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BRITISH LICHENS

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A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH LICHENS

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
OF THE SPECIES IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BRITISH MUSEUM

PA eT.

SECOND EDITION

BY

ANNIE LORRAIN .SMITH, F.LS. 6 Z

Acting Assistant, Department of Botany

ie

LONDON
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
A AND SOLD BY

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 4;
B. QUARITCH, Lrp., 11, GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W.1;
DULAU &« CO., LTD., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.1;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W. 7.

1918
(All rights reserved)

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PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
DUKE‘STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1, AND GREAT

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PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION

Tue long interval of time between the publication of the two
Parts of the Monograph of British Lichens rendered necessary
the preparation of a new edition of Part I. as soon as possible
after the completion of Part II., and fortunately Miss Lorrain
Smith was able to undertake the work.

The present volume covers the same ground as the first
edition of Part I. by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, but has been
completely re-written; much new material has been incor-
porated, and considerable alterations in arrangement. and
classification have been made. It thus forms an independent
work companion to Part II., by the same author, issued in 1911.

By the addition of an Appendix, in which are contained
those Orders that under the accepted scheme of arrangement
would have been included in Part II., the two Parts are
correlated ; together they form a complete modern presentment
of the British Lichens. Miss Smith has also added, in the form
of an Introduction, a general account of the Lichens.

The small blocks in the text illustrating the genera have
been replaced by a series of plates similar to those issued with
Part IT.

A. B. RENDLE.

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
British Museum (Natura History),
CROMWELL Roap, S.W.

July 1918.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

THE re-arrangement of the British Lichens in the Herbarium of
the British Museum and the incorporation of a great series of
specimens made a revised Catalogue of these plants a necessity.

The large number of authentic specimens from Dillenius,
Hudson, Sowerby, Dawson Turner, T. Taylor, Salwey, Mudd
and Leighton contained in the Herbarium supplied material for
determining the species of these lichenologists which does not
exist elsewhere ; while the extensive series of British Lichens,
including the collections of Buddle, E. Forster, R. Brown,
Carroll, Piggot, Holl, Crombie and Larbalestier, made it possible
to determine with certainty the geographical distribution of the
species within the British Islands.

The Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., undertook the preparation
of a Monograph based on these materials. This volume contains
descriptions of half the known British species. The remainder
(consisting of the Lecidei, Graphidei, Pyrenocarpei, Peridiei
and Myriangiacei) is so advanced that it may be expected to
appear in 1895, and will contain a complete index to the genera.
and species of the whole work.

WILLIAM CARRUTHERS.

March 1894.

CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTION . ; : : : : : ; Vii
Note to STUDENTS . : ; : : , 5 EE
CaTALOGUE OF BritisH LICHENS . . : 1
APPENDIX. ; : : ; ; ; . oot
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. : ; . 487
INDEX : F : : : : : : . £90

INDEX OF PLATES : : : , : <8 20

INTRODUCTION

THE LICHEN-PLANT.

LicHEns are a class of thallophytes of lowly organization that
inhabit soil, rock, wood, trees, etc. The vegetative thallus is of
varying form and colour ; the reproductive organs are akin to
those of fungi. They differ from all other members of the
vegetable kingdom in their composite structure, being formed
from the union in intimate symbiotic relationship of two separate
plants, a fungus and an alga. This can easily be demon-
strated in any part of the thallus or
vegetative structure; a thin section,
examined under the microscope, shows
a ground structure of colourless cells
or hyphe, the fungal elements ; and a
series of green cells which are the
alge. If the latter are confined to a
narrow zone near the upper surface,
the thallus is termed heteromerous (see
figs. 5, 6), but if they are scattered
more or less evenly through the thallus
it is then described as homoiomerous yyq. 1.—Section of homoio-
(fig. 1). merous barre: Collema.
/@ This old division of lichens into

heteromerous and homoiomerous does not entirely correspond
with the modern more exact system of classification based on
the reproductive organs; but the type of structure thus indi-
cated is generally well marked, and a valuable character in
identification.

Fungal elements of the thallus.—These have undergone con-
siderable modification as lichen constituents, and cannot as a
rule be traced back to any particular species or genus of fungi.
The British lichens, however, are all associated with Ascomycetes,
and approximate to certain groups within that class of fungi.

Te b

vill INTRODUCTION

In the tropics there are lichens in which the fungus belongs to
the Hymenomycetes.

Lichen-hyphe, as they issue from the germinating spore and
lay hold on the alge, are thin-walled, and similar to those of
fungi (fig. 2). The various tissues are formed by the branching

2 and septation of these hyphe. In the
growing regions, at the apex or edges
of the thallus, or in the gonidial
region, the cells remain comparatively
thin-walled ; but in the other parts of
the thallus, especially in the medulla,
the walls become very thick, with the
exception of the gelatinous lichens, in
which the thickening is less marked.
In the cortex of the foliose and other
species, there is frequently a formation
of pseudo-parenchyma (plectenchyma).
FIG. 2.—a, Germinating spores; 1t arises from the vertical, multiseptate

2 clasping laments. e.alzl tips of the hyphie which lie closely

packed together and present the ap-

pearance of cellular structure. In many cortices, more especially

of crustaceous lichens, the walls are so swollen that the cell-

lumen practically disappears and the tissue becomes an amorphous
gelatinized mass.

Strengthening elements are provided by the coherent parallel
growth of thick-walled hyphze which form fibre-like bundles or
chondroid strands that give support to the thallus.

Lichen-hyphe retain many of the characteristics of those of
the higher fungi. Pure cellulose has not*been found, the cell-
walls being formed of various hemi-celluloses, and nearly all the
cell-membranes contain more or less chitin. The cells enclose a
nucleus, protoplasm, glucoses and sometimes oil-drops ; glycogen
occurs in the cells of the reproductive system. Spheroid cells
tilled with greenish oil are a constant feature of the lower
rhizoidal layer of calcicolous lichens; oil cells also occur
oceasionally in other lichens,

Algal elements of the thallus.—The algal constituents of the
composite thallus belong to the tavo classes—(1) Myxophyce:e,
generally termed blue-green alge, and (2) Chlorophycex, which
are referred to as bright-green. Most of them are aerial forms
and, in a free condition, they inhabit moist shady situations.
They multiply by division within the thallus; zoospores are

INTRODUCTION

SS

—<—<—$———=—=—.

ISN

X 350; c, after Cooke,

ytonema ; b, Stigonema ; c, Gleo

3; e, Rivularia. (a, b, e, after Kiitzing,

Nostoc

capsa ;

Fie. ene erect alge that form gonidia. a, Se
X 400; d, x 450.)

™

—

x INTRODUCTION

never produced except in cultivation outside the thallus. The
determination of the genera and species to which they severally
belong is often uncertain, but their distribution in British
lichens is somewhat as follows :—

1. Myxophycez associated with Phycolichenes, many of them
gelatinous lichens (fig. 3). They are :—

Scytonema occurring in Thermutis, Spilonema, Lepto-
gidium, Gyalecta (in part), Placynthium, Polychidium,
Porocyphus and Coccocar pia.

Stigonema in Ephebe and Ephebeia.

Gleocapsa in Euopsis, Pyrenopsis, Synalissa and Psoro-
tichia.

Nostoc in Collema, Leptogium, Peltigera, Pannaria and
Parmeliella.

Rivularia in Lichina and Pterygium.

Nylander gave the name gonimia to the blue-green alge of
the thallus, retaining the term gonidia for the bright-green
species. The distinction is not generally maintained.

2, Chlorophycez associated with Archilichenes (fig. 4), as
follows :—

Protococcus (Cystococcus, Pleurococcus) and Palmella in
the greater number of the larger lichens and in many
crustaceous genera, such as Lecanora, Lecidea, Pertu-
saria, Verrucaria, etc.

Trentepohlia in Cenogonium, Dirina, Roccella, Graphi-
dacex, Pyrenulacee, and also in Thelotrema and
Gyalecta, rarely in Lecanora and Lecidea.

Cladophora in Racodium.

Though as a general rule the alga is less affected than the
fungus by the symbiotic life, it also may become modified in
appearance. The blue-green forms may lose their colour, as in
?leocapsa ; or the strings of cells may be broken up, as occa-
sionally in Nostoc, Scytonema, etc. Among the Chlorophycez,
there is occasional change of form both in Protococcus and in

Trentepohlia ; they revert to their original appearance in free
cultivation.

INTRODUCTION xi

Fic. 4.—Bright-green alge that form gonidia. a, Protococeus ;
b, Palmella ; c, Trentepoklia ; d, Cladophora. (a, b, x 250,
aiter Hassal ; c, after Cooke, x 250; d, after West, x 60.)

MORPHOLOGY.

There are three principal types of development in the
vegative body or thallus of lichens :—

1. Crustaceous, or encrusting lichens which spread over trees,
rocks or soil, with a more or less well-developed crust varying in
thickness, form and colour. The thallus consists generally of an
upper cortical layer of hyphe; beneath the cortex a zone of
algal cells and lower still a medulla of fungal filaments, the latter
resting directly on the substratum ; sometimes the crust is only

xii INTRODUCTION

a thin structureless mixture of hyphe and algz. Though mostly
superficial the crustaceous thallus is, in certain genera or species,
partly or wholly embedded in the bark or rock on which it
grows. It is thus often difficult to recognize the different tissues.
The lower hyphz in many of the superficial species form a thin
spreading layer called the hypothallus; it is usually dark in
colour and often appears as a black border to the thallus, either
as a firm limiting line or as dendritic filaments. A patch of
crustaceous lichen on tree or rock may belong to one species and
yet be composed of many individuals which have started from
different centres, each growing centrifugally. The dark lines.
chiefly occur where the different individuals encounter each
other. <A striking instance of such intersecting lines occurs in
the thallus of the well-known Rhizocarpon geographicum. Strong
boundary lines also frequently divide different species inhabiting
the same substratum.

2. Foliose, foliaceous or leafy lichens; as the name implies,
these are spreading leaf-like expansions of one or many lobes,
which adhere more or less firmly to the support on which they
grow. Like the crustaceous forms, they are dorsiventral in
structure; the upper surface is provided with a distinct
hyphal cortex, beneath which lies the gonidial zone and the
medulla. There is also a lower cortex which is frequently of a
darker colour and which is mostly provided with hairs or with
rhizoids formed of strands of hyphe that are chiefly organs of
attachment.

3. Fruticose or shrubby lichens: these are upright branching
forms rising from a basal point, and they are either cylindrical or
strap-shaped. The structure is radial, with a central pith of
fungal hyphe, a surrounding band of alge and an outer cortex
of fungal elements. There is considerable variety of form in
this group from the short, stiff, strap-shaped lobes of some
Ramaline to the long pendulous thread-like strands of Alectoria
or Usnea. Intermediate forms connect these different groups.
In the Cladoniacez there is a basal thallus, either crustaceous or
of small lobes, and there is also an upright stalk called a
“podetium,” which in many cases opens out into a cup-like
structure called a “ scyphus.” The podetia may be simple or
branched, and as the reproductive bodies in this family are borne
on the tips of the branches or on the edges of the seyphi, the
upright thallus has been frequently regarded as a modified fruit-
stalk.

INTRODUCTION xiii

VEGETATIVE STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO THE
LICHEN-THALLUS.

Soredia.—These are small powdery bodies that consist of one
or several algal cells closely surrounded by lichen-hyphe. They
occur as grayish powder on trees, or on the ground, representing
the first stage of thallus formation ; as white or greyish granules
on the squamules and podetia of many Cladoniz, or they are
massed on the surface of the thallus into well-defined pustules
called soralia. The soralium is formed by an increased growth
of soredial gonidia and hyphe at certain points within the
thallus, the overlying tissue finally bursting and allowing the
escape of the soredia. Soralia are generally constant in form
and in position on the thallus. Each soredium can give rise to
a new lichen-plant. It is a method of vegetative reproduction
that secures a ready and wide dispersal of species.

Isidia.—The isidium is a small outgrowth from the surface
of the thallus which contains both the algal and fungal con-
stituents, but differs from the soralium in being covered by a
cortex. Usually the isidia are like minute cones on a narrow
stalk ; occasionally they are branched.

Cephalodia.—On the thallus of various lichens there are
developed abnormal, and generally darker-coloured swellings,

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Fra. 5.—Vertical section of thallus and cephalodium of Peltigera
aphthosa. A, Cephalodium; B, Thallus ; ¢, cortex ; g, gonidia ;
m, medulla. (Greatly magnified.)
tubercles or warts, composed of the normal lichen hyphz, but con-
taining a different algal constituent, which is almost invariably
one of the Myxophycex (Nostoc, Stigonema, etc.). Cephalodia
are constant in form and occur as flat orbicular light-coloured
expansions (Lecanora gelida), groups of dark branchlets (Lobaria

xiv INTRODUCTION

laciniata), or irregular warts (Peltigera, Stereocaulon). They
also form internal packets in certain species which are termed
endotrophic cephalodia. They are probably of value in retaining
moisture (fig. 5).

Cyphelle and Pseudo-cyphelle.—These are small roundish
bodies scattered over the lower surface, mostly in the genus
Sticta. They are of definite form with a distinct rim (cyphelle),

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Fic. 6.—Vertical section of thallus and cyphella of Sticta sp. A, Cyphella;
C}, upper cortex ; C2, lower cortex ; g, gonidia ; m, medulla.
(Greatly magnified. )

or they are mere openings in the cortex through which hyphe
project (pseudocyphelle). They serve most probably as aerating
organs as do the bare areas on the under surface of Lobaria
pulmonaria, ete. (fig. 6).

Definite breathing pores have been demonstrated in only one
lichen, Parmelia exasperata; but openings and breaks occur
frequently and allow ready communication between the internal
tissues and the outer air.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.

Apothecia and Perithecia.—With the exception of a few
tropical genera of Hymenolichenes, all known lichens belong to
the subclass Ascolichenes and produce their spores in fruits—
apothecia or perithecia—somewhat similar to those of the
Ascomycetes.

Apothecium.—An open fruit with a more or less exposed disc,
comparable to that of the Discomycetes among fungi. The

INTRODUCTION xV

simplest type of apothecium is formed solely from the fungal
constituent as in the Lecideacee, usually a round button-like
dise, which is either soft and often brightly coloured (biatorine)

rm

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FANT

Fig. 7.—Vertical section of lecideine apothecium. a, asci;
p, paraphyses; e, epithecium ; h, hypothecium ; p.m,
proper margin. (Greatly magnified.)
(fig. 8), or dark and mostly hard and carbonaceous (lecideine)
(fig. 7). The disc is formed of compact upright rows of asci or
thece (a) which contain the spores, and of sterile threads, the
paraphyses (p) of which the tips generally project beyond the

Fie. 8.—Vertical section of biatorine apothecium.
a, asci ; p, paraphyses ; e, epithecium ; h, hypothe-
cium. (Greatly magnified.)

asci and form the epithecium (e). The combined asci and para-
physes are the hymenium. The tissue of the fruit immediately
below the hymenium is the hypothecium (h), and as continued
up and round the fruit is called the parathecium or “ proper
margin” (p.m). It may be formed of loosely interwoven light-

Xvi INTRODUCTION

coloured hyphe, or it may be dark and carbonaceous. Frequently
it is excluded by the growth of the dise (fig. 8).

In the more highly developed lecanorine apothecium (fig. 9)
the thalline tissue containing gonidia develops along with the

thm pm
Ve

Fic. 9.—Vertical section of lecanorine apothecium.
a, asci; p, paraphyses; e, epithecium ; g, gonidia ;
h, hypothecium; p.m, proper margin; th.m,

thalline margin.

other apothecial tissues.

(Greatly magnified.)

This outer protective wall or amphi-

thecium is generally called the ‘“thalline margin” (th.m) ; it
closely surrounds and forms an integral part of the apothecium.
Apothecia vary greatly in size from about 0°25 to 10 mm. or

more in diameter.

Perithecium.—When the fruit is a closed body with only a

Kia. 10.—Vertical section of peri-
thecia. a, entire; b, dimidiate.
(Greatly enlarged, diagramatic.)

narrow opening or ostiole it is called
a perithecium (fig. 10). Generally
it is surrounded by a wall and the
perithecium is then entire (a), or
the wall is absent or reduced to a
thin line below the base and it is
then described as dimidiate (b).
Perithecia are always small bodies
and usually they are partly im-
mersed in the thallus or substratum,

As a rule lichen-fruits grow
slowly. Spores may be produced
almost any time in the year, but
for a number of species there is a

double spore-bearing season, in spring and again in autumn,
The same fruits often persist for several years, new asci being

INTRODUCTION xvil

continually formed. It is therefore no unusual experience to
find the spores shed in seemingly well-fruited lichens.

Lichen spores vary considerably in size, form, septation and
colour. Usually there are 8 in the ascus, but in some genera or
species the ascus contains only one large spore, in others they
are innumerable and of small dimensions. The largest spores
are found in Pertusaria and in Varicellaria, the 1-septate spore
of the latter measuring up to 350 » x 115 p. In the family,
Physiacez, the cross wall of the septate spore is so thickened
that the lumen of each cell is reduced to a small area at the
ends ; hence the term polari-bilocular. This is a type of spore
without any parallel among fungi. Each
cell of a septate spore may give rise to a
hyphal filament on germination. The large
one-celled spores of Pertusaria and other
lichens contain many nuclei and produce
germinating tubes all over the surface
(fig. 11). The newly formed hyphal fila-
ments become associated with an algal cell,
and development proceeds (fig. 2), or, if no Pere Ch eee
alga is encountered, the hyph in time die 9 ee Ne tine Cate
off. In some genera of Pyrenocarpacer — (Ajter de Bary. x about
(Endocarpon and Staurothele) gonidia occur
in the hymenium alongside of the asci. They escape from the
perithecia with the spores and together they build up a new plant.

Spermogones or Pycnidia.—These are small perithecia-like bodies
which occur on many lichens, generally scattered over the thallus,
but occasionally confined to definite areas: to the periphery of
the lobes (Parmelia physodes), the margins (Cetraria islandica)
or the tips of the podetia (Cladonia). They vary in form, being
ovoid, globose, etc., and sometimes irregular with folds of tissue
projecting inwards, thus subdividing the interior. The inner
wall is lined by simple or branched hyphe, the sterigmata or by
a cellular tissue on which spermatia are borne. The spermatia
are usually minute, and more or less cylindrical, and are provided
with a cell-wall and contain a nucleus, etc. Many lichenologists
have looked on these bodies as the male organs of the plant
bearing non-motile spermatia. They are largely functionless,
and as germination of the “spermatia” has been observed in a
number of forms, it seems probable that they should rank as
secondary fruit forms or pycnidia, their contents would then be
more properly described as sporophores and pyenidiospores.

XVill INTRODUCTION

The form of the sterigmata (or sporophores) varies, and the
differences have been made use of in classification. Nylander
divided the spermogones into two groups: those with simple
““sterigmata ” and those with “arthrosterigmata.” In the former,
the more usual type, the sterigmata are more or less upright,
variously branched, and sometimes anastomosing; they are
usually sparingly septate, and the spermatia are acrogenous on
the tips of a secondary branch. The arthrosterigmata are divided
up into short cells, each cell directly giving rise to a pleurogenous
spermatium (or spore). This type of sterigma is found in Physcia
and Sticta. In Endocarpon the arthrosterigmata form a tissue
lining the wall.

The spermatia also show great variation in form. Usually
they are extremely minute, or if elongate, extremely narrow and
thread-like. Some undoubted pycnidia contain larger stouter
spores which do not differ from the others except in size, though
the term “‘ pyenides” was wholly reserved for these by Lindsay.

PHYSIOLOGY.

Nutrition.—In the higher plants there are green cells containing
chlorophyll and colourless cells forming tissues with different
functions. We find the same distinctions between the tissues in
lichens, but with this great difference, that whereas, in the higher
plants, all the cells have the same initial starting point, in lichens,
the two kinds of cells have a widely separate origin. In lichens,
as in the higher plants, the green cells—the lichen gonidia—do
the work of assimilation and by photosynthesis prepare carbo-
hydrates for the whole plant. The colourless cells or hyphe
are the organs of absorption, and, in return for the algal carbo-
hydrates. in the form of sugars or glucoses, they supply water,
nitrogenous substances and salts, which they have absorbed from
the substratum or from the environment and converted into a
state in which they can be used by the protoplasm of the
green cell,

Symbiosis.—The relationship between the two organisms was
at first regarded as that of algal host and fungal parasite, but
further consideration showed that this view was not entirely
satisfactory, and Reinke pointed out that each member of the
joint thallus might be regarded as the “consort” of the other.
This view was further elaborated by De Bary, who brought
forward a similar theory of “ symbiosis,” or conjoint life with more

INTRODUCTION Xix

or less advantage to each member or symbiont of the dual organism.
The alga undoubtedly grows with great vigour in the lichen-
thallus, being excited to increased vitality by contact with the
fungus, or by conditions, such as increased moisture, supply of
inorganic salts, shelter, etc., that are specially favourable to its
growth. On the other hand, the fungus withdraws from the
alga the necessary carbohydrates. The presence of hyphe within
the algal cells observed in certain lichens, and of empty algal
membranes in others, testify to the occasional harmful ravages of
the fungus ; but any theory of lichens as merely parasitic fungi
is incompatible with the continuous healthy development of the
lichen plant.

Excretory products——In many lichens there is an abundant
formation of oxalate of lime; it is laid down in crystals on the
outside of the hyphe, medullary or cortical. In Lecanora
esculenta, a limestone desert lichen, it has been proved that the
crystals form sixty per cent. or more of the dry substance of the
thallus.

There is also an enormous production of lichen acids, organic
products of varying chemical formule found only in lichens, and
due undoubtedly to the peculiar symbiotic relationship of fungus
and alga. Among the best known are parietin (chrysophanic
acid), which gives the brilliant yellow colour to several lichens,
and the valuable series of acids that produce the orchill of
commerce, called also cudbear and litmus. Orchill provides a
beautiful purple dye, and though it can be extracted from a
number of lichens, the chief commercial source is Roccella tine-
toria, which grows in great abundance on the rocky coasts of
southern Europe. The crustaceous lichen Lecanora tartarea also

yields a purple dye.

ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION.

Lichens are xerophytic in structure and well-adapted by
their composite nature to withstand extreme drought and extreme
weather conditions. In some cases water may be absorbed from
the soil, but in most lichens the habitat precludes that possi-
bility : they live nearly always in xerophytic conditions—on the
bark of trees, on the bare rock, on acid moorland soil, on sandy
wastes or by the seashore. The hyphe swell up and retain for
a long time the moisture they receive mostly from mist or rain.
There is no regular provision for transpiration except in a few

xX INTRODUCTION

cases. Growth is extremely slow, and there is in consequence
little demand on the metabolic activity of the cells. A plant of
Parmelia sawatilis kept under observation for a considerable
period was observed to increase about 1 cm. in diameter in a
year. The gonidial layer is usually several cell-rows below the
surface and is often obscured by pigments in the cortical cells ;
they require therefore abundant light and pure air, and are
always most luxuriant in well-lighted situations, such as the
sunny side of a wall, and on the outskirts of a wood rather than
in its shady glades. ‘They soon die out or lead an impoverished
existence in the near precincts of a large town, owing to the
smoke. They are the most cosmopolitan of all plants and the
pioneers of vegetation, occupying great tracts of mountain and
arctic regions where no other plants can live. Distribution in
the case of some genera and species is limited by climate or by
the nature of the substratum. On the other hand, there are
species, like the mountain-loving Rhizocarpon geographicum, that
spread almost from pole to pole.

ECONOMIC USES OF LICHENS.

In addition to their use as dye-plants, lichens are to a very
limited extent valuable as a food supply. The lichenin stored in
the cell-walls of Cetraria islandica, the Iceland Moss, can be so
prepared as to be both nutritous and appetising and has been
often utilised by northern peoples. Species of Gyrophora, “ tripe
de roche,” have been eaten by travellers when no other food was
available, but though they contain some nourishment they are
too bitter for consumption. Reindeer. pasture largely on
Cladonia rangiferina, and snails, slugs, mites, etc., devour eagerly
many different kinds of lichens.

In the economy of Nature a considerable part is played by
crustaceous saxicolous lichens in breaking up the rock and
preparing it for plants more dependent on loose soil. Caleareous
and granite rocks are thus slowly but gradually disintegrated.
Volcanic rocks with their smoother harder surface are less
affected. Topographically as well as geographically, lichens are
indispensable pioneers. Many lichens grow on trees, where they
are epiphytic, though occasionally their root-bases penetrate the
living tissue; only one species, a leaf-lichen in the tropics, has
been recorded as constantly parasitic. Sometimes the growth of
leafy and shrubby forms is so luxuriant as to cover the entire

INTRODUCTION Xxl

bark and thus impede the aeration of the tree. On the other
hand, it is suggested that they probably protect the tree from
extreme cold. They do, however, indirect harm by providing
harbourage for insect pests.

PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION.

Lichens as regards both their symbionts are polyphyletic in
origin, the alge which form gonidia belonging to widely separated
groups, and the fungi which form lichen-hyphe being derived
from the two great subclasses Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes.

All the British lichens are derived from the Ascomycetes,
- and they are again polyphyletic within the subclass. They fall
into two great series :——

I. Gymnocarpee, in which the fruits have more or less
open discs.

II. Pyrenocarpez, with closed fruits.

The Gymnocarpee are divided into three subseries :—

1. Coniocarpine, characterized by a “ mazedium” type
of fruit, and, in most of the families, by a primitive
thallus. The derivation is doubtful.

2. Cyclocarpinez, with open fruits corresponding to those
of the Discomycetes. Their fungal ancestors are to
be sought for among the Pezizine and most probably
in the family Patellariacez.

3. Graphidinee. The fruits are characterized by a
narrow generally elongate disc. The nearest allies
among fungi are the Hysteriacez.

In the arrangement of the. various Orders or families, special
attention has been given to the development of the lichen-plant
as a whole within each series.

The Coniocarpinee are a subseries apart, intimately con-
nected with fungi and have been placed first. The almost
closed form of the fruit suggests, however, aflinity with the
Pyrenocarper.

In the Cyclocarpinex, the first group includes those families
in which the fruit is highly developed, the apothecia with few
exceptions having a thalline margin (lecanorine). It was

XxXli INTRODUCTION

impossible to place the less highly developed lecideine families
first as they are already described in Part II. The lichens con-
taining blue-green alge (Myxophycez) have been considered
first ; those with a simple homoiomerous thallus being followed
by those with a heteromerous thallus, reaching the highest
development in the Peltigeracee and Stictaceze, which include
genera with both types of gonidia, blue-green and bright-green.

To avoid any break in the arrangement, the Parmeliacez,
which are allied to the Stictacez, are placed next. The gonidia °
in this and the following families are bright-green. Then follow
the Usneacex, and after that family the Physciacew, marked by
the peculiar polarilocular spores. The genera of Physciacez
range from fruticose to crustaceous forms. The Lecanoracee
and other crustaceous families close the first group.

The second great group of Cyclocarpinee includes those
families in which the apothecia are without a thalline margin
(biatorine or lecideine), the gonidia taking no part in the forma-
tion of the fruit: they are thus more primitive phylogentically
than the preceding. Beginning with the highest families of the
group, we place first the Gyrophoracee with a well-developed
foliose thallus, followed by the Cladoniacexe, the filamentous
Coenogoniaceze—very poorly represented in northern countries—
and finally the great family of Lecideacee with a crustaceous
or, at most, minutely squamulose thallus.

In subseries Graphidinee, the families have a crustaceous
thallus, with the exception of Rocellacez, which is fruticose and
highly developed, the gonidia are all Chlorophycez and mostly
from the genus Trentepohlia. The arrangement depends on the
character of the fruit. :

Series IT., Pyrenocarpez, includes a small family of Pyreni-
diacez with blue-green gonidia (Myscophyceace), the others
all contain Chlorophycez. There is one family, Dermatocarpacee,
which is foliose, the other families are all crustaceous and are
arranged according to perithecial characters. They are derived
from the Pyrenomycetes.

The arrangement adopted has been partly necessitated by the
order of publication. In the previous Monograph (by Crombie),
the thallus rather than the fruit formed the basis of classifica-
tion. If it had been possible to republish the whole work
simultaneously, a better scientific grouping would have been to
begin with the Pyrenocarpee, in which the fruit form is more

INTRODUCTION Xxill

primitive, to be followed by the Gymnocarpex, with the three
subseries in order of development :—1. Coniocarpinee ; 2. Gra-
phidiner; 3. Cyclocarpines. In Cyclocarpine the more simple
lecideine families should precede the great lecanorine group,
which includes the most highly evolved lichens.

The term “Order” has been retained in place of the now
generally accepted term ‘‘ Family” to maintain conformity with
Part II. The Orders that should have been included in the
latter work are printed in the Appendix to the present volume.
The sequence of arrangement adopted will be found at pp. 1-2,
25-6 and 387-8.

In preparing the Monograph it has been found necessary to
depart in many instances from the scheme of classification and
method of description adhered to by the Rev. J. M. Crombie in
1894, but I desire to record my very great indebtedness to the
work done by him both in his publications and in the herbarium
of the British Museum. I wish to thank those who have
generously sent me rare or new specimens:—Mr. Hebden,
Rev. W. Johnson (especially for Sarcopyrenia gibba), Miss
Knowles, Mr. Paulson, Mr. Travis, Mr. Watson and Mr. Wheldon.
IT have also to thank Dr. Rendle for his ready advice, my
colleagues in the Cryptogamic herbarium, Mr. A. Gepp and
Mr. J. Ramsbottom, for their unfailing assistance in all
doubtful points, and Mr. P. Highley for his careful drawings.

The metric system has been used for measurement; the
reek letter » indicates the one-thousandth part of a millimeter.
Other abbreviations refer to chemical reagents: + signifies a
colour-reaction, f + a faint reaction, — no reaction. Iodine solu-
tion—(I), iodine | grain, potassium iodide 3 grains, water } oz.,
is used as a test for starch or glycogen ; potassium hydrate (K),—
equal parts of caustic potash and water ; calcium hypochlorite
or bleaching-powder (CaCl),—1 part in half its weight of water ;
and nitric acid (NO.), indicate by colour-reactions the presence
of lichen-acids in the thallus. K + yellow indicates a general
yellow reaction; K*¥"ev, a reaction in the upper portion or
cortex. K followed by CaCl frequently gives a reaction and is
expressed thus :—K(CaCl) + yellow. The meaning of these
varying reactions is that the colour of the acids is liberated by
the application of an alkali alone, by bleaching-powder alone or
after previous treatment with an alkali. Reactions cannot
always be relied on, as the production of acids may have been
inhibited by absence of light, etc.

I. c

NOTE TO STUDENTS

To the Lichen Floras recommended to students in Part II.
should be added Harmand’s ‘‘ Lichens de France, Paris, 1905-13,”
still unfortunately incomplete, only five fascicles having been
issued. Various groups of lichens—Orders, Genera, ete.—have
been revised by modern lichenologists, and the results, when
touching on British Lichens, have been freely used. The
following are the more important :—

Aumgutist, S., Monographia Arthoniarum Scandinavie. K. Svensk. Vet.
Akad. Handl. xvii. n.6. 69 pp. 1879.

BrRanpbt, THEopoR, Beitr. zur Anatom. Kenntn. Flechten-Gattung,
Ramalina. Hedwigia xlv. pp. 124-58 (5 pls.). 1905-6.

DaRBISHIRE, O. V., Die deutschen Pertusariaceen, etc. Engler’s Bot.
Jahrb. xxii. pp. 593-671 (89 figs.). 1897.

DARBISHIRE, O. V., Monographia Roccelleorum. Stuttgart, 1898.

ForssELL, K. B. J., Beitr. Kenntn. Anat. Syst. Glelichenen. Noy. Act.
reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. Ser. 3. 118 pp. 1885.

Frizs, Th. M., Monographia Stereocaulorum et Pilophorum. Upsala.
76 pp. (1 pl.). 1858.

Guiick, Huco, Entwurf zu einer vergleichenden Morphologie der
Flechten-Spermogonien. Heidelberg, 1899.

Hower, Huser, A Manual of the genus Usnea, etc. (North and Middle
America). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club xxxvii. pp. 1-18 (7 pls.). 1910.
Hower, Heser, American species of Alecturia, etc. Mycologiaiii. pp. 106-

50 (7 pls.). 1911.
Howse, Huser, Classification de la Famille des Usneacez dans L’ Amérique
du Nord, etc. Paris, 1912.

Hur, A., Lichenum generis Crocynia Massal., etc. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Math. Cherb, xxxvii. pp. 223-54 (3 figs.). 1909.

Hun, A., Lichenes Morphologice et Anatomice Disp. Genus xlviii.
Aspicilia Massal. Nouv. Arch. Mus, Paris, Sér.5,ii. pp. 1-120, 1910.

Hus, A., Causerie sur le Lecanora subfusca. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1.
pp. 22-86. 1903.

LerspaIn, Bounty pr, Recherches sur les Lichens des Environs de
Dunkerque. Dunkerque, 1910.

LynGu, Burnt, Monograph of the Norwegian Physiacee. Vidensk. Skrift.
1. Mat.-Naturv. Kl. n. 8. 109 pp. (3 pls. 11 figs.). 1916.

Rippie4, Linconrn Warn, The North American species of Stereocaulon.
Bot. Gaz.1. pp. 284-304. 1910.

ROSENDAHL, F'RrepRICH, Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen tiber
die braunen Parmelien. Abh. K. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad.
Naturf. lxxxvii. n. 3. pp. 405-59 (4 pls.). 1907.

SrrinbR, JuL1uS, Ueber die Funktion und den systematischen Werth der
Pycnoconidien der Flechten, Festschr. Feier zweihundertj. Bestandes
K.K, Staatsgymn. vili. Bez. Wiens. pp. 119-54. Vienna, 1901.

Warnio, Eipv., Monographia Cladoniarum. Helsingfors, i. 1887; ii. 1894;
iii. 1897.

Zorr, W., Die Flechtenstoffe. Jena, 1907.

CAT AO

OF

Set ISH LICHENS.

Pach ol:

Susctass ASCOLICHEHN HES.

Series I. GYMNOCARPEA!.—Fruit a more or less open
apothecium.

Series II. PYRENOCARPEAL.—Fruit closed, a perithecium.

Series I G@YMNOCARPESA.

Subseries I. CONIOCARPINEA. — Apothecium partially
closed, retaining the spores when mature in a powdery
mass (mazedium).

Subseries II. CYCLOCARPINEA.—Apothecium with open
disc ; spores ejected when mature.

Subseries III. GRAPHIDINEA.—Apothecium with elongate
narrow disc (lirella) or roundish (ardella) ; spores ejected
when mature.

Subseries I. CONIOCARPINEZ:.

Thallus crustaceous (or wanting), or fruticose (foliose in some
foreign genera). Algal cells Protococcus, Pleurococeus, Stichococcus,
or Trentepohlia, Fruit a stalked or sessile apothecium, usually
hyphal in origin, with a capitulum open or partially closed ; asci
usually cylindrical, dissolving early, so that the spores as they

I. B

ae

2 CONIOCARPINE [SPHINCTRINA

mature lie loose in the apothecium, like powder or dust, forming ~
a mazeedium.

The Coniocarpinee are distinguished from all other lichens by the
peculiar form of the mature fruit. Some of the genera and species -
are parasitic on other lichens; others have no recognizable thallus.
Such forms are closely connected with fungi and have been classified
as such by some mycologists (see Rehm in Rabenhorst’s Krypt. Fl.
i. 3 (1887-96), p. 382). The British species have all been included
among lichens. There are two British Natural Orders :—

Thallus crustaceousS................- i. CALICIACE.:
Thallus foliose or fruticose........ ii. SPH22ROPHORACE®.

OrverR I. CALICIACEA.

Thallus effuse, thin, granular-crustaceous, often obsolete.
Algal cells Chlorophyceze (Protococcus, Plewrococcus, or Stichococcus).
Fruit usually a stalked, top-shaped or globose apothecium
(capitulum), the stalk, when present, simple or sometimes
branched, without gonidia; asci dissolving early, the spores
forming a powdery mass (mazedium), mostly dark-coloured.

The Caliciacee, as here understood, include genera and species
with stalked and sessile apothecia. In most cases, the algal con-
stituents of the thallus take no part in fruit-formation ; in one genus
only (Cypheliwm), a thalline margin is present in some of the species.
The following genera are British :

Thallus wanting or doubtful, mostly parasitic on
POTVUBATOO. o0 ac watete von letecw a wandes Teeuwen oe 1. Sphinctrina.
Thallus granular, crustaceous, sometimes obsolete.
Apothecia stalked.
Spores spherical, simple.
Spores dark in the mass.................4. 2. Cheenotheca.

Spores yellow in the mass................. 3. Coniocybe.
Spores oblong, septate, dark-coloured.

Spores 1-septate................0.008 eee 4. Calicium.

Spores 38- or more-septate ..............06 5. Stenocybe.

Apothecia sessile.
Spores oblong, septate.
Spores 1- or more-septate, dark-
COLOULE <5. cc. peenscesscer cer esse eemneene 6. Cyphelium.

1. SPHINCTRINA Fr. Syst. Orb, p. 120 (1825) (as a genus of
Fungi) ; De Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 314 (1846). (Pl. 1.)

Thallus doubtful or none proper. Apothecia small, globose-
turbinate, sessile or shortly stalked, somewhat shining, black,
with a thick connivent proper margin ; asci subpersistent ; spores
black in the mass, simple (rarely l-septate), blackish. Spermo-
gones immersed ; spermatia long, acicular, bent.

The species of this genus are mostly parasitic on the thallus of
Pertusaria or other lichens. The entire genus has been included by
Rehm (in Rabenhorst’s Krypt. Fl. i. 3, p. 889 (1887-96) ) in Pezizacex,
suborder Dermateacee.

SPHINCTRINA| CALICIACEX 5 i

1. 8. turbinata Fr. 1. c. & Summ. Veg. p. 366 (1849) (as a
fungus); De Not. 1. ¢—Thallus wanting. Apothecia small,
globose or somewhat top-shaped, shortly stalked or almost
sessile ; spores protruding in a mass from the narrowed disc,
globose or subglobose, small, 3-8 in diam.; hymenial gelatine
pale bluish then sordid dark-coloured with iodine.—Nyl. Syn.
Lich. i. p. 142, t. 5,f. 1; Mudd Man. p. 255, t. 4, £. 102 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 38;'ed. 3, p. 38. Lichen
gelasinatus With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 8, t. 31, f..1 (1796)? Calicium
turbinatum Pers. Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung. Suppl. p. 59 (1797).
C. sessile Pers. 1.c.; Engl. Bot. t. 2520; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p- 128; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 138. C stigonellum Ach.
Meth. p. 88 (1803). Spheria sphincterica Sowerb. Engl. Bot. iii.
t. 386, fig. 1 (1803). <Acoliwm stigonellum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 482 (1821).

Hasice. Leight. n. 132; Mudd n, 241. Carroll Lich. Hib.
n. 26; Johns. n. 168.

The apothecia are usually numerous on the host, though scarcely
visible without a lens. The spermogones are scattered among the
apothecia and are not infrequent with spermatia 12-15 pw x 1 up.
Lichen gelasinatus With. is somewhat doubtful, both in description
and in figure.

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Pertusaria communis and some-
times of P. fallax, on the trunks of trees, chiefly oaks.—Distr.
General and not uncommon in England and in 8. and Central Scotland,
rare in Ireland.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey; Guernsey; near Withiel,
Cornwall; Ventnor, Isle of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Balcombe
Hurst, Wakehurst, Danny, Henfield and St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex; Sibertswold, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; Great Totham and
Gosfield Hall, Essex; Chedworth Woods and Oakley Park, near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near Worcester; Shrewsbury, Shrop-
shire; Llanbrynmair, Montgomeryshire ; Hay Wood, Herefordshire ;
Leven’s Park, Westmoreland; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire;
New Galloway, Kircudbrightshire ; Roseneath, Dumbartonshire ;
Pitfour, Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire; Blarney and Andrum, Cork;
Curraghmore near Waterford; Glenstale, Tipperary.

2. 8. tubeformis Massal. Mem. Lich. p. 155, f. 190 (1855) ;
Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. p. 477 (1900)—Thallus none. Apothecia
minute, sessile or shortly stalked, globose or somewhat top-
shaped ; spores fusiform-ellipsoid, large, 11-16 » long, 7-8 p»
thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish with iodine.— S. micro-
cephala Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 280 (1856) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 & Monogr. i. p. 84; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 39; ed. 3, p. 38. S. turbinata var. microcephala Mudd Man.
p- 256 (1861). Calicium microcephalum Tul. in Ann. Sci. Nat.
sér. 3, xvii. p. 78, t. 15, f. 20 (1852) (non Ach.).

Closely allied to the preceding but with rather smaller more
scattered apothecia, and larger differently shaped spores. Lahm
(Jahresb. Westf. Prov. Ver. xii. p. 138 (1886) ) states that he found
growing on the same Pertusaria (P. leioplaca) spermogones which

B 2

“4 CONIOCARPINEE [SPHINCTRINA

he associates with this species. They have short stout sterigmata
and somewhat ellipsoid spermatia measuring 4-5 u» long, 3-4 p thick.
Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of several species of corticolous
Pertusarixz (P. melaleuca, P. fallax, P. leioplaca and P. Wulfenii).—
Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands and 8. England, probably over-
looked elsewhere.—B. M. Near Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants.

3. §. kylemoriensis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882).
—Thallus none proper. Apothecia minute with a short pale
slender stalk or almost sessile ; spores small, globose, dark-brown,
4—6 » in diam.; hymenial gelatine pale bluish and then sordid
with iodine.—Calicium kylemoriense Larb. ex Leight. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. ser. 2, i. p. 242, t. 33, ff..12-14 (1878).& Lich. FT.
ed. 3, p. 42.

Differs from S. turbinata in the smaller apothecia, the light stalk
and in the habitat on saxicolous lichens.

Hab. Parasitic on the thalli of Lecanora parella and of L.nitens on
maritime rocks.—Dzistr. Local and rare in the Channel Islands and in
W. Ireland.—B. M. Island of Sark; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

4. §. microcephala Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 288 (1861).—
Thallus (if proper) effuse, thin, granular, unequal, greyish-brown
or olive-green, sometimes evanescent. Apothecia small, scattered,
sessile or shortly stalked, globose or top-shaped, about } mm. in
height ; spores globose, 7-9 in diam. or sometimes ellipsoid or
oblong, 8-13 p long, 6-9 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with
iodine.—S. anglica Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 143, t. 5, f. 3 (1860); Mudd
Man. p. 255; Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 11; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 38; ed. 3, p. 38. Lichen
microcephalus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1865 (1808). Calicium miero-
cephalum Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 57 (1814); Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. 130; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 138. Phacotium (errore
Phacotrum) microcephalum 8S. F. Gray NatsArr. i. p. 482 (1821).

Rehm (tom. cit. p. 892) describes this species as parasitic on other
Lichen crusts, growing on bark of pine trees as well as on rails. The
British specimens are all on old rails, especially oak.

Hab. On bark of pines, &c., also on old rails, in shady situations.
—Distr. Only sparingly in a few localities in S. and Central England.
—B.M. Ardingly and Albourne, Sussex; Twycross, Leicestershire ;
Caister, near Yarmouth, Norfolk.

2. CHHNOTHECA Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 250 (1860).
Calicium Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 20 (1794); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 85 pro parte. Phacotrum (Phacotium) 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 482 pro parte. Strongylium S. F. Gray tom. cit.
p. 485. Cyphelium Mudd Man. p. 259 (1861) (non Ach.). (PI. 2.)

Thallus thin, granular or powdery, sometimes evanescent,
very rarely squamulose, or none proper. Apothecia stalked, the
capitulum top-shaped or subglobose, small, blackish-brown, often

CHENOTHECA | CALICIACE® 5

finely powdered with a white-grey or yellow pruina; paraphyses
slender, thread-like; spores uniseriate in the ascus, usually
globose, one-celled, dark-coloured. Spermogones punctiform,
black, with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and short
ellipsoid spermatia.

Distinguished by the dark-coloured simple spores which form a
mazedium as in the other Coniocarpinee, and are often protruded in
a dark mass. No gonidia take part in the formation of the fruiting
body. The thallus is usually well-developed, though by some botanists
it is considered to be distinct from the apothecia, the latter being
described as fungi parasitic on various lichen thalli.

Apothecia yellow- or yellowish-green-pruinose.

1. Ch. chrysocephala Th. Fr. 1. c.—Thallus citrine or bright
greenish-yellow, thickly granular, the granules rounded, scattered
or conglomerate. Apothecia scattered, black or blackish-brown,
on a short slender stalk, the capitulum somewhat turbinate-
lentiform, citrine-pruinose at the margin; spores dark umber-
brown, globose, small, 3-6 » in diameter.—Calicium chrysocephalum
Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 15 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 2501 ; Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 140; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 & Monogr. i.
p. 87; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 39; ed. 3, p. 39. Lichen chryso-
cephalus Turn. ex Ach. 1. c. & in Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. p. 88,
t. 8, f. 1 (1804). Phacotrum (Phacotium) chrysocephalum 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 484 (1821). Cyphelium chrysocephalum De
Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 318 (1846) ; Mudd Man. p. 261.

Exsicc. Mudd n. 251; Leight. n. 134.

Easily recognized by the greenish-yellow thallus and by the bright
yellow pruina on the margin and underside of the capitulum; the
pruina disappears in old plants. The apothecia are more or less
scattered, and the stalks are occasionally branched.

Hab. On bark of old trees and on worked wood in maritime and
upland tracts.—Dvstr. Local and scarce in a few localities throughout
England; very rare in 8. and Central Scotland, not recorded from
Ireland.—B. M. Cadnam and Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Hawk-
hurst and Bolney, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Walthamstow, Essex;
Hatfield, near Worcester ; Downton Castle, Herefordshire ; Hay Park,
near Ludlow, Shropshire; Rosedale, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

Var. filaris Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Flecht. Tirol, p. 500
(1902).—Thallus somewhat scattered. Apothecia with more
elongate slender stalks and smaller capitula.—Calicium chrysoce-
phalum var. filaris Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 239 (1810); f. filare
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 88 (1894).

A seemingly distinct variety, though possibly, as Crombie suggests,
the characters may be due to the habitat.

Hab. On the bark of old firs in moist upland situations.— Distr.

Local and rare among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Aberfeldy
and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

6 CONIOCARPINEE | CHENOTHECA

Var. melanocephala A. L. Sm.—Thallus as in the species.
Apothecia fasciculately branched, pruinose only at the margin ;
spores globose or ellipsoid, pale brown, 4-16 p long, 4-8 p thick.
—Calicium chrysocephalum £. melanocephalum Nyl. Syn. i. p. 147,
t. v. f. 19 (1860) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40; ed. 3, p. 39; Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 87.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 134 pro parte.

Differs from the species in the constantly dark epithecium, and
especially in the colour and form of the spores, which vary from being
globose and small to considerably large and ellipsoid. I have been
unable to verify this from Leighton’s specimen.

Hab. On old palings (associated with the Spee —B.M. Downton
Castle, Herefordshire (the only locality).

Ch. trabinella A. L. Sm.—Thallus ashy-grey or olive-
eat thickish, granular, composed of minute congested sub-
squamulose crenate granules. Apothecia small, the stalks rather
short, slender, pale brown or blackish, the capitulum top-shaped-
lentiform, greenish-yellow-pruinose, the sporal mass dark-brown
and somewhat plane ; spores minute, globose, 3—5 » in diameter.—
Ch. pheocephala Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 251 (1860); Lichen
trabinellus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1540 (1805); L. pheocephalus
Turn. in Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. p. 260, t. 6, £. 1(1807). Calicium
pheocephalum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 145 (1839) ; Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 140; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 11 & Monogr. i. p. 88 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40; ed. 3, p. 39. Phacotrum (Phacotium)
trabinellum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 484 (1821). Cyphelinm
pheocephalum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 317 (1855); Mudd
Man. p. 261.

Not to be confused with Calictwm xylonellum var. trabinellum
Wahlenb. ex Ach. Meth. p. 93 (1803). The granular squamulose
thallus, by which the species is characterized, varies in thickness and
colour, according to the habitat. The British forms are typical,
though the plant varies in other countries. The apothecia are
numerous, and almost sessile on thicker thalli.

Hab. On old boarded buildings, rarely on palings in wooded
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in S.E. and W. England.—B. M.
Albourne, Hurstpierpoint and Woodmancote, Sussex; Hay Park

near Ludlow, Shropshire; Bruisyard, Suffolk ; Lakenham near
Norwich, Norfolk.

3. Ch. acicularis Zwackh in Flora xlv. p. 535 (1862).—
Thallus greyish, very thin, powdery, sometimes obsolete. Apo-
thecia numerous, minute with a short slender dark-brown stalk,
the capitulum somewhat narrow, top-shaped, and obconical, more
or less citrine-pruinose, the dark-brown sporal mass usually much
protruded ; spores minute, 3-4 » in diameter.—Lichen acicularis
Sim. Engl. Bot. t. 2385 (1812). Phacotrum (Phacotium) hispidulum
8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 483 (1821). Calicium chlorellum Turn.
& Borr, Lich. Brit. p. 146 (1839) (non Ach.) ; Hook. in Sm.

CHENOTHECA | CALICIACE® i

Engl. Fl. v. p.140. ©. aciculare Fr. Summ. Veg. p. 119 (1846) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 40; ed. 3, p. 40; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 88.
C. pheeocephalum var. aciculare Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 12 (1870).
Cyphelium chlorellum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 317 (1855) ;
Mudd Man. p. 262.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 170; Mudd n. 252; Larb. Lich. Hib.
fie l-bohl, n. 98

Allied to the preceding, but differing in the thin powdery thallus,
the longer and narrower head, and the frequent protrusion of the
sporal mass by which the citrine pruina is pushed to the margin.

Hab. On trunks of old trees.—Distr. Very local and scarce in
S.E. and N.W. England, not recorded for Scotland or Ireland.—
B. M. New Forest, Hants; Danny and Bolney, Sussex; Boxley,
Kent; Wheatfield Park, Oxfordshire; Kempsey, Worcestershire ;
Bury, Suffolk; Brantsdale and Bousdale Gill, Yorkshire; Levens
Park, Westmoreland.

Apothecia whitish- or greyish-pruinose.

4. Ch. trichialis Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 251 (1860).—Thallus
thinnish, granular-squamulose, greyish-yellow or greyish-glaucous-
green. Apothecia small, scattered or crowded, with a slender
black stalk, the capitulum globose-lenticular, black, greyish-
pruinose, at length naked ; spores small, 2°5—4°5 » in diameter.—
Calicium trichiale Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 243 (1810) ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 12 & Monogr. i. p. 85; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 41; ed. 3,

40. CO. xruginosum var. cerulescens 'Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 156 (1839); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 141. Cyphelium
trichiale De Not. in Giorn. Bot, Ital. ii. p. 318 (1846); Mudd
Man. p. 259.

Crombie placed this species in the subgenus Allodiwm Nyl.
(Flora lxiii. p. 392), on account of the cylindrical shortly septate alga
(Stichococcus), a growth form only, which forms the gonidia. The
scale-like granules are scattered and minute, or crowded, and then
somewhat larger.

Hab. On the trunk of old trees and on old palings (fir) in shady
regions.—Distr. Rare in 8. and N. England, 8. Scotland and
S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Menstrie, New Forest, Hants; Church
Stretton, Shropshire; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Binnie
Woods, Haddingtonshire ; Tervoe, Limerick.

Subsp. cinerea A. L. Sm.—Thallus finely granular, greyish
or whitish. Apothecia with the stalk often brownish and partly
greyish-pruinose, the capitulum greyish or whitish pruinose
beneath ; spores 3-5 » in diameter.—Calicium cinereum Pers.
Icones, p. 58, t. 14, ff. 4 & 5 (1798-1800). C. trichiale var.
cinereum Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 41 ; ed. 3, p. 40; subsp. cinereum Nyl. ex Norrl. in Medd.
Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. p. 10 (1876); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 86.

;
8 CONIOCARPINEX [CHENOTHECA

Differs from the species in the full granulations of the thallus and
in the browner partly pruinose stalks.

Hab. On the bark of old oaks in wooded tracts.—Distr. S. Ireland.
—B.M. Deer Park, Castlemartyr, Cork; Tervoe, near Limerick.

5. Ch. eruginosa A. L. Sm.—Thallus thinnish, powdery,
greyish-glaucous or greenish-yellow. Apothecia black or brownish-
black, the stalk varying in length, dark-brown, the capitulum
grey-pruinose beneath or nearly naked ; sporal mass umber or
reddish-brown; spores smal], 2°5-4°5 in diameter.—Calicium
zeruginosum Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2502 (1813); Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 156. Phacotrum (Phacotium) zruginosum 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 484 (1821). Caliciwm trichiale var. stemoneum
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 243 (1810); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12;
Leight. Lich. FI. p. 41; ed. 3, p. 40; subsp. stemoneum Nyl. ex
Norrl. in Medd. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. p. 10 (1876);
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 86. Cyphelinm trichiale var. stemoneum
Mudd Man. p. 260 (1861).

Ezxsicc. Leight. n. 227 ; Mudd n. 248.

Closely allied to the preceding, differing chiefly in the finely
powdered greener thallus.

Hab. On the branches of old trees, stumps, and palings in shady
situations.—Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. and N. England.—
B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Danny and Ouckfield, Sussex ;
Hadleigh, Essex ; Leith Hill, Surrey ; near Henwick, Worcestershire ;
Brantsdale and Bousdale Gill, Yorkshire.

6. Ch. brunneola Muell. Arg. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.
Genéve xvi. 2, p. 360 (1862).—Thallus effuse, very thin, occurring
in spots, greenish- or greyish-white (K + red), often evanescent.
Apothecia small, numerous, the stalk slender, elongate, dark-
brown or blackish, the capitulum small, globose-lenticular, brown ;
spores 2°5-4 w in diameter, the sporal mass reddish-brown or
ferruginous. Calicium brunneolum Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl.
1816, p. 279, t. 8, f. 12. C. trichiale var. brunneolum Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 12 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 42; ed. 3, p. 41.
C. melanopheum subsp. brunneolum Nyl. ex Norrl. in Medd.
Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. p. 10 (1876) ; Cromb. in Grevillea
xv. p. 14 & Monogr.i. p. 90. Cyphelium trichiale var. brunneolum
Mudd Man. p. 260 (1861).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 252 ; Mudd n, 250,

Allied to the preceding, but differing in the character of the
thallus, which is often entirely evanescent, and in the more slender
apothecia.

Hab, On bark and on old decorticated trees and stumps in shady
districts.— Distr. Very local and scarce in S. and N. HEngland.—
B,. M. New Forest, Hants; Penshurst, Kent; Redland Woods, near
Leith Hill, Surrey; Crowle, near Worcester; Baysdale, Brantsdale,

CHENOTHECA | CALICIACE® 9

near Stokesley, and Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Hexham,
Northumberland.

Var. elassosporum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thinnish, glaucous or
glaucous-greenish, or almost obsolete. Apothecia numerous,
similar to the species ; spores minute, 2°5 » in diameter or even
smaller, the sporal mass umbrose.—Calicium elassosporum Ny].
in Flora lviii. p. 441 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea iv. p. 180
(1876) & Monogr. i. p. 90; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 41.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 111.

Differs from the species in the scantier thallus and in the smaller
spores. Nylander states also that the gonidia are smaller, a
character difficult to be sure of in specimens with very scanty
thallus. The apothecial stalks are sometimes branched.

Hab. On decorticated trunks of elders in mountainous districts.
—B. M. Glen Lochay, Perthshire (the only locality).

Apothecia not pruinose.

7. Ch. melanophea Zwackh in Flora xlv. p. 535 (1862).—
Thallus thickish, granular, greenish, whitish or cream-coloured
(K + red), sometimes nearly obsolete. Apothecia scattered, the
stalk short and stoutish, or long (up to 2°5 mm. and more),
slender, black, the capitulum top-shaped, black; sporal mass
occasionally protruded ; spores spherical, 2°5—8 . in diameter.—
Calicium melanophexum Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1816, p. 276,
t. 8, f. 8; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 & Monogr. i. p. 89; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 42; ed. 3, p. 41. Cyphelium melanopheum Mudd
Man. p. 259 (1861).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 315.

The thallus somewhat resembles that of Ch. trichtalis, but has
more rounded granules. The apothecia are irregularly scattered and
rather rare in British specimens.

Hab. On the trunks of old firs and decorticated oaks, rarely on
decaying posts in wooded tracts.—Distr. Local and scarce in 8.E.
and N. England and in Central Scotland.—B. M. Ardingly, Sussex ;
Epping Forest, Essex; Oakley Park and Hailey Wood, near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Shropshire; Lounsdale, Cleveland, York-
shire; Eglestone, Durham ; New Galloway, Kircudbrightshire; Braes
of Doune, Blairdrummond, and Aberfeldy, Perthshire.

Var. ferruginea A. L. Sm.—Thallus crowded, granular or
nearly powdery and often sprinked with irregular rusty spots.
Apothecia almost sessile, the stalk immersed in the thallus, the
capitulum rather large; spores 4—lly in diameter.—Calicium
ferrugineum Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2473 (1812) ; Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 136; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 189. C. melanophzeum
var. ferrugineum Scher. Enum. p. 172 (1850); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 14 & Monogr. i. p. 89. CC. trichiale var.
Fferrugineum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 41; ed. 3, p. 41. Phacotrum (Phacotium) ferrugineum 8. F.

10 CONIOCARPINEE [CHENOTHECA

Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 484 (1821). Cyphelium trichiale var.
ferrugineum Mudd Man, p. 269, t. 4, f. 106 (1861).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 45; Mudd n. 249.

Differs from the species in the character of the thallus and in the
subsessile apothecia. It is often sterile, but when fertile the
apothecia are numerous, and sometimes two or more become con-
fluent.

Hab, On old palings, rarely on decorticated oaks in shady lowland
and upland tracts.—Distr. Pretty general, and common where it
occurs, throughout England, chiefly in the south.—B. M. Horsham,
Sussex; near Reigate, and Redland Woods, near Dorking, Surrey ;
near Millhill, Middlesex; Hadleigh Wood, Danbury, Gosfield Hall,
and Walthamstow, Essex; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Gopsall Wood and Twycross, Leicestershire ; Packington Park
and Bagley Park, Worcestershire; Moor Park and Hay Park, near
Ludlow, Shropshire; Suffolk; Framlingham, near Norwich, Norfolk;
Brantsdale and Hoggarts Wood, Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

3. CONIOCYBE Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1816, p, 283;

emend. Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 168 (1855).
Pie)
Thallus effuse, thin, crustaceous or pulverulent or almost
obsolete. Apothecia usually with a rather long slender stalk,
the capitulum globose, pulverulent with the protruded ‘sporal
mass ; paraphyses slender; spores spherical, simple, colourless,
yellowish or pale-brownish. Spermogones with simple sterigmata
and oblong or ellipsoid spermatia.

The genus is characterized by the pale- or brightly-coloured
apothecia and spores.

‘1. C. furfuracea Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1816, p. 288.—
Thallus powdery, pulverulent, yellowish-green or sulphur-coloured.
Apothecia small or moderate in size, similar in colour to the
thallus or rarely greyish-pruinose; the stalk,elongate, slender,
pulverulent ; capitulum globose, the sporal mass yellow or pale
brownish ; paraphyses becoming branched, spores colourless or
pale yellow, minute, 2°5-3 1 in diameter.—Mudd Man. p. 262,
t. 4, f. 108 (excl. var. sulphurella); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14
(excl. var. sulphurella) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 46; ed. 3, p. 45.
Mucor furfuraceus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 1655 (1763). Clathrus
virescens Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p.632(1778). Trichia furfuracea
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 398 (1796). Calicium furfuraceum Pers.
Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung. p. 60 (1797); Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 159; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 142. CC. capitellatum Ach.
Meth. p. 98 (1803). Lichen capitatus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p- 86 (1798); Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1539. Strongylium capitellatum
8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 485 (1821). Beomyces furfuraceus
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78 (1836).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 62; Cromb. n. 10; Johns. n. 207; Leight.

n, 226,

CONIOCYBE | CALICIACEE ll

The thallus is more or less effuse, and frequently infertile. The
apothecia, when present, are numerous, and scattered or crowded ;
the stalks long and more or less flexuose.

Hab. On the roots of decayed trees and on dead twigs, occasion-
ally on the ground and on decayed mosses, rarely on rocks in shady
places.— Distr. General throughout England, rare in Wales, in 8. and
Central Scotland, and in E. Ireland.—B. M. Near Shanklin, I. of
Wight; Lyndhurst, and near Menstrie, New Forest, and Blackwater,
Hants; Esher, Surrey; Langford, near Shalford Common, and
Walthamstow, Essex; Bury, Suffolk; near Alfrick, Malvern Wells,
and Little Malvern, Worcestershire; Oswestry and Church Stretton,
Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merionethshire; Forden, Montgomery-
shire; Peel, I. of Man; South Wingfield, Derbyshire; Brantsdale,
Yorkshire; Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland; near Gateshead,
Durham; Calderbank, near Glasgow; Falls of Moness, near Aber-
feldy, and Blair Athole, Perthshire.

Form fulva Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 382 (1831]).—Stalk short and
rather stout ; capitulum hemispherical ; otherwise similar to the
species—Mudd Man. p. 262; Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14.
Var. fulva Scher. Enum. p. 175 (1850); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 100. Mucor fulvus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 1658 (1763).

Only a form of the species; transition states have been observed
on the same specimen.

Hab. On dead stems and mosses on walls, and on the ground in
upland tracts.—Distr. Somewhat rare in W. England and Central
Scotland.—B. M. Garryside, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

2. C. sulphurea Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14
(1886).—Thallus effuse, powdery, very thin, greyish or greyish-
white, often obsolete. Apothecia small, sulphur-pulverulent ;
stalk short and slender; capitulum minute, globose, the sporal
mass sulphur-yellow ; spores minute, 2°5-3 » in diameter.—C.
Furfuracea f. sulphurella Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 382 (1831); Mudd
Man. p. 262; var. sulphurella Scher. Enum. p. 175 (1850) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47; ed. 3, p. 46.
Lichen sulphureus Retz. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1769, p. 249.

Differs from the preceding in the more scanty, lighter-coloured
thallus, and in the brightly-coloured apothecia.

Hab. On decaying trunks of old oaks in wooded upland tracts.
—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Brantsdale, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham.

3. C. pallida Fr. Sched. Crit. i. p. 3 (1824).— Thallus very
thin, powdery, white, often obsolete. Apothecia small; stalk
moderate in size, stoutish, whitish or yellow, rarely brownish
above ; capitulum globose or hemispherical, the sporal mass
white or pale-brownish ; spores rather large, 4-10 » in diameter.—
Mudd Man. p. 262; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 47; ed. 3, p. 46. Calicium pallidum Pers. in Ust. Ann.
Bot. vii. p. 20, t. 3, figs. 1-2 (1794). ©. peronellum Ach. Meth.

12 CONIOCARPINEE | CONIOCYBE

p. 96 (1803); Winch Bot. Guide ii. p. 42; Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 158; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 141. C. cantherellum
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 85 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2557.
Phacotrum (Phacotium) cantherellum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 484 (1821).

Similar to C. sulphwrea in the colour of the thallus, but differing
in the apothecia, which are very pale yellow, often with a tinge of
cinnamon on the upper side of the capitulum.

Hab, On stumps and trunks of old decayed trees in shady places.
—Distr. Very rare in Central and N. England, probably over-
looked elsewhere.—B. M. Mundon, Essex; Teesdale, Durham ; near
Hexham, Northumberland.

4. C. hyalinella Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p. 279 (1856-8).—Thallus obsolete. Apothecia small; stalk
slender, whitish, brownish above ; capitulum globose, the sporal
mass white or pale-reddish ; spores minute, 2° 5—4 in diameter.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 47; ed. 3, p. 46.

Closely allied to C. pallida, but differing in the smaller apothecia
and spores. Occasionally there are doubtful traces of a thin whitish
thallus.

Hab. On decayed trunks of trees—B. M. Brantsdale, Yorkshire.

4. CALICIUM Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vi. p. 20 (1794);
emend. De Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 309 (1846). Phacotrum
(errore Phacotium) 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 482 pro parte.
Sirongylium 8. F. Gray tom. cit. p. 485 pro parte. (PI. 4.)

Thallus thin, granular or pulverulent, rarely squamulose,
sometimes obsolete or none proper. Apothecia stalked, the
capitulum top-shaped or subglobose, blackish-brown, often finely
powdered with a white, yellow or reddish pruina; paraphyses
slender; spores elongate or ovate, l-septate, dark-coloured.
Spermogones similar to those of Cheenotheca.

Similar in outward appearance to Chenotheca, differing chiefly in
the spore characters. Some of the species have been classified by
Continental botanists as fungi.

Capitulum yellow-pruinose.

1. C. arenarium Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv.
p. 345 (1878).—Thallus none proper. Apothecia congregate or
scattered, rather small, the stalk stoutish, elongate, rusty-brown,
sometimes with a yellowish pruina ; capitulum globose-lentiform ;
spores oblong, becoming 1-septate, rarely with a slight constric-
tion in the middle, pale-brown, 6-11 pw long, 2°5-3°5 yp thick,
paraphyses slender, scanty.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886).
C. citrinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 45; ed. 3, p. 44. Cyphelium arenarium Hampe ex Massal.

CALICIUM | CALICIACE® 13

Mise. Lich. p. 50 (1856). Coniocybe citrina Leight. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xix. p. 130, t. 8, figs. 7-9 (1857).
Exsicc. Leight. n. 269.

Somewhat resembling Coniocybe furfuracea in the general appear-
ance of the fructification. It grows frequently in shady places, where
the spores do not develop fully.

Hab. Parasitic on the powdery yellowish-green thallus of Lecidea
lucida, a saxicolous lichen.—Divst7r. Rather local and scarce in Wales,
N. England, and the Central Highlands, Scotland.—B. M. Crossfaen,
Monmouthshire; Llanymawddy, Llandyssil, near Bala, and between
Bala and Corwen, Merioneth; Dent, Yorkshire; Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire.

. C. roscidum Floerke Deutsche Lich. 3, p. 1 (1815); Nyl.
ae ‘Lich. i. p- 153 (1860).—Thallus ashy-grey, thin or almost
obsolete. Apothecia moderate in size, blackish ; stalk black,
rather short and stout ; capitulum lentiform, the margin or the
entire head greenish-yellow-pruinose ; spores brown or blackish,
fusiform-ellipsoid, l-septate, slightly constricted at the septum,
brownish or blackish, 9-18 p long, 4-8 p» thick.—Mart. ex A. L.
Sm. Monogr. ui. p. 351. C. hyperellum var. roscidum Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 238 (1810).

Easily distinguished by the colour of the pruina and by the spore
characters.

Hab. On oak bark.—Distr. Rare in N. England.—B. M. Ingleby,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lowther Park, Westmoreland.

Capitulum reddish-pruinose.

3. C. hyperellum Ach. Meth. p. 93 (1803).—Thallus granular
or pulverulent, bright greenish-yellow. Apothecia black,
moderate in size with an elongate firm stalk; the capitulum
globose-lentiform, reddish beneath; spores ellipsoid or slightly
narrower at each end, 1-septate, dark-brown or blackish in the
mass, 9-16 pw long, 4-6 w thick.—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v
p. 139; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 77; Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 140; Mudd Man. p. 258, t. 4, fig. 105; Cromb, Lich.
Brit. p. 12; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 42; ed. 3, p. 42. Coralloides
fungiforme arboreum nigrum, via crustosum Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 78, t. 14, fig. 38. (1740). Lichen hyperellus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 85 (1798) ; Engl. Bot. t. 1832. Phacotrum (Phacotium)
hyperellum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 483 (1821).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 61; Johns. n. 8; Leight. n. 23; Mudd n. 245.

Resembling Chzenotheca chrysocephala in the brightly-coloured
thallus. It usually spreads over large areas, though also to be found
in small patches. The apothecia are rather rarely developed, but,
when present, they are numerous and prominent.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, in wooded districts.—Distr.
Pretty general and common in England, rare in Wales, S. and
Central Scotland, and in Ireland. eB M. New Forest, Hants;

14 CONIOCARPINEX [ CALICIUM

Hurstpierpoint, Woodmancote, St. Leonard’s Forest and Angmering
Park, Sussex; Penshurst Park, Kent; Epping Forest, Stanstead,
Mountfitchet Park, Gosfield Hall and Ulting, Essex ; Stapleton and
Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Hindlip, Worcestershire; Packington
Park, Warwickshire ; Bala, Merioneth ; Builth, Brecknockshire; Hay
Park, near Ludlow, and Almond Park, near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Welshpool, Montgomeryshire ; Gopsall
Park, Leicestershire ; Derbyshire ; Bury, Suffolk; Earsham, Norfolk ;
Ingleby, Brantsdale and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Leven’s
Park, Westmoreland ; Catterlin, Cumberland ; Wark-on-Tyne, North-
umberland; Kirkconnel, Springkell, Dumfriesshire; Glenlee, New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire; Aber-
feldy, Perthshire; Killarney, Kerry.

Form viride Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886) & Monogr. i.
p- 91.—Thallus thin, pulverulent or somewhat granular, greenish-
yellow. Stalk of apothecium occasionally very short, the
capitulum often greenish- or greyish-pulverulent, black beneath.
—Var. viride Nyl. Syn. i. p. 153 (1860). C. viride Pers. Ust.
Ann. Bot. vii. p. 20 (1794).

Distinguished from the species by the more pulverulent thallus
and by the colour of the apothecium, a character not always constant.
The stalk is sometimes very short, a condition referred to by Turner
and Borrer in Lich. Brit. p. 142.

Hab. On trunks of old trees and on palings in wooded situations.—
Distr. Local and scarce in E., S. and W. England and among the
S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Sapperton,
Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Ickworth, Suffolk; Ben
Lawers, Perthshire.

Form baliolum Cromb. ll. c.—Apothecia larger, the stalk
thicker and compressed at the base.—C. baliolum Ach. Meth.
p. 94, t. 2, fig. 4 (1803).

Differs from the species in the form of the stalk. In the only
British specimen the apothecia are numerous and some are nearly
sessile. ”

Hab. On old palings in wooded regions.—B. M. Near Lyndhurst,
New Forest, Hants.

4. C. spherocephalum Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 486 (1812).—
Thallus finely granular, very thin, greyish-white or often
obsolete. Apothecia moderate in size, usually numerous, scat-
tered or crowded, black, the stalk short and stout or elongate
and slender, the capitulum top-shaped-globose, reddish beneath ;
spores dark-coloured, l-septate, slightly constricted in the middle,
8-13 » long, 4—7 p» thick.— Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41 (1821) & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 141; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 77; Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 153. C. trachelinum Ach. in Vet. Acad.
Handl. 1816, p. 272, t. 8, figs. 7 4 &B; Mudd Man. p. 258;

Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 12 & Monogr. i. p. 94; Leight. Lich. Fl, —

p. 43; ed. 3, p. 42; var. hemiphodium Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 43 (1879); form hemipheum Ny]. ex Cromb. in

t

CALICIUM | CALICIACEE 15

Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886). C. claviculare var. trachelinum Ach.
Meth. p. 91 (1803). Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix
crustosum Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 78, t. 14, fig. 3 a (1740). Mucor
spherocephalus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1655 (1753)? Lightf. Fl. Scot.
p. 1071? Lichen spherocephalus Web. Spicil. Goett. p. 198
(1778)? Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 414 (1797). Phacotrum (Phacotium)
spherocephalum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 485 (1821).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 112 pro parte; Leight. n. 270; Mudd
n. 246.

Resembles the preceding in the reddish tinge of the apothecium
(visible under the microscope as minute red granules), but easily dis-
tinguished by the difference in the thallus. As in other species it is
often more or less suffused by a yellowish Lepraria, which remains
when the proper thallus has disappeared. In form hemipheum
(errore hemiplodiwm), the whole stalk is more or less suffused with
red, an unusual state. There has been much confusion over the
identity of Mucor spherocephalus Linn., of which no specimen
exists in the herbarium at the Linnean Society. Smith’s specimen
described in 1797 certainly represents this plant.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on palings in maritime and
upland districts.—Distr. Not very general nor common ‘throughout
the British Isles—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Lewes, Danny and
Henfield, Sussex; Ulting, Thorndon Hall and Lea Bridge Road,
Essex; Chedworth Woods, Gloucestershire; near Cricklade, Wilt-
shire ; near Worcester; Pophills, Warwickshire; Earsham, Norfolk;
Pen-y-law, near Oswestry, Shropshire; Ingleby Park and Kildale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Egglestone, Durham ; Leven’s Park, Westmore-
land; Ben Lawers and Den of Dupplin, Perthshire; Mar Lodge,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Castlebernard Park, Bandon, Cork.

Var. xylonellum A. L. Sm.—Thallus very thin. Apothecia
with a blackish, usually more globose capitulum, the margin
inflexed, sometimes brownish. Calicium axylonellum Ach. Meth.
p. 92; Suppl. p. 14 (1803). C. sphzrocephalum var. crustosum
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 153 (1839). C. trachelinum vay.
aylonellum Nyl. Syn. i. p. 155 (1860) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 95.

Hab. On old palings in wooded tracts.—Distr. Very local and
searce in E. and $8. England and (fide Nyl. 1. c.) in Ireland.—B, M.
Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; Penshurst, Kent; Bury St.
Edmund’s, Suffolk.

Capitulum whitish-pruinose.

5. C. quercinum Pers. Tent. Fung. p. 59 (1797).—Thallus
thin, granular, pulverulent or nearly smooth, greyish-white, or
nearly. evanescent. Apothecia moderate in size, the stalk
stoutish, black, the capitulum top-shaped-lentiform, at first
white-pruinose, then naked, beneath grey-pruinose ; spores dark-
coloured, small, l-septate, slightly constricted in the middle,
5-9 » long, 3-5 thick.—Nyl. Syn. i. p. 155, t. 5. fig. 25;
Mudd Man. p. 257; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13 (excl. subsp.
curtum) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p 43; ed. 3, p. 43. C. clavellum

16 CONIOCARPINEE [CALICIUM

Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 138 (1839); Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 139; C. claviculare Ach. Meth. p. 90 (1803). Lichen
clavellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 83 (1798); Engl. Bot.
t. 1465. Phacotrum (Phacotium) claviculare S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 413 (1821).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 95; Mudd n. 244.

