : (a) The professional journal brings to the busy prac-
titioner new ideas in a concise form ; describes new instruments ;
discusses the newer drugs ; and, if properly conducted, gives fair
and honest criticism on the newer articles and methods, by men
qualified to make such criticisms, (b) The professional jour-
nal is the medium through which reports of cases reach the
practitioner, who may, in many cases, from the perusal of such
reports, gain information from one issue worth far more than
the subscription price of the journal, (c) Reviews of books,
whether of new editions or works. If the reviews are made by
experts who are fair-minded who withhold a recommendation
unless a book deserves it, the journal will save its readers many
dollars. Unfortunately, there is a tendency in some quarters to
recommend or give a favorable review to all and sundry, thus
encouraging the publication of books which are mere compila-
tions, or else the aborted, undeveloped ideas of the authors. The
veterinary reading public have to depend on the professional
journal for pointers in their book investments, and have a right

NEWS AND ITEMS. 275

to demand that only works of merit and use shall be recom-
mended. The mere presentation of an author's copy or promise
of advertising should not influence the reviewer in any way ;
few men but hate to say unpleasant things, even if such are the
truth ; here, however, the principle " the greatest good to the
greatest number " should and must obtain ! In the fourth
place, the professional journal is a good ground for the inter-
change of views on professional and lay topics. To be a suc-
cessful practitioner, one must be a man of the world and broad
in his views. If, further, the practitioner's suggester and re-
membrance brings to his notice the new thoughts in human
and comparative medicine, discoveries in other walks of science,
all that the better. The above reasons advanced for the exist-
ence of the professional journal, and its support by the practi-
tioner, cannot be denied. It may not, however, be as readily
evident the reasons why a veterinarian should subscribe for and
read an agricultural paper. The following succinct statement
on the matter will suffice : "-The agricultural journal will fa-
miliarize the veterinarian with the aims, trials and successes of
his clients ; such a knowledge must make him more acceptable
to them. From his rural mentor he will glean the results of
experiments in animal nutrition and farm hygiene, the outcome
of treatment as the stockman sees it in actual practice ; will be
able to follow the shows, and be posted on the latest transac-
tions in pure-bred stock, as also be able to feel the pulse of the
laity, especially the reading and thinking element, and thus be
enabled to diagnose quickly any change in the attitude of the
farming community to the profession. In order to keep in
touch with the great live stock fraternity and agriculturists gen-
erally, the veterinarian will find in the agricultural press his
greatest ally. The constant study of the best text-books will
aid in keeping the practitioner in touch with many phases of
disease that through lack of opportunity he may be unfamiliar
with ; in the realm of disease, however, one never knows the
time when such an immunity may disappear. The public press
it is not necessary to recommend to the veterinarian — news is
so eagerly sought after that few deprive themselves of a daily
paper. Choice, however, should be made of a paper whose ed-
itorials show breadth of thought and honesty of purpose ; such
papers will invariably have reliable news. In all matters affect-
ing the profession, the professional man should persistently en-
deavor to see that only reliable information is given to the pub-
lic."— i^'' Veterinarian^'*^ in Farmery's Advocate^ Winnipeg^ Man.)

PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance ; foreign countries, $3.60;
students while attending college, $2 ; single copies, 2^ cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is jorwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon
changing their address.

Alex. Eger, 34. East Van Buren St. , Chicago, III. , Veterinary Publisher and dealer
in Veterinary Instrutnents, Books, and Drugs, is the authorized agent for the Review
in Chicago and the Middle West, and will receive subscriptions and advertisements at
Publishers' rates.

This department, ever watchful of the interests of the patrons of the
Review, endeavors to keep reader and advertiser in close touch with
each other, because their interests are mutual. It is to the reader's in-
terest to know of all the advances in therapeutics, surgical instruments
and appliances, and of all the new works on veterinary medicine and
surgery, because he is a practitioner of that branch of medicine and sur-
gery, and must keep abreast of the times in order that he may be suc-
cessful. On the other hand, it is to the interest of the advertisers of the
above that the reader shall know of them so that they may supply their
needs, which is a necessary step to their success. Knowing the desire
of veterinary practitioners for knowledge of up-to-date products, adver-
tisers are constantly seeking space in the advertising pages of the Re-
view, in which to announce what they have to offer ; and only those
having products that the Review can endorse are given space. In the
last few months we have introduced several new houses to our readers
through this department, who were, and are, prepared to furnish them
with standard books on veterinary topics, instruments, and various
therapeutic agents ; and this month we again take pleasure in calling
our reader's attention to page 9 (ad. dept.) where they will find a house,
new to the Review, (although not to many of its readers), whose pro-
ducts will undoubtedly interest them. A day or two after the May is-
sue had gone forth to our readers, we received the following from one
of our permanent advertisers, and give it space here, that it may be
taken advantage of .

"ZENOLEUM CALENDAR."
One of the handsomest calendars of the year has been issued by the
Zenner Disinfectant Company, makers of Zenoleum Dip, 24 Bates St.,
Detroit, Mich., and they will be glad to send the readers of the Amer-
ican Veterinary Review a copy postpaid. The picture is a reproduc-
tion in many colors of the famous painting, " Christmas Morn at Ply-
mouth," by ly. J. Ferris, and is a little gem worthy of framing.
Yours sincerely,

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^ 12

I

American Veterinary Review.

JULY, 1903.
EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, May 20, 1903.

Antiaphthous Serotherapy. — As long as foot-and-
mouth disease has by the recent outbreak awakened great in-
terest in the ranks of our profession, I believe that, as a matter
of actuality, the following extract from a conference made by
Prof. Nocard before the Concours G6n6ral Agricole, and which
was printed in the Revue Genkrale de Medecine Vktkrinaire^
will be interesting.

After a few remarks explanatory of the causes of contagion
and of the propagation of the disease from the show as a start-
ing point, notwithstanding all the greatest care taken and the
enforcing of severe rules, and as one means of protection against
the possibility of this propagation, Prof. Nocard said :

" It is nearly two years since the Secretary of Agriculture
has demanded of Dr. Roux and myself to study scientifically
the difficult problem of the prophylaxy of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, for which he placed at our disposal all necessary material
means. We have associated in our work, two of our students,
Messrs. Vallie and Carri. Since nearly two years, we four have
done our best ; but, unfortunately, we must acknowledge it, we
are not much more advanced than when we began.

"Until now the microbe of foot-and-mouth disease has es-
caped all our researches, as well as those of our predecessors.
This mysterious agent, so abundant in aphthous products that

277

278 EDITORIAL.

serosity of the aphthae, diluted in the proportion of i in 10,000,
is still able to give the disease, yet we have not succeeded in
seeing it nor in cultivating it outside the living animal. It is
not surprising that it cannot be seen ; it is so small that it pass-
es through the pores of the most dense china filters ! It is prob-
ably beyond the limits of visibility. This would not be of great
importance if it would grow outside the organism, or multiply in
our media of artificial cultures ! I repeat, unfortunately all our
attempts have remained fruitless. And this failure is to be
much regretted, because once master of the specific agent of the
microbe of a contagious disease, there are many chances to mas-
ter soon the disease itself : there are many chances for succeed-
ing in reducing the virulence of the microbe, so as to transform
it into vaccine. If even failure in obtaining this vaccine, the
ideal of prophylaxy, exists, the possibility of obtaining great
quantities of virulent cultures makes easy the production of a
serum truly efficacious, either to the preventive or curative
point of view. It would be superfluous to remind you of the
marvelous results given by serotherapy in the struggle against
diphtheria, bubonic plague, rinderpest, rouget of swine, tetanus !
" We have not reached the principal object of our researches,
viz., the discovery or the culture of the microbe which, alone,
would allow the obtention of a vaccine or the preparation of an
efficacious serum in sufficient quantity to answer all needs. Per-
haps we never will ! It is seven years since one of the first bac-
teriologists of Germany, Professor Loffier, engaged in this hard
work, and up to now he has not solved the problem.

" Yet, our efforts have not been entirely fruitless. Like
Loffier and many others, w^e have observed that the serum of
animals recovered from a severe attack of the disease possesses
a certain limiting action towards the aphthous virus ; inoculat-
ed in large doses to fresh bovines, it increases in an appreciable
manner their natural resistance toward a later virulent inocula-
tion ; it reduces the severity of the disease thus produced, and
sometimes, if the injected dose is sufficient, it prevents the ap-

EDITORIAL. 279

parition of the disease. But the activity of this serum is so
weak that, to obtain good effects, considerable quantities must
be injected, such as 500, 800 and 1000 cubic centimetres.

" Like Loffler, we have also observed that in increasing the
immunity of animals recovered from a severe attack of the dis-
ease by injecting them, several times, with large quantity of
aphthous virus, the preventive and curative quality of the serum
is considerably increased ; and we have succeeded in obtaining
a virus with such power, that, injected in doses of 20 c.c. to
fresh bovines, it protects them surely from the effects of the
inoculation of a dose of virus very superior to that which gives
the disease with certainty to witnesses. These observations, re-
peated several times in the laboratory, have been confirmed in
practice also.

" Last year, foot-and-mouth disease appeared in the Concours,
upon two animals ; it was on the day before closing. P'ifteen
other animals belonging to the owners of those two and cared
for by the same individuals who attended the sick, received the
injections of our serum. Not one became diseased ; it is probable
that several of them had already the germ of the affection in
them at the time they received the injection ; the serum arrested
the evolution of the germ. The animals that were sick had
been in the immediate neighborhood of others belonging to va-
rious owners ; these were also submitted to the same preventive
treatment ; altogether 90 of them received the injections ; none of
them became diseased. We have learned that ten among the
owners had their farms infected a few days after the return
from the show. . . . But the 90 inoculated were here and there
in the show, among those that became sick afterwards ; like
those, they had been exposed to contract the germ of the affec-
tion ; then have I not the right to say that if they escaped it
was thanks to the injection of serum ?

" It is a conclusion which imposes itself, not only by the
above cases, but again by the three following ones :

" Mr. M. had five animals exposed, among them a bull
which he hoped to sell ; he asked us to inject the four others ;

280 EDITORIAL.

the bull not being sold, he was taken back home with the other
four ; scarcely arrived, he took sick ; not one of the four others
had the disease.

"Mr. C. had asked us to treat his cows ; two received the
serum, but listening to the remarks made by friends who told him
of all kinds of complications, and among them the loss of milk,
Mr. C. stopped the treatment. Result, the ten cows not injected
had foot-and-mouth disease ; the other two only that had been
treated remained healthy and kept their milk. This year Mr.
C. was one of the first to ask for the serum.

" Mr. L. had four bovines inoculated while at the show.
Shortly after his return home, the disease broke out in his
barn ; all his stock were sick except the four which had been
treated.

" Here is another case. A large breeder, Mr. C, had the
disease in his pastures. Rightly fearing the entire infection of
his stock, he asked us to treat his animals and 80 were injected.
He reports the results as follows : * Success has been complete.
The subjects treated, mixed with others that had the disease,
remained healthy. The affection is very severe here ; I have
lost two animals of two-and-a-half years old ;'two of the treated
cows were in the same lot as those ; they remained perfectly
free from disease. Inoculated rams have not been affected,
while all the ewes of the same flock are sick. Out of a lot of 6
bulls, five had the serum ; the sixth, left as witness, is the only
one that took the disease. My milking cows, for which I care
much, have all remained healthy. ... To resume, out of the
80 injected animals, none have yet been sick, while in any
other part of my establishment, the disease is still pro-
gressing.'

" I might mention more similar cases ; but these are suf-
ficient, I hope, to convince you of the efficacy and innocuity of
the serum.

" But now I hear you say : * Well, is the problem so difficult
of controlling aphthous fever solved ? Why is it that a treat-

EDITORIAL. 281

ment which gives such results is not applied all over the
country ? '

"Why? I will tell you ; and it is to tell you that I have
accepted the opportunity to make this communication.

" No, the problem is not solved ! And it is far from being
so ; you will understand it.

" The antiaphthous serum is very efficacious ; that is a sure
fact ; its good action manifests itself immediately ; but, as for
all serums, the immunity that it gives is very short ; it lasts
scarcely fifteen days ; after that, most of the injected animals
may again contract the disease.

" Do you understand now, why the serum treatment cannot
be applied in practice ? Think of the large number of animals
which, in the smallest epizooty, should receive, every fifteen
days at least, one injection of 20 c.c. of serum and calculate the
enormous quantity of serum that would be required.

" In the present condition of the production of the serum, it
is materially impossible. It would become possible, and yet re-
main difficult, if we would succeed in obtaining cultures of the
microbe. Until then, it is no use to think of it.

" You see how very small are the results obtained when
compared with those we dream of — without daring to hope for
the early realization of our wishes.

" But small as they are, we believe that they can be utilized
to some extent. If the treatment with serum cannot be ap-
plied in practice, because of the short duration of the immunity
it gives, and of the small quantity at our disposal, it is not so
with the peculiar condition of general or regional shows. With
them it is no longer the question to fight against an epizooty
already existing ; it is simply to prevent the possible creation
of new centres of infection. It is no question to immunize the
animal population of a region, where tens of thousands may
exist ; it is simply to inject a few hundreds of animals ; this is
not above our resources.

" If you wish to guard yourself against the always threaten-
ing danger of carrying the disease home, we will inject your

282 ^ EDITORIAL.

Stock, but remember that they will be protected only for fifteen
days to the maximum ; and that after that they may take the
disease if exposed to the contagion."

Aseptic Veterinary Surgery. — Recently, before the
Central Veterinary Medical Society of London, Mr. F. Hobday,
well known to us by his many articles on surgical cases, read a
paper on ''Aseptic Veterinary Surgery," published in the Veter-
inary Record^ which no doubt must have proved very interest-
ing, and, although it brought about important dissident opinions
and discussions, there are in it points and advice of great inter-
est. The author treated successively the essential conditions
relating to instruments, to the animal to be operated upon,
and the operative field, and finally to the surgeon himself. In
relation to the cares of the skin, among the first he recommends
the use of the razor : '' if one aims at a long series of uninter-
rupted successful wound unions the use of the razor is an abso-
lute necessity." All sources of irritation must be removed, as
" this irritability does not exist if foreign bodies are not present,
and even sutures are not necessarily a source of irritation, if not
contaminated. So long as the wound is surgically clean a dog
and even a monkey will not touch the sutures ; the presence of
the pus-producing organism is the main thing to avoid."

In relation to the closing of the wound, Mr. Hobday wants
the stitches close together, and if some swelling seems to occur,
do not fear that it is pus, don't be hasty to probe because " rec-
ollect that it cannot be pus, if you have been surgically clean
when operating and have hermetically sealed the wound so thor-
oughly afterwards that contamination from the outside cannot
take place."

And, then, what of the old saying that wounds cannot be
protected from rubbing, biting or licking on the part of the an-
imal. The lecturer says : " It is a most rare thing for an an-
imal to interfere with its sutures, if only the wound is aseptic."

The lecture is concluded by the following resume : For the
instruments, sterilize them thoroughly by boiling or soaking in

EDITORIAL. 283

disinfectant solution ; for the operator, scrub and soak hands
and nails, remove grease from the skin with ether or alcohol,
do not touch anything which has not been rendered aseptic
until the operation is completed ; for the animal, shave the
skin, scrub it thoroughly with disinfectant solution, wash it
with ether, alcohol, etc., to remove the grease ; wash again the
operating field, dry it ; do not touch anything during the opera-
tion unless it has been disinfected ; apply stitches as close as pos-
sible, specially in wounds of cavities which secrete or contain fluid.
There is no doubt that to the busy practitioner the preceding
resume will appear difficult to comply with ; question of time,
question of expenses are and will remain for many plausible rea-
sons for objection, but still, when one takes into consideration
the very great success that has been obtained and that has been
recorded, it may be asked if one will be deserving the true qual-
ification of good surgeon if he ignores the principles recom-
mended by Mr. Hobday.

Traveling Scholarships. — I do not know which of the
two nationalities, England or America, can be considered the
most practical. At any rate, both are, and when one good thing
is started by one, it is rare if the other does not follow by " ten
or more better."

Some time ago (Vol. XXV, No. 12) I was alluding to an
opening address of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of
lyondon, where among many good sound remarks, the learned

Professor Crookshank said : " Traveling scholarships

would be of quite as much advantage to veterinary as to medical
students ; " and I was asking why could not such prize be of-
fered by our colleges instead of the free scholarship ? Why
could not some generous benefactor be found to defray at least
part of the expenses ?

The suggestion made by Prof. Crookshank has been realized
in England, as at a meeting of the Council of the Royal Veter-
inary College, held in April last, the announcement was made,
that an annual grant of 2000 francs was to be given to any re-

284 ^ EDITORIAL.

cent graduate of the college to follow for one year the course of
the Alfort or Berlin school. The necessary funds were made
up by subscription.

Now is the time for America to go — how much better — for
the same object.

Terebrating Epithelioma. — A few days ago I was look-
ing over some volumes of the Review of years ago, when, in
Volume IV, I came to the various articles which were published
in relation to the famous case of the trotting horse '' Prospero "
— famous because of the great name of the horse and of the
discussion and discrepancies which took place in relation to the
nature of the disease and also by the sadness of the few last
weeks of the life of " Prospero," dying from starvation and pro-
fuse haemorrhage. Was it sarcomatous growth ? Was it carci-
nomatous neoplasm, and their sequelae? It was not microscop-
ically decided.

Perhaps the specimen that I had the opportunity to examine
lately when presented by Mr. G. Petit, at the Societe Centrale,
will throw some light on " Prospero's " case, although it is over
twenty years old, as it is almost a perfect repetition of that ob-
tained from the dead trotter. Indeed in that specimen the tumor
was on the upper jaw of a five-year-old horse. It seemed to
have started near the fourth or fifth molar, which were very
loose and ready to drop out. The palate was thickened and in-
filtrated and partly destroyed, allowing direct communication
with the right nasal fossa. The tumor had produced a projec-
tion of the outside plate of the maxillary bone, so that the face
was much deformed. On removing the plate the growth was
exposed, enormous in size, filling the lower maxillary sinus?
irregular, mammillated and covered with pus. The superior
maxillary and frontal sinuses were intact, but would have also
become involved, if the animal had been allowed to live, as
" Prospero " did.

The histological examination showed that it was a case of
nialpighian epithelioma with epidermic globules, which, accord-

EDITORIAL. 285

ing to Mr. Petit, must have had its origin either in the para-
dental epithelial remains or in the buccal or gingival epithe-
lium, but from its mode of development seems to have been de-
rived directly from the latter. A. L.

A STATE COMlVflSSION OF ANIMAI. INDUSTRY
FOR NEW JERSEY.

The proposition of President Wm. Herbert Lowe, made
in his annual address before the Veterinary Medical Association
of New Jersey, January 8th, 1903, in favor of the establishment
of a State Commission of Animal Industry, is meeting with
strong endorsement and support from those most competent to
judge of the wisdom of the proposition. Among the State offi-
cials who were present on that occasion and listened to Presi-
dent Ivowe's remarks was Prof. Edward B. Voorhees, President
of the State Board of Agriculture of New Jersey, who did not
hesitate to supplement what the speaker had said and gave sev-
eral reasons why it was to the best interests of the State to have
all affairs appertaining to the animal industry, including all the
diseases of animals, vested in one body.

We find in the Report of the New Jersey State Board of
Agriculture, which has just come from the printer's hands, the
able address of Professor Voorhees delivered January 14, 1903,
before the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture, in which he
alludes to this important matter in the following clear and con-
vincing manner : " It is abundantly evident from the experi-
ence of the past year, that the powers of this Board should be
so enlarged as to include all diseases of animals, or there should
be some known authority for the detection and control of ani-
mal diseases other than tuberculosis. Under present conditions,
should an unknown or especially contagious disease break out
in any section of the State, there is no authority known to all
to whom the inteiested parties may apply for information and
relief, and be sure that prompt assistance will be given. Let-
ters are sent either to the officers of the Experiment Station,_

286 % EDITORIAL.

State Board of Agriculture, or to the State Tuberculosis Com-
mission, and are promptly referred to the State Board of Health,
though by the time they get to this office, which is charged
with the duty of investigation, certain animal diseases other
than tuberculosis, the disease has either spread rapidly or the
animal will have succumbed, or both. This matter has been
brought strongly to the attention of the Board this year, and
had the dread foot-and-mouth disease, now present in New
England, broken out in this State, at least a week or ten days
would have elapsed before anyone could have gotten at the
proper authorities, and in the meantime, not only would there
have been the spread of the disease, resulting in the sickness
and death of animals, but it would have involved an enormous
expense in the stamping out of the disease and destroying the
germs. If there is a logical reason why the State Board of
Health should be charged with work of this character, if it is so
charged, then the fact should be made so prominent that every-
one in the State, particularly the veterinarians, should know to
whom to apply in case of suspicious diseases. I make these
suggestions, not because the officers of the State Board are
anxious to increase their labors and responsibilities, but the in-
terests of the farmers and of the State may be conserved."

The plan that seems most feasible is to enlarge the scope of
the State Tuberculosis Commission, which comes under the State
Board of Agriculture, so as to include all affairs of the animal
industry, including all dieases of animals, thus establishing and
constituting the State Commission of Animal Industry.

THE PROPOSED MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETY.

Dr. William Dougherty, of Baltimore, Md., whose long ser-
vice in behalf of the best interests of the American veterinary
profession is well known to all who know anything of veteri-
nary history, will present at the Ottawa meeting of the Ameri-
can Veterinary Medical Association for consideration a plan of
formation of a Mutual Benefit Society for the veterinarians of

EDITORIAL. • 287

America. This step has been frequently advocated in the pages
of the Review, and we are delighted that so able and loyal a
man as Dr. Dougherty has undertaken to put the ball in motion
and we fear not that at every revolution it will gain impetus,
ending in a great movement that will be of incalculable benefit
to the members of the profession. President Winchester called
attention to the necessity for such an organization in his address
at Minneapolis, and Chairman Ackerman, of the Committee on
Intelligence and Education, emphasized it. It appears that the
time is now ripe for action, and we trust that the Association
will undertake the establishment of the Society upon a solid
business foundation.

Frank H. Miller, D. V. S., whose valuable contributions
to canine pathology a few years ago were so greatly appreciated
by our. readers, has prepared for the August Review a prac-
tical paper upon the ankylostoma of the dog, entitled " Malig-
nant Enzootic Anaemia of the Kennel Dog, due to Infection with
Blood-Consuming Worms (Dochmius Trigonacephalus), the Di-
rect Clinical Homologue of Egyptian Chlorosis and So-Called
Tunnel-Workers' Disease of Man." The Doctor is specially
well qualified to write upon such subjects, he being a graduate
of McGill, a post-graduate of the Berlin Clinic for Small Animals,
and with an extensive exclusive canine practice in New York,
being at the present time veterinarian to the Westminister Ken-
nel Club.

Two MEN are reported as having died during the past month
in Newark from glanders contracted from horses having that
disease. This is one of the strongest arguments in favor of the
establishment of a State Commission of Animal Industry under
veterinary directorship that could be advanced. Public health
as well as the animal industry demand that the Commission
have "power to deal with all diseases of animals that are danger-
ous to man as well as to beast.

^88 ^ • EDITORIAL.

SoFUS B. Nelson, D. V. S., professor of veterinary medicine
and comparative pathology at the Washington State Agricul-
tural College, at Pullman, has been elected as President of the
State Board of Health, of which he has been Secretary for a
number of years. Professor Nelson is a valued member of our
profession, and is a frequent attendant at the annual gatherings
of the A. V. M. A., to the literary programme of which he has
contributed many valuable papers.

The Boston Work Horse Parade. — The initial work
horse parade of the Boston Work Horse Parade Association,
which was held at Boston, June 6, was a success far beyond ex-
pectations. The object of the association is to benefit working
horses, and the officers, who receive no compensation for their
services, are confident that the parade has already done much
toward helping the hard working animals. The most important
feature of the parade was the certificate given to drivers, who,
according to a signed statement from the owners, had driven the
horses exhibited by them for a year or more before the parade,
provided that the horses appeared serviceably sound and in good
condition. That the scheme will be a success as far as the care
of the driver is concerned is almost assured, for already adver-
tisements have appeared in a Boston paper for teamsters, stating
that preference would be given to those holding certificates of
the Boston Work Horse Parade Association. The parade
was the awakening of interest among owners and drivers in the
welfare and appearance of their horses, to induce more humane
treatment, and to incite consideration from the general public.
Great interest was taken in the parade all over the city and to
the drivers of the 450 teams which took part in the parade is
due largely the success of the affair. Bach individual acted as
a manager and through the cooperation of the drivers a large
share of the burden was removed from the officers' shoulders.
The association will hold its second parade next year, and the
officers expect to have 800 or 1000 entries. It would be an ex-
cellent thing for horse owners in our great city to start an asso-
ciation like the Boston one. The good work of the Boston As-
sociation can readily be seen, and as there is any amount of driv-
ers in Greater New York who do- not hesitate at whipping their
animals, a formed body to act as a protective association would
surely benefit the hard working horse.^

AIR AND OXYGEN. " 289'

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

AN EXPERIMENT IN THE USE OF AIR AND OXYGEN

IN CHECKING THE COURSE OF TUBERCULOSIS

IN TUBERCULIN-REACTING CATTLE.*

By Veranus a. Moore, M. D., New York State Veterinary Col-
lege, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

A study of the lesions found in animals killed after the re-
action to tuberculin shows that in many herds a very large per-
centage of the cattle are but slightly affected. This together
with the slow development of tuberculous lesions suggested that
possibly the course of the disease might be checked by either
increasing the resistance of the animal or deleteriously affecting
the vitality of the infecting organism itself. The reported ex-
perience of practitioners in treating this disease medicinally
gives little hope of success with the ordinary therapeutic agents.
In a certain few cases where the lesions are restricted to one or
more subcutaneous lymph glands relief has come from surgical
interference, but these cases are so few that the method is of
very little general value. It has been found, however, that a
small number of reacting animals, after a period of a few months,
fail to react a second time, and if the climatic and hygienic con-
ditions are favorable the number that recover appears to be
somewhat larger. However, the percentage of such natural and
unaided recoveries is so small that cattle owners cannot afford
to isolate and care for all their reacting animals for the few that
may recover unless they are in some way self-supporting. This
has been found possible under certain conditions as in the Bang
method.

The good results that have frequently followed laparotomy
in cases of human tuberculosis and the results of investigations
by Dr. Corson on the effect of gases when absorbed by serous-

* This experiment was made for the State Department of Agriculture and will appear
in detail in the report of that department for 1902.

"290 V. A. MOORE.

■membranes upon certain neoplasms, led to the conclusion that
possibly the inflation of the abdominal and thoracic cavities of
reacting cattle with air or oxygen would be beneficial. The ex-
periment herein described was undertaken to determine this
point.

In March, 1902, twenty cows that had reacted to the tuber-
culin test were given by the owner to Dr. Ambler for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, to be used for experimental purposes in
the treatment of tuberculosis. One animal was killed in the
advanced stage of the disease. The remaining nineteen were
taken to Chatham, where they were kept under the immediate
supervision of Dr. H. B. Ambler. They were placed in a new,
well-lighted and ventilated barn, where they were kept until
August ist, when they were put on pasture land. While they
were in confinement they were allowed to stand during the day
in an open yard adjoining the barn. They were fed hay, with
a small amount of grain. A number of them were delivered
during the first three months. They were milked until August
1st, the time they were placed on the pasture. None of the
calves born of these cattle were tuberculous, as determined by
careful post-mortems by Dr. Ambler.

The cattle were divided into three groups containing five,
seven and seven respectively. The animals in the grotip of five
were kept for controls. Those in one of the other groups were
treated with inflations of oxygen and those in the other with air.
The abdominal cavity and one of the pleural cavities were filled
at each treatment, the right and left pleural cavities were in-
flated alternately. The technic consisted simply in clipping the
hair over the place of operation, disinfecting the skin and inser-
ing a small trochar and canula. The air was forced in by
attaching the canula to a large bicycle pump that was worked
slowly, and the oxygen by connecting the canula to the oxygen
cylinder. The inflations were made at intervals of from two to
four weeks from May 7th to September 5th. The cattle were all
killed and carefully examined October i6th. The animals were
first tested with tuberculin March 25, 1902. There were 24 in

AIR AND OXYGEN. 291

the herd and 20 reacted. One animal was so poor that it could
not be taken to Chatham. It was killed and examined by Dr.
Ambler, who found extensive tuberculous lesions. The ap-
pended table, giving the results of the original tuberculin test,
contains the data concerning the breed, age and weight of the
animals. All but two were in fairly good condition. Those
were quite poor.

The animals were divided into three groups, one of which
contained the control animals and the other two those that
were placed under special treatment. The control animals
were kept under the same conditions that the others were, ex-
cepting the treatment. The appended tables contain the effect
produced by the treatment on the pulse, respiration and tem-
perature of each animal, and after each of the treatments except
the last. The immediate effect, which passed away in a few
hours, consisted in a rapid pulse, increased respiration, and in a
few cases of a slight rise in temperature.

The animals were treated for the sixth time September 4,
1902. As they were at pasture some distance from Chatham it
was impossible on account of other imperative work to take the
temperature, pulse and respiration, before and after the adminis-
tration of the gases.

Two of the animals died apparently as the direct result of
the air inflation. No. 572 died June 9th, about ten minutes
after the inflation was completed. She was in very poor condi-
tion, although the autopsy showed that the tuberculous lesions
were few and slight in extent. The immediate cause of death
seems to have been pressure. September 4th No. 514 died
very suddenly during the process of inflating the right pleural
cavity. In this case the examinations failed to reveal the cause
of death, but it is supposed that air was forced into a blood ves-
sel. Death occurred, after the first symptoms appeared, as
quickly as it would from a well directed bullet. From the
table containing the list of affected organs it will be observed
that the lesions were slight. These were the only animals that
exhibited any alarming symptoms following the treatment.

292 V. A. MOORE.

The cattle were tested with tuberculin by Dr. Ambler, July
28th, and again October 14, 1902. The results of these tests
are given in the appended tables.

It will be observed from the charts that seven animals did
not react July 28th, and that twelve failed to react October
14th. It is further observed that at the last test only two of
the controls reacted. It is important to state that for the first
three months the animals receiving the oxygen did much bet-
ter than the others. In July the eight animals that were in the
best condition included the seven treated with oxygen. A.t the
time of the last test (October 14) the cattle were, with two ex-
ceptions, in a good condition for animals kept at pasture, al-
though the oxygen- treated ones still presented the best appear-
ance. They would all have passed on a physical examination
as being perfectly sound and healthy, and from their general
appearance there was no evidence of disease, with possibly the
exception of the two mentioned. They were all killed and
carefully examined October i6th. The following table con-
tains a list of the organs affected in each of the seventeen ani-
mals killed at this time and the two that died during the treat-
ment.

The autopsies showed that the lesions were not excessively
advanced in any of the animals but, on the contrary, they were
small although in a number of cases they were quite widely
distributed. In one instance. No. 541, the lesions on the omen-
tum were acute but in all the. others they were restricted and
chronic in nature. In a number of cases the cellular infiltra-
tion around the tuberculous foci, was unusually marked, sug-
gesting encapsulation and healing. It has not been possible,
however, to differentiate the reacting from the non-reacting an-
imals by means of the gross or microscopic examination of the
diseased tissue.

Although the lesions in the non-reacting animals suggest-
ed a tendency to encapsulation it was desirable to determine
whether the tubercle bacteria were present and if so as virulent
as they were in the case of the reacting animals. To determine

AIR AND OXYGEN.

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Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
Lesions chronic in nature.
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Lesions chronic in nature.
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Lesions chronic in nature.
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this guinea pigs of similar weight (1200 grammes) were inoculat-
ed with small pieces of equal size from the walls of tuberculous
lesions from nearly all of the animals. The guinea pigs all
died of generalized tuberculosis. There was some difference in
the time required to kill them but this was no greater than the
variation in the course of the disease in two guinea pigs inocu-
lated from the same lesions. A summary of the results are ap-
pended in tabulated form.

Result of Guinea Pig Inoculations with Tuberculous
Lesions from Both Reacting and Non-Reacting Cattle.

E

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Tissue
inoculated.

Date of
inoculation.

Result.

582

333
583
543
589

567
514
540

563
510
541

i

549

Pleura

Oct. 18, 1902
Oct. 18, 1902
Oct. 18, 1902
Oct. 18, 1902

Guinea pig died Jan 2,1903. Generalized tuberculosis.
Guinea pig died Nov. 29, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
Guinea pig died Nov. 2, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis,
Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902, Generalized tuberculosis.

Bronchial gland. .

Med. gland

Bronchial gland. .

Med. gland

Bronchial gland, .

Lymph gland ....
Lymph gland,. . .
Mes lymph gland

Bronchial gland, .
Ant, med. gland.
Lung

Oct. 18, 1902
*Oct. 18, '02

Oct. 18, 1902
Sept. 5, 1902
Oct. 18, I902

Oct. 18, 1902
Oct, 18, 1902
*Oct. 18, '02

Oct. 18, 1902

Guinea pig died Nov. 2, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died November 20, 1902. Generalized

tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died November 28, 1902, Generalized

tuberculosis.
Guinea pig died Nov, 29, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
Guinea pig died Oct. I, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died December I, 1902. Generalized

tuberculosis,
Guinea pig died Dec. 6, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
Guinea pig died Dec. I, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died November 20, 1902, Generalized

tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died November 28, 1902. Generalized

tuberculosis,
Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902. Generalized tuberculosis.

Bronchial gland. .

Lung

Dorsal M, gland.

Oct. 18, 1902
*Oct. 18, '02

Guinea pig died Dec. 4, 1902, Generalized tuberculosis.
I. Guinea pig died December 6, ig02. Generalized

tuberculosis,
I. Guinea pig died December 27, 1902. Generalized

tuberculosis.

* Two inoculations.

The results obtained point with some favor to the value of
the inflation treatments. The fact that three of the control an-
imals did not react at the last test is in harmony with well

AIR AND OXYGEN. 299

formed observations that a certain number of infected cattle
that respond to tuberculin will recover under favorable condi-
tions. It is interesting to note further that all of the animals
receiving the inflations of air failed to react. This indicates a
possible therapeutic value in this treatment. The oxygen an-
imals, which thrived better than the others during the treat-
ment, showed at the end but slightly better results than the con-
trols. It is unfortunate that the animals could not have been
kept until time had been given the lesions to have become fully
encapsulated or absorbed in case they were recovering ; or for
the further development of the lesions if the seeming check to
the progress of the disease, as indicated by the tuberculin test,
was only temporary. It is very desirable that these experi-
ments should be continued until the efficiency of this treatment
of reacting cattle is definitely settled. The doubts arising from
these results are unavoidable owing to the slow development of
tuberculous lesions and the necessity of an early slaughter of
the animals in the experiment.

If the mooted points are set aside, we can still gather the
conclusion from the experiment that reacting animals may be
kept, isolated from others, with profit to the owner. Certainly
the slowness in the development of the lesions, warrants the
keeping of them for feeding purposes if, when fattened, they can
be slaughtered and used for food after being inspected under
proper regulations as is the practice in the federal meat inspec-
tion. The results obtained in the controls suggest more strongly
than has heretofore been emphasized the efficiency of Bang's
method as a means of treatment. There is no evidence that
cattle are more susceptible to tuberculosis than man and conse-
quently there is reason for expecting that, under like circum-
stances, there will be quite as good results from the individual
resistance to the parasitism. The fact that all of the cattle
treated with the air and over 50% of those receiving the oxy-
gen did not react, after the last tuberculin test, suggests that
these substances may possess, when absorbed by serous mem-
branes, therapeutic yalue.

300 ^ V. A. MOORE.

It is hoped that in the near future opportunity will be af-
forded of putting the treatment both by the inflation with gases
and of isolation to a thorough test by allowing the animals to
live until the fact is demonstrated relative to the permanent
benefit which the results herein reported are but suggestive. As
it is possible to determine positively the efficiency of the meth-
ods, it seems unwise to speculate or argue for or against them
until the results of sufficiently extended experiments are re-
corded.

A MULE coivT foaled at the Kansas Experiment Station
weighed 125 pounds at birth and gained 77 pounds in 11 days.
A pure-bred Percheron colt dropped abont the same time scaled
122 pounds.

EvANSViLLK, Ind., held a very successful horse show the
latter part of May. Dr. J. R. Mitchell, Resident State Secre-
tary of the A. V. M. A. for Indiana, is the Secretary of the
Horse Show Association, and was largely instrumental in its
success, being also an exhibitor in several high-stepping classes.

For a State Racing Commission".^ — The Pennsylvania
State Veterinary Medical Association, at its meeting March 4,
adopted the following resolution : " WHEREAS, Clean and hon-
est trials of speed are of great value as a means of developing
the quality of horses, and are most interesting and instructive
as exhibits; and Whereas, Horse-racing receives its best de-
velopment in the direction of wholesome sport, and is most
advantageous to breeders in countries and States where it is
under proper governmental control and supervision, while, on
the other hand, it is not conducted in the interest of pure sport
nor in the interest of horse-breeders in States where there is not
some oversight from a high and impartial tribunal ; be it Re-
solved^ That we, the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical
Association, recommend the establishment of a State Racing
Commission, to be composed of men interested in the improve-
ment of horses, to be selected by the Governor, and to be em-
powered to license and supervise race courses and race meetings,
to the end that horse-racing may not be merely tolerated with-
out legal status, but shall be placed on a fixed foundation and
shall be honestly conducted, free from gambling. In this' way
horse-breeding and the improvement of horses may have fixed
standing and definite support."

»

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 301

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS.

By W. J. Martin, V. S., Kankakee, IIvI..

Read in two sections before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, at Chicago,

Dec 2, and at Urbana, Feb. i6.

The term veterinary obstetrics in its widest sense includes
those obstetric operations met with among all the various
species of domestic animals that come more or less under the
care of the veterinarian, such as the equine, bovine, canine,
feline, porcine and ovine species. In this paper I shall confine
myself almost exclusively to the equine and bovine species,
these being the ones with which I have had the largest experi-
ence. In large cities the practice of veterinary obstetrics is con-
fined almost exclusively to the canine and feline species ; in
country practice the practice of obstetrics is mainly confined to
the bovine and equine species, though with the rapid advance
being made in the breeding of valuable pedigreed sheep,
swine and goats, it can be but a short time when the services
of the veterinary accoucher will be eagerly sought after for
those animals also.

To the country practitioner the practice of obstetrics is of
vital importance, and there are perhaps few other branches of
his profession in which he should be so thoroughly trained in
order to prevent making serious errors, in the performance of
his difficult duties. It is not my intention in this paper to enter
upon an exhaustive thesis on all the various topics that are so
intimately connected with the study of veterinary obstetrics, but
rather to give a few hints which the writer has found to be use-
ful after long years spent in actual practice.

Instru7nents. — Every veterinary student after passing
through the period of study and probation prescribed of him by
his alma mater^ upon returning honie exhibits with pardonable
pride to his admiring friends his glittering array of surgical in-
struments, among which, if the newly fledged veterinarian in-
tends to engage in country practice, will be found a motly array
of so-called "obstetrical" instrurnents. We have all p^ss^d

302 ^ W. J. MARTIN

through this phase of our existence. Now a word as to many
of these instruments designed for obstetrical purposes. In the
first place, many of those instruments, more especially those in-
tended to be used in bovine and equine practice, are as a rule
very expensive, clumsily constructed as well as handled, and
often utterly worthless for even correcting, let alone removing, a
case of dystokia in the mare and cow. My experience has
taught me that the less we resort to the use of sharp-pointed
hooks and other cutting instruments in cases of dystokia in the
mare and cow, especially the former, the larger will be the per-
centage of recoveries, among the dams, after such operations.
Of course, there are some exceptional cases of dystokia in which
resort must be had to every available means at our command to
effect delivery, and in which the iise of sharp hooks and other
cutting instruments is not only justifiable but absolutely
necessary.

The instruments which I have found to be most useful in
the practice of obstetrics among bovine and equine animals are,
first, cords or bands, such as the ordinary sash cord and small
nianila rope about one fourth of an inch in diameter, and six or
eight feet in length, provided with a ring or loop at one end.
Second, several blunt hooks, varying in size and length from
six inches up to i8 inches or longer ; these hooks vary in the
diameter of their curve, from that of the small finger hook, to
that large enough to partly encircle the neck of the foal or calf.
I also use a number of semi-sharp and sharp hooks of different
curves and angles ; some of these are jointed, others are rigid.
A repeller, rope carrier, spatula and a set of parturition pulleys,
together with several embryotomy knives curved and probe-
pointed, and a large metal injection syringe completes the
case of parturition instruments. Parturition instruments should
be heavily nickel plated and kept scrupulously clean and bright.
But, after all, a long strong arm, supplemented by strong pliable
cords, are the best of all parturition instruments.

Clothing. — Proper clothing is a matter of prime importance
to the veterinary accoucher. That he should be properly pre-

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 303

pared before entering upon the discharge of his arduous
duties, goes without saying. Under no circumstances should
we attempt the removal of a foal or calf, without changing our
common wearing apparel. The reasons are twofold : First, by
not doing so, we too often ruin a suit of good clothes, the cost
of which often far exceeds the amount of the fee we receive for
the performance of the task. Secondly, by attempting to work
with shirt sleeves tightly rolled up, the circulation of the blood
in the arms is impeded, which, together with the uterine con-
tractions, render those members powerless in a short time ;
again, the length of the arm is often considerably short-
ened by the tightly rolled-up mass of clothing; again, during
the manipulations, the shirt and underclothing become satu-
rated with the excrementitious discharges from the rectum and
vulva, and when the operation is completed, it is not a pleasant
subject to have to contemplate to have to ride home ten or fif-
teen miles, often in the night, and most commonly in cold
weather, in such a foul and bedraggled condition.

My obstetric clothing consists of a pair of roomy oil-cloth
overalls, a heavy flannel shirt without sleeves, with a high col-
lar of the same material to button closely around the throat ;
over this shirt goes a long sleeveless frock or jacket, made of
oil-cloth ; this reaches nearly to the knees and effectually pro-
tects the waist and breast against water and filth. The shirt
and frock are put on by passing over the head ; the opening in
the garments being just sufficient for this purpose, and after-
wards being fastened at the back by a single button. A closely-
fitting skull cap completes the dress. To don this obstetric
clothing, first remove shirt and undershirt, put on the sleeveless
flannel shirt, draw on oil-cloth overalls over the trousers, then
put on the oil-cloth jacket and you are ready for business.
When dressed in this manner your trousers and drawers are
completely protected from wet and filth, and when your work
is completed, your shirt and undershirt are dry and comfortable
for you to put on. In cold weather always make it a rule to
change your clothing in the house if possible.

304 ^ W. J. MARTIN.

Medicinal Agents for the Parturition Satchel. — A parturi-
tion satchel is not complete without a few of the more import-
ant medicinal agents. Of these I prefer the following : An
eight-ounce bottle of tr. opii fort., eight ounces of sp. vini rect.,
eight ounces sp. nith. ether., eight ounces of tr. ferri. perchlor.,
eight ounces of antiseptic oil, eight ounces of chloroform for in-
halation purposes, two to four ounces of some reliable antisep-
tic, and a four-ounce box of petrolatum ointment for anointing
the hands and arms. A half-pound can of alum is also useful
in cases where eversion of the uterus occurs ; it is also valuable
as an astringent in cases of vulvitis, etc.

Inhalations of chloroform are very useful in many cases of
dystokia, eversions of the uterus or in cases of rigid os. The
alcohol and nitrous ether are useful stimulants to an exhausted
animal after a prolonged period of difficult parturition. The
tincture of iron is unsurpassed as a haemostatic and astringent
should haemorrhage occur. The antiseptic oil is an excellent
addition to warm water for injection purposes. Oily injections
into the uterus aid materially in correcting malpresentations of
the foetus and facilitates its delivery. I am a firm believer in
the efficacy of copious injections of tepid oleaginous fluids into
the uterus in every case of dystokia.

Examination and Diagnosis of Cases of Dystokia. —
The practice of veterinary obstetrics will become less formid-
able to the practitioner after he has made himself thoroughly
familiar with the anatomy and physiology of the organs of gen-
eration of the various species of animals upon which he is most
commonly called to attend.

When called upon to attend a case of obstetrics, the most im-
portant conclusion for the practitioner to arrive at is the posi-
tion occupied by the foetus in utero. To properly accomplish
this, plenty of time and patience is required. By following this
method of procedure,, mistakes in diagnosis often fatal to our
patient as well as damaging to our own reputation, will be avoid-
ed. Never be in a hurry, no matter how much you may be an-
noyed by the questions or idle comments of bystanders or a solic-

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 305

itous owner. Be guarded in all you say and do. In the practice
of veterinary obstetrics, the accoucher too often labors under
the greatest disadvantages, more especially when called to attend
a case of difficult parturition in the mare and cow, and which to
overcome often requires the patience of a Job with the strength
of a Hercules. His services are rarely or ever sought until the
owner and every other " Smart Aleck " in the neighborhood
have exhausted every fair and foul means in their power to ex-
tract the foetus from the outraged and suffering dam, and often-
times in what a frightful condition do we find the poor beast, after
hours of the most excruciating pain and torture at the hands of
brutal and ignorant busy bodies. The animal is often entirely
exhausted, lying prone upon its side and unable to rise, the vul-
va intensely red, swollen and bruised, the rectum often prolapsed,
the womb torn and lacerated by sharp hooks, and saturated by the
filth of dirty ropes and sometimes chains — I have often been called
to attend cases of dystokia in the mare and cow, in which I ex-
perienced greater difficulty in removing the large ropes and
sharp hooks attached to the foetus by some "experienced" meddler,"
than I had in afterwards removing the foetus. Again, how often
do we find our patient lying in some open shed or hovel, with,
perhaps, a foot or two of manure underneath and a pool of stagnant
manure water close by ; the ceiling of the hovel is often too
low to permit your standing upright and with perhaps but a
couple of feet in length between the animal's tail and the side
walls ; the roof of the shed in my experience is rarely or never
waterproof, while through its delapidated sides the wind whist-
les mournfully to caress your half naked form. In such surround-
ings, lighted by the feeble rays of a single smoky and sputtering
oil lantern, the veterinary accoucher is called on to perform his
duty. It is expected as a matter of course by the owner and
his group of friends present (sometimes he is entirely alone),,
that the practitioner will accomplish in 15 minutes what they
and perhaps half the neighborhood have been attempting to do
for the past six or eight hours. Ye gods, how often when con-
fronted by such surroundings I have wished I was a millionaire.

306 W. J. MARTIN.

Pathological Changes in the Maternal Organs which Cause
Dystokia. — Atresia and Adhesive Constrictions of the Vagina. —
These conditions may be due to a variety of causes, such as con-
genital defective development of the vagina or the formation of
cicatricial tissue due to lacerations inflicted during previous par-
turitions or from injuries by the male penis during copulation.
Constriction of the vagina may also be due to anatomical defor-
mation of the bones of the pelvis or to adventitious growths in
the walls of the vagina.

Rigid Os. — This condition is commonly met with in the
mare and cow, though it occurs much more often in the mare
than cow. It is met with in both old and young primaparse as
well as in multiparous animals, though I have found it to be most
common in the latter. It may owe its origin to one of several
causes, such as the occlusion or agglutination of the wall of the
cervix by inflammatory action, fibrous degeneration and thick-
ening of the ligaments of the cervix, carcinomatous or fibroid
neoplasms involving the cervix uteri or embedded in its parietal
walls. In gray mares the cervix uteri is often the seat of ex-
tensive melanotic deposits which often seriously interfere with
normal parturition. The majority of cases of rigid os in the
mare are no doubt due to injury received during some previous
parturition or during copulation at time of impregnation.

Spasmodic Contraction of the Vagina and Cervix Uteri. —
This condition is rare, though it does occur in the mare during
the early stages of parturition.

Treatment. — When fibrous adhesions are found to exist in
the vagina and the lumen of the organ is not completely oblit-
erated, they may be readily broken down by the hand or care-
fully incised with the probe-pointed embryotomy knife. When
occlusion of the vagina is complete the incision must be made in
the median line so as to reach the cervix uteri. In rigid os,
copious injections of tepid oleaginous fluids should be first used,
supplemented by the sponge tent saturated with the fluid ex-
tract of belladonna. Inhalations of chloroform in sufficient
quantity to produce partial narcosis, hypodermatic injections of

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 307

morphia or full doses of bromide of potassium may be success-
fully employed to relax a rigid os. These failing, resort must
be had to incisions. These should be of sufficient extent and
number to allow of the free passage of the foetus through the
cervix uteri in order to prevent rupture or laceration of the
uterine walls. In the majority of cases of vaginal and uterine
hysterotomy the haemorrhage is slight, and easily controlled by
tampons steeped in cold weak solutions of alum water or tr.
ferri chlor. Diffusible stimulants should always be adminis-
tered to the patient, after removing a foetus by this method.

Torsion of the Uterus. — Owing to the marked anatomical
difference in the structure of the uterus of the cow from that of
the mare, torsion of the uterus is much more common in the
former than the latter, though, in my opinion, it is not by any
means so rare in the mare as the paucity of the literature on
the subject in American veterinary obstetrics would lead us to
believe. I have been able to find but three cases of torsion of
the uterus on record in this country, one of these by the writer,
and the other two by Dr. W. A. Heck, of Iowa, and are recorded
in the American Veterinary Review, of Nov., 1900. Since
the report of my case, I have met with another one in the mare
in which delivery was, after much hard labor on my part,
accomplished successfully by inhalations of chloroform and the
rolling method described by Fleming in his text book of ob-
stetrics. From the numerous reports of cases of torsion of the
uterus in the mare mentioned in European veterinary literature,
I am inclined to think that this formidable cause of dystokia in
the mare has to a certain extent undoubtedly been overlooked
in this country. Further light upon this most important subject
would be of the utmost value to American veterinary literature.

Adhesion of Foetus to Uterus. — Adhesion of the foetus and
foetal membranes to the uterus are, as a rule, due to inflamma-
tory processes long existing between the contiguous parts, or to
an abnormal or diseased development of the ovum at the time
of impregnation ; or it may be caused by an insufficient amount
of amniotic fluid between the amnion and the foetus. At times

308 W. J. MARTIN.

the adhesions are incomplete, that is, it occurs only at isolated
spots between the foetus and uterus, at other times the union is
complete between the foetus, foetal membranes, and the uterus,
and all of these various parts become entirely solidified.

It has been my experience that disease of the placental
membranes in the mare, are much more common during years
in which epidemic diseases, such as epizootic catarrhal fever, in-
fectious pneumonia, etc., prevail.

Adhesion of the foetus to the uterine walls is by no means of
common occurrence in the mare or cow, but that such adhe-
sions do occur is abundantly shown by the numerous reports
of such cases found in European veterinary literature. I
have met with one case during the 20 years in which I have
been in practice, and will give a short synopsis of it: — Bay
mare, aged 6 years, weight about 1200 pounds, well nourished,
and to all appearance in perfect health, had been regularly
worked on the farm previous to foaling, had been in labor for
some ten or twelve hours previous to my arrival, the head and
fore limbs of the foetus had presented as in normal parturition,
but despite the strongest traction that could be exerted by eight
strong men aided by means of a long pole used as a lever, the
foetus could not be advanced an inch further. I also was un-
able to effect delivery by traction, and after removing the head
and fore limbs by embryotomy, and then attempting to pass my
hand between the foetus and the uterine walls, I found that
complete adhesion had taken place between the foetus and the
uterus. The union commenced at the junction of the dorsal
and lumbar vertebrae of the foetus, and extended backwards as
far as the croup and thighs. All attempts to break down the
adhesions proving futile, the mare was destroyed, when a post-
mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis. A remarkable
thing about this case was the enormous traction to which this
mare had been subjected to previous to my arrival, without in
the least advancing the foetus. A person would naturally sup-
pose that such traction would not only tear loose the foetus but
the entire uterus as well.

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 309-

Foetal Anasarca. — The accumulation of abnormal quantities
of fluid or serum in the body of the foetus may be divided for
the sake of classification into two parts : First, as a true ana-
sarca when the fluid is localized in the skin ; and second, asci-
tes when the fluid is localized in the abdominal cavity. Ana-
sarca and ascites are by no means common as a pathological
condition in the calf and foal, though it is more commonly met
with in the former than the latter. It is well, however, for the
practitioner to remember that anasarca and ascites do occur,
and when such is the case, if a large amount of fluid is present,
they are apt to be the cause of dystokia, especially in those
cases where the foetus has been partially delivered previous to
the practitioner being called to the case, and when all attempts
at traction have failed to advance the foetus through the maternal
passage further than the head and fore limbs to the shoulders.
Such cases might be easily mistaken for an anterior presenta-
tion, in which the hind limbs of the foetus are jammed against
the brim of the maternal pelvis.

In such cases manual examination will readily reveal the
cause of the dystokia, and the remedy, detruncation with ver-
sion, will be equally efficacious in either case. When the diag-
nosis of abdominal ascites of the foetus is clearly established
while the foetus is still wholly in the uterus, the making of long
deep incisions extending into the abdominal and thoracic cavities
will quickly relieve the situation and permit of easy delivery.
I consider such incisions much more practical in overcoming
anasarca and ascites of the foetus than that of attempting to tap
the foetal abdomen with a long trocar as is recommended by
some obstetricians.

Hydrocephalus of Foetus. — Foetal hydrocephalus is quite
common in both the equine and bovine species, and I have seen
some truly remarkable specimens among those animals. If the
distension of the cranium is but moderate, the head will not
present any great difficulty in effecting delivery, providing the
maternal organs are well lubricated with lard or oil, together
with copious injections of tepid water into the uterus. The

310 W. J. MARTIN.

foetal head should be then secured with a head collar, the limbs
properly secured with strong cords or bands, and steady traction
should be used, first on one limb, then on the other, and lastly
on the head. In this manner, with patience and steady and not
too strong traction, many cases of hydrocephalus may be safely
delivered without damage to the maternal organs. When the
head is extensively enlarged and distorted it then presents an
insurmountable obstacle to delivery, and resort must be had to
craniotomy. The majority of cases of hydrocephalus which I
have met with were found almost invariably to be presenting in
an abnormal manner, which, of course, will render the task of
delivery much more difficult. I vividly recall a case of hydro-
cephalus met with in which the fore limbs of the foal were en-
gaged in the genital canal ; the head was found turned far back
on the flank, the head enormously enlarged, the bones of the
cervical vertebrae firmly anchylosed. The diagnosis of a case of
hydrocephalus is in some cases comparatively easy, especially if
the labor pains have advanced the foetus well up into the genital
tract, though when the foetus is presenting naturally and the
head is greatly enlarged, the passage of the hand and arm is
often accomplished with much difficulty and in some extremely
aggravated cases it is often utterly impossible to make a manual
examination without first resorting to repulsion of the foetus.

To reduce a hydrocephalous head, if the enlargement is not
extensive, incise the skull in the median line with a strong bis-
toury, then exercise pressure with the hands on the thin and
weakened wall and crush inwards. Before attempting to crush
the skull it should be first secured by means of a stout cord or
head-collar passed over the occiput ; on this steady traction can be
made sufficient to steady it while the cutting and crushing process
are being carried on. It the cranial bones are of sufficient strength
to resist the attempts to crush them with the hands, recourse must
be had to mechanical means to reduce them. The skin on the
head in the median line should be incised its entire length, and
turned downwards over both sides of the face to such an extent
as to cover any rough or jagged pieces of bone left after using

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 311

the bone forceps or chisel used in destroying the skull. The re-
moval of one or both of the fore limbs at the shoulder joint, or
better still, the entire limb, with scapula, will materially aid in
effecting delivery in a case of hydrocephalus.

Emphysema of the Foetus. — It is estimated that decomposi-
tion of the dead foetus takes place after from 24 to 36 hours air has
gained admission into the uterus, though I am inclined to think
that emphysema may occur much sooner than this period ; it in
a large measure depends upon the amount of interference which
has been made to effect delivery ; also the state of the weather
often has much to do in producing decomposition of the foetus \
very hot or sultry weather aids materially in producing decom-
position of the foetal membranes that may be exposed to the air,
and they in turn conveying this decomposition to the foetus.
We find emphysema of the foetus quite common in those cases
where amateurs have made long and ineffectual attempts to
effect delivery of the foetus ; it is no uncommon circumstance to
find on being called to such cases, the body of the foetus exten-
sively inflated with the gases of decomposition sufficient to
completely fill the uterine cavity to such an extent as to pre-
vent the introduction of the hand between the foetus and the
uterus, and it is not advisable for the practitioner to attempt
to make such an exploratory examination in such cases with-
out first using large amounts of warm water containing anti-
septics to be first injected into the uterine cavity. If he does
not make use of such injections, he is very apt to become
infected with septic matters. The hands and arms of the
practitioner should be well covered with oil, lard or vaseline,
containing some reliable antiseptic. Under no circumstances
should a practitioner work in such a hot-bed of infection as a
uterus containing an emphysematous foetus, without washing
and anointing his hands and arms every few minutes with an-
tiseptics. Sometimes infection of the hands and arms will oc-
cur even after every precaution has been taken to avoid it. I
have found this to be only too true from sad experience.

If after making long, deep incisions into the skin and abdom-

312 W. J. MARTIN.

inal and thoracic cavities the foetus cannot be delivered, recourse
must be had to embryotomy. This, owing to the advanced state
of decomposition of the foetus, is usually easy. The cords, in-
struments, etc., used in removing a decomposed foetus, should
be afterwards boiled for several hours in some strong antiseptic
solution in order to prevent infecting other parturient animals
with septic poisoning.

Overdevelopment of Foetus. — Overdevelopment of the foetus
is often the cause of serious dystokia. Excess in volume of the
foetus is almost invariably due to prolonged gestation in utero. I
have known of many instances in mares in which gestation had
been prolonged for as much as two months or more beyond the
normal period of gestation, and then birth take place spontane-
ously in a normal manner, but such cases do not always have
such a happy termination. The foetuses in some cases of over-
gestation are often of enormous size, weighing upwards of 200
pounds in some of the cases. I am satisfied from my experience
that medium-sized mares bred to ponderous draft stallions fre-
quently require assistance in foaling — and some of the most dif-
ficult cases of dystokia met with in my practice have been among
such animals. It is a well known fact among breeders, that the
progeny of bulls, stallions, and rams, with large coarse heads,
are often the cause of difficult parturition in the dams, and it is
mainly on this account that such animals are deservedly un-
popular.

If an overdeveloped foetus is presenting naturally, that is in
the vertebro-sacral position, the head should be first secured by
means of a cord or head-collar, the limbs, if presenting, should
be also corded as high up as possible ; moderate traction should
be first employed on one limb, drawing it out as far as possible,
then the other one should be treated likewise, and then the
traction should be applied to the head. When the presentation
is posterior, with the limbs in the genital passage, the cords
should be adjusted as high up as possible and steady traction
should be applied alternately to each limb. In this manner it
is often possible to effect delivery without resorting to embry-

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 313

otomy. When delivery cannot be effected by traction on the
limbs and there is not sufficient room for the performance of
embryotomy, a long-handled chisel inserted into the rectum of
the foetus and brought against the brim of the pelvis, by a sharp
blow, easily severs the bone, which will permit the thighs to
come together sufficiently to permit of the body passing through
the genital passage.

Foetal Monstrosities. — Foetal monstrosities are quite com-
mon among all species of the vertebrate and invertebrate king-
doms ; they are much more often met with among the latter than
the former. They are of common occurrence in both human
and veterinary obstetrics. Of all domestic animals they are
most commonly met with in the cow, with the mare a close sec-
ond. In both these animals foetal monsters cause serious and at
times fatal dystokia.

The tetralogical classification of foetal monstrosities in vet-
erinary obstetrics is very complete, those of Gurlt and St. Hil-
laire being considered the most complete. We have not the
space at our command in this paper to mention but a few of the
large number of the various species of monstrosities classified
by embryologists (8 orders, 26 genera, and 73 species), but will
only mention those which from their extremely abnormal develop-
ment are apt to cause dystokia. These for all practical pur-
poses we ma}^ divide into six principal classes, viz. : i, double-
headed monsters with a single body ; 2, two heads and two
bodies ; 3, one head and two bodies ; 4, supernumerary limbs of
the anterior part of the body ; 5, supernumerary limbs of the
posterior part of the body ; 6, exuberant growths of a parasitic
nature, such as moles, fatty tumors, etc., of varying size and oc-
cupying different sites on the body of the foetus.

The etiology of foetal monstrosities is as yet quite unknown,
though from the experimental researches of embryologists and
zoologists on the impregnated ovum of the frog, sea-urchin and
other low forms of life, it is almost universally conceded that
monstrosities are produced by two principal causes, viz., poly-
spermia, or the entrance of two or more spermatozoa into the

314 % W. J. MARTIN.

ovum, constriction of an impregnated ovum, causing uneven
segmentation of the yelk during cleavage, will at times produce
fcetal monsters. Second, external causes, acting on an impreg-
nated animal, such as mechanical, chemical, and thermal irri-
tation, such as injuries, blows, sudden cooling of the surfaces of
the body, etc., are also supposed to be factors in the production
of foetal monsters. How far maternal impression plays a part
in the production of these monstrosities, is as yet an undecided
question among psychologists. .

So far as the laying down of any hard and fast rules for
overcoming dystokia due to foetal monstrosities, it cannot be
done. The practitioner will have to be guided by the phenom-
ena which each individual case presents. Embryotomy will,
however, have to be resorted to in nearly all the species of mon-
sters mentioned above, and the performance of this operation in
some of those cases, especially where the monster has reached
its full period of gestation, will call for the most patient and
laborious efforts on the part of the practitioner.

Malpresentation of Foetus. — When parturition takes place in
a normal manner in the cow and mare, the foetus presents in
the vertebro-sacral or natural position — head and fore limbs
presenting simultaneously. Any deviation of the foetus from
this natural position gives rise to dystokia and requires the as-
sistance of the obstetrician.

For all practical purposes we may divide the various mal-
presentations of the foetus into three grand divisions, viz. : An-
terior, posterior, and transverse. Some authors make use of
but two, the longitudinal and transverse ; others again make
use of four, viz., anterior, posterior, transverse and vertical, but
I think this is entirely superfluous. In every case of dystokia
the foetus will most assuredly be found to occupy one of the
above-mentioned positions in a more or less modified form, such
as the vertebro-pubic, right and left iliac, lumbo-sacral, and
right and left lumbo-pubic, etc. Of these we will first consider
the abnormalities met with in the anterior presentation.

Head Deviation. — Fore limbs presenting with lateral devia-

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 315

tion of the head either to the right or left, or turned upwards
and backward, or downward between the fore limbs. In lateral
deviation of the head to the right or left, it may be found rest-
ing against the shoulder, or it may be deflected as far backward
as the middle of the thorax or even reach to the flank. (This
extreme deviation applies only to the foal, the shorter neck of
the calf not permitting of so great elongation.) When the head
is deflected downward between the fore limbs, it may be sit-
uated deep within the uterus, with the occipital crest tightly
pressed against the brim of the maternal pelvis. Again, the
head may be presenting normally and one or both fore limbs be
turned backwards along the body of the foetus. At other times
we find the foetus presenting normally in the vertebro-sacral
position; but one or both of the hind limbs will be engaged in
the genital passage.

We will now take up for consideration the best means to be
employed in overcoming the various forms of malpresentations
met with in the anterior position. Lateral deviation of the head
to the right or left. Diagnosis. — Endeavor to find out on which
side of the body the head is resting. In the mare this is often
very difficult, especially if labor has been going on for some
time, the waters having escaped, the fore limbs and anterior
part of the foetal body tightly driven into the passage by the
strong expulsive labor pains, and the interference of amateurs.
Fleming mentions what he considers a valuable aid in deter-
mining upon which side of the foetus the head may be resting,
the fact that if the head is resting or turned to, say, the right
side, the limb of that side will be somewhat shorter than its
fellow ; this is in a measure true, in the early stage of labor, but
after attempts at delivery have been going on for some time, it
is without value. The only way to arrive at a correct conclusion
is by manual exploration ; this should be performed carefully,
and in the gentlest manner possible.

If upon examination the head should be found to be turned
upward and backward and resting on the back of the foetus,
and it can be reached by the hand, try and pass a cord around

316 ^ W, J. MARTIN.

it before attempting to correct its position, because in this po-
sition the head is much easier reached than when it is turned to
the side. I well remember a case in my early practice where I
had attempted to bring the head of a foal in this position into a
normal position with the unaided hand with the unfortunate
result of having it slip away beyond my reach down the side of
the body, from which I again secured it only after long and ex-
hausting efforts. Never lose an opportunity to secure the head
by a stout cord.

If the head is found resting far back on the side of the thorax
or flank, so as to be entireiy beyond reach of the hand, take a
porte cord with a small loop woven on end. in the hand ; if the
head is on the right side use the right hand and vice versa ; push
the end of the cord well downwards between the body of the
foetus and its neck, then pass the hand underneath the neck and
draw loop through beneath neck, pass end of cord through loop,
and you have secured the neck firmly.

Sometimes it is utterly impossible to pass the fingers be-
tween the neck of the foetus and its body, so tightly are they
pressed together. The only resort in a case of this kind is to
use a short, blunt hook, of sufficient diameter to partly encircle
the neck. The point of this hook can be forced between the
neck and body of the foetus and traction can be applied by
means of a rope passed through an eye in end of hook. After
having secured the neck by cord or hook, and the traction has
brought the head sufficiently near so that the occiput can be
reached by the hand, loose the cord around the neck and move
it up as close as possible to the poll, insert short blunt eye-hook
or hooks into the orbital cavity and apply very moderate trac-
tion on them and at the same time traction should be used on
the cord around the neck. Great care should be used in apply-
ing traction to the hooks in the orbital cavity, because the
bones of the orbit are very easily torn through and we lose not
only an excellent point of vantage for turning the head into a
normal position, but with the bones broken, laceration of the
maternal organs or hands is apt to occur.

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 317

In these head deviations, we quite frequently find both the
fore limbs advanced into the genital passage to such an extent
that the knees present outside the vulva. In such cases it is
impossible to get sufficient room to make even a superficial ex-
amination, let alone to correct the deviation of the head. The
first thing I do in such cases is to resort to embryotomy. No
time sh6uld be lost in useless efforts before resorting to this opera-
tion. Draw the limb out as far as possible and take it off at the
shoulder joint at least, and if the entire scapula can by brought
away, so much the better. Never amputate limbs at the knees
and then attempt to push the stumps back into the uterus. It
is extremely bad practice and entirely uncalled for. The
stumps are very apt to cause rupture of the uterus when being
pushed back, or when traction is used in extracting the foetus.
They also bruise the operator's hands and are continually in
his way in the uterus. Take them off always at least at the el-
bow or shoulder joint. It will require but a slight amount
more of work on the operator's part to do this, and 5^ou will
find that you will be more than amply repaid for the extra
labor by the facility with which you can perform the delivery.

In downward deviation of the head between the fore limbs,
with these presenting in the passage, the methods employed in
lateral deviation of the head can be employed, except that
retropulsion should be used to force the body of the foetus as
far back into the uterus as possible, which will be to a large ex-
tent materially assisted by raising the hind parts of the mother.
When retropulsion has been effected the hand is passed down-
ward along the face of the foetus, until it reaches the nose of
the young animal. At times the head can be easily brought
up, the nose resting in the palm of the hand. Again this can
only be accomplished after strong retropulsion or even chloro-
formization has taken place. Some authors lay much stress on
the benefit to be derived in head deviation in cording or secur-
ing the foetal jaws with hooks ; contrary to this opinion I have
found the upper or lower jaws of the foetus of but very little use
as a point of vantage in securing and of applying traction to

318 ^ W. J. MARTIN.

bring the head up into the genital passage. If we insert a
hook, either blunt or sharp, between the rami of the jaws, these
are easily torn through, and if we attempt to pass a looped cord
over the jaw it is almost impossible to retain it in this position.
If it should hold, the bones are easily crushed and the sharp
points cut and lacerate the hands. My method is to pass a
looped cord or head-collar into the mouth of the foetus and ex-
tend the loop over the occiput, then have an assistant exert gen-
tle traction on the head while your hand placed underneath the
nose of the young animal raises it upward above the brim of the
pelvis.

Vertebro- Pubic Presentation. — In this presentation the foetus
is found resting on its back with its abdomen in juxtaposition
with the maternal sacrum. The head and fore limbs may be
presenting in a normal manner, or the head and one limb may
be deflected backwards. When the head and fore limbs are pre-
senting normally in this position, delivery is not difficult, pro-
viding rotation of the foetus can be accomplished so as to bring
it into the vertebro-sacral or normal position. This is not always
an easy matter, especially if the genital passage is narrow or
contracted. However, it should be always attempted, as deliv-
ery in this the vertebro-pubic position requires the employment
of much force in extracting, because the dorsal spines of the
foetus in passing over the pubic bones of the mother offer con-
siderable resistance and may cause rupture of the os uteri or
even of the bladder if that viscus be distended with urine.

Rotation is best effected by first securing the head by cord
or head-collar, then tying both fore limbs firmly together with
a strong cord, through which can be passed a strong stick to act
as a lever in twisting or turning the body over into a natural
position.

Head and Fore Limbs Presenting^ with One or Both Hind
Limbs Engaged in the Passage. — This presentation was for-
merly considered a very serious and even formidable cause of
dystokia, and to the inexperienced obstetrician it does indeed
appear to be such. There is, perhaps, no abnormal presentation

VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 319

of a foetus, especially in the mare, that calls for more cool and
careful deliberation on the part of the practitioner than this one.
If the foetus is far advanced, so that the head and fore limbs are
hanging outside of the vulva, no time should be lost in useless
attempts to push back the misplaced hind limbs or the body of
the foetus. Embryotomy or detruncation of the foetus should
be resorted to at once. Secure the hind limbs by cords around
the pasterns. Then exert traction on the head and fore limbs,
draw body as far out as possible, divide the body as near the
lumbar region as possible, taking care that the ends of all bones
are amply covered by loose flaps of skin, then remove contents
of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, sever the remaining
skin and ribs and draw away the divided portion of the body.
When this has been done, again make a careful examination
with the hands around the remaining portion of the body to
make sure that there are no sharp spiculse of bone remaining
exposed to wound maternal organs. Now lay hold of the cords
on the hind limbs and be sure that they are firmly secured to
the limbs, then with the repeller apply steady backward force
against the dismembered trunk and at the same time exert gentle
forward traction on the hind limbs. These should be rotated
at the same time sufficient to cause the point of the os calcis to
appear uppermost.

Sometimes in those cases we find the foetus but slightly ad-
vanced in the genital passages with all four limbs easily accessible
to the hand, with the head slightly turned to one side. Often
in such presentations it is possible by cording the hind limbs,
and pushing the fore limbs to one side, to effect delivery by the
posterior presentation. When the position of the foetus will
permit of such an eversion it should be always attempted.

At times we find all four limbs presenting with the head de-
flected backwards beyond reach ; this presentation might be
really considered by some to be a transverse one, but with the
body of the foetus in the longitudinal line it cannot be so con-
sidered. If the fore limbs are so far in advance of the hind
ones as to prevent the forcing of them back into the uterus and

320 ^ W. J. MARTIN,

delivering by the posterior position, apply cords to both the fore
and hind limbs, then apply traction on one of the fore limbs,
draw out as far as possible and amputate at the shoulder joint.
When both of the fore limbs are removed in this manner, the
fore part of the body can be easily pushed back deep in the
uterus, and delivery be affected by traction on the hind limbs
by the posterior position.

Prosecution for Docking. — Alexander L. Kean, a wealthy
bachelor and brother of United States Senator John Kean,
whose home is at Livingston, N. J., has been served with a sum-
mons to appear next Wednesday afternoon before Justice of the
Peace James H. Vreeland, in East Orange, to answer to the
charge that on May 8 last he did " cruelly torture a sorrel horse
by cutting off the animal's tail." The complainant is Colonel
P^. G. Edwards, secretary of the New Jersey Society for the Pre-
vention of Cruelty to Animals. This proceeding is of a quasi-
criminal nature, and in line with the crusade begun by the so-
ciety several years ago against the practice of " docking " the
tails of horses. George Thompson, coachman for Mr. Kean,
and Dr. James C. Corlies, a prominent Newark veterinary sur-
geon, have also been summoned to appear at the same time in
the same case. When Colonel Edwards was told of the case the
name of Dr. James C. Corlies was mentioned as having per-
formed the docking operation, but investigation showed this
was not so. It will be charged that Mr. Kean, assisted by his
coachman, Thompson, cut off the tail of the horse. It is said
that the operation was performed in order that the horse would
be in the same short tail stylish class as the others in the Kean
stable of blood horses. Thompson will be accused of assisting
Mr. Kean in having " needlessly mutilated " the animal. Every
one concerned in the case declined to discuss it in detail yester-
day. It was said, however, that Mr. Kean performed the oper-
ation while the coachman held the animal's head and that later
Dr. Corlies attended to the horse's wounds. It is also said that
there will be four witnesses to the operation in court when the
case is called. The proceedings are under a law which. was
passed by the New Jersey Legislature in 1880, making such an
operation punishable by imprisonment for three months in the
County Jail or a fine of from $10 to $100, at the discretion of
the court". — {New York Herald^ J iLuey.)

DIAGNOSTIC PUZZLES. 321

DIAGNOSTIC PUZZLES.

By Wm. H. Gribble, D. V. S., Washington C. H., Ohio.
Presented to the Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association,

January, 1903.

Mr. President and Gentleme7i :

I desire to present to you four cases occurring in my prac-
tice since the last session, no two of which come under the same
class of troubles, but all are, nevertheless, puzzles to me. I
thought, perhaps, that such cases or symptoms might be quite
common to some, and we could obtain information to assist us,
present and future. Don't be afraid to debate these cases, and
criticise my ignorance, if necessary, for not diagnosing them ; I
shall not feel offended, for I well know there are others to whom
the internal apparatus of the animal is not nearly as open a
book as they would have their patrons believe.

Case I. — Grey gelding, ten years old, used in a four-horse
team hauling logs. For years he had suffered with attacks of
colicky pains, rarely very severe and with the peculiarity of
usually coming on evenings, shortly after being put in the sta-
ble. An anodyne colic mixture was kept at the barn, and one
dose was generally sufficient to give relief ; but occasionally the
pains lasted several hours and other treatment would be neces-
sary. This particular day was quite cold (about zero) ; the
team did not work very hard, had been fed their noonday grain
in the woods, and arrived home with their load about 5 p. m.
without showing the least indication of any sickness.

The driver being cold, put his horses in the barn without
giving either grain or water, and went to the fire to warm^
Was not gone long, but on returning found our subject down
and rolling, showing indications of colicky pains, not of a severe
type, but such as he had so often before shown. The usual
colic drench was given, with no apparent effect ; and in an hour
a second dose, with like results ; so, at about 7 p. M. I was
called. I found my patient lying stretched flat on his side
and quiet, with the exception of a few uneasy jerky movements.

322 ^ W. H. GRIBBLE.

Pulse was strong and only forty — so I waited, thinking the
animal had about gotten over the attack. In a few minutes he
jumped to his feet, urinated and walked fifty feet into the stall
beside his mate ; and here without any apparent cause he was
taken with a most intense attack of coughing, lasting nearly
five minutes, and followed by severe spasms of the diaphragm
(hiccoughs), and you know that coughing and spasms must have
been severe when the animal sweated until it was dripping wet
and the water running off his limbs. Hoffman's anodyne was
administered and the spasms subsided, but the animal became
wild and nearly unmanageable, the pulse weak but slow ; but
the main peculiar symptom was the constant desire to climb up
the side of the stall until the body was almost perpendicular
and stand in that position.

The animal became slowly quieter, the sweating stopped,
and he laid down, kept quiet a few minutes, then rolled com-
pletely over and died without hardly a struggle about 9 P. M.
Five minutes before dying, pulse did not exceed 80.

Post-mortem. — By morning the body was frozen hard, and
the temperature outdoors was not favorable to a very close ex-
amination, but I found no gross bowel lesions whatever, the
large and small intestines being quite natural in color ; but the
stomach, while it contained not one particle of food, was filled
to distension with blood and water. What's your diagnosis ? I
really had none. The patient being dead, your opinion is asked
out of curiosity, for did he die of colic ? I think not. Or, were
his several colics caused by slight stomach haemorrhages, or
was his death due to haemorrhage brought on by the excessive
coughing ?

Case II. — Sorrel horse, five years old, driven daily to a rural
mail wagon ; present owner had not owned him but two
months. Sunday (quite cold) he was driven slowly only four
miles and hitched in at a livery barn and the bridle not even
removed and no food given. In two or three hours, when the
owner came to go home, the horse was found panting as if he
had been hard driven. I found pulse slightly accelerated but

DIAGNOSTIC PUZZLES. 323

Strong, respirations fifty or sixty and like a bellows, hair dry
and no dry sweat, and with the exception of the respirations
showed no signs of any trouble ; a bad heavey horse, heavy fed
with hay, would have shown. somewhat like symptoms.

Tried chloroform inhalations, with no effect ; offered him
feed, and he was greedily ready for it ; so the owner concluded
to walk him home, and did so after I had given a pint of raw
oil. In the evening owner asked by phone what he should feed
him, and I ordered a good bran mash with sulphate of soda.
Next morning the owner said he w^as coughing, but otherwise
all right ; the rapid respirations having passed away. Next
morning still coughing, but much less, and next day went to
the wagon again, and now, after three weeks, has had no return
of the difficulty.

Where and what was the trouble? The animal has not a
single symptom of heaves ; was given less exercise than com-
mon, as his week-day route is twenty-two miles ; and he had
been given nothing to eat when hitched in the livery barn ; and
up to to-day shows no symptoms of the prevailing influenza.

Do horses have an acute attack of asthma, or is there such
a thing as an attack of acute emphysema ?

Case III. — Bay mare, six years old, extra fine driver, in
good flesh and apparently in the best of health ; I was given the
following history by the owner : This mare had carried her tail
slightly to the left, and a graduate veterinarian had offered to
and did perform caudal myotomy ; about two weeks previous to
my being asked to take charge of the case, mare had been placed
in a narrow stall and the operator had made an incision about
eight inches from the base of tail on the right side ; had inserted
his knife into the incision and moved it about. The owner
was holding the tail and says he felt a sudden drop, and made
the remark, " My God, Doc, you've unjointed her tail, haven't
you ? " An intense haemorrhage followed, which had to be con-
trolled by compress and bandage and allowed to remain on all
night. From then on the animal had practically no use of the
tail, it hanging behind her like a string. The tail swelled

324 ^ W. H. GRIBBLE.

above the incision, and broke open about two inches below the
anus and a foul smelling but slight discharge set in. On ex-
amination I found no trouble whatever at the place of incis-
ion ; the skin wound was nearly healed ; but the base of the
tail on the under side showed a shiny, doughy swelling about
six inches in length and including the upper side of anus ; the
upper side of tail showed an equally swollen area, with fluctua-
tion, and a small opening on the upper right side about 2>^
inches down ; was discharging the most foetid pus I ever smelled
(it beat decayed teeth). On taking hold of the tail-hairs to hold
the tail while I made a larger opening, I was surprised by lift-
ing off that part of the tail I had hold of ; an area extending
from where the hair of the body ends and hairs of tail commences
down the tail for four inches and the full width of the top, grad-
ually becoming narrower at the sides, and ending in two points
on the under side. On top, hair, hide, and muscles came off
down to and baring two coccygeal vertebrae, the superior part
being as straight up and down as if chopped with an axe.
Fully a pint of gangrenous material fell to the ground. You
could look between the upper bared vertebrae and the one above
not bared, as the superior ligament was gone ; and from appear-
ances one would judge that nothing could prevent the unjoint-
ing and falling off of the entire tail. I said entire tail, from a
physical and not an anatomical standpoint, as the separation on
the under side was exactly where the crupper holds and on the
upper side where the two kinds of hairs meet. A valuable
roadster mare with no tail is not a good asset, and, while progno-
sis was not favorable, treatment was ordered. All gangrenous
material was carefully removed, the wound washed for hours
with a strong solution of zenoleum, then thoroughly painted with
a mixture of pyoktanin and glycerine and sprinkled with tanno-
form, covered with cotton and bandaged. This treatment was
continued throughout, with the exception of not so long a wash-
ing with zenoleum. The mare had a very heavy tail, the weight
of which would assist in promoting its own separation, so I
devised the following to support it : first, the hair was cut off

DIAGNOSTIC PUZZLES. 325

to the dock, and then a steel frame was made and attached as
per photograph. It extended from the withers, where it was
in two branches, one resting against each shoulder and con-
nected by strap across the breast, back along the spine, fol-
lowing the contour of the body to the base of the tail, where it
turned up like the tail of a sparrow. At the hips another
piece was riveted on, and turned down on each side, so as to
prevent the main part from working sideways. This frame was
held in position by a belly-band and a surcingle just forward of
the hips, and rubber cords reaching from the hip frame, passing
under the body to a front martingale. The tail wound was
dressed, packed, and bandaged, and the tail fastened, into a can-
vass support, then lifted up and securely attached to the tail
part of the frame. This not only lifted the weight of the tail off
the wound, but put the edges of the larger wound much closer
together, and gave the best of drainage, as well as allowing the
animal to lie down or be given exercise. From the very first I
was agreeably surprised at the wound, for in two or three days
it took on a healthy appearance, very little pus formed (and
after a few days practically none) ; anchylosis of the vertebrae
set in, and in two months the mare was in harness, cured.
Cured, I said, and I mean by that, that she has a tail, orna-
mental, but not very useful, as she is unable to move it, and
at least four coccygeal vertebrse are anchylosed ; but the hold-
ing of the tail to the frame for so long a time made it heal
slightly away from the body, so that defecation is not interfered
with.

This case was not a puzzle to diagnose ; but why did the
sloughing occur, not where initial incision was made, but fully
four inches above it ; or was the trouble all caused by the band-
age, which had been left on all night, but which the attendants
claim was not on tight?

Case IV, — A suckling colt, about four months old, was seen
in the pasture coughing badly, had a dirty and profuse nasal
discharge, not suckling much (from looks of the dam), but
drank water. Owner supposing distemper, gave it but little

32S5 W. H. GRIBBLE.

thought, only noticing that in two or three days the discharge
had stopped, and colt was playing about the field as usual. In
a short time the same symptoms were again gone through with,
and with a like result. Again, in a few weeks, the colt was
found in the same condition and my opinion was asked for. I
had none without seeing the patient ; and none even then, for
on going to see it the next day I found a fine looking draft colt
apparently in good condition and playing around the yard as if
it had never suffered a particle of inconvenience in its life. Four
days later I was again called and was informed that the colt had
been as he is for two days. The nasal discharge I noticed was
mostly food. The colt was hollow-looking and hungry, but at
the least attempt to swallow, after chewing its food, severe
coughing would occur, with the expulsion of the major part of
the food through the nostrils (one as much as the other), and a
smaller quantity be ejected through the mouth. Pinching of
the throat increased the coughing, but after the food was expel-
led only a frothy mucus followed, giving the appearance a little
way off of a very bad case of strangles, only the discharge was
white instead of yellowish. As a daily ration of dry oats was
fed, I thought perhaps slight choking was the trouble, so passed
a probang ; which was apparently beneficial, as next morning
the colt was O. K. again.

I prescribed daily small doses of raw oil to remove oat hulls,
if, perchance, any beards were stuck in the pharynx or oesoph-
agus, and awaited results. For two or three weeks I thought my
treatment successful, only one day to find without any warning
that my patient was as bad as ever ; no treatment was given,
and in two or three days he was all right again. So this round
of symptoms continued, and the colt still grew. The attacks
lasted three or four days, during which the colt ate, drank, and
suckled but little, and got quite hollow looking ; only to run and
play as much as ever, as soon as he was over it. The intervals
between attacks were about two weeks or less, gradually becom-
ing shorter, until at the present time the colt is that way all the
time ; some days much worse than others. It is noticed to have

DIAGNOSTIC PUZZLES. 327

passages from the bowels, so must get some food, but is losing
flesh and slowly but surely starving to death. The colt has
been seen to suck (apparently empty the dam's udder), take its
head away and without moving a step, cough and eject about
all it had suckled. This nullifies the partial choke theory as
well as the lacking of offensive breath.

Have I a case of diverticula and stenosis ? If so, whence
the cough and where is the enlargement and stricture ?

This case I am much interested in ; it is a good colt, still alive
and with proper diagnosis and treatment its life might be saved ;
but in the literature in my possession, with the exception of
Malkmus' '' Clinical Diagnosis," I can find no case described,
having the same train of symptoms, nor any disease having a
likeness to it. Kindly open your memory boxes, and if they
contain a like patient, give me the benefit of your care of it.

Ford County, Kan., bought 200 cans of prairie dog poison
from the experiment station at Manhattan and distributed them
among township officers, with instructions to go ahead with the
work. Representative C. Beeson related recently that as a re-
sult every dog on his 7,000-acre tract had been killed.

" Infectiveness of Milk of Cows which have Re-
acted TO THE Tuberculin Test," by John R. Mohler, A. M.
V. M. D., chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal In-
dustry, constituting Bulletin No. 44, is received, and is a very
full and accurate resume of the subject, being splendidly illus-
trated in colors.

The bill appropriating $100,000 toward the erection of a
suitable building for the Veterinary Department of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania is being very earnestly supported by the
profession of the Keystone State, and we trust that it will be
passed, as will also another bill asking for $30,000 for extension
of the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

A CABLEGRAM from Durban, Natal, South Africa, dated
May 21, says : " The British steamers Abbey Holme and Anglo-
Chilian have arrived here from Buenos Ayres with a foot-and-
mouth disease prevailing among the cattle on board of them.
The authorities insist that all the live stock on these vessels be
slaughtered before the steamers are allowed to enter the har-
bor."

328 ^ H. F. PALMER.

RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA.

By Dr. H. F. Palmer, Detroit, Mich.
Read before the Annual Meeting ot the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association,

February, 1903.

While this dread disease is in our midst and carrying away
so many of our canines and a few of the genus homo^ it seems
well for us to pause a moment and consider what rabies is and
what possibilities there are in coping with the disease.

Rabies is a disease known to have existed even before the
Christian Era, but it remained for the last two decades to show
its infectious nature. The clinical appearance of a case of rabies
is quite familiar to you all. The dropped jaw, the extended
tongue, the bone-in-the-throat appearance and the extra kind
disposition of the quiet or dumb form, and the mad, furious,
snapping, snarling, frothy-mouthed cur with the furious form,
are pictures probably seen by you oftener than by your speaker.
But it is not with these clinical symptoms that I desire to deal
here to-day, but rather as to rabies from a sanitary standpoint.

Aristotle was probably the first writer upon this subject, he
having mentioned it four years before Christ. From that time
down to the present date, nearly every country or province has
had a turn with it some time or other. From the days of Aris-
totle it was known that all animals bitten by dogs affected by it
became rabid in the end. Now it is known to be a true infec-
tious disease and that it does not occur spontaneously. Usually
confined to the canine race, but can be transmitted to all warm-
blooded animals. The specific cause of the disease is a micro-
organism which up to very recent date has not been isolated.
Supposed to be a micrococcus, but of late has been described as
a bacillus. It remained for Prof. Sormagni, of Paris, to recently
announce that he had isolated a bacillus which was the specific
cause of rabies. We would give more credit to this Italian pro-
fessor were in not for the fact 'that another Italian, Prof. Dr.
Braschettini, also claimed to have isolated the organism, but it
was later disproved by the Pasteur Institute.

RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA. 329

The mode of transmission is direct. According to Fried-
berger and Frohner, no authentic fact exists of contamination by
any intermediary agent. Infection is nearly always produced
by bites, and statistics show that nine out of ten cases of rabies
in man come from the bites of dogs. This being the case, and
the dog being the natural source of infection, it behooves us to
look well to the dog. Many plans have been proposed for his
proper control so he will not be a means of enhancing this
dread disease. The tax law and the muzzle law have certainly
been of service in controlling rabies. 'Tis not the faithful house
dog, but the worthless, homeless cur that seems to be the great-
est source of danger. In certain sections, statistics will show
that there has been a decrease in the number of cases of rabies
with the introduction of a law taxing dogs or requiring dogs at
large to be muzzled. Place a tax on all dogs and see to it that
unlicensed dogs are properly taken care of, and you take one great
step to successfully cope with one of the greatest dangers in
rabies.

Not every person bitten by a rabid dog develops rabies. So
many mistakes have been made in diagnosis that it has led many
to believe that a genuine case of rabies rarely existed. The
claim is often made that the train of symptoms often following
the bite of a dog acting in any way peculiar is not rabies, but a
peculiar condition of nervous excitement which in many cases
proves fatal. There is no authentic instance on record of spon-
taneous recovery from a genuine case of rabies in man, although
Decroix reports nine cases of spontaneous recovery in dogs.
This fact is taken to prove that many of the so-called cases of
rabies are not rabies at all.

This, then, being such a fatal disease, it remained for Pas-
teur to demonstrate that it could be in a great measure prevented
by a method of inoculation, a homoeopathic treatment, if you
please. Like cures like. His method, in brief, is described as
follows : The dried-up substance of the spine of a rabbit is used.
In a rabbit which has died from rabies transmitted by inocula-
tion of very virulent matter, the spinal cord is removed, cut into

830 ^ H. F. PALMER.

shreds of about 6 c. ni. long. These shreds are then hung in
bottles containing a layer of caustic potash, the mouth of the
bottle being plugged with wadding. This is then subjected to
a temperature of 20° C. In a few days they are dried, and can
be easily pulverized. Their virulence is said to be completely
destroyed within fourteen days. Thus from the first to this
fourteenth day we get all grades of attenuation. According to
the great principle of immunity we must produce the same dis-
ease or an allied disease in a very mild form in order to produce
immunity from the acute form of the disease. This is the plan
followed : 2 or 3 c. m. of the dried rabid spinal cord is crushed
in sterilized bouillon, and then >^ to ^ c.c. of this material is
injected under the skin of the abdomen. At first a very weak
virus is used, and each day this is followed by a stronger virus,
until they are able to take a very virulent virus. At first thir-
teen injections were given, but the number has now been re-
duced. As to the eiHcacy of this method Pasteur has shown
that of 1335 human beings who had been treated, only one-half
per cent. died. This is in the face of the fact that of the un-
treated from 16 to 80 per cent, die, his method of treatment
thus showing a decided benefit over the non-treated or those
following the usual clinical course.

The Illinois Way. — Dr. F. R. Whipple, Kewanee, 111.,
sends us the following item, clipped from a local paper : " Aug.
Buester has a cow that has five teats, all of which can be milked ;
while Edward Hunt has a very young cow with eight teats, all
being nearly full size. These are the kind of cows for the dairy-
men to have, where they only have to feed one and draw milk
from the same as two."

" The New York Medical Journal " and the Philadel-
phia Medical Journal have consolidated, the former retaining
its identity as to title, while the good features of each of these
excellent publications will be maintained. Dr. Frank P. Foster
will be the Editor-in-chief, with Dr. Kenneth W. Millican
as associate. The A. R. Elliott Publishing Co., 66 West Broad-
way, New York, will publish the journal, with offices in Phila-
delphia and Chicago.

DISEASE OF CATTLE. 331

A DISEASE OF CATTLE AS SEEN IN SOUTH-CEN-
TRAL NEBRASKA DURING 1899 AND 1900.

By Dr. A. Bostrom, Minden, Nebraska.
JP Read before the Annual Meeting of the Iowa-Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Asso-

ciation, at Omaha, Neb.

History. — This disease appears very suddenly. In a herd of
lOO head, lo to 15 are generally affected at once, where on the
day before nothing wrong could be noticed. In a small herd of
2 to 10, half of them may be affected, or in a town where one or
two are kept, the one or both may take the disease. So" we see
that it is a disease of the cattle on the range as well as of the
family cow in a town.

Symptoms. — In the first stage we may notice stiffness or ten-
der feet, in one case, and in another, symptoms of lesions of the
mouth and sore eyes, without any stiffness. The variation of
symptoms in this disease can best be seen in a large herd where
a great number of cattle are affected at the same time. I will
describe the symptoms in a typical case, about five days after first
taken sick. The animal is generally lying down. An abundance
of saliva running from the mouth. A thick slimy grayish dis-
charge from both nostrils, some of which is dried and adhering
to and around the opening of the nostrils. A purulent discharge
from the eyes, eyelids closed. The skin of the muzzle red, like
burnt, with a sharply defined line, below which it is raised and
gradually peeling off. The gums are swollen and the epithe-
lium around the gums and lips are loosened, leaving a denuded
very painful mucous surface, and in quite a number of cases
this condition of the gums leads to looseness of the teeth. The
feet are generally all affected, showing heat, pain and swelling.
The skin of the mammae and teats is often affected with an ex-
anthematous eruption of small vesicles, which in a short time
form dry crusts, and the thin skin along the median line between
the hams as far as the root of the tail is similarly affected. Tem-
perature about 105°. Pulse about 80. Respiration about 30.
No appetite on the fifth, sixth and seventh days ; the animal

332 ^ A. BOSTROM.

during these days seems to be thirsty, plunges its head into a
bucket of water, but is unable to swallow, and it seems to in-
crease the pain when the mouth is opened.

Most cases are of a milder form than as described, and in
rare cases they are more severe.

I have seen no abortion in this affection. Calves sucking
cows do not seem to take the disease, even when the mother is
affected. I have seen cattle of all ages above six months old
take the disease. Have seen no other animal affected with this
trouble.

Course. — The duration of the disease is generally about two
to three weeks.

Prog7iosis. — This disease is not fatal; about 98% recover
where ordinary care is given the animal and without medical
treatment. I believe that this is a contagious disease.

The Colorado Veterinary Bill, published in the June
Review, has become a law, and the following veterinarians
have been appointed as the Examining Board under the new
law : Drs. McCapes, Lamb, and Culver.

The Horse and the Machine. — There are said to be over
600 horseless go-carts in Minneapolis, perhaps six times more
than a year ago. But it does not follow that they displace 600
or more horses. That is, there would not be 600 or 1200 more
good road horses in the city if there were no horseless go-carts.
The latter are a diversion and luxury, in large part, to men of
means and fashion who would not own or drive horses, because
there would be no novelty or distinction in it, and the last gives
the go-cart its charm, even if it does smell like a petroleum re-
finery. And the situation in this city probably is the average
one in other cities. It was once feared that the bicycle would
largely displace horses, as electric cars were formerly sure to do,
in the popular estimation, but the good horse has survived all
of his would-be annihilators, and is yet in active demand at
good prices. The colt of the good sire and dam, if both were
of uniform type, may be taken good care of now with almost
positive assurance that it will find ready sale at a profitable
price when it is a mature horse. — {Farm^ Stock and Home^ Min-
neapolis^ Minn.^ June /j.)

REPORTS OF CASES. 333

REPORTS OF CASES.

' * Careful observation makes a skill ful practitioner , but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession , and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of patholos^ical science. ' '

AZOTURIA WITH AI.BUMINURIA.*
By Dr. F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio.

More than nine years since a 'phone message called me to a
village six miles from my location, where I found a mare, sick
for an hour or more. She was stabled in the rear of a residence
lot, her water supply being furnished from the opposite side of
the same lot, not more than sixty feet distant, and to this she
was being led when she faltered, staggered and fell, regained
her feet and again fell, showing total disability of the hind
limbs. Very soon spasms occurred, severe ones, her head, neck
and fore extremities responding. The mare was perhaps eleven
years old, 1150 lbs. or heavier, a family pet, being fed a ration
of fodder, oats and corn. I do not doubt she was being often
fed and over fed by her children friends. I found slight dysuria
had been present, but owner was unable to give any sympto-
matic information. The mare had had no exercise for some time ;
in fact, offered the typical history which tempted me to suppose
I had an ordinary case of azoturia with which to deal.

Upon a very incomplete investigation I gave a narcotic and
passed the catheter, the latter quickly affording some relief. The
bladder contents passed with difficulty through the small orifice
of the catheter ; it was almost colorless, as it appeared in the
lantern's light, and I noticed as it collected upon the ground it
appeared to coagulate as if I had broken two or three dozen eggs
and allowed their albuminous portions to have been thrown
there.

I did not anticipate making note of this case ; the data is not
so accurate as I would like to have it. However, I remember
I flushed the bladder with a warm solution, and that seemed to
soothe the patient, for her fretf ulness ceased and she was compar-
atively quiet until the following morning. In the meantime
she had been moved by means of a low sled to a large well-pro-
tected shed, where I had the owner continue treatment through
the night.

* Read before the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association, January, 1903.

334 ^ REPORTS OF CASES.

When first I visited the case, as I now remember, the
pulse ran about 70 or 72, the temperature 103° ; circulation
seemed uniform, but motor control was absent in a marked de-
gree. I left the case feeling very much bewildered, first having
given a purgative, as what little faeces had passed suggested
such a need. Returning in the morning, I found the mare be-
ginning to be restless from a distended bladder. I relieved her,
being prepared to take a sample. I was surprised to find the
urine dark, very typical of urine first drawn in the usual case of
azoturia, even with its characteristic odor ; later I found it con-
tained albumin, coagulated fibrous threads precipitated. Earlier
on the same morning the mare had eaten a small feed of boiled
oats, and had taken some water ; her pulse had subsided to an
extent, and the temperature had not changed.

As soon as the mare's position was changed, she exhibited an
almost unnatural appetite, and in this ravenousness she con-
tinued. Her hind extremities were useless as yet. The case
was placed on potassium iodide treatment for the next two days,
on the last of which she was raised and stood uneasily for a few
moments.

Recovery most rapidly followed this period, more gratifying
than one dare expect of the ordinary case of azoturia, and no
unpleasant results followed, leaving me still speculating as to
how it all occurred.

A MYSTERY.*
By J. Harrison, V. S., Maple Rapids, Mich.

I head this paper with the title ^' A Mystery," not because it
was a case that I believe I have not diagnosed correctly, but
from the fact that I have been unsuccessful in its treatment.

The patient was a seven-year-old gelding, suffering from
dropsy of the sheath and abdomen. When I first saw it I sup-
posed it to be merely an enlargement of the sheath, caused by
sebaceous matter and filth forming within the sheath, and pro-
ceeded to treat it accordingly by cleaning out the offensive mat-
ter with warm water and castile soap, and giving diuretic medi-
cine for about two weeks. By that time the animal was con-
siderably better and the swelling reduced a great deal. The
animal, however, had an unusually large pouch, which had al-
ways been so. My client informed me about six weeks later

*Read before the Annual Meeting of the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, February. I903.