Frequently the thallus is but little visible; but the species may
always be recognized by the grey pruina on the under side of the
capitulum. The apothecia are frequent, and the spermogones usually
abundant and crowded.

Hab. On old palings and decayed trunks of trees.—Distr. Local
and scarce throughout England and 8. Scotland; not recorded for
Ireland.—B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Hurst, Ardingly,
Heathfield Park, Yapton and Henfield, Sussex; Hay Park, Ludlow,
Shropshire ; Birkland, Nottinghamshire ; Lakenham, Norfolk ; Brants-
dale and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Hexham, Northumberland ;
Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire.

Var. lenticulare Nyl. Syn. i. p. 156 (1860).—Thallus thin,
granular-pulverulent, whitish, scarcely any, sometimes obsolete.
Apothecia moderate in size, numerous, the stalk stoutish, black,
the head dilated and rather flat or lens-shaped above, sometimes
entirely naked ; spores as in the species or narrower, about 5—9 pw
long, 3-4 » thick.—Subsp. lenticulare Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13.
Calicium lenticulare Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1816, p. 262,
t. 8, fig. 4.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 112 pro parte; Johns. n. 9.

Distinguished from the species by the more lentiform head and
less distinct pruina.

Hab. On old oak palings.—Dist. Local and scarce in S. and W.
England and in N. Wales.—B. M. Near Bovey Tracey, 5. Devon;
Lewes, Sussex; Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; Baleombe and
Shiere, Surrey ; Barmouth, Merioneth; Ennerdale, Cumberland.

Subsp. curtiusculum Cromb. in Grevillea viii. p. 114 (1880),
emend.—Thallus effuse, granulate, whitish or greenish-yellow.
Apothecia black, the stalk very short, the capitulum lentiform,
white pruinose at the margin; spores 6-10, long, 3°5-4°5
thick. ©. ourtiusculum Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 360 (1879).
C. quercinum var. lenticulare £. chlorodes Nyl. ex Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886) and Monogr. i. p. 93.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 82.

Differs from the species in the almost sessile apothecia. The form
chlorodes has similar apothecia with a somewhat brighter coloured
thallus.

Hab. On palings and bark of old firs.—Dist. Found only sparingly
in S. and E. England.—B. M. Near Bovey Tracey, 8. Devon; near
Lewes, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex; Oakington,
Cambridgeshire.

6. C. curtum Turn. & Borr. ex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2503 (1813)
& Lich. Brit. p. 148 (1839).—Thallus very thin, wide-spreading,

CALICIUM | CALICIACE® 17

granulose, greyish, sometimes obsolete. Apothecia small, black,
the stalk short and stoutish, the capituium somewhat top-shaped-
cylindrical, white-pruinose at the margin, with the sporal mass
generally much protruded; spores ellipsoid, l-septate, 7-14 »
long, 4-7 » thick; hymenial gelatine frequently bluish with
iodine.—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 140; Mudd Man. p. 257 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 44; ed. 3, p. 43. C. quercinum subsp. curtum
Nyl. Syn. p. 156 (1860); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13. Phacotrum
(Phacotium) curtum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 485 (1821).

Ezsicc. Bohl. n. 99; Cromb. n. 113; Johns. n. 169; Larb.
Lich. Hb. nos. 83, 321; Leight. n. 133; Mudd n. 99.

Differs from the preceding in having the capitulum pruinose at the
margin only, and in the protruded sporal mass which gives the
apothecium ‘“‘a miniature resemblance to a painter’s brush” (Turn.
& Borr. 1. ¢.). The apothecia vary considerably in size even on the
same specimen; they are usually numerous and crowded. The
prominent black spermogones are frequent and often congregate.

Hab. On old palings and decayed branches of trees, chiefly oaks
in wooded districts.—Distr. General and plentiful in most parts of
Great Britain, but local and scarce in the Channel Islands and
Ireland.—B. M. Guernsey; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Bolney,
Washington and Tilgate, Sussex: near Hythe, Kent; Shiere, Surrey;
Braydon Forest, Wilts; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire; Gopsall Park and
Bradgate Park, Leicestershire; Hay Park, Herefordshire; Hatfield,
near Worcester; Church Stretton, Oswestry and Stiperstones, Shrop-
shire; Bala and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Walthamstow, Langford and
Epping Forest, Essex; Bury, Suffolk; Middle Forest, Westmoreland ;
near Ayton and Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Dur-
ham; Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kireud-
brightshire; Barcaldine and Glen Falloch, Argyll; Loch Rannoch,
Killin, Craig Calliach and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Countesswell’s
Wood, near Aberdeen ; Castlemartyr, Cork.

Capitulum not pruinose.

7. C. pusillum Floerke Deutsche Lich. 10, p. 6 (1815).—
Thallus in greyish or whitish spots or obsolete. Apothecia small,
entirely black, the stalk slender ; capitulum top-shaped, with a
flat or convex disc ; spores fusiform or clavate, l-septate, some-
times slightly constricted in the middle, 5-l0p long, 2°5-5 pu
thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx.-p. 272 (1882).

Resembling a minute form of C. quercinum. In the few British
specimens the thallus is obsolete and the apothecia are scattered.

Hab. On decorticated wood in wooded situations.—B. M. Castle-
martyr, Cork.

8. C. debile Turn. & Borr. ex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2462 (1812)

& Lich. Brit. p. 151.—Thallus very thin, greyish-white, or

wanting. Apothecia small, scattered, the stalk short and slender,

the capitulum lens-shaped or somewhat top-shaped ; sporal mass

compact ; spores fusiform ellipsoid, nearly always simple, about
ip c

|
ih 4.
7 rs

i8 CONIOCARPINEE » [cALIcruM

7-11 p long, 3-6p thick.—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 141.
C. minutellum Ach. in Vet. Acad. Sage: 1816, p. 118, t. 5, £2,
C. parietinum Ach. op. cit. p. 260, t. 8, £. 1, a, B; ‘Gromsbi in
Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886) & Monogr. i. p; 96; incl. £. minuéellum.
Var. minutellum Nyl. Syn. i. p. 159, 1860. C. subtile Pers.
Tent. Disp. Meth. Fung. p- 60 (1797)? Mudd Man. a 258 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 44; ed. 3, p. 44.
Strongylium debile S. F. Gray N Vat. Arr. i, p. 485 (1821).
Exsicc. Leight. n. 314; Mudd n. 247.

The species has a very doubtful or no recognizable gonidia-
containing thallus, and has been usually classified among fungi by
recent Continental botanists. It is retained here on account of its
affinity to lichen species. The spores agree in form with those of
Calicium rather than with those of Chenotheca and are occasionally
septate. Form minutellum has smaller apothecia which are some-
times greyish-pruinose beneath.

Hab. On the trunks of decoxticated dead trees and on old palings
and timber.—Distr. Local and rare in §., Central and N. England,—
B. M. Henfield, Sussex; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Wheatfield
Park, near Tetsworth, Oxfordshire (f. minuwtellwm) ; Baysdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire.

9. C. populneum De Brond. ex Duby Bot. Gall. ii. p. 638
(1830).—Thallus developed under the bark (hypophleodal) in
pale or whitish spots. Apothecia minute, scattered, entirely
black, somewhat shining, the stalk very short and slender ;
capitulum top-shaped ; spores blackish, 1-septate, 10-11 p long,
5-6 p thick.—Mudd Man. p. 257, t. 4, f. 104; Leight. Lich.
FL. p. 45; ed. 3, p. 44. C. curtum var. populinum Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Brit. p. 149 (1839); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 140.
C. triste Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 308 (1855)? ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 13 (1870).

Distinguished from the preceding by the smooth shining thallus
and by the larger spores.

Hab. On the smooth bark of poplars in w ooded upland tracts.—
Distr. Rare in the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland and in S.W. Ireland.
—B. M. Airds, Appin, Argyll; Killarney, Kerry.

10. C. diploellum Nyl. in Flora li. p. 161 (1868).—Thallus
(if proper) effuse, very thin, greyish-white. Apothecia minute,
scattered, entirely black, the stalk very short; capitulum top-
shaped open, the sporal mass scarcely prominent ; spores simple
or at length 1-septate, 6-9 » long, 3-4 » thick.—Carroll in Journ.
Bot. vi. p. 109 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13; Leight. Lich.
Fi. p. 39; ed. 3, p. 39.

The smallest of all the species, and considered by Nylander as

closely allied to C. disseminatum, a Continental species. The speci-
mens in the herbarium of the British Museum are very imperfect.

Hab, On the bark of holly in wooded districts. —B, M, Cromaglown,
Killarney, Kerry (the only locality).

CALICIUM] CALICIACER 19

11. C. retinens Nyl. in Flora li. p. 161 (1868).—Thallus
effuse, then finely powdery, whitish. Apothecia minute, sessile,
black ; sporal mass indistinct ; spores oblong or ohlong-cylindrical,
l-septate, 8-11 » long, 2°5-3°5 » thick ; hypothecium brownish-
red.—Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, i. p. 482 (1868)
& Lich. Fl. p. 45; ed. 3, p. 44; Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14.
Specimen not seen.

Differs from other species of Caliciwm in the sessile apothecia and
from species of Cypheliwm in the absence of a thalline margin to the
fruits. It has been collected only once.

Hab. On the trunk of an old oak, Jersey (the only locality).

5. STENOCYBE Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84 (nomen) ;
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 306 (1855). (Pl. 5.)

Thallus occurring in spots (macular), thin, often obsolete or
none proper. Apothecia scattered, black, stalked, the capitulum
top-shaped or clavate ; paraphyses slender, thread-like, colourless ;
spores ellipsoid or fusiform, becoming 3- (or more-) septate,
colourless, then brown, not massed in a mazedium.

The scanty or obsolete thallus and the absence of a mazedium
ferm of fruit render the position of the genus somewhat uncertain,
and might justify its transference to the Class Funer. Owing, how-
ever, to its close resemblance to the other Caliciacee, it has been
included here. The species are all somewhat inconspicuous.

1. S. major Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84; Koerb. Syst. Lich.
Germ. p. 306 (1855).—Thallus scarcely any proper or very diffuse
or obsolete. Apothecia sparsely scattered, very small; stalk
slender ; capitulum clavate; spores 3-septate (5—7-septate fide
Crombie), 18-36 p. long, 7-11 » thick.—S. euspora Nyl. ex Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 97, fig. 25.
Calicium eusporum Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xv. p. 549 (1856) ;
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865) pro parte.

Has been confused with the following species, S. septuta, which
has very large spores. The specimens in the herbarium of the British
Museum are too scanty to admit of examination.

Hab. On old stumps of holly in upland situations.—B. M.
Mangerton, Kerry.

2. 8. septata Rehm in Rabenhorst’s Krypt.-Fl. i. 3, p. 414
(1891).—Thallus effuse, and very thin or obsolete, or none
proper. Apothecia small; stalk short and stoutish or slender
and more elongate ; capitulum elavate-truncate with the margin
of the disc inflexed ; paraphyses slender, crowded, spores ellipsoid,
3-septate, umber -brown, large, 44-70 p long, 14-20 yp thick.
S. eusporum Mudd Man. p, 256, t. 4, fig. 103 (1861) (non Nyl.).
S. trajecta Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) &
Monogr. i. p. 97. Sphinctrina septata Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 2, xix. p. 132, t. 8, figs. 20-4 (1857). Calicium tra-

c 2

20 CONIOCARPINEE [STENOCYBE

jectum Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 211 (1865); Carroll in Journ.
Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865) pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 46. C. eusporum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 13 .
(1870) (non Nyl.). C. septatum Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 45 ; ed. 3, p. 45.

Ezxsice. Leight. n. 228; Mudd n. 242.

The thallus is so thin as to be scarcely distinguishable from the
bark on which it grows, or there is none proper. The apothecia are
sometimes 2-3 congregate, with the stalks varying in length up to
6 mm., and, when long, becoming branched.

Hab. On the bark of holly, and also parasitic on the thallus of
Thelotrema lepadinum and Graphis elegans in upland wooded dis-
tricts.—Distr. Common, where it occurs, in 8. and N. England and
in S. and W. Ireland.—B. M. Near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
Sheffield Park and near Withyham, Sussex; Ingleby Park and
Bousdale Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Glenbower Wood and Castle-
martyr, Cork; Tore Mt., Killarney, Kerry; Lough Feagh, Con-
nemara, Galway.

3. 8. byssacea Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1854, p. 84.—Thallus
scarcely visible or obsolete. Apothecia small, scattered ; stalk
very slender, sometimes branched ; capitulum clavate-tubiform ;
spores at first simple then 1—3-septate, 15-23 p long, 5-7 p thick.
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 14 (1886). Calicium byssaceum Fr.
Sched. Crit. i. p. 6 (1824); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133
(1873) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 45.

Smaller and more slender than the preceding species. The
apothecia are frequently branched and occasionally fasciculate.

Hab. On trunks and branches of alders in upland wooded
districts.— Distr. Rare in W. England, N. Wales, and Central Scot-
land.—B. M. Hay Park, near Ludlow, Shropshire; Capel Curig,
Carnarvonshire ; Glen Lochay and Blair Athole, Perthshire.

6. CYPHELIUM Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1815, p. 261.—
Trachylia Fr. in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1821, p. 324 pro parte ; Nyl.
in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 167 (1855) & Lich. Scand.
p. 44 (note); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 101. Acolium 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 482 (1821); Mudd Man. p. 253. (PI. 6.)

Thallus effuse, crustaceous, granular or furfuraceous.
Apothecia sessile, sometimes almost immersed in the thalline
granules, semi-globose, becoming open and plane, black, with a
thin thalline margin, sporal mass plane, black ; paraphyses scanty,
slender; spores l-septate, rarely pluri-septate and muriform,
ellipsoid, brownish-black. Spermogones with short simple sterig-
mata and with ellipsoid or elongate and bent spermatia.

Distinguished from other genera of Caliciacee by the thalline
margin of the apothecia.

1. C. tigillare Ach. tom. cit. p. 266.—Thallus effuse,
granular-areolate or deeply cracked, yellowish-green or citrine-
yellow (K—). Apothecia small, plane, innate, the margin

CYPHELIUM] CALICIACER 21

prominent at first then excluded ; spores l-septate, 15-25 p long,
8-11 p thick.—Lichen tigillaris Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 67
(1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1530. Acolium tigillare 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 482 (1823); Mudd Man. p. 254. Calicium tigillare
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 132 (1839) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 139. Trachylia tigillaris Fr. Summa Veg. Scand. p. 118
(1846); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 48;
ed. 3, p. 47.

The thallus is greener in damp shady places, and is then barren.
The apothecia are immersed in the larger granules. The minute
black spermogones are frequent, the spermatia 5-7 p» long, 2°5-3°5 »
thick.

Hab. On old palings generally about gardens, very rarely on trees.
—Distr. Rare, at least in a well-developed state, having been
gathered only sparingly in E. and N. England, and now extinct in
several of the recorded localities (fide Crombie).—B. M. Waltham-
stow, Loughton, Maldon, and Colchester, Essex; Herringfieet and
near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

2. C. inquinans Trev. in Flora xlv. p. 4 (1862).—Thallus
effuse, coarsely granular, the granules concrescent, sometimes
deeply cracked, thin or rather thick, grey or whitish
(K-+yellowish). Apothecia moderate in size, prominent, plane,
black, sometimes slightly grey-pruinose, with a black, thin, pro-
minent margin, which is sometimes white-pruinose, and at length
evanescent ; spores l-septate, constricted at the septum, 10-18 p
long, 7-12 p thick.—Lichen inquinans Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 810
(1800). Calicium tympanellum Ach. Meth. p. 89 (1803); Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 134; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 139.
Acolium tympanellum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 482 (1821) ;
Mudd Man. p. 254, t. 4, f 101. Trachylia tympanella Fr.
Summa Veg. Scand. p. 118 (1846) ; Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii.
p- 287 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 14; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 48 ; ed. 3, p. 47.

Ezxsice. Cromb. n. 114; Leight. n. 88 (under the name
Lecidea dubia Turn. & Borr.); Mudd n. 240.

The apothecia have largely the aspect of a Lecidea except for the
loose spores, which stain the fingers blackish when touched. The
thallus usually spreads extensively over the substratum.

Hab. On old posts and palings, rarely on the bark of trees in inland
districts.— Distr. General and usually plentiful in England, rare in
Treland, not reported from Scotland.—B. M. New Forest, Hants;
Shermanbury, Walstead Common, Albourne, and Lindfield, Sussex ;
near Totteridge, Middlesex; Lydd and near Penshurst, Kent; Ulting,
Wickham Bishops, Walthamstow, and near Colchester, Essex; near
Elstree, Herts; near Wootton Basset, Gloucestershire; Oswestry,
Haughmond Hill, and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Twycross and
Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Bilston, Staffordshire ; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire ; Colwall, Malthon, and near Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Derbyshire ; Yarmouth and Ickworth, Suffolk; Earsham, Norfolk ;
Rosedale, Yorkshire ; Curraghmore, Waterford.

bo
Lo

CONIOCARPINEE [CYPHELIUM

3. C. stigonellum A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i.
1*, p. 84 (1903).—Thallus none proper. Apothecia parasitic,
small or moderate, scarcely prominent, plane, black, the margin
black, prominent, sometimes pruinose, disappearing ; spores. blunt
at the apices, l-septate, 9-17 w long, 7-10 p thick.—Calicium
stigonellum Ach. Meth. p. 88 (1803) pro parte; C. sessile var.
marginatum Turn. & Borr, Lich. Brit. p. 128 (1839); Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 138. Trachylia stigonella Fr. Summa Veg.
Scand, p. 118 (1846); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15 & Monogr. i.
p- 102; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 49; ed. 3, p. 47. <Acolium stigonellum
Mudd Man. p. 254 (1861).

Ezsicce. Leight. n. 226; Cromb. n. 11; Johns. n. 401.

Differs from the other species in the smaller apothecia and in the
parasitic habit.

Hab. On the thallus of various Pertusarix.—Distr. General,
though not common throughout England, rare in Central Scotland.—
B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ;
Shiere, Surrey; Stansted Mount Fitchet Park, Thorndon Hall,
Bocking, and Epping Forest, Essex; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Gopsal], Leicestershire; Hindlip, Worcestershire; Barmouth,
Merioneth ; Llanforda and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Penmaen-
mawr, Carnarvonshire ; Easby Wood, Ingleby and Cleveland, York-
shire ; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland ; Teesdale, Durham ; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.

4. C. Notarisii A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i.
1*, p. 84 (1903).—Thallus bright greenish yellow, granular-
areolate. Apothecia innate, plane; spores brownish-black,
ellipsoid or irregularly globose, 1—5-septate and often with a
longitudinal septum in one or more of the cells, 14-25 p long,
10-17 p thick—Acolium Notarisii Tul. in Ann. Sci, Nat. sér. 3,
xvii. p. 86 (1852).

Differs from other species in the genus in the aaa spores.
The apothecia are numerous, each one surrounded by the granular
brightly-coloured thallus. The only specimen in the herbarium is in
ones Davies (collected by Larbalestier), under the name Acoliwm
tigillare.
ae On worked wood.—B. M. Walton, Suffolk (the only British
ocality).

Orper Il. SPHASROPHORACEZ.

Thallus fruticose (foliose in some foreign genera). Algal
cells Protococcus. Apothecia sessile, surrounded by the thallus ;
asci dissolving early, the spores forming a dark-coloured, powdery
mass (mazeedium).

There is only one genus represented in Britain :—

Thallus fruticose. Apothecia terminal.............. 7. Spherophorus.

7. SPHHROPHORUS Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 23
(1794). (Spherophoron Ach. Meth. p. 134 (1803).) (PI. 7.)

SPHEROPHORUS | SPHZROPHORACEX 23

Thallus shrubby, composed of upright stalks, irregularly
branched, the cortical layer cartilaginous, smooth and shining,
the central medullary layer white and rather soft. Apothecia
terminal on the primary stalks or branches, innate in the swollen
tips, globose or subglobose, the surrounding thallus at length
bursting irregularly ; sporal mass copious, black ; paraphyses
slender ; asci 8-spored, evanescent; spores globose, simple, with
a dark-coloured epispore. Spermogones terminal, punctiform,
black ; spermatia oblong, pleurogenous, on short-celled tissue-like
sterigmata lining the walls of the spermogone.

1. S. melanocarpus Scher. in Meisner’s Naturwiss. Anzeiger,
v. p. 43 (1821).—Thallus shrubby, erect, irregularly branched,
whitish (K—, medulla I—), the branches short, compressed,
much divided, naked, more or less laterally and minutely
fibrillose. Apothecia moderate in size, oblique, globose-depressed,
the covering thallus torn and the disc at length open; spores
globose, 7-11 » in diameter.—S. compressus Ach. Meth. p. 135
(1803) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 232;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 487 ; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 115;
Mudd Man. p. 264; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15 ; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 49; ed. 3, p. 48. 8S. coralloides var. compressum Tayl. in
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 83 pro parte. Lichenoides non tubulosum,
ramulis scutellis nigris terminatis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 66,
n. 15 (1724). Coralloides alpinum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 116, t. 17,
fig. 34c (1741). Lichen melanocarpus Swartz Prodr. Descr. Veg.
p. 147 (1788). L. fragilis Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 114 (1793) (non L.).

Exsicc. Dicks. Hort. Sicc. Fasc. 8, n. 23; Johns. n. 170;
Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 2U5 ; Mudd n. 254.

The description by Swartz of the compressed branches is too
characteristic to leave any doubt as to the identity of his plant. The
thallus is normally whitish, but, in most places, the branches are
occasionally a greenish-grey, and sometimes tinged with red. The
spermogones, rare on British specimens, are tuberculose, brownish-
black, situated on the main branches, rarely on the fibrille, and with
minute ellipsoid spermatia, 3 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab, On rocks and boulders in upland tracts.—Distr. General,
though not common, throughout the British Isles —B. M. Island of
Guernsey; Dartmoor, Devon; Ardingly, Sussex; High rocks near
Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Crom-
ford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire; Farndale, Yorkshire; Tees-
dale, Durham ; Wark, Northumberland; Black Craig, New Galloway ;
Barcaldine, Lorne, Argyll; The Trossachs and Loch Tay, Perthshire ;
Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen ; Lochaber, Invernessshire ; Tore
Mt. and Cromaglown, Kerry; Diamond Mt., Connemara, Galway ;
Achill Island, Mayo.

2. 8. globosus A. L. Sm.—Thallus unequally and somewhat
loosely branched, ascending, greyish-white or reddish-brown
(K—, medulla I + bluish), the branches numerous, rather short,
with compound lateral fibrille. Apothecia globose, moderate in

24 CONIOCARPINE [SPHEROPHORUS

size, irregularly dehiscent above ; spores spherical, 9-15 pw in
diameter.—S. coralloides Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 23
(1794) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 232
(incl. var. laxwwm, excl. var. cespitosum); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p- 487; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83 (excel. vars.) ; Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 110 (excl. var. cxspitosum); Leight.
Angioc. Lich. p. 7, t. 1, fig. 1 (incl. var. lawum, excl. var.
cespitosum) & Lich. Fl. p. 50; ed. 3, p. 48; Mudd Man. p. 263,
t. 5, fig. 109; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 15 & Monogr. i. p. 104,
fig. 28 (incl. f. congestus Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 349
(1878) ). Lichenoides non tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie,
cinereo-fuscum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 9 (1724).
Coralloides cupressiforme, capitulis globosis Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 117, t. 17, fig. 35 (1741). Lichen globosus Huds. Fl). Angl.
p. 460 (1762). L. globiferus L. Mant. p. 133 (1767); Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 887 (1777); Engl. Bot. t. 115 ; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 40.

iaibé. Bohl. n. 5; Johns. n, 208; Leight. n. 316; Mudd
n. 253.

Distinguished from the preceding by the rounded laxly-growing
thallus, the shorter branches, and the more globose apothecia. It
occurs in extensive patches, varying in colour from bluish-grey in
shady, to brownish or even reddish, in exposed situations. The
apothecia remain closed for a considerable time ; the spermogones are
similar to those of S. melanocarpus, though more frequent. Hudson's
Lichen globosus was based on Dillenius, t. 17, fig. 35. Form con-
gestus is, as Crombie suggested, a stunted condition of the species ;
there are numerous connecting stages.

Hab. On rocks and boulders, rarely on the mossy roots of trees.—
Distr. General and common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of
Great Britain and Ireland, rarer in the Channel Islands.—B. M.
Island of Guernsey; near Wring Cheese, near Penzance, and Hel-
minton, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Bovey Tratey, and Lustleigh Cleeve,
Devon; Eridge rocks and Ardingly, Sussex ; Tunbridge Wells, Kent;
Buckstone, near Monmouth; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ;
Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Cader Idris, Cwm Bychan, and
Aberdovey, Merioneth; Caer Caradoc and Pentregaer, Oswestry,
Shropshire; Trefriw, Capel Curig, Llanberis, and Conway Falls, Car-
narvonshire; Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire; Kildale
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham ; Kentmere, West-
moreland; The Cheviots, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Pentland Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh;
Inverary and Loch Creran, Argyll; Nigg, Kincardineshire; Sidlaw
Hills, Reeky Linn, and Clova, Forfarshire; Loch Rannoch, Craig
Calliach, near Crieff, Bracklinn Bridge, Ben Lawers, and Falls of
Bruar, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Craig Coinnoch, Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; near Nairn; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Forres, Elginshire; near Lairg, Sutherland; Achill
Island and Croaghmore, Clare Island, Mayo; Devis Mt., Antrim.

3. §. fragilis Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 23 (1794).—
Thallus more or less densely cxspitose, sparingly and dichoto-

SPHEROPHORUS | SPHHMROPHORACEX 25

mously branched, greyish-white, brownish or dark-greyish
(K + yellowish, medulla I—), the branches rounded, clustered
and erect, naked, without fibrille. Apothecia globose or sub-
globose, irregularly dehiscent above ; spores spherical or globose-
ellipsoid, 7-16 » in diameter.—Engl. Bot. t. 2474; 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 487; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 15; Leight. Lich. Fl. p.51; ed. 3, p. 49. S. cxspitosum
DC. Fl. Fr. i. p. 327 (1805). SS. coralloides var. czespitosum
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 111; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 232 ; Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 8, t. 1, fig. 2 ; var. fragilis Tay].
in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83 (1836); Mudd Man. p. 264.
Coralloides alpinum, Coralline minoris facie Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 116, t. 17, fig. 344, B (1741). Lichen fragilis L. Sp. PI.
p. 1154 (1753); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 888 pro parte. L. czspi-
tosus Roth Tent. Fl. Germ. i. p. 513 (1788).
Eexsicc. Croail n. 199; Johns. n. 209.

Somewhat similar to cespitose forms of the preceding, but
distinguished by the branches being without fibrille. It grows in
cushion-like masses less than an inch in height; the branches are
often darker below, and are sometimes reddish. When fertile, which
is rare, the apothecia are borne on longer protruding branches. The
pycnidia are frequent with minute spores, 3 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On mossy or bare rocks and boulders in upland to alpine
situations.— Distr. Common in the hilly and mountainous tracts of
the British Isles.—B. M. Near Vixen Tor and Hay Tor, Devon ;
Ardingly Rocks, Sussex; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Rhew-
greidden, Merioneth ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Helsby, Cheshire ;
Ingleboro and Farndale, Yorkshire; Egglestone and Teesdale, Dur-
ham; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; Ennerdale, Cumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire ;
Clova, Forfarshire ; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers, near Crieff, and Loch
Ericht, Perthshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Loch-na-gar, and
Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshivre ;
near Forres, Elginshire; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire; Glandarry
and Slievemore Mts., Achill Island, Mayo; Malin Head, Donegal.

Subseries II. CYCLOCARPINEZ.

Thallus crustaceous, squamulose, foliose or fruticose. Algal
cells blue-green (Myxophycez) or bright-green (Chlorophycez).
Fruit a roundish apothecium, open or partially open from the
first, marginate or immarginate, the margin composed of hyphie
alone (proper) or including gonidia (thalline). Asci and spores
various.

The Cyclocarpinee include a large and varied series of lichens,
that differ widely in the characters of thallus and fruit. The alge
are blue-green in a comparatively small number of orders and genera ;
mostly they are bright-green (or yellow). In the former case the
thallus is frequently gelatinous when moist, as are the alg, which
are distributed equally through the thallus (homotiomerows), though
also sometimes non-gelatinous with the alge arranged in a definite

26 CYCLOCARPINE®

zone (heteromerous). The thallus containing bright-green alge is
non-gelatinous, and nearly always heteromerous.
The Natural Orders are grouped as follows :—

Thallus homoiomerous, gelatinous when y
moist (more or less). Algze blue-green,
distributed equally through the thallus.
Thallus with Scytonema or Stigonema
alge, more or less minutely fruticose... iii. EPHEBACE2.
Thallus with Glwocapsa alge, crusta-
ceous, minutely squamulose or minutely

EPTUICOSE 2 > .n2: 22 do0 Woy veers oc doves eee ee iv. PYRENOPSIDACER.
Thallus with Rivularia alge, fruticose

or squamiulose, ‘Amiall..:..205,.ce. sacs areas v. LIcHINACEX.
Thallus with Nostoc alge, crustaceous,

squamulose or foliose..............ses.e+ses vi. COLLEMACER.

Thallus heteromerous, not gelatinous when
moist. Algs in a definite zone.
Alge blue-green (bright-greenin Psoroma).
Apothecia small.
Thallus crustaceous, squamulose or
Subiolioseymunue esse eee vii. PANNARIACER.
Algz blue-green or bright-green. Apo-
thecia large.
Thallus foliose. Spores septate.
Apothecia without a thalline
margine, adnate ............s-.02 viii. PELTIGERACER.
Apothecia marginate, scutellate ix. STICcTACER.
Alge constantly bright-green (or yel-
lowish).
Apothecia large, with thalline margin.
Thallus foliose. Spores simple x. PARMELIACER.
Thallus frnticose. Spores simple
OF SCPtate. ni icc ..nceonerereceenn xi. USNEACER.
Apothecia small to moderate in size,
with thalline margin. _ @
Thallus various. Spores polari- ;
bilocwlan 4 sts. .-csinds nak feces xii. PHyscrackE®. |
Apothecia usually small, with thal-
line margin. '
Thallus crustaceous or minutely .
squamulose.
Apothecia single, superficial
(or immersed at first).
Spores various.............. xiii. LECANORACEX.
Apothecia several in thalline
VORTUOD 54. sincucenenpen Celts xiv. PERTUSARIACER. |
Apothecia with a double
WNATPIN: ..1003vcnsien see eeees xv. THELOTREMACES.
Apothecia without a thalline margin.
Thallus foliose, expanded......... xvi. GYROPHORACER.
Thallus squamulose, with up-
right podetia ...........ccseeceees xvii. CLADONIACEA.
Thallus filamentous................ xviii. C@NOGONIACER.
Thallus crustaceous or minutely
BQUMAMULOBO ss cies ce ves andaquneedes xix. LECIDEACER.

bo
=

POROCYPHUS | EPHEBACE®

Orprr Til. KPHEBACEA.

Thallus more or less gelatinous when moist, minutely fruticose
or filamentous, crustaceous or partly squamulose, corticated or
non-corticated. Algal cells Myxophycez (Scytonema or Stigonema).
Apothecia rather small, discoid, with a proper margin (lecideine) ;
spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, simple or septate. Spermogones
partly immersed in the thallus, with simple or septate sterigmata
and minute ellipsoid acrogenous or pleurogenous spermatia.

The lichens of this Order belonging to the British Flora are
crustaceous, minutely shrubby or filamentous, and slightly gelatinous
when moist. The alga is a species of Scytonema, with cell-rows in
one series, or of Stigonema, with the cell-rows in several series.
The resulting lichen is of a somewhat stouter texture than the
alga. They are all somewhat uncommon. The crustaceous lichen
Magmopsis argilospila Nyl. included by Crombie among Ephebacei
(Monogr. i. p. 29) should be classified among Pyrenidiacee. The
following genera are British :—

Thallus with Scytonema.

MFA TE CHUBUACCOUG. .« ssscnpseceaes eevebeseesis aan en 8. Porocyphus.
Thallus minutely fruticose.
Filaments without a cortex ..............4 9. Thermutis.

Filaments with cellular cortex.
Apothecia moderate in size, spores
E-REDUBUC esto nance nse ccnsesedowseneawsl« 10. Polychidium.
Apothecia minute, spores simple.... 11. Leptogidium.
Thallus minutely squamulose - coralloid ;

spores 1- or more-septate .........0ccceccscese 12. Placynthium.
Thallus of larger Lichina-like fronds, fructi-
PeeOM UT MMOWD Ss o253seiepccscenatsies sencavesccees 13. Schizoma.
Thallus with Stzgonema, fruticose.
Filaments minute, apothecia black............. 14. Spilonema.
Filaments somewhat elongate, apothecia
pale.
Thallus not spiny, apothecia without
SIE PEECVEOR 2.08 5cct chin cron sive onthe te dckoie te 4p 15. Ephebe.
Thallus with spiny branchlets, apothecia
WEL DEtADNVSOSy< 4... seanietse wan seneanad- 16. Ephebeia.

8. POROCYPHUS Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 425 (1855).
(Pl. 8.)

Thallus crustaceous, continuous or areolate or granular, non-
corticated, slightly gelatinous. Algal cells Scytonema. Apothecia
very small, immersed, closed then open, with a stout thalline
margin; paraphyses slender, discrete ; asci rather irregular in
form, often bent or twisted, 8-spored; spores ellipsoid, simple,
colourless. Spermogones immersed, almost globose, with acro-
genous short or elongate ellipsoid spermatia.

1. P. areolatus Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 425 (1855).—
Thallus granular-areolate or somewhat continuous and thinnish,

28 CYCLOCARPINEX [POROCYPHUS

brownish-black. Apothecia minute, dark-coloured, with a thick
thalline margin ; paraphyses slender ; asci elongate, often bent ;
spores shortly ellipsoid, 9-16 long, 8-10» thick; hymenial
gelatine bluish with iodine.—Collemopsis lecanopsoides Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874) pro parte; Cromb.

Monogr. i. p. 78 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35 pro.

parte.

Hab. On primitive rocks in mountainous regions.—B. M. Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

9. THERMUTIS Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. p. 302 (1825). Gonio-
nema Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 163 (1855) ;
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 8 (1865) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 1 & Monogr. i. p. 18. (PI. 9.)

Thallus minutely shrubby or felted, composed of thread-like
sparingly branched filaments. Algal cells Scytonema, a single
cell row in each filament, the lichen hyph growing parallel
within the gelatinous sheath of the alga. Apothecia small,
flattened-globose, lateral on the filaments ; paraphyses unbranched,
slender ; asci elongate, 8-spored; spores colourless, ellipsoid or
elongate, simple. Spermogones lateral or terminal on the fila-
ments, somewhat globose ; sterigmata septate ; spermatia minute,
ovate or elongate, pleurogenous.

1. Th. velutina Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 287 (1860).—Thallus
of slender filaments, felted, sometimes spreading extensively,
brownish when moist, dark-brown when dry. Apothecia minute,
dark-brown, pale within, with a tumid margin; spores oblong-
ellipsoid, 10-15 p long, 6—7 w thick.—Lichen velutinus Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 218 (1798); Polychidium velutinum 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 (1821). Gonionema velutinum Nyl. in Mém.
Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 163 (1855) ; Leight. in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 8, t. 4, figs. 1-6 (1865) & Lich. FI. p. 11;
ed. 3, p. 9; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1 & Monogr. i. p. 18.

Exsice. Johns. n. 41.

The apothecia are very rarely met with in this country. The
spermogones are described as pale reddish with minute spermatia,
2 long, and 1p thick.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr.
Rare in N. Wales, N. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland,
probably often overlooked.—B. M. Near Barmouth and Cader Idris,
Merioneth; Friar’s Crag, Keswick, Cumberland; Ben Cruachan,

Argyll ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glen Callater,
Aberdeenshire.

2. Th. compacta A. L. Sm.—Thallus of dark-brown crowded
filaments forming a tomentum or felt. Apothecia globulose,
reddish, becoming dark, the epithecium rather indistinct ; spores
oblong, 10-15 » long, 6-8 » thick.—Sirosiphon compactus Leight.

THERMUTIS] EPHEBACEX 29

Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 9 (1879) (Kiitz. Tab. Phye. ii. p. 10, t. 36, fig. 3
(1850-52) as alga). Gonionema compactum Nyl. in Flora Ixvi.
p- 104 (1883); Cromb. in Journ. Bot, xxii. p. 195 (1885) &
Monogr. i. p. 19.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 1 (!).

Closely allied to, and possibly identical with, the preceding,
differing chiefly, according to Nylander, in the form of the filaments,
a variable character. The spermatia are described as somewhat
smaller, measuring 1 » long and 3 p thick. The synonymy has
generally included that of the alga Scytonema compactwm Ag. Disp.
Alg. p. 39 (1812). Leighton first included it among lichens, though
the apothecia were then undiscovered. The specimens in the
herbarium of the British Museum, with the exception of that
from Mardale, present considerable difficulty in identification, and
are doubtfully lichenoid, the filaments being mostly of a purely
algoid nature, and apothecia wanting.

Hab. On moist rocks in upland and subalpine districts.—Dzstr.
Rather rare in N. Wales, N.W. England, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—
B. M. Mardale, Westmoreland ; Wastdale, Cumberland; (?) Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; (?) Appin, Argyll; Blair Athole, Perthshire.

10. POLYCHIDIUM S8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 401 (1821);
emend. A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf. i. 1*,
. 156 (1906). Collema, Sect. Polychidium Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 658 (1810) pro parte. (PI. 10.)

Thallus foliose with narrow laciniz or minutely shrubby and
branched, the branches terete with a well-developed cellular
cortex. Algal cells Scytonema, in parallel longitudinal lines.
Apothecia moderate in size; sessile, lateral or terminal, brown ;
asci 8-spored; spores elongate-fusiform, 1-septate, colourless.
Spermogones with septate sterigmata, the spermatia pleurogenous,
small, thicker at the ends.

The only species of this genus in the British Isles has been
included by recent writers in Leptogiwm, from which however it
differs in the algal constituent and the consequent form of the thallus.

1. P. muscicolum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 (1821).—
Thallus minutely shrubby, formed of slightly compressed or
rounded dark-brown or olive-blackish filaments, branched, some-
times anastomosing, often nodulose at the tips, suberect or
decumbent, in cushion-like tufts. Apothecia moderate in size,
brownish-red, with a thin paler margin ; spores oblong-fusiform,
l-septate, 23-27 » long, 7» thick.—Mudd Man. p. 49, t. 1, f. 9.
Lichen muscicola Swartz in Nov. Act. Acad. Upsal. iv. p. 248
(1784) (excl. Syn. Dill.) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Fasc. ii. p. 23, t. 6,
f.9; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46; Engl. Bot. t. 2264. Collema
muscicola Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 660 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. p. 72
& in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111.
Leptogium muscicolum Fr, Summa Veg. Scand. p. 122 (1846) ;

”

30 CYCLOCARPINEX | POLYCHIDIUM
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 134, t. 4, figs. 11-15; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10 &
Monogr. i. p. 68; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27; ed. 3, p. 34.

Easicc. Leight. n. 395; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 121.

Owing to the somewhat gelatinous nature of the thallus the
filaments tend to cohere, and the rather broad apothecium looks as
if perched on several different branches. It resembles young and pale
states of Parmelia pubescens.

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and walls.— Distr. General and not
uncommon in maritime and upland districts.—/2. M7. South Brent,
Bottor Rock and near Hunter Tor, Devon; Breiddon, Montgomery-
shire; Cader Idris, Drews-y-nant and Ty-gwyn, near Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Shropshire; Llanberis and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Beaumaris, Anglesea; Kentmere, Westmoreland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Ben Cruachan, Oban, Loch Creran and Pass of
Brander, Argyll; Ben Lawers and near St. Fillans, Perthshire; Craig
Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Luggelaw, Wicklow ; Killarney, Kerry ;
Kylemore, Galway.

11. LEPTOGIDIUM Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 195 (1873). (PI. 11.)

Thallus minutely shrubby and tangled, the branches terete,
with a well-developed cellular cortex and a central medullary
strand of hyphe. Algal cells Scytonema, in parallel longitudinal
lines. Apothecia small, reddish or brownish ; spores colourless,
ellipsoid, simple.

Almost exclusively a tropical genus, 8. W. Ireland being the only
locality where it occurs in Europe.

1. L. dendriscum Ny]. 1. c. (note).—Thallus of short, slender,
intricately branched filaments which are rounded or obsoletely
compressed, olive-greenish or pale-yellowish at the base. Apo-
thecia small, pale or pale-reddish, the dise somewhat convex ;
spores ellipsoid, 10-16 » long, 6-8 thick—Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 337 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. edi 3, p. 138. Leptogium
dendriscum Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 185 (1858). L. Mooreii Hepp
ex Carroll in Journ. Bot, iii. p. 287 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 10; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 27. Ephebe byssoides Carring. in
Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vii. p. 411, t. 10, fig. 2 (1863).

The few specimens collected in Ireland are without apothecia and
with only imperfectly developed spermogones.

Hab. On mossy trunks of trees in S.W. Ireland.—2B. M. Croma-
glown, Glengarriff and Glena, Killarney, Kerry.

12. PLACYNTHIUM 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 395 (1821).
Collema sect. Placynthium Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 628 (1810).
Pannularia Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 360 (1879) pro parte ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 340 pro parte. (Pl. 12.)

Thallus granular-crustaceous and areolate or minutely
coralloid-squamulose, almost entirely homoiomerous with a plect-
enchymatous (cellular) cortex and usually with a well-developed

>

PLACYNTHIUM | EPHEBACEX 31

bluish-black hypothallus. Algal cells Scytonema. Apothecia
sessile, plane or convex, with a proper margin only ; paraphyses
stoutish, unbranched, septate, thicker and dark-coloured at the
tips; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores elongate or ellipsoid-ovate,
1—7-septate, colourless. _Spermogones minute with cylindrical,
straight or bent, pleurogenous spermatia.

Placed by Crombie and some other lichenologists in or near
Punnaria, but classified among the Ephebacee on account of the
homoiomerous thallus.

1. P. nigrum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i, p. 395 (1821).—Thallus
subdeterminate, brownish, minutely squamulose-coralloid, cracked
into granular-like areolz, dark-greyish- or brownish-black ; hypo-
thallus bluish-black. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex,
the proper margin eutire, internally pale-whitish ; hypothecium
brownish in thin section; paraphyses stoutish, septate, dark-
bluish at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 1—3-septate, 11-18 » long,
5-7 p thick ; hymenial gelatine deep-bluish then dark-violet with
iodine.—Lichen niger Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 524 (1778) ; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 10; Engl. Bot. t. 1161. Collema nigrum Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 628 (1810) pro parte; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 207; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib.ii.p. 107. Lecothecium nigrum
Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 109, f. 215 (1852); Mudd Man. p. 175, t. 3,
f. 65 (incl. var. fuscum). Biatora corallinoides var. fusca Hepp
Flecht. Eur. n. 10 (1853). Pannaria nigra Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p. 126 (1861) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 168 ;
ed. 3, p. 154. Pannularia nigra Stiz. Lich. Helv. p. 82 (1882) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 58 & Monogr. i. p. 342.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 254; Leight. n. 366; Mudd n. 144.

The spores are normally l1-septate, but they vary even in one
apothecium to 3-septate. The hypothecium is light yellowish-brown
in thin sections, though dark in the mass.

Hab. On calcareous rocks, mortar, and flint pebbles in maritime,
lowland and upland regions.—Dzstr. General and common throughout
the British Isles.—. M. Guernsey; Mt. Orgueil Castle and Gorey,
Jersey; St. Minver, Cornwall; Paignton near Torquay, Devon;
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Beeding and Glynde, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey ;
near Stroud and Sapperton, Gloucestershire; Bathampton Down,
Somersetshire; Marlborough, Wilts; Breedon Hill, Leicestershire ;
Llanymynech Hill and Bridgenorth, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth;
Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens, Westmoreland; near White-
haven, Cumberland; Egglestone, Durham; Appin, Argyll; Ben
Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; near Belfast, Antrim.

Form psotina Hue in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 5, ix. p. 147
(1905).—Thallus similar to that of the species. Apothecia
internally somewhat paler ; spores more constantly 3-septate and
4-cuttulate.—Collema trachyopum Tayl. in Lond. Journ, Bot. vi.
p- 193 (1847)? Pannaria nigra f. psotina Nyl. Lich. Scand.

{a

32 CYCLOCARPINEE [PLACYNTHIUM

p. 126 (1861); subsp. psotina Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133
(1873). Pannaria psotina Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 156 (1879).
Pannularia nigra subsp. psotina Cromb, in Grevillea xviii. p. 44
(1889) & Monogr. i. p. 343.

Ezxsice. Johns. nos. 30, 255.

Outwardly like the species, but with a lighter coloured hypothecium
and with more pronouncedly 3-septate spores, which are sometimes
irregular and blunt at the ends.

Hab. On caleareous rocks and mortar of walls in maritime and
inland districts.—Dzistr. Rare in the Channel Islands, England and
W. Ireland.—ZB. M. The Vale, Guernsey; Eastbourne, Sussex; near
the Horse, Windsor Great Park, Berks; Whitehaven, Cumberland;
Hexham, Northumberland; Westport and Castlebar, Mayo.

Form triseptatum Hue in tom. cit. p. 148.—Thallus sub-
determinate, granular-crustaceous, cracked-areolate, brownish-
black ; hypothallus blackish, not very distinct. Apothecia
rather small, with a thin proper margin, brownish-black, inter-
nally whitish; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 16-22 long, 6-9
thick.—Pannaria nigra f. triseptata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 126
(1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43; subsp. triseptata Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Grevillea i. p. 171 (1873). Pannularia triseptata Ny.
ex Cromb. in op. cit. xviii. p. 44 (1889); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 343.

With slightly larger spores and more crustose thallus than in the
species.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in mountainous regions.— Distr. Rare
among the Scottish Grampians.—%. M. Achrosagan Hill, Appin,
Argyll; Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

2. P. delicatula A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin adnate, minutely
granular-crustaceous, brown. Apothecia small, somewhat convex,
brownish-black (reddish when moist); hypothecium colourless ;
paraphyses yellowish-brown at the clavate apices ; spores fusiform-
vermicular, straight or substraight, 7—9-septate, 40-76 » long,
5-7 » thick; hymenial gelatine and asci bluish with iodine.—
Arctomia delicatula Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 287 (1860). Pannularia
delicatula Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 345.

Placed in the genus Placynthiwm on account of the plectenchy-
matous homoiomerous thallus, and the multi-septate spores.

Hab. On decayed mosses in alpine situations.—Distr. Extremely

rare among the S. Grampians, Scotland, and Mts. of W. Ireland
(Connemara, Galway).—B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

13. SCHIZOMA Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 108 (1877)
(note). (Pl. 13.)

Thallus laciniate-linear, gelatinous when moist, non-corticate.
Algal cells Scytonema. Apothecia unknown. Spermogones

SCHIZOMA| EPHEBACEX! 33

somewhat prominent, spermatia minute, cylindrical, slightly
wider at the ends, acrogenous on sparingly branched sterigmata.

The genus is placed along with others containing Scytonema,
though the systematic position is uncertain so long as the fructifica-
tion is unknown. The Scytonema filaments are occasionally intact
towards the centre of the thallus; as a rule they are broken up into
groups, as in the genus Heppia. They are massed under the cortex,
and the medulla is formed of crowded thin-walled branching hyphe,
mostly parallel with the long axis.

1. §. lichenodeum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 108
(1877).—Thallus of ligulate cylindrical-angular dichotomously
branched lobes flattened when dry and canaliculate, about
5-10 mm. in length and about $ mm. wide, occasionally sprinkled
with isidiose granules dark-brown. Apothecia not yet seen.—
Collema lichenodeum Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287
(1865) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 18; ed. 3,
p- 15; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874).

Confusion has arisen in the rendering of the specific name, but
Carroll’s is the first published. The fronds bear a considerable
resemblance to those of Lichina.

Hab. On decayed mosses and on the ground in crevices of rocks in
alpine places.—&. W. Summit of Ben Lawers (the only locality).

14, SPILONEMA Bornet in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iv.
p. 226 (1856). (Pl. 14.)

Thallus minutely shrubby with branching filaments. Algal
cells Stigonema, in rows of several series of cells. Apothecia
small, lenticular ; paraphyses usually thickish, septate ; spores
simple or l-septate, colourless. Spermogones like small tubercles,
the sterigmata septate with pleurogenous oblong spermatia.

The thallus is well distinguished from the preceding genera by the
algal constituent. As in the genus Thermutis, many of the fila-
ments of the various species are algoid in our specimens.

1. §. paradoxum Bornet 1. c. tt. 1 & 2.—Thallus dark-brown
or brownish-black, of slender cylindrical branches, intricate and
felted, the secondary branchlets generally unilateral. Apothecia
small, terminal on the main stalks, hemispherical, black ; hypo-
thecium dark-coloured ; paraphyses clavate ; asci clavate, arising
from the lowest cell of a paraphysis ; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
simple, 9 » long, 4 » thick; hymenial gelatine deep-blue, then
dark-violet with iodine.-—Mudd Man. p. 35; Leight. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 9, t. 4, tigs. 7-11 (1865) & Lich.
Fl. p. 11; ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1 & in Journ. Bot.
xii. p. 331 (1874).

Exsice. Leight. n. 347.

The thallus bears a considerable resemblance to that of the more
common Hphebe pubescens, but it is altogether smaller, and the
fructification is different. I

rT, D

34 CYCLOCARPINEX [SPILONEMA

Hah. On rocks in maritime and subalpine districts.—Dzistr. Rare
in N. Wales and §.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Barmouth,
Merioneth; Barcaldine, Argyll.

2. §. revertens Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 601 (1865).—Thallus
of branching filaments, occurring in small compact agglutinate
black or brownish-black pulvinuli. Apothecia adnate, slightly
convex, immarginate, black, dark-greyish within ; hypothecium
not dark-coloured ; paraphyses stoutish, somewhat thicker and
blackened at the apices ; spores colourless, oblong, simple, 8-11 »
long, 5-6 » thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish, the tips of the asci
deep-blue, with iodine.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 331 (1874) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 11.

Differs from S. paradoxwm in the small compact growth of the
thallus. In the only British specimen the apothecia are but sparingly
present, too few for examination, as are also the spermogones, stated
by Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 21) to be globose, immersed and colourless,
with somewhat curved spermatia.

Hab. On moist rocks in subalpine districts.—B. M. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

3. §. scoticum Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 82 (1869).—Thallus
minutely branched, in small compact somewhat convex agglu-
tinate black or brownish-black pulvinuli. Apothecia minute,
black, thinly margined, the disc slightly convex ; hypothecium
colourless ; paraphyses somewhat slender ; spores ovoid-oblong,
l-septate, 10-14 » long, 4-5 » thick; hymenial gelatine bluish,
the asci violet, with iodine—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 105
(1869) & Lich. Brit. p. 1; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 12; ed. 3, p. 11.

Very similar to the preceding in the form of the thallus, but
distinguished by the internal characters of the apothecia. The latter
are very rare.

Hab. On rocks and on dead mosses (also on Stereocaulon con-
densatum) in subalpine regions.—Distr. Rare, though perhaps over-
looked, in N. Wales, N. England and the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Llyn Aran, Dolgelly, Merioneth; Teesdale, Durham; Ben
Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.

15. EPHEBE Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. i. p. 256 (1825) emend. ;
Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 6 (1875). | Girardia 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i, p. 287 (1821) pro parte. (Pl. 15.)

Thallus filamentous, in spreading tufts, branched and intricate,
without a cellular cortex. Algal cells Stigonema, the lichen
hyphe external to the alga in young stages, forming central
strands in the older branches, Apothecia minute, solitary or
aggregate, immersed in swollen portions of the filamentous
thallus ; paraphyses none ; spores simple or 1—3-septate ; spermo-
gones with long sterigmata and short cylindrical acrogenous
spermatia.

EPHEBE | EPHEBACE® 35

Distinguished from the previous genera by the much stouter
extensively spreading thallus.

1. E. lanata Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & FI. Fenn. xiv. p. 20
(1888).—Thallus dark-olive-green or brownish-black, somewhat
shining, much branched, decumbent, the filaments slender, uneven
on the surface, tapering at the apices. Apothecia minute, slightly
paler than the thallus; spores simple or l|-septate, colourless,
11-16 » long, 3-4 » thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged or
faintly violet-coloured, the asci tawny-yellow, with iodine.
Spermogones lateral on the branches, the spermatia 5 yw long,
1 » thick.—E. pubescens Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 90, t. 2, figs. 1 &
17-20 (1858) ; Mudd Man. p. 34; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 10, t. 4, figs. 12-14 (1865) & Lich. Fl. p. 12;
ed. 3, p. 10; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 1 & in Grevillea v. p. 124.
Lichen lanatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1155 (1753). LZ. pubescens L. FI.
Suec. n. 1126 (1745) pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 2318. ~L. exilis
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 894 (1777) pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 47 pro parte. Conferva atrovirens Dillw. Brit. Conf. p. 60,
t. 25 (1803). Cornicularia pubescens Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 305
(1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 406. Scytonema (?) atrovirens
Ag. Disp. Alg. p. 39 (1812) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 78. Girardia
atrovirens S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 287 (18 21). Stigonema
atrovirens Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 42 pests Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl.
v. p. 363 ; Hass. Br. Freshw. Alg. p. 227, t. 66, fig. 1. Alectoria
lanata £. minuscula Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 81 (18 79) pro parte.

Easice. Johns, n. 163. -

Hudson’s Lichen scaber has been quoted as a synonym, but the
description by him of the ‘black concave marginate scutelle ”’
refers it rather to Parmelia pubescens. The apothecia are rare.
The spermogones are more frequent, and are usually borne on
separate plants.

Hab. Forming matted irregular tufts in somewhat large patches,
on moist shady rocks, especially by streams. — Distr. General
and fairly abundant in hilly and mountainous regions.—B. M.
Roughton, Cornwall; near Ivy Bridge, Chagford, and near Tor, Devon ;
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Snowdon and
Llanberis, Carnarvonshire; near Holyhead, Anglesea; Mardale,
Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Appin and Loch Awe, Argyll; Glen
Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Graig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Loch Shin, Sutherland; Applecross,
Rossshire; Glengariff, Kerry; Kylemore, Galway; Glandarry Wood,
Achill Island, Mayo; near Belfast, Antrim.

16. EPHEBEIA Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 6 (1875). (PL 16.)
Thallus filamentous, in spreading tufts, branched and intricate,
without a cellular cortex. Algal cells Stigonema, the hyphe
external to the alga in young stages, but forming central strands
in the older branches. Apothecia solitary, lateral, minute ;
D 2

36 CYCLOCARPINEX [EPHEBEIA

paraphyses numerous, slender, slightly clavate at the tips ; spores
constantly simple, colourless.

Distinguished from the preceding genus by the presence of
paraphyses in the apothecium.

1. E. hispidula Nyl. in Flora lx. p. 231 (1877).—Thallus
olive-green or dark-brown, much branched, decumbent, the fila-
ments slender, rather uneven on the surface, with spine-lke
branchlets. Apothecia closed at first and subglobose, the dise
becoming open and somewhat depressed ; paraphyses slender,
sparingly branched, slightly clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
10-15 p long, 4-5 p thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195
(1885). Cornicularia hispidula Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 617 (1810).
E, pubescens var. hispidula 8S, F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 406 (1821).

Exsice. Johns. n. 2.

Distinguished from EHphebe pubescens by the minute branchlets on
many of the filaments, giving it a spinous or hispid appearance.

Hab.—On damp quartzose and schiztose rocks in subalpine
districts.—Distr. Rare in N. Wales, 8S. and N. England, and among
the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ivy Bridge, Devon; Cader Idris,

Merioneth ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch,
Perthshire.

Subsp. Martindalei Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195
(1885).—Dittering from the species in the less hard and spiny
branching. Apothecia bluish-green above ; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
9-14 p long, 4-6 p» thick.—KEphebeia Martindalei Cromb. ex Nyl.
in Flora Ixvi. p. 104 (1883) & in Grevillea xii. p. 89 (1884).

The damp locality where the plant was collected may have
influenced the growth. It is lighter in colour and softer looking.

Hab. On moist rocks in mountainous districts—B. M. Mardale,
Westmoreland.

Orper IV. PYRENOPSIDACEZ.

Thallus gelatinous when moist, crustaceous or partly squamu-
lose or minutely fruticose, non-corticated. Algal cells Myxophycez
(Glocecapsa, Chroococcus). Apothecia small, open or subimmersed
and partly closed ; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless, simple or
rarely septate. Spermogones with minute ovate or elongate
acrogenous spermatia,

The algal cells occur in small colonies, each surrounded by
mucilage ; they are blue-green, or coloured red or yellow, especially
towards the surface of the thallus, by various colouring substances.
The following genera are British :—

Alg with reddish sheath, externally.

Thallus crustaceous.

Apothecia open or plane............ccsssecsesees 17. Euopsis.
Apothecia almost closed..............sceceee one 18. Pyrenopsis.
Thallus fruticose, of short tufts ...............20800 19. Synalissa.

Algze with yellow sheath, externally.
Thallus crustaceous, dark-coloured...............55 20. Psorotichia,

EUOPSIS ] PYRENOPSIDACEE 37

17. EUOPSIS Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 363 (1875). (Pl. 17.)

Thallus crustaceous, granular-areolate, fragile. Apothecia
small or moderate in size, discoid, with a thalline margin ; para-
physes distinctly septate ; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, simple,
colourless. Spermogones with minute acrogenous spermatia.

Separated by Nylander from the genus Pyrenopsis on account of
the distinctly discoid apothecia and septate paraphyses. The thallus
has a reddish colour due to the gleocapsin of the alga, which is more
pronounced when moist.

1. E. pulvinata Wain. in Medd. Faun. & Flor. Fenn. vi. p. 85
(1881).—Thallus effuse, granular, coarsely areolate, dark-blood-
red. Apothecia usually numerous and crowded, dark-blood-red
or paler, becoming darker, plane or becoming convex and
immarginate ; spores ellipsoid, 11-16 p long, 6-7 yp thick;
hymenial gelatine, especially the asci, deep-blue with iodine.—
E. hamalea Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 363 (1875); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 10 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 22. Lecidea pulvinata
Scher. in Meisner Naturw. Anz. ii. p. 11 (1818). Collema
hzemaleum Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 117 (1826). Pyrenopsis
hzemalea Stirton in Grevillea ii. p. 71 (1875); Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874); Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 15.

The red colour of the thallus due to the algal sheath is more
pronounced when the lichen is moist.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in subalpine and alpine regions.—
Distr. Local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland, and in
W. Ireland.—B. M. Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Kylemore Mts., Connemara, Galway.

2. E. granatina Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 363 (1875). —Thallus
effuse, thin granular, widely cracked-areolate, reddish-brown or
reddish, the granules rounded, aggregate, Apothecia small,
shining, congregate in the thalline granules, reddish, whitish
within, the margin thin, entire, at length excluded ; the spores
simple or spuriously 1-septate, ellipsoid, 9-12 p long, 4°5-5°5 pw
thick ; hymenium, especially the asci, bluish with iodine.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 10 (1886). Lecanora granatina Sommert.
Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 90 (1826). Pyrenopsis granatina Nyl. ex
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 (1870) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14; ed. 3,
p- Lb.

Differs from the preceding in the more brightly-coloured thallus
and in the rounded massed granules. It is much more conspicuous
in wet weather. Forssell (Bot. Centralbl. xxii. p. 54 (1885) ) considers
that this plant should be classified under Lecanora, as there are
Palmella gonidia in the thallus as well as Gla@ocapsa.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine regions. —Distr. Rare among
the mountains of N. Wales and the S. and W. Grampians, Scotland.
—B.M. Llyn Aran, near Dolgelly, Merioneth; Ben Cruachan, Argyll ;
Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

38 CYCLOCARPINE! [PYRENOPSIS

18. PYRENOPSIS Nyl. in Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.
p. 88 (1857) & Syn. Lich. p. 97 (1858). (PI. 18.)

Thallus crustaceous, granular, rarely subsquamulose, or sub-
fruticulose. Apothecia somewhat innate and partly closed, small
or minute; paraphyses simple, slender ; spores 8 in the ascus,
simple, rarely numerous. Spermogones with oblong minute
acrogenous spermatia.

The species are all darker than those of Huopsis, but they also
show the red colouration in a thin section.

1. P. hematopis Th. Fl. Lich. Arct. p. 284 (1860).—Thallus
effuse, crustaceous, the granules rounded, unequally aggregate,
dark- or reddish-brown, similarly coloured within or darker
towards the base. Apothecia superficial, small with thick
connivent entire margins ; spores 8 in the ascus, 10-12 » long,
5-6 pw thick; hymenium, especially the asci, bluish with
iodine.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866); Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 14; ed. 3, p. 14. Collema
hemaleum var. hematopis Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 117
(1826).

The spermogones of this species are somewhat frequent, though
the apothecia are rarely seen; when sterile, it is distinguishable from
Huopsis hemalea by the thicker, darker thallus.

Hab, On shady rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Extremely rare
among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.— 4. 17. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

2. P. homeopsis Nyl. in Flora li. p. 342 (1868).—Thallus
effuse, granular, rather thick, deeply cracked-areolate, the areole
granular, plane, dark-reddish-brown. Apothecia minute, the
margins connivent, pale within, the epithecium narrow, colourless ;
paraphyses slender ; spores 8 in the ascus, 11-18 p long, 7-10 pv
thick ; hymenial gelatine red or tawny-wine-coloured with iodine.
—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 48 (1869) & Lich. Brit. p. 2;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15; ed. 3, p. 14.

Closely allied to P. gruwmulifera, a Finland species (Nyl.1.¢.). In
Nylander’s original diagnosis the thallus is described as thin, but in
the specimens from Ben Lawers in Herb. Crombie, as also in all the
other specimens, it is comparatively thick and deeply diffract also.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Rare on the
8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Summit of Ben Lawers and Craig
Calliach, Perthshire.

3. P. fuscatula Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 143
(1857).—Thallus effuse, granular, the granules often in small
scattered aggregations, dark-brown or brownish-black. Apothecia
small with thick connivent margins; epithecium yellowish ;
spores 8 in the ascus, small, 8-10 » long, 4—5 w thick ; hymenial
ge ‘latine bluish then violet with iodine. — Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 16;
ed. 3, p. 14; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874).

PYRENOPSIS | PYRENOPSIDACEX 39

Distinguished by the dark-brown colour and the thinner spreading
thallus; considered by Nylander (1. c.) as closely allied to P. fuliginosa,
a continental species. In this species the spermogones are more
common than the apothecia. The spermatia are oblong-cylindrical,
and very minute.

Hab. On granite and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr.
Rare in the Channel Islands, N. Wales and S.W. Highlands of
Scotland.—B. MW. La Moye and Howley Bay, Jersey ; Barmouth,
Merioneth ; Lismore, Argyll.

4. P. subareolata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 27 (1861) nomen;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 24 (1894).—Thallus effuse, cracked-areolate,
the areole plane, blackish. Apothecia small, innate, blackish ;
spores 8 in the ascus, 15 uw long, 8 pw thick ; hymenial gelatine
bluish then wine-reddish with iodine.-—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx.
p. 271 (1882).

Comparable with P. concordaluta, a Finland species, but with
smaller spores (Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 440 (1875) ). The thallus, which
spreads over fairly large patches of the rock, is very dark in colour
and rather thin. Crombie has suggested (Monogr. i. p. 24) that
Verrucaria imbrida Tayl. (Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 153 (1847) ) may
be a synonym.

Hab. On moist rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr. Local and
searce in N. Wales and S.W. Ireland.—2. MW. Near Barmouth,
Merioneth ; near Killarney, Kerry.

5. P. phylliscella Ny]. in Flora Iviii. p. 102 (1875).—Thallus
effuse, composed of small flattened adpressed squamules roundish
and congregate but not contiguous, dark-brown. Apothecia
immersed, minute, 5-15 in each squamule, the thalline margin
thin, almost covering the epithecium ; paraphyses few ; spores 8
in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, 5-7 w long, 3 yw thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish, the asci dark-violet, with iodine.—Cromb. in
Grevillea iii. p. 190 (1875) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14.

Considered by Nylander to be closely allied to P. tasmanica. The
squamuline character of the thallus is not very pronounced, the
squamules themselves are minutely granular; the apothecia, when
present, are numerous and crowded. The spermogones are not
uncommon, the spermatia narrowly oblong or oblong-fusiform.

Hab. On quartzose boulders in a stream.—. M. Ben-y-Gloe>
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

6. P. furfurea Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332
(1874).—Thallus effuse, thinnish, granular-areolate, brownish-
black, reddish-black when moist. Apothecia minute with tumid
connivent margins ; spores 10-12 ,» long, 7-8 yp thick ; hymenial
gelatine wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 14.
Oollema furfureum Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 353 (1865) ; Carroll in
Journ. Bot. iii. p. 286 (1865) ; Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 3; Leight.
feo. El py 17.

—_- ot, + ond

40 CYCLOCARPINEX [PYRENOPSIS

The apothecia are rare in the few British specimens and the spores
badly developed. The gonidia are chroococcoid, the internal structure
thus resembling that of Phylliscwm, under which genus it should -
perhaps be classified. The material is too scanty and poor for exact
determination.

Hab. On moist mica-schist rocks.—/. MW. Summit of Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.

19. SYNALISSA Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. p. 297 (1825). (PI. 19.)

Thallus minutely fruticose or partly crustaceous, dark-
coloured. Algal cells Glwocapsa. Apothecia terminal, partly
immersed, at first closed then open, with a thalline margin ;
spores 8 in the ascus or numerous, simple, colourless. Spermogones
immersed, with simple sterigmata and acrogenous spermatia.

Chiefly distinguished from the other genera of Pyrenopsidaces by
the fruticose habit. The thallus is tinged red or dark-brown on the
surface by gloeocapsin.

1. §. ramulosa Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. p. 297 (1825).—Thallus
in blackish pulvinate tufts, the branches short, erect, obtuse at
the apices or nodulose. Apothecia minute, at first immersed
becoming open, with a tumid thalline margin ; spores 8—24 in the
ascus, ellipsoid or spherical, small, 9-11 » long, 6-7 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine.—S. symphorea Nyl.
Syn. Lich. p. 94, t. 3, fig. 2 (1858); Mudd Man. p. 35, t. 1,
fig. 2; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 & Monogr. i. p. 37, fig. 8 : Leight.
Lich. Fl p. 16; ed. 3, p. 13. S. vulgaris Thwaites in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 2, iii. p. 220, t. 8, figs. 1-3 (1849). Collema
ramulosum Hoftm. Deutschl. Flora ii, p. 161 (1795). C.
symphoreum DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 382 (1805). C. synalissum Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 640 (1810) pro parte; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 108.

Occurs frequently with other lichens, Lecwats lurida, L. testacea,
Lecanora crassa, ete. The apothecia are very rare. The spermogones
are also rarely seen ; the spermatia are very minute, 3 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Rare in §8., W. and N. England and in S.W. Scotland; record
doubtful in Ireland.—Z. WM. Portland Island, Dorset; Anstey’s Cove,
Torquay, and near Babbicombe, Devon; St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol,
Gloucestershire; Malvern, W. Yorkshire; Barcaldine, Argyll.

2. §. intricata Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 534 (1883).—Thallus
spreading, branched, brownish-black, the branches narrow,
rounded, somewhat obtuse or slightly nodulose at the apices.
Apothecia not seen.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195
(1885). Omphalaria intricata Arn. in Flora lii. p. 254 (1869).
Nematonostoe intricatum Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 104 (1883).

Of doubtful position owing to the character of the algal cells.
They occur in rows, and for that reason Nylander suggested that it

SYNALISSA | PYRENOPSIDACE® 41

might be the type of a new genus Synalissina. Apothecia haye not
been found, but spermogones are present in the British specimen.

Hab. On moist granite rocks in an upland region.—b, M. New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire (the only British locality).

20. PSOROTICHIA Massal. Framm. Lich. p. 15 (1855);
emend. Forssell in K. Vetensk.-Soc. Nova Acta, ser. 3, xill.
n. 6, p. 66 (1885). Collemopsis Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 17 (1873)
(note) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874) & Monogr. i.
pati. (Fl. 20.)

Thallus crustaceous, granular-areolate, more or less corticated
and loosely affixed to the substratum. Algal cells Gloocapsa,
sect. Xanthocapsa. Apothecia innate, urceolate, small, the margin
usually tumid and connivent ; paraphyses usually simple, slender,
and discrete ; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, simple, colourless.
Spermogones with simple sterigmata and oblong minute acrogenous
spermatia.

Closely allied to Pyrenopsis, but differing in the yellow colour of
the algal sheath. It also somewhat resembles Pannularia, but is
outwardly distinguished from that genus by the absence of a
hypothallus.

1. Ps. Schereri Arn. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien
xxii. p. 313 (1872).—Thallus effuse, granular-areolate or minutely
granular-squamulose, rather thin, brownish-black. Apothecia
small or moderate in size, plane, with a distinct thalline margin,
brownish or reddish-black ; spores ellipsoid, 14—21 » long, 7-11 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine pale-blue and then tawny with iodine.
-—Pannaria Schereri Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 114 (1852). Pyrenopsis
Schxreri Nyl. in Flora xlix. p. 374 (1866); Cromb. Lich. brit.
p- 2; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15. Collemopsis Scherert Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 78; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 35.

Exsicc. Johns. n, 242.

The thallus is more squamulose and continuous as it becomes
more fully developed. The apothecia are usually numerous and
crowded.

Collema trachyopum Tayl. (Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 1938 (1847) )
is referred by Tuckerman to this species (Prof. Farlow in litt.). The
specimen was collected by Taylor on limestone at Durham, Kerry.

Hab. On cretaceous pebbles, and limestone walls and rocks in
moist shady situations.—Distrv. Not uncommon in England, among
the Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Near Gom-
shall and Shiere, Surrey; Bathampton Downs and Babington,
Somerset; Chelford, Oakley Park, and near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Buxton, Derbyshire ; Egremont, Cumberland; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Aberdeenshire; Kylemore,
Galway.

2. Ps. furfurella Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. Part 2, p. 312
(1902).—Thallus effuse, thin, furfuraceous-granular, or in small

42 CYCLOCARPINEX [PSOROTICHIA

scattered granules, sometimes intermixed with larger, brownish-
black. Apothecia minute, impressed in the granules, concolorous
with the thallus, with a thick connivent margin ; spores ellipsoid,
rarely well-developed, 11-17 yp long, 8-11 p» thick; hymenial
gelatine wine-red with iodine.—Oollema furfurellum Nyl. in Not.
Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. iv. p. 229 (1859); Carroll in Journ.
Bot. ii. p. 286 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 & Monogr. i.
p- 79; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17. Collemopsis furfurella Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 79; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35.

More distinctly granular and scattered than either of the preceding
species, differing also in the habitat.

Hab. On moist schistose rocks in alpine localities. -B. M. Above
Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

3. Ps. diffundens Sydow Flecht. Deutschl. p. 324 (1887).—
Thallus effuse, thin, with minute granular squamules, cracked-
areolate, bliicke: Apothecia ae innate, somewhat plane or
marginate, reddish, pale within ; spores ellipsoid, 16-23 p long,
7-11 p» thick ; hyménial gelatine bluish, then wine-red with
iodine. —Pyrenopsis diffundens Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 602 (1865) ;
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15. Collema diffractum Nyl. ex Carroll in
Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865). Collemopsis diffundens Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 332 (1874) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 36 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 80.

The specimens in the British Museum are sterile. The plant has
not been found again at Maidstone, Kent, where it was first discovered.

Hab. On sandstone and schistose rocks.—Distr. Rare in S$.E.
England and N. Wales.—B. M. Barmouth, Merioneth.

4. Ps, bia Forss. in K. Vetensk.-Soc. Nova Acta,
ser. 3, xili. n. 6, p. 77 (1885).—Thallus “effuse, thin, granular-
areolate or nearly Be ae and somewhat scabrous, dark-
brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small, concolorous with the
thallus, the margin prominent, connivent ; spores 4 to 8 in the
ascus, ellipsoid, rather large, 12-20 p long, 6-11 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Lecanora pyrenopsoides
Nyl. in Bot. Not. p. 163 (1853). Pyrenopsis lecanopsoides Ny).
in Flora lxix. p. 374 (1866); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. p. 254
(1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 3; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 15.
Collemopsis lecanopsoides Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii.
p. 332 (1874) pro parte; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 78 pro parte ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 35 pro parte.

\ specimen from Craig Tulloch, Perthshire, was relegated to this
species, but examination shows that the thallus contains Scytonema
and not Glawocapsa, and is therefore a species of Porocyphus.

Hob. On ealeareous rocks in maritime and mountainous regions
(Kenmare, Kerry).

LICHINA | LICHINACEE 43

Orver V. LICHINACEA.

Thallus gelatinous when moist, crustaceous, sometimes lobed
at the circumference, squamulose or minutely fruticose. Algal
cells Rivularia. Apothecia immersed and partly closed or open
and with or without a thalline margin; paraphyses simple ; asci
8-spored ; spores colourless, globose or ellipsoid, simple or septate.

There are only two British genera :—

Thallus minutely shrubby, maritime..................... 21. Lichina.
Thallus crustaceous, lobed or squamulose ............ 22. Pterygium.

21. LICHINA Ag. Syn. Alg. p. xii. (1817) (as an alga) ;
Mont. in Dict. Hist. Nat. vii. pp. 342 & 351 (1849). (PI. 21.)

Thallus minutely fruticose, crowdedly branched, indistinctly
corticated, dark-coloured. Apothecia terminal, immersed in the
globose swollen tips, almost closed ; paraphyses slender, sparingly
branched ; asci almost cylindrical, 8-spored ; spores colourless,
ellipsoid, simple. Spermogones single or crowded, borne near to
the apothecia, with slender sterigmata and minute ellipsoid
acrogenous spermatia.

A small maritime genus long regarded as belonging to the brown
alge. The species grow freely over rocks washed by the tide, or by
the spray from the sea.

1. L. pygmea Ag. Syn. Alg. pp. xii. & 9 (1817).—Thallus
about 3} inch in height, composed of short, crowded, flat, erect
lobes dichotomously branched and the ultimate br anchlets
narrower, blackish-brown. Apothecia forming a globose swelling
at the tips of the fertile branches, slightly open or irregularly
dehiscent ; spores ellipsoid, uniseriate in the ascus, large, 22-29
long, 11-16 » thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 388 ; Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 96 & in Sm. ‘Engl. Fl. v. p. 270; Grev. Fl. Edin.
p. 286 & Scott. Crypt. iv. t. 219; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p. 170; Mudd Man. p. 33, t. 1, fig. 1; Leight in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvi. p. 12, t. 4, fig. 21 (1865) & Lich. FI.
p. 13; ed. 3, p. 11; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 2. Fucus pygmzus
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 964, t. 32 (1777); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 100; Engl. Bot. t. 1332; Turn. oe iv. p. 16, t. 204, figs. a
toh. F pumilus Huds. Fl. Ang]. ed. 2, p. 584 (1778).

Exsicc. Chalm. Alg. Scot. n. “40: ; Wyatt Alg. Danm. n. 155 ;
Leight. n. 260 ; Larbal. Lich. Cesar. n. 51 ; Cromb. n. 1 ; Johns.
n. 42.

Long classified as a diminutive Fucus, though Lightfoot pointed
out its great similarly to a Lichen.

Hab. On maritime rocks below high tide.—Disty. General and
common on rocky coasts, not recorded from N.E. Scotland.—B. M.
Guernsey, Alderney and Jersey; Scilly Isles; Mounts Bay and St.
Minver, Cornwall; Torbay, Ilsham Rocks, Boveysand Bay and Big-

44 CYCLOCARPINEE [LICHINA

bury Bay, Devon; Weymouth, Dorset; Ventnor, I. of Wight; Tenby
and St. Bride’s Bay, Pembrokeshire; near Peel, Isle of Man; Conway
Bay, Carnarvonshire; St. Bees, Cumberland; Old Cambus, Berwick- -
shire; near Edinburgh; shores of Loch Linnhe, coasts of Islay,
near Portnahaven and I. of Mull, Argyll; near Castlefreke, Cork ;
Renoyle, Connemara, Galway; Dugort Bay, Achill, Mayo; near
Dunree, Donegal; Larne, Antrim.

2. L. confinis Ag. Sp. Alg. i. p. 105 (1823).—Thallus of
minute erect or somewhat decumbent rounded fronds, densely
crespitose, olive- or blackish-brown. Apothecia minute, terminal,
slightly open or irregularly dehiscent ; spores large, 22-29 p
long, 11-16 pw thick.—Grey. Fl. Edin. p. 286 & Scott. Crypt. iv.
t. 221 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 270; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 170; Mudd Man. p. 34; Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 3, xvi. ‘:p. 12, t. 4, fig. 22 & Lich. FI. p. 13; ed. 3,
p. 12; Cromb., Lich. Brit. p. 2. Lichen confinis Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 208 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2575. Fucus pygmeus var.
minor Turn. Fuci p. 16, t. 204, figs. i-o (1819). Lichina pumila
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 388 (1821). Lichina pygmea var.
minor Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 96 (1821).

Exsice. Chalm. Alg. Scot. n. 41; Greville Alg. Brit. n. 4 ;
Johns. n. 3; Larbal. Lich. Hb. n. 281 & Lich. Cesar. n. 1;
Wyatt Suppl. n. 202.

Altogether smaller than the preceding species; the branches are
more slender and round and the fruits smaller. It grows higher up on
the beach and is frequently sterile.

Hab. On maritime intertidal rocks or those which are only washed
by the spray of the sea.—Distr. General and abundant on rocky
coasts.—B. M. Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey; Scilly Isles; White-
sand Bay, Lands End, Mounts Bay, near Anthony, Penzance and
Gerrans, Cornwall; Brocastle and Southern Down, Glamorganshire ;
Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth, Merioneth# Puffin Island, Angle-
sea, Port Soderick, Isle of Man; Morecambe Bay, Westmoreland ;
St. Bees, Cumberland; near Caroline Park, Edinburgh ; coast of
Kincardineshire ; Island of Mull, Islay, near Portnahaven and Loch
Creran, Argyll; Kenmare, Kerry; Louisburgh and Achill Sound Bay,
Mayo; Malahide, Dublin; Ballycastle, Antrim.

22. PTERYGIUM Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. i. p. 328 (1854).
Lichiniza Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 6 (1881); Cromb. Monogr, i.
p. 33.

Thallus scarcely gelatinous when moist, crustaceous, granular
or granular-areolate, or minutely squamulose and usually some-
what lobed at the circumference. Algal cells Rivularia, in rows
within the thallus, the hyphe multiseptate and linear-cellular.
Apothecia sessile, without a thalline margin, the proper margin
cellular ; paraphyses septate, unbranched ; spores ellipsoid or
ovate, colourless, 1—3-septate. Spermogones with septate branched
sterigmata and pleurogenous spermatia.

PTERYGIUM] LICHINACE 45

Differs from the preceding genus in the more or less crustaceous
thallus, in the spore characters and in the habitat. The sterigmata
are also unlike those of Lichina.

1. Pt. filiforme A. L. Sm.—Thallus crustaceous, granular in
the centre, laciniate-radiate at the circumference, the Jacinie
narrow, centrifugal, chestnut-brown or blackish-brown. Apothecia
doubtful.— Pt. centrifugum Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. i. p. 328
(1854); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 34. Parmelia jiliformis Garov. ex
Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, p. 164.

I have not seen the fructification of this species which is mostly
sterile. Apothecia have been described as small, reddish, with a paler
margin; spores 8 in the ascus, elongate, ellipsoid or fusiform, colour-
less, 3-septate, 14-15 » long, 6-7» thick. It seems doubtful if they
are the apothecia of this species.

Hab. On caleareous rocks, rare.—Recorded from Cheddar Cliffs,
Somersetshire.

2. Pt. lismorense Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 108 (1877).—
Thallus thin, subfurfuraceous, thinly or obsoletely radiate, adnate,
irregularly cracked or confluent, blackish or olive-black. Apothecia
small, thinly margined, the epithecium bluish-black ; hypothecium
cellular, violet-blackish ; spores ovoid, l-septate, 10-11 » long,
5-6 yw thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish then dark-yellowish with
iodine.—Ny]l. in Flora lx. p. 221 (1877); Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3,

ES.
Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 101.

Crombie has described the thallus as spreading extensively though
not continuously, the radii being more discrete in younger states. It
is allied to Pt. asperellum Nyl., a Scandinavian species.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime tracts.—B. M. I. of Lismore,
Argyll (the only locality).

3. Pt. pannariellum Ny]. in Sillsk. Faun. Fl. Fenn. Not. iv.
p. 236 (1859).—Thallus crustaceous, rather thin, composed of
minute crowded granulate squamules, areolate, generally radiate
at the circumference, olivaceous-brown or -black. Apothecia
small, plane or slightly convex, black ; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate,
15-20 pw long, 6-8 p thick ; hymenial gelatine deep-blue with
iodine.—Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 108 (1877); Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 12. Pannaria nigra subsp. triseptata Nyl. ex Cromb. in
Grevillea i. p. 171 (1873).

The minute crowded laciniz give a finely granular appearance to
the thallus. The radiate circumference is not developed on the
British specimen. There is only one record in our Islands.

Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine situations.—B. M. Craig
Tulloch, Perthshire.

4. Pt. kenmorense A. L. Sm.—Thallus of stoutish small
crowded or scattered squamules with an irregularly granular

46 CYCLOCARPINEX [PTERYGIUM

appearance, brownish-black. Apothecia and spores not properly
developed.—Lichiniza kenmorensis Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 6 (1881) ;

Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 22(1881). Synalissa kenmorensis Holl -
ex Nyl. I. c.

The structure of the thalline squamules agrees exactly with that
of Pterygiwm. Crombie states that he detected a young apothecium
terminal on one of the globular squamules. The species requires
further investigation.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks in upland regions.—B. M. Shores of
Loch Tay, Kenmore, Perthshire (the only locality).

Orpver VI. COLLEMACEA.

Thallus gelatinous when moist, crustaceous, fruticose or
foliaceous, mostly homoiomerous, corticated or not corticated,
sometimes with rhizine. Algal cells Nostoc. Apothecia partly
closed or open, immersed or sessile, a thalline margin present
or wanting ; spores usually 8 in the ascus, varying in form,
simple, septate or muriform. Spermogones with pleurogenous or
acrogenous spermatia.

In this family are found the most highly developed of the gelatinous
lichens. The Nostoc chains retain as a rule their original form, and

are scattered fairly equally through the thallus, except in some species
of Leptogiwm which have more of a heteromerous character.

The following genera are British :—

Thallus non-corticated.

Spores simples... deans anupeneeeote erate 23. Physma.

Spores septate-muriform.....................++ 24. Collema.

Spores elongate, pluriseptate .................. 25. Synechoblastus.
Thallus more or less corticated.

Spores simple .i..i0.e<s-adngacewereateee ton aaa ‘26. Lemmopsis.

Spores septate-muriform................essesee 27. Leptogium.

23. PHYSMA Massal. Neag. Lich. p. 6 (1854); emend. A.
Zahlbr. in. Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 170 (1906).
Lempholemma Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 400 (1855). Collema
Sect. A. Lempholemma Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 39 (1894). (Pl. 23.)

Thallus crustaceous, warted, squamulose or variously lobed,
or minutely fruticose, non-corticated, gelatinous when moist, with
or without rhizine. Apothecia innate, with a thalline margin
which is sometimes cellular; paraphyses slender, simple ; asci
clavate, often bent or twisted, 8-spored ; spores fusiform-ellipsoid
or globose, simple, colourless. Spermogones with slender sterig-
mata and short cylindrical acrogenous spermatia.

The genus is characterized by the less highly developed thallus

and by the simple spores. The British species belong to Sect.
Lempholemma, in which the thallus lies close on the substratum.

PHYSMA | COLLEMACE 47

1. Ph. polyanthes Arn. in Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien
xxix. p. 352 (1879).—Thallus olive-green or blackish, imbricate-
lobed or irregularly crustaceous, the lobes crowded, folded and
crisp. Apothecia minute, numerous, crowded on the thallus
lobes, somewhat concave, reddish, the thalline margin tumid ;
asci cylindrical ; spores globose or subglobose, 9-12 p in diameter
or 11-12 » long, 9-10 » thick ; hymenial gelatine wine-red with
iodine.—Lichen polyanthes Bernh. in Schrad. Samml. Crypt. Gen.
n. 138 (1797) & in Schrad. Journ. Bot. i. p. 12, t.1, fig. 4 (1799).
L. myriococeus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 127 (1798). Collema
myriococcum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 638 (1810); Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 147 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 40; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 16.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 3.

The thallus when dry is very dark-coloured and is densely sprinkled
over by the small apothecia which also are rather dark-coloured.

Hab, Among mosses on old walls, in shady places in inland
districts.— Distr. Plentiful where it occurs in W. England, S. Wales
and N.E. Ireland, probably overlooked elsewhere.—-B. M. Near
Cirencester, Stroud and Ablington, Gloucestershire ; Pembrokeshire ;
near Belfast, Antrim.

2. Ph. chalazanum Arn. in Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges.
Wien xxiii. p. 524 (1873).—Thallus spreading, continuous, rather
thin, appressed on the substratum, irregularly turgid, plicate and
tuberculose. _Apothecia small, numerous, the disc reddish, the
margin somewhat tumid ; spores ellipsoid, 20-24 w long, 8-13 p»
thick, or rather longer, or sometimes smaller ; hymenial gelatine
wine-red with iodine.—Collema chalazanum Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 630 (1810); Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 104 (1858); Carroll in
Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4 & Monogr.
i. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17; ed. 3, p. 16. C. maritimum
Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 194 (1847) ?

Soft and gelatinous when moist, almost resembling Nostoc. When
dry the apothecia are inconspicuous, being almost immersed in
thalline tubercles. The spermogones are not infrequent, with minute
oblong spermatia.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground.— Distr. Rarein 8.W. England,
N. Wales, S.W. Highlands of Scotland and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Lipson Road, near Plymouth and Laura Bridge, Devon; Cheddar
Clifis, Somerset; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumber-
land; Appin, Argyle; Dunkerron, Kerry.

3. Ph.chalazanodes A. L.Sm.—Thallus dark-green or blackish,
spreading, continuous, thin, wrinkled and partly lobed or laciniate.
Apothecia small, numerous, the disc reddish, the margin tumid ;
asci clavate ; spores ellipsoid or subglobose, small, 12-17 » long,
5 » and upwards, thick ; hymenial gelatine wine-red with iodine.
—Collema chalazanodes Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 293 (1869) ; Cromb.

48 CYCLOCARPINEE [PHYSMA

in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 234 (1869); Lich. Brit. p. 4 & Monogr. i.
p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 17; ed. 3, p. 16.
Distinguished from the preceding species by the smaller spores.
In the British specimens the thallus is also more wide-spreading.
Hab. Among mosses on old walls.— Distr. Local and scarce in

W. England.—B. M. Bradley Wood, Newton Bushell, Devon; Coln
Rogers, Gloucestershire.

4. Ph. confertum A. L. Sm.—Thallus blackish-brown, com-
posed of minute turgid squamules. Apothecia numerous, crowded,
small or moderate in size, the disc reddish, the margin tumid ;
paraphyses slender ; spores ellipsoid or fusiform-ellipsoid, 17-23 p
long, 8-10 yp» thick; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—
Collema turgidum var. confertum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 634 (1810).
C. confertum Nyl. in Flora 1. p. 330 (1867); Leight. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xx. p. 259 (1867) & Lich. Fl. p. 18;
ed. 3, p. 16; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4 & Monogr. i. p. 41.

I have been unable to verify the character of the spores in the
single small specimen in the British Museum.

Hab. Amongst mosses on the ground in a maritime district.—
B. M. Dunwich, Suffolk.

24. COLLEMA Wiggs. Prim. Fl. Hols. p. 89 (1780) ; emend.
A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 171 (1906).
Enchylium 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 396 (1821). (PI. 24.)

Thallus variously lobed, or squamulose or almost crustaceous,
swollen and gelatinous when moist, mostly without rhizine, more
or less appressed to the substratum, non-corticated. Algal
cells distributed through the thallus (homoiomerous). Apothecia
with a thalline margin which is sometimes of plectenchyma ;
hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses simple, mostly septate, and
conglutinate ; spores 8 in the ascus, fusiform or ellipsoid,
variously septate and becoming muriform. Spermogones with
colourless wall and with septate sterigmata and pleurogenous
minute spermatia.

The genus Collema, as emended by Zahlbruckner, includes species
with a non-corticate thallus, and with variously septate muriform
spores.

Thallus granular-crustaceous or indistinct.

1. C. terrulentum Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 305 (1874).—Thallus
small, thin, granular, olive-brown or brownish-black. Apothecia
small, concave, reddish-brown, the thalline margin thickish,
entire ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, usually 5-septate and sub-
muriform, 18-24 p long, 10-12 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea iii.

_ 22 (1874) & in Journ, Bot. xii, p. 333 (1874); Leight. Lich,

Fl. ed. 3, p. 25.

COLLEMA | COLLEMACE: 49

An easily overlooked plant; possibly a reduced form of some other
species. The only specimen gathered occurred in small scattered
masses, most of which were sterile.

Hab. On the bark of an old ash-tree-—B. M. Shores of Loch
Katrine, Perthshire.

2. C. isidioides Nyl. ex Arn. in Flora liii. p. 232 (1870).—
Thallus of isidia-like granules in crowded groups, blackish.
Fructification unknown.—Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 98 (1883).
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885). Specimen not seen.

First collected by Arnold in the Bavarian Alps; of uncertain
position in the absence of all fructification.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts (Warton
Craig, Westmoreland).

3. C. glaucescens Hoftm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 100 (1795).—
Thallus thin, appressed, dull- or dark-olivaceous-green, indistinctly
lobate, the lobes small, round or oblong, contiguous or scattered,
entire or slightly crenate, scarcely noticeable when dry. Apo-
thecia moderate in size, appressed, plane, reddish-brown or red,
with a thin scarcely prominent entire or slightly crenate margin ;
paraphyses stoutish ; spores usually 4 or 6 in the ascus, ovoid,
4—5-septate, with one or more longitudinal septa, 27—38 p long,
14-16 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xy. p. 11 (1886). C. limosum
Ach. ex Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2704, fig. 1 (1831) ; Hook.
in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 208; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21; ed. 3, p. 19.
C. pulposum var. limosum Mudd Man. p. 39 (1861).

Readily recognized by the agglutinate thallus, with small almost
granular lobes. The spores are larger with more definite longitudinal
septa than those of the preceding species. The thallus is sometimes
evanescent, when the plant may easily be overlooked.

Hab. On moist clay soil in maritime and inland tracts.—Distr.
Rare in S.W. and E. and N. England, and in the W. Highlands,
Scotland.—B. M. Hassocks and Albourne, Sussex; Croham Quarry,
Kent; Bocking, Essex; Wootton-under-Edge and near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Bulstrode, Bucks; Hawford and Norton, Worcester-
shire; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Speke,
oo Milnthorpe, Westmoreland; Fort Augustus, Inverness-
shire.

Thallus lobes crowded, erect, coralloid or proliferous.

4. C. ceraniscum Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 353 (1865).—
Thallus small, the lobes minute, erect, coralloid, obtuse and
nodulose at the apices, congested in small compact cushion-like
masses, dark olive-greenish or olive-brown (I + wine-red in
section). Apothecia minute, somewhat concave, brownish-red
or black, the thalline margin thin, entire ; spores usually 4 (some-
times 8) in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, blunt at the ends,
2-6 septate, irregularly and very distinctly muriform, 27-34 p

I. E

Ba

50 CYCLOCARPINEE [COLLEMA

long, 18-21 p» thick.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. ii. p. 287 (1865) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6 & in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 23; ed. 3, p..17. C. ceranoides Mudd Man. ©
p. 41 (1861) pro parte (non Borr.).

A very distinct species both in the characters of the thallus and of
the apothecia which are rather rare. It is not unlike Synalissa
ramulosa in habit.

Hab. On damp shaded rocks among mosses in alpine places.—
Distr. Rare among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ben Lawers
and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.

Thallus lobes smooth, somewhat spreading.

5. C. pulposum Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 311 (1814).—Thallus
thickish, pulpy, subimbricate-lobed, olive-brown or dark-greenish,
the lobes small, thick and swollen, nearly entire or somewhat
uneven, crenate, often plicate and wrinkled, generally crowded
(I + reddish). Apothecia moderate in size, concave, becoming
plane or convex, reddish or dark-red, with a thick entire margin,
becoming thinner with age: spores ovoid, 3-septate, later with
longitudinal septa, 16-24 long, 7-10, thick—Mudd Man.
p. 38 pro parte (excl. vars.) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 19 (excl. var. tenax) ; ed. 3, p. 18 (excl. f. granulatum,
and vars. ceranoides, pulposulum, tenax); var. compactum Ny.
Syn. Lich. i. p. 109 (1858) ; form compactum Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. CC. com-
pactum Ach. tom cit. p. 313. Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis
imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 140, t. 19, fig. 26 ¢.
(1740). Lichen pulposus Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. i.
p. 7, t. 1, fig. 1 (1799). ZL. crispus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 834
(1801).

Exsice. Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 39; Leight. n. 290; Cromb.
n. 4.

Distinguished by the thick pulpy often crowded lobes of the
thallus, and by the entire margin of the apothecia. It is not con-
spicuous except in wet weather. The apothecia are sometimes so
abundant as almost to obscure the thallus; they are chiefly central
and may become confluent.

Hab. On the ground and on old walls, chiefly calcareous, in mari-
time and inland districts.—Distr. General throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Rocquaine Bay and St. Saviour’s Hill, Guernsey;
Undercliff, Luccombe and Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; St. Minver, Corn-
wall; Starcross, near Plymouth, Torquay and Brixham, Devon;
Eastbourne, Rottingdean, Poynings, Lewes and Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex; Shoreham, Kent; Reigate Hill, Surrey; Preston, Wilts ;
Bathampton Downs, Somerset ; Tetbury and Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire ; Norton and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Manorbeer, Pembroke-
shire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Kendal, Westmoreland; near Whitehaven, Cumberland ;
Appin and I. of Lismore, Argyll; Killin, Perthshire; Great Island,
Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Castlebar, Mayo.

COLLEMA | COLLEMACEX 51

Var. pulposulum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 147
(1874).—Thallus scattered or but little developed, with small
lobes. Apothecia numerous, small or large and irregular ; spores
fusiform-oblong, 3-septate with 1 or 2 longitudinal divisions,
20-28 » long, 7-10 thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 19.
Collema pulposulum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn, Bord. v. p. 59
(1864),

Ezsice. Johns. n. 281.

Differs from the species chiefly in the larger spores.

Hab. On old walls in shady places.—B. M. Near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire, and Blackhall Rocks, Durham (maritime).

6. C. concinnum Flot. in Linnea xxii. p. 361 (1849) & xxiii.
p. 157 (1850).—Thallus rather small, orbicular, lobed, olive-
brown or dark-glaucous-green, the lobes round or variously cut
and narrow, more or less ascending or depressed. Apothecia
submoderate in size, plane, reddish, with entire margin ; spores
ovoid, 3-septate, or submuriform, 14-20 long, 6-9» thick or
larger.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882).

Eesicce. Larb. Lich. Hb. without a number.

A somewhat indefinite species midway between C. pulposwm and
C. tenax, differing from the former in the flatter lobes, from the latter
in the more superficial apothecia.

Hab. On rocks and wall-tops in maritime districts.—Dzstr. Local
and rare in §.W. England, N. Wales and W. Ireland.—B. M. Near
Penzance, Cornwall; Barmouth, Merioneth; Achnanure Castle,
Galway.

7. C. tenax Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2349 (1811).—Thallus thickish,
dark-greenish or bluish-green, lobed, the lobes imbricate, roundish
and obtuse, or crenate and subpalmate (I + reddish). Apothecia
moderate in size, innate, reddish, with an entire margin often
becoming larger and irregularly convex ; spores ovoid or oblong,
3-septate, with a longitudinal septum, 18-25 p long, 7-10 » thick.
—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd Man. p. 39. C. pul-
posum var. tenax Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 4 (1870); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 19; ed. 3, p. 19. Lichen tenax Swartz in Nov. Act. R.
Soe. Sci. Ups. iv. p. 249 (1784). Enchylium tenax 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr,i. p. 397 (1821).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 201 ; Leight. n. 105 as C. limosum ;
Mudd n. 1.

Closely allied to the preceding, differing chiefly in the habitat, and
in the more spreading thinner crenate or palmate lobes, which are
often of a glaucous colour.

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and on the bare ground in inland
districts. — Distr. Rather rare throughout England, S. Wales, S. and
W. Highlands of Scotland and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Luccombe, Isle
of Wight; Ardingly Rocks, Hurstpierpoint and Eastham, Sussex;
near Ightham, Kent; Reigate, Surrey; Mendip, Somersetshire ; St.

E 2

aa

52 CYCLOCARPINE® [COLLEMA

Vincent Rocks, Bristol; Hathrop Castle and near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Cradley, Herefordshire; near Bewdley, Claines and .
near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Twyford, Leicestershire ; Pentregaer ;
Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Brigsteer, Westmoreland ; Asby, Cumber-
land ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Killin, Perthshire; Kyle-
more, Connemara, Galway.

Var. coronatum Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 415 (1865).—Thallus
rather thinner and more appressed ; apothecia superficial, plane
or slightly convex, with subentire margin, often large, confluent
and wrinkled.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882).
C. pulposum var. cristatum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 632 (1810) ;
Mudd Man. p. 39 pro parte. C. cristatum Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 208 (1833) (non Hoffm.); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 108. Lichen perpusillus nigricans dc. Buddle Hort. Sice. ii.
fol. 6,n.10in Herb. Sloane. Lichenoides foliis pilosis crassioribus,
obscure virentibus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 68 (1724).
Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis imbricatis et cristatis Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 140, t. 19, figs. 26 a, b, d (1741). Lichen cristatus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447 (1762); Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 821;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 75.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 4; Leight. n. 106.

Distinguished chiefly by the more appressed lobes. The apothecia
as a rule are larger and more wrinkled, but that character is often
nearly approached in the species; sometimes they appear as if crowned
by the thallus.

Hab. On the ground and on walls in maritime and inland districts.
—Distr. General throughout the British Islands.—B. M. Amberley,
Sussex; near Claverton, Somerset; Ross, Hereford; near Malvern,
Worcestershire ; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth ;
near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland; Campsie
Glen, near Stirling; Appin, Argyll; Blackstone Bridge, Cork; Dun-

kerron, Kerry, =

8. C. cheileum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 630 (1810).—Thallus
dark olive-green or greenish-black, composed of moderate-sized
lobes somewhat erect and imbricate or, in the centre, minute,
rounded, crenate and overlapping ; internal tissue of thallus
very compact, the stoutish hyphe often emerging as rhizine,
especially below the apothecia. Apothecia moderate in size or
rather large, dark-reddish, the margin thin or often with small
crenulate or granulate lobes ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate,
then later submuriform, large, 25-45 » long, 10-20 p thick.—
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 208; Mudd
Man. p. 40, t. 1, fig. 4; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 20; ed. 3, p. 20. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens,
crispum et rugosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 139, t. 19, fig. 23 (1741).
Lichen cheileus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 134 (1798). L. ertspus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447 (1762) (non Ach.) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot.
p. 820; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76. ZL. marginatus Bernh. in
Schrad. Journ. Bot. i. p. 6, t. 1, fig. 2, a (1799); Dicks. PI.

=

COLLEMA] COLLEMACE 53

Crypt. Fase. iv. p. 25. Enchylium crispum 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 396 (1821).

Ezasicc. Mudd n. 3; Larb. Cesar. n. 52 & Lich. Hb. n. 203;
Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 40; Johns. n. 5,

Hudson’s name Lichen crispus has priority, but it has been
employed for another Collema. There is considerable variation in the
form of the lobes, but usually it may be recognized by the minute over-
lapping central lobes and the more expanded ones at the circumference,
as well as by the rhizine. The Nostoc chains are frequently broken
up into groups somewhat like those of Synechoblastus multipartitus.
Above all, it is distinguished, when fertile, by the very large spores.

Hab. On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks, chiefly
in inland situations.—Dvistr. General and usually common in the
Channel Islands and most parts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.
Quenvais, Jersey; near Ventnor and Shanklin, Isle of Wight; St.
Minver, Cornwall; Rottingdean and Falmer, Sussex; Reigate Hill,
Surrey; Walthamstow and Saffron Walden, Essex; Bathampton
Downs, Somerset; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Oaksey, Wilts ;
Cradley and near Malvern, Worcestershire; near Oswestry and near
Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Caer Leon, Monmouthshire ; near Barmouth,
Merioneth; Milton and near Cuddesdon, Oxfordshire; Thetford,
Norfolk; Ayton and Pinchingthorpe, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kendal,
Westmoreland; Arlecdon and near Whitehaven, Cumberland; near
Darlington, Durham; near Edinburgh; near Glasgow; Appin, Argyll;
Killin, Perthshire; near Aberdeen; Fort William, Invernessshire ;
Mallow and near Cork; near Kylemore, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo.

Form nudum Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 20 (1879).—Thallus
paler in colour with somewhat broader naked lobes, the smaller
lobes undeveloped.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 50. C. erispum var.
nudum Scher. Enum. Lich. p. 257 (1850) nomen.

Hab. On the mortar of old walls.—Distr. Somewhat scarce in
S. and W. England, S. and W. Highlands of Scotland and S. Ireland.
—B.M. Near Torquay; Little Danny, Sussex; near Cirencester;
near Farlow, Shropshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Killarney and
Dunkerron, Kerry.

Form monocarpum Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 334 (1874)
& Monogr. i. p. 50.—Thallus with minute lobes or almost
obliterated, and visible chiefly round the apothecia.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 20 ; var. monocarpum Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii.
p. 147 (1874). Collema monocarpum Duf. ex Nyl. Syn. Lich. i.
p- 111 (1858).

Hab. On the mortar of old walls, rarely on calcareous rocks in
maritime and inland situations.—Distr. Scarce in S. and S.W. England.

—B. M. Shanklin, I. of Wight; Hastings and Glynde, Sussex; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

Thallus lobes smooth (rarely slightly granular), somewhat
erect and crowded.

9. C. multifidum Scher. Enum. p. 254 (1850) (incl. vars.
complicatum and marginale, excl. var. polycarpon).—Thallus

See
:
:

54 CYCLOCARPINER [COLLEMA

greenish- or olive-black, generally orbicular in outline, with deeply
cut laciniz, rarely granular, the lobes narrow or somewhat broad,
often crowded and imbricate, more or less erect at the margins,
crisp and crenate or lacerate (I + wine-red in thin section).
Apothecia small to moderate in size, sessile or somewhat promi-
nent, on or near the margins of the lobes, reddish-brown or
blackish, the thalline margin entire or crimped or breaking into
granules; spores ovoid, 2—3-septate, irregularly muriform,
21-27 » long, 9-11 p thick —C. melenum Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 636 (1810) (incl. var. marginale) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71
(1821); Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 350; Mudd Man. p. 37; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p.5 & Journ. Bot. xii. p. 334 (1874) (inel. £. mar-
ginale & £. complicatum); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 19 (incl. var.
complicatum) ; ed. 3, p. 20 (incl. f. marginale and var. complicatum).
C. marginale Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 210 (1833) ; Tayl. in
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 109. C. auriculatum var. pinguescens Nyl.
in Flora lv. p. 353 (1872) & Ixvi. p. 534 (1883); Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17.
Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, Jacobex maritime divisura Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 140, t, 19, fig. 25 (1741). Lichen multifidus
Scop. Fl. Carn. p. 396 (1772). L. marginalis Huds. Fl. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 534 (1778); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34; Engl. Bot.
t.1924. Enchylium marginale 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 397 (1821).
Exsicc. Croall n. 604 ; Johns. nos. 43, 283.

The thallus is very dark-coloured when dry, with crowded, rather
thin lobes, and often rather wide-spreading. The margins of the lobes
are often deeply lacerate-crenate and sometimes bordered with minute
outgrowths. The apothecia are generally numerous, their position
exactly on the margin—a distinguishing character of f. marginale—
is not constant.

Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in maritime and inland
districts.— Distr. Probably general, though somewhat uncommon,
throughout the British Islands.—B. M. Near Torquay, Devonshire ;
Manorbeer, Pembrokeshire; Pentregaer, near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Llangollen and Wrexham, Denbigh; near Buxton, Derbyshire; near
Settle, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland; near Alston and
Lamplugh, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham; Island of Lismore and
Appin, Argyll; Glen Tilt, Killin, Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch,
Perthshire ; Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Gairloch, Rossshire ; Middleton,
Cork; Dunkerron, Kerry; Loughcooter, Galway.

Var. jacobeifolium Scher. Enum. p. 255,—Thallus more
deeply laciniate, the lobes radiate, pinnatifid, narrow and canali-
culate, the margins crisp and lacerate. Apothecia marginal, with
subentire margin.—C. melenum var. jacobsifolium Ach, Lich,
Univ. p. 637 (1810); Mudd Man. p. 37 ; £. jacobeifolium Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 354 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 52; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21. Lichen jacobeifolius Schrank Bai. FI. ii.
p. 530 (1789).

Exsice. Larb. Lich, Cesar. n. 2.

COLLEMA | COLLEMACEX 55

Differs from the species in the narrower radiating lobes. British
specimens are rarely fertile.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Local
and rare in the Channel Islands and 8. England; not yet found else-
where.—B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; I. of Wight.

Var. gyrosum A. L. Sm.—Thallus of crowded upright com-
plicate lobes, crisp and crenate and often bordered with granules.
Apothecia scattered, marginal, the thalline margin entire or
slightly granulate—C. melenum var. gyrosum Ach, Lich. Univ.
p. 638 (1810) ; £. gyrosum Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 334 (1874)
& Monogr. i. p. 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed 3, p. 21. Lichen gyrosus
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 135 (1798).

The crowded undulate lobes all about the same height give a
gyrose appearance to the thallus. The apothecia are very rare in
a fully developed condition.

Hab. On the ground among calcareous rocks in inland situations.
—Distr. Local and scarce in Central England and among the Gram-
pians, Scotland.—B. M. Near Buxton, Derbyshire; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

10. C. hypergenum Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 232 (1876).—Thallus
dark-greenish or blackish, the lobes short, upright or spreading,
with crisp crenate margins (I + wine-red to crimson in thin
section). Apothecia marginal or submarginal, crowded, moderate
in size or rather large, the dise reddish or dark-brown, the
margin entire, sometimes excluded; spores broadly fusiform,
2—3-septate and muriform, 26-36 p» long, 10-16 » thick.—Cromb.
in Grevillea v. p. 25 (1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21.
C. melenum subsp. hypergenum Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 52 (1894).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 284.

Closely allied to the preceding, differing chiefly in the larger
spores, and from C. cristatwm in the entire margin of the apothecium.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in inland districts——Dzstr. Rare in
N. England and W. Ireland.—B. M. Cumberland; Tullywhee Bridge,
Galway.

11. C. cristatum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 101 (1795).—
Thallus intricately laciniate, olive- or blackish-green, the lobes
short, crowded, undulate and crisp, the margins dentate or
crenate (I + red). Apothecia rather large, plane, reddish-brown,
the margin becoming crenulate ; spores broadly fusiform, 3-septate
and irregularly muriform, 26-34 p long, 10-12 pw thick.—Scher.
Enum. p. 255 (1850); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 334 (1874) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22. C. subplicatile Nyl. ex Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 147 (1874) (non Nyl. in Flora lviii.
p. 297).

Closely allied to the two preceding species, differing chiefly in the

more deeply cut margins of the lobes, the larger rarer apothecia, and
the larger spores.

56 CYCLOCARPINEX [COLLEMA

Hab. Among mosses on old walls, rocks, and on the ground in
maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Rather rare in W. England,

W. Highlands, Scotland, and in W. and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. St. ~

Michael’s Tor, Devon ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; I. of Lismore
and Appin, Argyll; Killin and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Killarney,
Kerry; Castlebar, Mayo.

Thallus lobes granular.

12. C. granuliferum Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 103 (1875).—
Thallus dark-olive-green or blackish, imbricate-lobate, the lobes
firm, usually somewhat crowded, erect in the centre and sprinkled
with globose isidiose granules, beneath often longitudinally
wrinkled when dry (I + red in section). Apothecia moderate in
size, slightly concave or plane, the thalline margin acute or
becoming subcrenate and granular; spores ovoid, 3-septate,
sometimes with 1—2 longitudinal septa, rather large, 24-32 p
long, 8-12 mw thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea iii. p. 191 (1875);
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 21 (incl. forms mezzolobum and minor).
C. pulposum var. granulatum Mudd Man. p. 38 (1861). C. flacei-
dum var. microlobum Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. vi. p. 100
(1868) fide Crombie ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p..5. C. subplicatile
form meizolobum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 165; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 204.

Distinguished from C. pulposum by the larger lobes and especially
by the globose granules with which these are often entirely covered.
The apothecia are rare. Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 50) states that this
species also was included in Lichen granulatus of older British
authors.

Hab. On caleareous walls and rocks, rarely among mosses on the
ground.—Distr. Probably general and common throughout Great
Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Shanklin, I. of Wight; St. Minver,
Cornwall; Plymouth, Elburton, Paignton, Ogwell and near Kings-
bridge, Devon; Bathampton Downs, Weston-super-Mare and Cheddar
Cliffs, Somerset; Halnaker, Sussex; Leigh Woods, near Bristol,
Gloucestershire ; Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Beaumaris, I. of Anglesea ;
near Buxton, Derbyshire; Saffron Walden, Essex; near Whitehaven,
Cumberland; Appin, Argyll; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire;
near Fort William, Invernessshire; Killarney, Kerry; near Kylemore
and Recess, Connemara, Galway.

13. C. crispum Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 311 (1814).—Thallus dark
bluish-green or brownish-black, lobate, the lobes granular and
crowded, somewhat erect in the centre, depressed and more
dilated at the circumference, the larger lobes with granular-
crenate margins (I + reddish). Apothecia moderate in size or
becoming expanded and larger, plane, reddish or dark-red, with

granular-crenate margin ; spores ovoid, usually 3-septate and

irregularly muriform, 16-24 ,» long, 7-11 yw thick.—Borr. in
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716, fig. 1; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 212; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich, Brit.

COLLEMA | COLLEMACEX 57

p. 4; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 21; ed. 3, p. 19. Lichen crispus Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 126 (1798) (non Huds.).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 282; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 202; Leight.
n. 346; Mudd n. 2.

Differs from the preceding in the granular margins of the lobes
and of the apothecia. The central lobes are usually crowded and
erect.

Hab. Among mosses on gravelly soil and on the tops of old walls,
chiefly in inland districts.—Distr. Somewhat scarce in the Channel
Islands, Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. St. Minver, Cornwall;
St. Lawrence and Sandown, I. of Wight; near Torquay, Devon; The
Downs and Falmer, Sussex; Bathampton Downs, Wilts; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Sandwich, Kent; Cradley, near Malvern,
Worcestershire; Runton, Norfolk; Redcar and Cotham Marshes,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Appin, Argyll.

Subsp. ceranoides Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12
(1886) (incl. f. cristatulum).—Thallus dark-green or brownish-
black, lobate, the lobes rather dilated upwards, with coarsely
granular or proliferous margins, subimbricate and erect in the
centre, flatter and more entire at the circumference (I+reddish).
Apothecia rather large, plane, reddish or dark-red, the margins
subentire or partly granular; spores ovoid, 3-septate and
muriform, 17-25 pw long, 7-9 p thick.—C. ceranoides Borr. in
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2704, fig. 2 (1831). Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p- 209 ; Mudd Man. p. 41 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 23. C. pulposum var. ceranoides Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18.
C. crispum var. cristatulum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii.
p. 334 (1874) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 468 ; ed. 3, p. 20.

HBasicc. Johns. nu. 164.

Distinguished from the species by the proliferous margins of the
longer lobes and by the almost entire margin of the apothecium. It
is rarely fertile.

Hab. On ecretaceous or calcareous soils, on walls, and sometimes
on shell-sand in maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Rare in the
Channel Islands and in S.W. and. N. England.—B. M. I. of Herm;
St. Minver, Cornwall; Babbicombe Downs, Anstey’s Cove, Torquay
and near Seaton, Devon; near Brighton, The Downs, Halnaker, Box-
grove and Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex; Sandwich, Kent; Shiere,
Surrey; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; near Bristol and near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Windsor Great
Park, Berks; Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Calder Bridge, Cumber-
land; near Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

14. C. granosum Scher. Enum. p. 253 (1850) (excl. var.
ceranoides).—Thallus membranaceous, of rather large lobes, which
are irregularly laciniate, crenate, and somewhat imbricate in the
centre, more or less granular, dull glaucous-green or olive-brown
(I + blood-red in thin section). Apothecia moderate in size, bright

58 CYCLOCARPINEZ [COLLEMA

or dull reddish-brown, scattered, sessile, concave, becoming nearly
plane, with entire margin; paraphyses slender, free but con-
glutinate above in a yellow mucilage ; spores 8 in the ascus,
broadly fusiform or ovoid, 3-septate with one or more cells
longitudinally septate, 22-27 p long, 10-15 yp thick—dC. der-
matinum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 648 (1810)? Borr. in Engl. Bot.
Suppl. t. 2716, fig. 2 (two upper figs.) (1831); Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 212; Mudd Man. p. 36. C. auriculatum subsp.
granosum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 11 (1886) &
Monogr. i. p. 43. Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens, auriculatum
et granosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 140, t. 19, fig. 24 (1741).
Lichen granosus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. p. 397 (1772) ; Wulf. in
Jacq. Coll. ii. p. 131, t. 10, fig. 2 (1789). L. granulatus Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536 (1778) pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 73 (non Engl. Bot. t. 1757). Leptogium dermatinum Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 29 (1871); ed. 3, p. 32.

Characterized by the large laciniate subcoriaceous granular lobes.
Collema granosum has been taken to represent the species as being of
earlier date than C. awriculatwm. There is some confusion as to the
identity of Lichen granulatus Huds. with Lichen granosus. Both of
them are based on the plant collected and described by Dillenius,
which was determined by Crombie as identical with this species
(Monogr. i. p. 43), though in an earlier publication he had referred it
to C. furvum (Journ. Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 566 (1880) ).

Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls.—Distr. Local and searce in
S. and W. England, N. Wales and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Poynings,
Sussex; Chudleigh, Devon; Cheddar Cliffs and opposite St. Vincent’s
Rocks, Bristol, Somersetshire; Pentragaer, Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Llangollen, Denbighshire ; N. Wales.

Var. auriculatum A. L. Sm.—Lobes of the thallus rather
larger, somewhat imbricate, irregularly curved and bent, rounded
and crenate, but not incised and laciniate, otherwise as in the
species.—Collema auriculatum Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 98
(1795); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 96 (1870) ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 21; ed. 3, p. 17 (excl. var. pinguescens) ; var. membranacea
Krempelh. Lich. Fl. Bay. p. 92 (1861) ; £. membranacea Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 17.
C. dermatinum Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2716, fig. 2
(lower fig.).

Exsice. Johns. n. 202.

Distinguished from the species by the larger more shell-like
auriculate lobes which are often wrinkled and densely covered with
isidiose granules.

Hab, On rocks and old walls, chiefly calcareous, Distr. Local
and scarce in W. Central and N. England, N. Wales, S.W. Highlands
and §. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Paignton, Devon; Sherbrook
and Cole Heath, Buxton, Derbyshire ; Grassington, Yorkshire ;
Keswick and Ashgill Force, Alston, Cumberland; Appin, Argyll;
Killin, Perthshire.

COLLEMA| CULLEMACEE, 59

15. C. furvum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 650 (1810).—Thallus
roundly lobed, more or less granular on both sides, dark
greenish-brown or olive-black, the lobes entire, usually undulate
and crisp, somewhat ascendant in the centre, appressed at the
circumference (I + blood-red when dry). Apothecia moderate in
size, scattered over the lobes, plane, brown, the margin entire ;
spores ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-septate, becoming irregularly muriform,
18-24 » long, 9-11 » thick.—Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 72; Mudd
Man. p. 36; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24 ;
ed. 3, p. 17; @. granulatum Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl, v. p. 211
(1833) ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110. Lichenoides gela-
tinosum lobis crassioribus fusco-viridibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 138,
t. 19, fig. 22 (1741). Lichen furvus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p. 1382 (1798). L. granulatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1757 (1807) (non
Huds.). Lathagrium furvum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 400 (1821).

Exsicc. Cromb, n. 102; Johns n. 204.

Distinguished from the preceding by the somewhat darker
apothecia and by the presence of granular isidia on both surfaces of
the lobes. The thallus differs from that of Synechoblastus rupestris
in the narrower lobes and in the reaction with iodine.

Hab. On rocks and old walls, chiefly calcareous, rarely on the
ground.—Distr. Widely distributed though somewhat uncommon.—
B. M. Ditcham and Torquay, Devon; Woolsonbury, Bognor and
Poynings, Sussex; East Barnet, Middlesex; Marlborough, Wilts;
Walthamstow and Chingford, Essex; Rodmorton and near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Ludlow, Shropshire; Garregwn rocks, Denbighshire ;
Frosterley, Durham; near Alston and near Whitehaven, Cumberland ;
Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland; Appin, Argyll; Killin and Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Clare Island, Mayo.

Form tunseforme Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874).—
Differs from the species in the longer more deeply incised lobes.
Collema tuneforme Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 322 (1814) ; Hook. in Sm.
Eng. Fl. v. p. 211; Mudd Man. p. 36. Lichenoides gelatinoswin
foliis latioribus tuniformibus Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 142, t. 19,
fig. 29.4,B. Lichen tuneformis Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 132
(1798) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Fasc. iv. p. 25 (1801).

Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls.—Distr. Rare in W. and N.
England, 8.W. Highlands, Scotland, and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Near
Winson, Gloucestershire ; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Teesdale, Durham ;
I. of Lismore, Argyll; Dunkerron, Kerry.

25. SYNECHOBLASTUS Trev. Caratt. tre nuov. gen. Collem.
Padova 1853; Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 411 (1855) ; Mudd
Man. p. 42. Lathagrium 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 399 (1821)
pro parte. (PI. 25.)

Thallus variously lobed, gelatinous when moist, without
rhizing, more or less appressed to the substratum, non-corticated.
Algal cells Nostoc distributed equally through the thallus
(homoiomerous). Apothecia with a thalline margin ; spores 8 in

60 CYCLOCARPINE [SYNECHOBLASTUS

the ascus, elongate-fusiform or acicular, pluriseptate, colourless,
Spermogones with septate sterigmata and pleurogenous minute
spermatia.

Differs from Collema in the form and structure of the spores.

Thallus of narrow smooth lobes ; on calcareous substrata.

1. S. polycarpus Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Flecht. Tirol. p. 575
(1902).—Thallus rather small, radiate-lobate, appressed, dark-
green or reddish-black, the lobes narrow, short, complicate and
somewhat erect in the centre, more expanded and flattened at
the circumference (I+ purplish-red). Apothecia small, numerous,
becoming somewhat convex, dark-red or blackish, the margin thin,
entire ; spores oblong, or broadly fusiform, 3- rarely 5-septate,
18-27 pw long, 6-7 p thick. Collema multifidum var. polycarpon
Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 532 (1842). C. stygium Del. ex
Scher. tom. cit. p. 544%? Cromb. in Journ. Bot, xi. p. 132
(1873) & xii. p. 334 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 23.
C. polycarpon Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 417 (1865); Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); xii. p. 334 (1874) & Monogr. i.
p. 53; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 103; Johns. n. 285; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 1.

Easily known by the small apothecia which are very prominent
and abundant. The name C. stygiwm is doubtful.

Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in inland hilly districts.—
Disty. Rare in W. England, 8.W. Highlands, Scotland, and N.W.
Ireland.—B. M. Cleve Hill and Cheddar Cliff, Somerset ; Shipton and
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Lathhill and Buxton, Derbyshire ;
W. Yorkshire ; near Kendal, Hevenham Head and Levens, Westmore-
land; Appin, Argyll; Kylemore, Galway.

2. §. Laureri Flot. ex Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 414
(1855).—Thallus deeply laciniate, smooth, or slightly rough, the
lobes somewhat dilated and rounded, crowded, imbricate and
undulate in the centre, more or less spreading at the circum-
ference, the margins erect and nearly entire (I + reddish when
dry). Apothecia rather small, plane, reddish-brown or dark-red,
the margin entire or slightly crenate; spores linear-oblong,
obtuse, 3-septate, 20-24 p long, 5-6 pw thick.—¥S. complicatus
Mudd Man. p. 44, t. 1, fig. 6 (1861). Collema Laureri Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); xii. p. 334 (1874) &
Monogr. i. p. 54; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 22.

Not unlike S. polycarpus in outward appearance, but distinguished
by the broad lobes and by the obtuse spores,

Hab. On limestone walls, rare.—B. M. Teesdale, Durham (the
only British locality).

3. §. multipartitus Mudd Man. p. 43.—Thallus laciniate-
radiate, somewhat orbicular, the lobes multifid, narrow, rather

SYNECHOBLASTUS | COLLEMACE® 61

convex, undulate and twisted, divided and divergent at the
apices, olive-brown or -black. Apothecia moderate in size, plane
or convex, dark-reddish, the thalline margin thickish, becoming
thinner, entire or sometimes crenulate; paraphyses stoutish,
septate ; spores cylindrical, straight or curved, usually 3-septate,
the cells variously guttulate, 28-48 p long, 4-7 » thick. Collema
multipartitum Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2582 (1814) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 210; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 108 (excl. var.
fluviatile) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7 & Monogr. i. p. 56; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 26; ed. 3, p. 24.
Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 70; Johns. n. 6.

The thallus lobes radiate from a common centre or they are broken
up and form irregular patches. The Nostoc chains are frequently
congested as in Collema cheilewm, but chains of cells are also present.

Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in maritime and inland districts.
—Distr. Not very frequent throughout Great Britain and in S. and
W. Ireland.—B. M. Mendip Hills, near Yatton and Cleve Hill,
Somerset ; Barnsley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Nant Glyn
and Llangollen, Denbighshire; near Kendal, Orton Scar, Haversham
Head and Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland;
near Settle, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Achosragan Hill, Appin,
and I. of Lismore, Argyll; shores of Loch Tay and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Middleton, near Cork; O’Donoghue’s Prison, Kenmare
and Killarney, Kerry ; Kylemore, Galway; Louisburgh, Mayo.

Thallus of upright tufted lobes ; on trees.

4. §. fascicularis A. L. Sm.—Thallus rather small, lobate,
the central lobes erect, in tufts, dilated upwards, those at the
circumference more spreading and somewhat crenate, brownish-
green or dark-green (I+blood-red). Apothecia small, numerous,
crowded on the tips of the tufted lobules, at first concave, then
convex, reddish, with a thin almost obliterated margin, spores
fusiform, 3- (sometimes 1-) septate, 16-29 w long, 4-6 p» thick.—
S. conglomeratus Mudd Man. p. 43 (1861). Lichenoides gela-
tinosum palmatum, tuberculis conglomeratis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 141,
t. 19, f. 27, a, B (1741). Lichen fascicularis L. Mant. ed. 2,
p. 133 (1767); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 841 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p. 536 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76; Engl. Bot. t. 1162. Collema
conglomeratum Hoftm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 102 (1795); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 23. C. fasciculare Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 639 (1810) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. p. 210; Cromb, in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 334 (1874) &
Monogr. i. p. 56; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 24. Enchyliwm
fasciculare S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 398 (1821).

Easily recognized by the central fasciculate lobules widening from
a common stalk-like base.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded, generally upland,
districts.—Distr. Local and not plentiful in 8. and W. England and
Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. St. Leonard’s Forest, Beeding, Hen-

62 CYCLOCARPINEX [SYNECHOBLASTUS

field and Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; near Barmouth, Merioneth
Nant Glyn, Denbighshire; Ambleside, Westmoreland ; Clova, Forfar-
shire ; Aberfeldy, Kenmore and Loch Earn, Perthshire.

Thallus of rather large granular lobes ; mostly on trees.

5. §. nigrescens Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 4 (1860).—
Thallus thinnish, large and spreading, more or less orbicular,
almost monophyllous, roundly lobed and radiately wrinkled and
plicate, with a few smooth erect secondary lobes at the centre,
the larger lobes of the circumference depressed, with entire or
slightly crenate margins, and sometimes densely isidiose-granulose
. (I + reddish when dry). Apothecia numerous, crowded, small,
plane, becoming convex, reddish, the margin thin, entire ; spores
fusiform-cylindrical, pluriseptate, 34-42 mw long, 5 yp thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 42, t. 1, fig. 5. Muscus licheniformis membranaceus
nigricans &c. Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 6, n. 11 in Herb. Sloane.
Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum tenue, nigrescens
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 53 (1724). Lichenoides gelati-
nosum membranaceum tenue nigricans Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 138,
t. 19, fig. 20 (1740). Lichen nigrescens Huds, F]. Angl. p. 450
(1762) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 74 ; Engl. Bot. t. 345. L. vesper-
tilio Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 840 (1777). Collema nigrescens Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 646 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 211; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 350; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6 & Monogr. i. p. 54;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 24; ed. 3, p. 24. Lathagrium nigrescens
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 399 (1821).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 104; Dicks. Hert. Sicc. Fase. xi. n. 22 ;
Johns. n. 361; Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 53; Leight. n. 104.

Distinguished by the radiate folds of the usually large spreading
thinnish thallus, and by the small crowded*®apothecia. It was
likened by Dillenius to a ‘ bat’s wing”; hence Lightfoot’s
designation.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly poplars and willows in
wooded districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon throughout the
British Isles, chiefly in western regions.—b6. M. Noirmont, Rozel,
St. Owen’s Bay, St. Peter’s and Belcroute Bay, Jersey; near Ryde;
Carisbrooke Castle and Shanklin, I. of Wight ; Withiel, near Penzance,
3oconnoe and Ruan Minor, Cornwall; Lidford, Totnes, Paignton,
Torquay, Bolt Head, Sidmouth and Cornworthy, Devon; Fair-
light Glen, Hastings, Henfield, Danny, Saddlescomb, Beeding and
Clayton, Sussex; Kemble, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Stack-
pole Court, Pembrokeshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed,
Carnarvonshire ; Barrow Hill, Malvern and Broadwas, Worcestershire ;
Levens, Westmoreland; near Guisboro’, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Lochy and Barcaldine, Argyll ;
Den of Glamis, Forfarshire; near Callender, Glen Lochay and
Trossachs, Perthshire; Gairloch and Applecross, Rossshire ; Castle-
martyr, Cork; Powerscourt, Wicklow; Killarney and Muckross,
Kerry ; Louisburg, Mayo.

SYNECHOBLASTUS | COLLEMACEX 63

6. 8. aggregatus Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 280 (1860).—Thallus
rather small, somewhat rigid, lobate and irregularly plicate, the
lobes rather short, sometimes crenate, or often granular and
crisp at the margins (I + red). Apothecia small to moderate
in size, crowded, plane, becoming convex, reddish or dark-red,
the margin thin, entire or becoming granular ; spores 8 (rarely 6)
in the ascus, fusiform-cylindrical, straight or curved, pluriseptate,
33-65 w long, 3-) uw thick——Mudd Man. p. 43. Lichenoides
gelatinosum palmatum tuberculis conglomeratis Dill, Hist. Muse.
p- 141, t. 19, fig. 278 (1741). Collema fasciculare var. aggre-
gatum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 640 (1810). ©. aggregatum Nyl. in
Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. ii. p. 318 (1854) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 6 & Monogr. i. p. 55; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 26; ed. 3, p. 25.
Enchylium fasciculare var. aggregatum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 398 (1821).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 105.

Distinguished from the preceding, to which it is closely allied, by
the smaller thallus with short, irregularly wrinkled lobes, and by the
longer spores. The apothecia, when present, are crowded, and are
also somewhat larger and more irregular in form.

Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of old trees in wooded inland
tracts.— Distr. Rather rare in 8.W. and N. England, N. Wales, the
W. Highlands of Scotland and §.W. Ivreland.—B. M. St. Leonard’s
Forest and Henfield, Sussex; New Forest, Hants; Tunbridge Wells,
Kent ; near Barmouth, Merioneth; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorks; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll; near Killin and
Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire; O’Sullivan’s
Cascade and Muckross, Killarney, Kerry.

7. 8. rupestris A. L. Sm.—Thallus broadly lobed, smooth or
partly covered with blackish isidiose granules, dark-green or
greenish-brown, the lobes rounded, entire, rather wavy, limp and
flaccid when moist. Apothecia moder ate in size or rather small,
scattered over the thallus, concave then plane, or somewhat
convex ; paraphyses rather slender, conglutinate above ; spores
fusiform-elongate, 3—5-septate, 23-28 p long, 7-10 thick.—
S. flaccidus Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 415 (1855) ; Mudd Man.
p. 42. Lichen rupestris Swartz Meth. Muse. p. 37 (1781) (excl.
Syn. Dill) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 76. LZ. flaccidus Ach. in K.
Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. p. 14, t. 1, fig. 4 (1795). Collema
flaccidum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 647 (1810) pro parte ; Engl. Bot.
t. 1653 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 72 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 211;
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5
& Monogr. i. p. 44; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 39; ed. 3, p. 23.
Lathagrium flaccidum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 400 (1821).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 241; Leight. n. 345.

Easily distinguished by the spore characters and in a sterile
condition by the large entire granular lobes.

Hab, On old walls, rocks and trunks of trees in shady places in
inland districts.—Distr. General and common where it occurs

64. CYCLOCARPINEX | SYNECHOBLASTUS

throughout Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Boconnoc, Camelford,
St. Minver and Looe, Cornwall; near Plymouth, near Plymstock,
Kingskerswell, Cockington, near Torquay, near Weston Mills, and
Totnes, Devon; I. of Wight; Pyecombe, Sussex; Gopsal, Leicester-
shire; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire; Barmouth,
Dolgelly and Llyn Gwernau. Merioneth ; Nant Gwynant, Carnarvon-
shire; Anglesea; Rievaulx, Yorkshire; near Kendal and Windermere,
Westmoreland ; Keswick, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; King’s Park, Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyll; Killin,
Kenmore, Kinnoul Hill and Craighall, Perthshire; Lochaber, Inverness-
shire; Applecross, Rossshire; Mallow, Cork; Blackwater Bridge, Kerry.

26. LEMMOPSIS A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat.
Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 171 (1906). Leptogium sect. Lemmopsis
Wainio Lich. Brésil i. p. 221 (1890). (PI. 26.)

Thallus effuse, thin, granular-crustaceous, corticated. Algal
cells Nostoc. Apothecia sessile on the thallus, with a proper
margin ; spores ellipsoid, colourless, simple.

The corticated thallus agrees with that of Leptogiwm, but the
habit of the genus, and the spore characters are different.

1. L. Arnoldiana A. Zahlbr. 1. c.—Thallus effuse, thin,
granular-crustaceous, scattered, olive- or dark-brown. Apothecia
small, somewhat prominent, with a proper margin, reddish or
dark-red, the margin paler ; paraphyses slender, septate; spores
ellipsoid with granular oily contents, rather large, 17—20 p long,
5-7 » thick; hymenial gelatine slightly bluish then pale wine-
red with iodine.—Physma Arnoldiana Hepp. ex\Arn. in Flora xli.
p. 94 (1858). Collemopsis Arnoldiana Nyl. in Flora lvii. p, 305
(1874); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 359 (1876) & Monogr. i.
p. 79; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.

Usually forming a thin dark-coloured crust on the stones; the
waxy-looking apothecia are usually numerous and distinctive.

Hab. On calcareous stones in shady inland situations.—Distr.
Apparently local and rare in 8. and W. England.—B. M. Cowcombe
Wood near Chalford, Gloucestershire ; Gomshall and Shiere, Surrey.

2. L. oblongans A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, minutely
- granular, and continuous, brownish-olive." Apothecia small,
reddish or yellowish-red, the margin rather thick and con-
nivent ; paraphyses slender; spores oblong, elongate, simple
(or spuriously l-septate), 16-30 » long, 6-7 » thick ; hymenial
gelatine faintly bluish then slightly wine-red with iodine.—
Collemopsis oblongans Nyl, in Flora lvii. p. 305 (1876); Cromb.
in Grevillea iii. p. 22 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 79; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.

Resembling the previous species in the structure of the thallus, °
but lighter in colour and with larger spores.

Hab. On the ground in shady crevices of limestone rocks.—B. M.
Haverbrack Hill, Westmoreland (the only locality).

LEMMOBSIS | COLLEMACEX 65

3. L. leptogiella A. lL. Sm.—Thallus effuse, coralloid-areolate,
composed of extremely minute upright nodulose or irregular
branchlets, with a well-developed cortex, dark olive-brown.
Apothecia minute, slightly margined, brownish- or yellowish-red,
the disc rather concave or at length almost plane ; paraphyses
slender, discrete or partially coherent, very slightly thickened at
the tips; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 10-17 » long, 5-7 pw thick ;
hymenial g gelatine greenish- blue then tawny w mane -red with iodine.
—Collemopsis leptogiella Nyl. in Flora lx. p. 220 (1877) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea vi. p. 18 (1877) & Monogr. i. a 80; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 36.

The leptogioid structure and the Nostoc alga leave no doubt as
to the inclusion of this species in Lemmopsis. The apothecia are
numerous on the specimen, but difficult to detect.

Hab. On quartzose shady rocks.—B. M. Kylemore, Connemara
(the only locality).

27. LEPTOGIUM 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 395 (1821).
Collema sect. Leptogium Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 654 (1810).
Collemodium Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 341
(1878); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 57. Scytenium 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 398 (1821). Mallotium 8. F. Gray tom. cit. p. 399;
Mudd Man. p. 44. (PI. 27.)

Thallus more or less gelatinous when moist, lobate, the lobes
minute and almost granular or large and spreading, corticated.
Algal cells Nostoc distributed through the thallus or sometimes
zoned. Apothecia with a thalline * margin of plectenchyma ;
paraphyses simple, conglutinate ; spores 8 in the ascus, variously
elongate, blunt or pointed at the ends, septate and muriform,
colourless. Spermogones with septate sterigmata and minute
pleurogenous spermatia.

Differs from Collema in the corticate thallus, a very distinct
character in some species, in others difficult to distinguish, especially
in some of those included by Nylander in the genus Collemodium.
As a rule the thallus is less swollen than in Collema, the lobes being
often very thin.

A. Cortical cells somewhat indistinct (Collemodium).
Growing on trees.

1. L. fragrans Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8 (1870) (excl. syn.
Mudd Man. p. 46).—Thallus composed of small nodulose lobules,
generally crowded in cushion-like masses or effuse and coarsely
granular-areolate, the lobules erect, crenate, somewhat dilated
and appressed at the circumference, dark-green or olive-brown.
Apothecia small, numerous, crowded, concave, reddish-brown,
the margin entire, paler ; spores ovoid-ellipsoid, 3—5-septate and
muriform, 16-28 » long, 8-11 » thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30:
pro parte; ed. 3, p. 50. LD. microphyllum Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,

r. F

=

A aba

66 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

p- 26 (1879). Lichen fragrans Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1912 (1808).
Collema microphyllum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 630 (1810); Borr. in
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2721 (1831); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 207: Mudd Man. p. 41; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 6; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 22. C. fragrans Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 311 (1814);
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 208. Enchylium microphyllum 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 396 (1821). . fragrans S. F. Gray 1. c.
Collemodium microphyllum Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx.
p. 337 (1883) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12 & Monogr. i. p. 58.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 2 & Lich. Cesar. n. 3; Leight.
n. 258.

The cellular cortex is mostly somewhat indistinct. The fragrance
from which it obtained its specific name was accidental (see
Borrer 1. ¢.).

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly ash and elm, in shady
situations.— Distr. Not uncommon in the Channel Islands and
throughout England, not recorded from Scotland or Ireland.—B. M.
St. Brelade’s Bay, Jersey ; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Southwick,
near Lewes, Henfield, Hurstpierpoint, Glynde, Danny and Wiston,
Sussex; Copthall and Gosfield Hall, Essex; Claines, Worcestershire ;
near Oswestry, Shropshire; near Bury, Suffolk; Wimpole Park,
Cambridgeshire; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Leven’s Park,
Kendal, Westmoreland.

Growing on rocks or soil.

2. L. biatorinum Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 25 (1879).—
Thallus effuse, very minutely papillate-lobate, imbricate, brown
or brownish-green. Apothecia minute, innate, brown or reddish,
with a thickish pale entire margin; spores ovoid, 3—4-septate,
becoming sparingly muriform, 25-30 p» long, 11-12 p thick.—
Collema biatorinum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 268
(1856) ; Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866); Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 5 & in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 335 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl.

.21. Collemodium biatorinum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv.
p. 12 (1886) & Monogr. i. 57.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 44; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 282.

Distinguished by the waxy-looking, somewhat Gyalecta-like apo-
thecia, which are generally immersed in the thallus. The thallus
covers the substratum with a thin lobulate blackish scurf. The
lobules are indistinctly cellular.

Hab. On cretaceous soil and the mortar of old walls in damp
places, maritime and inland.—Distr. Plentiful where it occurs in the
Channel Islands, S$. W. and N. England.—B. M. By the sea, Alderney ;
Bonchurch, I. of Wight; Wadebridge, Cornwall; Woolsonbury and
near Lewes, Sussex; Reigate Hill, Surrey; near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; near Winlaton Mill, Durham.

3. L. turgidum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 10 (1870).—Thallus
thickish, lobate, the lobes small, turgid, ascending, with a
fruticose appearance, undulate-plicate, wrinkled and concave at

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACEE 67

the circumference, sometimes densely isidiose-granulose, dark-
olive or reddish-black. Apothecia usually numerous, moderate
in size, concave, becoming somewhat plane, reddish- or dark-
brown, the thalline margin turgid, entire or sometimes slightly
granular ; spores oblong-ovoid, 3-septate and muriform, 23-32 p
long, 10-12 y» thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 28; ed. 3, p. 33.
Collema turgidum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 634 (1810); Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd Man. p. 38. LEnchylium turgiduin
8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 396 (1821). Collemodium turgidum
Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 342 (1878) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 12 & Monogr. i. p. 61 (incl. var. depressum,
a growth form, Cromb. ll. c.).
Easicc. Leight. n. 257 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 42.

The smaller firmer lobes and the presence of isidia distinguish this
species from L. plicatile and Collema pulposum, which have a similar
habitat. The crowdedly branched appearance is especially noticeable
in dry plants. Sometimes the thallus (on calcareous stones) is very
scanty and in scattered lobules.

Hab. On limestone and brick walls, also on calcareous and creta-
ceous soil.—Distv. Somewhat rare throughout England, rare in
S.W. Highlands, Scotland, not recorded from Ireland.—B. M. Near
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Wadebridge, Cornwall; Plymouth, Devon;
Tangmere, Lewes, Aldbourne and near Hastings, Sussex; Chelsfield,
Kent; Reigate Hill and Shiere, Surrey; Chew Magna, near Bristol,
Cleve Hill and near Yatton, Somerset; Charfield and near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Sevenhampton, Wilts; near Shiffnall, Shropshire ;
Barrington Hill and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Tetsworth, Oxfordshire ;
Gorleston, Suffolk; Appin, Argyll.

4. L. fragile Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 333
(1857).—Thallus small, laciniate or nodulose, the lobes crowded
in a roughly granular crustose manner or somewhat radiate,
convex and crenate at the circumference, dark olive-green or
brown. Apothecia rather rare, minute, concave, becoming plane,
dark-brown, the margins entire, thickish ; spores ovoid, variously
septate and muriform, about 29 p long, 13 pw thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36; ed. 3, p. 27. Collema
fragile Tay]. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109 (1836); Mudd Man.
p. 37. Collemodium fragile Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12
(1886) & Monogr. i. p. 59.

The cellular cortex is crushed in cross section and not easily seen.
In some instances the thallus is like a much stouter L. cretacewm, in
others the radiating stellate lacinie recall Collema multipartitwm.
Apothecia are sparingly present.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Distr.
Rare in 8. and N. England and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Anstey’s
“Me Torquay, Devon; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; Dunkerron,

erry.

5. L. plicatile Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 336
(1874) (incl. £. minor).—Thallus of thickish upright or spreading
F 2

68 CYCLOCARPINEX [LEPTOGIUM

plicate lobes, slightly wrinkled, often crisp at the margins and
more or less granular. Apothecia scattered, rather small, concave
or plane, reddish-brown, with a thick entire persistent margin ;
spores ovoid, 3-septate and muriform, 18-30 » long, 8-16 p
thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30 (incl. f. minor). Lichenoides
gelatinosum atro-virens, auriculatum et granosum Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 140, t. 19, figs. 24 B—p (1741). Lichen plicatilis Ach. in K.
Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. p. 11, t. 1, fig. 2 (1795). Collema plicatile
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2348 (1812) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 209;
Mudd Man. p. 38; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 22. Enchylium plicatile 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 397 (1821).
Collemodium plicatile Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx.
p. 3387 (1883); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 59 (inel. f. minus).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 106.

Distinguished by the very thick plicate often granular lobes, hence
Nylander’s name L. firmwm (Lich. Scand. p. 34 (1861)). There is a
thin inconspicuous cellular cortex. The lobes are sometimes rather
thinner (f. minus).

Hab. On caleareous rocks and walls, rarely on trunks of trees, in
maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Somewhat scarce in S.W.
England, rare in W. Highlands of Scotland and §8.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Upton, Babbicombe and Plymouth, Devon; Shoreham, Beeding,
Aldbourne and Lewes, Sussex; near Maidstone, Kent; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire ; Mendip Hills, Somerset ; Marlborough, Wilts ;
I. of Lismore and Appin, Argyll; near Kenmore, Ardtully and Dun-
kerron, Kerry.

Var. hydrocharum A. L. Sm.—The thick rigid lobes more
spreading and depressed, greyish or glaucous-grey.—Parmelia
hydrochara Ach. Meth. p. 222 (1803). Collema pulposum
f. hydrocharum Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 333 (1874); Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 18. Collemodium plicatile £. hydrocharum Ny)l.
in Flora lvii. p. 302 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12
(1886) & Monogr. i. p. 60.

Hab, On damp calcareous rocks.—B. M. Craig Tulloch, Perthshire.

6. L. fluviatile Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 336 (1874).—
Thallus laciniate-lobate, thin or thickish, the lobes oblong, some-
what uneven in outline, flexuous and folded, simple or proliferous,
greyish-green or dark greyish-glaucous. Apothecia small, sub-
marginal, prominent, somewhat concave or plane, dark-red, with
a paler entire margin; spores ellipsoid, usually 3-septate,
becoming muriform, 16-23 long, 7-9 » thick.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 32. Lichenoides gelatinosum opuntioides Dill, in Ray
Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 58 (1724). Lichenoides gelatinosum foliis
angustioribus tuneformibus Dill, Hist. Muse. p. 142, t. 19, f. 28
(1741). Lichen fluviatilis Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536 (1778) ;
With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 97 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2039. Collema flwiatile
(errore fluviale) Ach. Syn. p. 314 (1814); Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 209; Mudd Man. p. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 5;

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACEX: 69

Leight. Lich. Fl. 24. C. multipartitum var. fluviatile Tay]. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 109 (1836). Enchylium fluviale S. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 397 (1821). Collemodium fluviatile Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 60.

Distinguished from L. plicatile by the thinner more extended
lobes, and by the habitat. Very few of the British specimens are
fertile. Collema rivulare Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 326 (1814) is partly
identical with this species. The lobes of a specimen from Lanark in
Hb. Borrer have hairs on the under surface. The cellular cortex is
often indistinct.

Hab. On moist rocks and boulders in streams mostly in up-
land situations.—Distr. Rare in W. and N. England, N. Wales,
S.W. and Central Scotland and $.W. Ireland.—B. M. St. Minver,
Cornwall; East Lyn River, Devon; River Elwy, Denbighshire ;
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Falls of the Clyde near Lanark; near
Leven, Fifeshire; River Isla near Ruthven Wood, and Loch Earn,
Perthshire; Ardtully, Kenmare, Kerry.

Cortical cells more fully developed (Hu-Leptogium).
Thallus granular ; growing on rocks or mortar.

7. L. glebulentum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272
(1882).—Thallus thickly isidiose, with small subentire or lacerate
lobes at the circumference, olive-brown or blackish. Apothecia
and spermogones unknown. Collemodium glebulentum Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Grevillea xy. p. 12 (1886) & Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 61.

Of doubtful position owing to the absence of fructification. The
isidia are in thick cushion-like masses. The cellular cortex is well
developed.

Hab. On moist limestone rocks in alpine localities. B. M. Above

Loch-na-gar, Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Craig Grue, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.

8. L. rhyparodes Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 210 (1865).—
Thallus diffuse, thin, furfuraceous or granular and unequal,
cracked, brownish-red or blackish-brown (I + wine-red). Apo-
thecia small, at first concave, becoming plane, with the margin
excluded, reddish- or brownish-black ; spores ovoid, septate and
muriform, 20-38 p» long, 11-16 » thick.—Carroll in Journ. Bot.
iii. p. 287 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 35; ed. 3, p. 26. Collema psorellum Nyl. in Flora xlviii.
p. 602 (1865); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 3 & in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 335 (1874); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 26.

The thallus sometimes spreads extensively and is occasionally
almost evanescent. On moist shady rocks the thallus is less developed
(Coliema psorellwm).

Hab. On schistose rocks in subalpine and alpine localities.—Distr.
Local and rare among the 8S. Grampian’, Scotland.—B. M. Craig
Calliach, above Loch-na-gar and the summit, Ben Lawers, and Glen
Lyon, Perthshire.

70 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

9. L. humosum Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. p. 90
(1857) & Syn. Lich. i. p. 119 (1858).—Thallus effuse, consisting
of closely aggregate lobulate granules mostly small with larger
granules intermixed, brown or brownish-black. Apothecia small,
somewhat concave, black ; spores 4 to 8 in the ascus, ovoid, or
oblong-ovoid, variously septate and muriform, 20-34 w long,
8-16 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxii. p. 195 (1885).

Distinguished by the coarsely granular, very dark thallus.
Nylander has included with this species Leptogiwm tetrasporum Th, Fr.
in Vet. Akad. Férh. 1864, p. 276 (see Crombie Monogr. i. p. 65).

Hab. On mortar of walls.—B. M. Port Gorey, Island of Sark (the
only British locality).

Thallus of small lobes ; growing on soil, mortar, ete.

10. L. pusillum Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 90
(1857) & Syn. Lich. i. p. 121.—-Thallus effuse, papillate-lobate,
the lobules erect, crowded, olive- or greenish-brown. Apothecia
small, concave then plane, somewhat prominent, becoming dark-
reddish, the margin concolorous ; spores ovoid or broadly fusi-
form, 3—4-septate and muriform, 18-30 » long, 8-10 » thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30; ed. 3, p. 27.

Kasicc, Larb. Cesar. n. 54.

Somewhat similar to L. biatorinum in the appearance of the
thallus, though more developed and more densely papillate, but
chiefly distinguished from it by the darker-coloured superficial
apothecia.

Hab. On mortar of old walls and on chalky soil.—Distr. Local
and rare in the Channel Islands and §S., W. and N. England.—
B, M. St. Brelade’s Bay, Jersey; St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey ; Bon-
church, I. of Wight; Shiere, Surrey ; Freshford, near Bath, Somerset ;
Cheltenham, Stroud, Cowcombe, Chedworth Woods and near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire.