REPORTS OF CASES. 335

that the swelling had returned, and this time extended in front
of the sheath along the abdomen. The animal being quite
plethoric, I this time gave a purgative and followed up with
diuretics and tonics, treating along this line for about two
months, and while it got a little better, the swelling did not go
away entirely. About two months after this my client came to
me and said that his horse had another attack and that the
sheath and abdomen were swelled up larger than before. I told
him to bring him down to my barn and I would see what I
could do for him. He did so the next day. The sheath was
enlarged to about the size of a twelve-quart pail, and in front of
the sheath on the abdomen was a separate swelling about as
large as a four-quart pail. These I proceeded to explore with a
lancet. From the sheath I extracted nearly a fourteen-quart
pailful of bloody serum, and perhaps about two quarts from the
abdomen. These wounds I kept open or rather opened up
afresh every morning for eight days, the amount of serum ex-
tracted getting less every morning until the eighth morning,
when I got about one-half pint, or less, from the sheath and
nothing from the abdomen. In the meantime, I injected a
solution of zenoleum and borax water alternately every
morning and painted the enlarged parts with tr. iodine
liberally, and gave internally potassium iodide in one and
one-half dram doses, feeding on good hay and oats and bran
mashes.

I was congratulating myself on effecting a permanent cure
and had driven the horse a few times. He was doing finely
and I had sent word to my client to come after his horse. He,
however, did not come for three or four days, and one morning
I went to the barn and imagine my dismay on looking my pa-
tient over to find that both his sheath and abdomen were swol-
len worse than I had ever seen them before. My client came
that day and I explained the matter to him, but he would not
leave the horse any longer, saying he believed it was incurable
and that he would not spend any more money on him. This
was about a year ago. The horse has run in the pasture field
and around the straw ever since. The sheath remains about
the same size and also the enlargement in front on the abdo-
men. I have made partial arrangements to take the horse and
operate on him in the spring, but will be pleased if any of the
fraternity will give me their opinion in regard to the case,
whereby I may profit, and I will cheerfully answer any ques-
tions you may have to ask if I can.

336 ^ REPORTS OF CASES.

COMPLETE PROLAPSUS VAGTN^.*
By Hal. ly. Ballengkr, Plainwell, Mich.

This is a condition 1 have met with a number of times in
the last three years, and have found it following prolapsed uterus
of the previous year.

The disease is caused by the extension of the ligaments of
the uterus and its displacement backward ; there is a cauli-
flower growth at the os, which varies from eight to fifteen centi-
metres in length and from four to eight centimetres in diameter.
It is commonest during the last six weeks of pregnancy. A
large portion of the vagina protrudes through the vulva, and in
the centre of the large swollen mass you see the os, which be-
comes dried and black if the prolapse is of very long standing,
and all attempts to replace and retain it have proven useless in
my experience because the patient strains continually.

Now, I wish to bring to your notice the last three cases
where the prolapse was complete.

The first two were replaced and every conceivable means
taken to retain them, but to no avail, and they were both de-
stroyed by the owners ; but the third recovered after the follow-
ing treatment :

On December 3d last was called to see a Jersey cow, nine
years old, belonging to Mr. De Yoe, of Cooper Centre. On ar-
riving I found her down, unable to rise, and stiaining some. I
was informed she had been in this condition for about thirty
hours. I found the os protruding about fifteen centimetres, very
much inflamed, dirty and swollen. After thoroughly cleansing
the parts, I replaced them, gave two grs. morphine hypodermi-
cally, and left the same to be given every four hours.

Was called again at 6 p. m. and found her worse than in the
morning and straining violently ; replaced it same as before, but
could not retain it. Then the owner wanted her destroyed, but
I persuaded him to let me operate, which I did in the following
manner : Drawing the os uterus through the vulva as far as pos-
sible, I removed about twelve centimetres with a scalpel, leaving
the OS about three centimetres long ; then washed out the vagina
with acreolin solution, and left the same to be used twice daily.
The cow appeared much better the following day, and ate and
drank a little. The next day she was able to rise and had no more
trouble. She gave birth to a calf on Christmas and has been
doing well ever since with the exception that the placenta had
to be removed, which was done by their local '' cow doctor."

*Read before the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, February, 1903.

REPORTS OF CASES.

337

IS ACTINOBACILLOSIS IN MICHIGAN CATTLE?
By Henry Haynes, Jackson, Mich.

On Feb. i, I was called about ten miles from the city to, if
possible, diagnose a disease existing among a herd of cattle (sev-
enty-six in number) of cross-breeding, consisting of cows, heifers
and steers, ranging in age from one to seven years. Upon my arri-
val the history given was as follows : Late in September a two-
year-old polled Angus and Jersey-bred steer was noticed to have

a troublesome cough, and by the last of November he was much
emaciated, raising large quantities of yellow mucus, and saliva
was constantly dribbling from his mouth. He was becoming
stiff, and moved laggardly about. Ulcerations were now appear-
ing on various portions of the body ; especially were his limbs
swollen and breaking out as far down as the coronet. He was
now taken from the herd to the basement of a well-arranged
barn, where he lingered until Dec. ist, being simply a shape-
less mass of skin and bones. Up to this time nothing amiss
was discovered with any of the other animals, but Jan. 14th the
same external lesions and cough were manifest in another two-
year-old steer, and on the 20th another presented the same ap-
pearance of the above trouble. After a thorough investigation
of the kind of pasture and water accommodations, feed and sta-
bling, all of which I found to be of the best, I now determined

338 REPORTS OF CASES.

to obtain specimens of pus from each of the three presented in
the accompanying photo for microscopic use. In character it
was milky white or slightly greenish in color, very sticky and
pasty, viscid, little or no smell, while that of the jaw lesions
was calcareous and yellow. These three by consent of the own-
ers were brought to a glue-rending plant, where they were pho-
tographed, and then a post-mortem was held, it being wit-
nessed by State Live Stock Commissioner Taylor and other
prominent gentlemen.

As stated by M. Nocard, in the English Journal^ February
No., on page no, the lymphatics were hypertrophied, nodu-
lated and usually hard. Only in one instance, that of steer
No. 3, was one found on the bronchi ; that was caseous and
softened in the centre. Prominent bacteriologists were supplied
with pus specimens, some of whom have pronounced it the acti-
nobacillosis of Prof. Lignieres and Spits and M. Nocard.

CYSTICERCUS BOVIS INFESTATION IN A STEER.

By J. Madsbn, D. V. M., Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry, Kan-
sas City, Kas.

A bunch of 65 very fat steers, four to five years of age, was
brought from Beloit, Kas., to Kansas City and sold to one of the
large slaughtering establishments. As they were destined for
interstate trade they were subjected to post-mortem examina-
tion. Of the lot 23 proved to be affected by tuberculosis in a
very light degree. The carcass of one of this number was ta-
ken upon casual glance to be affected with tuberculosis on the
strength of some small protuberances located upon the surface
of the heart and visible through a slit in the pericardium. Upon
further examination the diagnosis proved to be correct, as the
posterior mediastinal and the right bronchial gland besides be-
ing enlarged also contained several small tuberculous foci. But
the elevations on the surface of the heart proved on closer exam-
ination, contrary to my expectation, to be cystic in character.
On section through the wall of the left ventricle all ages and
sizes of cysts were to be found. Some of a younger age ap-
peared to the naked eye merely as fibrous spots of the size of a
pinhead. The older ones appeared on cross section like a cup-
shaped cavity, large enough to receive the end of the little
finger. Still others, instead of the cyst with its fluid and mem-
branous sac, contained a homogeneous, grumous, yellowish ma-
terial. The cysts were evenly distributed throughout the myo-

REPORTS OF CASES.

339

cardium of the ventricles and auricles alike, perhaps numbering
in all not less than one thousand. They were also present in
the para-auricular fat. The ones located immediately under the
endocardium seemed to be of a more recent invasion and on ac-
count of being semi-transparent and protruding into the lumen
of the heart gave to the surface the appearance of a skin affected
by vesicular or bullous eczema.

The head belonging to the carcass was condemned and dis-
posed of on the first examination and could not afterward be
positively identified. Search for cysts in the muscles of the
neck, intercostal, sublumbar and abdominal regions and in the
fragment of the pillars of the diaphragm left in the carcass after
the viscera had been removed gave a negative result. The
heart was of normal size, its walls of normal thickness, and the
valves not impaired except for two or three small cysts located
in the root of one of them. No scar tissue could be found.

I made a macroscopic diagnosis of infestation with the cysii-
cercus bovis. The heart was sent to Professor John J. Repp, of
the Veterinary Department, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa,
who confirmed the diagnosis by microscopic examination.

On the whole, the post-mortem examination left in my mind
the impression that the animal had suffered no ill effect, the tu-
berculosis and invasion of the cysticercus bovis notwithstanding.

The accompanying figure from a photograph kindly fur-
nished by Professor Repp gives a very good idea of the appear-
ance of the heart.

PAPILLOMATOUS TUMORS IN A HORSE'S MOUTH.

By S. Stewart, M. D., V. S., Kansas City, Mo.

Recently a somewhat interesting case of slow-growing tumor
presented at the Kansas City Veterinary College for exami-

340

REPORTS OF CASES.

nation. The animal was a medium-sized bay mare, about 23 or
24 years of age, and in excellent condition. Has been used as a
light driver by the present owner for 15 years, and it was noted
about the time he purchased her that there were a few small
warty growths on the inner side of the upper lip. As they did
no apparent harm no effort was made to remove them. As the
years have gone by the growths have increased in number and

volume of mass, until they now offer lodgement for food sub-
stances which putrefy, giving forth an unpleasant odor ; also the
mass causes the mouth and lip to present a swollen appearance.
This animal is still in good health and vigor and the owner de-
cided not to have the case submitted to treatment for the removal
of the neoformations. The slow and continuous growth and

REPORTS OF CASES. 341

increase in number of individual tumors make the case one of
sufficient scientific interest to warrant a record of the same.
There were no similar growths to be found in otherpartsof the body.
The accompanying illustration is a fair picture of the
growths, which are papillomatous in character.

ACTINOMYCOSIS IN A COW.
By JoHX J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, Iowa.

There was brought to my clinic at the Veterinary Hospital,
Iowa State College, on June 6, 1900, a four-year-old polled An-
gus cow to be treated for a swelling under the jaw, from which
pus was being discharged. The owner stated that it had exist-
ed for several months. A microscopic examination of the pus
showed the disease to be actinomycosis. The mass was imme-
diately under the larynx, filled up the space between the angles
of the jaw and projected downward a very considerable distance.
The skin was movable over it except at the most dependent
part, where there was an orifice through which pus was being
discharg^ed. On account of the large size of the mass and its lo-
cation, I hesitated somewhat to dissect it out, but finally decid-
ed to do so. The cow was cast on the grass and securely tied.
She was not anaesthetized, a fact which I regretted before the
operation was complete. The actinomycotic growth was com-
pletely removed by carefully cutting and tearing around it and
ligating bleeding vessels. An enormous cavity was left, at the
bottom of which the larynx was exposed. The cavity was
packed with oakum, tape sutures were put into the skin and the
edges of the wound drawn together. The next day the packing
was removed and the wound subsequently treated by washing
with an antiseptic solution and dusting on a powder of iodoform
I, tannic acid 2, and boric acid 4. On June 12th the cow was
sent home and the owner instructed to continue the treatment.
January 15th, 1901, the owner wrote me in reply to an inquiry
that the wound healed nicely and that the cow had since been
doing well. This case seems to me interesting from the surgi-
cal point of view only because of the large wound it was neces-
sary to make in a rather dangerous situation in order to extir-
pate the mass.

FRACTURE OF SEVENTH AND EIGHTH RIBS IN A HORSE.

By C. S. Baxter, V. S., Circleville, Kansas.
Apropos of the article by Dr. Drinkwater (American Vet-

342 ^ REPORTS OF CASES.

ERiNARY Review, Vol XXVII, No. 2, page 143), I report the
following :

On Jan. 23, 1900, a Mr. Carson brought to my farm a bay
gelding, weight 1450, with a large growth or swelling on the
off side of the thorax, with the following history : about twenty
months previously, the horse one night got hurt in the stable ;
how he knew not ; the swelling had gradually grown from that
time till the present, which now measured 13 i^ inches long, 9^
in width, and about 3 ^ inches thick ; skin smooth, no nodules or
signs of breaking. I lanced it at the most prominent point, and
drew away about one and one-half gallons of pus, with some
white granulous matter. Diagnosis then, broken rib or ribs. I
then cast the horse, opened the tumor perpendicularly, 11 inches
in length, and was dissecting down to the ribs when the owner
stopped me. No argument would persuade him to allow me to
proceed. I then packed the cavity with cupri sulphas, covered
it with absorbent cotton, took eight stitches, and let the horse
up. I instructed the owner to cut the stitches in five days, if not
obliterated before, gave him sublimate solution to cleanse the
wound. I saw the patient the following June. The swelling
had gone, but a small fistulous opening remained, with a small
amount of pus and decayed bone passing about every day. I
think I would have made a complete cure had I cut down to
ribs and removed the dead portion, which I would have done had
the owner not stopped me. He said he " thought I was going
to cut his horse in two." I admit it did look that way to one
not used to the knife. Had Dr. Drinkwater treated his patient
on the same lines, I am inclined to believe he would have pro-
longed the life and usefulness of the horse, if he did not obtain
a perfect cure. Good drainage would have been a guard against
septicaemia, which must have been his last trouble.

ATROPHY OF THE GI.UTEAL MUSCLES OF A HORSE SUCCESS-
FULLY TREATED BY SATURATED SODIUM CHLORIDE
SOLUTION.
By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, la.
May 2, 1900, there was brought to my clinic at the Veter-
inary Hospital, Iowa State College, a small white mare, six
years old, to be treated for wasting of the rump muscles. The
owner was uncertain how long the trouble had existed or what
had caused it, but said it had been present for a long time. He
kept driving her constantly.

It was found upon examination that the atrophy was con-

REPORTS OF CASES. 343

fined to the middle gluteus and the superficial gluteus muscles of
the right side, both of which were atrophied to an extreme de-
gree so as to produce marked depressions. The lameness was
only slight. Apparently a combination of swinging-leg and
supporting-leg lameness.

The animal was admitted to the hospital as an in-case. I
decided to try as a therapeutic measure subcutaneous injections
of saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride over the
aifected area. The salt was heated in a pan over a Bunsen
burner until it became quite hot in order to sterilize it. Dis-
tilled water was boiled in an Erlenmeyer flask and an excess of
the sterile salt put into it and a cotton plug put in. To apply
treatment the skin over the affected part was washed with 5 per
cent, solution of carbolic acid in warm water ; some of the solu-
tion was drawn into the syringe from the flask and a small
amount injected at various points under the skin over the
affected muscles. The animal was controlled by a twitch on
the nose and the opposite hind leg drawn forward and lifted from
the ground with a sideline. Considerable swelling and some-
times small abscesses would form at the points of injection. As
soon as the inflammatory symptoms would subside, usually in
three to five days, the injection was repeated. This treatment
was continued until the mare was discharged on June 7th. At
the time of leaving the hospital the condition of the muscles
was considerably improved. January 17, 1901, the owner wrote
me as follows : " The white mare which you treated for sweeny
is now almost all right. The hip has filled out. I have been
driving her and am well pleased with what I spent on her."

SOFT FIBROMA OF CIRCUMFLEX NERVE OF AGED MARE.
By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames. la;

Some time since my attention was directed in the dissecting
room of the Veterinary School at Ames to a tumor upon one of
the nerves of the brachial plexus of an old mare being used by
the students for dissection. Upon closer examination the tumor
was found to be located upon the circumflex or axillary nerve
where this nerve passes over the subscapularis muscle. The
tumor was oval, one-half the size of an ordinary hen-egg, whit-
ish, medium consistency, enclosed in a delicate capsule, and
showed the nerve fibres coursing along one side of it. On mi-
croscopic section it was found to be a soft fibroma, unmixed with
any other kind of tis.sue. It was suspected that it might show

344 ^ REPORTS OF CASES.

in some parts the structure of a ganglional or fibrillar neu-
roma, but no archiblastic tissue could be found. This tumor
was, therefore, one of the class commonly spoken of as false
neuromas, a name for which there is really no warrant, as what
is called a false neuroma is in reality not a neuroma at all.
There was no history of any clinical symptom of the presence
of this tumor.

AN UNUSUAL CASE OF PARTURIENT PARALYSIS.
By Dr. C. F. Dawson, Lake City, Fla.

A large, fat, thoroughbred Jersey cow, belonging to the col-
lege herd, was reported " down " at 8 a. m. Responded at
once, and found her in the characteristic position, and showing
other symptoms of parturient paralysis. Consulted herd book,
and found her only seven months pregnant. Temperature sub-
normal. In considerable distress. No evidence of threatened
abortion. Has given birth to at least fifteen calves, eleven of
which were females. Bowels constipated. vSpinal reflexes of
lumbar and sacral regions obtunded. Applied Schmidt's potas-
sic-iodide treatment as a diagnostic agent, as I had never known
of the condition £o exist in the preg7tant state. Gave 4-ounce
doses of whisky every three hours. Removed by hand a large
quantity of hard faeces, which was spotted with blood and mu-
cus. Passed index finger into urethra and caused a large quan-
tity of urine to pass. In seven hours, the animal was better,
makmg efforts to rise. In teu hours the animal was much bet-
ter, but still " down," resting on the abdomen. Next morning
the animal was reported standing at the water trough. The
udder was kept stripped for a day or two, and she has since
made an uneventful recovery.

Dr. Veranus a. Moore, of the New York State Veteri-
nary College, Ithaca, N. Y., left on June 8 for California to aid
the University of California in organizing work on the infec-
tious diseases of poultry and other animals. He will spend the
majority of his summer vacation at this work and in sight-
seeing.

Glanders in Newark. — Two men have been attacked
with a disease supposed to be glanders in Newark, N. J. One
a stableman who was employed in a stable in which glanders
appeared some months ago. The man is dead. Another is
dying from the same disease. Five hundred horses have been
attacked. — ( A"^ Y. Med, Journal^ June /.)

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 345

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Paralysis OF THE Obturator Nerve [JV. Willis^ M. R,
C. V. kS.]. — In Holler's "Surgery" it is stated that the origin
of this paralysis is unknown and that it is always difficult to
make a diagnosis. The following cases are published by the
author to add to the history of the trouble : The first case, ob-
served about 1888, was a mare which had been lame for a week.
There was considerable abduction of the leg while moving,
principally in walking. Exploration of the pelvis, by vagina,
revealed an ovoid tumor, situated on the pubis, on a level with
the obturator foramen. It was evidently painful on pressure.
After a few weeks the lameness improved and the mare was
able to work. The abduction remained for a month longer and
then disappeared. On examining by vagina a second time, some
ten weeks after, a bony tumor as big as a goose-egg was detect-
ed over the obturator foramen. The second case occurred in
1894. The symptoms of the beginning made it appear that
there was a fracture of the neck of the ilium ; but no displace-
ment took place. The leg was carried forward with difficulty
and pain. Exploration of the pelvis made on the three first days of
the lameness, revealed a tumor identical to the preceding. Ab-
duction with rotation outwards was well marked during trotting.
After a year the tumor was very small, but there were small bony
growths over the bone. The author has seen other cases since,
always accompanied by characteristic abduction. It is probable
that the paralysis of the nerve is due to its being involved in
the callous of the fractured pubis. Abduction is not observed im-
mediately after the accident, but is concealed by the acute lame-
ness resulting from the fracture. Anyhow, fracture without
lesion of the nerve is not rare. Abduction is the consequence
of the paralysis of the adductor muscles where the nerve rami-
fies.— {Vet. Record.^ [This paralysis is recorded in Liautard's
" Operative Surgery," under heading of " Fracture of the
Pelvis." — (Editor).]

CEsoPHAGEAL CASES [C Cunning harn]. — For some little
time several cases of this nature have been recorded in the
English papers, and observations of interest as to the nature of

346 ^ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the obstruction causing^ the choking, as well as to the appro-
priate treatment to use, have been made. Among all of them
those of the author are quite interesting. It was first a cow in
vvhich a probang, 5 feet 2 inches long, had been successfully
used, but which nevertheless died, and at the post-mortem there
was found : " A big hard mass in the superior mediastinum,
about eight inches long, close to and involving the diaphragm
—the transformed portion of the oesophagus — hard and indu-
rated, and of long standing — its lining membrane rough and in-
dented, hollowed out into pouches, like an aneurismal tumor,
and in front of this mass a considerable rent in the slightly
dilated and weakened part of the tube." In another case, in
which the probang had failed its purpose, and when post-mor-
tem was made, it showed " the mediastinal glands very much
enlarged, one converted into a big hard tumor, probably tuber-
cular, pressing on the tube and effectually preventing the pass-
age of solid food or of any solid body whatever." In a third
case the post-mortem '' disclosed a big pouch in the oesophagus
crammed with half-chewed fodder, near the stomach, with the
tube itself filled up to the throat with beautifully arranged suc-
cessive layers of chewed straw about 2 >^ inches long, all the
straw and fibres lying parallel to each other and to the course of
the organ." And, finally, in a fourth cow, where the probang
was successfully used, but when it was drawn out the big
wooden cupped end had parted company with its cane connec-
tion. It was necessary to resort to another use of the probang
to push the mischievous wooden cup into the stomach, all of
which relieved the case of choking. When later on the cow
died because of pleuro-pneumonia, " the wooden cup was found
in the stomach, little the worse apparently from its long im-
mersion. The oesophagus was intact with no stricture nor injury
whatsoever." — (VeL /Record.)

Shoulder IvAmeness Successfully Treated by Subcu-
taneous Injection of Turpentine [//. Taylor, M. R. C.
V. S.'\, — The moment of treatment is not, properly speaking,
adopted in the routine of practice ; hence any case where it has
been used deserves to be recorded, specially when it is success-
ful. Such it happens with this horse, which was undoubtedly
lame in the shoulder and for which usual counter-irritating
treatment with antirheumatic remedies were prescribed with no
good result, although they had been used for four months. At
last it was decided as a dernier ressort to use turpentine, and
four drachms of it were injected under the skin at a point just

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 347

opposite the spine of the scapula. For a short time uneasiness
was exhibited by the patient, but it subsided. On the follow-
ing day a swelling appeared at the point of inoculation and
gradually increased, spreading down to the knee, forward to the
neck, backward to the elbow and even between the fore legs.
Of course, the leg was very stiff. There seemed to be fluid
under the skin and it looked as if it would burst in one or two
places. But gradually all was absorbed, the swelling dimin-
ished and disappeared. The horse trotted practically sound
and was sent to work. Unfortunately there was no chance to
follow the case, as the animal became lame with ringbone be-
hind and was lost sight of. — {Veterm. Journal.)

When Should a Mare be Cleansed ? [i?.. W. Knowles^
M. R. C. V. S.']. — This is a question that is very interesting to
country practitioners, as some may undoubtedly meet with cases
where interference may or may not be required. The author
has had once the case of a mare where he pulled the placenta
out twelve hours after the mare had foaled. The operation was
well done, but septic metritis followed and the animal died.
It is for this reason that he has changed his manner of doing, as
shown by the following case out of many : A mare had a pre-
mature delivery on a Thursday morning very early. She did
not clean, and began to be uneasy. She has some colicy pains,
but yet her temperature and pulse are normal. On exploring
the uterus, it is found that the membranes are firmly adherent
on their whole surface. It is decided to wait. A dose of chlor-
odyne is given and injection of warm water and cresyl in the
uterus ordered. The animal was visited twice a day and the
same treatment continued, with febrifuges, as the indications
were when the thermometer rose to 102. It was only on the
Saturday, in the evening, that the placenta became loose and
was extracted, with slight traction, 60 hours after foaling. Ex-
pectation has been the mode of Mr. Knowles, but if the case
becomes alarming he "does not hesitate to pull his shirt off and
separate the membranes from the uterine walls and take them
a way . " — ( Vei. Record. )

Impaction of the Single Colon \_E. W. Hoare^ F. R. C.
V. S.'\ . — A very interesting case, where errors of treatment (?)
are suggested by the nature of the case and the lesions of post-
mortem. It is that of a valuable hunter which was taken with
abdominal intermittent pains, very severe and at short intervals.
The author saw the horse the next day, when he witnessed one
of the fits of acute pain, the animal laying down, groaning,

348 ^ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Struggling with fore and hind legs, looking towards his flanks,
and then apparently becoming easy. His pulse was not alarm-
ing, temperature ioi°, no tympanites. Opium, aether nit., and
linseed oil were given ; warm water injection prescribed. The
draught was given twice. The next day calomel and oil were
prescribed, also injections, which were not retained. No change
in the condition of the patient, no tympanites. The following
day, no action of bowels, temperature 103° ; glycerine in-
jections (retained only a short time), calomel and oil. On the
fourth day, still no action of the bowels, no intestinal murmur
detected. Long tube injections are not retained. Calomel and
oil are prescribed. On the last day, still no action from the
bowels, no tympanites, general condition sinking. Death oc-
curred during the day. At the post-mortem the small colon
was found resembling a "■ large German sausage ; it being dis-
tended with dry ingesta from its commencement in the large
colon for about four feet. There was a small rupture of the
coats, which was post-mortem. The liver was fatty and atro-
phied." The remarks of the author are : Errors as to treat-
ment: no opiates should have been administered; would eser-
ine have done well? doubtful, in considering the four feet of
obstruction ; were doses of calomel excessive ? they with the
oil failed to work ; would aloes have worked better ? At any
rate, Mr. Hoare regrets he did not resort to laparotomy ; but
would it have been possible with such a large quantity of faeces?
Diseased liver was never manifested, tympanites was never pres-
ent ; obstructed portion of the intestine was too far to be
reached, even with a long rectum tube. All the circumstances
in the case were against the most clever practitioner. — {Veierin.
Record. )

Three Fractures of the Os Suffraginis at Long In-
tervals TN THE Same Animal [W. Lothian^ M. R. C. V. 5.].
— This animal was half bred and high spirited, and to keep her
down and less restive in harness, was submitted to comparative-
ly hard and long work. She was twelve years old when the
first accident took place. She was then drawing a heavy load
through deep snow. It was during the winter of 1900. She
became suddenly lame on the off hind leg with a fracture of the
OS suffraginis. She was treated and recovered. In June, 1902,
while turned out to grass, she was found one morning lame on
the near fore leg. There again the lameness had the same cause,
a fracture of the os suffraginis. Placed under treatment and
once more recovered. She returned to her work and kept at it

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 349

until February, 1903, when for a third time she became lame
with a fracture of the os suifraginis of the near hind leg. This
time the treatment was kept up only for a week, but on account
of unfavorable symptoms, she was destroyed. All the bones
of the body were examined and found to all appearances perfect-
ly normal. — ( Veter, Journal.)

Intestinal Obstruction Due to Calcui^us — Laparot-
omy [6^. P. Male, M, R. C. V. 6'.]. — A failure, it is true, but
not without importance, as it shows that if laparo-enterotomy
can be performed in some cases, such as the extraction of a for-
eign body in the small colon, the operation becomes impractic-
able in others, as when the obstruction is in the first or the
fourth portion of the large colon. The exact position of the
calculus must be well made out before any surgical interference
is resorted to. An old mare has had colicy pains, all the man-
ifestations of an accumulation of faeces in the colon. Eserine,
pilocarpine, repeated enemas, oil, etc., etc., have been given, but
the results have not been very satisfactory. After six days,
however, a slight improvement seems to manifest itself ; but
this is only temporary and it is only towards the fourteenth or
fifteenth day that by a rectal examination a hard body is found
and felt with the tips of the fingers in the intestines ; but
whether it is in the small or in the large bowel, it cannot be
made out. The author decided to resort to laparotomy, but, when
after having taken all antiseptic measures, he came to enter the
abdominal cavity, he saw the impossibility to go any further.
The calculus was found in the fourth portion of the great colon.
This bowel being fixed to the first part of the colon, to the
caecum and to the abdominal walls, it was found quite impossi-
ble without rupturing the bowel to bring it within one foot of
the flank incision. The opening of the flank was sewed up and
the animal destroyed. The calculus weighed 33^ pounds. It
was rough and oval in shape, measuring 21 inches in the larger
and 161^ in the smaller circumference. — {four, of Comp. Path,
and Therap.)

Gastrotomy in a Dog [Peter Wilson, M. R. C. V. S.'\. —
The history of a fox terrier puppy, which has the habit of play-
ing with pieces of iron that he finds in his owner's forge and
swallowing them. This lasted for some time without giving
trouble apparently, but finally he became sick, refusing food,
etc. In feeling and pressing the stomach, it is found hard ; on
auscultation, a sound such as might be produced by a miniature
stone-crusher was heard, and when shaken, a sound of iron rat-

350 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

tling was distinctly audible. The operation is indicated and
performed with all due precautions. Fifty-eight pieces of iron,
weighing rather more than a quarter of a pound, were removed
from the stomach. They were mostly old shoe nails, with a
few old rivets and several splinters of iron. In two weeks the
dog was well. — {Joiirn. of Cojnp. Path, and Therap.)

Malformation of the Trachea [/. R. Gobbold^ M. R.
C. V. S.'\ . — Certainly this is a curious case. In manipulating
about the middle of the neck of an old pony the author felt
what seemed to be a double trachea. One principal branch larger
than the other, laying in its normal position, and another, smaller,
more prominent, on the near side of the neck. With this ex-
ception, the wind of the horse was perfect. Questions of the
author: Has any veterinarian seen such a case before? What
is probably the cause of the accessory branch ? Is it likely to
be detrimental to the animal ? — (Vet, Record^

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Carcinoma of the Stomach Involving the- Diaphragm
\_M. Savary\. — '^ Jaton " is a nine-year-old horse, who has
lost flesh lately, and becomes weak at his work. The symptoms
observed are : Temperature varying around 38° ; marked ema-
ciation ; anaemia of the visible mucous membranes ; lungs
sound ; no cough ; no swelling of the extremities ; appetite is
delicate and poor ; faeces normal, no colics ; no lesions of the
liver ; urine normal in quantity, slightly albuminous. Exami-
nation of the heart reveals its beatings accelerated, but weak,
the pulse thready and almost imperceptible. The first sound is
heard at auscultation and followed by a slight wheezing, well
heard at the base of the organ. The second sound is dull. A
diagnosis is made of aortic contraction. Treatment is prescribed
to this effect, but ultimately the animal died. At the post-
mortem, which upset the diagnosis, a large tumor of the stomach
was exposed. There are other slight changes of the serous
membranes, liver and heart. The principal trouble involves the
stomach, diaphragm and paragastric lymphatic glands. The
anterior face of the left sac of the stomach is adherent to the dia-
phragm, which on the thoracic side shows large varicose veins
and has the aspect of a wide cicatricial surface. The tumor ex-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 351

tends from the cardia towards the left sac of the stomach, on a
round surface of 20 to 25 centimetres in diameter. The lym-
phatic glands of the stomach are more or less hypertrophied.
The tumor occupies the left citl-de-sac and is limited to it. It
is directly adherent to the diaphragm, the coats of the stomach
having disappeared. The gastric face of the neoplasm is infrac-
tuous, irregularly divided, friable. Histological examination
classifies it as a scirrhus carcinoma of the stomach with exten-
sion to the diaphragm. It is singular that such lesions should
exist without giving rise to some functional disturbances, and
that their diagnosis is almost an impossibility. — {Revue Veter-
inaire.)

Retro-pharyngeai. ^gagropile in a Horse \_Mr,
Vignier\. — Rare case, which is left, unfortunately, incomplete,
as the author failed in obtaining previous history. A ten-year-
old horse is bought at a fair, found roaring, and sold again.
The second buyer finding that the horse is useless and unable
to do any work, sells him to a butcher, who calls to take him
home ; but on his way the horse becomes so bad he is threat-
ened with suffocation, and the butcher kills him by bleeding on
the spot. As he dresses him and goes to cut the head from the
neck, a foreign body drops out of the throat. It is an elliptoid
mass, 25 centimetres long, 8 wide, and 6 thick, formed of hairs,
mouse color — not that of the horse, which was a dark bay. All
researches to know the previous history have failed. But it is
evident that the severe roaring was altogether due to the pres-
ence of this foreign body, which in all probability had been sit-
uated in one of the guttural pouches. Schampp has found a
mass of triturated food weighing 800 grammes ; and Rosenbilde
has seen one of similar nature which had the dimensions of a
man's head. ^gagropile has not been mentioned before this.
— {Revue Veterin.)

Who Holds the Record of Longevity in the Horse ?
\_G. Chenier]. — After the record of the three old horses reported
by Meynard of 43 years, by Edwards of " Old Tom," aged 43,
and by one of the veterinary papers in Vienna of 45, comes that
of the author, who knew the animal when he was young and
died at the age of 56. He was born of a Russian mare in 18 14,
was kept by the first owner until he was 20 ; he was sold then
to a clergyman, who did not abuse him, and finally when 40
years old was sold again, to a third party, who made him work
hard. He died in 1870, during the German invasion. — {Revue
Gen. de. Med. Vet})

352 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Puncture of the Bi^adder Through the Rectum [Mr.
P. Matriofz]. — In cases of overfilled bladder the surgeon has to-
day only one of two ways to empty it — ischial urethrotomy
and catheterization of the urethra. The first is quick but
bloody and liable to be followed by complications. The second
is long, sometimes difficult and not without danger ; it is imprac-
ticable in cattle. The author proposes a third operation, which
he claims is rapid, efficacious and elegant (?). It is to puncture
tlirough the rectum — a puncture that is perfectly innocuous
and leaving no blemishes. He uses a capillary trocar, 30 centi-
metres long, slightly curved on its long axis. The condition of
the bladder well made out, the puncture is made on the median
line, carefully, without rough pushing, until the resistance is
overcome. The evacuation of the liquid is done slowly. The
operation can be performed several times in one day. The author
has made observations on 33 subjects (27 horses, 3 steers and 3
rams). One horse only died — the post-mortem shows how rapidly
and completely the holes of the puncture had closed. The in-
dications of this operation are : (i) When the obstacle to mictu-
ration is due to spasms of the neck, the operation is then gener-
ally curative ; (2) when there is a urethral or vesical calculus ;
after the puncture, the animal can be cast and secured without
danger of rupture of the bladder. Likewise in cases of urethral
stricture, oedema of the sheath, phymosis or paraphymosis ; (3)
finally, when a calculus cannot be removed, or its removal is
dangerous, the puncture will allow an extent of life to permit
better sale for butchery. — [Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) [By the
use of this operation, we, several years ago, allowed a camel to
live four days, permitting the construction of an instrument
with which we had hoped to remove a calculus from the urethra.
—(Editor).]

A Justified Case of Amputation in Large Ruminants
[/. G.']. — There are indications where in such animals such
surgical operation is justifiable. The animal was a milch cow,
of first class breed and excellent producer, giving some 30 litres
of milk a day.. One day she became lame on one hind leg ; it
was swollen at the fetlock and no weight was carried on that
leg. An empiric was called and put a blister on, which did no
good to the lameness. After two months a veterinarian was
called, who had the wise curiosity to look at the foot for the
cause of the lameness. There he found a nail in one of the
claws, which had entered the articulation of the second and
third phalanges. Around the foreign body there was an exten-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 353

sive mortification of tissue. The lesion was such that it was
decided to amputate the claw and remove all the dead tissues.
This was done accordingly, a thick antiseptic dressing was ap-
plied, and about one month after the cicatrix was sufficiently-
firm for the animal to walk without much difficulty. — {Progr^s
Veterinaire.^

Enormous Coi^lection of Pus in a Steer \P, Bitard\
— According to the author, there seems to be a general impres-
sion that large purulent collections cannot occur in bovines.
This subject is a six-year-old steer which for a year has had on
the outside of the right thigh a round swelling. At first it was
as big as the fist of a man, and gradually increased. No atten-
tion was paid to it, as it did not interfere with the work of the
animal, and during the first ten months nothing was done to re-
move the trouble. But at last the swelling began to get large
and formed a tumor, semi-spherical, situated on the outside of
the middle of the thigh, extending upwards as far as the hip-
joint and near the point of the ilium ; in front it reached the
stifle and downwards to the superior third of the leg. An ex-
ploring needle was thrust into the thick wall on the lower part,
a directory introduced into the tract of the needle, and a free in-
cision made upwards with a bistoury sliding in the groove of
the directory. Nine litres of pus were collected, with a few ne-
crotic pieces of connective tissue and tendons. Repeated injec-
tions of tepid antiseptic solutions were ordered as treatment.
Result, recovery. — (Pr ogres VetSrtn.)

Infection Following the Death of a Fcetus in a
Cow [_MM. Mathis and Bali] .^The animal has a miserable
appearance ; she is quite thin, appetite poor and irregular ;
beatings of the heart loo to no per minute. There is a marked
swelling, hard„ not warm nor painful, at the root of the right
hind leg. Respiration is quiet, irregular, or again hurried.
Nothing abnormal on auscultation. Temperature 39°4. Such
was her condition when brought to the Lyon Veterinary School
clinic on Oct. 6th. On the 9th exploration of the pelvis reveals
a gravid uterus ; the cow is in calf, about four months gone, it
is supposed. On the 14th there is purulent discharge by the
vulva. Two membranes pass the neck of the uterus. The cow
will abort. The foetus is extracted ; it is macerated, soft and
odorless. The membranes are likewise soft, macerated and fria-
ble ; the cotyledons are pale, washy and float in a milky, puru-
lent fluid. The uterus is washed with cresyled water. The
temperature is 39° 5 ; the appetite is good. The following days

354 ^ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the cow remains lying down, eats little, drops into a progressive
cachexia, and is destroyed. At the post-mortem the heart pre-
sented centres of acute endocarditis near the tricuspid and mitral
valves and the posterior vena cava. The liver has biliary cirrho-
sis. The kidneys are yellow, soft and marked with reddish
spots. The uterus shows lesions of chronic metritis. Three
encysted abscesses are found in the broad ligaments. The mus-
cular tissue shows marked lesions of myositis. Very minute
abscesses are found in the primary fasciculi. Near the gluteal
region, there is quite a large centre of necrosis and suppuration.
From these, the conclusion is that the lesions were metastatic or
secondary to the uterine infection, and that death was due to
general infection. — {^Joiirn, de Zobtechnie^

Cold Abscess of the Pelvis in a Mare \_M, P. Leblanc\.
— This mare was seven years old and had been recently sold,
but her owner kept her for a short time only as she was delicate
to feed, losing flesh and in a general bad condition. That was
all of her history. She was placed under observation. She is
indeed looking badly ; her coat is dull and staring, her belly
tucked up, little appetite, or what there is of it is very capri-
cious. All her functions seem normal. After two or three days
it is observed that she frequently stretched herself behind as if
to micturate or defecate ; but then throws out only a small
quantity of urine and small, hard, coated droppings. Before
these functions, she has slight colic. Rectal examination is
made with difficulty ; the arm feels a marked reduction in the
size of the rectum to such extent, that it is impossible to di-
late the organ and that the arm has to be withdrawn, so painful
is the pressure upon it. Examination per vagina reveals the
presence of an enormous tumor, as big as a man's head, hard,
elastic and fluctuating, occupying the connective tissue between
the rectum and the vagina. Pressing upon this organ, it com-
presses downwards the urethra and the meatus and upwards the
terminal portion of the rectum. The difficulty of micturation
and of defecation is readily explained. Puncture of this cold ab-
scess is made with the vaginotomy knife, the collection being
opened on its lower part ; two litres of white yellowish pus are
extracted. Antiseptic washings complete the treatment. Re-
covery was very rapid. This observation comes to be added to
those already numerous of pelvic abscesses from strangles. —
{Journ. de Zobtechnik.^

A Case of HelminthiAvSis of the Splanchnic Serous
Membranes, with Death \MM, Lefebvre and Gu^rin'] . —

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 355

A low-bred dog, born in 1898, has been kept in a house, taking
his exercise in a large garden ; has never been outdoors, and
has deen fed exclusively with milk, soup and remains from the
table. In 1901, he passed a few flat worms, which were consid-
ered as segments of tape worms. In 1902 he has a pulmonary
sickness, not well characterized ; there is cough, no discharge
from the nose, the respiration is accelerated. With ordinary
treatment, he seems to have entirely recovered after a dozen of
days. A few months later, the same symptoms return, but much
more acute. Respiration very difficult, inspiration quite hard,
choking spells, threatening asphyxia. Percussion reveals dull-
ness in both lungs. All treatment fails. The dog dies. At
the post-mortem, a large number of flat worms were found dis-
seminated over the surface of the peritoneum. All the abdom-
inal organs were sound. In the thorax a quantity of those
worms are also found over the pleura and gathered specially on
the lower part of the chest. The serous membrane is thick-
ened, rose colored and easily separated from the lung tissue ;
which is itself retracted, and resembles much the old gray
hepatization of chronic pneumonia. The worms examined by
Prof. Railliet, of Alfort, were recognized as Dithyridimis Bail-
lette or Plerocercoides Baillette. — {Bullet, de la Soc. Cent.)

Winding up Foot-and-Mouth Disease. — The Secretary
of Agriculture, having completed a careful investigation of th.e
States now in quarantine for foot-and-mouth disease, through
the inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, without find-
ing any cases of the disease during the last five weeks, decided
to offer a reward for all cases that were reported prior to July i,
the object being to ascertain with all possible certainty that the
disease has been entirely eradicated, before the quarantine is re-
moved and foreign countries are asked to again receive live
stock from New England ports. It is believed that the disease
has been entirely eradicated, and this reward w^as offered as a final
effort to discover any traces of contagion that may possibly exist.
The following is the text of the offer issued by the Secretary on
June 16 : "A reward of two hundred and fifty dollars ($250.00)
will be paid to any person who shall, before June 30, 1903, first
report to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washing-
ton D. C, the existence of any specific case or cases of foot-and-
mouth disease (epizootic aphtha) in any animal or animials in
either Massachusetts or New Hampshire. The nature of the
disease must be confirmed by the inspectors of this Department."

356 ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

Under the Direction of E. M. Ranck, V. M. D., Natchez, Miss.

Antidote for Formaldehyde. — In view of the fact that
this chemical is coming more and more into general use as a
disinfectant, cases of poisoning from it will become more fre-
quent. We have an easily accessible and reliable antidote in
ammonia water. It may be given in the form of ammonia
water (a few drops well diluted) or the aromatic spirit of a solu-
tion of ammonium acetate. — {Merck's Archives ; Modern Med-
icine, Vol. XII, No. 4.)

Starch-Digesting Ferment in Milk and Urine. —
Nob^court and Sevin [Bulletins de la Societe de la Pediatric
de Paris, January, 1902) have shown that both the milk and the
urine of cows and of nursing women contain a starch-digesting
ferment. — [Modern Medicine, Vol. XII, No. 4, April, 190J.)

Pasteur Institute, New York City. — During the month
of May, 22, cases of rabies were reported by the Pasteur Insti-
tute. This makes 172 cases occurring between January i and
June I in New York City. — (Phil. Med. Jour., No. 28 j.)

Bee Stings for Rheumatism. — Dr. Perc, of Marburg, de-
livered an address last week on the healing properties of bee
stings in articular and muscular rheumatism. He pointed out
that it has been known from time immemorial as a cure among
the poorer classes of people, who have no faith in medical
science. He has tested it thoroughly and proved its efficiency
in 500 cases. If a patient is suffering from rheumatism, the
stung part does not swell at once, not until the bee poison is
frequently introduced. Then the rheumatic pain gradually
vanishes. Dr. Perc allows his patients to be stung at first by a
few bees, and then gradually increases the number. In one sit-
ting he allows seventy bees to sting the patient. He describes
the case of a woman who suffered excruciating torture from
rheumatism. In the course of treatment she was stung 6,952
times, and this resulted in a complete cure. — {Phil. Med. Jour-
nal, June I J, i^oj.)

The Albumins of Milk. — Schlossman and Moro have
studied the albuminous bodies in milks. They performed a
series of precipitations with various chemical substances, and
found that in addition to casein another albuminous body was
present. They found that this albuminous body had the fol-

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. 35^:

lowing composition : C. 47.91%' ;-H. 7% ; Ni 14.74% ; S. 1.65%.
This they name lactalbumin. In order to determine whether
these albuminous bodies were the same in human and in cows'
milk, they injected rabbits with them and found that the rab-
bits injected with lactalbumin gave a positive precipitation with
human, with cow casein, or cow lactalbumin, but no precipita-
tion with human lactalbumin. Rabbits injected with human lac-
talbumin gave no precipitation with cow lactalbumin. Therefore
the albumins with cows' milk are biologically different with
those in woman's milk. This is one of the reasons why natural
feeding is so superior to artificial feeding for infants. — (Muen-
chener Medicinische Wochenschrift^ Apr, 7, igoj ; Phila. Med,
Journal. )

External Anthrax in Human Beings.— Federschmidt
reports 10 cases of malignant pustule in human beings, 3 occur-
ring in his own experience, treated by excision, and 7 treated
expectantly by his colleagues. All the cases occurred among
brushmakers. The 3 cases treated by excision were promptly
cured. Other patients were treated by carbolic acid internally,
and other forms of local and general treatment. Two died, and
others recovered after separation of the slough which some-
times required subsequent plastic operation. He believes that
prompt excision is the best treatment. — {Mue^ichener Medicin-
ische Wochenschrift^ April 7, jgoj ; Philadelphia Medical
Journal. )

Geo. Wyndham Newton, of Cheltenham, England, student
at the New York State Veterinary College, is assistant to Dr.
T. S. Childs, of Saratoga Springs, New York, for the season of
1903.

Dr. Reynolds' Forthcoming Book. — There is announced
as nearly ready for distribution a text-book entitled " Veterinary
Studies for Agricultural Students," from the pen of that sterling
veterinarian. Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of the University of Minne-
sota. It embodies lecture-courses which he has given his own
students for the past ten years, modified from time to time as
experience suggested. Dr. Reynolds has always conducted his
course in such a wiy as to avoid turning out empirics, and the
material for this volume is so selected and arranged that it can
hardly be used as a work of reference for this purpose. We shall
await its appearance with considerable interest, since the sub-
ject treated of has been engaging the attention of the profession
quite recently.

358 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This Review department was opened in the March num-
ber, and its object was there explained — the betterment of the
Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

DR. HILL'S PLAN TO IMPROVE THE ARMY SERVICE.

Referring to the communication of Dr. W. P. Hill, Veteri-
narian 1 2th Cavalry, Fort Clark, Texas, which appeared in the
June Review, page 257, the following telegram explains itself :

"Fort Assinaboine, Montana, June 19, 1903.
" Editors Americait Veterinary Review :

" Please state in * Army Veterinary Department ' that Dr.
HilPs proposition regarding legislation will not be acceptable,
as outside influence is forbidden by the Secretary of War. The
proper way is a memorial through official channels, referred to
general staff, and, if approved, embodied in army legislation.

" Schwarzkopf."

SOME startling FACTS AND SOME PERTINENT SUGGESTIONS.
Batangas, Prov. op Batangas, p. I., May 5, 1903.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — I am very glad that you have consented to
allow us a space in the monthly editions of your valuable peri-
odical, and believe it will be appreciated by all veterinarians in
the service.

I feel somewhat backward about expressing my opinion as
regards the official or social position of the Army Veterinarian,
being merely a recruit in the American service ; but I do
know that unless we pull together and not let individual prej-
udices influence our judgments as regards mutual benefits, noth-
ing can be accomplished in the way of upholding our profession
or advancement as regards status.

I believe every experienced officer in the mounted branch of
the service is in favor of the advancement of veterinarians, but

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 359

some of the younger ones, especially those who have come in
lately from the volunteers or civil life, are prejudiced, not be-
cause the veterinarian is a veterinarian, but (like a child with a
new and expensive toy, especially if he has never had anything
but a cheap toy before) they are jealous and do not want any
one but themselves to have it (rank for instance). It is quite
certain that the average veterinarian in the Army is the equal,
educationally, morally and socially, of the average Army officer,
and certainly superior to some. Most of us are now serving
with some officers who were in the ranks, or working on farms
and in stores while we were veterinarians in the Army. Of
course they rank us now. A number of reports that are made
out on the diseases of army animals and veterinarians are made
out by inexperienced officers, who have not been long in the
service, some of them never having mounted a horse before en-
tering.

It is only the other day that I saw in the Great Round
Worlds published at 150 Fifth Ave., New York, March 7th,
1903, the following : '' The Bu^ffalo Express S2cys Captain Butt,*
who has charge of the land transportation for the Army, speaks
warmly of native labor. Four native farriers made such marked
advance in their profession that they have taken the place of
American veterinary surgeons, and are treating complicated dis-
eases without direction, in the saddle and paint shops, where
greater skill is required," etc., etc.

I notice a long report upon diseases of army horses in Gen.
Chafee's report by the same gentleman.

There have also been sent down here from Manila three
Americans who are taking the place of veterinarians — two
chronic drunks and one late teamster, all unqualified men. Is
it any wonder that army animals have died in such large num-
bers out here ? At this post over six hundred animals in the
Quartermaster's corral have died during these last three years,
and, although we have more troop horses at this post, only
about thirty have died in the same length of time, and all be-
cause ignorant men have not taken simple hygienic precautions.

It seems to me that every veterinarian employed by the
Quartermaster's Department should be qualified, and stand a
fair examination, much the same as a contract surgeon is re-
quired to do.

As regards army veterinarians, the entrance examination

* Archibald Butt, entered the regular Army May 15, 1 9c I, as Captain and Quarter-
master.

360 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

might be with advantage made more severe and the subjects
more varied (perhaps this has been done since I entered). He
should be a commissioned officer, as that is the only man that
an enlisted man really respects officially, and without respect
and immediate obedience to orders a veterinarian is unable
thoroughly to perform his duty. We can clean out these con-
tagious diseases if given a chance. Usually the person detailed
to assist a veterinarian in the hospital is either a teamster or
common homboes. It would be less expensive to the Govern-
ment and give better results if enlisted men were thoroughly
trained as farriers and placed under the orders of the veterina-
rian.

Officers sometimes interfere with the work of the veterina-
rian. At one post where glanders had broken out in a troop
they lost over forty horses, simply because the troop commander,
a green officer from a volunteer foot regiment, refused to isolate
suspected and glandered animals from the others. At all other
posts that I visit I have been allowed to use my own methods
in regard to veterinary matters, and always had the ready assis-
tance of the officers in command. It is absolutely necessary
that the veterinarian should be allowed to use his own judg-
ment in regard to his special work to get the best results.

I shall watch with interest the columns of the " Army Vet^
erinary Department " for views and experiences of different vet-
erinary officers. Very respectfully,

Coleman Nockolds

Vet. ist Cavalry.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT NOTES.

CoivEMAN Nockolds, M. D., V. S., Veterinarian ist Cavalry,
U. S. A., who has for the last three years been stationed at Ba-
tangas, Philippines, and who has furnished so many valuable
contributions to our literature through the Review during that
time, left with his regiment for the United States on May 5th,
and will be temporarily stationed at Fort Clark, Texas. He will
probably spend a four-months leave in Europe, and then return
to the Philippines to work on " surra," with the mysteries of
which the Doctor has acquired a great fascination.

Dr. S. E. Hershey, Charleston, W. Va., writes : *'I would
like to inquire through the Review if any practitioner has been
using gelsemium to any extent in tetanus, and, if so, what has
been his success with it."

CORRESPONDENCE. 361

CORRESPONDENCE,

A CONSISTENT ABRASION IN YOUNG COLTS — AN APPEAL FOR

EXPERIENCES.
State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La., May 26, 1903.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs :: — A short time ago a friend of mine, who is
somewhat of a naturalist, and a very close observer, drew my
attention to a condition on the outside of the hocks of young
foals which I had not previously observed as occurring with
any degree of frequency ; and I would be glad to know, through
the Review, if readers have noticed it as a prevalent lesion,
and their ideas as to its cause.

My friend observed in some twenty-five or thirty foals, from
two or three days to eight or ten days old, and almost without
exception, an abrasion appearing on the skin at the hollow in
front of the tendo-achilles and point of the os calcis ; or, in
other words, at. the point where thoroughpin occurs in older
animals, but only on the outside. The hair of the part begins
to stand on end, and ultimately a sore forms, which resembles,
somewhat, the shape of a man's finger. My friend remarked to
me that since his attention was first attracted to it, he had seen
the condition so often that he began to think it was " a trade-
mark of colthood."

Without having investigated the matter, I am inclined to
believe that the " little fellow " rubs or abraids the part when
lying down, or, perhaps, when getting up also ; and that, by
compression of the hock-joint, the capsule, with its synovial
contents, is bulged out postero-laterally, the outside, only, com-
ing in contact with the ground. But, with us, I think there is,
probably, another potent reason. Mares and foals are fre-
quently allowed to run at large on country roads, and on other
places devoid of grass, such as bare, rough, sandy places in old
pasture fields and in the woods. If we connect this sort of en-
vironment with the other conditions mentioned, it is possible,
perhaps, to account for the abrasion. It seems to be quite
prevalent, however, in this section of the country, but I ques-
tion if it would be so under different conditions of environment
where irritation would not be so produced. At least, I have
never observed it, nor had it called to my attention, where
mares and foals were placed in fields thickly covered with pas-

362 CORRESPONDENCE.

ttrre grasses, or where plenty of good soft bedding was used in
sheds, yards, or other enclosures.

I should be extremely glad to have, through the Review,
if you can spare the space, the experience of its readers with
reference to this matter. It may not be of any great economic
importance, but it seems to me to be sufficiently interesting to
elicit the observations of others on the subject.
Very truly yours,

W. H. Dalrymple, M. R. C. V. S.

DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, IOWA STATE COLLEGE.

Ames, Iowa, June 19, 1903.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — The Division of Veterinary Science of the
Iowa State College has issued catalogues announcing an exten-
sion of the course from three to four years of nine months each.
This change is made that there may be embraced within the
veterinary curriculum thorough graded courses in stock judg-
ing, animal nutrition and principles of breeding. This is some-
thing of a departure, but it has not been made without conserva-
tive thought.

Animal husbandry as now taught is a comparatively new
branch of agriculture. It is so closely allied with veterinary
science that it is very properly within the province of a college
of veterinary science to offer work in animal husbandry lines.
This idea was expressed by President Leonard Pearson in his
address before the A. V. M. A. in 1900. In a number of the ag-
ricultural colleges and experiment stations the work in animal
husbandry and veterinary science is combined and conducted by
one instructor. There are now committees on animal husband-
ry in some of our veterinary medical societies, and in the report
of one of these is noted the assertion that if there was no animal
husbandry the veterinarian would go. On the other hand,
nothing could more forcibly demonstrate the dependence of the
vast live-stock interests of the country upon the sanitary control
work of the veterinarian than the recent outbreak of foot-and-
mouth disease. Thus with the advance of veterinary science on
an independent basis and with the development of the live-
stock industry, the natural trend is toward an association of these
closely allied interests. Perhaps the best example of such asso-
ciation is offered by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Estab-
lished by the United States Department of Agriculture for the

CORRESPONDENCE. 363

purpose of fostering the animal industry of the country in every
possible way, its present efficiency is only possible under the di-
rection of a veterinarian.

The notion prevails among stock-growers that the veterina-
rian has nothing in common with them, knows very little of
their interests and is only concerned when afforded an opportu-
nity to apply the knife or administer a physic ball. Be that as
it may, the fact remains that the veterinary practitioner may be
of much greater service to a client when trained in all that per-
tains to animals in health as well as in disease. The experi-
ment station veterinarian falls short of the mission of that office
if he knows nothing but the pathological phases of animal life.
A short time ago the chief inspector at one of our largest Bureau
Stations remarked : *' If there is anything about which I know
nothing, it is a fat steer." And there are thousands to be seen
from his office window daily. The matter of balancing rations
and judging systematically cattle, sheep or swine is truly all
too foreign to the average veterinarian. And, yet, should he
not with his training in physiological phenomena be the really
scientific feeder, and by his knowledge of anatomy, the compe-
tent judge ? It is with a view to thus broaden the scope of vet-
erinary education that the Iowa State College has taken the in-
itiative in introducing animal husbandry work into the regular
veterinary course.

In point of equipment and systematic outline of the work
presented, the Department of Animal Husbandry of the Iowa
State College is unsurpassed. Types of all representative
breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and swine are maintained on the
college farm and the practical instruction offered is most
thorough. The veterinary students enter the regular classes, re-
ceiving the same training as the agricultural students in these
courses. This work is preceded, however, in the veterinary
curriculum by anatomy and physiology.

In commenting on the new course, the question has been
raised as to whether or no the time required to complete the
course will not bar many men who might otherwise attend. The
Division of Veterinary Science is not dependent upon the num-
ber of matriculants for its maintenance, and, since it is the char-
acter and not the number of graduates to be considered, the
faculty believes itself fully warranted in making the change. It
seems reasonable that the additional advantages of the four-
year course will prove sufficiently attractive to offset the length
of course in deterring students from entering. Certain it is that

364 ^ OBITUARY.

those men who do complete the course will be veterinarians in
the broadest sense of the term, before whom a vast field is open.

The Division of Veterinary Medicine of the Iowa State Col-
lege is just entering upon its twenty-second year. Among its
graduates are a large number of the experiment station veteri-
narians of the present time and it is well represented in Bureau
service and in the Army.

At a recent meeting of the Board of Trustees Dr. John H.
McNeall, for three years professor of anatomy and surgery, was
elected Dean of the veterinary faculty. This appointment is a
source of gratification to the other members of the faculty and
friends of the institution. Dr. McNealPs home is in Bowen,
111., where he conducted a large breeding establishment in part-
nership with his two brothers. He is a graduate of the Veteri-
nary Department of the University of Pennsylvania. Before
being called to the chair in the Iowa State College, he was em-
ployed by the Bureau successively in Buffalo, Boston and on
the sheep ranges of the Northwest. The policy of the Division
as outlined by Dean McNeall is broad and progressive and he
has the confidence and cooperation of his colleagues in its exe-
cution.

With the election of a Dean, an extension and revision of
the course, and a marked increase in attendance the past year,
the present outlook for the division is very reassuring.

Very truly, Carl W. Gay, V. M. D.

OBITUARY.

Dr. T. B. Newby, M. D. V., V. S., Secretary of the McKillip
Veterinary College, Chicago, 111., died on the 17th ult., of cere-
bral meningitis in a hospital at Windsor, 111. He has occupied
the chair of materia medica at McKillip for the past two years,
and in announcing his demise President McKillip spoke feel-
ingly of his late colleague.

A Doctor's Automobile Blows Up.— Just as Dr. Silas C.
Blaisdell, surgeon-in-chief of the Eastern District Hospital,
alighted from his automobile outside his home in Bedford Ave-
nue, Brooklyn, recently, the machine exploded with a terrific
noise that shook the neighborhood. Many windows were
broken and pieces of the automobile were hurled fifty to a hun-
dred feet in all directions. Dr. Blaisdell was, fortunately, not
injured.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 365

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

Ames, Iowa, June i8, 1903.

Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : In addition to the part of the programme of the
Ottawa meeting hitherto reported, I am pleased to be able to
say that the following contributions have been received :

" Cow-Pox, Varicella and Furunculosis in the South," C. A.
Cary, Auburn, Ala.
, '^ Meat and Milk Inspection," M. E. Knowles, Helena, Mont.

" Malignant Tumors," D. King Smith, Toronto, Ont.

" Unusual Lesions of Tuberculosis Found in Abattoir In-
spection," R. H. Harrison, Milwaukee, Wis.

" Experiments with the Stomach Worm in Sheep," A. S.
Wheeler, Biltmore, N. C.

''The Uses of Mallein in Dealing with Glanders," J. G.
Rutherford, Ottawa, Can.

"Canine Distemper," Lemuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth, N. H.

"Vesicular Exanthema of Horses," Paul Fischer, Colum-
bus, O.

The Honorable Senator W. C. Edwards, M. P., proprietor of
the famous Pine Grove Stock Farm, Rockland, Out., will pre-
sent to the Association an address entitled "The Bang System
for the Eradication of Tuberculosis in Cattle as Practised upon
the Pine Grove Stock Farm, Ontario, Canada." Senator Ed-
wards is a thoroughly scientific breeder and is the pioneer in
the use of the Bang system in America. He is an unusually
entertaining and instructive speaker. His address promises to
be a very attractive feature of the meeting.

Dr. J. G. Rutherford, Chairman of the Local Committee,
authorizes me to announce that the Honorable Sidney Fisher,
Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada, will ad-
dress the Association at one of its sessions. An address coming
from the chief agricultural officer of the Dominion will be of
great interest and profit to those in attendance and will be
highly appreciated.

Other titles of papers are yet to be announced by our mem-
bers. There is need, however, for additional papers and it is
hoped that some of the members may yet send in titles. This
should be done at once, as the programme must very soon be

366 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

completed. In order to keep up our record of progress the Ot-
tawa meeting must surpass all others.

It is reported to me on behalf of the Local Committee of
Arrangements by Dr. Rutherford, Chairman, that satisfactory
arrangements are being made for the entertainment and the
clinic and that this part of our meeting will be successful.

On Wednesday, Sept. 2, at 8 p. m., there will be a session of
the Association at which Dr. William Dougherty, of Baltimore,
will present for discussion his plan for the formation of a Mu-
tual Benefit Society for the veterinarians of America.

Assurance is given by the Central Passenger Association
that a special rate of one and one-third fare, certificate plan,
will be granted in its territory. The Western Passenger Asso^-
ciation has not yet acted in the matter of rates, but will doubt-
less grant our request.

Veterinarians ihroughout America, whether members or not,
together with their friends, should be making their plans for a
trip to Ottawa. Many who formerly resided in the eastern part
of Canada or the United States will find this an excellent op-
portunity to visit their old homes and renew old acquaintances.
Those who have not as yet visited Canada or the East can avail
themselves of this occasion to get acquainted with the beautiful
scenery, the great cities and the delightful home-life to be found
in these older portions of our country. Ample provision will
be made for the entertainment of the ladies and children and it
is urged that members and visiting veterinarians bring their
families with them. Respectfully,

John J. Repp, Secretary.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The quarterly meeting was held in Waterville, April 8th,
1903, at the residence and hospital of Dr. A. Joly.

During the afternoon a clinic was held at Dr. Joly's hospital,
at which a number of very interesting cases were introduced,
among which were an operation of ovariotomy on the bitch, by
Dr. F. E. Freeman ; simple castration, by Dr. R. E. Freeman ;
cutting off two first upper molars, by Dr. C. L. Blakely, and
several cases of lameness and an illustration of an easy method
of casting a cow.

The regular business meeting was called to order, after a
banquet at the '* Elmwood," at the home of Dr. Joly, by Presi-
dent Salley, at 8.40 p. m., and the roll called showed the following

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 367

members present : Drs. F. L. Russell, F. E. Freeman, R. E.
Freeman, L. S. Cleaves, A. W. Cleaves, I. L. Salley, A. Joly,
W. E. Fairbanks, John Darling, and C. L. Blakely.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap-
proved.

Dr. Geo. B. Wescott, of Portland, and Dr. John Darling
were admitted to membership in the Association.

The Association listened to a very able paper by Dr. F. E.
Freeman, of Rockland, entitled " The Veterinarian's Relation to
his Client," which was freely discussed and voted an exceeding-
ly interesting and instructive article.

Dr. C. L. Blakely read a paper entitled '* An Operation for
Abscess of the Guttural Pouches."

After spending considerable time in pleasant discussion of
numerous cases in our every-day practice, the Association voted
to meet in July with Dr, Freeman, at Rockland, and adjourned
at a late hour. C. L. Blakely, M. D. V., Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW

JERSEY.

The semi-annual meeting of this association will be held at
the Animal Quarantine Station, Athenia, N. J., July 9th, 1903,
at 10 A. M. It is a new departure for the Association to con-
vene in other than the large cities of the State ; however, the
desire of a large number of members to visit the Animal Quar-
antine Station for the Port of New York and the unanimous
vote of the Association to accept the invitation of the Secretary
and meet at Athenia is an assurance of a well-attended meeting.
The committee of arrangements have been working in a faith-
ful manner and an interesting programme has been arranged.

Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
will be in attendance and address fellow-members of the profes-
sion. In addition to Dr. Salmon's address, there will be one or
two papers read by members of the Association.

Arrangements have been made for a clinic, and the Super-
intendent of the Quarantine Station will conduct those in
attendance through the various buildings and about the station
grounds, giving a practical demonstration of the system in
vogue for the quarantining of imported live stock. Arrange-
ments have been made with a Newark caterer to serve luncheon
upon the grounds at a moderate cost. Those living within
driving distance of Athenia will be pleased to learn that accom-

368 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

modations have been provided for stabling and feeding horses.
The Athenia depot of the Newark Branch of the Erie R. R.-
adjoins the Quarantine Station. Trains on this branch leave
Chambers St., New York, for Athenia at 8.08, 9.45, 11.30 A. m.
and 1.50 P. M., and arrive at Athenia about 55 minutes later.
The same trains leave Newark at 8.45, 10.17 A. m. and 12.05
and 2.25 P. M., arriving at Athenia about 20 minutes later.
Trains on the Boonton Branch of the D., L. and W. R. R. leave
Barclay St., New York, for Athenia at 10.20 A. m. and 12.20
p. M.

Members of the profession from States other than New Jer-
sey will be cordially welcomed at this meeting.

George W. Pope, Secretary. .

lOWA-NEBRASKA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL

ASSOCIATION.

At the recent annual meeting of this Association, President
S. H. Kingery, of Creston, delivered the following address :

" It is with great pleasure I am privileged to open this the
fourth annual meeting of the Iowa-Nebraska State Veterinary
Medical Association, and to welcome one and all of my profes-
sional associates, and all others who may be present.

" The advantages of our organization are many. It not only
gives practitioners the opportunity of acquaintanceship, but
promotes the advancement of scientific research, which we are
all deeply interested in. It is with satisfaction we note the
progress of the profession in these two great States, and, while
we are progressive, we have much to do before we have acquired
the highest point of proficiency, and the veterinarian of to-day
must be studious and industrious. To the veterinarian, this is
preeminently the age of opportunity. Never before did the
world ofEer anything like the same open field as at this mo-
ment— not in the clamor of the street, not in the plaudits of the
throng, but in ourselves are triumph and defeat. The past year
I am sure has been a prosperous one to the profession. Those
influences that existed a few short years ago, that made men
'' scorn delights," now have gone glimmering with the things
that were, and the live-stock industry of these two States, as
well as the United States, is back in the column where it justly
belongs, and with it increased business for the veterinarian, and
a corresponding bank account. I have honestly been told there
are a great number of the profession in both States who have
invested their surplus in paying propositions. The aspect for

Syrup Eucalyptus Compound.

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and dogs ; formula and special price on application. Endorsed
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strictly U. S. P. standardized and assayed. Elixirs, Syrups
and other pharmaceutical products. A line of Surgical Dress-
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Muslin and Gauze Bandages always on hand. Special line
of Tablets and preparations for the canine department.

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embrocations, etc., and can furnish these with or without
special printing.

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We solicit a share of your patronage ; a complete price
list upon application.

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10

SANMETTO

I

A POSITIVE REMEDY

IN

DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS

OF

THE HORSE AISTD DOG.

Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from

KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE

—Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis —

OR FROM

ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT

— Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine —

ORDER SANMETTO

Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been
found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA —
many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito*
Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys
and Bladder — hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract.

To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus :

R SANMETTO— one bottle— original package.
Dose : — For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day.
For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day.
Ptke One Bottle, $i.oo. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggist*
Pamphlet on application.

OD CHEM. CO., New York.

11

WILLIAM R. JENKINS*

new books for

VETERINARIANS.

THE nOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics

By KENELM WINSLOW, B.A.S.; M.D.V. ; M.D. (Harv.)

Assistant Professor of Therapeutics in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; Fellow of
Massachusetts Medical Society; Surgeon to the Newton Hospital, etc.

The text is concise and methodical ; the classification follows chiefly a physiological basis.
The work includes, besides the Materia Medica and Therapeutics of drugs proper, a thorough
explanation' of prescription writing with copious examples and sections on Food and Feeding
Counter-irritants, the use of Heat and Cold. Venesection, Enteroclysis Hypodermoclysis and In-
travenous Transfusion, which are to be found in no other veterinary publication. The prepara-
tions described are according to both United Statei$ and British Pharmacopoeias, and
therefore the book is adapted to all English speaking veterinarians. The doses are given in
both the metric and apothecaries' systems of weights and measures in the text and also in a sep-
arate table arranged alphabetically.

The book is most conscientiously indexed, including both a general index and one for Dis-
eases and Remedial Measures, and, in the latter, reference is made to the page on which is to be
found a detailed description of the same in the body of the book. The work should prove the
best book on the subject both for students and practitioners of the veterinary art.

2nd EDITION REVISED, 8vo, CLOTH, 750 PAGES, $6.00.

BOVINE OBSTETRICS,

By M. G. dc Bl^UIN, instructor of obstetrics at the State Veterinary School, Utrecht.

Translated by W. E. A. WYMAN, H.D.V., V.S., Author of "The Clinical Diagnosis of

Lameness in the Horse," etc.

Synopsis of the X^ssential Features of the Work

1. Authorized translation.

2. The only obstetrical work which is up to date.

3. Written by Europe's leading authority on the subject.

4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime.

5. Written by a man who, on account of his eminence as bovine practitioner and teacher of

obstetrics, was selected by Prof Dr. Frohner and Prof. Dr. Bayer (Berlin and Vienna),
to discuss bovine obstetrics, both practically and scientifically.

6. The only work containing a thorough differential diagnosis of ante and post partum dis-

eases.

7. The only work doing justice to modern obstetrical surgery and therapeutics.

8. Written by a man whose practical suggestions revolutionized the teaching of veterinary ob-

stetrics even in the great schools of^ Europe.

9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer obscure contagious and infectious dis-

eases of calves.

10. Absolutely original and no compilation.

11. The only work dealing fully with the difficult problem of teaching obstetrics in the colleges.

12. The only work where the practical part is not overshadowed by theory.

8vo, CLOTH, 382 PAGES, 77 ILLUSTRATIONS, $5.00.
OTHER NEW BOOKS.
Animal Castration. Tibio-Peroneal Neurectomy, for the Relief of Spavin Lameness. A
Treatise on Yeteriuary Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals. Fleming's Text-Boolt of Vet-
erinary Surgery. Operative Technique for Veterinary Surgeons. The Veterinarian's Call
Book. A Course of Surgical Operations for Veterinary Students and Practitioners. Citnine
and Feline Surgery. A Treatise on Veterinary Surgical Therapeutics of Domestic Animals.
Anatomical and Physiological Model of the Horse. Walley's Practical Guide to Meat Inspec-
tion. Chapman's Manual of the Pathological Treatment of Lameness in the Horse. The Dis-
eases of the Cat. Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery.

SENT PREPAID FOR THE PRICE.
Complete catalogue of aU publications sent when requested.

WILLIAM R. JENKINS,

851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, - - - - - NEW YORK.

12

>

American Veterinary Review.

AUGUST, T903.
EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, June 20, 1903.

Serotherapy and Foot-and-Mouth Disease. — In my
chronicle of last month I brought to the attention of our read-
ers the results obtained by Prof. Nocard in his researches on that
subject, and mentioned how the learned French bacteriologist
had reached a certain point, which, if yet far from the one he is
searching, was at any rate a success, as it permitted him to give
immunity to animals by the injection of a small quantity of his
vaccine matter. But unfortunately the immunity does not last.
If after the operation, cattle can be mixed with diseased individ-
uals or exposed to contagion in any form, without becoming in-
fected themselves, it must be remembered that this immunity
exists only for fifteen days, and that after that time they are li-
able to become affected as if they had not been vaccinated. To
one certain point of view, this result is great, but it is not yet
what the true prophylaxy of foot-and-mouth disease demands.

The work which is carried out at Alfort by Profs. Nocard
and Roux and their assistants is still going on, and we may hear
more from them later on. But others are also engaged in the
same pursuits, and among them Professor LofBer, the celebrated
German bacteriologist, from whom many important facts have
been made known, who himself has for a long time been engag-
ed in the same work, and who has recently made several reports,
extracts of which I find in the Revue Gknerale de Medecine

375

376 EDITORIAL.

Vktkri7iaife^ which itself takes it front the Berliner Thierarzt-
liche Wochenschrift. I hope in reproducing them here I do not
trespass on the work of my friend, Dr. Eichhorn.

The reports were made to the German Government and are
resumed as follows :

The mixture of y^^^ of c.c. of aphthous lymph, made old
and inactive by being kept in the freezing chamber, with -jig-,
-j^, -j^ of c.c. of fresh lymph heated at 60° for five minutes, is
harmless in bovines when given in intravenous injections : those
animals then gain a certain immunity which protects them
from natural contagion or from the serious forms of the disease.

A large dose of virus destroys this acquired immunity ;
which, however, is generally sufficient against the ordinary con-
ditions of spontaneous contagion.

Yet this method of immunization is not practicable, as a cer-
tain lapse of times must be allowed between the injection and
the realization of the refractory condition ; and, besides, the quan-
tity of lymph necessary for each bovine is relatively large and
the cost becomes too great. The immunity granted is of short
duration and would not protect an animal during the course of
an epizooty.

Antiaphthous serotherapy, very efficacious for swine and
sheep, is also applicable to bovines.

The serum of cattle treated with increasing doses of aphthous
lymph protects surely an animal of the same species if it is in-
jected in doses of from 100 to 200 c.c. as soon as the first signs
of hyperthermia appear. This same serum given in doses of 50
and of 20 c.c. does not prevent the appearance of aphthae in the
mouth or the feet, but gives to the disease a rapid and mild evo-
lution.

The serum thus obtained, used in doses of 10 to 20 c.c, does
not protect surely from a contamination posterior to the injec-
tion.

Horses treated with increasing doses of aphthous lymph
furnish more rapidly than cattle a serum active for young

EDITORIAL. 377

pigs ; it is for those animals more efficacious than for cattle.

Serum of horses is not as active for cattle as it is for swine
and sheep.

The mixture of the serum of the horse which has been
treated with the serum of aphthous cattle possesses preventive
qualities more marked than the serum used alone ; but this mix-
ture must be employed in some quantity (loo c.c).

Aphthous lymph obtained by successive passages in young
pigs grants a solid immunity to cattle whose serum is active in
doses of 75 to lOO c.c. ; the passive immunity, conferred by
this serum, lasts for three weeks at least. In 50 c.c. it gives an
uncertain immunity ; with 20 c.c. only half of the subjects
treated will resist contagion.

One dose of 100 c.c. injected to a bovine will protect it
against the inoculation of i^o, tV, ^V, tV, to, to, c.c. of viru-
lent lymph, made 24 hours after ; then this serum at the dose of
100 c.c. is preventive against about -f^ of virus ; but as a mini-
mum quantity of this virus, 20 n-o 0 to ^o 0-0 0 c.c. gives the dis-
ease, it results that 100 c.c. of serum immunize against about
4000 pathogenous doses of virus.

The natural infection is generally produced by very small
quantities of lymph ; therefore the dose of 100 c.c. of serum is
greatly sufficient in an infested centre. This dose of 100 c.c.
may prove too weak under some special circumstances, when
animals are exposed to take in enormous quantities of virus,
such as when this is thrown on the feed or in the water by the
sick, as when animals take their meals in a common manger.

The dose of 20 c.c. of serum is sufficient to protect against
^V C.C. of lymph, injected in the veins 24 hours later. This
dose is efficacious in practice, if healthy animals placed in infect-
ed stables are kept in such condition that the possibility of ab-
sorbing large quantities of virus is guarded against.

Bovines, already contaminated at the time of the treatment
with the serum, are not all protected even with doses of 100 and
200 c.c. ; but, in this case, the disease is less severe than with
the animals not treated.

378 EDITORIAL.

The experiments of Loffler point out precisely the indica-
tions of serotherapy for foot-and-mouth disease. The method is
useful for bovines exposed for sale in known infected markets,
and for animals of suspicious origin, destined to fill up stables ^
free from the disease.

The production of the lymph on young pigs of Yorkshire
breeds is easy. A pig weighing 15 to 20 kilog. is inoculated
every five or six days with -^-^ c.c. of lymph ; the first symptoms
appear on the second or third day ; the virus is secured and an
injection of 10 c.c. of antiaphthous serum is made. The mortal-
ity of the pigs is very small.

The time necessary to obtain an active serum in horses or
cattle is between two and a half and three months ; this serum
can be used when 100 c.c. protect against -^^ c.c. of lymph in-
oculated 24 hours after to a bovine weighing between 200 and
250 kilog.

The phenicated serum can be kept for from four to eight
months.

Pure lymph is obtained by filtration. The infection is real-
ized by injection into the bloodvessels, muscles or peritoneum.
Made in the skin or subcutaneously it gives no result.

* *

In conclusion. Prof. Loffler exposes the great difficulties he
has had to surmount in order to realize the results he has ob-
tained, viz. : the culture of the aphthous lymph in the body of
the living young pig. But, like many, and like Prof. Nocard,
all the attempts at artificial cultures of the mysterious agent of
foot-and-mouth disease have also failed with him. Neverthe-
less, a great point has been realized by him ; the question of the
different serums is clearly defined : the equine serum must be re-
served for sheep and swine, while the bovine is the one proper
for cattle.

*

War on Tuberculosis.— The fight is every day getting (f
warmer, and from every direction we hear of researches, of so-
cieties, sanatoriums, dispensaries, etc., all having for object the

EDITORIAL. 379

war against tuberculosis and to relieve those who suffer with it.
But, while many are earnest in their efforts, and are firm be-
lievers, there are others, in the medical profession, who do not
attach much faith to the means that are suggested, laugh and
ridicule them. In one of the medical papers which I receive, I
find editorial remarks which are peculiar and ridicule the whole
work.

The writer says : " It is not without fear that I consider this
new war started more against the tuberculous individual than
against tuberculosis itself, and it is with terror that I consider
the obligations which will result from the enforcing of all those
measures. According to the new plan, any individual whose
sputa contains the bacillus of Koch shall be an outlaw, or,
rather, out of social life ; he cannot be a bureaucrat, nor a trades-
man, he cannot frequent industrial shops, he cannot be a phy-
sician, as he would become a carrier of bacilli. He might be, I
thought, a letter deliverer, a postman, but it is impossible as long
as contagious diseases are transmissible by letters. In other
words, the tuberculous are excluded from all careers, from all
professions ; he is like a wild animal, chased out ; even if his
physical forces allow him to work as the simplest earth digger,
he shall be expelled as carrier of the death germ. Society has
nothing else to do then : kill all the tuberculous or feed
them."

Of course, all this is extravagant, out of place, and ought not
to find ventilation through the pen of a medical man, and prob-
ably all of that was written because of a proposition which had
been made at the last medical congress in Madrid, to the effect
that tuberculosis should be made the subject of obligatory
measures, which is a question that Denmark is about to take
into consideration. Indeed, it is proposed to make the declara-
tion of tuberculosis obligatory, to forbid those affected with, it
to act as nurses, school teachers and physicians. Other prophy-
lactic measures against the propagation of tuberculosis will be
enacted afterwards.

Decidedly, the suggestion made by the author I speak of

380 ^ EDITORIAL.

is not so bad, when he says, in alluding to the creation of
governmental sanatoria: "If ever I find that I hold in myself
one bacillus of Koch I shall go and declare myself, rather
than to allow myself to carry from door to door * the germ of
death ' ; I will have the right to ask admission into one san-
atorium or a pension from the State." Should this be realized,
the time may come when people will simulate tuberculosis to

obtain an income.

*
* *

Bicarbonate of Soda in Surgery. — The subject is prob-
ably not very new, as in numerous publications its use is patron-
ized by many authorities ; but what is new is the form in which a
French surgeon preconizes its use in the communication which
I heard him make before the Socidte de Medecine et de Chirur-
gie Pratique. While it is in solution that bicarbonate of soda is
generally employed either for washing wounds or in the shape
of compresses for wounds of ugly aspect, Dr. Levassort employs
the salt in the shape of powder, which he dusts freely over
wounds after having carefully packed their cavities with steril-
ized gauze only. This sort of packing has always been success-
ful with him, and he leaves the dressings some 15 or 20 days
without removing them. The only thing he does is to relieve
the packing gently, in taking off every two or three days a small
quantity of the gauze, carefully pulled off and cut with scissors.
Gradually the sides of the wound close together, and when the
last of the gauze is removed, one is surprised to find that the
work of repair is accomplished. The granulations are red,
healthy ; a little more gauze can be applied, more bicarbonate
is dusted on to activate complete cicatrization, which takes place
rapidly.

The author mentioned then a few out of the numerous cases
where he had employed this dressing, such as enormous abscess
of the breast of two women, a large white tumor of the elbow in
a man, a deep abscess of the forearm in a woman, and that of
chronic osteomyelitis of the leg of thirty-six years' standing
with fistulse, necrosis, multiple abscesses, which is convalescent.

EDITORIAL. 381

The method of Dr. L. has been adopted already by many sur-
geons and its application is gaining advocates daily.

The wonderful result that has been obtained by the author,
the simplicity of the application of the dressing, the compara-
tively little attention and after-care, and, above all, the very low
cost of the drug, have made me think that veterinarians might
find in their surgery many indications to resort to aseptic dress-
ing with pulverized bicarbonate of soda.

Prevention of Lockjaw. — One word now about a new
discovery which cannot be without interest for veterinarians,
and which IJfind recorded by my friend Pion, in the Semaine
Veterinaire, In a communication made recently by Dr. Roux,
the announcement was made of the discovery by Dr. Calmette,
of the Institute Pasteur of Lille, by which the prevention of
lockjaw is made a great deal easier and more practicable, in that,
instead of resorting to injections of serum, which are now so ex-
tensively*employed, the preserving liquid is dried and applied
in the shape of powder : it is the dry extract, which then acts as
it would itself. The modus operandi is as follows : The powder
shall be applied directly on the wound and the microbes will
not multiply. Experiments made on guinea-pigs have shown
the efficacity of this treatment. None of them took lockjaw.
There is, however, a measure which is essential to fulfiD, viz.,
that the powder shall be applied on the wound less than seven
hours from the time it has been inflicted. This powder is not
injured nor loses any of its virtues if exposed to the heat of
summer nor to the light. The new process is no doubt worth
trying and will certainly be found of easier application and use
than the present method with the syringe and little bottles, both
of which are liable to be broken or not to work when wanted.

A. L.

As the Ottawa meeting of the A. V. M. A. occurs on Sept.
I to 4, that month's issue of the Review will reach its subscrib-

382 ^ EDITORIAL.

er-members' desks during their absence. In order to be always
with them, and to break the monotony of the returning trip, the
publishers have arranged to place a copy of the September num-
ber in the hands of every one in attendance upon the meeting
It will contain some articles of great value upon live subjects,
specially written for the Review, while the regular depart-
ments will be filled with material of the kind that is of greatest
interest to the profession.

REPORTS OF MEDICAL SOCIETY MEETINGS.

For some time the editors of the Review have endeavored
to impress upon the secretaries of the numerous veterinary med-
ical associations of the country in the private correspondence
incidental to the conduct of a journal of this character the great
opportunities which they possesss for doing a grand service to
the cause of veterinary medicine, especially to our literature.
The science of pathology is the basis of medical knowledge, and
is the outgrowth of clinical experience and investigation. The
medical societies are the best and most popular forums for the
presentation and discussion of all subjects tending to enlarge
and broaden our knowledge. The medical world cannot benefit
by these events unless the facts presented at such meetings are
given to them through the medium of the press, that they may
be placed in the annals of our profession, and thus enter into
the construction of the edifice which is being builded by think-
ing men in all quarters of the globe. The science of medicine
knows no nationality ; a proven medical proposition belongs to
no land ; it is common property.

The office of secretary of a veterinary association (whether it
be national, state or local) is by long odds the most important
and responsible position iii connection with it ; and, according
to the ability, judgment, and energy of the incumbent, much or
little can be accomplished for the cause which the association
represents.

It is of little moment to the veterinary world who is present

EDITORIAL. 383

at a meeting of a local society ; whether the minutes of a pre-
vious meeting are approved or disapproved ; whether the treas-
ury is full or the coffers empty ; or how any item of purely local
interest is disposed of. Such matters are, however, properly a
part of the minutes for the benefit and proper conduct of the
affairs of the association. But they can be of little benefit to
medical literature, and should be abridged by the reporters
when given to the press for general reading. They overshadow
and obscure the real value of the report. The general reader of
medical literature is much concerned, however, in the transac-
tions of every association where scientific work is being done.
If a paper presented is of real value it should by all means have
as great publicity as facilities will permit, no matter if it is read
before the smallest and humblest association, or an international
congress of eminent representatives. If in a long thesis a single
medical truth is expounded, it should be epitomized by the sec-
retary, if the paper itself is deemed too exhaustive — too plethoric
in dictum, and too anaemic in facts. Should the presentation
of a paper at a meeting excite interesting and valuable discus-
sion among those present, their remarks should be reproduced in
connection with the paper itself or summarized by the reporter.
Should a case report of interest be offered, it will be remem-
bered that largely upon the facts procured from such sources
rests the foundation of pathological knowledge. If the author
has submitted drawings or photographs illustrative of his sub-
ject, they should accompany the report, as nothing is so helpful
to the reader in elucidating the subject and placing him in pos-
session of a clear understanding of it.

We therefore urge upon our secretaries throughout the
country to endeavor to make their reports more reasonable ; to
remember that they are reporting the transactions of a scientific
society for the eyes of scientific men, and that the less they in-
clude of purely local matters and the more of medical facts, the
greater credit they will receive from their readers in all quar-
ters of the country where veterinary periodicals are read. A
marked improvement is apparent in this direction in recent

384 EDITORIAL.

years, as may be noted by referring to the files of the Review ;
but still there is much room for pruning in many cases, and
great need of enlarging on the side of the strictly professional
aspect of the reports, which cannot be too elaborately repro-
duced.

THE VETERINARY CONVENTION AT OTTAWA.

In another department of this number of the Review will
be found as complete a synopsis of the events scheduled for the
approaching meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation as it was possible to formulate when the forms closed for
this issue. It will be the fortieth annual gathering of the Na-
tional organization and the first one ever held outside of the
borders of the United States ; but, while the event is unique in
this particular, it is by no means an experiment, for we have
had sufficient test of the mettle of our Canadian brethren to
know to a certainty that we are but going into a new field to
strengthen our hold upon the profession of all the Americas.
Some of the very best men in the veterinary profession are res-
idents of Canada, a number of whom have not waited for the
Association to go among them to awaken their interest and se-
cure their cooperation, but have for several years come to its
meetings and given valuable assistance to the programmes.

It is the safest sort of a prediction to prophesy that the for-
tieth annual event is to be a memorable one, not only because
the outline of the programme as published guarantees the asser-
tion, but also for the reason that the visit of the members to the
Dominion Capital will be one of the most picturesque and en-
joyable that could have been arranged. The standard set by
Buffalo, Nashville, Omaha, New York, Detroit, Atlantic City,
Minneapolis, has been constantly before the Committee of Ar-
rangements, and it will be their aim to make this double-decade
convention greater in all respects than any that have gone inlo
history.

The Association will be a great gainer in character and
strength by its invasion of the I^and of the Snows, as it will

EDITORIAL. 385

gather within its fold the very best material of that country —
the thinkers, the investigators, the workers, the profession-mak-
ers, and if we may take the Canucks who have already affiliated
with the Association as samples of what we are likely to get, we
may well bless the day when we turned our faces toward the
Northland.

So much for the prospects of a grand meeting, and so much
for the part our Canadian colleagues will contribute. What
will the Old Guard do ? Their names are generously sprinkled
throughout the programme, and the antedatal indications are
that they will flock to the meeting in large numbers from ail
sections of the country. It is a privilege which every eligible
veterinarian should feel proud to avail himself of.

Get ready for Ottawa.

FooT-AND-MouTH DISEASE has been officially declared to
have been exterminated from the United States, and the British
Consul has so notified his government, and it is expected that
the restrictions which have been placed upon New England cat-
tle since the invasion of the disease last fall will be speedily re-
moved, and active shipping be resumed. This prompt and in-
telligent work by our model Bureau of Animal Industry is an
object lesson for the world.

The programme for the thirteenth annual meeting of the
New York State Veterinary Medical Society, which will be
held at Ithaca, Sept. 15 and 16, is published in the "Society
Meetings " department of this number, and a very attracted one
it is. If you do or if you do not go to Ottawa, it will well re-
pay you to visit this State meeting.

The illustrated original paper by Dr. Frank H. Miller, of
New York, announced to appear in this issue of the Review,
has been held over until the September number, on account of
delay in securing the plates.

386 ^ W. REID BLAIR.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

CYSTICERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS.

By W. Reid Blair, D. V. S., Veterinarian N. Y.. Zoological

Park.

While the tapeworm in its adult state has been rarely met
with among our wild ruminants, its embryo or cystic stage has
been of frequent occurrence, causing death in at least two in-
stances.

No parasite with which we deal has a more interesting life
history than the tapeworm, occupying as it does the attention of
the practitioner of human medicine as well as the veterinarian.

A remarkable fact in connection with the life history of the
tapeworm is that the eggs will not develop into mature worms
in the body of an animal belonging to the species of the one in
which they were produced. It is necessary that they should first
enter the body of an animal of a different species and there de-
velop into embryos, and there they remain in a somewhat ad-
vanced state of development until their host dies and is con-
sumed by an animal belonging to the species of the original host.
They must have a host or bearer and intermediate bearer. In
a great majority of cases man and dogs act as hosts, while cattle,
pigs, sheep, and deer act as the intermediate bearers.

The anterior part of the tapeworm is narrow, and presents a
terminal swelling by which it attaches itself to the mucous mem-
brane of the intestines by means of the suckers and numerous
booklets which nearly all tapeworms possess. This anterior
swollen part is distinguished as the scolex, popularly called the
head of the tapeworm, but it is mainly its external form which
entitles it to this name, as there is no alimentary system. The
parasite floating in the digested food of its host absorbs soluble
material by its general surface. There is neither vascular nor
respiratory system, and the body cavity is represented merely by
irregular spaces. All tapeworms are hermaphrodite, and most —
if not all — are probably self-fertilizing.

•

CYSTICERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS. 387

Following the scolex are the segments or proglottides, of
which the tapeworm is made up and budded off from the head end,
and which contain both male and female generative organs. As
these segments or proglottides are pushed by younger interpo-
lated buds further and further from the scolex they become sex-
ually mature, developing complex hermaphrodite reproductive
organs. The ova produced in these are fertilized apparently by
spermatozoa from the same proglottide. As each segment be-
comes perfect it produces a vast number of eggs, and finally
drops away from the main colony. The ova, or eggs, contained
within each segment may be expelled within the host or may not
be released until the segment is outside the body.

The proglottides, after separation from the main colony, con-
tinue to live for some time independently, and may increase in
size considerably if they remain in the body of their host. After
it is cast off and reaches the exterior it retains its vital power
for a short time, and has been known in some instances to crawl
a considerable distance, leaving in its wake a yellowish trail com-
posed of eggs escaping from a rupture in the body wall. The
proglottis soon dies, however, and decomposes, the eggs are
scattered, but they soon lose their vitality in a dry atmos^
phere.

The eggs are round or oval in shape, and very small, consist-
ing of a minute ovum embedded in yoke cells, and surrounded
by a thin membrane. Unless these eggs are taken into the
body of herbivoraby drinking contaminated water, or by eating
grass or herbage with the eggs deposited on it, they quickly
perish.

If a segment is eaten it is digested, and the ova or eggs are
liberated, but if the eggs only are eaten the egg membranes are
digested by the gastric juices, and the embryo is set free.

Each embryo is provided with six booklets, and as soon as
set free begins to bore its way into the gastric or intestinal
vessels by means of its hooks.

MIGRATION OF THE EMBRYO

is said by some to be voluntary, by others to be involuntary ;

388 ^ W. REID BLAIR.

but when they are once within the vascular channels they are
carried along passively, doubtless, until reaching a position
where the embryo finds in certain parts of the organism the
conditions necessary for its development and growth.

The vesicle gradually becomes a cystic worm by the forma-
tion of a hollow ingrowth, which is developed from the walls
and projects into the interior of the vesicle. The suckers and
circlet of booklets are formed on the inside and at the bottom
of this invagination of the wall of the vesicle. When these hol-
low ingrowths are evaginated so as to form external appendages
of the vesicle they present the form and armature of the cestode
head, as well as a more or less developed neck, which presents
a number of annulated rings, the first traces of future segmen-
tation.

The whole embryo now presents the form of a bladder or
vesicle, with which it is connected at one point, a process hav-
ing all the characters of the head and neck of the mature tape-
worm, the head and neck constituting the scolex, while the cyst
in which the bladder worm lies is known as an hydatid cyst.

So long as the scolex remains attached and in the body of
its host, it never develops into a sexually mature tapeworm, but
must enter the alimentary canal of another animal of a different
species.

All hydatids get their nourishment by inhibition, absorbing
it from the surrounding tissues ; accidental destruction of vesi-
cle destroys its integrity and the hydatid dies. The shepherds
in Europe take advantage of this fact in treating sheep affected
with hydatid disease, or sturdy gid, as it is familiarly called, by
manipulating the head between and behind the ears, where they
usually find a softening of the bones of the cranium. This soft-
ening is due to absorption of the bone from pressure of the grow-
ing hydatid ; but, of course, this sign can only be observed when
the hydatid is superficially situated. After location of the hy-
datid the cyst is punctured, allowing the fluid to escape, and the
skin over the opening covered by means of a piece of sticking-
plaster.

CYSTICERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS.

389

DIFFERENTIATION OF HYDATIDS.

As most hydatids to the naked eye appear very much the
same, it is only by careful microscopic examination that the
differences are noted and a safe conclusion drawn. As, for in-
stance, the distinguishing features of the Cysticercus bovis^ or
beef hydatid, are: (i) its habitat, (2) large size of scolex, (3) the
considerable pigmentary matter around its suckers, and (4) the
absence of booklets on head. For this latter peculiarity it has
been named the unarmed hydatid and tapeworm.

The cysts of Cysticercus cellulosa are elliptical, or flask-
shaped. These are principally found in the muscular tissue of
their host, the scolex being seen as a pearly white spot through
the wall of its cyst. The cysts vary in size from a pea to that of
a small bean. The head is globular in form, the size of a pin's

Antelope's heart, showing
Cysticerci cellulosa.

. Cysticercus from Spanish
Ibex. Natural size.

390 W. REID BLAIR.

head, and has a projecting proboscis or rostelluni, around which
are arranged a double row of booklets, 24 to 30 in number.
These hooks are composed largely of inorganic matter, and are
almost indestructible, resisting degenerative processes and may
be found long after the organic parts have disappeared. This
hydatid is principally found in muscles of swine. Its presence
here during life can occasionally be detected by a string of hyda-
tids on either side of the tongue or floor of the mouth. In pork
these hydatids give the muscles a pale, moist, and flabby feeling,
and this condition is spoken of by meat inspectors as measly
pork. This flesh does not cure very well, and is not fit for hu-
man food.

In certain countries, tcEnia^ with rare exceptions, infects all
the inhabitants, among whom raw cow's flesh is looked upon as
the greatest delicacy. In this instance, both men and cattle fur-
nish the conditions favorable to propagation.

Thorough cooking kills the cysticercus, rendering it harm-
less. It has been demonstrated by several experimenters that a
temperature of from 55°-65° C. (131° Fr.-i49° Fr.) is suf-
ficient to kill the parasite. In some of the German abattoirs,
where the carcasses of animals affected with cysticerci are con-
sidered fit for food, the meat is cut into suitable pieces and
thoroughly sterilized (in large ovens built for this purpose) be-
fore being exposed for sale.

In this country, where the custom is to cook the meat more
or less thoroughly before eating it, the chances of an individual
becoming affected with taenia are not so great. With the ex-
ception of the heart, Cysticercus cellulosa are seldom found in in-
ternal organs, while fat tissue is nearly always free from them.

CYSTICERCUS TENNICOLLIS.

This hydatid is found in all domestic and wild ruminants,
but is probably most commonly met with in sheep and deer.
The progenitor of this hydatid, Icsnia marginata^ inhabits the
intestines of the dog, fox, and wolf.

This hydatid is sometimes confounded with the Cysticercus
cellulosa^ but it has a number of characteristic features which dif-

CYSTICERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS. . 391

fer very materially from those of the latter, for which it should
not be mistaken.

The size of the cyst depends upon its age and situation. If
situated upon serous membranes (which is usually the position
of this hydatid), lining closed cavities where little or no pres-
sure is exerted upon them, they may reach the size of a hen's
egg^ or even larger.

In the case of the mule deer, the cysts of which show so well
in the photograph, the largest cyst was about the size of a ban-
tam's egg. In this case the cysts were contained in a sac, ap-
parently formed from the peritoneal tissue, and having the ap-
pearance of small water bladders, and at the point of attach-
ment there was a constricted portion produced by the weight of
the fluid contained in the cyst. The outline of the scolex could
be distinguished through the walls of the cyst, but not as plain-
ly as through a cyst containing Cysticercus cellulosa.

In a series of experiments carried out by Leuchart, he found
that cysts attained the length of .6 to 3.5 m.m. in ten days
after infection, and at the end of seven weeks they measured
15 m.m. The scolex is well developed at 45 days, possessing a
double row of booklets like the Tcsnia solium^ but are more nu-
merous, 34-38, slender, and root of the booklets longer than
those of the latter, and the blades less curved. The different
habitat, larger size of cyst, number of booklets, and the long,
slender neck of the Cysticercus tennicollis are the best guides
for distinguishing this cysticercus from the Tcenia solium^ with
which it might be confounded. While the peritoneum and
pleura are by far the most frequent habitats of this species of
hydatid it has been found in liver, lungs, and heart muscle.
They may be found attached to the surface of the liver, or to
the adipose tissue of the mesentery or omentum. The number
varies from several, which were found in a mule deer, to over
100 found in another mule deer. In several instances I found
the hydatid shriveled up and undergoing caseous degeneration,
but on microscopic examination I could distinguish numerous
free booklets.

392

W. REID BLAIR.

' Two cases of cysticerci are, I think, of sufficient interest to
warrant a brief summary of the autopsies. In both instances
two mule deer were the infected animals, arriving at the Park
together, and obtained from the same source.

Autopsy on Case No. i ; Mule Deer {Female). — Greatly
emaciated, visible mucous membranes anaemic ; abdominal cav-
ity contained about 3 pints straw-colored serous fluid, without
inflammatory coagula. Abdominal surface of diaphragm al-
most wholly covered with hydatids varying in size from a pea
to a walnut, several of them being fully ^ inch in diameter.
The scolex seen through the walls and fluid of the cyst as a
pearly-white spot. The size of the scolex varied according to
the size of the cyst. The hydatids were more numerous upon
the tendinous portion, but there were eight upon the fleshy
part ; on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm there were six

H

% ^'^^^^^1

■p^ ''', ^ '"1 ^^^^^^^^1

^^■|y9

HhH^^^I

^^^I^HHhH

Generative Organs of Mule Deer.
a, OS uteri ; *, ovary (a mass of cysticerci) ; c, ovary ; rf, bifurcation of uterus.

CYSriCERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS.

393

of the largest cysts ; the smallest about the size of a hazel-nut.
Upon the pericardium — that portion covering the apex — were
three large cysts, none appearing in the muscle of the heart ex-
cepting two small ones on the surface of the right appendix
auriculcB along its outer serrated border. On the gastro-splenic
and gastro-hepatic omentum were numbers of scattered cysts,
but the greatest collection was the group upon the gastro-colic
omentum, where great masses of these cysts were found hang-
ing in clusters, reminding one of grapes. The accompanying
picture shows a small portion of this omentum.

On the mesentery, throughout, were a number of cysticerci
scattered, but none of them being in clusters.

Perhaps the most remarkable condition was that found in the
pelvic cavity and along the course of the uterus and fallopian
tubes, in the folds of the broad ligaments and the ovaries them-
selves. These show particularly well in the photograph.

The fascia covering the dorso-lumbar region presented great
numbers of these cysticerci of different sizes. In the left psoas
muscles were 4 to 5 small cysticerci, three of them without cau-

Gastro-Colic Omentum of a Mule Deer, Showing Cysticerci Tennicollis.

394 W. REID BLAIR.

-dal vesicle, and scolex of a cheesy consistency. The vesicle hav-
ing burst and been absorbed, causing degeneration of the re-
maining parts, I tried to ascertain if the head, with its booklets
and suckers, was still intact ; but pressure between the glass de-
stroyed it, and found booklets scattered. The ovaries were about
their normal size, but the shape was somewhat altered, firm to
the feeling and having the appearance of a tubercular mass.
The right and left ovaries were practically identical in size,
shape, and consistency. Something like 20 to 25 could be
counted on the surface, all of them small ; some not much larger
than the head of a pin, existing as shiny white spots. On mak-
ing an incision through the ovary, the following condition was
noted ; that the medullary portion of the ovary was wholly free
from cysticerci, while in the cortical portion the cysticerci were
very numerous, those nearer the surface of the organ being
larger.

Notwithstanding the close proximity of the cysts in this or-
gan, each cysticercus was separate and distinct from its neigh-
bor. The hydatids along the course of the fallopian tubes were
especially numerous and large, existing as a continuous chain,
with a group of large ones attached to the folds of the broad
ligament between the ovary and fallopian tubes, which cover
^^ parovarium^ and extending from the ligament by a slender
neck. I was under the impression at first, on finding the cysts
in the ovary, that they were of a different species of embryo than
those found elsewhere ; but a careful microscopical examina-
tion, made immediately after the photographs were taken,
showed them to be the same as the others : Cysticercus tennicol-
lis, the progenitor of the Tcsnia marginata.

The Autopsy of the Second Mule Deer. — The cysticerci were
found in greater numbers, of larger size and more widely dis-
tributed, hardly any organ being free of them. I found them
on lungs, costal pleura, diaphragm, liver, mesentery, periton-
eum, and serous covering of intestines. Upon the gastro-colic
omentum I counted over 50 cysts.

The abdominal cavity contained a considerable quantity of

CYSTICERCI IN WILD RUMINANTS. 895

thill, yellowish fluid, in which were found several detached cys-
ticerci without caudal vesicle.

The examinations were made by putting the cyst upon a slide
and puncturing it. The hydatid is usually invaginated, but by
putting it between two slides and exerting slight pressure, the
head will be protruded, the suckers and booklets plainly seen,
and can be counted without staining the specimen. By the ad-
dition of a little balsam you have a permanent mount. By im-
mersing a specimen in 8 per cent, solution of caustic potash,
and then through a clearing fluid, as oil bergamot, the booklets
are better shown.

A Gigantic Milk Syndicate. — A corporation with a cap-
ital stock of $25^000,000 has been formed to supply milk to the
cities of New York and Brooklyn. As an earnest of the good
faith of this new company it may be stated that it paid the large
sum of $12,500 as its incorporation fee to the Secretary of State
at Albany. The intention of the promoters is not to drive out
dealers presently engaged in supplying milk to the citizens of
Greater New York, but gradually to absorb their business and
retain them in its employ. It is figured that under good man-
agement such a saving could be effected in the delivery of the
milk alone as to make a paying enterprise out of every milk-
dealing route in that city. The economies that might be ob-
served in procuring the milk and cream from the farmers in the
country and in shipping foot up to a very large sum. It is
pleasant, too, to note that it is the intention of the men at the
head of this movement to sell only the very best article they can
procure and to comply with the law in every particular. Many
of the milkmen presently in New York are perpetually at war
with the health officers on account of the milk being below
grade or treated with some chemical to make it keep sweet, but
under proper management there would be no incentive to resort
to the illegal use of such deleterious substances, because the
right amount only would be shipped in and then promptly de-
livered. Here is an instance where much good promises to
come of combination. With the making of the milk in the
country, the shipping of it and the subsequent delivery of it in
the city all under the same competent management there is no
doubt that the conditions in the milk industry in Greater New
York will be greatly ameliorated. — {Breeders' Gazette,)

39»» W. L. WILLIAMS.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ATTITUDE OF THE ANIMAL
AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF OR-
GANS UPON THE RELATION OF PARTS.

By W. ly. Williams. V. S., Prof, of Surgery, New York State
Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y.

In the July Review, p. 361, there appears a query from Dr.
Dalrymple as to the cause of the universal abrasion which he
had, for the first time, noted on the lateral aspect of the tarsus
of foals. If the Doctor will take the trouble to pick up a foal's
foot and place it in the position attained in sternal decubitus he
will find that the abrasion moves from the depression between
the calcis and lower end of the tibia and takes its place directly
over the very sharp external tuberosity on the inferior end of
the latter. The skin of the new-born foal being very delicate,
those parts destined to endure great wear are not prepared for it
and need become inured to the usage, as a horse must become
accustomed to the collar before he can work without galls.

The abrasion is not confined to any locality, so far as we
have been able to observe, but is universal, regardless of soil,
climate or herbage.

The query is illustrative of a very interesting and important
fact : the attitude of an animal may profoundly alter the rela-
tions of a part or an organ to other parts of the body.

It further suggests the equally interesting and important
fact that parts or organs may greatly change their form, consist-
ence, position, direction and size according as they are at work
or at rest, whether we examine them in the living animal or in
the dead.

These questions greatly affect the surgeon in diagnosis and
when operating. In diagnostic studies we have perhaps no
more illustrative example than the knee (stifle) of the horse.

The form of this articulation under varying conditions is
exceedingly perplexing and leads to many errors in diagnosis

PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ORGANS. 397

The layman excusably refers a large proportion of the cases of
lameness in the posterior limb to this complicated and unique
articulation, which rarely becomes affected. The horse lends
encouragement to the delusion by resenting the handling of
this part almost beyond that of any other portion of the body.
Veterinarians follow the layman and find more cases of stifle
lameness or disease than can be clearly shown by autopsy or
unquestionably shown during life.

The so-called upward dislocation of the patella in the horse
illustrates the point well. Practically all writers on veterinary
surgery describe this accident and it probably occurs, but we
have failed to see a case where we could discover clearly this
peculiar displacement, nor have we seen a clear case recorded
in the annals of veterinary literature. We say that dislocations
are due to violence, but in these cases we have never been able
to trace any given case to strain or other traumatism. The
'* dislocation " is generally " reducible " by means of a sharp
blow with a whip, which should cause, rather than relieve. If
the " dislocation " is once " reduced " and the horse can be
made to walk he can go on with perfect safety from a recur-
rence, but if stopped after only a few steps have been taken the
patella performs the mysterious feat of "slipping out" again !
If this difficulty occurred in any other articulation its character
would probably be very clear. So far as we have seen, the
" dislocation " always occurs when the horse is standing still
and the articulation undergoing no movement !

Other familiar delusions dependent on attitude are the un-
natural prominences, seen in some cases of severe posterior
lamenesses, of the free ends of the floating ribs on the affected
side and the apparent swelling at times observed over the latis-
simus dorsi muscle in cases of lameness in the anterior limb.

From the operative standpoint the question of attitude of
the patient at times assumes a very important phase. Who has
not confined an animal by casting for an operation, has done
his work apparently right, only to find, when the patient has
regained his feet, that the incision is not at all where the oper-

398 W. L. WILLIAMS.

ator thought or wished? The difference in the character and
position of certain organs according to whether they are dead
or alive, active or at rest, healthy or abnormal, is of the highest
importance. The uterus and vagina of the mare afford excel-
lent illustrations. When at rest the walls of the mare's vagina
are supposed to be in contact, but when excited by the intro-
duction of the surgeon's hand or by the injection of warm water
into it, it " balloons " in such a manner as to occupy the entire
pelvic cavity and its walls stand apart a distance of 7 to lo
inches. Its relations to other organs become profoundly
altered; the anterior portion of the organ which is covered with
peritoneum lies in contact above with the rectum while at rest,
but when " ballooned " this peritoneal portion stands up as a
transverse curtain across the anterior end of the passage. It
therefore happens that one surgeon will direct that in the spay-
ing of the mare the incision should be made upwards through
the roof of the vagina while another will make it straight for-
ward in a line parallel to the spinal axis. The field of opera-
tion is the same in either case, but it has changed its location
owing to the difference in the state of activity or rest. After
inserting the hand into the peritoneal cavity to complete the
operation the surgeon finds the uterus very unlike that of the
dissecting room in form and direction.

We constantly tend to confound " anatomy " with the char-
acter of the living animal. We should constantly bear in mind
that anatomy deals with the form, structure, location, relations
and other attributes of the tissues and organs of the dead an-
imal only and that we must study the living animal as carefully
as the dead if we would comprehend it. So we must study the
animal at rest and at work, and in its various attitudes of rest
or activity in order to understand the many questions arising.

In South Africa, the Government bacteriologist. Dr.
Thieler, and staff, have recently been transferred from the De-
partment of Public Health to the Agricultural Department. It
seems now to be generally conceded that the control of animal
diseases and agriculture go together.

RABIES. 399

RABIES.

By Dr. A. J. Pistor, Bureau Animai. Industry.
Read before the Ohio-Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Association.

As our knowledge of diseases and medicines increases so
does the subject of preventive medicine take a more important
place in the medical profession. When considering a medical
problem to-day, one of the important factors considered is that
of prevention, and in the cases of infectious diseases that also of
eradication. In this, the quarantine laws and the methods of
isolation become factors of great importance. And that they
shall be of value they must be constructed in such a manner
that they will conform with our advanced ideas.

From a standpoint of practice, rabies must truly be consid-
ered as to its methods of prevention. With this idea in view I
will briefly go into a description of our knowledge of rabies, and
will then consider rabies from a standpoint of prevention, and
with this would naturally follow, its eradication.

Rabies is an acute specific disease caused by a specific organ-
ized substance. It is propagated by direct inoculation, either
naturally or artificially. By natural inoculation, I mean either
by the bite of a rabid animal or by the virulent matter being
absorbed into a wound or abraised skin, as would happen when
a rabid animal is allowed to lick the skin. Artificial inocula-
tion relates to laboratory methods. That there is a specific
agent which causes the disease has been proven by every inves-
tigator who has had any impartial dealing with the disease. He
has inoculated and re-inoculated the virulent matter with prac-
tically the same results in every case. And where a sufficient
number of parallel test inoculations were made, the experiments
were continued from the origrinal virulent matter for inany gen-
erations.

The active virus has not as yet been described, yet the bur-
den of proof all points toward an organized body. Paul Bert
proved that virulent saliva from rabid dogs could be made inac-
tive by passing the saliva through a plaster filter, thereby argu-

400 A. J. PISTOR.

ing that the virulent part must have had some structure or it
would not be capable of being detained in the pores of the filter.
Its history, its mode of propagation, its period of incubation, its
pathological lesions all indicate an organic virulent agent.

Australia has remained free of the disease, because the active
agent was excluded from the country by strict quarantine regu-
lations of all imported dogs. England has now rid itself of
rabies by strict measures, and only through the introduction of
a new case from some other country will it again appear in that
country.

The infectious substance is produced, or grown in the living
body, and soon loses its virulence after the death of the body
which harbors it.

Children and animals who practically are not capable of
worry are the victims in the greater number of cases. This
would be a way to overcome the psychological cause, as so
argued in the past, but which argument is hardly necessary in
view of the large amount of positive evidence reported in every
outbreak, and proven in every set of experiments as to the actual
existence of a virus.

Rabies is reported in many species of animals. Even birds
(pigeons) are not immune, as reported by Kraus and Clairmont.
Its greatest number of victims are among the dogs, but cattle,
horses, pigs, and other domestic animals are also frequently af-
fected. The age, sex or condition of an animal are no guards
against its invasion. And from every clime][come the reports of
its existence.

In this section of the country it is greatly on the increase
and consequently is of great interest to the economist of this
district.

Its period of incubation varies and no positive opinion can
be given as to its length of time in some individual or animal
after the same has been bitten. It lasts from a very few days
to a year and even longer, some cases being reported where
the period lasted fourteen months before the symptoms mani-
fested themselves. Pasteur has proven that the smaller the

RABIES. 401

amount of virus injected the longer the period of incubation ;
again the nearer to the nervous centre the inoculation was made
the shorter the period. The less contaminated the virus the
shorter the period of incubation, so virus taken from the brain
proved to be the most active in its results.

The symptoms are quite similar in all species and are mainly
of a nervous order. Mental excitement being the prominent
manifestation. A change of the demeanor of the animal will
be first noticeable. The animal will be a least bit uneasy, it
will seek some quiet, or dark place, but will even move about
while there, restlessness. It will try to crawl under some straw
or any other thing around, then it will tear and shake these ar-
ticles and will swallow some of them. It may howl and its
howl will be strained and unnatural. It may be more friendly
or more vicious than usual. Then it will attempt to run away
and if loose will run, again returning or dying on the road. It
will bite at all objects that may happen in its path. Horses
will smash their stalls, rvib their lips so that they become lacer-
ated, kick, bite, and be generally vicious, sometimes act colicky ;
cows will bellow, run, suddenly stop, throw about their head
and snort, chase and try to hook other animals. Hogs will tear
up their bedding, bite at articles with which they come in con-
tact, also bite at animals. Gradually paralysis sets in and then
death ends their suffering.

Clinically there are two forms of the disease : the furious or
violent, and the dumb or sullen ; between the two there are all
stages of modification ; in the dumb form the vicious period is
usually absent or hardly noticeable, the paralytic stage imme-
diately following initial or melancholic stage. The symptoms
usually last between three and five days, but may be as short as
two days, or as long as ten days. In birds it is longer than this,
and the bird virtually dies of starvation due to paralysis of the
larynx and pharynx.

The sections are diagnostic by their negative presentations.
Besides some inflammatory lesions on the mucous membranes,
there are few other manifestations noticeable. The stomach of

4:02 ^ A. J. PISTOR.

the dog may and usually does contain foreign matter. The
bowels are quite empty, some signs of constipation may be pres-
ent. The microscopical lesions are of such a nature to be of
little use to the general practitioner, hence I will omit them.

Having briefly and hurriedly gone over the pathological dis-
cussion of rabies, I have omitted many points which would be
necessary to make that subject complete, but I think that I
have enumerated the most important points and will now finish
my subject with the treatment and prophylaxy of rabies.

When a person or animal is bitten by a rabid animal it is
first in line to rid the wound of any virus which may have been
inoculated, or else so destroy the virus that it loses its virulence.
Nothing being at hand sucking the wound very forcibly would
be in order ; this would have a tendency to draw out the virus
and would cause a greater flow of blood, thereby washing out the
virus and avoiding absorption ; excision of the wounded parts may
be practiced. The actual or chemical cautery may be used, as
the hot iron, corrosive sublimate, nitrate of silver, antiseptics,
as creoline, carbolic acid, etc. ; the foregoing must be applied as
soon as possible after the injury, if too long a time is allowed to
elapse the virus may be absorbed, and then local treatment will
be of no avail.

The Pasteur treatment is most in line when human subjects
have been inoculated or bitten by a rabid animal. This treat-
ment has been extensively administered and statistics are very
much in its favor. No treatment has proven efficacious after
the symptoms make their appearance.

When a person is bitten it is advisable if possible to secure
the attacking animal, place it where it can do no further harm
and then carefully observe the development. If there is any
doubt about the case, a part of the brain may be inoculated into
another animal or two ; rabbits answer for this very nicely. By
inoculating these test animals into the coats of the brain results
are more readily and positively obtained. A rabbit reacts in
from eleven to twenty-one days.

To introduce preventive measures is no easy matter ; on this

RABIES. 403

score one encounters many obstacles. If we could be obeyed to
the letter, the stamping out process would become a simple
matter. In this case dogs are our first object of attack because
the disease most often appears in them, and because it is spread
by direct inoculation (a bite). Dogs are allowed the freedom of
our cities and country and thereby the spread of rabies is great-
ly facilitated.

To inaugurate any measures which will control these dogs
does immediately arouse the antagonism of a large percentage of
dog owners ; they personally agitate against such measure, and
under the cloaks of humane societies, spread about much that is
opposed to such work. In fact they fight it on any ground, both
real and imaginary ; still in so doing they simply display their
ignorance. For look at the actual results that have been obtain-
ed from time to time in many different localities by the control
of dogs, especially in Berlin and Vienna, where it has been prev-
alent in direct proportion to the freedom given the dogs. In
England where the disease has been practically eradicated
through the muzzling of dogs and destruction of all exposed
cases. In Australia where it has never appeared, due principally
to the strict quarantine enforced against all dogs seeking admis-
sion to that country.

The measures to be adopted should be both general and
special ; general as pertaining to all dogs, and special in those
cases where the symptoms have actually appeared or where an
animal has been exposed.

As general measures I would advise the licensing of all dogs ;
the establishing of dog wardens, whose duty it would be to
enforce the dog license and catch and destroy such dogs as are
not properly taken care of by their owners ; in order to identify
licensed dogs they should be properly provided with a tag. He
might act in conjunction with the Board of Health and so take
direct charge of rabid and exposed dogs. Dogs should be exclud-
ed from public highways, except when properly muzzled and
led by a chain.

Under special regulations would come the reporting of all

404 A. J. PISTOR.

cases of rabies to the proper authorities. The disposal of such
cases. The proper control of all exposed animals. Exposed
dogs might be immediately destroyed, as a quarantine of such
dogs for three to six months would not positively include every
case, the period of incubation being very irregular, it frequently
extending over six months. To make the period one year would
not even catch every case, and as a dog lives but comparatively
a few years, it would be a matter of economy, rather to destroy
the dog, than extend the quarantine period, and remain in
doubt for that length of time. The report of a case should be
followed by a close observation of all dogs in that section for a
definite period of time, say six months. These measures can
be modified by the authorities, according to their judgment and
the observation of new cases.

In this section and west of here I wish to particularly call
your attention to the possibility of wild animals conveying the
disease, especially coyotes and wolves. They are quite dog-like
in their nature and act very similar to dogs when affected ; they
will become quite bold and venture into the roads, pastures and
farm yards, and there attack the farm animals. In this case I
should advise measures which would annihilate them. Again
I would warn against strange dogs that are running aimlessly
about the country, dirty and perhaps having a tendency to at-
tack objects. Or to familiar dogs that suddenly are manifest-
ing a changed disposition, as that might be but the initial
stages of rabies. The saliva being virulent even several days
before noticeable change is seen, it would be advisable to dis-
continue the habit of allowing the dogs to lick one's person.
■ ^

In the Transvaal it is proposed to form an African Agri-
cultural Association, composed of representative farmers, fruit
growers, foresters, and veterinarians from the various affiliated
societies scattered all over South Africa. The sections contem-
plated in the proposition are: (i) Agriculture, (2) Horticulture,
(3) Forestry, (4) Veterinary Science. As the association, which
is to meet annually at various points from Cairo to the Cape,
progresses, these sections can be subdivided and specialized.

COLLARGOLUM. 405

COLLARGOLUM FROM A CLINICAL STANDPOINT,

By W. E. a. Wyman, M. D. V., V. S., Prospect, Ohio.

About five years ago, while perusing a German periodical,
the writer leatned for the first time of the existence of collargo-
lum. In due time a supply was received. To-day collargolum
is still comparatively unknown to many veterinarians, at least
from a practical point of view ; therefore this contribution. Col-
largolum, next to swine fever antitoxin, is probably of greatest
value to the country practitioner, while the city veterinarian
having any amount of use for this exceedingly valuable thera-
peutic agent is more confined in its exhibition to one animal ;
that is, the horse.

Collargolum is a non-poisonous, soluble silver, soluble in
water and albuminous liquids ; it is completely excreted, and
therefore does not produce argyria. The sole agents for the
United States are Schering & Glatz, New York City.

It is primarily useful in combating those septic affections
before which we formerly stood helplessly, and toxaemias when
treated with this soluble silver in time will often make a
prompt and brilliant recovery. In morbus maculosus, or what
we Americans wrongly term purpura haemorrhagica, it is as
nearly a specific as a medical man will admit any drug to be.
But not only is it a curative agent, but it is a distinct prevent-
ive, since it is a powerful internal antiseptic.

Up to 1898 the writer used Dieckerhoff's suggestion in the
treatment of morbus maculosis ; that is, the intratracheal injec-
tion of Lugol's solution ; and while it gave better results than
any other treatment so far known, the streptococcus serum not
excepted, nevertheless there was lots of room for improvement.

The nicest way to employ collargolum is to inject it intra-
venously. The vein (that is, the jugular vein) is allowed to fill
up by compressing it with one finger while the other hand push-
es the well-sharpened point of a long and slightly curved needle,
the same to be about three inches long anyway, through the
skin and into the jugularis. Of course, the hair has been clip-

406 W. E. A. WYMAN.

ped o& and the parts thoroughly washed with P. D. mercury
soap. It is needless to say that the syringe and needle are asep-
tic. As soon as the needle enters the vein the flow of blood from
the needle shows that the injection can be made. Generally
speaking, it is well to use a twitch upon the horse's nose, as it
is somewhat unhandy when he moves about, especially when the
.syringe is placed upon the needle, as at that moment the needle
may be pulled out of the vein. The frequency of the injections
and the amount to be injected necessarily depend up the severity
of the case and the weight of the animal. The writer prepares
a solution made of }4 ounce of coUargolum dissolved in Bounces
of sterilized distilled or rainwater. Of the solution from i to 5
syringefuls are given at each visit, this representing ^y}4 grains
of collargolum. Even in the most serious cases of morbus mac-
ulosus, the writer had never found it necessary to give more
than two injections the first two days, while one injection for
another day or two will, as a rule, suffice to complete a cure.
Of course, there are exceptions, and even with collargolum oc-
casionally a horse will die. but in those fatal cases the animal is
either well along in years, or has had the disease for some time,
or is kept in such unsanitary stables that only a miracle would
do the work. Whenever collargolum is injected the tempera-
ture will go up to 103 to 106° F. This is of course readily ex-
plained. The mucous membranes will become cyanotic and the
pulse will increase in frequency and in tension. Once in a great
while dyspnoea will follow such an injection, but this the writer
only observed twice among all the hundreds of times that he
employed it.

In 1900, while still in Milwaukee, the writer had ample op-
portunity to test the efficiency of collargolum as a preventive
of septic affections. That year the horse population was visited
by an infectious purulent laryngitis, in the wake of which any
number of cases of morbus maculosus followed as a sequel. Dur-
ing this outbreak it became a routine practice with the writer
to inject these cases of laryngitis once and twice with collar-
golum. Not only that it had a brilliant effect upon the purulent

COLLARGOLUM. 407

process, but of the hundreds of cases treated by the writer not a
single one developed morbus maculosus, while all the cases of
morbus maculosus which were presented for treatment subse-
quently either had empiric treatment or had been treated by
other gentlemen of our profession omitting the collargolum.
There is to-day no doubt in my mind that to omit the use of
collargolum in those diseases which are likely to be followed
by purpura as a sequel, savors at least of negligence. Another
disease where most elegant results are obtained by the use of
collargolum is in lymphangitis. Since to-day the old theory of
overfeeding as the causative factor is exploded, having given
way to a hidden focus of pus-producing bacteria somewhere in
the swollen region, the action of collargolum can be understood.
No matter where this lymphangitis (or, better, cellulitis) is lo-
cated, be it the leg, abdomen, withers, poll, etc., collargolum
will certainly assist wonderfully in reducing the septic condi-
tion. In glandular affections, especially in protracted cases of
strangles and sub-parotid abscesses, many a colt can be saved
by the use of that silver salt which otherwise would be lost.
Not only is it of value internally, but unhealthy, infected
wounds soon will take a healthy aspect and reduce the practi-
tioner's anxiety to a minimum.

The writer has had personal experience with collargolum,
and is firmly convinced that had it not been for the silver salt
he would not at this time write this article. While injecting
the surrounding phlegmonous tissues of a calk-wound of the
hind leg of a horse, the animal by a sudden move drove the
point of the hypodermic needle into the thumb near the root of
the nail of the writer. Although every precaution was taken to
prevent an infection, nevertheless a most intense case of septic
cellulitis developed. The writer's physician after making deep
incisions into the brawny parts, which were almost unbearable,
consulted with some other surgeons and amputation of the
thumb was suggested. Now, a veterinarian without a thumb
is pretty unhandy, and the writer suggested to the attending
surgeon an intravenous injection of collargolum. Since none

408 W. E. A. WYMAN.

of the M. D.'s had ever used it, an argument was started, but
the writer won the day, and the collargolum was injected.

To make a long story short, the thumb in two days was
about its normal size, and, outside of a collargolum pill, which
the writer used internally, and a collargolum dressing to the
wound, caused the thumb to make a complete recovery. To
see is to believe.

In the following instances collargolum will prove of great
value to the veterinarian: In purpura haemorrhagica of the
horse, in all purulent inflammations of the cellular tissue, in
protracted glandular diseases, purulent laryngitis and pharyn-
gitis, in all septic states, as omphalophlebitis in colts and
calves, septic affections following the retention of the afterbirth
in mares and cows, malignant catarrhal fever of cows.

Of course, there are many other diseases where the injection
of collargolum would and does prove of value. Just bear in
mind the fact that it is the only and best internal antiseptic for
the blood ; that its application is inexpensive and safely made,
and those as yet unacquainted with this agent should soon get
a working knowledge of this soluble silver.

A New Work for Veterinarians. — About 60 head of
pure-bred Hereford cattle, a part of the noted Armour herd of
Kansas City, are being rendered immune to Texas or Southern
fever for the purpose of shipment to Central America. The
work of immunizing is under the direct supervision of Dr. Con-
noway, of the Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo., Dr. Guy A.
Roberts being in immediate charge. This phase of the appli-
cation of veterinary science will doubtless grow in favor, and is
one which can profitably engage the attention of veterinarians.

Bureau Inspectors in Demand. — The eligible list for
appointment as veterinary inspector in the B. A. I. was ex-
hausted again about July ist, and the Department is forced to
make temporary appointments to supply the needs of the
Bureau.

The State of New York has 226,720 farms averaging in
area 99.9 acres. The annual sales of dairy produce are $353,-
000,000; of live stock, $145,000,000; of hay, $140,000,000; of
vegetables, $101,000,000, and of fruits, $51,000,000.

PURPURA HyEMORRHAGICA. ' 409

PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA.

By U. S. G. Bieber, D. V. S., Kutztown, Pa.
A Paper read before the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association, at Pottsville,

Pa., June 17, 1903.

Purpura usually occurs as a sequel to debilitating diseases,
such as strangles, influenza, laryngitis, etc. It may, however,
arise primarily in the absence of any previous disease, from
badly ventilated stables, poorly fed horses, and animals sub-
jected to exhaustive work. It is principally due to a primary
deterioration of the blood, weakness of the capillary vessels, and
general exhaustion of the nervous system. Its gravity does not
depend so much upon the amount of blood extravasated, as it
does upon the disturbed action of the vaso-motor centres.

Symptoms. — The disease is manifested by the occurrence of
sudden swellings on various parts of the body — head, lips,
limbs, abdomen, sheath, etc. They may be diffused or very
markedly circumscribed ; though in the advanced stages they
cover large areas ; they pit on pressure, and are but slightly
painful to the touch. The limbs may swell to an enormous
size ; the nostrils may become almost closed, and the head and
throat may swell to the point of suffocation. The swellings
frequently gravitate from one portion of the body to another, or
may recede from the surface and invade the intestinal mucous
membrane. The mucous membrane of the mouth and nose is
covered with dark red or purple spots. The tongue may be so
swollen as to prevent the animal from eating or closing its jaws.
In twenty-four or forty-eight hours, bloody serum may exude
through the skin over the swellings, and finally large gangre-
nous sloughs may occur. The temperature, generally, is sel-
dom very high, while the pulse is frequent, and compressible,
and becomes feebler as the animal loses strength. A cough is
usually present. The urine is scanty and high colored, and
when the intestines are much inflamed, a bloody diarrhoea sets
in. The lungs may become oedematous ; extravasation may
occur in the intestinal canal, or effusion of serum in the thor-

410 U. S. G. BIEBER.

acic or abdominal cavities. A few cases run a mild course, and
recovery may commence in three or four days, but the outlook
is frequently unfavorable.

Pathology. — On section we find the capillaries dilated, the
connective tissue filled with coagulated lymph, and frequently
we may discover gangrenous spots beneath the skin, or involv-
ing the skin, the lymphatic glands. Extensive extravasations of
blood may be found imbedded between the coats of the intes-
tines, or excessive effusion into the lung substance.

Treatment. — Diffusible stimulants and tonics should be
given from the very start, regardless of fever, or frequency of
the pulse. Carbonate of ammonia, 3 i ; fl. ex. red cinchona
bark, 3 ii ; tincture ginger, 5 ss ; with water, Oss. Give 5 ss
every two or three hours. Then gruel or milk may be given
every four or six hours, mixed with a little alcohol. Sulphate
of iron, in two-drachm doses, may be dissolved in water and
given every six hours. Chlorate of potash, in two-ounce doses,
may be given with very good results.

When the discharge from the mouth and nose becomes of-
fensive, ten drops of carbolic acid in two ounces of water may be
given in a drench, or thrown on the root of the tongue, with a
syringe, several times a day. When the swellings are very
great, incisions half an inch in length over swellings should be
made for drainage. The application of liniments or washes ex.
ternally is of no use, and if injudiciously used may do harm.

Serious Accident to a Veterinarian. — While engaged
at his professional work at Tuxedo Park, Dr. J. B. Finch, of
Ramsey, N. J., came near losing his life on July loth. Dr.
Finch was dressing a surgical wound on a horse, which jumped,
and the attendant, holding up a front foot, let go the foot and the
horse let drive with his hind feet, hitting the doctor in the solar
plexus and throwing him senseless at his feet. At first he was
thought to be dead. Everything that medical skill and money
could provide was done for him by wealthy men of Tuxedo
Park, with whom the doctor is a great favorite. He recovered
from the shock and injuries rapidly, and has now resumed his
practice.

REPORTS OF CASES. 411

REPORTS OF CASES.

• ♦ Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of patholos^ical science. ' '

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN A COW.
By John J. Repp, V. M, D., Ames, Iowa.

April I, 1901, I was asked to see a three-year-old, pure-bred
shorthorn cow, which the herdsman told me had been sick for
about a month, lately growing rapidly worse. I found marked
oedema about the dependent parts of the body, well-developed
serous infiltration of the pleural and the peritoneal cavities, tem-
perature 103, pulse rapid and small, respiration rapid and ex-
piration grunting. I made a diagnosis of traumatic pericar-
ditis, gave a prognosis of fatal termination and advised destruc-
tion. The man in charge, however, said he was anxious to try
some treatment, as the cow was valuable. Accordingly I pre-
scribed a powder of digitalis, calomel and squills to be given
with her feed, advised rest and moderate diet. The cow lived
until April ii, on which date I determined to use her as a sub-
ject for the demonstration oi paracentesis thoracis et abdominis
to the senior students of the Veterinary Department, Iowa State
College. I was not careful as to the amount of fluid withdrawn,
as the operation was solely for demonstrative and not for thera-
peutic purposes. I drew off from the thorax about a gallon of
blood-tinged serum and a like amount from the abdomen.
Within an hour after the operation the cow died, death having
been hastened, perhaps, by the sudden withdrawal of a consid-
erable amount of fluid.

Autopsy was made at once. The pleural and the peritoneal
cavities each contained a large quantity of clear, sanguinolent
fluid. The pericardial sac was distended so as to measure about
a foot through each axis and contained about a gallon of yel-
low, flaky, puriform fluid of bad odor. The pericardium and
its contents, including the heart, weighed 25^ pounds. The
parietal pericardium was >^ to ^ inch thick as measured in
different places and its inner face and the surface of the epicar-
dium were roughened and covered with a yellow, spongy, fibrin-
ous exudate ^ to >^ inch thick, slightly adherent and remov-
able in large cakes. The myocardium and endocardium ap-
peared to the naked eye to be free from any lesion. The lower

412 REPORTS OF CASES.

part of the lung was carnified by the long-continued pressure of
the enormously distended pericardial sac. The reticulum con-
tained about a dozen tacks and nails, several of which had pene-
trated toward the diaphragm. Leading from the reticulum
through the diaphragm to the pericardium was a large fibrous
mass burrowed in an irregular, indefinite manner by several
tracts containing pus. The offending object was not found, al-
though a careful search was made for it in the fibrous mass and
in the sac. There is a probability that it passed back again
into the reticulum after inciting the inflammatory reaction
upon its forward passage.

INJECTIONS FOR THE CURE OF MUSCULAR ATROPHY.
By W. C. Hanawalt, D. V. S., Sheffield, 111.

Dr. W. A. Heck, of Maquoketa, Iowa, has given in the May
number of Vol. XXVII of the Review an interesting account
of his experiments with oil of turpentine. I do not wish to
take up much of your valuable space, so will be brief. Cases
treated in my practice for the last ten or more years have given
fairly good satisfaction, and never an abscess nor other discour-
aging sequelse. My mode of treatment is, in recently atrophied
subjects, hypodermic injections of a strong solution of pure
sodium chloride, and in long-standing subjects I use as strong a
solution of perchloride of mercury as I can make with distilled
water, and inject freely every two or three inches into the atro-
phied muscles, sending the needle in all cases deep into the tis-
sues involved. In 12 to 24 hours the cavities are all filled and
as the swelling recedes the muscles recover their former condi-
tion. In some cases the injections must be repeated.

I have found this method very satisfactory to myself and
patrons. The after-treatment is nothing and the animals can
be turned to grass without fear of any trouble.

I use salt solution the same way in small hernias — after re-
placing the intestine and advising a truss — with good results.

TWO INTERESTING CASES IN HORSES.*

By J. H. Gain, V. S., Experiment Station, Nebraska.

Large Urethral Casts — Turpentine Poisoning {?)

You who were at the meeting a year ago will remember a
three-year-old colt that was at the clinic for castration and which

* Read at meeting of Iowa-Nebraska State Veterinary Medical Association.

REPORTS OF CASES. 413

also presented a case of paraphimosis. The history of this case
was this : the winter previous the colt had shown signs of hav-
ing '' kidney trouble," and the man in charge gave, as he stated,
nearly a pint of turpentine in some linseed oil. The owner said
he then was bothered by the urine dripping from him, was un-
able to retract the penis, and, it being extremely cold weather,
this member was frozen and swelled to an enormous size. The
swelling was finally reduced and in the fall he was sent to us
the day before starting for Omaha, as a ridgling. We took it
for granted that he was a ridgling, and as such, was presented to
the clinic, when you remember the joke was on us by finding
him a straight colt.

He was castrated and taken back to the station and three
weeks later the penis was amputated, about four inches being
removed. He began to improve in flesh and was soon put to
work, where he continued to gain in weight. In a short time,
however, he began to pass large quantities of urine, which
would be continually dripping from him. This condition was
thought in part due to alfalfa hay. He was later sent home,
and in a few weeks was reported to be losing flesh and to be
passing urine frequently, and was sent back to the station.

He arrived in very poor condition, and the next day a piece
of tissue was seen hanging from the urethra, and upon getting a
good hold with a pair of forceps a tube about fifteen inches long
and an inch in diameter of what seemed to be a cast from the
urethra was pulled out. The day following a much larger and
somewhat irregular shaped piece was taken out. The owner
told us later, that they had noticed something hanging from him
some days before sending him down, and that they had cut off
about six inches of the same kind as we first pulled out. The
urethra now filled up with debris near the neck of the bladder
and it became necessary to pass the catheter morning and night.
At times considerable force was necessary to pass through the
accumulation. The only time the animal showed the slightest
uneasiness was during the time it was necessary to use the
catheter, and this was from retention of urine.

The horse lost in flesh rapidly and a slight stricture devel-
oped, which we reduced by passing a sound every day. He was
given an ounce of Sanmetto three times a day and shortly be-
gan to improve and by spring was in fair condition. The urine
continued to drip from him continually. He was traded and
lost sight of. I have here the casts removed from him, for your
inspection. They weighed when removed twelve ounces. This

414 REPORTS OF CASES.

has been called a cast of the inflammatory exudate from the
urethra and bladder. I leave this for your decision.

Punctured Wound of Foot — Muriatic Acid Poisoning {f)

While returning from my vacation in August, I stopped at
the Stanton Breeding Farm, at Madison. A week before, a
large Percheron stallion had been sent over from Madison to be
used on the mares at the farm. The next morning after arrival,
he showed up lame in left front foot and upon examination it
was found he had picked up a nail. This had not entered the
foot very far and was bent at right angles, so it did not touch
the floor. It was easily pulled out with the fingers, looking, as
they said, to have been in for some time. Upon advice of an
empiric, the hole was opened up and muriatic acid, full
strength, poured in and the foot put in a poultice of oilmeal.
The horse soon showed evidence of great pain, breaking out
into profuse perspiration, rolling, and not putting any weight
on the foot. ,

Upon examination I found a fairly free opening, no swelling
of the leg, but every sign of intense pain. There was no heat
around coronet, but from the feel of the mouth and great thirst,
evidently considerable rise in temperature. Not having a ther-
mometer with me, was unable to say how high.

I opened up the hole freely, put the foot in hot antiseptic
bath for an hour and then into poultice. He rested fairly well
during the day, but during the night following was continually
up and down, would cry like a human being in pain, and swing
the leg while standing. Was away from the farm all day and
found him worse at night, with high temperature, weak pulse,
and visible mucous membrane highly injected. While dressing
the foot he laid down against the wall, and died in that position
early in the night. Owing to an abrasion on one of my hands
and suspecting septicaemia, I did not make a post-mortem fur-
ther than to cut away the sole of the foot, finding a deeply con-
gested spot an inch and a half in diameter. The body was not
swollen, neither did the leg, from which the skin was removed,
show departure from the normal. Never having seen a case of
this kind before, I have reported it with the view of finding the
probable cause of death.

A NEGLECTED CASE OF AZOTURIA.
By Hugh S. Maxwell, V. S., Salina, Kansas.
The accompanying picture is one of a horse that I was call-

REPORTS OF CASES.

415

ed to see soon after returninor from college. I will report two
cases that I have been called upon to treat. My object in secur-
ing this picture and sending to you for publication is, first, to
receive information ; secondly, that it may benefit some brother
practitioner ; and if anyone wishes to write me on these cases
I will be pleased to hear from them either through your journal
or by private correspondence.

Case No. /, of which I send you two views, hoping that you
may be able to print them so the reading members of the pro-
fession may see just the condition in which this horse is. He
is a four-year-old, dark iron-gray, weighs about 1400 lbs. ; brok-
en to work last October, and was used on a feed wagon here in

town, as he belongs to a Mr. Finley, a feed, ice, and coal dealer
of Salina. About March 10 he and his mate were sent a mile or
two in the country for a load of cane. He had been in the
stable since the 7th. It was quite muddy. They made the
trip out there seemingly all right, except that this horse was wet
with sweat. The driver said he never thought of anything be-
ing wrong, as this horse was feeling good, kept playing and try-
ing to run all the time going out. He put one shock of cane on
the wagon, started to the next to put it on and he noticed this
horse seemed a little stiff, but he moved on to the shock.
When it was on and an attempt to go to the third, he was so
stiff he could not pull the load, but was urged forward, and fell

416

REPORTS OF CASES.

in a heap. He was left, and an unqualified man was sent to
treat him. * He received some treatment, but can't say just what
it was, only that his urine was not drawn. He was allowed to
lay out on the damp ground till the afternoon of the twelfth
(i2th), a total of about fifty hours. He was then put on a sled
and hauled to town, put in a box stall and let go, except for feed
and water, till I was called to see him, April 8th. I found his
shoes still on, which I had removed, and gave him aloes, 3 viii ;
pot. nit., Si. ; and forced and lifted him onto his feet, when I
saw his condition.

I concluded he was ailing in his psoas muscles, thus draw-
ing his pelvis forward, and downward. I advised that he be put
on his feet from one to six or eight times daily, thus causing
him to use his muscles. I told the owner that I had very little
hope of doing him any good, but ordered a laxative diet and
the use of belladonna and potassium nitrate and forced exercise.
The only improvement I can see is, that the horse now gets up
and down himself several times a day and will graze around on
a patch of rye. But he seems to be just as much out of shape

REPORTS OF CASES. 4I7

as ever. He seems to suffer but very little, if any. His respira-
tions, temperature and pulsations are normal ; has a good ap-
petite, and his bowels bother none.

Case No. 2. — A mare, six years old, stood idle in the barn
for five days ; was hitched to a load of wheat, and started to
town, when she began to show the usual signs of a well-marked
case of azoturia. She was unhitched and taken to a neighbor's
house, where she was treated by a farmer for rheumatism. She
now has the same symptoms in her right hind leg as Case No. i
has in both hind legs.

In case No. 2 I had a much better chance to examine for
the seat of trouble.

And now I am of the opinion that in both cases they are not
affected in the psoas muscles as I at first thought. But that the
trouble is in the gluteal biceps rotator tibialis, and triceps ab-
ductor femoris.

Am I right or wrong? Is there any chance for recovery in
these cases?

If so, what is the proper treatment ?

Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian of the Depar'
ment of Agriculture, has been offered an appointment as a mem-
ber of the Philadelphia Board of Health. This offer of appoint-
ment is notable because it comes nearer giving milk producers
representation on a city board of health than they have ever had
before. It is well known that Dr. Pearson's sympathies are
with milk producers and as a result of his efforts in their behalf
covering a long series of years he has their confidence to an un-
usual degree. It will be remembered that together with Dr.
Gilliland he has worked out at the University of Pennsylvania
and is now perfecting under the support of the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board a system for preventing tuberculosis of cattle by
vaccination. It is to be confidently expected that his action in
relation to questions pertaining to the milk supply of Philadel-
phia will be progressive but reasonable and in harmony with the
best interests of producers of good, clean milk. As in his work
for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board he will no doubt wish
to receive suggestions and have made known to him the obser-
vations and opinions of practical men in the milk trade. This
alone will be a distinct advance because heretofore the boards
of health of cities have not given much consideration to the
needs or wishes of dairymen. — {Breeder's Gazette., July 18,)

418 ^ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

ENGLISH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Fracture of the Femur in a Foal [A. Marston^ M. R. C,
/7. S.']. — A case which, no doubt, as remarks the author, ought
to have attracted not only the attention of the S. P. C A., but
would have justified a severe punishment. A cart foal became
lame, and, according to the owner, had " put his shoulder out."
When seen she was found lame, with heat and swelling on one
of her hind legs. No crepitation, no displacement was detected,
but the symptoms justified a suspicious diagnosis of partial frac-
ture, for which antiphlogistic treatment and absolute quietness
were prescribed. CJnsatisfied with the prognosis which was
given, or persuaded by some one else, the owner called a local
bonesetter, who proceeded to cast the animal, called on three
men to help him, and began manipulating the elbow. Some-
thing cracked ! " The bone going back to place," said the spe-
cialist, and the poor animal was allowed to get up much worse
— so much more so that Mr. M., called again, had no difficulty in
diagnosing a complete fracture of the shaft of the femur. He
advised the colt to be destroyed, but the owner, rather late, pre-
ferred to wait. After three weeks the animal was shot. At the
post-mortem, evidence of a complete fracture of the femur was
detected. This had united, but the bone was much shorter than
its fellow. — {Vet. Record.)

Horny Tumor in the Skin of a Cow [/. Bee^ Stude7it\ .
— The cow, an aged cross-bred animal, is in excellent condition,
but presents an abnormal aspect of the skin, which consists in
having on each side of the back and of the median line, horny
growths, forming wide masses, 15 inches long and nine broad,
which are themselves surrounded by numerous centres of various
sizes. On the right side the horny tumor is from one to three
inches, that of the left is somewhat higher. These growths are
shelly in appearance, resemble roughly-broken scales, and can
be picked off with the knife, when a small thickened portion of
skin, which resembles the shape of the horny part, is left.
As the tumor is very brittle, it is difficult to make a thin section
for histological investigation, but when it is softened and stain-
ed with picro-carmine the structure, which resembles the horny

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 419

wall of the foot, is seen, but the horn tubules are very irregu-
lar.— (VeL Record.^

Intestinal Obstruction \^Ch. Sheather^ F. R. C. V. 6'.].
— Cases of this nature are usually interesting, if not so much by
the variety of the symptoms as by peculiar manifestations and
the nature of the lesions found at what is the final in many
cases, viz., the post-mortem. The author records first the case
of one animal in which the disease lasted as long as 19 days less
a few hours, and which presented this very peculiar condition,
that, although he was treated on the early active purgative
principle, neither was pain enhanced nor death accelerated. In
that animal, aged 14 years, the symptoms continued with more
or less severity, and during all the treatment but little faecal
matter was thrown out. Castor oil, rectal injections, glycerine,
sweet oil, etc., nothing improved the condition, and death oc-
curred after 19 days less a few hours. At the post-mortem,
among the principal lesions, there was found that at the termi-
nation of the fourth portion of the large colon there was a
" scybala " or dung ball of the usual nodulated aspect, firmly
fixed in the bowel. It weighed four pounds, and as a nucleus
had a small round phosphatic calculus two inches in diameter.
The author records also another case which lasted from Dec. 14th
in the morning to Dec. 21 in the afternoon, say about eight
days. In this, which ended fatally also, the colon was found
plugged by a large phosphatic calculus and three dung balls
of considerable size. — {Vet. Record.)

Fracture of the Supra-Spinal Processes of the
Dorsal Vertebra in a Hunter [W. Scott, F. R. C. V, S.'\. —
This record has a double interest — first, the injury, which ended
fatally ; second, the previous history of the animal. The subject
was a hunter, which during the process of clipping, reared badly,
fell backwards and gave himself a severe injury at the withers.
Loose fragments of bones were removed, and fractures of the
spinous processes of the third, fourth and fifth dorsal vertebrae
were made out. Loose pieces of bones were removed, free room
made for escape of pus, minute antiseptic measures resorted to,
drainage, etc., and, notwithstanding all that, the animal, which
during the first few days had seemed to do well and give favor-
able prognosis, suddenly grew worse, and in less than a week
had to be destroyed on account of the symptom of systemic
septic intoxication, which removed all possible chances of his
recovery. This horse had a year before been examined at time
of purchase and pronounced then as having some heart trouble.

4:20 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

His death was a good opportunity to confirm the diagnosis of
that time. Indeed, at the post-mortem the heart was found
flabby and larger than normal. On the semilunar valves there
were calcareous deposits, a dozen or more, the largest the size of
a small bean. In some places there were opaque spots, some
undergoing softening. One growth was attached to the endo-
cardium by a narrow thread-like base and situated at the base
of the semilunar valve, and had its means of attachment given
away might have produced embolism with its dangerous sequelae.
These growths were considered as of a rhumatoid origin, and
indeed the animal had been treated several times for lameness
of rhumatoid nature, either at the shoulders or in the hip. —
(FeL Record.)

Occult Lameness from Disease of the Pyramidal
Process of the Os Pedis \W. Willis, M. R, C. V. 5.].— For
the author the clinical signs of the trouble are " lameness, very
variable in degree and nondescript in character ; more or less
marked thickening and induration of the skin and tissues un-
derneath at the centre of the coronet ; and a buttress-like con-
dition of the hoof-wall at the toe." The indications for relief
are neurotomy. Four cases are recorded to illustrate the sub-
ject. In the first, lameness of the off hind leg had disabled
him several times and been treated for spavin and hip-joint
trouble. He had some thickening of the coronet at the toe.
Previous treatment having failed, the posterior tibial nerve of
the off hind leg was divided and the animal, free from lame-
ness, was able to work for three years. After her death, exam-
ination revealed a multiple fracture of the pyramidal process
and adjacent bone, and bony deposits on the os corona. In a
second case, besides the lameness, the peculiar V-shaped appear-
ance of the hoof was marked, the lameness being intermittent.
He was neurotomized and went sound. A third animal, lame
on a hind leg, and worked for two years after, when she died of
bowel trouble. With this subject also were there lesions of the
pedal bone. The last case was not as satisfactory nor as suc-
cessful, but yet the lesions were similar and pyramidal trouble
was no doubt the cause of all the mischief. Since these cases
the author has met with many others, his diagnosis has been the
same, and for all he has resorted to neurectomy. He makes,
however, a wise remark, viz. : " that considering the shattered
state of the pyramid in some of the cases, it is really remark-
able that they do not frequently go wrong when unnerved." —
{Journ. of Comp. Path, and Therap.)

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 421

Tracheal Abscess [T, Wolsey']. — This condition, although
not very common, has, however, been observed in a few cases
v/hich have found their way into various veterinary papers ;
but, unfortunately, their interest has been more as post-mortem
lesions than in any other way. The case recorded by the author
was in an aged bay mare, which presented all the symptoms of
suffocation, but from what cause could not be ascertained, not-
withstanding a very careful examination and minute searching
for all conditions likely to give rise to the serious manifestations
present. At any rate, immediate relief was imposing itself, and
to that effect tracheotomy was performed, the animal dropping
down while the parts were prepared ; the operation had to be
completed while she was down. But when the tube was in
place, respiration remained as difficult as before. The mare was
helped to get up, but her condition was no better. Evidently
the obstruction was below the tube. Nothing could be felt up-
wards nor downwards. Was it a thoracic choking ? Unwil'ling
to attempt another operation in the lower part of the trachea,
Mr. Wolsey gave an hypodermic injection of atropine and mor-
phia, left directions to make her comfortable and report. The
mare died shortly after. At the post-mortem, besides the pul-
monary lesions belonging to cases of asphyxia, there was found
at " the bifurcation of the trachea an abscess, between the lin-
ing membrane and the cartilages, as large as a turkey's tgg^ sit-
uated on the supt^rior aspect and bulging into the lumen of the
tube. It contained ordinary creamy pus." An old enlarged
sub-maxillary gland contained pus also. — (Vet. Record.)

Intestinal Obstruction in a Dog — Absence of Usual
Symptoms [E. W. Hoare, F. R. C. V. 6*.].— None of the
usual symptoms were present, no abdominal distension, no vom-
iting, no pain and certainly no indication for the performance
of laparotomy ; and, yet, this fox terrier dog died after being
sick for a week, with total loss of appetite, emaciation and diar-
rhoea. At the post-mortem there was found an obstruction
about the commencement of the ileum, the intestine being in-
flamed and dark colored. On opening it, a smooth triangular-
shaped piece of gravel wedged in the canal was exposed. In
front of it was a small amount of ingesta. Back of it, the in-
testine was empty. This stone weighed one ounce. Consider-
ing its size, it is wonderful how it could have passed the oeso-
phagus and the portion of the intestine it was in. The case is
a good lesson for any one who flatters himself on his skill in
diagnosis in canine practice, says the author. — {Vet. Record.)

422 ^ EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Arthritis of Both Knees — Long Suspension in
Slings — Sequels \Lion Dupas\. — "Christine" was an aged
mare which had badly broken knees from a fall. Both joints
were widely open. After thorough cleaning and disinfecting
of the wounds, the animal was placed in slings and a treatment
prescribed of long irrigations with repeated injections of solu-
tion of sublimate, 2-1000, and a covering of powder of sulphate
of copper and iodoform well mixed. The animal took well to
the slings, in which she stayed for forty-six days. She sat well
back on the breechen strap, with her hind legs well under her,
back and loins arched, and the fore legs always extended.
When for eating she had to straighten herself, she did it in
carrying all her weight on the off fore leg. After the 46 days
of slings, the wounds, which had proceeded well, were nearly
healed ; she stands more on the anterior biped ; and, taken out
of slings, she is brought out. Her condition is most peculiar.
Viewed by profile, and the animal standing, the dorso-lumbar
line is no longer horizontal, but very convex, the ilio-spinal
muscles and the glutei are largely developed. The hind legs
stand plumb, also the near fore, but in the off leg, the forearm
is inclined obliquely backward ; the metacarpal and the base of
the knee are, on the contrary, oblique forward, forming a very
obtuse angle open forward. The motions of the knee are
changed ; the flexion, instead of taking place backwards, is for-
ward (although very slight). Looking at the mare forward :
the chest is narrowed, the shoulder muscles emaciated, as well
as the pectorals, and the legs are enormous, with forearms like
big cylinders, larger at the knees. The right cannon region is
bent outwards. In moving, the walking is very difficult. She
brings her hind legs under her, raises herself, and it is only by
a series of jumps that she succeeds in bringing her fore legs for-
ward. At the examination of the right knee, it was found that
it was freely open behind, the posterior common ligament hav-
ing given away. The articular surfaces and the bones were also
the seat of extensive lesions by crushing and loss of substance.
—{Rec. de Med, Vet.)

Abortive Treatment of Pustulous Dermatitis of
Horses \^C.Joly\. — Pustulous dermatitis (contagious acnea) is

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 423

characterized by an eruption of inflammatory pimples, round or
oval, which suppurate, give out thick pus and leave hairless,
small cicatrices. The disease is easily transmitted ; has a ten-
dency to last in contaminated places and is very troublesome,
as often many horses are disabled by it. The treatments advocat-
ed by many have but a relative effect ; antiseptics do not arrest
it ; astringents fail, etc. The author has used all, isolated the
affected, etc., without success. In some cases not only did he
fail to arrest the disease, but he has seen animals in which not
only the back, but all the regions of the body become affected.
It is then that he resorted to tincture of iodine. The hairs are
clipped short and the place is brushed over morning and even-
ing with tincture of iodine. The results are constant and im-
mediate. The pimple aborts and disappears. There is no pus,
no new infecting germs, the disease is cut short and enzooty
prevented. — (Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.)

A Remarkable Case of Longevity \_M. A. MeynardX
— This is another good record. " Dulcinee " is a mare, whose
birth cannot be positively ascertained ; but what is certain is
that in 1864 she was already used for hunting, a fact which jus-
tifies the supposition that she was then four years old, or per-
haps even older, as this kind of work demands some special
conditions which are not generally found in young horses. She
might, then, have been born in i860, and would be 43 years
old. Still alive, she lives in liberty, and to all appearance is not
yet ready to die. She has had a number of foals ; the last ones
were a colt on March i, 1890, a filly on May 9, 1895, a colt on
November 9, 1896. — {Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.)

Cyst of the Right Ovary — Atrophy of the Left —
Sterility \_M. Darmagnac\ . — An Arabian mare showed symp-
toms of heat during the spring and summer of 1900. Covered
on three different occasions, she was not pregnant, although
all care had been taken to have a fruitful copulation. As it
was very desirous to have colts from her, she was submitted to
a special regime, prepared for the mount, and when in season
was covered. From this moment she remained constantly in
heat, notwithstanding the antispasmodic treatment of bromide
of potassium, to which she was submitted. At rectal explora-
tion, the right ovary felt as big as a man's fist, the left ovary
was not detected. Some time after the mare died with lung
disease. Aside ftom the pulmonary lesions, the condition of the
ovaries was interesting. The right was hypertrophied, irregu-
lar, bosselated, with two cystic cicatrices. The left was atro-

424 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

phied, as big as an almond and shrunken. The structure of
both was degenerated, and the condition of the lesions ren-
dered the ovaries unfit to perform their functions. The ster-
ility of the mare was easily explained. — (^Rev, Gen, de Med. Vet.)

Foreign Body in the Gizzard of a Turkey \^Ed. Seres] .
— If the gastric compartment of birds has sufficient power of
contraction to crush metallic tubes, steel needles, glass balls,
etc., as shown by the experiments of Spallanzani, there is a
limit to this power, as shown by the following, however great
the toleration of the gizzard may have been. A turkey had
swallowed a knife, and, after a week of inability to take or
swallow food, had been killed. In its gizzard there was found
a kitchen knife, 20 centimetres long, 18 millimetres wide. The
point was turned towards the pharynx and reached the crop.
The handle of horn was partly crushed. The metallic parts,
and rivets were worn and polished. And, yet, this foreign body
only prevented the passage of food, but gave rise to no trouble
likely to produce death except that by starvation. — {Rev. Gen.
de Med. VeL)

Diagnosis OE Navicular Disease [G./ofy]. — No matter
where a good idea comes from, its application is always justi-
fied ; and in the presence of the difficulty which often surrounds
the diagnosis of navicular disease the author calls attention to
the method of Lungwitz, which he says in his hands has shown
him that out of 10 cases of non-traumatic lameness of the foot,
8 or 9 were due to phalangeal osteitis and i or 2 only to navic-
ular disease. Post-mortem confirmed entirely the indications
given by Lungwitz's wedge. The method is as follows : a hard
wooden wedge, 20 centimetres long and 15 wide, is cut with an
angle of 18^' ; it is placed under the suspected foot with the point
of the wedge turned towards the heels and the base towards the
toe ; when the opposite foot is raised, the animal shows great
pain if he has navicular trouble. As soon as the foot is relieved
from carrying weight, the animal rests it forward or backward
to allay his pain. But if, on the contrary, the wedge is placed
in an inverse direction, so that the heels of the foot be raised,
the animal stands still when the sound foot is raised, and the
animal manifests no pain whatever when it is let go. If the re-
sult seems doubtful, the test can be applied by making it com-
parative with the wedge on the sound foot. — {Rev. Gen. de Med.
Vet.)

lyUXATION OF THE FiRST TwO POSTERIOR InTERPHA-

langeal Joints, with Rupture of the Posterior Liga-

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 425

MENTS [Mr. Montazel^ . — It is the case of a luxation backwards
of the articulation of the first and second pastern of the two
hind legs of a horse which had kicked badly while in harness.
Of course, he cannot walk ; both hind feet rest on the ground
by the heels only ; the toe is raised in both. The foot raised
and carried in excessive extension, the lower extremity of the
first pastern is readily pressed under the skin. The lateral mo-
tions are free ; there is no crepitation. The animal is killed.
The lesions are similar on both legs. The perforans tendon
and the glenoid fibro-cartilage of the os corona is crushed but
not ruptured. Both terminal branches of the perforatus are
torn from the points of insertion ; the fibrous bands which from
this cartilage run to the pastern, and also the inferior sesamoid
ligament, are torn. There is no fracture of the bone. The in-
ferior articular surface of the first phalanx does not correspond
any more to the second pastern ; it is turned backwards and its
cartilages more or less destroyed. This case is principally inter-
esting by being so rare (?), so says the author ; but it is not so
rare. Several cases have already been recorded in the Review.
— {Rec. de Hyg. and de Med. Vet. Mi lit.)

An Unusuai. Case of Spreading Fracture [Mr,
foyeux\. — In a frolicking jump, a horse slips on the pavement
and falls with both hind legs in excessive abduction. He rises
with much difficulty, walks on three legs without putting the
right hind foot on the ground. There is fracture of the floor of
the pelvis. The horse is placed in slings, but, in a few minutes,
slips out of them and dies. Autopsy : Coxo-femoral ligaments
of both legs torn off and the heads of both femurs out of their
cotyloid cavities. The right trochanterian tuberosity is loose
from the femur. The muscular masses on both sides are infil-
trated with blood. The pelvic cavity is filled with hsemorrhagic
infiltration ; there is blood in the abdominal cavity. The pubic
symphisis is ruptured ; there are several fractures of the left
coxal bone, at the ischium, the pubis and the cotyloid cav-
ity. In other words, the pubis is separated from the ileum and
the ischium and divided in several pieces. — {Rec. de Hyg. and
de Med. Vet. Milit.)

A REPORT is abroad to the effect that W. W. Gentry, of In-
diana, has offered W. M. Savage, Minneapolis, Minn., the enor-
mous sum of $92,000 for Dan Patch, 1.59^, and Directum,
2.05 %. The offer was promptly refused, Mr. Savage being report-
ed to have said that the money would not buy Dan Patch alone.

426 ^ ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE.

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE,

Under the Direction of E. M. Ranck, V. M. D., Natchez, Miss.

To Provide Wholesome Milk for Infants. — The plan
to provide wholesome milk for babies is meeting with universal
success in Philadelphia, and a number of contributions for large
sums have been received. So far, about eighty proffers of help,
in the way of branch depots where the milk, made according to
the formula to be prescribed by the Department of Health, can
be kept on hand and sold at a reduced price to consumers, have
been made. The pasteurizing of milk is to be carried on all
over the city, and the physicians all over Philadelphia are warm
in their praises of the innovation. — {IVew York- Philadelphia
Medical Journal^

Refrigerator Cars for Milk. — In a recent address by
State Analyst Eaton before the Illinois Dairymen's Association,
he advocates the use of refrigerator cars especially built to han-
dle the milk traffic, also coolers at every station as well as a
steam sterilizing plant for empty cans, and adds that if dealers
were required by law or ordinance to wash cans before return-
ing to the train, a great improvement could be made in Chicago
market milk at little, if any, additional expense to consumers.
— (New York- Philadelphia Medical Journal.^

Milk Regulations in Chicago. — Milk platforms at rail-
way stations have been placarded with the following notices to
milk dealers: "Shippers' cans must be returned to farmers
clean and dry. All vessels used in handling milk should be
scalded or sterilized daily. All milk bottles should be washed
with hot soap-suds, rinsed in clean water, and then sterilized in
boiling water or live steam before milk is put in them. No
dealer can expect to hold his bottle trade unless he does this.
If possible every dealer should visit the farm where his milk is
produced, so he can assure his customers that it is produced
under clean and healthy conditions. (Signed) Arthur R. Rey-
nolds, M. D., Commissioner of Health." The following notice
is for shippers : " Milk cans must be clean inside and out. No
matter how clean a can looks, before using it should be washed
with hot soap-suds, rinsed with clean water and then scalded.
Milk shipped in dirty cans is liable to confiscation. (Signed)
Arthur R. Reynolds, M. D., etc."

A Milk Commission Organized. — The Medical Society of

ABSTRACTS FROM MEDICAL LITERATURE. 427

the District of Columbia has organized and incorporated a milk
commission for the purpose of establishing chemical standards
of purity for cows' milk, and securing for the consumers of the
District a pure milk supply. — (^New York- Philadelphia Medical
lo7irnal.)

Modification of Fehling's Test for Sugar. — Vasey
calls attention to the fact that one of the disadvantages of Feh-
ling's test for sugar in the urine, when used quantitatively, is the
length of time that it takes for the light cuprous oxide to settle,
and so to permit of the determination whether the blue color of
the solution has entirely disappeared — i. e.^ that all the copper
has been reduced. He finds that the addition of an inert pow-
der, such as precipitated chalk, or, better, barium sulphate, en-
tangles the precipitated oxide and carries it rapidly to the bot-
tom of the solution, thus leaving a clear liquid above in which
the faintest trace of blue can be seen. — (New York- Philadelphia
Medical JournaL

A New Parasite in Hens. — Catterina observed an epidemic
in chickens which at first was taken for the disease known as
chicken cholera. This disease was very contagious in hens.
The author discovered in the blood of the affected birds a para-
site which he proved to be the aetiological factor of the disease.
This parasite is spherical, ovoid, or pyriform in shape, and at
first the author thought that it was a protozoon, but it is very
difficult to fix and to stain with the various dyes. He found on
investigation that these spherical bodies were the spores of a
mold that belonged to the family mticidinece^ and to the genus
penicillitim^2s\di that these molds, as well as their spores, were
present in the tissues and fluids of hens that had died of the dis-
ease in question. He found further that the disease could be
reproduced by the injection of pure cultures of this parasite. —
{New York- Philadelphia Medical Tournal.)

" Scab in Sheep," by D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., and Ch. War-
dell Stiles, Ph.D., is the title of Farmers' Bulletin No. 159,
issued by the Department of Agriculture. It gives a very full
description of the parasite, its life history and differential diag-
nosis. The bulletin is chiefly devoted to a discussion of the
treatment of this troublesome pest, dealing extensively with the
subject of dipping, and contains many formulas of those to be
used and some not to be used. It is well illustrated, and should
be in the hands of all interested in the subject.

428 ^ ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

This Review department was opened in the March num-
ber, and its object was there explained — the betterment of the
Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

DR. HILL DEFENDS HIS POSITrON.

Fort Clark, Texas, July 7, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — I note in the last month's issue of the Review
Dr. Schwarzkopf's telegram to you in answer to my suggestions
for the betterment of "The Army Veterinary Service." He
says : " Outside influence is not allowed by the Secretary of
War." He must have misunderstood my idea, as I do not see
how the Secretary of War could object to civil veterinarians
asking their Senators to support a bill which they were inter-
ested in. Of course we all know it is done and always will be.
Dr. Salmon and Dr. Huidekoper wrote to all veterinarians ask-
ing them to see their respective Senators in behalf of the bill.
Dr. Huidekoper went to see the President, and both made
speeches in the Senate. Isn't this " outside influence " ? Does
the Doctor mean that the A. V. M. A. Military Committee is of
no further use to us ? These gentlemen, in my opinion, went
at it in the strongest way, and I have since been told by both
Senators and Army officers that the bill was splendidly presented
and very nearly passed, and that another attempt on the same
plan would have great influence. If the Secretary of War had
objected, why didn't he at that time notify Dr. Huidekoper?
Or is this ruling of recent date ? I don't see why we should
not continue the fight on the same plans which have proven to
be good ones.

I also note in Dr. S.'s letter in the June number, that he says
" our trying for rank will only meet with failure." Rank is
almost essential for our advancement, and we will never be prop-
erly recognized till we get it. I believe a compromise was of-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 429

fered to give us rank without the organization of a veterinary
department during the presentation of the bill referred to. If
so, our chances again may not be so hopeless as the Doctor
makes out ; but the combination is what we wanted then and
now.

I think that two-thirds of the Army Veterinarians want
rank to figure in our next bill, together with a regular organ-
ized Veterinary Corps. This is the standing they have in all
other countries. Why should we aim any lower for our own
service ?

I would like to hear from other Army Veterinarians as to
their views. , Very respectfully,

W. P. Hii.1.,

Veterinarian 12th U. S. Cavalry.

ANOTHER SCHEME OF ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY SERVICE.

Fort Riley, Kan., July ii, 1903.
Editors American Veteritiary Review :

Dear Sirs : — I would like to say a few words in regard to
the organization of a Veterinary Department in the Army.

I have read with interest the suggestions of Dr. Schwarz-
kopf, Dr. Hill, and Dr. Nockolds. Dr. Hill's suggestion, as
Dr. Schwarzkopf remarks, is out of the question ; we must act
through official channels, and request recommendation by the
general staff.

I would like to ask Dr. Schwarzkopf why the veterinarian
of Artillery is not on the same level as his brother in the Cav-
alry ; why should one be raised to the pay and allowances of a
first lieutenant after five years of service and not the other?
Let us stand together on all subjects pertaining to the advance-
ment of our profession. If we are not united, how can we ex-
pect others to help us? We want organization, and at the same
time we want recognition, recognition as individuals and recog-
nition as an organized body of professional men. To obtain
this, we must have rank. This is not for personal gratification,
but I consider it necessary for the best interests of the service ;
and if we ask for modest rank and not too rapid promotion, I
do not think we will find serious opposition. A commissioned
officer would rather accept the advice of another commissioned
officer than the suggestions of one who has no special standing.
What officer of the line would think of dictating to a surgeon
his line of treatment. On the other hand, how frequently it
happens to the veterinarian. Some of us are, perhaps, more

430 ^ ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

fortunate in this respect than others, and soon gain not only the
respect but the confidence of the officers with whom we serve.
We are just living down the prejudice against a " Horse Doctor,''^

Now, as to trained assistants, stable sergeants, farriers, and
horseshoers. Here at Fort Riley, we are doing a good work in
this respect. A school has been organized here, officially known
as " School for Farriers and Horseshoers." The first class grad-
uated May 6th ; the second class is now under instruction, and
will graduate the end of September. The course is a thorough
one, considering the short period of time (four months), and it is
surprising the amount of theoretical knowledge these men are
absorbing.

A glance at the accompanying schedule \vill give an idea of
what we are doing. A man to graduate from this school has to
apply himself, and at the same time he becomes a very valuable
man in his organization. Such men should have the rank and
pay of a sergeant ; they are to the veterinarian what the hos-
pital steward is to the surgeon. In this way we can retain them
in the service, and not have (as so frequently happens) a good
farrier promoted to make a poor corporal.

The outline that I would suggest for organization would be
as follows :

A Chief Veterinarian of Cavalry with rank and pay of a Cap-
tain mounted.

A Chief Veterinarian of Artillery with rank and pay of a
Captain mounted.

30 Veterinarians of Cavalry.

15 Veterinarians of Artillery.

All Veterinarians to be commissioned as Second Lieuten-
ants to date from date after names in '' Army List."

After five years service and examination (computed from
date of commission) rank and pay of First Lieutenant mounted.

After seven years service as First Lieutenant and examina-
tion rank and pay of Captain mounted.

One Veterinarian to be chosen by the general staff from the
Cavalry and one from the Artillery to act for a period of four
years as Chief Veterinarians of Cavalry and Artillery with rank
and pay of a Captain mounted ; at the expiration of this time
two more shall be selected in the same manner from the First
Lieutenants for a period of four years, at the end of which time
the ranking Veterinarians of Cavalry and the ranking Veteri-
narians of Artillery shall be Chief Veterinarians of their respec-
tive arms of the service.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

431

The names of those who may transfer from one branch to
the other, shall be placed at the bottom of the list of Captains,
E'irst or Second Lieutenants as the case may be.

Contract Veterinarian shall be under the control of the
Chief Veterinarians of Cavalry and Artillery.

Very respectfully,

Richard H. Power,

Veterinarian A. C.

SpeciaIv Orders,
No. 13.

SCHOOL OF APPLICATION FOR
Cavalry and Field Artillery,

Fort Riley, Kansas, June 11, 1903.

SCHOOL for farriers AND HORSESHOERS.

Term, June i, 1903 — September 30, 1903.
Director of School— Capt. W. C. Short, 13th Cavalry.

COURSE FOR FARRIERS — HIPPOLOGY.

INSTRUCTORS — Dr. Plummer, V. S., 4th Cav
Dr. Power, V. S., A. C.
Recitations will be held in the Veterinar}^ Operating Room.

FIRST SECTION.

NAME.

RANK.

ORGANIZATION.

Newhaus, Charles H.

Blk.

Troop M, 3rd Cavalry

Davies, Frank

Farr.

- A, "

Edwards, George T.

Farr.

" H. "

Collins, Daniel S.

Pvt.

" B, 9th

Price, James J.

Pvt.

- C, "

Roberts, William J.

Art.

26th Battery, F. A.

Steteklub, George

Ret.

Mounted Service

Bushey, William G.

Pvt.

Troop H, 2nd Cavalry

Henson, Verlie

Art.

1 2th Battery, F. A.

Hancock, Thomas V.

Art.

22nd Battery, F. A.

SECOND SECTION.

NAME.

RANK.

ORGANIZATION.

Banks, William
Smith, Patrick
Fish, James
Allen, Frederick
Morris, Charles

Pvt.
Ret.
Ret.
Ret.
Ret.

Troop F, loth Cavalry
Mounted Service

< t ( t

432

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

Barton, Thomas H.

Pvt.

Troop G, 7th Cavalry

Schott, Louis

Pvt.

I, "

Baur, John J.

Pvt.

" M, *'

Mihulka, Julius

Blk.

<« B, ** "

McMann, Daniel

Art.

3rd Battery, F. A.

Clark, Dillard

Pvt.

Troop M, 9th Cavalry

ist and 2nd sections will report at the Veterinary Hospital daily, at
A. M.
Recitations daily, Saturdays and Sundays excepted,
ist section, 11 to 12 A. m.
2nd section, 9 to 10 A. m.

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNBSDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

June 1

Anatomy—

"Skeleton"

2
Anatomy—
"Skeleton"

3

Anatomy —
"Skeleton"

4

Anatorhy—

" Respiratory

Organs "

5

Review

8

Anatomy -

' Digestive

Organs"

9
" Physiology-
Digestive"

10

Anatomy—

"Circulation "

11

Anatomv-
" Muscles "

12
Review

15

Anatomy—

"Muscles and

Tendons"

16

Anatomy —

"Joints and

Ligaments '

17
Anatomy—
"Joints and
Ligaments"

18
Anatomy—
" Circulation
of the Extrem-
ities"

19
Review

22
Anatomy —
" Urinary
Organs '

23

Anatomy—

" Eye, Nose

and Mouth "

24

Anatomy—

"Foot"

25

Anatomy —

"Foot"

25
Review

29
Stable Man-
agement of the
Sick and In-
jured

30
Muster

July I

Conformation
and Points

2

Conformation
and Points

3
Review

6

External
Diseases

7

External
Diseases

8

Cause and

Treatment of

Sprains and

Bruises

9

Cause and

Treatment of

Disease of

Bone

10
Review

13

Anatomy and

Diseases of

the Skin

14

Cause and

Treatment of

Diseases of

the Eye and

Mouth

15
Wounds and
their Treat-
ment

16

Punctured

wounds about

joints

17
Review

20

Wounds of the
Foot

21

Diseases of
the Foot

22
Treatment of
Abscess, Poll
Evil and Fis-
tula

23
Disease re-
sulting from
ill-fitting har-
ness and
saddle

24
Review

27
Administra-
tion of medi-
cines, weights
and measures

28

Acute and

Chronic

Catarrh

29
Strangles

30

Laryngitis and
Pharyngitis

31
Muster

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

433

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

August 3
Pneumonia

4

Influenza

5

Thumps and

Heaves

6
Colics-Spas-
modic and
Flatulent

7
Review

10
Enteritis

11
Chronic Indi-
gestion and
Worms

12

Diseases of

the Urinary

Organs

13

Azoturia or

Hemoglobi-

nemia

14
Review

17
Laminitis

18
Anatomy of
Nervous Sys-
tem

19
Diseases of
Nervous Sys-
tem

20

Anatomy of

Lymphatic

System

21
Review

24

Disease of

the Lymphatic

System

25

Glanders and

Farcy

26
Surra

27
Tetanus

28
Review

31

Muster

Sept. 1
Purpura, He-
morrhagica

2

Diseases of

the teeth

3
Lameness, De-
tection of

4
Review

7

Dislocation

and Fractures

8
Medicine

9
Medicine

10

Medicine

11
Revi ew

14

Medicine

15
Medicine

16
Medicine

17
Medicine

18
Review

21
Medicine

22
Review

23
Review

24
Review

25
Review

28
Examination

29
Examination

30
Muster

COURSE FOR HORSESHOERS — PRACTICAL INSTRUCTION.
INSTRUCTORS —

Private Lee R. Slay ton, Troop D, 4th Cav.,
Blacksmith Charles E. Poates, Troop C, 4th Cav.
This work will be carried on in the School Blacksmith Shop.

FIRST SECTION.

NAME.

RANK.

ORGANIZATION.

Miller, Samuel

Blk.

Troop H, 9th Cavalry

Mayo, William T.

Pvt.

" K, "

Goodwine, Nathan

Pvt.

" E, " '*

Gustafson, John A.

Pvt.

2ist Battery, F. A.

Bushey, William G.

Pvt.

Troop H, 2nd Cavalry

McConnell, Burl P.

Pvt.

24th Battery, F. A.

Book, John M.

Pvt.

8th Battery, F. A.

Steteklub, George

Ret.

Mounted Service

Hundey, John H.

Pvt.

Troop C, 3rd

434

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

SECOND SECTION.

NAME.

RANK.

ORGANIZATION.

Conner, Edward W.

Pvt.

13th Battery, F. A.

Robas, Lado

Pvt.

Troop H, 2nd Cavalry

Schneider, Wilhelm

Pvt.

2nd Battery, F. A.

Waughtel, Ora

Blk.

Troop G, 2nd Cavalry

Bolinger, Erastus

Pvt.

ist Battery, F. A.

Vinson, William C.

Pvt.

loth Battery, F. A.

Sullivan, Edward F.

Pvt. .

Troop C, 7th Cavalry

ist Section — i to 4 p. m., daily, (Saturdays and Sundaj^s excepted)
in Blacksmith Shop.

10 to II A. M., Tuesdays, recitation in hippology in Veterinar}- Op-
erating Room.

2nd Section — 8 to 11 A. m. daily, (Thursdays, Saturdays and Sun-
days excepted) in Blacksmith Shop.

Thursdays, 8 to 10 A. m., in Blacksmith Shop.

10 to II A. M., recitation in hippology in Veterinary Operating
Room.

Four farriers of the class will be detailed by roster for periods of
two weeks each, on duty in the Veterinary Hospital, and be instructed
in stable management, care of sick horses, and first aid to sick and in-
jured horses. These men will attend all prescribed recitations.

All the members of the class will attend reveille and check roll calls,
weekly and monthly inspections and musters with the organizations to
which they belong or to which they are attached.

By Order of the Commandant :
Official : F. T. Arnoi^d, {Sgd.) F. T. Arnold,

Capt. & Adjt., 4th Cavalry, Capt. & Adjt., 4th Cavalry,

Secretary. Secretary.

DR. GRIFFIN PRESENTS A PI^AN AND AIRS SOME WRONGS.

Editors Afnerican Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — The agitation for veterinary improvement in
the Army is still progressing, and I am afraid is becoming per-
sonal. Let us avoid this, and come down to facts.

Congress in its wisdom certainly did something to improve
the Army Veterinary Service and the War Department has car-
ried out the act of Congress to the letter ; many new positions
were created and a number of them filled by competitive exam-
ination. Still there are some few vacancies. Why ?

Did Congress do enough for the Army Veterinary Service ?

To the first question the reply is, because desirable candi-
dates, graduates of first-class veterinary schools, hesitate to pre-
sent themselves for examination, stating as a reason that the

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 435

inducements offered are not sufficient ($125.00 a month and 10%
increase on this each succeeding five years until the sum reaches
$175.00 per month).

The rank is a peculiar one, next to that of Second Lieuten-
ant, and never more. There appears to be a doubt as to the
right of the veterinarian tp retire on three-fourths of his pay and
allowances after certain years of service or in consideration of
disability, but we believe the Army veterinarian has this right,
he being a military man in every sense of the word.

It is true, indeed, that many candidates present themselves for
examination and that very many fail ; it is also true that many
of those who do present themselves are lacking in a rudimentary
general education and possess but a crude professional one, which
accounts for the numerous failures and shows that the desirable
candidates do not present themselves in sufficient numbers. The
impression prevails among many of those who present them-
selves that all that is necessary to receive an appointment is the
replying in a perfunctory manner and in indifferent English to
a few casual questions on ordinary every-day practice, notwith-
standing that the information furnished by the Adjutant Gen-
eral's office is very clear and explicit, but this they consider as
a " bluff," hence the reason why so many of them fail to remain
with the examining board after the first day's work.

In reply to the second question it will be said by all of us, I
have no doubt, that Congress has not done enough for the vet-
erinary service in the Army ; we should at least have the rank
of first and second lieutenants in recognition of our attainments
and education'

I am a believer in organization. I am a believer in a veter-
inary corps for that matter, but I am ready to waive the corps
formation, as such a formation would necessarily demand one
or more veterinarians with high rank, which T am of the opin-
ion the War Department is opposed to.

If the rank of first and second lieutenants was granted, one
man from the Cavalry and one from the Artillery could be se-
lected to systematize things and get them into proper running
order ; as it now stands there is no system, no reliable records,
no comparison of results ; the conscientious, painstaking man
does his work believing that the consciousness of a duty well
performed is a rainbow in the soul, while the shiftless individ-
ual becomes a time-killer and a clog upon its wheels, slurs his
work and neglects his duty.

There is no merit for the former outside of his own mental

436 ^ ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

satisfaction, and no censure for the latter except that which
comes to him when he accidentally reads of some great achieve-
ment in veterinary medicine in which he has not aided even by
the formation of a thought.

Here in the Army it is customary to destroy thousands of
dollars worth of horses on the diagnosis of glanders made by
one veterinarian assisted by a board of officers ; the veterinarian
may be correct in his diagnosis or he may not ; if he be of the
conservative and conscientious kind he will invariably call for a
consultation with a colleague before he sacrifices the life of a
single animal and disturbs the peace of his command, even if
he is positive of his diagnosis ; after such consultation he will
confirm it by an autopsy before further steps are taken ; while
the time-killer, the unthinking, the unread, and unstudious is
very apt to jump at conclusions ; his narrowness of view pre-
vents his calling for consultation ; it is child's play to lead a
" glanders board " to believe what he wishes them to believe ;
glanders is declared ; animals are destroyed and buried without
autopsy ; if one is insisted upon, the time-killer, whose pathology
may be shakey, or whose conscience may be blunted, confirms
his diagnosis or makes those around believe he has confirmed it,
being too small intellectually and professionally to admit he
has been mistaken if the autopsy should show negative re-
sults.

Are there such men in the Army ? it will be asked. I do
not know. They exist in civil life in large numbers, and why not
in the Army, where there is no check upon their work, no ac-
counting, no reporting ; I do know, however, that animals are
frequently destroyed for glanders on the diagnosis of a single
man. This should not be permitted ; the life of an animal suf-
fering from a supposed contagious disease in the diagnosis of
which thousands of errors have been made should never be sac-
rificed on a one-man declaration if another veterinarian is at all
available for consultation ; if they disagree a third must be
called.

I am afraid I have digressed the bounds of my subject, but
it tends to show at least one weak spot that could be made
strong by organization.

Our need, as it appears to me, is simply this, and it must
come through the War Department — rank and organization.

Those with ten years service or over to be given the rank of
first lieutenants ; those with less than ten years service to be
given the rank of second lieutenants, provided, however, that

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 437

Upon serving ten years those with the latter rank shall be given
the rank of first lieutenant.

When this has been accomplished two live men, and I could
name a number of them, could be selected, one from the Cavalry
and one from the Artillery, to organize and systematize the
work in their respective branches of the service and be prepared
to handle and systematize the work of the veterinarians of the
Quartermaster's Department when needed and if so desired.

It might not be amiss here to ask, what is to become of the
old veterinarians of long service in the Army when they are no
longer able to perform their duties if the privilege of retirement
is denied them ?

Does not years of hard service and perpetual discipline on
their part count as much for them as it does for the enlisted
man or the commissioned officer? There can be no civilians in
the Army holding rank ; the fact cannot be gotten over that
Army Veterinarians are soldiers and as such are entitled to the
rights of a soldier.

These are my convictions ; they are given in all honesty and
after years of thought. Gerai.d E. Griffin,

Veterinarian Artillery Corps.

" Impossible to practice intelligently without the Review."
— (C D. Tuttle^ V. kS., Canton., South Dakota,)

" I AM a warm friend of the Review." — (/. R. Grove., V, 5.,
Cerro Gordo ^ III.)

One of the attractions of the Barnum & Bailey show this
year is a forty-horse team — the largest, no doubt, that ever
pulled a band wagon. The animals composing it are the pick
of three hundred fancy draught horses recently sold by a New
York firm to Barnum & Bailey for $100,500. They are hooked
four abreast in ten rows. One man drives them all.

A Double Bar-Shoe has recently created a great furore
'among horsemen at Memphis, Tenn., and among horse-shoers
all over the country. It consists of a bar at about the point of
the frog and another at the heel, and it is claimed that it greatly
increases the speed of trotting horses. A young Englishman
named W. H. Lake claims to have invented it, and is endeavor-
ing to protect his rights by asking horse-shoers to pay five dol-
lars each before attempting to make any of the shoes. But it is
claimed, on the other hand, that they were used twenty-five
years ago by the late Robert Bonner, who found that they were
only adapted for certain horses ; in others it produced muscle
and tendon soreness.

438 ^ . CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

DR. GRIBBLE COMPLETES A CASE REPORT.

Washington C. H., Ohio, July lo, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — On receipt of the July Review and noticing
our " Diagnostic Puzzles," which we had completely forgotten,
we realized that patient No. IV was long ago dead, and that its
finale should have been included in the description. This colt
was foaled Aug. 12, 1902 ; I first saw it Nov. 30, 1902 ; it died
March i, 1903 — being thus less than seven months old.

The colt gradually grew worse until it retained no food at
all and starved to death a few weeks after we reported the case
as published. On post-mortem examination no anatomical or
pathological defects were found in the mouth, palate or pharynx
nor in the oesophagus until the anterior face of the diaphragm
was reached, where directly against it was a dilatation fully one-
third as large as the foal's stomach. This dilatation was practically
all laterally and inferiorly, the superior plane of the oesophagus
being normal. The lumen of the short section of the oesopha-
gus between the dilatation and the stomach was almost obliter-
ated, being so constricted as to barely admit the passage of a lead
pencil.

On incising this dilatation its walls were found to be fully
as thick as those of the oesophagus proper and its lining exactly
the same. This thickening was a surprise to us, for, while we
had expected to find a diverticulum, we supposed its walls would
be thin, just as in blowing up a bladder ; the larger we make it
the thinner it becomes. Yours very truly,

Wm. H. Gribble.

A Youthful Observer Replies to Dr. Dalrymple. — *
Master Vernet E. Skeen, of Fowler, Indiana, writes to the Re-
view as follows, under date of July 8 : " In reply to W. H. Dal-
rymple, M. R. C. V. vS.', appeal for experience, I am a thirteen-
year-old boy. I have been raised on a stock farm. My father
is a veterinary surgeon with a large practice. He has noticed it
[a constant abrasion on the outside of the hocks of foals] , but
did not know exactly what caused it. The colt gets its mouth
astride of the tibia and with its upper teeth rubs up and down
until it stops the itching. I have noticed a number of colts
from birth."

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 439

SOCIETY MEETINGS,

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

FORTIETH ANNUAL MEETING AT OTTAWA, CANADA, SEPT.

I, 2, 3, 4, 1903-

Secretary Repp furnishes the Review with the following
very exhaustive and satisfactory programme for the approaching
meeting, under date of July 20 :

Headquarters. — The headquarters of the Association will be
at the Russell House. A special rate of $2.50 up has been made
at this hotel and it has accommodations for 300 guests. In ad-
dition to this the members and visitors may have the choice of
the following hotels at the rates set forth : The Windsor, $2 ;
the Grand Union, $2 ; the Gilmour, $i.5o-$2 ; the Brunswick,
$1. All of these hotels are on the American plan and are rec-
ommended by the Local Committee as reliable. The committee
will have a list of apartment houses in which rooms may be ob-
tained if desired. Accommodations may be arranged for in ad-
vance by writing direct to any of the hotels or to Dr. J. G. Ruth-
erford, Ottawa, Canada, Chairman of the Local Committee.

Place of Meeting. — The sessions of the meeting will be held
in the auditorium of the City Hall, which has been placed at
our disposal by the city authorities. This room is well suited
to our purposes. Special Committee Meetings, Russell House,
Monday, August 31, 1903 ; Finance Committee at 4 p. m. ; Pub-
lication Committee at 5 p. m. ; Executive Committee at
8 P. M.

PROGRAMME.

First Day — Tuesday^ Sept. /, igoj.

8.30 A. M., regular meeting of Executive Committee.

9.30 A. M., Association assembles.

Address of Welcome, Hon. Frederick Cook, Mayor of Ot-
tawa.

Response.

President's Address.

Roll call.

Minutes of last annual meeting.

Unfinished Business of last meeting.

Reports of Regular Committees : Executive, Finance, Pub-
lication, Intelligence and Education, Diseases.

Reports of Special Committees: Army Legislation, Local

440 % SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Arrangements, Pharmacopoeia, Standard of Excellence and
Soundness, Resolutions.

Report Treasurer.

Report Secretary.

Reports of Resident Secretaries.

Discussion of Reports.

New Business.

Election of Officers.

It is desirable to open the meeting promptly at the time
stated, and to expedite the business of the Association as much
as possible, so that some of the papers may be presented on the
first day.

Second Day — Wednesday^ Sept. ^, igoj,

8.30 A. M., Executive Committee meeting.

The second day of the meeting will be devoted to a trip to
the Pine Grove Stock Farm of W. C. Edwards & Co., at Rock-
land, Ontario. The trip will begin at a seasonable hour in the
morning, the time to be announced later, and will end at about
6 P. M. During the forenoon the visitors will be treated to an
exhibition of the many fine pure-bred animals of various species
which Pine Grove Farm affords, and will make a tour of various
interesting parts of the establishment. At least part of the
afternoon will be devoted to that portion of the literary pro-
gramme which deals with the subject of tuberculosis. This em-
braces the following papers :

" Unusual Lesions of Tuberculosis Found in Abattoir In-
spection," Dr. R. H. Harrison, Milwaukee, Wis.

'' The Bang System for the Eradication of Tuberculosis in
Cattle as Practiced upon Pine Grove Stock Farm, Ontario, Can-
ada," Senator W. C. Edwards, Rockland, Ont.

'' Bovine and Human Tuberculosis," Dr. D. E. Salmon,
Washington D. C.

" A Critical Microscopic Study of a Case of Tuberculosis in
a Cow," Dr. John J. Repp, Ames, Iowa.

I am informed by Dr. Leonard Pearson that the report of
the Committee on Diseases, of which he is Chairman, will deal
largely with the subject of " Immunization of Cattle Against
Tuberculosis," and it is not to be doubted that this report will
be made at this time. This will give us a feast day upon that
all-absorbing subject of tuberculosis, which cannot but be upper-
most in the minds of all. It is thought that circumstances may
also permit of the presentation of some other papers at this ses-
sion. This journey to Rockland will be one long to be remem-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 441

bered by all who avail themselves of it. If the weather should
be unfavorable on Wednesday, the Rockland trip will be re-
served for Thursday. There is a fine auditorium at Rock-
land, which can be utilized should the day turn out to be
an inclement one.

8.00 p. M. — Association assembles. This session is set apart
for the presentation by Dr. Wm. Dougherty, Baltimore, Md., of
his plan for the formation of a Mutual Benefit Society of the
Veterinarians of the United States and Canada. This is a mat-
ter which has been engaging the attention of prominent mem-
bers of the Association for a long time and this session should
have a full attendance. It is hoped that one or more papers
may be read and discussed at this session.

Third Day — Thursday^ Sept. j, /poj.

8.30 A. M., Executive Committee meeting.

9.30 A. M., Association assembles.

Report of Executive Committee.

'' An Outbreak of Epizootic Encephalitis of the Horse in
South Carolina," Dr. G. Nesom, Clemson College, S. C.

''Veterinary Dentistry: Its Use and Abuse," Dr. T. S.
Childs, Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

" The Importance of Veterinary Science to Agriculture,"
Hon. Sidney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.

'' The Effect of Certain Drugs upon Blood-Pressure and Car-
diac Inhibition in the Horse," Dr. Pierre A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.

"Nitroglycerine," Dr. S. S. Whitbeck, Decorah, la.

'' Immunization of Hogs Against Cholera," Dr. G. W. Dun-
phy, Quincy, Mich.

" Experiments with the Stomach Worm in Sheep," Dr. A.
S. Wheeler, Biltmore, N. C.

"Canine Distemper," Dr. lycmuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth,
N. H.

" Trypanosomiasis with Demonstration of the Trypanosome
of Nagana (Tsetse Fly Disease), Dr. H. W. Thomas, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada.

" Cow- Pox, Varicella and Furunculosis in the South," Dr.
C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala.

" The Uses of Mallein in Dealing with Glanders," Dr. J. G.
Rutherford, Ottawa, Can.

" Meat and Milk Inspection," Dr. M. E. Knowles, Helena,
Mont.

"Vesicular Exanthema of Horses," Dr. Paul Fischer, Colum-
bus, O.

442 % SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" The Veterinarian in the Poultry Yard," Dr. Cooper Cur-
tice, Kingston, R. I.

" Anthrax and Blackleg," Dr. Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa,
Can.

'' Colics and Obstruction of the Small Intestine," Dr. J. F.
DeVine, Goshen, N. Y.

'' Malignant Tumors," Dr. D. King Smith, Toronto, Can.

Fourth Day — Friday^ Sept, ^, igoj.
CUNIC.

The clinic will be held in Dey's Rink, a large and commo-
dious building situated conveniently in the city. The lyocal
Committee, on account of the difficulty in ascertaining far in
advance just what cases will be available, is not yet ready to an-
nounce the complete programme for the clinic. It is expected
that there will be presented for operation two roarers and that
there will be a case of extensive umbilical hernia, two cases of
perneo-tibial neurectomy and other neurectomies. There will
also be some cases of internal disease presented for diagnosis and
treatment. The committee gives assurance that competent
clinicians will participate in the clinical work and that this part
of the meeting will be found very interesting and instructive.

ENTERTAINMENT.

The Ivocal Committee has arranged for a series of very en-
joyable entertainments, especially for the ladies and children
who are fortunate enough to be able to attend the meeting.
These include a tour under expert guidance through the
Houses of Parliament and other Government Buildings, includ-
ing the Marine and Fisheries Museums and that of the Geologi-
cal Survey. There will be a trip to the Chaudiere Falls and an
afternoon on the beautiful grounds of the Central Experimental
Farm. Also a trip to Brittania, which is situated on the shore
of the charming Lake Duschene, the journey being made by
trolley car.

The banquet will take place at the Hotel Victoria at Ayl-
mer in the Province of Quebec, lo miles from Ottawa, reached
by a lovely ride along the Ottawa River on the electric rail-
way. The banquet will likely take place on Thursday even-
ing. Then the trip to Pine Grove Farms, Rockland, Ontario,
some 20 miles down the Ottawa River from Ottawa, arranged
for through the courtesy of the Honorable Senator Edwards, of
the Canadian Parliament, the proprietor of the farm. This has
already been referred to above. The trip will be made by boat

t

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 443

on the Ottawa River and will be an extremely delightful one.
The ladies and children will, of course, go to Rockland and it
will be seen that they are adequately entertained while the lit-
erary programme set apart for the day at Rockland is being dis-
posed of by the members.

All may be assured that the Local Committee will see to it
that there may be no dearth of entertainment and that there
will be no speculation as to what shall be done next.

TRANSPORTATION ARRANGEMENTS.

The Grand Trunk Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway and
Canada Atlantic Railway have granted a special rate of i J^
fare, certificate plan, for 50 or more in attendance. The New
England Passenger Association, the Trunk Line Association
and the Central Passenger Association have granted a rate of
1}^ fare, certificate plan, for 100 or more in attendance includ-
ing members and visitors, as has also the Western Passenger
Association.

The Wabash Railroad from Chicago and points west to De-
troit and the Canadian Pacific Railroad from Detroit make a
continuous route without change to Ottawa. These roads, which
are cooperative and thus practically one line, offer special equip-
ment from Chicago to Ottawa. A party will be arranged for to
rendezvous in Chicago and journey from there by special train,
if numbers justify, to Ottawa without change. This is mani-
festly the most eligible route for those from the West and North-
west. An effort, which promises successful issue, is being made
for the alternative of a water trip from Smith's Falls to Ottawa
by special boat of the Rideau Lakes Navigation Company. This
is a very beautiful waterway and this will fit in well with the
other parts of the pilgrimage. It will be arranged by the Wa-
bash and the Canadian Pacific Railroads as part of their trans-
portation facilities.

As the Detroit and Buffalo steamboat company is a member
of the Central Passenger Association, which has granted a
special rate of ij^ fare, it is likely that those from territory
west, north and south of Detroit may arrange for a water jour-
ney between Detroit and Buffalo. Those who decide to forego
the advantage of the special rate for at least part of the trip can,
of course, elect any water route they may choose.

The Local Committee has arranged for the following through
and side trips with the General Passenger Agent of the Canada
Atlantic Railway, Ottawa, Canada, who will be glad to give any
additional information.

444 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

FARES FROM OTTAWA.

Montreal — One way $2.50 ; round trip $5.00. Route — Optional rail
or boat (Ottawa River and Lachine Rapids).

Montreal — One way $5.50. Route — Rail to Prescott, boat to Mon-
treal (St. lyawrence Rapids).

Montreal — Round trip $10.75. Route — Rail or boat (Ottawa River
and Lachine Rapids) to Montreal, boat to Kingston (Thousand Islands),
boat to Smith's Falls (Rideau Lakes), rail to Ottawa. (Applicable in
opposite direction.)

Kingston — One way $3.80 ; round trip $6.60. Route — Rail to Smith's
Falls, boat to Kingston (Rideau Lakes).

Clayton — One way $4.80 ; round trip $8.35. Route — Rail to Smith's
Falls, boat to Clayton (Rideau Lakes and Thousand Islands).

Quebec — Round trip $10. Route — Rail to Montreal, optional rail or
boat between Montreal and Quebec.

Pembroke — (Upper Ottawa) Round trip $4.75. Route — Rail both di-
rections.

Toronto— On^ way $8.10. Route — Rail to Prescott, boat to Toronto
(Thousand Islands and Lake Ontario). (Meals and berth included.)

Toronto — One way $11.75. Route — Rail to Parry Sound, boat to
Penetang (30,000 Islands Georgian Bay), rail to Toronto.

Toronto — One way $12.80. Route — Rail to Parry Sound, Georgian
Bay, rail to Maple Lake, stage to Port Cockburn, boat to Muskoka
Wharf (Muskoka Nav. Co.), rail to Toronto.