11. L. tenuissimum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 419 (1855).—
Thallus effuseof deeply cut or crenate thin lacinie congested
into a dense crust, olive- or brownish-green. Apothecia moderate
in size, deeply concave, becoming somewhat plane, embedded
among the laciniz, reddish-brown, the margin pale, thickish ;
spores ovoid or oblong, generally narrower at the ends, 3—5-septate
and muriform, 18-34 pw long, 11-13 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 46;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 35; ed. 3, p. 26.
Lichen tenuissimus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. i. p. 12, t. 2, fig. 8
(1785); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 61; Engl. Bot. t. 1427. Collema
tenuissimum Ach. Syn. p. 328 (1814); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Bot. v.
p. 213. Polychidium tenuissimum 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 401
(1821).

Exsicc, Mudd n. 4.

Distinguished from other soil species by the pulvinate growth of
the thallus. The apothecia are rather large with age, but they remain

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACE® Til

immersed, and the margin is generally fringed by the lacinie. Not to
be confused with ZL. lacerwm var. pulvinatum, which has broader
lacinie and superficial apothecia.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime
and inland districts.—Distr. Rare throughout England, Scotland and
Treland.—B. M. Sandown and near Shanklin, I. of Wight; near
Penzance, Cornwall; Twineham and near Hastings, Sussex; Writtle,
Essex; near Yarmouth, Suffolk; near Norwich, Norfolk; near
Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
near Cramond, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Middleton, Cork.

12. L. subtile Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 90
(1857:.—Thallus effuse, composed of minute lacinie, deeply
divided or granular-crenate, dark- or brownish-green. Apothecia
very minute, superficial and pale-brown or reddish, darker when
dry, the margin thin, entire, pale-brown ; spores ovoid, 3—5-septate
and muriform, 20-23 » long (or longer), 8-19 » thick.—Mudd
Man. p. 46, t. 1, fig. 8; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 31; ed. 3, p. 29. Lichen subtilis Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ.
p. 95 (1794); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 25; Engl. Bot.
t. 1008. Collema subtile Ach. Syn. p. 328 (1814) ; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p.111. Poly-
chidium subtile 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 401 (1821).

The thallus is normally appressed to the soil, and the laciniate
character difficult to see clearly. It is distinguished by the per-
sistently minute apothecia and by the usually rather small spores.

Hab. On clay soil, on cretaceous stones in the ground, rarely on
the roots of old trees in inland districts.—Distr. General though not
very common throughout the British Isles.—B. M. The Grove, Jersey ;
Luccombe and Shanklin, I. of Wight; Withiel, Cornwall; near Henfield
and near Tunbridge Wells, Sussex ; near Wootton-under-Edge, near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Folkestone, Kent; Shiere, Surrey ;
near Hale End, Epping Forest, Essex; Colwall. Herefordshire ;
Tilton Hills, Leicestershire ; Pembrokeshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Sunnyhow, Cumberland; Dunkerron, Kerry.

13. L. amphineum Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 32 (1861).—Thallus
thin, unequal, agglutinate, crustaceous, appressed to the sub-
stratum, bluish- or brownish-green. Apothecia small, pale or
reddish, becoming darker, concave, becoming plane, with a
distinct entire margin; spores ellipsoid or ovoid, 3-septate and
muriform, 23-27 pw long, 9-11 » thick—Cromb. in Journ. Bot.
xi. p. 133 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 26. Collema
amphinewm Ach. ex Nyl. l. ¢.

Scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding except by the
more agglutinate-crustaceous thallus and by the apothecia becoming
somewhat larger.

Hab. On the ground, rarely on roots of old trees in shady places.
—Dist. Found only sparingly in S. and W. England.—B. M. Newlyn
Cliff, Penzance, Cornwall; Henfield, Sussex; Newbury, Worcester-
shire ; Wooton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire.

~J
bo

CYCLOCARPINE [LEPTOGIUM

14. L. minutissimum Fr. Summ. Veg. p. 122 (1846) ; Koerb.
Parerg. Lich. p. 423 (1865).—Thallus thin, minutely lobate, the
lobes imbricate, more or less deeply crenate, olive- or bluish-green
or brownish. Apothecia superficial, minute, concave, reddish-
brown, with a paler thin entire margin; spores oblong-ovoid,
5-septate and irregularly muriform, 24-30 w long, 9-15 p thick.
—IL, fragrans Mudd Man. p. 46 (1861) (non Cromb.); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 30 pro parte. LL. lacerwm var. crenatum Nyl. ex
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22 (1866). L. sinuatum var.
crenulatum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 336 (1874);
Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 30. L. subtile f. latiusculum Nyl. ex
Joshua in Grevillea iv. p. 43 (1875) (errore flatiusculum) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 29. Collema minutissimum Flerke Deutsch.
Lich. v. p. 14 (1819). C. fragrans Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 107 (non Hook.).

Allied to L. subtile but differing in the more developed thallus and
the persistently large spores. It looks somewhat like a miniature
L. lacerwm. The apothecia are numerous and crowded and extremely
regular and dainty in appearance.

Hab, On the ground, rarely on trunks of old trees in inland dis-
tricts.—Dist. Scarce in S.W., Central and N. England and in
8. Ireland.—B. M. Halstead, Kent; Butler’s Holt, Bucks; near

Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Ayton, near Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Bantry, Cork.

15. L. cretaceum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, 1.
p- 270 (1857).—Thallus effuse, appressed or in small clustered
rosulate lobules, or of deeply crenate minute lobes, unequal and
rather crowded, olive-brown or dark-olive (I + red). Apothecia
small, at first concave, becoming plane, reddish-brown, the margin
entire, paler; spores ovoid, 3—7-septate and muriform, 22—40 p
long, 11-17 p» thick.—Mudd Man. p. 45; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 7; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 32; ed. 3, p. 27. Lichen cretaceus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 738 (1800). Enchylium cretaceum 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 398 (1821). Collema cretaceum Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI.
v. p. 210 (1833).

The rosulate lobes are very characteristic, even though often but
poorly developed. Sometimes the thallus is largely formed of isidiose
granules.

Hab. On cretaceous and siliceous chalky nodules in moist shady
inland tracts. Distr. Rather rare in the Chalk and Oolite districts of
S. and W. England, probably often overlooked.—B. M. I. of Wight;
Plumpton, West Dean, Preston and Eastham, Sussex; Bisley
Common, Chedworth Woods and near Northleach, Gloucestershire ;
Folkestone, Kent; Shiere, Surrey ; Stokesay, Shropshire.

16. L. diffractum Krempelh. ex Arn. in Flora xliv. p. 258
(1861).—Thallus small, adnate, granular-areolate, radiate-lobate
at the circumference, granules and lobes convex, light or dark
olive-brown. Apothecia not seen rightly developed.—L. placo-

LEPTOGIUM] COLLEMACE 73

diellewm Ny]. in Flora xlviii. p. 210 (1865); Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 68.

The form of the lobes is that of a minute L. fragile or L. Schraderi ;
they vary from being rather narrow to slender and wiry.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in hilly districts.—Distr. Rare in W.
England.—B. M. Cleve Hill, Somerset; Warton Crag, Lancashire.

17. L. microscopicum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3,
i. p. 272 (1856).—Thallus effuse, minute, of crowded erect
slender nodulose branchlets, unequally rounded, somewhat con-
stricted or attenuate at the base, dark olive-brown. _ Apothecia
rare, minute, scattered, concave, pale- or reddish-brown, with an
entire margin ; spores ovoid or oblong, 3—5-septate and muriform,
22-27 » long, 9-14 » thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 468;
ed. 3, p. 34; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 336 (1874).

Hzsicc. Cromb. n. 7.

Considered at one time to be a form of L. lacerwm; it is, however,
distinct in the form of the thallus and in the apothecia, which were
discovered by Crombie on a specimen collected at Shiere.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on slaty rocks, but chiefly on
chalk pebbles and calcareous walls in maritime and inland districts.—
Distr. Local, though common where it occurs in the Channel Islands,
S. and W. England and 8.W. Highlands, Scotland.—B. M. Rozel
and coasts of Jersey; near Lewes, Sussex ; near Gomshall and Shiere,
Surrey; near Maidstone, Kent; Cheddar Cliffs, near Porlock, near
Clevedon, Yatton, and Weston-super-Mare, Somerset; near Chalford,
Stroud, Brinscomb aud near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; St. Fagan,
Glamorganshire; Malvern and Aston, Worcestershire ; Blaxton, York-
shire; Eden, Westmoreland.

Thallus of larger lobes, usually dark-brown.

18. L. Schraderi Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 133 (1858).—Thallus in
crowded tufts of rather narrow elongate dichotomously branched
lobes, irregularly wrinkled and somewhat angular, dilated in the
middle, dull olive-green or dark reddish-brown. Apothecia rare,
lateral, small, concave, reddish, with an entire paler margin ;
spores ellipsoid, 3—5-septate and muriform, 23-33 pw long, 11-15 pu
thick.—Mudd Man. p. 49; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 36; ed. 3, p. 34. Lichen Schraderi Bernh. in
Schrad. Journ. Bot. i. p. 22, t. 2, fig. 5 (1799). Collema
Schraderi Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 658 (1810); Engl. Bot. t. 2284;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 213. Polychidium Schraderi 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p, 402 (1821). Collemodium Schraderi Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 12 (1886); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 62.

Ezxsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 4.

Easily distinguished by the long narrow somewhat erect cylindrical

lobes which have a distinctly cellular cortex. Sometimes they are
broader and occasionally very much reduced.

74 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

Hab. Among mosses on cretaceous and calcareous soil, rarely on
the mortar of old walls, in maritime and inland situations.—Dvstr.

General but not common throughout the British Isles —B. M. Moulin ~

Huet, Guernsey; Shanklin, I. of Wight; St. Minver, Cornwall; near
Plymouth, Torquay and Babbicombe, Devon; the Downs, EKartham,
Woolsonbury, Offham and Halnaker, Sussex ; Shiere, Surrey ; Cheddar
Cliffs and Bathampton Downs, Somerset; near Cirencester, Wynd-
cliff and near Bristol, Gloucestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire; Anglesea; Appin, Argyll; Blackrock near
Cork; Muckross, Killarney and Dunkerron, Kerry; Dawros, Conne-
mara, Galway; Sheep Walk, Armagh.

19. L. sinuatum Massal. Mem. Lich. p. 88 (1853).—Thallus
of rather small lobes, crowded and suberect, plicate, wrinkled,
rarely smooth, crenate and denticulate at the margins, those at
the circumference rather larger, dark-brown or rarely glaucous-
leaden-coloured. Apothecia rather small (up to 1 mm. in
diameter), concave or plane, reddish, the margin thick, entire ;
spores ovoid or ellipsoid-fusiform, 3-septate and irregularly
muriform, 21-50 p long, 8-18 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 47 pro
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 34; ed. 3, p. 29 pro parte; var.
crenatum Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30 (1879). LZ. scotinum var.
erenatum Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 106 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea
xv. p. 13 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 73. Lichenoides tenue crispum,
foliis parvis depressis Dill, Hist. Muse. p. 145, t. 19, fig. 33
(1741). Lichen sinuatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 535 (1778) ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 75; Engl. Bot. t. 772. Collema sinuatum
Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. add. to p. 104 (1795); Hook. in. Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110.
Lathagrium sinuatum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 400 (1821).
L. scotinum var. sinuatum Malbr. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Rouen, 1866,
p- 365; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 72.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 109; Johns. n. 167. |

Distinguished from the preceding by the more flattened, closely
imbricate lobes and by the larger apothecia. The plant described by
Mudd and Leighton and by Crombie (Lich. Brit. p. 8, as L. scotimwm)
includes both the species and the variety.

Hab. Among mosses on old walls and boulders, chiefly in maritime
and hilly regions.— Distr. Rather rare in Great Britain, chiefly in the
W., rare in §. and W. Ireland.—B. M. Near St. Lawrence, I. of
Wight; Chagford, Devon ; Storrington, Sussex; near Maldon, Essex;
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Pentregaer,
Oswestry ; Teesdale, Weardale and near Stanhope, Durham; Bowling,
Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyll; Glen Fender and Killin, Perthshire ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Forres, Elgin; Blarney,
Cork; Dunkerron, Kerry.

Form Polinieri Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 30 (1879).—Thallus
pale-greenish. Apothecia somewhat scattered.—L. scotinum f.
Polinieri Cromb. in Journ. Bot, xii. p. 336 (1874) & Monogr. i.
p. 72. Collema Polinieri Del. ex Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p, 123
(1858).

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACEE 75

The bright-green colour of the thallus is persistent both in a moist
and dry condition.

Hab. Among mosses on shady walls, rarely on rocks.—Distr.
Very local and scarce throughout the British Isles.-—B. M. Henfield,
Sussex; Garn, Denbighshire; Appin, Argyll; Blarney, Cork ;
Killarney, Kerry.

Var. scotinum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 419 (1855).—
Thallus lobes rounded, entire, slightly larger than those of the
species ; otherwise similar.—Lichen scotinus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 128 (1798). Leptogium scotinum Fr. Summ. Veg.
p. 122 (1846); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8, pro parte & Monogr. i.

oy os
Ezxsicc. Mudd n. 6; Cromb. n. 109; Johns. n. 7.

Hab. Similar to the species.— Distr. General and common where
it occurs in Great Britain; not recorded for Ireland—-B. M. Hoyle
Sands, Cornwall; Poynings, Sussex; Chew Magna, Somerset; near
Cirencester, Gloucester; Garn, Denbighshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Car-
marthenshire ; Lake Ogwen and Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; Bilsdale
and Buckden, Yorkshire; High Force Inn, Teesdale, near Stanhope
and Wear Valley, Durham ; by the Kent, Westmoreland ; Whitehaven
and Alston, Cumberland; Appin and I. of Lismore, Argyll ; Killin
and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

20. L. lacerum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 401 (1821).—
Thallus of rather large subimbricate lobes, longitudinally
wrinkled, subascending, crisp and finely crenulate and denticu-
late at the margin, bluish lead-coloured or dark-brown. Apo-
thecia rare, small, scattered over the lobes, brownish or pale-red,
with a thickish entire margin; spores ovoid or broadly fusiform,
irregularly muriform, 34-48 yp long, 10-16 p» thick.—Mudd Man.
p. 47; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8 & Monogr. i. p. 69 ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 32; ed. 3, p. 28. Lichenoides saxatile tenue rufescens Dill.
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 89 (1724). Lichenoides pellucidum,
endivie foliis tenuibus crispis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 143, t. 19,
fig. 31 a, B. (1741). Lichen atro-ceruleus, laciniatus & ciliatus
Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. iii. p. 94 (1768). Lichen tremelloides
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 842 (1777) (non Linn. fil.); Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 537. L. lacerus Liljeblad Svensk. Flora p. 335
(1792); Ach. in K. Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. p. 18 (1795).
L. Tremella Roth Tent. Fl. Germ. i. p. 503 (1788)? With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 72 (1796). L. lacer Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1982 (1809).
Collema lacerum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 657 (1810); Hook. Fl.
Scot. 11. p. 72 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 213; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Piss, 3; p.. 111,

Ezxsicc. Croall n. 488 ; Johns. n. 166; Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 4 ;
Mudd n. 5.

Well characterized by the lacerate margin of the thallus; the
whole plant is very thin and, when moist, subpellucid.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on old walls in shady places.

76 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

—Distr. General though not common throughout the British Isles.
—B.M. Quenvais, Jersey ; Ventnor and near Shanklin, I. of Wight ;
Penzance and near Withiel, Cornwall; Buckfastleigh, Morleigh and |
near Torquay, Devon; Ardingly, near Brighton, Aldrington and
Arundel, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Broadwas and Alfric, Worcestershire ;
Garn Dingle, Denbighshire ; Beaumaris, Anglesea; near Cambridge ;
Cotteral Clough, Lancashire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Keswick,
Cumberland; Mulgrove Castle and near Ayton and Baysdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Reeky Linn,
Forfarshire ; Bracklinn Bridge, Perthshire; Appin, Argyll; Corrie-
mulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Blarney and Kilworth, Cork; Killar-
ney and Dingle Bay, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway; near Belfast.

Form fimbriatum Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 122 (1858).—Lacinize
somewhat broader, with the margins densely fimbriate and
ciliate, the cilia very much branched.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot.
xii. p. 335 (1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 468; ed. 3, p. 28.
Lichenoides pellucidum, endivie foliis tenuibus, crispis Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 143, t. 19, fig. 31, c (1741). Collema fimbriatum Hoftm.
Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 104 (1795).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 108 ; Johns. n. 205; Mudd n. 5 pro parte.

Scarcely to be distinguished from the species, though generally
with more densely fimbriate margins of the thallus.

Hab. Similar to that of the species.—Dvzstr. Recorded only from
S.W. and N. England and from §S. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.
Luccombe, I. of Wight; near Totnes and Tavistock, Devon; Hay-
wards Heath and Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; Chalford, Gloucester-
shire; Caddesdon, Oxfordshire; Broadwas and Alfrick, Worcester-
shire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin and Inverary, Argyll; Killin,
Perthshire ; near Fort William, Invernessshire ; Applecross, Ross-
shire.

Var. pulvinatum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 418 (1855).—
Thallus of smaller lobes than the species, denticulate at the
margin, crowded in pulvinate masses, dark-brown. Apothecia
central on the thallus, rather rare-—Mudd Man. p. 47 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 33; ed. 3, p. 28. Subsp.
pulvinatum Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 567 (1880)
& Monogr. i. p. 70. Lichenoides tenue crispum, foliis ewigquis
surrectis Dill. Hist. Muse. t. 19, fig. 34 a (1741) and Lichenoides
tenuissimum crispum et veluti aculeatum 1. c. t. 19, fig. 35. Lichen
tremelloides var. y Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 842. L. tremella var. 3,
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 73. Collema pulvinatum Hoffm. Deutschl.
Fl. ii. p. 104 (1795).

Exsice. Johns. n. 206; Larb. Cesar. n. 55 & Lich. Hb.
n. 241.

Differs from the species in the persistently brown thallus, but

more especially in the pulvinate growth. The lacinie at the cireum-
ference are more spreading.

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACEX® (Ks

Hab. On rocks, old walls and on the ground among mosses.— Distr.
Frequent and plentiful where it occurs throughout the British Isles.
—B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; near Launceston, Cornwall; near Ply-
mouth, Devon; Bonchurch and Luccombe, I. of Wight ; near Arundel
and Cisbury, Sussex; Shiere and Reigate, Surrey; Bathampton
Downs, Somerset ; Coln Rogers, and near Cirencester, Ablington and
Stroud, Gloucestershire; Epping Forest, Essex; Newbury, near
Worcester; Clee Hills, Shropshire; Cromer, Norfolk; Kildale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; Stavely, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland ; Appin,
Argyll; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Inchigaggin, Cork.

Var. lopheum Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 123 (1858).—Thallus of
very crowded lobes, somewhat pulvinate in habit, the lobes
minute, with cylindrical branching cilia almost obscuring the
lobes. Apothecia unknown.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 33; ed. 3, p.29. Subsp. lopheeum Cromb. in Grevillea
xv. p. 13 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 71. Parmelia scotina var.
lopheea Ach. Meth. p. 238 (1803).

Considered by Crombie and others to be almost specifically
distinct ; but occasionally the lobes are a little more spreading, and
the affinity with the species is then more apparent.

Hab. On decaying stumps of old trees.— Distr. Rare in N. Wales
and the W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Barcaldine, Argyll.

Thallus of large spreading lobes, dark or bluish-leaden coloured.
Smooth beneath.

21. L. palmatum Mont. in Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. Iles
Canar. Sect. iv. p. 128 (1840).—Thallus laciniate, the laciniz
thin, often long and narrow, revolute at the margins and horn-
like, or rather broad, suberect and crowded, greenish- or glaucous-
brown, often tinged purplish. Apothecia rare, minute, sessile
on the lobes, pale red, with an entire prominent margin ; spores
ellipsoid or broadly fusiform, irregularly muriform, 28-40 p» long,
16-18 » thick.—-Mudd Man. p. 48; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 34; ed. 3, p. 31. Lichenoides gelatinosum
tenerius laciniatum ea fusco purpurascens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3,
p- 72, n. 54 (1724). Lichenoides pellucidum fuscum corniculatum
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 143, t. 19, fig. 30 (1741). Lichen palmatus
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 536 (1778) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 74;
Engl. Bot. t. 1635. Scytenium palmatum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p- 398 (1821). Collema palmatum Ach. Lich. Uniy. p. 643
(1810) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 210.

Distinguished from the preceding by the revolute margins of the
nearly erect lacinie. It is occasionally the host of the parasitic
lichen Obryzwm corniculatum.

Hab. Among mosses and short grass in sandy and gravelly places.
—Distr. General in the Channel Islands and England, rare in Scotland
and Ireland.—B. M. St. Brelade’s Bay, Jersey ; ; Lustleigh Cleeve,
Bottor Rock and near Okehampton, Devon; near Stoney Cross, New

78 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

Forest, Hants; Studland, near Swanage, Dorset; Hale End, Epping
Forest, Essex; Dundey, Somerset; Machynlleth, Merioneth; near
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Warsigutht Norfolk; near Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; near Killin, Perthshire ; Luggelaw, Wicklow.

22. L. tremelloides 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 400 (1821).—
Thallus lobed, thin, somewhat smooth or covered with isidia, the
lobes oblong, imbricate, often crisp, with entire margins, dull
olive-green, or, usually, glaucous leaden-coloured. Apothecia
rare, moderate in size, concave, becoming plane, reddish with a
paler thick entire margin; spores ovoid or broadly fusiform,
3-septate and muriform, "21-27 p long, 8-9 p» thick.—Mudd Man.
p. 48; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 8; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 28; ed. 3,
p- 31 (incl. f. polyphyllum Nyl.; Gromb. Monogr. i. P. 74).
Lichen tremelloides Linn, fil. Suppl. Pl. Syst. p. °450 (1781) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 1981. LZ. cochleatus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. 1.
p. 13, t. 2, fig. 9 (1785); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 74. Collema
ulin Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 655 (1810) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. li.
p. 72 & in Sm. Engl. Fi. v. p. I13 : Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. i var. pichneum Ach. Syn. ‘Lich. p. 343 (1814) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 13 (1886).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 110 ; Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 5.

Differs from the two preceding species in the almost constant
leaden colour, the large thin entire lobes, and the large apothecia.
The lobes are occasionally rather smaller (f. polyphyllwm), or some
of the lobes may be densely isidiose (f. pichnewm).

Hab. Among mosses on moist rocks in maritime and mountainous
districts. —Distr. General and usually plentiful in the Channel Islands,
S. and W. Britain and E. and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Guernsey ;
St. Peter’s Valley, Jersey; St. Lawrence, I. of Wight; St. Issey, near
Penzance and Saltash, Cornwall; Totnes, near Ditsham, Wembury,
Cornworthy, Haberton, near Brixham and near Torquay, Devon;
Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth and Harlech Castle, Merioneth-
shire ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Llanberis Pass, Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea ;
Dumbarton Castle; Loch Creran and Barcaldine, Appin, and I. of
Mull, Argyll; Dunkerron Mt., Blackwater and Killarney, Kerry; near
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

23. L. ruginosum Nyl. ex Cromb. in Greyillea xv. p. 13
(1886).—Thallus of round rather thin large lobes, plicate, undu-
late and crowded, with numerous longitudinal wrinkles, and
often furfuraceous with concolorous or slightly darker isidia, the
margins of the lobes entire or crenulate, brownish- or greenish-
leaden coloured. Apothecia rare, rather large, slightly concave
or plane, red or brownish-red, the margin thick, wrinkled, plicate
or granular; spores ellipsoid or broadly fusiform, 3—5-septate
and sometimes muriform, 20-37 p long, 10-17 p thick.—L. ehloro-
melum Mudd Man. p. 48 (1861) (non Nyl.); Carroll in Journ.
Bot. v. p. 254 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 382; ed. 3, p. 32. Collema ruginosum Duf, ex Scher. Enum.

7

LEPTOGIUM | COLLEMACE 79

The strongly wrinkled and densely isidiose thallus distinguish this
species from all others. It has not been found fertile in Great Britain.
It has sometimes been confused with two exotic species, L. Brebrissonii
Mont. and ZL. chloromelum Nyl. The former is less wrinkled and
whitish- or greyish-downy beneath; the latter, an American species,
has a subsmooth thallus.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on rocks among mosses in
maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Sparingly in S. England,
N. Wales and S.W. Iveland.—B. M. Torquay, Devon; Garth, near
Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth; Eagle’s Nest and Dinish, Kil-
larney, Kerry.

Tomentose beneath.

24, L. saturninum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p. 272 (1856).—Thallus olivaceous- or leaden-brown coloured,
usually large, thickish, submonophyllous or polyphyllous with
the lobes sinuate, round and entire at the margins, smooth
or furfuraceous, beneath greyish and densely tomentose, the
hairs sometimes fasciculate. Apothecia very rare, moderate in
size, plane, reddish-brown, the margin thin, entire, prominent
and cup-like; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate, becoming muriform,
16-24 w long, 9-11 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9 ; Leight.
Tach. Fl. p. 29; ed. 3, p. 32. L. Hildenbrandu Nyl. 1. ¢.;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 336 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 76.
Lichen saturninus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 21, t. 6, fig. 8
(1790); Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soe. i. p. 84 (1791) & Engl. Bot.
t. 1980; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60. Collema saturninum Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 644 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 & in Sm.
Engl. F]. v. p. 211. C. Hildenbrandii Garov. Catal. Alc. Critt.
ii. p. 51 (1838). Mallotium saturninum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 399 (1821).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 5.

Somewhat similar in habit to Collema furvum. In damp shady
places the thallus often becomes blackish above when dry, contrasting
with the light-grey colour of the under surface. The hairs in all
the specimens tend to grow in rhizina-like strands. Apothecia are
rather rare.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, generally ash, by streams in
upland or mountainous districts.— Distr. Rather rare in N. England
and the mountainous districts of Scotland.—B. M. Teesdale, Durham ;
Clova, Forfarshire; Glen Lochay, Glen Lyon, Fortingall, Loch Earn
Glenample, Craighall and Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Inverary and
Appin, Argyll; Loch Linnhe and Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

25. L. Burgessii Mont. in Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. Iles
Canar. p. 129 (1840).—Thallus greenish- or leaden-brown coloured,
large, crowdedly lobate, the lobes somewhat imbricate, crenulate
or lacerate and crisp, beneath greyish and more or less minutely
tomentose. Apothecia numerous, moderate in size to large ;
concave or becoming plane, reddish-brown or dark-red, the

80 CYCLOCARPINEE [LEPTOGIUM

thalline margin crowded with short crisp laciniz ; spores ellipsoid
or broadly fusiform, 3-5-septate and muriform, 30-40 » long,

13-17 p thick. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 9; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 30; ~

ed. 3, p. 33. Lichen Burgessii Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 827, t. 26
(1777); Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 538; Engl. Bot. n. 300;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57. Collema Burgessii Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 645 (1810) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 71 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 211; Tayl.in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 110. Mallotiwm Burgessit
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 399 (1821); Mudd Man. p. 45.
Exsice. Cromb. n. 6; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. iii, n. 24.

Well distinguished from all other Collemacex by the laciniate
margin of the apothecium. The plant may be rather small and
orbicular, or it may spread irregularly to a large extent.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees near water (lakes and rivers),
rarely on old walls, in wooded districts.—Distr. General and usually
common in the western districts of the British Isles.—B. M. Ivy
Bridge and Lydford, Devon; Nannau, near Dolgelly, Cwm-Bychan
and Barmouth, Merioneth; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Mardale, West-
moreland ; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Moffat and Rae Hills,
Dumfriesshire; Head of Loch Awe, Inverary and Appin, Argyll;
Glen Lochay, Inverarnan and Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Lochaber,
Invernessshire; Eagle’s Nest, Cromaglown, Dinish and Derrycuintry,
Killarney, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway.

Orper VII. PANNARIACEZ:.

Thallus not gelatinous when moist, heteromerous, granular,
squamulose or foliose, with hypothallus and rhizine. Algal cells
blue-green (Myxophycex), rarely bright-green (Chlorophycez).
Apothecia disciform, with or without a thalline margin ; para-
physes simple, or rarely branched ; spores 8 in the ascus, simple
or septate, colourless or slightly brownish. Spermogones with
upright septate sterigmata and cylindrical pleurogenous spermatia.

Though containing blue-green algx, the Pannariacew differ from
the previous Orders in the non-gelatinous heteromerous character of
the thallus. The following genera are represented in the British
Isles : —

Algal cells Nostoc.
Apothecia without a thalline margin; spores

usdadly simple:.. i: issvcssssssrgueessteveqvias eaeee 28. Parmeliella.
Apothecia with a thalline margin; spores
usually Bimple:........is00ssdvescniay tevouh eae eeeee 29, Pannaria.

Algal cells Scytonema.
Apothecia without a thalline margin; spores
L-septete..........cceccvecsessrecsscesensenceseneneeess 30. Massalongia.
Algal cells bright-green (Dactylococcus ?).
Apothecia with a thalline margin; spores
BINDS... si0s-sciadonercedsonuerdavese recess wennch ins ... 31, Psoroma.

PARMELIELLA | PANNARIACEA 81

28. PARMELIELLA Miill.-Arg. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist.
. Nat. Genéve xvi. p. 376 (1862). Pannularia Nyl. in Flora Ixii.
p- 360 (1879) pro parte; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 340 pro parte.
Coccocarpia Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 41 (1885) pro parte (non Pers.) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 345. Pannaria Mudd Man. p. 121 (1861)
pro parte. (Pl, 28.)

Thallus squamulose or almost foliose, corticate, with hypo-
thallus and rhizine. Algal cells Nostoc. Apothecia without a
thalline margin, sessile, small ; spores 8 in the ascus, elongate or
ellipsoid, simple, rarely 1-septate, colourless.

Distinguished from other genera of the Order by the small apo-
thecia without a thalline margin.

1. P. corallinoides A. Zahlbr. in Ann. K. K. Naturhist.
Hofmus. Wien xiii. p. 462 (1899).—Thallus minutely granular,
thinly coralloid-squamulose, brownish-green or leaden-grey, the
hypothallus bluish-black or blackish. Apothecia small, plane or
convex, brown or reddish-brown, usually paler at the margin,
internally brownish-black ; paraphyses slender, sparsely septate ;
spores ellipsoid, simple, 12-19 » long, 6-8 pw thick ; hymenial
gelatine intensely blue with iodine.—Stereocaulon corallinoides
Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 129 (1795) fide Wainio in Medd. Soe.
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 23 (1888). Lichen microphyllus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 2128 (1810) (non Swartz). Lecidea microphylla Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41 (1821) (Ach.?). Lepidoma triptophyllum 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 462 (1821). Placodium microphyllum Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. y. p. 198 (1833). Parmelia plumbea var.
microphylla Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142 (1833). Pannaria
triptophylla Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 313 (1856)
pro parte ; Mudd Man. p. 123; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 167 ; ed. 3,
p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42. Pannularia triptophylla Stiz.
Lich. Helv. p. 82 (1882) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 44 (1889)
& Monogr. i. p. 341.

Ezxsicc. Cromb. n. 153.

Differs from P. microphylla in the less developed thallus and the
darker hypothecium on which the squamules are adnate and plane,
becoming broken up into granules later. It varies in colour according
to situation, and may be almost black (f. nzgricans Leight. Lich. I'l.
ed. 3, p. 153). It is rarely fertile in the British Isles.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded districts. — Distr. Some-
what local, though plentiful where it occurs in the hilly or mountainous
regions of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. St. Breock, Cornwall ;
near Lydford, Hustyn’s Wood and Lyn, Devon; Dolgelly, Barmouth,
Cwm-Bychan and Harlech, Merioneth; Beddgelert, Carnarvon ; Kent-
mere, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Inverary,
Barealdine and Appin, Argyll; Crianlarich, Loch Katrine and Glen
Lochay, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Moidart,
Invernessshire ; Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Rossshire; Glen Bower Woods
and Glengariff, Cork; Tore Mt. and Dinish, Killarney, Kerry.

I. z G

82 . CYCLOCARPINEX [PARMELIELLA

Var. incrassata A. L. Sm.—Thallus thick, of densely crowded
closely packed upright squamules, the whole coarsely cracked,
brownish-grey on a black hypothallus. Apothecia very rare,
convex, brownish-black.—Pannaria triptophylla var. incrassata
Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. p. 124 (1866).
P. lasiella Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. p. 164 (1877-8). Pannularia
triptophylla var. incrassata Cromb, in Grevillea xviii. p. 44
(1889) & Monogr, i. p. 341.

Differs from the species in the more massive thallus.

Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on mossy ground among rocks,
in upland wooded districts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce in the Scottish
Highlands.—B. M. Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth-
shire.

2. P. microphylla Miill.-Arg. in Flora Ixxii. p. 507 (1889).—
Thallus subdeterminate, minutely squamulose, irregularly cracked,
the squamules closely imbricate, crenate, tawny- or pale-grey,
often whitish at the margins, hypothallus brownish-black.
Apothecia rather small, usually convex, brownish or reddish,
internally pale ; paraphyses dark at the tips ; spores ellipsoid,
guttulate, 10-17 » long, 5-8 w thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish
then wine-red with iodine. Lichen wmicrophyllus Swartz ex
Westr. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xii. p. 301 (1791). LL. escharoides
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1247 (1803)? Lecidea coronata var. escharoides
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 182 (1833). Pannaria microphylla
Massa]. Ric. Lich. p. 112 (1852); Mudd Man. p. 123; Oromb.
Lich, Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 166; ed. 3, p. 152.
Pannularia microphylla Stiz. Lich. Helv. p. 82 (1882-3) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i, p. 340.

Exsicc. Larb. Cesar. n. 71 & Lich. Hb. n. 89.

Well characterized by the minute Palate imbricate squamules.
The apothecia are scattered or crowded.

Hab. On rocks or on the ground in maritime districts.—Disé¢r.
Rather rare in the Channel Islands and W. Scotland, more frequent
in W. Ireland.—B. M. Guernsey; Rozel, Jersey; near Penzance,
Cornwall; Loch Creran and Barcaldine, Argyll; Connemara, Galway;
near Croagh Patrick and Clare Island, Mayo.

Var. cheilea A. L. Sm.—Thallus darker than in the species,
not whitish at the margins. Apothecia somewhat immersed and
plane, spores ellipsoid-oblong, frequently 1-septate.—Pannaria
cheilea Nyl. ex Mudd Man. p. 126 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 43; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169; ed. 3, p. 155. Massalongia
cheilea Mudd 1. e.—Pannularia microphylla £. cheilea Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 43 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 341.

Like the species except in the darker thallus and the septate
spores, which Nylander considered to be only spuriously septate (Syn.
Lich. ii. p. 35 (1885) ).

Hab. On damp schistose rocks.—Distr. Local and scarce in

PARMELIELLA | PANNARIACEX 83

W. Scotland and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Loch Creran, Barcaldine,
Argyll; Western Blasquet Island and Blackwater Bridge, Kerry;
Killree, Clare.

3. P. lepidiota Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flechten Tirol &e.
p- 97 (1902).—Thallus of small squamules, firm, crenulate and
often with ascending margins, imbricate-crowded, especially
towards the centre, rather dingy brown or tawny-whitish.
Apothecia moderate in size, plane or convex, dark-red or brown,
internally pale-whitish ; spores ellipsoid, simple, 15-23 yp long,
8-12 p» thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with
iodine. —Lichenoides granosum subglaucum, tuberculis planis nigri-
cantibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 544, t. 82, fig. 2 (1741). Lecidea
carnosa var, lepidiota Sommerf. Supp. Fl. Lapp. p. 174 (1826). .
Pannularia lepidiota Stiz. Lich. Helv. p. 82 (1882); Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 43 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 340.

The crimped and crenate margins of the squamules give the plant
oiten a granular appearance.

Hab. Spreading over decayed mosses on the ground in alpine
situations.—B. M. Above Loch-na-gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

4, P. plumbea Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 206 (1890).—Thallus
highly developed, orbicular, coriaceous or membranaceous, sub-
monophyllous, adnate, the surface marked with radiating lines
and concentric shell-like conformations, occasionally with bluish-
green isidiose granules, and often crowdedly tuberculose or
isidiose, the outer margin broadly crenate, dull-greyish or leaden-
coloured, with a thickish rhizinose leaden-bluish hypothallus.
Apothecia small, plane or convex, reddish- or dark-brown, the
proper margins thin, entire, paler, often obliterated, pale within ;
paraphyses septate, brown at the slightly swollen tips; spores
ellipsoid, simple, colourless, 16-30 long, 7-11 » thick ; hymenial
gelatine bluish with iodine.—Lichenoides tenue et molle, Agarici
facie Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 179, t. 24, fig. 73 (1741). Lichen plumbeus
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 826, t. 26 (lower fig.) (1877) ; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 60; Engl. Bot. t. 353. L. cawrulescens Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 531 (1778). Parmelia plumbea Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 212 (1803) ; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.p. 440; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p- 53; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 142 pro parte. Pannaria
plumbea Del. ex Duby Bot. Gall. p. 606 (1830) (incl. var.
myriocarpa) ; Mudd Man. p. 121 (inel. var. myriocarpa) ; Leight.
Lich, Fl. p. 170; ed. 3, p. 154 (inel. £. myriocarpa). Placodium
plumbeum Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 197 (1833). Coccocarpia
plumbea Nyl. in Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 109 (1857) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43 & Monogr. i. p. 346 (incl. var. myriocarpa) ;
var. myriocarpa Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 128 (1861).

Exsice. Croall n. 96 ; Cromb. nos. 56, 57 ; Dicks. Hort. Sice.
fase. x. n. 24; Johns. nos. 96, 321 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 72 & Lich.
Hb. n. 253; Leight. n. 233.

q@ 2

Pe ee

84 CYCLOCARPINEX [PARMELIELLA

The genus Coccocarpia, in which this lichen has been included by
Nylander and others, was based on species from which P. plwmbea
differs in the structure of the thallus and in the algal constituents.
As already remarked by Nylander (1. c.), var. myriocarpa is scarcely
to be distinguished from the species. It is marked by crowded
tubercles, especially towards the centre of the thallus, and is evidently
a growth form, as there are all gradations from the tuberculose to the
smooth thallus even on one specimen. The rhizinose hypothallus is
sometimes very luxuriant (panniform). The apothecia are normally
bright-coloured, but may become dark-brown.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, on mossy boulders and walls in
maritime and inland wooded regions.—Distr. General and common
throughout the British Isles—B. M. La Coupe, Jersey; Guernsey ;
Alderney ; near Penzance, Bodmin, Pentire, Bocconoe and Respring,
Cornwall; Clovelly, South Brent, Bolt Head, Throwleigh, Totnes,
near Slapton, Lidford, Okehampton and Torquay, Devon; Appuldur-
comb, I. of Wight; Danny Wood, Tilgate and Eridge Rocks, Sussex ;
Romney Marsh, Kent; Aberdovey, near Dolgelly and near Barmouth,
Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed, Denbighshire; I. of Anglesea; Eggle-
stone and Teesdale, Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Keswick
and Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland; Maxwelton, Dumfriesshire ; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; near Campsie, Stirlingshire; near
Inverary, Barcaldine, Appin, Oban and Head of Loch Awe, Argyll;
Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay, The Trossachs, Aberfeldy, Rannoch and
Killin, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; S. of Fort William and Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ;
Cawdor Castle, Nairnshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Castlebernard,
Cork; Cromaglown and Blackwater Bridge, Kerry; Connemara,
Galway; Achill and Louisburgh, Mayo.

5. P. melantera A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, squamulose,
cracked into areole, black, the squamules thickish, minutely
papillose, bluish-black beneath. Apothecia small, sessile, plane
or somewhat shining ; hypothecium brownish ; paraphyses septate,
rather stout; spores elongate, simple or 1—3-septate, 30-45 p
long, 4-5 p thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, the asci tawny,
with iodine-—Pannaria melantera Stirt. Scott. Nat. v. p. 16
(1879); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 544. Pannularia melantera
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 44 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 344.
Specimen not seen.

A doubtful Parmeliella, but impossible to classify with certainty
in the absence of data as to the gonidia contained in the squamules.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

29. PANNARIA Del. ex Duby Bot. Gall. p. 606 (1830);
emend. Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 360 (1879). (PI. 29.)

Thallus granular, squamulose, or almost foliose, with a dark
hypothallus of felted hyphe on the under surface, the upper
cortex a plectenchyma of vertical cell rows. Algal cells Nostoc.
Apothecia becoming superficial, disciform with a thalline margin ;
hypothecium colourless or pale-coloured ; spores 8 in the ascus,
elongate-ellipsoid, or almost fusiform, simple, colourless. Spermo-

PANNARIA | PANNARIACEX 85

gones in thalline tubercles, with septate sterigmata and short
pleurogenous spermatia.

A widely-spread genus, the species of which are mostly exotic.
European species are nearly all represented in the British Isles.

1, P. rubiginosa Del. in Duby Bot. Gall. p. 606 (1830).—
Thallus orbicular, squamulose, appressed to the substratum,
dull-glaucous or pale, the squamules lobulate-crenate at the
circumference, crenate or crenulate in the centre and _ silvery-
white at the margins; hypothallus spongy-tomentose, bluish-
black. Apothecia numerous and crowded, moderate in size, red
or reddish-brown, with a silvery-white crenate margin; spores
ellipsoid, sometimes with pointed ends, 17-30 » long, 6-11 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.--Mudd Man. p. 122;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 164; ed. 3, p. 150.
Lichen rubiginosus Thunb. ex Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 99 (1798).
L. afinis Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iv. p. 24, t. 12, fig. 6 (1801) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 983. Parmelia rubiginosa Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 212
(1803); 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 440; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53.
P. plumbea var. affinis Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142
(1836). Squamaria afinis Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 196
(1833).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 53; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 11; Leight. n. 234.

Well marked by the silvery-white margins of the squamules and
apothecia. The squamules may be crowded and imbricate at the
centre, they are radiating at the circumference.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely among mosses on walls
and rocks, in maritime and upland districts.—Dvzstr. General and
usually plentiful in hilly or mountainous districts—B. M. Guernsey ;
Bocconoec and near Respring, Cornwall; Cornworthy, Totnes and
Clovelly, Devon; Appuldurcomb, I. of Wight; Chalton Forest,
Hants; Eridge Park, Sussex; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Aber-
dovey, Merioneth ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Keswick and Enner-
dale, Cumberland; Teesdale and Egglestone Woods, Durham; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Inverary, Head of Loch Awe, Appin,
Barcaldine, and near Oban, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay and
Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Corriemulzie Falls and near Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Invernessshire; Dunkerron and
old Dromore, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway.

Var. conoplea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 105 (1855).—
Squamules pulverulent, sorediose at the edges, except those of the
extreme circumference, but towards the centre the soredia often
covering the whole surface, the powdery granules bluish-grey,
minutely coralline. Apothecia small, appressed, rather rare, the
thalline margin pulverulent ; spores usually rather smaller than
in the species.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; var. cxruleo-badia
Mudd Man. p. 122 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 164; ed. 3,
p- 151. Lichen cxruleo-badius Schleich. Cent ii. n. 71 in Schrad.
Neu. Journ. Bot. p. 197 (1806) nomen nudum. Parmelia

86 CYCLOCARPINEE | PANNARIA

conoplea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 467 (1810). P. plumbea var.
tumescens Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142 (1833).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 54; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 12.

Almost specifically distinct, but connected with the species by
intermediate states.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and inland districts.—
Distr. General and not uncommon throughout the British Isles.—
B.M. La Coupe, Jersey; Guernsey; Withiel, Cornwall; Newton
Bushell, Lidford and near South Brent, Devon; Appuldurcomb, I. of
Wight; St. Leonard’s Forest, Black Down and Tilgate, Sussex ;
Charlton Forest, Kent ; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnarvon-
shire ; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Borrowdale, Cumberland ; Teesdale,
Durham ; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll ;
Glen Lochay, Killin, Aberfeldy and Den of Reichip, Perthshire ; 8. of
Fort William, Invernessshire; Glenferness, Nairnshire; Killarney,
Kerry ; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway.

2. P. pezizoides Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165 (1871) ; ed. 3, p. 150
(excl. var. coronata).—Thallus subcircular, often rather wide-
spreading, granular-squamulose, the squamules small, crenute,
densely crowded and imbricate, with a granular appearance,
tawny- or greyish-brown ; a thin arachnoid greyish-white hypo-
thallus sometimes visible. Apothecia moderate in size or rather
large, plane, red, or reddish-brown, the thalline margin crenulate ;
spores fusiform-ellipsoid, minutely warted, 15-28 p» long, 7-11 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine bright-blue then sordid-bluish with
iodine.—P. brunnea Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 113 (1852) pro parte ;
Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 123 (1861); Mudd Man. p. 123, t. 2, fig. 37
(excl. var. coronata) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42. Lichen pezizoides
Web. Spicil. Fl. Goett. p. 200 (1778). L. brumneus Swartz in
Nov. Act. Upsala iv. p. 247 (1784); Engl. Bot. t. 1246.
Lecanora brunnea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 419 (1810) pro parte ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 335. Psoroma
brunneum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 446 (1821). Lecidea
coronata Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 182 (1833) (non
Hoffm.) pro parte ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 127.

Exsicc. Croall n. 590; Cromb. n. 55; Johns. n. 253; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 14; Mudd n. 99.

Frequently confused with P. nebulosa. The thallus of both is
dark-bluish-green when moist, but in P. pezizotdes it dries to a tawny-
brown, and the formation of the thallus is different. In shady
situations it is more bluish-grey with paler apothecia. At high
altitudes, as on Ben Lawers, thallus and apothecia are darker, and
the hypothallus blackish.

Hab, On the ground on decayed mosses, rarely on stones or
decaying wood in upland regions.—Dist7, General and not uncommon
in maritime and hilly regions of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.
Near Ilfracombe, Devon; Galley Wood Common, Essex; Dolgelly
and Barmouth, Merioneth ; Bettws-y-Coed, Gwydir, Glyder Vawr and
Capel Curig, Carnarvon; Battersby Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Egglestone, Durham; Mardale, Westmoreland ; Whitehaven, Cumber-

i".

PANNARIA | PANNARIACEX! 87

land; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; near Roslin Castle, Midlothian ; Bowling Bay, Dumbarton-
shire; Barcaldine, Airds and Appin, Argyll; Fortingall, Killin, Ben
Lawers, Craig Calliach and Den of Reichip, Perthshire ; near Forfar ;
Linn of Dee and Corriemulzie and Glen Ey, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
near Fort William and Invermoriston, Invernessshire; Brandon Mt.,
Tore Mt., Cromaglown, Dunkerron and Killarney, Kerry; Killery
Bay, Connemara, Galway.

3. P. Hookeri Ny]. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 109
(1857).—Thallus squamulose, the squamules lobate-radiate and
somewhat plicate at the circumference, appressed, crowded
and imbricate, crenate towards the centre, greyish-brown or
leaden-greyish in colour ; hypothallus black. Apothecia rather
small, plane, blackish, pale within, with a thin grey somewhat
crenulate margin ; spores ellipsoid-ovoid, 12-19 p long, 5-9 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish then sordid-red with iodine.—
Mudd Man. p. 125; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 43 (1890) (incl.
var. leucolepis). P. leucolepis Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 123 (1861) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 165; ed. 3, p. 151.
P. Hookeri var. leucolepis Nyl. Syn. ii. p. 33 (1885); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 339. Lichen Hookeri Borr. in Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 2283 (1811). L. leucolepis Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. p. 410 (1812).
Lecanora Hookeri Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 (1821). Squumaria
leucolepis Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 194 (1883).

Eexsicc. Leight. n. 267.

Characterized by the leaden-coloured thallus. It is usually well
fertile with crowded apothecia, which become black with age.

Hab. On micaceo-schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Local

and scarce on the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Mael
Graedha and Craig Calliach, Perthshire.

4. P. nebulosa Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. ii.
p. 324 (1854) & Lich. Scand. p. 125.—Thallus effuse, granular-
crustaceous, irregularly cracked, the granules crowded, greyish
or dark-bluish-grey, often blackish-green. Apothecia small,
plane, or somewhat convex, red or reddish-brown, internally
pale-coloured, with an interrupted granular margin (coronate) ;
spores ellipsoid-fusiform, the wall slightly uneven, 15-24 p long,
6-9 p thick; hymenial gelatine faintly bluish then wine-red
with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 42; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 168 ;
ed. 3, p. 153. P. brunnea var. coronata Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 115
(1852); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 166 (1871); ed. 3, p. 152. Lichen
pezizoides Dicks. P). Crypt. fase. i. p. 10 (1785) (non Web.) ;
With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 21. Patellaria nebulosa Hoftm. Pl. Lich.
ii. p. 55, t. 40, fig. 1 (1794). Verrucaria coronata Hoffm.
Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 175 (1795). Lecanora pezizoides Borr. in
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2801 (1837).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 95; Larb. Cesar. n. 26 & Lich. Hb. n. 13;
Leight. n. 235.

CYCLOCARPINEX [PANNARIA

[9 2)
L

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the granular crustaceous
thallus and by the persistently dark-greenish colour. The granules
forming the margin of the apothecium gave origin to the name coronata.

Hab. On sandy soil, earth-covered walls and hedge-banks, rarely
on decaying stumps in maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Local
though plentiful where it occurs throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
Quenvais, St. Brelade’s Bay and Noirmont, Jersey; Guernsey ;
Alderney ; Wadebridge, St. Germains, Penzance and Withiel, Corn-
wall ; near Bovey Tracey and Cornworthy, Devon; I. of Wight; near
Hartfield and Tunbridge Weils, Sussex; Epping Forest, Essex; Hay
Forest, Herefordshire; Barmouth, Merioneth ; near Malvern, Worces-
tershire ; Bangor, Carnarvonshire; I. of Man; Egglestone, Durham ;
near Ennerdale, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Airds, Appin, Argyll; Loch Tay, Taymouth and Killin, Perthshire,
Cork.

30. MASSALONGIA Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 109 (1855),
Pl. 30.)
Thallus squamulose, the cortex of the upper surface of the
squamules plectenchymatous, the lower surface decorticate with
a dark rhizinose hypothallus. Algal cells Scytonema. Apothecia
plane, without a thalline margin ; asci clavate, 8-spored ; spores
colourless or becoming brownish, |-septate. Spermogones with
septate sterigmata and pleurogenous short cylindrical straight
or bent spermatia.

Separated from Pannaria owing to the difference in the algal
constituents of the thallus.

1. M. carnosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 109 (1855),—
Thallus of medium-sized dull- or tawny-brown squamules, adnexed
or partly ascending and imbricate, granular-crenate and lighter
coloured at the margins (when dry), the whole squamule bluish-
green when moist, whitish beneath, the hypothallus brownish-
black, evanescent. Apothecia rather small, plane or slightly
concave, reddish-brown, the margin paler ; spores oblong-fusiform
or rarely ellipsoid, 1-septate, 16-31 » long, 5-8 p thick ; hymenial
gelatine yellow, the apices of the asci deep bluish, with iodine.—
Mudd Man. p. 126, t. 2, fig. 39. Lichen carnosus Dicks. PI.
Crypt. fasc. 11. p. 21, t. 6, fig. 7 (1790) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 33; Engl. Bot. t. 1684. Lecanora carnosa Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p. 51 (1821). L. muscorum Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139
(1836). Psoroma muscorum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 446 (1821).
Squamaria muscorum Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 194 (1833),
Pannaria muscorum Del. ex Duby Bot. Gall. p. 607 (1830) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43. P. carnosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169
(1871) ; ed. 3, p. 155. Pannularia carnosa Cromb. in Grevillea xii,
p. 62 (1884) & Monogr. i. p. 344.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 154; Leight. n. 393.

The thalline squamules are rather thin and may spread extensively
over the substratum, or they may be crowded together.

(o )

9

MASSALONGIA | PANNARIACE

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in maritime and
mountainous districts.—Disty. Somewhat common in S8.W., W. and
N. England and N. Wales, rarer in S. Scotland and among the
Grampians and in E. Ireland.—B. M. Penzance, Cornwall; Didworthy
and near South Brent, Devon; Oswestry, Shropshire, Cader Idris,
Dolgelly. Cwm Bychan and Barmouth, Merioneth ; Teesdale, Durham ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Head of Loch Awe, Argyll ; foot
of Ben More, Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Ey,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; by Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire ; Kippure
Mts., Dublin.

Var. determinata A. L. Sm.—Thallus rather paler than in
the species, the squamules with darker granular margins.
Apothecia dark-reddish with a light-reddish margin ; paraphyses
stouter and spores larger than in the species, the latter guttulate,
26-36 » long, 7-8 » thick.—Pannaria muscorum var. determinata
Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 128 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 43.
P. carnosa var. determinata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 169 (1871) ;
ed. 3, p. 156. Pannularia carnosa var. determinata Cromb, in
Grevillea xviii. p. 44 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 345.

Owing to the guttule in the spores, these may appear to be pluri-
septate.

Hab. On moist soil in upland districts —Distr. Apparently local
and rare in E. Iveland.—B. M. Luggelaw, Wicklow.

31. PSOROMA Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 2 (1798) pro
parte; Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 175 (1855).
Lecanora subgen. Psoroma Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.
Forh. v. p. 125 (1866) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 349. (PI. 31.)

Thallus minutely squamulose-granular, corticate, the upper
cortex of plectenchyma, the lower of closely packed parallel
hyphz, some of which pass out as rhizoidal filaments. Algal
cells bright-green (Dactylococcus? Plewrococcus?). Apothecia
with a thalline margin; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses
simple, septate; asci 8-spored ; spores colourless, ellipsoid or
globose, simple (rarely 2-celled). Spermogones with septate
sterigmata and pleurogenous short cylindrical spermatia.

Though containing bright-green gonidia the affinity of this genus
is with the Pannariacee. Forssell has stated (Flora ]xvii. p. 187)
that squamules containing blue-green alge are frequently mixed
with the normal thallus and that they are exactly like those of
Pannaria pezizoides. He regards the fungus as the same in these
two lichens.

1. P. hypnorum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 445 (1821).—
Thallus granular-squamulose, the squamules crenate or granulate,
tawny-yellow or yellowish-brown (K —). Apothecia moderate in
size, or rather large up toabout 4 mm. in diam. At first urceolate,
becoming plane, reddish-brown ; paraphyses septate, clavate and
yellowish-brown at the tips; spores ellipsoid, often somewhat
acute at one or both ends, the outer wall uneven, 16-25 yu long,

90 CYCLOCARPINEE [PSOROMA

8-11 » thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with
iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44 (incl. var. deaurata) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 163; ed. 3, p. 149; £. deawrata’ Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p. 121 (1861); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 350. Lichen hypnorum
Dicks. Fl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 14 (1793) (excl. syn.) ; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 22; Engl. Bot. t. 740. Lecanora hypnorum
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 417 (1810) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 ; Grev.
Fl. Edin. p. 334 ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 139. L. lepidora
var. deaurata Ach. tom. cit. p. 418. Squamaria hypnorum Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 194 (1833). Pannaria hypnorum Koerb.
Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 108 (1855) ; Mudd Man. p. 124.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 58 pro parte ; Larb. Cesar. n. 70.

The squamules are either scattered or crowded, sometimes
extremely prominent on the margin of the apothecium. Form
deaurata does not differ except in the slightly brighter colour.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground, rocks and walls in maritime
and inland districts.—Dzstr. Not infrequent in the Channel Islands
and in Great Britain, not recorded in Ireland.—B. M. Grosnez,
Jersey; Guernsey; Tresco, Scilly Islands; Respring, Cornwall;
Dartmoor, Devon ; Shoreham Beach and Aldington Beach, Sussex;
Hale’s End, near Malvern, Worcestershire; Cym Bychan and
Aberdovey, Merioneth; Egglestone, Durham; the Cheviots, North-
umberland; Pentland Hills near Edinburgh; Hills above Greenock,
Renfrewshire ; Appin, Argyll; Killin, Craig Calliach, Falls of Bruar,
Glen Lochay, Ben Lawers and Glen Fender, Perthshire; Clova,
Reeky Linn, Kinnordy, Esk Burn and near Dundee, Forfarshire ;
Corriemulzie, Falls of Garrawalt and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire, Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Glen Dale, I. of Skye.

Orper VIII. PELTIGERACEA.

Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, heteromerous, the upper
cortex of plectenchyma, lower surface non-eorticate, or partly
corticate, provided with loose hyphe or with rhizoids. Algal
cells blue-green (Nostoc) or bright-green (Dactylococcus). Apothecia
mostly marginal and roundish, adnate on the upper or lower
surface of the thallus, without a thalline margin; hypothecium
colourless ; paraphyses stoutish, simple, septate ; spores 2-8 in
the ascus, elongate, fusiform or ellipsoid, l- or more- septate,
colourless or dark-coloured. Spermogones absent or rare. Cepha-
lodia enclosing Nostoc present in some of the genera. The following
are British :—

Apothecia marginal, superficial.

On upper surface of the thallus ............... 32. Peltigera.
On lower surface of the thallus.................. 33. Nephromium.
Apothecia scattered, sunk in the thallus. ......... 34. Solorina,

32. PELTIGERA Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 347 (1787). Peltidea
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 282 (1803); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 277.
(Pl. 32.)

Ay

PELTIGERA | PELTIGERACEX cl

Thallus often wide-spreading, submonophyllous or polyphyllous,
corticate on the upper surface ; not corticate below, tomentose or
nerved and more or less rhizinose. Algal cells blue-green, Nostoc,
bright-green Dactylococcus. Apothecia marginal, adnate on the
upper surface of the frond ; spores elongate-fusiform, 3- or pluri-
septate, colourless or brownish. Pycnidia sometimes present,
with ovoid acrogenous spores.

In most of the species of this genus the alge are blue-green. In
a few the gonidial zone is bright-green, but in these there are always
present groups of Nostoc cells enclosed in cephalodia, as small tubercles
on the upper or lower surface, or within the thallus. The veins below
are due to intercalary growth in the upper cortical layers, causing
stretching and pulling apart of the tomentum below so that the
white medulla becomes more or less exposed. The genus is divided
into two sections :—

Thallus with blue-green gonidia................sceceeeeees i. HUPELTIGERA.
Thallus with bright-green gonidia and with cepha-
OLD Dc lny 8 inte SRE ge Al oS Se eee eee an ii. PELYIDEA.

§ i. EupettTicerRA Hue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris
sér. 4, ii. p. 92 (1900).

Algal cells blue-green (Nostoc) ; cephalodia not present.

Thallus downy above.

1. P. canina Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 347 (1787).—Thallus large,
spreading, rather thick, of large rounded lobes usually downy
above, brownish-green when moist, glaucous-grey or fawn-
coloured when dry, beneath whitish, with prominent pale nerves
and long white rhizinz of fasciculate hyphe. Apothecia moderate
in size, roundish, becoming revolute, brown or brownish-red,
entire or slightly crenulate at the margin; spores elongate-
fusiform, 3—5-septate, 66-70 p long, about 4 pw thick.—Mudd
Man. p. 82, t. 1, fig. 22 (excl. vars.) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29
(incl. var. membranacea) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107; ed. 3, p. 101
(excl. f. erispa) ; var. membranacea Nyl. Syn. i. p. 324 (1860) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 288. Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum
majus, foliis divisis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 87 (1724).
Lichenoides digitatum cinereum, Lactuce foliis sinuosis Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 200, t. 27, fig. 102 = (1741). Lichen caninus L. Sp. Pl.
p- 1149 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 845; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Engl. Bot. t. 2299.
Peltidea canina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 517 (1810); 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 428 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60 (excl. var. rufescens) & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153.

Exsicc. Croall n. 492; Johns. n, 26; Larb. Cantab. n. 28 ;
Leight. n. 141; Mudd n. 59.

Distinguished from other species by the white under surface, and
the numerous long white rhizine. The thallus is variable in size,

92 CYCLOCARPINEE [PELTIGERA

and the downy covering of the surface, due to the outgrowth of
large branching anastomosing hyphe, tends to disappear on raised
or exposed portions of the thallus (a characteristic of var. membran-
acea). Pyenidia occasionally occur in tubercles on the margins of
the lobes; they are brownish-black with spores 9-12 » long, 4-5 p thick.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground, the tops of old walls and on
boulders, ete.— Dist. General and common throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Guernsey ; Jersey ; near Penzance, Withiel and Land’s
End, Cornwall; Lustleigh, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Sheffield
Park and Maresfield, Sussex; Hyde Park, London, Middlesex (18th
cent.) ; near Hereford; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Polesworth,
Warwickshire; Clee Hill and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Bar-
mouth and near Dolgelly, Merioneth; Snowdon and near Conway,
Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea ; Chatsworth, Derbyshire; Mildenhall,
Suffolk; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; The
Cheviots, Northumberland; near Berwick-on-Tweed; Alston and
Calder Bridge and Patterdale, Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Appin, Barcaldine and Inverary, Argyll; Glen Lochay,
Killin and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Strathmartin, Forfarshire;
Durris, Kincardineshire; Corriemulzie, Castleton of Braemar and
Countess Wells, Aberdeen; near Forres, Elginshire; Glen Nevis,
Invernessshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; Rostellan and Castlemary,
Cork; Killarney, Kerry ; Kylemore and Doughruagh Mts., Connemara,
Galway ; Achill Island and Clare Island, Mayo; near Belfast, Antrim.

Var. erumpens Hue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris sér. 4, i.
p- 96 (1900).—Thallus greyish-green, decumbent, thin, small,
lobate, the lobes at first rounded, subintegrate, smooth or thinly
tomentose, with central glaucous or whitish soredia, beneath
whitish with reticulate veins.—Peltidea erumpens Tayl. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. vi. p. 184 (1847). Specimen not seen.

Distinguished by the small size and the superficial soredia. Hue
gives the size of the variety as 1 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, but
Taylor’s specimen is recorded as much larger, the thallus being
1-2 inches wide.

Hab. On sides of dry banks, Dunkerron, Kerry.

2. P. spuria DC, Fl. Franc. ii. p. 406 (1805).—Thallus small
(2-4 cm.), subascending, somewhat downy or pruinose, greyish-
green, beneath whitish with rather strong white nerves and few
white rhizine. Apothecia on digitate lobes, rather small,
roundish, then oblong and revolute, brown or reddish-brown,
minutely crenulate or denticulate round the margin ; spores
3-7-septate, 56-75 p long, 3°5-4°5 p thick.—Leight. Lich. Fi.
p. 108; ed. 3, p. 103. P. canina var. pusilla Fr. Lich Eur.
p. 45 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 83. P. rufescens subsp. spuria
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29 (1870). Lichenoides digitatum cinereum,
Lactuce foliis sinuosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 200, t. 27, fig. 102
a-p (1741). Lichen spurius Ach. Lich, Suec. Prodr, p. 159
(1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1542. Peltidea spuria Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 215 (1833).

Eexsice. Johns. n. 308.

Aa

PELTIGERA | PELTIGERACEA 93

Resembles the preceding in the colourless under-surface but is
much smaller, sometimes resembling P. venosa in form.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass, also on
the stumps of trees in maritime and upland districts.—Dzistr. Rather
rare in 8.W. and N. England, N. Wales, and among the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Totnes, Devon; near Ryde, Shanklin and Ventnor,
I. of Wight; Sussex Downs, near Brighton, Hurstpierpoint and Hay-
wards Heath, Sussex; Ightham, Kent; Epping Forest and Ulting,
Essex; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Sotterley, Suffolk; Gog-
magog Hills, Cambridgeshire ; Oswestry and Church Stretton, Shrop-
shire; Yusfaig, N. Wales ; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Streatlam,
Durham; Appin, Argyll; The Trossachs and Falls of Tummel, Perth-
shire; Durris, Kincardineshire.

3. P. rufescens Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. p. 107 (1795).—Thallus
spreading, horizontal, rather thickish, downy above, roundly
lobed, often crisp at the edges, greenish- or greyish-brown when
moist, light-brown or greyish-red when dry, beneath with thick
brownish or dark nerves and scattered dark rhizine. Apothecia
moderate in size, roundish or somewhat oblong, red or brownish-
red, the margin denticulate ; spores 3—5-septate, 42-72 » long,
4-5 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 108; ed. 3, p. 102. P. canina var. rufescens Mudd Man.
p. 82 (1861). Lichenoides peltatum terrestre rufescens Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n, 88 (1724). Lichenoides digitatum
rufescens, foliis Lactuce crispis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 203, t. 27,
tig. 103 (1741). Lichen caninus var. rufescens Weiss Pl. Crypt.
Gott. p. 79 (1770); Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 846. L. rufescens
Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 79 (1771); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405
(L. rufus errore p. 70); Engl. Bot. t. 2300. Peltidea rufescens
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 285 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 216 (1833). P. canina var. crispa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 519
(1810); var. rufescens Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 60 (1821). P. erispa
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 428 (1821).

Ezsice. Bohl. n. 87 ; Cromb. n. 43; Johns. n. 227.

Closely allied to P. canina, intermediate stages occurring between
the two species, but in general it is more reddish in colour, and the
margin of the lobes are crisper. It differs also in habitat.

Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks, and the stumps of trees in
maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Rather rare throughout
the British Isles —B. M. Guernsey; Penzance, Cornwall; Totnes,
Devon; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Hafod,
Cardiganshire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire ;
near Fort William, Invernessshire ; Rosscarbery, Cork; Clare Island,
Mayo.

Var. pretextata Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 325 (1860).—Varies in
the isidiiferous or minutely squamulose margins of the thalline
lobes.—Form pretextata Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 574
(1880) & Monogr. i. p. 289. P. canina var. linbata Mudd Man.

94 CYCLOCARPINE® [PELTIGERA

p- 83 (1861) (non Del.); form crispa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 102 (1879) (non Ach.) ; form lepidophora Cromb. in Grevillea
xv. p. 77 (1887) (non Nyl.). Peltidea ulorrhiza var. pretextata
Floerke ex Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 123 (1826).

Euxsicc. Bohl. u. 30; Johns. n. 363; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 46;
Leight. n. 262 pro parte; Mudd n. 60.

Well marked by the densely isidioid margins of the thallus.

Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks, etc., generally in moist places. -
—Distr. Throughout the British Isles, more frequent than the species.
—B.M. Rozel, Jersey ; Bocconoc, Cornwall; Lustleigh and Widdi-
combe, Devon; near Worcester; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth ;
Easby, Sowerdale and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Windermere and near Kendal, Westmoreland; Keswick,
Cumberland; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Killin and Glen
Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; near Fort William, Invernessshire; I. of Skye; Killarney,
Kerry; Glendalough, Connemara, Galway ; Clare Island, Mayo.

Thallus pulverulent, granular or scabrid above.

4. P. malacea Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 44 (1831).—Thallus moderate
in size, thickish, smooth or obsoletely pulverulent, pale-greyish-
brown when moist, bright-brown or greyish when dry, beneath
tomentose, dark-brown at the centre, becoming lighter and
almost colourless towards the margin, without nerves. Apothecia
moderate in size, orbicular, adnate, brownish-red, crenulate at
the margin ; spores elongate-fusiform, 3—5-septate, 58-74 p long,
5-6 p thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. lvii. p. 147 (1874) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 102 pro parte. Peltidea malacea Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 240 (1814) pro parte; var. microloba Nyl. ex Lamy in
Bull. Soc. Bot. xxv. p. 378 (1878) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 287.

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 362.

Distinguished by the almost continuous brown tomentum of the
under surface. Apothecia are occasionally formed on the under side
of the thallus, but in that case not at the extreme margin as in
Nephromiwm (Bitter in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. xxii. p. 248 (1904) ).

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and about the roots of trees in
mountainous regions.—Distr. Rare in hilly or mountainous regions in
W. England and Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Gravesend, Kent ;
Bridgnorth and Hope Bowdler, Shropshire; Inverary, Argyll; Glen
Lochay and Dunkeld, Perthshire.

5. P. scutata Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ, p. 60 (1855).—Thallus
divided into moderate-sized lobes, more or less minutely granular
or furfuraceous, the lobes undulate, crenate, crisp and bluish-grey-
sorediate (rarely naked) at the margins, greyish-green when
moist, pale tawny-brown when dry, beneath with a pale brown
tomentum, whitish interspaces and whitish rhizine, the nerves
and rhizinsee both becoming darker. Apothecia rare, small,
roundish, on short ascending lobes, the margin crenate and

PELTIGERA | PELTIGERACEX 95

inflexed ; spores usually 3-septate, 44-60 » long, 4-5 w thick.—
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 110; ed. 3, p. 104. P. polydactyla var.
scutata Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 47 (1831) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29.
P. canina var. scutata Mudd Man. p. 83 (1861). Lichenoides
subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis Dill. Hist, Muse. p. 205,
t. 28, fig. 104 c (1741). Lichen scutatus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase.
3, p. 18 (1793) (non Wulf.) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71; Engl.
Bot. t. 1834. Peltidea scutata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 285 (1803) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 215.

Exsicc. Cromb. n, 44; Johns. n. 126; Leight. n. 262 pro parte.

Somewhat similar to P. polydactyla var. collina in the form of
the lobes, but characterized by the furfuraceous thallus and nearly
always by the sorediate margins.

Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of trees, rarely on turf-walls
in wooded districts.—Dvzstr. Not frequent in 8.W. and N. England,
in Wales and in Scotland, and in N.E. and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Tregawn, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Becky Fall, Elburton, Kings-
bridge, Ivy Bridge, South Brent and near Harberton, Devon;
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Up Park and near Hastings, Sussex; near
Oswestry, Shropshire; near Edwinsford, Caermarthenshire; Hafod,
Cardiganshire; Dolgelly and Llyn Bodlyn, Mericneth; Hoggarts
Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ambleside, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh
and Keswick, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire;
Collinton Woods, near Edinburgh ; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyll;
The Trossachs, Glen Lochay and Schiehallion, Perthshire ; near Fort
William, Invernessshire; Glenferness, Nairnshire; Killarney, Kerry ;
near Belfast, Antrim.

6. P. scabrosa Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 45 (1860).—Thallus
moderate in size, subcoriaceous, finely and minutely areolate-
seabrid, roundly lobed, pale-brown or greyish, beneath whitish,
subreticulate with nearly confluent nerves, pale towards the
periphery, blackish towards the centre. Apothecia moderate
in size, roundish, at length revolute, brownish-red or dark-brown,
the margin subcrenulate ; spores 3- or more- septate, 68-80 pu long,
or longer, 4-5 thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195
(1885).

Allied to P. rufescens but differs in the scabrid thallus and in the
long narrow spores. There is no specimen in the British herbarium.

Hab. On turf-covered walls between Corriemulzie and Inverey,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Thallus naked, shining above.

7. P. polydactyla Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 106 (1795).—
Thallus thinnish, smooth and shining, frequently digitate-lobed
and ascending at the margins, especially when fertile, glaucous-
green when moist, brownish-grey or tawuy-brown when dry,
covered below with a brown tomentum or reticulate with white

96 CYCLOCARPINE [PELTIGERA

interspaces and wide brown veins, which are often blackish
towards the centre, and with or without concolorous rhizine.
Apothecia moderate in size or small, generally somewhat oblong,
reddish-brown, the margin irregularly crenate ; spores thinly
3-7-septate, 60-80 p long, 4—5 p thick.—Mudd Man. p. 83; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 29 (excl. var. scutata); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 109;
ed. 3, p. 103 (incl. var. hymenina); f£. microcarpa Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 291 (1894); var. hymenina Cromb. loc. cit. p. 292.
Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 207, t. 28,
fig. 107 (1741) & Lichenoides membranaceum pellucidum, peltis
digitatis geminatis p. 208, t. 28, fig. 108. Lichen polydactilon
Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 85 (1771); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69.
L. caninus var. polydactylon Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 846 (1777) ;
vars. y & 6 Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547. Peltidea polydactyla
Ach. Meth. Muse. p. 286 (incl. var. pellucida) ; 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. vy.
p. 216; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154; var. microcarpa
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 520 (1810). P. hymenina Ach. Meth. Muse.
p. 284 (1803).

Exsice. Bohl. nos. 56,71; Cromb. n. 148 ; Johns. nos. 27, 28 ;
Larbal. Lich. Hb. (without number); Leight. n. 172; Mudd
ny Ol.

Distinguished by the smooth upper surface, the brownish tomentum
below and the incurving of the narrow fertile lobules and apothecia
and by the septation of the spores. The veining below due to stretching
growth varies; in some specimens or parts of specimeng it is less
evident and the tomentum is almost continuous (var. hymenina), in
others the process is more marked. Sometimes the tomentum is
blackish towards the centre. The apothecia and thallus may be
small (f. microcarpa) or of fairly large dimensions. When the
apothecia are two together it is referred to by Dillenius as geminate
(var. pellucida Ach.). The pyenidial spores are 7-12 » long, 3-4 » thick.

Hab. Among mosses and short grass in maritime and inland
districts.—-Distr. General and mostly common throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Guernsey; near Penzance, Bocconoc and Withiel,
Cornwall; near Totnes and Dartmoor, Devon; Nutley, Hants;
Danny, Sussex; High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Epping Forest,
Essex; Gogmagog Hills, Cambridgeshire; near Worcester and near
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Ludlow,
Bridgnorth and near Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Aberdovey and
near Dolgelly, Merioneth; Anglesea; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Egglestone, Durham ; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Alston
and near Whitehaven, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbright-
shire; Auchindenny Wood, near Edinburgh; Kenmure, near Glasgow,
Lanarkshire; Inverary, Appin and Barealdine, Argyll; Glen Lochay,
Glen Fender, Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardine-
shire ; Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber, Inverness-
shire; near Forres, Elginshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Cromaglown,
Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore, Galway; near Westport, Mayo.

Form collina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 90 (1861).—Characterized
by the smaller lobes, which are crisp at the margins (cf. n, 5).—

PELTIGERA | PELTIGERACEE 97

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876). Var. collina Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 104 (1879). Lichen collinus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 162 (1798).

Eexsice. Johns. n. 309.

Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground and on old walls in upland
districts.— Distr. Rare in N. England, among the Grampians, Scotland,
and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Cumberland; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perth-
shire; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Killarney, Kerry.

Var. lophyra Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 90 (1861),—Thallus lobes
rounded. Apothecia small, roundish, oblong or transversely
oblong. Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29. Peltidea horizontalis var.
lophyra Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 516 (1810).