Parry Sound (Georgian Bay) — One way $7.75, round trip $11.60.
Route — Rail both directions.

Alg07iqui7i Park (Salmon Fishing) — Round trip $7.40. Route— Rail
both directions.

FARES FROM MONTREAL.

Quebec — Round trip $5. Route — Optional, rail or boat.

Chicoutimi (Lake St. John) — Round trip $12. Route — Steamer (St.
Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers).

Chicoutimi (Lake St. John) — Round trip $15. Route — Rail via Q. &
L. St. J. R'y and Roberval, rail to Montreal.

Lake 6^^^r^^ (Caldwell, N. Y.) — One way $6.50, round trip $11.35.
Route — Rail to Plattsburg or Hotel Champlain, rail or boat (Lake
Champlain) to Fort Ticonderoga, rail to Baldwin, boat to Caldwell
(Lake George), return rail.

Lachine Rapids — Round trip 50 cents. Route — Rail to Lachine,
steamer Sovereign to Montreal (Lachine Rapids).

FARES FROM TORONTO TO OTTAWA.

Fare, round trip $14.90. Route — Rail or steamer (Lake Ontario) to
Kingston, rail or steamer (Thousand Islands) to Brockville, rail to
Ottawa.

Fare, one way $9. Route — Steamer to Brockville (Lake Ontario and
Thousand Islands), rail to Ottawa.

Fare, one way $12.50. Route — Rail to Brockville, boat to Montreal
(St. Lawrence Rapids), rail or boat (Ottawa River) to Ottawa.

Fare, one way $12.50. Route — Rail to Kingston, rail or steamer
(Thousand Islands) to Prescott, rail or steamer (St. Lawrence Rapids) to
Montreal, rail or steamer (Ottawa River) to Ottawa.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 445

Fare, one way $12.60. Rail to Penetang or Midland, boat to Parry
Sound (30,000 Islands Georgian Bay) rail to Ottawa.

Fare, one way $12.80. Route — Rail to Muskoka Wharf, boat to Port
Cockburn or Rosseau (Muskoka Lakes), stage to Maple Lake, rail to
Ottawa.

CHICAGO TO OTTAWA VIA PARRY SOUND.

Fare, oneway $29.75. Route — Boat to Mackinac (Northern Mich-
igan Trans. Co.), boat to Parry Sound (Northern Nav. Co. via North
Shore Georgian Bay), rail to Ottawa. Meals and Berths included on
steamers.

Note; — Meals and Berths are extra on steamers unless otherwise
noted.

In order to secure the special rate the going-ticket must be
purchased between August 28 and Sept. 2 inclusive and the re-
turn-ticket must be purchased before Sept. 8.

The Dominion of Canada Industrial Exhibition will be held
in Toronto, Ontario, August 27th to Sept. 12. The officers of
this Association have not yet arranged for rates with the trans-
portation companies, but it would be advisable for those living
within the territory in which special rates will be made for this
exhibition to inquire what these rates are so that they may
avail themselves of any advantages they offer. On completing
the stay at Toronto a ticket could be purchased for Ottawa and
a certificate for it taken.

Further particulars concerning all matters relative to the
meeting will appear in the programme which will be sent out
early in August, and which will be distributed to all veterina-
rians in the United States and Canada and others who may re-
quest it. Respectfully,

John J. Repp, Secretary,

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The semi-annual meeting of this Association will be held
this year in New Haven instead of at Hartford as formerly.
Through the invitation of Dr. Edward Ross the meeting will be
held at his hospital, No. 11 Orange Street, Tuesday, August
iSth, 1903, at 10 o'clock a. m.

An interesting clinic will be provided with especial prepar-
ations for surgical operations to be performed by some of Con-
necticut's well-known veterinary surgeons.

Three subjects have been selected for discussion, viz. :
" Azoturia," " Canine Distemper," and '' Scrotal Hernia."

The committee of arrangements hope to make this the most

446 % SOCIETY MEETINGS.

pleasant and profitable, with the largest attendance of any meet-
ing the Association has yet held. B. K. Dow, Secretary.

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW

JERSEY.

The semi-annual meeting was held Thursday, July 9th,
1903, on the grounds of the U. S. Animal Quarantine Station,
Athenia, N. J., and convened at 10 o'clock A. m., Dr. Wm. Her-
bert Lowe, President, in the chair.

The following members were in attendance : Drs. Bridge,
Buckley, Budd, Churchill, Conover, Dilkes, Everitt, Ferguson,
Forsythe, Fredericks, George, Glennon, Gray, Harker, Harri-
son, Hasbrouck, Hogan, Hopper, Kehoe, Loblein, Wm. Herbert
Lowe, J. Payne Lowe, Magill, McCoy, McDonough, Mecray,
Mosedale, Pope, Reagan, Ripley, Rogers, Runge, T. E. Smith,
Stage, Tread well, Tuttle, and Vliet. Visitors present were :
Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ;
Dr. Pearson, State Veterinarian for Pennsylvania ; Dr. Blair,
Veterinarian to the New York Zoological Society ; Dr. Leal,
M. D., President of the New Jersey Sanitary Association ; Dr.
Jas. L. Robertson, of the New York-American Veterinary Col-
lege ; Col. S. R. Burch, Chief Clerk of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, and Drs. Chritcherson, Hallock, Bouldin, Montague,
Cooper, Lindsay, Herbert, Bride, Lyman, Gardner, Ford, De-
graw, W. H. Lowe, Jr., and Mr. Downs, veterinary student.

The Secretary read the minutes of the annual meeting held
at Trenton on January 8th, 1903, which, on motion, were duly
approved.

Dr. Archibald McBride, of Jersey City ; Dr. James L. Lind-
say, of Jersey City, and Dr. F". C. Herbert, of Plainfield, were
elected to membership.

Reports of Committees. — Dr. Runge, Chairman of the Public
Health Committee, reported progress.

Dr. J. Payne Lowe, Chairman of the Animal Industry Com-
mittee, reported progress, and also that the committee was work-
ing in harmony with the President toward the formation of a
State Board of Animal Industry.

Dr. Rogers, of the Conference Committee, reported that as
the result of a committee meeting held at Trenton it had been
possible to place Dr. Lowe upon the State Tuberculosis Com-
mission.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 447

Reports of Delegates, — Dr. Bndd, delegate to the Atlantic
City Horse Show, reported his intention of attending the horse
show in the capacity of official veterinarian, and stated that he
would be glad to be of service to any of the members of the As-
sociation who might be in attendance. Dr. Budd related some
of his experiences as veterinarian at the Atlantic City Horse
Show last year, and said he would report upon the subject at the
next meeting of this body.

Dr. Tuttle, one of the delegates to the New Jersey Sanitary
Association, reported that he expected to attend the convention
of that Association to be held in September, after which he
hoped to be able to report something of interest to the mem-
bers.

Secretary^ s Report. — The Secretary called attention to the
action at the meeting of January 8th, appointing a committee
to investigate the cases of delinquent members. That commit-
tee had made a recommendation that certain members be drop-
ped from the roll, not alone for non-payment of dues, but in
some cases for conduct unbecoming gentlemen (it seemed that
they had not treated the committee courteously and had ignored
communications sent them by the committee). In one case,
that of Dr. Holdenby, a recent letter had been received stating
that owing to a change in his place of residence the communi-
cation from the committee had not been received. The letter
requested reinstatement and was accompanied by a check cover-
ing all dues to date. Upon motion of Dr. Hopper, it was unan-
imously voted that Dr. Holdenby be reinstated in the member-
ship of the Association.

Membership in the State Board of Agriculture. — It was re-
ported by the President that the request of the Association for
membership in the State Board of Agriculture was granted at a
meeting of the Board held January 14th, 1903, and the Presi-
dent had accordingly appointed as delegates Dr. Harker, of
Trenton, and Dr. Pope, of Athenia.

Official Register of Veteri^iarians. — President lyowe further
reported on the subject of the official register of veterinarians;
that the present edition was published in 1900 and it was desir-
able that a revised edition should now be printed, bringing the
register up to date, or up .to May 5th, 1902, the time when the
new law went into force. Since that date the official register of
licenses granted could be referred to. On motion, duly seconded,
it was voted that the " Veterinary Medical Register of the State
of New Jersey" be revised to May 5th, 1902.

448 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Obituary. — The Chairman reported that since the last meet-
ing one of the members, Dr. R. R. Letts, of Allendale, had died,
and at the time of his funeral the President had appointed a
representation from the Association to attend the funeral and
provide a suitable floral piece. On motion, the following were
appointed a committee to draft resolutions of respect to the
memory of Dr. Letts : Dr. T. E. Smith, Dr. J. B. Hopper and
Dr. J. B. Finch. A letter of acknowledgment was read from
the widow of Dr. Letts, thanking the Association for the floral
piece sent to the funeral.

Passaic County Veterinary Association. — The Chairman
called upon Dr. Cooper, of Paterson, one of the guests, to state
the progress made in the local association of Passaic County.
Dr. Cooper in response said that there were at present nineteen
members, representing one hundred per cent, of the practitioners
in the county ; that they had all paid their dues to date ; the
meetings were well attended, and for a local association it was
accomplishing excellent work.

Committee on Legislation. — The President, on behalf of the
Committee on Legislation, stated that the committee found it
necessary to spend a good deal of time in Trenton last winter,
not only to protect and safeguard the present legislation (the
Act of 1902), but with the assistance of loyal members wherever
called upon the committee had been able to kill any bill intro-
duced antagonistic to the present law ; for instance. Assembly
Bill No. 212 introduced in the interest of South Jersey and pro-
viding for the reopening of the veterinary registration books.
It was apparently an innocent bill, but if passed it would have
allowed the registration of not only the quacks of this State, but
of New York, Pennsylvania and every other State to be regis-
tered as practitioners in New Jersey. Dr. Hopper was of great
assistance in putting the bill to sleep in committee, and it never
went before the House. There were a number of bills introduced
which were not allowed to become laws, and as the next session
of the Legislature will probably bring forth more adverse legis-
lation it was quite necessary for the Association to keep the
Legislation Committee alive, as it will have much important
work to do next winter. There were several bills passed by the
Legislature of interest to the Association ; one the Automobile
Law of 1903, which requires that every motor vehicle shall on
the raising of his hand or other signal by the driver of a horse
come to a full stop and remain standing until the horse has
passed the motor vehicle. Another bill passed is known as the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 449

Speedway Bill, which allows the Board of Freeholders of any
borough to borrow money to purchase lands for speedways, the
amounts not to exceed $100,000, issued in bonds. Another bill
was an amendment of the original Medical Law, known as
Chap. 228 of the Laws of 1903. This amends in several im-
portant particulars the Act of 1894 regulating the practice of
medicine and surgery (that is, human medicine and surgery) in
the State. The clause of interest to this Association is that
providing that the act shall not apply to any legally licensed
veterinary practitioners, so that they are doubly safeguarded, not
only by their own law but by the medical act, because the only
men exempted in that act are the legally licensed veterinary
physicians, surgeons and dentists of the State. Those not le-
gally licensed and registered are liable to the penalties of the
Act. The President said that another part of the work of the
Committee on Legislation he wished to particularly call to the
attention of the Association was that of prosecuting violators of
the law. This matter must be carried forward in a determined
manner. The policy of the Committee has been to select a few
of the most flagrant violations and make an example of them.
Of course, there were many minor violations of the law which
the committee could not go into ; but the President thought
that a few successful prosecutions would prevent others from
attempting to violate the law. The tendency to violate the law
in the large cities was not so great as it was in the country dist-
ricts. The President assured members that no stone would be
left unturned to carry on prosecutions w^henever there was suf-
ficient evidence to convict.

Dr. Hopper said he thought the Legislative Committee
should keep up their work unceasingly, and made the sugges-
tion that as soon as any bill was introduced into the Legisla-
ture affecting the interests of the Association the Committee
should immediately notify the vSecretary, who should send out
notice to every member of the Association, who could then see
the Senators and Assemblymen in their respective counties,
either in person or by letter, and thus bring a great deal of in-
fluence to bear to kill any proposed measure adverse to the in-
terests of the profession. Dr. Hopper thereupon offered the
above suggestions as a motion, which was carried.

In this connection Dr. Budd called attention to the valuable
work done at Trenton last winter by the President, Dr. Wm.
Herbert Lowe. He did not know how the Association could
ever compensate Dr. Lowe, who had sacrificed his practice, his

450 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

home and his social relations in looking after the interests of
this Association at Trenton last winter, and he thought the As-
sociation ought to recognize this in some way. The following
motion, duly seconded, was put to vote by Dr. Budd and unani-
mously adopted : " Resolved^ That the hearty thanks of this
Association be extended to our President, Dr. Wm. Herbert
Lowe, for the good work he performed in the interests of the
Association at Trenton during 1902- 1903 session of the Legis-
lature."

Dr. Runge Reports Interesting Cases. — Dr. Runge submit-
ted a photograph of a man who died from glanders in the Ger-
man Hospital in Newark on June 2, 1903. He said the disease
had been quite prevalent in Essex, Hudson and Bergen Coun-
ties, and especially in the City of Newark. He said : " Gland-
ers is a contagious constitutional disease of the horse, ass, and
mule, readily communicable to man, sheep, goats, to the dog,
cat, the rabbit and guinea-pig. It runs a variable course until
it produces the death of the animal affected with it. It is char-
acterized by the formation of neoplasms of connective tissue, or
nodules, which degenerate into ulcers, from which exude a pe-
culiar discharge. It is accompanied by a variable amount of
fever, according to the rapidity of its course. It is subject to
various complications of the lymphatic glands, of the lungs, of
the testicles, of the internal organs and of the subcutaneous
connective tissue. I do not intend to give a lecture on the dif-
ferent forms of glanders, as I am well aware that every one of
the gentlemen present is acqiiainted with the disease, but I in-
tend to state a few facts which I have observed during the last
outbreak in Newark, N. J., for a period of about six months.
I saw about 140 cases of glanders, about 85 per cent, of which
were of the chronic form as proved by post-mortem. In New-
ark we had from January i to June 21, 141 cases of glanders, in
every one of which a post-mortem was made. During the first
month I started with ten. Those weie isolated. Then we iso-
lated ten more. Out of those all but two were chronic cases.
The cases isolated did not show any external symptoms, but I
quarantined every horse :whose temperature ran above 101° for
any length of time. I had a special stable for the purpose, where
I made the mallein test and got reaction in every one of these
cases. The horses were in fairly good condition ; those ten
horses were not worked for three or four weeks, and they picked
up flesh and some of them got quite fleshy. For five or six days
their temperatures ran from loi^ to 103 ; then it became almost

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 451

normal, dropped to loo or loof in some of them, and remained
there for a week and then it rose again. I put these horses at
work on delivery business, where they could not come in con-
tact with other horses. They remained in good flesh five or six
weeks, and then I found their glands were beginning to swell.
In the middle of April I decided to kill one of the horses, as I
could not heal the sore. We killed that horse and the post-
mortem showed chronic pulmonary glanders. I decided to kill
four more. Those were partly run down ; and as the tempera-
ture of the others kept running high I decided to kill all but
two. I found in every one pulmonary glanders, as well as in
the spleen, liver and the internal glands. These last two had
not had a temperature in over six weeks, but they had given re-
actions to mallein the same as the others. I had nothing to do
with them before January i, and I do not know when the real
infection took place, but undoubtedly some of them had been
infected for some months previously. The picture I brought is
a man by the name of Mayer, who died in the German Hospital,
Newark, on June 2. How the man became infected no one
knows. He was a mechanic and great animal lover ; if he saw
a horse on the street he would go up and rub his head and put
his head alongside the horse's head. His glands swelled and
there was a discharge from the nose and ulceration of the nose
for six months before he was sent to the hospital for treatment.
He was brought to the hospital about May 20. Dr. Connely,
the bacteriologist of the Newark Board of Health, made a mi-
croscopical examination of the scrapings of the sore upon his
face. I made cultures from the scrapings of that sore on May
24 and injected three guinea-pigs right in the peritoneal cavity.
Two died the same night, really before I could expect anything.
The last one died in three days with a suppurated scrotum. I
examined the pus from that scrotum and found bacilli. On May
27 I injected a horse with the some culture and i c.c. of the
mallein on each shoulder, and i c.c. in the trachea. I let that
horse live until July 3 ; found no symptoms, no rise in temper-
ature except about ten or twelve days afterward, which would
be about June 10, when the places where the injections were
made suppurated, being more or less contaminated, I suppose.
I then killed the animal, and found no symptoms whatever ex-
cept an enlargement of the bronchial glands ; but these bron-
chial glands contained the bacillus mallei ; whether that horse
was infected, or whether the germs had lost their germinative
quality, I am unable to say. I was unable to go any further

452 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

with my experiments from the cultures taken from the man who
died. I have forgotten to mention one point in connection with
the horses I had isolated. Those horses from time to time which
showed small buttons, two or three, in the neighborhood of the
collar, and one of them had an abscess over the rump quite
.deeply located. I opened these, and the pus ran out freely and
the sores would heal up within four or five days. I did not use
any antiseptics at all. I took the pus of three of those horses and
injected guinea-pigs and I found glanders produced in those gui-
nea-pigs. When I decided to kill those horses, which I did after-
ward, I found chronic pulmonary glanders in the horses which
had had the buttons or ulcers, which healed up very readily, but
I was unable to find the bacillus. The question in my mind is
whether there will always be bacilli in the buttons when they
have chronic glanders. I could not decide the question, as I
had no means of pursuing the investigation further. I think
mallein is the best assistant we have in these cases. The reac-
tion caused in every case was quite marked. Though my expe-
rience is in chronic cases, you do not get much local reaction.
You get reaction in temperature. But if we have reason to be-
lieve that a horse has chronic glanders, if we get any reaction
at all, I would call it a suspicious case."

Dr, Harriso7t Reports. — " I have had some little experience,
acting as sanitary inspector for the State Board of Health. The
disease is pretty generally distributed throughout the upper part
of New Jersey, especially Essex, Bergen and Hudson Counties.
It appeared to me at one time as if the outlook was somewhat
grave. In regard to what has been said about the mallein test,
about a year and a half ago I tried some experiments and got
what we believe to be typical reactions. The first case on which
post-mortem was made, the pulmonary indications of glanders
were well marked. We killed three others, but could not find
any lesions whatever of glanders. We concluded to send seven
other horses which were under suspicion back to work, under
restrictions. Six months after that two of the horses died or
were killed with glanders. Five of the horses are to-day work-
ing, seemingly in good condition. For these reasons, I think
that mallein is not always infallible. These horses were work-
ing hard the last I saw of them, about two months ago ;
that covered a period of about 17 months." Dr. Harrison called
attention to a peculiar development of the epidemic of glanders
along the highways between Newark and Bloomfield and from
Newark to Jersey City, and in his opinion the disease was de-

SOCIETY' MEETINGS. 453

veloped and spread through the numerous drinking troughs and
fountains. " There is one at the top of the mountain in Mont-
clair, in front of the Mountain House, where there were some
horses infected. I saw eight cases in Bloomfield, and there
were five or six in Caldwell, and I heard that all along the plank
road to Jersey City there were a number of cases. And I think
as long as the drinking fountains are allowed to stand without
any attention by way of disinfecting them, a disease like glan-
ders is bound to spread. I understand New York City is hav-
ing considerable trouble with that same disease just now. We
all know that there is a constant travel between New York and
Northern New Jersey towns. With all due respect to the gen-
tlemen constituting the Board, I think the policy of the State
of New Jersey is short sighted, to say the least. I believe that
we must establish a Bureau of Animal Industry with a veteri-
narian at the head of it. I believe the time is ripe to begin,
and we cannot begin too soon, and I believe if we all work to
the right end we will have very little difficulty in getting such
a bill through." (Applause.)

Dr. Leal^ President of the New Jersey Sanitary Association^
is Introduced. — Dr. Leal said : '' The New Jersey Sanitary Asso-
ciation is composed of all classes who are interested in the sub-
ject of sanitation, or the protection of the public health. Two
years ago, realizing the importance of the relation which veter-
inary medicine holds in this respect, our Association formed a
committee on animal diseases and animal foods. The commit-
tee is composed principally of physicians, lawyers, teachers and
engineers. It is deemed quite important that we should have
on the membership list of our Association those having a spe-
cific knowledge of the subject of veterinary medicine. If I may
be allowed a suggestion, I would suggest that this meeting form
a committee to attend the next convention of the State Sanitary
Association, and at the next meeting of our Association I will
suggest the setting apart of an hour for the discussion of this
important subject. I will make that as a suggestion at this
time, Mr. President, and I can promise you a hearty welcome
from the State Sanitary Association." Dr. Leal stated that the
only requirements for membership in the New Jersey Sanitary
Association were an interest in the subject of preventive medi-
cine, the preservation of the public health, an interest in the
welfare of the community at large and the payment of two dol-
lars a year.

Dr. Leonard Pearson is Introdticed. — Dr. Pearson said : '* I

454 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

did not expect to be called upon to say anything. I was attract-
ed to this meeting by the exceedingly interesting programme I
received from your Secretary a short time ago, and also by a de-
sire to see this new quarantine station. I understand that one
of the chief subjects before you is the organization of a live stock
sanitary board for the State of New Jersey. I sincerely hope it
will be possible to secure the enactment of a law creating such
a board. You have the precedent of at least one adjoining State,
and a great many sister States in the country ; and I believe that
wherever such boards have been established, it has brought about
a marked improvement over the system which preceded its es-
tablishment. I am sure this will be the case in New Jersey.
The present division of authority that you have in regard to the
control of the diseases of animals is exceedingly confusing and
must cause a good deal of delay which works to the injury of
the owners of live stock. There is no reason why such control
should not be centered in such a board, and of course you will
see to it that there is appointed upon that board at least one
veterinarian, and perhaps two or three. Some years ago there
was considerable opposition on the part of live stock men to the
establishment of such boards. This was especially true in the
Eastern States, largely from fear that veterinary boards might be
unreasonable in establishing regulations which might prove
burdensome. But wherever such boards have been established
these forebodings have not proven to be well founded. I know
of no case where a live stock board has been oppressive or un-
just, if there was a veterinarian on that board. The few cases
where the boards were oppressive and unreasonable were where
they were composed of live stock men. In Pennsylvania the
live stock board during the last year has had more earnest sup-
port than in previous years. In addition to the regular fund of
$45,000 per annum, the Legislature has appropriated an addi-
tional $25,000. With this it is proposed to establish an exper-
imental station and run a farm for researches in vaccination
against tuberculosis, and to follow other lines of research. I
think that is very encouraging to live stock men not only
in Pennsylvania but in adjoining States."

Dr. James L. Robertson, of the New York University, made
a few remarks endorsing what had been said in favor of placing
a veterinarian at the head of State veterinary work.

State Board of Veterinary Examiners.. — Dr. Rogers said :
" As a member of the New Jersey State Board of Veterinary
Examiners, I think it my duty to bring before this Associa-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 455

tion the condition of affairs in that board. Since the board was
established we have examined three candidates. I leave you to
infer from past experience how many would have settled in this
State in that same time, if it had not been for the existence of
that board. We are doing all this at our own expense, and I
estimate that the members of the board have expended out of
their own pockets about $200 for the good of the cause. We
now have on hand a number of prosecutions, and I think it is a
question for this Association to consider whether they cannot
give us a little financial aid in these prosecutions." It was re-
solved, that the State Board of Veterinary Examiners be author-
ized to draw upon the Treasurer for the amount of money re-
quire^ to conduct the prosecutions of the violators of the State
law regarding illegal practitioners in the State of New Jersey.

Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association
at Ottawa^ Can. — It was resolved, that the Chairman be re-
quested to appoint a committee of as many as he may deem nec-
essary to attend the meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association at Ottawa, Can., during the first week in Sep-
tember.

Recess for Luncheon. — At i.iop. M. the meeting adjourned
for luncheon, reconvening at 2.30 P. M.

Dr. Lowe Introdtcces Dr. D. E. Salmojt. — The Chairman :
" Those of you who attended the Trenton meeting doubtless
recollect the recommendation I made regarding the establish-
ment of a State Bureau or Commission of Animal Industry. I
think if there was any one who djubted the feasibility and wis-
dom of the establishment of such a commission at that time, his
doubts are dispelled by this time. At that meeting no less an
authority than the distinguished and able President of the State
Board of Agriculture, Dr. Voorhees, expressed himself in a very
clear and forcible manner upon the advisability of merging the
several branches of animal industry and veterinary science of
this State under one head and under competent veterinary direc-
tion. Hon. Franklyn Dye, Secretary of the State Tuberculosis
Commission, also Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture,
took occasion to voice his sentiments in favor of the proposition,
and we all know, and especially those who practice in the
northern cities of the State, how the prevalence of glanders in
these cities has proved the necessity of placing this matter under
proper professional direction. Not long ago we were very
much alarmed for fear that foot-and-mouth disease would get
a footing in this State, and I must say it is no credit to the or-

456 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ganized or unorganized efforts of the authorities of this State
that the disease did not enter the State ; but the credit is due to
the enlightened and far-seeing head of the Federal Bureau of
Animal Industry, who took such measures where the disease
first made its appearance to exterminate the disease before it
could gain a foothold in our State.

" Then, again, it was a great pleasure to have Dr. John L.
Leal, President of the New Jersey Sanitary Association, express
himself so freely, as he did before luncheon, in regard to the
feasibility and advisability of the work of the animal industry
forces and the veterinary vSanitary work of the State being
merged under such a commission or bureau as has been proposed.
Then, again, we have the encouraging words of Dr. Pearson,
the State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, who has been eminently
successful in organizing the work in that great commonwealth.
But these matters are not the only things we have to encourage
us in this great work that we have undertaken in this State.
We are fortunate to-day in having with us the man who organ-
ized the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Gov-
ernment, the man who developed that Bureau to be what it is
to-day, and which I can say without any exaggeration is the
greatest bureau in the world. So I say, we are fortunate in
having with us as a co-laborer, and as our friend, Dr. D. E.
Salmon."

Address of Dr. D. E, Salmon. — " Gentlemen : I am sure you
feel that I ought to be a little overcome by these flattering words
of your President. I wish to assure you and him that I appreciate
them very much. It is a great pleasure for me to meet you here
to-day. Indeed, I may say that I have been waiting for a third
of a century for this opportunity. It is not only a pleasure to meet
you as veterinarians — as members of my own chosen profession
— but for many other reasons. As many of you know, I am, like
you, a native of the State of New Jersey. (Applause.) I am
still loyal to the State.

" I take a pride in the progress and advancement of the vet-
erinary profession of the State of New Jersey, and for that rea-
son I am very glad to welcome you here in this quarantine sta-
tion" of the United States Government, which has been estab-
lished under the direction of the Bureau of which I have the
honor to be the Chief. We waited a long time before we
were able to establish a station like this. You perhaps know
that the earliest animal quarantine stations of the country were
established when inspection of imported animals was under the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 457

direction of the Treasury Department. Those stations were
on rented ground, and for that reason they were not built as
substantially as they should have been. The buildings were
not what you would call sanitary buildings. The grounds were
not a credit to a great government like this, wealthy and pro-
gressive, and with a tremendous capital invested in animals
which are to be protected. On the other hand, they were tem-
porary affairs, wooden buildings, where the drainage would go
through the floor and saturate the ground beneath, and where
it was impossible to get at them to thoroughly disinfect. Now,
we had that sort of quarantine stations for twenty years, and it
is only recently that we have been able to convince Congress
that it was necessary to have permanent stations built, with all
the facilities and conveniences that the knowledge of the pres-
ent time shows to be essential in a station of this kind.

" I think you will agree with me that this station is well lo-
cated ; that the buildings are well arranged and adapted for the
purposes for which they have been built. It was not a very easy
matter to acquire this location. Our idea was, first, to have a
station on the water front ; but it was absolutely necessary to
acquire suitable room and space for the isolation of different
herds. It was of course necessary that the work should be done
quietly, without knowledge of the people who owned the land
in the vicinity ; otherwise prices would have been advanced to
where it would be prohibitive. In buying this station the land
belonging to half a dozen or more individuals was taken on
options and it was gradually acquired, and after getting through
with these business preliminaries, competent experts were em-
ployed to devise the buildings, see that they were properly ar-
ranged and substantially built. They have been made plain,
but at the same time substantial and of the best material, and
so arranged that they can be thoroughly disinfected.

" Now, your President has asked me to come here and say
something to you about the establishment of a State institution
for the control of animal matters, to be under veterinary direc-
tion. I presume that someone who understands what has been
done and what can be done in the State could speak to you
about such a subject better than I, so far as details are con-
cerned ; but I may be able to say something from my experience
in the conduct of veterinary executive work, which may possi-
bly be of some value in formulating your plans.

"• Now, I have tried in the first place to get at the reason
for the establishment of something of that kind. The first

458 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

thing one wants to know when a proposition of that kind is
broached, is the value of the animals in the State which need
protection, because in veterinary sanitary matters there are
always two points which must be taken into consideration (gen-
erally the least important one" first, that is, the money value of
the property to be protected), the other is, I take it, the protection
of the public health.

" 1 do not remember what the figures are as to the value of
animals in this State by the last census. The last census in re-
gard to animals has not been considered as entirely reliable by
our Department. So I have taken the figures made up by esti-
mates from the census of 1900, which are approximately cor-
rect. I have taken these figures from the Report of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, which may be generally relied upon as cor-
rect. There are in this State, 165,000 milch cows ; other cattle,
74,000; horses, 74,000; mules, 48,000; head of swine, 175,000;
sheep) 41,000. The value of these animals in round numbers is
sixteen millions of dollars. Now, considering the size and pop-
ulation of the State, that is a considerable investment in ani-
mals. It is an investment of such importance, from a financial
point of view alone, that it is deserving of the consideration and
attention of the State authorities.

" Then, of course, there always comes up the question of
public health. The veterinarian must be looked to to protect
public health, so far as it is threatened by the diseases of ani-
mals. He is the man who has paid attention to these diseases,
who has studied animal pathology, who is able to diagnose dis-
eases, say what diseases are actually prevalent, what remedy
should be applied, and what sanitary measures are necessary to
restrict and control them. He also has to recommend what
should be done by the constituted authorities of the State in
order to protect the public health.

" Now, there are a number of diseases which of course you
are all acquainted with, — which all veterinarians know, — which
are always liable to be encountered in any State in the Union,
because they are domestic diseases, — diseases which have become
established in the country, and which exist everywhere, and
which are at any time liable to occur. Among these one of the
most important is glanders, the disease which was discussed here
this morning. It is a disease which exists in all our cities and
in many of the country districts in all parts of the United
States. It is brought into the State by shipments from other
States, particularly from the western part of the country, where

SOCIETY MEETINGS. . 459

the disease is very prevalent. Now, that is a disease which not
only affects animals, not only has an effect from a financial
point of view, but also is injurious to a certain extent to the
public health. Every year some people die from glanders —
many more than are realized, because the cases are not properly
diagnosed. When a case of glanders is diagnosed it is generally
on the representation of a veterinarian who has reason to believe
the person was exposed to the disease. I have known of cases
where the physician was unable to make a diagnosis until the
fact of the exposure was made known by the veterinarian who
was treating the horse. The mortality from glanders is not
great among people, but still it is a serious disease, which every-
body dreads, — a disease which is horrible and disgusting and
one which is almost invariably fatal.

" While the majority of people escape, it is one that is dreaded
by everybody. So, in considering the importance of this dis-
ease and controlling it, we must consider both the financial
aspect of the case, and the public health aspect, because it is not
only the veterinarian — not only the men who attend the horses
who are exposed to it, but persons walking along the street are
liable to have a bit of glanders pus blown into their eyes from a
horse snorting on the street ; and it sometimes happens, as it did
in the very interesting case you had brought to your attention
this morning, that the direct cause of infection cannot be traced
between the person affected by the disease and the horse from
which he was infected. It is possible that there are persons
who contract the contagion in the same way, and die from it.

"Then we have another disease, probably as prevalent as
glanders. I refer to rabies, which is becoming quite prevalent
in late years in all parts of the United States. Unfortunately,
with rabies we have a condition which does not obtain with
glanders. The medical profession, as a whole, is more or less
skeptical in regard to the existence of rabies, and this skepticism
has been cultivated by medical men who have written on the
subject and propagated their wrong ideas in the colleges. You
know how easy it is to fasten an idea upon a student in a med-
ical college, and how it clings to him, and how hard it is to get
rid of it, no matter how incorrect it is, after he gets such an idea
driven into his head. Very often you have to wait for that gen-
eration to die off and a new generation to come on before you
can change its views. That sentiment exists among the medical
profession in the United States to-day, and I should not be sur-
prised, if a vote were taken among practicing physicians in the

460 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

United States, if there would not be a majority who would give
their opinion based on the idea that at least the presence of
rabies is doubtful. They might not say ' We don't believe there
is such a disease in existence,' but they would say they had reason
to doubt it. It is unfortunate, but it is a fact which we must
recognize. The idea has been propagated, unfortunately, by the
humane societies of the United States. One of the reasons
which they give for propagating the doctrine that there is no
such disease in existence is that it is so rare that they are op-
posed to experimenting upon animals to demonstrate the exist-
ence of such a disease.

''The fact of its existence has been demonstrated by experi-
ments upon animals. The Pasteur treatment has been brought
out by experimentation upon animals. They say they do not
believe in any conclusions that have been drawn from such ex-
perimentation, and they consider it their duty to fight all opin-
ions brought out in that way ; and this idea of the presence of
rabies and the necessity of measure for its control.

" Now, I will say frankly to you, that up to within the last
decade I thought myself that rabies was rather rare in this
country. It had not come to my attention much, and in fact
I had no reason to make any investigations concerning the mat-
ter, and all this literature which the humane societies and the
individuals in the medical profession had been sending out had
come to my attention, and it seemed to me that they had pretty
fair arguments. All at once we were confronted with rabies in
the District of Columbia. A colored man died with a disease
which had all the nervous phenomena of rabies, which the at-
tending physician did not understand very well, but he thought
from the symptoms that it might be rabies. But this colored
man's brain was taken out and sent to the Bureau of Animal
Industry in order that inoculations might be made from it. These
inoculations produced rabies in rabbits. We arranged to have
experimental tests made at the Bureau and from that time to the
present (I think that was in 1891 or '92), we have tested all the
cases that we could get hold of, and, very much to our surprise,
we found that rabies existed constantly in the District of Colum-
bia. We know that there is hardly a month in the year but
that we get cases, and we are surprised at the number.

" The deaths have not been very great, because the people
bitten have been advised to take the Pasteur treatment. But
every now and then a person died with rabies. We have had
three or four deaths within this period that have been very care-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 461

fully established, and in addition to that there have been a great
many people who have been bitten and taken the Pasteur treat-
ment (seventy-five per cent, of the people bitten). Just this
last week a man in Baltimore is going through the Pasteur
treatment, having been bitten in the streets of Baltimore by a
dog undoubtedly rabid.

"I consider this one of the diseases which should be looked
after, not only because it affects the public health, but the finan-
cial losses from it are very great. There are other animals bit-
ten by dogs beside human beings — horses and cattle, and in
most cases the animals die. We had a case in Washington
where seventeen or eighteen cows died suddenly in a myste-
rious manner. The Bureau of Animal Industry was asked to
investigate, and after studying the symptoms we thought it wise
to make inoculations of rabbits from the brains of some of the
animals that died and it was thus clearly established that they
had died of rabies. They were dry cows, which had been turned
out in the lot and left there in the night as well as during the
day, and it could not be established when, or that they had been
bitten ; but the fact that they had rabies virus in their brains
was positive proof that they had been bitten.

'' We have a great many cases reported from the West where
animals died from similar symptoms, and we have found in other
cases that the brains of these animals that have died would pro-
duce rabies when inoculated into other animals.

" The financial loss among the dogs is of course considerable,
although in most cases, I take it, it is a good thing to have the
number of dogs lessened if it can be done without danger to the
community ; but there are considerations besides saving the
dogs which make it one of the most important for the veterina-
rian to bear in mind.

" Another disease which we have not heard so much about,
but one which I take it is very important, is a venereal disease
of horses which exists in some of the Western States and has
existed for fifteen or twenty years. It has been diagnosed as
Maladie du coit^ or disease of coition, as it is termed by the
French. None of our experts have been able to find the para-
site of that disease in the animals affected. The symptoms and
course of the disease are very nearly the same as in Europe ;
but there is an absence of that parasite. There has been found
another parasite in the blood invariably,* which seems like it,
although we have not been able to reproduce the disease by
inoculations with this parasite.

462 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" In this connection, although not entirely germane to the
matter under discussion, I might say that I have made arrange-
ments to have the chief pathological expert of the Department
go to Europe this summer and study the subject there, so that
if we have missed something in our investigations he may be
able to set us right when he returns. Whatever the disease is
in the horse it has shown great persistence. For the last ten
years we have been killing off the diseased animals in Nebraska
and Dakota as fast as they could be discovered, but still the dis-
ease has kept up, and we have killed more animals this year
than in the preceding year. I think that is due to the fact that
heretofore we have not been able to find them. The fact that
we are killing off the animals is something that does not inspire
confidence, and the owners have driven the animals into the
Indian reservation and other places where they could not be
found. At any rate, that disease is more prevalent than is gen-
erally suspected. We had recently a shipment from Dakota to
Michigan, which, before we learned that the animals were in-
fected, had been scattered throughout Michigan and some parts
of Ohio, and it is doubtful whether all those animals were
found. We had a report the other day that the disease existed
in Ohio.

" There is another disease which those who attended my
lectures will remember I treated of as ' horse pox.' I have
been interested to learn that it is communicable to man and
produces pustules on the hands and arms of the attendants, ap-
parently identical with the vaccine pustules.

"I deem it of great importance that the different States
should have a veterinary institution of some kind which could
know how to diagnose diseases like this venereal disease of
horses, and to exclude it from the State ; or, to take such meas-
ures for cooperation with the national authorities for its eradi-
cation as may be necessary. It is just as liable to spread as any
other disease. Horses are being shipped here from the West
constantly, and you are liable to encounter the disease at any
time. You all know how important it is that horses should be
kept free from a disease like this. It is a disease of long dura-
tion, and almost invariably terminates in death.

" Then you have tuberculosis, which is always with you.
You have a commission already studying this subject, and it is
recognized in most parts of the country that it deserves more
vigorous attention than it has heretofore received.

** So we have in the United States a number of diseases

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 463

which are well established here, which are bound to remain for
a considerable length of time ; no matter how thorough the
work done, they will not be entirely eradicated. Then you
have the danger from imported diseases.

" Your presence here in this quarantine station must remind
you that the State of New Jersey is exposed to rather more of
the dangers than many other States. Here is a quarantine sta-
tion erected by the Government of the United States, at which
nine-tenths of the animals imported into the United States
which are liable to bring in contagious diseases, are quarantined.
It is a station situated inland, and the animals must be brought
here a number of miles by rail. There is the danger of the con-
tagion being scattered along the railroad, in case the animals
are infected. There is the danger of the disease getting out of
the quarantine station by the attendants carrying the contagion.
There is a certain amount of danger always from imported ani-
mals, no matter what the station and no matter how competent
the men in charge of the service. So, New Jersey has this
danger, which is greater than that of most other States.
Then your being at the Port of New York, where a large num-
ber of ships land at the docks on the Jersey side of the river,
you are always peculiarly exposed to contagion from articles of
merchandise like rags and hides, wool, etc. Most of you do not
realize the enormous quantity of hides, wool, hair and such an-
imal products that are continually being shipped to the contigu-
ous States within a few miles of where we are to-day, and un-
loaded and taken in drays from a railroad station to a mill ; and
such shipments are continually going through your State. All
these things are liable to bring contagion into your State, and
you being here at the Port must necessarily be exposed more
than other States.

'' These things must be taken into consideration when you
undertake to estimate the value of a State institution designed
largely to protect public health.

" I may say there is one disease which is being discovered
in some degree in different parts of the United States, which
seems to be incurable, that is, anthrax (malignant pustule) .

" Our importers go to the ends of the earth for hides. They
bring them from the worst districts of South Africa, Asia, Aus-
tralia, Madagascar and South America ; wherever they can
gather up their hides ; and no measure which the Government
has been able to enforce has proved eflRcacious in disinfecting
these importations of hides, etc., which are so liable to carry

464 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

contagion. Every year there are coming to us reports of an-
thrax occurring in tanneries, and in woolen mills, among opera-
tives who have to handle the hides and wool, and there seems
to be no way to keep out the disease. It must be controlled
after it comes into the State. Measures must be adopted to
prevent its spread. You have got to take care of that disease
when it develops, and be careful not to allow the soil to become
infected. An alluvial soil is peculiarly adapted to the propaga-
tion of anthrax, where the germs can multiply in the soil and
the weather conditions are such as to bring these germs to the
surface ; in the summer time there are liable to be outbreaks
of the disease among the domestic animals, not only threatening
the animals but the general health of the people. So you have
here a disease that needs constant attention, and will need at-
tention so long as the State of New Jersey is here to look after it.

" The recent occurrences in Massachusetts in stamping out
the foot-and-mouth disease is an illustration of the danger to
which New Jersey is constantly exposed. No one had any
reason to expect an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in Massa-
chusetts. The danger there was not so great, in fact, as it was
in New York. The number of animals imported through the
Port of Boston does not compare with the number brought
through the Port of New York.

" The amount of merchandise imported through Boston does
not compare with the amount brought into New York, although
I haven't the figures on this subject. Certainly there is as much
reason to expect an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the
State of New York to-day, as there was in Massachusetts six
months ago. Yet all at once we were confronted with the fact
that it had spread throughout the eastern part of the State, and
there were a hundred or more towns infected, and it seemed
almost impossible to ever stop it.

'' Fortunately, in Massachusetts there was a cattle bureau
which had inspectors in every town in the State, and they had
established and in operation the machinery by which they could
get reports of such a disease, and that machinery was utilized at
the time when the danger was most imminent and it was neces-
sary to get information — that machinery was utilized to find out
where the disease existed and to what extent. Although there
has been some little friction in this business of stamping out
this foot-and-mouth disease, the assistance we had in stamping
out that disease was invaluable at a time when we needed it
most. But here in New Jersey you have no such machinery for

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 4g5

getting information from all parts of the State. You could not
within a week hear from all parts of the State. You could not
within a week hear from every township in the State because
you haven't in every township in the State men who can be re-
lied upon to make prompt reports to a central authority and
whose reports would be at once investigated. I mention that as
showing the great importance of having the machinery in ex-
istence, for meeting an emergency of that kind, which you,
here, are peculiarly exposed to.

" I felt when I went to Massachusetts the first of last Decem-
ber, that I had on my hands one of the greatest tasks which I had
ever been asked to handle. You all know how infectious foot-
and-mouth disease is, how easily it is carried by everybody who
goes to the stable, every dog on the premises, even by the birds,
and by the inspectors themselves. We were getting reports of
the disease there actually faster than we could send men to see
whether the reports were correct or not. That is the reason we
adopted such radical measures. There were very few people who
had any idea when the Bureau took hold that they would kill off
all the animals in the infected yards; and at first there was a
disposition, even on the part of veterinarians, to say that it was
not necessary, and that we were causing unnecessary loss. They
thought we ought to keep the yards in quarantine and allow the
animals to recover. Now, I think that that ought to show the
value of having a veterinarian at the head of the work, who
can estimate as accurately as it can be estimated, the danger
which exists from a given situation.

" It was a very serious question to be decided there, whether
the situation justified the destruction of all that property, be-
cause many of those herds were herds of thoroughbreds, animals
which could never be replaced, strains of thoroughbred animals
which were practically blotted out by this work.

" There were some animals worth five thousand dollars each.
It was a great responsibility, to say that we should go onto these
premises and require the destruction of every animal in the
yard, whether it showed signs of the disease or not. The re-
sponsibility unfortunately came upon me. I estimated the dan-
ger as closely as I could from the information I could get from
my inspectors and from experts who were consulted, and I de-
cided that it was necessary in order to protect the remainder of
the animals in New England, necessary to enforce the destruc-
tion of those animals, and it was done, and the disease has been
stamped out. (Applause.) At least we have every reason to

466 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

believe that it has been stamped out. We slaughtered the last
case that was discovered on the 9th of May, just two months
ago to-day, and at this time of year it would seem that the con-
tagion has been entirely eradicated, because if it existed it
would spread so rapidly as to be almost impossible to follow it.

" Now, that is one of the great veterinary triumphs. We
had trained inspectors. We had men in the field who knew how
work of that character should be performed, and how the busi-
ness operations should be conducted, and who were ready to go
ahead with the work ; and the minute I said the killing should
begin they began the killing and kept it up until we got rid of
the disease.

" The expense has been far less than anybody anticipated.
We did not expect to get out of it for less than half a million
dollars, but I think the total expenses will be not over half of
that sum.

" Now, gentlemen, the question has arisen, and it confronts
you, as to what you will do — what will you advocate in this
State in the way of veterinary and sanitary work ? You have,
as I understand it here (I am not as familiar with the local sit-
uation as some of you), but you have as I understand it a tuber-
culosis commission, which really is the only thing which makes
a specialty of looking after the diseases of animals. You also
have boards of health, which I presume take action in certain
cases. You have a State Experiment Station, which some-
times investigates diseases of animals, and, perhaps, other insti-
tutions. I understand the veterinary work of the State is con-
siderably divided.

" Now, if I should give my advice, from my experience, I
should say that the most essential thing in executive work of
this character is to have it under the direction of one man — an
executive officer who is required to bear the entire responsi-
bility for what is done. My experience with commissions is
not altogether favorable. After the Bureau of Animal Industry
was established, and when we were in the midst of the eradica-
tion of pleuro-pneumonia, an effort was made to change the or-
ganization of the Bureau and to have a commission of three
men. I did everything I could in opposition to that, and the
proposition was, fortunately, defeated. I think it is a bad ar-
rangement to divide responsibility. -Veterinary work is execu-
tive work of the most strenuous character. It is like managing
a campaign in time of war. Somebody must have authority
to go ahead and say what shall be done without stopping to

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 467

consult somebody else ; and somebody ought to take all the re-
sponsibility and not be able to shove it off on to the shoulders
of somebody else. That is the only way you can get prompt
and effective work done, in my opinion. I know there are ex-
ceptions— for instance, in the District of Columbia we have a
three-headed commission which runs the District, instead of
having a Governor. You have a principal executive in the
United States ; and, generally, where there is executive work to
do, where there is an army to command, or any other executive
work to do, you will find that it is done best by a single execu-
tive, and for that reason I always advise, wherever it is feasible,
to have such work under a single head. Of course, if that can-
not be accomplished, the next best thing is to have a commis-
sion ; but I believe that it is a good move, and one for the best
interests of the State, to have veterinary work brought together
under the direction either of an expert or of experts who under-
stand the diseases which it is proposed to control. I do not see
how laymen, men who do not know the symptoms by which
diseases are diagnosed, or do not know the manner in which
they are spread, and who can never appreciate the importance
of these questions, because they have not the fundamental edu-
cation to enable them to do so, can undertake to control such a
work. I repeat, I do not see how a layman can act intelligently
on such matters. For that reason I think you are making a
wise move when you ask that this work in this State shall be
placed under a veterinary officer. Whether you have a Bureau
in the State Board of Agriculture, or, whether you have a vet-
erinarian as chief officer of a separate bureau, makes little dif-
ference. The point is that you should have it under veterinary
supervision and veterinary direction ; it seems to me that that
is essential to good work.

" Therefore, I am perfectly willing to give my endorsement,
with whatever influence it may carry, to the efforts of this Asso-
ciation to secure the establishment in this State of some sort of
an institution, either an executive office or a bureau for the con-
trolling of the diseases of animals, and incidentally for protect-
ing the public health from such diseases.

" Now, gentlemen, I simply wish, in closing, to thank you
for the kindness with which you have received me here. I
wish to express my heartfelt interest in this Association and in
all its efforts to build up the profession, not for making it more
honorable, — it cannot be made more honorable than it is, — but
for making the public appreciate and honor the veterinarian for

468 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

his work and the importance of his work to the community.
Again, I beg to welcome you to this station, and in looking it
over I hope you will find something to interest you and some-
thing also to commend." (Great applause.)

Inspection of the Quarantine Station. — The Chairman :
" We have now arrived at a part of the programme where Dr.
Pope will take charge of the meeting and conduct the members
and their guests on an inspection tour of the U. S. Animal
Quarantine Station. Dr. Pope will first give you a brief descrip-
tion of the grounds."

Dr. Pope : — " My chief has given you something of the his-
tory of the station and I believe you are expecting from me an
explanation of the practical workings of the same. Before you
start out on an inspection trip I will show you a blue print of
the property, and explain, so that you may have an intelligent
idea of the purposes of the station and the reasons for laying it
out as it is. I find a great many people have a very vague idea
as to what this Station really is. Many think it is a State in-
stitution, while some think it is an exhibition station for fine,
imported stock, and many who come here resent our refusal to
grant them permits, without limit, to go through the grounds
and visit the various importations, which of course would be
impracticable at a quarantine station. The station as originally
purchased consisted of about 40 acres laid out as you see it on
this blue print. Ten acres have recently been added to straight-
en this line in the rear, making the capacity of the station about
fifty acres. You will find extending from the railroad a main
street, 40 ft. wide, running across the property. At the centre
there is a street 40 ft. wide intersecting and extending through
the grounds. These streets are for the reception of new impor-
tations, while the 32 ft. lane extending around the outer bound-
ary of the station is for driving out animals after their release.
You will notice that each building is supplied with a yard
which is separated from all other enclosures by a 32 ft. lane, and
in this manner each importation is kept in isolation. Imported
animals are inspected on the ship, transferred to a barge and
passed over the river, then loaded in special cars, in which they
are brought to this station and unloaded directly upon the Gov-
ernment property. The buildings are all supplied with running
water. The Government supplies stable, yard room and water.
The importer pays for transportation, feed and attendant. At
this time there is very little stock on hand, viz : — 90 Berkshire
swine and five Kerry cattle, and this is unusual, as there are fre-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 469

quently here several hundred fine cattle and sheep. The ani-
mals subject to quarantine are cattle, sheep, swine and all rum-
inants, such as goats, deer, camels, etc. The quarantine period
for cattle is 60 days time dated from the time of clearance of
ship on the other side. For sheep, swine and ruminants aside
from cattle the period of detention is 15 days actual time at the
station. You will find the station incomplete, or, rather, I should
say, in an unfinished condition, but as you pass over the grounds
kindly remember that it has been in use less than two years,
that at the time of purchase it was a decidedly rough bit of
ground and that the place is more or less littered with building
material. On the hill above us we will see the water system,
where there is a well 168 ft. in depth and a tank of 16,000 gal-
lons capacity and in various places you will note that temporary
structures are being torn down to make way for the substantial
buildings of stone and brick. It will be a pleasure for me to
answer any questions while we are in route and I have here sev-
eral copies of the regulations for the importation of live stock,
which anyone may have who desires."

The members and their guests then went on a tour of inspec-
tion of the grounds of the Quarantine Station.

After the return there was a clinic until 5 p. m., when the
meeting adjourned. George W. Pope, Secretary.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY.

The thirteenth annual meeting will take place at the New
York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 15 and 16.
We hear from Secretary Kelly, President Law and Chairman of
Arrangements Williams that the approaching meeting is to keep
to the standard of the past few years or even surpass it, the pro-
gramme being full to overflowing with papers upon live sub-
jects, the clinic amply supplied with good material, and the vol-
unteer clinicians numerous and among the best operators in the
country.

While the programme has not progressed to a point where
all arrangements can be said to be complete, we are enabled to
announce the following :

" Rabies," by Dr. John W. Corrigan, Batavia.

" Control of Rabies," by Dr. H. D. Gill, New York City.

" Control of Glanders," by Dr. H. D. Gill, New York City.

" Tuberculosis in Swine," by Dr. H. R. Rider.

470 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" Post-Mortem Examinations in Abattoirs," by Dr. W. N.
D. Bird.

" Osteo-Porosis," by Dr. J. K. Sutterby.

'' Blood of Domestic Animals," by Dr. S. H. Burnett.

" Some Observations on the Causation and Treatment of
Parturient Apoplexy," by Dr. O. J. Mulvey.

'' Spavin Group of Lameness," by Prof. W. L. Williams.

"Suppurating Tendinous Sheaths and Articulations," by
Prof. W. L. Williams.

(Subject to be announced later), by Dr. F. Morrow.

(Subject to be announced later), by Dr. E. B. Ingalls.

" Parental Influence and Determination of Sex," by Prof. S.
H. Gage.

" Diphtheria in Chickens with Special Reference to Treat-
ment," by Prof. V. A. Moore.

" Pathological Demonstrations (Melano-Sarcoma in Horse,
Tuberculosis of lyiver in Dog, Lymphoma in Pig)," by Prof. V,
A.. Moore.

" Echinacea in Veterinary Practice," by Prof. P.* A. Fish.

(Subject to be announced later), by Prof. G. S. Hopkins.

(Subject to be announced later), by Dr. Roscoe R. Bell.

Prof. W. L. Williams is devoting a great deal of time and
care to the preparations for the clinic, and has selected the cases
with the purpose of presenting a practical and valuable series of
surgical demonstrations.

The following operations have been selected, with such ad-
ditions as may be possible as the time for the meeting approach-
es : Arytenectomy, Drs, Gill and Williams ; Castration (new
method), by Dr. Gill ; Poll-Evil, Cryptorchid, Quittor, Open
Joints or Tendinous Sheath, Castrations (Male and Female),
Operations on Young Mephitis, by Drs. Williams, Dodds, and
others.

The society has held two meetings at Ithaca (1900 and 1901),
and all who attended voted that they were extremely well re-
paid for their trip, both from a professional and pleasure point
of view, and we gather from correspondence and observation
that there will be this year a grand outpouring of the profession
of New York and adjoining States.

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The tenth annual meeting of this Association was held at

Pottsville, June 17th. Meeting was called to order by the Pres-

ident at 10 a. m. Members present: Drs. G. A. Wehr, H. F.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 471

Kauffman, F. H. McCarthy, I. C. Newhard, W. G. Huyett, D.
R. Kohler, F. H. Schneider, O. G. Noack, and U. S. G. Bieber.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

President Noack then delivered the annual address as fol-
lows :

" Gentlemen : — It has always been my aim during the time I
have had the pleasure to preside over your deliberations for the
benefit and advancement of the profession to make you ac-
quainted with the progress and wants you hear little, if any-
thing, of through our journals on this side of the ocean. To-
day I shall once more recall to you the name of the eminent
savant, Prof. Von Behring, who near the end of the last century
brought relief to mankind through the discovery of the diph-
theria serum, and now, at the beginning of the present century, is
going to bring protection for*the human race against the plague
which destroys annually more lives than all the other diseases
together — tuberculosis. This scientist has become an import-
ant factor for veterinary medicine, as he uses the horse as a me-
dium for the preparation of his serums, and further, that he has
succeeded in immunizing cattle against tuberculosis. Hundreds
of his own experiments, and also Prof. Thomassen's, at Utrecht,
have confirmed this fact. The vaccination, or Jennerization, as
he calls immunization, is effected in the following manner : Of
an eight-year-old culture of human tubercle bacilli, which has
been closely studied during this time, the vaccine is taken and
tried by a temperature of about 70 degrees F., in which condi-
tion the same can easily be carried and handled without losing
any of its virulence. About 0.06 grain is dissolved in a drachm
of distilled water and injected into the jugular vein of the ani-
mal. Such vaccinations shall be made according to Von Behr-
ing. AH ready in the third week of the animal's life, while it is
most exposed to contract tuberculosis at this time, by taking as
its nourishment only milk. If a strong reaction with fever sets
in, one injection is sufficient; if the animal does not react, a
second injection is made with a stronger dose, consisting of 0.15
grain. By transferring immunity to the human race, the great
scientist will proceed in this way, that he takes the blood from
the immunized cattle, which contains the anti-bacilli, of which
I have given an explanation in my former address, and gives
the same with the milk to infants. But before he undertakes to
do this he will have removed beyond all doubt at first of danger
to the child's life by experiments in the animal system. No
doubt the professor's theory will be verified in a short time.

472 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

" Gentlemen, I thank you for the attention and the confi-
dence you have shown me during my six terms as chairman of
this Association, and I hope you will show the same patience to
my successor, and give the same support for the best interests of
the veterinary profession. Thanking you again, I wish you to
remember that I have endeavored to do the best for the profes-
sion."

A number of members were proposed and elected. The
Treasurer's report was approved. It showed the Association to
be in a prosperous condition.

The following officers were elected by acclamation for the
ensuing year :

President— Dr. F. H. McCarthy, Pottsville.

Vice-President — Dr. G. A. Wehr, Denver.

Treasurer — Dr. D. R. Kohler, Boyertown.

Recording Secretary — Dr. U. S. G. Bieber, Kutztown.
- Corresponding Secretary — Dr. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.

Board of Trustees — Dr. W. S. Longacre, Mantz ; Dr. I. C.
Newhard, Ashland, and Dr. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia.

Besides the regular routine business transacted, a report was
made by Dr. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia, who represented the
vSchuylkill Valley Veterinary Association as a delegate to the
Keystone Veterinary Association, which held its meeting at Phil-
adelphia. A motion was made and carried that all delinquent
members who are in arrears of six dollars and over be expelled
from membership of this Association, as dishonorable to the
profession. Hence Drs. F. J. Faughman, W. H. Moyer, M. S.
Brackvell and Elias Snyder are no longer members.

Various papers were read and discussed. " Purpura Haemor-
rhagica * " was the subject of an essay delivered by Dr. Bieber,
of Kutztown. A motion was made and carried to adjourn.

W. G. Huyett, Corresponding Secretary,

TEXAS VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

A meeting of the Association was held at College Station,
Texas, on July 8th, 1903, commencing at 11 A. m.

The meeting place was Dr. Francis' commodious office in
the Veterinary Department of the State Agricultural and Me-
chanical College.

The following veterinarians of the State were in attend-
ance : M. Francis, College Station ; A. E. Flowers, Dallas ; W.

* Published elsewhere in this number ot the Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 47^

A. Knight, Houston ; L. D. Le Gear. Austin ; Newton G. lye
Gear, Waco ; W. G. Langley, Dallas ; Irvin Owens, and H. D.
Paxson, Fort Worth.

An all-day session was held.

During the morning the Constitution was completed and
adopted and seven new members elected. They are : Thos. A.
Bray, El Paso ; G. R. Flowers, Dallas ; L. D. Le Gear, Austin ;
W. G. Langley, Dallas ; Irvin Owens and Adolph Rush, Fort
Worth ; L. K. Warner, Dallas.

In the afternoon a literary entertainment was provided. Dr.
W. A. Knight read a paper entitled " Wasting Diseases Caused
by A^nimal Parasites," * which treated upon outbreaks which
he had observed in the State, and attracted much interest, being
discussed quite freely.

Dr. Newton G. Le Gear read a paper, the title of which was
" Pruriginous Dermatitis, or Summer Sores," which was heard
with marked attention and brought out expressions from all
present in the discussion which followed.

After the discussion of the papers was closed several hours
were occupied in the discussion of cases occurring in practice,
and the exchange of experiences.

Dr. L. D. Le Gear asked the opinion of the members on an
outbreak of disease in dogs in which the predominant symp-
toms were dropping of the lower jaw and paralysis of the throat.
It was generally agreed that the disease was " dumb " rabies.
Dr. A. E. Flowers in discussing it made some very interesting
remarks upon the disease as he had observed it.

One of the interesting events of the day was an inspection
of the Veterinary Department of the Agricultural and Mechani-
cal College under the escort of the President of the Association,
Dr. M. Francis, who is a member of the faculty of the college.
Dr. Francis was repeatedly complimented upon the fine equip-
ment of this department, which was due greatly to his patient
efforts.

The members were guests of Dr. Francis at a late luncheon,
after which they departed for home on the midnight train.

H. D. Paxson, Secretary.

PASSAIC COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.
The regular monthly meeting was held at 169 Paterson
Street, Paterson, N. J., July 7th, 1903, with Dr. William Her-

* Will be published in an early issue of the Review.

474 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

bert Lowe, President, in the chair. The meeting was called to
order at 8.30 p. m., and on roll-call the following members an-
swered to their names : Drs. T. J. Cooper, Wm. H. H. Doty, M.
A. Pierce, John H. Degraw, W. H. Lowe, Paterson ; William
J. Fredericks, Delawanna ; William Herbert Lowe, Paterson.
Dr. J. B. Hopper, of Ridgewood, Bergen County, was also
present.

The minutes of the May and June meetings were read and
duly approved.

Treasurer M. A. Pierce made his annual report showing that
he had received $44 during the year, and had disbursed $32.25,
leaving a balance of $11.75 in the treasury. The Treasurer's
report was examined and duly approved.

Dr. Hopper, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements
of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey for the
Athenia meeting, July 9th, was introduced by the President.
Dr. Hopper told of a number of interesting features of the forth-
coming State meeting and expressed the hope that he would see
every local practitioner in attendance. He made request of
members to send any good subjects they might have in their
practice, suitable for clinical purposes, to Athenia, Thursday
morning.

It being the annual meeting of the Association election of
officers was taken up and resulted as follows :

President — Dr. William Herbert Lowe.

First Vice-President — Dr. David Machan.

Second Vice-President — Dr. Wm. H. H. Doty.

Secretary— Dr. William J. Fredericks.

Treasurer — Dr. M. A. Pierce.

Dr. J. B. Hopper was then elected an associate member of
the Association.

It was the sense of the meeting that the Association dispense
with further meetings during the hot months, and on motion of
Dr. Pierce the Association adjourned until the first Tuesday
evening in October. William J. Fredericks, Secretary,

MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The annual outing of the Massachusetts Veterinary Associ-
ation was held Wednesday, June 24th, 1903, down Boston Har-
bor, on the tugboat Cormorant^ of the Boston Street Depart-
ment. The boat was furnished through the courtesy of Supt.
Donovan.

The weather was rather inclement and sea rough, and

KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE.

475

many members increased their capacity for the dinner which
was to follow. Dinner was served at Galloupe's Island and
enjoyed by everybody. There were seventeen members and
several guests present. Everybody present enjoyed the sail,
returning to Boston about 8 p. m.

A vote of thanks was tendered to Supt. Donovan for his
kindness in furnishing the boat.

The committee of arrangements were Drs. Burr, Lee and
Howard. F. J. Babbitt, M. D. V., Secretary,

THE KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE.

We are enabled to present this month somp very fine zinc
etchings showing an exterior view and two floor plans of the new
college building under construction by the Kansas City Veter-
inary College, which we are informed by Dean Stewart will be
ready for occupancy about the middle of September. It will be
built of brick, having a frontage of 96 feet on Fifteenth Street,

and 120 feet on Lydia Avenue. This is an ideal location, on a
broad thoroughfare and adjacent to a beautiful boulevard and pub-
lic park. The grounds, structure and equipment represent an out-
lay of about $50,000, which seems justified when one considers
that Kansas City is in the midst of a large and rapidly developing
agricultural country, which is demanding the service of compe-
tent veterinarians. This large area will give employment to
several thousand competent veterinarians, and for many years to
come the demand will exceed the supply.

476

KANSAS CITY VETERINARY COLLEGE.

This college was organized in 1891 on the two-year basis^
and had three students enrolled during its first session. It was
continued as a two-year institution with a gradually increasing
attendance up to 1896, when it passed into the hands of the
present management and the standard was raised to a three-year
graded course. During the first session under the new condi-
tions there were but ten students in attendance. During the
last session there were 133 enrolled. The faculty has always

Fi T25T Vi_ooR "Plan

Second T^loots Plan

held that a high standard of citizenship should be the compli-
ment of a high standard of professional training, and to the in-
culcation of this principle more than to any other is the universal
loyalty and support of its alumnse accredited.

We very heartily congratulate Dean Stewart and his associ-
ates upon this substantial evidence of the successful status of
their institution, and feel confident that with their increased fa-
cilities, both in equipment and faculty, that they will continue
to have increasing classes.

The officers of the college are as follows : President, Robert
C. Moore, D. V. S. ; Vice-Presidents, Benjamin F. Kaupp, D.
V. S., and Henry C. Babcock, V. S., M. D. ; Secretary and
Treasurer, Sesco Stewart, M. D., D. V. M. These officers with
W. Ross Cooper, D. V. M., Frank F. Brown, D. V. S., and
James A. McLane, M. D., I^L. B., constitute the directory.

NEWS AND ITEMS. 477

NEWS AND ITEMS,

Dr. T. EARI.E BuDD, of Orange, N. J., officiated as veteri-
nary inspector at the recent Atlantic City Horse Show.

Drs. E. M. Nighbert and R. Fred Eagle, employees in the
B. A. I., have recently been transferred from Kansas City to St.
Joseph, Mo.

Dr. RUDOI.PH Frederick Meiners, veterinarian, Union
Hill, N. J., was married June 24th to Miss Alice Blanche Sei-
gle, of Boston, Mass.

More than 8,000 horses started in trotting and pacing races
in the United States in 1902. Races took place over more than
800 tracks and at 1,070 meetings.

Prof. S. Sisson, formerly of the chair of veterinary medi-
cine at the Kansas Agricultural College, has been appointed to
succeed Dr. Paul Fischer as professor in the Veterinary Depart-
ment of the Ohio College at Columbus.

The cows in Belgium wear earrings. This is in accord-
ance with law, which decrees that every animal of the bovine
species, when it has attained the age of three months, must have
in its ear a ring, to which is attached a metal tag bearing a
numl5er. The object is to preserve an exact record of the num-
ber of animals raised each year.

Harry Oi.ver, F. R. C. V. S., of Trescoe, Tamworth, Eng-
land, died May 19, after a brief illness from pneumonia contracted
while watching at the sick bed of his son. He was a man of
considerable prominence, having been a member of the Council
of Trescoe and Mayor for two terms. He was also an examiner
for the Royal College.

E. Paris Wheeler, a veterinary surgeon of Maysville,
Ky., committed suicide at the College Hill Sanitarium, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, July 16, by shooting himself in the mouth with a
32-calibre revolver. The deceased was 45 years old. He
squandered a fortune of $40,000, having traveled all over the
world. He was admitted to the hospital two weeks prior to
the tragedy, having become mentally unbalanced. He was of
good family, and it is said that he was a bright practitioner.

Dr. R. C. Moore, of Kansas City, was called in May to
western Texas to direct the spaying of a large number of Here-
ford heifers on the ranches of Swenson Bros.

New Meat Inspectors. — The following are some of the
recent appointments in the meat inspection division of the
B. A. I. : Dr. A. N. Reber, of Sabetha, Kans., stationed at E.

478 ^ NEWS AND ITEMS.

St. Louis, 111. ; Drs. A. T. Coleman, M. C. Lint, Chas. F. Pear-
son and Laomar West, of Kansas City, stationed at Kansas
City ; Dr. Irvin Owens, of Jackson, Miss., and Dr. Adolph Ruth,
of Kansas City, stationed at Ft. Worth, Texas.

Dr. Walter Sorrell, of Lafayette, Ala., has accepted an
appointment as veterinary inspector in the Philippine Civil
Service at a salary of $1600 per annum, and sailed from San
Francisco on July 15th.

Steward Stockman, M. R. C. V. S., has been appointed
chief of the Division of Veterinary Science of the Transvaal,
South Africa. He was formerly professor of pathology at the
Edinburgh Veterinary College.

Colorado Forms a State Association. — The Board of
Veterinary Examiners of Colorado met at Denver, July 15, and
examined applicants for licenses under the recent law. After
their work was over a State Association was organized with
twenty-three charter members. Dr. M. J. Woodliffe, M. D. C,
1324 South 15th Street, Denver, is the Secretary-Treasurer, and
he remarks in a letter to the Review that he hopes the time
is close at hand when none but qualified veterinarians will be
practicing in the State.

Guaiacol; Its Therapeutic Application in Veteri-
nary Practice. — Guaiacol is a derivative of Beechwood creo-
sote and is present in from 60 to 90 per cent. It is a colorless,
aromatic, limpid liquid, very soluble in alcohol and ether ; only
feebly soluble in water — i in 200. In human practice it has
been and is still being much used in the treatment of tubercu-
losis. It is applied locally either pure or diluted with alcohol
in neuralgia, to the abdominal regions in typhoid fever, also
topically in orchitis, and has been found useful in diphtheria. It
is an antipyretic, antiseptic, local anodyne, a stimulator of the
appetite, and has limited diuretic action. The dose for the
horse is one to two drachms. In veterinary practice I particu-
larly recommend its use in acute and chronic pneumonia, bron-
chitis, foetid bronchitis, chronic coughs, chronic laryngitis and
oedema of the glottis. In acute pneumonia and bronchitis,
aside from the local application, I prescribe : ^ Guaiacoli
(Mercks), Jjss; spts. vini rectif., qs. ad § xij. M. et sig. — One
ounce in five or six ounces of water every three hours. In the
majority of cases nothing else is required, the above carrying the
case to a successful termination in an average of two days less
time than is usually required ; the animal will rarely cough, if
he does it is only very mild, this alone is a valuable feature, as

NEWS AND ITEMS. 479

there is nothing so bad for a cough as — coughing. The act of
coughing naturally irritates the throat, bronchial tubes, and
lung tissue. The temperature usually reaches the normal in
about five days in average cases and seven days in very severe
cases. Occasionally, perhaps in one case out of twenty-five,
the temperature will go down to loi^ degrees F. and there
stop ; this is due to the existence of unabsorbed inflamma-
tory exudate and calls for an expectorant. When this oc-
curs I stop the administration of guaiacol, as it is no longer
required, and place the patient usually on two or three drachm
doses of ammonium chloride in solution, every three to four
hours. As soon as the temperature is normal, a general ton-
ic is prescribed. For chronic coughs, where a stimulant is
naturally not needed, I prescribe : li Guaiacol (Mercks), 3 jss-
5 ij ; mucil. acaciae qs. ad | xij- 1 xxiv. M. et sig. One
ounce three or four times daily. This drug has given me the
greatest satisfaction in the treatment of stubborn and chronic
coughs of various characters. In one instance in particular it
cured a very severe cough of two years' standing, for which I
had tried nearly everything used for that purpose, and this it
did in a few days ; and though six or eight months have passed,
the cough has not returned and the horse has gained in flesh.
In oedema glottitis the action of guaiacol is truly magical, a
broad statement I admit, but bear the drug in mind, try it as I
advise and test for yourself. For this ailment the in-contact
effects are desirable, so I order that a drachm of guaiacol be
mixed thoroughly with an ounce of water at the time of admin-
istration ; such a dose given with a syringe will almost invaria-
bly cause relief in from two to ten minutes, even where the ani-
mal is almost suffocating and the tracheotomy tube seems abso-
lutely necessary. Then subsequent doses are to be administered
according to indications ; perhaps the patient begins to choke
up again in an hour, if so, give another dose, then another in
say two hours, then until the danger is past every three hours.
In these cases a sharp counter irritant is of value in preventing
the return of the oedema. As aconite is termed the " therapeu-
tic lancet " I would typify guaiacol as the " medical tracheot-
omy tube, so quickly does it open an oedematous throat. In
that peculiar form of influenza prevalent last year, laryngeal
influenza, I called it, I had most gratifying results with the
above mentioned drug. Did not have a persistent cough, that
continued for weeks as others have complained of. I have
always used Merck's guaiacol, as from the peculiar nature of the

480

NEWS AND ITEMS.

drug, the production of a pure article is difficult, and if contam-
inated with other products of creosote, its action may be far dif-
ferent from what is desired. In conclusion, I wish to state
emphatically, that I have not in the least overrated the value of
the drug, and if it were not for the fact, that such usually proves
tiresome, I could relate case after case of various ailments men-
tioned (excepting chronic pneumonia, which is naturally rare),
where the drug has proved of value greater than any other line
of treatment with which I am conversant. Try it and be con-
vinced.— {E. L. Quitman^ M, D. C, in Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege Quarterly Biclletin^

A Fifty-Three {^i) Year-Old Horse. — As a contribution
to the statistics which Dr. lyiautard has been reporting from the
European veterinary press as to the longevity of horses, we copy

the following article
and photo from the
June number of the
Horse-Shoers* Jour-
nal^ published at De-
troit, Mich., by the
Master Horse-Shoers^
National Protective
Association of Amer-
ica, of which Mr. J.
C. Buckley is the ed-
itor. It bears every
evidence of sincerity,
and as the subject
will be exhibited at the St. I^ouis Exposition next year, should
he live until then, it bears additional interest, as it is more
than likely that the American Veterinary Medical Association
will convene in that city for its forty-first annual meeting,
when the members may have an opportunity to behold this
wonderful animal. In the meantime, we would be obliged if
any of our Michigan readers who may have knowledge of the
subject of this sketch will communicate with the Review as
to whether the statements as to his age are authentic. *' Bluch-
er is the name of probably the oldest horse of which there is a
record of now being alive and active. He is fifty-three years
old and is owned by nobody, but roams around the city of
Niles, Mich., where everybody knows him and gives him shel-
ter whenever Blucher asks for it in his own way. The old
horse, according to chroniclers, was foaled in 1850. He was

NEWS AND ITEMS. 481

owned by an old negro named Williams who lived about seven
miles south of Niles on a twenty acre patch of ground. His
owner was a hermit, he associated with nobody, he and Blucher
were close companions, each was a friend, philosopher and
guide to the other. When Williams died fifteen years ago
relatives came from South Carolina and claimed whatever prop-
erty he left behind him, but poor old Blucher was aban-
doned and he has since been roaming aimlessly about the
country where he has a host of friends, and is never permitted
to want either shelter or food. Blucher is recognized as prob-
ably the homliest horse that the eye of man has set on and he
is such an oddity both in regard to his history and his appear-
ance that it is determined by the citizens of Niles that he shall
be shown at the World's Fair in St. Louis, 1904. Everybody
about Niles knows Blucher and all livery men in the place,
without exception, have an empty stall where the old horse can
find a resting place for a week or two, as his whims will have it,
and while he is in his temporary boarding place he never wants
for as good food as the best of his equine companions of the
stable enjoys. It is told of him that he will leave the town in
the springtime to return again only when the blasts of winter
begins to strike him, then he will go from stable to stable and
never a hand is raised to turn him away. Blucher has not been
in harness for fifteen years, since the death of his old master.
He travels around the country, sometimes visiting neighboring
towns and is seen occasionally on the streets of South Bend,
Benton Harbor and St. Joseph. He enjoys excellent health and
shows it by the manner in which he will get away with a good
feed of oats. He is pronounced as solid as a bell and consider-
ing his years, right active on his feet. Every year on the anni-
versary of the death of his old master he will visit the habita-
tion where Williams lived and died and spend a few days, leav-
ing it to return again the same time one year after. This has
been his custom for fifteen years. He will allow no one whom
he knows if carrying either halter or bridle to approach him ;
any advance by a person who has a piece of harness is a signal
for Blucher to give a few snorts and away he goes with the ac-
tivity of a two-year-old. There is a little spring in the cabin on
Williams' place which feeds a nearby pond, Blucher bathes in
the waters of this pond, and it is said that this provides for the
old horse a perennial youth. If the old horse lives another year
he will be seen in the St. Louis Fair providing he can be in-
duced to accept the use of a halter to lead him to the train."

PLTBLISHBRS' DEPARTMENT.

Subscription price ^ $3 P^^ annum, invariably in advance ; foreign countries, $3-60;
students while attending college, $2 ; single copies, 2^ cents.

Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded.

Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon
changing their address.

Alex. Eger, 34 East Van Buren St. , Chicago, III. , Veterinary Publisher and dealer
in Veterinary Instruments, Books, and Drugs, is the authorized agent for the Review
in Chicago and the Middle West, and will receive subscriptions and advertisements at
Publishers' rates.

We would call the attention of Review readers to a neat, instructive
and interesting little Veterinary Pamphlet, which has been recently
issued by "The Denver Chemical Mfg. Co.," covering the indications
for " Antiphlogistine " in veterinary practice ; with excellent illustra-
tions, picturing its application to the various domesticated animals. The
scientific basis of the use of Antiphlogistine is explained in the fact that
it is a medium by which the physical principle of osmosis and dialysis
can be utilized to meet and scientifically counteract the various abnor-
mal conditions common to every degree of inflammation. Physiologi-
cal data is furnished in this little pamphlet, showing upon what the
therapeutic action of Antiphlogistine is based, which makes very inter-
esting and instructive reading. Its advantages over other methods of
treatment are next dealt with ; ten being claimed and qualified. Next
its peculiarities are taken up. Then a description of the form in which
it is put up, with the prices. Following this a reprint of an "Editorial
Comment " from the American Veterinary Review, and then a series
of the illustrations referred to above, with a description of the indications
for its use, in each animal illustrated. The whole is bound in a neat and
decidedly attractive little cover ; and we advise every Review reader
who has not already received one, to write ' ' The Denver Chemical Mfg.
Co." 57 lyaight Street, New York, asking that one be mailed them.

We would call the attention of our advertisers to the date on which
matter for advertisements should be received to insure their insertion in
the following issue. A little notice is permanently printed on the front
cover page, immediately below the " Contents, " to the effect that man-
uscript AND COPY FOR INSERTION SHOUIvD BE RECEIVED BY THE 20TH
OE THE PRECEDING MONTH TO INSURE INSERTION IN THE NEXT MONTH'S

NUMBER. That this little notice is frequently overlooked, is evidenced
by the fact that copy for advertisements, and "changes" reach us
nearly every month long after the Review is in press ; sometimes when
it is actually in the mail, with the request that said copy appear in the
next issue ; and it is a source of disappointment, to have to reply that
they are too late, and will have to lay over until the next month. So
we would urge that, new matter and changes, reach us not later than
the 2oth, and before that date when possible.

PRACTICE FOR SALE

In a town with a population of about seven thousand, no opposition, good surrounding
country, located in Western Massachusetts. Will be sold very cheap for cash, if arrange-
ments can be made at once. S. F. E., care of Am. Vet, Review, 509 W. I52d St.,
New York.

Syrup Eucalyptus Compound.

A specific for coughvS, colds and heaves in horses, cattle
and dogs ; formula and special price on application. Endorsed
by prominent Veterinary Surgeons of New York City and
Chicago.

We manufacture a complete line of Tablets for internal
and hypodermic administration, Fluid Extracts, Tinctures,
strictly U. S. P. standardized and assayed, Elixirs, Syrups
and other pharmaceutical products. A line of Surgical Dress-
ings, such as Absorbent Cotton, Plain and Medicated Gauzes,
Muslin and Gauze Bandages always on hand. Special line
of Tablets and preparations for the canine department.

We make a specialty of preparing private formulas and
special packages, such as "Scratches" Ointment, blisters,
embrocations, etc., and can furnish these with or without
special printing.

Colic Remedy,

(For Horses and Cattle.)

Favorite formula of a well-known Veterinarian, at whose
hands it has always given prompt relief.

We solicit a share of your patronage ; a complete price
list upon application.

THE NORWICH PHARMACAL COMPANY,

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEHISTS,

Laboratory: Norwich, N. Y. Branches: New York and Chicago.

New York Office: 64 FULTON STREET.

'PHONE 3028 JOHN.

CRfeOQEN-MARTIN

An Antiseptic, Disinfectant and Parasiticide.

(Prepared by a Veterinarian for Veterinarians.)

Superior in Every Respect to CARBOLIC ACID OR Bl°CHLORlDE

OF MERCURY.

As a therapeutic agent in veterinary practice it has a wide range of useful-
ness being especially valuable in surgical technique, because it is a true anti-
septic, miscible in all proportions with water, alcohol, and glycerine. It does
not irritate the hands of the surgeon or corrode instruments. It is in constant
use by a large number of practitioners in the United States and Canada.

" I am much pleased with CREOQEN, the more I use it. the better I like it."
— H. A. Pressler, D V.S., Fairbury. 111.; President 111. State Vet. Med Assn.

Formula, free samples, and full information on receipt of professional

card. Write us.

PRICE list:
] Gallon Can, $1.50; 5 Gallons, $6.50; 10 Gallons, $12.00.

Shipping charges prepaid to any part of the United 5tates.

W. J. MARTIN CHEMICAL CO.,
KANKAKEE, ILL.

Reference: First National Bank of Kankakee. Dunn's & Bradstreets Com'l Agencies.

Rare Veterinary and Medical Books For Sale :

From the library of the late Richard R. Letts, D.V.S., Hoboken, N. J.,
his widow will sell books on Veterinary and Human Medicine, Bureau of
Animal Industry Reports, and, among others, the following volumes from that
excellent writer, Percivall.
PERCivai,!^. Vol. I. — Disorders and Lameness of the Horse.

Vol. II. — Part I. Diseases of the Chest and Air Passages of

the Horse.
Vol. II. — Part 2. Digestive Organs.
Vol. III. — Disorders of the Horse.
Vol. IV. — Part I. Lameness of the Horse.
Vol. IV.— Part 2.
Mrs, Letts also has the following back numbers of the American Veter-
inary Review, to dispose of :

i888. November and December,
1889. January to December, complete.
1890.

1 89 1. All months except December.

1892. January to December, complete.

1893. All months except February.

1894. " " January,

1895. January, February, March, June and October,
1897. January.

This is an excellent opportunity of obtaining good works at very reason-
able cost. For prices, address.

Dr. J. HUELSEN, naming book desired.

Foot of Sixth Street,

Jersey City, N. J.

10

I

r

SANMETTO

A POSITIVE REMEDY

IN

DISEASES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS

THE HORSE A^D DOa.

Doctor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from

KIDNEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE

—Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis —

OR FROM

ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT

— Frequent, Scan<^ or Bloody Urine —

ORDER SANMETTO

Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been
found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA—
many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito-
urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidneys
and Bladder— hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract.

To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus :

R SANMETTO— one bottle— original package.
Dose :— For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day.
For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day.
Price One Bottle, $i.oo. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable DruggistSL
Pamphlet on application.

OD CHEM. CO., New York,

11

WIL1.IAM R. JENKINS*

new books for

VETERINARIANS.

THE nOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics

By KENELM WINSLOW, B.A.S.; M.D.V. ; M.D. (Harv.)

Assistant Professor of Therapeutics in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; Fellow of
Massachusetts Medical Society; Surgeon to the Newton Hospital, etc.

The text is concise and methodical ; the classification follows chiefly a physiological basis.
The work includes, besides the Materia Medica and Therapeutics of drugs proper, a thorough
explanation of prescription writing with copious examples and sections on Food and Feeding
Counter-irritants, the use of Heat and Cold. Venesection, Enteroclysis Hypodermoclysis and In-
travenous Transfusion, which are to be found in no other veterinary publication. The prepara-
tions described are according to both United States and British Pharmacopoeias, arid
therefore the book is adapted to all English speaking veterinarians. The doses are given in
both the metric and apothecaries' systems of weights and measures in the text and also in a sep-
arate table arranged alphabetically.

The book is most conscientiously indexed, including both a general index and one for Dis-
eases and Remedial Measures, and, in the latter, reference is made to the page on which is to be
found a detailed description of the same in the body of the book. The work should prove the
best book on the subject both for students and practitioners of the veterinary art.

2nd EDITION REVISED, 8vo, CLOTH, 760 PAGES, $6.00.

BOVINE OBSTETRICS.

By M. G. dc BI^UIN, instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School, Utrecht.

Translated by W. E. A. WVMAN, n.D.V., V.S., Author of "The Clinical Diagnosis of
Lameness in the Horse," etc.

Synopsis of the Elssential Features of the Work

1. Authorized translation.

2. The only obstetrical work which is up to date.

3. Written by Europe's leading authority on the subject.

4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime.

5. Written by a man who, on account of his eminence as bovine practitioner and teacher of

obstetrics, was selected by Prof. Dr. Frohner and Prof. Dr. Bayer (Berlin and Vienna),
to discuss bovine obstetrics, both practically and scientifically.

6. The only work containing a thorough differential diagnosis of ante and post partum dis-

eases.

7. The only work doing justice to modern obstetrical surgery and therapeutics.

8. Written by a man whose practical suggestions revolutionized the teaching of veterinary ob- '

stetrics even in the great schools of Europe.

9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer obscure contagious and infectious dis-

eases of calves.

10. Absolutely original and no compilation.

11. The only work dealing fully with the difficult problem of teaching obstetrics in the colleges.

12. The only work where the practical part is not overshadowed by theory.

8vo, CLOTH, 382 PAGES, 77 ILLUSTRATIONS, $5.00.
OTHER NEW BOOKS.

Animal Castration. Tibio-Peroneal Neurectomy, for the Belief of Sparin Lameness. A
Treatise on Veterinary Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals. Fleming's Text-Book of Tet.
erinary Surgery. Operative Technique for Veterinary Surgeons. The Veterinarian's Call
Book. A Course of Surgical Operations for Veterinary Students and Practitioners. Canine
and Feline Surgery. A Treatise on Veterinary Surgical Therapeutics of Domestic Animals.
Anatomical and Physiological Model of the Horse. Walley's Practical Guide to Meat Inspsc-
tion. Chapman's Manual of the Pathological Treatment of Lameness in the Horse. The Dis-
eases of the Cat. Clinical Veterinary Medicine and Surgery.

SENT prepaid: FOR THE PRICE.
Complete catalogue of aH publications sent when requested.

WILLIAM R. JENKINS,

851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, - - - - - NEW YORK.

12

American Veterinary Review.

SEPTEMBER, 1903.

EDITORIAL.

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, July 20, 1903.
The Superior School of Horse-Shoeing Again. — In
my chronicle of last June I recorded the difficulties that the
creation of the Superior School of Horse-Shoeing was creating
in the veterinary world here, and at the time of my writing,
certainly, things looked as if the war was going to be a severe
one and last long. At that time the excitement was great ;
ciyil and military veterinarians, schools and their faculties, pro-
fessors and their students had their say, and, while the great
majority were against the formation of the school, there were
many who were rather in favor of it and spoke in its defense.
There were some few personalities indulged in ; a few were
scorched ; but, finally, it seems that, after all, the harm looked
for can be avoided. The curriculum of the school has been mod-
ified ; the military professors that were appointed by order of
the Secretary of War, and who on that account could not decline
the appointment, abolished the original prospectus, and the
teaching now will principally be horse-shoeing instruction ; no
more of the subjects which essentially pertain to veteri-
nary education ; and to all appearances nothing will remain of
the original war songs which were brought out a few months
ago, if (as there are " ifs ") the " ntarechaux " horse-shoers can
only realize that they must stop the absurd war that they, their
journals, and their syndicate are making against the passage of

483

484: EDITORIAL.

the law which is to regularize the practice of veterinary medi-
cine in France.

But it is hard to tell. Veterinarians are comparatively few
in number, and certainly in the presence of the large cohort of
horse-shoers, the 3000 or 4000 that they represent, have little
show when the question of influence in politics is in the balance.

* *

Registration of Horse-Shoers. — This question of
" horse-shoers' elevation " has not been raised in France
alone, for it seems that at present the fraternity is agitating the
world over, more or less. In England lately, a question relat-
ing to this subject has been raised, which, somewhat similar to
the crisis in France, has divided veterinarians into two camps.
To understand the subject we must go back a few years. In
1890 a society composed of individuals not belonging to the
trade of horse-shoeing was formed with the object of improving
the art of shoeing and making better workmen ; it took the
name of " Worshipful Company of Farriers," and created a com-
mittee of examination (Registration Committee) to examine the
professional qualifications of candidates for the diploma or .de-
gree of " registered shoeing smith."

To give a certain value to this degree, the " Worshipful
Company " applied for the recognition of the Royal Society of
Agriculture and that of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur*
geons. But if this old institution has a tendency to be lenient
and comply with the request, there are many veterinarians, all
through England, who are very much against it, and among
them Mr. Dollar, well known to us Americans by his writings,
stands at the head of the opposition.

In a letter addressed to the Veterinary Record lately, Mr.
Dollar states that the examinations of the " Worshipful Com-
pany " are not serious ; the instruction is given in a dozen of
lectures delivered outside the shoeing shop ; a great number of
its graduates have had no practical examination and have re-
ceived their degrees only after a few insignificant questions put
to them. In reality, says Mr. Dollar, the diploma is bought

EDITORIAL. 485

SO as to have the rig^ht to use the " R. S. S." as an attraction to
clients. And, moreover, some of those who hold the decree use
it as a means to throw confusion in favor of the value of their
title in claiming that its possession requires veterinary knowl-
edge ; and from that to become official empirics there is but
one short step. As an evidence of this, a long list of graduate
shoers from the " Worshipful Company " is published, who
have been prosecuted for assuming the title of veterinary sur-
geon.

Now, the question stands : Shall the Royal College grant
the recognition asked for? It is an important question, which
should receive an early answer. To this effect the Council of
the R. C. V. S. is to take up the subject for consideration at an
early meeting.

* *

European Quackery. — And, after all, what can we all
see in these troubles in France and in England, between veter-
inarians who are fighting for a protection so well deserved and
horse-shoers, who, under the pretext of elevation, are, many of
them at least, trying to continue their empirical practice under
the protection of official support ? What can be seen but one of
the efforts of quackery and charlatanism, which is slowly dying
away, crushed as it has been, it may be said, in the United
States by proper education and proper legislation ?

We remember well the days when quackery was well flour-
ishing in the States, and in an old scrap-book where we collected
many little articles of interest we have a great number of evi-
dences of it. And, yet, among the many that we have, I doubt
if any has been as impudent as many that I have read lately in
European journals.

There is scarcely a number when the attention of the editor
is not called by a new item. Here it is in the Record^ which
gives us as " everybody a gainer " the circular of an L. P. T. T.
offering tonic worm powders for horses and foals, anodyne
cough powder, dry murrain drench, sovereign aromatic astrin-
gent, etc., to be sent by mail against a P. O. order. Select the

486 EDITORIAL.

remedy you need, note price, and send amount, giving full
name and address. If you do not win the prize you get a re-
liable remedy. Lottery chances applied in the treatment of
animals.

England is not the only country where this occurs. In the
Echo Veterinaire of Belgium, complaints against similar action
are profuse. The advertisings are simply ridiculous : " Veteri-
nary Establishment of .... , Governmental Veterinarian. One
may have from me : Drenches against colics and constipation,
against tympanites, parturient apoplexy ; powders to raise the
quantity of butter, to purify it. ... I warrant all recoveries
when called in time."

Well, no, we cannot understand how such practices can still
exist in old Europe, nor why veterinarians cannot be protected.
It is true, that the ridiculous offers which those advertisers
make ought to be sufficient to guard people against paying at-
tention to them ; but ^whatever may be done, there will always
be ignorant and simple folks ready to listen to them.

We believe that a strict law regulating the practice of vet-
erinary medicine, similar to ours, would remedy the evil to a
great extent.

* *

Teachers and Private Practice. — But there are other
questions of professional interest which agitate French veterinary
society. One of them is : Should professors attached to
schools be permitted to do private practice ? The subject has
been for some time talked about, and the rumor had it that in
one of the French schools, the recruiting of clients had been far
from being within the limits of professional ethics. At a recent
meeting of veterinarians, the subject was fully discussed, and,
while it met with comparative success through the promise
made by, I believe, the Inspector of the French Schools, to inves-
tigate the complaints made, to study the question, etc., etc., it
has yet lots of powerful writers who spare no opportunity to
show the error of preventing professors from practicing. Mr.
L. Gamier, the director of the Presse Veterinairk^ is one of them.

EDITORIAL. 487

He writes : " It seems to me absurd to forbid a teacher, because
he is a veterinarian^ to give consultations or visit sick animals.
If this measure is applied to veterinary teachers, it must also in-
clude professors in the other faculties — those of law, those of
medicine. What ! I have in my barns horses that run at the
nose or cows that cough, and I cannot call on Prof. Nocard to
mallein or tuberculin them ! What ! I have sheep that have a
skin disease, and I cannot ask Raillet, Galtier or Neumann to

visit them and make a diagnosis ! and all that

because they interfere with the veterinarian who lives opposite.
It is horrid ; it is idiotic ! "

But, while Garnier does object to the forbidding of outside
practice, he is no partisan of the recruiting process ; he is will-
ing that the client should come to the professor and not the pro-
fessor to the client.

Now, what will become of all this ? It may at first prove
but of rather little interest to us. Yet, why? Teachers in Amer-
ica, like those of Europe, are generally very poorly remunerat-
ed ; and, unless things are much changed, I doubt if the incomes
derived from their professorships are over sufficient to protect
them from starvation, and consequently whether it is here or in
the States, professors must certainly be permitted to carry on
private practice, besides the work of their positions, unless the
day ever comes when their returns from teaching will allow
them comfortable livings and the possibility of accumulating a
little fund for their old days and for their families. Will this

ever be ?

*

* *

Veterinary Instruments. — To finish, I will say a few
words in relation to the supplement of the general catalogue of
the factory of instruments of the house of Hauptner in Berlin,
just received. This firm is certainly of colossal dimensions, and
is probably the largest in the world, and all the instruments
that it makes seem to be according to all the conditions of as
near perfection as can be wished. It is certain that a veteri-
narian cannot have in his showcase all the varieties of instru-

488 EDITORIAL.

merits that are sold by Hauptner ; there would be no end to it ;
but by studying the catalogue, which, by the way, is sent free
to all applicants, one might give orders to American makers
and thus have superior instrum*ents without the excessive cost
of importation. A. L,.

THE OTTAWA MEETING OF THE A. V. M. A.

A week before the assembling of the members for the for-
tieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, the prospects are very bright for the largest and best
convention of the profession of the continent that has yet been
held. Some very sanguine Canadian veterinarians have assured
us that they will feel disappointment if the number in attendance
does not reach the unprecedented figure of five hundred, and
that there will be an acquisition to the membership-roll long
enough to fill two pages of the Review. The local Committee
of Arrangements, in anticipation of such an outpouring as indi-
cated by the above estimate, have prepared for their reception
and entertainment, and they have insisted that the ladies of the
households shall be brought along, to make of the event a social
treat as well as a professional fountain of knowledge. How this
aspect of the annual convention has grown in the past seven
years. Where formerly the event was a sombre gathering of
men bent solely upon the discussion of medical topics, it is now
an outing of the keenest enjoyment. The hard-working profes-
sional man has but little time to devote to his family and friends,
and the opportunity offered on these occasions could not be sur-
passed. Not only do the members bask in the relaxation of a
well-earned vacation, but to have their families, or at least their
wives, accompany them and participate in the pleasures of the
journey and the diversions of the convention city, adds the
greatest zest to the holiday. The ladies form charming acquaint-
ances, often making warm friends, and the pleasure which they
experience in annually renewing such ties is a compensating
reward for the journey. Nothing need be detracted from the
weight, height, or depth of the work of the convention ; the

EDITORIAL. 489

husbands can delve just as deeply into the mysteries of medi-
cine, and really have more inspiration to work with the knowl-
edge that their loved ones are participating in healthful and in-
nocent pleasure in the company of congenial friends. The ex-
perience of the last banquet in having the ladies at the feast
was a decided success, and we venture to say that it will hence-
forth be a yearly custom.

The Review sincerely hopes that the estimate placed upon
the convention of 1903 by our Canadian confreres will be more
than realized ; and that when in 1904 a city of the States shall
be the mecca of the members, that our northern friends will feel
as keen and pleasurable interest in crossing the border as is ex-
perienced at present by the Association in visiting the Land of
the Snows.

While the journey to Ottawa, therefore, means so much to
those so fortunately situated as to be able to make it, what of
the great mass of the membership who for one reason or another
are debarred from that pleasure ? The Review is always think-
ing of its readers (and we believe there are very few members
of the A. V. M. A. who are not its regular readers), and wishes
to place them in possession of every atom of material which can
add to their knowledge or interest ; it has made arrangements to
have a very full report of the proceedings of the convention pub-
lished in its October number, which will include as many of
the papers read as it can spare space for, a full epitome of the
proceedings, including the clinic, the entertainment, together
with items of general and personal interest. With the object of
adding its mite to the general interest and pleasure of the occa-
sion, the publishers of the Review have arranged to have about
five hundred copies of this number at Ottawa on the first day of
the meeting, and trusts that none of those in attendance will be
overlooked in their distribution.

^ AMERICAN VETERINARIANS' MUTUAL AID ASSO-
CIATION.

We have received from Dr. William Dougherty, of Balti-

490 EDITORIAL.

more, several copies of the proposed Constitution and By-I^aws
of this yet unformed association, which he has caused to be
neatly printed and bound for submission to the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association at its fortieth annual meeting at
Ottawa, and which has assigned to Dr. Dougherty an evening
for the presentation of his plan of organization.

The subject has evidently received at the hands of the author
very careful consideration, for he has placed before the members
what appears to us to be a very practical foundation for a mu-
tual aid association, destined to be a source of great benefit to
those who affiliate with it. It proposes to accept all members
of the A. V. M. A. under fifty years of age who are in bodily
health and in good standing, as well as all professors in veteri-
nary colleges having like qualifications. There will under Dr.
Dougherty's scheme be established three funds, or accounts :
(i) An expense fund, created by the initiation fees and by 15%
of the sick benefit fund, to defray the necessary expenses of
such an organization; (2) A sick benefit fund, formed by an-
nual dues from the members of six (|6) dollars each, and
guaranteeing a weekly sum to sick or disabled members of fif-
teen ($15) dollars, for the maximum period of eight weeks ; (3)
A death benefit fund, established as occasioned by the death of a
member through an assessment upon <iach member computed on
the basis of one dollar for each individual of the age of twenty-
five years or less, and with an additional ten cents for every
year in excess of that age.

The whole scheme is very intelligently considered, and we
have little doubt but that at last we are to have an association
which will realize for the American veterinary profession the
great advantages which have been conferred by similar associa-
tions in other countries and by analogous societies among phy-
sicians. To accomplish all the good that its projectors antici-
pate the membership must be large, but we have little fear that
it will lack for adherents, as it is seldom that a meritorious
movement is undertaken in this country in a whole-souled man-
ner that it does not go forward with a bound.

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC- ANAEMIA. 491

ORIGINAL ARTICLES.

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA OF KENNEL DOGS
DUE TO INFECTION WITH BLOOD-CONSUMING
WORMS (DOCHMIUS TRIGONACEPHALUS),
THE CLINICAL HOMOLOGUE OF EGYP-
TIAN CHLOROSIS AND SO-CALLED
TUNNEL-WORKERS' DISEASE
OF MAN.

By Frank H. Miller, D. V. S., New York City.

Next to distemper, the .s^reat black scourge of all carnivo-
rous life, by far the greatest number of deaths among dogs come
in early life as the direct or indirect result of intestinal infection
by parasites of the worm order.

Unlike the disease which, by reason of our fragmentary
knowledge of its etiology, we are still constrained to call dis-
temper, a term which might perhaps with equal or greater pro-
priety be applied to many other ailments of the dog, time and
experience has in the course of the comparative study of dis-
eases interchangeable in men and animals already brought the
knowledge of both true intestinal worms, and those as trichina
which only gain an entrance to the tissues by way of the digest-
ive or respiratory tracts, both from the biological and clinical
standpoints, with few exceptions, to be one of the most thor-
oughly worked out subjects within the horoscope of the edu-
cated and experienced practitioner of either human or veterinary
medicine, since it has long been recognized as an utter impossi-
bility to acquire anything beyond the most superficial and dan-
gerous kind of knowledge of the lives of these parasites in men
or animals without grasping the subject in both. This is be-
yond doubt the one branch which inseparably binds human and
comparative medicine, and the one par excellence where during
the past two or three decades the constant commingling, as it
were, of sparks from the great polishing wheels of the sister

492 F. H. MILLER.

schools has resulted in the illumination of many dark and ex-
ceedingly dangerous questions relative to the physical life of
men and their fellow-creatures.

Not only have common investigations resulted in great
common benefits to men and animals, but there has been going
on a constant unearthing, as it were, of facts of great import-
ance lying wholly within the special sphere of one or the other,
and for the purpose of the present subject, I gladly avail my-
self of much testimony which has thus appeared in a somewhat
complimentary manner regarding Dochmius Trigonacephalus
of the dog as the possible outside host of the Dochmius Duod-
enalis of man, the recognized cause of the disease variously
known to science as Dochmiasis, Ankylostomiasis, Egyptian
Chlorosis, Tunnel-workers' disease, Uncinariosis, etc.

If we carefully scan the literature of the past two decades
relative to this disease in man, we gain between the lines a com-
paratively clear insight into one of the most deadly diseases
known to canine medicine. I refer to the all too frequent en-
zootic outbreaks of fatal anaemia and marasmus, such as have
occurred in my practice within the past seven years, mainly
among the puppies of kennels kept in and near this city, a dis-
ease which while recognized in foreign standard works upon
comparative medicine is so scantily treated by them as regards
etiology, pathology, and therapeutics, as to cause it to be wholly
or at least most imperfectly understood by general practitioners,
and whose relentless destruction, litter after litter, of the entire
young stock of kennels, along with the commonly unnoticed
parasites, has caused to be coined the term " dry distemper," a
term which has no logical reason whatsoever for its existence.

To me, the extremely superficial references to these wonder-
fully important parasites by some of the most careful and vol-
uminous writers of comparative medicine of Europe, suffice to
tell of its comparative infrequency in that country as compared
with our own, and allowing ample latitude for all po.ssible
variation of symptoms due to geographical influences, I can
but conclude that much which has already been written has

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 493

been less the result of actual experience with the parasite than
the importance of the subject would warrant.

Little time need be spent by me in entering the purely tech-
nical discussion of the biologist and helminthologist, interesting
as'it may be, as to the propriety with which this small intesti-
nal inhabitant may be grouped with relation to others of the in-
vertebrata, suffice it for the purpose in hand to recognize that
this disease, which is a state of anaemia of verminous origin, is
directly due to the activity of this small round worm belonging to
the Strongylus family of Nematodes, and whose macroscopical
and microscopical details make it practically impossible for it to
be differentiated from those worms infesting the digestive canal
of men, which were first discovered and described by Dubini of
Milan in 1838, but fifteen years later by Griesinger inseparably
connected with the disease of the human family known as
Egyptian Chlorosis, and subsequently by others as the causative
factor in malignant ansemia affecting mankind in many of the
tropical regions throughout the world and apparently more or
less incidental to various fields of occupation, as among tunnel
building, brick making, and coal mining well outside the
tropics.

While this organism in man and the dog is scarcely dis-
tinguishable in appearance, there is it seems to me, ample proof
of its being in each, a distinct biological entity, regardless of
the assumption of certain investigators that they have been able
to communicate it directly from one to the other by means of
the embryonal egg.

My personal experience in the past seven years within this
city and its outlying kennels, many of which have lost hundreds
of dogs by this infection without a single evidence of infection
among the attendants, many of whom are anything but careful
in their appointments, should I think, be strong corroborative
evidence of the correctness of some of the most rigid investiga-
tors who maintain that the so-called Dochmius Duodenalis of
man while having several closel}' analogous representations in
other animals, is essentially a parasite of the human body and

494

H. MILLER.

transmissible only to a very few of the larger anthropoids as the
gorilla. The theory that the worm has an outside host has for
ample reasons been entirely abandoned.

Serious as is the condition of anaemia of men produced by
Dochmius Duodenalis, case for case the infection of dogs by
Dochmius Trigonacephalus is much more certainly deadly since
there are some essential differences in its manifestations, which
preclude either prompt and affectual treatment, or spontaneous
recovery, both of which are within certain degrees possible in
the human.

Dochmius Trigonacephalus of Dog (Male). Mag. loo, head.

Scale iV m. m.

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 495

Similar to specific anaemia of the human subject within the
tropics, but to a much g^reater deg^ree, youth in the dog offers
great inducements for its inception, or at least, the conditions
under which the young live as to diet and sanitary surroundings
appear with great frequency to decide its enzootic nature.

My personal experience with this disease in dogs (and from
that alone I speak) convinces me that puppies kept in warm
kennels of the usual order have practically no resistance to in-
fection up to the fourth month of age, and dogs of one year and
over enjoy great immunity at least from their rapid growth and
development, and actual damages of the worm which quickly
decide the fate of a weanling.

Unlike its homologue in man, which from its well-defined
location in or near the duodenum, has fittingly been desig-
nated as Dochmius Duodenalis, that of the dog while I have
seen rare examples of its presence in that part of the intestine,
almost invariably parasites upon the walls of the lower small
bowel, its predilection spot being that half section of the ilium
lying anterior to the ileocaecal valve, nor have I up to the pres-
ent time been able to detect living worms of this specie in the
csecum as Frohner has incidentally mentioned.

The presence of this worm in kennels cannot in the strict
sense of the word be said to be the result of the condition, hy-
gienic and dietetic, so commonly accepted by the practical dog
man as most inducive to the life and development of ordinary
round worms, since I have had quite as serious, perhaps more
serious, loss in what would ordinarily be rated as high class
buildings, conducted by the most skilful and experienced at-
tendants, than in the more mediocre kinds and where post-mor-
tem examinations in great numbers have scarcely revealed a
trace of common worms as the Ascaridse.

While there is little doubt that Dochmius Trigonacephalus
of the dog like its counterpart in man, is more or less ubiquitous
in tropical climates, clinical and experimental facts in abun-
dance, point clearly to the ability of this parasite, not only to
gain a foothold but to be able to effectually retain it, at least for

496

F. H. MILLER.

some time, outside the tropical zone and well north into the
temperate zone, wherever puppies, especially those under two
months of age, are brought into prolonged contact with the in-
fection, while living under the conditions of heat and moisture
resembling tropical conditions so often incidental to life in
many of the so-called high class kennels whose structure and
yards retain traces of the secretions and excretions in imperfectly
disinfected condition.

I say puppies advisedly, since its ravages are far greatest in
the dog from the fifth to the tenth week, the sixth week after
whelping indeed usually finding all puppies out of existence

Dochmius Trigonacephalus of Dog (Male). Tail end. (Mag. 6i,6.)

Scale ^ irt. m.

[

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANAEMIA. 497

when born amid these surroundings, into a kennel actually in-
fected by this scourge.

The symptoms of this disease which I will give as drawn en-
tirely from personal observation and notes made of animals ac-
tually suffering in this region, and quite independent of obser-
vations of foreign writers, much of which seems to me exceed-
ingly misleading, at least in the study of cases as seen in Amer-
ica, I would describe in the following manner :

The disease usually manifests itself suddenly in puppies
which have previously enjoyed exceedingly good health and
growth, although I have seen exceptional cases where the con-
trary was true as regards condition. The individual is first no-
ticed to be somewhat diffident in the manner of taking food,
going to the dish and smelling it, backing away in a loathing
manner to again repeat the attempt, possibly taking a very few
laps of liquid, and leaving the others to lie down and coil up or
stand apart with a sleepy, depressed appearance, frequently
yawning.

The appetite, poor at the outset, soon ceases altogether, the
coat is noticed to become "staring" and devoid of lustre and
dusty in appearance, the body movements are slow and deliber-
ate rather than markedly feeble. There is much drowsi-
ness.

If the animal be taken up for examination in this early stage,
it will be remarked that the body is usually in satisfactory con-
(^i^ion, and not infrequently very fat, with an entire absence of
the flaccid abdominal enlargement so characteristic of the pres-
ence of the ordinary round worm.

The eyes will be noticed to move sluggishly and to express
a peculiarly characteristic appearance of suffering mildness, and
are frequently but in nowise constantly, inclined to slight suf-
fusion with clear lachrymal secretion, with slight puffiness un-
derneath the eyes rather than an actual swollen state of the lids,
this latter being more noticeable in the early morning.

Examination of the visible mucous membrane of the eyes,
mouth and tongue, especially the latter, will invariably reveal

498

H. MILLER.

even at the moment of the first visible symptoms the peculiar
pallor of extreme anaemia.

There may be noticed a strange metallic odor from the
breath and not infrequently the tongue is deeply coated. Ex-
amination of such cases in my hands has extremely seldom re-
vealed the presence of marked sensitiveness over the abdomen
or the condition of local oedematous swelling of the limbs and
head, mentioned by foreign writers, nor have I ever discovered
even in a single case, the tendency to escape of blood from the
nose as noted by them, as being a more or less characteristic
symptom of this disease in dogs as seen in Europe. The whole

Dochmius Trigonacephalus o< Dog (Female). Head. (Mag. loo.)

Scale tff m. m.

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 499

condition upon the other hand pointing to the general absence
of tendency to extravasation of blood in any superficial part of
the body.

The bowels are usually extremely torpid and inactive from
the first with excreta of a dark tenacious consistency and bad
odor, not altogether unlike that marked in distemper, and which
when examined microscopically shows abundance of the ova.

The pulse, at first normal, soon becomes low in tension and
the heart weak and fluttering in its action.

Temperature is seldom elevated and very frequently decid-
edly sub-normal. While pain is rarely evinced by palpation,
the body movements upon the whole, would indicate that ani-
mals are not entirely free from such.

As the anaemia increases, the animal becomes more and
more depressed, absolutely refusing to take nourishment of any
kind, and lies rolled up in a state of somnolence bordering
upon, and early giving place to coma.

The skin of the sufferer is almost devoid of resilience, scarce-
ly enough tonicity being present for it to resume its normal po-
sition when gathered up in folds between the fingers and liberated.

Well-marked latitude exists in the time elapsing between
the initial symptoms and the death of the animal, for such is
the termination of practically all those infected, especially be-
tween one and two months of age, but two to five days usually
limits the suffering, although exceptional cases (especially in
very young animals) linger for many days in a state of perfect
coma before death comes to the relief. All animals of an in-
fected litter usually disappear one after another, in rapid suc-
cession showing identical symptoms none of which as it may be
seen, in anywise, even in the least degree (with the exception
of the dark stools) resemble distemper.

The autopsy of such cases reveals a condition of body
strictly identical to that found in autopsies of the human sub-
ject whose death has been caused by Dochmius Duodenalis
(Egyptian Chlorosis) and from many notes carefully taken may
be set forth as follows :

600

F. H. MILLER.

The cadaver begins to show early putrefactive change, and
is marked by an odor which reminds of the peculiar metallic
smell of the breath detected in. the early physical examination.

The muscular coats of the abdomen and the sub-cutaneous
tissues, while not as a rule markedly thickened by it, show a
peculiar glistening watery infiltration with great pallor of all
structures and but little blood in evidence. The opened abdo-
men frequently shows an abundance of mesenteric fat, and as a
very general rule contains a few grammes of serous fluid of a
pale straw color.

The intestines and organs, as liver and kidneys are pale in

Dochmius Trigonacephalus of Dog (Female). Tail. (Mag. loo.)

Scale iV m. m.

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANiEMIA. 501

color and as a normal condition of youth essentially very fatty
in texture.

Experience in great numbers of these examinations, along
with careful regard to the findings of expert pathologists in
making autopsies of humans subject to this disease, has taught
me also to be able to establish the presence of the Dochmius in
the intestines of the dog before their contents are exposed by
opening, by the distinct and diagnostic appearance of the small
intestines as they lie in the opened abdomen.

There is to be noticed a total absence of the peritoneal gloss
of the intestines normally present in the healthy animal, and
upon closer observation this lack of lustre will be found due to a
sort of granular, or more graphically speaking, morocco-like
surface of dull white peritoneum which, however, cannot be said
to be in the least marked by inflammation or effusion. Such
sections of bowel when taken between the fingers, are invariably
found to be quite firmly, I might say, almost rigidly contracted
upon themselves, giving the feel and appearance of stiffness.

There are seldom any other ocular evidences of disease in
the abdominal organs.

Upon removing the viscera and opening the same from the
stomach downwards, there is noted a lack of both food and
symptoms until the lower part of the small intestine is reached,
when the scant intestinal contents, yellowish above and gradu-
ally growing darker in color, suddenly begin to grow more cas-
eous and granular in consistency and attain a reddish hue, soon
to deepen in degree into maroon-red, due to the presence of blood
in a more or less broken down condition.

With even careful inspection of the intestinal contents, there
is seldom noticed evidence of animal life until the material is
spread out upon a suitable background and the mucous mem-
brane cleared off, when for the first time the exceedingly small,
almost microscopic worms, measuring from ^ to ^ of an inch
in length, are revealed lying closely to the membrane and always
firmly attached to the same by their heads, provided the exami-
nation be made within six or eight hours of the animal's death.

502 F. H. MILLER.

I have, up to the present, failed to find traces of worms im-
bedded either totally or partially within the folds of the tissues,
as mentioned by some European writers.

In young puppies the distribution of the parasites seems to
be generalized over the surface, their numbers usually varying
from fifty to two hundred examples, in strange contrast to which
the numbers found in this disease in the adult dog appear com-
paratively small.

A few of the most virulent cases which I have ever studied
occurred in ten months old puppies and adult dogs, whose ill-
ness almost invariably took the form of rapid profuse dysentery
with pure blood stools and collapse, death occuring within a
very few hours, examination in such cases showing extremely
few parasites, frequently not more than ten and seldom more
than fifty, these being almost invariably grouped into very cir-
cumscribed patches over the small intestines. The intestinal
contents of such cases was blood pure and simple.

Close examination of these worms will show their very uni-
form size to be almost diagnostic, since other varieties usually
vary in size very materially, no matter at what age examined,
especially is this true of the ascaridse which also require three
to four months for their development.

The location in the small intestines removes the probability
of their being mistaken for Oxyuris Vermicularis which alone
infest the large bowel of the dog.

When removed upon a suitable background for examination
these worms will be seen to possess certain peculiarities of out-
line corresponding to sex.

The female, which in the cases in puppies outnumber the
male about two and one-half to one, measuring one-half to five
eights of an inch in length, are exceedingly thin and slender in
form and white or pinkish white in color, with a fine taper and
pointed at each extremity, the head slightly flexed dorsally.

The male are in color slightly paler and in adults, without
exception, shorter than the female, and while bearing the same
gross characteristics at the anterior extremity, terminate pos-

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 503

teriorly in a visible expansion which to the unassisted eye may
be said to be club-shaped.

Examined microscopically both sexes are noticed to be
armed anteriorly with a most formidable array of head appara-
tus consisting of a thimble or band-like ring process, which is in
turn supplied with what appears to be six large hook or gaif-
like teeth directed centrally, the two upper processes are how-
ever more properly speaking, inflections of the annular band.

The adult female when taken from the average case in pup-
pies is invariably noticed to contain great numbers of ova, the
posterior or tail being acutely pointed, the posterior extremity
of the male however, terminates in a trilobate filamentous cap-
sule or membrane of a decidedly trumpet shape the form of
which is dependent upon the constant presence of eleven chiti-
nous rays or finger-like processes, one of which is bifurate at its
summit. Carefully prepared specimens show two thread-like
spiculse projecting from this caudal appendage, one of which
corresponds to the male sexual organ.

The longitudinal black line, mentioned by writers as diag-
nostic of this specie of worm, I find very indistinct and fre-
quently entirely absent in my cases in young animals, but very
well marked indeed in those cases of older dogs which suffer.
The caudal expansion of the male and disparity of size in sex,
however, are the best and only necessary elements for differen-
tial diagnosis.

The microscopical examination of the contents of the female
body shows along with the myriads of oval ova, great numbers
of red blood corpuscles in various stages of masceration and di-
gestion, but inordinate numbers of which appear in quite nor-
mal condition.

Examinations of the intestinal contents of animals dead from
this disease, especially when taken from the area of infection,
also reveals the presence of great numbers of red blood cells in
all stages of destructure as well as great numbers of the ova.

If a strong hand glass be used upon the mucous membrane
at the various points of irritation, there may frequently be ob-

504: F. H. MILLER.

served the distinct puncture marks of the teeth of the parasites
now filled with coagulated blood. There is little evidence of
inflammatory change in the tissues, except in the immediate
vicinity of the punctures.

The mesenteric lymph nodes are usually oedematous to a
slight degree in the majority of cases in young puppies, but I
have noted not only much enlargement, but well-defined haemor-
rhages of the nodes in a few cases of extremely acute character
in adult dogs dying after a few hours illness, as is usual in such
cases.

The kidneys upon close examination are usually found more
or less oedematous.

The thoracic organs usually fail to show symptoms beyond
those incidental to anaemic conditions, as paleness and tendency
to oedema of the lungs, ante-mortem clots in the cardiac cham-
bers and clear effusion in the pericardial sac.

There was no post-mortem evidence in the multitude of
cases which I have observed such as would likely to be more or
less well defined in cases of non-specific anaemia, as chronic gen-
eral enlargement and nodular lymphatics, enlargement of the
spleen, gastric ulcers, etc., nor have I been able to establish
anything approaching the amyloid conditions of the liver and
kidneys, one of the conditions said to frequently mark the occur-
rence of the disease in man. Its absence in the dog is no doubt
due to the short duration of the illness and the rapidity with
which his death is induced.

Like its corresponding disease of the human race this verm-
inous anaemia of the dog (more properly known as Dochmiasis)
is apparently a truly enzootic disease, since I have never been
called upon to attend isolated cases of infection beyond one or
two cases which had been comparatively recently sold or other-
wise detached from infected kennels. By this I would not be
understood as denying the possibility of isolated animals con-
tracting the disease in manners other than by direct co-habita-
tion in kennels, since the entire study of the biology of the par-
asite would indicate the possibility under really favorable condi-

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANAEMIA. 505

tions of such an infection, but the conditions would necessarily
be of a nature so rare as to result in. a plain improbability of its
occurring, a statement which appears to me quite conservative,
since I have made many autopsies in the public dog pound of
this city and in private practice with the single object of ascer-
taining if possible, to just what extent it might so develop and
prevail in dogs other than those which would with propriety be
called kennel dogs.

These special examinations I may say have invariably shown
the absence of the Dochmius Trigonacephalus with the excep-
tion of two examples having been found in the body of a wolf
autopsied in the New York Zoological Park, possibly due to the
animal having at some time passed through a dog emporium,
which oftentimes are notoriously infected.

From careful reading of the valuable and somewhat exten-
sive literature relative to the prevalence of Dochmiasis of man,
both as regards its sporadic occurrence in its home in the tropi-
cal countries and in more temperate localities, as Southwestern
Europe, notably Austro-Hungary, Northern Italy, Southern
France, and even as far north as Belgium, I am more than ever
convinced that similarly in my own sphere of canine medicine,
I need not apprehend its dissemination as a general widespread
epidemic among the dogs of the United States, since, like the
prevalence of the corresponding so-called tunnel-workers' dis-
ease among the tunnel laborers in various European tunnels,
and notably those engaged in the construction of the St. Goth-
ard, as well as among the laborers of many coal mines and brick
fields of middle Europe, the conditions of congested quarters,
heat, moisture, and possibly enfeebling of the body by absence
of a sufficiency of free exercise in the open air and sunshine in
the actual presence of positive infection, will of necessity make
and keep this disease essentially a kennel dog's disease, or one
where continuous aggregation of young animals takes place in
the same quarters will be practically the only condition of dogs
allowing of the life requirements of these worms favorable to
their assuming epidemic manifestations.

506 F. H. MILLER.

I regret exceedingly that my personal experience in the
medical treatment of dogs suffering from Dochmiasis, which
has been quite extensive, has been such as would give me little
pleasure to record, or such as warrants me in forming high ex-
pectations for the future.

Obstinate and extremely unsatisfactory as the disease is to
combat in the human adult, where it is found necessary to give
as high as one gramme of oleo-resin Aspidium (male shield fern)
in capsule and up to a point of fifteen grammes in three hours
(most astonishing, yet evidently comparatively safe dosing in
man) the bare fact that it is in the dog, essentially a disease of
puppyhood, most commonly raging among those under ten
weeks of age, gives ample reasons for pessimism regarding the
existence of agents yet undiscovered, which will in any essen-
tial manner combat the disease without first destroying the
host's life, and that speedily.

Being an organism created unlike the majority of helminths
to live at the expense of its host by attacking his food, but in a
purely leech-like manner, by taking its nourishment through
abstraction of the host's blood direct, such agents as santonine,
napthaline, turpentine, etc., have practically no effect upon
them, even when given in doses sufficient to produce toxic
symptoms.

Thymol as used in man, both as solid and in alcoholic solu-
tion with varying success, is extremely uncertain in its action
and not without danger even in adult dogs when given in ver-
micidal doses.

The administration of creoline in small doses combined with
oil, I have tried faithfully, and at times thought it did at least
exert a certain influence for good upon the cases, and especially
in warding off infection in animals born in infected kennels, but
greater experience and more intimate knowledge of this worm
in its relation to disease in animals and man, convinces me of
the comparative worthlessness of such treatment, the improve-
ment in such cases having in all probability been due
to the greater attention to disinfection «of quarters, isolation,

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 507

etc., as always wei>t hand in hand with internal medication.

I am quite certain, however, that extract of male shield fern
when administered in large doses in the stronger and older pup-
pies did remove a certain number of parasites and in some few
cases helped to fight out a bare existence for the patient, but the
painful fact still remains that in extremely young animals near
the weaning age (and that is plainly the susceptible age) medi-
cation of any kind, which entirely removes the appetite, is in
itself very likely to rapidly reduce them to an absolutely hope-
less state of weakness, even though no disease whatever be
present.

This being true, our hope in the future for the finding of
some remedial agent capable of working the certain destruction
of these worms in puppies, appears to me slight, and should be
in the direction of finding preventive measures or a disarming
of the foe by so constructing and managing kennels as to make
the possibility slight indeed of its survival outside the animal's
body. This will come from attaining a clear knowledge of its
life history, which will at least impress upon the mind the im-
portant fact that this worm has no outside host, and that ex-
perimental research has conclusively proven that infection of
animals can only be accomplished by the ingestion of eggs
which have already made a certain well-defined cycle of seg-
mentation outside the animal body. For example, a puppy ever
so susceptible, fed quantities of these worms as such, would in
nowise suffer infection. The tgg to become capable of gain-
ing lodgement and development in the host's intestine, must
itself without exception undergo development after it leaves the
worm's ova-duct up to a point recognized as the larival stage.
A certain part of this segmentation takes place after the extru-
sion of the egg during its sojourn in the host's intestine, but the
cycle is invariably completed in the presence of suitable heat
and moisture outside the animal body altogether.

This outside segmentations period furnishes the key to our
attack and suggests that we should so arrange our plans as to
make conditions in infected kennels (and others also) as unsuit-

508 F. H. MILLER.

able as possible to this prime requirement of segmentation and
prevent it if possible.

The period in question varies quite perceptibly according to
temperature, moisture and chemical composition of the media
in which it lies, all of which naturally fix the term of life of the
eg^^ those of Dochmius Duodenalis of man having been success-
fully retained through nearly one year when placed under
especially favorable conditions.

The early period at which these worms are occasionally
found in nursing puppies frequently gives rise to the strong im-
pression among dog owners of experience, that infection must
be present at birth, a supposition of course quite incorrect since
the time required for the development of the adult worm from
the adequately segmented egg after it reached the digestive tract
of the host, is approximately established at twenty to twenty-five
days, as computed from the appearance of eggs from the resultant
worms in the excreta, but beyond reasonable doubt well devel-
oped, although sexually immature worms may be, and probably
are, present in the canal giving rise to symptoms several days
earlier. Personally, I cannot recall any autopsies revealing this
worm in puppies under three weeks of age.

The prevailing idea, especially among the wealthy, that
artificial heat in abundance and much washing of kennels is the
secret of rearing puppies is, in this case, closely associated with
the numerous epidemics which it has been my privilege to ob-
serve during the past few years in this vicinity.

Tropical conditions are thereby set up and indefinitely main-
tained in a temperate zone and unless great measures of cleanli-
ness and hygiene be observed this disease will always remain a
source of dread.

Many of such kennels boast of a system of daily disinfection
consisting of a light sprinkling by a watering can, of a solution
of some of the many high-smelling nostrums upon the market,
whose disinfecting unit is oftentimes extremely low, and whose
alkaline reaction is not beyond reasonable suspicion as be-
ing actually advantageous to the necessary segmentation

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANAEMIA. 509

of the ova of Dochmius Trigonacephalus outside the body.

In the light of present knowledge and my personal expe-
rience, I am firmly convinced that the greatest insurance which
can be taken against this terrible disease in such kennels as
must of necessity be artificially heated, lies in the construction
of good solid concrete bottoms (and sides where possible) to all
the living spaces and outside runs.

Wooden sheeting, while comparatively inexpensive and more
or less satisfactory in the absence of disease, are impossibilities
where adequate and efficient sterilization becomes imperative,
and as regards the particular disease in question, affords the best
possible opportunity for infected material to be hidden away
beyond a possibility of its destruction.

It is not more reasonable to demand that young dogs which
are closely confined in kennels should have a circumscribed patch
of bare polluted earth to dig in and lie upon, than to maintain
that confined yards of prisons and schools should be of dirt
instead of concrete, in the interest of the health and physical
development of the over-crowded inmates.

Two laws do not exist whereby two contaminated enclosures
kept for the higher and lower animals respectively, can on the
one hand be conducive to disease and death and upon the other
conducive to health and development, as maintained by many
who claim great experience in rearing dogs.

Small earth-bottomed yards as ordinarily adopted by kennels
are universally suspicious, and in the case of this and all other
forms of intestinal worms are deadly in their tendencies.

Dogs, like other domesticated animals, are always more
easily maintained under conditions of cleanliness, and unless
the outside space be large enough to partake of the nature of a
'' run " or paddock, the first cost of concreting the yards would
be more than repaid in the first two years in the safety attained
from various diseases, not to mention the great advantages over
the old system in preventing and combating this particular
kennel-wrecking disease.

Close study of this disease in man has evolved the question

510 F. H. MILLER.

as to whether symptoms observed were wholly due to local irri-
tation and anaemia, or in part to the co-existence of a state of
toxaemia due to the absorption by the host of specific disease-
producing products thrown off from these worms.

While strong arguments have been adduced to support this
contention in human medicine it cannot up to the present be
stated as conclusively proven, but the constancy of psychic dis-
turbances invariably marked in the progress of the disease in
dogs as evidenced by the drowsiness and apathetic expression
and movements of the eyes, sluggish bowel and comatose condi-
tion, would certainly indicate the value of further study along
this line in canine medicine.

My study of these worms in dogs, especially those of adult
age, fully substantiate the peculiar facts noted in human medi-
cine regarding the changes in relative numbers of the sex in
prolonged or recovering cases.

In adult or aged dogs which have been autopsied by me, I
have by actual count established the number of approximately
ten males to seven females as against two and one-half females
to one male in the same disease in puppies.

That this change of ratio is due to increase of the male as
has been rather strongly contended by authorities upon Egyptian
Chlorosis I am doubtful, since the microscopical examination of
females from such cases in my jDractice has invariably shown
their bodies to contain exceedingly few ova as compared with
cases in the young animal, a fact inclined to influence me toward
the belief that the known resistence of the older animals con-
sists in furnishing the parasite a media or subsistence unsuitable
for the life and fruition of the female.

Upon this line of deduction I can in a manner account for
the apparent benefits derived at times in the administration of
such agents as glycerine and carbolic acid, creoline, etc., in
small doses, over lengthened periods, by attributing to them the
power of reducing the media to such as will slowly tend to in-
duce sterility in the female organism.

In summing up, I would put my faith in building kennels

MALIGNANT ENZOOTIC ANEMIA. 511

and yards which would make the perfect sterilization of the
same easily and perfectly possible, and test every prospective
brood bitch separately with large doses of male fern extract, ob-
serving the excreta for worms or their eggs, long before they
give birth to young in such a kennel, and proceed in all es-
sential manner as prudent corporations in middle Europe now
proceed in the employment of men in mines, tunnels, brick
yards, etc., where experience has amply taught them the neces-
sity of keeping out infection and regulating their hygienic sys-
tem, and above all other things the effort to make it practically
impossible for the eggs of this parasite to undergo the segmen-
tation necessary to contaminate and endanger the surroundings
of their employees.

New Jersey Takes Active Hold of Glanders. — Upon
request of the New Jersey State Board of Health, and after a
conference with the Governor and other State officials at Tren-
ton, Chief Veterinarian William Herbert Lowe undertook on
July 21, last, the work of restricting the spread of glanders in
that State, which has already caused heavy loss of property as
well as loss of human life in one or two instances. Veterinary
practitioners will greatly expedite the efforts of the Chief Vet-
erinarian if they will promptly report all cases of glanders and
suspected glanders to the office of the State Board of Health at
Trenton. The New Jersey law requires practitioners to report
all cases to the State Board of Health, yet some veterinarians
from one cause or another neglect to comply with this require-
ment. The State Board of Health is backing up the new chief
with everything except money. The ravages of the disease and
the lack of a proper appropriation does not phase Dr. Lowe
one iota, for he is waging a personal campaign against the bacil-
lus mallei such as has never been heard of before in New Jer-
sey. The new chief has taken the field himself and is person-
ally directing the work of restriction and extermination. Prem-
ises will not be quarantined where the owner cooperates with
the State in carrying out necessary precautionary measures for
the prevention of the spread of the disease. Blacksmith shops
and hotel and road house sheds are being disinfected in the
infected district. All public watering troughs have been closed
in Newark, Paterson, Passaic, Bayonne, and those in other towns
and cities are liable to be closed at any moment.

51'^ J. N. GOULD.

SOME PUZZLING CASES IN CATTLE, POSSIBLY EPI-
ZOOTIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS -OC-
CURRING IN SHEEP AND YOUNG CAT-
TLE FROM ONE TO THREE
YEARS OF AGE.*

By J. N. Gould, Worthington, Minn.

The first time that these cases were called to my attention
was in the spring of 1899, ^^^^ outbreak occurring in Murray
County, Minn., about 30 miles northwest of Worthington. The
farm on which they occurred was a new one, no breaking hav-
ing been done and the buildings having been erected the pre-
vious fall. The cattle were driven across country from Iowa
about one month before the disease appeared.

I next saw this trouble in the early winter of 1900 about
fifteen miles northwest of Worthington. Several sheep and
two young cows were attacked. In this outbreak one cow and
one or two sheep died. I had no opportunity for making a
post-mortem examination unfortunately as I could not get word
in time as the place was too far from Worthington, to see the
subjects before they were frozen.

In the fall of 1901 two outbreaks occurred, one about ten
miles southwest of Worthington in the edge of Iowa ; the other
five miles northwest of Worthington. These cases I did not
see, as I was away at the time, and were attended by a veteri-
nary student, Mr. P. H. Plotts.

During the fall of 1902 the trouble appeared on six different
farms adjacent to Worthington ; some of the cases, the past fall,
were quite severe, but no deaths resulted.

Besides these outbreaks mentioned I have seen at different
times several isolated cows.

Dr. Annand suggested that the trouble might be epizootic
cerebro-spinal meningitis. This disease has a number of symp-
toms in common with these outbreaks I have seen.

* Read before the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association.

SOME PUZZLING CASES IN CATTLE. 513

Friedberger and F'rohner describe an enzootic cerebro-spinal
meningitis which is different from spasm of the neck. The
symptoms are as follows : An abundant salivation, difficulty of
mastication, dysphagia, anxiety, stamping, paralysis of tongue
and larynx, also rapid exhaustion.

At the beginning the patients would lie down, then quickly
get up again, doing this continually until they were completely
exhausted, death occurring in from three to five days. Fried-
berger and Frohner also say that this affection does not consti-
tute a well-defined nosological species.

Symptoms, — The first thing noticed is a slight dullness, also
slight difficulty in locomotion ; next the animals become some-
what wild, and run or wander about the pasture or yard, some-
times aimlessly ; at other times in circles, as in " sturdy " or
" gid." On coming in contact with a fence the animals will
take notice of it, but will go right through it, if it be possible,
having no feeling as regards pricks from wire, etc. ; also will
press the head against a building or lean over a fence or manger
as in cases of " stomach staggers " in horses. The temperature
is normal or slightly subnormal. Pulse slow and somewhat ir-
regular. Hearing very acute throughout the attack. The ani-
mal becomes blind during the early stages of the attack. This
condition persists, and is one of the last symptoms to disappear,
sometimes leaving the patient permanently blind. To all out-
side appearances the animals' eyes are normal, excepting a slight
contraction of the pupil. Fseces, in the majority of cases, are
quite thin and watery, thii? condition being more noticeable in
those cases that were feeding on rape and other green feeds, and
possibly partially due to the character of feed. Prehension of
food is quite difficult, and the muscles of deglutition are some-
what paralyzed.

During the early stages of this trouble the appetite is want-
ing, but after three or four days it returns, and the patient tries
to eat and drink and seems as anxious as ever for food and
water.

The cases seen in Murray County in 1899 showed some stiff-

514 J. N. GOULD.

ness of muscles of the neck, and if pushed around roughly would
have spasmodic contractions of neck and back muscles more or
less severe. In the later cases, however, the muscles of the back
and neck have been more flaccid than normal, showing no ten-
dency to spasm.

The first cases that I saw were fed on some half-rotten hay,
a small ration of corn, and allowed to run out on the raw prai-
rie and pick up what dead grass they would. All of the recent
cases have been feeding on stubble fields with more or less rape
a part of the day.

With it have been co:nfounded certain mycotic poisonings
and other diseases. In this description of Friedberger and
Frohner's no mention is made of the peculiar form of blindness,
nor the peculiar cerebral symptoms. Also the rapidly-fatal ter-
mination of the cases described by F. and F. In the cases
which I have observed the animal seldom dies, and if any ex-
haustion is present it is more from lack of food in the cases that
are slow in recovering. Also, there is no evidence of laryngeal
paralysis, as is stated in descriptions of enzootic cerebro-spinal
meningitis. Also, no fever ; on the contrary a subnormal tem-
perature.

My first impressions of the cases were that they were some
vegetable poison, possibly ergot, but have found no evidence
to substantiate the impression.

Treatment. — Considering that it might possibly be ergot poi-
soning, I gave large doses of belladonna. Later I gave laxa-
tives, such as sodium and magnesium sulphate. Some of the
cases made rapid recoveries when shut up in the stable and were
given one or two doses of magnesium sulphate. Others took
four or five weeks in which to recover.

'' A1.LOW me to say that I value the Review very highly,
and congratulate you that you have been enabled to bring it to
such a high state of perfection." — (Wm. Jopling, V. 5., Owosso,
Mich.)

" The subscription price of the Review should be five dol-
lars instead of three." — [G, Ing Smith, D, V. 5., Lexingtoft, Mo.)

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 515

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.

By Dr. B. K. Dow, Willimantic, Conn.
Read before the Annual Meeting ot the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, at
Hartford, Feb. 3, 1903.

This disease is known at the present time by a variety of
names. Among some of the names which have been given to
the disease by writers of recent years we notice " forage poison-
ing," " epizootic cerebritis," " acute epizootic leucoencepha-
litis," "fungosus toxicum-paralyticus," "choking," "distem-
per," etc.

It is a disease which affects the cerebro-spinal axis, and in
many cases the sympathetic system is also involved, and gener-
ally occurs in an enzootic or sporadic form, usually in city sta-
bles or farming districts, not infrequently extending long dis-
tances in certain well-defined lines, along rivers, valleys, or
along ridges and mountains.

Various agents have been assigned by different authors to be
the cause of the disease, some claiming it is produced by at-
mospheric influences, lack of sanitary conditions, poisonous
gases, or emanations depending upon defective sewerage in
cities, defective drainage on lands in the country, and deficient
stable ventilation ; while others attribute the cause to be con-
nected with the food, either developed in it or upon it in the
form of one of many parasitic fungi which grow on plants,
grains, and vegetation.

Some claim to have traced the cause in nearly every case to
water impregnated with vegetable or animal matters in a state of
decomposition. The reputed cause of this trouble emanating
from atmospheric influences, bad ventilation, and general un-
sanitary conditions of stables must necessarily be erroneous, as it
attacks animals with as fatal results that have been running at
pasture where drainage has been perfect, as well as animals
which have been stabled and kept on dry food, regardless of
variation in any appreciable sanitary conditions.

While at the' same time it must be admitted that horses

516 B. K. DOW.

crowded together in damp stables where there is deficient light,
drainage, poor ventilation, and fed on poor feed, are necessarily
debilitated to a greater or less extent, and are consequently
more or less susceptible to an attack of this disease as well as
any other.

Veterinary text-books give various causes and symptoms of
cerebro-spinal meningitis. But I think most of the authorities
on veterinary pathology at the present time attribute the eti-
ology of this disease to morbid condition of the food or water
the horse takes into its digestive system and from which chem-
ical toxines or ptomaines are developed that directly affect the
nervous system. x\lso that there are many symptoms noticed
which are peculiar to each individual outbreak of the disease.

In presenting this paper it is not to convey the impression
that the writer has discovered anything new in regard to the
causation, symptoms, or treatment of this disease, but to re-
port two cases with which I came in contact last November,
which presented some interesting and peculiar symptoms.

Mr. H called at the office and requested me to go to his

farm and dress his horses' teeth, saying that one of them did
not seem to be doing well and had not eaten much for two or
three days, and that he noticed the animal to drop some of the
hay from its mouth while masticating it. The next afternoon
(Nov. 19th) I went to his farm, where he had three horses, all
of nearly the same age, about eleven or twelve years, not very
fat but about like the average farmer's horses, in good working
condition. The horse in question, a chestnut mare weighing
about 1000 pounds, w^as backed out of the stall onto the barn
floor by the owner. I noticed she had the appearance of being
somewhat tucked up in the abdomen, and seemed a little weak.
Upon looking at the mouth saw no particular reason why the
mare could not eat, more than that the teeth were a little sharp,
and the mouth partially filled with masticated food, which
seemed to extend well back into the pharynx. By making a
more careful examination I found the whole cervical portion of
the oesophagus to be distended with the same material. I con-

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 517

eluded the horse was choked with improperly masticated food,
though none of the characteristic symptoms of choking had been
noticed, such as uneasiness, coughing, violent attempts to swal-
low, discharge from the nose, retching of the neck, discharge of
saliva, attempts to regurgitate, etc. Not having suitable instru-
ments or medicine with me to work with and being ten miles
away and growing dark, I returned home. The next day I
again went to the farm, finding the mare in the same condition
in which she was left the night before. The owner said she
had made some attempts to eat and drink. With the aid of a
mouth speculum and by manipulation, most of the contents of
the cervical portion of the oesophagus were loosened and passed
out of the mouth. During this procedure the horse coughed
many times, aiding in getting rid of partially masticated hay
and pieces of cornstalk. After the mouth and cervical portion
of the oesophagus had been cleared, a small drench of oil and
water was tried. The mare would apparently swallow, but the
drench would not go down.

Thinking the thoracic portion of the oesophagus to be ob-
structed, I passed the probang to within about a foot of the
stomach, where it suddenly met with resistence ; gentle force
was used on the probang and the obstruction seemed to give
way and allow the probang to pass on into the stomach without
meeting with further resistance. The oil and water drench was
again tried, but was not swallowed. Thinking the pharynx and
oesophagus paralyzed from being so long filled with food, I
again passed the probang without meeting with any resistance
whatever, through which two quarts of water were passed into
the stomach, after which the probang was removed. Hay and
water was offered, but the mare made no attempt to eat.

The peculiarity of the case led me to think that I had some
other trouble to contend with besides the choked condition.
And I suspected a cerebro-spinal trouble, but no further symp-
toms could be detected, only the heart seemed to be a little weak.
Before leaving the farm I examined the other two horses for
any similar trouble, but nothing out of the ordinary could be

518 B. K. DOW.

detected. They were eating hay ; both were backed out of their
stalls and given water from a pail ; one drank about six quarts,
the other three quarts ; they were put back into their stalls and
went to eating hay and seemed perfectly healthy. I then left
the farm, telling the owner to report the condition of the mare
the next day, which he did by telephone about ten o'clock, say-
ing that the mare had made some attempts to eat and drink,
but did not swallow, and was about the same as the day before.
He further said he had let one of the other horses out into the
yard at nine o'clock. Soon after turning the horse into the yard,
he was suddenly taken with a violent attack of colic, and had
rolled, kicked and struggled very badly, and would not get onto
his feet, I arrived at the farm about i p. m. The colicky horse
had got onto his feet and was on the barn floor apparently in no
pain ; pulse, 40 ; temperature, 100.5 5 respiration normal. A
pail of water was offered ; he seemed thirsty, and apparently
drank heartily, but no water was swallowed ; he then tried to
eat hay, but his jaws seemed to be weak ; there was a tucked
up appearance of the abdomen.

I then examined the mare ; she was the same as the day be-
fore, only a trifle more weak. I came to the conclusion that
both animals were suffering from an attack of cerebro-spinal
meningitis, though I could not detect a good many of the symp-
toms given in text-books of that disease, such as extension of the
head, protrusion of the membrana nictitans, nervousness,
spasms of muscles, stiffness of the neck, hurried respirations,
impaired eye sight, delirium, etc. ; but I did notice there was
no resistance of the tail whichever way it was bent, also that
the bowels were slightly constipated and the urine scanty and
high colored. I next turned my attention to ascertain the cause
of the trouble, and questioned the owner as to what he had been
feeding ; he showed me the hay, which was somewhat fine, but
fresh and free from mould and dust ; the grain was bran and
fine feed, which was also clean. He had fed oats up to two or
three days previous to the time the mare was taken sick, but so
far as he knew the oats were good. The running water came

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS. 519

from a well situated on land that was considerably higher than
the buildings, and no fault could be found with it. The barn
was well ventilated, lighted, and situated on dry ground. The
horses had all been fed on the same feed, such as described, and
had not been fed on decayed roots, vegetables, or fruit of any
kind, nor had they been turned out where they could have eat-
en anything of the kind. I was at a loss to account for anything
which could have caused the disease. The owner insisted that
treatment be tried after I had told him that whatever was done
in the way of treating the horses, in all probability they would
die in less than three days. A large piece of rubber tubing was
passed into the stomach, and each horse was given a small dose
of aloes, combined with ginger and belladonna ; following this a
hypodermic of ^ gr. strychnia sulph. was administered. Soon
after the strychnia was given both animals showed signs of ner-
vousness for a short period. After the effect of the strychnia
had passed they again became quiet. The previous night the
owner found he could pass the rubber tube without trouble, so
I told him to give each horse linseed tea and oatmeal gruel every
four hours. I left ext. of ergot and nux vomica to be given
with the gruel. The next day the owner telephoned that the
horses had lain dovv'n during the night and did not seem to
" know enough to get up " ; that they were still down and mov-
ing their heads and legs, and would not notice any one or what
they did. This day I did not make a visit to the farm, but
inquired as to the condition of the third horse ; the answer was
that he had eaten his breakfast, drank a pail of water and was
all right. The next day, Nov. 23d, I received a telephone mes-
sage that one horse had died at five o'clock that morning. I
drove to the farm, where I found the mare had also just died.

Post-mortem showed the stomach and bowels to be nearly
empty, the liver more gray than usual, spleen and kidneys nor-
mal, bladder contained a small amount of dark-colored thick
urine, lungs and heart normal ; in fact, no abnormal appearances
could be detected in any of the organs until the brain was ex-
amined ; this had shrunk in size and was of a dirty-white color,

5*^0 B. K. DOW.

the natural convolutions had disappeared, the whole of the or-
gan had softened to such an extent that it was with difficulty
removed from the cranial cavity. The ventricles were entirely
absent and nothing but the lines showed where they had been.
Both the hemispheres showed about the same degree of degener-
ation. The spinal cord was about one-half its normal size, and
was softened to such, an extent and so brittle that it could be
crushed between the thumb and finger as easily as jelly. On
the floor of the cranial cavity was a large amount of thin some-
what ropey serum, which was of a dirty-yellow color, and ex-
tended around the cord as far back as examined (the third cer-
vical vertebra). The meninges were a little congested, but did
not show signs of an extensive inflammation. After the post-
mortem I was talking with the owner, of the peculiarity of his
having three horses stabled in the same barn with adjoining
stalls, all having the same care, feed and water, two of them
taking sick and dying so near together, while the third one re-
mained perfectly well. He then told me of an old tub about
the size of a half barrel. This tub he had used to water his
horses early last spring, taking the water from the well where
the running water came from. The tub was kept in the yard
under an elm tree, and was not used all the summer months,
but a little water was kept in it to keep the tub from drying up,
and as fast as the water was evaporated an occasional pailful
would be added. About two weeks previous to the mare show-
ing signs of being sick, the owner filled the tub with water from
the previously mentioned well, and again watered his horses
from it. The horse that had remained healthy did not like the
odor of the tub or of the water and would not drink, and had to
be watered at the usual place. The other two horses that died
did not object to the tub and were watered there two or three
days. I did not see the tub as it had been used for another pur-
pose after the horses were taken sick, but the owner said that
there was quite a thick coating of mouldy looking slime on the
bottom and sides of the tub when he emptied the water, and that
he noticed a dirty odor to the water, which he thought to be

CEREBRO SPINAL MENINGITIS. 521

due to the small quantity of water standing in the tub through
the summer months, without having washed the tub during the
whole time. And as far as he knew, nothing but water had ever
been put into the tub. Therefore the writer attributes the sick-
ness and death of the horses due to their drinking water from
this tub which had become polluted with decaying organic ma-
terial.

Gentlemen. I have but briefly dealt with the pathology and
symptoms of this peculiar disease, and trust that many new and
interesting points will be brought to light, by a thorough dis-
cussion of this subject.

"Diseases of Sheep" is the title of Bulletin No. 94 of the
Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station in connection with
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., and is the joint work of A.
W. Bitting, D. V. M., M. D., and R. A. Craig, D. V. M. It
comprises 87 pages of closely printed matter, with a number of
good illustrations, and is quite a valuable addition to veterinary
literature.

Hard Debt to Collect. — Recently the butcher who sup-
plies meat to the animals in the Zoological Gardens at Budapest
complained to the authorities because his bill had not been paid
for several weeks and threatened to take legal action if he did
not receive at once a portion of the amount due him. Appar-
ently no attention was paid to his demand, for a few days later
a court officer appeared in the gardens, and, handing the super-
intendent a warrant, informed him that he had been instructed
to seize all obtainable property and to dispose of it for the bene-
fit of the butcher. Not the slightest objection did the superin-
tendent make, but, instead, courteously conducted him to the
lions' cage and then stood calmly by, waiting for him to seize
the lions and carry them off. At a glance, however, the officer
saw that this was a hopeless task. The animals had not been
fed for three or four days, and at sight of the officer, who was
quite fat and, from their standpoint, an appetizing morsel, they
set up a terrible roar and tore at the bars of the cage in a fren-
zied manner. As quickly as he could the officer hurried away
from the demoniac noise and, as he left the gardens he shouted
back to the smiling superintendent : *' If the butcher wants this
job done he must get someone else to do it, for I've got five chil-
dren depending on me, and I can't afford to die just yet."

522 W. A. KNIGHT.

WASTING DISEASES CAUSED BY ANIMAL PARA-
SITES.

By Dr. W. A. Knight, Houston, Texas.

Read before the Texas Veterinary Medical Association at College Station, 1903.

My first experience with the disease was in a herd of young
cattle in Harris County in December, 1899. The disease, or
diseases, is by no means a new one nor does it confine itself to
our State alone. Several of the Agricultural Experimental
Stations of the other States have issued bulletins on the subject.
The outbreaks are most frequent among young calves and
lambs, but have been found among old cattle. There is little
literature on the subject ; our text-books give brief sketches
under the various names of " hoose," '^ husk," " verminous
bronchitis," " verminous enteritis," " verminous gastritis," etc.
The loss among affected herds has been severe in this State.

The worms which cause the disease localize themselves in
the lungs and various portions of the intestinal tract. We will
take up first a discussion of the disease where the seat of the
affection is the lungs. The symptoms displayed in cases affected
with the worms are often mistaken for those of tuberculosis on
account of the cough that attends them. The coat of the ani-
mal becomes rough and staring ; the head hangs low and the
animal presents an appearance of general debility. In most
cases there is a swelling of the sub-maxillary space. The appe-
tite is good until death. The worms are embedded in a thick
mucous substance that adheres tightly to the bronchial tubes.
The mucus prevents the worm being expelled when the animal
coughs, and makes medicinal treatment by tracheal injections
impossible.

As far as my experience has extended, I have failed to find any
successful treatment for the worms. Dr. Folsetter and my.self
conducted several experiments without success. We tried oil of
turpentine, by injecting doses of two drachms into the trachea.
Post-mortem examination showed that the mucous or gelatinous

WASTING DISEASES. 523

substance in which the worms are embedded had protected them
from being killed. Turpentine, chloroform, carbolic acid, ben-
zine, creosote, liquid sulphur, and a 4% solution of formalde-
hyde were tried with similar results. Chlorine gas and sul-
phurous gas was administered by shutting the affected animals
in air-tight rooms with the gas ; but the worms were not killed.
Dr. C. Wardell Stiles, Zoologist of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, also made extensive experiments with various cases, but
was unable to kill the worms. An account of [his experiments,
as well as those of Dr. Folsetter and myself, may be found in the
seventeenth annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The worms which cause the trouble are known as the thread
worm and the hair worm — the one from one and one-half to two
inches long, the other being very much smaller. They may
easily be found by cutting open the bronchial tubes. In sheep
the worm is Strongyhis filaria^ and in cattle Strongyliis vii-
crurus. They inhabit the bronchial tubes and hepatize the lung
tissue immediately surrounding the tubes. They appear in
large numbers in most cases.

In nearly all cases of the lung-worm trouble the animal is
affected with other worms that inhabit the intestinal tract. The
bowel worms are of several varieties and all of them are found
in nearly all cases. That which is found in the duodenum is
called Uncinaria radia^ in the caecum CEsophagastom columbi-
anum^ and in the fourth stomach the twisted wire-worm
Strongyhis contortus. The symptoms in cases affected with the
bowel worm are similar to those of the lung worm with the ex-
ception that the animal contracts a severe diarrhoea and grad-
ually wastes away.

It is said that wet weather is very favorable to the develop-
ment of the worm, and where the pasture is not properly drained
this condition is increased. Bad drinking water, especially
where the animal is allowed to drink from stagnant pools of
surface water, causes greater fatality and over-crowded pastures
tend to aid the dissemination.

The spread of the worm is often increased by failure to iso-

524 W. A. KNIGHT

late the affected animals from the well ones, thus giving an op-
portunity for the worm to be transmitted. The worms do not
seem to be found in any one particular place ; but have been
found in various parts of this State and other States. Most
cases prove fatal, and those that do recover after a long illness
take so long to regain flesh that they prove worthless to the
owner. I have found it in high altitudes as well as low ones.

In order that a clear understanding may be reached regard-
ing the condition of affected stock, I will state briefly the ap-
pearances that are presented in post-mortem examination. In
nearly all cases they are as follows :

We will take the case of a two-year-old that has been down
for several days and too weak to live much longer. On open-
ing the body the blood is noticed to be almost destitute of cor-
puscles (that is, colorless and watery), and that the flesh looks
like that of a six-weeks-old veal and might easily be sold for
such. The lungs are found to be considerably hepatized and
solidified along the edges, especially the anterior lobe. In the
lungs are found the worms already described. On opening the
abdominal cavity nothing other than a normal condition is
noticed ; but in the fourth stomach upon careful examination
thousands of small worms about one-fourth inch long are dis-
covered. They are very hard to see and may be easily over-
looked. Upon close examination the wall of the fourth stom-
ach is found to be spotted with thousands of very small red
pimples, made by the worm as he embeds himself in them in
order to suck the blood, and which shows that there is consid-
erable irritation. In the duodenum worms are found in large
numbers adhering to the wall and many loose in the contents
of that organ. If no worms are found in the caecum, the lesions
show that they have been, there.

Owing to the fact that the worms are embedded in the walls
of the intestinal tract, no treatment has been found that will
kill the worms and not prove harmful to the animal. We can
only offer the suggestion to find some substance that the intes-
tinal wall will absorb without injury to itself and at the same

WASTING DISEASES. 525

time kill the worms. At present the outlook for such is doubt-
ful. Dr. M. Francis, Professor of the Veterinary Department
at the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, has lately
conducted a series of experiments on the treatment of the bowel
and stomach worm. The subjects were young cattle from Gal-
veston County, but the results of the experiments were not sat-
isfactory.

In order to aid in preventing the spread of the malady, there
are a few precautions to which I would call your attention. In
the first place, all affected animals should be isolated ; the well
ones put in new quarters as soon as suspicious symptoms ap-
pear. High sloping pastures should be used, or, if that is im-
practicable, the pasture should be well drained and no stagnant
water allowed to stand where the cattle can get at it. Good,
clear water should be supplied in abundant quantities, and if in
surface tanks fresh water should be kept running through them
and the tanks should be elevated, so that no filth could wash
into them. The pastures should be burned regularly and well,
as lurking parasites are then likely to be killed. The young
calves should be fed good food in order to put them in a con-
dition to resist the attack of the worm. Plenty of salt should
be kept where the cattle can get at it.

In speaking of the lung and bowel worm, I wish to state a
word in regard to the disease known as " creeps." Dr. Parker,
late local representative of the Bureau of Animal Industry, with
station at San Antonio, and myself visited an outbreak in Tom
Green County, where we found cattle affected, the cattlemen
having lost a large number from the attack. In post-mortem
examination, we found great numbers of these worms, as well
as the brittleness of the bones. The affected cattle were in very
poor condition. I am at a loss at this writing to state whether
or not the worms caused the disease known as " creeps " or the
worms are due to the poor condition of the animal.

" I HAVE subscribed to the Review for fifteen years. It
grows better with each number." — {Wm. Elliott^ V. 5., Hickory
Corners^ Mich.)

526 REPORTS OF CASES.

REPORTS OF CASES.

' * Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner^ but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he addstothe knowledge of his profession, and assists bv his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science. ' '

AUTOPSY SUMMARIES OF WILD ANIMALS.

By W. Reid Blair, D. V. S., Veterinarian and Resident Pathologist,
New York Zoological Park.

Ccise No. I. — Elk,

Subject : — American elk (^Cervus canadensis) ; source, North
America.

External lesion : Greatly emaciated.

Heart in diastole, ventricles containing large ante-mortem
clots. Epicardium pale, soft and flabby, and several groups of
Rainey's corpuscles {Mischerschen schlenche) showing on sur-
face.

Lungs: Considerable yellowish serum with inflammatory
exudate in thorax, pleurisy. Right lung almost completely
hepatized ; left only partially consolidated. Smaller bronchioles
completely filled with filaria micrufus, and plastic lymph.
Larger bronchi contains great amount of frothy serum and mu-
cus, in which great numbers of filaria are wriggling about.

Liver : Heavily congested. Parenchyma quite firm.

Kidney : Acute capsular nephritis ; capsule firmly adherent.

Spleen : Normal.

Lymph nodes : Slightly enlarged and pigmented.

Rumen, recticulum and omasum well filled with food ; mu-
cous membrane, normal ; obomasum, slight catarrh.

Small Intestine : Duodenum, slight catarrh ; but rest of canal
quite normal.

Cause of Death : Verminous bronchial pneumonia.

Note : — The Strongylus micrurus., the species of the nema-
toid found in this case, is a hair-like worm from one to three
inches in length, the female being longer than the male. Exam-
ination of the female under the microscope find the ovarian coils
usually filled with eggs, oval in shape and containing embryos
coiled into a figure eight. Unfortunately, the life history of
this parasite is not known, notwithstanding the very consider-
able researches which have been conducted in regard to it. The
disease seems to be most prevalent in the autumn, and during
damp, foggy weather. Moisture and a certain amount of heat

REPORTS OF CASES. 527

seem to be necessary for the development of this parasite.

Rainey's corpuscles {Mischerschen schleuche)^ the parasite
found in the heart muscles of the elk, belong to the order Sar-
cosporidicE. They measure from 2 to 3 m. m. by .07-3 m. m.,
and are found imbedded in the muscular tissue of sheep, goats,
and deer. Cobbold states that they are found in the flesh of cat-
tle dying of cattle plague. The parasites are found in the mus-
cular fibres. When situated on the surface of the myocardium,
one sees small greyish elongated cigar-shaped specks against the
red color of'the muscles. The alterations seen in the muscula-
tion of the heart depends, to a certain extent, on the number of
parasites present. When muscles are infested in only a ^moder-
ate degree, no macroscopic changes are apparent. When heav-
ily infected, they give rise to a general parenchymatous degen-
eration of the muscle cells, and the destruction of the individual
infected fibres, thus producing a general weakening of the
heart's action and predisposing to other diseases. The mere
gross examination of suspected tissue is not sufficient to estab-
lish the absence of the parasite, as it may be found in micro-
scopic preparations when not seen macroscopically.
Case No. II. — Antelope.

Subject: — American prong-horned antelope {Anttlocapra
americana) ; source, Montana.

External lesions : None ; well nourished.

Heart : Diastole, pericarditis. About two ounces of straw-
colored fluid within pericardial sac, without inflammatory co-
agula. Epicardium vessels engorged with blood. Both ante-
and post-mortem clots in the auricles and ventricles.

Lungs : Congested and heavy oedema of lower lobe of right
lung ; left only slightly congested.

Liver: Surface covered with various sized granulation tu-
mors,— some small and round, with depressed surfaces ; others
confluent and irregular, yellowish in color, with inflammatory
area surrounding. Tumors rather hard and firm to the touch
(probably actinomycosis) ; confirmed by microscopic examina-
tion.

Kidneys : Acute and parenchymatous nephritis.

Spleen : Slightly enlarged and congested.

Lymph nodes : Normal.

vStomach : Small portion of rumen which was in contact
with the liver showed yV actinomycomata ^ inch in diameter
and with a dark inflammatory area surrounding to the extent of
I ^ to 2 inches, and in one or two places almost perforating the

528 REPORTS OF CASES.

wall of the stomach. The mucous surface of the rumen cover-
ing the actinomycomata show ulcerous erosions, being- denuded
of epithelium. The rest of alimentary tract was normal. The
presence of the actinomyces tufts was confirmed by microscopic
examination, by simply adding a drop or two of concentrated
liquor potassae to the specimen.

Cause of death : Actinomycosis of liver and stomach.
Case No. III.— Monkey.

Subject : — Squirrel monkey (^Chrysothrix sciurcd) ; source.
South x\merica.

External lesions : Abdominal walls attenuated ; fairly well
nourished.

Heart in systole ; few small ante-mortem clots in ventricles,
firmly adherent to cordse tendinae.

Lungs : Slightly congested.

Liver : Extremely pale'and fatty ; parenchyma is easily torn.

Kidneys: Normal.

Spleen : Congested.

Lymph nodes : Congested.

Stomach : Attenuated gaseous distension. No food ; con-
siderable bile-stained mucoid material.

Small intestines : Icterus marked ; a very large invagina-
tion of bowel, commencing about lo inches from pylorus, very
firm and hard, and involving a considerable portion of the mes-
entery. The invaginated portion, about 6-7 inches in length,
one side being shortened and puckered, owing to the invagina-
tion carrying with it the attached mesentery, while the opposite
or free side was longer and somewhat convoluted. The invagi-
nation highly inflamed throughout, one portion gangrenous,
completely closing the lumen. The inflammation extending
for a considerable distance beyond the invagination, and involv-
ing serous coat of bowel. Rest of canal empty and congested.

Cause of death : Gangrenous intestinal invagination.
Case No. IV. — Chimpanzee.

Subject : — Chimpanzee {Anthropopithecus calvus) ; source.
West Africa.

External lesions : Fairly well nourished ; visible mucous
membranes extremely anaemic.

Heart : Systole ; muscle soft and fatty. Post-mortem clot-
ting.

Lungs : Normal.

Liver : Enlarged, congested, very fatty. Cohesion of paren-
chyma very poor.

REPORTS OF CASES. 529

Kidneys : Heavily congested.

Spleen : Congested and somewhat enlarged.

Lymph nodes : Normal.

Stomach : Contained small quantity of milk and frothy
mucus and lo large round worms, resembling Ascaris lumbri-
coides oi man. Longest worm was 9%' inches long and y^ inch
in diameter. Mucous membrane extremely anaemic and catar-
rhal inflammation marked. The pylorus and duodenum dis-
tended and completely blocked up for a distance of 6-8 inches
with 7 large worms. First portion of small intestine congested
and inflamed.

Cause of death : Verminous intestinal obstruction ; gastto-
intestinal catarrh.

RUMENOTOMY.*
By Dr. J. N. Gould, Worthington, Minn.

Tuesday, March 21, 1900, was called to see a Jersey cow
owned by a Mr. Beckley, of Worthington Village. This ani-
mal has had attacks of indigestion before, and especially when
the feed was changed in character. The rumen was badly dis-
tended with a mass of fermenting feed, composed of ground corn
and oats and hay. The gases that were given off were thoroughly
mixed with the mass of feed. I first tried a trocar ; but find-
ing no relief was given, decided to perform rumenotomy. The
patient, which was hardly able to stand, was tied up to the man-
ger as short as possible and then the owner held up an old door
between the operator and cow. While the animal was not held
perfectly still, she was not able to kick or do any particular
harm.

Operatio7i. — The skin, muscles, and peritoneum were cut
through between the point of the hip and last rib, making a
vertical incision about three inches long. Next the stomach
wall was sutured to the edges of the incision in the abdominal
wall (using interrupted silk sutures). The sutures were so ar-
ranged that a small space was left between the rows. As soon
as the walls of the rumen had been made fast, I cut through
into the stomach, being careful to keep between the rows of
sutures. The feed and gas mixed came through the opening
with a great deal of force, and by keeping the opening free of
coarse pieces of feed, I soon had at least a bushel basket full

* Read before the Minnesota State V. M. Association, July 16-17, 1903.

530 REPORTS OF CASES.

outside. Most of the feed was taken from the rumen before the
appearance of fullness would subside.

After-Treatment. — The wound was kept clean with plenty
of water and antiseptics and sutures were removed in about ten
days. No attempt was made to draw the edges of the incision
together, but the wound was allowed to heal by granulation,
leaving the rumen grown fast to the abdominal parietes. Re-
covery was complete in thirty days after the sutures were re-
moved.

Perhaps this method is not as perfect as some, but is easily
done, and one is perfectly sure of not getting any feed or pus
into the abdominal cavity.

REMOVAI. OF THIRD INFERIOR MOLAR FROM HORSE BY

TREPHINING AND REPULSION.

By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, Iowa.

There was brought to my clinic at the Veterinary Hospital,
Iowa State College, on June 8, 1899, ^ g^^Y tnare 6 years old
with a complaint by the owner that she had had difficulty in
chewing for several months. Upon examination I found the
third inferior molar on the right side in a condition of necrosis.
The alveolar periosteum was not involved to a sufficient extent
to cause loosening of the tooth, and, as the crown was quite ex-
tensively invaded, it was deemed impracticable to extract the
tooth with the forceps, so repulsion was decided upon.

The mare was fastened upon the operating table and the re-
gion over the root of the tooth shaved, disinfected and anaesthe-
tized with cocaine. A circular opening was made through the
skin and the bone laid bare. Then with a half-inch trephine a
hole was made through the jaw up to the root of the tooth, be-
ginning upon the inferior border of the maxilla, and the tooth
repelled from the alveolus by means of a punch and hammer.
The operation was easily accomplished. The animal was re-
leased and put into the stall and fed. The owner remarked
that it was the first time the mare had chewed without difficulty
for three months. She ate in a perfectly natural manner. . The.
wound was washed daily with a 4 per cent, solution ot\boric
acid until the mare was removed from the hospital on June 12,
1899, when the owner was instructed to continue the treatment.
The owner wrote me on January 30, 1900, in regard to the mare
as follows :

" The gray mare whigh you treated last June came out all

REPORTS OF CASES. 531

right. The wound healed nicely and she is now perfectly
sound and in good condition."

ARTIFICIAL URETHRAL OPENING.*
By Dr. J. N. G0UI.D, Worthington, Minn.

Subject. — Grey gelding, six years old, owned by a Mr.
Raines, living twelve miles northwest of Worthington. Was
called January ii, 1903. The animal had been straining for
several days and could pass but a few drops of urine at a time.

I suspected a urethral calculus as the cause of the trouble, but
on attempting to pass the catheter found the passage closed and
could pass the instrument only after using considerable force.
I finally broke down the granulation tissue that filled the pas-
sageway, for about half the distance to the curve over the isch-
ial symphysis, but could get no farther. On examination per
rectum I found the bladder full of urine, distended to the size
of an ordinary water bucket. The animal was in a much ema-
ciated condition, and, deeming it unwise to leave the bladder so
full, decided to operate. In preparing the horse for operating I
simply put on side lines and drew the hind feet well under the
body, then with the twitch on the lip the animal stood fairly
still.

I made an incision, about four inches long, down to and
into the urethra, just below the symphysis ischii. The animal
was then able to pass the urine easily after a start with the
catheter was made.

The horse was brought to my hospital the following day,
where I completed the operation. The animal was cast and the
urethra and erectile tissue surrounding it was dissected loose.
After dividing the urethra at the lower end of the incision the
mucous surface and skin were brought together with silk
sutures.

The false opening made in this manner, while not leaving
a saleable horse, enabled the owner to get as much work out of
him as any of his other horses.

The after-treatment was simply antiseptics and astringents.

AN INTERESTING OBSTETRIC EXPERIENCE.
By D. C. NowELS, V. S., Rockwell City, Iowa.
Was called to a mare in labor. On examination found

* Read before Minnesota State V. M. Association, July 16-17, 1903.

532 REPORTS OF CASES.

sterno-abdominal presentation ; right front limb protruding ;
water bag ruptured ; uterus closely contracted upon foetus,
which was dead. On exploration found head and all three
other limbs completely out of reach. Used warm injections
without much benefit. Rotation being impossible, proceeded
to amputate right fore limb and shoulder to get room. Still
being unable to secure any point of vantage, disemboweled the
foetus and removed the ribs. Then by means of traction with
sharp hooks drew the body of the foetus up on itself until I was
able to secure the hind limbs, which I secured with cords ; and
then, having an assistant use traction on the cords, I used the
repeller on the sternum, and performed version, converting it
into a posterior presentation, and a successful delivery.

This is chiefly interesting to me as in a former case exactly
like this, I tried detruncation, with the result that the mare
died of exhaustion, and I very nearly did the same. I con-
cluded that when the uterus was closely contracted on the
foetus, detruncation was easier to write about than to perform.

\

ACCIDENTAL PUNCTURE OF THE URINARY BLADDER IN A BITCH

DURING OOPHORECTOMY.

By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, Iowa.

While making the incision through the abdominal wall in
performing oophorectomy upon a fox terrier bitch the scalpel
got beyond my control when in the act of puncturing the peri-
toneum, and, on withdrawing it, there issued from the in-
cision a stream or urine. Upon observing this I, of course, con-
cluded that I had punctured the bladder, which was quite full
and projected well forward into the abdomen, in fact almost to
the umbilicus. As the blade of the scalpel was only % inch
wide and had penetrated on a straight line, I inferred that the
incision in the bladder was not much, if any, longer than the
blade was wide. Therefore, I gave no further attention to it
and finished the operation as if the accident had not occurred.
The bitch made a good recovery and did not reveal any evidence
of bad result from the puncture of the bladder. Since that I
have a bitch that I am about to spay led out or given such
freedom as will induce her to urinate, and, if she does not, I in-
troduce the catheter. If the bladder is empty no pains need be
taken to avoid injuring it and the removal of the ovaries is fa-
cilitated.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. " 53^.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES,

ENGLISH REVIEW.

Contribution upon the Action of Chloroform in
Dogs [Henry Taylor, M. R. C. V, 5'.].— Can chloroform bead-
ministered with perfect safety ? is a question which has given
occasion to many discussions. Many say no, basing their opin-
ions on the results of their experience. But a great number of
others answer in the affirmative, strengthening it, however, with
the requirement of certain precautions and the fulfilment of some
conditions. It is evident that there is a good and a bad way to
give chloroform, and that in the manner in which it is admin-
istered probably the causes of the various opinions lie. The
author has had occasion to kill a number of dogs with chloro-
form, and he has kept the record of twenty among them. These
dogs were not the objects of any special selection ; some being
very fat, others had just been fed, a few were old, one had heart
disease ; certainly a lot. of subjects rather unfit for such experi-
ment. The chloroform was administered by using two jars.
In one (No. i) the air passed only over the chloroform. In the
other (No. 2), it passed through it. These jars were closed with
a cork carrying two bent glass tubes, one to allow the entrance
of the air, which was pumped in with a rubber bellows, the
other for the exit of the vapor of the chloroform was connected
with the muzzle on the dog's head by a tube. In jar No. i the
two tubes went only a little distance in the bottle. In jar No.
2, the tube admitting the air extended down to the bottom of
the bottle and dipping in the chloroform. From his observa-
tions upon the 20 dogs killed by this process, the author comes
to the following conclusions : (i) Chloroform can be given to
dogs with perfect safety when it is administered diluted. If
one uses an apparatus resembling jar No. i, the quantity of
chloroform in the jar must be about three drachms ; (2) The
use of jar No 2 is dangerous, as then the vapors of chloroform
are too strong ; (3) In animals that have no heart disease,
death by chloroform takes place by arrest of respiration in 83.3%
of the cases, in 11.1% by arrest simultaneously of respiration
and circulation, and in 5.5% by arrest of circulation ; (4) Chloro-
form has toxic effects varying in dogs ; (5) Some dogs have a
peculiar idiosyncrasy towards it, which causes them to suddenly
collapse. — ( Vetertn. Journal.^

534 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

Spontaneous Passage of Intestinal Calculi {^Richard
Finch^ M. R. C. V, S.']. — This 15-year-old horse has been under
treatment for hip lameness for a month, and, although his re-
covery had been slow, he was sufficiently well to take morning
exercise. One day he was taken badly with colic, and received
a drench of stimulant, anodyne and oil. The pain seemed to
subside shortly after, but before it had entirely gone the horse
passed 147 stones, ranging in size from a horse-bean to a large
hen's Qgg. He was left very weak, and received another stimu-
lant and oil. The next day it was found that he had again
evacuated 48 more small calculi, intermixed with a gravelly
material resembling stone. All the stones would weigh between
eight and nine pounds. The horse grew weak and died. The
result of the post-mortem is not known. — {Vet. Record^ April
18, 190J,)

Salivary Calculus [//. E. Ryan, C. V. S.\, — A recovery in
such cases without fistula or other ill result, the author thought
rather surprising, and he thought such results are more the ex-
ception than the rule. However, some 18 months ago he had a
cob which suffered with salivary calculus ; he had been feeding
poorly lately, and carried a swelling on the off-side of the face
over Steno's duct, which was also detected on the inside of the
cheek, having caused there a wound by rubbing against the
outside of the third molar. The animal was cast and chloro-
formed and antiseptic measures taken. A straight incision was
made above and parallel to the upper border of the swelling.
The skin dissected so as to make a sac-like cavity about two
inches deep. Then an assistant held a fold of skin on the face
and drew it gently downwards, while with his left hand Mr. R.
pushed the swelling upwards. An incision was then made
along " the lower border of the swelling, through the thin
zygomaticus (?) muscle right on the lower border of the
duct, and a calculus" extracted. It measured i J^ inches long
and three inches round its thickest part. The skin only was
sutured. Food was withheld for 24 hours. Saliva escaped
through the sutures for five days, then gradually diminished
and ceased on the eighth day. The cicatrix was complete in
ten days. — (Veter. Record, April 2^^

Antepartum Metrorrhagia in a Mare \W, R. Davis,
M. R. C. V. S.'\. — An extensive breeder had a mare three weeks
off foaling which passed blood from the vagina, and thought it
not very uncommon, as he had another mare that was mostly
affected that way before foaling. The author informed him

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 635

that he thought it a serious condition, especially for the foal.
The next morning he was called with the report that the mare
had foaled, and foal was barely alive. He sent some medicine,
and when, after a few hours, he arrived, the foal was dead and
the mare apparently well and not bleeding. The following day
he saw the mare again, the mare having passed more blood. On
examination per vagina two large handfuls of clotted blood and
some six or eight ounces of fluid blood were removed from the
vagina. A big soft clot was found in the canal of the cervix
uteri, which on being removed was followed by a gush of some
ounces of blood. No lesion existed on the vaginal or uterine
mucous membranes. The treatment consisted in washing the
uterus with permanganate of potash and thin glycerin tannin
and water in douches and internally sulphuric acid, ferri sulph.
and quinine sulph. The treatment was kept up until the mare
stopped passing blood (that is, five days). A few days after she
was served by a stallion and was supposed to be in foal. The
cause of the haemorrhage was attributed to the fact that a few
weeks before foaling the mare had a rather long railway jour-
ney with many shuntings, and that it is likely that during the
knocking about there was partial separation of the foetal envel-
opes.— (Veter. Journ.^ May^ ^poj-)

Rupture of the C^cum with Hernia of the Small
Intestine \^E. E. Martin^ Alderskot] . — A six-year-old mare
was found one morning stretched on her bed and covered with
perspiration. Brought to the author, he had her rubbed dry,
ordered a drench of diffusible stimulant and sent her to a box.
There she. laid down, then got up ; her expression was haggard,
pulse quick, mucous membranes injested, temperature 102^.
She had more or less pain during the day, but not violent.
Now and then she laid down and got up. In the evening her
temperature was up to 105°. It was the beginning of the end ;
she died after twelve hours illness. At the post-mortem a small
rupture was found at the base of the caecum, and through it a
loop of the small intestine, some four feet in length, had entered
and was contained in the caecum. There was severe inflamma-
tion of the cfecum and double colon ; the hernied portion of the
small intestine was only slightly congested. — {Veter.Joitr.^ May^

1903.)

Careless Choking [E, Morgan, M. R. C. V, 5.].— This
is the case of an aged mare to which the author was asked to
give his attention. He found her blowing tremendously and
almost dead. The mare had been bled. The history of her

536 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

case was that the animal had been taken with colic and received
a drench of turpentine, laudanum and linseed oil. She was
then trotted and had a rectal injection of common salt and
water with a brass syringe about four feet long, used for wash-
ing young hops. This treatment was repeated several times.
The mare had coughed much when the drink was administered ;
" her head had to be tied up to a beam and she was made to
take the mixture, in which entered about half a pint of turpen-
tine, a teacupful of laudanum and two quarts of oil." At the
post-mortem the mucous membranes of the stomach, trachea and
bronchial tubes were found absolutely green. — {Veter. Record^
May, ipoj.)

Abdominal Rupture During Pregnancy. — Are those ac-
cidents common occurrences in very fat pregnant mares ? Is
there any successful treatment ? These questions are asked by
Mr. W. Collinson, who had an old, very fat mare, in foal to
which he was called. She had a dropsical swelling forward on
the ofE-side of the abdomen. This swelling increased. The ab-
domen becoming enormous, painful on pressure and extending
from behind the elbows back to the udder. The enlargement
was scarified. Two days later the mare foaled, but remained
exhausted and unable to stand up. The abdomen was smaller,
but still very large and pendulous. The mare, turned over, dis-
charged a bucketful of water from the vagina, dark and foetid.
The abdomen was punctured at the most dependent part with
trocar and canula, taking off a gallon of sero-sanguineous
fluid. The same operation is renewed in the evening, and the
next morning the mare died. At the autopsy, on opening the
abdominal cavity in the region of the navel, the abdominal mus-
cles and fascia were found lacerated, and what had been thought
the most dependent pait of the dropsical swelling proved to be
the large intestine. The muscles were infiltrated with fat. The
tissues were oedematous and there was clotted blood where the
muscles were lacerated. Other organs were healthy, but coated
with fat. Referring to this case Mr. J. H. Bennett records two
others which occurred in his practice. In one an old mare
nearly due to foal there was what appeared to be an extensive
dropsical swelling, but was really hernia from rupture of the
abdominal muscles. He punctured the swelling in several
places with the result that the mare died from peritonitis very
soon after foaling. In the second case, a lo-year-old mare, pre-
senting somewhat similar condition, he left her alone. The
mare foaled, did well and went to work in due time, although

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 637

being disfigured by considerable enlargement of the abdomen,
which did not interfere with her usefulness for farm work.
Neither of these mares were very fat, only in fair condition. —
{Veterinary Record^ May^ 1903.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

A Cask of LagophthaIvMIA \Oreste Fantin'\. — The right
ocular globe of an old mare seemed hypertrophied and project-
ing from the orbit because of the entire absence of the lower
eyelid. In its place there was a linear cicatrix involving skin
and conjunctiva. The upper eyelid had its normal sensibility
and covered only part of the eye. The membrana nictitans,
pushed away by the projection of the eye, was scarcely percep-
tible. The conjunctiva had radiated folds which were running
towards the palpebral cicatrix. The eye and the eyelid were
constantly in motion ; the opaque and irregularly convex cornea
had a white nacreous color, the sclerotic was covered with nu-
merous dilated blood-vessels. The left eye had capsulo-lenticu-
lar cataract with posterior synechia, probably the result of peri-
odic ophthalmia. The author believes that the primitive injury
of the right eye facilitated the production of a traumatism which
was followed by complete loss of the lower eyelid. — (Clinica
Vet.^ March^ ipoj,)

FcETAL DiSTOKiA EASILY SuBDUED \^Dr. Fraucesco Belli].
— It is certainly remarkable how great difficulties in obstetrics
can be rapidly and easily overcome by a little thinking. The
author was called to attend a primiparous cow which had been
suffering for about an hour. He found her lying on the left
side ; the foetus was alive, in anterior presentation, vertebro-
sacral position, with the nose and left fore leg out through the
vulva. With the hand (well oiled) introduced, it was easy to
make the diagnosis and to find that, notwithstanding violent ef-
forts,, the delivery could not be completed, as the right leg was
thrown over the neck and held in that position. The case was
serious ; it was not possible to push the foetus back ; the mis-
placed leg could be pulled back as far as the ear, but it was im-
possible to drag it further. It was then that Dr. B. thought
of changing the position of the animal. He had her turned over
on the right side and then without difficulty he succeeded in ex-
tracting a live calf. — (^11 Niiovo Ercolani^ April 13^ 190J.)

Contribution to the Treatment of Chronic Lame-
ness OF THE Shoulder [^Dr. A. Soprano] . — For three months

538 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

the subject of this observation has been lame in the right fore
shoulder, and has been treated without results by frictions, blis-
ters, etc. The author being called, made out the same diagno-
sis, contrary to the opinions of two other practitioners, who
made the foot the cause of the trouble. But the history of the
case, the action of the horse, his mode of resting, the fact that
there was no heat and no pain, that the lameness remained the
same when the animal was cold or warm, when he moved on
soft or hard ground ; all convinced Dr. S. that he had to deal
with an old lameness of nervous nature. He then decided to
resort to a treatment which had already given him great satis-
faction, viz., the use of nitrate of strychnia in subcutaneous in-
jections. For five days consecutively he injected two centi-
grammes dissolved in two grammes of distilled water. Every
day he examined the horse walking and trotting, but it was only
on the fifth day that he could detect an improvement. To guard
against the possibility of intoxication, the treatment was stopped
and after six days taken up again for five more days, two centi-
grammes a day. After the last dose the recovery was complete,
and much to the satisfaction of all there was no relapse. Prac-
titioners who will resort to this treatment will in similar cases
obtain quick and advantageous results. — (^Clinica Veteririaria^
April 2^.)

HEMORRHAGIC Chronic Cystitis IN A BuLL \^Dr, Um-
berto De Alia]. — For eleven years that the author practiced in
that country, it is the first case he has observed. For some time
a bull, three years old, has felt poorly, eating little, has lost
flesh and strength. When he micturates, the urine is expelled
by small jerks or a few drops and with evident pain. Notwith-
standing this condition, he was kept at work and served cows.
One day, as he was to cover a cow, he expelled a continuous
stream of urine — at first clear, then a little rosy and finally
bloody. In the presence of these symptoms, which the author
witnessed, a diagnosis of hsemorrhagic cystitis was made and a
treatment prescribed, consisting in the administration of male
fern. This brought about relief, followed by complete recovery
in fifteen days. Unfortunately the trouble returned as soon as
the treatment was stopped, to disappear again after new admin-
istration of the fern. The animal was sold and lost sight of. —
(// Nuovo Ercolani^ April jo.^

Springhalt of a Hind and Fore Lkg in a Colt \^Dr.
Umherto De Mia}, — In 1902 the author treated this colt, then
aged 20 months, for diffused muscular rheumatism, from which

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 539

the animal improved after a time, but never recovered entirely.
In May of the following year he was called again to attend to
him for some other trouble, and then found him suffering with
springhalt of a hind and fore leg. This irregularity was well
marked while walking, but considerably increased when trot-
ting and galloping. It seems that one day the colt had fallen
into a hole full of water and had to remain in it for several
hours ; he then began to have slight irregularity, which after
four days had reached the condition in which he was. At first
a treatment of pilocarpine was resorted to, but as it failed the
author decided to apply one which, although empirical, gave
him a recovery, viz., he buried the animal in a heap of hot ma-
nure ( ? ). — (// Nuovo Ercolani^ May 75, ipoj.)

A Case of Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
TO Man [Vr. Antonio Russt]. — In relation to the review of a
paper published in a French journal where it was stated that the
majority of cases of transmission had rather a speculative dem-
onstration, the author publishes this case as one where the
proof, far from being speculative, has been obtained with the
most scrupulous attention. In 1895 the disease broke out in
the herd of two brothers Pesce. The attack was very severe.
One of the brothers, clever and intelligent, was used for the care
of the herd, and naturally was very handy and attentive in
carrying out the therapeutic indications prescribed for the sick
animals. On two occasions, while attending to this last duty,
he was noticed smoking, and with the greatest carelessness,
while his hands were fully covered with the saliva of the sick
beasts ; he would take his cigar out of his mouth and put it
back, no doubt at each time introducing infected material in his
own mouth. Informed of the danger he was exposing himself
to, he did not seem to pay any attention to the warning. Some
five or six days after he was taken sick and demonstrated the
proof of a case of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to man.
His temperature was up to 41° C, he had aphthae on the lips,
gums, palate, and fauces ; these were as large as small lentils, in
large number and at places confluent. Deglutition was difficult
on account of severe specific pharyngitis, etc. . . . The
suffering man was removed to an hospital and miraculously
saved after an illness of a month and a convalescence which
lasted for several months. — (Clinica Vet.^ May 2^ 190J.)

Gastric Tetany [Z>r. A. Gasparrini'\. — If many cases of
gastric tetany have been described in man, those of supposed
similar nature recorded in animals were not of true gastric ori-

540 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

gin, but either due to ulcerative chronic duodenitis, ulcerative
enteritis, or other lesions of the gastro-enteric canal. The fol-
lowing, he finds, is the first one, strictly speaking, analogous to
the same affection in man. The animal was a female donkey,
aged five years, which after receiving a large mess of beans and
oats mixed, was put in harness to a heavy load, which she had
to drag rapidly for some 30 kilometres. She was perfectly well
during the journey, but when she arrived at the place and was
given some excellent hay, she refused it and remained all night
without eating. The next morning the owner tried to give her
a warm drench, but she fought against it, and could not swal-
low. Called to see her, the author found she had complete tris-
mus, respiration accelerated, pulse frequent. After a while the
trismus became accompanied with contractions of the muscles
of the neck, the ears were erect but thrown backwards, the ani-
mal was stiff, her general sensibility increased ; any touching,
specially at the head, gave rise to violent muscular contractions.
As there was a small wound on the top of the head, lockjaw
was suspected and three subcutaneous injections were made an
hour apart of 5 grammes of a solution of phenic acid 2
grammes, and glycerine 30. After the third injection the tris-
mus, the muscular tension, gradually subsided, and wine and
coffee could be administered, and for some little while the ani-
mal seemed to do well. But, some two hours later, all the
symptoms returned, dyspnoea, trismus, excessive irritability,
frequent micturation in droplets, no defecation. Sometimes
the animal would push to the wall, never remain quiet, bite her
abdomen, had violent spasms of the abdominal and diaphrag-
matic muscles, and had eructations strongly acid in odor. Finally
the abdomen became tympanitic, the animal threw herself
down, got up with force, made great unsuccessful efforts to
vomit, had a few spasms of the neck and dropped dead. At the
post-mortem were found : Extensive tympanitis of the whole
intestine, which was entirely empty, with the stomach enor-
mously distended by a mass of food composed of beans and oats.
The mucous membrane was congested. Gastric ectasy, stagna-
tion of the food, the two necessary conditions for the develop-
ment of gastric tetany in man. — (Clinica Veterinarian June^
1903)

Dr. E. a. a. Grange, veterinarian, of New York City, is con-
tributing a series of articles to the Breeders^ Gazette upon the
subject of " Stiable Hygiene."

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 541

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,

This Review department was opened in the March num-
ber, and its object was there explained — the betterment of the
Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

DR. SCHWARZKOPF REPLIES TO QUESTIONS OF DRS. HILL AND

POWER.
Camp on Reservation, Fort Assinaboine,

Montana, August 12, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — The receipt of the Review in a lonely cav-
alry camp, and the reading of the articles of Dr. Nockolds, Hill
and Power in the ^' Army Veterinary Department " were, indeed,
a great pleasure to me. At last we have started a discussion
which is animated by the feeling of wrong that is within all of
us, and if wise counsel will prevail among us in our future de-
liberations we shall finally arrive at some just proposition for
the needed army veterinary legislation, which, with weighty
reasons therefor, we can submit to the War Department for
approval and action.

That we are quite far away from this result is plain. All of
us know where the shoe pinches us, but, as was to be expected,
our opinions, wishes and hopes differ. In order to assist in
clearing the atmosphere, I shall promptly reply to some ques-
tions asked by Drs. Hill and Power.

I repeat that Dr. Hill's proposition " to enlist the assistanc'e
of all Civil veterinarians of the country to secure the promise of
their Congressmen and Senators to vote for our Bill when pre-
sented''^ (A. V. D., June, 1903, page 257), cannot be entertained
by us, because we are members of the U. S. Army, and as such
have to obey the regulations and orders of the War Department.
There exists an order which clearly forbids outside influence in
obtaining army legislation, and as it is apparent that not all
Army veterinarians and perhaps none of the members of the

542 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

'' Committee on Army Legislation of the A. V. M. A." know of
its existence, it may be timely to reprint it in order to avoid
errors on our part and give offense to the War Depar1;ment.
The order reads :

Generai. Orders, ^ Headquarters of the Army,

[> Adjutant General's Office,

No. i8. J Washington, February 19, 1902.

The following has been received from the War Department :

War Department, Washington, February 79, igo2.
The following Executive Order has been received from the White House and is published for
the information and guidance of all concerned :

EXECUTIVE ORDER.

All officers and employees of the United States of every description serving in or under any
of the Executive Departments, and whether so serving in or out of Washington, are hereby for-
bidden, either directly or indirectly, individually or through associations, to solicit an increase
of pay or to influence or attempt to influence in their own interest any other legislation whatever,
either before Congress or its committees, or in any way save through the heads of the depart-
ments in or under which they serve, on penalty of dismissal from the Government service.

White House, January ji, 1902. Theodore Roosevelt.

At the same time especial attention of the officers of the Army is called to the following exist-
ing provision of the Army Regulations :

* * * " Efforts to influence legislation affecting the Army, or to procure personal favor or
consideration, should never be made except through regular military channels ; the adoption of
any other method by any officer or enlisted man will be noted in the military record of those con-
cerned." (Par. 5, A, R.) Elihu Root,

Secretary of IVar.

By command of Lieutenant General Miles :

H. C. CoRBiN, Adjuta7it General,

Major General, U. S. Army.

This order explains itself. It clearly indicates the proper
way to pursue to secure legislation : through regular rnilitary
channels. But before we can attempt any move in this direc-
tion we must first agree among ourselves as to what improve-
ment and organization of the Army Veterinary Service we
deem as necessary and expedient. If we have agreed upon this,
then we can draft a petition or memorial to the Secretary of
War, and forward it individually through regular military chan-
nels with the endorsements of our regimental commanders or
other commanding officers. Whether this is a good plan, or
whether it would be better for all of us to sign one petition by
circulation, and have the last signer forward it through his
commanding officer, I am not sure, and suggestions on this
point are in order.

Dr. Hill further asks : " Does the Doctor mean that the
Committee on Army lyCgislation of the A. V. M. A. is of no fur-
ther use to us?" I do not think so. If we comply with the
regulation in properly forwarding our petition to the Secretary
of War, and if he alone or by the recommendation of the gen-
eral staff approves of our suggestions for the betterment of the
veterinary service, they will be embodied in the general Army

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 543

legislation presented by the War Department, and then outside
influence in the halls of Congress should find no objection. It is
not at all unlikely that when we have gone successfully through
all the preliminary stages and have our bill approved by the
War Department, that some of our old foes in Congress will
besmear us with their foul language. Senator Grosvenor has
already said to Dr. lyusk, 2d Cavalry, that he will do all he can
against us. If such should be the case, then our friends of the
A. V. M. A. will have an opportunity to redeem and strengthen
our reputation in the halls of Congress.

Finally, Dr. Hill asks why I am opposed to " rank,'' and
he says : " I think that two-thirds of the Army veterinarians
want rank to figure in our next Bill, together with a regular or-
ganized veterinary corps. This is the .standing they have in
all other countries." This is not quite correct. There are sev-
eral European armies, which are looked upon as models of or-
ganization, in w^hich the veterinarian has no rank as it is
understood in the U. S. Army. This fact is well known in
the War Department, and we have evidently steered in that di-
rection. Consciously or unconsciously, we have been approach-
ing a position which is new in our Army, but old and appre-
ciated in the German, Austrian and Russian armies. In these
the only " officers," in our sense, are the officers of the General
Staff and of the fighting line, viz. : Officers of the Infantry, Cav-
alry, Artillery, Engineers, whereas, the men who perform the
great work of keeping an army alive and healthy, are the
" military officials," who have no command and are non-com-
batants. To this great category belong the judge-advocates,
surgeons, veterinarians, commissaries, quartermasters and pay-
masters. I have gone a little out of the way to explain this
point, so that none of us may make the error to refer to the vet-
erinarians of all other armies as " commissioned officers," when
it would be promptly shown by the War Department that such
is not true of all armies. In the English, French and Italian
armies the veterinarians have a commission, but " without com-
mand " and " without lineal rank," which also knocks off the
true meaning of the position of the " real " officers of these
armies.

I believe that all Army veterinarians want rank, and I am
one of them, because I realize that our Army is differently or-
ganized from the European armies mentioned, and because we
would occupy an exceptional position, misunderstood alike by
officers and enlisted men, if we would be organized as are the

544 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

*' military officials" of those foreign armies. Yet, undoubtedly
it has its great advantages, alike to the War Department and to
the veterinarians, and I could only congratulate ourselves if we
could obtain it. Whether we are destined to be tried in this
position, I cannot say, but I have been so often told that
**rank " would be stricken from all of our bills, and that " pay
and allowances " is not so bad as we want to make it out, and
that it about corresponds with the ''military officials" of
European armies, that I have really come to believe that this
question is the battle-ground on which we may win or be de-
feated. We may win if we are satisfied with the promotion
within the limits of " pay and allowances," and the right to re-
tirement-pay, which I believe with Dr. Griffin is ours at the
present time if only one of those eligibles will try for it and
get a decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury (Mitchell),
who has been our guardian-angel for more than three years.

In reply to the question of Dr. Power : '' Why the veteri-
narian of Artillery is not on the same level as his brother in the
Cavalry ? " I will say that I heartily believe he is, and that I
have to ask his pardon for this oversight of mine. His article
is good and his suggestions for organization not so very differ-
ent from mine, so that if all others can agree we may at least
have an organization-table. However, there is much more to
be said, and we should hear from all, and wait to hear from all,
so that we do not offend anybody's convictions.

Olof Schwarzkopf.

DR. JEWELL THINKS RANK IMPERATIVE AND OBTAINABLE.

Manii^A, p. I., July II, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — In the June number of the Review I read
with much interest the opinions of Drs. Hill and Schwarzkopf on
the proposed army legislation, for veterinarians in that branch
of service. It is very important to the Army Veterinarians
that some steps be taken to give us the proper recognition.

My opinion is that we will not be denied the commission,
with some future advancement. I have conversed with many
of the line officers upon the subject, and nearly all claim that
we should have a commission with advancement of some kind ;
but they do not favor a separate corps, neither do they wish a
veterinarian to assume high rank without service, as was the
case with the lately defeated Army Bill. As it now stands, we

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 545

have no actual rank, and any second lieutenant can take away our
quarters, or any other thing which may be his through rank.

I believe if we are to be a part of the Army that we must
have some rank. As it is at present we have no weight ; but,
as Dr. Hill states, at the tail end of everything, such as extra
foreign service pay, quarters, transport accommodations and
inability to retire after required length of service.

I cannot see what incentive we have to give our life-work to
the Army under the present conditions.

All acknowledge that it is a great injustice that we are not
allowed extra foreign service pay, when enlisted men as well as
commissioned officers get the same.

I believe we ought first to get the commission with some ad-
vancement, with service, and on examination. If we get it we
can later get the separate corps. We must not ask too much,
for if we do it will be refused.

I am sure that each and every one in the service will give
all possible aid to further the cause. Chas. H. Jewell,

Veterinarian ijth Cavalry.

SOME COMMENTS OF OTHERS ABOUT US.

At the present time, when we are again preparing for Army
Legislation, it is well to reflect upon how others see us. The
following is cut from i\\^ Army and Navy Register^ Aug. 17,
1901, commenting upon the reasons for the failure of our Corps
Bill in 1 901 :

"There has been no special objection in placing the veterinarians on
a substantial footing commensurate with the valuable services they ren-
der the Army, but there is and will be decided objection to the forma-
tion of a special corps of veterinarians headed by a veterinary surgeon
general and top-heavy with high ranking officers and an elaborate ad-
ministrative establishment. There is no question that the veterinarian
is a valuable functionary, especially in the service where are used so
many animals, but the services of a veterinary surgeon ought to be ob-
tainable under conditions sufficiently fair to them, reasonable to the
government and satisfactory to the Army, without an elaborate and use-
less corps. When the agents in Washington of the veterinarians were
working so adroitly and assiduously for the injection into the then
pending Army bill of a clause so entirely beneficial to them, they
aroused the opposition of the military authorities to the proposition
which contemplated a separate and distinct corps of veterinarians.
There were good, sound, business and military reasons [Italics ours] for
this position of the War Department, and if the veterinarians will have
no other arrangement than that of a special corps, they are not destined
to find themselves a part of the military establishment until they can
present better reasons than they have yet put forth. "

546 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

While this comment is a fair exposition of the ofl&cial feel-
ing which still exists at Washington, the following stenographic
report of Secretary Root's verbal objection before the Military
Committee is still more noteworthy for us at the present time :
Secretary Root said of the measure : "I protest against it as being
the reversal of all the principles of sound administration and an increase
of the evil that now oppresses the American Army, which is an excess
of multiple command — too many bureaus and too much staff control. I
do not object to having competent veterinarians ; I do not object to
their having rank which will enable them to take places in the head-
quarters and be treated on a different basis from the enlisted man ; but I
submit that the officer who has charge of the horses of a regiment [Italics
ours] should be under the command of the colonel of the regiment, and
not an independent officer, receiving constant instructions and commu-
nications from the Secretary of War through the head of the bureau,
which will be superior to the control and the directions and the disci-
pline of the colonel of the regiment. "

The conception of Secretary Root that we are or should be
''''officers who have charge of the horses of a regiment''^ is a
beautifully correct, large-minded definition of the position of an
Army Veterinarian as it ought to be. The Honorable Secre-
tary has evidently no idea how far we are from this position in
the U. S. Army, and if he will ever assist us in attaining it he
will be hailed as the liberator of the Army Veterinarians.

(O. S.)

* *

AN ARMY VETERINARIAN OF 69 YEARS OF AGE ON THE ACTIVE

EIST.

Veterinarian S. W. Service, loth Cavalry, is evidently the
senior of Army Veterinarians. He informs us that he is 69
years of age, but that he has never asked anyone to introduce or
advocate a bill in Congress for his retirement, believing that the
War Department would be generous enough to allow such for
long and faithful services. However, he expects shortly to ap-
ply for retirement on age, and, whichever way his case is de-
cided by the War Department, he will let us know. (O. S.)

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT NOTES.

An Army Representative to be at the Coming Meeting of
the A. V. M. A, at Ottawa. — The War Department has ordered J
Dr. D. lycMay, Artillery Corps, to represent the Army Veteri-
narians at the Annual Meeting of the A. V. M. A. at Ottawa,
Canada. Dr. LeMay, being a native of Canada, will greatly

CORRESPONDENCE. 547

enjoy the trip to Ottawa, and as he is an Army Veterinarian of
many years of experience, he is particularly fitted to represent
the Army Veterinarians at this meeting. (O. S.)

CORRESPONDENCE.

DETAILvS OF DR. HANAWALT'S INJECTIONS FOR MUSCULAR

ATROPHY.