Acharius’ description of the lobes as being elevated and crisp at
the margins might rather refer to f. collina. Acharius cites as
synonymous Withering’s Lichen rufescens and L. rufus, which are
quoted under P. rufescens. There is no specimen of this variety in
the British herbarium.

Hab. On decayed mosses on boulders at Finlarig, Killin, Perth-
shire.

8. P. horizontalis Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 107 (1795).—
Thallus rather large and spreading, smooth and somewhat
shining, sometimes with frequent dents or hollows, the lobes
sinuate and slightly undulate at the margins, dull or brownish-
green when moist, pale-glaucous or brown when dry, beneath
brownish at the circumference, becoming brownish-black towards
the centre, reticulate with white interstices, and with few
scattered dark rhizine. Apothecia usually abundant and large,
round or elliptical, plane, reddish-brown, becoming darker, the
margin subcrenulate ; spores 6-8 in the ascus, rather broadly
fusiform, 3-septate, 30-42 » long, 6-7 » thick—Mudd Man.
p. 84; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 110;
ed. 3, p. 104. Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus planis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 205, t. 28, fig. 104.4, B (1741). Lichen
horizontalis L. Mant. p. 132 (1767); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 543;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 849 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 72; Engi.
Bot. t. 888. Peltidea horizontalis Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 288 (1803) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 60 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 215 ; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 153.

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 37; Cromb. n. 45; Dicks. Hort. Sice.
fase. xvi. n. 24; Johns. n. 228; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 249;
Leight. n. 108 ; Mudd n. 62.

Characterized by the large thallus and the round apothecia which
remain horizontal, and also by the size and septation of the spores.

Hab. Among mosses and rocks, trees and walls, mostly in upland
districts.—Distr. General though not common in hilly districts of
Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Pentire, Cornwall; Dartmoor,
Ilsham Walk and near Totnes, Devon; New Forest, Hants ; Eridge
Rocks, Ardingly and near Henfield, Sussex; Betchworth, Surrey ;

ii H

98 CYCLOCARPINEEZ [PELTIGERA

Leigh Woods near Bristol, Gloucestershire ; Bardon Hill and Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; near Sim-
mond’s Yat, Monmouthshire ; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Oswestry and Whitcliff Rocks, Shrop-
shire; Stogdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Keswick, Cumberland; The Cheviots, Northumberland; New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire; Swanston near Edinburgh; Bowling Bay,
Dumbartonshire; Dunoon and Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Katrine,
near Callander, Kenmore, Craighall and Dunkeld, Perthshire; Sidlaw
Hills, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lochaber,
Invernessshire; near Forres, Elginshire; Killarney, Kerry; Louis-
burgh, Mayo.

Var. muscorum Schleich. ex Scher. Enum. p. 21 (1850),—
Thallus lobes and apothecia constantly smaller. Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 105;
f. muscorum Cromb. Monogr. 1. p. 294 (1894).

Ezsice. Johns. n. 229.

Hab. Among mosses at the roots of old trees in upland districts.—
Distr. Rare in 8.W. and N. England, 8. Grampians, Scotland, and
N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Paignton, Devon; Formby, Lancashire (on
sandhills) ; near Whitehaven, Cumberland; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ;
Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

§ ii. Pextipea Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 179 (1890).
Algal cells bright-green (Dactylococcus) ; cephalodia present.

9. P. aphthosa Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 347 (1787).—Thallus
broadly membranaceous, thin or somewhat thickish, smooth and
shining above, bright-green when moist, dull-brownish when dry,
dotted with darker-coloured tubercle-like epigenous cephalodia.
Apothecia roundish, moderate in size or rather large, about
8 mm. in diameter, adnate on the ends of rather narrow thallus
segments, reddish-brown, slightly lacerate at ‘the edges ; spores
fusiform, 3—7-septate, colourless or pale-brown, 50-90 » long,
5-6 p thick—Mudd Man. p. 81; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 107;
ed. 3, p. 101. Lichenoides digitatum letevirens, verrucis nigris
notatum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 207, t. 28, fig. 106 (1741). Lichen
aphthosus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1148 (1753); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 847 ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 547; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 70;
Engl. Bot.t. 1119. Peltidea aphthosa Ach. Meth. p. 287 (1803) ;
8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 428; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 60 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 215; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 153 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 28 & Monogr. i. p. 278.

Exsice. Croall n. 491; Cromb. n. 147; Johns. n. 306;
Leight. n. 321.

Chiefly distinguished by the presence of cephalodia, as small dark
tubercles dotted on the surface of the thallus. Supposed to resemble
spots caused by “thrush,” hence the name aphthosa. It is more
generally fruitful in northern localities.

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders, as also on turf-walls

PELTIGERA | PELTIGERACEE 99

in moist shaded upland localities.—Dzistr. Rather rare in W. and N.
England and 8. Scotland; more plentiful in the Grampians; rare in
Treland.—B. M. Stout’s Wood, Gloucestershire; Craigforda, Here-
fordshire ; Llyn Bodlyn, Merioneth; Llanberris, Carnarvonshire ;
Buxton, Derbyshire ; Walla Crag, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham ;
The Cheviots, Northumberland; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire; near
Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach, Glen
Lochay, Killin, Blair Athole and Den of Reichip, Perthshire; Clova
and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Invercauld, Blair Athole
and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Lochy and Loch
Linnhe, Invernessshire; near Belfast, Antrim ; Connemara, Galway.

Var. leucophlebia Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 323 (1860).—Thallus
usually smaller, more opaque and whitish beneath, with distinct
whitish nerves. Apothecia rare (not seen in Britain) ; spores
3-septate, 52-66 w long, 4-6 thick. Peltidea aphthosa var.
leucophlebia Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v.
p. 117 (1866) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 278.

Eusice. Johns. n. 83 ; Mudd n. 58.

Hab. Among mosses on shady rocks or on the ground in upland
districts.— Distr. Rare in S.W. and N. England, in S. Scotland and
in the Highlands, not seen from Ireland.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon;
White Force, and on moors, Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, West-
moreland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill, near
Edinburgh ; near Inverary, Invernessshire ; the Ochills, Blair Athole,
Rannoch and The Trossachs, Perthshire.

10. P. venosa Hoffm. Pl. Lich. i. p. 31, t. 6, fig. 2 (1790).—
Thallus rather small, up to 2 cm. across, the fronds ascending,
roundish, entire or somewhat lobate, smooth and shining, bright-
green when moist, greyish or greyish-brown or fawn-coloured
when dry, beneath white with dark-brown branching nerves
radiating from the base. Cephalodia somewhat globose, glaucous-
green, becoming dark-coloured, hypogenous, seated on the brown
tomentose nerves. Apothecia roundish, moderate in size or
rather larger, up to about 5 mm. in diameter, plane, adnate,
dark-brown or blackish, the proper margin somewhat crenate,
evanescent ; spores 6 to 8 in the ascus, fusiform, 3-septate,
colourless or pale-brown, 30-45 p long, 7-8 pw thick.—Mudd
Man. p. 84, t. 1, fig. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 111; ed. 3, p. 105.
Lichenoides parvum virescens, peltis nigricantibus planis Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 208, t. 28, f. 109 (1741). Lichen venosus L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1148 (1753); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 844; Huds. Fl. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 546; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 69; Engl. Bot. t. 887.
Peltidea venosa Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 282 (1803) ; 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 427 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 215; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28 & Monogr. i. p. 279.

Easice. Cromb. n. 42.

Differs from the preceding species in the much smaller size of the

thallus and in the hypogenous cephalodia.
H 2

100 CYCLOCARPINES [PELTIGERA

Hab. On turf walls and on the ground in fissures of rocks in
upland and mountainous situations.—Dvzstr. Rare in the hilly regions
of W. England, Wales, N. Ireland and 8S. Scotland, more frequent in the
Grampians.—B. M. Whitcliff Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ; Glyder
Fawr, Carnarvonshire ; Kirkmichael and near Moftat, Dumfriesshire ;
Habbies How, Pentland Hills near Edinburgh; Menstrie Glen, near
Stirling; Stronachlachar, Finlarig, Killin, Ben Lawers, Glen Lyon
and Pass of Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Reeky Linn and Clova, Forfar-
shire; Belfast, Antrim.

33. NEPHROMIUM Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.
p. 101 (1857) & Syn. i. p. 318 (1860). (PL. 33.)

Thallus foliose, horizontal, corticate on both surfaces, the
under surface sometimes tomentose. Algal cells Nostoc. Apo-
thecia marginal, roundish, adfixed on the lower surface of the
thallus, finally directed upwards by the turning back of the
fertile lobes, without a thalline margin; paraphyses simple,
septate ; spores fusiform-oblong, usually brownish, 1—3-septate.
Spermogones with septate sterigmata and small straight some-
what dumbbell-shaped pleurogenous spermatia.

The associated genus Nephroma which contains bright-green
gonidia is not represented in the British Isles; the species are mostly
found in cold regions.

1. N. resupinatum Dalle Torre & Sarnth. Die Flechten
Tirol, &e. p. 80 (1902).—Thallus suborbicular, lobate or laciniate-
jobate, smooth or thinly tomentose, dull-glaucous or brown, paler
beneath, densely tomentose and dotted with white granules (the
medulla white, K —). Apothecia moderate in size, reddish-
brown, unequal and crenulate at the margins; spores colourless
or brownish, 20-24 yp long, 6-7 p thick.—N. tomentosum Nyl. in
Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 101 (1857) s»Carroll in Journ.
Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 105 (incl. var. rameum ; ed. 3, p. 99 ; subsp. rameum Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 2837 (non Scher.). Lichen resupinatus L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1148 (1753) fide Wainio in Med. Soc. Faun, & Fl. Fenn. xiy.
p. 6 (1886). L. tomentosus Swartz Prodr. Fl. Ind. p. 147 (1788).
Peltigera tomentosa Hoffm, Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 108 (1795).
Nephroma resupinata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 522 (1810); 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 426; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 216; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 154.

A specimen from Robt. Brown marked subsp. ramewm agrees with
the species, and is from the same locality. Both species and ‘ sub-
species’’ are sprinkled with white dots (pseudocyphelle) on the under
surface. The subspecies differs, however, in the longer narrower
lobes and somewhat thinner texture of the thallus. There does not
seem to be any authentic record of its occurrence in the British Isles.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in rocky upland situations.—

B. M. Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.
‘

NEPHROMIUM | PELTIGERACEE 101

2. N. levigatum Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.
p. 101 (1857).—Thallus suborhicular, smooth above, chestnut- or
dull-brown, the lobes sinuate-crenate at the margins, beneath
glabrous and slightly wrinkled, pale (medulla white, K —).
Apothecia smaJl or moderate, reddish-brown, crenulate, unequal
at the margin, depressed and granulate at the back ; spores
20-24 » long, 6-7 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 104; ed. 3, p. 99. Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis
in aversa foliorum superficie locatis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 77,
n. 91 (1724). Lichenoides fuscum, peltis posticis ferrugineis Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 206, t. 28, fig. 105 a (1741). Lichen resupiaatus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 453 (1762)? Light. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 843?
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71% Nephroma levigatum Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 242 (1814); Mudd Man. p. 81?

Evidently a rare lichen everywhere ; there is no specimen in the
British herbarium. The original habitat as given by Acharius is
‘in mountainous places,’ and it is extremely doubtful to which
species Dillenius and others quoted above refer, though Crombie has
determined the specimens in the Dillenian herbarium collected in
Sussex and Shropshire as N. levigatum.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on mossy boulders in
mountainous places.

Var. subtomentellum Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.
Forh. v. p. 116 (1866).—Thallus dark-brown, beneath wrinkled,
obsoletely and slightly tomentose, brown (medulla white, K —).
Apothecia moderate in size, dark-red, wrinkled at the back or
thinly areolate-granular ; spores similar to the species.—Leight.
faeh; FY. ed. 3, p. 99.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 149.

Resembling the species in the wrinkled backs of the apothecia.
The thallus is generally darker and there are vestiges of a tomentum
on the under surface. According to Crombie the spermatia are
2°5 p» long and 1 p thick, those of the species being 3°5-4 yu long.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in mountainous regions.—Distr.
Local and scarce in N. Wales and among the 8. Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M. Head of Loch Awe, Argyll ; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.

Var. parile Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 320 (1860).—Thallus lobes
more or less crisp and bluish-grey sorediate at the margins,
beneath naked, wrinkled, pale or sometimes dark-coloured.
Apothecia rare; spores as in the species.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 28; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 105; ed. 3, p. 99. N. parile Nyl. in
Flora lxviii. p. 47 (1885); Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 77 (1887)
& Monogr. i. p. 284; Dill. l.c. t. 28, fig. 105 B, o. Lichen parilis
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 164 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2360.
Nephroma parile Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 522 (1810) pro parte ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 427; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 216. N. levigatum var. parile Mudd Man. p. 81 (1861).

Ewsicc. Cromb. n, 41.

.

102 CYCLOCARPINEE [NEPHROMIUM

Though sometimes given specific rank, evidently only a sorediate
though well-marked variety of N. levigatwm. Bitter (Jahrb. Wiss.
Bot. xxxvi. p. 454 (1901) ) has recorded the occurrence of both species
and variety in close proximity; the former on the branches of a tree
bore apothecia and no soredia, while var. parile, abundantly sorediate,
grew in a more damp situation among moss and grass on the ground.
The soredia are mostly marginal, though sometimes scattered over
the surface. They become dark in colour in older plants. None of
the British specimens are fertile.

Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders and about the roots of old
trees in wooded districts.— Distr. Rather rare in S. and W. England,
Scotland and Ireland.—B. M. Ivy Bridge, Hennock, Bovey Tracey,
Totnes, and near Devonport, Devon; Cound Moor and near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Dolgelly and Twll Du, Merioneth ; Windermere, West-
moreland; Braithwaite, Cumberland; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Craig Cailliach, Glen Lochay and Pass of Killie-
crankie, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Caledonian
Canal, Invernessshire ; near Dunkerron, Kerry.

3. N. lusitanicum Nyl. in Flora lili. p. 38 (1870).—Thallus
suborbicular, lobate, smooth and somewhat shining, the lobes
rounded, crenate, crisp or undulate at the margins, chestnut- or
dark-brown, beneath glabrous, somewhat wrinkled, pale (medulla
yellow, K + purplish). Apothecia varying in size up to 1 em,
across, sometimes confluent, reddish-brown, incurved, sometimes
crenate at the edges, somewhat depressed and minutely areolate
at the back’; spores 20-24 p long, 6-7 p» thick.—Leight. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, v. p. 41 (1870) & Lich. Fl. p. 106; ed. 3,
p. 100. N. levigatum f. lusitanicum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 28
(1870). Iichen resupinatus Sm. Engl. Bot, t. 305 (1796) (mon
L.); var. 2 With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 71 (1796). Nephroma
lusitanicum Scher. Enum. p. 323 (1850).

Exsicc. Croall n. 99; Dicks. Hort. Sicc.Wase. xvi. n. 23;
Johns. n. 226; Lard. Lich. Hb. n. 288 ; Leight. n. 23.

Distinguished from other species by the smoother, more shining
surface and by the usually yellow medulla.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and on mossy rocks and boulders
in wooded districts.—Dzst. General and not uncommon throughout
the British Isles.—B. M. Islands of Bréchon and Guernsey; Scilly
Islands ; near Respring, Penzance, Liskeard and St. Austell, Cornwall ;
Okehampton, Torquay, Lustleigh Cleeve and near Totnes, Devon;
New Forest, Hants ; Eridge Rocks, Pett Beach and Ardingly, Sussex ;
Romney Marsh and Lydd, Kent; Hatfield Forest, Essex; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth, Dolgelly and
Aberdovey, Merioneth; Capel Curig and Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon-
shire; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; Mar-
dale, Westmoreland; Keswick and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland;
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire ;
Dumbarton Castle, Dumbartonshire ; Barcaldine, Inverary and Head
of Loch Awe, Argyll; The Trossachs, Glen Lochay and Pass of Leny,
Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire; near Beirn, Kincardineshire ;
Craig Coinnoch and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Cawdor

NEPHROMIUM] PELTIGERACEE® 103

Woods, Nairnshire; Glen Nevis, Loch Linnhe, Fort George and Falls
of Foyers, Invernessshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; Luggelaw, Wicklow;
Killarney, Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, Galway; Fairhead, Antrim.

Form panniforme Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 77 (1877) &
Monogr. i. p. 286.—Thallus of small deeply cut closely imbricate
lobes, dark in colour above and below.

Hab. Similar to the species.— Distr. Rare in §8.W. England and
W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Bareal-
dine, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Loch Linnhe, Invernesgsshire.

Var. hibernicum Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 100
_ (1879).—Differs from the species in the white medulla (K +
purple) and in the smooth back of the apothecia.

Hab. Similar to the species.—Distr. Rare in W. England, W.
Highlands of Scotland and N.W. Iveland.—B. M. Near Launceston,
Cornwall; near Walkingham, Devon; near Douglas, I. of Man;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Doughreagh, Connemara, Galway.

34. SOLORINA Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 27 (1810). (Pl. 34.)

Thallus foliose, fragile, the upper surface corticate, the under
surface partly nervose and rhizinose. Algal cells bright-green,
Dactylococcus, rarely blue-green, Nostoc. Apothecia superficial,
or urceolate and sunk in the upper surface of the thallus,
irregularly scattered, reddish- or dark-brown, without a thalline
margin; paraphyses thickish, septate; spores 2 to 8 in the
ascus, fusiform-oblong or ellipsoid, 1-sepate, brownish or reddish-
brown. Spermogones unknown.

The cephalodia in this genus occur as groups of Nostoc cells with
surrounding hyphz, embedded in the medulla, on the lower surface
or| in squamules. The apothecia are developed before the cortex
covering them is thrown off, hence the term “ veiled apothecia.”

1. 8. crocea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 149 (1810).—Thallus
orbicular, membranaceous, thickish, appressed, smooth or roughish
on the surface, lobed and crispate, dark-green when moist,
reddish or brown when dry, the medulla and lower surface deep
orange or saffron-coloured, with subreticulate nerves and rhizine.
Apothecia moderate in size or rather large, up to 1 cm. in
diameter, rather tumid, dark-reddish-brown ; paraphyses stoutish,
septate ; spores 6-8 in the ascus, oblong or somewhat fusiform,
l-septate, 35-45 p long, 10-12 w thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 429 ; Hook. Fi. Scot. ii. p. 36 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 214;
Mudd Man. p. 85; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 112; ed. 3, p. 106. Lichenoides subtus croceum, peltis appressis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 221, t. 30, fig. 120 (1741). Lichen croceus
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1149 (1753) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 856; Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 548; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68; Engl. Bot.
t. 498.

104 CYCLOCARPINES [SOLORINA

Easicc. Croall n. 489; Cromb. n. 46; Dicks. Dried Plants
n. 50.

Easily distinguished by the hyphe of the medulla which are
encrusted with saffron-coloured crystals (K + violet).

There are two types of alge which function as gonidia: an upper
bright-green layer of Dactylococcus cells which rises into the cortex
in tooth-like projections or pyramids, beneath this a narrow band of
loose hyphe, and lower still an interrupted stratum of Nostoe cells.
Hue (Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xxxviii. p. 10 (1911)) states that
the first gonidial association is with the Dactylococcus, that alga
alone being present at the extremity of the young lobes. The Nostoc
layer is subdiscontinuous, and is rarely present below the apothecium.
It replaces in S. crocea the endogenous scattered cephalodia of the
other species.

Hab. On the ground and in fissures of rocks and boulders in
alpine places.—Distr. Rather local and scarce on the tops of Irish
and Scottish mountains; plentiful on Ben Lawers.—B. M. Ben
Lomond, Stirlingshire; Ben Chalum, Ben More, Benteskerney and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Lochnagar,
Morrone, Ben-naboord and Ben Macdhui, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis,
Invernessshire ; Brandon Mts., Kerry.

2. §. saccata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 149 (1810).—Thallus wide-
spreading, orbicular, submembranaceous, rather smooth, occasion-
ally white-pruinose, the lobes rounded or slightly crenate, lobate,
bright-green when moist, reddish-brown when dry, beneath
whitish, tomentose, with scattered long rhizine. Apothecia
roundish, dark-brown, scattered, deeply sunk as if urceolate
in the thallus; paraphyses stoutish, septate ; spores 4 in the
ascus, ellipsoid or oblong, reddish-brown, l-septate, 32-50 pw long,
18-27 » thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 429; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 36 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 153 ; Mudd Man. p. 85, t. 1, fig..24; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 29; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 112; ed. 3, p.106. Lichenoides
lichenis facie, peltis acetabulis immersis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 221,
t. 30, fig. 121 (1741). Lichen saccatus L. Fl. Suec. p. 419, n. 1102
(1755) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 855; Huds. Fl. Angl. ii. p. 548 ;
Engl. Bot. t. 288; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 67.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 4; Croall n. 391; Cromb. n. 47; Johns.
n. 225; Leight. n. 111; Mudd n. 63.

Easily known by the sunk apothecia with the rather wide-spread-
ing thallus. Cephalodia containing Nostoe cells are enclosed in the
lower medulla, sometimes causing a slight protuberance on the under
surface.

Hab. On the ground on decayed mosses, in crevices of rocks, rarely
on the mortar of old walls in moist shady places in upland and
subalpine districts.— Distr. General but not common in W. and N.
England, in N. Wales and N. Scotland, rare in S.W. and N.
Ireland.—B. M. Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire; Apes Tor, Stafford-
shire; Whiteliff Rocks near Ludlow, Shropshire; Cwm Byehan,
Merioneth ; Garn, Derbyshire; Island of Anglesea; near Buxton,
Derbyshire ; Ingleborough, Whernside and Bolton Woods, Yorkshire ;

SOLORINA] PELTIGERACEE 105

Kentmere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland ; Teesdale, Durham ;
Loch Awe and Island of Lismore, Argyll; Killin, Finlarig, Ben
Lawers, Craig Tulloch and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Canlochan
Glen, Forfarshire ; Craig Cluny, Carr Rocks and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Bandon Hill, Kerry; Ben Bulben, Sligo; Colin Glen
near Belfast, Antrim.

3. §. spongiosa Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865),—
Thallus fragile, suborbicular, of small suberect squamules, minutely
crenate, becoming partly granular-crustaceous, dark-green when
moist, brown when dry. Apothecia round, sunk in the thallus
or becoming plane, dark-reddish-brown, surrounded by squamules
or shreds of the thallus ; spores 4 in the ascus, ellipsoid, brownish,
30-50 p long, 18-23 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30. S. lim-
bata Mudd Man. p. 85 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 113; ed. 3,
p- 107. Lichen spongiosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1374 (1804).
Collema spongiosum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 661 (1810) ; Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Bot. v. p. 214; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 111.
Polychidium spongiosum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 402 (1821).
Lecanora limbata Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 105, t. 3 (1826).

Exsice. Johns. n. 307.

Differs from the preceding in the much less developed thallus, and
in the less deeply urceolate apothecia. The cephalodia of this species
are in the form of minute green squamules, often attached to the
apothecium.

Hab. On the ground among rocks and on turf walls in upland
districts.—Distr. Rare in N. England and N.E. Ireland, more
plentiful among the Grampians.—B. M. Buxton Dale, Derbyshire ;
Whernside and Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Finlarig, Killin, near
Tummel Bridge and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Glenariff, Antrim.

4. §. bispora Nyl. Syn. i. p. 331, t. 8, fig. 42 (1860).—Thallus
orbicular, small, thickish, fragile, wrinkled, lobate, somewhat
crenate, pale-greyish or brownish-green, white-pruinose, whitish
beneath. Apothecia round, sunk in the thallus, small or moderate
in size, brown or dark-brown, bordered generally by the broken
thallus ; spores 2 in the ascus, ellipsoid, reddish-brown, 65-88
long, 33-42» thick.—Stirton in Grevillea ii. p. 60 (1873) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 107.

Differs from the preceding in the white-pruinose thallus, the
2-spored ascus, and in the larger spores. Groups of Nostoc form
cephalodia on the under surface of the thallus.

Hab. On the ground in alpine districts.—B. M. Ben Lawers.

106 CYCLOCARPINEE [STICTA

Orver IX. STICTACEA.

Thallus foliose, horizontal or somewhat ascending, corticate
on both surfaces, beneath more or less tomentose. Cyphelle
(minute cup-like hollows) or pseudo-cyphelle (openings in the
cortex) constant on the under surface in Sticta, Cephalodia
present in certain species. Algal cells blue-green (Nostoc) or
bright-green (Palmellacez). Apotheecia marginal or scattered,
scutellate and shortly stalked or sessile; paraphyses simple,
septate; spores elongate, 2—pluri-septate, colourless or brown.
Spermogones with septate sterigmata and short straight pleuro-
genous spermatia.,

Resembling Peltigeracez in that both types of gonidia, blue-green
and bright-green, are represented, and in the frequent presence of
cephalodia in those species with bright-green algal cells. Cyphelle
are small cup-like empty pits with a distinct rim that occur amongst
the tomentum of the lower surface; pseudo-cyphelle are less
definitely marginate and are filled with loose hyphe.

Two genera are represented in Great Britain :-—

Thallus with cyphelle or pseudo-cyphelle on the
Under SULLACE 26... -0s0dswavendeenscuvens enw nienean teeta 35. Sticta.

Thallus without these structures ..............seesscssereevese 386. Lobaria.

35. STICTA Schreb. L. Gen. Pl. ii. p. 768 (1791). (Pl. 35.)

Thallus foliose, variously lobate or laciniate, horizontal,
sometimes slightly ascending or stalked and upright, cortex on
both surfaces plectenchymatous ; beneath cyphellate or pseudo-
cyphellate and pale- or dark-brown-tomentose, with single or
fasciculate hyphe. Algal cells Nostoc or Palmellacez. Cephalodia
rarely present. Apothecia marginal or scattered, with or
without a thalline margin; paraphyses simple, septate; asci
8-spored, the spores elongate, fusiform or acicular, 1—7-septate.
Spermogones with septate sterigmata and pleurogenous spermatia,
short and slightly thickened at each end.

The genus is distinguished among foliose lichens by the minute
round openings in the tomentose under-surface due to the presence
of cyphelle or pseudocyphelle.

It is divided into two sections, distinguished by the character of
the alge :—

Thallus with blue-green algw (Nostoc)...........ccceeeceee ees i. SricTrna.
Thallus with bright-green alge (Palmellacew) ............ ii. Eusricra.

§ i. Srictina Hue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
sér. 4, iii, p. 81 (1901). Stictina Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 333 (1860) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 265; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114.

Algal cells blue-green.

sTicTa]} STICTACEX 107

Thallus with cyphelle on the under surface.

1. S. fuliginosa Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 280 (1803).—Thallus
usually rather small, about 3-5 cm. in diameter to 10 cm. or
more, submonophyllous, often several lobes from one centre,
somewhat rigid, smoothish or somewhat wrinkled, light or dark-
brown, the lobes broadening outwards, rounded, usually thickly
sprinkled with dark-brown coralloid isidia, beneath pale-brown,
tomentose, with whitish or pale cyphelle. Apothecia small,
scattered, very rare, plane or slightly convex reddish-brown,
with a crenate thalline margin; spores fusiform, colourless,
1—3-septate, 27-40 » long, 7-8 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 431 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 206;
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152; Mudd Man. p. 88.
Lichenoides fuliginosum et pulverulentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 198, t. 26, fig. 1004 (1741). Lichen fuliginosus
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. i. p- 13 (1785); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 70; Engl. Bot. t. 1103. Stictina fuliginosa Nyl. Syn. i. p. 347
(1860) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- 30 & Monogr. i. p. 267; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p- 116; ed. 3, p. 109.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 133; Johns. n. 24; Larb. Cesar. n. 61 ;
Leight. n. 142.

An easily distinguished species from the dull-brown colour and
the sprinkling of still darker isidia. These evidently function as the
principal organs of propagation, apothecia being very rare.

Hab. On mossy trunks of old trees and on rocks in moist shady
places.— Distr. General and fairly common, especially in western
districts.—_B. M. Jersey; Jerbourg, Guernsey; Annet Island, Scilly ;
Bocconoe, Camelford, Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Walk-
hampton, Ivy Bridge, near Lustleigh, Moreton, Dewerstone Rocks,
Becky Fall, near Ashburton and River Teign, Devon; I. of Wight;
Lydd, Kent; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Whitcliff Rocks, near Ludlow,
Shropshire ; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Dolgelly, Aberdovey and Cwm
Bychan, Merioneth ; Bettws-y-Coed, Trefriw, Capel Curig, Aber-
glaslyn, and near Bangor, Carnarvon; Anglesea; Windermere and
near Rydal, Westmoreland; Keswick and Ennerdale, Cumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Falls of Clyde, Lanarkshire ;
Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire; Inverary, Appin and head of Loch
Awe, Argyll; Pass of Leny, Glen Lochay and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ;
Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; Kil-
larney, Kerry ; near Kylemore, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo.

2. 8. sylvatica Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 281 (1803).—Thallus
large and spreading, rather rigid, sometimes shining and with
irregular, slightly indicated pits, tawny- or dull-brown and more
or less isidiose, the isidia dark-coloured, more developed along
the lines of the shallow depressions, the lobes deeply cut, laciniate,
variously rounded or crenulate, bifid or tritid towards the
extremities, the ends obtuse; beneath tomentose, dark-brown,
paler at the circumference, dotted with pale cyphelle. ‘“Apothecia

108 CYCLOCARPINE [STICTA

small or moderate in size, scattered, plane or slightly convex, the
margin naked, spores as in S. fuliginosa.”—S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 431; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 207; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 152; Mudd Man. p. 87.
Lichenoides polyschides villosum et scabrum, peltis parvis Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 199, t. 27, fig. 101 (1741). Lichen sylvaticus Huds. FI.
os p. 453 (1762) ; ‘Light. Fl. Scot. p. 848 ; With. Arr. ed. 3,
,. p. 71; Engl. Bot. t. 2298. Stietina sylvatica Nyl. Syn. Lich. i.
ny 348 (1860) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30 & Monogr, i. p. 268;
ee Lich. Fl. p. 116; ed. 3, p. 109.
Exsicc. Croall n. 487 Cromb. n. 134; Larb. Lich. Hib.
n. 209; Leight. n. 109.

Closely allied to the preceding but differing in the more developed
thallus, the very different form of the lobes and the darker under
surface. The isidia may be crowded as in S. fuliginosa, but generally
they are less abundant and outline the shallow depressions. The
apothecia are evidently very rare, the British specimens in the
herbarium being all sterile.

Hab. On mossy rocks, old walls and about the roots of trees in
shady moist places.—Distr. Plentiful in the western districts of Great
Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Bocconoc and near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Lidford, Widdecombe, Meavy, Lustleigh, Cleeve and Bigbury, Devon;
near Oswestry, Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Aberdovey, Dol-
gelly, Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Conway Falls,
Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea; Mardale, Westmoreland; Keswick,
Cumberland ; Egglestone, Durham ; The Cheviots, Northumberland ;
New Galloway, Kireudbrightshire; Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfries-
shire; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire ; Callender rocks near Stirling ;
Inverary, Appin and Barcaldine, Argyll; Falls of Leny, Falls of Moness,
Glen Lochay, Finlarig, Killin, Aberfeldy and Bracklinn Bridge,
Perthshire; Reeky Linn, Forfarshire; Craig Cluny and Craig
Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; 8. of Fort William and Rothie-
murchus, Invernessshire; Cawdor Woods, Nairnshire; Blackwater
Bridge and Killarney, Kerry; near Kylemore and Derryclare, Conne-
mara, Galway; near Carrickfergus, Antrim.

3. 8. Dufourii Del. Stict. p. 78, t. 6, fig. 22 (1823-25).—
Thallus rather small, thin, smooth, glaucous-green or -brown,
mostly smooth and somewhat shining, the lobes laciniate, crisp at
the edges and minutely fimbriate, often also coralloid-isidiose on
the margins and on the surface of the thallus, beneath slightly
tomentose, often reticulately wrinkled, pale- to dark-brown, with
one cyphelle. Apothecia unknown,.—S. ciliata Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. pS ii. p. 152 (1836). S. fimbriata Tayl. in Lond. Journ.

Sot. vi. p. 180 (1847). S. elegans Deak. ex Mudd Man, p. 89
(1861), Stictina Dufourei Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn, Norm. sér. 2,
ii. p. 500 (1868) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117; ed. 3, p. 110; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 269. S. sylvatica subsp. Dufourei Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 30 (1871).

Ezsice. Cromb, n. 135; Leight. n. 173.

STICTA] STICTACER 109

Easily recognized by the thinner lighter-coloured thallus and
fimbriate margins, though occasionally it is darker, with the margin
more entire.

Hab. On mossy rocks and trees.—Distr. Rather rare in S.W.
England, N. Wales, W. Highlands of Scotland and S.W. Ireland.—
B. M.—Pentire, Penzance, near the Lizard and Liskeard, Cornwall ;
near Totnes, Lidford and Torquay, Devon; Ty Gwyn, Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll ;
Askew Wood and Hyde’s Cottage, Killarney, Kerry.

4. §. limbata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 280 (1803).—Thallus
moderate in size, monophyllous, but deeply lobate, smooth or
slightly pitted, somewhat shining, dull-glaucous or pale-brown,
the lobes broad and rounded, sprinkled with soralia towards the
periphery, the margins densely sorediate ; beneath pale-brownish-
tomentose, dotted with lighter coloured cyphelle. | Apothecia
unknown.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 431; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p- 59 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p- 152; Mudd Man. p. 88. Lichenoides fuliginosum et pul-
verulentum, scutellis rubiginosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 198, t. 26,
fig. 100 B, c. Lichen limbatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1104 (1802).
Stictina limbata Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 346 (1860); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 115; ed. 3, p. 108 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 268. S. fuliginosa
subsp. limbata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30 (1870).

Easicc. Cromb, n. 35; Larb. Cesar. n. 15; Johns. n. 190.

Distinguished from the preceding by the sorediate thallus and the
absence of isidia. The soredia are greyish or dull bluish-grey.
Buellia Parmeliarum Oliv. is frequently found on the thallus.

Hab. On mossy trunks of trees and on shady rocks among mosses.
—Distr. General and fairly common especially in the western counties
of Great Britain and Ireland, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M.
Rozel, Jersey ; Jerbourg, Guernsey ; Bocconoc, Withiel, near the Tavy
and near Penzance, Cornwall ; Shaugh, Torquay, Okehampton, Dart-
moor, Clovelly, Kestor near the Teign and near Exeter, Devon; near
Ryde, I. of Wight; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ardingly and
Tilgate, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Malvern, Worcestershire ; near Pem-
broke ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ; Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Dolgelly
and Barmouth, Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed; Capel Curig and near
Bangor, Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea; near Stavely, Kendal, Westmore-
land; Thornthwaite, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots,
Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Beld Craig,
Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Falls of the Clyde, Lanarkshire; Turfin Hill,
near Edinburgh; Inverary, Barcaldine and Appin, Argyll; Loch
Katrine, Pass of Leny and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Clova,
Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis,
Invernessshire ; I. of Skye; Aghada, Cork Harbour and Castlebernard
Park, Bandon, Cork; Cromaglown, Killarney, and Old Dromore,
Kerry; near Belfast, Antrim.

Thallus with pseudocyphelle on the under surface.

5. §.intricata Del. var. Thouarsii Mudd Man. p. 90 (1861).—
Thallus coriaceous, spreading, sinuate and shortly lobed, somewhat

* — . 2

110 CYCLOCARPINEE [STICTA

shining, greenish-brown when moist, reddish-brown when dry,
the lobes somewhat crumpled and crowded, sprinkled over the
surface with roundish or irregular greyish-white soralia or with
masses of isidia becoming sorediate, the margins of the lobes
also frequently white-sorediate ; beneath densely tomentose, dark-
brown, paler towards the circumference, with a few pseudo-
cyphelle. Apothecia not seen rightly developed. S. Thouarsii
Del. Stict. p. 90, t. 8, fig. 29 (1823-25). Stictina intricata var.
Thouarsii Nyl. Syn. i. p. 335 (1860); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114;
ed. 3, p. 108; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 266.
Ezxsicc. Cromb. n. 33.

A tropical or subtropical lichen. Neither species nor variety
occurs in Europe except in the British Isles, where the variety is
widely distributed though not common. It is easily distinguished
from the other species by the character of the soredia and by the
pseudocyphelle, which are midway between cyphelle and pseudo-
cyphelle.

Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders and on the trunks of old trees.
—Distr. Local and rare in the 8.W. and N. districts of Great Britain and
Treland.—B. M. Near Bovey Tracey, Dartmoor, Devon ; near Dolgelly
and Barmouth, Merioneth; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Inverary, Falls of Brander, Barcaldine and Oban, Argyll; Loch Tay,
Perthshire; 8. of Fort William, Invernessshire ; Cromaglown, Derry-
cunihy and Killarney Woods, Kerry Maam, Tore Mts., Galway ;
Fenagh, Carlow; Glenarm, Antrim.

6. 8. crocata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 277 (1803).—Thallus of
moderate size, opaque or somewhat shining, generally reticulate-
pitted, the lobes rather broad, crenate, dark-olive-green or dull-
brown, the medulla usually citrine-yellow, the surface and
the ridges between the pits yellow-sorediate ; beneath densely
tomentose, with a few small yellow pseudo-cyphelle. Apothecia
scattered or nearly marginal, moderate in size, dark-coloured, the
margin crenate, at length nearly excluded; spores oblong-
fusiform, brown, l-septate, 20-32 p long, 9-10 » thick.—Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 58 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 205; 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. 430; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 151; Mudd Man.
p. 89. Lichen crocatus L. Mant. iii. p. 310 (1771); Dicks. Pl.
Crypt. fase. ii. p. 22; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52; Engl. Bot.
t. 2110. Stictina crocata Nyl. Syn. i. p. 338 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 31 & Monogr. i. p. 266; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 114; ed. 3,
». 108.

Exsicc. Cromb. n, 34; Dicks. Hort. Sice. fase. iv. n. 24.

Easily recognized by the greenish-yellow soredia and pseudo-
cyphelle ; the latter occur sparingly and irregularly in the form of
minute pustules.

Hab. Among mosses on trees and rocks in shady places, frequently
in ravines.—Distr. Local in S.W. England and 8. Scotland, more
frequent in the W. Highlands; scarce in 8., W. and N. Ireland.—
B, M. Carn Galven, near Penzance, Cornwall; Tavistock, Walkham

sTicTa] STICTACEE » |

River and near Vixen Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; Dalmahoy Hill, near
Edinburgh; Inverary, Oban and Head of Loch Awe, Argyll; ravine
at foot of Ben More, Glen Falloch and Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Glen
Morriston, Invernessshire ; Kenmare, Kerry; Cushendall, Antrim.

§ ii. Eusticra Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 191 (1890).
Algal cells bright-green.

Thallus with cyphelle on the under surface.

7. S. damecornis Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 276 (1803).—Thallus
smooth, slightly shining, pale glaucous or reddish-brown, wide-
spreading, laciniate-lobate, the lobes sinuate, elongate and narrow
or very broad, the margins mostly entire, dichotomous and
truncate at the ends. Apothecia scattered or chiefly marginal,
reddish-brown, with a lighter coloured entire or slightly crenulate
margin; spores fusiform, 1—3-septate, 26-36 m long, 8-11 p
thick—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; var. macrophylla Nyl. in
Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 102 (1857); Mudd Man. p. 88;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 119; ed. 3, p. 112; form latior Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 76 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 273. 8. macrophylla
Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2697 (1831) (mon Bory ex Del.) ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 205 (1833) ; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 150.

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 38.

An exotic species confined to S. and S.W. Ireland, the only
European locality. There is no real distinction between S. damz-
cornis and var. macrophylla.

Hab. On shady rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr.
Very local but plentiful in S. and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Cromaglown
and Tore Cascade, Killarney, Kerry.

Thallus with pseudocyphelle on the under surface.

8. §. aurata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 277 (1803).—Thallus
horizontal, moderate in size, opaque or slightly shining, broadly
and deeply lobed, tawny- or reddish-brown when dry, the lobes
crisp and crenate undulate, usually bright-yellow-sorediate at
the margins, beneath with a dense dark-brown short tomentum
at the centre, becoming lighter-coloured and bare at the periphery,
and sprinkled with bright-yellow pulverulent pseudocyphelle.
Apothecia very rare, large, marginal or submarginal, reddish-
black, the margin thin, incurved; spores fusiform, 3-septate,
brownish, 21—24 » long, and 6-7 » thick, or 19-21 » long, and
7-8 » thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 430; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 205; Mudd Man. p. 90; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 31; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 119; ed. 3, p. 112; form sub-
glaucescens Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 76 (1887) & Monogr. i.
p. 274. Lichenoides lacunosum rutilum marginibus flavis Dill.

112 CYCLOCARPINEE [STICTA

Hist. Muse. p. 549, t. 84, fig. 12 (1741). Lichen auratus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 2359 (1811).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 39 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 16; Leight. n. 261.

Distinguished by the bright-yellow colour of the sorediate margins
of the lobes. Form subglaucescens, collected at Lyme Regis, differs
only in being bright-green when moist. The British plants are sterile.
Cephalodia are sometimes formed on the under surface.

Hab. On trees, rocks, heather, etc., in maritime localities.—Dvstr.
Local and scarce in the Channel and Scilly Islands and in S8.W.
England.—B. M. Near the Eperquerie, Sark; Jerbourg, Guernsey ;
Fresco, St. Mary’s and Bryer Islands, Scilly; coasts of Cornwall;

Undercliff, Lyme Regis, Dorset; near Shanklin, Ventnor and Ryde,
I. of Wight.

36. LOBARIA Schreb. L. Gen. PI. ii. p. 768 (1791) ; emend.
Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 193 (1890). Lobarina Nyl. in Flora Ix.
p. 233 (1871); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 270. Ricasolia De Not.
in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 178 (1846); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 120;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 274. (Pl. 36.)

Thallus broadly foliose, horizontal or partly ascending, cortex
on both surfaces of plectenchyma, tomentose below, with the
hyphal filaments single or in strands. Algal cells Nostoc,
Cystococcus or Protococcus. Cephalodia sometimes present. Apo-
thecia at first almost closed, then discoid, marginate, generally
with gonidia in the margin ; paraphyses simple, septate ; spores
8 in the ascus, elongate, 1—9-septate, colourless or brown.

Distinguished from Sticta by the absence of cyphelle or pseudo-
cyphelle on the lower surface. The British species of Lobaria are
classified in two sections :—

Thallus with blue-green gonidia.................... i. LoBaRINA.

Thallus with bright-green gonidia................. ii. RIcAsouia.

$i. Lopartna Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 193 (1890).
Algal cells blue-green (Nostoc).

1. L. scrobiculata DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 402 (1805).—Thallus
wide-spreading, rigid, somewhat opaque, irregularly reticulate-
pitted (scrobiculate), greyish-green, sprinkled especially at the
margins with white or bluish-grey soralia, the lobes rounded,
undulate more or less crenate at the margins, beneath pale- or
dark-brown-tomentose, with scattered naked white blister-like
elevations corresponding to the depressions of the upper surface.
Apothecia very small, scattered, red or brownish-red, the margin
thick, inflexed, entire, sometimes sorediate ; spores fusiform,
3-7-septate, colourless, 50-80 » long, 6-7 » thick.—Lichenoides
arboreum foliosum cinereum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 77 (1724). Lichenoides pulmonewm
villosum, superficie scrobiculata et peltata Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 216,
t. 29, fig. 114 (1741). Lichen scrobiculatus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii.

LOBABRIA | STICTACEE 3

p. 384 (1772); Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 850; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 59; Engl. Bot. t. 497. L. verrucosus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p- 545 (1778). Sticta scrobiculata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 453
(1810) ; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 430 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 59
& in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p- 151; Mudd Man. p. 87, t. 1, fig. 26. Stetina scrobiculata
Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 94 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 30;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 117; ed. 3, p. 110. Lobarina scrobiculata
Nyl. in Flora Ix. p. 233 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 76
(1877) & Monogr. i. p. 270.

Eaxsicc. Cromb. n. 36; Johns. n. 223; Larb. Cesar. n. 14 &
Lich. Hb. n. 325; Leight. n. 201 ; Mudd n. 65.

A species well-marked by the greyish-green colour and the scrobi-
culose sorediate surface. The apothecia are rather rare and are
frequently blackened by the parasitic fungus Celidium Stictarum.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and on moist shady rocks chiefly
near streams and lakes.—Dzistr. General and common in most parts
of the British Isles—B. M. La Coupe, Jersey; Jerbourg, Guernsev ;
Bryer Island, Scilly; Helmen Tor and Liskeard, Cornwall; South
Brent, Ivy Bridge, Okehampton, near Totnes and Dartmoor, Devon;
New Forest, Hants; Quarn Wood, Ryde and Ventnor, I. of Wight;
Eridge Park and Hastings, Sussex; Tunbridge Wells and Lydd, Kent ;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Llanbedr, Cader Idris, near Dolgelly and
Barmouth, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Trefriew and Bettws-y-Coed,
Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea; Oggeray Gill, Cleveland, and near Halifax,
Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Mardale, Westmoreland; Keswick
and Oalder Abbey, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Beld Craig, Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh;
near Inverary, head of Loch Awe, Appin and Barcaldine, Argyll;
Loch Katrine, Pass of Leny, Loch Conn, Loch Rannoch, Glen Lochay,
Glen Falloch, Finlarig and Killin, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire ;
Craig Coinnoch, Invercauld and Loch Muick, Aberdeenshire; S. of
Fort William, Invernessshire; Hill of Doon, Nairnshire; Muckross,
Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore and near Renvyle, Connemara, Galway.

§ ii. Ricasoria Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 196 (1890).
Algal cells bright-green (Protococcus).

2. L. laciniata Wain. in Természetrajzi Fiizetek xxii. p. 307
(1899).—Thallus horizontal, wide-spreading, rigid, smooth or
somewhat wrinkled, sinuate-lobate, the lobes elongate, broadly
and elegantly crenate, glaucous-green, becoming greyish-white or
pale-brown, beneath pale, with brownish tomentum or fasiculate
rhizine (K + yellowish, except the medulla, CaCl—). Apo-
thecia at first almost closed then large, concave or plane, reddish-
brown with a thin inflexed entire or granulate margin ; spores
elongate-fusiform, 1—3-septate, colourless, 32-60 long, 6-7 p
thick.—Lichenoides subglaucum cumatile, foliis tenacibus, eleganter
laciniatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 197, t. 26, fig. 99 (1741). Lichen
laciniatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 469 (1762). L. amplissimus Scop. FI.
Carn. ed. 2, ii. p. 386 (1772). L. glomuliferus Light. Fl. Scot. ii.

r. I

114 CYCLOCARPINE [LOBARIA

p- 853 (1777); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57; Engl. Bot. t. 293.
Parmelia glomulifera Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 218 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray .
Nat. Arr. i. p. 436; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 198. Sticta glomulifera Del. Stict. p. 129 (1823-25) ;
Mudd Man. p. 91. Ricasolia amplissima De Not. in Giorn. Bot.
Ital. ii. p. 179 (1846) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 120 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 112; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 275. BR. glomulifera Nyl. in Act.
Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 300 (1856) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 138; Johns. n. 25; Larb. Cesar. n. 62 ;
Leight. n. 110.

Generally recognized by the presence of massed groups of dark-
green coralloid cephalodia, which have been sometimes described as a
separate plant, Dendriscocaulon bolacinwm (Nyl. in Flora lxviii. p. 299
(1885) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 77). It is one of our largest lichens and
is of a rigid coriaceous texture; the somewhat imbricate lobes are
elegantly crenate. Apothecia are rare; spermogones are more
frequent, with spermatia about 5 » long and 1 p thick.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly ash and oak, rarely on
rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Dzstr. Chiefly in the western
tracts of Great Britain, rare in S.W. and N. Ireland and in the
Channel Islands.—B. M. Near Rozel, Jersey; Jerbourg, Guernsey ;
Chateau Point, Sark; Bocconoc, near Launceston, Cornwall; Chag-
ford, Manaton Moor, Brent Tor and Ivy Bridge, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; I. of Wight; Eridge Park, Sussex; Llanforda, near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; near Dolgelly, Barmouth, Aber-
dovey and Llanbedr, Merioneth; Sedburgh and Windermere, West-
moreland; Keswick, Cumberland; Horsleyhope Denes, Durham;
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Minto Crags, Roxburghshire ;
Mugdock Castle, Stirlingshire; Loch Long, near Roseneath, Inverary
and Barcaldine House, Argyll; Loch Katrine, Glen Lochay and Ken-
more, Perthshire ; Lochaber, Invernessshire ; Dinish Island, Killarney,
Kerry.

3. L. leetevirens A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenf.
i. 1*, p. 188 (1906).—Thallus orbicular, spreading, smooth or
wrinkled, often shining, green when moist, pale-brown when dry,
the lobes somewhat laciniate, rounded, subcrenate and undulate,
beneath covered with a pale tomentum, and with pale rhizinz
(K —, CaCl—). Apothecia small or large, generally crowded
towards the centre of the thallus, reddish, the margins rather
granulate, inflexed; spores fusiform, 1-sepate, becoming pale-—
brown, 26-44 p long, 9-11 p thick.—Lichenoides arboreum cinereo-
virens, tenue et leve ubique, scutellis minoribus Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, p. 73, n. 64 (1724). Lichenoides letevirens, scutellis fulvis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 195, t. 25, fig. 98 (1741). Lichen letevirens
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p 852 (1877); Engl. Bot. t. 294; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 58. LD. herbaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 544
(1778). Parmelia herbacea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 218 (1803) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141. Sticta herbacea 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 431; Mudd Man. p. 91, t. 2, fig. 27. Ricasolia

LOBARIA | STICTACEX plas

herbacea De Not. in Giorn. Bot. Ital. ii. p. 180 (1846); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 32. R. letevirens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 121 (1871) ;
ed. 3, p. 113.

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 40; Dicks. Dried Plants, n. 23; Johns.
nos. 81, 82; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 326 ; Leight. n. 75.

Somewhat resembling the preceding but with a thinner less
coriaceous thallus. Apothecia and spermogones are generally present.
Several specimens (Johns. n. 82, etc.) bear apothecia in which the
margins have become partly and minutely laciniate.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, occasionally on mossy boulders.—
Distr. General and mostly common throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Island of Bréchou; near Rozel, Jersey; Bryer Island, Scilly ;
Boconnoc and St. Minver, Cornwall; Ivy Bridge, South Brent, near
Totnes, Becky Fall and near Harberton, Devon; New Forest, Hants;
Shanklin and Appuldurcomb, Isle of Wight; Ardingly and Charlton
Forest, Sussex ; Charnwood Forest and Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ;
Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey and
Barmouth, Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea ;
Derbyshire; Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Egglestone, Dur-
ham; Windermere and near Stockgill, Westmoreland; Keswick and
Calder Abbey, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kircudbrightshire ;
Largs, Ayrshire; near Inverary, Barcaldine and Appin, Argvll; The
Trossachs, Glen Lochay, Craighall and Bracklin Falls, Perthshire ;
Lochaber, Invernessshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairnshire; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Killarney and Cromaglown, Kerry; near Kylemore, Gal-
way; Clare Island, Mayo.

4. L. pulmonaria Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 146 (1795).—
Thallus wide-spreading, rigid, shining, pitted-reticulate, with
narrow rather sinuate truncate lobes at the margins, generally
sorediiferous on the ridges, more rarely bearing isidia, olive-green
when moist, tawny- or dark-brown when dry, beneath unequal,
bullate or blistered opposite the pits on the upper surface,
whitish with a reddish-brown tomentum between the bullate
swellings. Apothecia moderate in size, marginal or sub-
marginal, light-red or dark-brown, the margin thin, entire or
becoming crenulate, at length excluded; spores 1—3-septate,
18-30 p» long, 5-9 p thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 76
(1887). Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum Dill. in Ray
Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n. 86 (1724). Lichenoides pulmoneum reticulatum
vulgare, marginibus peltiferis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 212, t. 29, fig.
113 (1761). Lichen pulmonarius L. Sp. Pl. p. 1145 (1753) ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 449; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 831; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 54; Engl. Bot. t. 572. Parmelia pulmonacea Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 220 (1803). Sticta pulmonacea Ach. Lich, Univ.
p. 449 (1810) (inel. var. pleurocarpa); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 430; Mudd Man. p. 87, t. 1, fig. 25; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 31 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 118; var. aggregata Del. Stict. p. 143, t. 17,
fig. 62 (1825). S. pulmonaria Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 58 (1821) &
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 206; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. i. p. 151;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 111. Tree lungwort.

I 2

116 CYCLOCARPINEZ [LOBARIA

Exsicc. Carrol] Lich. Hib. n. 1; Croall n. 486; Cromb. nos.
37, 137 (as var. pleurocarpa); Johns. n. 224; Leight. n. 74;
Mudd n. 64.

The thallus is attached to the substratum more or less centrally
and spreads free on all sides, sometimes attaining very large dimensions
when the laciniate character is less evident. Soredia are frequent on
the margins and ridges though the surface may be wholly or partly
naked and shining. Isidia are not uncommon mixed with the soredia.

The apothecia are occasionally blackened and rendered abortive
by the parasitic fungus Celidiwm Stictarwm (var. plewrocarpa).
Cephalodia—or cephaloid tubercles—have been described as sometimes
occurring on both surfaces, and as being simple or aggregate, reddish
or dark-coloured (f. aggregata Cromb. in Greyillea xy. p. 76 & Monogr.
i. p. 273). The single British specimen from Inverary determined as
f. aggregata by Crombie bears somewhat deformed apotheca only.
Immersed cephalodia have been found by Hue in var. tenwior from
Japan.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, especially old oaks, rarely on mossy
rocks in inland and maritime districts.—Distr. General and not
uncommon throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Guernsey; Bryer
Island, Scilly; Boconnoc, St. Minver and near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Lidford, Totnes, Newton Bushell, Okehampton and Buckfastleigh,
Devon; New Forest, Hants; Ryde and Appuldurcomb, I. of Wight;
near Balcombe, Eastham and Ardingly, Sussex; near Lydd, Kent;
near Loughton, Essex ; Chedworth Woods near Cirencester, Glouces-
tershire; Bagley Wood, near Oxford; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire ; near Ludlow, Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Cader Idris,
Cwm Bychan, Rhewgreidden, Aberdovey, Barmouth and Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed, Bangor, Conway and Devil’s Bridge,
Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eggle-
stone, Durham; Cheviots, Northumberland; Windermere and near
Grasmere, Westmoreland; Patterdale and Calder Abbey, Cumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ayrshire; near Moffat, Dum-
friesshire; Turfin Hill, near Edinburgh; Inverary, Head of Loch
Awe, Barcaldine and Appin, Argyll; The Trossachs, Loch Katrine,
Killin and Pass of Leny, Perthshire; Den of Airlie, Reeky Linn,
Lundie Craigs and Glen Dole, Forfarshire; Dunottar Castle, Kincar-
dineshire; Craig Cluny and Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
near Fort William, Invernessshire ; Cawdor Wood, Nairnshire; Apple-
cross, Rossshire; Dinish, Ronayne’s Islands and Cromaglown, Killar-
ney, Kerry ; Lough Inagh, Galway.

Form hypomela Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 76 (1887),—
Thallus with a brownish-black tomentum on the under surface
between the bullate swellings ; upper surface frequently isidioid.
—Sticta pulmonacea var. hypomela Del, Stict. p. 144, t. 17, fig.
64 (1825).

Easiec. Cromb. n. 136.

Hab. Similar to the species.—Disty. Seen in a characteristic state
only from S. W. England, N. Wales and the S. and W. Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Bryer Island, Scilly; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon-
shire; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Perthshire ;
Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire.

CANDELARIA | PARMELIACEE lye

Orper X. PARMELIACEA.

Thallus foliose, horizontal, decumbent, sometimes partly
ascending or fruticose, corticate on one or both surfaces, beneath
with rhizine or naked. Algal cells Pleurococeus. Apothecia
sessile or shortly stalked, with a thalline margin; asci 2-8-
spored or rarely many-spored ; spores colourless, simple. Sper-
mogones with pleurogenous or more rarely acrogenous spermatia.

The following genera are British :—

Thallus rhizinose, squamulose or foliose. Apothecia

superficial.
Thallus squamulose; asci many-spored............ 37. Candelaria.
Thallus foliose; asci 2-8-spored....................5 38. Parmelia.
Thallus scarcely rhizinose, foliose or fruticose.
Euponvecia, Marpinal.,.......c0..<.s+.d2sseesesencesee- 39. Cetraria.

37. CANDELARIA Massal. Mem. Lich. p. 46 (1853).
Lecanora subg. Candelaria Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 454 (1881);
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 366 pro parte. (Pl. 37.)

Thallus minutely foliose or squamulose, corticate on both
surfaces, yellow above, beneath almost colourless, rhizinose.
Apothecia sessile, scattered, discoid, with a thalline margin ;
paraphyses discrete, simple or rarely branched, septate and
clavate upwards; asci many-spored; spores simple, colourless,
sometimes bi-guttulate and pseudo-septate. Spermogones in
small tubercles, with acrogenous ellipsoid spermatia.

Differs from Parmelia in the squamulose thallus and the many-

spored ascus. The yellow colour of the thallus is due to stictaurin,
which gives no reaction with potash.

1. C. concolor Wain. Lich. Brés. i. p. 70 (1890).—Thallus
suborbicular or spreading, the lobes small, laciniate-crenate,
subimbricate or crowding over each other, the margins crisp,
isidiose, granular or sorediose, bright-greenish-yellow (K-— ).
Apothecia small, sessile, dull-brownish-yellow, the thalline
margin entire or granulate; spores numerous, ellipsoid, simple,
often bi-guttulate, 6-14 pw long, 4-6 pw thick.—Lichen candelarius
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753) nomen vagum; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444?
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 810 pro minore parte ; Engl. Bot. t. 1794
(1807). L. concolor Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18, t. ix.
fig. 8 (1793). Lecanora candelaria Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 416
(1810) pro parte; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 51 pro parte; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. i. p. 139; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 182 (incl. var. granulosa) ; ed. 3, p. 167 (incl. var.
granulosa). Parmelia parietina var. laciniosa Dut. ex Fr. Lich.
Eur. p. 73 (1831). Physcia parietina vars. laciniosa & concolor
Mudd Man. pp. 113 & 114 (1861). P. candelaria Ny]. in Mém.

Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. p. 106 (1857); Mudd Man. p. 114.

118 CYCLOCARPINESE [ CANDELARIA

Psoroma candelarium 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 445 (1821).
Squamaria candelaria Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 194 (1833). .
Lecanora laciniosa Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 454 (1881); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 367, fig. 62.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 53; Leight. n. 12.

Hab. On trunks of trees and on old palings, rarely on walls.—
Distr. General throughout Great Britain, rare in Ireland and the
Channel Islands.—B. M. St. Lawrence, Jersey ; Vale Castle, Guernsey ;
near Penzance, Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; Hurst and Hassocks, Sussex; Penshurst Park, Kent;
Walthamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Windsor Park, Berkshire ;
Stowell Park, Gloucestershire; Cherry Hinton, near Cambridge;
Berwick near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; near Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Stokesley, Yorkshire; Levens Park, Westmoreland; near Keswick,
Cumberland; Doune Castle and Killin, Perthshire; Durris, Kincar-
dineshire ; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Fort William and
Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire; Blackrock, near Cork; Killarney and
Dunkerron, Kerry; near Limerick.

38. PARMELIA Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 153 emend De Not.
in Mem. R. Acad. Sci. Torino ser. 2, x. p. 378 (1849). (Pl. 38.)

Thallus foliose, horizontal, rarely ascending, lobate or laciniate
or linear, variously coloured, generally somewhat shining, cortex
more or less distinctly plectenchymatous; soredia and _ isidia
frequent, beneath rhizinose or almost naked, usually darker in
colour, the rhizine of fasciculate hyphe, frequently mucilaginous
at the tips. Apothecia scattered, sessile or shortly stalked, often
becoming rather large, round, with a thalline margin; hypo-
thecium colourless, with gonidia underneath ; paraphyses usually
branched and septate, involved in mucilage; asci 2—8-spored ;
spores ellipsoid or subglobose, simple, colourless. Spermogones
scattered, becoming prominent, blackish, with septate sterigmata,
the minute pleurogenous spermatia cylindrical or fusiform or
thickened at each end.

The genus is divided into subgenera as follows :—

Thallus normally without rhizine, lobes narrow.... i. HypoGymntra.
Thallus without rhizine, lobes broader, pierced

with holes..f:ci2c.disseecsccscccoeemien eee ii. MENEGAZZIA.
Thallus more or less rhizinose, lobes various......... iii. HUPARMELIA.

Subgenus i. Hypocymnta Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 537 (1881).—
Thallus normally without rhizine, attached by discs or haustoria,
or by rhizinz formed as the result of friction; lobes generally
narrow. Spores small.

1. P. physodes Ach. Meth. p. 250 (1803) (excl. var. vittata).—
Thallus very variable in size, often very wide-spreading, sub-
stellate, smooth, laciniate-lobed, glaucous-grey, the lobes multifid,
linear-sinuate, crenulate or blunt, dilated, and sometimes
sorediate and recurved at the somewhat swollen apices, beneath

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEE ; 119

generally brownish-black, paler towards the circumference,
shining, somewhat wrinkled, with occasional rhizine or haustorial
dises where it is attached (cortices K + yellow, CaCl—, medulla
K (CaCl) + red). Apothecia rare in Britain, subpedicellate,
moderate in size, becoming large with age, brownish-red, the
margin entire; spores subspherical, 6-8 p long, 5-6 p thick;
margins of the apothecia rarely sorediate.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 56 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 149; Mudd Man. p. 96; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 (incl. var.
‘labrosa, excl. var. vittata); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125; ed. 3,

116 (incl. var. recurva); var. labrosa Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 493 (1810). Lichenoides ceratophyllum obtusius et minus
ramosum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 76, n, 85 (1724) & Hist.
Muse. p. 154, t. 20, fig. 49 a, B, c (1741). Lichen physodes L.
Sp. Pl. p. 1144 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 447; Lightf. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. $22; Engl. Bot. t. 126 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 32. Physcia physodes 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 436 (1821).

Eazsicc. Bohl. n. 13; Croall n. 98; Cromb. nos. 31, 144;
Johns. nos. 123, 304 (f. paucula), 305; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 290;
Leight. nos. 48, 389 ; Mudd n. 70.

One of our commonest lichens, and, though variable, easily recog-
nized by the narrow lobes and generally dark, bare undersurface ; no
rhizine are produced on the free parts. As the plant becomes older,
wide soralia develop at the apex of the lobes; the lobes tend to rise up
and become recurved, a condition known as vars. labrosa and recurva.
Form paucula, recorded by Johnson, is, he concludes, a dwarf form
with narrow lobes and eroded at the tips. The thallus is more or less
appressed, the sorediate lobes being somewhat ascending. This lichen
is attached in various ways to the substratum: rhizine are occasion-
ally developed as the result of friction. Spermogones are frequent as
clusters of black points.

Hab. On trees, heather, old walls, sometimes on sandy ground,
etc., in maritime and inland districts, more generally fertile in moun-
tainous regions.—Distr. General and common throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; Guernsey; Withiel and Penzance,
Cornwall; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Mares-
field, Pondlye and Ardingly, Sussex; Mill Hill, Middlesex; Boreham,
Walthamstow and Epping Forest, Essex; Sandy, Bedfordshire ;
Brandon, Suffolk; Lickey Hiils, Worcestershire; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire ; Church Stretton, Stiperstones, Wrekin Hill and
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Stormy Down, Glamorganshire; Bedd-
gelert, Cwm Bychan, Cader Idris, Garth, near Barmouth, and near
Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Llanberis, Bettws-y-Coed and Carnedd Dafydd,
Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; near Matlock, Derbyshire; Lounsdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Ash-
gill Woods (f. paweula) and Gateshead Fell, Cumberland ; Dalry and
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Glasgow; Swanston Wood,
Edinburgh; Inverary, Argyll; Crianlarich, Killin, Loch Tay, Ben
Lawers, Rannoch, Craig Tulloch and Moncerieffe Hill, Perthshire ;
Sidlaw Hills, Baldovan and Deerhill Wood, Forfar; Durris, Kincar-
dineshire; Invercauld, Castleton, Morrone, Glen Derry and Glen
Candlich, Braemar, Hill of Ardo and Countess Wells, Aberdeenshire ;

120 CYCLOCARPINE® _[PARMELIA

Rothiemurchus and Glen Morriston, Invernessshire; Forres, Elgin-
shire; Lairg, Sutherland; Unst, Shetland; near Cork; Dunkerron,
Kerry.

Var. tubulosa Mudd Man. p. 97 (1861).—Thallus lobes
tubular, erect, ascending, turgid and sorediate at the tips.—
Var. labrosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 126; ed. 3, p. 117; f. tubulosa Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 259
(1894). P. ceratophylla var. tubulosa Scher. Enum. p. 42 (1850).
Lichen physodes Engl. Bot. t. 126, lower fig. (1793).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 124; Leight. n. 48 pro parte; Mudd n. 70
pro parte.

Well marked by the cylindrical hollow lobes, which branch out
from the substratum. It is more confined to hilly districts than the
species. Apothecia are rarely found.

Hab. On trees and stone walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Fairly general and common in Great Britain B. M. Near
Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Leith
Hill, Surrey; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Sweeny, Shropshire ;
near Monmouth; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed and
Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; Kildale Moor, Baysdale and Lounsdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Asby, Cumber-
land; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers, Killin and
Abernethy, Perthshire ; Park and Hill of Ardo, Aberdeenshire; Rothie-
murchus Woods, Invernessshire ; Lairg, Sutherland.

Var. platyphylla Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 251 (1803),—Lobes
rather wide, wrinkled and plicate, rounded and rather deeply
crenate at the circumference, more or less sorediate at the tips,
generally towards the centre. Apothecia not common.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 126; ed. 3, p. 117.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 329.

The crowded wrinkled sometimes almost, tuberculose thallus
distinguishes the variety. The whole plant has an undivided mono-
phyllous appearance.

Hab. On old palings and stone walls in maritime and hilly districts.
—Distr. General though not common throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; New Forest, Hampshire; Brading, I. of
Wight; Lydd, Kent; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; near Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; Killin, Craig Tulloch, Ben Lawers, Trossachs and
Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Guthrie, Forfarshire; near Nigg, Kincardine-
shire; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

Form fuscescens Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 260 (1894),—Differs
from var. platyphylla in the brown-coloured thallus and in_ the
greater rarity of soredia.—Parmelia physodes var. obscurata
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) (non Ach.) ; Leight,
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118.

Crombie suggests that the colour of the thallus may be due to
the habitat by the sea.

Hab. On old palings in maritime districts.—Distr. Local in 8.E.

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE® 121

England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Lydd, Kent; near Cove,
Kincardineshire.

2. P. vittata Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 106 (1875).—Thallus
horizontal, of rather elongate narrow sparsely branching hollow
laciniz, loosely adherent to the substratum, smooth and often
shining, sometimes sorediate at the tips, glaucous-grey, beneath
generally shining-black, the dark colour spreading round and
forming a margin to the lobes, the lower cortex pierced here and
there by round holes (K + yellow,CaCl—). Apothecia stalked,
rather large, brownish-red, the margin thin, entire or inflexed ;
spores very ‘small, 4—6 w long, almost globose, 3-4°5 » thick.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 76 (1887). Parmelia physodes var.
vittata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 251 (1803); Mudd Man. p. 96 pro
parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 pro parte; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 126; ed. 3, p. 117 pro parte.

There is a somewhat doubtful specimen in Herb. Crombie, collected
on firs, Ben Lawers; the dark margin of the lacinie is not well
marked nor are the holes on the under surface very clear. There is
no other specimen.

Hab. On mossy stones, on bark, or on the ground in mountainous
regions.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ?

3. P. encausta Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 202 (1803).—Thallus
suborbicular, appressed, composed of numerous elongate branching
laciniz, generally rather broader and spathulate, crenate at the
circumference, the more central lobes very narrow and _ sub-
cylindrical, sometimes of almost radiate structure, the tips some-
what turgid, silver-grey or greenish or very dark in colour, often
dotted with the black spermogonia, beneath black, rather
wrinkled (K + yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia adnate, moderate
in size or rather large, plane, becoming flexuose, reddish-brown,
with a thin crenulate margin ; spores ellipsoid, small, 7-10 p long,
5-7 pw thick.—_8..F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 54 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 203 pro parte; Mudd Man. p. 97
(incl. var. candefacta, excl. var. stygioides) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 36. Parmelia physodes var.. candefacta Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 490 (1810); var. encausta Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 64 (1831);
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127; ed. 3, p.117. Lichen encaustus Sm.
in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 83, t. 4, fig. 6 (1791).

An alpine species found only at the top of our highest mountains.

Hab. On granite boulders.—Distr. The Grampians, Scotland.—

B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord and Cairntoul, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

4. P. alpicola Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 57 (1860).—Thallus
orbicular or expanded, appressed or adnate, of narrow, rugose-
plicate or torulose laciniz, crowded and imbricate or coherent in
the centre, more free at the circumference and crenate, nodulose

122 CYCLOCARPINEX [PARMELIA :

or incurved at the tips, dark-olivaceous or blackish, beneath
very black (K +¥eewish, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size
or small, 2-4 mm. across, becoming slightly convex, blackish,
with a thin entire margin; spores subglobose or ellipsoid,
7-12 p x 5-9 p.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 357 (1872) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 118, P. encausta var. stygioides Linds. in
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. p. 224 (1859); Mudd Man. p. 97.
P. Mougeotii £. discreta Ny]. Syn. Lich. i. p. 392 (1861). P. stygia
f. minor Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 35. P. discreta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36 (1870).
P. physodes var. discreta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127 (1871). Lichen
encaustus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2049°(1809) (non Ach.).
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 32 ; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. ii. n. 25.

Differs from the preceding in the more compact wrinkled growth
of the thallus, which is generally darker in colour and more shining.
Apothecia are frequent. The spermogones are minute and black, with
spermatia 7 » long, 1 p» thick.

Hab. On granitic and quartzose boulders in alpine places.— Distr.
Local and scarce on the Grampians, Scotland; rare in N. W. Ireland.
B. M. Ben More and Cairn Gowar, Perthshire; Clova Mts. Forfar-
shire; Cairn Drochit, Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Mayo.

Subgenus ii. Menecazzia A. Zahlbr..in Engler & Prantl

Nat. Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 212 (1907). — Thallus without rhizine,
attached by haustoria or mucilage ; lobes perforate above. Spores
large.

5. P. pertusa Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 457 (1840).—
Thallus orbicular, spreading, appressed, glabrous and shining,
dotted with round holes, frequently sorediate, whitish or
brownish, the lobes narrow, with palmate sinuate branching, some-
what convex, wider, crenate and brown at the tips, beneath black,
naked, wrinkled (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate
in size up to 4 mm. across, or smaller, reddish-brown, the margin
entire or crenulate, prominent ; “spores 2—4 in the ascus, very
large, 45-60 p long, 22-28 w thick.’—Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 36 ;
Leight. Fl. p. 129; ed. 3, p. 120. P. diatrypa Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 251 (1803) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 & in Sm. Engl. Fi. v.
p. 204; Tayl. in Mackay’s Fl. Hib. ii. p. 150. P. terebrata Mudd
Man. p. 97 (1861). Lichen pertusus Schrank Baier. Fl. i.
p. 519, n. 1513 (1789). L. diatrypus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p- 116 (1798); Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1248. Lobaria terebrata
Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 151 (1795). Physcia diatrypa 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 436 (1821).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 145; Larb. Cesar. n. 66 ; Leight. n. 264.

A lichen with a very neat regular appearance. Soredia borne at
the apex of small upright branchlets are not uncommon. The upper
cortex only is perforated; the lower cortex has mostly split from
the upper so that the lobes are hollow, the hyphe belonging to the

PARMELIA] PARMELIACEEZ 123

under part of the thallus are dark brown. The whole thallus is
closely attached to the substratum. British specimens are sterile.

Hab. On rocks among mosses and on the trunks of trees in mari-
time and inland districts.—Distr. Rare, though widely distributed
throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Bonne Nuit, Jersey; Land’s
End, near St. Austell and near Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head and
Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Hendremynech,
Cardiganshire? Cwm Bychan, Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth ;
foot of Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Roseneath, Barcaldine and Ballachulish, Argyll; Keimaniegh Pass,
Cork; Cromaglown, Glenmore Lake and Dunkerron, Kerry; Cushen-
dun, Antrim.

Subgenus iii. Euparmenia Nyl. ex Hue Add. Nov. Lich. Eur.
p. 39 (1886).—Thallus lobes narrow or wide; beneath more or
less rhizinose.

A. RBhizine very scanty.

6. P. pubescens Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv.
p. 22 (1886).—Thallus of rounded or somewhat flattened slender
filaments, spreading, decumbent, dichotomously and intricately
branched, olive-brown or brownish-black, somewhat shining,
beneath paler, attached to the rock by short stoutish discoid
hold-fasts or by short rhizine (?) (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia seated
on the thallus or terminal, moderate in size, plane or convex,
concolorous with the thallus, the margin subentire or granular ;
spores 7-11 » long, 6-8 » thick.—P. lanata Wallr. Fl. Crypt.
Germ. i. p. 529 (1831) (non Linn.) ; Mudd Man. p. 101 ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 124. Usnea ceespitosa
exilis, capillacea, atra Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 66, t. 13, fig. 9 (1741).
Lichen pubescens L. Sp. Pl. p. 1155 (1753); Engl. Bot. t. 846
(middle fig.). L. scaber Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 562 (1778).
Cornicularia lanata Ach, Meth. Lich. p. 304 (1803); 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 405; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 229; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 87. Alectoria
lanata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 80 (1879).

Ezsice. Croall n. 498.

Frequently referred to the radiate fruticose lichens, but the habit
is decumbent, the structure is partly dorsiventral, the gonidia being
more or less massed on the upper side of the central medullary strand,
and the plant is anchored to the substratum by disc-like hold-fasts.
Th. Fries records the presence of rhizine (Lich. Scand. p. 126).
Spermogones are frequent and give a somewhat nodulose character to
the filaments.