Sheffield, IlIv., Aug. 17, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs : — Since the last issue of the Review, I have
received so many communications concerning the strength and
amount of the solutions recommended therein in my article on
" Muscular Atrophy," that I feel justified in asking a little more
space in your valuable journal to make plain the idea there ex-
pressed.

We will take, say, distilled water, § iv ; clean table salt,
(sodium chloride), § iss. Shake until no more will dissolve.
Or, distilled water, 5 iv ; corrosive sublimate, § ss, powdered
fine. Shake until no more will dissolve. I do not filter these
mixtures ; simply pour oif the liquid from the undissolved sed-
iment and inject one-third to one-half drachm in each injection
every two or three inches in the atrophied or sunken surface.
Do this freely and without fear of poison.

If the corrosive sublimate causes enough swelling to alarm,
you can give potassium iodide, 3 i, every six hours, and it will
soon convalesce. In old chronic cases you will need to repeat
the injections two or three times. I always make these solu-
tions as strong as possible, and have never had anything to re-
gret about them yet, W. C. Hanawalt.

At the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the National Farm-
ers' Congress, at Niagara Falls, beginning Sept. 22, Dr. D. E.
Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, will deliver an
address on the subject of " Infectious and Contagious Diseases
of Farm Animals and their Effect on American Agriculture."

A DaiIvY Medical Paper. — It is stated that seven well-
known physicians, headed by Dr. Albert W. Ferris, of New
York, have formed a company for the publication of a daily med-
ical paper of six pages, to record medical happenings and ab-
stract the current medical literature.

548 MONOGRAPH OF A VETERINARIAN.

THE MONOGRAPH OF A VETERINARIAN.

By S. R. Howard, V. S., Hillsboio, O.

" When a person has a story that he thinks he ought to tell,
If he doesn't get to tell it, why, of course he don't feel well — "

as the feller said.

One beautiful morning in June a new veterinarian arrived
in Pleasant Valley.

He was a veterinarian of the old school ; in fact, he was a
pretty commonplace character.

Pleasant Valley was a small county seat ; still, in time, the
new doctor became little known beyond the surrounding vicinity.

By lecturing at numerous Farmer's Institutes he had endeav-
ored to illumine the dark clouds of superstition hovering over
barn-yards, but his efforts in that direction were about as effec-
tive as would have been the singing of psalms to a dead horse.

However, from the receipts of those lectures he had finally
succeeded in saving seventy-nine cents.

Thus the doctor had laid by a little money that he might at
times take things easy. Nevertheless, he endeavored to secure
the practice of economy.

On the whole, this doctor was not much different from other
veterinarians.

He never raised a beard, was tall, slender, wore a horseshoe
pin in his necktie, and tried to keep his shoes blacked, although
he had to grease them occasionally.

He had never thought of confining himself to special-
ties, but was willing to welcome all cases from classical
parotid adinotomy to the antedeluvian expectant treat-
ment.

At times he chewed considerable tobacco, and took
some slight interest in politics. Still, he was just ordi-
nary " Doc."

Pleasant Valley became prohibition, and as he had
helped to make it thus, he was often facetiously called
"Dry Dock." "dry dock"

He subscribed for the Horse-Leeches^ Rag Bag^ and enjoyed
it. He was a firm believer in professional literature ; therefore,
he welcomed this visitor because it rejuvenated and armed him
to be able to successfully cope with milk fever, ringbone and
Sweeney.

It was his firm belief that a fever could be subdued, that a

MONOGRAPH OF A VETERINARIAN.

549

HE WAS STRONG ON BELLY-ACHE.

horse could take '' cold," and in a general way was loose and
unscientific.

This veterinarian still retained great respect for those mem-
bers of the profession who cured all their cases of lameness and
milk fever, but he did not hope to emulate those young and am-
bitious veterinarians.

Nevertheless, he was strong on
belly-ache (Reeks), distemper, lice and
worms, and he expected cases of osteo-
porosis, spavin, broken legs, hog chol-
era, and traumatic ventral hernia to
give him considerable trouble.

How he often longed for a confiden-
tial chat with some of the old-time
bald-headed doctors !

This doctor had traveled some,
studied a long time, and learned much,
yet he still studied.
• After settling down he was often
seen with a book in his hand reading,
for he still sought to learn something
more.
But the people of Pleasant Valley said of him, " This horse
doctor knows nothing, for he is still studying ! Those who
read thus are always ignorant."

So in long, weary weeks and months this veterinarian never
had a case of any account, and as the old French proverb goes,
'' A doctor without a patient is like a lamp without oil."

The " new farrier," as some called him, had about concluded
that life was too short to start or aid a reformation, so he
dropped into the ordinary and began to endorse red herring for
cow cuds, dry murrin, bots, hollow horn, wild calves, wolf in
the tail, hooks, lampas, and fearsey. But even this did not
bring demands for his services.

It soon became necessary for this veterinarian to make
something, for his funds were about exhausted.

Poor devil ; he led a miserable life, and did not earn enough
to pay for the water he drank.

It was absolutely necessary for him to make a stake some-
how, so one day he gravely, yet loudly heralded, dropping all
his former modesty, that his science was so vast that he would
undertake not only to cure any animal of any complaint, which
was mere child's play for him, but that he had also discovered.

550 MONOGRAPH OF A VETERINARIAN.

after a lifetime devoted to search through all the realms of
science and the archives of the ancients, a marvelous and mys-
terious compound, called " Patent Stock Nutriment."

This mixture, when properly used, would positively /r^z/^;//
and ntre — yes, yes, any old animal disease.

It would cause an animal to eat and digest more food, and
that itself was a rare and hidden balanced ration. He boasted
that this " Nutriment " would even work miracles like those
the saints of old performed, and that the ^' Grace of Omnipo-
tence is experienced in it to admiration."*

He was determined to show the world what he could do.

Then all the people laughed and shrugged their shoulders,
as much as to say *' What a liar ! "

Then suddenly the people began to reflect.

Here was a horse doctor different from other horse doctors.

This new doctor had always been reading, and from day to
day new discoveries were being made in the world, and per-
haps, after all, his " Nutriment " was all be claimed, and then,
growing more respectful and credulous, they began to buy a
few trial packages of his " Nutriment," and soon the crowd
hurrahed over the prodigy and gave him absolute confidence.

It could not be otherwise.

The scoffer might ridicule the " Nutriment," but he could
not deny its efficacy in rolling in the shekels.

Humanity naturally loves mystery and illusion and hankers
after the lie.

Doc was on the right track.

Patrons flocked to him like moths to an electric light, for
they knew if this matchless scientist could find out such reme-
dies, any operation he might see fit to perform would prevent
their afflicted animals from yielding up the ghost.

His " Nutriment " was a specific for everything and actually
cured animals of all complaints. He had also discovered the
value of printer's ink and used it lavishly, making specious
and showy promises.

Now, nothing is so cheap as references and certificates of
wonderful remedies and recoveries of animals, and with those
he deluged the whole country-side and remote villages.

The majority of the neighboring people became fully per-
suaded that this doctor had made a wonderful revelation, and
all united in proclaiming '' This ' Nutriment ' is infallible !
Try it ! Doubt not ! "

*See Bulletin of North Carolina State Board of Agriculture, May, 1902.

MONOGRAPH OF A VETERINARIAN.

551

BASKING IN THE SUNLIGHT OF FORTUNE.

They who had declared this veterinarian an ignoramus and
a hobo now proclaimed him " The Prince of Veterinary Science "
and were as proud of him as Greece was of her seven sages.

Thus the "Animal Nutri-
ment" gradually became wide-
ly and favorably known, and
its sale to this day continues
to rapidly increase. It is a gi-
gantic business and its build-
ings are still rising like ex-
halations.

This hitherto scorned and
starving veterinarian waxed
immensely rich and lived in
great luxury, basking in the
sunlight of Fortune. Plenty
emptied her cornucopia over
him. And so on, and so on.
He became famed for being a
wise and good man. He was so good to the poor.

So you all see what a veterinarian with a knowledge of hu-
man nature (ah ! the treasure !) can do when- he tries.

There are yet some very old people who boast that they
bought of his first out-put of " Patent Animal Nutriment."
The whole of Pleasant Valley honor his memory.

Dr. F. W. Harrison, of Bloomfield, N. J., spent part of the
month of August camping out at Green Pond in the northern
part of the State.

Anthrax broke out in South Jersey in August. The New
Jersey State Board of Health at once sent Dr. T. B. Rogers, vet-
erinarian, Woodbury, N. J., to Salem County and placed him in
charge of the work of restricting the spread of the disease.

" I ASSURE you the Review is my welcome friend, and I
eagerly look for it, and would miss it very much if I were not to
get it. I cannot see how any veterinarian can possibly do with-
out it."— (7: 6^. Childs, V. S., Saratoga Springs, N. Y,)

At the sixtieth annual general meeting of the Royal College
of Veterinary Surgeons, held June 3, at the College Building, 10
Red Lion Square, London, there were present only 15 members
outside of the Council, while there are about 3500 members on
the College Register. And, yet, our English cousins complain
of the status of the veterinary profession in America.

552 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-

CIATION.

The sixth semi-annual meeting of this Association was held
at the Holmes Hotel, Minneapolis, on July i6th and 17th, 1903,
and was called to order at 1.30 p. m., the President, Dr. McKen-
zie, of Northfield, in the chair. The Secretary, Dr. Butler,
Minneapolis, called the roll, when the following members an-
swered to their names : Drs. McKenzie, Northfield ; Lyford,
Brimhall, Annand and Butler, Minneapolis ; Ward and Price,
St. Paul ; J. N. Gould, Worthington ; J. W. Gould, Fairmont ;
Peters, Litchfield ; Foster, State Veterinarian, Huron, S. D. ;
La Pointe, Le Sueur ; McDonald, Brainard ; Illstrup, Wilmar ;
Leech, Winona ; Mack, Stillwater ; Christianson, Grand Forks,
N. D. ; Jennings, Morris.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and ap-
proved. The Treasurer's report was read and accepted.

Applications for membership were received from Dr. T.
Lambrechts (McKillip V. C), of Montevideo, Minn., and Dr. C.
G. Jennings (Chicago V. C), Morris, Minn. Both gentlemen
being properly vouched for and the necessary fee accompany-
ing the application, they were elected to membership by sus-
pending the rules and the Secretary casting the ballot of the
Association for their election.

COMMITTEE REPORTS.

Colleges. — Dr. Lyford submitted quite a lengthy report giv-
ing the names and number of veterinary colleges in America,
where located, with their curriculum. He considers their an-
nual announcements an educator, showing the prospective stu-
dent the ones to choose. He also considers (barring the lack of
practice of Ames, Iowa), that Ames, Columbus, Ohio, and Cor-
nell are best equipped to give the student a thorough veterinary
education. His report is placed on file and a copy sent to the
Review for publication.*

Infectious Diseases. — Dr. Brimhall submitted the following
report for the first six months of 1903, giving the number of
animals inspected by the State Board of Health and the State
Live S. S. Board since taking charge of them respectively :
Tuberculosis. — S. B. of Health, 1250; S. L. S. S. Board, 174 ;
total 1424. Glanders, 59, 53, total 112. Hsemorrhagic septi-

* Will be published in the October Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 553

csemia, cattle io8, sheep 26, total 134. Hog cholera, 16, 4,
total 20. Black leg, 17, 38, total 55. Swamp fever, horses 6.
Actinomycosis, 79. Rabies, horses i, i, total 2 ; dogs 12, 5, total
17; cows I, 3, total 4; pigs II, sheep 2, total 36. Cerebro-
spinal meningitis, horses, 19 ; pigs, 8 ; sheep, 8 ; total 35.

Bacteriology. — Dr. Peters had no report to offer.

Surgery. — Dr. J. N. Gonld had nothing of interest to report.

Legislation and Empirics. — Dr. Ward, chairman of this
committee, made the following report : He gave a detailed ac-
count of the work accomplished by the committee in securing
the passage of amendments by the last Legislature to the Veter-
inary Practice Act, and the laws governing the State Veterinary
Examining Board. The amendments provide that all who com-
mence the practice of veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry
in this State hereafter must be graduates of colleges giving a
three-year course of instruction of six months each, and are re-
quired to pass the examination before the Board of Examiners
and pay a fee of $25 before receiving a certificate of registration.
Under the original act passed in 1893 all who had been practic-
ing veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry as a livelihood in
the State for three years prior to the passage of the act were
allowed to register and were given six months to get in their
applications to the Board. A number throughout the State
failing to get in their applications in time were shut out by the
Board. At each session of the Legislature since that time an
attempt has been made to reopen that part of the original act.
At the last session they were successful in making it possible
for all those who were eligible to registration at that time (and
had let the time expire before doing so) to register, but during
the absence of the committee the bill was passed, a clause added
at the last moment allowing them to register without the pay-
ment of a fee. The law governing the Board of Examiners was
amended by allowing the examiners $5 per day and four cents
per mile, when attending the meetings in April and October
each year. Heretofore the members of the Board received only
what was obtained by fees from applications, and as the fee was
only $5 the members of the Board were usually money out of
pocket. Dr. Ward related the prosecution of a case for practic-
ing illegally where presumably for political reasons the county
attorney could not be induced to take any interest and the attor-
ney whom Dr. Ward retained to assist in the case failing to ap-
pear when the case was called for some unknown reason, the
case was dismissed. This shows the necessity, as Dr. Ward ad-

554 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

vised, of the Committee having the services of a regular attorney
employed by the profession for such work. The subject was dis-
cussed by those present in all its phases without marking out
any certain line of action, leaving the committee free to act ac-
cordingly.

Medicine. — Dr. Youngberg being absent, no report was of-
fered on the above subject.

Surgery. — Dr. J. N. Gould, to compensate for not submit-
ting a report on surgery, read a paper on two interesting cases
occurring in his practice.* (i) Stricture of the urethra in a
horse. The operation consisted in forming an artificial open-
ing just below the ischial arch successfully. The animal suffers
no inconvenience and performs its work as usual. (2) Rumen-
otomy. Operation for impaction of rumen in a Jersey cow.
The cow had previously suffered from several attacks of indi-
gestion, but was relieved by proper treatment. This time the
trocar failed to relieve and the symptoms being so urgent the
rumen was opened after first securing it by sutures to the ab-
dominal walls on each side of the wound and a basketful or two
of grass was removed by the hand, after which the wound was
sutured and the animal made a good recovery. These cases
were well discussed, several of the members relating similar
cases coming under their observation.

Maladie du Coit. — Dr. Foster, State Veterinarian, Huron,
S. D., gave an interesting account of his work in connection
with the investigation of the outbreak of dourine or maladie du
coit^ affecting the horses on the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Indian
Reservations. There were five inspection crews, each one in
charge of a veterinarian, and having a certain section of terri-
tory to inspect. The animals were rounded up at certain places
and corralled, when each animal was thrown and examined.
All mares showing the disease were destroyed and all stallions
castrated. 1250 animals were inspected ; 194 stallions were cas-
trated, and 79 diseased mares slaughtered. This disease is a
great menace to the horse industry, owing to its difficulty of
control among animals practically wild and roaming over such
an extent of territory. Numerous cases must escape detection
through the difficulty of making frequent and thorough inspec-
tions. Unless a thorough inspection of all shipments of horses
from the infected area is instituted and maintained for sometime
in the future, animals affected with the disease may spread the
infection broadcast and cause incalculable losses. The subject

* Published in '* Reports of Cases," this number ot Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 555

was well discussed, after which the meeting adjourned to 7.30
p. M.

The Evening Sessi07t opened at 7.30 P. M., Dr. McKenzie in
the chair. Drs. Lyon, Sexton, Lees and Hay, who were on the
programme for papers, were conspicuous by their absence ;
neither did they send in their papers so that they might be
read by the Secretary. It is especially discouraging to the Sec-
retary, after having the promise by members to furnish papers,
to find when the moment arrives for such papers to be read, that
that part of the programme is a blank.

Dr. Price Reads a Paper. — Dr. Price at this time very gen-
erously came forward with a paper giving the relative value of
the different antiseptics as an application to the bites of rabid
animals. He stated that lemon juice was the most destructive
to the virus, creolin and permanganate of potash next in order
named. He also stated that iodine was best application to
wounds producing tetanus. He described a rare disease in dogs
produced by Xhejilaria inimitis. These parasites are found in
the blood vessels of the heart and produce symptoms somewhat
similar to rabies. After discussing Dr. Price's papers, an in-
formal discussion took place on a variety of diseases, and the
evening was spent with profit to all present.

Resolutions. — Just before adjournment. Dr. Annand, Chair-
man of the Committee on Resolutions, at the request of the vSec-
retary, ofltered the following resolution : "Whereas, There is
no date fixed by our Constitution and By-Laws for our semi-an-
nual meeting, be it. Resolved^ That our semi-annual meeting be
held on the second Thursday and Friday of July in each year at
a place designated by the Trustees. J. G. Annand, Chairman."
It was moved and seconded, that the resolution be accepted as
read and added to the by-laws governing this Association. Car-
ried.

Dr. Annand also submitted a resolution of censure of a
member of this Association. It was moved and seconded that
the resolution be laid on the table till the next meeting and
the Secretary be instructed to send him a copy of the resolutions
and request his presence at that meeting. Carried.

A bill from Dr. Brimhall of I5 for clinical material furnished
by him for a former clinic was ordered paid. The meeting then
adjourned to meet at 9 a. m. to-morrow, the 17th, at Dr. Lyford's
Infirmary for a clinic.

SURGICAL CLINIC.
Friday, July ijth. — The clinic consisted of the following

556 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

cases : (i) Surgical operation for the cure of cribbing in a horse
by Dr. Lyford, assisted by Dr. LaPointe. The operation con-
sisted of the excision of a portion of the branches of the spinal
accessory nerve and tendons of the sterno-maxillaris muscle.
(2) The exhibition of a case of quittor operated upon a day or
two since by Dr. Lyford. (3) Removal of the false nostrils for
the relief of a troublesome noise made by the flapping of the
nostrils when being driven off a walk. Operation seems to have
proven successful. {4) Abscess of bladder in a mare in which
the animal had made a good recovery. Dr. Butler exhibited
the following cases : (5) A quittor recently operated upon with
three fistulous openings on outside quarter of hind foot. (6)
Peculiar symptoms shown in a case of hip lameness. (7) Lame-
ness, bone spavin and exostosis on inner face of tibia just below
the stifle joint on same leg. It was decided that both places
shared in producing the lameness.

At 2 P. M. several of the members visited Farnsworth's
slaughter-house, First Avenue South and 46th Street, to witness
autopsies on several cows conducted by the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board. The cows had been condemned for tuberculo-
sis after subjecting them to the tuberculin test. All showed
well-marked lesions of tuberculosis, which adds one more proof
of the value of the test as an aid to diagnosis in tuberculosis.

Dr. Foster demonstrated his method of performing ovari-
otomy on two of the animals through the flank and vagina re-
spectively, using an emasculator of special construction.

All came away feeling that the afternoon had been profita-
bly spent. The next meeting of the Association occurs at St.
Paul, Jan. 21st, 1904. J. S. BuTler, Sec'y.

RHODE ISLAND VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.
The semi-annual meeting of this Association was held at the
Hotel Dorrance, Providence, R. I., July 28th, 1903. In the ab-
sence of the President, Dr. A. L. Parker, the meeting was
called to order by First Vice-President, Dr. L. T. Dunn, at 2.45
p. M. The roll-call showed the following members present :
Drs. R. L. Tucker, L. T. Dunn, J. S. Pollard, J. A. McLaugh-
lin, J. T. Cunningham, J. H. Powers, T. E. Robinson, F. De
Bertram and C. T. Frey. Visitor : Dr. Cooper Curtis, Veteri-
narian at the R. I. College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts.
The chairman of the Committee on Legislation made his re-
port, which showed that the bill presented to the Legislature at

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 557

its last session was a failure, but advised presenting it again in
a somewhat modified form at the next session.

It was moved and carried that the Chair appoint a commit-
tee of one to ascertain the attorney's lowest terms for services
rendered the Association in framing the bill, and that each
member be assessed pro rata to defray the expense thereof.
The Chair appointed on such committee Dr. R. L. Tucker.

The resignation of Dr. C. H. Daniels was received and ac-
tion postponed until the annual meeting in January.

Dr. Cooper Curtis was called upon for a few remarks and
entertained the Association for about fifteen minutes explaining
his line of work at the R. I. College of Agriculture and Me-
chanical Arts and elsewhere.

Dr. R. L. Tucker, of Providence, then read a very able and
instructive paper entitled " The Uses and Abuses of Cathar-
tics." It being the first paper ever read before an association
of veterinary graduates in Rhode Island, was listened to with
much interest and discussed by nearly every member present.

The committee appointed to procure a charter for the Asso-
ciation reported favorably, and the charter was placed in the
hands of the Secretary for safe-keeping.

After the business meeting, all hands proceeded to Dr. J. T.
Cunningham's hospital, on Garden Street, where the doctor had
numerous interesting cases in waiting for examination and dis-
cussion.

After a vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Cunningham, it
was voted that the Association meet at the same place in Jan-
uary. T. E. Robinson, Secretary.

THE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA.

This flourishing association held its semi-annual meeting in
Portage la Prairie on Thursday, July i6th, the President, Mr.
W. R. Taylor, in the chair. Members present : — S. A. Coxe,
Brandon ; W. A. Dunbar, Winnipeg ; W. S. Henderson, Car-
berry ; G. Hilton, Portage la Prairie ; W. Ivcslie, Melita ; W. E.
Martin, Winnipeg ; W. A. Shoults, Gladstone ; W. Swinerton,
Carberry ; W. R. Taylor, Portage la Prairie ; F. Torrance, Win-
nipeg. Visitors present : — J. Wilson, Wingham, Ont. ; A. Swin-
erton, Carberry, and F. Z. Woods, Winnipeg.

After the reading of the minutes a communication from Dr.
Rutherford, of Ottawa, was read, urging the members to attend
the meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association in
Ottawa during the first week in September. The Secretary

558 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Spoke upon the many advantages of attending meetings of the
A. V. M. A., pointing out that this is the first meeting to be
held on Canadian soil, and the importance of every Canadian
practitioner attending and helping to make it the largest and
most successful meeting held yet. Several spoke in the same
strain, and many announced their intention of going to Ottawa.

The meeting then adjourned to the infirmary of Dr. Hilton,
where a clinic was held. Two cryptorchids were castrated by
Dr. Wilson, a right and a left abdominal case. The operation
was rapidly and skilfully performed, the operator displaying the
dexterity acquired by long practice. A bad case of roaring was
presented for operation, but Dr. McGilvray, who had promised
to operate, failed to appear, being detained at the Minnedosa
Fair judging horses, and as no instruments were available the
operation had to be postponed.

A case of chronic lameness in the front foot with a history
of over a year was operated upon by Dr. Torrance. A median
neurectomy was performed, the animal showing immediate im-
provement. The next case was abdominal hernia, no history,
except that the animal was found at pasture presenting a large
soft swelling near the left flank. Dr. Dunbar operated, making
an exploratory puncture, followed by incision, but finding evi-
dence that the hernia was of long standing, the incision was
closed without attempting a radical operation.

This closed the clinic, which, as the first held by the Asso-
ciation, was considered very successful. Votes of thanks were
passed to the operators, and to Drs. Taylor and Hilton, who
formed a local committee of arrangements, and to whose efforts
much of the success of the meeting was due. The meeting
then adjourned. F. Torrance, Sec.-Treas. and Registrar,

Mathematics of Speed. — Some one who delights in fig-
ures has " ciphered out " that when the trotting champion Cres-
ceus went his greatest mile in 2.02^, he covered 43.19 feet per
second in his journey around the track. The same arithme-
tician states that when Lou Dillon trotted in 2.03^ she cover-
ed but 42.73 feet per second, hence if she is to beat the 2.02 J^^
of Cresceus she must go over 46-100 feet of ground more than
she did when she got her present mark. This is to say that
when the champion stallion took his record he trotted faster
than the champion mare by 46-100 of a foot per second, hence
the mare to do better must get up more speed to the extent of
about half a foot per second than she has yet done.

SANMETTO

A POSITIVE REMEDY

IN

iSES OF THE GENITO-URINARY ORGANS

OF

THIE HORSE AUSTP DOa.

i>octor, when you have a Horse or Dog suffering from

KIDMEY, BLADDER OR URETHRAL TROUBLE

—Nephritis, Cystitis, Urethritis —

OR FROM

ANY IRRITATION or INFLAMMATION of the URINARY TRACT

—Frequent, Scant or Bloody Urine —

ORDER SANMETTO

Sanmetto is largely used in Veterinary Practice for the above troubles and has been
found Worthy and Reliable. It is also strongly endorsed and much used in AZOTURIA —
many cases reported cured with it. Sanmetto acts as a vitalizing tonic to the Genito
Urinary Organs. It is eliminated from the System almost entirely through the Kidnejrs
and Bladder— hence its soothing, healing and tonic power upon the entire Urinary Tract.

To avoid substitution, order in original package, thus :

R SANMETTO— one bottle— original package.
DosB : — For Horse, one half to one ounce three times a day.
For Dog, one teaspoonful three times a day.
Price One Bottle, $i.oo. Case of One Dozen Bottles, $8.00. Sold by all Reliable Druggists
Pamphlet on application.

OD CHEM. CO., New York,

11

WILLIAM R. JBNRINS'

new books for

VETERINARIANS.

THE HOST COMPLETE, PROGRESSIVE AND SCIENTIFIC BOOK ON THE SUBJECT IN
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics

By KENELM WINSLOW, B.A.S.; M.D.V. ; M.D. (Harvj

Assistant Professor of Therapeutics in the Veterinary School of Harvard University; Fellow of
Massachusetts Medical Society; Surgeon to the Newton Hospital, etc.

The text is concise and methodical ; the classification follows chiefly a physiological basis.
The work includes, besides the Materia Medica and Therapeutics of drugs proper, a thorough
explanation of prescription writing with copious examples and sections on Food and Feeding
Counter-irritants, the use of Heat and Cold, Venesection, Enteroclysis Hypodermoclysis and In-
travenous Transf^usion, which are to be found in no other veterinary publication. The prepara-
tions described are according to both United States and British Pharmacopoeias, and
therefore the book is adapted to all English speaking veterinarians. The doses are given in
both the metric and apothecaries' systems of weights and measures in the text and also in a sep-
arate table arranged alphabetically.

The book is most conscientiously indexed, including both a general index and one for Dis-
eases and Remedial Measures, and, in the latter, reference is made to the page on which is to be
found a detailed description of the same in the bodv of the book. The work should prove the
best book on the subject both for students and practitioners of the veterinary art.

2nd EDITION REVISED, 8vo, CLOTH, 750 PAGES, $6.00.

BOVINE OBSTETRICS,

By M. G. dc BRUIN, instructor of Obstetrics at the State Veterinary School, Utrecht.

Translated by W. E. A. WVMAN, n.D.V., V.S., Author of "The Clinical Diagnosis of
Lameness in the Horse," etc.

Synopsis of tli« Essential Features of the Work

1. Authorized translation.

2. The only obstetrical work which is up to date.

3. Written by Europe's leading authority on the subject.

4. Written by a man who has practiced the art a lifetime.

5. Written by a man who, on account of his eminence as bovine practitioner and teacher of

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to discuss bovine obstetrics, both practically and scientifically.

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9. The only work dealing fully with the now no longer obscure contagious and infectious dis-

eases of calves.

10. Absolutely original and no compilation.

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8vo, CLOTH, 382 PAGES, 77 ILLUSTRATIONS, $5.00.
OTHER NEW BOOKS.
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Book. A Course of Surgical Operations for Veterinary Students and Practitioners. Caniae
and Feline Surgery. A Treatise on Veterinary Surgical Therapeutics of Domestic Animals.
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Complete catalogue of all publications sent when requested.

WILLIAM R. JENKINS,

851 and 853 SIXTH AVENUE, - - - . - NEW YORK.

12

OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 1903-04

1. President, ROSCOE R. BELL, New York.

2. Vice-President, M. E. KNOWLES, Montana.

3. ViCE-PREsiotNT, J. Q RUTHERFORD, Canada.

4. Vice-President, W. H.^ DALRYMPLE, Louisiana.

5. Vice-President, C. J. MARSHALL, Pennsylvakia.

6. Vice-President, J. ELMER RYDER, New York.

7. Secretary, JOHN J. REPP, Pennsylvania.

8. Treasurer, WM. HERBERT LOWE, New Jersey

American Veterinary Review

OCTOBER, 1903.

EDITORIAL,

EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.

Paris, Aug. 20, 1903.

The subject of this chronicle will be sad, as it will record
one of the greatest losses that the veterinary profession, science,
France and the whole world have sustained.

Prof. E. Nocard died the second of this month, at the
age of fifty-three, when the many years he might have lived
would have allowed him new efforts and new discoveries.
Struck down in his full glory, suddenly, he was carried away in
a few weeks by three successive attacks of disease, notwith-
standing the best medical attendance and the filial attention of
one of his students. Prof. Valle, of Alfort. The last time I
saw him, was at one of the meetings of the Societe Centrale,
where he filled the duties occupied so long by those worthy
predecessors, Henri Bouley and Camille Leblanc, and a few
days after I heard of his ailment. Then came news of great
improvement, almost of convalescence, of his ability to write to
his many anxious friends, to one of whom he said jokingly :
" Anyhow it is pleasant to say to one's self, ' it is not yet for this
time ' " ; — and then came the fatal news.

The veterinary profession has lost one of its most illustrious
members ; science will mourn his death for some long time;
his country will never regret him enough, and no doubt the

565

566

EDITORIAL.

whole of humanity will suffer from the want of the energy
which he was so lavishly exerting in its behalf.

Nocard leaves behind him an immense work, and the great
example of a life full of labor, abnegation and honor, which has
been devoted entirely to science. One of the first enthusiasts of
the Pasteur theory of contagious diseases, when spontaneous de-

PROF. E. NOCARD.

velopment received its last blow, he soon found his place at the
Pasteur Institute, where at his lectures veterinarians, physicians
and biologists all over the world were found attentive and en-
thusiastic.

Nocard had indeed a passion for teaching, and there it may
be said that he was a professor without an equal. " How pleas-
ant it is to teach," he used to say, after a lecture where his stu-

EDITORIAL. 567

dents, by their applause, had shown him their appreciation and
their love. But it was not only as a teacher that Nocard's sci-
ence could be appreciated ; the series of conferences that he
made for years on the use of tuberculin, of raallein, the numer-
ous communications that he made, the famous discussions of the
various congresses where he assisted and where he won so many
laurels, all those are occasions where he almost always carried
his point and made his name great.

Nocard, like Bouley, was a veterinarian above all. He
love'd his profession and loved his alma mater, where he re-
mained to the last, and for which he fought on many occasions,
and even to his own detriment. His death will certainly be a
severe blow for his dear Alfort.

We became intimately acquainted with him during one of
our European visits some years ago, and since then we had be-
come friends. He often inquired about our profession in the
States ; he knew of our work in New York, and had followed
it with interest, and he was always glad to put himself at the
disposition of any American veterinarian who would come and
ask him facts and information relating to the interesting work
of his own. We know, however, that the same kindness will
be offered by his successor, and we will always keep a most
pleasant souvenir of him as a friend, as a man whose life's work
has been so much in sympathy with ours.

The biography of Prof. Nocard will be written in a few
lines : —

Born the 29th of January, 1850, he received the degree of
bachelor es lettres in a school of his native town, and while
making his military service took a liking to the veterinary
profession. After the Franco-German war he entered Alfort
and graduated in 1873 with the greatest honors and carried off
the prizes. Two months later he was appointed assistant to
the Chair of Clinic after a most successful competition.

Five years later, he entered into another for the Chair of
Surgical Pathology and Clinic, which had just been created.

568 EDITORIAL.

He was victorious and was appointed professor November 25,
1878.

In 1883, with Roux, Strauss and Thuillier, he was selected
by Pasteur to go to Egypt and study cholera. When he return-
ed he was decorated chevalier of the legion d'honneur.

In 1887 he was named director of the Alfort school, to take
the place of Goubaux ; he gave up the Chair of Clinic for that
of Contagious Diseases.

January 3, 1891, he gave up the directorship, and was pro-
moted to the rank of officer of the legion d'honneur.

Notwithstanding the hardship of his department, as teacher,
and in his investigations, he found time to fulfil the duties im-
posed by the government of France or other countries ; he was
a member of many societies ; attended all congresses and would
scarcely spare a moment for himself. He was made of iron ;
stood all kinds of work ; but every effort has its limit. Lately,
while on a mission to Algeria, he contracted a severe attack of
diphtheria ; his health was much shaken ; he thought some-
what of taking a rest ; too late. One day he was taken ill in a
tramway by an attack of angina pectoralis. After a few days
he seemed better, but a relapse occurred, and the frightful event
took place after most painful agony.

Nocard belonged to many societies : He was a member of
the Academy of Medicine, of the Society of Biology, of the Com-
mittee of Hygiene, of the Consulting Committee of Epizootics,
of the Royal Society of England, etc., etc., and honorary mem-
ber of the American Veterinary Medical Association. He was
decorated by several orders in France, Belgium and Italy. His
scientific works and publications are too numerous to be recall-
ed here, but the most important one is the one which he pub-
lished with Prof. Leclainche, " les Maladies Microbiennes."

*

The funeral of my friend Nocard took place at St. Maurice,
a charming little town on the borders of the river Marne.

More than three thousand persons were around the house
where the professor laid. Civilians and military veterinarians

EDITORIAL. 569

had gathered in mass to pay a last duty to one they had loved,
to one who after a long service to the profession was now at
rest. It was the time of vacations and many were absent ; still
they had come from almost everywhere and faces were seen
which belong to almost the four cardinal points of France,
while among the representatives of the French societies to
which Nocard belonged could also be observed delegates from
the Bacteriologic Institute of Geneva, the Director of the Vet-
erinary School of Bruxelles, the Hygienic Institute of Berlin,
etc.

Somewhat after ii o'clock the body was brought out of the
house, placed in the hearse and the cortege started, following
the two wagons in which had been placed all the crowns and
flowers brought or sent there by the friends of the deceased ;
there were among the immense number several which attracted
specially my attention by their simplicity — they were from lit-
tle out-of-the-way veterinary organizations, I suppose, which
came there to tell of their sorrows. But if there were many
crowns, from French bodies, foreign countries had also sent
their farewell gifts, and as tributes I found represented the
School of Bruxelles, the Hygienic Institute of Prof. Ostertag of
Berlin, that of Prof. Ehrlich of Frankfort, the veterinarians of
Varsovy, etc. Slowly the cortege followed to the small church
of the town and then to the cemetery, which, situated on the
top of a stiff hill, seemed to be the basis of the pedestal of the
statue which will no doubt be erected to the memory of our
departed friend.

Many were the speeches made on the grave — some fourteen
or fifteen in number— retracing the life of the deceased, by Mr.
Chauveau, the General Inspector of the Veterinary Schools, by
Mr. Barrier, director of Alfort, by Dr. Roux of Pasteur Insti-
tute, etc., etc., — and finally by Prof. Lignieres, one of his pre-
ferred students, who addressed the farewell address of all those
who had known and loved the great teacher of Alfort.

And then I departed. I have seen many funerals in our
profession ; but this was the most imposing and the most sol-

570 EDITORIAL.

emn ; and the emotion shown by all present told how much
Nocard was loved. A. L.

THE SEPTEMBER VETERINARY CONVENTIONS.
Many of the largest veterinary associations of the country
held their annual meetings last month, and the Review's pages
fairly shriek under the burden of their stories. It is not a groan
of disappointment, however, for in very many respects they
were far in advance of all similar events in American associa-
tional history. The Review's burden is one of magnitude,
and the sound emitted is one of exultation and pride, for it is
glad that the occasion has arisen to give its readers so much de-
picting widespread interest at the foundation of our veterinary
institution, and it is glad that it has the opportunity and the
facilities to spread the news to the woild.

We have no intention of conveying an impression that in
the conduct of these meetings there were not mistakes (both of
omission and of commission), and that in our judgment these
errors should receive as full consideration as those which excite
our admiration and our praise ; but in this number space will
permit only of the chronicling of the salient features of the
events that transpired, together with the publication of some of
the chief papers and reports presented. In later issues we hope
to publish the best of the papers submitted, and to offer some
suggestions which in our humble judgment will make these
yearly gatherings more profitable to the profession. We believe
that they are not above serious, honest criticism ; that a thor-
ough appreciation of these shortcomings can but add to the
value of future meetings. At the same time, the Review has
no wish to play the role of censor of what should be done and
what had best be left undone. It would very much prefer to
be the medium through which the profession as a whole can
discuss its own frailties. It accordingly invites the members of
these organizations to the free use of its wide pages, trusting
that in the aggregation of judgment good will flow for the
common weal.

EDITORIAL. 571

BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IS TRANSMISSIBLE TO

MAN.

Just two years ago last month the Review published the
remarkable paper of Prof. Koch, read before the London Con-
gress on Tuberculosis, in which he maintained the non-trans-
missibility of tuberculosis of cattle to human beings. That
communication, coming from such high authority, necessarily
commanded world-wide attention ; but his conclusions, in direct
opposition to the position of the veterinary profession, and to
the views which the German professor himself had persistently
given utterance to, were such as to cause more of consternation
than of any other feeling. At that time the Review merely
published the paper in full with the comment that it was possi-
bly fortunate for the world, as the mooted question would
undergo such a thorough investigation that the truth or fallacy
of Prof. Koch's assertions would be settled for all time. We had
in mind then our own Bureau of Animal Industry, which we
felt could be relied upon to leave no stone unturned to confirm
or disprove a problem the truth of which meant so much to the
commercial world and the cause of humanity. As usual, the
Bureau rose to the occasion, and has carried the investigation
of the problem as far as it can possibly be taken without direct
experimentation upon the living human subject.

At the Ottawa meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association the distinguished Chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, Dr. D. E. Salmon, presented the results of the series
of experiments conducted by his staff of investigators, together
with an argumentative reply to the statements made by Koch,
which produced a profound impression upon all who heard him.

In another part of this number of the Review, the full text
of the paper by Dr. Salmon is published, and we call the atten-
tion of the veterinary profession to it as a full and complete
vindication of the position which it has consistently and
unswervingly maintained in relation to this all-important
question.

572 . D. E. SALMON.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES,

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS.

By D. E. Salmon, D. V. M., Chief of thf Bureau of Animal
Industry, Washington, D. C.

Presented at the Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Ottawa, Canada,

September. 1903.

The prevention of tuberculosis in the human subject has
been for years and still is one of the most interesting and im-
portant questions confronting the sanitarian. There have been
many differences of opinion ; many cases in which the same
facts have been interpreted in different ways ; and much discus-
sion and divergence of views as to what actually are the facts.

After the publication of the ' results of the investigations of
Villemin, Chauveau and Gerlach in 1866, '68 and '69, which
demonstrated the communicability of tuberculosis, veterinarians
looked upon bovine tuberculosis as a communicable disease and
were inclined to consider it as identical with human tuberculo-
sis. Their clinical experience, in stables where the disease
clearly was introduced by a purchased animal and spread from
beast to beast until the greater part of the herd was affected,
confirmed the conclusions of these investigators, and it appeared
to them further that there was often a remarkable coincidence
between the use of milk from tuberculous cows and the develop-
ment of the disease in mankind.

These views, however, did not gain much standing in the
medical profession. The opinion of the great majority of phy-
sicians that tuberculosis was an hereditary disease was too deep-
ly rooted to be dislodged except by the most overwhelming ar-
ray of facts inconsistent with it. Koch's discovery of the tu-
bercle bacillus in 1882, taken in connection with the experi-
ments showing the transmissibility of the disease, brought a
complete revolution of the medical mind with reference to its
causation and prevention, and seemed to establish the essential

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 573

identity of the tuberculosis of various species of animals with
each other and with that of the human race.

New doubts arose, however, when in 1889 and 1890 Rivolta
and Maffucci showed that there were very marked differ-
ences between human and avian tuberculosis. Theobald Smith's
papers published in 1896 and 1898 demonstrating marked dif-
ferences between a bacillus from the nasua and one of bovine
origin, and between bacilli from human and bovine sources, re-
called similar observations which had been made by Villemin,
Piitz, and Sidney Martin, and aroused renewed interest in the
study of varieties of this bacillus and the significance which
might be attached to them. In 1897 and 1898 Dubard publish-
ed papers on tuberculosis in cold-blooded animals showing that
the bacillus in this disease had varied in an extraordinary de-
gree from the human type.

Notwithstanding the extreme divergence in biological char-
acters between the avian, the piscine and the mammalian types
of bacilli, investigators concluded that they were essentially the
same and that the avian might be changed into the mammalian
and the mammalian into the piscine types by suitable modifica-
tion of the environment. If, therefore, the avian bacillus could
be made to produce tuberculosis in mammals, and the mamma-
lian bacillus to produce this disease in fishes and frogs, there ap-
peared no reason to doubt that the bovine bacillus could produce
tuberculosis in man, since the human and bovine bacilli resem-
ble each other much more closely than do the avian and mam-
malian or the mammalian and piscine forms.

This, briefly, was the condition of our knowledge of the
question when in 1901 Koch read his memorable paper before
the British Congress on Tuberculosis. In that paper he said :
" I feel justified in maintaining that human tuberculosis differs
from bovine, and cannot be transmitted to cattle." Concerning
the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to man, he admitted
that it was impossible to give this question a direct answer, be-
cause the experimental investigation of it with human beings
was out of the question. He said, however : " It is well known

574 D. E. SALMON.

that the milk and butter consumed in great cities very often
contain large quantities of the bacilli of bovine tuberculosis in
a living condition," and if these bacilli " were able to infect
human beings, many cases of tuberculosis caused by the con-
sumption of alimenta containing tubercle bacilli could not but
occur among the inhabitants of great cities, especially the chil-
dren." He concluded that *' in reality, however, it is not so."
The only facts which he cited in support of this remarkable
conclusion were some selected post-mortem statistics which in-
dicated that primary tuberculosis of the intestine was an ex-
tremely rare disease. He expressed an important assumption as
follows : " That a case of tuberculosis has been caused by ali-
menta can be assumed with certainty only when the intestine
suffers first." But he did not admit that all such cases are
caused by bacilli ingested with the food. '' It is just as likely,"
he said, " that they were caused by the widely propagated bacilli
of human tuberculosis, which may have got into the digestive
canal in some way or other — for instance, by swallowing saliva
of the mouth." He said we may determine from which source
the infection occurred by inoculating cattle with a pure culture
of the bacilli found in the tubercular material, and for this pur-
pose he recommended subcutaneous injection, which he said
" yields quite specially characteristic* and convincing results."

He reported that he had experimented upon nineteen head
of cattle by infecting them in various ways with pure cultures
of tubercle bacilli taken from cases of human tuberculosis or
with sputum from consumptive patients. In some cases the
tubercle bacilli or the sputum were injected under the skin, in
others into the peritoneal cavity, in others into the jugular
vein. Six animals were fed with tubercular sputum almost
daily for seven or eight months ; four repeatedly inhaled great
quantities of the bacilli, distributed in water and scattered in
the form of spray. None of these cattle showed any symptoms
of the disease, and no trace of tuberculosis was found in their
internal organs. The animals were absolutely insusceptible to
these bacilli. An almost equally striking distinction between

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 575

human and bovine tuberculosis was brought to light by feeding
swine with tubercular sputum and by injecting tubercle bacilli
into the vascular systems of asses, sheep and goats. In all these
experiments bovine material was used upon similar animals for
comparison.

These experiments would be quite convincing as to the
harmlessness of tubercle bacilli from man for these various ani-
mals, were it not for the fact that it has been shown there are
great variations of virulence in tubercle bacilli from different
human subjects. Vagedes, working under Koch's direction, had
shown this three years before the paper was read at London, and
yet Koch gives no hint of this, nor does he admit the least sus-
picion that there might be different results with different in-
fective material.

Perhaps the most astonishing statement made by Koch in
his London paper is found in the following sentence : '' If one
studies the older literature of the subject, and collates the re-
ports of the numerous experiments that were made in former
times by Chauveau, Guenther and Harms, Bollinger, and others,
who fed calves, swine, and goats with tubercular material, one
finds that the animals that were fed with the milk and pieces of
the lungs of tubercular cattle always fell ill of tuberculosis,
whereas those that received human material with their food did
not."

Now, the fact is, Chauveau, in a remarkable series of exper-
iments, did infect cattle with human tubercular material and
obtained just as serious results as with bovine material. His
conclusion was that the human tubercular virus acts on the bo-
vine species exactly like the tubercular virus which comes from
the bovine species itself. Bollinger inoculated a young calf in
the peritoneal cavity with material from a human lung. When
killed at the end of seven months the mesentery and peritoneal
covering of the spleen presented a number of tumors from the
size of a pea to that of a walnut, which microscopically were
identical with those found in pearly disease under natural con-
ditions. The retroperitoneal and mesenteric glands were tuber-

576 D. E. SALMON.

culous also. The paper of Guenther and Harms upon this sub-
ject I have not been able to consult, nor have I seen any satis-
factory summary of it. At least two out of three of the older
experimenters cited by Koch had therefore obtained positive re-
sults by inoculating cattle with human tubercular material.

Koch was equally inexact in his citations concerning his
own previous declaration on this subject. He said : " Even in
my first circumstantial publication on the etiology of tuberculo-
sis I expressed myself regarding the identity of human tubercu-
losis and bovine tuberculosis with reserve." What he really said
in that paper was this : ^' Bovine tuberculosis is identical with
human tuberculosis and therefore a disease transmissible to
man. * * * However great or small may be the danger
which results from the consumption of meat or milk affected
with bovine tuberculosis, it is present and must therefore be
avoided."

In the period which has elapsed since the London Congress,
a period of less than two years, a considerable number of inves-
tigators have had positive results in the inoculation of cattle
with tubercular material from the human subject and with pure
cultures of tubercle bacilli from the same source. Among these
may be cited Ravenel and de Schweinitz in this country, and
Thomassen, de Jong, Delepine, Orth, Stenstrom, Fibiger and
Jensen, Max Wolff, Nocard, Arloing, Behring, Hamilton and
Young, and Dean and Todd. Some of these and other investi-
gators have also produced the disease in sheep, goats and swine
by infection in various ways with human tuberculosis. As the
animals named were refractory in Koch's experiments, the suc-
cess of various experimenters with them is quite significant.

In the Bureau of Animal Industry two distinct lines of ex-
periments have been carried on, in order that one might be
checked up against the other. De Schweinitz, in the Biochemic
Division, has isolated nine cultures from human tuberculosis.
Two of these were derived from human sputum, three from
cases of generalized tuberculosis in adults, and four from cases
of generalized tuberculosis in children. These cultures were

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 577

compared with a newly isolated virulent culture of bovine tu-
berculosis, and among them two of the cultures from children
were found to be identical in their cultural and morphological
characters with the bovine bacillus. They also killed rabbits
and guinea pigs in as short a time as did the bovine bacillus.
Hogs inoculated subcutaneously with these two cultures from
children died of generalized tuberculosis. Two calves, weigh-
ing over 300 pounds each, developed a generalized tuberculosis
after a subcutaneous inoculation with these virulent human
cultures, and a yearling heifer inoculated with one of them
showed generalized tuberculosis when killed three months after
inoculation. Both the cattle and the hogs had been tested with
tuberculin and found to be free from tuberculosis before the
inoculations were made. It will be observed that 50 per cent,
of the cultures obtained from children were virulent for cattle.

Mohler, working in the Pathological Division, has obtained
three very virulent tubercle bacilli from the human subject. A
goat inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of one of these
died in 2)1 days with miliary tuberculosis of the lungs involving
the axillary and prescapular glands. This bacillus was obtained
from the mesenteric gland of a boy. Of still greater interest is
a bacillus isolated by Mohler from human sputum. A goat
inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of this germ died in
95 days of pulmonary tuberculosis. A cat inoculated in the
same manner died in 23 days of generalized tuberculosis. A
rabbit similarly inoculated died in 59 days of pulmonary tuber-
culosis. A rabbit inoculated with a bovine germ for compari-
son lived 10 days longer than the one inoculated with this
sputum germ.

It is plain from these experiments that there is a great dif-
ference in the virulence of tubercle bacilli from human sources,
and that while some of these are not capable of producing seri-
ous disease in cattle, sheep, goats and swine, there are others
which produce generalized lesions and are very fatal with such
animals.

Having disposed of the argument that human tuberculosis is

578 D. E. SALMON.

not transmissible to animals, let us briefly consider the other prop-
osition, viz., that bovine tuberculosis is not transmissible to man.

The proportion of cases in which the primary lesion is in
the intestine is a very poor criterion from which to judge the
proportion of cases caused by ingestion of the bacilli with the
food. With experimental animals in which the disease has
been produced by feeding tubercular material we very fre-
quently fail to find any lesions in the intestines, and we find the
oldest lesions in the mesenteric glands, the liver, spleen, kid-
neys, or perhaps in the lungs. Koch tells us that in his experi-
mental swine fed with the tubercular sputum of consumptive
patients no trace of tuberculosis was found, except here and
there little nodulesin the lymphatic glands of the neck, and in
one case a few grey nodules in the lungs. With these results
before his eyes how could he consistently claim that we must
find primary lesions of the intestine in all cases of ingestion
tuberculosis ? With pigs particularly, but probably with all
animals to a certain extent, the tubercle bacilli taken with the
food may penetrate the walls of the pharynx and advancing
down the neck gain entrance to the lungs. The same method
of infection has been repeatedly noted with children. Again,
it has been shown by the experiments of Desoubry and Porcher
and those of Nicholas and Descos that various kinds of bacteria,
including tubercle bacilli, may penetrate the intestine, without
causing any local lesion, and pass directly into the chyle vessels
and from these into the blood whenever milk or fat constitutes
a considerable proportion of the food.

These facts being admitted, it is absurd to hunt through the
statistics for primary lesions of the intestine as an argument for
or against infection with bovine tuberculosis. In the hospital
statistics of Great Britain we find a considerable proportion of
cases with children, 25 to 30 per cent., in which there are pri-
mary lesions of the intestine. In other countries such cases are
quite rare. Heller has recently made 714 post-mortems of chil-
dren who had died of diphtheria, and among these found 140
who had an associated affection of tuberculosis in various or-

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 579

gans. Only 1.43 per cent, showed primary intestinal tubercu-
losis, but in 37.8 per cent, the primary lesion was in either the
intestin-e, the mesenteric glands, or in other abdominal organs.
It would appear, therefore, that even in Germany there is abun-
dant evidence of ingestion tuberculosis.

This brings us to the question as to how we can tell whether
a case of tuberculosis which is evidently caused by penetration
of the bacilli through the walls of the pharynx or those of the
intestine is due to bovine bacilli taken with the food or to
human bacilli which have been swallowed with the saliva, etc.
The test that Smith and Koch have laid down is that we should
isolate the bacilli and by the inoculation of cattle show that
these bacilli have the virulence of the known bovine bacillus.
This resume of the condition of the experimental knowledge of
the subject makes clear the importance of such experiments as
have been made in the Bureau of Animal Industry to show the
effect of bacilli from the human subject upon the principal
domesticated animals. These experiments aid in filling a gap
which it was necessary to bridge before we could fully and com-
pletely answer the arguments of those who believe it is unneces-
sary to consider the existence of bovine tuberculosis as a factor
in the control of human tuberculosis.

You will observe that de Schweinitz has isolated tubercle
bacilli from human lesions which when cultivated in the lab-
oratory are of the bovine type, and that he has produced fatal
disease in bovine animals by inoculating them subcutaneously
with cultures of these bacilli. That is, he has fulfilled the
most difficult requirements as to experimental work which
those who oppose the theory of the transmission of bovine tu-
berculosis to man have been able to formulate. The results of
these experiments make it necessary to admit either that human
and bovine tuberculosis are identical, or that, being different,
the bovine form is transmissible to man. There is no third
theory by which the presence in human lesions of tubercle
bacilli having the characteristics of the bovine type can be sat-
isfactorily explained, v

580 D. E. SALMON.

From the standpoint of experimental medicine, the evidence
which has been brought forward should be sufficient to settle
the question of the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to man.
Koch plainly said in his London address that all that was nec-
essary to decide with certainty whether the tuberculosis of the
intestine was of human or of animal origin was to cultivate in
pure culture the tubercle bacilli found in the tubercular mate-
rial and to inoculate cattle with them. In his latest address on
this subject, which was made at the International Conference
on Tuberculosis at Berlin, he practically abandoned the discus-
sion from the experimental standpoint and devoted his time to
a discussion of clinical evidence. As might be expected, he
found none of the cases of supposed transmission of bovine tu-
berculosis to the human subject to be entirely free from the
possibility of criticism. He seemed to forget that if demonstra-
tions could be so easily made from clinical observations it
would be unnecessary to devote so much time and expense to
experimentation.

In the address mentioned he laid down a set of conditions
which must be fulfilled to make clinical evidence convincing.
Briefly, these are as follows :

1. Certain proof of tubercle, and where possible the primary
focus must be supplied. (To this condition the only objection
is that the primary focus, which is made so much of, is of little
value in determining the origin of the infection, for the reasons
already given.)

2. Other sources of infection must be excluded with cer-
tainty. (This condition absolutely excludes all clinical evi-
dence bearing upon the subject of tubercular infection. How
is it possible to prove that any given individual has not been
exposed to the bacilli of human tuberculosis ? He tells us that
the main source of the infection of tuberculosis is the sputum
of consumptive patients. We are all inclined to admit this ; but
suppose we try to get such clinical evidence in favor of 'this
proposition as he asks for in regard to bovine infection, where
are the cases recorded ? You say a certain person who has re-

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 581

cently contracted consumption had habitually been in a room
with another consumptive patient and was infected by that pa-
tient. Very well ; but how can you prove that that person
never ate any tuberculous meat, never partook of any tubercu-
lous milk, never ate any butter containing the tubercle bacillus,
never had an opportunity to be indirectly infected from the
hands of cooks or from table utensils which had been in con-
tact with tuberculous meat, milk or butter, and was never ex-
posed to the infection scattered in so many ways by tuberculous
animals ? Can you exclude with certainty all these sources of
infection ? Certainly not ; the thing is impossible. Now what
becomes of the evidence upon which Koch bases the assertion
that the main source of the infection in man is the sputum of
consumptive patients? Surely he should be willing to try the
clinical evidence bearing upon this point by the same require-
ments which he demands for the clinical evidence by which we
endeavor to establish infection from bovine sources.)

3. In each case of alleged infection from milk affected with
" Perlsucht " the condition of the rest of the people who have
taken the same milk should be borne in mind. These fellow
consumers form to a certain extent a control experiment, and if
of the numerous people who have drunk the suspected milk
only a single one sickens, this weighs decidedly against the be-
lief that this one person was infected by the common food.
(Suppose we apply this principle to our clinical case of alleged
sputum infection, what is the result? Are there not scores of
people exposed to many consumptives without contracting the
disease ? Are not the most of us exposed scores of times to con-
sumptives without having contracted the disease? And yet,
how erroneous it would be to exclude clinical evidence suggest-
ing contagion because only one of those exposed to a certain
consumptive had contracted the malady.)

4. The source of the milk should be attended to. Since in
recent years it has become more and more evident that milk
containing tubercle bacilli is yielded only by such cows as suf-
fer from tuberculosis of the udders, the general statement that

582 D. E. SALMON.

some one has drunk milk from a cow suffering from Perlsucht
no longer suffices to prove to us that Perlsucht bacilli have
really reached his digestive organs. It must be milk from a
cow with tuberculosis of the udder, and therefore a statement on
this subject should not be wanting in a report on milk infection
if it is said to be complete. (This argument is antiquated, since
it has been proved again and again that the milk of tubercu-
lous cows often contains tubercle bacilli when no lesions of the
udder can be discovered. Of the many experiments that have
been made to determine the proportion of tuberculous cows
which yield infectious milk, the average results are about 15
per cent., while the cases with tuberculosis of the udder are not
over two or three per cent. It is not necessary to comment
further on these requirements.)

Koch advances another line of argument which I have heard
elsewhere and which appears to me most misleading. He says :
" We cannot but expect that if tuberculous infection through
partaking of meat and milk infected with Perlsucht really oc-
curs as frequently as is asserted, direct observation must make
this obvious." He then recalls the so-called cases of meat poi-
soning, and cases of illness resulting from the use of the flesh of
animals which had suffered from splenic fever, also to the dis-
tribution of typhoid infection through milk. " It is," he al-
leges, "extraordinarily characteristic of all these outbreaks that
they do not occur as isolated illnesses, but in groups and often
in epidemics. This could scarcely be otherwise, for the milk of
a cow, the flesh of a sick animal, is practically always partaken
of by several, and often by a great many people at the same
time, who will be infected and fall ill, certainly not as a whole,
but on a larger or smaller percentage. * * * ^ tubercu-
lous infection must also take shape in the same way if tubercle
bacilli which are virulent for man are found in meat or milk."

The fallacy of this argument lies in the difference in the ill-
nesses referred to, and in the conditions of exposure. The op-
portunities for contracting the illness known as meat poisoning,
or that of splenic fever, are extremely rare, and it may reason-

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 583

ably be assumed when a group of such cases occur at the same
time and near together that they are of common origin. More-
over, the period of incubation in these diseases is very short, and
the symptoms are striking and serious from the beginning of
the illness. Attention is immediately attracted to them. It is
the very opposite with tuberculosis. There are opportunities
everywhere of contracting it ; there may be a dozen cases in the
same town, and yet if the individuals are not in the same family,
no one thinks of a common origin. Then the period of incuba-
tion is so long and the access of the disease is so mild that it
does not attract attention until so long a time has elapsed that
the incidents which occurred at the time of infection have faded
from the mind and can no more be recalled. Finally, the time
which passes between infection and the appearance of marked
symptoms of the disease varies so much with different individ-
uals that if infection occurred at the same time with a num-
ber of persons, the disease would not appear so simultaneously
as to attract special attention, as it does in meat poisoning or in
splenic fever infection. The comparison with the distribution
of typhoid fever infection through milk is a better one, but the
difficulty of tracing this infection in a community where the
disease is common and the sources of the contagion numerous
may I think be appreciated by all. But typhoid infection must
as a rule be much more easily traced than tubercular infection,
because the sources of the contagion are not so numerous nor
widely distributed, the incubation is shorter, and the symptoms
are more serious at the beginning. On the other hand, so much
of the milk and butter sent to market is infected with tubercle
bacilli, and we consume these food products from so many dif-
ferent sources, that practically every one must take bovine ba-
cilli into his digestive organs, not once only but many times.
Now, when the disease develops, even if we prove by the charac-
teristics of the bacilli that it has been caused by germs of bovine
origin, how can any one point with certainty to this milk or
this butter, consumed weeks or months before, and say that it
was the cause of the infection ?

584 D. E. SALMON.

Take, if you please, the average citizen who travels from
place to. place, passing his nights in sleeping cars under possi-
bly infected blankets, or in hotel rooms of the history of which
he knows nothing, who drinks at the fountains out of the com-
mon drinking cups, who must necessarily come into close con-
tact with many consumptives, who inhales dried sputum on the
streets. If he becomes infected, can you point with certainty
to the source of his infection ? Certainly not ; nor can you
point out groups of patients who have been infected by one and
the same consumptive person, although many individuals were
exposed to that person. If this cannot be done in the case of
infection from human sources, how can we expect it to be done
with infection through meat, milk, and butter?

We can only hope to get fairly satisfactory evidence as to
the source of infection in the case of young children who have
been in one house during their whole lives and who have not
come into contact with any tuberculous persons. But in most
cases, it would appear from the present condition of our knowl-
edge that the virulence of the bacilli for cattle will be the best
evidence of the source of the infection ; that is, whether it comes
from man or from the lower animals. The experimental proofs
of tubercle bacilli in human lesions, having all the virulence of
the bovine bacillus, are incontestable, and should cause sanita-
rians to take adequate precautions against infection through the
products of diseased animals. The frequency of infection from
animal sources can only be determined by long and careful in-
vestigation, but we do know how common the disease is with
cows, how often the bacilli are found in the milk, and how fre-
quently tuberculosis attacks children at the milk-drinking age.

Very recently (July, 1903) Kossel has given some of the re-
sults of the investigations of the German Tuberculosis Commis-
sion. This Commission has studied and tested the virulence of
39 different fresh cultures of bacilli from human tuberculosis.
Twenty-three of these cultures were from adults and 16 from
children. Among the 16 cultures from children 4 were virulent
for cattle. Two of these were cases of primary tuberculosis of

BOVINE AND HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS. 585

the digestive organs, and two others were miliary tuberculosis.
Kossel states that while these cultures w^ere not as virulent as
the most virulent cultures of the tuberculosis of animals, they
were much more virulent than the weaker cultures of cattle
tuberculosis. It is plain, therefore, that these cultures were of
about the same virulence as the average bovine tuberculosis,
and that this Commission, working according to the principles
laid down by Koch, has found 25 per cent, of the cases of tuber-
culosis in children investigated by them to have been caused by
infection with bovine tuberculosis. Whether this is a greater
or smaller proportion than some have believed is of little conse-
quence. The figures are definite, and to most of us it would be
astounding if it should be found that they are of general appli-
cation. The danger from bovine tuberculosis can no longer be
doubted ; and whether it is found that 25 per cent, of the cases
of tuberculosis in children, or a greater or smaller proportion,
are due to infection from animal sources, it is plain that the
proportion is sufficiently high to make the prevention of such
infection a matter of the greatest importance.

The I1.LIN01S State Veterinary Medicai. Association
will hold its annual meeting at the Sherman House, Chicago,
Dec. 2 and 3, 1903. Dr. W. H. Welch, Secretary, Lexington,
111., writes the Review, under date of Sept. 25, that good head-
way has already been made toward securing a good programme.
The meeting being held the same week as the Fat Stock Show
assures a large attendance. He says : " It is confidently hoped
that Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, will be with us and will deliver an address. We have
positive assurance that Dr. A. S. Alexander, of the Wisconsin
University, will read a paper before our Association. We hope
to make this the banner meeting of recent years." The great
State of Illinois, with its large number of graduate veterinari-
ans, should have a splendid meeting this year ; and, convening
in the second largest city in America, with its immense live
stock interests, its two veterinary colleges, its large quota of
men engaged in inspection and other work for the Bureau of
Animal Industry, there should only be a dearth of time in
which to crowd into the programme the events of great value
that lie at the door of the meeting.

586 W. J. MARTIN.

VETERINARY DENTISTRY.

By W. J. Martin, V. S., Kankakee, IIvLinois.

Veterinary dentistry is an important branch in the practice
of veterinary surgery and every practitioner should devote care-
ful study to it. He should thoroughly familiarize himself with
the anatomy and physiology of the various regions of the head
and mouth, and be well grounded in the dentition of the various
species of animals which he is most commonly called upon to
treat. He should also be adept in the proper methods of hand-
ling animals, during the performance of dental operations, in
order to avoid unfavorable criticism from owners or bystanders.
All unnecessary rudeness in the handling of animals, as well as
loud talking or boisterous actions on the part of onlookers,
should not be permitted by the practitioner, while performing
dental operations.

But a few years ago, it was generally supposed that domestic
animals were not subject to the various diseases of the teeth
that afflicted the human species, consequently but little atten-
tion, ^any, was paid to this branch of pathology by the regular
veterinary practitioner, and hence it was given over almost en-
tirely to a class of so-called " veterinary dentists " or rather
" fakirs," entirely devoid of skill in the practice of veterinary
dentistry and of a conscience as well, but whose strong forte
was in duping unwary horse-owners, charging extortionate
prices for their " work " and as often inflicting serious injuries
upon the mouths of horses who were so unfortunate as to fall
into their clutches.

This unhappy state of affairs was largely due to the then ex-
isting veterinary institutions of learning, who gave no regular
course of instruction in veterinary dentistry to their students.
All this is now changed, and at the present time the importance
of the study and practical operations connected with veterinary
dentistry is recognized in all our leading veterinary schools,
who now have regular graded courses of instruction in this
study — requiring their students to become proficient not only in

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 587

the theory, but the practical details of the science, as well, likely
to be met with in actual practice.

As practitioners we should make it our business to carefully
examine the mouths of horses placed under our care that are
suffering from some obscure ailment, the diagnosis of which it
is difficult to make clear, and which in many instances, may be
traced directly to some derangement in the organs of dentition.
We should also at every opportunity impress on the mind of
horse-owners the importance of keeping a careful watch over
the teeth of their animals, both young and old. I have often seen
the throats of horses severely blistered, because they were un-
able to properly masticate their food and the owners were under
the impression that the animals were suffering from some form
of catarrhal fever, when the true cause was due to a partly
displaced deciduous molar lacerating the animals tongue. I call
to mind a young draft Clyde stallion which I found to be suf-
fering from a very serious attack of glossitis due to this cause,
and which was promptly relieved by the removal of the offend-
ing molar.

It is not my intention in this paper to enter into any elabo-
rate description of the many surgical operations which are nec-
essary in the practice of veterinary dentistry, because each one
of you have your own methods of performing those in ways
probably superior to anything I could possibly recommend. It
is of a few of the many practical details of which I wish to
speak.

Grmdiiig Capacity of Teeth. — Viewed as a whole, the mouth
of a horse can be compared to nothing so much as a beautiful
milling apparatus. Herein is the food crushed and finely
ground that is to sustain life, and the more thoroughly this is
performed before passing into the stomach, the better nourished
and sustained will be the animal body. Now, it is a well-estab-
lished fact in milling mechanics, that any defect, however
slight, in the grinding apparatus of a flour mill, has a corre-
spondingly ill effect on the quality of the flour turned out. It
is the same with a horse's teeth. Any defect in these is quickly

588 W. J. MARTIN.

made manifest by the ill effects upon the animal economy.
Hence, the importance of the veterinarian keeping careful
watch over this part of the equine machine.

Number of Teeth in the Horse. — As you all know, the male
equine possesses 40 normal teeth — viz. : 24 molars, 12 incisors,
and 4 canine or tusk teeth, or, as they are sometimes called, the
" bridle " teeth. The female equine has 36 normal teeth,
though sometimes we find the canine teeth present in them
also. It is said by authors that the canine teeth are only pres-
ent in the female when aged, but this is not by any means cor-
rect, as only a few days ago I examined a colt's mouth not yet
three years old, and she had a set of small but well-developed
canine teeth.

The aboriginal ancestors of our present breed of horses had
44 permanent teeth, viz. : 28 molars, 12 incisors, and 4 canine
teeth, present in both the male and female animals. Owing to
the process of evolution due to the gradual change in their en-
vironment, the extra molars of hipparion have long been ex-
tinct, or exist only as vestigial remnants in our present race of
horses ; when such do exist, they are termed by anatomists
extra or supplementary molars, and by the laity are called
" wolf teeth." These little vestigial teeth are often the bugaboo
of horse-owners, who think that they have a deleterious effect on
the eyes, even to the extent of causing animals that have them
to go blind. But I can assure you that these teeth have no
more to do with causing disease of the eyes than has the moon
in her revolutions around the earth.

The Molar Teeth. — The molar teeth, as we have seen, num-
ber 24, six in each side of the jaws. The molars of the upper
jaws are wider and stronger than are the lower ones, and thus
overlap these. " Instead of coming in contact by level sur-
faces, the molars meet by inclined planes, and in such a way
that the internal border is higher than the external in the infe-
rior molars, while the opposite is the case in the superior." —
(Chauveau). To this arrangement of the molar teeth is due
the powerful crushing and grinding power which they possess

i

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 589

in the lateral motion derived from the action of the powerful
masseter muscles of the jaws. This lateral or crushing motion
can only take place when the teeth are separated and then
brought together against the inclined surfaces in reversed order
in the upper and lower jaws.

It is due to this lateral or sweeping motion that we find the
upper molars worn away on their internal border, with a corre-
sponding elongation of the borders of the external surfaces.
This wear is exactly reversed in the lower jaw, but the wear
does not appear to be so rapid or extensive in the lower as in
the upper molars, and hence these teeth require the attention of
the veterinary dentist much oftener than those of the lower jaws.

Leveling the Molar Teeth. — The sharp spicula of molar
teeth, due to uneven wear, often seriously lacerate the tongue
and buccal membrane of the mouth, causing profuse salivation,
improper mastication of food, nervous jerking of the head, pull-
ing on the bit, going sideways in harness, colic attacks, etc.
Back the animal into a narrow stall, place mouth speculum in
mouth, so that you can make a careful manual examination, and
learn without a doubt just what is the matter. The sharp
spicula are easily removed with a light closed molar cutter, or a
dental " rake," a very valuable instrument designed for this pur-
pose, after which the finishing touches can be given with the
dental file. I would caution against the too free use of the file ;
some appear to be under the impression that a horse's molars
should be as level as a billiard table. This is entirely wrong,
because a horse whose molars are in this condition cannot prop-
erly masticate his food, because of the incline plane of the teeth
have been removed, against which mastication has to take place.
All that is necessary to do is to remove the sharp projecting
points, so that they cannot wound any of the soft parts of the
mouth. In using rasps or files, the horse will stand much bet-
ter if the mouth speculum is removed. Care should be exer-
cised by the practitioner that the horse does not strike out with
his fore feet, as painful, if not fatal accidents have taken place
from this cause. In operating on vicious animals who are in-

590 W. J. MARTIN.

clined to strike, a hobble should be buckled around one of the
fore limbs, and loosely passed around the other one and held by
an assistant. This will prevent the animal from striking, and
at the same time, should the animal rear or otherwise become
unmanageable, it can be quickly released to prevent it from
falling or otherwise injuring itself.

Caries of Molar Teeth. — The subject of dental caries in the
horse is of considerable importance to the veterinarian, because
it is a disease that is very common among horses and often
causes serious morbid pathological changes in the animal econ-
omy.

A tooth, as we know, is composed of dentine, enamel, ce-
ment or crusta petrosa. Caries may appear in any of these struc-
tures singly, or even involve all three portions simultaneously,
though it is usually in the structure of the enamel that caries
first takes place. Viewed under the microscope, the rod-like
structure of the enamel presents a disarranged appearance, with
dark transverse lines or markings over its surface. Delicate
fibre-like bodies are also visible within the structure of the
enamel ; these bodies stain readily with carmine, and are be-
lieved to be the remnants of the delicate membrane (cuticle of
the enamel) or Nasyth's membrane. In the pit-like cavities of
a carious tooth, are most always found colonies of bacteria of
various species due to the presence of decayed vegetable matter
lodged therein. These bacteria are largely responsible for the
rapid destruction that takes place in the structure of a carious
tooth. After the enamel of a tooth is once destroyed, decay is
rapid, because the other component parts are much softer, and
offer but little resistance to decay.

Diagnosis. — Where caries of a tooth is well advanced the
matter of diagnosis becomes easy. There will be present an
odor of a very disagreeable and offensive nature, which clings
tenaciously to the fingers and clothing. The carious molar is
usually slightly sunken beneath the surface of the adjacent
teeth, though this is not always the case, a level surface being
often maintained when the tooth is extensively diseased. Again,

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 591

in young horses the carious tooth may be slightly elevated above
its fellows. Caries often attacks a molar tooth at the fang, and
destroys the pulp cavity completely without causing any per-
ceptible derangement of elevation or depression with the other
teeth. This condition is most often met with in aged animals,
whose teeth, owing to faulty anatomical conformation, are very
slightly implanted in the alveolar cavities. In nearly all of
such cases, no odor of decomposition will be present (dry caries).
I will mention such a case met with in my practice. Bay mare,
aged, was brought to me with a history of being unable for
the six months previous to properly masticate hay sufficient
to permit of deglutition. The hay would, after slight mastica-
tion, become wadded up in the animal's mouth, who would then
drop it out. On examining the molar teeth nothing amiss could
be detected. The teeth all appeared to be absolutely sound and
their relation to each other was perfectly regular. Yet the an-
imal was entirely unable to properly masticate a small bundle
of hay placed before her sufficiently to permit her to swallow it.
Being nonplused at this state of affairs, I made a careful exam-
ination of the throat and fauces, but nothing abnormal could be
found. Each molar tooth was again examined separately with
the fingers, with strong lateral pressure. Upon reaching the
third molar on the right side, it was easily lifted out with the
fingers, as was its fellow in the opposite jaw. The mare imme-
diately afterwards began to masticate and swallow hay without
the least difficulty. The roots of the teeth were extensively
carious and absorbed.

Treatment of Carious Molars, — Conservatism should take
precedence in the treatment of , carious teeth. Where the dis-
eased process is not extensive, does not interfere in any way with
the general health of the animal, we should not be hasty in rec-
ommending extraction. Not only on account of the enormous
difficulty often attending such operations, but of the unsatisfac-
tory condition in which horses' Jaws are often left after perform-
ing such operations. Necrosis, caries, and dental fistulse are
often sequelae after extraction of molars. Of course, where the

592 W. J. MARTIN.

tooth and its adjacent parts are diseased to such an extent as
to interfere with the proper mastication of food, extraction is the
only course to be pursued. I know of many horses affected with
slight caries of the molar teeth who perform their usual labors
for years without the slightest inconvenience. In such cases
extraction would be meddlesome interference. We should at all
times weigh well the results to be achieved before making such
a large opening in a horse^s jaw as is left after the extraction of
molar teeth. As a general rule these cavities become filled with a
decomposed mass of ingestive material which often causes much
more serious inconvenience than a carious tooth. In the upper
jaw this difficulty can in a large measure be overcome by filling
the cavity with flexible gutta percha packing, but we can de-
rive but little benefit from this method in the lower jaws. I
have tried all manner of substances for filling such cavities in
the lower jaw, with but very meagre results. In many cases we
find that under proper antiseptic treatment the cavities quickly
heal up, but in others, caries, necrosis, and dental fistulse persist
in spite of the most careful treatment.

Abnormal Growth of Molar Teeth. — The teeth of horses are
of continuous growth during the life of the animal. They are
pushed up from the alveoli to replace the surfaces worn off by
friction, so that the crown is formed by the various portions of
the fang, each of which issues in its turn from the alveolar cav-
ity. When the conformation of the upper and lower jaws are
in exact apposition to each other, and the density of the struc-
ture of all the teeth in the jaws are the same, the probabilities
are, that the wearing surfaces of all the teeth will be equal, and
no irregularities of their wearing surfaces will occur — but when
there exists anatomical defects in the structure of the jaws, we
may expect corresponding defects in the frictional surfaces of
the teeth. We see this condition well illustrated in the condi-
tion known as " overshot " and " undershot " jaws. In the
former, the upper jaws are longer and overlap those of the
lower, and in the latter, the reverse is the case. When either
one of those conditions are present, we find a corresponding dis-

VETERINARY DENTISTRY. 593

I

placement in the grinding surfaces of the molar teeth, permit-
ting uneven wear and abnormal growth of the same. The
rapidity and extent of this abnormal growth will be governed
entirely by the extent of the deformity of the jaws. The normal
wear on horses' molar teeth is about 2mm. or J^ of an inch per
year. Again, where the anatomical structure of the jaws are
perfect, imperfect density in the composition of the teeth will
be the cause of abnormal growth of teeth, that is, a molar may
be more dense and hard in structure than the one in apposition
to it, and hence the former will wear more slowly and become
more elongated than the tooth opposite to it, causing this in
time to be entirely destroyed along with its alveolar cavity as
well. This pathological condition is principally due to imper-
fect development or arrangement of the enamel in the structure
of the teeth.

AI.EX. Hger, the well-known veterinary publisher and book
dealer of Chicago, went to Ottawa, Canada, with a choice selec-
tion of works of interest and value to veterinarians. He was
doing a good business in selling books and taking orders, when
two Canadian constables swooped down upon him and demanded
a license fee of one hundred dollars or close down business. Did
he do it ? Do you know him? The same was asked of the
Haussmann-Dunn Co., who were selling instruments.

Suicide of a Veterinarian. — E. F. Anderson, V. S., of
Hoosick Falls, N. Y., committed suicide by hanging himself on
Sept. 2. He went into the hay loft of the barn where he kept
his horse and fastened a rope to a rafter, tied it about his neck,
and then jumped through the hole which is used for throwing
the hay into the stall below. A wound was also found on his
breast, which appeared as though he had made an unsuccessful
attempt to shoot himself. Despondency through ill health is
supposed to have been the cause of his act. He was about 42
years old, was a native of England, and was a graduate of the
Ontario Veterinary College. He had practiced in Hoosick Falls
for sixteen years, and was a member of the New York State
Veterinary Medical Society. His widowed sister, Mrs. Gertrude
Briant, wishes to dispose of his instruments, and has appointed
Mr. C. F. Smith, Hoosick Falls, N. Y., to attend to the details
for her.

594: C. C. LYFORD.

REPORT ON COLLEGES AND EDUCATION.*

By C. C. Lyford, D. V. S., Minneapolis, Minn.

Rather than from the standpoint of scientific and professional
excellence, the average veterinary college was started on a busi-
ness basis from lack of capital, hence the necessity of making it
a financial success until it should prove self-sustaining. And,
as it is often the case, the participants are slow in advancing
their method to keep pace with the times. To me, this seems
to be the case with our Canadian veterinary colleges, and are
thus failing to keep abreast with our American, British and
Continental schools. One of these, with but a short two-year
course, that should have been advanced many years ago, while
the other, thought the first English-speaking college to raise its
standard to that of three sessions of six months each, seems to
have been hibernating, and to have been operating under prac-
tically the same methods of late as those taught twenty-five
years ago. Though McGill Veterinary College has practically
suspended for the present, word comes to me from Montreal,
July 9th, saying, '' Matters will soon be so arranged that
McGill will have a veterinary faculty second to none anywhere."
This, it is hoped, means advanced up-to-date methods, with the
increase in number of faculty and with apartments commodious
and complete.

Our new State laws of Minnesota requires graduates who
come up for examination before said State Board to have a
diploma from a legally authorized veterinary college or univer-
sity having a curriculum of not less than three sessions of six
months each. We are in hopes that the two-year colleges will
see the necessity of equalling these requirements, both in length
and number of sessions, as it is certainly very disheartening to a
graduate to find himself so handicapped, saying nothing of those
who later on wish to join the American Veterinary Medical
Association, and find themselves barred from registration, as they

*Read before the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, July 17th, 1903.

REPORT ON COLLEGES AND EDUCATION. 595

are considered '' non-standard," notwithstanding they may be
excellent practitioners and in other ways better educated than
the average members of said association. It seems to me the
duty of such colleges to their students (were they honestly con-
sidered) that such a course should no longer continue, and for
those who have graduated (and who wish a third term), an extra
session equalling these requirements should be given free to
those who will attend.

Our State Examining Board has all kinds of propositions to
face. Amongst other things, which seems to me a cheap acknowl-
edgment of lack of quality and ability of a graduate, is for a
professor to ask that their graduates be passed without examina-
tion. It surely puts a poor moral standing on both, especially
the professor.

Our American colleges are to be found in the United States
and Canada as follows : Washington, D. C, i ; New York State
2, New York City i, Ithaca State University, i ; Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, i ; Ohio, Columbus, State University, i ; Michi-
gan, Grand Rapids, i ; Tennessee, Nashville, i ; Illinois, Chi-
cago, 2 ; Iowa, Ames State University, i ; Missouri, Kansas
City, 3 ; California, San Francisco, i ; Canada, Toronto, i,
Montreal, i.

In looking over the catalogues from the various colleges, one
cannot help seeing that they are to a certain extent educators,
as their covers, contents and general appearance can but have
a certain moral effect on those who enter these colleges.

The majority of them are tasty, nicely printed, well gotten
up, indicative of character, while others are flashy, cheap and
horsey in appearance, giving one a pang rather than pleasure,
and if they were devoid of covers, would be nearer in accord in
professional ethics.

Is it a wonder that some of our profession, tutored under
such conditions, fail to realize that what seemingly was meant
for an embellishment, lacks in dignity and quality?

As a rule, our American veterinary colleges have improved
greatly during the past few years, not only in their methods of

596 C. C. LYFORD.

teaching, and length of course, as well as number of subjects
taught, while in their clinical demonstrations and especially in
operative surgery, many of our Western colleges seemingly are
leading the Eastern ones.

It is to be regretted that such a high grade veterinary insti-
tute as Harvard found it necessary to close its doors and that the
Pennsylvania college, which was started on the most elaborate
scale of any of our American schools, and with a staff of well-
qualified, energetic, hard-working men, and later on it was found
necessary to take a backward step. The grounds and buildings
have been taken for other purposes, and in their stead apart-
ments of less commodious proportions and grounds less suitable
and quite limited, have been made use of.

Some of , our colleges lay claim to having a larger percent-
age than other schools of professors in experimental stations.
Admitting this to be a fact, is it not equally true that the ma-
jority of these would not have been able to make a living prac-
ticing their own profession, and were given these positions more
by political or private pull than from professional excellence.

I have often been asked my opinion regarding the veterinary
courses given at agricultural colleges, and their real value from a
professional standpoint. Having started at such an institution,
one would naturally expect me to favor such a course, but I am
of the opinion that the veterinary colleges which allow credit
for one session of six or nine months for the instructions receiv-
ed at the average agricultural college, overestimate their real
value, so far as veterinary teaching and practical work is con-
cerned, as but six months is required, and quite often the course
is not too practical nor very religiously adhered to as to num-
ber of lectures.

Some institutions, I am glad to say, have allowed a more ex-
tended course, and have had some excellent professors. Such was
the case with the Illinois State University, when Doctor F. W.
Prentice gave a course of two years of nine months. I am sorry
to say there are few such men as Dr. Prentice in the agricultural
institutions.

REPORT ON COLLEGES AND EDUCATION. 697

I wish to call your attention especially to the veterinary
course given at Cornell, Columbus, and Ames. The first two
have three years of nine months each, while the last named has
a four-year course of nine months. Barring the lack of practice,
which is not extensive at such schools as a rule, these colleges
have every opportunity of giving their students the very best
education from a scientific point of view, and at much more
reasonable terms than other veterinary institutions, and with
surroundings that stimulate character, culture and refinement.

But three veterinary colleges at present can properly be
classed as two-year schools. These are the Toronto, Grand
Rapids, and Wattles, of Kansas City. By the catalogues of
these three schools, it is easy to see that they are squirming
under the pressure brought to bear on them to induce a change
of heart, course and character. There is a cheap acknowledg-
ment of two of these colleges as to contemplated change of
course. One says (in large type), " Such change will not affect
students entering this year." Does this not sound like " Hurry
up and get in before it is too late? " I might add, there is liable
to be plenty of time for the yet unborn to get in on these terms,
as I am aware of at least twenty odd years of such good inten-
tions. The other says, " It has always been the intention of the
management that the school should be a high-grade school . . .
however, much depends upon the action taken by other veteri-
nary educational institutions." Does this mean anything else
than the other fellow is to be blamed if we do not do it ? Or,
we are bound to be the last one ? It looks like three of a kind.

Colleges are like individuals. It is not the number of stu-
dents, or the large list of graduates that make a school popular,
and its influence felt.

Anyone who has ever seen the old Dick Veterinary College
of Edinburgh and met such men as Fleming, Williams, Walley,
McEachran, and Law, cannot help respecting the founder of
said institution, even though they had never known him.

Our journals and periodicals consist of but three, two
monthly journals, and one quarterly bulletin.

598 C. C. LYFORD.

The American Veterinary Review, being the oldest, is
due first consideration, and being the largest, deserves first place
as a representative journal. This journal is nicely edited,
promptly delivered, always on time. A clean, comprehensive,
non-partisan sheet, comparing favorably with the best British
and Continental journals.

The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary
Archives is more of a representative college production. Ref-
erences and notices seem to be its main effort, judging from the
number of times a single personage has been referred to in some
of its numbers ; a little short of twenty was the record on last
count. In reporting both the Atlantic City and Minneapolis
meetings, two very non-professional men, neither members of
the A. V. M. A., receive the banner write-ups. It is certainly
pleasing to see that there is such an affiliation and personal in-
terest, but cannot help reminding one of a mutual admiration
association.

The Quarterly Bulletin of the Chicago Veterinary College
is in many ways a valuable production, giving some very inter-
esting cases of treatment and new operations. These up-to-date
methods are a credit to the college and of value to the profes-
sion.

" The Kansas City Veterinary Coi^lege Quarterly,"
published in the interests of the school whose name it bears, for
September, is received, and contains much information concern-
ing the school, the alumni, as well as for the profession in gen-
eral, there being several original illustrated articles by members
of the faculty and graduates of the college.

A Veterinary Bard.—" With the compliments of the
Author," we have received from Dr. A. S. Alexander, veteri-
nary editor of the Breeder'' s Gazette, late of the faculty of the
Chicago Veterinary College, a neat little booklet of poems en-
titled "Verses in Scotch." As the text is in the good old
Scotch dialect, and as our Highland blood is several genera-
tions removed, we do not feel competent to give a critical review
of the quality of the verses, but they seem tuneful, and will no
doubt prove of much interest to readers.

POISONED FROM EATING LOCUST-TREE BARK. 599

POISONED FROM EATING LOCUST-TREE BARK

(ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA, FaLSE ACACIA.)
By W. W. Gardiner, V. M. D., M. D., Moorestown, N. J.

Called on July 6th, 1903, at 8.30 P. m., to see bay mare, six
years old. Found all symptoms of acute gastro-enteritis ; mu-
cous membranes inflamed, pulse very weak, heart scarcely per-
ceptible, but rapid ; bleeding at mouth ; champing her teeth,
like a fretty horse on bit, and a great deal of frothy saliva ; also
profuse watery diarrhoea.

After closely questioning owner, found that at 11 A. M. she
had been hitched to a small locust tree and had eaten the bark
clear down to the wood, and looked as if the wood had been
licked to get the sap as it ran. She began to bleed at the
mouth at 1.30 p. M. Diarrhoea started at 2 p. m. Prescribed
treatment for same, with good response, but only temporary.
She died next day at 2 A. m. Post-mortem Lesions. — Found
heart in diastole contained a large chicken-fat clot ; stomach
and intestines contained nearly all the watery fluids of the body,
and blood-vessels had very little blood in them.

This well-known indigenous tree has a place in the materia
medica of the *' eclectics." The bark of the root is the most ac-
tive part and is said to be tonic, and in large doses purgative
and emetic. It has been investigated by D. F. B. Powers and
J. Cambier {Pharm. Rundschau^ February, 1900). They found
a small amount of an alkaloid which they showed to be identi-
cal with choline. They also isolated a globulin and an albu-
mose. This phyt-albumose produces purging and vomiting. It
is precipitated by alkaloidal reagents. Zwenger and Dronke
{Ann. Chem. Pharm.^ Supp. I, 257) found a glucoside robinin,
C25 H30 O16 which, treated with dilute acids, yielded querce-
tin and a sugar. Hlasiwetz obtained asparagin, C4 Hg Ng O3,
from the root.

Three cases of poisoning of children by the root have been
recorded {Ann. de Therap., i860, p. 64) ; Dr. Z. T. Emery (iV. F.

600

W. W. GARDINER.

Med. Journ.^ ]9,n. 22, 1887) reports the poisoning of 32 boys
from chewing the inner bark of the tree.

The symptoms in the mildest cases were vomiting and
flushed faces, dryness of throat and mouth, and dilated pupils ;
in the severest cases to these were added epigastric pain, ex-
tremely feeble, intermittent heart action and stupor. These ef-
fects were explained by the finding in the bark of an exceeding-
ly poisonous albuminoid or enzyme, robinalbin, which, accord-
ing to Prof. Kobert {Merck'^s BulL^ April, 1891), is similar to
but not identical with ricin.

It Took Nearly a Century to Gain a Minute. — The
following table, compiled by the New York Herald shows the
records of the trotting champions since 1806 and the distance
which IvOU Dillon would have beaten each of them in a mile
race.

Horse
Yankee ....
Boston Horse .
Trouble. . . .
Sally Miller . .
Edwin Forrest .
Confidence . .
Dutchman . . .
Ivady Suffolk .
Pelham ....
Highland Maid.
Flora Temple .
Dexter ....
Goldsmith Maid

Rarus

St. Julien . . .
Jay-Eye-See . .
Maud's. . . .

Sunol

Nancy Hanks .

Alix

The Abbot. . .
Cresceus . . .
Eou Dillon . .

No. feet

Dist. covered

No. feet

Behind

Record for

Year

infect

Trotted

Lou

One Mile

Made

ea. second

in 2.00

Dillon

2.59

1806

29.49

3,539

1. 741

2.481^

1810

Z^'2iZ

3,760

1,520

2.43 >^

1826

32.28

3,874

1,416

2.37

1834

33-63

4,036

1,244

2.36^

1838

33-74

4,049

1,231

2.36

1838

33-85

4,062

1,218

2.32

1839

34-73

4,168

1,112

2.29>^

1845

35-32

4,238

1,042

2.28

1849

Zh'^1

4,280

1,000

2.27

1853

35-92

4,310

970

2.19^

1859

Zl'll

4,532

748

2.17^

1867

38.47

4,626

654

2.14

1874

39-40

4,728

552

2-13)^

1878

39.62

4,755

525

2.11^

1880

40.22

4.826

427

2.10

1884

40.61

4,873

380

2.08^

1885

41.01

4,921

342

2.08^

1891

41.17

4,940

323

2.04

1892

42.58

5,109

154

2.03 3^

1894

42.65

5,118

145

2-03^

1900

42.84

5,141

122

2.02^

1 901

43-19

5,182

81

2.00

1903

44.00

5,280

REPORTS OF CASES. 601

REPORTS OF CASES,

• « Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his facts
in building up the solid edifice of pathological science. ' '

\

AMPUTATION OF THE PENIS OF A GEI.DING ON ACCOUNT OF

PARALYSIvS.
By John J. Repp, V. M. D.

A gray gelding, eight years old, which was being used on a
railroad grading contract, was brought to my clinic at the Vet-
erinary Hospital, Iowa State College, for advice in regard to an
affection involving the penis. The penis was protruded from
the sheath for a distance of about 8 inches, was flaccid, and
the animal was unable to retract it. Otherwise there was noth-
ing abnormal. The owner said he had bought the horse in
Tennessee about six months before and that he was then in the
same condition and had never since shown any improvement.
He had constantly performed the required amount of labor, but
on account of the appearance the owner desired to have it
treated. I advised amputation, to which the owner gave his as-
sent. The horse was cast upon the left side and anaesthetized
with chloroform. Both hind legs were drawn back in order to
afford access to the region of operation. The penis was drawn
out so that the amputation might be made at such a point as
would allow all of the stump to be retained within the sheath,
a catheter inserted to aid in finding the urethra, and a tourni-
quet placed around the organ to prevent haemorrhage when the
incision should be made. The penis was kept out of the sheath
and the tourniquet kept from slipping off by punching a hatpin
through the corpora cavernosa above the urethra. A transverse
incision about two inches long was made through the skin at
the lower face of the penis, over the urethra, extending about
one inch on each side of the median line, and a similar incision
was made one and a half inches nearer the end of the penis. A
longitudinal incision was then made upon the median line join-
ing these two incisions and the two flaps of skin thus marked
out removed from the underlying tissues. Next the urethra
and its surrounding corpus spongiosum were carefully separated
from the corpora cavernosa, and cut off at the level of the trans-
verse incision nearest the free extremity of the penis. The part
of the urethra and corpus spongiosum thus freed was carried

602 REPORTS OF CASES.

back out of the way and the end of the corpora cavernosa cut off
with the knife at the level of the upper transverse incision of
the skin. The part of the urethra which had been dissected
out was then laid open by a longitudinal incision upon its infe-
rior face at the median line, spread out fanlike and its anterior
border sutured to the edge of the fibrous envelop of the stump
of the corpora cavernosa. The tourniquet was then loosened
somewhat, and removed as soon as it was no longer necessary to
prevent haemorrhage. The animal was freed when the opera-
tion was complete and as soon as it was able to arise it was put
into a stall. The after-treatment consisted in injecting into the
sheath twice a day a two per cent, solution of carbolic acid and
bathing the sheath with hot water to keep down swelling.
Three weeks after the operation the horse was discharged cured,
having reacted very well. Ten months later the owner wrote
in answer to my inquiry as follows : " After taking the gray
gelding from the hospital we turned him out on grass for a
month and then put him to work. He has done first class. He
was a $25 horse when we took him to the hospital to have his
penis removed and to-day he is worth $100.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS OF CALVES.
By E. I. Smith, D. V. M., Franklinville, N. Y.

On August 20, 1903, I was called to examine a herd of
twenty calves, which were dying and suffering emaciation.
Upon examination I found four had died and that four more
were ill. The ailing ones were unable to stand alone and were
greatly emaciated, hidebound, refusing to eat, and suffering
with a diarrhoea and a loose wheezing cough. They were be-
ing fed dry corn meal and watered from a driven well located
in a small pasture which was situated in a rich fertile valley.

I immediately ordered a change of diet, consisting largely of
cooked middlings, mixed with a good supply of deep well water,
and prescribed the following :

I^ Spts. terebintliinae, 1 iv.

Sig : — Give one tablespoonful three times daily.
Also, I^ Tr. opii, z i.

Fl. ext. nux voni., ^i.
Alcohol, I iss.

Misce. Sig : — Give one teaspoonful twice daily.

The next day another calf died, and a post-mortem revealed
a normal set of digestive organs, but upon opening the thorax
and examining the lungs they were found to be hepatized in
small areas, or, in other words, lobular congestion.

REPORTS OF CASES. 603

There were also grayish white spots scattered over the sur-
face of the lungs. The trachea was opened, and a large num-
ber of parasites, about two to three inches long and about the
size of a No. 40 thread, bathed in a thick mucous secretion,
stuck to the walls of the bronchi, trachea and upper air passa-
ges. Three more died, but one ailing one survived, making a
fatality of seven.

I did not order a change of pasture, but regret that I did not,
yet after an interval of two weeks the others were reported do-
ing well, with no further losses or illness. I did commend the
idea of using exclusively deep-well water.

MORE EXPERIENCES WITH AZOTURIA, COMPI.ICATED BY PARA-

I.YSIS OF THE ANTERIOR CRURAL NERVE.

By J. Harrison, V. S., Maple Rapids, Mich.

I wish at this time to report a couple of cases of azoturia in
answer to " A Neglected Case of Azoturia," by Hugh S. Max-
well, V. S., of Salina, Kansas.

In his case No. i, his picture is an exact reproduction of
one of my cases.

The patient was a lo-year-old gelding, and had been down
for about eight hours when I was called. I gave a purgative
and some anodyne treatment at first, and after three days put
him in a sling, but after ten minutes I was compelled to lay him
down again. We kept raising him in the sling about every two
hours, hand-rubbing his legs and loins and using a stimulating
liniment, keeping him in the sling for about ten or fifteen min-
utes at a time. We kept this up for three days, when he got
up himself without the use of the slings. I then prescribed di-
uretics and general tonics. The horse was turned out to pas-
ture and seemed to be getting better every day for about a week,
when he was caught out in a heavy thunderstorm and got
worse. In fact, was in the condition exactly that Dr. Maxwell's
picture presents. I then, along with the general tonics, pre-
scribed hyposulphite of soda, in ounce doses, three times a day,
and potassium iodide in one drachm and increased to one and a
half drachm doses three times a day. We kept this up for about
three weeks, but without any apparent improvement. The
owner getting discouraged, had the horse destroyed. I think
he was incurable. Whether the rain storm had any detrimental
effect or not I do not know.

The Doctor's cut. No. 2, is also an exact reproduction of an-

604 REPORTS OF CASES.

other case that I had. This was an eight-year-old gelding. I
treated this one in the same way that I did the first. He also
lay for three days before putting him up in the slings, only that
after the first day's use of the slings he could get up himself,
but we kept him in the slings at night for about a week. Only
one side was affected (the right side). I am of the opinion that
the psoas muscles were not affected, but rather the gluteals and
the triceps abductor femoris. As Dr. Maxwell states, I used
stimulating liniments along the line of the abductor femoris and
gluteal muscles and afterwards sweat blisters. The horse, al-
though not entirely well yet, keeps improving all the time.
The owner is working him at light work. In case No. 2 by
Dr. Maxwell, I think by following this course of treatment it
will recover.

METROTOMY IN THE SOW.
By Dr. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville, Pa.

Saturday, Aug. 22, 1903, I was called to see a Poland China
sow, owned by a Mr. Snyder, near Wernersville. I recollect
the owner informing me that the sow was primiparous, and had
in the morning given birth to seven healthy young. The sow,
in his estimation, was doing apparently well. He went about
his business, only to notice at noon something protruding per
vagina. At that time, however, only about 3 cm. in length,
according to his statement ; but that she seemed in great pain,
and was straining violently. Upon inspection I observed a
complete eversion of the fundus and left cornua of uterus, while
the right cornua was only partially everted. The parts had
been dragged about the ground floor, thus permitting the organ
to become covered with filth, obtaining a number of small per-
forations by brushing over obstacles in walking, and besides
were highly discolored and swollen, due to the length of expos-
ure to air, and to the circulation being already impeded.

I had the animal restrained, bathed the organ with a 5% solu-
tion of zenoleum, sutured the small perforations, and had some
lard on hand as a lubricant, preparatory to reduction. The
slightest attempt at reduction being repulsed by violent par-
oxysms of straining, the owner was instructed upon the hope^
less task of restoring the parts to their natural position, and the
operation of excision was recommended, as a last resort, after ex-
plaining the gravity of the case, and the mortality of the opera-
tion itself. I now^ applied a ligature and removed the organ

REPORTS OF CASES. 605

with a scalpel close to the vagina, bathed the stump with a so-
lution of zenoleum, and reduced it. The animal apparently
rested well for the time being, but died a few hours later.

I would be pleased to have other veterinarians relate their
experience with this operation in the various animals through
our worthy journal, the Review.

By John J. Repp, V. M. D., Ames, la.

June 9, 1900, a yearling pure-bred shorthorn bull was brought
to my clinic at the veterinary hospital, Iowa State College, to
be treated for a new growth upon the penis. The owner had
only recently bought the bull and had not discovered the tumor
until a few days previous to bringing him to the clinic, when
he noticed that the bull's penis bled when he served a cow.
Upon searching for the cause of the haemorrhage he found the
tumor.

Upon examination I found a flat, circular, rather vascular
tumor of irregular contour, about one-half inch thick and one and
one-half inches in diameter, at the tip of the penis, forming a
sort of cap over the extremity, and attached by a narrow neck a
little above the meatus urinarius. The bull was cast and tied
well and the tumor carefully dissected off, the surface of incision
being made well back into the healthy tissues with a view to
providing against recurrence. The animal was taken home
immediately after the operation.