Hab. On rocks and boulders, rarely on gravelly soil in subalpine
and alpine localities.—Distr. Rare in S.W. and N. England and in
N. Wales and 8.W. Ireland ; more frequent on the Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M. Dartmoor Tors, Devon; Cader Idris and Aran Mawddwy,
Merioneth; Llangollen, Denbighshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Teesdale, Durham; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen Tilt,
Ben More, Mael Girdy and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts. and

124 CYCLOCARPINEAS [PARMELIA

Katelaw, Forfarshire ; Loch Phadrig, Lochnagar, Morrone, Cairngorm
and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ;
Hills of Applecross, Rossshire; Bennabad, Caithness; Mangerton,
Killarney and Macgillicuddy’s Reeks, Kerry; Doughruagh Mts.,
Connemara, Galway.

Var. reticulata A. L. Sm.—Thallus with shorter branching,
forming a kind of reticulation especially at the circumference,
the tips very shortly furcate. Apothecia frequently ciliate at
the margins. P. lanata var. reticulata Cromb. in Grevillea xii.
p- 72 (1884); var. subciliata Nyl. in Flora li. p. 346 (1868) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 50 (1869) & Lich. Brit. p. 35;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 125. Coralloides tenuissimum nigricans,
mundi muliebris instar textum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 113, t. 17,
fig. 32 (1741). Lichen pubescens Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 893
(1777) (non Linn.) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 562? With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 48. ZL. reticulatus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. ii. p. 187,
t. 13, fig. 6 (1788). Alectoria lanata var. parmelioides Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. x. p. 233 (1872); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 81
(incl. f. subciliata).

Distinguished by the shorter more profuse branches, and by the
subciliate apothecia which are more frequent than in the species.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine localities ——Distr. Plentiful
on some of the higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Cairngorm, Glen Callater,
Morrone and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

7. P. corniculata A. L. Sm.—Thallus of narrow, roundly
compressed stiff fronds 1-2°5 cm. high, crowded and suberect,
sparingly branched, the branches tapering, olive-brown or
brownish-black and somewhat shining, base attached by a
hold-fast (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia plane, becoming convex,
concolorous with the thallus, with an entire or fimbriate margin ;
spores 8-11 p long, 4-6 » thick.—P. tristis Wallr. I'l. Crypt.
Germ. p. 528 (1831); Nyl. in Act. Linn. Soc. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p. 304 (1856) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 71 (1884). Coralloides
corniculatum, fuci tenuiores facie Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 118, t. 17,
fig. 37 (1741). Lichen corniculatus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 885
(1777) (e descript.). LZ. radiatus Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 559
(1778). L. tristis Web. Spicil. p. 209 (1778) ; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 43; Engl. Bot. t.720. Cornicularia tristis Hoffm, Pl. Lich.
ii. p. 36, t. 34, fig. 1 (1794); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 404
(1821) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 228;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd Man. p. 76. Platysma
triste Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 307 (1860) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99; ed. 3, p. 94.

Exsicc. Croall n. 497; Dicks. Hort. Sice. fase. ix. n. 25;
Johns. n. 70.

A mountain species, occurring either in dense swards or in isolated
tufts on the rocks. Though largely fruticose in habit, the structure

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEE 125

is dorsiventral, with the gonidial layer almost touching each margin,
and rising in pyramid-like projections towards the upper cortex. The
apothecia, which are frequent, are subterminal. Spermogones are
numerous and prominent, with spermatia 5 » long and 1 p thick.

Lightfoot’s description leaves no doubt as to the identity of Lichen
corniculatus, which antedates both Hudson’s and Weber’s names.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous districts.—Distr.
Rather rare in W. and N. England and N. Wales; more frequent in
the Scottish Highlands; rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Dartmoor,
Devon; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Sugar Loaf Mt., Monmouth-
shire; Cader Idris, Merioneth; The Glyders, Snowdon and Moel
Siabod, Carnarvonshire; Llangollen; Denbighshire; Crickley Scar,
Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ;
Mardale, Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Ben More, Ben lLawers, Ben Vrackie and
Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Head of the White Water and
Katelaw, Forfarshire; near Invercauld, Craig Coinnoch, Morrone,
Glen Callater, Glen Dee and Ben-naboord, Braemar and Hill of Ardo,
Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross, Rossshire ;
Dunkerron, Kerry.

8. P. stygia Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 203 (1803).—Thallus
orbicular, appressed, somewhat shining, smooth, olive-brown or
blackish, the lobes narrow, with spreading palmate branching,
somewhat convex and incurved at the apices, beneath pitch-
black but paler towards the edge, with few stoutish rhizine
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia becoming large and flexuose, dark
olive-brown or black, with a dark-coloured crenulate margin ;
spores small, 8-10 » long, 6-7 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 441 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 54 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 202 ;
Mudd Man. p. 100; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 124; ed. 3, p. 116. Lichen stygius L. Sp. Pl. p. 1143 (1753) ;
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30;
Engl. Bot. t. 2048.

Ezxsicc. Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. ii. n. 25 pro parte.

_ Might be confused with Platysma fahlunense on account of the
partly shining thallus, but it is blacker, and the lobes thicker and
more convex. It is generally fertile. Spermogones are frequent,
with spores 5 » long, 1 p» thick.

Hab. On granitic and quartzose rocks and boulders in subalpine
and alpine regions.—Distr. Local and rare among the Grampians,
Scotland..—b. M. Ben More, Perthshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord and
Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

B. Rhizine abundant or scanty, but absent from the margin
(Amphigymnia).

a. Thallus glaucous-grey.

9. P. perlata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 216 (1803).—Thallus
horizontal, wide-spreading, somewhat orbicular in outline, smooth,
glaucous greyish-white, lobate, the lobes rounded, ascending,

126 CYCLOCARPINEX [PARMELIA

undulating, crisp and often with turgid soralia at the margins ;
beneath brownish-black, with short scattered or crowded rhizine,
paler and without rhizine towards the circumference (K + unger
CaCl—). Apothecia very rare, moderate in size or becoming
rather large, reddish-brown, the margin thin, entire, incurved ;
spores ellipsoid, 11-17 mw long, 7-10 p thick—S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 437; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Mudd
Man. p. 92; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 128; ed. 3, p. 119.. Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus
nigrum et cirrosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 147, t. 20, fig. 39, .
A, B, D, (1741). Lichen perlatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 (1762) ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 839; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 68; Engl.
Bot. t. 341.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 23; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 291; Leight. nos.
76, 392.

Usually about 4 to 6 inches across. Though the turgid marginal
soredia are a characteristic feature, they are sometimes absent; the
species being recognisable by the smooth thallus, and the orange colour
produced on the upper surface on the application of potash.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, and on rocks in maritime and
inland tracts.—Dzistr. General and plentiful throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Island of Guernsey; Bocconoc, near Penzance and
Withiel, Cornwall; Torquay, near Lidford, South Brent, Dartmoor
and Ilfracombe, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Isle of Wight;
St. Leonards Forest, Fairlight Glen, near Hastings; Mark Cross,
near Brighton, Henfield and Arundel, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Little
Waltham, St. Ossyth, and near Messing, Essex; Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Wood and Twycross, Leicestershire; Wrighton
Park, Herefordshire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Llanbedr,
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Bousdale Gill, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Stavely, Kendal and Windermere, Westmoreland; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Swanston Wood, near Edinburgh;
near Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Katrine and Killin, Perth-
shire; S. of Fort William, Invernessshire; Applecross, Rossshire ;
near Cork; Dunkerron, Kerry; Achill Island and Clare Island, Mayo.

Var. ciliata Scher. Enum. p. 34 (1850).—Thallus similar to
that of the species, with rounded crenate lobes, crisp and ciliate
at the margins and with turgid soralia. Apothecia rare.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 129; ed. 3, p. 120. Subsp. ciliata Nyl. in Flora 1xi.
p. 247 (1878); Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 74 (1887) & in
Monogr. i. p. 233 pro parte. .P. perforata Hook. in Sm, Engl.
Fl. v. p. 200 (1833) pro parte. Lobaria perlata var. ciliata
DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 403 (1805).

Distinguished by the presence of cilia on the margins of the lobes ;
frequently confused with P. proboscidea, to which the above references
partly refer.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, and on rocks and boulders in maritime
and inland districts.—Distr. Possibly not uncommon, but recorded only

PARMELIA| PARMELIACEX ire

in the southern and western counties of Great Britain and Jreland.—
B. M. Helmen Tor, Cornwall; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; I. of
Wight; Barmouth, Merioneth; Eskdale, Cumberland; Helensburgh,
Dumbartonshire ; Inverary and Barcaldine, Argyll; Clare Island and
Achill Island, Mayo.

b. Thallus greenish-yellow.

10. P. caperata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 216 (1803).—Thallus
spreading, lobate, wrinkled, sometimes pulverulent-sorediate
towards the centre, the lobes broad, rounded, narrowly sinuate
and crenulate, pale-yellowish-green or pale ochraceous, beneath
blackish, rhizinose, brown and naked at the circumference
(K + yellowish, CaCl —). Apothecia moderate in size, brownish-
red, the margin crenulate and often sorediate ; spores 17-20 p long,
7-10 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 437 ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p. 52 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 198; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p. 146; Mudd Man. p. 101, t. 2, fig. 30; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 32; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122; ed. 3, p. 114. Lichenoides
crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo virescente superne, inferne nigra
et levi Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 62 (1724). Lichenoides
caperatum, rosacee expansum, e sulphureo virens Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 193, t. 25, fig. 97 (1741). Lichen caperatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1147
(1753); Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, p. 543; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 58; Engl. Bot. t. 654.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 123; Cromb. n. 140; Johns. n. 220; Larb.
Cesar. n. 63 & Lich. Hb. n. 289; Leight. n. 77; Mudd n. 73.

Also a wide-spreading species, it is well distinguished by the
colour and the wrinkling of the thallus. The apothecia are somewhat
rare, and are chiefly central. Spermogones are minute and brown,
with spermatia 6-7 » long, 1 p» thick.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, palings and boulders.—Distr.
General and fairly abundant throughout the British Isles, though
rare in N. Scotland.—B. M. St. Brelade’s and Boulay Bay,
Jersey; Guernsey; St. Mary’s, Scilly; Bocconoec, Penzance and
Withiel, Cornwall; Ivy Bridge, Bolt Head, Newton Bushell, Totnes
and Dartmoor, Devon; Lyme Regis, Dorset; Lyndhurst, Hants;
Carisbrooke and Ryde, Isle of Wight; Lewes, Hastings, Pondlye,
and near Brighton, Sussex; near Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Waltham-
stow, Hainault Forest and near Bocking, Essex; Stonehenge, Wilts ;
Elstree, Herts; near Malvern, Worcestershire; Gamlingay, Cam-
bridgeshire; Charnwood Forest and Twycross, Leicestershire ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Cwm Bychan
and near Barmouth, Merioneth ; Llanberis, Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea ;
Buxton, Derbyshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northum-
berland; Stavely, Windermere, Westmoreland; Keswick and Asby,
Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Rivelstone and
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Blair-
drunmmond, Aberfoyle, Kenmore and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Ben
Nevis, Invernessshire; Rostellan, Cork; Dunkerron, Kerry; Achill
Island, Mayo.

128 CYCLOCARPINEE [PARMELIA

ce. Thallus olivaceous or brownish.

11. P. subaurifera Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 22 (1873).—Thallus
orbicular, thin in texture, closely appressed, crumpled and lobate,
olive- or umber-brown, with a yellowish medulla, generally
glabrous at the circumference, isidiose towards the centre and
more or less sprinkled with yellowish soredia, the lobes rounded
and crenate, beneath blackish, shortly fibrillose, lighter coloured
and bare at the edge (K & yenowishn, CaCl F reaaisn)» Apothecia
small, dark chestnut-coloured, the margin subentire, often yellow-
sorediate ; spores 11-13 p long, 7-8 p thick.—Cromb. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 572 (1880) & in Grevillea x. p. 25 (1881).
Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 182,
t. 24, fig. 77 c (1741). Lichen olivaceus var. 3 With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 35 (1796) (fide Crombie Monogr. i. p. 252).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. 210.

Differs from allied species in the yellow medulla and scattered
soredia, a character more distinctly marked in northern specimens
(cf. P. Mougeotii). Apothecia are extremely rare; they occur on
only one of our specimens, collected at Penzance. Spermogones are
also very rare; spermatia 5 u long, 1 u thick.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly oaks and firs, also on branches
of shrubs.—Distr. Rare in N. Wales, the Highlands of Scotland and
N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Henfield, Sussex ;
Lydd, Kent; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Wimpole Park, Cam-
bridgeshire; Kempsey, Worcestershire; Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Hindburndale, Lancashire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Glen
Lochay, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; near Banchory,
Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; Kylemore, Galway.

12. P. Mougeotii Scher. Enum. Lich. p. 46 (1850).—Thallus
rather small, orbicular, appressed and closely adnate, generally
darker and subareolate in the centre, greenish or greyish-yellow
towards the outside, usually sprinkled with small yellowish-white
soralia, the laciniz narrow, linear, multifid, slightly convex and
spreading at the apices, frequently transversely cracked, beneath
brownish-black, with very short rhizinze, smooth at the edges
(K + yellowish, CaCl —). Apothecia rare, minute, reddish-
brown, the margin pulverulent; spores 8-10 p» long, 5-6 p»
thick.—Mudd Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34. P. con-
spersa f£. Mougeotii Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 136; ed. 3, p. 125.
Lichen incurvus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1375 (1804) pro parte
(non Pers.).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 143; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 87, 251;
Leight. n. 143; Mudd n. 74.

Distinguished by the linear appressed lobes and by the yellowish
soredia. It has frequently been considered as allied to P. conspersa,
but the smooth edges of the under surface place it in this section.

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE® 129

The spermogones are rather rare, minute and brownish-black; the
spermatia are 5-6 » long and 1 p thick.

Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly granite and gneiss in mari-
time and upland districts.—Distr. Local and rather scarce, in Great
Britain and Ireland; most frequent perhaps on the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Withiel and Bodmin, Cornwall; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire ; near Barmouth and Capel Arthog, Merioneth ; Bettws-
y-Coed, Carnarvonshire ; Battersby and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers
and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Glen Dee,
Braemar and Crathes, Aberdeenshire; Curraghmore, Waterford ;
Dunkerron, Kerry; Connemara, Galway.

Form dispersa Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887).—
Thallus of scattered narrow short lacinie, sparingly sorediate.
Apothecia not seen.

Hab. On schist rocks in shady situations in subalpine tracts.—
B. M. Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll.

13. P. olivetorum Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn.
Forh. v. p. 180 (1866).—Thallus horizontal, roundly lobed,
smooth, greyish-green becoming yellowish-brown and_ shining
when dry, the lobes somewhat ascending, crisp, incurved,
thickened and sorediate at the margins, beneath blackish,
brownish at the circumference, wrinkled, very sparingly rhizinose
(K +3, CaCl F **). Apothecia moderate in size (5-10 mm.
across), shortly pedicellate, brownish-red, the excipulum and
margin smooth, becoming sometimes sorediose ; spores 14-18 p,
long, 7-12 » thick. Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 130; ed. 3, p. 121.
P. perlata var. olivetorum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 458 (1810).

Distinguished from P. perlata by the almost complete absence of
rhizine and by the thin lines of marginal soredia. The British speci-
mens are sterile. The spermatia are cylindrical.

Hab. On trunks of trees and on rocks in wooded maritime and
mountainous districts.—Distr. Rare in 8. England, N. Wales and
S.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Drews-y-nant, Merioneth ;
Barcaldine, Argyll.

14. P. cetrarioides Del. ex Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 290 (1869).
—Thallus large, orbicular or irregular, roundly lobed, smooth,
generally wrinkled, the lobes broad, crenate, somewhat ascending,
crisp and sorediate at the margins, beneath blackish, brownish
at the circumference, wrinkled, very sparingly rhizinose
(K + sew, CaCl —, medulla K (CaCl. f. + reddish). Apothecia
moderate or large, brownish-red, the margin entire, becoming
sorediose ; spores 14-16 pw long, 11-12 p» thick.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 128; ed. 3, p. 119. P. perlata
var. cetrarioides Duby Bot. Gall. ii. p. 601 (1830).

I. K

130 CYCLOCARPINEA! [ PARMELIA

Very similar to the preceding, but distinguished by the reactions

and by the form of the spermatia which are lageniform (broadly -

clavate). The apothecia are rare.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks in wouded
maritime and upland regions.—Distr. Rather rare; the Channel
Islands, S. and 8.W. England, N. Wales, and hilly regions of Scotland.
—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ; "Holmen Tor, Cornwall: Dartmoor and Bick-
leigh Vale, Devon; New Forest, Hants ; Dolzelly, Aberdovey and
near Barmouth, Merioneth; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Appin, Argyll; Loch Katrine, Perthshire; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-
shire.

C. Rhizine abundant or scanty, up to edge of lobes (Hypotrachyna).
a. Thallus whitish or grey-coloured.

Tsidia and Soredia absent.

15. P. tiliacea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 215 (1805).—Thallus
orbicular, rather thin, laciniate-lobed, appressed, smooth or
partly wrinkled or subpruinose, pale greyish-glaucous, the lobes
subimbricate, deeply divided and crenate, beneath brownish-
black, rhizinose to the margin (K + ‘ewlsh” CaCl = ..,).
Apothecia moderate in size, crowded when present, concave or
nearly plane, brownish-red, the margin becoming crenulate ;
spores oe. aie small, 7-11 » long, 5-7 p» thick.—S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i a: 438 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 200; Mudd
Man. p. 93, t 2, fig. 28 (excl. var. scortea); Cromb, Lich. Brit.
p. 33 (excl. sabape scortea) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131 pro parte
(incl. var. rugosula) ; ed. 3, p. 121 pro parte (incl. var. rugosula).
Lichen tiliaceus Hoftm. Enum. Lich. p. 96, t. 16, fig. 2 (1784) ;
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16; Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soe. i.

p. 83 (1791) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31.™

Eusice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 292,

Distinguished by the more closely appressed thallus with narrowly
sinuate and closely contiguous lobes, crenate at the margin and
sometimes wrinkled and pruinose. The apothecia are chiefly central ;
the spermogones are prominent and brownish with spermatia 7 « long,
lu thick.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on rocks in maritime and
inland Rather rare in the Channel Islands, S. and
N. iagiind, N. Wales bad W. Scotland, not yet recorded for Lreland.
—B.M. Petit Port, Jersey; near Exeter, Ilsham, near Torquay, and
Chagford, Devon ; Lymington, Hants; near kh yde, I. of Wight; Lewes,
Wiston and St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Esher and Dorking, Surrey ;
near Barmouth and Harlech, Merioneth; Clapdale, Yorkshire; near
Kendal, Westmoreland.

Subsp. carporhizans Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 384 (1860).—Thallus
similar to that of the species. Apothecia occasionally perforated,
the excipulum blackish and black-setulose.—Cromb., in Grevillea
xy. p. 75 (1887). Parmelia carporhizans Tayl. in Hook. Journ.

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEA 131

Bot. vi. p. 163 (1847); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882).
Lichen tiliaceus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 700 (1800).

Distinguished from the species by the dark setulose under surface
of the base of the apothecium. The dark fibrils are not always
easily seen. In Engl. Bot. t. 700 they are omitted, though quite
clearly indicated in one of Sowerby’s unpublished drawings, and
present in the specimen of Lichen tiliaceus preserved in the British
Museum.

Hab. On the trunks of trees in wooded districts.—Distr. Not
uncommon in the Channel Islands and 8. England.—B. M. Jerbourg,
Guernsey; Chagford, Ashburton, Cornworthy, and near Torquay,
Devon; Dunster Tower, Somerset; Lymington, Hants; near Ryde,

I. of Wight.
Isidia or Soredia on surface of lobes.

16. P. scortea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 461 (1810).—Thallus
orbicular, spreading, coriaceous, whitish, more or less densely
covered towards the centre with darker isidia, the lobes short,
rounded-crenate ; beneath densely black rhizinose to the margin
(K + yellowish’ CaCl + reaaisn)- Apothecia moderate in _ size,
scattered, reddish-brown, the margin subentire; spores 7-11 p
long, 5-7 p thick.—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 199. P. tiliacea
var. scortea Mérat Nouv. Flor. envir. Paris ed. 4, i. p. 393
(1836); Mudd Man. p. 93; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 131; ed. 3,
p- 122. Subsp. scortea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 (1870). Lichen
scorteus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 119 (1798); Engl. Bot.
t. 2065.

Evwsicc. Larb. Cesar. n. 18; Leight. n. 87.

Differs from P. tiliacea in the slightly thicker isidiose thallus. <A
specimen from Bolt Head, Devon, with small congested lobes, has
been described as f. concrescens Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 240 (1894).

Hab. On trees and old palings, rarely on rocks in maritime and
inland districts.—Dist7. Rare in the Channel Islands, England and
Wales, S. and W. Scotland and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. L’Etacq, Jersey ;
Sark; Bolt Head, Devon; Shanklin, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants ;
Stonehenge, Wilts; near Lewes and Henfield, Sussex; Harboro’
Magna and Newbold-on-Avon, Warwickshire; Twycross, Leicester-
shire; Little Stretton, Shropshire; Holyland, Pembrokeshire ;
Llanforda and near Barmouth, Merioneth; Stokesley, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; near Egglestone, Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire; West Kilbride, Ayrshire; Askew
Wood, Dunkerron, Kerry.

17. P. proboscidea Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 143 (1836)
(non Allioni ex Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 458 (1810)).—Thallus
moderate in size or wide-spreading often bearing isidia changing
into soredia over the surface, glaucous- or whitish-grey, the lobes
imbricate, crisp and crenate or often finely dissected at the
margins, cilia present on the margins and generally associated
with the isidia on the surface ; beneath black, densely rhizinose,
generally naked and brown at the edge (K + yellow, then red).

ae

—

132 CYCLOCARPINEE [PARMELIA

Apothecia rare, subpedicellate, reddish-brown, the outer wall
rugose, areolate and isidiose; margins incurved, crenate and-
often becoming sorediate ; spores ellipsoid, 23-33 p long, 15-17 p
thick (fide Hue) with a thick epispore.—P. perlata var. ciliata
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33 (1870) (non Scher.). P. pilosella Hue
in Journ. Bot. Fr. xii. p. 247 (1898). Lichen perforatus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 2423 (1812) (excl. mid. fig.).

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 30; Johns. n. 68; Larb. Cesar. n. 17 &
Lich. Hb. n. 86; Leight. n. 112.

The absence of marginal soralia, the superficial cilia, and the large
spores distinguish the species from P. perlata var. ciliata. Some-
times the sorediose isidia form scab-like excrescences (P. ptlosella
f. excrescens Arn. ex Hue tom. cit. p. 249). Apothecia are rare; the
spores in a specimen from Anglesea were smaller than the recorded
size, measuring from 20 p» in length.

Hab. On trees, rocks and boulders in shady situations.—Distr.
General, though not common throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Jersey; Guernsey; St. Mary’s Isle, Scilly; near Penzance,
Cornwall; Lustleigh Cleeve and near Bolt Head, Devon; St.
Leonards, Sussex; Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Anglesea; near Kendal, West-
moreland; Keswick, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Barcaldine, Argyll; the Trossachs and near Loch Tay,
Perthshire; S. of Fort William, Invernessshire; Applecross, Ross-
shire; Dunkerron, Denis and Derrycunihy, Kerry; Killery Bay,
Connemara, Galway; Clare Island, Mayo.

18. P. saxatilis Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 204 (1803).—Thallus
thin, spreading or suborbicular, laciniate-lobate with reticulate
lines or markings, or even reticulate-lacunose, frequently more or
less isidose, greyish white or glaucous-grey, the lobes generally
rather narrow, sinuous, crenate and truncate or retuse at the
apices ; beneath black, rhizinose to the margin (KT3a¢¥ hn rea.
CaCl.-). Apothecia moderate in size or rather large, the
excipulum and margin thin, crenulate or often isidiose, the disc
reddish-brown ; spores ellipsoid, 14—18 p long, 7-9 y» thick, with
an epispore 1-1°5 p» thick—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 440;
Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 53 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144; Mudd Man. p. 94 (excel. vars.
leucochroa and omphalodes) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 (exel. vars.
suleata and omphalodes); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 137 (exel. vars.
suleata and omphalodes, incl. var. panniformis); ed. 3, p. 126.
Lichenoides crusta foliosa, superne cinereo-glauca, inferne nigra et
cirrosa, scutellis nigricantibus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 61
(1724). Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-glaucum lacunosum et
cirrosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 188, t. 24, f. 83.4 (1741). Lichen
saxatilis L. Sp. Pl. p. 1142 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446 ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 816; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 33; Engl.
Bot. t. 603.

Ezsice. Cromb. n. 27 ; Leight. n. 203 pro parte.

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE 133

A very common species, easily recognized by the reticulate lines
on the thallus which are mostly whitish, though sometimes becoming
darker, and sometimes marked by isidia. Apothecia are very rare.
Spermogones are minute with spermatia about 7 » long and 1 yp thick.
There is a sterile form with very narrow crowded laciniwe which are
sometimes isidioid (f. panniformis Cromb. in Grevillea, xv. p. 75
(1887)).

Hab. On trees, walls, rocks and boulders in lowland and upland
districts. —Distr. General throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Island
of Guernsey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon; New
Forest, Hants; Sussex; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Lambeth,
S. Wales; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Stavely, Westmoreland; Ayrshire ;
Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Ben Lawers, Glen Falloch, Abernethy,
Invertrosachs, Black Wood of Rannoch and Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ;
Cortachy, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Corriemulzie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Clare Island
and Achill Island, Mayo.

Form furfuracea Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 455 (1846).—
Thallus spreading, greyish white, generally densely covered with
greyish-brown isidia which frequently obliterate the lobes except
at the circumference, otherwise similar to the species. Var.
Surfuracea Mudd Man. p. 95 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138 ;
ed. 3, p. 127. Parmelia horrescens Tay]. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 144 (1836) pro parte. Lichenoides vulgatissimum cinereo-
glaucum lacunosum et cirrosum Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 188, t. 24,
fig. 83, D (1741).

Hasicc. Bohl. n. 11; Johns. n. 187 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n, 211 ;
Leight. n. 46 pro parte.

More frequent than the species with which it is connected by
every stage of isidiose development. Frequently fertile, and the
apothecial margins rough with isidia.

Hab. On rocks, walls and trees, chiefly in upland districts.—
Distr. General and common in many parts of the British Isles.—
B. M. Alderney; near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Throwley
Down and near South Brent, Devon; Basingstoke and New Forest,
Hants; Maresfield Common, Eridge Rocks and Ardingly, Sussex ;
Savernake Forest, Wilts; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Lambeth, S. Wales; Barmouth and near Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; The Wrekin,
Shropshire; Chatsworth and near Buxton, Derbyshire; Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Crags, near Edinburgh ;
near Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; Appin, Argyll; Trossachs, Ben
Lawers and near Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Clova and Cortachy, Perthshire ;
Glen Callater, Morrone, Ben Avon and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar and
Crathes, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross,
Rossshire; Lambay Island, near Dublin; near Cork; Dunkerron,
Kerry ; Kylemore, Galway ; Clare Island and Achill Island, Mayo.

19. P. suleata Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 145 (1836).—
Thallus orbicular, spreading, laciniate-lobate, the lobes sinuate,
branched, irregularly imbricate, subtruncate at the apices,

134 CYCLOCARPINE [PARMELIA

greyish or glaucous white and more or less marked with reticulate .
lines, the reticulations frequently changing to furrowed oblong
ov linear white-margined soralia; beneath blackish, rhizinose
(Ktycllowish ss xea, CaCl-). Apothecia and spores as in P. sawatilis,
or rather smaller.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887).
P. saxatilis var. leucochroa Wallr. Fl. Crypt. Germ. i. p. 499
(1831); Mudd Man. p. 94; var. suleata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138 ; ed. 3, p. 126. Lichenoides vulgatissimum
cinereo-glaucum, lacunosum et cirrosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 188,
t. 24, fig. 83 B (1741).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 28; Dicks. Hort. Sice. fase. xiv. n. 22;
Johns. n. 69; Leight. n. 203 ; Mudd n. 66.

Distinguished from the preceding by the absence of isidia and by
the furrowed soralia which are often abundant on the thallus and
along the margins of the lobes, giving the whole plant a rough
scabrous appearance.

Hab. On trees and old walls in maritime and inland districts.—
Distr. General and common throughout the British Isles; fertile
chiefly in the Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Guernsey; Penzance
and Withiel, Cornwall; Beeding and. Newtimber, Sussex; New
Forest, Hants; near Cirencester and Sapperton, Gloucestershire ;
near Malden, Epping and Hainault Forests, Essex; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Ludlow, Shropshire; Haddon
Hall and Darley, Derbyshire; Ayton and Ingleby, Cleveland, York-
shire; near Hexham, Northumberland; Dalry, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Dreghorn and Craiglockart, near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyll;
Loch Katrine and Killin, Perthshire; Baldovan, Forfarshire; near
Braemar and Den of Murtle, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William,
Invernessshire ; Applecross, Rossshire ; Rostellan, Cork; Dunkerron,
Kerry ; Clare Island and Achill Island, Mayo.

20. P. dubia Scher. Enum. Lich. p? 45 (1850).—Thallus
suborbicular, thinnish in texture, appressed, lobate, smooth or
slightly wrinkled, glaucous-grey or pale-whitish-grey, the surface
more or less thickly sprinkled with small round soralia, the lobes
rather broad, rounded, sinuate, the edges frequently sorediate ;
beneath almost black, wrinkled, sparingly rhizinose (K+ 7"
CaCl;red, soredia CaCl + red). Apothecia moderate in size or
larger, brownish-red, the margin elevated, inflexed; spores
11-15 p long, 8-11 p thick.—P. Borreri Turn. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ix. p. 148, t. 13, fig. 2 (1808); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 437; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 146; Mudd Man. p. 94, t. 2, fig. 29; Cromb. Lich.
3rit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 133; ed.3,p.122. P. reddenda
Stirton in Scott. Nat. iv. p. 298 (1878); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 119; Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 26 (1881). Lichenoides
glaucum perlatum, subtus nigrum et cirrosum Dill, Hist. Muse.
p. 147, t. 20, fig. 39 (1741). Lichen dubius Wulf. in Jacq.
Collect. Bot. iv. p. 275, t. 19, fig. 1 (1790). ZL. Borreri Turn. in
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1780 (1807).

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEE 135

Exsice. Larb. Cesar. n. 20; Leight. n. 231.

Somewhat similar to P. swlcata, but differing in the form of the
soredia and in the thalline reactions. Apothecia are rare in British
specimens, they are chiefly central and become perforate with age.
Spermatia are lageniform (broadly clavate), 4°5 » long, 1 p thick.

Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on rocks in wooded districts.
—Distr. General in the Channel Islands and in 8. and W. England,
rarer in Scotland and Ireland.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ; near Jerbourg,
Guernsey ; near Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Basingstoke and
Lyndhurst, Hants; Ryde and Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Brighton,
Henfield, Hayward’s Heath, Angmering Park, Hurstpierpoint,
Hastings and near St. Leonards, Sussex ; Maidstone, Kent ; Waltham-
stow, near Maldon and Great Totham, Essex ; Kemble and Sapperton,
Gloucestershire; near Oxford; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ;
Hindlip and Malvern, Worcestershire ; 'wycross, Leicestershire ;
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Dynevor Castle, Caermarthen-
shire ; near Kendal, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire ; West Kilbride, Ayrshire; Riverstown, Cork; near Limerick ;
Dunkerron, Kerry ; Westport and Achill Island, Mayo.

21. P. ambigua Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 207 (1803).—Thallus
orbicular, closely adnate, straw-coloured or glaucous-grey, sprinked
with sulphur-coloured soralia, the lobes narrow, somewhat
pinnatifid, plane, widening outwards ; beneath brownish-black,
lighter towards the circumference with a few scattered stoutish
rhizine almost to the edge (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small,
with a rather prominent entire or crenulate margin; spores
oblong or ovoid-oblong, often slightly curved, 7-11 y long,
2°5-3°5 pw thick.—Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (two lower
figs.). Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 203 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 127 ; ed. 3, p. 118. P. diffusa Mudd Man.
p. 103 (1861) (non Web.). Lichen ambiguus Wulf. in Jacq.
Coll. Bot. iv. p. 239 (1790). Parmeliopsis ambiqua Nyl. in Not.
Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. p. 121 (1866) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 37 & Monogr. i. p. 263.

Hasice. Cromb. n. 146; Johns. n. 222; Leight. n. 373;
Mudd n. 75.

Well distinguished from P. Mougeotii, which it resembles in the
yellow soralia by the more developed thallus, by the unbroken lobes,
the absence of reaction, and the form of the ascospores and spermatia.
The latter are long, slender and arcuate, about 18°25 yp long, °5 »
thick. Because they differ from those of other Parmelie, this species
and P. alewrites, in which they also occur, have been placed by several
writers in a separate genus, Parmeliopsis.

Hab. On the trunks of old fir trees near the roots and on old fir
palings in upland districts.—Dist7. Rare but common where it occurs
throughout England and Central Highlands, Scotland.—b. M.
Ightham, Kent; Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; near
Oswestry, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Ingleby Greenhow,
Yorkshire; Killin, Perthshire; Kinnordy, Forfarshire: Mar Forest
and Glen Derry, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Larig Guie, Banffshire ;
Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

SS ae)
, ju

136 CYCLOCARPINEE [PARMELIA

22. P. hyperopta Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 208 (1814); (in Hb.

Ach. fide Wainio in Termesz. Fiiz. xxii. p. 280 (1899)).—Thallus ~

orbicular, closely appressed, greyish-white, with whitish pulveru-
lent soredia, the lobes narrow, spreading, not much branched :
beneath brownish-black, with scanty rhizine to the edge
(K+ selov, CaCl-). Apothecia very long, small or nearly moderate
in size, brownish or reddish-brown, concave or becoming plane,
the margin thin, slightly crenulate ; spores oblong or fusiform-
oblong, usually somewhat curved, 11-12 p long, 3-4 p thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 98; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 478; ed. 3, p. 119.
P. ambigua Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2796 (1835) (two upper
figs.). Parmeliopsis aleurites Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 445 (1869)
(non Ach.) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 263.

Distinguished from the preceding by the white soredia, and by the
reaction with potash. There is considerable confusion in nomen-
clature between this species and Cetraria (aleurites) diffusa. The
latter is isidiose, brown beneath, while P. hyperopta is sorediose and
black beneath.

Hab. On the trunks of old firs near the roots, and on fir palings
in mountainous districts.— Distr. Rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland.
—B.M. Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Larig Guie, Banffshire ;
Aviemore, Invernessshire.

Soredia on tips or margins of lobes.

23. P. cetrata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 198 (1814) ; Wain. Lich.
Brés. i. p. 40 (1890).—Thallus suborbicular, lobate, smooth,
minutely reticulate-rimulose, glaucous or whitish, the lobes
irregular, rather deeply crenulate and ascending at the cireum-
ference, more deeply divided towards the centre, occasionally
black ciliate, frequently sorediate on the tips or the margins,
more rarely on the surface; beneath blackish towards the
centre, dark-brown at the edges; rhizine over the entire lower
surface or reduced to papille towards the edge (K¥ ¥eie\" then rea,
CaCl—). Apothecia very rare, typically pedicellate, brown, the
margin entire, generally perforate at the centre when mature ;
spores 14-15 p long, 7-8 p thick. P. perforata 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 437 (1821)? Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 377 (1860) pro parte
(non Ach.) (incl. var. cetrata), p. 378 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 200 pro parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 32; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 134; ed. 3, p. 123. P. reticulata Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p- 148 (1836). P. perlata var. ciliata Mudd Man. p. 92 (1861).
Lichenoides glaucum, foliorum laciniis crinitis Dill. Hist. Muse.
t. 20, fig. 42 a (1741). Lichen perforatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2423
(mid. fig.) (1812) (non Jacq.).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 29; Larb. Lich. Hib. n. 250.

Distinguished by the faint mosaic of minute cracks on the upper
surface, and by the presence of rhizine or papille right up tothe edge.
It has been confused with P. perforata, also an Acharian species, but

~~

PARMELIA| PARMELIACE® Lays

the examination of the types by Wainio (1. c.) has definitely decided
the point of nomenclature. In P. perforata Ach. the lobes are naked
at the edge of the under surface.

Hab. On mossy rocks and the trunks of old trees chiefly in mari-
time districts.—Distr. Rather uncommon in the Southern and
Western counties of the British Isles.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ; Alder-
ney; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; South Brent, Devon; Lyme
Regis, Dorset; Carisbrooke, I. of Wight; Nannau, Dolgelly and
Tan-y-Croes, Merioneth; Barcaldine, Argyll; Dunkerron, Kerry;
near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

24. P. levigata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 212 (1814).—Thallus
suborbicular, horizontal, lobate, the lobes sinuate at the axils,
multifid, narrow or rather broad, spreading (divaricate), partly
imbricate, often with turgid soralia at the apices, glaucous-white
or whitish ; beneath blackish, densely rhizinose up to the margin
(K+ velow, CaCl, medulla K (CaClf)+red). Apothecia moderate
in size or large, reddish-brown, the margin becoming crenulate or
sorediate ; spores 6-8 in the ascus, 17-23 p long, 10-14 p thick
with a stout epispore.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 443 ; Hook.
FI. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 200; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 148; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 189; ed. 3, p. 128. P. sinuosa var. levigata Scher. Enum.
p. 43 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 95. Lichen levigatus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 1852 (1808).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 141; Larb. Cesar. n. 64 & Lich. Hib.
n. 124; Mudd n. 69.

Distinguished by the sinuous rounded axils and the rather blunt
square tops of the lacinie. The apothecia are very rare and imperfect.
The spore sizes have been taken from Nylander’s description (Syn.
Lich. p. 384), there being no material wherewith to verify them.
Spermogones are more frequent; they are minute, blackish with
spermatia about 5-7 p long, 1 p» thick.

Hab. On rocks, boulders, and trunks of trees, chiefly in maritime
aud mountainous districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in
the Southern and Western districts of the British Isles.—B. M.
Jersey; Guernsey; Penzance and near Withiel, Cornwall; Okehamp-
ton, Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor, Lynton and Bolt Head, Devon ;
New Forest and Bournemouth, Hants; near Dolgelly, Aberdovey,
and Barmouth, Merioneth; Llanberis and Beddgelert, Carnarvon-
shire; Beaumaris, Anglesea; Asby, Cumberland; Inverary and Bar-
caldine, Argyll; Trossachs, Perthshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ;
Glen Ach-na-Shilloch, Rossshire; Gougaumbara, Cork; Killarney,
Kerry ; Connemara, Galway; Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. dissecta Oliv. Lich. d’Eur. i. p. 189 (1907).—Thallus
yellowish, small, deeply dissected and isidiiferous ; beneath with
short rhizine (medulla K(CaCl) + red). Apothecia unknown.—
Parmelia dissecta Nyl. in Flora Ixv. p. 451 (1882) ; Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 247.

Recorded by Nylander as a saxicolous lichen rare in Ireland. A
corticolous specimen collected by H. B. Holl in N. Wales, and deter-

138 CYCLOCARPINE.E [PARMELIA

mined by Crombie as P. dissecta, has an orbicular thallus of sinuous
narrow pinnatifid lobes, like a very fine ?. sinwosa. Here and there
isidia are developed on the surface.

Hab. On rocks or trunks of trees. —B. M. Cwm Bychan, Merioneth.

25. P. revoluta Flerke Deutsch. Lich. i. p: 11 (1815).—
Thallus orbicular, moderate in’ size (usually 2-3 inches across),
smooth, narrowly sinuate-lobate or laciniate, glaucous-white or
whitish, the lobes slightly hooded-revolute and sometimes with
turgid soralia at the tips, the sorediate area spreading over the
lobes ; beneath blackish, rhizinose up to the brownish margin,
but often becoming naked (K + **"s": CaCl F reddish). Apothecia
rather small, brownish-red, the margin entire or crenate ; spores
6-8 in the ascus, 11-19 p long, 7-12 yp thick.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887). P. tiliacea vars. revoluta and sub-
leviqata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132 (1871); var. sublevigata ed 3,
p. 122 (1879) (? Nyl.). P. levigata vars. revoluta and subsinuosa
Leight. op. cit. ed. 3, p. 129.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 186; Larb. Lich. Hib. n. 293; Leight.
n. 202 (as P. Fosteri Borr.), n. 357 (as P. rugosa Tayl.); Mudd
n. 68.

A smaller plant than P. levigata, which it resembles in the sinuous
branching and rounded axils, but is distinguished by the slightly
revolute tips of the lobes.

Hab. On rocks and trees among mosses in maritime and moun-
tainous districts. —Distv. General, but not common in 8.W. and N.
England, rare in the Channel Islands, S$. Scotland and W. Highlands
and W. Ireland.—B. M. La Coupe, Jersey; St. Breock, Withiel and
Penzance, Cornwall; Ilsham, Ullacombe, Dartmoor and Lynton,
Devon; I. of Wight; near Lyndhurst and Bournemouth, Hants;
St. Leonard’s Forest, Eridge Rocks and Ardingly, Sussex; Cader
Idris, near Barmouth, near Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Anglesea; Bedale, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Linnhe,
Invernessshire ; Castlebernard Park, Bandon, Cork; Killarney, Kerry;
Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway.

Var. rugosa Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887) (incl. f.
panniformis).—Thallus more expanded, the lobes broader, often
bulging at the centre and rugose or tuberculate-rugose. Apothecial
margin becoming rugose.—P. rugosa Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 145 (1836). P. tiliacea var. rugosa Leight. Lich, Fl. p. 133
(1871). P. levigata var. rugosa Leight. op. cit. ed. 3, p. 128
(1879).

The lobes are more crowded in the centre and somewhat less
revolute at the tips, and soredia are less frequently developed than in
the species. Form panniformis is crowded with short lobes, evidently
a growth condition.

Hab. On rocks, boulders, railings, ete., in maritime and inland
districts.—Distr. Less frequent but mostly coextensive with the
species.—B. M. Pentire and the Lizard, Cornwall; Cornworthy, Devon ;

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE 139

Bramber, Sussex; Barmouth, Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Llanberis, Carnarvonshire; Barcaldine, Argyll.

Var. concentrica Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1887).—
An erratic globular form, the lobes growing in concentric
layers. Apothecia not seen.—P. sawatilis var. concentrica Leight.
in Exsicc. n. 232 (1856), cf. Berk. in Gard. Chron. 1856,
pp. 84 & 172. P. sinwosa var. erratica Linds. in Trans. R. Soe.
Edin. xxii. 1, p. 218 (1859); var. concentrica Mudd Man. p, 96
(1861). P. levigata var. concentrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33
(1870). P. tiliacea var. concentrica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 132
(1871); ed. 3, p. 122.

Easice. Leight. n. 232.

This curious variety has been collected in two different localities.
It was first found unattached on the downs of Melbury Hill. Crombie
points out that there is no reason to suppose the lichen was at first
free, but it had become detached and subsequently globular in form
(Journ. Bot. x. p. 807 (1872) ), an observation confirmed by Paulson
and Somerville Hastings (Knowledge xxxvii. p. 819 (1914) ).

Hab. On upland downs.—B. M. Melbury Hill near Shaftesbury,
Dorset ; downs near Seaford, Sussex.

26. P. endochlora Leight. Lich. Fl. p 140 (1871).—Thallus
horizontal, moderate in size, sinuate-lobate rather of a thin
texture, the lobes imbricate, blunt at the ends sometimes with
turgid soralia, whitish or glaucous-white ; medulla sulphur-yellow ;
beneath black, rhizinose up to the edge (K + yellow). Apothecia
moderate in size or large, brownish-red, the amphithecium
verrucose, margin incurved, verrucose-crenate ; spores 6—8 in the
ascus, 16-19 » long, 8-11 yp» thick.—Leight. op. cit. ed. 3,
p. 130. P. McMillana Stirton in Grevillea iii. p. 79 (1874).
P. xanthomyela Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 306 (1874); Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xii. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 236.

Altogether a slightly smaller plant than P. lavigata, and dis-
tinguished by the yellow medulla; the soredia become dark-coloured
with age.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in shady mossland districts.—Dvstr.
Local and scarce in N. Wales, Scottish Highlands and W. Iveland.—
B. M. Dolgelly, Merioneth; Barcaldine, Appin, and Glen Croc,
Argyll; Askew Wood, Dunkerron, Kerry; Kylemore, Connemara,
Galway.

b. Thallus greenish-yellow.

27. P. conspersa Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 205 (1803).—Thallus
orbicular, spreading widely, appressed, laciniate-lobate, some-
what smooth and shining, the lobes plane, sinuate, crenate,
greenish-straw-coloured ; beneath brown, with short black rhizinwe
mostly up to the edge (K+yellow, then red, CaCl=). Apothecia
generally central and numerous, dark-brown, with an _ entire,
inflexed margin ; spores 8-12 » long, 5-8 pw thick.—'. I’. Gray

140 CYCLOCARPINE® [PARMELIA

Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 143; Mudd Man.
p- 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134;
ed. 3, p. 124. Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badiis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 180, t. 24, fig. 75 a (1741). Lichen centri-
jfugus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445 (1762) (non Linn.); Lightf. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 814; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 32 pro parte. L. con-
spersus Ehrh. ex Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 118 (1798); Engl.
Bot. t. 2097.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 26; Johns. n. 303; Larb. Cesar. n. 65;
Leight. n. 78.

The thallus is normally orbicular, but it may spead extensively
and become more irregular in outline. Towards the centre the lobes
are frequently more divided and somewhat convex, and tend to
become isidiose. The spermogones are black and irregularly scattered,
with spermatia 5-6 p long, and 1 p thick.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees or palings, and on boulders.—
Distr. General and common throughout the British Isles, especially
in mountainous districts —B. M. Jersey; Sark; near Penzance and
Helminton, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Ivy Bridge and Temple Moor,
Devon; Westerham, Kent; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire; Llanbedr, Bar-
mouth, and Cader Idris, Merioneth ; Beddgelert and Bangor, Carnar-
vonshire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Beaumaris, Anglesea; Teesdale,
Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Ayrshire; King’s Park,
Stirling; Inverary, Crinan Canal and Appin, Argyll; Loch Ard, Ben
Lawers and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Applecross, Rossshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry; Louisburgh, Mayo.

Form isidiata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 135 (1871).—Thallus
covered with densely crowded isidia except towards the circum-
ference.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 125. Imehenoides &e. Dill.
l. c. fig. 75 B. Imbricaria conspersa f. isidiata Anzi Catal.
Lich. Sondr. p. 28 (1860).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 110; Johns. n. 221; Leight. n. 79 pro parte.

Differs chiefly in the densely isidioid thallus, the lobes being often
scarcely distinguishable. It is usually sterile.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland regions.—Distr. Rather
rare in S.W., W. and N. England, Wales, and §. Scotland and N.W.
Treland, more frequent in the 8. and W. Highlands.—B. M. Withiel,
Roscorea, and near Penzance, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon ; Maresfield,
Sussex; Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire; Bardon
Hill, Leicestershire ; Coed Coch, Denbighshire; near Dolgelly and

Jarmouth, Merioneth; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; near Kendal,
Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; King’s Park,
Stirling ; Appin, Argyll; near Aberfeldy, Ben Lawers and Rannoch,
Perthshire ; near Cortachy, Forfarshire ; Crathes, Aberdeenshire.

Var. stenophylla Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 206 (1803),.—Thallus
lobes narrower, more divided, crowded and imbricate. Apothecia
smaller, rare-—Mudd Man. p. 102; form stenophylla Scheer.

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE® 141

Enum. Lich. p. 46 (1850); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 135; ed. 3, p. 124.

Euxsicc. Johns. n. 121; Leight. n. 79 pro parte.

Distinguished by the form of the laciniz, which are also oceasionally
crowded and panniform. The thallus is normally smooth, but some-
times isidiiferous.

Hab. On boulders and old walls in upland districts.—Distr. Rare
in §., Central and W. England, N. Wales, 8.W. Highlands and
S. Grampians, Scotland, rare in 8.W. and W. Iveland.—B. M. Near
Penzance, Cornwall; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; near Oswestry,
Shropshire; Rhewgreidden, Llanbedr, Barmouth and _ Dolgelly,
Merioneth; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Wastdale, Cumberland ;
Inverary and Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Dunkerron,
Kerry; Corraun Mt., Mayo.

28. P. sinuosa Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 207 (1814).—Thallus
suborbicular, rather small, laciniate-lobed, widely sinuate, smooth,
the lobes narrow, pinnatifid, dilated and often sorediate at the
apices, yellowish-green ; beneath blackish and densely rhizinose,
usually to the edge, sometimes lighter in colour and bare at the
tips (KET 8" then rea, CaCl). Apothecia central, rare, moderate
in size or small, reddish-brown, the margin thin, entire ; spores
11-20 p» long, 8-12 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 442;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 203; Tay).
in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149; Mudd Man. p. 95 pro parte;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 33; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 136; ed. 3, p. 125.
Lichen sinuosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2050 (1809).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 8.

Somewhat resembling P. /evigata in the sinuous branching, but
differing in the narrower lobes and the colour of the thallus, and in
the thalline reaction.

Hab. On trunks of trees and on boulders in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands, S. and W.
England, §. and W. Scotland, and 8. and W. Iveland.—B. M.
Guernsey; Ullacombe, Devon; Barmouth, Ty Gwn, near Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; Anglesea; Brodrick Castle, Arran; Appin, Argyll; Glen
Nevis, Invernessshire ; Applecross, Rossshire ; near Macroom, Cork ;
Cromaglown and Dunkerron, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway.

29. P. multifida A. L. Sm.—Thallus orbicular or irregularly
spreading, narrowly laciniate, greenish-straw-coloured or pale-
ochraceous, sometimes dark-greenish-brown towards the centre
and sometimes with large tuberculose sulphur-coloured soralia,
the lobes narrow, convex, rather gnarled, incurved at the
apices ; beneath dark-coloured with short crowded black rhizinz
(K=, CaCl). Apothecia small, reddish-brown, the margin sub-
entire ; spores 8-12 pw long, 5-6 p thick.—P. recurva Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 201 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 442; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54. .P. incurva Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. p. 31
(1826); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 202; Tayl. in Mackay

142 CYCLOCARPINEA | PARMELIA
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 149; Mudd Man. p. 102; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 34 & Monogr. i. p. 249; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 140; ed. 3,
p. 129. Lichen multifidus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 16, t. 9,
fig. 7 (1793). With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 28. D. incurvus Pers. in
Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 24 (1794).

Distinguished from allied species in the ineurved apices of the
lobes, and generally in the gnarled and twisted aspect of the whole
plant. Apothecia are rare, but spermogones are frequent, with
spermatia 5-7 long, 1 p thick.

Hab. On granite rocks and boulders in subalpine and alpine
places.— Distr. Local and rare in 8.W. Ireland and §. Scotland, more
frequent among the Grampians.—b. M. New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Craig Coinnoch, Ben-naboord, Morrone and Upper Glen
Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

ce. Thallus dark-green, olivaceous or brown.

30. P. acetabulum Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p, 601 (1830).—Thallus
orbicular, coriaceous-membranaceous, smooth or wrinkled, lobate,
dark-green or dull-olivaceous, the lobes imbricate, rounded,
appressed at the circumference, ascending, crumpled or undu-
lating in the centre; beneath pale-brown, sparingly rhizinose
(K 5 yettowish, then rea, CAC1-). Apothecia becoming rather large,
brownish-red, the margin crenulate, inflexed; spores 12-16 p
long, 8-10 » thick—Mudd Man. p. 99; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 35; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 136; ed. 3, p. 125. P. corrugata
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 215 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 201. Lichenoides acetabulis cutaneis
et rugosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 185, t. 24, fig. 79 (1741). Lichen
acetabulum Neck. Delic. Gallo-Belg. p. 506 (1768). L. corrugatus
Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 83, 1791 & Engl Bot. t. 1652.

Exsicc, Cromb. n. 142; Leight. n. 362.

Distinguished by the dull dark green or brown colour of the
corrugate thallus. Apothecia are rather rare; spermogones are
abundant, with spermatia about 7 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in woods and parks in lowland
districts. —Distr. Not general nor common throughout England,
rare in Scotland, not seen from Ireland.—B. M. Okehampton, Devon ;
near Netley Abbey, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Poyning’s Hill,
Hayward'’s Heath, Bramber Castle and Beeding Priory, Sussex ;
Maidstone and Broome Park, Kent; near Chelmsford and Epping
Forest, Essex; Somerford Keynes, Wiltshire; near Cirencester and
lairford, Gloucestershire; near the Ketch, Worcestershire ; Rendham
and near Bury, Suffolk; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; near
Buckingham; Nesscliff, Shropshire; Ayton and Stokesley, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; Auldbar, lorfarshire.

31. P. olivacea Ach. Meth. p. 213 (1803).—Thallus orbicular,
appressed, lobate, wrinkled, olive- or deep umber-brown, the
lobes plane rounded and crenate ; beneath dark-brown, sparingly

PARMELIA | PARMELIACE® 143

rhizinose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size, dark-
umber-brown, the margin entire or subentire; spores 11-19 p
long, 7-10 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 35 pro parte & in
Grevillea x. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122 pro parte; ed. 3,
p- 114 pro parte. Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis levibus Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 182, t. 24, fig. 77 a (1741). Lichen olivaceus
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1143 (1753).

A northern species found in the British Isles only in N. Scotland.
Lichen olivaceus and Parmelia olivacea of earlier British authors
refer to other species. It may be readily recognized by the wrinkled
thallus.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, birch and alder, in wooded upland
districts.— Dist. Local and rare in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Banks of the Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

32. P. exasperata Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865).—
Thallus orbicular or spreading irregularly, closely appressed,
lobate, more or less thickly sprinkled with minute roundish
papille with an opening above (breathing pores), olive: brown,
the lobes variable, generally obliterated towards the centre,
sometimes pinnatifid, rounded and crenate at the circumference ;
beneath somewhat paler and rhizinose to the edge (K=, CaCI_).
Apothecia generally moderate in size, or rather large, up to nearly
1 cm. across, brownish-red, the margin raised, and generally
thickly papillose with breathing pores; spores 9-12 y» long, 7—
10 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ, Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 572 (1880).
P. olivacea 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 438 (1821) (non Ach.) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 200; Tay).
in Mackay Fl. Hib. i. p. 143; Mudd Man. p. 99 pro parte;
subsp. exasperata Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 396 (1860) ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 35; var. exasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 123 (1871) ;
ed. 3, p. 115. Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, pullum Dill.
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 72, n. 60 (1724). Lichenoides olivaceum,
scutellis amplioribus verrucosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 184, t. 24,
fig. 78 (1741). Lichen olivaceus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446 (1762)
(non L.); Lightf. Fl. Scot. u. p. 819 pro parte; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 35; Engl. Bot. t. 2180. Collema exasperatum Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 645 (1810).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 327; Leight. nos. 263, 356;
Mudd n. 72.

resembles P. fuliginosa var. letevirens in colour and habit, but is
well distinguished by the constantly papillose thallus—not isidiose—
and in the absence of thalline reactions. The spermogones are
immersed in the thallus, towards the circumference of the thalline
lobes; they are globose and extremely minute, measuring 25 » to 35 w
in diameter ; the spermatia are somewhat fusiform, 8-10 long, about
1 » thick.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. General and common in the S. and W. counties of Great

144 CYCLOCARPINE® [PARMELIA

Britain and Iveland.-—B. M. Withiel, Cornwall; New Forest, Hants;
Danny and Tilgate, Sussex; Gad’s Hill, Kent; Cricklade, Wiltshire ;
Pembridge, Herefordshire ; Crowle, Worcestorhines near Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; Island of Anglesea ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eggle-
stone, Durham ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ;
Appin, Argyll; Glen Calliach and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; 8. of
Fort William, Invernessshire ; Kilravock, Nairnshire ; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Glencar and Mangerton, Kerry; Killery Bay, Connemara,
Galway.

33. P. omphalodes Ach. Meth. p. 204 (1803).—Thallus
orbicular, sometimes widely spreading, rather smooth and shining,
laciniate-lobate, the lobes generally narrow, crowded variously
subtruncate or retuse at the apices, dark-brown to purplish-
black, often with whitish dotted reticulations ; beneath densely
black-rhizinose (K + peli, than rea, CaCl—). Apothecia often
numerous, moderate in size or large, up to about 2 cm. across,
dark reddish-brown, the amphithecium and margin thin and
light-coloured ; spores 12-16 p» long, 6—7 » thick—S. F. Gray
Nat, Arr. i. p. 440; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 53 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 199; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 145; f. czsio-
pruinosa Nyl. ex Stiz. in St. Gall Nat. Ges. 1876, ?P. 206 ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. lxv. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 214.
P. saxatilis var. omphalodes Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 62 (1831) ; Mudd
Man. p. 95; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 34; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 138 ;
ed. 3, p. 127 ; var. levis Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 389 (1860).
Subsp. omphalodes f. czxsio-pruinosa Ny]. ex Norrl. in Not. Siillsk.
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 324 (1873). P. suleata var.
levis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. lviii. p. 140 (1875) & Monogr. i.
p. 242. Lichenoides saxatile tinctorium, foliis pilosis purpureis
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 70 (1724) & Hist. Muse. p. 185,
t. 24, fig. 80 (1741). Lichen omphalodes L. Sp. Pl. p. 1143
(1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 446; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 818;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34; Engl. Bot. t. 604.

Exsice. — n. 18; Croall nos. 389, 390; Dicks. Hort. Sicc.
fasc. xvii. n. 22; Johns. n. 188 ; Larb. Cesar. n. 19; Leight.
n. 7; Mudd n. 67.

Closely allied to P. saxatilis, of which along with P. sulcata it is
frequently classified as a variety. It differs in the more shining
generally much darker thallus, less marked reticulations, and in the
entire absence of soredia or isidia. P. sulcata var. levis is similar,
but somewhat lighter in colour. Occasionally the thallus is bluish-
white as if pruinose (f. cwsioprwinosa). It often spreads extensively,
covering large boulders. Spermogones are not uncommon.

Hab. On rocks, boulders, ete., in maritime, upland and alpine
regions.— Distr. Widely distributed and common throughout the
British Isles, especially in hilly regions.—B. M. Guernsey ; Alderney ;
Jersey; near Penzance, Camelford, Temple Moor, and Helminton,
Cornwall; Lynton, Dartmoor, Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve,
Devon ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Barmouth, Rhewgreidden,

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEX: 145

and Cader Idris, Merioneth ; Conway Mt., Cwm Idwal, and Llanberis,
Carnarvonshire; Holyhead and Anglesea; near Malloch, Derby;
Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham;
Kentmore, Westmoreland ; Cumberland; Cheviots, Northumberland ;
Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy
Crags near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyll; Killin, Ben Lawers, Ben
Chroin, the Trossachs, Rannoch, Abernethy and near Dunkeld, Perth-
shire; Canlochan and Clova, Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ;
near Invercauld, Morrone, Glen Dee, Braemar, near Aviemore and
Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ; Applecross, Rossshire ; Dunkerron and
Caher, Kerry; Corraun and Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. panniformis Ach. Meth. p. 204 pro parte.—Thallus
more or less spreading, divided into narrow lacinie which are
crowdedly imbricate. Apothecia as in the species.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 75 (1877) incl. ff. glomulifera and subconcentrica
& Monogr. i. p. 244. P. saxatilis var. panniformis Cromb, Lich.
Brit. p. 34 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 128; var.
omphalodes ff. subconcentrica and glomulifera Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. x. p. 307 (1872); form glomulifera Leight. Lich. FI]. ed. 3,
p. 126 (1879).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 189.

A densely imbricate form; very rarely the lobes crowd over each
other in many layers (f. swhconcentrica). On specimens from Cwm
Idwal, Carnarvonshire, and Morrone, Aberdeenshire, there are gall-
like formations of upright massed isidioid outgrowths (f. glomulifera),
some rare growth condition rather than a true form.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.—
Distr. Somewhat rare, though plentiful where it occurs in S.W. and
N.W. England, N. Wales, 8. Scotland, on the Grampians and in
W. Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance and Helminton, Cornwall; Hay
Tor, Dartmoor and Didsworthy, Devon; Stiperstones Hill, Shrop-
shire; Llyn Gwrionydd, Merioneth; Cwm Idwal, Carnarvonshire ;
Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Cruachan,
Argyll; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar
and Ben-naboord, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ; Cor-
raun Mt. and Achill Sound, Mayo.

34. P. prolixa Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865).—
Thallus suborbicular, appressed, narrowly lobate, the lobes
imbricate, crowded, convex and wrinkled, crenate, scarcely
dilated at the apices, very dark-olive or blackish-umber,
somewhat shining; beneath blackish, sparingly rhizinose all
over (K=, CaCl-). Apothecia small or moderate in size,
coloured like the thallus with an entire or subentire margin:
spores 9-12 p long, 5-6 p» thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 25
(1881). P. dendritica Pers. in Ann. Wetter. Ges. ii. p. 16
(1811)? P. olivacea var. proliva Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 214 (18053) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 122; ed. 3, p. 115; var. dendritica
Leight. 1. c.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 365 (as P. stygia).

i L

146 CYCLOCARPINE [ PARMELIA

Distinguished from P. olivacea by the narrower lobes, the dark
colour, and by the habitat.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distv. Rare in
W. England and Wales, in 8. Scotland and the N. Grampians, and in
W. Ireland.—B. M. Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Caer Caradoc,
Shropshire; Llandegley Rocks, Radnorshire; Moel-y-golfa, Mont-
gomeryshire; Douglas Head, Isle of Man; New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Port Lethen, Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

Subsp. Delisei Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p- 303 (1872).—Thallus larger, and paler in colour, light-brown,
the lobes broader at the circumference (K(CaCl = f. reddish)).—
Cromb, in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873) & in Grevillea x. p. 25.
P. olivacea var. Delisei Dub. Bot. Gall. p. 602 (1830); var.
aquiloides Linds. in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxii. p. 236 (1859) ;
Mudd Man. p. 99. P. Delisei Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 129
(1879).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 109 pro parte; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 328 ;
Leight. n. 291 pro parte.

To this subspecies refer also the citations Lichen olivaceus pro parte
and Parmelia olivacea pro parte of various British authors already
quoted. In old plants the apothecia are rather larger and crowded.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Local in the Channel Islands, 8S. and W. England, N. Wales,
Central Scotland and §S. Ireland.—B. M. Rozel and La Moye, Jersey;
Jerbourg, Guernsey ; Helminton and near Penzance, Cornwall; Wem-
bury, Devon; Shanklin, I. of Wight; Barmouth, Merioneth; Angle-
sea ; Douglas, I. of Man; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Loch Creran,
Argyll; King’s Park, Stirling; Mizzen Head, Cork.

Var. isidiascens Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 25 (1881).
—Thallus more or less sprinkled with conglomerate stoutish
concolorous wart-like isidia, which become sometimes whitish-
sorediate at the apices.—P. isidiotyla subsp. isidiascens Nyl. in
Flora lviii. p. 8 (1875).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 109 pro parte ; Leight. n. 291 pro parte.

Evidently a distinct variety, as the subspecies is entirely smooth.
The isidia are generally more crowded towards the centre of the
thallus.

Hab. The same as the subspecies.—Distr. Local and scarce in
the Channel Islands, 8. England, $8. Wales and Central Scotland.—
B.M. Island of Sark; the Lizard, Roche Rocks, near Penzance and
Helminton, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Devon; Fifield, Wilts; Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; Anglesea; King’s Park, Stirling; Lough Dan,
Wicklow.

35. P. fuliginosa Nyl. in Flora li. p. 346 (1868).—Thallus
orbicular or spreading irregularly, membranaceous, appressed,
lobate, greenish or blackish-brown, crowded with rather elongate
cylindrical or irregularly formed brownish-black isidia, the lobes
when bare smooth, shining, rather plane and crenate ; beneath

PARMELIA | PARMELIACEE 147

blackish, rhizinose to the margin (K=, CaCl rea). |§Apothecia
small or moderate in size, scattered, rather dark-coloured, with a
thickish, slightly crenulate margin; spores 9-12 y» long, 5-6 p
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 36; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 134;
ed. 3, p. 123. PP. olivacea Fr. in Duby Bot. Gall. p. 602 (1830) ;
f. furfuracea Scher. Enum. Lich. p. 47 (1850); var. furfuracea
Mudd Man. p. 100 (1861). Lichenoides olivaceum, scutellis
levibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 182, fig. 77, B (1741).
Exsicc. Croall n. 591; Johns. n, 122.

Characterized among brown Parmelix by the chemical reaction
and by the dense covering of almost black isidia, sometimes only
isolated lobes being visible. The apothecia and spermogones are
rare, especially on saxicolous specimens.

Hab. Chiefly on rocks and stones, also on old palings and on
trees, in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. General though not
common throughout the British Isles—B. M. La Moye, Jersey ;
Penzance and near St. Breock, Cornwall; Runnymead, Surrey; North
Hill and Herefordshire Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond
Hill and Stiperstones, Shropshire; Hafod-Morfa and Borthwynog
near Dolgelly and Rhew-greidden, Merioneth ; Trefriw and Bettws-y-
Coed, Carnarvonshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Ken-
dal, Westmoreland, Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kircudbrightshire ;
Head of Loch Awe, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Falls of Tummel and Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Glen Shee, Forfarshire; Portlethen and Durris,
Kincardineshire ; Hill of Ardo and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; S. of Fort William, Invernessshire ; near Abernethy, Elgin ;
Dawros River, near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Clare Island and
Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. letevirens Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p- 272 (1872).—Thallus orbicular or spreading, lobes large and
colour lighter than in the species, with generally fewer, lighter-
coloured isidia (medulla CaCl + red, fugitive). Apothecia similar
to the species.—Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 26 (1881). Form
olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 123 (1879). BP. Borreri
f. olivacea Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 479 (1871). Imbricaria
olivacea var. letevirens Flot. in Uebers. Schles. Ges. Breslau,
1850, p. 131 (1851).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 86; Johns. nos. 248, 249.

Though lighter in colour and largely different in habitat there are
transition forms between this and the species. In some species the
isidia are crowded and dark coloured, in others they are very sparingly
formed (f. denwdata Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 71 (1887)). Frequently
the isidia are abraded, giving the thallus a white-punctate appearance.

Hab. On old trees and palings, rarely on walls in maritime and
upland districts.—-Disty. Not uncommon throughout Great Britain
and Ireland.—B. M. Ardingly, Sussex; North Hill, Malvern, Worces-
tershire; Devil's Bridge, Cardiganshire; near Dolgelly and Rhew-
greidden, Merioneth ; Capel Curig and Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvon-
shire ; Hopton, Suffolk; near Guisboro, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Kendal
and Leven’s Park, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland; Appin
and head of Loch Awe, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Loch Ard and Glen

i 2

ae

;
>

148 CYCLOCARPINEA [PARMELIA

Lochay, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Cromaglown, Killarney, Kerry ; Derryclare and near
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Westport and Achill Island, Mayo.

36. P. sorediata Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 56 (1860).—Thallus
suborbicular, generally small, lobate, appressed, greenish- or
umber-black, sprinkled with small, greyish-white, round soredia,
the lobes narrow, contiguous, rather plane, multifid and slightly
dilated at the apices; beneath rhizinose generally to the edge
(K=, CaCl-). Apothecia very rare, subconcolorous with the
thallus, concave, the margin entire ; spores more or less oblong,
10-12 p» long, 5-6 p thick.—Parmelia stygia var. sorediata Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 471 (1810). P. prolixa subsp. sorediata Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 253.

The description of the apothecium is taken from Th. Fries 1. ec.
There are no apothecia present on the British specimens. The
smallness of the plant, with the flatter lobes and the presence of
soredia, distinguish it from P. prolixa.

Hab. On rocks in upland mountainous districts.—Distv. Rare in
W. England and among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. North Hill, Malvern; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

39. CETRARIA Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 292 (1803). Cornicu-
laria Schreb. Linn. Gen. Pl. ii. p. 768 (1791); emend. Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 300 (1803) pro parte; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 404 pro parte ; Mudd Man. p. 76 (1861) pro parte. Platysma
Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 100 (1857) pro parte ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 219. Lobaria sect. Platisma Hoffm.
Deutschl. FI. ii. p. 138 (1795) pro parte. (Pl. 39.)

Thallus foliaceous (Platysma), partly horizontal or ascending,
or fruticose (Cetraria), with the fronds’ compressed, rarely
cylindrical, sparingly rhizinose or attached at the base and soon
loose from the substratum, corticate on both surfaces, the cortex
mostly of small-celled plectenchyma, the under surface shining,
concolorous with the upper surface or darker; pseudo-cyphelle
present in some species. Apothecia marginal or submarginal,
sessile or shortly stalked, round, with a thalline margin ; hypo-
thecium light-coloured ; paraphyses simple or rarely branched,
septate ; asci 6—8-spored ; spores colourless, simple, very small.
Spermogones in marginal tubercles or thorn-like papillae, with
pleurogenous spermatia, varying in form,

A. Thallus foliaceous, more or less horizontal (Platysma).
Thallus grey in colour.

1. C. glauca Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 296 (1803).—Thallus
foliaceous, wide-spreading, lobate, loosely attached, the lobes
sinuate, broad or divided into rather narrow segments, more or
less ascending, smooth or wrinkled-lacunose, the margins crenate

CETRARIA | PARMELIACEX 149

or lacerate and often sorediate, glaucous-grey or darker coloured,
beneath blackish, brown at the circumference and shining, very
sparingly rhizinose (K * yews CaCl—). Apothecia rare,
marginal, moderate or rather large, reddish-brown, the margin
thin, evanescent ; spores ellipsoid, 6-9 pw long, 3-5 pw thick.—
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 220; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 154;
Mudd Man. p. 79, t. 1, fig. 20. Lichenoides Endivie foliis crispis
et splendentibus, subtus nigricantibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 192, t. 25,
fig. 96 (1741). Lichen glaucus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1148 (1753) ; Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 453; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 838; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 53; Engl. Bot. t. 1606. Platysma glaweum Nyl. in Act.
Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 295; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 &
Monogr. i. p. 225; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102; ed. 3, p. 97 (incl.
f. sorediosa).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 79; Croall n. 395; Leight. n. 44; Mudd

nL OA.

Distinguished from Parmelix by the thin texture and the naked
under surface of the lobes. It often forms large patches. The British
plants are rarely fertile; spermogones, when present, occur in tuber-
culose marginal papille, the sterigmata are 2-4-septate and the
spermatia 7 » long, 1 » wide.

When attacked by the parasitic lichen Buellia Parmeliarwum (Abro-
thallus) bullate swellings may be found on the lobes, a condition
recorded as a distinct species by early writers ;—Lichenoides saxatile
tinctorium foliis latioribus non pilosis, vesiculas proferens Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 71 (1724). Lichenoides tinctorium glabrum
vesiculosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 188, t. 24, fig. 82 (1741). Lichen
ampullaceus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 61. Platysma glaucum f. ampullaceum Cromb. in
Journ. Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 572 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 227. There is no
specimen in the British herbarium.

Hab. On trunks of trees, walls, rocks, and on the ground, more
especially in maritime or upland situations.— Distr. General through-
out the British Isles, more abundant in mountainous districts; not
very frequent in Ireland.—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Lamorna and
Helminton, Cornwall; Hay Tor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor,
Bovey Tracey, Meavy and Lynton, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Tun-
bridge Wells, Kent; Thorndon Hall and High Beech, Epping Forest,
Kssex; near Sprouston, Suffolk; Sale, Norfolk; Malvern, Worcester-
shire; near Oswestry and Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth, Dol-
gelly and Aran Mawddwy, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ;
Charnwood Forest and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; near Matlock,
Derbyshire; Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale and
Cronkley Fell, Durham; Stavely Head, Westmoreland; Ashgill,
Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Loch Skene,
Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills and Swanston Wood, Mid-
lothian ; near Inverary and Loch Creran, Argyll; Killin, Ben Lawers,
Loch Earn and Birnam Hill, Dunkeld, Perthshire ; Baldovan, Rossie
Moor and Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire; Countesswells Wood, near
Aberdeen, Glen Callater and Lion’s Face, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemurchus, Glen Nevis, Loch Ennich and Invermoriston, Inver-

150 CYCLOCARPINE® [CETRARIA

nessshire; near Forres, Elginshire; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire ;
Loch Shin, Sutherland; Killarney, Lough Brui and Finnchey Bridge,
Kerry.

Var. fallax Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 509 (1810).—Thallus white
beneath or only partially black, often fimbriate or coralloid at
the margins.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 220; Mudd Man. p. 80. Lichenoides membranaceum, tubz
Fallopiane wemulum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 165, t. 22, fig. 58.
Lichen fallax Web. Spicil. Fl. Goett. p. 244 (1778); Dicks. PI.
Crypt fasc. i. p. 13; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 53; Engl. Bot.
t. 2373. Platysma glauca f. fallax Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 314
(1860); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103 (incl. f. coralloidea); ed. 3,
p. 98 (incl. f£. coralloidea); Cromb. Monogr i. p. 226; var.
fallax Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 (1871).

Exsice. Mudd n. 55.

Distinguished by the partially white colour of the under surface
and more or less by the fimbriate margins of the lobes. Perhaps
more a growth form than a variety, as it generally occurs in moist or
shady conditions.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in shady woods, rarely on moist
rocks in upland districts.—Dzistr. Local and scarce in §.W. and N.
England, Central Scotland and $.W. Ireland.—B. M. Helminton,
Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon; Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Garth, Dol-
gelly, Merioneth; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumber-
land; near Inverary, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Glen Lochay and Finlarig,
Killin, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills and Deerhill Wood, Forfarshire ;
Glen Nevis, Invernessshire.

Var. tenuisectum A. L. Sm.—Thallus darker in colour, the
lacinie short, narrow, much divided and crowded in a panniform
manner. Platysma glaucum f. tenuisectum Cromb. in Grevillea
xv. p. 49 (1886) nomen; var. tenuisectum*Cromb. Monogr. i.
p-. 227 (1894).

Distinguished by the much divided lobes. Crombie suggests that
the darker colour may be due to the habitat.