Upon microscopic examination I found the tumor to be a
soft fibroma.

On March 27, 1901, the owner of the bull wrote me in reply
to my inquiry that at that date there was only a small red spot
to mark the place where the tumor had been.

I may add that I have had three other cases presenting clin-
ical manifestations closely resembling those presented in this
case, but have not made a microscopic examination of the tumor
in any case but the one above recorded.

LACTATION IN MALE LAMBS.

By G. W. Butler, V. S., Inspector B. A. I., Kau Claire, Wis.

Eight large, very fat, male lambs, averaging no lbs. each,

probably five to six months old, killed at the abattoir at which

I am inspector, had milk-secreting udders. In some the glands

at the base of the teats consisted in a circumscribed well-round-

606 REPORTS OF CASES.

ed body about two inches in diameter, the teats being large and
well developed. The teats and udder were well filled with
milk of a natural color and consistency. In others the teats
were smaller, with the udders less developed, but in all there
was a marked condition of lactation. These lambs all came
from the same farm, were of the Shropshire breed and had been
well fed with grain in addition to nursing their mothers. I do
not know the exact age at which they were castrated. This
peculiarity in the male may not be so rare, but to me it is quite
interesting, as I had never before seen or heard of such a num-
ber of animals together showing a like condition.

Abscess Supervening After Puncture of the C-^cum.
— Puncture of the caecum is not always harmless. It has to be
done in a hurry, and possibly rigid antisepsis is not always ob-
served. The apparatus is not always perfect, and the trocar and
canula do not always fit perfectly ; furthermore, portions of in-
gesta adhering to the instrument may contaminate the deep
parts of the wound. It may happen that from four to six days
after the operation a swelling will appear in the hollow of the
flank, which is a certain indication of the formation of an ab-
scess. The skin appears to have healed, but in a few days'
time an escape of pus will take place. If neglected, this little
accident may give rise to considerable trouble, especially puru-
lent necrosis of the aponeurosis of the small oblique muscle,
which is most difficult to treat. The abscess should therefore
be at once evacuated. The course taken by the trocar should
be ascertained with a grooved director, the groove turned down-
wards; usually it will pass in by itself an inch or one and a
half inches into the abscess. The fistula is divided to the bot-
tom with the bistoury, at first downwards, and, turning the di-
rector to act as a guide to the bistoury, upwards, and right and
left, so that a crucial incision is made, uniting over the point of
the puncture, each branch being about an inch long. The
flaps then can be lifted up and the abscess emptied and dressed,
and soon heals up. M. Drouin has operated on a considerable
number of cases by this method with success, a cure usually
taking place in a few days. — (M. Drouin, in Revue Generale de
Medecine Vetkrinaire^ March i, 1903.)

The " Bulletin of the North Carolina State Board of Agri-
culture " for May of the current year is devoted to "The Cattle
Tick and Its Relation to the Cattle Industry of North Caro-
lina," and is the work of the State Veterinarian, Dr. Tait Butler.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 607

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

FRENCH REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Position as a Means of Treatment in Diseases of
Large Ruminants [/. Ginttard']. — This question has already
been discussed by the author in his book on diseases of the di-
gestive apparatus of the ruminants, and it is to bring out its
importance that the following is published: A steer has been
ailing for three weeks, and remains in an unsatisfactory condi-
tion. His bowels are normal, appetite fair, but no rumination.
He is weak, dislikes to move. The pulse is very slow, although
regular — 24 beats to the minute. The animal seems failing
gradually without any cause. He was bitten by a mad dog sev-
eral months before, but he never showed signs of rabies. The
owner reports, however, that when either standing or lying
down his steer exhibited a peculiar noise of liquid gurgling, as
if a certain quantity of water was pushed up his throat, and then
it would go down again. On this information it was supposed
that the cause of this was due to accumulation of liquids in the
reticulum pushed back towards the throat by the antiperistaltic
contractions of rumination. It was then observed that the ani-
mal while lying down was resting on a place excessively inclin-
ed down from backwards forward, by an accumulation of ma-
nure which had been left on the floor and by the bedding that
the animal had scraped back in pawing. Would not this con-
dition give rise to the gastro-intestinal trouble ? The manure
was removed at once and a few hours after rumination resumed
its normal regularity, and recovery followed. — [Pr ogres Vet.^
April 12^ ipoj.)

GuTTUROMYCOSis IN HoRSES [/. TV. Rzes] . — A horse sick
for ten days has an abundant discharge from both nostrils, mixed
with food. There is great thirst ; the prehension of water is
loud, with a gurgling noise, with liquid returning by the nos-
trils and with " an ascending column alternating with a de-
scending one " in the oesophagus. Immediately after, the
oesophagus becomes hard and feels like a fibrous cord. After a
few minutes of attempts, " the animal stops drinking, extends
the head, the lips and cheeks contract, the skin of those regions
is contracted in concentric folds ; that of the pretrachelian re-

608 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

gion is longitudinal ; the oesophagus dilates from below up-
wards ; a nausea takes place and is followed by the rejection
through the mouth and nose of liquid food and softened ali-
mentary masses." After a few minutes rest the animal tries
again to drink, when the same manifestations return. Mastica-
tion is slow and difficult. Green food is about to be swal-
lowed, when suddenly violent nausea appears, with contrac-
tion as above and the alimentary bolus is thrown back. The
throat is not sensitive ; the tongue is very painful and the ani-
mal rebels against its being examined. The symptoms rapidly
grow worse, and the animal, showing symptoms of septic pneu-
monia, is destroyed. Besides the lesions of this disease, the
author at the post-mortem found : On the median wall of the
left guttural pouch, the mucous membrane was thickened and
covered with a hard covering, white yellowish, involving in its
thickness the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, the pharyngeal branch
of the pneumogastric, the hypoglossus and part of the superior
cervical ganglion. The mucous membrane is covered with a
thin pellicle, slightly adherent, and upon which grows a pure
culture of Aspergillus fumigatus. The microscopic examina-
tion shows that the fibres of the nerves above named are degen-
erated and invaded by a connective proliferation with abundant
radiated mycelian tuffs. — [^Rec. de Med. Vet.^ April^ ^9^3-)

Sarcoma of the Heart and Digestive Apparatus in a
Steer [Mr. Dubois']. — The history of this animal is that he
has been suffering with obstinate constipation for several weeks,
which remains rebellious to the other modes of treatment. Ad-
mitted to the hospital of the Toulouse Veterinary School, the
steer is in bad condition ; has no appetite ; temperature 39^5 ;
pulse hard, 90 per minute ; respiration accelerated. The rumen
is filled with a hard alimentary mass. There is some tympan-
ites. Faeces hard, with foetid odor and coated with brownish
and bloody mucosities. Examination of the chest, lungs and
heart, reveals nothing. A diagnosis is made of gastric indiges-
tion complicated with enteritis, with a prognosis specially
serious, as the animal refuses all food and has taken none for
eighteen days. To relieve the constipation, pilocarpine is given
once, 20 centigrammes, and two days later 30. No result. Intra-
venous injections of chloride of barium is resorted to. 50 centi-
grammes are thrown in the jugular — no result. The next day
50 centigrammes more followed by 50 more half an hour later.
No immediate results ; but the following days a true intestinal
debordement took place and diarrhoea set in, which soon became

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 609

exhausting. His condition became worse and gradually the
animal passed away. At the post-mortem, on opening the ab-
dominal cavity, an enormous tumor, flattened in shape, rested
on the rumen, many-leaves and abomasum. It measured 50
centimetres in length, 15 in width and between 7 and 8 in
thickness. Firm in consistency in most of its extent, it was in
some parts less hard and fluctuating. Its pressing against all
the gastric sacs explains all the digestive troubles. Besides
this large growth, there were many small ones spread over the
walls of the rumen and reticulum. On examination of the
thorax lesions of pericarditis and myocarditis were observed.
Small cancerous nodules were found in the thickness of the
pericardium. Between the four orifices of the base of the ven-
tricular mass, there was a tumor as big as a large Qgg^ filling the
interauricular septum, which then measured between four and
five centimetres thick. The generalization of the tumor to sev-
eral organs indicates sufficiently its malignity. The histologi-
cal examination showed that it was formed by an encephaloid
sarcoma with small round cells. — {^Revue Veterinaire^ May /,

Treatment of Colics by Physical Agents (/. Sobelsohn).
— The author thinks that, in the treatment of colics, the use of
drugs can often be replaced with advantage by physical means,
specially by hydrotherapy and mechanotherapy ; he has ob-
tained good results with them in many cases. Hydrotherapy
promotes two essential conditions in colics : stimulates peristal-
sis and relieves pain. Besides, it softens and dilutes the intes-
tinal contents, isolates it from the coats of the organ and carries
towards the anus all soft faeces. It is used in horses under the
shape of cold or warm enemas or enteroclysms, of cold or warm
applications, by developing compresses and of affusions on the
abdomen. In relation to the enemas and the enteroclysms,
their action varies according to the quantity and temperature of
the injected water, the pressure exercised by the water and the
frequency of their administration. It is not necessary to inject
at once large quantities of liquid ; it is better to administer it
little by little, as repeated enteroclysms reach and soak by de-
grees the excrements situated further and further from the anus.
Theoretically, cold water would be best, as it stimulates the con-
traction of the intestinal walls in a state of paresia ; but these
contractions bring on the quick evacuation of the water, whose
action is then only short and incomplete. The use of cold water
is contra-indicated in spasmodic colics. Water heated at 30° or

GLO EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

40", quiets the normal state of irritation, acts on account of its
being kept longer and reduces the tenesmus. The stronger the
pressure of the water, the quicker and deeper will it penetrate,
and reach the regions further. One must take into considera-
tion the resistance due to the abdominal pressure and the ex-
tensibility of the intestine. The seat and nature of the intes-
tinal obstruction must also be considered in the number of
enemas and the time between them. Soap, salts, purgatives and
mucilaginous drugs can be added to the water ; but their im-
portance is only accessory. Moist wrapping has a reflex action
on peristalsis and acts as a sedative of the sensitive nerves. Its
use must be limited to rheumatismal colics. Affusions have
also only a powerful reflex action upon the circulatory system
by the sudden cooling of the cutaneous surface ; hence reaction
on peristalsis. The author admits also that fear, resented by
the animal, acts on the intestinal motions, which become more
energetic. Mechanotherapy acts on the surface of the body, in
the rectum or in the vagina. External massage of the abdomen
accelerates the circulation ; it may also have a purely mechanic
effect in softening and displacing the intestinal contents. By
rectal and vaginal exploration, the intestine can be massed, its
retroversion can be performed if necessary, invagination or
strangulation be reduced. While massing, the hand feels for the
part of the intestine which is obstructed ; its contents can be
crushed, squeezed and displaced. When this result is obtained,
the regular circulation and its peristaltic contractions return in
the part of the intestines which has been made free ; the organ
is no longer under the influence of the irritation produced by
the pressure of the faeces ; while these are more readily softened
by the water which is injected afterwards, and are more easily
expelled. Manual treatment by rectum alone permits of a rem-
edy to intestinal displacements. Physical modes of treatment
cannot have any injurious effect, as they do not interfere in any
way with cardiac and pulmonary functions. — (Thesis of Bern^
Rev, yeL)

Foreign Body in the CEsophagus of a Cow — Lacera-
tion OF THE Organ— Death [P. Bergeon\ . — Of course, many
are the cases when the probang is the only means to dislodge a
foreign body, and rare are the instances when the probang is at
hand, and artificial instruments must be resorted to to take its
place. Among these the handle of a whip is often called to fill
the part ; specially is it the case when it is an empiric who has
charge of the choking animal. But how dangerous it may be.

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 611

is illustrated by the following. A cow has swallowed a beet
and is choking. The author is called, but is unable to reach
the sick animal until late, just as the cow has died. What had
taken place? An empiric had been in attendance. Of course,
he could cure the beast ; the case is of no importance. He
takes the handle of a whip, ties a little ball of rags at one end,
with a string long enough to be attached to the other end, and
he proceeds to dislodge the beet. Through a too strong push
or by a sudden jerk of the animal, the handle breaks in two,
and fortunately the string allows the pulling out of the two
pieces. A few moments after the cow groans painfully, her
tongue hangs out of the mouth, an enormous swelling forms on
the neck, extends rapidly, and from the chest reaches the jaw^s.
The cow dies. At the post-mortem, besides the inflated condi-
tion of the neck, a bloody extravasation at its base on the left
side, the oesophagus is found at its entrance into the chest with
a laceration measuring between 12 and 15 centimetres. The
laceration had evidently been done by the broken piece of the
improvised probang. The beet, cause of the trouble, was found
in the upper part of the oesophagus near the pharynx. — {^Journ.
de Zobtechriie^ Aprils 1903^

Fibroma OF the Thyroid Gland [4/. Mosse\. — The left
thyroid gland of this horse has been enlarged for some time, but
for a few months has enlarged so much that it interferes with
respiration. The animal is in pain, he has lost flesh, and the
owner wants him operated upon. The tumor is as big as the
two fists of a man ; it is ovoid, freely movable under the skin
except from one side to the other ; it is not painful, not warm,
but very hard. At first it was supposed that the operation could
be performed with the animal standing, but after the skin was
divided and the muscle underneath attacked, the animal fought
and he had to be thrown. The muscles were then incised, the
tumor taken hold of with hooks, drawn out, and with the fingers
made loose as far as its peduncle formed of the bloodvessels.
The ecraseur was applied and the tumor amputated, ten minutes
being required to complete the operation. Then suddenly a
terrible haemorrhage started. It was made up of arterial and
venous blood. Ligature could not be applied as the peduncle
was too short. The cavity was then packed- with hydrophite
wadding and the neck surrounded with tight towels. Blood
kept on flowing for awhile and then gradually stopped. The
animal was allowed to get up and placed in a stall, secured in a
way to prevent his rubbing. The dressing was left on for two

612 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

days and then carefully removed. No haemorrhage returned.
The parts were then properly dressed with cresyl, sublimated
solution and iodoform. The wound gradually filled up with
granulations and in nearly two weeks was completely closed. —
{Bullet. So. Scien. Vet. de Lyon^ March^ ^poj.) [Moral : — Never
attempt such operation standing, and do not amputate with
ecraseur. — Editor.]

BOTRYOMYCOSIS OF THE SkIN IN A CoW \M. Bollet']. —

This animal had on the right side of the neck three tumors, re-
sembling granulations, which were irritated by friction. One
was as big as an ordinary nut. Considered as ordinary warts,
they were excised and the wounds cauterized with the red iron.
Three months later the tumors had returned and were as large
as before the operation. As the animal kept in condition, she
was left without treatment. But several months after, the
author was called, being told that similar lesions had appeared
on the nose, round the eyelids, the anus, the vulva. These
were treated without result and in a few days the whole body
seemed to be covered with spherical tumors, about the size of
an ordinary pea. The cow was clipped and different treatments
applied on various parts of the body ; but no result obtained.
On the contrary, the tumors multiplied to such an extent that
it would not have been possible to place the head of a pin be-
tween two tumors. And still the cow showed no functional
disturbance. As theie was no chance of recovery she was
killed. At post-mortem it was found that the tumors projected
inside of the skin and that lesions of similar nature existed in
the muscles of the regions where the skin was adherent to
them. There were some also in the- connective tissue of the
costal and abdominal regions. The lymphatic glands were in-
durated. The diagnosis was made, with microscopic examina-
tion,— {Soc. des Scienc. Veter. de Lyon^ March^ ^QOJ.)

ITALIAN REVIEW.

By Prof. A. Liautard, M. D., V. M.

Sarcoma of the Posterior Vena Cava in a Bitch
\^Dr. Tita (9</<9//^] .-— This interesting case is recorded as an ad-
dition to the mechanism of the generalization of tumors — a
subject of general pathology upon which light is yet wanted.
The animal in question is a bitch, rather old, which has never

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 613

had any serious illness; has carried pups five times. Four
years ago she had several small tumors of the mammae, which
increased both in number and in size, and were removed two
years later. The bitch recovered completely, but two years
later, in 1901, she grew sick again, and finally had dyspnoea,
fluid in her abdomen, her hind legs swollen, the heart weak, the
temperature 37°.2 C. With the history of the case and the con-
dition of the dog cancerous or sarcomatous disease was suspected,
but on account of the tense condition of the abdomen the diag-
nosis could not be made by palpation, and the owner would not
allow an exploration with the needle. No treatment was pre-
scribed, and after two days the animal died. At the autopsy the
lungs were found emphysematous, the heart hypertrophied, the
abdominal cavity filled with fluid, the intestines, spleen, liver,
and kidneys healthy, with the mesenteric glands enlarged. In
removing the intestines, back of the liver, a swelling as big as a
pigeon's egg was found, formed by an abnormal dilatation of
the posterior vena cava. It consisted of a hard, movable little
body attached inside of the bloodvessel, ovoid in shape, which,
examined microscopically, proved to be sarcomatous in nature
(sarcoma-mag7ii-globO'Cellulare). The author concluded by say-
ing that in this case, the primitively developed sarcomas of the
mammae gave origin to the secondary development in the vena
cava. — {Archiv. Scientif. delta R. S, and Acad, Veterin, liali-
ana^ Aprils iQOj.)

Two Cases of Actinomycosis of the Tongue Cured
WITH Scarifications [Dr. G. Battetta']. — In these two ani-
mals the treatment by iodide of potassium having failed, the
author resorted simply to repeated scarifications. In the first
cow the toneue was extensivelv diseased and characteristic of
the " wooden tongue." During ten days the organs had been
painted with tincture of iodine and intraparenchymatous injec-
tions of this same substance had been done, but without im-
provement. On the suggestion of Prof. R. Bossi, the author
made deep scarifications in the length of the organ, which were
repeated twice at the interval of a few days. After twenty days,
the improvement was such that the animal was able to take her
food without difficulty. In the second case the disease was not
extensive ; it seems as if the trouble was some neoplasm, as it
formed only a kind of tumor, indurated swelling, the size of a
hen's egg. An explorating puncture and examination with the
microscope revealed its actinomycotic nature. The animal was
treated for twelve days with iodide of potassium internally, ten

614 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

grammes a day. The only result was a slight reduction in the
swelling. After a few days, supposing that the action of the
iodide had passed away, scarifications were resorted to, and some
twenty days after, although there remained a little elevation at
the seat of the tumor, the tongue had resumed a complete motil-
ity and all escape of saliva from the mouth had subsided. — (//
Moderno Zobiatro^ Ju7te ^5, 190J.)

Cancerous Tumor at the Base of One Horn in a
Steer {Dr. Gualducci Domenicd). — The animal had been suf-
fering on several occasions with loss of rumination and appetite.
When the author called once more to attend to him for one of
his attacks, he noticed that it carried its head low and turned to
the left. It had also a comatous aspect. On passing his hand
over the left horn he found it warm and detected at its base a
marked swelling. Not suspecting any relation of this condition
with the digestive troubles, he merely ordered an expectant
treatment. After about twenty days, the animal having grown
somewhat worse, was again visited. Then the swelling of the
horn had manifestly grown larger, and the horn had a tendency
to deviate in its direction. The removal of the swelling and of
the horn was decided upon and the operation performed easily ;
but instead of finding the cavities of the frontal sinus extend-
ing into the bony support of the horn, there was a large tumor
extending into the entire upper part of that bone and having its
roots in its infractuosities. Irregularly round and bosselated the
entire growth was removed and the microscopic examination
justified the diagnosis of cancerous growth. The tumor returned
after a time in much larger dimensions, and the animal was de-
stroyed. At the post-mortem no other lesion was found. —
{Clinica Veterin.^ June 20^ 190J.)

Intestinal Strangui^ation in a Sow After Spaying
[Z)r. Gualducci Dome7iic6\. — Castrated by an empiric, about
two months previously, this animal was submitted to the fatten-
ing regime and appeared in a perfect condition of nutrition,
when suddenly she had violent colic, high fever, loss of appe-
tite and constipation. Taking her condition, regime and his-
tory into consideration, a diagnosis of intestinal occlusion was
made and treatment with ultimate directions for her diet, were
given ; but as the animal did not seem to improve, and as she
was losing flesh, she was slaughtered. The following were
found at the post-mortem : Abundant serum collection in the
abdominal cavity ; small and large intestines congested ; gan-
grene of a small portion of the small colon strangulated by a

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 615

fleshy band running from the left side of the sublumbar region
and surrounding the intestine, attached to the left flank upon
the hard and fibrous cicatricial tissue existing at the point where
the incision had been made to perform the operation of spay-
ing. This fleshy band was formed by a portion of the right
uterine horn, which terminated at the right sublumbar region.
It is evident that this lesion resulted from the manipulations of
the operation, by improper traction made upon the right horn
after the removal of the organs of the left side. — {Clinica Veter.^
lune 20^ 1903.)

Contribution to the Therapy of Purulent Trau-
matic Arthritis of the Temporo-Maxillary Joint \^Dr.
Pietro Ghisteni\. — After general remarks upon purulent trau-
matic arthritis in general, its prognosis, treatment, etc., the
author relates a case of great interest in a mule, which, after re-
ceiving a blow about a month before, over the left temporo-
maxillary joint, presented some difficulty in the prehension of
his food, in mastication, and finally had a swelling over the re-
gion as big as a large nut. This had kept growing, was as big
as an orange, ulcerated and discharged an abundant quantity of
pus. When visited, the condition was about the same ; the
masseterine region was invaded, the parts very painful, and the
animal rebellious to any manipulation. There was a long fis-
tulous tract running down the joint. The mule had to be cast
to be operated upon. With a long incision running down to
the joint, the removal of all indurated and necrotic tissue was
done with the scalpel. The joint exposed, it was easy to find
the ulcerated opening of the capsular ligament through which
the external diseased half of the condyle of the maxillary bone
was exposed. With the knife of Volkmann the diseased carti-
lage was removed and also all the ulcerated edges of the bone
until healthy tissue was reached. The haemorrhage was ar-
rested, and after placing a tent of gauze in the wound, acting as
a drain tube, it was dressed antiseptically and closed. The
after-treatment consisted in irrigations with solutions of sub-
limate made twice a day and changing the gauze covered with
crystals of resorcine. Operated upon January 8th, on the 19th
the cavity was almost entirely closed and on the 27th recovery
was complete, leaving no stiffness in the joint and only a slight
cicatrix scarcely apparent. — (^Clinica Veter.^July 4, J90J.)

Laceration of the Suspensory Ligament in a Steer
[Z^r. C. Volpe]. — Comparatively common in solipeds, this is an
accident not frequently seen in ruminants, animals which, gen-

616 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

erally quiet, are not exposed to those injuries by the nature of
the work asked of them. This animal was young, three years
old ; he had always been at liberty, almost wild, and was very
robust. To break him, a quiet older companion was given
to him, but after being yoked and called upon to move he
became restless. The man who drove him struck him. The
animal made several jumps, struggled, and when he stopped
was found with the left hind fetlock considerably extended,
dropping, and when the foot rested on the ground the points of
both claws were raised upwards from the ground. The animal
had to be throvvn to be examined. The flexor tendons were
found to be in perfect condition, but the suspensory ligament
showed a solution of continuity towards its lower quarter, leav-
ing a space of five or six centimetres between the two stumps.
On account of the value of the animal, an attempt at treatment
was made by the application of a permanent dressing, but the
violent nature of the animal, notwithstanding all the precau-
tions taken, prevented the realization of a perfect recovery.
After a month the owner removed the dressing, and as no im-
provement was apparent the animal was killed. At the post-
mortem the tendons of the flexor muscles were found consider-
ably elongated ; the ends of the suspensory ligament were
united by a dense, firm, white material, which justified the per-
spective of a complete recovery. It is certain that this would
have taken place if the animal could have been kept quieter and
the owner had had more patience. — [Cltnica Veter.^ July i8^
J903')

DUTCH REVIEW.

By L, Van Es, Chief State Veterinarian, Fargo, N. D.

Loss OF THE Tongue in a Dog. — A one-year-old terrier
was admitted to the clinic of the Utrecht Veterinary School on
Jan. 20. The patient slobbered from the mouth from some un-
known cause, but was able to take food and drink. Examina-
tion revealed a glossitis, the tongue was dark red, little or no
swelling, somewhat coated, and the left edge was torn, being
attached like a fringe, the removal of which caused neither pain
nor haemorrhage. The tongue could be moved in the usual man-
ner. The general condition of the patient was good. For re-
lief a 2 J^% solution of alum was applied to the tongue, with

EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 617

apparent good results, as on the zzd the organ had greatly im-
proved in appearance. On the 24th, however, the tongue was
blue in color, cold, but without swelling. The mouth and
especially the base of the tongue was again carefully examined.
Without the use of any restraint or resistance on the part of the
dog, the tongue suddenly dropped out. No haemorrhage oc-
curred, while the patient did not seem to be suffering from pain.
By digital examination it was found that the organ was torn off
closely along the hyoid bone, the removal being complete. No
cause could be found. The dog showed appetite immediately
after the catastrophe, and proved to be able to eat chopped meat
and bread soaked in miik. He ate slower than usual and with
the head tilted sideways. The animal could not drink unless
fluid was given as a drench. On the 26th the dog could eat
dry bread, but slobbered, and had to be drenched, owing to his
inability to drink. In course of time, however, the escape of
saliva ceased and the dog gradually learned how to drink, mak-
ing a fair recovery.

Stricture of the CEsophagus in a Colt Caused by
Gastrophilus Hemorrhoidals. — A half-year-old filly was
brought to the clinic because it had a difficulty in swallowing,
which had caused her to become gradually weaker. The patient
was too small for its age, very poor and weak. The mucosae were
pale and the pulse was small and weak. Food was eagerly
taken and properly masticated, but on swallowing most of it
was regurgitated by the nose. There was no swelling or ten-
derness about the throat. For examination the animal was
cast in a dark stall and a strong light was thrown into the
mouth and pharynx. Nothing abnormal was found and a
pharyngeal paresis was suspected. The examination seemed to
have proven too much for the already emaciated animal, as it
died 24 hours after admittance. Autopsy revealed a liquid con-
tents of the stomach and small intestines and a solid one in the
colon. Some larvae of gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis were pres-
ent in the stomach. A localized foreign body pneumonia was
observed. Tn the mouth, pharynx and larynx nothing abnormal
was found. The oesophagus contained a cylindrical bolus of
food, which had dilated the lumen to about 5 cm. This dila-
tation reached over a distance of 20 cm. below the pharynx.
Here a stricture was found which occluded the lumen almost
completely, so that no solid food could pass. The stricture was
I cm. in length and seemed to have been caused by a larva of
gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis, which had penetrated to the outer

618 EXTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.

coat. The larva was 5 m.m. long and 3 m.m thick ; close by
another larva was found, which, however, had not caused any
disturbance. — {Prof. W. C. Schimmel and K. Over^ in the Tijd-
schrift voor Veeartsenij kunde.)

The New Hampshire State Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners has issued an order that hereafter the examiners of
cattle '' must be regularly educated veterinary surgeons."

Enforcement of New Jersey's Veterinary Law. —
Hon. Francis J. Swayze, Justice of the Supreme Court, deliver-
ed the following charge to the Grand Jury of Hunterdon County
at the September term : " My attention has been called to only
one matter upon which it seems necessary that I should say a
word to you. The legislature of the State of New Jersey, in the
year 1902, passed ' An Act to regulate the practice of Veterinary
Medicine,' and by that act provided that ' any person using any
title or degree appertaining to the veterinary profession, or prac-
ticing veterinary medicine, surgery or dentistry in any of their
branches in this State, after the first Monday in May, 1902,
without being licensed and registered in conformity with the
provisions of this act, or otherwise violating any of its pro-
visions, shall be guilty of misdemeanor.' I am told that a case
of that kind has arisen in this county. If the evidence justifies
you in finding that such violation of the act of 1902 has taken
place in the county of Hunterdon, if you find that veterinary
medicine has been practiced without the license required by
that act, or if you find that any other provision of the act has
been violated, it will be your duty to find an indictment for
that violation of that statute. I speak of this particularly be-
cause it is suggested that many gentlemen may think that the
legislature was wrong in passing such an act. With that ques-
tion you and I have nothing to do. We are here to enforce the
law as the legislature has made it, and we would be derelict in
our duty if we failed to enforce any act passed by the legislature
of this State." The case referred to by Judge Swayze is that
of " Dr." George Locke, the man whom President Lowe recently
had arrested at Flemington, Hunterdon County, and held for
the September term of the Grand Jury for practicing veter-
inary medicine in that county without a license as required by
the law of 1902. As we go to press we learn that Locke has
been indicted by the Grand Jury and placed under another bond,
and that the Court reconvened Sept. 28th for the trial of the
indictments found by the late Grand Jury of Hunterdon County.

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 619

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT,

This Review department was opened in the March num-
ber, and its object was there explained — the betterment of the
Army Veterinary Service, through affording a forum for the
discussion of subjects in which army veterinarians are deeply
interested, and which are at the same time of interest and value
to veterinary readers generally. The profession, and particu-
larly army veterinarians, are invited to contribute communica-
tions, original articles, items of news, etc.

r

SOME MORE THOUGHTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON ARMY VETER-
INARY I.EGISLATION.

As will be seen elsewhere in the " Army Veterinary Depart-
ment," both the army dental surgeons and the army chaplains
are endeavoring to secure additional legislation in their respect-
ive branches at the coming session of Congress. This ought to
be another incentive for us not to remain silent, from a possible
failure to agree among ourselves, as such silence may be inter-
preted as a tacit conciliation with our present position and or-
ganization.

The receipt of several private letters from army veterinari-
ans has forcibly reminded me of the fact, that we have now a
larger number of young men in the service than ever before,
and it seems to be clear that some of them have not, as yet, re-
covered from the first unpleasant impressions received in the
military service. They present a list of complaints that are well
understood by the older men, but they all seem to come to the
conclusion that the panacea for all our ills is "rank." No
doubt, rank would quickly heal many of the wounds inflicted
upon the young army veterinarian, but it would not and could
not bring relief to the extent apparently believed. I think that
most of the veterinarians recently appointed do not sufficiently
understand our position, both officially and socially, although
they are now quite well defined. It would, therefore, be well
for them to study the decisions and orders of the War Depart-
ment as regards the status of the veterinarian, as given during
the last three years, and they will find much to console them
with our present position. On the other hand, they aspire to
hopes and present suggestions that are altogether too far ahead
of the actual conditions in our Army, partly because they do not

620 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

know or do not sufficiently appreciate our previous position in
the Army, from which we have just emerged. But with this
we must count, because its shadow has not yet vanished in the
minds of many officers and men. Those of us who have advo-
cated reorganization of the Army Veterinary Service for the
past fifteen years or more, and those others who have lived
through long years of perpetual struggles of veterinary legisla-
tion, with the diminutive result actually gained up to date, can-
not possibly be optimistic as to the outlook for the near future.
It takes years of experience in the Army to understand its spirit,
traditions and conservatism, all of which is dominant in pre-
venting our immediate success to right ourselves in our position
in leaps and bounds. That our progress will be slow, that we
have just begun our real struggles, and that we can only suc-
ceed by slow stages will be found to be true in years to come,
when we can look backwards. To point for fair proof of this,
let us look at the history of the army veterinary departments
of the European armies with a hundred years of trials and fail-
ures, and with a gradual evolution as slow as it was won hard.
That we shall fare better in the U. S. Army, the young enthusi-
ast may hope, but the man of experience must doubt. This
does not imply that we shall despair of effort, or rest where we
stand, but we shall have to win by inches as in the military tug-
of-war.

Looking about us trying to perceive where we really stand
to-day in the Army, and taking the several decisions of the Sec-
retary of War and of the Comptroller of the Treasury as a text,
we cannot but admit that progress has been made at least in
our personal standing. All of the older army veterinarians
gladly acknowledge what the War Department has done for us,
but the younger men cannot see things in that light, and grum-
ble, although they have much less cause for it than had those
who entered the Army years ago. Possibly most of the young
men have not yet succeeded in finding their proper balance in
the Army, or of establishing for themselves that position of
confidence at their headquarters which comes with years of ac-
quaintance with army ofiicers, and with the adaptation of vet-
erinary science and practice to the intricacies of the military
service. Some of them may yet be over-sensitive in the often
perplexing and vexatious relation with officers ; others — and I
fear a majority — overestimate our importance in the great eco-
nomic organization of an army, where naturally the profes-
sional military officer comes first and everybody else next in

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 621

their various capacities. But many of the disagreeable features
of army life and discipline fade away as one gets hardened to
the service, and as they fade away they have helped to
strengthen one's character, and to make one depend upon his
own resources and merits and not on — rank. The chap that
boasts upon his "rank " is pitifully small in proportion as his
mental emptiness is great, whereas the man of good breeding
and education, reared in a refined home and armored with a schol-
arly mind, will be readily acknowledged as a professional gen-
tleman in all that the word implies, even if he is a veterinarian
without rank.

Asking pardon for this introductory discourse to our young
army colleagues, for which I have had ample cause, I shall
come to business. The proposition before us remains the fu-
ture organization of the veterinary service, as suggested by my-
self in the current issue of June, and by Drs. Power and Griffin
in the issue of August. That we have to cut down again our
organization-table, seems eminent. Recent private information
is to the effect that there is little hope of passing any bills for
personal advancement of any branches of the service during the
coming session of Congress, but that there can be no objection
of forwarding them for consideration by the War Department.
It is also positively asserted that there is no intention to change
our present position to that of a commission of a second lieu-
tenant, but that it will be retained as at present as a prelimi-
nary position, but that, in time, the promotion to a first lieuten-
ancy may possibly be evolved after certain length of service and
due examination. The positions of chief veterinarians are not
mentioned as either contemplated or not contemplated.

I wish to state that this information is not from the War
Department, but from a Congressman, who was on the Mil-
itary Committee when our corps-bill was before the House; who
has always been friendly to the veterinary cause, both in his
State as a senator and later in Congress, and who knows where
and how to get correct information. It is worth to me person-
ally much as indicating what we may expect in the way of leg-
islation and how soon we may expect it, but naturally it may
not be so considered by others. That a future Secretary of
War, or the reorganized General Staff, may entertain a different
idea is possible, but not very probable, and we cannot deal in
futurities.

On the actual basis of conditions as they present themselves
to-day, our petition could go no further — without the risk of

622 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

being killed — than to ask for the promotion to the rank, pay
and allowances of a first lieutenant, mounted, after five years of
service, and due examination, and that from among those so
passed the Secretary of War, or the General Staff (as Dr. Power
suggested) shall select three first lieutenants and veterinarians
to act as chief veterinarians, one for the Cavalry, one for the
Artillery and one for the Quartermaster Department ; that the
assistant-veterinarians (the present veterinarians) if they do not
attain promotion, he gives the privilege to retire on age or dis-
ability, and that they be allowed the io% increase of pay for
foreign service ; that all contract veterinarians shall be gradu-
ates of reputable veterinary colleges or universities, and that the
"farriers and horseshoers " who have passed the examination at
the School for Farriers and Horseshoers at Fort Riley, Kansas,
be promoted to "farrier-sergeants " on their return to their re-
spective organizations.

Taking all the issues that confront us in the Army into calm
consideration, I cannot think of any more just, reasonable or
modest proposition than the above. It does not contain a
shadow of a corps-bill ; it presents an organization as small and
modest as is at all compatible with the intelligent performance
of professional services under our own expert supervision, it
asks for no additional positions, but merely for a promotion
with an insignificant increase in pay, and for some restrictions
for the employment of contract- veterinarians that are absolutely
necessary to preserve the integrity of the Army Veterinary Ser-
vice.

I, therefore, ask all army colleagues to vote for the proposi-
tion through the pages of the Review, so that we can proceed
to draw up a petition, have it properly signed and forwarded
through proper military channels. Olof Schwarzkopf,

J7'd U. S. Cavalry.

ARMY VETERINARY NOTES.

Proposed Legislation for ArTtiy Dental Surgeons a?td Chap-
lains.— It certainly is of interest to us to know that the " three ex-
amining and supervising dental surgeons " have forwarded a re-
port and petition to the Surgeon General, U. S. A.., setting forth
the unsatisfactory position they occupy, and asking for the ap-
proval of a bill to give them an organization consisting of three
majors, six captains, twenty-one first lieutenants and as many
contract dental surgeons as may be needed, not to exceed thir-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 623

ty. In reflecting upon this proposition without prejudice, we
may acknowledge the fact that the position of the '' contract
dental surgeon " is not a sine cura. He is considered a civilian
contracted by the Surgeon General for two to three years ; he
is moving from post to post practically without a home, with
plenty of work but no fit place to work in, and without prospect
of promotion if he wishes to remain in the Army. Even the
veterinarian, although at the bottom of the list of officer's rank,
outranks him officially. But the contract dental surgeon enters
into the Army with $25 more monthly salary than the veteri-
narian, and he has the allowance of the quarters of a first lieu-
tenant. He occupies the same position as the contract surgeon,
which is willingly accepted by many young physicians prepara-
tory to entering into practice in civil life, or to prepare them-
selves for examination for the regular Army service. That such
a promotion does not exist for the dental surgeons is explained
by the fact that they are novices in our Army, that no other
army as yet has seen the need of a regular dental service, and
that their professional services have never been and cannot now
be considered as of vital importance for an army in peace or war.
This view becomes clear when we study military history,
which demonstrates over and over again that in many wars
whole armies were crippled and rendered helpless for further
action by diseases of army horses, but nowhere do we find a
record that such has ever occurred on account of diseased teeth
of soldiers. Happily for mankind, no contagious diseases of
teeth seem to exist that would kill men by the hundreds or thou-
sands or make them totally unfit for work. This absence of
great danger, alone, renders military dentistry of minor impor-
tance to the medical or veterinary services of an army. An-
other important point well worth considering, in a comparative
light, is that of scientific education. No doubt the dentist is a
fine, highly skilled, even admirable mechanic, but his medical
education is limited by the natural, narrow sphere of its practi-
cal application. He has, for instance, no pathology or bacteri-
ology to speak of, and in point of diversity of medical subjects,
dental science is entirely out of comparison to the deep, com-
plex problems that veterinary science has to meet in its modern
application. It appears to us that our friends, the dental sur-
geons, have hit far above the mark in asking for an organization
as mentioned above. They, like ourselves, have just complaints
which will be understood and heard in time, but it is pretty safe
to assert that they will be led into more modest channels of

624 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

hopes and desires. At least, our own experience during fifteen
years of disappointment in army veterinary legislation makes us
think so. The chaplains of the Army, too, will have a bill before
the coming Congress to allow them the rank, pay and emoluments
of majors after ten years of service. Although the chaplain en-
ters the service in the most favored position of any officer of the
Army, that of captain, and although his position is fairly well
paid, respected, and not greatly responsible or over troublesome,
he, too, feels that after years of service he ought to have a pro-
motion, especially if he is in advanced age, as many of them are.
Their claim is just, and it is understood that it has the approval
of the Secretary of War, and we can only wish them God-speed
in their endeavor for this rather modest advancement. (O. S.)

Dr, Walter Fraser^ 13th Cavalry, writes us from Calamba,
P. I., that he has advised all army veterinarians serving in the
Philippine Islands of the renewed efforts for veterinary legisla-
tion, and he assures us that all are anxious to assist in any way
that may help us to get a " commission."

In the Catalogue of the Ka^tsas City Veterinary College
for 1 903-1 904, just received, we find the creation of a new pro-
fessorship, that of " military veterinary practice," with Dr. Sid-
ney L. Hunter, 6th U. S. Cavalry, as lecturer. The synopsis of
the lectures, as given in the catalogue, is as follows: "Since
the position of the army veterinarian has been placed under a
classified Civil Service, and appointments are made upon merit,
students have taken a larger interest in this particular veteri-
nary field. In order that students may prepare for this special
service a course of twelve lectures is delivered, discussing the
selection of horses for the different divisions of military service,
the proper equipment and care of the horse in the field and at
the post, the duties and official relations of the army veteri-
narian, and other matters related thereto." We congratulate
the Kansas City Veterinary College on this new feature. It is
thoughtful. Dr. Hunter is one of our most capable and trusted
army veterinarians, and he will not only do full justice to his
lectures, but his personality will help to attract the right kind
of students into the army service. (O. S.)

Journal of the U. S. Cavalry Association. — Since the privi-
lege has been accorded to army veterinarians to become mem-
bers of the " U. S. Cavalry Association," every army veteri-
narian is bound in honor to accept this invitation by becoming
a subscriber to the Journal of the U. S. Cavalry Association,
There exists no journal in the United States so replete with in-

ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 625

terest and information for the army veterinarian as this. All
that is necessary is to address Captain L. C. Scherer, 4th Cav-
alry, Secretary U. S. Cavalry Association, Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas, and inclose mail-order for I2.00, upon the receipt of
which \.\\^ Journal will be quarterly mailed to the subscriber.

A Synopsis of the Report of Committee on Army Legisla-
tion of the A. V. M. A. will be found on page 646 of this issue.

New Army Veterinarians. — The following army veterina-
rians were recently appointed and assigned to the various regi-
ments and stations : Andrew E. Donovan, Artillery Corps, Van-
couver Barracks, Wash. ; Walter R. Pick, ist Cavalry, Fort
Clark, Texas ; James C. Reely, 7th Cavalry ; Oscar M. Norton,
Artillery Corps, Fort Leavenworth, Kas. ; Burt English, 2d
Cavalry, Fort Ethan Allen, Vt. ; Robert W. McKibbin, 4th
Cavalry, Fort Riley, Kas. — {Army Journal^ Aug. 22^ 1903^

MASSACHUSETTS NEW VETERINARY LAW.

[Chap. 249.]
an act to provide for establishing a board of registra-
tion in veterinary medicine.
Be it enacted.^ etc., as follows :

Section i. The governor, with the advice and consent of
the council, shall appoint five veterinarians, residents of this
Commonwealth and graduates of a school of veterinary medicine
recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association,
who shall constitute a board of registration in veterinary medi-
cine. Their terms of office shall begin on the first day of Jan-
uary in the year nineteen hundred and four, and they shall hold
office, one for one year, one for two years, one for three years,
one for four years and one for five years, or until their success-
ors are appointed ; and the governor shall appoint annually
thereafter, before the first day of December, beginning with the
year nineteen hundred and four, one veterinarian, qualified as
aforesaid, who shall hold office for five years from the first day
of January next ensuing. Any member of said board may be re-
moved from office for cause by the governor, with the advice
and consent of the council. The members of the board shall
each receive a salary of fifty dollars a year, and their necessary
travelling and contingent expenses actually incurred in attend-
ing meetings of the board. The said salary and expenses shall
be paid out of the treasury of the Commonwealth.

Section 2. The members of said board shall meet on the

626 MASSACHUSETTS NEW VETERINARY LAW.

second Tuesday of January in each year, at such time and place
as they shall determine, and shall immediately proceed to organ-
ize by electing a chairman and a secretary, who shall hold their
respective offices for the term of one year. Said board shall
hold regular meetings on the first Tuesday of March, July and
November of each year, and such additional meetings at such
times and places as they may determine. Said board may make
by-laws and rules not inconsistent with law necessary to carry
out the provisions of this act.

Section 3. Said board shall notify all persons practicing
veterinary medicine in this Commonwealth of the provisions of
this act by publishing the same in one or more newspapers in
this Commonwealth, and every such person who is a graduate
of a recognized school of veterinary medicine, and also every
person who has been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in
this Commonwealth for a period of three years next prior to the
passage of this act, shall, upon the payment of a fee of two dol-
lars, be entitled to registration, and said board shall issue to him
a certificate thereof signed by its chairman and secretary. Reg-
istration under the provisions of this section shall cease on the
first day of September in the year nineteen hundred and four.
All applications for registration under this act shall be made
upon blanks furnished by the board, and shall be signed and
sworn to by the applicant.

Section 4. Any person not entitled to registration as afore-
said who is twenty-one years of age shall, upon the payment of
a fee of five dollars, be entitled to examination, and if found
qualified by the board shall be registered and shall receive a
certificate of registration as provided in section three. Any
person who fails to pass a satisfactory examination and is there-
fore, refused registration may be re-examined at any regular
meeting of the board within two years of the time of such re-
fusal, without additional fee, and thereafter may be examined
at any regular meeting upon the payment of a fee of five dollars
for each examination. The fees received for examination and
registration of applicants before the board shall be paid monthly
by the secretary of the board into the treasury of the Common-
wealth.

Section 5. Examinations shall be held at least twice an-
nually, and shall be exclusively in writing, in English. There
shall be suitable questions to test the requisite knowledge of the
applicants in the following subjects : Anatomy, surgery, physi-
ology, animal parasites, obstetrics, pathology, bacteriology.

MASSACHUSETTS NEW VETERINARY LAW. 627

diagnosis and practice, therapeutics and materia medica.

Section 6. It shall be the duty of said board to keep a
register of all practitioners qualified under this act, which shall
be open to public inspection, and to make an annual report to
the governor.

Section 7. It shall be unlawful after the first day of Sep-
tember in the year nineteen hundred and four for any person to
practice veterinary medicine, or any branch thereof, in this
Commonwealth who does not hold a certificate issued by said
board.

Section 8. Any person not registered as provided by this
act who shall practice veterinary medicine or any branch there-
of in this Commonwealth shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall upon conviction thereof be punished by a fine of not less
than fifty dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding
two months, or by both such fine and imprisonment.

Section 9. The provisions of this act shall not be con-
strued to prohibit advice or service, in a case of emergency,
by a person not entitled to practice veterinary medicine under
this act, and the provisions of section nine of chapter seventy-
six of the Revised Laws relating to the practice of medicine
within the Commonwealth by physicians and surgeons shall, so
far as they may be applicable, apply to the practice of veterinary
medicine or any branch thereof by veterinarians.

Section 10. — Except as otherwise provided herein this act
shall take effect upon its passage. {Approved April t 6, igoj.]

'' Bach succeeding issue of the Review seems to be an im-
provement, and I look for it regularly." — (G. R. Yomtg^ D. V,
S.^ Omaha ^ Neb,)

The great pressure upon our pages renders the holding over
of a great mass of valuable papers and communications impera-
tive. We ask the indulgence of our friends, and promise them
as rapid attention as possible. We are now running under high
pressure to relieve the situation.

"Common Ailments of Breeding Cattle," by C. L.
Willoughby, Dairyman, Georgia Experiment Station, Experi-
ment, Ga., is a very valuable bulletin, intended to assist stock-
men who have to rely upon their own resources in treating the
diseases and accidents incident to breeding. It has a number of
very comprehensive illustrations. There appears to be no vet-
erinarian connected with the station. Our Southern veterina-
rians should see that Georgia gets into line.

628 CORRESPONDENCE.

CORRESPONDENCE.

THE ETIOI.OGY OF FORGING — TWRNTY-FIVE DOLLAR PRIZE

FOR THE BEST EXPLANATION OF ITS CAUSATION.

Baltimore, Sept. 17, 1903.
Editors American Veterinary Review :

Dear Sirs: — There is a peculiarly-gaited horse which I have
for many years called a " Crab," but he is generally known as a
^'forgery I have never found anything in veterinary literature
in relation to him. The only thing I ever saw was in a horse-
shoers' book, and the author merely tells how to shoe him to
prevent the forging. Now, Messrs. Editors, I enclose a check
for twenty-five ($25) dollars as a prize for an essay on this sub-
ject ; the essays to be published in the Review, and not less
than six competitors to enter. The editors of the Review are
to appoint a committee which is to decide as to who wins the
prize. The subject is to be considered from two standpoints :

(i) Is the horse sound ?

(2) Where is the anatomical lesion, causing the trouble,
located ?

The essays are to be confined to the space allotted by the
editors of the Review, and they should be all in at a certain time
— say, the first to be published in the December or January
Review.

Messrs. Editors, cut out the tuberculin test tables and so-
cieties' details, and give us a real live subject.

Trusting this will meet with your approval, I am

Yours fraternally,

William Dougherty.

[Note. — In conformity with the request of Dr. Dougherty,
we assign the duty of deciding upon the merits of the anticipat-
ed responses the following well-known teachers of veterinary
science : Prof. James L. Robertson, of the New York-American
Veterinary College ; Prof. W. L. Williams, of the New York
State Veterinary College, and Prof. Joseph Hughes, of the Chi-
cago Veterinary College. There will be allotted to each essay-
ist one Review page of solid reading matter, or 475 words. All
essays must be in the hands of the editors by December i, 1903.
In the meantime, the check for $25 is on deposit for the account
of the Review, and awaiting the above-named judges' decision.
— Editors Review.]

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

629

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.

The fortieth annual meeting of this international organiza-
tion convened in the Council Chamber of the City Hall, Ottawa,
Canada, Sept. i, 1903, at 10 o'clock a. m., President Dr. Sesco
Stewart, of Kansas City, Mo., in the chair. The large hall was
beautifully decorated with English and American flags, the folds
intertwining in a manner to show the close ties of friendship and
interest between the two English-speaking nations. Behind
the chairman's platform, on either side, were portraits of Presi-
dent Roosevelt and King Edward, while between them, draped

PARLIAMENT BUILDING.

in mourning, was the picture of the late Prof. Eduardo Nocard,
of France, an honorary member of the A. V. M. A. The room
was well filled when the President's gavel fell, there being pres-
ent the Mayor of the city. Minister of Agriculture of the Do-
minion, a large number of Ottawa aldermen, some members of
Parliament, and other distinguished public men and private
citizens, while the entire rows of rear seats, four or five deep,

630 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

were occupied by ladies, both visitors and the families and
friends of local veterinarians.

President Stewart, in well chosen language, announced that
the opening of this meeting marked a new era m the history of
the Association, as it was the first time that it had ever assem-
bled outside of the boundaries of the United States. He re-
ferred in complimentary terms to the Canadian members who
have been associated with the organization for the past few
years, and predicted a large yearly increase of members from that
section, and a corresponding expansion of the interest and
value of the work and influence of the Association.

He then introduced the Hon. Frederick Cook, Mayor of Ot-
tawa, who welcomed the Association to the city in the most
cordial terms, declaring that the municipality was wide open to
receive the Association. His address was not only an extremely
friendly one, but contained much that showed familiarity with
the veterinarian's field, his aims and abilities, and was closed
with a patriotic peroration in behalf of a closer union between
the two countries.

Dr. D. E. Salmon, of Washington, D. C, was called upon
on behalf of the Association to respond to the Mayor's welcome,
and he did so in true Salmonian fashion, being at times gravely
serious, at others provokingly amusing, but always forceful and
interesting. He spoke of the habit which Americans had ac-
quired of considering Canada such a northern land, and stated
that, strange as it might seem, there were cities in Pennsylvania
in the same latitude as some of the Canadian towns. This ap-
peared to be such a hazardous statement that we observed sev-
eral present make notes of the assertion with the evident inten-
ticJn of , consulting a map when opportunity offered. The Doctor
made the Canadians feel that their hospitality was appreciated,
but assured them that the main object of our coming was for
work, and work which meant not alone the advancement of our
science, but the protection of the public health and the better-
ment of the human race.

Following these formalities, President Stewart read the an-
nual address, as follows :

THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

*' The central purpose for which this Association has been
maintained is the upbuilding of the veterinary profession, in
America, on a broad and substantial basis of scientific capabil-
ity and a high quality of citizenship. The Association, begin-
ning 40 years ago in the City of New York, has steadily main-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 631

tained the principal object, thereby winning an ever-increasing
membership and a continuously widening influence. In 1890
its local character was made national through holding its an-
nual meeting in Chicago and extending its membership over a
wide area in the Northern States. From the date of that meet-
ing until the present, growth and development have been
marked by rapid strides. The central purpose as well as the
scientific character of our ^Association has not been limited by
boundary lines, either state or national. A cordial invitation
has been extended to all qualified veterinarians to join in and
have a part in promoting the welfare and the growth of this or-
ganization. Meeting places have been selected at points on or
near the national boundary line that the veterinarians of the
north country might find it convenient to attend the meeting
and participate in the great work.

'* To show more clearly the sincerity of its aims, and to re-
move any doubts which Canadian veterinarians may have en-
tertained as to the breadth of purpose of this organization, in
1898 the name was changed from United States Veterinary
Medical Association to American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, and invitations to come and help were made still more
pressing. The wisdom of this change in name is made mani-
fest by the considerable number of Canadian veterinarians who
have attended recent meetings and affiliated as active members.
We believe this attendance and affiliation has brought much
good to us and good to them. The very cordial invitation so
graciously extended by Dr. Rutherford and his Canadian breth-
ren to hold the 40th annual meeting in their capital city was
accepted without reservation, and we have come to this meeting
in the full assurance that we will be greatly benefitted, and in
the hope that we may render a good service to the Dominion by
interesting all her veterinarians in the work of this Association.

" Wherever our Association meetings have been held, confi-
dence in, and appreciation of the great value and worth of the
true veterinarian, is more firmly fixed in the public mind.
Local veterinary organization and cooperation is greatly
strengthened, resulting in much public good. The veteri-
narians individually are more thoroughly imbued with the in-
trinsic worth of their profession, and are stimulated to greater
scientific growth and public virtue. The hope is entertained
that our presence in Ottawa will fix more deeply in the minds
of all veterinarians of the Dominion that this is an active, pro-
gressive, forceful and helpful scientific organization and one

632 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

which they can strengthen and render more useful by joining
its ranks.

"This Association has always labored for a higher educa-
tional standard, and after years of discussion it determined to
bring its influence to bear through setting a higher requirement
for membership, which took effect January ist, 1893. Grad-
ually the stand taken by the Association made itself felt, and a
number of veterinary colleges raised their standard so that
graduates would be eligible to membership, and this achieved a
great gain for our profession. In 1897 the United States Bu-
reau of Animal Industry established a like standard for eligi-
bility to enter the veterinary service in the Department of Ag-
riculture. So potent was the combined influence of these two
regulations that practically all of the veterinary colleges of the
continent have announced the three-year standard. There re-
mains but one college where students attend in any consider-
able numbers which has not yet yielded to the good influence
of this upward movement, but it would seem that the time
must be near at hand when even this one will recognize that its
usefulness will be greatly enhanced by joining in the grand
movement for giving the young veterinarians a more com-
plete preparation for the great work before them than hereto-
fore obtained.

" After thoughtful study of the situation I am convinced that
this Association will be justified, nay, more, it becomes its duty
not only to itself but to the oncoming recruits in the field of
veterinary science, to more closely scrutinize the work of the
several veterinary colleges. Notwithstanding that the man-
aging officers or directors of the several colleges announce a
course of instruction covering three terms of six months, or
more, each, yet there is opportunity and temptation to evade the
announcement and permit students to receive unearned credits
for attendance or proficiency, and allow them to graduate with
very imperfect qualifications. In this way, in part at least, they
may evade the standard announced, yet give with their diplomas
the coveted privileges of eligibility for admission into this Asso-
ciation, and the right to compete for appointment in the civil
and military departments of State and National Government;
also the right to practice in States where a three-term diploma is
the passport to the privilege of practice.

" Our membership is now so widespread, our purposes so well
defined, and our influence so strong that all honestly conducted
veterinary colleges will grant access to their enrollment records

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 633

for examination by officers of this Association duly appointed to
make such investigation. I recommend that the President be
authorized and instructed to select, from the membership, persons
conveniently near to each of the several colleges, whose duty it
shall be to visit the colleges at least twice during a session and
make lists of the students then enrolled and in attendance, show-
ing in which of the three several collegiate years such students
are enrolled ; and in case of second and third term students giving
basis for advanced standing ; and to report their findings to the
Secretary, or Committee on Intelligence and Education for per-
manent record. The visits of said investigators should be made
soon after the opening of the college terms and approximately
near the close of said terms ; such scrutiny and recording will
strengthen very greatly the hands of the governing bodies whose
purpose it is to fully comply with the spirit of our membership
requirements in this particular, as well as provide our organiza-
tion wnth the data by which to determine the eligibility of fu-
ture applicants for membership.

" There is an institution in Kansas City which holds forth
to be a veterinary college and which has been issuing diplomas
for several years past under conditions which this organization
does not countenance. During the session of 1902-3 said insti-
tution had not to exceed 5 students in attendance during the
part of the college term prior to the holiday season, yet on
March ist thereafter the newspapers gave public notice that that
institution graduated 17. While that institution is not an ac-
credited one by the A. V. M. A., the holders of its diplomas are
admitted in the senior classes of some recognized veteiinary
colleges and graduated with one term's attendance. There is
no data at our command by which it can be shown that such
graduates are not eligible to membership in this body if they
make application.

" You will recall that one of the conditions for membership
in this Association applicable to those who matriculated after
January ist, 1893, was that they should be graduates of colleges
requiring three terms instruction of six months each. It is
known by all who have cared to investigate that few, if any of
the colleges have lived up strictly to these requirements, and yet
the Association has accepted their graduates as members. They
have given full credit for attendance at a college which adver-
tises its terms to be less than five and one-half months, and
their diplomas have rendered the holder eligible for member-
ship in this body.

634 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

*' Five American colleges which heretofore required but two
terms' attendance for graduation, have announced this year that
hereafter they will require attendance of three terms of six
months each, thus placing them in the list of recognized veter-
inary colleges. Let us as an Association do all that lies within
our power to encourage these institutions in the maintainance of
their new announcement at the liighest possible degree of
efficiency.

'^ Some of our members have already begun to advocate an
increase in the length of college attendance for eligibility in
this organization. While it is very desirable, and the older and
financially well-established colleges may be able to carry out a
four-year curriculum, this Association will do well to see to it
first that its present requirements are lived up to in letter and in
spirit before a proposed advance is made. The standard already
achieved has been the result of lO years of patient yet forceful
pressure brought to bear by our membership, and it will be only
when we have fully established our present regulation that we
will be ready to take a step in advance. I believe we are in
position to assist the various colleges in complying fully with
the requirements for membership in this Association, and it is
our duty to do so. I respectfully urge that this Association
take action looking to the carrying out of a plan for visiting the
colleges and compiling records before we close this meeting.

" Owing to the general prosperity which has overspread this
country during recent years, and particularly through the en-
hancement of the value of domestic animals and the profitable-
ness of their production, the veterinary profession is everywhere
enjoying a period of great prosperity. The worthy and compe-
tent veterinarian who has become established in any community
finds hfs services in great demand, and there is a willingness on
the part of the people to give him ample compensation for ser-
vices rendered. The success attendant upon animal industry is
very marked and the field for usefulness of the veterinarian very
greatly extended. In the regions where the qualified man would
have found meagre employment a few years ago there is now
demand for many times the number who have located therein.
In all that area extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the north-
ern lakes of Canada there is a rapidly developing field for veteri-
narians and many years must elapse before this field will be fully
occupied. It will give employment to thousands of properly
qualified men. In the great State of Illinois there are between
25 and 30 counties in which no veterinary graduate resides, and

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 635

the people are obliged to depend upon non-graduate practition-
ers. The State of Missouri has ii6 counties, and not counting
those resident in its 3 large cities, there are less than a half
hundred graduates to serve this vast area. There is every en-
couragement it seems to me for young men to enter the ranks
of the veterinary profession, and still greater encouragement if
they seek that thorough and practical veterinary training which
will fit them to meet the demands of this immense and rapidly
growing agricultural interest. This organization can do the
profession at large and future members a great service by instil-
ling into the minds of students an ambition to acquire the high-
est possible training and to maintain the highest degree of pf^r-
sonal integrity.

" Our Association maintains a code of ethics and requires
that each applicant for membership shall accept the code as a
condition for admission. There is no doubt but that such code
of ethics is very useful and tends largely to maintain a friendly
and professional relation between the members and aids greatly
in marking a distinction between a right-minded professional
man and a charlatan. Ethics is a problem of education and in
some of the colleges, if the graduates are to be believed, students
are led to understand that it is not beneath the dignity nor unbe-
coming a veterinarian to resort to sharp practice in dealing with
his clients, also his competitors. If there are men in our pro-
fession who pose as teachers and who do not set forth by pre-
cept and example that sterling inteo^rity and honesty of purpose
which should guide the action of the young veterinarian, mem-
bers should take this into account when recommending students
where to seek instruction. When young veterinarians who have
received bad tutelage become applicants for membership in this
organization, they are wont to believe that the code of ethics
was simply made to direct the stupid and enhance the opportu-
nities of the shrewd. There is a duty on the part of our mem-
bership, especially the older ones, to bring to bear every right-
ful influence in directing the new members, who do not seem to
appreciate or realize the wholesome moral and professional in-
fluence of the maintainance of our code. They should feel that
the younger member would willingly do what he could to main-
tain a high standard of ethics if he fully appreciated its import.
In several of our large cities the neglect of attention to this
matter, coupled with the weakness and perversity of violators
of the code, has wrought professional dissension and converted
bodies of veterinarians who should have been on terms of

\

636 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

friendly cooperation into antagonism with each other, and
opened the way to general discord and professional vagaries.
Let us feel that we are in some way responsible or at least obli-
gated to use our personal influence in overcoming these condi-
tions and bring about friendship and cooperation.

" Bach year adds to the number of States in which laws
regulating veterinary practice are enacted and a wholesome reg-
ulation of the same gradually brought about. Colorado and
North Carolina have been added to the list of States having
practice laws and much credit is due to the few active veterina-
rians in these commonwealths in securing such legislation.
Failures to secure such laws in other States does not necessarily
reflect upon the veterinarians therein, because local conditions
sometimes make impossible the procurement of righteous laws
for the time being. Let us give our moral support to members
in these States ; it will encourage them and help them to final
success.

" True fraternity is developed by closer relationship in
duties and responsibilities as well as through verbal obligations
and social amenities. Our highly esteemed ex-President, Dr.
A. Liautard, has by voice and pen pointed out an opportunity
to strengthen our fraternal bonds through a mutual organiza-
tion for bearing a part of the burden of misfortune by accident
or death which may be the lot of some fellow-member. Dr.
Wm. Dougherty, our old-time friend and professional brother,
will offer during this meeting a plan for carrying into effect an
organization for mutual benevolence, and I most heartily com-
mend it to your consideration. While the professional labors
of the veterinarian involves some hazard of life and limb, pres-
ent knowledge of sanitary precautions, coupled with modern
appliances for restraint of animals, has greatly lessened the
hazard. Notwithstanding the changes just noted, corporations
offering accident and life insurance class the veterinarian in the
extra-hazardous list, which places him at great disadvantage
from an insurance point of view. Through a rightly planned
organization we can secure for ourselves protection at actual
and reasonable cost, and provide for dependent ones in times of
greatest need.

" The establishment of a clinic as a phase of the work of
this Association has served to fix more clearly the purpose of
this organization to make its scientific labors of tangible value
to members engaged in general practice. With each succeed-
ing year the clinic^ should be made to include a greater variety

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 63'

of cases, to include what are termed medical as well as surgical
cases, and when possible cases demonstrating papers presented.
The clinics have added a living, vital force to our meetings,
and every member should take a personal interest in enhancing
their value and ensuring their perpetuity.

" For several years past a number of the most active work-
ers in this Association who are connected with state educational
institutions have found it extremely inconvenient if not impos-
sible to attend our meetings, because they occur on the same
date fixed by the colleges and universities for the opening of
the collegiate year. A proposal to change the by-laws by mak-
ing the date of meeting earlier in the year, will come up for
consideration during this meeting. While it is quite certain
that no date can be fixed which will not make it inconvenient
for some member to attend, I believe the date could be made
one or even two weeks earlier with great advantage to the As-
sociation, yet without special inconvenience to the membership
in general.

" Every member must observe with gratification the in-
crease in number of ladies who accompany the members and
visiting veterinarians to our meetings. Their presence not only
contributes an indescribable charm which causes all to look for-
ward with great pleasure to each annual meeting, but also
wields a moral force which is doing much to dispel from the
public mind an old time impression that the members of the
veterinary profession are an ungentlemanly class and their pro-
fession an unworthy one. We believe in the ladies ; let them
help us grow better and more worthy. Let us continue to make
our meetings most pleasant outings for them.

" The splendid programme prepared for this Association, in-
cluding as it does papers bearing on all phases of the veterinar-
ian's life work, indicates the great vitality of this Association.
It is also a monument to the energy and faithfulness of our most
efficient Secretary. The preparation for our clinical division,
also the hospitable arrangements made for our entertainment,
merits unstinted praise for our Local Committee of Arrange-
ments. This magnificent gathering of veterinarians from all
points of the compass insures a full and free discussion of the
problems to be presented here. Everything seems to conspire
to make this a grand and successful meeting. I feel confident
of your hearty cooperation in the duties before us at this time,
and I believe we shall ever remember the Ottawa meeting as
one of unusual value and inexhaustible pleasure."

638 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

THE ATTENDANCE.

The calling of the roll was dispensed with, as is the custom
at these meetings, and the names of those in attendance were
obtained by means of registry cards, which members and visit-
ors were solicited to sign upon entering the hall. The follow-
ing is the official list of those in attendance, as furnished to the
Publication Committee. It is more than likely that quite a
number failed to register, as many came to the meeting during
the last two days, when the vigilance of those in charge of that
work had greatly relaxed.

Members. — S. W. Thayer, Dunham, Que. ; E. C. Porter,
Newcastle, Pa. ; M. C. Baker, Montreal, Que. ; Jno. F. Burnett
Ft. McLeod, N. W. T. ; E. J. Nesbitt, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Geo. M. Walrod, Storm I^ake, la. ; P. A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.
A. H. Hall, Quebec ; J. D. Duchene, Quebec ; Geo. W. Bell
Kingston, Ont. ; A. R. Metcalfe, Vankleek Hill, Ont. ; Geo
Waddle, Kalamazoo, Mich. ; R. Kerr, Kaukauna, Wis. ; J. W
Jamison, Paris, Ky. ; G. H. Belaire, Pembroke, Ont. ; Wm
McGuire, Cornwall, Ont. ; D. Gorsuch, Glencoe, Md. ; J. A
Couture, Quebec ; D. McQuaig, Moncton, N. B. ; A. S. Cooley
Cleveland, O. ; A. S. Morrison, Chesterville, Que. ; James Law
Ithaca, N. Y. ; C. E. Zuber, Ivawrence, Mass. ; B. D. Pierce
Springfield, Mass. ; Geo. S. Fuller, Lawrence, Mass. ; W
Runge. Newark, N. J. ; F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo. ; D. E
Sawyer, Kansas City, Kan. ; D. M. McDonald, Brainerd, Minn.
Wm. Henry Kelly, Albany, N. Y. ; V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.
A. M. Wray, Richmond, 111.; Wm. Stubbs, Caledon, Ont.; Thos
Thacker, Renfrew, Ont. ; G. A. Knapp, Millbrook, N. Y. ; O
G. Noack, Reading, Pa. ; A. S. Wheeler, Biltmore, N. C.
Lemuel Pope, Jr., Portsmouth, N. H. ; Chas. Winslow, Rock
land, Mass. ; J. H. Roberts, Northampton, Mass. ; L. H. How
ard, Boston, Mass. ; R. W. Kenning, Pembroke, Ont. ; D. Mc
Alpine, Brockville, Ont. ; G. A. Hay, Campbellford, Ont. ; Jos
Plaskett, Nashville, Tenn. ; A. E. Moore, Ottawa ; C. J. Mar
shall, Philadelphia ; G. E. Leech, Winona, Minn. ; T. E. Rob
inson. Westerly, R. I. ; J. H. Tennent, London, Ont. ; J. F
Quin. Brampton, Ont. ; H. F. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. ; Roscoe
R. Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; J.L. Robertson, New York; S. H.
Ward, St. Paul, Minn. ; J. E. Ryder, New York ; W. F. Heyde,
St. Louis, Mo. ; Geo. McGillivray, Spring Valley, Minn. ; Wil-
son Huff, Rome, N. Y. ; Wm. H. Dodge, Leominster, Mass. ;
D. E. Salmon, Washington ; Wm. Jakeman, Halifax ; J. A. A.
Lefebre, Victoriaville, Que. ; John J. Repp, Philadelphia ; Tait

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 639

Butler, Raleigh, N. C. ; A. A. Etienne, St. Hyacinlbe, Que.;
R. D. Scurfield, Crystal City, Man. ; E. H. Shepard, Cleveland,
O. ; D. King Smith, Toronto ; F. Fisher, Carleton Place, Out. ;
J. F. Winchester, Lawrence, Mass. ; C. Heath Sweetapple, To-
ronto ; G. W. Loveland, Torrington, Conn. ; A. H. Baker, Chi-
cago, 111.; Joseph Hughes, Chicago, 111.; F. Torrance, Winnipeg ;
E. L. Quitman, Chicago, 111. ; J. J. Richardson, Marcus, la. ; W.
Horace Hoskins, Philadelphia ; M. H. Reynolds, St. Anthony
Park, Minn. ; S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.; M. E. Knowles, He-
lena, Mont; J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa ; Wm. Herbert Lowe, Pat-
erson, N. J.; W. W. Boucher, Ottawa ; E. Burget, Norwalk,Ohio;
J. T. Glennon, Newark, N. J. ; Geo. H. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y. ;
C. R. Simpson, Somerville, Mass. ; John V. Newton, Toledo, O.;
S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich. ; W. J. Hinman, Winnipeg, Man. ;
Thos. S. Allen, Brockville, Out. ; Wm. Dougherty, Baltimore,
Md. ; A. W. Harris, Ottawa ; R. P. Lyman, Hartford, Conn. ;
Chas. H. Perry, Worcester, Mass. ; C. H. Playdon, Reading,
Mass. ; T. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J. ; Chas. E. Cotton, Min-
neapolis, Minn. ; W. C. Holden, Delphos, O. ; J. S. Butler,
Minneapolis, Minn. ; Chas. H. Higgins, Ottawa — (103).

Visiting Veterinarians. — H. S. Smith, Albion, Mich. ; M.
B. Perdue, Chatham, Out. ; G. W. Orchard, Windsor, Out. ; L.
Mulligan, Manstick, Canada ; J. D. Irvine, Vankleek Hill, Ont. ;
G. Hess, Ashland O. ; D. A. Irvine, Maxville, Ont. ; G. A. Ken-
nedy, Ottawa, Ont. ; J. H. Engel, Milverton, Ont. ; G. W. Higgin-
son, Rockland, Ont.; H. Bradshaw, Napanie, Ont.; A. D. Stewart,
Ailsa, Ont. ; C. W. J. Haworth, Eagansville, Ont. ; Andrew
Smith, Toronto, Ont. ; C. Bahret, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; Wm.
Dann, Granton, Ont. ; M. Gallivan, Iroquois, Ont. ; S. J. Thomp-
son, Winnipeg, Man. ; A. W. Wiert, Greeville, Pa. ; John Wil-
son, Wingham, Ont. ; J. Pickel, Drayton, Ont. ; W. C. Young,
Allmand ; James Smellie, Eureka, 111. ; Daniel Le May, Fort
Douglass, Utah ; P. A. Dillahunt, Springfield, O. ; J. J. Fyle,
Brantford, Canada ; Jno. H. Wilson, London, Ont. ; J. D. Rob-
inson, Washington, D. C. ; J. M. Simpson, Cincinnati, O. ; D. J.
McKillop, Forester's Falls, Ont. ; H. E. Marshall, Ottawa ; M.
A. Whimster, Hannata, Manitoba ; Jesse A. Viles, Lowell, Mass. ;
J. B. R. Telmosse, Maniwaki, Canada ; L. J. Turner, Winsted,
Conn. ; D. H. Weaver, Mount Forest ; P. T. Bowlby, Tweed,
Ont. ; Chas. E. Magill, Haddonfield, N. J. ; H. Young, Cobden,
Canada ; A. I. Telmosse, Hull ; J. J. McGuiger, Ottawa ; Wm.
Lawson, Dundac, Ont. ; M. G. Connolly, Burks Falls ; R. H.
McKenna, Pecton, Ont. ; J. D. Whyte, Ottawa ; John Tywell,

640 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Mackinac Falls, Ont ; S. Kennedy, Wakefield, Ont. ; J. B. Hol-
lingsworth, Ottawa ; D. A. Bonesteel, Frankford ; A. E. James,
Ottawa ; B. F. Butler, Marmora, Ont. — (51).

Ladies and Children. — Mesdames W. Moore, Ottawa ; W.
Lawson, Dundas, Ont. ; H. E. Marshall, Ottawa ; A. S. Morri-
son, Ghesterville, Que. ; G. M. Walrod, Storm Lake, la. ; W.
Runge, Newark, N. J. ; Geo. Waddle, Kalamazoo, Mich. ; W.
McLean, Buffalo, N. Y. ; G. A. Knapp, Millbrook, N. Y. ; A.
Anderson, Ottawa ; Julia L. Choate, Cleveland, O. ; Flora A.
Cooley, Cleveland, O. ; A. W. Wier, Greenville, Pa. ; John Wil-
son, Wingham, Ont. ; D. McDonald, Brainerd, Minn. ; W. L
Bevoley, Ottawa ; John J. Repp, Philadelphia ; Daniel LeMay,
F'ort Douglas, Utah ; A. H. Baker, Chicago ; John V. Newton,
Toledo, O. ; G. Ed. Leech, Winona, Minn. ; W. J. Hinman,
Winnipeg; J. E. Ryder, New York; C. J Marshall, Philadel-
phia ; T. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J. ; A. E. Moore, Ottawa ; A.
A. Etienne, St. Hyacinthe, P. Q. ; Geo. H. Berns, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; H. F. Palmer, Detroit, Mich. ; S. Brenton, Detroit,
Mich. ; Roscoe R. Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; A. Quin, Brampton,
Ont. ; J. Robinson, New York ; J. D. Robinson, Washington ;
J. B. Hollingsworth, Ottawa ; J. G. Rutherford, Ottawa ; A. W.
Harris, Ottawa ; A. E. James, Ottawa ; Chas. H. Higgins, Otta-
wa ; W. Horace Hoskins, Phila., Pa. ; H. Brooks, Philadel-
phia ; Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J. ; S. Stewart, Kan-
sas City, Mo. ; C. R. Simpson, Somerville, Mass. — (44).

Misses : Ellen Glennon, Newark, N. J. ; Dorothy Ruther-
ford, Ottawa ; Beatrice Barber, Ottawa ; M. Gertrude Huff,
Rome, N. Y. ; Nellie Carroll, St. Paul, Minn. ; Nellie C. Berns,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Y. Bevoley, Ottawa ; C. E. Boucher, Ottawa ;
— Quin, Brampton, Ont. ; Bertha A. Marshall, Ottawa ; Lucy
Cooley, Cleveland, O. ; Ellen Cooley, Cleveland, O. ; Kathleen
Gilmour, Ottawa. — (13).

Masters : Hollingsworth Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Richard
Cooley, Cleveland, O. ; Bellmont Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Harold
C. Repp, Philadelphia ; Cyril Repp, Philadelphia. — (5).

Other Visitors.— Vsl, I. Bevoley, M. D., Ottawa ; J. E. Mc-
Pherson, Ottawa ; J. E. Ashworth, Alderman, Ottawa ; Chas. H.
McVeigh, Vars, Ont. ; J. M. Lavaie, Ottawa ; A. Angel, Ottawa ;
Mark White, Jr., Nashville, Tenn. ; Col. Thompson, M. P.,
Ottawa ; Geo. Duncan, Ottawa; Senator Owens, Ottawa; Alder-
man Slattery, Ottawa ; Senator Perley, Woolsley, N. W. T. ;
McLeod Stewart, Ottawa ; H. A. Huber, Ottawa ; L. W. Whit-
ney, Ottawa ; M. Plouffe, Alderman, Ottawa ; John Galbraith,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 641

Ottawa, Ont. ; Wm. Cole, Ottawa ; W. Cunningham, Ottawa ;
P. J. Lynchke, Carp, Ont. ; J. Frederick, Rockland, Ont. ; h. A.
Brown, Aylmer, P. Q. ; Geo. W. Rogers, Ottawa ; John D. Reid,
Pres. Board of Trade, Ottawa ; Geo. Howell, Vernon, Ont. ;
Senator W. C. Edwards, Rockland, Ont. ; J. E. Dent, Ottawa,
Ont. ; J. H. Davis, Chicago ; C. George, Ottawa ; P. Prevost,
Chief Fire Dept., Ottawa ; I. C. Enright, Alderman, Ottawa ;
J. Bennmg, Ottawa, Ont. ; Harry Taylor, Rockland, Ont. ; Rev.
Dr. W. Moore, Ottawa ; Reginald Wilson, Rockland, Ont. ; Mr.
Sparks, Ottawa ; A. C. Mitchell, Ottawa ; L. Blume, Ottawa ;
John M. P'arquhar, Lynn, Mass. ; M. C. Nicoll. Ottawa ; Lieu-
tenant M. Loveken, Ottawa ; Senator King, St. Johns, N. B. ;
C. P. Drevor, Ottawa ; W. S. Prodrick, M. D., Ottawa ; G. H.
Richardson, Ottawa ; Capt. Elliott, Ottawa ; A. J. Jacobsen,
Frederickstad, Norway ; Arch McCormick, Ormstown, Ont. ;
J. L. Baskem, M. D., Ottawa ; Chas. Little, Winnipeg ; Jabel
Robinson, M. P., West Elgin, Ont. ; Senator Legris, Quebec ;
John C. Grant, Alderman, Ottawa ; D. M. Robertson, M. D.,
Ottawa ; Wm. Saunders, M. D., Ottawa ; N. Boyd, M. P., Ot-
tawa ; W. C. Grant, Ottawa ; Hon. Sidney Fisher, Minister of
Agriculture, Ottawa ; Hon. G. F. O'Holloran, Deputy Minister
of Agriculture, Ottawa; F. Montizambert, M. D., Dir. Gen.
Public Health, Ottawa ; Alex Eger, Chicago ; Wm. F. Powell,
Ottawa ; Hon. Fred Cook, Mayor, Ottawa : Col. A. S. James,
Ottawa ; F. M. Journeaux, Alderman, Ottawa ; Zan Cotter, Chi-
cago ; F. O. Hanly, Ottawa ; L. McFarlane, Ottawa ; M. A.
Waller, Ottawa ; Sir James Grant, M. D., Ottawa ; T. S. Sproul,
Markdale, Ont. ; T. Payment, Alderman, Ottawa ; J. O. George,
Camden, N. J. ; A. L. Mattice, Ottawa ; J. P. Dunlop, Ottawa ;
G. McClymont, Ottawa ; Robt. S. Taylor, St. Paul, Minn. ; W.
R. Stroud, Alderman, Ottawa ; H. P. Brooks, Philadelphia ; E.
V. Wilcox, Ph.D., Washington ; Chas. F. Kent, Worcester,
Mass. ; Sam Rosenthal, Alderman, Ottawa ; John Hend^son,
Ottawa ; A. G. Pattenday, Ottawa ; W. C. Young, Almont, Ont. ;
Thos. Potter, M. D., Ottawa ; H. Manley, Ottawa.— (87).

EXECUTIVE WORK.

The Executive Committee sent in its recommendation that
Dr. D. P. Yonkerman, of Kalamazoo, Mich., and Dr. M. H.
McKillip, of Chicago, 111., be cited to appear at the next annual
meeting to answer charges of violation of the Code of Ethics,
and the recommendations were adopted.

The Committee had considered the cases of several members

f)42 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

who had been advertising by means of extravagant circular-let-
ters and posters, and they recommended that resolutions specially
condemning this practice be adopted by the Association, and
that a copy be sent to each of the offenders. This the Associa-
tion did, and the resolution covering the point will be found in
the report of the Resolutions Committee.

By their recommendation, the resignation of Dr. W. C. Fair,
of Cleveland, Ohio, was not accepted, and he was cited to
appear at the next meeting to answer charges.

The resignation of Dr. A. G. Kern, of Philadelphia, Pa.,
was not accepted because of delinquency in dues.

The Association accepted the resignations of Dr. W. J. Mar-
tin, of Kankakee, 111., Prof. D. S. White, of Columbus, Ohio,
and Dr. F. ly. Kilborne, of Kelloggsville, N. Y.

The Committee reported in the matter of the letter presented
by Dr. Claude D. Morris, of New York, at the last meeting in
reference to his expulsion that it be deferred until later in the
meeting ; but it was not, so far as we know, again referred to.

At various times reports from the Executive Committee
were received, and were invariably acted upon according to its
recommendations. They consisted chiefly of applications for
membership, and the results will be found in the long list of
members elected.

Drs. F. D. Biseman, John McBurney, M. H. Manley, and F.
S. Schoenleber were suspended for non-payment of dues, and a
number of others were given thirty days within which to make
their peace with the Treasurer.

Charges were preferred against Drs. H. B. Clute, Car-
ter and Dr. Austin Peters for violation of the Code of Ethics,
and they were cited to appear at the next meeting.

The Secretary read a number of invitations from various
cities to the Association to hold their next meeting there.
Niagara Falls and Chattanooga, Tenn., were solicitous of our
decision in their favor, but St. Louis was dead in earnest, invi-
tations coming from the veterinarians, the Council, Mayor,
Board of Trade, etc., and a vote of the Association recommends
to the Executive Committee that St. Louis be selected for the
meeting of 1904.

Librarian Williams rendered his report in detail, and closed
with his resignation ; but the Association would not receive it,
and the Secretary was instructed to urge Dr. Williams to retain
his position.

A number of papers were read by title and referred to the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 643

Publication Committee, but many whose names appeared on
the programme failed to be present or to send in their com-
munications. Those which were read by title were as follows :
"■ Veterinary Dentistry ; Its Use and Abuse," by Dr. T. S.
Childs ; " An Outbreak of Epizootic Encephalitis of the Horse
in South Carolina," by Dr. G. E. Nesom ; " Nitroglycerine,"
by Dr. S. S. Whitbeck ; " Ictero-Hsematuria of Sheep," by Dr.
H. P. Johnson ; and contributions from Drs. E. Perroncito,
Turin, Italy, and James Desmonde, Adelaide, Australia.

NEW MEMBERS ELECTED.

At the various sittings of the Executive Committee a very
large number of applications for membership were considered.
All that were favorably recommended by the Committee were
elected. The following is the official list :
Active Members Elect,

J. M. Douglas (Ont. V. C, 1894), Hendrum, Minn.

J. Butters (Ont. V. C, 1894), Renville, Minn.

Jno. Spencer (Ont. V. C, 1886), Blacksburg, Va.

Edgar W. Powell, (Univ. of Pa., 1900), Bryn Mawr, Pa.

S. H. Gilliland (Univ. of Pa., 1901), Philadelphia, Pa.

T. S. Carlisle (Univ. of Pa., 1901), Philadelphia, Pa.

W. J. Storm (Univ. of Pa., 1897), Philadelphia, Pa. .

W. R. Andress (Univ. of Pa., 1900), Philadelphia, Pa.

H. K. Copithorn (Univ. of Pa., 1903), Natick, Mass.

B. T. Woodward (Univ. of Pa., 1902), Oxford, Pa.

D. D. McNaughton (McGill Univ., 1893), Webster, N. D.

A. G. Hopkins (Ont. V. C, 1891 ; la. St. Col., 1899), Van-
couver, B. C.

Geo. H. Glover (la. St. Col., 1885), Fort Collins, Colo.

T. Falconer (Ont. V. C, 1894), Alexandria, Minn.

H. Baker (R. C. V. S., London, Eng., 1875), Walla Walla,
Wash.

A. R. Ward (N. Y. S. V. C, 1901), Berkeley, Calif.

Carl W. Fisher (Ont. V. C, 1898; N. Y. S. V. C, 1901),
San Mateo, Calif.

John D. Duchene (Laval Univ., 1887), Quebec, Can.

J. A. Couture (Montreal V. C, 1873), Quebec, Can.

A. W. Harris (Montreal V. C, 1880), Ottawa, Can.

John Wilson (Ont. V. C, 1888), Leamington, Ont.

A. E. Moore (McGill Univ., 1894), Ottawa, Can.

F. D. Ketchum (C. V. C, 1893), So. St. Paul, Minn.

Otto G. Noack (Berlin, 1890), Reading, Pa.

R. N. Mead (Ohio St. Univ., 1895), St. Paul, Minn.

644 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

H. D. Paxson (Univ. of Pa., 1893), ^o^t Worth, Tex.
A. M. Wray (C. V. C, 1900), Richmond, 111.
James Graham (R. C. V. S., Edinburgh, 1886), Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Chas. Winslow (Montreal V. C, 1879), Rockland, Mass.

A. J. Tuxill cN. Y. C. V. S., 1894), Auburn, N. Y.
H. W. Boyd (A. V. C, 1897), Nyack, N. Y.

R. W. Kenning (Ont. V. C, 1872), Pembroke, Ont.
G. A. Hay (Ont. V. C, 1895), Campbellford, Ont.
F. F. Brown (C. V. C, 1892 ; K. C. V. C, 1902), Kansas
City, Mo.

Geo. Waddle (Ont. V. C, 1885), Kalamazoo, Mich.
Thos. A. Allen (Ont. V. C, 1874), Brockville, Ont.
J. T. Duncan (Ont. V. C, 1872), Toronto, Ont.
Fred Fisher (Ont. V. C, 1881), Carleton Place, Ont.
D. McAlpine (McGill Univ., 1894), Brockville, Ont.
Alex. H. Hall (McGill Univ., 1894), Quebec, Can.
W. C. McGuire (McGill Univ., 1893), Cornwall, Ont.
K. Hanshew (A. V. C, 1880), Brooklyn, N. Y.
D. Fisher (Ont. V. C, 1893), Grandin, N. D.

C. A. Clawson (Ohio St. Univ., 1900), Kansas City, Kan.
W. W. Boucher (Ont. V. C, 1889), Ottawa, Ont.

D. McCuaig (Ont. V. C, 1892), Moncton, N. B.

B. A. Sugden (McGill Univ., 1897), Montreal, Can.
W. H. Perrigo (McK. V. C, 1901), Milwaukee, Wis.

W. H. Pethick(Ont. V. C, 1897), Central Bedique, P. E. I.

D. Gorsuch (U. S. C. V. S., 1902), Glencoe, Md.
J. H. Tennent (Ont. V. C, 1874), London, Ont.

C. A. Mack (Ont. V. C, 1901 ; McK. V. C, 1902), Still-
water, Minn.

R. D. Scurfield (McK. V. C, 1901), Crystal City, Man.

Geo. S. Fuller (Harvard Univ., 1894), Lawrence, Mass.

John V. Newton (Ont. V. C, 1878), Toledo, O.

M. M. Leach (Ont. V. C, 1889), Lexington, Ky.

J. W. Rollings (Ont. V. C, 1891), Lexington, Ky.

J. Desmond (Melbourne V. C, 1887), Adelaide, S. Australia.

F. H. Schneider (Nat'l V. C, 1896), Philadelphia, Pa.

R. Kerr (C. V. C, 1894), Kaukauna, Wis.

J. F. Quin (Ont. V. C, 1883), Brampton, Ont.

E. P. Althouse (Univ. of Pa., 1903), Hagersville, Pa.
C. Heath Sweetapple (Ont. V. C, 1869), Toronto, Ont.
Jno. F. Burnett (Ont. V. C, 1880), Fort McLeod, N. W. T.
Chas. A. McKim (C. V. C, 1899), Norfolk, Neb.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. g45

Wm. Stubbs (Ont. V. C, 1868), Caledon, Ont.

Jos. A. A. Lefebre (Laval Univ., 1896), Victoriaville, P. Q.

A. Dauth (Laval Univ., 1889), Coteau du Lac, P. Q.

C. E. Derome (Laval Univ., 1903), Crysler, Ont.
J. Black (Ont. V. C, 1894), Richmond, Mich.

D. B. Sawyer (K. C. V. C, 1903), Howard, Kan.
Thos. Thacker (Ont. V. C, 1891), Ottawa, Can.

A. S. Morrison (Ont. V. C, 1891), Chesterville, Ont.

Geo. H. Belaire (Ont. V. C, 1891), Ottawa, Ont.

J. Massie (Ont. V. C, 1879), Kingston, Ont.

A. Joly (Laval Univ., 1890), Waterville, Me.

F. T. Daubigny (Laval Univ., 1889), Montreal, Can.

J. B. Clancy (C. V. C, 1892), E. St. Louis, 111.

A. R. Metcalfe (Ont. Vet. C, 1896), Vankleek Hill, Ont.

J. H. Roberts (Montreal V. C, 1888), Northampton, Mass.

Reinstated to Active Membership.

Stephen L. Blount (Univ. of Pa., 1898), Fort Worth, Tex.
Richard Ebbitt (Glasgow V. C, 1881), Grand Island, Neb.

Honorary Members Elected.

Prof. J. George Adami, Montreal, Canada.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES.

The Finance Committee, through Chairman J. E. Ryder,
reported having carefully gone over the books of the Treasurer
and that they were correct.

The Committee on Publication reported through Chairman
Reynolds, making a full statement of its work during the past
year, and making some recommendations to increase its effic-
iency. These will be found in '' Proceedings " for 1903.

The Committee on Intelligence and Education made only a
partial report. It was somewhat of a disappointment to the
members, who recognize the importance of the work intrusted
to it. Chairman Ackerman, in a letter to the Association,
merely told of the difficulty which he had experienced in en-
deavoring to get his committee to perform the work assigned to
them, and of his futile efforts to obtain data from the various
colleges. As bearing upon this subject. President Stewart
made some pertinent suggestions in his address. Committee-
man Dr. A. T. Peters, of Nebraska, however, forwarded a very
creditable report with special reference to veterinary literature
and libraries, which was read by the Secretary.

The Committee on Diseases failed to make a report, a tele-

646 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

gram from Chairman Pearson announcing his inability to be
present.

The report of the Committee on Army Legislation was read
by Chairman Lowe. He announced the impending change in the
head of the United States Department of War, and commended
the " Army Veterinary Department " of the Review, as tending
to assist the members of the veterinary service in coming to an
understanding as to their needs and desires in the matter of ele-
vation and legislation. He also incorporated in his report the
order of the President (see September Review) in reference to
efforts to effect legislation by employes of the Government. He
suggested that it was a question of expediency whether the de-
mands of the Army veterinarians should pass directly to the Sec-
retary of War through official channels, or whether they should
be first submitted to this Committee for approval.

The Pharmacopoeia Committee submitted as its report a let-
ter from Dr. E. M. Ranck, of Natchez, Miss., its Chairman, in
which he frankly acknowledged his inability to understand the
scope and character of the work which the Association demand-
ed of his committee. Considerable discussion ensued, and was
participated in by Drs. Bell, Salmon, Hoskins, and others. At
its conclusion it was apparent that nothing could be accomplish-
ed by the Committee, and Acting Chairman Bell asked that it
be discharged. This, however, was not done, and it is likely
that next year's report will be similar to the one just rendered.

The Committee on Standard of Excellence and Soundness
was a little at sea when called upon for its report, the two
members present (Drs. Berns and Reynolds) not having a clear
idea as to who was chairman. Later in the meeting Dr. Rey-
nolds read a report bearing upon points in judging. This com-
mittee has been strengthened for the coming year, and at the
next meeting it will undoubtedly give a good account of its
stewardship.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED.

The Committee on Resolutions reported the following and
they were unanimously adopted :

On the Death of Prof. Nocard.

Whereas, We have learned of the death of Prof. Eduardo
Nocard, of Alfort, France, an honorary member of the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association, and

Whereas, His distinguished services to medical science

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 647

and to mankind have been of inestimable value to the world,
and particularly to veterinary medicine, Therefore be it

Resolved^ That we hereby express our sense of the great loss
sustained by our profession and the world at large.

Thanks to Senator Edwards.

Resolved^ That the thanks of the Association are due and
are hereby tendered to Senator Edwards for his most excellent
paper on the Bang System for the control of tuberculosis and
that we endorse it as strictly in line with the consensus of ad-
vanced veterinary opiniop.

Resolved further. That this Association is under great obli-
gation to Senator Edwards for the most delightful day's enter-
tainment which he so hospitably extended to us at his Pine
Grove Stock Farm at Rockland, Ontario.

Thanking the City Atithorities of Ottawa.

Resolved., That the thanks of this Association are hereby
tendered to the authorities of the city of Ottawa for the use of
the Council Chamber in the City Hall for the holding of our
meetings.

Thanking the Committee of Arrangements,

Resolved^ That the thanks of the Association are hereby
tendered to the local Committee of Arrangements for the splen-
did preparations made by them for our entertainment and for
the complete manner in which they have been carried out, ren-
dering our sojourn in the Dominion a most pleasant and profit-
able one.

On the Death of Dr. Parker.

Whereas, We have learned of the death in South Africa of
Dr. John M. Parker, a valued member of this Association, There-
fore be it

Resolved., That we hereby express our regret at the loss sus-
tained by the profession and the Association in his death.

Co7tdemning Advertising Circulars.

Whereas, Some of our members have recently issued circu-
lar letters calling attention in great detail to their facilities for
rendering veterinary service.

Whereas, These circular letters were widely distributed to
owners of animals, including the clients of other veterinarians ;
Therefore be it

Resolved, That this Association holds that such circular let-

648 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ters are in violation of the spirit of our code of ethics and re-
flect upon the dignity of this Association.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Secretary Repp read a very comprehensive report dealing
with the affairs of the Association as viewed through his spe-
cial opportunities for practical observation. It showed that the
work of the Secretary is becoming a very large undertaking,
and that it is rendered very much more laborious by the failure
of members to honor communications sent to them. Espe-
cially is this true in his efforts to prepare the literary pro-
gramme. From the general invitation for volunteer papers,
the most meagre results were obtained, and he was compelled
to make personal appeals to individuals, which greatly in-
creases the work and anxiety of his office. Upon the whole,
however, the affairs of the Association are in excellent condition.

REPORTS OF RESIDENT SECRETARIES.

This section of the programme consisted chiefly in the call-
ing of the roll of the various States and Territories and the
failure of the Secretaries to respond either in person or by let-
ter. To this rule there were some notable exceptions. The
interesting and instructive nature of some of the reports sub-
mitted make it seem impossible that there were so many Secre-
taries who could find nothing of interest to report from their
sections, leaving one to infer that it was more a matter of indif-
ference and neglect which governed their silence. One of the
best of these reports came from Secretary Marshall, of Pennsyl-
vania, and we publish it in full :

'' Veterinary affairs in Pennsylvania are in a most satisfactory
condition. The profession is made up of hard workers, not only
professionally, but wherever or in whatever seems best for our
advancement or mutual benefit. Members of one great family
could have interests no more in common. This fact is illus-
trated by the interest taken in our different associations. We
have four well-organized associations, the largest of which is
the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association. This
society holds two meetings each year. The annual meeting is
held in Philadelphia, beginning the first Tuesday after the first
Monday in March of each year, and continues two days. The
semi-annual meeting convenes on the third Tuesday of Septem-
ber, at such a place as shall have been agreed upon at the an-
nual meeting. This year it is to be held in Pittsburg, Septem-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 649

ber 15th. There is an effort being made at present to have the
semi-annual meeting held each year in Pittsburg. Dr. E. M.
Ranck is President and C. J. Marshall, Secretary.

" In the past year the Allegheny County Veterinary Medical-
Association has enlarged its scope and changed its name to the
Western Pennsylvania Veterinary Medical Association. It was
organized with about twenty members. Dr. Charles W. Boyd,
Allegheny, Pa., was chosen President, and Dr. Fred. Weitzel,
100 Parkway, Allegheny, as Secretary. The meetings are held
the first Wednesday evening of each month at the Hotel Vic-
toria, Sixth St., Pittsburg, Pa.

" The Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association is an
earnest, hard-working organization, made up of about twenty
members. The annual meeting is held at Pottsville on the
third Wednesday of June, and the semi-annual meeting at
Reading, the third Wednesday in December of each year. Dr.
F. H. McCarthy, of Pottsville, is President and Dr. W. G.
Huyett, of Wernersville, is Secretary.

" The Keystone Veterinary Medical Association meets in
Philadelphia, at Broad and Filbert Streets, the second Tuesday
of each month. Dr. W. S. Kooker, of 1116 Wallace Street,
Philadelphia, is the President and the Secretary is C. J. Mar-
shall. This association appointed a committee of three last
winter to confer with the proper officers of the City of Philadel-
phia for the purpose of inaugurating a more effective city meat
and milk inspection. This duty was attended to, with the re-
sult that Dr. Leonard Pearson was appointed as a member of
the Board of Health. With Dr. Edward Martin and Dr. A. C.
Abbott at the head of the Health Department, we have reason
to believe that something definite may be done in the way of
^meat and milk inspection that will be a credit to the city of
Philadelphia.

" These different associations are working for one common
rause and that is the elevation of the profession. They are
[valuable tributaries to the success of our National Association.
EWe cannot commend too highly the work of the local associa-
tions, in some one of which have originated nearly all the laws
chat have any beneficial effect on the profession. And we feel
that we have a right to rejoice in the protection that is afforded
)y the laws that have been enacted through our efforts.

" It was stated in the Secretary's report last year, that an effort
^as to be made to get a law passed requiring a reregistration of
ill.the veterinarians in the State. This appeared to be the only

650 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

way that we could free our lists of a large number who regis-
tered under the old law and had ceased to have any identity
with our profession. This matter was dropped for the reason
that an attempt had recently been made to reopen the registra-
tion list so a few might register who had failed to attend to this
duty at the proper time. If this had been accomplished there
would have been an undesirable class of men allowed to register
from our own State, and quacks and impostors from other States
as well as our own would have been admitted to the profession
in Pennsylvania. With an uncertain legislature and this recent
attempt at legislation fresh in our minds, it was deemed advisable
to let the registration list remain as it is for a time.

" A few laws were passed by the last Legislature through the
efforts of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. One was an act
to encourage the repression of tuberculosis of cattle, and to pro-
vide for the disposition of the carcasses of meat-producing ani-
mals that are infected with tuberculosis to a degree that renders
their flesh unfit for use as food. This measure makes it possi-
ble to use the meat of an animal that has a slight case of tuber-
culosis if it has been properly inspected. The previous method
of consigning a carcass to the tank, when the only reason for
doing so was the fact that the animal had failed to pass the
tuberculin test, was long recognized as wasteful and extrava-
gant. It was not the fault of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board that this law was not enacted before. People objected to
using the meat from an anirual that was known to be affected
with tuberculosis ever so slightly. At the same time they
would use the meat from a non-inspected animal, that was a
great deal more unwholesome, because their attention had not
been called to the fact that the animal was diseased.

" Another act was also passed which gives the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board the power to enforce a proper quarantine
of dogs during an outbreak of rabies and prescribes what meas-
ures shall be adopted to prevent its spread.

''Our profession was disappointed in the action taken by the
Legislature in reference to a racing bill which was presented at
the last session. This bill provided for a state racing commis-
sion which was to be appointed by the governor and made up
of men interested in the improvement of horses. This commis-
sion was to be empowered to license race courses and race meet-
ings to the end that horse racing might be conducted honestly
and free from gambling.

"An appropriation of $6,000,000 was made at the last session

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 651

of the Legislature for the improvement of public roads. This
is to be used in all parts of the State and apportioned out in
such a manner that it will last for six years. In many portions
of Pennsylvania, as in all other States, the country roads are
nearly impassable during certain seasons of the year. We con-
sider that the money thus appropriated for improving the con-
dition of our roads will go farther in developing the agricultural
portions of the commonwealth than could be procured in any
other manner by the same amount of money expended. The
veterinary profession was united in its support of this appropri-
ation. Telephones are being introduced in nearly all the rural
sections of the State. This convenience with the possibility of
having good country roads, opens up a large field for veterina-
rians. Formerly the stock-raiser who lived in the back districts
was so far isolated from veterinary medical attention, that a sick
or injured animal could not receive proper attention till it was
too late. With the conveniences of telephones and good coun-
try roads it will be safer to keep and raise valuable stock in
these formerly isolated country districts because medical atten-
tion can be more easily obtained.

" The Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsyl-
vania is still in temporary quarters. The teaching staff remains
unchanged and one of the best classes of young men was gradu-
ated at the last commencement that ever left this department.
It is hoped that the necessary appropriation will soon be forth-
coming to make it possible to go on with the work of construct-
ing the necessary buildings according to the magnificent plans
that are at present completed.

" Diseases of a contagious nature have caused less than the
customary damage or alarm in the State during the last year.
A few cases of glanders, rabies, anthrax, blackleg, hsemorrhagic
septicaemia and forage poisoning have appeared in different
parts of the State, but have been promptly suppressed through
the watchful care and prompt action of the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board. Equine influenza and canine distemper have
been about as prevalent as usual. An effective preventive in-
oculation for these two disease would be hailed with delight.

" It has been suggested that it might be wise for the Ameri-
can Kennel Club or some other organization, interested in the
diseases of dogs, to obtain the services of a competent bacteri-
ologist to make a study of canine distemper and, if possible, to
discover a preventive inoculation or a serum treatment that
would prove effectual in combating this disease. Anthrax vac-

652 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

cine, blackleg vaccine and tetanus antitoxine are used exten-
sively and we believe effectually throughout the State in pre-
venting these diseases. It seems possible that some equally ef-
ficacious treatment or prevention might be discovered to combat
equine influenza and canine distemper, which are so common
all over our country.

" Aside from the diseases of a contagious nature the veterina-
rian's services are becoming more appreciated in the treatment
of animals suffering with diseases of a sporadic nature, lame-
ness, accidents and in making useful operations, inspections,
etc. It is plainly observed that the field of a veterinarian's use-
fulness is constantly increasing.

" The State Live Stock Sanitary Board has maintained its
high standard of usefulness during the past year. Owing to the
change of administration, some changes were made in this
Board. The merit of our State Veterinarian was justly acknowl-
edged by reappointing him to his old position. This recogni-
tion met with the universal approval of our profession as well
as those interested in breeding or handling domestic animals.
This Board has conducted a successful experiment during the
last year, in immunizing cattle against tuberculosis. The result
of this experiment has been published by Drs. Pearson and Gil-
liland and is familiar to most of you. The practical application
of it remains to be developed. Our last Legislature appropriated
twenty-five thousand dollars for this purpose. The work is be-
ing rapidly organized and a number of experiments are already
started, which, when completed, will show the practicability of
vaccinating cattle against tuberculosis. If they are able to bring
this method of vaccination into general use, as we believe they
will, it will piove one of the most important discoveries in con-
nection with veterinary medicine that has ever occurred. We
can appreciate to a certain extent the value of this work when
we realize that the annual loss from tuberculosis of cattle in this
State alone is over a million dollars.

"Tuberculin has been used as a diagnostic agent in Pennsyl-
vania more extensively and with better results perhaps than in
any other State in the Union. The verdict in reference to the
value of tuberculin by the profession as well as the most pro-
gressive breeders and dairymen in this State is unanimously in
favor of it. By the judicious use of it an infected herd can be
freed from tuberculosis and kept practically so. We condemn
its use in the hands of laymen and realize more and more that
it should be restricted to the use of scientific men and they

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 653

should be absolutely honest and painstaking. It is not sufficient
to test a herd and remove the ones that react, disinfect the sta-
bles and expect that tuberculosis is permanently exterminated.
It is necessary, in addition to these precautions, that a re-test
shall be made as long as any reactions are obtained. Not more
than six months to a year should pass before this is done. After
an infected herd has been freed from tuberculosis according to
the most approved methods known at the present time, careful
observation is required that it may be kept in this condition. If
a vaccine can be produced that will prevent an animal from be-
coming infected with this disease the secret of managing a dairy
herd with profit and pleasure will be solved."

Secretary Dunphy, of Michigan, reviewed the veterinary
situation in his State, and closed by an invitation to the Asso-
ciation to again visit Detroit for an annual meeting.

CHANGES IN THE BY-LAWS.

The following amendments to the by-laws were adopted :

To amend Article I, Chapter X, of the By-Laws by substi-
tuting the words " The third Tuesday and following days of
August," for the words " The first Tuesday and following days
of September," in the second and the third line thereof.

To amend Article I, Chapter VI, of the By-Laws by adding
the words " during his agricultural course," immediately after
the word " equivalent " in the eighteenth line thereof ; and by
striking out the sentence " If of a medical school a similar cur-
riculum shall prevail " in the twenty-third and the twenty-
fourth line thereof.

To amend Article II, Chapter V, of the By-Laws to read as
follows : The Committee on Intelligence and Education shall
collect and distribute to the members of the Association, upon
request, literature calculated to develop public interest in vet-
erinary sanitary work and veterinary legislation, municipal,
state and national, in so far as seems proper to the committee
and the funds appropriated will allow ; and report recent veter-
inary facts and intelligence.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

Treasurer Lowe gave in detail the financial operations of
the Association for the past year, not omitting the crossing of a
t nor the dotting of an i. This can be of no interest to our
readers beyond the gross statement of the finances of the Asso-
ciation, which is hereby appended :

654 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Balance on hand at last report $ 576.83

Cash, received since that date ..... . 1,667.37

Total 2,244.20

Disbursements 1,914.68

Leaving a balance on hand 329-52

The report was referred to the Finance Committee, which

approved it.

The Association at this hour (i o'clock) adjourned for lunch,

reconvening at 3 p. m.

LETTERS OF THANKS AND REGRETS.

A letter was read by the Secretary from Mrs. R. S. Huide-
koper acknowledging in a grateful manner the receipt of the
engrossed resolutions upon the death of her husband. Also
letters of regret at their inability to attend this meeting from
Drs. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia ; James Desmonde, Aus-
tralia ; John W. Grove, Canada ; W. H. Wray, England ; W. H.
Dalrymple, Louisiana ; Theobald Smith, Massachusetts ; W. H.
Welch, Maryland ; Bduardo Nocard, France ; J. H. Raymond,
Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Herman M. Biggs, New York City ; A. Liau-
tard, Paris, France ; Duncan McEachran, Montreal ; E. Peron-
cito, Turin, Italy ; J. McFadyean, England ; Ray J. Stancliffe,
U. S. Army, and R. H. Harrison, Milwaukee, Wis.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Dr. J. G. Rutherford placed in nomination for the office of
President Dr. M. E. Knowles, of Montana, which was seconded
by Drs. J. F. Winchester and F. Torrance.

Dr. Tait Butler nominated Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, of New York ;
seconded by Drs. George H. Berns, A. H. Baker, and Wm. Her-
bert Lowe.

To elect five Vice-Presidents the following members were
nominated : Drs. J. G. Rutherford, C. J. Marshall, M. H. Rey-
nolds, M. E. Knowles, E. L. Quitman, J. Elmer Ryder, W. A.
Heck, W. H. Dalrymple, and Wm. Herbert Lowe.

For Secretary, Dr. John J. Repp was the only nominee, and
for Treasurer Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe was without an opponent.

The result of the balloting showed the following to have
been elected for the year 1903-04 :

President — Roscoe R. Bell, of New York.

Vice-Presidents — M. E. Knowles, of Montana ; J. G. Ruther-
ford, of Canada ; W. H. Dalrymple, of Louisiana ; C. J. Mar-
shall, of Pennsylvania ; J. Elmer Ryder, of New York.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

655

Secretary — John J. Repp, of Pennsylvania.
Treasurer — Wm. Herbert Lowe, of New Jersey.

THE DAY AT PINE GROVE STOCK FARM.

At 7.20 A. M., of the second day, Wednesday, Sept. 2, the
steamer was boarded by the members, visitors and the ladies of
their families, when a delightful sail of twenty miles down the
Ottawa river was enjoyed, music being supplied by an orchestra
from the Foot Guards, a novel adjunct to which were the Scot-
tish bag-pipers in Highland costume, W. G. Grant and Piper
Saunders, the former being especially notable by his splendid
physique and manly carriage. Just how many were aboard we
do not know, but certainly not less than three. hundred. On ar-
riving at the wharf at
Rockland, which is lo-
cated on the Pine
Grove Stock Farm, car-
riages of all kinds were
in waiting, supplied by
Senator Edwards, pro-
prietor of the farm.
There were four-in-
hand breaks, horsed
with splendid hack-
neys; surreys, traps,
runabouts, and various
other equipages, and
the ladies were assisted
into them and driven
over the grounds of the
splendid establishment.
SI It was about an eighth
of a mile from the
wharf to the barns on the farm, and for the convenience of the
guests there had been built a board walk across the meadows,
over which they marched, preceded by the bag-pipers. To the
barns the column moved, where the distinguished host greeted
his guests in a most cordial manner, personally conducting them
through the great breeding establishments, and describing the
lineage of his splendid herds of Durhams and other breeds.
The well-fenced pasture fields were full of brood-mares, foals,
yearlings, and older horses of various strains. The veteri-
narians were much interested in the arrangement of the barns,

THE HIGHLANDERS AND DR. RUTHERFORD.

656

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

the excellent systems of ventilation, drainage, etc., and in the
isolation arrangements necessary to carry out the Bang System

of treating tubercu-
losis. In the large
sales barn, a building
of about I00X200
feet, four tables, ex-
tending its entire
length, were ar-
ranged for the ban-
quet to the guests.
From the ceiling
hung large British
and American flags,
side by side, while
smaller ones of both
nations were taste-

VIEW OF THE BARN-YARD AT PINE GROVE. fullv P^rOUOCd abOUt

Note the barn-yard fence and roof s of some of the smaller ^, /. -i-, tvt^

buildings. the four walls. Not

an item appeared to be lacking in the arrangement of this gi-
gantic feast, to which the guests sat down at about half past
twelve o'clock. Sen-
ator Edwards occu-
pied the chairman's
seat, on either side
of whom were the
Minister of Agricul-
ture, the Hon. Sid-
ney Fisher, Senator
Owens, Dr. Salmon,
Prof. Law, Senator
Iv e g r i s , President
Stewart, President-
elect Bell, Senator
Baker, Senator King:,

' ^' THE BARN WHERE THE SENATOR DANCED THE HIGHLAND FLING.

Jabel Robinson, M. TMs stable has an interesting and i>ractical ventilation. Fun-

Pn'nA /-wfVioi-o AX/Vio-M "^^ shaped stacks with vanes revolve to face the wind, and are

., ana Otnerb. VV Iien f^y inlets. The " r" stacks, one end funnel shaped, are for out-

■f-Viza rf^nacf ■vxraQ nvpr lets, the wind producing upward suction by blowing throitgh the

Liic icpctOL wcia uvci, horizontal portion of the'' T." The inlet air is distributed from

President Stewart Slo^^^ boxes in the basement through auger holes.

called the meeting to order, and indulged in some timely remarks
upon the object lesson to which the guests had been treated dur-
ing their inspection of the farm, as well as their experience of
Canadian hospitality as exemplified in the public-spirited action

SOCIETY MEETINGS 657

of Senator Edwards in giving them the opportunity to do so.
He then announced that the section of the programme arranged
to take place at Pine Grove would be started by the reading of
a paper by the host, entitled '' The Bang System for the Eradi-
cation of Tuberculosis in Cattle as Practiced upon Pine Grove
Stock Farm, Ontario, Canada." As a contribution to the prac-
tical operation of the breeding-out process Senator Edwards'
paper was a decided success, interspersed with hard common
sense in dealing with the white plague. He showed through-
out the greatest familiarity with the most recent scientific dis-
coveries concerning this disease, obtained through large expe-

A PORTION OF THE TUBERCULOUS HERD AT PINE GROVE STOCK FARM.

The tuberculous cows are rigidly separated from the nontuberculous herd, and are kept in
breeding according to the Bang system.

rience and extensive reading of reliable literature. The au-
dience was in thorough sympathy with him, applauding him
roundly and congratulating him heartily. At the regular ses-
sion of the Association, on the following day, a resolution to
adopt his paper as a valuable contribution to veterinary litera-
ture was carried, with instructions to the Committee on Intel-
ligence and Education to effect its wide distribution, particular-
ly to secure its publication in the Breeder^ s Gazette^ the Asso-
ciaton believing that, being the production of a scientific breeder,
it would have great weight among his fellow-breeders. Those
who participated in the discussion of Senator Edwards' paper,
chiefly confined to inquiries as to details and words of apprecia-

658 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

tion, were Drs. Reynolds, Moore, Law, Huff, Butler, Ruther-
ford, Senator Owens, and others.

Then came the sensation of the meeting, the paper by Dr.
D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry,
entitled " Bovine and Human Tuberculosis," in which he de-
tailed the experiments conducted by his staff to disprove the re-
markable contention of Prof. Koch, before the London Congress
on Tuberculosis in 1901. Comment is here unnecessary, since
we publish in another department the paper in full. The ef-
fect of Dr. Salmon's paper was electrical ; every one seemed to
realize that they had been particularly fortunate in being pres-
ent to listen to the reading of a paper that effectually settled an
important question of world-wide interest ; that a new chapter
in the history of medicine had been completed ; that an inter-
national bomb had been exploded, and that they had been pres-
ent when the lucifer was applied ; that the meeting in the barn
was to go down in history as a memorable one, and that they
had been a part of that great gathering. Cheer after cheer
leaped from the throats of the guests, and the essayist was ap-
plauded to the echo, while every speaker who followed gave
him unstinted praise, not only for his unanswerable experiments,
but for the arguments which he put forth in reply to Koch's de-
ductions. There was no discussion — just praise. Minister of Ag-
riculture Fisher paid a glowing tribute to Dr. Salmon and the
'Bureau, and spoke of the great benefits that will accrue to hu-
manity by virtue of a full knowledge of the facts described in
the paper. Dr. Rutherford felt under great obligations to Dr.
Salmon, and was proud that this important paper was brought
forth on Canadian soil. Dr. Montizambert, of the Department
of Health, spoke in the same strain, paying high praise to the
veterinary profession, alluding to it, not as a sister profession,
but as a sister branch of medical science. Drs. Wheeler, Moore,
Law, Higgins, Noack, and others also made remarks, while dur-
ing the remainder of the programme every speaker made refer-
ence to the chief topic of the occasion.

" A Microscopic Study of a Case of Tuberculosis in a Cow
with Reference to Distribution of Bacilli," was the subject of a
paper by Dr. John J. Repp, illustrated by means of stereopticon
views (shown in the evening). This paper is valuable as show-
ing the extensive character of the lesions in an animal which
gave very little evidence of disease upon physical examination,
and emphasizes the danger of spreading the infection. It will
be published in an early number of the Review.

SOCIETY MEETINGS.

659

" Avain Tuberculosis" was an account of the investigations
of Prof. V. A. Moore and Dr. A. R. Ward at Berkeley, Cal., the
past summer, where the disease almost depopulated the poultry
pens along the Pacific Coast. This was in the nature of a pre-
liminary report, as Dr. Moore had just returned from his duties
at the Golden Gate and has not had time to perfect his conclu-
sions. ^ It brought forth a lively discussion, however, partici-
pated in by many.

Following this the Chair was resumed by Senator Edwards,

and a number of the guests
spoke in a patriotic and fraternal
manner, all agreeing that the
two English-speaking nations
should be bound together in closer
ties, both scientifically and as a
people. Those who spoke were
Dr. Hoskins, Senators Owens,
Baker, King, and Legris, Jabel
Robinson, M. P., and Senator Ed-
wards. The meeting closed with
singing "God Save the King" and
"America," while three cheers
and a tiger were given for King
Edward, President Roosevelt and
the host. After photographing
the group in front of the banquet-
ing building, the guests slowly
wended their way toward the
wharf, many in carriages, others
inspecting the large sawmills
and barns, finally boarding the steamer, where music, dancing
and other diversions made a pleasant trip back to the city.

" IN MEASURELESS CONTENT." {Mucbe/h.)

A compliment to the dinner at Pine Grove.

THE PROPOSED MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATION.

On Wednesday evening the members in large numbers
assembled in the Council Chamber of the City Hall to hear a
proposition by Dr. Wm. Dougherty to establish a mutual aid
association, carrying a sick benefit and a death benefit fund.
The doctor had prepared a paper setting forth his views, and
had had printed and distributed a large number of copies of a
pamphlet giving a proposed Constitution and By-Laws for the
organization. The proposition was received rather coldly, the
speakers being rather afraid that it would not prove a good busi-

660 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ness venture. Many thought that it would be difficult to col-
lect the assessments and the dues. The sick benefit clause did
not appeal to them at all, while the death benefit clause was
more attractive. A vote was taken as to whether the Associa-
tion wished to go into a consideration of the proposition at all,
and decided that it did not. A reconsideration of the vote re-
sulted in instructions to the President to appoint a committee
to gather facts as to such organizations to be communicated at
the next meeting of the Association.

READING OF PAPERS.

Following the meeting to consider the above scheme, Dr.
Pierre A. Fish, of New York, presented his paper on " The Ef-
fects of Certain Drugs upon Blood- Pressure and Cardiac Inhi-
bition in the Horse," illustrated by numerous lantern-slide
views. The views were explained by the essayist as one fol-
lowed another, and were very instructive and entertaining.

Dr. A. S. Wheeler, of Biltmore, N. C, presented a paper on
" Experiences with the Stomach Worm in Sheep," which was
full of practical ideas and conclusions as to the best methods of
ridding the host of these almost fatal parasites.

Dr. Charles H. Higgins, of the Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
Can., read a very comprehensive thesis on " Black Leg and An-
thrax," which was particularly valuable as making the subject
much clearer to the average practitioner than is usually accom-
plished in the text-books and technical literature. The meth-
ods of preparing blood and transmitting it to the laboratories for
examination and diagnosis were made very plain. We shall en-
deavor to obtain a copy of the paper for publication, as it will
prove very helpful to the busy practitioner in the field. Drs.
Wheeler, Kelly and Moore discussed it.

Dr. Knowles read a paper on " Meat and Milk Inspection,"
dealing chiefly with the excellent law which he was so largely
instrumental in having passed by the legislature of Montana,
the law itself forming a large part of the paper. It brought
forth quite a discussion, much of it being excited by the inability
of the Montana authorities to secure competent veterinarians to
fill the positions created by the law, even though larger salaries
were guaranteed than for similar positions in other States. The
discussion turned upon the salaries paid by the Bureau, with
opinions pro and con as to their adequacy for the attainments of
the inspectors and the work demanded of them. The laws of
other States were described by some of the speakers, and the

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 661

merits of the bill under consideration were discussed. Those
taking part were Drs. Kelly, Baker, Simpson, Lowe, Salmon,
Butler, Hoskins, Law, and Leech.

At the opening of the afternoon session on Thursday the
Hon. Sidney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, delivered an ad-
dress on " The Importance of Veterinary Science to Agricul-
ture," and it was an excellent effort, every man present feeling
proud that he was a member of a profession whose possibilities
were so great toward the health and prosperity of the world.

Following Mr. Fisher's address Dr. J. G. Rutherford gave a
talk on "The Uses of Mallein in Dealing with Glanders," es-
pecially based upon his experiences with the serum. His con-
clusions were such as are generally accepted by those with large
experiences with it ; his methods of dealing with reacting ani-
mals, however, being rather more effective than is the custom
in the States. The subject was quite lengthily discussed by
Drs. Berns, Kelly, Bell, Pierce, Lowe, Dougherty and Leech.

COMMITTEES FOR I903-04.

President Bell has announced the appointment of the follow-
ing committees :

Executive Committee. — Leonard Pearson, Chairman ; D. E.
Salmon, W. L. Williams, S. Stewart, W. Horace Hoskins,
George W. Dunphy, k. H. Baker. Ex-officio — Roscoe R. Bell,
M. B. Knowles, J. G. Rutherford, W. H. Dalrymple, C. J. Mar-
shall, J. Elmer Ryder, John J. Repp, Wm. Herbert Lowe.

Finance. — Thos. E. Smith, Chairman ; S. Brenton, Eugene
Burget.

Publication. — M. H. Reynolds, Chairman ; Robert W. Ellis,
Richard P. Lyman, T. E. Robinson, L. H. Howard.

Intelligence and Education. — E. B. Ackerman, Chairman ;
F. Torrence, A. T. Peters, J. W. Connaway, E. M. Ranck.

Diseases. — Charles H. Higgins, Chairman ; A. S. Wheeler,
C. A. Cary, V. A. Moore, N. S. Mayo.

Army Legislation. — D. E. Salmon, Chairman ; James Law,
Benj. D. Pierce, Wm. Henry Kelly, E. H. Shepard.

Resolutions. — M. E. Knowles, Chairman ; W. A. Heck, J. G.
Rutherford, James L. Robertson, Joseph Plaskett.

Pharmacopceia. — E. M. Ranck, Chairman ; Roscoe R. Bell,
John J. Repp, D. King Smith, L. A. Merillat, E. L. Quitman,
H. D. Hanson.

Standard 0/ Excellence and Soundness.— George B. Berns,
Chairman ; M. H. Reynolds, Tait Butler.

662 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

THE CLINIC.

Was the clinic a success? We think it was, and we believe
that it has solved the problem of the character of clinics at fu-
ture meetings. While most of the practitioners who have
attended former clinics have conceded their great interest and
helpfulness to the practical men who attend the meetings, we
think few have felt that they were anything like what they
should be. The trouble came with the failure of the subjects
to materialize, or the surgeons to be on hand. If both were
present, and the operation was of such a nature as to require
casting, there would be but little opportunity for many of those
in attendance to see the field of operation or the surgical pro-

AT THE-CLINIC. — GOOD IXTERESr AND A T TENUA-XCK.

cedure, and if it required, much time there was impatience
among the auditors, and much loss of time. It is not difficult
to appreciate that an ideal surgical clinic should consist in the
performance of important operations by the most celebrated sur-
geons of the country ; but it seems almost impossible to have
all the conditions present to make it successful. The method
adopted at Ottawa appears to have been spontaneous for lack of
the assigned surgeons to fulfill their engagements, and it proved
extremely interesting and profitable to all who were present,
not alone in the examinations and diagnoses, but from the dis-
cussions which were brought out impromptuly by the condi-
tions as they arose. The following demonstrations took place :

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 663

Brown gelding, lame off hind leg, said to be chronic hip-
lameness. Dr. Bell was called to the ring, and pronounced the
lameness occasioned by diffused bone spavin. Dr. A. H. Baker
confirmed the diagnosis.

Bay gelding, lame near front leg. Examined by Dr. New-
ton and diagnosed as navicularthritis. Cocained by Dr. Bell,
which caused the horse to trot sound. Neutotomized by Dr. C.
E. Cotton, he performing the low operation.

Black gelding, exostosis with five fistulous tracts leading to
centre, on the inferior maxillary bone at the bifurcation of the
rhami of the jaws. Cast and operated by trephining, by Dr. E.
C. Beckett, of Boston.

Gray gelding, lame near hind leg. Examined by Dr. S.
Brenton and diagnosed as due to ringbone. Confirmed by Dr.
M. C. Baker.

Gray gelding, crib-biter. Dr. Charles J. Marshall was asked
to operate, by the nervo-muscular method, but declined, as he
had failed to secure any recoveries in the cases that he had done.
It appeared to be the general impression among those who had
resorted to it that the results were poor.

Bay mare, lame near hind leg for past four years. Diagnosed
by Dr. Winchester as due both to ringbone and spavin. Ex-
amined by Dr. Berns, and diagnosed differently, he believing
lameness due entirely to ringbone. Dr. Bell thought it was
caused by fracture of os suffraginis, resulting in exostosis and
arthritis, while Drs. Baker, Massey and McKillip had views for
and against. She was cocained in the digital nerve, which had
but slight effect, subsequently being injected in the peroneal
nerve, which improved her gait considerably.

While these few cases serve to show the character of the
clinic, they do not explain the running discussion and the many
practical points brought out. For instance, the subject of
splints, their causation and treatment, was well discussed, and
many other subjects received similar treatment.

Finally Dr. Tennent, of London, Out, was asked to give his
experience with the oxygen treatment for milk fever, which he
did in a very interesting manner, giving the technic of his
method, and provoking many inquiries concerning the details.

Dr. Reynolds photographed the scene, and promised to send
a copy to all who applied. On the preceding page we have
reproduced the photo taken by Dr. Reynolds, and, while the
faces are small, they are very clear and distinct, and can be
recognized by those acquainted with the individuals.

664 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

NOTES OF THE MEETING OF THE A. V. M. A.

Ottawa was wide open for the A. V. M. A.

The city was our host, and we were surely its guests.

We wined, dined and worked ; renewed friendships, made
new ones, gained health and strength, saw new sights, and
learned much.

One thing we learned was that Canada is a great country,
with vast possibilities. Another thing is that her people know
it, and are exerting themselves to have other people know it.

They regard the Americans as their real cousins, and like to
see the two flags floating side by side. They are fond of re-
marking that both flags have identical colors, only slightly dif-
ferent in design, and that each stands for the same principles of
civilization and the bCvSt interests of the human race.

Just a little closer than the average American and the aver-
age Canadian is the American veterinarian and the Canadian
veterinarian, and much was said and done at Ottawa to draw the
knot tighter. And it isn't a " slip-knot " either.

The climax in entertainment was reached at Ottawa ; and,
graceful and grateful as it was, the Review sounds the alarm
that the good of the Association demands a halt in this direc-
tion. Our Canadian friends are not blameable in this direction.
When Dr. Rutherford invited the Association to Ottawa, he
assured the members that he would give them a good time. He
did better than he agreed. He dazzled them.

But the Americans are the ones to simplify the entertain-
ment. To make it so modest and inexpensive that we can hold
our meetings wherever they will do the most good, not where
we have a large membership with long purses.

In the case of Ottawa, it was not alone the resident veteri-
narians entertaining the parent Association ; it was the Cana-
dians doing homage to the Americans. We understand that
the city gave liberally to the local committee to insure a pleas-
ant time to the guests from across the border.

The local committee must have had an inspiration when it
arranged that day at Pine Grove. Senator Edwards was a
prince of hosts, and the memory of the day spent with him will
abide with his fortunate guests while life lasts.

Dr. Rutherford was an ideal entertainer, whether in the
literary sense or in the perfection of arrangements. But then
he had Dr. Higgins, Dr. Harris, Dr. Whyte, Dr. James, Dr. Hol-
lingsworth and Dr. Boucher to back him, which they did in an
enthusiastic manner.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 665

Side trips going and coming were the rule. A party of
Eastern veterinarians and their families went by way of Clay-
ton, Thousand Islands, Kingston and the Rideau Lakes. The
scenery was enchanting, the experiences novel, the traveling
restful — everything conspiring to make the trip ideal. Aboard
the Rideau Queen on Monday, Aug. 31, were Dr. George H.
Berns, wife and daughter. Dr. Roscoe R. Bell, wife and two
boys, Brooklyn ; Dr. J. Elmer Ryder and wife, and Dr. James
Iv. Robertson, of New York City ; Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe and
wife, Paterson, N. J. ; Dr. W. Horace Hoskins and wife, and
Mr. and Mrs. Brooks, Philadelphia, Pa. ; Dr. Thomas E. Smith,
Jersey City, N. J. ; and Dr. Eugene Burget, Mayor of Wads-
worth, Ohio.

While the attendance was large, many of the populous East-
ern States were poorly represented. Pennsylvania particularly
has fallen back in her annual pilgrimage to the great inter-
national veterinary convention. But five of her large member-
ship were on hand ; yet the distance was comparatively short.
New Jersey did much better, having six present, which is a
fairly good percentage. New York had more than New Jersey
and Pennsylvania combined ; but, then, there were not half as
many Empire veterinarians at the Canadian Capital as should
have been, considering its large quota of members. That New
York City should have had but four delegates at Ottawa at a
time of the year when professional duties are least active, does
not speak well for association interest among New York veteri-
narians. Massachusetts was well represented. There were
Pierce from Springfield, Howard from Boston, Playdon from
Reading, Dodge from Leominster, Winchester, Fuller and Zuber
from Lawrence, Winslow from Rockland, Roberts from North-
ampton, Simpson from Somerville, and Perry from Worcester.
North Carolina had 66^% of her eligible men present. There
are three in the State, and two of them (Butler and Wheeler)
were on hand, and each took a lively interest in the programme.
Manitoba had a large delegation, considering that the distance
was 1300 miles.

The prediction that the list of new members would fill two
pages of the Review was more than realized, as will be noted
by reference to the list elsewhere. The Association gained a
small army of new members, jumped clear over the 500 mark,
and well on toward 600.

'' The Royal Shanty " was the destination of the trolley ride
on Friday afternoon. It is a log-cabin, built upon the lines of

666 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

a lumberman's house, and some years ago some members of the
Royal family dined there upon the lumberman's bill of fare.
Since then it has borne the above name, and has become an ob-
ject of much interest. A tent was spiked in the grove surround-
ing the "shanty "for the accommodation of the guests, and
refreshments, both liquid and solid, were supplied without limit.

The '' camera fiend " was everywhere in evidence. Mrs. G.
Ed. Leech, of Minnesota, snapped about a hundred films.

There was a notable change in the sentiment of the Cana-
dian press as the character of the meeting became manifest. Be-
fore the assembling of the convention, there was a disposition
to treat the visitors as an invasion of '' horse-doctors " ; after the
first session we were a " great organization of veterinarians
guarding the health and wealth of the continent." There can
be no doubt but that the fortieth annual meeting of the A. V.
M. A. has done a great service to the profession in Canada.

Dr. V. A. Moore, of the New York State Veterinary College,
who spent his summer vacation in California, investigating con-
tagious diseases of poultry, was looking in fine health, having
gained considerable flesh.

Dr. Newton, who has occupied the position of Sheriff of To-
ledo, Ohio, for four years, did not fail to take in every part of
the Ottawa programme.

Every one remarked upon the improved appearance of Dr.
Salmon. He has gained fifteen pounds of healthy-looking avoir-
dupois, his step is elastic, his eye bright, his complexion clear,
and his Vandyke beard quite becoming. His sojourn at the
Hub evidently agreed with him.

Dr. Richard P. Lyman, who disposed of his practice in Hart-
ford, Conn., to enter into partnership with his father in Boston,
has returned to Hartford and purchased an interest in his
former practice.

Many of the visitors paid a visit to the House of Parliament,
which was in almost continuous session on the bill to appropri-
ate $100,000,000 to build a railroad through the heart of North-
ern Canada.

A visitor to Canada is struck with the large number of very
old men who are vigorous and healthy. Some one said that a
Senator who occupies his seat daily was a hundred years old.

We were shown a letter to Dr. Winchester from a gentleman
in South Africa who was with Dr. John M. Parker at the time
of his death, and the cause assigned by him for his untimely end
was a blood clot on the brain.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 667

^ Many were the kindly expressions for the Review. Some
said that the annual meetings of the Association are very enjoy-
able and instructive ; but they are not to be compared with the
monthly visits of the " dear old Review." We cannot express
in adequate language our feelings at these assurances of appre-
ciation of our humble efforts. But, then, the Review is the
child of the profession ; it is made by the profession ; those who
figure as editors merely put together the productions of the pro-
fession. If this i^ done to their satisfaction, we are pleased.

The colleges were fairly well represented at Ottawa. The
one having the greatest number of delegates was the New York
State, which sent Profs. Law, Moore, Fish, and Hopkins ; the
New York-American, Profs. Robertson, Ryder, and Bell; the
Chicago, Profs. Baker, Hughes, and Quitman ; the Kansas City,
Profs. Stewart and Brown; the Ontario, Profs. Andrew Smith,
D. King Smith, and C. H. Sweetapple ; the University of
Pennsylvania, Drs. W. Horace Hoskins and C. J. Marshall ;
the Laval University, Prof. Daubigny.

The U. S. Army was represented by Dr. Daniel Le May,
who was accompanied by his charming wife.

Drs. Winchester, Hoskins, Lowe, Reynolds, Newton, Kelly,
Plaskett, Viles and T. E. Robinson were among the Nobles of
the Mystic Shrine in evidence at the Ottawa meeting A. V. M. A.

The Review has received from Dr. M. H. Reynolds since
his return from Ottawa a copy of the report of the Resident
State Secretary for Minnesota, with a request that it be pub-
lished. As this report was not read before the Association
either in detail or by title, and as it deals largely in personali-
ties, attacking Dr. Reynolds, the Review declines to give it
space. It positively refuses to enter into local dissensions.

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SO-
CIETY.
The thirteenth annual meeting convened in the amphi-
theatre of the New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, N.
Y., at lo A. M., Tuesday, Sept. 15, with President James Law
in the chair. Secretary Wm. Henry Kelly recording. After
calling the meeting to order. President Law introduced the
Hon. Andrew D. White, of Cornell University, former United
States Ambassador to Germany, who welcomed the Society to
Cornell in an impressive address. He gave an account of how
the founder of the great university had many years ago de-
spatched him to England to obtain a veterinarian to fill the

668 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

chair of veterinary science in the agricultural department, his
instructions being to secure a young man who possessed the en-
dorsement of the Elder Gamgee. The result of that trip was
the enlistment of Dr. Law, with what success every veterinarian
in this country knows, and he felt that we all had reason to
bless the day that brought him to our shores. He congratu-
lated the Society upjn its marked progress, as denoted by the
increased attendance and the character of the programme, and
he hoped the present meeting might be the most profitable one
in our history.

Then President Law delivered the annual address, as fol-
lows :

THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

" One year ago I hastily passed in review some indications
of the revolution in medicine which has been witnessed in the
past fifty years. On the old basis, formed by the accretions of
centuries, we have speedily built what we proudly view as a
rational and scientific superstructure, which bids fair to last for
many years, as itself a solid support of the medical science of
the future. And yet who can tell what even the near future
may have in store for us ? Years ago we had already accepted
what had seemed impossible, and by means of the Roentgen rays
had lighted up the solid tissues of the body so as to reveal the
presence of inorganic formations and objects, and the fractures,
neoplasms and deviations of bones. Science had also revealed
to us new elements, chief among which was radium, which pos-
sessed the power of constant emission of rays of light with next
to no appreciable loss of its own substance. Radium had even
been proved to have a powerful influence on metabolism and
trophic action, contesting with X-rays the claim of controlling
and arresting the growth of malignant tumors. The year just
past has added its endorsement to this claim of radium as a
controller of nutrition, not of morbid structures alone, but also
of the healthy, and to-day this new glowing element, this min-
ister of light and beauty, has proved itself to be a material alto-
gether too potent and dangerous to be thoughtlessly or reck-
lessly handled. Whether its present cost of $70,000 per ounce
can be reduced to a less prohibitory figure, whether its great and
acknowledged potencies can be availed of for therapeutic uses,
and whether its no less patent dangers can be repressed and con-
trolled so as to render its use safe and certain, must still be
looked on as matters of speculation.

" But, whatever may be its direct availability in medicine,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. fi69

radium promises to contribute to the evolution of new truths
and doctrines which will give a novel aspect to the whole field
of chemistry, physics, and the dependent sciences. An agent
which can radiate luminous emanations for an indefinite length
of time with scarcely an appreciable decrease of bulk or weight
seems to demonstrate that the ultimate particles of which it is
composed are incomparably smaller than the atoms which have
been hitherto assumed to be the smallest ultimate, and indeed,
the final and indivisible constituent of the chemical element.
It seems as if we must hereafter abandon the as yet unseen,
hypothetical atoms in favor of myriads of ions^ inconceivably
more minute, and in constant motion, oscillating and striking
against each other, and the ions of surrounding elements. In
this we have the expression of the latent energy and force
which may become obvious to our senses in the forms of heat,
light, electricity, chemical affinity, attraction, gravitation, etc.
" This may seem too speculative for such an occasion, and
we may as yet fail to see its practical value in the exercise of
our profession, so that it may be held that we had better con-
fine ourselves strictly to truths that have been already demon-
strated beyond question, which are in common acceptance, and
of which we already see the application to therapeutics and
sanitation. But with the experience of the wonderful 19th
century before us, with the discoveries which, beginning in
other lines, have culminated in a flood of light thrown on medi-
cine and surgery, we cannot, as scientific men, afford to shut
our eyes to the movement which promises to give us a new
chemistry and a new physics. We must, as far as possible,
keep in touch with every movement which tends to clearer and
more definite views of the physics of chemistry, physiology, and
medicine. When Lord Kelvin promulgated the theory that all
forms of energy or force are but variations in the vibrations of
the infinitesimal ultimate components of matter, who could
have predicted that electric vibrations would be transmitted
from continent to continent with the air or ether as a medium,
and that they would be condensed on arrival into words and
sentences? And who would have supposed that a scientist
should calmly propose to explode a distant powder magazine,
by means of such vibrations and without any intermediate me-
tallic connection ? And yet this is gravely proposed in our
day. What would be the influence on the future peace of the
world if every magazine, fort, battleship and ammunition
wagon, could be shattered by the Hertzian waves, transmitted

670 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

to their explosive contents, through the atmospheric medium
alone, and from a safe distance? The most startling flights of
the imagination, if founded on a sound basis of science, are far
more likely to be fulfilled in fact, than are many of the old time
honored doctrines from which the foundations are being washed
away by the new science.

" Certain it is that we are only beginning to learn the na-
ture, scope and possibilities of such common things as heat, light
and electricity, and from what we already know of the varied
operations of these on the living animal organism, we need not
be surprised if the most unexpected developments should come
to extend and perfect our prophylactic and medicinal measures.
The marvelous toxic and medicinal potency of m^any agents,
elaborated in silence in the vast laboratory of nature, impress
one with a sense of awe as well as wonder. That a different ar-
rangement of the common ailments that form our food and
breath, can beget the deadly atropin, aconitine, strychnine or
prussic acid of the higher vegetables : — the toxins, enzymes and
alixines of the microbian forms : — and the leucomains and ven-
oms of the animal cells gives us some sense of the unthought of
possibilities which remain for us in the field of organic chem-
istry.

We have learned to avail of many of these potent agents in
our daily practice. The crude drug given by the stomach, and
subject to many possible changes before it can be absorbed, has
given place to the alkaloid, used hypodermically and little like-
ly to undergo chemical change before it reaches the organ on
which it exercises its physiological action. The toxin or the
venom in safe doses, subcutem or intravenam, is employed to
stimulate the defending leucocytes of the body to produce anti-
toxins and other defensive products, and to impart to the sys-
tem a more or less permanent measure of immunity from the
poison or the microbe which produces it.

" Following the same line of thought and practice, we can
appreciate the value, and avail of the benefit of certain drugs
though these may show no marked action on any of the bodily
functions : — they may corroborate the functions and the general
health through their affecting the metabolism, the process of
tissue nutrition, or the cell-activity whether in elaboration, dis-
integration or excretion. The value of echinacea, to be brought
before this meeting by Dr. Fish, is very suggestive in this con-
nection. The increasing use of antithermic agents, and nerve
and heart sedatives and stimulants^ further mark the steps in

SOCIETY MEETINGS. (jTl

advance and are an earnest of the future extension of the field
in this direction.

'• One of the most significant features of veterinary medicine
to-day is the constant reaching out toward therapeutics and im-
munization by the use of serums of insusceptible animals, or
such as contain the toxins of the dreaded disease. In this con-
nection the contagious diseases are divided naturally into differ-
ent groups :

" (i.) Those that follow an acute course and, in case of
recovery, rarely or never recur in the same individual. These
hold out the best hope of immunization or of antitoxin treat-
ment. To this class belong anthrax, blackquarter, lung plague,
swine erysipelas and chicken cholera.

"(2.) Those that follow an acute course, succeeded by a
transient immunity, that becomes worn out in a few weeks or
months, so that a new attack may occur. Of this class the foot-
and-mouth disease is a striking example. Hence we can have
much less confidence in the treatment of this disease, whether
by immunizing serums, antitoxins or injected chemical disin-
fectants. It ill becomes any one, perhaps, in these days to throw
cold water on enthusiastic research in any direction, as at any
time an unexpected light may be thrown on a dark and unprom-
ising subject, yet, in view of the visible conditions, it appears as
if much valuable time, thought and labor had been recently
expended in this very unpromising direction. A transient im-
munity from a nonfatal disease, and by a treatment which has
to be repeated at very frequent intervals on all kinds of rumi-
nating animals, in a district or country, is anything but a profit-
able investment.

" (3.) A third class of contagious diseases includes such as
are not naturally self-limiting or are only so to a limited ex-
tent, and in which, therefore, an acquired immunity promises to
be in many cases very partial and unsatisfactory. To this class
belong tuberculosis, glanders and dourine. The naturally self-
limiting diseases not only issue in an early recovery in favora-
ble cases, but the recovered individuals show a strong indisposi-
tion to a second attack of that affection. But a tuberculous per-
son or cow may remain tuberculous through a long lifetime and
show no disposition to early death nor recovery and immuniza-
tion. The microbe is constantly, though slowly, propagating
itself in the system, the toxins are continuously poured into the
lymph and blood channels, and the leucocytes are subjected to
a constant stimulation to produce the immunizing and protect-

672 ^ ■ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ing materials, but fail to produce them in amount or quality
sufficient to destroy the microorganism. The same is largely
true of glanders, which in its chronic form persists year after
year in the same animal without an issue in death or recovery,
but with a great tendency toward the infection of equine or hu-
man beings that may come in contact with it or with the places
or objects that may receive or lodge the infection. Dourine fre-
quently follows a similar course. Though sometimes early
fatal, yet cases become chronic and apparently recover, but too
often only to disseminate the disease anew when the. animals
are again put in use. For all such affections there are serious
attempts at immunization. For a large number of very sus-
ceptible individuals there is no prospect at all of any considera-
ble measure of resistance being acquired, and the diseased ani-
mals are meanwhile preserved as sources of infection for other
susceptible subjects. For a number more, a partial immuniza-
tion may be secured, but not sufficiently potent to eliminate the
seeds of the disease from the system, and though the animals
survive and may even be utilized, they prove the source of the
extension of the disease to other animals.

" In the case of the human being where the individual life
counts for much, and for very high-class animals the progeny
of which it is all important to secure, the method may be re-
sorted to under the most rigid and lasting precautions against
the diffusion of infection. Where a State does nothing, or prac-
tically nothing effective, for the extinction of an infection, the
owner of valuable stock may be justified in adopting such im-
perfect measures for personal benefit ; but unless we can reach
something incomparably better than has yet been achieved, this
resort is not fit to be named along with a radical method which
looks with a well-founded confidence toward the complete and
final extinction of the infection in the land.

" As a measure for general application, the immunizing of 40,-
000,000 to 50,000,000 cattle and 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 swine,
to say nothing of other domestic animals, is practically prohibitory
in its expense, and all the more so that it is not, and does not
pretend to be, a measure of absolute extinction. It must be con-
tinued year by year, and generation by generation to secure its
good results.

'' It would be wrong to discourage investigation and re-
search. None can tell how soon these may furnish us with
measures that will be entirely unobjectionable and thoroughly
effective. But at the present stage of progress one may well call

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 673

attention to the contrast, as regards amenability to immuniza-
tion and serum therapy, of the first and last classes of infectious
diseases that have been named. There remains, however, as ap-
plicable to all these affections alike, the ideal method which
must as a rule be the work of an intelligent legislation and ad-
ministration— namely, the absolute extinction of every germ of
the infection in the land, and the exclusion of all such germs as
threaten the nation from outside. It is at present popular to
deal with all such diseases by serum therapy or immunization.
This appeals strongly to the public imagination. It appeals
with no small force even to the physician sanitarian whose
point of view is dominated by humatarian rather than economic
considerations ; the same may be said of the bacteriologist whose
immediate interest in his work tends to blind him somewhat to
the economic problem. The veterinary sanitarian, however,
must give the question of economy the primary place which is
its due by right, and from this point of view every sanitary ex-
pedient must be held subservient to the final and complete ex-
tinction of the contagion. For the plagues of man this consid-
eration has its limitations, but for those of the domestic animals
it must dominate every other. We may well estimate the sani-
tary civilization of a country or state by its way of dealing with
infection, whether by restriction or absolute extinction. Two
considerations are, and should be dominant : (i) Is the plague
due to a microorganism ? and (2) Is it possible to eradicate that
microbe, not from the sick animal only, but also from the whole
country ? These two questions answered in the affirmative,
there should be only one course open to the government and the
government veterinarian. With a deadly infection, anything
that is allowed to stand in the way of extinction, where that is
possible, is evidence of a lack of economic and sanitary fore-
thought. Half measures indicate less than half apprehension
of duty and an entire lack of statesmanship.

" In a thoroughly educated community there is no excuse
for the continued existence of a purely contagious disease. We
may not live to see it, but with the continued advance in intel-
ligence, the time will assuredly come when all our purely con-
tagious diseases will be matters of history only, and when for
cholera, yellow fever, measles, scarlatina, rotheln, diphtheria,
and typhoid in man, and for strangles, glanders, influenza, brust-
seuche, rabies, lung plague, Rinderpest, Texas fever and the
rest in animals, we must look in the annals of the past to find
their characters. The only reason why this cannot be done

674 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

now is because of the lack of public intelligence and of public
interest in a thorough sanitation. The same lack of apprecia-
tion and of enlightened public spirit formerly militated against
the extinction of the animal plagues in Western Europe and the
British Isles, as well as on the Western Continent. Europe
learned the lesson at the cost of many millions yearly, and now
England and other western European nations, realize that the
continued absence of lung plague, Rinderpest and sheep-pox is
an abundant remuneration for a constant vigilance.

'' We had our lesson in the extinction of lung plague and
the restriction of Texas fever to the Southern States, but the
individual State legislatures have in most cases failed to profit
by this, so that rabies, tuberculosis, and glanders especially,
remain as a lasting oppedbrium, and an evidence of our lack of
sanitary economy.

" In the field of parasitism new developments are constantly
cropping out. The B. of A. I. has demonstrated in the cat-
tle and sheep of the Southern States the ruinous strongylus
ostertagi, and uncinaria radiata, and cernua all of which are new
to our American veterinary literature. The fringed taenia of
sheep in the West and Southwest was unknown until identified
by Cooper Curtice in 1887, and is now known as causing one of
the most destructive parasitisms, the general spread of which
would be most disastrous. Quite recently the paragonimus
westermannii has been found in the United States in dogs, cats
and especially swine, an emigrant from Japan and the East,
which may be expected to increase with the increased inter-
course with the Orient, and to produce in the American the Jap-
anese affection of parasitic hsemoptysis. Occasionally a dissat-
isfied physician points his appeal by quoting the outlay and vigi-
lance of the United States, in the exclusion of animal plagues,
while the plagues of man in his opinion receive too little atten-
tion. His protest against veterinary sanitation is uncalled for,
and very short-sighted. The paragonimus is but one of many
pestilential parasites which are being fixed on American human-
ity because liberality and vigilance in veterinary sanitary police
are not yet all that they should be. This narrow professional
view is rather the characteristic of the medical than the veter-
inary profession ; let us see to it that it shall never be otherwise
as far as the latter is concerned. When the medical profession
as a whole shall rise to a right appreciation of comparative
medicine a better day for the medicine of man will be
near.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 675

" But I must hasten to allow you to get to the excellent pro-
gramme which has been provided. One subject, however, which
has not found a place on the programme, may well detain us for
a minute. The Schmidt treatment for parturient collapse has
now met with general acceptance. It bids fair, however, to be
superseded by the distention of the udder with oxygen, or even
with filtered air, or with sterilized normal salt solution. Under
one or other of these modes of treatment the subject usually gets
on her feet in from one to three hours and makes a prompt re-
covery. Even the overcharging of the udder with milk, by
avoiding drawing the teats, is largely protective and curative.
In the Channel Islands this overstocking the udder has alone
robbed the disease of its terrors. Success is so uniform under a
full distension of the udder with gas or liquid, that we are fur-
nished with a very conclusive pathological doctrine of the dis-
ease. Though occurring in plethoric cows only, it is not due to
plethora alone, as that does not hinder prompt recovery. It is
not due to sepsis, as it yields so readily to simple water or air
used to repletion of the milk ducts and follicles. It is not infec-
tion from the womb, as it occurs mostly after easy parturitions,
in which there is no opportunity for infection, and it recovers
promptly without the use of an uterine disinfectant. As Gratia
claimed, even before Schmidt proposed the iodide treatment, it
is manifestly a mammary disease. The full distention of the
mammae is the essence of the successful therapy, and this speaks
strongly of the suspension of the active circulation of the active
hypersemia, and of the excessive metabolism in the udder. The
compression of the capillary network of the secreting follicles
by the gaseous or liquid contents is a formidable barrier to the
influx of blood; the reduction of the blood supply not only
checks secretion, but also the leucocytosis and metabolism, the
formation of leucomains and the entrance of the latter into the
general circulation. We cannot as yet say positively that the
pathogenic factor is to be found in the leucomains, the pto-
mains, or toxins. It has been shrewdly suggested that if it
were one of these poisons it could not be so promptly eliminated
from the system as to allow of recovery in from one to three
hours. On the other hand, it should be noted that with the
prompt arrest of all further addition to the hypothetical poison,
that which is present in the system may be speedily reduced
below the toxic point by elimination or chemical change ; and
further, a noticeable activity of the bowels as a rule, quickly sets
in after the distention treatment, so that we m^y conclude that

676 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

active elimination is precipitated. Whatever may be true as to
the formation, absorption and elimination of these poisons, the
results of the distention treatment are such as to border on the
miraculous. In severe cases in which in time past we looked
with reason for 50 or 60% mortality, we can now hope for
almost uniform recovery.

" Another subject which has been near the heart of all of us^
is the safeguarding of the law which regulates the practice of
veterinary medicine in the State. Our committee charged with
the care of this matter has not been idle. They will, I trust, tell
us something of what has been done, what is now being done,
and what the prospects are for the future. I have no desire to
forestall their report, but I shall say this, that they need the
hearty support of the united profession in the State, alike in the
supply of means, in the way of cooperation in securing evidence
of infringements of the law, and in a careful avoidance in their
own practice of all that is not in perfect harmony with the spirit
of the act. Graduates of two year colleges, who cannot legally
practice in New York complain bitterly of the employment as
professional assistants of men without a degree, without college
training, without any systematic training in veterinary medi-
cine. Every such breach of professional ethics on the part of
the licensed practitioner can only tend to weaken the hands of
our committee, and to destroy the force of our statute. Our
committee has not been so fruitless as many suppose. To my
knowledge unlicensed men have been driven out of practice ; in
cases in which the offender has not fled from the face of aveng-
ing justice, he has been cited in court to be tried at an early
date ; better than all perhaps, our Canadian brethren have been
roused to demand for the Dominion a three years course, with
pupilage, to be entered by a high school education, which will
make the Canadian graduates eligible for the examinations for
practice in this State. In this way our movement is bearing
fruit which could scarcely have been expected. It will advance
the whole profession far toward harmony and unity, for the
future graduates of Canadian schools may be expected to stand
with us shoulder to shoulder, and the schools of the United
States must one and all come up'to our New York standard, and
work earnestly and with one mind for a common profession,
with high aims and bright prospects. Heaven speed the day of
unity, fraternity and progress."

The calling of the roll was dispensed with, the attendance
being determined by a registry-book kept at the door, from

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 677

which the following names were taken :

Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, New Jersey ; George W.
Meyer, New York City ; George H. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; C.
E. Clayton, New York City ; R. W. McCully, New York City ;
T. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J. ; Wm. F. Doyle, Brooklyn, N.
•Y. ; H. D. Stebbins, West Winfield, N. Y. ; E. Hanshew, Brook-
lyn, N. Y. ; G. T. Stone, Binghamton, N. Y. ; W. G. Dodds,
Canandaigua, N. Y. ; J. F. DeVine, Goshen, N. Y. ; Alex. 'Find-
lay, Camden, N. Y. ; R. Perkins, Warsaw, N. Y. ; K. W.
Cromby, Walworth, N. Y. ; S. H. Gage, Ithaca, N. Y. ; D. H.
Udall, Columbus, Ohio; G. C. Kesler, Holly, N. Y. ; H. S.
Beebe, Albion, N. Y. ; E. F. Bettinger, Chittenango, N. Y. ; J.
M. Taylor, Henrietta, N. Y. ; C. C. Willard, Mount Morris, N.
Y. ; L. G. Moore, Trenton, N. Y. ; R. C. Hurlbut, Boonville,
N. Y. ; D. P. Webster, Hilton, N. Y. ; T. G. Sherwood, 107
West 37th Street, New York Citv ; Wilson Huff, Rome, N. Y. ;

D. M. Kellogg, Farmer, N. Y. { F. E. Williams, Ovid, N. Y. ;
Frank Hunt, Jamestown, N. Y. ; W. J. Hallock, Auburn, N. Y. ;
Claude D. Morris, Binghamton, N. Y. ; T. F. O'Dea, Saugerties,
N. Y. ; A. G. Wicks. Schenectady, N. Y. ; E. M. Casey, Oxford,
N. Y. ; W. N. D. Bird, Buffalo, N. Y. ; W. L. Baker, Buffalo,
N. Y. ; George A. Knapp, Millbrook, N. Y. ; Francis Abele,
Jr., Quincy, Mass. ; N. H. Denison, Massena, N. Y. ; J. A. Ge-
nung, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Charles Cowie, Ogdensburg, N. Y. ; Otto
Faust, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; L. R. Webber, Rochester, N. Y. ;

E. E. Dowling, Syracuse, N. Y. ; L. D. Fisher, Madrid, N. Y. ;

F. J. Baker, Brasher Falls, N. Y. ; F. D. Markham, Port Ley-
den, N. Y. ; Theodore F. Krey, New York City ; G. P. Jeflfery,
Elmira, N. Y. ; Yicent Ocampo, Buenos Ayres, Argentine Repub-
lic'; A. C. Baker, Marathon, N.Y. ; Chas. E. Cotton, Minneapolis,
Minn. ; E. G. Britton, Franklin, Pa. ; H. Pegan, Cochranton,
Pa. ; R. E. Waters, Gravesend, L. I. ; Roscoe R. Bell, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; W. J. Doyle, Cazenovia, N. Y. ; Chas. Miilen, Dunkirk,
N. Y. ; F. G. Scammell, Tully, N. Y. ; J. A. Pendergast, Syra-
cuse, N. Y. ; E. F. Vorhis, Owego, N. Y. ; E. W. Sunderlin,
Auburn, N. Y. ; A. J. Tuxill, Auburn, N. Y. ; V. L. James,
Cooperstown, N. Y. ; C. J. Spencer, Jasper, N. Y. ; O. R. Johns-
ton, Buffalo, N. Y. ; R. C. Reed, Elmira, N. Y. ; Wallace An-
thony, Scipioville, N. Y. ; J. W. Turner, Lyons, N. Y. ; W. J.
Johnston, Geneva, N. Y. ; A. H. Ide, Lowville, N. Y. : E. O.
Kingman, Cortland, N. Y. ; Webster Babcock, Scott, N. Y. ;
A. W. Wescott, Alfred Station, N. Y. ; W. S. Stevenson, Tyre,
N. Y. ; W. H. Kelly, Albany, N. Y. ; E. C. Hunter, Scipio, N.

i

G78 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Y. ; T. Sidney Elston, Berkeley, Cal. ; A. L. Shaw, Mt. Upton,
N. Y. ; Louis Juliand, Greene, N. Y. ; H. D. Gill, New York
City ; John Kenny, Geneva, N. Y. ; James Law, W. h. Wil-
liams, P. A. Fish, G. S. Hopkins, Ithaca, N. Y.

Secretary Kelly then read the minutes of the last annual
meeting, and they were approved.

The Board of Censors at its various sittings reported favor-
ably upon the following applicants for membership, and they
were unanimously elected :

Charles Millen, Dunkirk, N. Y. ; S. H. Burnett, Ithaca, N.
Y. ; E. E. Dowling, Syracuse, N. Y. ; R. C. Hurlburt, Boon-
ville, N. Y. ; Arthur L. Shaw, Mt. Upton, N. Y. ; Dennis P.
Webster, Hilton, N. Y. ; Raymond C. Reed, Elmira, N. Y. ;
Louis Juliand, Greene, N. Y. ; Wm. F. Doyle, Brooklvn, N. Y. ;
W. P. Hanifin, New York City ; Wm. Elliot, Walton, N. Y.

The amendment to the By-Laws extending the length of the
session to three days was carried.

In the absence of Dr. H. R. Ryder, his colleague. Dr. W. N.
D. Bird, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, read the former's
paper on " Tuberculosis in Swine," and Prof. V. A. Moore dis-
cussed and exhibited specimens of " Tuberculosis in Range Cat-
tle on the Pacific Coast " and " The Morbid Anatomy and Eco-
nomic Importance of Tuberculosis in Chickens." These subjects
were thoroughly discussed on the following day, those taking
part being Drs. Morris, Huff, Berns, Williams, and others, the
Chair having to close the subject on account of so much time
being consumed.

Dr. Bird then read his own paper, the subject of which he
had changed from that announced in the programme, since it
was of the same tenor as that of Dr. Ryder. His subject was
" The History of the Texas Fever Quarantine Line," and it en-
gaged the very close attention of all.

" Blood of Domestic Animals " was a somewhat preliminary
report of the investigations of Dr. S. H. Burnett, his efforts
being to determine the character of the blood, the number of
red-blood corpuscles and leucocytes, etc., in normal blood and in
pathological conditions. In veterinary literature there is very
little upon the subject, so little, indeed, that the normal stand-
ard has never been set, so that morbid departures from the nor-
mal cannot be determined. In the investigations which he has
undertaken it will be his aim to establish a standard as a basis
for pathological study. The Doctor did not read the very care-
fully prepared paper which he held in his hand, but simply ex-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 679

plained by means of charts the progress he has made. The
paper itself has been placed at the disposal of the Review, and
it will be published as early as possible. He was thoroughly
interrogated by the members, who showed good interest in these
original investigations.

On Tuesday, evening the members and visitors gathered in
the lecture hall to listen to two papers which were to be illus-
trated by lantern slides, and they were well entertained and
instructed for about two hours, the subjects being : " Parental
Influence and the Determination of Sex," by Prof. Simon H.
Gage, and "■ Lectures on the Spavin Group of Lameness," by
Prof. W. L. Williams.

The subject of '' The Control of Glanders " was a magnet,
particularly for those who have recently had to combat it in the
large cities, notably New York. Dr. H. D. Gill had brought
with him the charts used in the testing of a great many horses
with mallein, and he was a thorough believer in the curability
of the disease providing the lesions have not advanced so far as
to be observable by clinical examination. He of course does
not believe that every reacting horse will be cured by mallein,
but he does say that many horses will be cured by mallein
which otherwise or without it, would break down with external
lesions. He exhibited some charts showing distinct and pro-
nounced reactions, and these same horses afterwards failed to
react and were discharged as cured. He also displayed charts
of well pronounced cases of glanders which failed to react both
in temperature and in tumefaction, and explained that his expe-
rience had taught him that when the blood is thoroughly sur-
charged with the poison of glanders mallein will have no effect
as a diagnostic. The views of the essayist were thoroughly
concurred in by all who sJ)oke upon the subject, many of whom
took the floor half a dozen times, so interested were they in the
subject. Among them were Drs. Baker, Berns, Bell, O'Dea, and
Hanshew.

A large number of papers could not be presented for lack of
time. They were read by title, and were turned over to the
Review for publication.

The election of officers for the ensuing two years resulted as
follows :

President — Dr. George H. Berns, Brooklyn.

Vice-President — Dr. Charles Cowie, Ogdensburg.

Secretary-Treasurer — Dr. Wm. Henry Kelly, Albany.

Board of Censors— W. L. Williams, Ithaca; Roscoe R. Bell,

680 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Brooklyn; H. D. Slebbins, West Winfield ; Elisha Hanshew,
Brooklyn, and Wilson Huff, Rome.

For the next place of meeting there were two candidates
(Brooklyn and Ithaca), the former winning, the vote standing :
Brooklyn, 25 ; Ithaca, 23.

The clinic was, all in all, probably the best ever held in this
country, and as the surgical clinic at association meetings is
essentially an American institution, we believe we are safe in
saying that it was the most extensive and best arranged and car-
ried out that was ever witnessed in the world. This may be
drawing it a little strong, for in the past five years there have
been held many excellent clinics in various States, and many of
them we have not witnessed ; but we have followed the pro-
grammes very closely, and the above conclusion is our convic-
tion. It occupied the major portion of the meeting, and the
members seemed to think they could gain more knowledge in
the surgery than in the lecture room. Some said : '* We must
see the operations ; we can read the papers in the Review."
The Committee of Arrangements had anticipated everything,
their programme working as smoothly as though it had been re-
hearsed. A great many major operations were performed, and a
number of minor ones. We have made arrangements with Dr.
Williams to furnish us with a technical account of the clinic,
together with the results of the various operations, believing
this will add to the interest and value of the same. This will

appear in the November number.

*
* *

NOTES OF N. Y. S. V. M. SOCIETY MEETING.

For the first time in the history of the Society, the rebate of
two-thirds in the return railroad fare was granted to the mem-
beis there being more than one hundred who secured certificates.

More than fifty remained over for the clinic. Dr. Williams
had secured so much clinical material that it could not be dis-
posed of in the allotted time ; hence the third day.

Dr. Williams' new operation for the radical cure of poll-evil
made a most favorable impression upon all who witnessed it,
many declaring that their next bad case will be submitted to it.

After witnessing Dr. Williams' bold incisions in the poll-
evil operation we were struck by a significant advertisement in
the trolley car on our way to the hotel. It was that of a groc-
ery firm, and read as follows : " We spare no pains. . . .
We cut deep, and wide, and long."

Prof. V. A. Moore's exhibit of microscopic slides illustrative

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 681

of avian tuberculosis, was very insttuctive and much appre-
ciated by all who examined them.

Dr. Pierre A. Fish demonstrated at the clinic the effects of
various drugs upon the blood-pressure of horses. The exhi-
bition was really an illustration of the paper read by him at Ot-
tawa. The horse was placed upon the operating table, thor-
oughly chloroformed, the jugular vein and the pneumogastric
nerve exposed ; then a rubber tube, with a glass nozzle, at-
tached to a sensitive recording apparatus, was applied by open-
ing the jugular and inserting the nozzle into the vein. The nor-
mal blood-pressure was then obtained by the height of the
markings upon a revolving cylinder, the rapidity of the heart-
beats being indicated by the distance between the vertical
markings. The drugs injected were barium chloride, atropine
sulphate, and nitroglycerine, while the effects of electricity
were also shown by a current directly applied to the pneumo-
gastric nerve.

Dr. Wilson Huff, of Rome, who has occupied the post of
meat and milk inspector for his city for many years, and
through whose energy and zeal a most efficient system exists
there, made the statement during a discussion of tuberculosis
that he had seen a cow's liver affected with phthisis weighing
127 pounds. Next.

Dr. Elisha Hanshew, of Brooklyn, remarked, during the
discussion of glanders, that he believes the prevalence of the
disease in New York City is due to the Federal Government
having sold its old army horses, soon after the close of the war,
in New York, these horses being largely affected with glanders,
and that the disease has never been absent there since then.

Dr. Claude D. Morris, Secretary of the State Board of Vet-
erinary Medical Examiners, made a statement of the work of
that body, the Board being virtually a part of the Society, or,
at least, the Society is in a measure responsible for its acts.
Many were amazed at the large amount of work which the Board
has been called upon to perform, chiefly since the passage by the
Legislature of the amendment permitting the licensing of any
candidate upon the unanimous recommendation of the Exam-
iners. Of course, there is no single instance where this has
been done except where the candidate is a graduate of a recog-
nized veterinary college. But many apply and bring great
pressure to bear upon the Board ; men without any educational
claim to consideration, yet with endorsements from judges,
senators, and other influential citizens, who seem not to under-

682 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

Stand nor care that they are asking that the laws be set aside
for purely personal consideration. One individual successfully
mandamused the Board, and another (one Harris) did likewise,
but the Board is fighting to set aside the order of the court, and
in this has the powerful assistance of the Attorney-General of
the State. The profession should appreciate the work being
done by this Board, in their behalf, in maintaining the law
which it placed upon the statute books seventeen years ago.

Sharp & Smith, of Chicago, and Kny-Scheerer Co. of New
York, both well-known instrument houses, had exhibits at the
Ithaca meeting.

" Tallianine," the new French remedy which has recently
been introduced to the veterinary profession of this country by
the old-established house of Sykes & Street, of New York, was
given to a number of the members for trial. Quite a number
of New York veterinarians are reporting most remarkable results
from its use in cases of blood contamination, as in typhoid pneu-
monia, purpura, etc. It is administered intravenously in lo c.c,
usually once or twice a day.

Drs. Wm. Herbert Lowe and Thomas K. Smith were in at-
tendance as representatives of the Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion of New Jersey.

Dr. Charles B. Cotton, of Minneapolis, Minn., was present as
a hold-over from Ottawa, and was much in love with the clinic.

The Borough of Manhattan, New York City, was represented
by Drs. Charles E. Clayton, R. W. McCully, George W. Meyer,
H. D. Gill, and Thomas G. Sherwood, while the Borough of
Brooklyn sent Drs. George H. Berns, Elisha Hanshew, Wm. F.
Doyle, R. B. Waters and Roscoe R. Bell — making just ten from
the metropolis, where there are hundreds of eligibles.

Dr. B. B. Ackerman, of Brooklyn, sent a letter of regret at
his inability to be present, which was occasioned by the serious
illness of one of his children, which we are glad to report as
convalescent.

CANADIAN VETERINARY SURGEONS.

A well-attended meeting of Canadian Veterinary Surgeons
took place in the City Hall, Ottawa, on the evening of Wednes-
day, September 2, 1903, the second day of the annual meeting of
the American Veterinary Medical Association. The following
members of the profession were present : Drs. J. F. Burnett, A.
C. Young, J. M. Quinn, R. W. Tennent, J. H. Tennent, J. J. Fyle,

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 683

M. V. Gallivan, P. T. Bowlby, J. Wilson, Jas. Pickel, J. H.
Wilson, J. Massie, A. W. Harris, W. W. Boucher, A. E. Morri-
son, F. Fisher, T. Thacker, W. Jakeman, M. G. Connoly, Geo.
H. Belaire, J. L. Robertson, D. King Smith, J. Leach, S. Ken-
nedy, T. A. Allen, G. W. Orchard, M. B. Perdue, A. D. Stew-
art, Wm. Dann, J. H. Engel, H. Bradshaw, h. A. Brown, Wm.
Stubbs, G. W. Higginson, F. Torrance, G. M. Walrod, P. F.
Butler, S. White, A. E. James, G. A. Kennedy, J. B. Hollings-
worth, D. McCuaig, T. C. Young, G. A. Hay, Geo. W. Bell, T.
A. Irvine, J. D. Irvine, C. W. J. Haworth, P. J. Lynchke, D. J.
McKillop, W. C. McGuire, W. G. Young, Thos. Lawson, G.
Howell, R. H. McKenna, R. W. Kenning, C. H. Higgins, A. E.
Moore, A. H. Hall, M. C. Baker, A. Etienne, J. D. Duchene,
and Professor Andrew Smith.

Dr. Rutherford was appointed Chairman, Dr. A. E. James
being chosen to act as Secretary.

The Chairman opened the meeting by discussing the posi-
tion of the veterinary profession in Canada with regard particu-
larly to the question of veterinary education.

The closing of the Veterinary Faculty of McGill University
having left the Ontario Veterinary College the only institution
in the country devoted to the teaching of comparative medicine,
it appeared necessary that something should be done by the
profession to assist in raising the standard of matriculation and
extending the curriculum of the latter.

The Ontario College as a teaching institution stood second
to none in the English-speaking world, and there was no room
for doubt that if its standard was raised so as to meet modern
requirements it would soon become the leading veterinary col-
lege on the American continent. The responsibility, however,
rested mainly upon the members of the profession, and it was
absolutely necessary that they should unite to strengthen the
hands of Professor Smith in making the necessary changes, as
it was unreasonable to expect a private individual to assume
all the financial risk and responsibility of the change proposed.
Veterinarians ought to be placed on a better legal footing and
the speaker had no doubt that if the members of the profession
throughout Ontario exerted their influence at the right time
and in the proper direction, their representatives would soon
see the advisability of granting them the legislation required to
place them on a footing similar to that occupied by the other
professions. The meeting had been called for the purpose of
having a friendly discussion among themselves as to what

684 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

ought to be done. The opinions expressed were open to criti-
cism, and he trusted that many of those present would state
their views. A spirited discussion was then begun in which
many of those present took part.

Dr. Tennent, of London, agreed with the opinions expressed
by the Chairman, and suggested the forming of a Council simi-
lar to the Medical Council of Ontario with representation on
the Board of Examiners. He also suggested that a matricula-
tion examination equal to high school entrance should be in-
sisted upon and that the curriculum of the college should con-
sist of three terms of not less than six months each, with a fur-
ther proviso that students should spend two terms of not less
than six months each with a qualified practitioner and should
produce bo7ta fide certificates for those terms of pupilage.

Dr. Wilson, of London, stated that the practitioners iii the
vicinity of that city had held a meeting and that they
were unanimously in favor of the plan proposed by Dr.
Tennent.

Dr. A. H. Hall, of Quebec, expressed his approval of the
proposed movement. As matters now stood in his Province
since the closing of McGill, the only veterinary college whose
graduates were eligible to practice in Quebec was that affiliated
with Laval University. He advocated a union among Canadian
practitioners with the object of making the Ontario Veterinary
College a first-class three-term school.

Dr. D. King Smith pointed out the difficulty of obtaining
legislation and recommended friendly consultation between the
members of the profession and the college authorities, with a
view to adopting the best method of reaching the desired end.
He advocated better organization among veterinarians, who, he
claimed ought to unite their forces and work for the improve-
ment of the existing college.

Professor Andrew Smith, of Toronto, on rising was greeted
with hearty applause from the large number of veterinarians
present, most of whom were graduates of the Ontario College.
He was glad to meet so many of his former graduates as well as
the other members of the profession present and appreciated
what had been said by Dr. Rutherford and the other speakers.
He was anxious to see the standing of the profession improved,
but pointed out the great difficulty of obtaining the necessary
legislation, as also the financial obstacles in the way of conduct-
ing a three-term school on proper lines which would be able to
compete successfully with institutions claiming a high standard

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 685

but not living up to the terms on which they were supposed to
be carried on.

Dr. Torrance, of Winnipeg, thought that this meeting for
the discussion of veterinary matters and particularly the im-
provement of the standing of the profession in Canada by rais-
ing the standard of the Ontario Veterinary College, would prove
a great benefit. This college had turned out a great many
good men, but it was not in line with modern ideas. He also
pointed out that it was hardly the thing to ask for legislation
which would shut out graduates of the only English-speaking
college in Canada, and suggested that it was the duty of veteri-
narians to rally to the support of the institution and assist in
bearing the burden of its maintenance if such assistance were
required.

Veterinary Major Massie, of Kingston, said that we were all
agreed that something should be done for the elevation of the
veterinary profession in Canada. The whole trouble was with
the entrance examination, which was too low, and for this the
profession was largely to blame. The entrance examination
should be at least the same as that for the high school. He
advocated three terms, but thought four would be better, and
advised consultation v^^ith Professor Smith as to the best means
of attaining the end in view. The question was, " What could
be done? " and the only answer, " Make the one English- speak-
ing college in Canada a National one and give it the hearty
support of the whole profession."

It was moved by Dr. Tennent, seconded by Dr. B. F. Butler,
that in the opinion of this meeting the curriculum of the On-
tario Veterinary College should be extended to three terms of
at least six months each with a provision for practice under a
qualified veterinary surgeon between the terms.

"That a matriculation examination should be required
equal to a high school entrance examination and that the ma-
jority of the Examining Board be appointed by the profession
through the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association." (Carried.)

Professor Smith on being asked to express his views on the
above motion, said that the matter was one requiring considera-
tion, the requirements asked being higher than those demanded
by the overwhelming majority of the other veterinary colleges
on the Continent. He recommended careful consideration of
the whole matter, at he did not think it was the desire of the
profession to handicap a Canadian college in favor of outside
institutions.

686 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

It was moved by Dr. Tennent, and seconded by Dr. B. F.
Butler, that a committee of three be appointed to confer with
Dr. Smith on the above resolution. (Carried.) Drs. Ruther-
ford, Allen, of Brockville, and Tennent were nominated and
elected to form the committee above mentioned.

Before the meeting adjourned the Chairman alluded to the
great benefit which the profession would derive from the meet-
ing in Canada of the American Veterinary Medical Association
and mentioned the liberal contributions toward entertaining
the visitors which had been received from Professor Smith, the
Manitoba Veterinary Association, the Ontario Veterinary Medi-
cal Association, the Central Canada Veterinary Association and
the Dominion Government.

Moved by Dr. C. H. Higgins, Ottawa, seconded by Dr.
Boucher, that the minutes of this meeting be prepared for pub-
lication and sent to the American Veterinary Review,
The Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives^
the Farmer'' s Advocate^ Nor' West Farmer and the daily press
of Ottawa. (Carried.) The meeting then adjourned.

A. E. James, Secretary,

THE MISSOURI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.

The twelfth annual meeting was held in Windsor, Missouri,
August 17 and 18, 1903. The following members and visiting
veterinarians were present : Drs. R. Logan Allen, Horace Brad-
ley, M. E. Bradley, J. W. Connaway, Chas. Doerrip, D. W.
Eliot, C. H. Gaines, H. B. Hallenberger, C. A. Hadsell, H. A.
Johnson, L. M. Klutts, B. F. Kaupp, C. A. Krause, A. D.
Knowles, D. F. Luckey, M. McNally, F. P. McNally, W. J.
McAninch, P. B. Maupin, O. J. Phillips, G. A. Roberts, Stanley
Smith, J. Harvey Slater, S. Stewart, T. E. White, Walter War-
ren, and many others.

At 10 o'clock A. M., Monday, August 17, the meeting was
called to order, and an address of welcome was delivered by
Mr. A. W. Squires, Mayor of Windsor, response by Dr. S. Stew-
art, of K^ansas City.

The President's annual address was then delivered by the
President, Dr. D. F. Luckey.

The following papers were then presented : " Prepartum
Vulvo-vaginal Hematoma Occurring in Mares," by Dr. J. W.
Connaway, of Columbia. This paper was interesting and in-

SOCIETY MEETINGS. gg^

structive and brought out a good discussion. The doctor exhib-
ited some interesting photos of cases. The next paper on the
programme was " Glanders," by Dr. V. J. Andre, of Ste Gene-
vieve, followed by the report of an interesting case by Dr. Chas.
Doerrie, of Boonville. The case in question was one of lame-
ness and had been exhibited at a previous meeting, held in St.
Louis, and was interesting to those who had seen the case to
know its outcome. The next paper, an interesting case in prac-
tice, by Dr. J. Harvey Slater, of Richmond, was interesting, es-
pecially to country practitioners, it being a history and report
of a case in a stallion of his inability to properly perform his
duties as a stud. After the closing of the discussion of this pa-
per many interesting cases were reported. The meeting ad-
journed to luncheon at 12.30 P. m.

At 1.30 P. M. a clinic was held at Dr. Horace Bradley's vet-
erinary hospital. There was an abundance of clinical material.
Among the operations performed was peroneal tenotomy, by Dr.
G. A. Roberts ; operation for scrotal hernia in a pig, by Dr. D.
F. lyuckey ; oophorectomy in a bitch, by Dr. Walter Warren.
The clinic was an interesting one, consisting of a variety of
pathological conditions, and lasted until 5 o'clock p. M.

At 6 p. M. a banquet was royally served by the ladies of
Windsor under the direction of the committee on local arrange-
ments. Dr. L. M. Klutts, of Clinton, acted as toastmaster.

Among the many who responded to toast was Mayor A. W.
Squires, of Windsor, who gave an interesting talk on the re-
sources of Missouri ; followed by Dr. J. W. Connaway of the
State Experiment Station of Columbia. Dr. D. F. Luckey, State
Veterinarian, gave a few remarks on " The Veterinarian, Past
and Present." Dr. S. Stewart, Dean of the Kansas City Veteri-
nary College and President of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, gave an interesting talk upon the subject of the
workings of the A. V. M. A. Dr. B. F. Kaupp, of the inspec-
tion division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, " Helmin-
thology " ; Dr. G. A. Roberts, of the Experiment Station of North
Carolina, and many others made interesting comments.

The evening session opened at 7.30 p. m. The business
meeting was first on the programme. The President appointed
Drs. J. W. Connaway and L. M. Klutts on the Committee on
Elections in the place of absent members. Also Drs. L. M.
Klutts and Stanley Smith upon the Executive Committee in
the place of absentees. Upon a motion, which was seconded
and carried, the roll-call was suspended, and the Secretary

6^8 ^ SOCIETY MEETINGS.

made note of those present. The minutes of the last meeting
were read and accepted.

The Secretary then presented the following names, who
were duly vouched for and approved by the Committee on Elec-
tions : Drs. O. J. Phillips, Holden ; J. Harvey Slater, Rich-
mond; H. B. Hallenberger, Hannibal ; Walter Warren, Wind-
sor ; C. A. Krause, Salisbury ; F. L. Kampschmidt, Liberty ;
Geo. Nichols, Kansas City. Dr. J. W. Connaway moved that
the Secretary cast the vote of the Association for the seven vet-
erinarians named to become members of the Association ; sec-
onded and carried.

Dr. Connaway then moved that the resolutions drawn up
and adopted at St. Louis in 1902 be readopted. Seconded and
carried. The resolutions follow :

" Whereas, The A. V. M. A. has established the precedent
of holding meetings in cities where national and international
fairs are held ; and

"Whereas, An international fair will be held in St. Louis
in 1904 ; and

"Whereas, No meeting of the A. V. M. A. has been held
in the State of Missouri ; and

" Whereas, The foregoing circumstances make St. Louis
the logical city for holding the Association's meeting in 1904 ;
Therefore be it

^^ Resolved^ That the Missouri Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion now in session invite the American Veterinary Medical
Association to meet in St. Louis in 1904."

Dr. J. W. Connaway then moved that Dr. B. F". Kaupp draw
up resolutions of thanks to the veterinarians of Windsor ; sec-
onded and carried.

The resolutions follow :

" Resolved^ That the Missouri Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, now in session, tenders its sincere thanks to Drs. Bradley
and Warren and others on the committee on local arrangements
and to the ladies and other citizens of Windsor for their gener-
ous hospitality shown us while in their city."

The election of officers followed, with the following results :

President — Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City.

Vice-President — Dr. Horace Bradley, Windsor.

Secretary-Treasurer— Dr. S. Smith, Columbia.

Dr. Chas. Doerrie then moved that the time and place of the
next meeting be left to the officers of the Association and Exec-
utive Committee. Seconded and carried.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. 689

The following papers were then presented : " Amputation of
a Diseased Penis in the Ox," by Dr. Horace Bradley. Dr. Brad-
ley illustrated his paper by exhibiting the amputated portion of
the penis; followed by a report of an interesting case of tuber-
culosis by Dr. R. Logan Allen. " Caseous Lymph-Adenitis in
Sheep," by Dr. B. F. Kaupp ; " Different Forms of Hernia and
Treatment," by Dr. Walter Warren. The doctor went into de-
tails, discussing the various forms of hernias and operations
most successful in his practice. The papers brought out good
discussions, which were enjoyed by all, the courtesies of the floor
being extended to the visiting veterinarians, after which many
interesting cases were reported.

At 12 o'clock, midnight, the meeting adjourned to convene
in 1904 at the call of the officers of the Association and Execu-
tive Committee.

The appointments of the committees by the President-elect
for the coming year are as follows :

Executive Committee. — Drs. S. Stewart, chairman ; M. Mc-
Nally, T. J. Menestrina.

Committee on Elections. — Drs. J. W. Connaway, chairman ;
Walter Warren, Chas. Doerrie.

Committee on Ethics. — Drs. D. F. Luckey, chairman; L. M.
Klutts, T. E. White.

At 8 A. M. Tuesday, August i8th, the party proceeded to
Sedalia, where an enjoyable day was spent at the State Fair,
ending one of the most successful meetings in the history of the
Association. B. F. Kaupp, Secretary.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.

The thirty-sixth regular and ninth annual meeting was held
in the Y. M. C. A. building, St. Joseph, Mo., June 20, 1903.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. L. D.
Brown, of Hamilton, Mo., with the following members and
visiting veterinarians present: Drs. L. D. Brown, Hamilton,
Mo. ; A. T. Peters, W. A. Thomas, Lincoln, Neb.; F. V. Brown,
W. R. Cooper, B. F. Kaupp, S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo. ; J.
W. Chenoweth, Albany, Mo. ; C. E. Steel, E. J. Netherton,
Raymond Johnson, X. I. Richmond, L. B. Huff, F. C. McCurdy,
St. Joseph, Mo.

After roll-call the minutes of the last meeting were read and
approved.

It being the annual meeting, the election of officers was next
in order, which resulted as follows :

690 SOCIETY MEETINGS.

President — Dr. F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo.

First Vice-President— Dr. C. E. Steel, St. Joseph, Mo.

Second Vice-President — Dr. Chas. Saunders, Eldorado, Kan.

Secretary-Treasurer — Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City, Mo.

Drs. L. D. Brown, Hamilton, Mo. ; V. Schaefer, Tekamah,
Nebr. ; H. V. Goode, St. Joseph, Mo. ; R. C. Moore, Kansas
City, Mo. ; C B. McClelland, Lawrence, Kans., were elected
Censors.

Following the election of officers the meeting proceeded to
the presentation of papers.

Dr. F. F. Brown presented the subject of " Treatment of
Quittor" ; advocating the removal of part of the hoof and per-
haps the lateral cartilage ; his remarks led to a spirited discussion.

Dr. A. T. Peters read a paper on " How Can Veterinarians
Secure Recent Veterinary Literature ? " which was discussed by
several members.

Dr. C. E. Steel gave a graphic description of his expe-
rience in the South African horse traffic ; it proved an interesting
paper and called forth a general discussion.

Dr. S. Stewart gave the history of several cases of tumors
and cancers in dogs, horses and cattle, and exhibited interesting
photographs illustrating same. Drs. Peters, Cooper, Chenoweth,
Thomas, Kaupp and McCurdy contributed to the discussion.

The next quarterly meeting will be held in Kansas City in
October during the American Royal Cattle Show and The Kan-
sas City Horse Show. S. Stewart, Acting Secretary.

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.
The semi-annual meeting was held in New Haven, Tues-
day, August 1 8th, 1903, at Dr. Edward C. Ross' Veterinary
Hospital, with the following members and visitors present :
Members— E. C. Ross, H. Whitney, F. G. Atwood, J. H. Kel-
ley, G. W. Loveland, J. L. Devereau, Thos. Bland, P. T.
Keeley, J. H. Gardner, F. F. Bushnell, L. B. Judson, G. T.
Crowley, F. S. McGuire, J. F. Lachen, H. E. Bates, E. M. Beck-
ley, C. R. Witte, J. E. Underbill, C. E. Dornheim, B. K. Dow
and F. A. Ingram. Visitors — W. H. Carley-Baker, New York
City ; H. N. Hall, New Haven ; H. L. Tomer, Norwich ; W.
H. Elliott, M. D., Manila, P. I. ; R. S. Todd, New Milford ;
H. C. Balzer, Meriden, and S. S. Treadwell, Englewood, N. J.,
delegate from the New Jersey State Association ; also. Veteri-
nary Student F. H. Burt, Adams, Mass.

SOCIETY MEETINGS. ggx

The first part of the programme was the surgical clinic at
10.30 A. M.

(i) Bay mare, lame in right fore extremity ; presented for
examination and diagnosis.

(2) Bay horse, lame in right hind extremity, leg persist-
ently flexed and resting on toe ; presented for examination and
diagnosis.

(^3) Bay mare, chronically lame in right hind extremity;
presented for examination and diagnosis.

(4) Ovariotomy, mare, by Dr. Thos. Bland. After making
the incision through the vagina and securing one ovary in the
ecraseur, the doctor invited all who desired to pass their hand
into the peritoneal cavity and examine the ovaries in position
before removal. Most of those present m|Lde an examination.

(5) Castration of four-year-old stallion, standing, by Dr. Mc-
Guire. This was a difficult case, owing to one testicle being
drawn up to the inguinal canal, but the operation was quickly
and expertly performed.

(6) Setter dog, badly emaciated, with curvature of the
spine ; presented for examination. History — The dog had been
run over by a heavy wagon three months previously. The dog
was chloroformed to death, and Dr. Dornheim made post-mor-
tem examination, finding the last dorsal and the first two lum-
bar vertebrae fractured and anchylosed.

(7) and (8) Ovariotomy, two bitches, performed by Dr. Bush-
nell without anaesthesia.

Other subjects were for neurectomy operations. Dr. Bland
performed two median neurectomy operations without anaes-
thesia. Dr. Atkins performed one median and ulnar, also one
sciatic and peroneal neurectomy operations, at the same time ex-
plaining the technique of the operations.

Dr. Ross had in his hospital cases of sickness, injuries, etc.,
which all were allowed to see.

After the clinic a trip by trolley car was taken to West
Haven, where at 4 o'clock p. m. the members and their visitors
sat down to a well-prepared shore dinner, which was greatly
enjoyed by all.

After the banquet, a short business meeting was held, with
the President, Dr. Whitney, in the chair, Dr. Ross acting as
Secretary pro tem.

Drs. R. S. Todd, C. E. C. Atkins, H. L. Tomer, and W. H.
Carley-Baker were admitted as members.

There was a general discussion of the subjects of azoturia

692 NEWS AND ITEMS.

and scrotal hernia. Drs. Bland, Kelley, Gardner, Ingram and
Loveland took an active part in the discussion.

A vote of thanks was tendered the Committee of Arrange-
ments for the excellent clinic provided for the association ; also,
a vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Atkins for services in dem-
onstrating the various neurectomy operations.

The hour getting so late, the meeting was adjourned.

The meeting was a record-breaker for the Association. The
clinic proved to be a strong feature of the meeting. As soon as
one operation was performed, another subject was ready for the
operator, and some of the time two operations were in progress
at the same time. All the operations were well performed and
elicited much applause. , Every one present appeared to take a
keen interest in the various operations, and expressed them-
selves as highly pleased with the clinic and entertainment, so
generously provided for them by the Committee of Arrange-
ments, composed of Drs. Ross, Whitney and Kelley. Another
feature was the harmony and good feeling which seemed to pre-
vail among the veterinarians present.

B. K. Dow, Secretary.

NEWS AND ITEMS,

Dr. Edwin Vreeland, veterinarian, of Jersey City, N. J.,
is City Marshal of his city.

Dr. T. Earle Budd, of Orange, New Jersey, member of
the Essex Troop, made a very creditable score at the recent rifle
practice of that Troop at Sea Girt.

Cornelius Van Riper, of Orange County, N. Y., has
through the blow of a cow's tail lost the sight of one eye, and it
is feared will lose the other. He was milking the cow, when
she switched her tail quickly, striking him in both eyes. It is
believed the cow's tail had come in contact with a poisonous
weed. Particles of this were transferred to the farmer's eyes,
causing them to become inoculated.

Contagious Animal Diseases in Florida.— The last
Legislature of Florida clothed the University of Florida with
the authority to investigate, treat, and stamp out contagious dis-
eases among domestic animals in the State, giving them all the
powers that the State Board of Health has in investigating and
caring for contagious diseases among humans. Dr. C. F. Daw-
son, professor of veterinary science in the University, has been

NEWS AND ITEMS. 693

employed as agent to carry into effect the provisions of the law.
The Government Horse Book. — The " Special Report on
Diseases of the Horse " has been revised under a joint resolu-
tion of the 57th Congress, is now in press, and will soon be is-
sued. This report was prepared under the direction of the Bu-
reau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of
Agriculture, and was first issued in 1890 and the limited edition
that the Department was able to publish was soon exhausted.
The demand was then turned on Congress, and that body has
from time to time ordered reprints for distribution by its own
members exclusively, until the number already issued has reach-
ed nearly half a million copies. The resolution under which
the present revision was made provides for the printing and
binding in cloth of 200,000 copies, the same to be first revised
and brought up to date under the supervision of the Sec-
retary of Agriculture ; 128,000 copies for the use of the
House of Representatives, 64,000 copies for the use of the Sen-
ate, and 8,000 copies for the use of the Department of Agricul-
ture. The allotment to the Department is so small that it will
have none for general distribution, and those who may desire
copies of the report should apply to members of the last
Congress (the 57th) to whom all copies of the Congressional al-
lotment will be delivered. New members of the present Con-
gress will not be entitled to a quota. The report has been care-
fully revised either by the authors of the several articles or by
Veterinarians of wide reputation. An entirely new article on
" The Examination of a Horse," by Dr. Leonard Pearson, State
Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, is included; also a chapter on shoe-
ing, written by Dr. J. W. Adams, professor of surgery and lecturer
on shoeing. Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania.
The report also contains the following articles : Methods of Ad-
ministering Medicines, Diseases of the Digestive Organs, and
Wounds and their Treatment, by Ch. B. Michener, V. S. ; Dis-
eases of the Urinary Organs, Diseases of the Generative Organs,
Diseases of the Eye, and Diseases of the Skin, by James Law,
F. R. C. V. S. ; Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, by W. H.
Harbaugh, V. S. ; Diseases of the Nervous System and Diseases
of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics, by M. R. Trum-
bower, V. S. ; Lameness, by A. Liautard, M. D., V. S. ; Diseases
of the Fetlock, Ankle, and Foot, by A. A. Hojcomb, D. V. S. ;
General Diseases, by Rush Shippen Huidekoper, M. D., Vet. ;
and Surra, by Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D. It is illustrated by 41
plates and 18 text figures.

694 NEWS AND ITEMS.

Our Precautions Against the Importation of Tuber-
culous Cattle. — The vigilant chief of our Bureau of Animal
Industry, Dr. Salmon, has recently made a report entitled '' The
Tuberculin Test of Cattle in Great Britain." The United King-
dom is the source of most of our imported thoroughbred cattle,
and it is manifest from the report that during the last few years
the Bureau's scrutiny has saved us from importing many a dis-
eased animal. Since December i, 1900, the tuberculin test has
been applied in Great Britain by a medical officer of the Bureau.
The Canadian Government has also had an inspector charged
with the same kind of work in Great Britain, and an arrange-
ment was made between the United States and Canada for each
Government to accept the certificates of the other's inspector.
It would appear, however, that it is not perfectly safe to rely
solely on testing the cattle before they are shipped, for Dr. Sal-
mon states that there has been evidence sufficient to cause a
strong suspicion that in some instances fraudulent means were
being used for the purpose of defeating the test in diseased herds,
such as injecting tuberculin in advance of the ofiicial test, so as
to prevent a reaction, or administering drugs to resist a rise of
temperature. But it is not the British exporter alone who has
opposed the Bureau's regulations or sought to baffie its vigilance.
The principal opposition at home, according to the report, has
come from comparatively few persons interested in the importa-
tion and sale of breeding stock. " Some have even been dissatis-
fied because they were not permitted to import animals which had
reacted to the test or which came from herds known to be badly
diseased." Of course, they did not desire to introduce diseased
cattle into their own herds ; they were simply out-and-out trades-
men, and it was their purpose to buy diseased animals cheap in
Great Britain and sell them at a profit to their own countrymen,
our countrymen. We quite agree with Dr. Salmon when he
says that the facts shown in his tables are sufficient to demon-
strate to any fair-minded person that the Bureau's regulations
are not unreasonable or unduly severe, but are necessary for the
protection of the herds of the United States. The cattle of
Great Britain seem to be contaminated with tuberculous dis-
ease to a very dangerous degree. Whereas cattle bred in the
Channel Islands are practically free from the disease, they read-
ily contract it in many instances after they have been taken to
Great Britain. It is plain that we cannot afford to relax our
vigilance in the matter of excluding diseased cattle. — (N. V.-
Phil. Med. Joiirn.^ Sept. ^.)

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

695

VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.

In the accompanying table will be found the dates, places oi meet-
ing, and Secretaries' names and addresses of all the Veterinary Medical
Associations of the United States and Canada, so far as obtainable by
the Review. Secretaries are urgently requested to see that the organi-
zations which they represent respectively are included in the list, and
that the details concerning them are properly stated. We shall be glad
to receive notification of errors of commission and omission, to the end
of making this department absolutely without fault, and thus a great
help to the profession and the cause of veterinary science.

Name of Organization.

Date of Next
Meeting.

Place of
Meeting

Name and Address Secretary.

American V. M. Ass'n, . .
Vet. Med. Ass'n of N. J.
Connecticut V. M. Ass'n.

August, 1904.
Jan. 9, 1904.

Trenton.

New York S. V. M. Soc'y. . .
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A. . .

Passaic Co. V. M. Ass'n. ....

Texas V. M. Ass'n

Massachusetts Vet. Ass'n

Maine Vet Med. Ass'n

Iowa-Nebraska S. V. M. Ass'n.

Central Canada V. Ass'n

Michigan State V. M. Ass'n. . .
Alumni Ass'n N. Y.-A. V. C. .
Illinois State V. M. Ass'n

September, 1 904
3d Wednesday

in December.
1st Tuesday of

each month.

Monthly.

Brooklyn.
Reading.

Paterson, N.J.

Boston.

J. J. Repp, Phila., Pa,

G. W. Pope, Athenia, N. J.

B. K. Dow^ Willimantic,

Conn.
W. H. Kelly, Albany, N.Y.

G. Huyett, Wemers-

ville, Pa.

G. Fredericks, Dela

wanna, N. J.

D. Paxson, Ft. Worth.
F. J. Babbitt.

C. L. Blakely.

W.
W

H

Ottawa.

Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad. . .
Illinois V. M. and Surg. A. .

Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba

North Carolina V. M. Ass'n.
Ontario Vet. Ass'n

April, 1904.
Dec. 2 and 3, '03

Call of Pres't.

141 W. 54th St

Sherm'nH'se

Chicago.

Racine.

V. M. Ass'n New York Co. .

Ohio State V. M. Ass'n

Western Penn. V. M. Ass'n.

Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n. . .
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass'n.

1st Wednesday
of each month.

141 W. 54th St

1st Wednesday

of each month.

1904

Pittsburgh.
Call of Officers

Iowa State V. M. Ass'n

Mmnesota State V. M. Ass'n.
Pennsylvania State V, M, A..

Keystone V. M. Ass'n.

Colorado State V. M. Ass'n. .

Missouri Valley V. Ass'n

Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n. . .

Call of Pres't
Jan. 21, 1904.
March, 1904.

2d Tuesday of
each month.

October, 1903.
January, 1904.

Des Moines.

St. Paul.
Philadelphia.

Philadelphia.

Kansas City.
Providence.

C. H. Higgins, Ottawa,Can.
Judson Black, Richmond.
F. R. Hanson, N Y. City.
W. H. Welch, Lexington,Ill

S Beattie.

W. A. Swain, Mt. Pulaski, 111
F. Torrance, Winnipeg.
J. W. Petty, Greensboro.
C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto,

Can.
C. E. Clayton, N. Y. City.

W. H. Gribble, Washing-
ton C. H.

F. Weitzel, 100 Parkway,
Allegheny.

B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City.
W. E. Stocking, Medina,

N. Y.
J. J. Repp, Ames, Iowa.
J. S. Butler, Minneapolis.

C. J. Marshall, 2004 Pine

St., Phila.
C. J. Marshall, 2004 Pine

St., Phila
M. J. Woodliffe, Denver.
B. F. Kaupp, Kansas City.
T. E.Robinson, Westerly, R I

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Our readers will profit by a very careful perusal of our advertising
pages, which, while always interesting, are especially attractive this
month in what they offer for inspection. It will also be noted, that sev-
eral 7iew advertisements appear with this month 's issue, well worth look-
ing into. The advertisements at the foot of this page, which are tran-
sient, new ones appearing each month, are never passed over without
arousing interest, judging from the number of replies to them that pour
into this office. This month, they should arouse more than a usual in-
terest, from the fact that the practice that is offered for sale shows an
excellent investment for the amount of money asked, and the instru-
ments advertised by the other party, are being sold to help the widowed
sister of one of our departed brothers in the profession^JJ^e late Dr. E.
F. Alexander, Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Qj^

ENDORSEMENT ^ tb" ^
from
Dr. Ward Green, V. S., of High Point, N. C.
ZEN01.KUM is the best disinfectant and antiseptic I have ever used
and to be without it is like operating without instruments. I have
been familiar with your goods for over two years and it is a sure money
maker for me, and I always keep a supply on hand.

Wishing 3'ou all the success you justly deserve by putting such a
good article as Zenoleum on the market, I remain,

Yours sincerely,

Dr. Ward Green, V. S.

PRACTICE FOR SALE.

In Iowa, paying over $300 per month, no competition, price J5500, will stand investi-
gation. Address " Practice," care of Review, 509 W. I52d St., New York.

VETERINARY INSTRUflENTS FOR SALE.

For Sale, the Veterinary Instruments and Equipment of the late Dr. E. F.
Alexander, of Hoosick Falls. N; Y.

For particulars address : C. F. W. Smith (Druggist), Hoosick Falls, N. Y.

Wanted, Position as assistant to practicing veterinarian. Address Graduate,
P. O. Box 5000, Bellport, N. Y.

BINDING SECT. APR 5 1966

SF American Veterinary Medical
601 Association Journal

V.27
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