Hab, On exposed boulders in mountainous regions.— Distr. Rather
local, though not uncommon in the mountainous regions of England
and Scotland.—PB. M. Stiperstones, Shropshire ; Clougha, Lancashire ;
Creanlarich and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire.

2. C. lacunosa Ach. Meth. p. 295 (1803).—Thallus broadly
foliaceous-lobate, reticulate-lacunose, whitish- or bluish-grey, the
lobes crenate-undulate, incised, rounded at the apices; beneath
blackish, pale-brown towards the circumference (K + yellowish,
CaCl). Apothecia prominent, moderate in size or rather large,
reddish-brown, the margin entire ; spores ellipsoid, 6-8 pw long,
4—5 p thick.—Platysma lacunosum Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Cherb. v. p. 100 (1857); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288
(1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 103;
ed. 3, p. 98.

CETRARIA| PARMELIACE: 151

Distinguished from the preceding by the reticulate wrinkled upper
surface. Sometimes the thallus is isidiiferous, especially when
growing in damp localities. On dry exposed rocks it is of a dark
chestnut colour. Apothecia have not been found in this country ;
spermogones are similar to those of C. glawcwm.

Hab. On rocks in subalpine districts.—Distr. Local among the
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Glen Falloch, Ben Lawers and Craig
Calliach, Perthshire ; Craig Cluny and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; near Fort William, Invernessshire.

3. C. diffusa A. L. Sm.—Thallus orbicular, closely appressed,
finely and densely isidiose in the centre, the lobes naked at the
circumference, sinuate, narrow, rounded and crenate at the
apices, greyish- or brownish-white, beneath pale-brown with a
few long rhizine (K + deep yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
marginal, rather small, reddish-brown, the margin crenulate and
sorediate ; spores ellipsoid, 6-9 pw long, 5-6 pw thick.—Lichen
diffusus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 17, t. 9, fig. 6 (1793)
(Web. ?); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 32. LZ. aleurites Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 117 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 858. Parmelia
aleurites Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 208 (1803); Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p. 54 & in Sm. Engl. Bot. v. p. 203; Mudd Man. p. 98; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 130. P. diffusa S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 442
(1821). P. horrescens Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144
(1836); Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 98 (1879). Parmeliopsis
aleurites Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37 (1870). Platysma diffusum
Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 247 (1872); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p, 234
(1872) & in Monogr. i. p. 222; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 3, p. 95.

Exsicc. Dicks. Hort. Sice. fase. xi. n. 23; Leight. n. 47;
Mudd n. 71.

Not unlike Parmelia hyperopta (P. alewrites), with which it has
been often confused. The lobes are frequently almost obliterated by
the isidia, described by older writers as “farinose.” The apothecia
are rather rare, but when present are numerous and crowded. The
spermogones are marginal and prominent, with spores 4 » long and
1 p» thick.

There is some uncertainty as to the identity of Weber's Lichen
diffusus (Spice. Fl. Geett. p. 250), described as “‘farinose and black
below.’’ Dickson’s specimen and description of L. diffusus, how-
ever, give priority over L. alewrites Ach. for this species, which name
has been adopted by Wainio and some others.

Hab. On old palings, rarely on trunks of trees or among mosses
on rocks in wooded lowland and upland districts.—Distv. Here and
there in England, and in the Highlands of Scotland; rare in Ireland.
—B.M. Wakehurst, Ardingly, Burton Park, Eridge Park and Amber-
sham, Sussex; Woolmer Forest, Hants; near Windsor, Berks; Stoke
Park and Sotterly Park, Bucks; Croft Castle and near Hereford,
Herefordshire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; near Oswestry and Ellesmere,
Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Baysdale, Cleveland, York-
shire ; Barcaldine, Argyll; Inverarnan and Crianlarich, Perthshire ;
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ;
Dunkerron, Kerry.

Se.

152 CYCLOCARPINEZE [CETRARIA

Thallus bright-yellow.

4. C. juniperina Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 298 (1803) (excel. var.
pinastri).—Thallus of crowded ascending lobes, crisp and deeply
crenate at the upturned margins, generally marked with brown
papille, citrine or greenish-yellow, rather paler beneath, the
medulla more deeply coloured (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia
marginal on the upper surface of the laciniz, rather small,
reddish or brown, with narrow corrugate or denticulate
margin ; spores ellipsoid, 6-9 » long, 4-6 p thick.—S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 432; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 220; Mudd
Man. p. 79. Lichen juniperinus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1147 (1753);
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452% Platysma juniperinum Nyl. in Act.
Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 295 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 27; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102; ed. 3, p. 96 (excl. var. pinastri).

The few authentic specimens in the herbarium are less highly
developed than those collected in higher altitudes. Only one of the
specimens (from Teesdale) is sparingly fertile. The spermatia are
elongate and slightly thicker at one end; they measure 7p long,
ly thick. Hudson’s Lichen juniperinus according to Smith (Engl.
Fl. t. 194) as well as Lightfoot’s plant (Fl. Scot. ii. p. 836) are forms
of Xanthoria parietina.

Hab. On the trunks of old pine trees in mountain woods.—
Distr. Extremely local and rare in N. England and among the
N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Near High Force Inn, Teesdale,
Durham; Clova, Forfarshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Invernessshire.

5. C. pinastri 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 432 (1821).—Thallus
appressed, the lobes roundish, plane and sometimes imbricate,
greenish-yellow, the margins intensely yellow-pulverulent, the
medulla also deeply coloured ; beneath concolorous (K —, CaCl—).
Apothecia as in the preceding species, very rare.—C. juniperina
var. pinastri Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 298 (1803) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 57 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 220; Mudd Man. p. 79. Lichen
pinastri Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. p. 382 (1772); Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fase. iil. p. 18 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Engl. Bot. t. 2111.
Platysma pinastri Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 442 (1869); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 225. P. juniperinum subsp. pinastri Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 27 (1870) & in Journ. Bot. x. p. 234 (1872); var.
pinastri Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 102 (1871); ed. 3, p. 97.

A smaller plant than the preceding, but with broader lobes ;
chiefly characterized by the pulverulent margins. The British species
are sterile.

Hab. On the trunks of old firs and on larch palings in upland
wooded districts.— Distr. Local and rare in E. and N. England and
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Framlingham, near Norwich,
Norfolk; Holwick, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal.
Westmoreland; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Rothiemurchus Woods,
Invernessshire.

eM)

CETRARIA | PARMELIACEE iD)

Thallus brown.

6. C. sepincola Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 297 (1803).—Thallus
decumbent or ascending, of small plane laciniz, short or slightly
elongate, with undulate-sinuate or crenate margins, olive- or
chestnut-brown, beneath paler. Apothecia adnate on or near
the margin of the lobes, moderate in size, dark-brown, shining,
the margin thin, crenate; spores ellipsoid, 6-10 p» long, 5-6 p
thick.—Lichen sepincola Ebrh. Beitr. ii. p. 95 (1788); Engl. Bot.
t. 2386, fig. 2. Platysma sepincolum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 295 (1857) (excl. var. ulophyllum) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 26 pro parte; Leight. Lich. FJ. p. 100 (excl. var.
ulophylla) ; ed. 3, p. 94 (exel. var. ulophylla).

A small plant, with the lobes closely packed or sometimes effuse.
It is rarely fertile in Great Britain. Spermogones, when present,
have spermatia 6 » long, 1 thick.

Hab. On branches of trees, mostly firs, and on old palings in moun-
tainous districts.—Distr. Local and rare in N. England and in the
N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Teesdale, Durham; Glen Quoich
and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

7. C. chlorophylla Wain. in Act. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiii.
n. 6, p. 7, 1896 (1897).—Thallus moderate in size, greyish- or
reddish-brown, smooth or slightly wrinkled and lacunose, broadly
or narrowly laciniate and branched, the margins sinuate-
undulate and crisp, sometimes isidiose, generally white-
pulverulent. Apothecia rather small, with subcrenulate or
entire margin; spores 6-10 » long, 5-6 u thick.—C. sepincola
var. ulophylla Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 297 (1803). C. seepincola
8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 432 (1821) (non Ach.). C. sepincola
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 (1821) and in Sm. Engl. FI. p. 220;
Mudd Man. p. 80. Lichen chlorophyllus Humb. F1. Frib. p. 20
(1793). IL. sepincola Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 18 (1793)
(non Ehrh.); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 73; Engl. Bot. t. 2386,
tig. 1. Platysma ulophyllum Nyl. in Flora lii, p. 442 (1869) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 221. P. seepincolum var. ulophyllum Ny).
in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 101 (1857); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 100; ed. 3, p. 95.

Exsicc. Croall n. 593; Leight. n. 45; Mudd n. 56.

Differs from the preceding in the larger size of the lobes, and the
crisp isidiose or generally white pulverulent margins. It is very
rarely fertile.

Hab. On old palings and on firs, rarely on boulders in upland and
mountainous districts—Disty. General, though not common in
Kngland ; more frequent in the mountainous districts of Scotland ; not
recorded from Ireland.—B. M. Vixen Tor and Hay Tor, Dartmoor,
Devon; near St. Leonards, Ifield and Balcombe, Sussex; Bardon
Hill and Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Oteley Park, Ellesmere, Shropshire ;
Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; between Yarmouth and Caistor, Suffolk ;
Teesdale, Durham; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Skiddaw

154 CYCLOCARPINER [CETRARIA

and Ashgill, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Glen
Falloch, Killin, Ben Lawers, Glen Lyon, Crianlarich and Falls of
Bruar, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Kinnoul Wood, Clova and Rossie
Moor, Forfarshire; Ballochbuie, Morrone, and Linn of Quoich,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Loch Ennich, Rothiemurehus
Woods and Invermoriston, Invernessshire.

Thallus almost black, lobes very narrow.

8. C. hepatizon Wain. in Termesz. Fuz. xxii. p. 278 (1899).—
Thallus suborbicular, appressed, imbricate, dark-reddish-brown
or brownish-black, the lacinie rather narrow, multifid, sinuate,
smooth, somewhat grooved, the margins slightly raised, with
marginal papille, rounded and crenate at the apices; beneath
blackish with a few rhizine at the circumference (K ¥ j.uowisn,
CaCl). Apothecia moderate in size, generally about 2 or 3 mm.
wide, reddish-brown, the exterior plicate and wrinkled, the
irregularities continued as stoutish granules on the margins ;
spores ellipsoid, 5-11 p long, 4-6 p thick.—Lichenoides tinctorium
atrum, foliis minimis crispis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 188, t. 24, f. 81
(1841). Lichen hepatizon Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 110 (1798).
L. fahlunensis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 819 (1777)? Huds. FI.
Angl. ed. 2, p. 532 pro parte (1778) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30
pro parte; Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 653 (desecript. only). Parmelia
fahlunensis 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 441 (1821) (non Ach.) ;
Hook, FI. Scot. ii. p. 53 pro parte & in Sm. Engl. Bot. v. p. 202 ;
Mudd Man. p. 100 pro parte. Platysma fahlunense Nyl. Syn.
Lich. i. p. 309 (1860); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 27 & Monogr. i.
p. 222; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 101 ; ed. 3, p. 95.

Exsice. Croall n. 97.

Linnus’s type specimens of Lichen fahlunensis belong to the
following species, which was delimited by Nylander and given the
specific name ‘‘commixtum.’”’ The species are very similar in
appearance and are easily confused. The spermogones in both species
are borne in the marginal papille, with short simple sterigmata and
elongate or ellipsoid spermatia.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine and subalpine districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in 8.W. England, N. England and N. Wales;
more frequent among the Grampians, Scotland; recorded from
[reland.—B. M. Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; Cader Idris, Merioneth ;
the Cheviots, Northumberland ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts.,

Forfarshire; Lochnagar, Morrone, Ben-naboord and Ben Avon,
Aberdeenshire.

9. C. fahlunensis Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 256 (1833)
pro parte; Wainio in Meddel. Grénland xxx. p. 126 (1907).—
Thallus suborbicular, appressed, imbricate, dark reddish-brown
or blackish, the laciniw somewhat ascending, narrow, multifid,
the segments frequently entangled, almost plane, the margins
crisp, often with papille ; beneath concolorous with a few rhizinve

~

CETRARIA} PARMELIACE® 15d

near the circumference (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in
size or rather small, the exterior smoothish, and the margin
entire or partly crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 5-11 » long, 4-6 p
thick.—Lichen fahlunensis L. Sp. Pl. p. 1143 (1753) (cfr. Wainio
in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 4 (1886)) (non Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 110 (1798)); ror Bot. t. 653 (fig. only).
Platysma commixtum ee Syn. Lich. i. p. 310 (1860); Carroll
in Journ. Bot. a6 p. 22 (1866); Gronab Lich. Brit. p. 27
& Monogr. i. p. 223; iene Lich? Bip. 2101; ed..3, p.\96:;
£. tenuisectum Cromb. in. Grevillea xv. p. 49 (1886) & Monogr. ii

224. Cetraria commixta f. tenuisecta Th. Fr. Lich. Scand.
p. 109 (1871).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 25; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fasc. 14, n. 23.

Often confused with C. hepatizon, but differs in the more ascending
lobes, and in the almost entire margins of the apothecia; the latter are
generally numerous and they become large with age; they are chiefly
borne on the central lobes. In f. tenwisecta the lobes are generally
narrower.

Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly in alpine localities.—Distr.
Rare in N. Wales, S. and W. Scotland, but more plentiful among the
Grampians.—B. M. Carnedd Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire; New Gallo-
way, Kirkeudbrightshire; Ben More, Ben Lawers and hills near
Amulree, Perthshire; Katelaw, Forfarshire; Ben-naboord, Morrone,
and Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ; Island of
Mull, Argyll.

10. C. polyschiza Lett. in Hedwigia lii. p. 221 (1912).—
Thallus orbicular, the lobes short, crowded and imbricate, narrow,
rather raised at the margins and slightly g grooved, thickish and
smooth, rounded crenate at the apices, greyish or dark-olive-
brown, beneath generally paler (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
moderate in size, brownish-red, externally wrinkled, with a stout
rugose margin; spores ellipsoid, 5-11 p» long, 4-6 pp thick.—-
Platysma polyschizum Nyl. in Flora xlv. p. 82 (1862); Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 223.

Distinguished from the preceding by the crowded panniform habit
of growth and the lighter colour of the under surface.

Hab. On rocks and boulders.—B. M. Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire (the only British locality).

B. Thallus ascending, more or less fruticose (Hucetraria).
Thallus pale-yellowish.

11. C. cucullata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 293 (1803).—Thallus in
tufts, ascending, sinuate-laciniate, branching, the fronds flat or
generally connivent at the very undulate margins, slightly
recurved at the apices, pale-yellowish or straw-coloured. Apo-
thecia very rare, subterminal, adnate to the back of the lobes,
pale flesh-coloured, up to about 1 em. across, the margin thin,
crenulate, or at length excluded ; spores 7-10 » long, 4 » thick.

156 CYCLOCARPINEX [CETRARIA

—Mudd Man. p. 78. Lichenoides lacunosum candidum, etc. ; var.
8B cum marginibus ceeuntibus ut velut tubulosa, etc. Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 162, t. 21, fig. 56 B (1741). Lichen cucullatus Bellardi Oss.
Bot. p. 54 (1788); Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soe. i. p. 84, t. 4, fig. 7
(1791). Platisma cucullatum Hoftm. Pl. Lich. iii. p. 17, t. 66,
fig. 2 (1801). Platysma cucullatum Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
sér. 3, 1. p. 295 (1857) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 96 (1870) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99; ed. 3, p. 94.
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 132.

Somewhat resembling C. nivalis in the colour of the thallus, but
differing in the narrower (up to about *5 cm. wide) connivent fronds
and in the position of the apothecia. In Great Britain it is sterile
and occurs only in small scattered tufts.

Hab. On the ground among mosses, etc., in alpine places.—Distr.
Recorded only from the summits of the higher Scottish Grampians.—
B. M. Cairntoul and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

12. C. nivalis Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 294 (1803).—Thallus
pale-straw-coloured or yellowish-white, ascending, branched,
sinuate-laciniate, the lacinie wide and foliaceous or narrow, with
the margins somewhat connivent, irregularly reticulate-lacunose,
the margins crisp, crenate and dentate at the apices. Apo-
thecia adnate towards the tips of the laciniz, becoming rather
large (about 1 cm. across), somewhat brownish-flesh-coloured,
with a crenulate margin ; spores small, 7—9 » long, 4—5 » thick.—
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 433; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 221; Mudd Man. p.78. Lichenoides lacunosum
candidum glabrum, Endivie crispe facie Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 162,
t. 21, fig. 56 a (1741). Lichen nivalis L. Sp. Pl. p. 1145 (1753) ;
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60;
Engl. Bot. t. 1994. Platysma nivale Nyl. im Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 295 (1857); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26 &
Monogr. i. p. 220; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 99; ed. 3, p. 93.

Eaxsicc. Croall n. 394 ; Cromb. n. 24; Leight. n. 43; Mudd
n. 53.

This beautiful species, characteristic of alpine and Arctic regions,
often forms widely spreading dense tufts. British plants are mostly
sterile, though spermogones are occasionally present; they occur as
black marginal papille with simple or septate sterigmata and sper-
matia 6-7 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and bare detritus in moun-
tainous places. — Distr. Plentiful among the Scottish Grampians,
especially in Braemar.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Basssies and
Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Ben-naboord, Ben Macdhui,
Cairngorm, Cairntoul, and Sources of the Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

Thallus pale te dark-brown ; pseudocyphelle present.

13. C. islandica Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 293 (1803).—Thallus
ascending, branched, strap-shaped and narrow or subfoliaceous,

CETRARIA | PARMELIACE® 157

somewhat rigid, pale-chestnut or dark-brown, alike on both
surfaces, often stained a blood-red colour at the base, the fronds
more or less regularly bordered with small spines and generally
incurved, the lower side frequently dotted with white impressed
decorticated spots (pseudo-cyphelle). Apothecia adnate on the
upper surface of the apices, large or moderate in size, with a
thin entire or crenulate disappearing margin ; spores 7—11] yp long,
4-6 » thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 433 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 58 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 221; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 155 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96 ; ed. 3,
p. 91. Lichenoides rigidum, Eryngii folia referens Dill. in Ray
Syn. ed. 3, p. 77, n. 90 (1724) & Hist. Muse. p. 209, t. 28,
f. lla. Lichen islandicus L. Sp. Fl. p. 11454 (1753); Huds.
Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 829; Engl. Bot. t. 1330.
Cornicularia islandica Mudd Man. p. 77, t. 1, fig. 19 (1861).

Exsice. Leight. n. 42; Mudd n. 51.

A northern lichen, well known as Iceland Moss, and famed for
its edible and medicinal qualities. The fronds vary in width from
1-2 mm. to severalem. The marginal spines are usually occupied
by spermogones, but sometimes they develop as haptera and anchor
the plant to the surrounding vegetation. The white spots on the
under surface are described by Wainio as pseudo-cyphellx. (Ark.
Bot. viii. 4, p. 20 (1909) ).

Hab. On the ground in heathy or stony places in upland or alpine
situations.—Distr. Somewhat uncommon in the mountainous districts
of the British Isles though plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland.
—B.M. Wootton Common and King’s Lynn, Norfolk; near Sear-
borough, Lowthorpe Moor, Stockton Forest, Langwith Moor and
Stenshall Common, Yorkshire; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Pentland
Hills near Edinburgh ; Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire; Ben More, Ben
Lawers, Mael Graedha and Ben-y-Gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Clova
Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Ben-naboord, Lochnagar, Ben
Macdhui, Morrone, Braemar and Countess Wells, Aberdeenshire.

Form platyna Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 37 (1831).—Fronds broad,
about 2 to 3 cm. wide, sparingly branched and less constantly
spinulose at the margins. Apothecia large, about 1 cm. in
diameter, submarginal, rather rare.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 96;
ed. 3, p. 91 pro parte. C. islandica f. dilatata Norrl. in Medd.
Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. i. p. 16 (1876) ; Cromb. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 575 (1880). Lichenoides rigidum, Eryngii folia
referens Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 209, t. 28, fig. 111B (1741).

Differs chiefly in the wider fronds ; there are numerous intermediate
stages.

Hab. On the ground among heaths in alpine places.—Distr. Con-
fined to the higher Grampians.—B. M. Lochnagar, Ben-naboord,
Cairngorm, and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. tenuifolia Wain. in Ark. Bot. viii. 4, p. 21 (1909).—
Fronds cspitose, crowded, narrow, erect or depressed, the
margins spinulose and connivent, the apices flattened out, white
naked spots frequently present on the lower surface.—Cetraria

158 CYCLOCARPINE® [CETRARIA

islandica var. crispa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 513 (1810); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 26: form subtubulosa Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 37 (1831) :
form crispa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97 (1871); ed. 3, p. 92; subsp.
crispa Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 73 (1884). C. erispa Lamy
in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 362 (1878); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 216 (incl. f. subtubulosa). Lichenoides Eryngii folia referens,
tenuioribus et erispioribus foliis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 212, t. 28,
fig. 112 (1741). Lichen islandicus var. tenuifolius Retz. Fl.
Scand. Prodr. p. 227 (1779) ; var. 8. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 830
(1777); Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 54.
Cornicularia islandica var. crispa Mudd Man. p. 77 (1861).

Ezxsicc. Croall n. 493; Leight. n. 42 (in some specimens) ;
Mudd n. 52.

Distinguished from the species by the narrower, generally connivent
fronds. The form of the branching fronds gives it a somewhat crisp
curled appearance.

Hab. On the ground among mosses mostly in mountainous dis-
tricts.— Distr. Rare in N. Wales, N. England, and in 8.W. and N.
Ireland, more plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Snow-
don and Carnedd Llewellyn, Carnarvonshire; Mael Graedha, Ben
Lawers and Rannoch, Perthshire; Katelaw and Clova, Forfarshire ;
Lochnagar, Morrone, Ben-naboord and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ; Mangerton, Kerry ; Slieve Donard.
Down.

14. C. hiascens Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. $8 (1871).—Thallus
of erect densely crowded narrow fronds, plane or partly con-
nivent, repeatedly branched towards the apex, sparingly spinulose
at the margins, pale- or dark-brown, often yellowish-brown at
the base, the lower side frequently dotted with impressed
decorticated white spots (pseudo-cyphell). .Apothecia adnate
to the upper surface of the fronds, elevated, moderate in size,
the disc subconcolorous, the margins sometimes denticulate ;
spores 7—-ll » long, 4-6 thick.—C. aculeata var. hiascens Fr.
Lich. Eur. p. 36 (1831). ©. islandica var. Delisei Bory ex
Scher. Enum. p. 16 (1850). C. Delisei Th. Fr. in K. Svensk.
Vet.-Akad. Handl. vii. n. 2, p. 11 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97; ed. 3, p. 92.

The British species are sterile. Th. Fries and Crombie give
chemical reactions as K —, medulla Ca Clf+; Wainio, however,
could get no reaction with any of his specimens (Ark. Bot. viii. n. 4,
p. 22).

Hab. Among mosses on the ground in alpine places.—Distr.
Extremely rare on the summits of the loftier Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Lochnagar and Ben Macdhui, Aberdeenshire.

Thallus dark-chestnut-brown, without pseudo-cyphelle.

15. C. aculeata Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. p. 239 (1825).—Thallus
rigid, of narrow shining shrubby rounded or slightly compressed

ye ve.

CETRARIA | PARMELIACEX 159

fronds, sometimes lacunose, almost hollow, intricately and irregu-
larly much branched, chestnut- or dark-brown, the branches
divergent, forked, more or less spinulose. Apothecia rare in
Britain, rather small, lateral or subterminal, concolorous, the
margin spinulose-denticulate ; spores small, 5-9 p long, 3~4 p
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 97
(f. typica); ed. 3, p. 92 (f. typica). Lichenoides non tubulosum
ramosissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigrescens Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, p. 66, n. 10 pro parte (1724). Coralloides fruticuli specie
fuscum spinosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 112 pro parte (1741). Lichen
aculeatus Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 125 (1771). L. islandicus y Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 539 (1778). Cornicularia aculeata Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 302 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 405;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 228; Tayl. in
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 86 ; Mudd Man. p. 77 (incl. var. ¢xlocaula) ;
var. celocaula Flot. ex Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 8 (1855).

Exsice. Croall n. 198; Johns. n. 60; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 8 ;
Leight. n. 3; Mudd n. 50.

A distinct though somewhat variable species, the branches are
round, or compressed more especially at the axils. It always grows
in interlaced clumps. The spermogones, which are rare, are seated in
the tips of the spines ; the spermatia measure 4 » long and 1 y» thick.

Hab. On the ground in sandy and gravelly places among grasses
and heath of moorland in upland localities.—Distr. Fairly common
on heathlands, etc., throughout the British Isles—B. M. Quenvais,
Jersey; Dartmoor, Devon; Studland, Dorset; Lyndhurst Common,
Hants; near Chelmsford, Essex ; Thetford Warren, Suffolk; Malvern
Hills and Hartlebury Common, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest
and Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ;
Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire; Llaniestyn, Anglesea; near Over,
Cheshire ; Farndale and Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Gates-
head, Durham; Kilhope Law and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ;
Glen Lochay, Birnam Hill and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Baldovan
Woods, Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Culbin, Elginshire.

Form hispida Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 218 (1894).—Thallus
smaller, more slender and intricate, densely cwspitose, the
crowded branches more or less spinulose, generally darker in
colour than the species. Apothecia numerous, dilated, the disc
lighter-coloured than the thallus.—Var. hispida Cromb. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 561 (1880). C. aculeata var. muricata
Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 80 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 26;
form muricata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98; ed. 3, p. 93. Coralloides
fruticuli specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 112, t. 17,
fig. 31a (1741). Lichen hispidus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 883
(1777); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 43; Engl. Bot. t. 452. L. muri-
catus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 214 (1798). Cornicularia
spadicea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 301 (1803). C. aculeata var.
spadicea Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 69 (1821).

’ Ss a
x er
‘Seat

160 CYCLOCARPINE [CETRARIA

Ezxsice. Johns. n. 61; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 163 ; Leight. n. 4;
Mudd n. 49.

Forms low dense tufts up to about 3 cm. in height. Though a
fairly well-marked form, it is very closely connected with the species,
and is sometimes spinous like the more developed f. acanthella.

Hab. On the ground on moorlands in upland districts.—Distr.
Frequent in moorland and hilly districts of Great Britain, rare in
Treland.—B. M. Scilly Islands; Rough Tor, Cornwall; Dartmoor,
Devonshire; Lewes, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Hainault Forest, Essex ;
Wokingham Heath, Bucks; Malvern, Worcestershire; Haughmond
Hill, near Oswestry, and Longmynd, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan,
Merioneth ; Breidden, Montgomeryshire; Black Edge, near Buxton,
and Chatsworth, Derbyshire ; North Wootton, Norfolk ; near Beverly,
Hainworth Moor, Battersby Moor and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Swinhope Fell, Northumberland ; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Asby
and Lamplugh, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ;
Dalmahoy Hill and Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Ben Lawers,
Craig Tulloch and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills, Montrose
links and near Cortachy, Forfarshire; Glen Dee and Glen Muick,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire ; Killarney,
Kerry; Mt. Errigal, Donegal.

Form acanthella Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 80 (1861).—Thallus
similar to that of the species, but beset with denticulate spines
and generally very dark in colour. Apothecia rare, lighter in
colour than the thallus.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 98; ed. 3, p. 93.
Var. acanthella Nyl. in Mém. Soe. Sci. Cherb. v. p. 100 (1857) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 96 (1870). Coralloides fruticuli
specie fuscum, spinosum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 112, t. 17, fig. 318
(1741). Cornicularia spadicea var. acanthella Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 612 (1810).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 62.

Distinguished by the more spinous branches ; it is well-marked,
though possibly a form due to growth conditions of greater illu-
mination.

Hab. On the ground, sand dunes, ete., among mosses in maritime
and upland districts.—Distv. Rather uncommon throughout Great
Britain.—B. M. Harting Combe, Sussex; Godalming, Surrey ;
Clifton, Gloucestershire ; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Farndale, Yorkshire ;
Prestwich Carr and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; Baldovan
Woods, Sidlaw Hills and Clova Mts., Forfarshire ; 5. of Lochnagar,
Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Findhorn, Elginshire.

16. C. odontella Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 230 (1814).—Thallus
densely czespitose, the fronds short, plane, rather narrow and
palmately branched, spinulose at the margins, chestnut- or dark-
brown, paler at the base or sometimes red. Apothecia terminal,
concolorous, the margin denticulate ; spores 7-10 w long, 4-5 pu
thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882). Lichen
odontellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr, p. 213 (1788).

Distinguished by the small size and by the flattened fronds. The
only British specimen is sterile.

Hab. Among mosses or rocks in alpine districts. —B. M. Cairntoul,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

EVERNIA] USNEACEX: 161

OrpverR XI. USNEACES.

Thallus fruticose, elongate, filamentous or strap-shaped,
branched, attached at the base, usually radiate in structure ;
strengthening hyphe generally present. Algal cells Protococcus,
within the inner cortex. Apothecia roundish, sessile or shortly
stalked, marginate ; asci 1—8-spored ; spores colourless or rarely
brown, simple or septate. Spermogones immersed ; sterigmata
simple, sparingly septate, with acrogenous or pleurogenous
spermatia.

Distinguished by the generally upright or pendulous elongate
thallus, with basal attachment. Transition stages between the
foliaceous and fruticose types occur in the genus Hvernia, in which
the structure is only subradiate and the thallus, though usually with
a single penetrating foothold, may form secondary basal sheaths.
Cerania (Thamnolia) is doubtfully included in the Order. The British
genera are as follows :—

Thallus strap-shaped, narrow or broad.
Structure subdorsiventral, with under surface

CIM OKENE COLOUG oes oe ds cota osn ow eee oaeee 40. Evernia.
Structure radiate, alike on both surfaces ......... 41. Ramalina.
Thallus filamentous.
Medulla with central chondroid strand............ 42. Usnea.
Medulla of loose arachnoid hyphe.................. 43. Alectoria.
Thallus stalk-like.
Fronds hollow, tapering upwards .................. 44. Cerania.

40. EVERNIA Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 84 (1910). (PI. 40.)

Thallus erect or pendulous or somewhat decumbent, strap-
shaped, divided or repeatedly branched, rather soft and flaccid,
attached by a basal sheath, occasionally by a few rhizine ;
differently coloured above and below. Algal cells Protococcus.
Structure subdorsiventral ; cortex on both surfaces of gelatinous
cells; gonidia mostly confined to a layer below the upper surface.
Apothecia lateral or almost terminal, with a thalline margin ;
paraphyses stoutish, simple; spores 8 in the ascus, small,
ellipsoid, simple. Spermogones lateral, immersed, with pleuro-
genous straight acicular spermatia.

1. E. prunastri Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 442 (1810).—Thallus at
first ascending then more or less decumbent or pendulous, the
fronds irregularly strap-shaped, wrinkled-lacunose or somewhat
furrowed, greenish-grey above, white beneath, becoming brownish
and concolorous in herbarium, repeatedly divided and branched,
especially towards the apex, usually about 5-10 cm. long,
frequently sorediate at the margins or on the wrinkles (K +s.
CaCl-). Apothecia rare, on a short stout pedicel, chietly lateral,
moderate in size, the disc reddish-brown, the margin inflexed ;
spores 7-10 » long, 4°5-6 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.

I, M

162 CYCLOCARPINE.E [EVERNIA

p. 425; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 224;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 84; Mudd Man. p. 72; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 24 (incl. f. sorediifera) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90 ;
ed. 3, p. 82. Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus et mollius
colore candicante Dill. in Ray Syn. p. 75, n. 80 (1724). Lichenoides _
cornutum bronchiale molle subtus incanum Dill. Hist. Muse. p, 160,
t. 21, fig. 554 (1741). Lichen prunastri L. Sp. Pl. p. 1147
(1753) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452; Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 835 ; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 52; Engl. Bot. t. 859.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 64; Croall n. 396; Johns. n. 22; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 246; Leight. n. 36; Mudd n. 41.

A variable species according to age and habitat, but always readily
distinguished by the white under surface. Though the structure is on
the whole dorsiventral, groups of alge frequently occur on the lower
side, especially near the tips. Apothecia and spermogones are rare.
The latter have spermatia 6-7 » long, *5 p thick.

Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, or on hedge bushes, in
orchards, woods, etc.— Distr. General and usually plentiful in most
parts of the British Isles; more frequently fertile on the Grampians,
Scotland.—_B. M. Islands of Jersey and Guernsey; near Penzance
and Withiel, Cornwall; Ullacombe near Bovey Tracey, Devon; New
Forest, Hants; St. Leonards Forest, Eridge Park, near Tilgate, near
Hapstead and Bolnore, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Shiere, Godalming,
Surrey ; Langford, Epping Forest and Walthamstow, Essex; Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire; Broadwas and Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Oswestry, the Wrekin and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Madingley
near Cambridge ; near Cromer, Norfolk; Welbeck Park, Notts; Cwm
Bychan, Merioneth; Anglesea, Cheshire; near Matlock, Buxton and
near Bank House, Derbyshire; Lounsdale and Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Hale Mill and Alston,
Cumberland ; Gibside Woods, Durham; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Currie, near Edinburgh; near Glasgow; Appin, Argyll;
Killin, Aberfeldy and Blaeberry Hill, Perthshire ; Deerhill Wood,
Sidlaw Hills, Guthrie, and Kinnordy, Forfarshire ; Countesswells
Woods, Durris Woods, and Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Invermoriston and Rothiemurchus Woods, Invernesssbire ;
Cawdor Woods, Nairnshire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire; near Cork;
Achill Island, Mayo; near Belfast, Antrim.

Form retusa Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 569 (1880).
—Thallus of short crowded erect fronds which are retuse and
emarginate at the apices. Apothecia not seen.—Lichenoides
cornutum bronchiale molle subtus incanum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 160,
t. 21, fig. 55 un. Parmelia prunastri var. retusa Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 257 (18v3).

Grows in dense tufts about 1 or 2 cm. in height, and often spreads
extensively. It is more or less sorediiferous.

Hab. On old palings, chiefly larch, in lowland or upland districts.
—Distr. Seen only from a few localities in 8. England, E. and N.
Scotland.—B. M. Park, near Aberdeen and Durris, Aberdeenshire.

Var. stictoceros Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 224 (1833) (non
Ach.).—Thallus pendulous or prostrate, subcompressed, greenish-

EVERNIA | USNEACE 163

sulphur-coloured, mostly similarly coloured on both surfaces, the
fronds rather narrow, attenuate upwards, frequently dotted with
dark-coloured tubercles. Apothecia very rare.—Mudd Man.
p. 72; Leight. Lich. F]. p. 91; ed. 3, p. 83 (incl. var. gracilis).
Var. gracilis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 442 (1810)? Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. x. p. 233 (1872) ; form stictocera Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25
(1870). Lichenoides corniculatum candidum molle, segmentis
angustis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 159, t. 21, fig. 54 (1741). Lichen
prunastri 8 Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 541 (1778); Witb. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 53 pro parte. Lichen stictoceros Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 1853 (1804).
Exsicc. Larb. Cesar. n. 59.

Distinguished by being generally concolorous on both surfaces. It
approaches the genus Letharia, but there are no chondroid strands.
in the pith and the alge of the lower surface are very scanty. The
structure otherwise is similar to that of the species. The dark-
coloured tubercles are of hyphal nature; they arise at points where
the lichen fronds are attached to other branches.

Hab. On bare sandy soil, and on heather in maritime regions,
rarely on the trunks of old firs in mountainous districts.—B. M.
Quenvais, Jersey; Dawlish and Exmouth Downs, Devon; Lydd
Beach, Kent; Stronachlachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill
Wood, Forfarshire ; Findhorn, Elginshire.

2. E. furfuracea Mann Lich. Bohem. p. 105 (1825).—Thallus
ascending, pendulous or decumbent, of long narrow fronds
repeatedly dichotomously branched, incurved at the margins,
attenuate upwards, greyish or greyish-green at becoming dark-
grey ; beneath black, naked, attached by a rhizinose basal sheath
(K fsellowish, CaCl-). Apothecia moderate in size or large,
subpedicellate, brownish-red, the margin thin, inflexed ; spores
7-10 pw long, 4-5 p thick—Mudd Man. p. 71; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90; ed. 3, p. 82; form nuda
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 231 (1894). Lichenoides cornutum amarum
superne cinereum, inferne nigrum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 157, t. 21,
fig. 52 (1741). Lichen furfuraceus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 450; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 832 ; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 56. Parmelia furfuracea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 254 ;
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 144. Borrera furfuracea Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 500 (1810) (incl. var. nuda); S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 435; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 223.

Ezxsice. Croall n. 494; Johns. n. 302; Leight. n. 37; Mudd
n. 60.

Differs from the preceding in the black under surface. It has
been sometimes classified as a Parmelia, but though the structure is
mainly dorsiventral, it is frequently radiate for some distance (about
‘5 em.) below the tips. The fronds are frequently attached to each
other by haptera, and to the support by a secondary stolon-like
sheath which forms a new base for further fronds.

M 2

eat ae

164 CYCLOCARPINEE [EVERNIA

Hab. On the trunks of trees, old palings, walls or rocks in upland
districts. — Distr. General and somewhat frequent in upland districts
of Great Britain; apparently rare in Ireland.—Bb. M. Helminton,
Cornwall; Dartmoor and South Brent, Devon; New Forest, Hants ;
Eridge, Sussex; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Caer
Caradoc and Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Dolgelly, Barmouth and Cwm
Bychan, Merioneth; Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea ;
Chesterfield and near Buxton, Derbyshire; Farndale, Yorkshire ;
Egglestone, Durham; Chillingham Park, Northumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Swanston Wood near Edinburgh ;
Glen Falloch, Argyll; Blaeberry Hill, Glen Lochay, Killin, Crian-
larich, Pass of Leny and Glen Lyon, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood and
Rossie Moor, Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Invercauld,
Auchindryne and Castleton, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis,
Invernessshire.

Form scobicina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 (1870)—Fronds
frequently broader, darker in colour, densely isidiose and
fibrillose ; otherwise as in the species.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 90.
Parmelia furfuracea var. scobicina Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 255
(1803).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 66.

A growth form of very pronounced character and frequently
associated with the smoother species. It is rarely fertile and the
apothecia may be isidiose on the receptacle and on the margin.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, old palings and stone walls in upland
districts.— Distr. Rather local, though plentiful in W. and Central
England; but chiefly in the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Weald
Hall, Essex; Chesterfield and Chatsworth, Derbyshire; Gopsall
Park, Leicestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Arkindale, Yorkshire ;
Langley, Northumberland; Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ;
Johnston Hill, Forfarshire; Morrone and Castleton, Braemar, and
Countesswells, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

Form ceratea Cromb. in Grevillea vi. p. 21 (1877).—Thallus
decumbent, fronds narrow, convex and subcylindrical, acuminate,
isidiose or subglabrous.—Parmelia furfuracea var. ceratea Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 255 (1803).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 139; Johns. n. 67.

Distinguished by the narrow fronds. The British specimens are
barren, though Acharius (Lich. Univ. p. 501) says the apothecia
chiefly occur on this form.

Hab, On rocks and old walls in upland districts—Distr. Rare
in various districts of England and Scotland—B. M. Helminton,
Cornwall; Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devon ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ;
near Kendal and Windermere, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland ;
Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; near
Countesswells, Aberdeenshire.

41. RAMALINA Ach. Lich. Univ. pp. 122 & 598 (1810).
(Pl. 41.)
Thallus of erect or partly pendulous fronds, branched,

=.

RAMALINA] USNEACE 165

compressed and strap-shaped or narrow and almost cylindrical,
attached by a basal sheath or by penetrating hyphe ; structure
radiate, the medulla generally of loose hyph, the gelatinous
cortex formed of shortly branched thick-walled coalescing
hyphe, growing in a direction vertical to the long axis of the
thallus ; inner cortex of longitudinal strengthening hyphe in a
ring or as separate strands, which are rarely absent ; soralia not
infrequent ; air-pores occurring as breaks in the thallus. Algal
cells Protococcus. Apothecia terminal or lateral, sometimes on
the angle of bent fronds (geniculate), marginate ; hypothecium
colourless ; paraphyses simple, concrete; spores 8 in the ascus,
ellipsoid, colourless, l-septate, straight or slightly curved.

Thallus corticolous, without soredia.

1. R. calicaris Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 30 (1831) pro parte (incl.
f. canaliculata) ; emend. Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2,
iv. p. 131 (1870).—Thallus erect, compressed, the fronds narrow
or sometimes rather broader, often longitudinally lacunose and
canaliculate, pale glaucous- or greyish-green (medulla K —).
Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal, generally rather crowded
near the tips of the frond, frequently on a bent angle (geniculate),
small or moderate in size, the disc pale flesh-coloured or greenish,
the receptacle wrinkled below ; spores ellipsoid, straight, 10-16 p.
long, 5-7 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 72 pro parte; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 92 (incl. f. canaliculata,
excl. ff. farinacea and thrausta); ed. 3, p. 83. R. fastigiata var.
calicaris Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 297 (1814); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 68; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 85. Lichenoides arboreum
ramosum, angustioribus cinereo-virentibus ramulis Dill. in Ray
Syn. ed. 3, p. 75 n. 81 (1724). Lichenoides coralliforme rostratum
et canaliculatum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 170, t. 25, fig. 62 a (1741).
Lichen calicaris L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) pro parte; Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. p. 834 pro parte ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 51 pro parte. L. fastigiatus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 890 (upper fig.) (1801) (non Pers.). Lobaria calicaris
Hoffm. Deutsch]. FI. ii. p. 139 (1795) pro parte.

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 21; Johns. n. 16; Mudd n. 44.

Lichen calicaris L. is a mixture and referable partly to the
above, partly to R. stliquosa. Established custom has restricted it
to corticolous forms. It is distinguished by the arboreal habit and
the rather narrow channelled thallus. The fronds vary in height and
in branching; short crowded narrow outgrowths arise at right angles
to the main frond on some specimens. Spermogones are fairly
common, with minute spermatia 3-4 » long, 1 »w thick. The
strengthening tissue forms a ring within the cortex, and here and
there projects into the medulla; the cortex is formed of irregular
branching thick-walled cells which pass out at right angles to the
longitudinal axis. The alge lie in groups.

166 CYCLOCARPINE [RAMALINA

Hab. On trees.— Dist. General and common in the British Isles,
rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. St. Aubin’s, Jersey; near ~
Respring and Penzance, Cornwall; near Totnes and Torquay, Devon ;
New Forest, Hants; Lavington Common, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Old
Windsor, Berkshire ; Pyle, Glamorganshire; Dynevor Castle, Car-
marthenshire ; Anglesea; Airyholme Woods, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
near Stavely, Westmoreland ; Wastdale, Cumberland; Pentland Hills,
near Edinburgh; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyll; Killin, Kenmore
and Abernethy, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood and near Arbroath,
Forfarshire ; Countesswells Woods and Abergeldie, Aberdeenshire ;
S. of Fort William and Invermoriston, Invernessshire ; Loch Shin,
Sutherland; Achill Island, Mayo; Antrim.

Var. subampliata Nyl. in tom. cit. p. 132.—Lacinie broader
than in the species. Apothecia mostly subterminal ; spores as
in the species.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 471; ed. 3, p. 84.—Lichen-
oides coralliforme rostratum et canaliculatum Dill. Hist. Muse.
p-. 170, t. 23, fig. 62 B (1741).

Exsice. Mudd n. 42.

The thallus is intermediate between the species and that of
R. fraxinea, but the straight spores indicate the true relationship.

Hab. On the trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in England, Wales and 8.W. Scotland.—
B. M. Penzance, Cornwall; New Forest, Hants; Beeding Priory
and Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; Malvern, Worcestershire; Aberdovey,
Merioneth ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Staveley, Westmoreland ;
Barcaldine, Argyll.

Var. subfastigiata Nyl. 1. c.—Laciniz broader, subequal in
length. Apothecia terminal ; spores as in the species.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 471; ed. 3, p. 84.

The thallus approaches that of R. fastigiata in form, but the
spores conform to those of the above species. »

Hab. On trees in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. S.W.
England, 8S. Wales and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M.
Near Penzance, Cornwall; Appin, Argyll.

2. R. fraxinea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 602 (1810).—Thallus
partly upright or subpendulous, the fronds compressed, narrow
or broad, generally narrowing upwards, longitudinally and partly
transversely wrinkled or nerved, greyish-green. Apothecia
abundant, marginal and superficial, pedicellate, moderate in size
or large, the dise reddish-flesh-coloured or greenish, the receptacle
unequally wrinkled; spores oblong-ellipsoid, curved, 10-12 pu
long, 5-7 p thick.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 & in Engl. Fl. v.
p. 225; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84; Leight. Lich. Fi.
ed, 2, p. 472; ed. 3, p. 85. RR. calicaris var. fraxinea ¥r. Lich.
Eur. p. 30 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25;
form fraxinea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94. Lichenoides arboreum
ramosum scutellatum, majtts et rigidius, colore virescente Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 75, n. 79 pro parte (1724). . Lichenoides

RAMALINA| USNEACER 167

longifolium rugosum rigidum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 165, t. 22,
fig. 59 a, B (1741). Lichen fraxineus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 11. p. 835 ;
With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 56; Engl. Bot. t. 1781.

Ezxsice. Croall n. 495; Bohl. n. 21 pro parte; Dicks. Hort.
Sice. fasc. xii. n. 24; Johns. n. 17; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 5 ;
Leight. n. 38 pro parte; Mudd n. 42.

A variable species in the length and width of the fronds. On the
wider lacinie the apothecia tend to become superficial on both surfaces,
more especially on the better-lighted portions. The outer cortex is
composed of thick-walled confused hyphe; the strengthening hyphx
occur in irregular strands. There are longitudinally ellipsoid breaks
in the thallus of this species which function as breathing-pores.

Hab. On trees in open places or in forests in lowland and upland
districts.— Distr. General and fairly common throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; New Forest, Hants; Brading
Downs and Bembridge, I. of Wight; Amberley, Shoreham and near
Glynde, Sussex; Epping Forest and Ulting, Essex; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Harboro Magna, Warwickshire; Clungunford and
near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland; near
Berwick-on-Tweed; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Moffat,
Dumfriesshire ; Roslin and near Edinburgh, Midlothian; Barcaldine
and near Oban, Argyll; Blair Athole, Perthshire; Reeky Linn,
Baldovan Woods and Rossie Moor, Forfarshire; Countesswells
Wood, Invereauld, Craig Coinnoch and Glen Clunie, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Killarney, Kerry.

Var. ampliata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603 (1810).—Lacinize
very broadly developed, tapering or blunt at the tips, longitu-
dinally and transversely nerved and wrinkled.—Cromb. in
Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879) (incl. f. monophylla) ; form ampliata
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 473; ed. 3, p. 86. Lichenoides longi-
folium rugosum rigidum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 165, t. 22, fig. 59 ¢
(1741). Parmelia fraxinea var. ampliata Ach. Meth. p. 259 (1803).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 21 pro parte; Johns. n. 18; Larb, Lich. Hb
n, 286; Leight. n. 38.

Connected with the species by intermediate forms, though well-
marked in extreme specimens. The apothecia are usually abundant
and sometimes very large.

Hab. On old trees, chiefly oak and ash, in wooded upland districts.
— Distr. Rather local and not plentiful in the British Isles.—B. M.
Dartmoor, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Amberley, Sussex; Epping
Forest, Essex; Bartonbury, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicester-
shire; Alfric, Worcestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Barmouth and
Aberdovey, Merioneth ; Island of Anglesea; near Willington, Cheshire ;
Darley, Derbyshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; East Allendale,
Northumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Blair Athole,
Perthshire; Abergeldie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Fort Augustus,
Invernessshire.

Var. calcariformis Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, iv.
p. 136 (1870).—Laciniz long and rather narrow, attenuate

168 CYCLOCARPINEE [RAMALINA

upwards, wrinkled and nerved. Apothecia marginal and sub-
terminal.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 185.

Distinguished by the persistently narrow fronds somewhat similar
to those of R. calicaris, from which it differs in the curved spores.

Hab. On the branches of trees in upland situations.—Dzistr.
Rather rare in 8.W., W. and N.E. England and N. Wales.—B. M.
Dartmoor, Devon; Pickeridge, near Taunton, Somerset; near Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; near Kendal, Westmoreland ; Lamplugh, Cumber-
land; Teesdale, Durham.

3. R. fastigiata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 603 (1810) pro parte.—
Thallus erect, rather rigid, of short crowded subequal fastigiate
fronds, generally compressed, sometimes hollow, smooth or longi-
tudinally wrinkled and nerved, greyish-green (medulla, K —).
Apothecia numerous, terminal, on a broad base, plane or becoming
convex, generally small or moderate in size (5 mm. and under),
wrinkled beneath, the disc pale greyish-green; spores oblong,
ellipsoid, curved, 9-17 mw long, 5-7 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 406; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 225; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 85; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 2, p. 473; ed. 3, p. 86. R. calicaris var. fastigiata Fr. Lich.
Eur. p. 30 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 73; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 ;
form fastigiata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 (1871). Lichenoides cor-
nutum bronchiale molle, subtus incanum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 160,
t. 21, fig. 55 B (1741) & Lichenoides coralliforme, rostratum et
canaliculatum, p. 170, t. 23, fig. 62 c. Lichen populinus Ehrh.
Exs. n. 276 (1793), ined. LL. fastigiatus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot.
xii. p. 256 (1794); Engl. Bot. t. 890 (lower fig.). L. calicaris
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 pro parte; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 834
pro parte.

Exsicc. Croall n. 496; Bohl. n. 22; Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 60 ;
Lich. Hb. n. 287 & Lich. Cantab. n. 6; Leight. n. 39; Mudd
n. 43.

Distinguished by the compact growth of the generally short
lacinie, which tend to widen at the tips into the base of the
apothecia. Spermogones are rare, with minute spermatia about
3°5 » long and 1 p thick.

Hab. On trees in wooded districts.—Dist. General and common
in Great Britain, rare in the fir woods of the Highlands, in Ireland
and the Channel Islands.—B. M. Jersey; Guernsey ; near Penzance
and Withiel, Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants ;
near Ryde, I. of Wight; Beeding Priory, Lewes, Hurstpierpoint and
Shoreham, Sussex; Chiselhurst and Penshurst, Kent; near Croydon
and Reigate Hill, Surrey; Hainault Forest, Epping Forest and
Copthall Green, Essex; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Malvern and
Broadwas, Worcestershire; Causeway, Warwickshire; Aberdovey,
Merioneth; Anglesea; Broome, near Oswestry and Shrewsbury,
Shropshire ; near Over, Cheshire ; Eversden Wood, Cambridgeshire ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Lamplugh, Cumberland ;

RAMALINA | USNEACEE 169

New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Roslin and Bonally, Midlothian ;
Bowling Bay, Dumbarton; Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Tay, Blaeberry
Hill and Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Guthrie and Tealing, Forfarshire ;
Den Fenella, Kincardineshire; Abergeldie and Craig Coinnoch,
Braemar and Countesswells Wood, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and
Invermoriston, Invernessshire ; near Strathpeffer, Rossshire ; Lairg,
Sutherland ; Derriquin, Kerry.

Form minutula Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879).—
Thallus of short slender much branched fastigiate lacinie.
Apothecia not seen.—Ramalina farinacea var. minutula Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 606 (1810); Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. i. p. 37 (1871).
Lichenoides segmentis argutioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pul-
verulentis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 172, t. 23, fig. 63 a (1741), fide
Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 570 (1880).

Considered by Crombie and others to belong to the present species,
of which it is probably a young and barren state.

Hab. On palings, chiefly larch, in wooded districts.—Distr. Local
and scarce in 8. England and in Scotland ; probably overlooked.—
B. M. New Forest, Hants; Swanston near Edinburgh; Park, near
Aberdeen ; Lairg, Sutherland.

4. R. dilacerata Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv.
pp. 14 & 21 (1886).—Thallus small, in rounded cushion-like
groups, the lacinie soft, rounded or compressed longitudinally,
nerved, subpellucid, branched, attenuate, pale straw-coloured
(medulla K —). Apothecia numerous, small, terminal, plane or
convex, yellowish flesh-coloured or glaucous, smoothish beneath ;
spores oblong or fusiform-oblong, straight, 9-15 yp long, 4-6 pu
thick.—R. calicaris £. minuscula Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun, & FI.
Fenn. v. p. 114 (1866). RB. minuscula Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn.
Norm. sér. 2, iv. p. 164 (1870); Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 142
& Monogr. i. p. 200. Lobaria dilacerata Hoffm. Deutschl. FI.
p. 140 (1795) (excl. syn. Dill.).

Of the same habit as the preceding, but distinguished by the small
soft thallus and straight spores. The cortex is narrow, with a narrow
ring of strengthening longitudinal hyphe; the medulla is loose and
arachnoid.

Hab. On the branches of conifers and erratic on rocks in moun-
tainous districts.—B. M. Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the
only British record).

5. R. geniculata Hook. & Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. ii.
p. 655 (1844).—Thallus rather short, the laciniz smooth, longi-
tudinally nerved, subcompressed, fistulose and frequently per-
forated, subfastigiately branched, ending in numerous narrow
divaricate points, pale or pale straw-coloured (medulla K — ).
Apothecia moderate in size, sometimes rather large, pale flesh-
coloured, smooth or wrinkled below ; spores oblong or fusiform-
oblong, straight or slightly curved, 9-15 » long, 4—7 » thick.—-

170 CYCLOCARPINEE [RAMALINA

Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876); Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 90.

An exotic species described first from N. Zealand; British
specimens are confined to W. Ireland.

Hab. On stems of shrubs (thorns) in maritime districts.—B. M.
Killery Bay, Connemara, Galway.

Thallus corticolous, sorediate.

6. R. farinacea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 606 (1810) (incl. forms
phalerata & wpendulina, p. 607).—Thallus of rather narrow
attenuate, generally compressed fronds, stiff or somewhat flaccid
and pendulous, irregularly lacunose or obsoletely nerved, pale
greenish-glaucous, the margins beset with roundish-ellipsoid
soralia. Apothecia rare, pedicellate, small, terminal and lateral,
smooth beneath, the dise greenish or pale reddish-brown ; spores
fusiform-ellipsoid, straight, 8-16 » long, 4-7 » thick.—S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 407; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 68 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. u 225; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. 1. p. 85; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 2, p. 472; ed. 3, p. 84; £. phalerata Cromb. in Grevillea vii.
p- 141 (1879) & ft. pendulina op. cit. xv. p. 47 (1886). R. calicaris

var. farinacea Mudd Man. p. 73 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 25; f. farinacea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 93 (1871). Lichenoides
segmentis angustioribus, ad margines verrucosis et pulverulentis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 172, t. 23, fig. 63 B, oc, p, E (1741). Lichen
farinaceus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1146 (1753) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 451 ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 833; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50; Engl.
Bot. t. 889. Parmelia farinacea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 264 (1803)
(incl. vars. ate uni & phalerata).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 22; Johns. nos. 57, 58; Leight. n. 40;
Mudd n. 45.

The thallus varies greatly, and may be very luxuriant in somewhat
damp localities (f. pendulina) or short and stunted when opposite
conditions prevail (f. phalerata). The strengthening hyphex occur in
strands within the cortex, which is formed of shortly branching thick-
walled hyphe ; the alge lie in groups.

Hab. On trunks and branches of trees in wooded districts.—Distr.
General and usually plentiful in the British Isles—B. M. Boulay
Bay, Jersey; Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; New Forest, Hants ;
Carisbrooke, I. of Wight; Lavington Common and Glynde, Sussex ;
Lydd, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; near Quendon, near Loughton and
Hatfield Peverel, Essex ; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire; Anglesea ;
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire ; Malvern and Broadwas, Worcester-
shire ; near Oswestry and Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Newton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Egglestone, Durham; Staveley, near Kendal, Westmore-
land; Alston, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; near
Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyll; Loch Katrine, Finlarig, Craig Calliach,
Blaeberry Hill and Balthayock Woods, Perthshire; Baldovan Wood
and Reeky Linn, Forfarshire ; Countesswells Woods and Invercauld,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis and Invermoriston, Inverness-

RAMALINA| USNEACEE 171

shire; Applecross, Rossshire ; near Cork; Dunkerron, Kerry; Glengarry
Wood and Dugort, Achill Island, Mayo.

Subsp. intermedia Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 47 (1886).—
Laciniz much branched, crowded, short, smooth, the ultimate
branchlets slender, otherwise as in the species. —R. minuscula
subsp. intermedia Del. ex Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2,
iv. p. 166 (1870). R. intermedia Ny]l. in Flora lvi. p. 66 (1873) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 90.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 248.

Distinguished from the species by the smoother and more slender
thallus.

Hab. On branches of shrubs in maritime districts.—Dzistr. Local
and scarce in the Channel Islands, $.W. England, W. Scotland and
N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Sark; Annet Island, Scilly; near Penzance,
Cornwall; Killery Bay, Connemara.

7. R. pollinaria Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 608 (1810) —Thallus
suberect, slightly shining, pale straw-coloured or glaucous-green,
the laciniz compressed, elongate, often rather wide and somewhat
flacid, very much branched, longitudinally and unequally wrinkled
and lacunose, the edges often crispate or lacerate, soredia white-
farinose, scattered over the surface. Apothecia rare, subterminal,
concave, moderate in size; spores oblong, straight or slightly
curved, 10-15 y» long, 4-6 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 407 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 225; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 85 pro parte; Mudd Man. p. 74; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 25; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 95; ed. 2, p. 475; ed. 3, p. 87.
Lichenoides lacunosum lacerum, latius et angustius Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 162, t. 21, fig. 57 p, # (1741). Lichen pollinarius Westr.
in Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. p. 56 (1795); Engl. Bot. descr. pro
parte of t. 1607. LD. farinaceus var. 3, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.

pol (1796).
Ezxsicc. Cromb. n. 130; Mudd n. 46 pro parte.

Distinguished from R. farinacea by the scattered soredia and by
the generally wider fronds, from R. evernioides by the longitudinal
ribbing. It agrees with the latter species in the compact structure of
the medulla and in the gelatinized firm cortex, but it is also further
strengthened by some strands of hyphe within the cortex.

Hab. On old trees, rarely on rocks in wooded tracts.—Divstr.
General and common in S. and W. England, local in N. Wales and
the Channel Islands, rare in S. Scotland and Ireland.—2. M. La
Roche, Jersey ; Sark; Tresco Island, Scilly ; Pentire, The Lizard and
near Penzance, Cornwall; Plymouth and Streat, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; near Ryde, I. of Wight; Henfield and near Lewes, Sussex ;
near Maidstone, Kent; Waltham Abbey, Essex; Stowe Park, Bucks ;
Twycross, Leicestershire; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Ingleby,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, North-
umberland; near Skelton, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh.

Li2 CYCLOCARPINE 8 [RAMALINA

Form humilis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 73 (1872).—
Laciniz short, congested and complicate, often flexuose ; soredia
large, often confluent. Apothecia very rare.—Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 2, p. 475; ed. 3, p. 88. Var. humilis Ach. Lich: Univ.
p. 608 (1810).

Erxsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 208; Leight. n. 41 pro parte.

Distinguished from the species by the dwarfed, pulvinate habit of
growth, and by the occasionally abundant soredia. Apothecia not
seen on British specimens.

Hab. On trees, palings, etc., occasionally on rocks and stones in
maritime and upland regions.—Distr. Local though plentiful where it
occurs throughout England, rare in Scotland.—B. M. Near Penzance,
Cornwall; Taunton, Somerset ; near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
Penshurst, Kent; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Lakenham, Suffolk ;
Salisbury Crags, Edinburgh.

8. R. evernioides Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p-. 293 (1856).—Thallus greyish or greenish straw-coloured, sub-
erect, of rather large plane irregular lacinix, variously branched
and lacerate, crowdedly reticulate-wrinkled and scrobiculate (not
longitudinally nerved), with scattered roundish superficial or
marginal soralia frequently on the lines of the reticulation.
Apothecia rare, marginal, moderate in size, wrinkled beneath ;
spores oblong, slightly curved, 10-15 » long, 3-5 p thick.—
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 73 (1872) (inel. £. monophylla) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 475; ed. 3, p. 88. Lichenoides
lacunosum lacerum, latius et angustius Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 163,
t. 21, fig. 57 4, B,c (1741). Lichen pollinarius Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 1607, tig. et descr. pro parte (1806) (non Westr.).

Easicc. Cromb. n. 131; Leight. n. 41 pro parte; Mudd n. 46
pro parte.

Easily distinguished by the scrobiculate thallus from all forms of
ht. pollinaria with which it mainly agrees in the internal structure
except for the strengthening strands, which are absent in this species.
The thallus, which varies greatly in the form and width of the laciniz,
is rather flaccid. Crombie’s f. monophylla is merely a growth form.
f. evernioides is, in Europe, found only in the West.

Hab. Qn old trees, chiefly oaks, in wooded upland districts.—
Distr. General and common in $. and W. England and §. and E.
Ireland ; rare in the Channel Islands, not seen from Scotland.—B. M.
Endellion and Tintagel, Cornwall; Islington, 5. Devon; Testwood
Park and near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Bembridge, I. of
Wight; Earnley, Eridge and Worthing, Sussex; near Reigate,
Surrey; Braxted Park, Essex; Stowe Park, Bucks; Bourton-on-
Water, Gloucestershire ; Twycross and Gopsall, Leicestershire ;
Anglesea; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Belfast, Antrim.

Thallus saxicolous, without soredia.

9. R. siliquosa A. L. Sm.—Thallus upright, rigid, greyish- or
yellowish-green, the fronds rather shining, varying in length,

RAMALINA | USNEACE 173

more or less compressed, smoothish or longitudinally furrowed
and lacunose, generally rather narrow, branched and attenuate
(medulla K + yellowish, then rusty-red, reaction often uncertain).
Apothecia subpedicellate, marginal and subterminal, moderate
in size, becoming convex, pale-reddish or glaucous ; spores oblong-
ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 12-19 » long, 4—6 » thick.—
R. scopulorum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 604 (1810) (incl. vars.
cuspidata & cornuta); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 406 (incl. var.
cornuta, p. 407) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 68 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 225; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 85; Mudd Man. p. 74 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 & Monogr. i. p. 196 (incl. var. incrassata) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 91; ed. 2, p. 476; ed. 3, p. 88 (incl. var.
incrassata). Ft. cuspidata Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2,
iv. p. 158 (1870) (incl. var. crassa, p. 159; Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. x. p. 74 (1872); op. cit. xii. p. 147 (1874) (incl. var.
crassa) & Monogr. i. p. 197 (incl. var. crassa) ; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 2, p. 477; ed. 3, p. 89 (incl. var. crassa, p.90). Coralloides
fasciculare verrucosum et veluti siliquoswm Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 119,
t. 17, fig. 88 (1741). Lichen siliquosus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 460
(1758) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40. L. scopulorum Retz. Obs.
Bot. iv. p. 30 (1786); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. iii. p. 18 ; With. tom.
cit. p. 57; Engl. Bot. t. 688.

Exsice. Bohl. n. 112 ; Johns. nos. 59, 218; Larb. Lich. Hb.
nos. 247, 324; Leight. n. 2.

The two species Rf. scopulorum and &. cuspidata, which are here
united under #. siliquosa (a name of older date), were differentiated
by Nylander (I. c.) solely on account of the chemical reaction.
Continued experience proves the extreme uncertainty of the test, as
it seems to be associated with a varied exposure to sea water (M. C.
Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soe. xiv. (N.S.), no. 6 (1913),
pp. 87 and 88). With these should also be included R. armorica
(Nyl. in Flora lx. p. 562 (1877)) with the medulla K + yellow,
recorded as a variety by M. C. Knowles (tom. cit. p. 123). <A
distinction recorded between spores is also misleading, as in both
‘““species” they are straight or slightly curved, and black spots
sometimes on the tips of the fronds are not confined to R. cuspidata.
The vars. incrassata and crassa of the two “species” are also alike
morphologically. The distorted form characteristic of them has been
proved by Zopf (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. xxv. (1907) p. 288) to be due
to insect action.

The lichen is provided with a stout band of longitudinal strengthen-
ing hyphe which projects irregularly into the medulla. The outer
cortex is narrow and very gelatinous.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in maritime districts, rarely at a
distance from the sea.—Distr. General and common on rocky coasts
of the British Isles—B. M. Guernsey; La Moye, Mount Orgueil and
Grisnez Common, Jersey; St. Mary’s, Scilly; St. Michael’s Mount,
Land’s End, Lamorna Cliff, Tintagel, The Lizard, St. Breock, Pentire,
Fowey and Penzance, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Leigh Tor, Dart-
moor, Bolt Head, Wembury and Torquay, Devon; I. of Wight;
Tenby, Manorbier and near Fishguard, Pembrokeshire ; Aberystwith,

174 CYCLOCARPINE® [RAMALINA

Cardiganshire ; Barmouth, Aberdovey, Dolgelly and Harlech Castle,
Merioneth ; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire; South Stacks, Anglesea; Port
Soderick, Isle of Man; Holy Island and Dunstanborough, North-
umberland; St. Bees and near Whitehaven, Cumberland; Solway
Firth, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ailsa Craig and I. of Cumbrae, Firth of
Clyde; Innerkip, Renfrewshire ; Isle of May, Rivelston and Cramond
near Edinburgh; Island of Mull and Airds, Appin, Argyll; West-
water, Fifeshire ; Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire; Banks of the Tay and
Turin Hill, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Peter-
head, Aberdeenshire; Invermoriston, Invernessshire; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Orkney Islands ; Great Island, Cork; Renoyle, Connemara ;
The Bills, Clare Island, Achill Island and near Westport, Mayo ;
Ardglass, Down.

Form minor A. L. Sm. Thallus small, erect, with slender
sparingly branched attenuate fronds. Apothecia small.—R. eus-
pidata ft. minor Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn, Norm, sér. 2, iv. p. 159
(1870); Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879) & Monogr. i.
p. 198.

A much dwarfed condition about 1 inch in height.

Hab.— On dry exposed rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Plentiful
though local in the Channel Islands, 8. and W. England and N.E.
Scotland, and probably elsewhere.—B. M. The Vale, Guernsey ; Fowey
and near Penzance, Cornwall; Wembury, Devon; near Tenby, Pem-
brokeshire ; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire; St. Bees, Cumberland ;
Portlethen, Kincardineshire.

Subsp. breviuscula A. L. Sm.—Thallus of short laciniz,
firm, congested, variously difform (medulla K—). Apothecia
small or submoderate, the margin of the receptacle subcrenate.—
R. polymorpha Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 84 (1836) pro
parte ; Leight. p. 92; ed. 2, p. 474 pro parte; ed. 3, p. 86 pro
parte ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro parte ; form depressa Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. x. p. 72 (1872). R. scopulorum var. polymorpha
Mudd Man. p. 74 (1861) (non Ach.). RB. cuspidata f. breviuscula
Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér 2, iv. p. 159 (1870); subsp.
breviuscula Nyl. ex. Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879) &
Monogr. i. p. 198.

Exsice. Leight. n. 73; Mudd n. 47. :

A very deformed-looking plant not unlike vars. crassa and
incrassata. In some of the smaller states it is closely appressed to
the substratum.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts and on mountains.—Distr.
Rather rare in the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N. England, N.E.
coast of Scotland and probably among the Grampians.—/. M. Sark;
Tintagel and Polperro, Cornwall; Gower Peninsula, Glamorganshire ;
Moel-;-golfa, Montgomeryshire; near Thirsk and Roseberry, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.

Form gracilescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus small, congested
pulvinate, the laciniz shortly much divided at the apices which
are often incurved, or revolute and curled.—R. cuspidata subsp.

RAMALINA | USNEACE.E Nef)

breviuscula f£. gracilescens Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879)
& Monogr. i. p. 199.

The Irish specimens listed below have the characteristic growth
of this form; they give the reaction K + yellow, medulla becoming
red. The Kerry specimen was collected three miles from the sea.

Hab. On rocks, ete., at or near the sea.—Disty. Rather rare in
the Channel Islands, S. England and E. and W. Ireland, probably
overlooked elsewhere.—B. M. Guernsey; Sark; near Brighton;
Cloghane, Kerry; Achill Island, Mayo.

10. R. Curnowii Cromb. ex Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 441 (1875).
—Thallus subrigid, slender, rounded or slightly compressed,
sparingly branched, pale greyish-green, blackish at the base
(medulla K—). Apothecia marginal-geniculate and terminal,
rather small, becoming convex, smooth below ; spores ellipsoid,
straight, 11-15 » long, 4—6 pw thick.—Cromb.. in Grevillea iv.
p. 180 (1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 90.

Ezsicc. Cromb. n. 129; Larb. Cesar. n. 13.

Very near the preceding species. Though the medulla is un-
affected, the cortex, at least in some specimens, takes a red stain with
potash. The apothecia and spermogones are frequently numerous ;
the latter are blackish, thus, according to Nylander, suggesting affinity
with Rf. carpathica, a Hungarian species in which the margin of the
apothecium is black. The spermatia measure 3 pu long, 1 p thick.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Dzstr. Common in the
Channel Islands, 8.W. England and W. Ireland.—#. M. Grisnez
Common, Jersey; St. Mary’s, Scilly; St. Michael’s Mount, near
Land’s End, and Penzance, Cornwall; Clare Island, Mayo.

Thallus saxicolous, sorediate.

11. R. subfarinacea Ny]. in Flora lvi. p. 66 (1873).—Thallus
erect or subpendulous, pale-greenish or greenish-grey, formed of
tufts of crowded branched rather narrow compressed laciniz,
smooth or slightly channelled, attenuate and often much divided
upwards.; soralia numerous, ellipsoid or roundish, marginal
(medulla and soredia K + yellowish, then rusty-red). Apothecia
rare, small, marginal or subterminal, becoming convex; spores
oblong, straight, 12-15 p» long, 4-6 yp thick.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 47 (1886). RR. calicaris var. thrausta Mudd
Man. p. 73 (1861) (non Ach.) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 pro parte.
i. scopulorum var. subfarinacea Ny|. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x.
p. 74 (1872); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 476; ed. 3, p. 89.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 23; Johns. n. 19; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 323.

A stouter plant than R. farinacea, which it partly resembles in
habit and structure, more especially in the form and position of the
soralia. It differs in the well-marked reaction with potash and in the
saxicolous habitat. It occurs in small tufts or occasionally forms
extensive swards.

. 2 e

176 CYCLOCARPINE [RAMALINA.

Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. General and common where it occurs on rocky shores or
mountainous tracts of the British Isles—B. M. Alderney; La
Coupe, Jersey; Annet Island, Scilly; Land’s End, The Lizard and
near Penzance, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Ivy Bridge and Dartmoor,
Devonshire ; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Long Mynd, Shropshire ;
near Dolgelly and Harlech Castle, Merioneth ; Moel-y-golfa, Mont-
gomeryshire ; Beddgelert and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ; Langbraugh,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Hexham, Northumberland ; near Staveley,
Westmoreland ; Penruddock and St. Bees, Cumberland; Airds, Appin,
Argyll; Killin, Perthshire; Portlethen and Crathes, Kincardineshire ;
Banchory-Devenick and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Apple-
cross, Rossshire.

12. R. polymorpha Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 600 (1810) pro parte.
—Thallus rigid, compressed, irregularly lacunose and longitudinally
nerved, rather short (5 cm. or less), pale-greenish, the margins
and surface of the lacinize dotted with granular ellipsoid soralia
(K—). Apothecia very rare, marginal or subterminal, concave,
small, wrinkled or smoothish below ; spores oblong, straight or
almost straight, 11-16 pw long, 4-5 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 25 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. FI. ed. 2, p. 474 pro parte ; ed. 3,
p- 87 (incl. f. ligulata). Lichen polymorphus Ach. in Vet. Acad.
Handl. xviii. p. 270 (1797) pro parte.

Distinguished from allied rock forms by the soralia. British
specimens are sterile. Strands of strengthening hyphe lie within the
outer cortex.

Hab. On exposed alpine or maritime rocks.—B. M. Portlethen,
Kincardineshire (the only British locality).

Var. emplecta Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 601 (1810).—Lacinie
more slender, very much branched and tapering.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 47 (1886); f. emplecta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 2,
p. 475 pro parte; ed. 3, p. 87 pro parte. Parmelia polymorpha
var. emplecta Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 267 (1803).

Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.—Distr.
Local and scarce in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—Bb. M. Near Loch ~
Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

13. R. capitata Nyl.in Bull. Soc. Linn. sér. 2, vi. p. 258 (1872),
—Thallus short, glaucous or pale-green, the laciniz compressed,
much branched, especially near the tips, wrinkled longitudinally
and lacunose; soralia globose, singly or more on the obtuse
apices. Apothecia very rare, terminal or subterminal, the
receptacle becoming wrinkled on the under side ; spores oblong,
straight or slightly curved.—R. polymorpha var. capitata Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 601 (1810) (incl. var. strepsilis) ; subsp. capitata
Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 141 (1879); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 193. R. polymorpha Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 224 (1833) (non Ach.). Parmelia polymorpha var. strepsilis
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 266 (1803),

RAMALINA | USNEACEX 177

Differs from the preceding in the position of the soralia and in the
consequent short fronds. The anatomical structure is practically
the same; the strong strands of strengthening hyphe sometimes
meet, forming a bridge across the medulla.

Hab. On rocks, in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local and scarce
in N. England (?) and in the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Benna-
boord, Aberdeenshire.

42. USNEA Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 56 (1741) pro parte;
Adans. Fam. Pl. ii. p. 7 (1763). (Pl. 42.)

Thallus filamentous, upright or pendulous, generally cylin-
drical, variously branched, often scabrid, greyish-green or
yellowish, attached at the base by a sheath or by a penetrating
holdfast ; structure radiate with a firm chondroid central axis,
or very rarely hollow, the cortical layer thin. Algal cells
Protococcus. Apothecia mostly rather large, lateral or terminal,
peltate, the disc usually rather light-coloured with a thalline,
generally ciliate margin; hypothecium colourless, with under-
lying gonidia ; paraphyses concrete, branched and septate ; asci
8-spored ; spores small, ellipsoid, simple. Spermogones lateral,
immersed or slightly protuberant, light or dark coloured with
sparingly branched sterigmata and acrogenous spermatia.

Our species of Usnea occur chiefly on trees in forests, and the
pendulous forms may attain a length of 1 ft. or more; occasionally
they grow on rocks. Nearly all are sorediate, and in some species
the soredia develop on the parent plant as lateral branchlets. Flesh-
coloured tubercles—called pseudo-cephalodia—are frequently formed,
and are irregularly scattered over the filaments. They are composed
of dense hyphe which rise from the gonidial tissue; no gonidia are
enclosed in these tubercles, which are only abortive apothecia.

1. U. florida Web. in Wigg. Prim. FI. Hols. p. 91 (1780).—
Thallus erect, one or several main stalks rising from the base,
repeatedly forked, terete, about 1°5 mm. in diameter, finely
verruculose, sometimes becoming bare and almost smooth,
secondary branches more slender, patent, both primary and
secondary generally beset all round with short or elongate
horizontal fibrils, and frequently scabrid with soredia, pale-
greyish or greyish-green. Apothecia plane, moderate in size or
large up to about 1 cm. in diameter, geniculate or apparently
terminal, the margins bordered with long slender cilia which are
occasionally branched and sparsely fibrillose; spores shortly
ellipsoid, 7-11 » long, 6—7 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p-. 403 (inel. var. rubiginea); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 226; Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 555
(1880); var. rubiginea Ach, Lich. Univ. p. 621 (1810)? U. ceratina
var. scabrosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 620 (1810)? Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 206 pro parte (incl.
f. ferruginascens Cromb. in Trans, Essex Field Club, iv. p. 60
(1885) pro parte. U. barbata var. florida Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 18

1. N

ei
: st :

178 CYCLOCARPINEE [USNEA

(1831); Mudd Man. p. 69, t. 1, ‘fig. 15; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 23; ff. florida and rubiginea Leight. Lich. Fl. pp. 83 & 86
(1871); ed. 3, pp. 75 & 77 pro parte. U. plicata var. florida
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 86 (1836). U. intexta Stirt. in
Scott. Nat. v. p. 102 (1880). U. rubicunda Stirt.1.¢. U. sublurida
Stirt. 1. c. U. constrictula Stirt. op. cit. vi. p. 109 (1881). U. sub-
floridana tom. cit. p. 294. Muscus arboreus cum orbiculis Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 6 (1724). Usnea vulgatissima tenwior
et brevior, cum orbiculis Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 69, t. 13, fig. 13
(1741). Lichen floridus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1154 (1753); Huds. FI.
Angl. p. 463; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p: 897; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p- 50; Engl. Bot. t, 872.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 16; Johns. n. 21; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 285.

Distinguished by the constantly erect habit, the well-developed
apothecia, and by the generally crowded horizontal fibrils ; these are
mostly smooth, but occasionally they tend to become verrucose like
the main stem, and even sorediate, forming a transition to the more
constantly sorediate var. hirta. Both the species and the variety are
occasionally tinged red; a condition indicated in the varieties and
forms rubiginea, ferruginascens and rubicunda. The new British
species described in Stirton’s papers are based on various chemical
reactions.

Hab. On the branches of trees, rarely on rocks, in woods and
forests. — Distr. General and not uncommon throughout Great
Britain, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Island of Guernsey ;
Boulay Bay, Jersey ; Boconnoc and near Penzance, Cornwall; Lydford,
near Totnes, Okehampton and Becky Falls, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; near Tunbridge Wells and near Hastings, Sussex; near Lydd,
Kent; Haslemere, Surrey; Hay Coppice and Whitfield, Hereford-
shire; Dynevor Castle, Carmarthenshire ; Conway Falls, Hafod and
Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea ; Gibside Woods, Durham ;
Ambleside, Westmoreland ; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire, Pent-
land Hills near Edinburgh ; Appin and near Inverary, Argyll; Craig
Calliach and Stronachlachan Woods, Killin, Perthshire; Durris
Woods, Kincardineshire ; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar and Countess-
wells Woods, Aberdeenshire ; Invermoriston, Invernessshire; Clare
Tsland, Mayo.

Var. hirta Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 309 (1803).—Thallus rather
short, nearly erect, caespitose, crowdedly branched and fibrillose,
the fibrille and secondary branches slender, frequently long,
forked and curving, and generally more or less beset with soredia.
Apothecia very rare, rather small; spores 6-8 p» long, 4-6 p»
thick.—U. hirta Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. p. 133 (1795) ; Cromb. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 555 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 203.
U. plicata var. hirta Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 623 (1810); 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 404; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 226; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86. U. barbata
var. hirta Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 18 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 69; f.
hirta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 84;
ed. 3, p. 76. U. subpectinata Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 108

USNEA | USNEACE 179

(1880). Usnea vulyatissima tenuior et brevior, sine orbiculis Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 67, t. 13, fig. 12 (1741). Lichen hirtus L. Sp. Pl.
p- 1155 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 895; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46.

Ezxsicc. Leight. n. 1 pro parte ; Mudd n. 35.

Smaller and more entangled than the species and more commonly
sorediate. It is perhaps more a growth form due to moist conditions
than a variety, as though fairly well marked, there are intermediate
stages. As in so many sorediate lichens, apothecia are rare. The
specimens with reddish tinted thallus belong partly to the species and
partly to the variety.

Hab. On old palings and on the branches of trees in wooded neigh-
bourhoods.—Distv. General and fairly abundant throughout the
British Isles—B. M. Guernsey; Rozel, Jersey ; near Penzance and
Withiel, Cornwall; Coryton and Becky Falls, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; near Ryde, I. of Wight; near Hastings, St. Leonards Forest,
near Balcombe, Maplehurst and Haywards Heath, Sussex; near
Writtle, Messing and Hainhault Forest, Essex ; near Sapperton and
near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire; Stiper-
stones, near Oswestry and Haughmond Hill, Shropshire, Cemmes
Road, Montgomeryshire; Nannau, Dolgelly, Merioneth; Conway
Falls and Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Ayton and
Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Hexham, Northumberland ;
Ashgill and Calder Abbey, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire; Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh ; Inverary and Appin, Argyll; Killin, Perthshire; Rossie
Woods, Forfarshire ; Muchalls, Kincardineshire; Park, near Aberdeen,
and Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods,
Invernessshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Askew Wood, Kerry; Achill
Island, Mayo; near Belfast, Antrim.

Var. mollis Hue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris sér. 4,
i. p. 35 (1899).—Thallus pale-grey, erect, with a stout base, with
rather long branchlets and the central axis very slender.—
Usnea mollis Stirt. in Scott. Nat. vi. p. 109 (1881). Specimen
not seen.

Collected near New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; recorded also
from Brazil, Japan and Africa.

2. U. cornuta Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 2 (1859).—Thallus
pale, erect, cxespitose, stiff, distinctly articulate, scarcely branched,
rough with minute papille or soralia, the apices sorediate,
incurved. Apothecia pallid, small or moderate in size, the
margins ciliate ; spores small, simple, 9-11 w long, 7-9 p» thick.—
Stirton in Scott. Nat. vi. p. 103 (1880). Specimen not seen.

Hab.—On rocks. Recorded by Stirton from $. England and
S. Scotland.

3. U. plicata Web. in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. p. 91 (1780).-
Thallus suberect, becoming elongate and pendulous, terete, the
cortex becoming ringed andverrucose-sorediate, sparingly fibrillose
and variously branched, the branches patent, diffuse, often

N 2

180 CYCLOCARPINEE [USNEA

entangled, verrucose and sparingly fibrillose, pale greenish-grey
or yellowish. Apothecia rare, moderate in size or rather large,
concolorous, sometimes pruinose, the margins with long cilia ;
spores 7—9 p» long, 5-7 p» thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 403
(incl. var. comosa?); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 & in Sm. Engl. Fl.
p. 226. U. ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 619 (1810); Cromb. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 554 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 205 (inel.
var. scabrosa pro parte). U. barbata var. plicata Fr. Lich. Eur.
p. 18 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 69; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 pro
parte ; f. plicata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 85 (1871); ed. 3, p. 76 pro
parte ; var. ceratina Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 505 (1840) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 232 (1872); f. ceratina Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 85 (1871); ed. 3, p. 77. U. scabrata Nyl. in Flora Iviii.
p. 103 (1875). U. comosa Stirt. (? Ach.) & U. nitida Stirt. in
Scott. Nat. vi. p. 294 (1882)? U. dasypoga var. scabrata Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 205. Muscus
arboreus: Usnea officinarum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 64, n. 1
(1724). Usnea vulgaris loris longis implexis Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 56, t. 11, fig. 1 (1741). Lichen plicatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1154
(1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 889;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 50; Engl. Bot. t. 257?

Exsicc. Johns. n. 20; Leight. n. 1 pro parte; Mudd
nos. 34, 36.

U. plicata is synonymous with U. ceratina and includes forms
partly upright and others entirely pendulous. It is characterized
chiefly by the long frequently entangled branches and branchlets
which soon begin to hang down, and by the fewer and more scattered
fibrils than in the previous species. The annular breaks in the cortex
and the coarsely verrucose character of the thallus though generally
evident are not sufficiently or obviously typical, hence the varying
and conflicting descriptions of this plant.

Hab. On the trunks and branches of trees, occasionally on rocks.
—Distr. General and somewhat common throughout Great Britain.
—B. M. Annets Island, Scilly ; Roughton and Boconnoe, Cornwall ;
Ivy Bridge, Arton, Lydford, near Totnes, near Becky Falls and
Hunter’s Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; I. of Wight ; Woodeote Wood and
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ardingly and Bexhill, Sussex;
Lydd, Kent; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond Hill, Shrop-
shire; Nannau, near Dolgelly and Harlech, Merioneth ; Hafod,
Cardiganshire ; Anglesea; Ayton Moor and Ingleby Park, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Ashgill and Lamplough, Cumberland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyll; Stronachlachan Woods and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ; Cawdor Woods, Nairn, Elginshire.

4, U. barbata Web. in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. p. 91 (1780).—
Thallus rather slender, pendulous, elongate, branched, scabrous
with minute verruce, the branches long, divergent, generally with
short patent crowded fibrils, greenish or pale-greyish. Apothecia
rare, usually small, pale or flesh-coloured with ciliate margins ;

USNEA| USNEACEE 181

spores ellipsoid, 9-11 » long, 6-7 » thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 404 pro parte; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 70 pro parte; var.
dasopoga Scher. Enum, p. 4 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 69; f.
dasypoga Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 84 (1871); ed. 3, p. 76. U. plicata var. dasopoga Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 312 (1803). U. dasypoga Stiz. in Verh. St. Gall. Nat.
Ges. p. 202 (1876); Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 555
(1880) & Monogr. i. p. 203. Usnea barbata, loris tenuibus fibrosis
Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 63, t. 12, fig. 6 (1741). Lichen barbatus
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1155 (1753)? Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461 (1762) ; Lightf.
FL. Scot. ii. p. 890. L. articulatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 258, fig. 2
(1795).

Exsice. Johns. n. 219.

Distinguished among pendulous species by the more slender
minutely scabrous branches and by the crowded horizontal fibrils on
the older parts of the thallus.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly firs, in wooded upland regions.
—Distr. Rather rare in England, commoner among the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Teesdale Forest, Dur-
ham; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Stronachlachan, Killin and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Deerhi]l Wood, Forfarshire; Mar Forest,
Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Invernessshire.

Var. pendula Heb. Howe Class. Fam. Usn. Amér. Nord.
Paris, p. 14 (1912).—Thallus smooth, irregularly branched, the
branches very sparingly or not fibrillose, the ultimate branches
very slender.—U. plicata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 622 (1810); Tayl.
in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 86. U. barbata var. plicata f. pendula
Scher. Enum. p. 4 (1850). U. dasypoga var. plicata Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 204 pro parte. Lichen
plicatus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 225 (1798) (non Linn.) ; Engl.
Bot. t. 257.

A variety somewhat doubtfully referred to this species, owing to
the rather dense branches which are, however, almost destitute of
horizontal fibrils. The references of English authors refer partly to

this variety and partly to Usnea plicata, under which they are
quoted. '

Hab. On the branches of trees, chiefly larch, in wooded moun-
tainous regions.—Distr. Rare in Wales, N. England.—B. M. Craig
Calliach, Perthshire; near Corriemulzie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Dulcie by the Findhorn, Elginshire.

5. U. articulata Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 133 (1795).—
Thallus pendulous, elongate, nearly smooth, flaccid, much
branched, the older primary filaments constricted at intervals,
the articulations variously inflated, sometimes very large, and
apart on the central axis, the branchlets slender, sparsely and
finely fibrillose and entangled, occasionally sorediate, pale greyish-
green or pale tawny-yellow. Apothecia rare, small, pale,

182 CYCLOCARPINE® [USNEA

sparingly ciliate ; spores 8-10 pw long, 5-6 p thick.—Cromb. in
Journ. Linn. Soe. xvii. p. 554 (1880). U. barbata var. articulata
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 313 (1803); 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 404
(1821); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 70 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 227;
Mudd Man. p. 69; f. articulata Cromb. roe Brit. p. 23 (1870) ;
Leight. Lich. FL. p. BD's* eb nos) Dp; ; var. intestiniformis
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 625 (1810) ; i sntoatinehantaen Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 207. U. barbata Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 226 (1833) pro parte. U. constrictula
Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 109 (1880)? Muscus arboreus nodosus
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 4 (1724). Usnea capillacea et
nodosa Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 60, t. 11, fig. 4 (1741). Lichen
articulatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1156 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 48, incl. var. barbatus; Engl. Bot.
t. 258, fig. 1.
Exsice. Cromb. n. 17; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. 14, n. 24.

Distinguished by the ringed and constricted inflations of the cortex
of the primary branches. In form intestiniformis these are slightly
exaggerated in size. Apothecia have not been found in this country,
though abortive fruits are occasionally produced.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in shady woods and forests in
upland districts.—Distr. Fairly general though becoming local and
scarce with the disappearance of the old forests.—B. M. Liskeard,
Cornwall; Exmouth Warren, near Exeter, Arton, Braunton Down
and Becky Falls, Devon; Appuldurcomb and Ventnor, I. of Wight ;
Boldrewood and Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Charlton Forest,
Sussex; Enfield Chace, Herts; near Stokenchurch, Oxford; Cwm
Bychan, near Barmouth, Merioneth; Denbighshire; Hafod, Cardi-
ganshire; Burnley, Lancashire; Stronachlachan Woods, Killin and
Brachlin Falls, Perthshire; Deerhill Woods, Forfarshire ; Portmar-
nock, near Dublin.

43. ALECTORIA Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 592 (1810) pro parte ;
emend, A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i. 1*, p. 219
(1907). (Pl. 43.)

Thallus filamentous, erect or pendulous, branched, cylindrical
or partly compressed, attached by a basal sheath; structure
radiate, the medulla of loose hyphe or partly hollow, the cortical
layer fibrous, formed of hyphe parallel with the long axis of the
plant. Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia lateral on bent or
straight branchea; marginate, the margin rarely ciliate, the disc
brown or blackish ; hypothecium colourless with underlying
gonidia ; paraphyses branched ; spores 4—8 in the ascus, ellipsoid,
simple, colourless or brownish. Spermogones in small lateral
tubercles ; sterigmata sparsely branched, with pleurogenous short
spermatia slightly thickened at each end.

A genus of upland or mountain plants. Occasionally the thallus

becomes free from the substratum by decay of the lower part of the
thallus, growth still continuing at the tips.

ALECTORIA | USNEACE 183

Thallus mostly light in colour.

1. A. ochroleuca Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 98
(1857).—Thallus erect, czspitose, the main branches stoutish,
rather flattened, soraliate and impressed-lacunose, the ultimate
branchlets numerous, spreading, more cylindrical, slender and
attenuate, ochroleucous or whitish straw-coloured, the apices
recurved and usually blackish (Kf + %"*, CaCl —). Apothecia
rare, rather large, sessile, brownish-red or blackish, the margin
stoutish and inflexed or almost excluded; spores becoming brown,
28-42 w long, 14-24 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87; ed. 3, p. 79. Lichen ochro-
leucus Ehrh. Beitr. ili. p. 82 (1788); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii.
p. 19; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 pro parte ; Engl. Bot. t. 2374.
Cornicularia ochroleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 614 (1810) ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 228.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 126.

The dark colour is confined to the apices in British specimens,
though in the Arctic regions it extends over the greater part of the
thallus. Apothecia are borne on the thicker branches.

Hab. Among mosses and gravelly soil in alpine places.—Distr.
Confined to the higher Grampians, on or near their summits.—B. M.

Cairngorm and Cairntoul, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Clova Mts.,
Forfarshire.

Form tenuior Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 232 (1872).—
Thallus smaller, decumbent, the branches more slender and some-
what entangled. Apothecia small, pale reddish-brown.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79. Lichen sarmentosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2040
(smaller fig.) fide Crombie.

This form has been considered by Crombie as belonging to the
above species rather than to A. sarmentosa. In one single specimen
there is only a slight trace of dark colour at the apices. It is not to
be confused with A. crinalis Leight. which is a synonym of A. ochro-
leuca var. cincinnata.

Hab. On sterile ground in alpine places.—B. M. Ben Luighal,
Sutherlandshire, the only locality.

Var. cincinnata Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 27 (1860).—Thallus
decumbent, sparingly branched, entangled, cylindrical or un-
equally compressed, impressed-lacunose, pale greenish sulphur-
coloured, generally with an apical tuft of slender branchlets which
are sparingly blackish, the whole thallus often tinged here and
there bluish-black.— Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 ; ed. 3, p. 79 ; £. cincin-
nata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24 (1870); var. sarmentosa Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 24 (1870) ; var. erinalis Leight. Lich. Fl]. p. 88 (1871).
A. sarmentosa 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 408 (1821); Hook. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 68 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd Man. p. 70;
var. cincinnata Ny]. in Flora lii. p. 444 (1869); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 79 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 209. Lichen ochroleucus

184 . CYCLOCARPINE [ ALECTORIA

With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 (1796) pro parte. L. sarmentosus Sm
Engl. Bot. t. 2040 (1809) (larger figure).
Exsicc. Croall n. 398 ; Cromb. n. 18.

More closely akin to A. ochroleuca than to A. sarmentosa in the
colouration and in the type of branching, though of more straggling
habit than the species.

Hab. On the ground in alpine places creeping loosely over mosses,
ete.—Distr. Local though plentiful on the higher Grampians, Scotland.
—B.M. Summit of Morne, Ben-naboord, Ben Macdhui, Cairngorm,
Morrone and Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Luighal,
Sutherlandshire.

2. A. sarmentosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 595 (1810).—Thallus
pendulous or decumbent, remotely branched and entangled, more
or less impressed-lacunose, compressed at the axils, the apices
long and attenuate, whitish straw-coloured. Apothecia small,
lateral, the disc dark reddish-brown; spores 2 to 4 in the ascus,
becoming brown, 15-36 p long, 14-30 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xiii. p. 140 (1875). A. ochroleuca var. sarmentosa Nyl. Syn.
Lich. i. p. 282 (1860); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79. Usnea
loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 59, t. 11, fig. 2 (1741)? Lichen sarmentosus Ach. in Vet.
Akad. Handl. 1795, p. 212, t. 8, fig. 2.

The thallus of this species is long and straggling and without the
tufted apical branches of the preceding species, from which it also
differs in the uniformly light colour.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground.—. M. Cairngorm, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

3. A. thrausta Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 596 (1810).—Thallus
slender, pendulous or prostrate, subcylindrical, occasionally com-
pressed, especially at the axils, smooth, shining, pale straw-
coloured ; branching frequent, the branchlets slender, tapering,
often soraliate at the tips (medulla K—). Apothecia unknown.—
Ramalina calicaris var. thrausta Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 30 (1831) ;
Mudd Man. p. 737 subsp. thrausta Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 25 pro
parte; f. thrausta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 94 (1871). R. thrausta
Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, iv. p. 116 (1870) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 470; ed. 3, p. 83 & in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
sér. 4, ix. p. 126 (1872); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 71 (1872)
& Monogr. i. p. 187.

Of uncertain systematic position in the absence of apothecia, but
the structure of the cortex is that of Alectoria, being composed of
thick-walled branching hyphe parallel to the long axis of the plant.
The algie lie in groups.

Hab. On trees or on rocks or sandy soil in northern regions or
high altitudes.—B. M. Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire, the only British
locality but now extinct.

ALECTORIA | USNEACE® 185

4. A. implexa Nyl. ex Norrl. in Med. Soc. Faun. & FI.
Fenn. i. p. 14 (1876).—Thallus pendulous, elongate, slender,
much branched and entangled, greyish-yellow or greyish, soralia
very rare (K+, CaCl—). Apothecia and spores as in A. jubata,
very rare.—A. jubata var. cana Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 593 (1810).
A. cana Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88 (1871). A. capillaris Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. x. p. 233 (1872); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 79.
Usnea implexa Hoftm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 134 (1795). Parmelia
jubata var. capillaris Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 273 (1803).

Similar in habit to A. jwbata, but more slender and of a lighter
colour and with a positive reaction with potash. British specimens
are sterile.

Hab. On the trunks of old firs in mountainous districts.—Dvstr.
Local and rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Killin, Perthshire; Deerhill Wood, Forfar; Glen Derrie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Invernessshire.

Thallus mostly dark in colour.

5. A. nigricans Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 71 (1861).—Thallus
cespitose, rigid, erect or ascending, cylindrical or somewhat
compressed, dichotomously and intricately branched, impressed-
lacunose at the axils, and more or less deflexed and slender
at the tips, rather dull chestnut-black, paler towards the
base (K + medulla yellow at base, CaCl + medulla reddish).
Apothecia lateral, rather large, chestnut-brown, the margin thin,
at length excluded; spores colourless, 21-35 p long, 15-20 p
thick.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865) ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 87; ed. 3, p. 78. Cornicularia
ochroleuca var. nigricans Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 615 (1810).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 19.

Similar in habit to A. ochrolewca, but differs in colour. Herbarium
specimens are generally easily recognized by the reddish tinge given
to the paper on which they are mounted. Spermogones occur towards
the apices, but apothecia have been found only in Labrador and Arctic
America. A specimen in the Sowerby Herbarium is said to have been
collected by Harriman at Teesdale, Durham.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in alpine and
subalpine localities.—Distr. Somewhat local, but usually plentiful on
the higher Grampians, Scotland; very rare in Wales, doubtful in N.
England.—B. M. Cwm Bychan, Merioneth ; The Glyders, Carnarvon-
shire; Teesdale, Durham ? Ben Lawers, Mael Girdy, Ben-y-Gloe and
Cairn Gowar, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Ben Macdhui,

3raemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

6. A. bicolor Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 291
(1856).—Thallus czspitose, erect, cylindrical, irreguiarly and
densely branched and intricate, the branchlets patent, short,
slender or subfibrillose, the apices usually somewhat curved, black
or brownish-black. Apothecia lateral, small, very rare, blackish ;

186 CYCLOCARPINEE | ALECTORIA

spores ellipsoid, colourless, small, 7-8 » long, 5-6 w thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 70; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 86; ed. 3, p. 78. Muscus coralloides lane nigre instar sawxis
adhzrens Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 3 (1724). Usnea
lanee nigree instar saxis adherens Dill. Hist, Muse. p. 66, t. 13,
fig.8 (1741). Lichen bicolor Ehrh. Beitr. iii. p. 82 (1788) ; Engl.
Bot. t. 1853. LD. lanatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461 (1762) (non L.) ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 892; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47. Corni-
cularia bicolor Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 304 (1803); 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 405; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 69 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 228. ;

Exsicc. Cromb, n. 127 ; Mudd n. 39.

Allied to A. jubata, but differs in the persistently darker colour
and generally saxicolous erect or prostrate habit. The apothecia
have been gathered only in the Himalayan Mts. The spermogones
are minute, with spermatia 8 » long, °05 p thick.

Hab. On rocks and boulders among mosses in upland and sub-
alpine regions.—Distr. Frequent and sometimes abundant in hilly
regions of W. and N. England, N. Wales and the Highlands of
Scotland, rare in N.E. Ireland.—B. M. Helminton, Cornwall ; Hay
Tor, Bovey Tracey, Dartmoor, Lustleigh Cleeve and Walkington,
Devon; Capel Arthog, Llyn Bodlyn and Cader Idris, Merioneth ;
Anglesea; Farndale, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Kentmere,
Westmoreland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben-A’an, near
Taymouth, Corrie, Uachlar, Ben Lawers, Ben More and Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Canlochan, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire ;
Craigellachie, Banffshire ; Ben Luighal, Sutherlandshire ; Antrim.

7. A. divergens Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 278 (1860) pro parte ;
Lich. Scand. p. 71 (1861).—Thallus rigid, erect or prostrate,
frequently branched, cylindrical or subangular, shining, brown-
ish chestnut-coloured, the branches dichotomous, diverging
(K—, CaCl medulla + red). Apothecia very rare, bright-brown,
the margin usually crenulate or rough; spores 8 in the ascus,
colourless, ellipsoid, small, 8-10 » long, 4°5-5°5 pw thick.—
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 78. Cornicularia divergens Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 303, t. 6,
fig. 1 (1803).

Not unlike Cetraria aculeata in outward appearance, but the
thallus is generally stouter and never spinulose. It reaches its
highest development in Arctic regions. Apothecia have not been
found on British specimens ; they are recorded only from N.E. Asia.

Hab. On the ground among mosses in alpine places.—B. M.
Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire, the only British locality.

8. A. jubata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 592 (1810) pro parte.—
Thallus filiform, pendulous, subcylindrical, slightly compressed
at the axils, smooth, much branched, more or less soraliate,
olive-brown or brownish-grey to -black, the branches wavy,
entangled. Apothecia rare, small, innate, plane or convex, the

ALECTORIA | USNEACEE 187

margin entire, at length excluded, the dise dull subfuscous ; spores
small, colourless, 6-9 » long, 4-5 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 408 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 67 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 227; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 86; Mudd Man. p. 70
pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 88;
ed. 3, p. 80. Muscus corallinus saxatilis faniculaceus Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65 (1724). Usnea jubata nigricans Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 64, t. 12, fig. 7 (1741). Lichen jubatus L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1155 (1753) pro parte; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 461 pro parte ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 891 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 46 ;
Engl. Bot. t. 1880 pro parte.

Exsice. Bohl. n. 83; Croall n. 397; Cromb. n. 128; Johns.
n. 247; Leight. n. 72; Mudd n. 37.

Erect when young, but becoming pendulous and often very much
tangled. The colour varies very considerably. Small prominent
rimmed soralia are frequent on the stouter branches. Spermogones
are rare; they are enclosed in scattered thalline tubercles; the
“spermatia minute, 6-7 p long, °05 p thick.

Hab. On the trunks and branches of old trees, chiefly pine and
larch, more rarely on boulders among mosses, in wooded upland and
subalpine regions.—Distr. General and sometimes abundant in hilly
and mountainous regions—B. M. Roughton, Cornwall; Hay Tor
and Vixen Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; New Forest, Hants ; Tunbridge
Wells, St. Leonards, Balscombe and Pond Leigh, Sussex; Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire ; Rhewgreidden, Dolgelly and near Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; Anglesea; near Kingley, Warwickshire; near
Oswestry, Shropshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Chatsworth, Derby-
shire; Baysdale and near Great Ayton, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; Keswick and Alston, Cumberland; The Cheviots, North-
umberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Beld Craig, Moffat,
Dumfriesshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyll; Glen
Falloch, Killin, Ben Lawers and Knock of Crieff, Perthshire ; Deerhill
Wood and Rossie Moor, Forfarshire; Ballochbuie Forest, Ballater,
Craig Cluny, Mar Forest and Morrone, Braemar and Countesswells
Wood, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis and Glen
Moriston, Invernessshire ; Cawdor, Nairnshire; Lairg, Sutherland.

Var. lanestris Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 593 (1810).—Thallus
smaller, decumbent, rather soft, sparingly soraliate, the branches
numerous, short, slender, densely entangled.—Form lanestris
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 233 (1872); f. tenerrima Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886).

A small prostrate variety to which Crombie has referred the upper
figure in Engl. Bot. t. 1880. Form tenerrima is still shorter and
more tangled, somewhat resembling Ephebe in appearance. No
fructification has been observed.

Hab. On fir palings and trunks of birch trees.— Distr. Rare in
upland districts.—B. M. Helsby Hill, Cheshire; Killin, Perthshire ;
Ballochbuie Forest and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Subsp. subcana Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360
(1876).—Thallus pendulous, slender, of moderate length, much

188 CYCLOCARPINEE [ALECTORIA

branched, greyish; soralia numerous, rather prominent. Apo-
thecia not seen.
More slender and less entangled than the species, and of a lighter

colour. The numerous soralia and the absence of reaction with
potash distinguish it from A. implezxa.

Hab. On the branches of old firs in wooded mountainous regions.
—Distr. Local and rare among the Grampians, Scotland—B,. M. Ben
Lawers, Perthshire.

Subsp. chalybeiformis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 25 (1871).—
Thallus decumbent, flexuose, stouter and more rigid than the
species, olive- or brownish-black, the branches short, remote
sometimes a little paler at the apices; soralia rather rare. Apo-
thecia not seen.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 48 (1886). Var.
chalybeiformis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 593 (1810); Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 57 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 227; Mudd Man. p. 70;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 24; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 89; ed. 3, p. 80.
A. chalybeiformis 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 408 (1821). Muscus
caule rigido, instar fili chalibec Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65
n. 2 (1724). Usnea rigida horsum vorsum eaxtensa Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 66, t. 13, fig. 10 (1741). Lichen chalybeiformis L.
Sp. Pl. p. 1155 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462; Lightf. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 892; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 47.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 245 & Lich. Cantab. n. 7; Mudd
n. 38.

Sometimes regarded as a species, but too closely akin to Alectoria
jubata to be worthy of separate specific rank. Neither apothecia nor
spermogones have been found on British specimens. <A. jubata
generally grows on trees, while this subspecies is uniformly a rock
plant.

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and boulders in upland and moun-
tainous districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in England
and N. Wales, plentiful among the Grampians, Scotland; not re-
corded from Ireland.—B. M. Templemore, Devon; Eridge rocks near
Tunbridge Wells, and Ardingly rocks, Sussex; Herefordshire Beacon
near Malvern; Cader Idris, Merioneth ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Anglesea; Thetford Warren, Norfolk; Battersby Cleveland, York-
shire; Gateshead Fell, Durham; Suddale, Westmoreland; Ben
Cruachan, Argyll; Ben More and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova
Mts., Forfarshire; Craig Coinnoch, Glen Cluny, Lochnagar, Ben-
naboord, Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis
and Loch Ennich, Invernessshire; Hoy, Orkney.

44, CERANIA 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 413 (1821).
Thamnolia Ach. in litt. ex Scher. Enum. p. 243 (1850).
(Pl. 44.)

Thallus of upright stalk-like fronds, cylindrical, sparingly
branched, tapering upwards ; the cortex of small cells ; medulla
of parallel hyphze, hollow in the centre. Algal cells Plewrococeus. _
Apothecia not rightly known. Spermogones immersed, in small

CERANIA] USNEACEE 189

warts, with pleurogenous short cylindrical straight or slightly
bent spermatia.

The position of the genus is uncertain in the absence of definite
knowledge as to the reproduction of the plant. Massalongo (in
Flora xxxix. p. 232) and Th. Fr. (Lich. Arct. p. 161) represent the
apothecia as terminal and immarginate somewhat like those of
Cladonia, with simple colourless spores. According to Minks (in
Flora lvii. p. 337) the fruits are pyrenocarpous and are united in
lateral stromata.

1. C. vermicularis 8. F. Gray 1. c.—Thallus erect or mostly
prostrate, fronds simple or sparingly branched, smooth or some-
what grooved, somewhat solitary or in dense tufts, chalky-white
(K + yellow). Apothecia doubtful.—Thamnolia vermicularis
Scher. Enum. p. 243 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 68; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 23; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 83; ed. 3, p. 75. Lichen
vermicularis Swartz in Linn. fil. Meth. Muse. p. 37 (1781);
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. 11. p. 23, t. 6, fig. 10; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 41; Engl. Bot. t. 2029. Cladonia vermicularis DC. FI.
France. ii. p. 355 (1805); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 234;
Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 34. Cenomyce vermicularis Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 566 (1810) ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 65.

Exsice Croall n. 399 ; Cromb. n. 13.

Easily recognized by the form and habit resembling small white
worms. The pycnidia are very rare with spermatia, 4-5 » long,
1 p» thick.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and heaths in alpine and
mountainous regions.— Distr. Very local and rare on the mountains
of N. Wales, N. England and Scotland.—B. M. Cader Idris,
Merioneth ; Skiddaw, Cumberland; Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach and
Ben Vrackie, Perthshire ; Clova Mts. and Canlochan, Forfarshire ;
Lochnagar, Morrone, Miltown of Invercauld, Ben-naboord and Cairn-
toul Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Hills of
Applecross, Rossshire.

Var. taurica A. L. Sm.—Thallus more turgid, suberect re-
curved, cornute and pointed at the apices.—Lichen tauricus Wulf.
in Jacq. Coll. ii. p. 177, t. 12, fig. 2 (1788). Thamnolia vermicu-
laris var. taurica Scher. Enum. p. 244 (1850) ; Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 185.

Differs from the species in the stouter thallus.

Hab. On the ground in alpine places.—B. M. Near the summit of
Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Orpver XII. PHYSIACEA.

Thallus fruticose, foliose, squamulose or crustaceous, yellow-
coloured, grey or brown. Structure various. Algal cells Pro-
tococcus. Apothecia discoid, marginate or rarely immarginate ;

190 CYCLOCARPINE [ TELOCHISTES

spores colourless or brown, l-septate, with thick outer walls and
septum, the latter generally pierced by a longitudinal canal (polari-
locular), rarely simple or 3-septate. Spermogones chambered,
the sterigmata cellular (arthrosterigmata), with short pleuro-
genous spermatia.

The genera in this order are distinguished in most cases by the
peculiarly septate spores. The median septum develops by an
ingrowth from the outer wall, and though occasionally a narrow
band, it sometimes broadens to such an extent that the lumen of the
cells is reduced to a small space. A few species with simple or with
3-septate spores are included in the genera, owing to other typical
characters, such as the form of the spermogones, &c.

Parietin, a yellow acid which yields an immediate purple or
crimson colouration on the application of potash, is characteristic of
several of the genera: of all those with yellow-coloured thalli except
Candelariella, The latter genus is however included in the order
as the spores, though mostly simple, often become septate and
polarilocular.

The British genera are :—

Parietin present (yellow lichen acid coloured
crimson or purple with potash).

Spores colourless, usually 1-septate.

Thallus fruticose, yellow .................. 45. Teloschistes.
Thallus foliose, yellow: --..12026 «1.022 ese 46. Xanthoria.
Thallus squamulose or crustaceous,

mostly yellowWar 7... cs. noses ences 47. Placodium.

Parietin not present.
Spores colourless, at first simple, often many
in the ascus.

Thallus crustaceous ioc. sealiaccceasneane eee 48. Candelariella.
Spores brown, usually 1-septate. Colour
various.
Thallus foliose, rarely fruticose or sub-
fUbiCOBE: 25). sss jscccyaen- case aeeR ee eens 49. Physcia.
Thallus squamulose or crustaceous ...... 50. Rinodina.

45. TELOCHISTES Norm. in Nyl. Mag. Naturvid. Christ. vii.
p. 228 (1852) excl. Phyllothalle &c. Borrera Ach. Syn. Lich.
p- 220 (1814) pro parte; 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 434 pro
parte ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 222 pro
parte. Physcia Schreb. Gen, Pl, ed. 8, ii. p. 768 (1791) pro parte ;
Mudd Man. p. 111 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37 &
Monogr. i. p. 294 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141; ed. 3,
p. 130 pro parte. (Pl. 45.)

Thallus fruticose, brightly coloured, yellow, upright or partly
decumbent, the fronds branched, cylindrical or compressed,
attached at the base; structure radiate, the cortex of longi-
tudinal hyph (fibrous). Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia

TELOCHISTES | ; PHYSIACEE 191

discoid, with a thalline margin; hypothecium colourless ; para-
physes simple, or shortly branched at the apices, septate ; spores
8 in the ascus, colourless, polarilocular, 1-septate, rarely more-
septate.

This and the following genus have been included in Physcia by
recent British authors. It is distinguished by the fruticose character
of the thallus, and by the colour of the spores; the fibrous cortex
gives the necessary support to the fronds.

1. T. flavicans Norm. |. c.—Thallus erect or almost decum-
bent, yellow or orange-yellow, the fronds narrow, cylindrical or
somewhat compressed, branched and entangled, often minutely
nodulose, and fibrillose at the apices; yellowish-white soralia
frequent (K +"), Apothecia lateral, moderate in size,
becoming plane or convex, reddish-yellow, the margin thin,
subcrenulate ; spores polarilocular, 12-18 » long, 7-11 » thick.—
Muscus arboreus aureus segmentis capillaceus brevibus Buddle Hort.
Sicc. fol. 9, n. 7 in Herb. Sloane. Muscus aureus tenuissimus
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 65, n. 8 (1724). Usnea capillacea
citrina, fruticuli specie Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 73, t. 13, f. 16 (1741).
Lichen vulpinus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 462 (1762) non Linn. ; Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 896; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 49. DL. flavicans
Swartz Fl. Ind. Occid. ii. p. 1908 (1788); Engl. Bot. t. 2113.
Parmelia flavicans Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 268 (1803); Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera flavicans Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 504 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 57 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 224; var. leta Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 225 (1814). Physcia
flavicans DC. FI. Fr. vi. p. 189 (1815); Mudd Man. p. 112, t. 2,
f. 33; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141; ed. 3,
p. 130. Borrera leita 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 435 (1821).

Easicc. Carroll Lich. Hib. nos. 5, 6; Cromb. n. 48; Larb.
Cesar. n. 21; Leight. n. 169; Mudd n. 84.

Though usually of a beautiful golden colour, it varies in becoming
a dull green in the shade and is sometimes paler on one surface.
The apothecia are very rare in British specimens; the spermogones
are more frequent.

Hab. On trees and shrubs, sometimes on rocks or walls, chiefly
in maritime districts.— Distr. Usually plentiful where it occurs, in
S. and W. Scotland, N. Wales, 8. Ireland and formerly in S.W.
Scotland (Ailsa Craig)—b. M. Sark; Alderney; Guernsey; Jersey ;
Boconnoe, Penzance, Withiel and Bede, Cornwall; near Totnes,
Dartmoor, Becky Falls, Lydford, Widdicombe, South Brent and
Torquay, Devon; Boldrewood and Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
near Ventnor, Shanklin, Appuldurcombe and Ryde, I. of Wight;
Ardingly, Up Park, St. Leonards Forest, near Hastings, Fairlight
Glen and Lewes, Sussex; Dungeness and Lydd, Kent; Malvern Hills,
Worcestershire; Aberdovey and Barmouth, Merioneth; Holyhead,
Anglesea; Killarney, Kerry; Whiting Bay, Waterford; near Cork,
Castlebernard Park, Bandon and Cape Clear, Cork; Lambay Island,
Dublin.

192 CYCLOCARPINEE | TELOCHISTES

2. T. chrysophthalmus Th. Fr. Gen. Heterolich. Eur. p. 51
(1861).—Thallus short, rigid, growing in tufts, bright greenish- _
yellow, the fronds narrow, compressed, plane or channelled,
much-branched and fibrillose at the tips and sometimes on the
margins (K + P™?">), Apothecia rather large, terminal or sub-
terminal, concave then almost plane, deep orange-coloured with
a ciliate or sometimes entire margin; spores 11-17 p long,
6-10 » thick.—Lichenoides pulmonarius minimus subluteus, recepta-
culis florum coronatis, mali aurantit coloris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 74,
t. 13, £. 17 (1741). Lichen chrysophthalmus L. Mant. ii. p. 311
(1771); Engl. Bot. t. 1088. Borrera chrysophthalma Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 502 (1810); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 435; Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 223; Mudd Man. p. 112, t. 2, fig. 34
(incl. var. Dickieana). Physcia chrysophthalma DC. Fl. Fr. ii.
p- 401 (1805); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37 (incl. var. Dickieana)
& Monogr. i. p. 296 (incl. f. Dickieana); Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 141; ed. 3, p. 131 (incl. f. Dickieana). P. villosa var.
Dickieana Linds. in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxii. p. 254 (1859).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 122; Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 3; Larb. Cesar.
n. 22; Leight. n. 394.

Easily distinguished from the preceding by the shorter, more
strap-like fronds. The thallus is often greyish-green and sometimes
almost white (var. Dickicana), an effect of habitat and degree of
exposure to light, &c. Apothecia are usually abundant.

Hab. On trees, rarely on old palings, in maritime districts.—
Distr. Rather local and scarce in the Channel Islands, 8. England,
W. Scotland and 8. and N. Ireland.—/. M. Rozel and St. Peter’s
Valley, Jersey; Sark; Guernsey; near Torquay, Devon; near Ryde,
I. of Wight; near Brighton, Shoreham and Lewes, Sussex; Kil-
britain and near Cork; Mucrone, Kerry ; Newcastle, Down.

46. XANTHORIA Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p, 66 (1860); emend.
Lich. Scand. p. 144 (1871) (excl. X. concolor). Physcia Schreb.
Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. p. 768 (1791) pro parte; Mudd Man. p, 111
pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37 & Monogr. i. p. 294 pro
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 141; ed. 3, p. 130 pro parte. (PI. 46.)

Thallus foliose, horizontal, or partly ascending, lobate,
brightly coloured, sometimes sorediate, beneath more or less
rhizinose and generally paler ; cortex on both surfaces of plec-
tenchyma. Apothecia scattered, discoid, moderate in size, with
a thalline margin ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses discrete,
septate, shortly branched at the clavate apices; spores 8 in the
ascus, l-septate, polarilocular.

Differing from Teloschistes in the character of the thallus and in
the cortical structure.

1. X. parietina Th. Fr. Lich. Arect. p. 67 (1860) pro parte
& Lich. Seand. p. 145 (1871).—Thallus suborbicular in outline,
yellow, the lobes appressed imbricate, somewhat wrinkled,

XANTHORIA | PHYSIACER 193

rounded and crenulate at the circumference (K + violet-purplish).
Apothecia moderate in size, numerous and crowded towards the
centre of the thallus, concave, becoming plane, subconcolorous,
with a thin entire margin; spores 12-16 p long, 7-9 p thick.—
Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, flavescens Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, p. 72, n. 59 (1724). Lichenoides vulgare sinuosum foliis et
scutellis luteis Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 180, t. 24, fig. 76 (1741).
Lichen parietinus L. Sp. Pl. p. eee (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl.
p- 447; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 822; Engl. Bot. t. 194; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 34; Relh. FL Cantab. p- 428. L. juniperinus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 452 (1762) (non Linn.) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 836. Parmelia parietina Ach. Meth. Lich. p- 213 (1803) ;
=. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 438; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 52 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 204; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141.
Physcia parietina De Not. in Mem. R. Accad. Torino ser. 2, x.
p. 387 (1849); Mudd Man. p, 113; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 «&
Monogr. i. p. 297 (incl. ff. virescens & cinerascens, p. 298); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 142; ed. 3, p. 151 (ancl. var. polycarpa t. cinerascens) :
f. viridescens Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 572 (1880).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 12; Johns. n. 84; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 9 &
Lich. Cantab. n. 10; Leight. n. 10; Mudd n. 85.

A brilliantly coloured lichen where illumination is good, but green
or grey when shaded from direct light. The change in colour has
given rise to the forms virescens and cinerascens (now included in the
species), which also give a fainter reaction with potash owing to the
small production of the colouring crystals of parietin. Im such
specimens there are always some traces of brighter colour in the
thallus, and the apothecial discs are more or less orange.

Hab. On trees, palings, walls and rocks, sometimes on peatiy soil,
most frequently in maritime districts.—Dzstr. General and plentiful
in the British Isles.—Z. MW. Isham Valley, Torquay, Devon; Lym-
ington, Hants; Appuldurcombe, I. of Wight; Brighton, Lancing,
St. Leonards and Lewes, Sussex; Lydd, near Dover and Higham,
near Gravesend, Kent; Haling, near Croydon, Surrey; Gosfield
Hall, Essex; Edgware, Middlesex; Windsor, Berks; Cirencester,
(rloucestershire ; near Worcester and Malvern, Worcestershire; Har-
boro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire ;
Twycross, Leicestershire; Matlock, Buxton and Haddon Hall, Derby-
shire ; near Shrewsbury and Craven Arms, Shropshire; Madingley,
Cambridgeshire ; Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Levens, Westmoreland; Swinhope, East Allendale, Northumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; near Stirling; Finlarig, Killin,
Perthshire; near Montrose and Auchterhouse, Forfarshire; Drum
and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Carrigaloe, Cork ; Muck-
ross, Killarney, Kerry; Achill Island and The Bills, Mayo.

Var. aureola Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 67 (1860).—Thallus
orbicular, centritugally plicate-wrinkled, sometimes granular,
especially towards the centre, the lobes dilated and_plicate-
crenate at the apices, generally deep golden-yellow. Apothecial
margin becoming crenulate.—Parmelia aureola Ach. Lich, Univ.

I, oO

194 CYCLOCARPINE% [XAN'THORIA

p. 487 (1810). Physcia parietina var. aureola Nyl. Syn. i.
p. 411 (1860); Mudd Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143;
ed. 3, p. 132 (incl. var. polycarpa £. fumidla: p. 133); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 298 (incl. f. congranulata) ; subvar. tumida Wedd.
in Bull. Soc. Bot. xvi. p- 198 (1869); f£. congranulata Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 85; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 212.

Distinguished by the submonophyllous wrinkled thallus, which is
often more or less granular. Thallus and apothecia are generally
deeply coloured. Form congranulata is more densely granular.

Hab. On trees and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Rather rare throughout England, $8. Wales and in E. Scot-
land.—B. IW. St. Minver and Withiel, Cornwall; near Ryde, I. of
Wight; Ulting, Essex; Twycross, Leicestershire ; Tenby, Pembroke-
shire; Great Comberton, Worcestershire ; Buxton, Derbyshire ; near
King’s Lynn, Norfolk; Kendal, Westmoreland; Harris Moor, near
Whitehaven, Cumberland; Weardale, Durham; Swinhope, East
Allendale, Northumberland; Cramond, near Edinburgh; near Cove
and Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen.

Var. ectanea Oliv. Lich. L’Orne, p. 83 (1882).—Thallus of
narrower imbricate lobes, plane or unequal, with raised margins ;
deep tawny- or reddish-yellow. Apothecia small or moderate in
size, the margin generally entire.-—Muscus crusta . . . adnascens
flavus Buddle Hort. Sicc. ii. fol. 6, n. 4 in Herb. Sloane.
Parmelia parietina var. ectanea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 464 (1810).
Physcia parietina var. ectanea Nyl, in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
sér. 3, i. p. 306 (1856); Mudd Man. p. 113; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 143; ed. 3, p. 132; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 299; var. aureola
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 (1870) (non Nyl.).

Exsice. Johns. n. 86; Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 67.

Closely approaching the species, though more irregular in outline,
more broken up, and generally more deeply coloured. Crombie
(Monogr. i. p. 299) suggests that Lichen fulvus Dicks. (Pl. Crypt.
fase. iii. p. 16 (1793)) may be referable to this variety.

Hab. On dry rocks in maritime, rarely in mountainous districts.—
Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs in $.W. and N.
England, 8. and N. Wales, E. Scotland and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Jersey; Sark; Guernsey; Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon ;
Tenby, Pembrokeshire; King’s Stanley, Gloucestershire; Llanymy-
nech, Montgomeryshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth; I. of Man; St. Bees,
Cumberland; Fern Islands, Northumberland; Cramond, near Edin-
burgh; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Peterhead and near Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; near Blackwater Bridge, Kerry.

2. X. polycarpa Oliv. in Rev. Bot. xii. p. 96 (1894).—Thallus
effuse or in small conglomerate masses, the lobes short, crenulate
at the margins, sometimes almost crustaceous, greenish-yellow
(K + purple). Apothecia numerous, crowded, almost covering
the thallus, rather small, with turgid entire margin ; spores

XANTHORIA | PHYSIACE® 195

11-15 p long, 6-8 p thick.—Lichen polycarpus Ehrh. Exs. n. 136
(1791) nomen; Sm. Engl. Bot. n. 1795 (1807). Psoroma peoly-
carpum 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 445 (1821). Leeanora cande-
laria var. polycarpa Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 51 (1821). Squamaria
candelaria var. polycarpa Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 194
(1833). Physcia parietina var. polycarpa Mudd Man. p. 113
(1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 144;
ed. 3, p. 133. P. polycarpa Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xxv. p. 381 (1878).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 87; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 47 & Lich. Cantab.
n. 11; Leight. n. 265; Mudd n. 86 pro parte.

The thallus is much less developed than in the previous species.
and the spores rather smaller. [t frequently occurs in roundish
pulvinate patches.

Hab. On palings and trees, chiefly larch, in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Here and there throughout England and Scotland,
not recorded for Ireland.—. M. St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ; Kemble.
Wilts; Langford, Essex; Cherry Hinton and Gogmagog Hills,
Cambridgeshire; Twycross, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Shrop-
shire; Redcar, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Hexham, Northumberland :
Finlarig and near Lawers Inn, Killin, Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardine-
shire.

Form lobulata A. L. Sm.—Thallus reduced, effuse, lobes
short, roundly crenate. Apothecia numerous, small; spores as
in the species. Lecanora lobulata Flirke Deutsche Lich. i. p. 10
(1815). Physcia parietina var. lobulata Mudd Man. p. 113
(1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38. Physcia polycarpa f. lobulata
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 300.

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 88; Mudd n. 86 pro parte.

Considered by Crombie to be possibly only a depauperate form of
the species with which it often grows associated.

Hab. On palings in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in N. England
and in the §. and N.E. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Redcar, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland; near Killin.
Perthshire ; Durris, Kincardineshire.

3. X. lychnea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. i. p. 146 (1871).—Thallus
spreading, lobate, the lobes small, crowded, plane and imbricate
or ascending, deeply cut, with upturned granular-pulverulent
margins, orange- or tawny-yellow; beneath paler (K+ Woletm lish)
Apothecia moderate in size, rather rare, scattered, concolorous,
the margin entire or crenate ; spores 11-17 p long, 7-11 y thick.
—Lichen concolor Dicks. fase. iii. p. 18, t. ix. f. 8 (1793) pro
minore parte. LL. candelarius Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1794 (1807) pro
minore parte. Parmelia candelaria var. lychnea Ach. Meth.
p. 187 (1803). Physcia parietina var. lychnea Mudd Man.
p. 114; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 143; ed. 3, p. 132; subsp. lychnea

)

0 24

es ot al

196 CYCLOCARPINEX | XANTHORTA

Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 (1870). Physcia lychnea Nyl. ex Carroll
in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 300.
Ezxsice. Johns. n. 89; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 162; Leight. n. 11.

The generally upright lobes with pulverulent margins distinguish
this’species from the two preceding. It is generally sterile, and the
apothecia when present are more plane and less crowded than in
X. polycarpa.

Hab. On trees, palings, rocks and walls in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Rather rare throughout Great Britain and Ireland.—
B. M.—Near Penzance and St. Austell, Cornwall; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire, Windsor Park, Berks; Wheatfield Park, Oxford-
shire; Colwall, Herefordshire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Mal-
vern, Worcestershire; Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland; Teesdale
and Redworth, Durham; Blackford Hill, Edinburgh; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Findhaven Hill, Forfarshires ee Kincardineshire ;
Lairg, Sutherlandshire.

Var. perfusa Oliv. Exp. Syst. i. p. 171 (1897).—Thallus of very
minute crowded lacinize. Apothecia rather small, scattered.
Physcia lychnea £. perfusa Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
xxv, p. 382 (1878) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 301.

The laciniw are packed so closely that the thallus has the appear-
ance of a granular crust.

Hab. On granite walls in maritime and upland districts.—Distr.
Rare among the N. Grampians and in N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Port-
lethen, Kincardineshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. pygmea Oliv. Lich. L’Orne, p. 83 (1882).—Thallus
small, in determinate patches, the Jaciniz erect, narrowly divided
or rounded. Apothecia moderate in size; spores 10-14 yp long,
7-9 p thick.—Borrera pygmza Bory ex Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 73
(1831). Physcia parietina subsp. lychnea £. pygmea Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 108 (1861). Physcia lychnea Var. pygmea Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 301 (1894).

Differs from the species in the scattered almost nodular thallus,
otherwise not easily distinguished.

Hab. On exposed granite walls in an upland district.—B. M. Ben
Lawers, Perthshire, the only British locality.

17. PLACODIUM DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 377 (1805) pro parte ;
emend. Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 71 &c. (1853); 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 446 pro parte; Mudd Man. p. 130 pro parte ; Cromb.
Brit. Lich. p. 45 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175; ed. 3,
p- 160 pro parte ; Callopisma De Not. in Mem. Real. Acad. Sci.
Torino, ser. 2, x. p, 388 (1849); Mudd Man. p. 130 pro parte.
Lecanora subg. Placodium Nyl. in Not, Siillsk. Faun. & FI.
enn. v. p. 126 (1866) pro parte ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 357
pro parte. (Pl. 47.)

Thallus squamulose with a definite somewhat circular outline
(eftigurate) and corticate above (rarely also below), or crustaceous

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® 197

and effuse, the prevailing colour yellow, but also whitish, greyish
or very dark-grey. Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia brightly,
rarely dark coloured, generally with a thalline margin, in some
species with the margin excluded or with a proper margin only ;
paraphyses slender, nearly always broader and septate and often
shortly branched at the tips, the epithecium generally deeply
suffused with parietin granules ; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless,
l-septate (very rarely simple), polarilocular.

The lichen acid parietin is produced in more or less abundance in
the thallus of most of the species of this genus, and in the apothecia
of all except Pl. refellens, which is probably an impoverished form.
The spores are polarilocular in nearly all; they are simple in 17.
rupestre and imperfectly polarilocular in a few others.

The name Placodium was given by Hill (History of Plants, p. 96
(1751) ) to a varied series of lichens, some of which are undoubted
Placodium species as now understood. De Candoile limited the
‘genus to species with a squamulose effigurate thallus. It was further
limited by Hepp to species with polarilocular spores (Huplacodium),
and at the same time extended to those with a crustaceous thallus
having the same type of spores (Callopisma) and to biatorine species—
i.e. apothecia without a thalline murgin (Blastenia). The same
comprehensive view of the genus is taken by modern continental
lichenologists, who have however generally adopted the more recent
name Caloplaca (Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 118 (1860) ; emend. Lich. Scand.
p. 167 (1871)).

The species are arranged in three sections, the more highiy
developed being placed first :-—
Apothecia with a thalline margin.
Thallus squamulose............... i. EupLacopium.
Thallus crustaceous............... ii. CALLOPISMA.

Apothecia without a thalline margin.
Thallus crustaceous............... lii. BLASTENIA.

§$ i. Eupnacoprum Stizenb. in St. Gall. Ber. Nat. Ges. iii.
p. 172 (1862).

Thallus squamulose and more or less eftigurate or partly
crustaceous, yellow-coloured ; the spores are polarilocular except
in Placodium fulgens.

Spores simple or imperfectly septate.
1. Pl. fulgens S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 (1821).—

Thallus orbicular, radiating, submonophyllous or imbricate at
the centre, often tuberculose, pale- or citrine-yellow, somewhat
pulverulent, the laciniw crenate, deeply cut and convex at the
inargins, closely appressed to the substratum (K + deep violet).
Apothecia small, generally plane, the thalline margin thin, dis-
appearing, deep orange-coloured ; paraphyses slender, concrete,
simple or forked upwards, inspersed with yellow granules ; spores
ellipsoid-ovate, simple, with the contents massed towards the

198 CYCLOCARPINE | PLACODIUM

poles, 7-13 p long, 8-5 p thick.—Mudd Man. p. 131; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178; ed. 3, p. 164. Lichen
fulgens Swartz Nov. “Act. Upsal. iv. p. 246 (1784); Dicks. Pl.
Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 24; Engl. Bot. t. 1667. Lecanora fulgens
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 437 (1810); Cromb. Monogr. 1. p, 357.
Squamaria fulgens Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 195 (1833).

Exsice, Cromb. n. 155; Larb. Lich. Ceesar. n. 27 & Lich. Hb.
n. 296.

The spores of the species are simple, but they appear to be poorly
developed; there is sometimes an appearance of septation, with
guttule at each pole. The thallus resembles other Placodia in the
presence of parietin, which gives the yellow colour to the thallus.
When dry it is whitish suffused, becoming more brightly coloured
when moistened. The spermogones are like others of the order
with spermatia 3 » long, 1 » thick.

Hab, Creeping over the mosses of calcareous soil, shell-sand and
crevices of rocks in maritime districts.— Dist. Not uncommon in
a few localities of the Channel Islands, S. England and S. Wales.—
B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; Guernsey; Bray Hill, St. Minver and
Withiel, Cornwall ; Freshwater Bay, I. of Wight ; Newhaven and
Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex; Stackpole Court and Lydstep, Pem-
brokeshire.

Spores polarilocular.
Thallus entirely lobate.

2. Pl. callopismum Mér. Nouv. Fl. Envs Paris, ed. 2, i.
p. 184 (1821).—Thallus orbicular, radiate-stellate, closely adnate,
the lobes of the circumference dilated, contiguous, plane, light-
or orange-yellow, more or less pruinose, the centre cracked-areo-
late, often deeper in colour or brown (K + purplish). Apothecia
plane, becoming convex, the disc reddish-yellow, the margin
paler, tlexuose or subcrenulate ; spores very wide, lemon-shaped,
10-16 p» long, 6-10 p thick—Mudd Man. p. 133, t. 2, fig. 42;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176; ed. 3,
p- 162. Lichen candelarius B. Lightt. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811 (1777) !
L. murorum Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2157 (upper fig.) (1810). idee
callopisma Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 437 (1810) (non Hoffm.) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 362 (excl. subsp. sympagea).

Exsice. Johns. n. 405; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 164; Leight.
n. 113,

Well marked by the thin flat lobes of the circumference, frequently
there is a white zone near the edge. It is also distinguished by the
broad citriform spores.

Hab. On rocks and the mortar of walls in maritime and inland
districts. — Distr. Not frequent throughout the British Isles.—
DB, M, Guernsey; Plymouth and near Torquay, Devon; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire ; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Great Orme’s
Head, Carnarvonshire ; near Bonsall, Long Priory and Llanymynech
Hill, Shropshire ; Quy Churchyard, Cambridgeshire ; Blair Athole,
Verthshire; near Aberdeen.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEE 199

Var. brevilobatum A. L. Sm.—Differs from the species in
the reduced thallus, the lobes of the circumference being short,
rather scattered or absent, the centre cracked-areolate or verru-
cose. Apothecia and spores as in the species.—Lecanora brevi-
lobata Nyl. in Flora lxvi. p. 99 (1883). Lecanora callopisma
subsp. sympagea var. brevilobata Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 563 (1894).

Hab. On schistose rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Distr.
Very rare in N.W. England and N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Near Alston,
Cumberland ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire,

3. Pl. flavescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus orbicular, closely adnate,
bright-yellow, shining, pruinose or naked, the lobes of the circum-
ference narrow, turgid, crenulate (K + purplish). Apothecia
concolorous or brownish-red, the margin entire, disappearing ;
spores very wide at the septum, lemon-shaped, 8-14 yp long,
6-10 » thick.— Pl. callopismum var. plicatum Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 177 (1871); ed. 3, p. 163. Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis et
scutellis flavis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 136, t. 18, fig. a. Lichen
Alavescens Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445 (1762) pro maj. parte. Amphi-
loma Heppianum Miill.-Arg. in Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Gen.
xvi. p. 379 (1862). Lecanora murorum var. plicatum Wedd. in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xvi. p. 200 (1869). L. callopisma var.
sympagea Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 304 (1872)
(non Ach.) ; subsp. sympagea Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45
(1889) & Monogr. i. p. 362.

Hesec, Johns. n. 31; Larb. Lich, Hb. n. 15; Mudd
nos. 94, 96.

Closely allied to the preceding, there being slight connecting
stages though distinct in the extreme forms, in which the lacinie
are turgid and convex like those of Pl. mwroruwm. Two other names
have been used for the plant, based on Lichen awrantius Pers.
{Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. p. 14 (1794) ), and L. sympageus Ach. (Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 105 (1798) ), but both those plants are probably only forms
of Pl. callopismum, as the laciniz are described as plane.

The Dillenian description refers to four species, which have been
verified after examination as follows:—those under fig. 184 are
Pl. flavescens; under 188 Pl, citrinwn and Candelaria concolor ;
under 18c¢ Pl. murorum,

Hab. On rocks and mortar of walls, chiefly in maritime, but also
in inland districts.—Distr. Not uncommon throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Vale Castle, Guernsey; Alderney; St. Austell and
St. Maws, Cornwall; Torquay and North Lynton, Devon; near Ryde,
I. of Wight; Glynde and Peasemarsh, Sussex; Manorbeer, near
Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; near Southerndown, Glamorganshire ; Aber-
dovey, Merioneth; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire; Buxton and
Cromford, Derbyshire; Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Hartle-
pool, Durham; Arnbarrow, Westmoreland; St. Bees, Cumberland ;
I. of Lismore and Barcaldine, Argyll; West Water, Fifeshire; Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Aberdeen;
Dunkerropn, Kerry ; Cleghan, Connemara, Galway; Castlebar, Mayo.

200 CYCLOCARPINE® /PLACODIUM

4. Pl. elegans DC, Fi). Fr. ii. p. 379 (1805).—Thallus radiate-
stellate and normally orbicular, formed of subdiscrete narrow
elongate laciniz, branched, torulose and crenate at the apices.
orange or dark orange-red, paler below (K+ purplish). Apothecia
rather small, nearly plane, concolorous, the margin entire ; spores
ellipsoid or ovoid, 11-16 p long, 6-9 p» thick.—Mudd Man.
p. 131, t. 2, fig. 41; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 178; ed. 3, p. 163. Lichen elegans Link in Ann, Naturg. i.
p. 37 (1791). Leeanora elegans Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 435 (1810) :
Hook. Fl. poe iil. p. 50; Cromb. in Grevillea xvi. p. 44 (1889)
& Monogr. i. p. 358. Squamaria elegans Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fil. -v.-p. 195 ( 1833) pro parte.

ap by the non-contiguous narrow deeply coloured
lacinie. It is an alpine or northern ‘plant very rare in this country ;
the British citations may possibly refer to some other species. The
thallus is corticate on both surfaces and loosely affixed, so that it is
easily detached. The spores vary from being broadly ovoid to
ellipsoid.

Hab. On granite rocks in alpine situations.—Distr. Sparingly
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. VW. Loch-na-gar and Cairngorm.
Aberdeenshire.

Var. tenue Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 137 (1861).—Thallus much
alae the lacinie narrow and scattered. Apothecia small.—
Var. discreta Mudd Man. p. 131 (1861). Lichenoides tenuis-
simum, scutellis exiguis miniatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 175, t. 24,
fig. 68 (1741). Lichen elegans var. tenuis Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp.
p- 417 (1812). Lecanora elegans var. tenuis Ach. Syn. Liehi.
p- 183 (1814); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 358. Parmelia elegans
var. discreta Scher. Enum. p. 52 (1850).

Hab. On calcareous and other rocks in subalpine situations.—
Distv. Rare in $8. Wales, N. England and the Grampians, Secotland.—
B. M. Whimbold Rocks, near Radnor; East Allendale, Northumber-
land; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

5. Pl. dissidens Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 298 (1875).—Thallus
orbicular, moderate in size, stellate-radiate, the laciniz convex,
narrow, often free at the circumference, crenate at the tips, dull
reddish-yellow (K+ purplish), Apothecia numerous, concolorous,
the thalline margin crenulate ; spores 9-16 » long, 5-7 p thick.—
Pl. murorum f. dissidens Leight. on Fl. ed. 3, p. 161 (2873).
Lichen flavicans With. Arr. “ed. 3, iv. p. 25 (1796) pro parte
(non Swartz). L. elegans Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2181 (1810) (right-
hand fig.) (non Link). Lecanora dissidens Nyl. in Flora lviii.
p. 298 (1875); Cromb. in Grevillea iv. p. 180 (187 6) & Monogr, i.
p- 361.

Exsice, Johns. n. 257

Agreeing in outline and colour with states of Xanthoria parictina.

The lacinie are somewhat similar in form to those of the pre-
ceding species, but it differs in the colour, in the regular form and in

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® 201

the crenulate margin of the apothecia. The thailus is corticate on
both surfaces, and, though closely appressed, is easily detached.

Hab. On slate roofs and on brick walls in inland districts.—
Distr. Found only here and there in England, probably overlooked.
—B. M. Near Groombridge, Sussex; near "Stroud and King’s Stanley,
Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; ; Ayton, Clev eland, York-
shire; Brigsteer, Westmoreland.

6. P]. murorum DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 378 (1805).—Thallus
orbicular, stellate-radiate, the laciniz closely adnate, continuous
from the centre, contiguous and somewhat turgid and crenate at
the circumference, egg yellow or citrine, usually whitish-suffused
(K + purplish). ‘Apothecia concolorous, plane, becoming convex,
the thalline margin entire ; spores apa or ovoid, 9— 15 p long,
4-7 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 pro parte ; Mudd
Man. p. 152 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 pro parte;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 175; ed. 3, p. 160 pro parte. Lichenoides
erustosum, orbiculis et scutellis flavis Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 136, t. 18,
fig. 18 c (1741). Lichen flavescens Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 445 (1762)
pro minore parte. L. murorum Hotfm. Enum. Lich. p. 63
(1784) ; Engl. Bot. t. 2157 (lower fig.). Lecanora murorum Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 433 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. il. p. 50 pro parte ;
Tayl. in aes FI. Hib. ii. p. 140 pro parte ; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 359.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 97, 405.

Distinguished from allied species by the turgid lacinie, by the
more continuous lobate centre, which is often brown-coloured, and to
some extent by the white pruina. It has frequently been confused
by older writers with Pl. callopismum, a species well defined by
spore characters. Though normally in flat orbicular rosettes
effigurate at the circumference, it may be considerably broken up
and occur in stunted crowded lobulate patches (Physcia muwrorwin
var. pulvinata Massal. Symm. Lich. p. 13 (1855) ).

Hab. On caleareous rocks and mortar of walls in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Probably general throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devon; Glynde, Sussex; near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Anglesea; Great Orme’s Head, Carnar-
vonshire; Teesdale, Durham; Warkworth Castle, Northumberland :
Morningside near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyll; near Aberdeen; Clare
Island, Mayo.

Form corticicolum Oliv. Lich. Eur. p. 90 (1909).—Thallus
in pulvinate patches, reddish-yellow or greyish-green. Apothecia
numerous, crowded.—Lecanora murorum var. corticicolum Ny]. in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 366 (1866) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p. 44 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 359.

Ezsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 52.

Hab. On trunks of trees or on old timber in inland districts.

Distr, Apparently rare in S. and E. England—B. M. Windsor Great
Park, Berks ; Great Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire.

202 CYCLOCARPINE.® | PLACODIUM

Var. pusillum Flag. Lich. Fr.-Comté p. 231 (1886).—Thallus
smaller, the lacinix short, plicate-radiate at the circumference,
often absent, more broken up into lobules or separate small
squamules at the centre, naked or white-suffused, vitelline or pale-
yellow, Apothecia small, becoming plane or convex, concolorous ;
spores as in the species or somewhat smaller.—Placodium
miniatum Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 162 (1879) pro parte.
Pl. murorum var. miniatum Mudd Man. p. 134 (1361) pro parte ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 (1870) pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 175. Lichen miniatus Hottm. Enum. Lich. p. 62 (1784)?
L. tegularis Ehrh. Exs. n. 304 (1785) nomen nudum. L. elegans
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2181 (two left-hand figs.) (1810) (non Link).
Squamaria miniata Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 195 (1833)?
pro parte. Physcia pusilla Massal. in Flora xxxv. p. 567 (1852).
Lecanora obliterascens Nyl. in Flora lxvi. p. 99 (1883) ; Cromb., in
Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885). LL. murorum subsp. tegularis
Nyl. in tom. cit. p. 106; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 360 (incl. var.
obliterascens).

Exsice. Johns. nos. 71, 98; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 51; Leight
n. 207 ; Mudd n. 95.

With a non-radiate less developed thallus than the species, and
closely approaching the pulvinate form; the lobate character is
constant. The colour varies from citrine-yellow to brownish-red,
hence the ambiguous term miniatum. The apothecia are generally
crowded, and tend to become convex, with the thalline margin
disappearing (var. obliterascens).

Hab, On rocks and walls, rarely on old timber, in maritime and
inland situations.—Dist. Rather rare throughout Great Britain and
the Channel Islands.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey; near Glynde, Sussex ;
Kemble, Gloucestershire ; Weston, Oxfordshire; Llangmynech Hill,
Shropshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Broughton Castle, West-
moreland; Bassenthwaite, Cumberland; near Callander, the Tros-
sachs and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Will’s Braes, Forfarshire ; Cove,
Kincardineshire.

Form Arnoldi A. L. Sm.—Thallus very small, the thalline
lobules scattered or contiguous, not radiate, cinnabarine. Apo-
thecia minute, concolorous. —Placodium murorum var. pusillum
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 97 (1870)? (non Massal.). Leeanoru
miniata Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. i. p. 140 (1836) (? Hoffm.).
L. Arnoldi Wedd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxii, p. 96 (1876).
L. murorum subsp. tegularis £. Arnoldi Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p- 45 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 361.

Searcely differing from the variety except in the minute thallus
and apothecia and in the constantly cinnabarine colour.

Hab. On dry caleareous rocks in inland districts.—Distr. Rare in
N.E. England, the Grampians, Scotland and S.W. Ireland.—B. M.

Hartlepool, Durham; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Dunkerron,
Kerry.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® 203

Thallus granular in the centre, sometimes sorediate.

7. Pl. granulosum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 908 (1867).—
Thallus normally corbicular or sometimes spreading, closely
adnate, stellate-radiate, the lacinie of the circumference obiong,
narrow, convex, rugulose, the centre granular-areolate, composed
of upright separate isidiose like granules, sometimes divided or
crenulate, deep reddish-yellow (K + purplish). Apothecia rare,
small, concolorous, the thalline margin entire, becoming sub-
crenulate; spores 10-16 yp long, 6-8 yp thick.— Amphiloma
granulosum Miill.-Arg. in Mém.Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genéve xvi.
p. 380 (1862). Lecanora granulosa Wedd. in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. xxiii. p. 98 (1876) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45 (1889)
& Monogr. i. p. 365.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 258.

Not unlike Pl. cirrochroum, but the central granules are more
compact and not sorediate. The thallus of the specimen in Hb.
Johns. has no radiate lacini:e.

Hab. On rocks, chiefly calcareous, in maritime and inland districts.
—Distr. Not common in W. England and E. Ireland.—b. M.
Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire; St. Bees, Cumberland; Howth near
Dublin.

8. Pl. scopulare Oliv. Lich. Eur. p. 96 (1909).—Thallus
orbicular, rather small, closely adnate, stellate-radiate, the
lacinie narrow, contiguous, convex, warted-areolate in the
centre, reddish-yellow(K + purplish). Apothecia small, numerous,
plane, the thalline margin entire; spores 9-17 p long, 5-7 p
thick. Lecanora scopularis Ny]. in Flora lxvi. p. 105 (1883) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 364.

Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district—B. M. Port-
lethen, Kincardineshire.

9. Pl. decipiens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176 (1871).—Thallus
normally orbicular, often irregularly developed, laciniate-radiate
at the circumference, the lacinie rather narrow, turgid, con-
tiguous, incised-crenate at the tips, the centre granulate-areolate,
generally furfuraceous, yellow, or citrine, with concolorous soredia
(K + purplish). Apothecia small, the thalline margin becoming
subcrenate ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes slightly curved.
10-16 » long, 4-8 pw thick.—Leight. Lich. TF]. ed. 3, p. 161.
Physcia decipiens Arn. in Flora |. p. 562 (1867). Lecanora
murorum subsv. decipiens Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 81 (note) (1869) ;
Martind. in Naturalist 1887, p. 359; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 359.

Easicc. Johns. n. 256; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 90 (as var.
camboricum).

Differs from Pl. murorum in the somewhat narrower lacinive and
in the granular sorediate centre of the thallus. Nylander has

204 CYCLOCARPINEX | PLACODIUM

suggested (Flora lxvi. p. 106) that this plant may be the original
Lichen murorum Hoftm. :

Hab. On walls in lowland districts.x—Dvistr. Local in S.W. and
E. England.—B. M. Shoreham, Kent; near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Milton Church, Cambridgeshire; Anglesea.

10. Pl. cirrochroum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 398 (1857).—
Thallus small, orbicular, closely adnate, often imperfect, radiate-
stellate, the lacinie narrow and convex or somewhat wider
and more contiguous, crenulate at the tips, bright orange-yellow,
crustaceous-areolate and sometimes darker and poorly developed
at the centre, bright orange-yellow, citrine within and dotted.
with citrine soralia (K + purplish). Apothecia minute, orange-
yellow, the thalline margin subentire; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
13-18 p Jong, 5-6 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 147
(1874); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 161. Lecanora cirrochroa
Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 181 (1814); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 363.
L, linearis Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260 (1836) (young
state ?).

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 99.

Characterized by the small round citrine soralia dotted over the
thallus. The British plants are sterile. The spores are long in
relation to their width, though I have not been able to see any up to
18. The paraphyses are slender, but more or less clavate and septate
at the tips.

Hab. On rocks, mostly caleareous, in maritime and inland districts.
—Distr. Rather rare throughout the British Isles, though commoner
in western districts—B. M. Anstey’s Cove, Torquay and Sidmouth,
Devon; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somerset; Great Orme’s
Head, Carnarvonshire; Silverdale, Lancashire; Dovedale, Derby-
shire; Arnbarrow, near Kendal and Milnthorpe, Westmoreland ;
Alston, Cumberland ; I. of Lismore, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

Var. obliterans A. L. Sm.—Thallus smaller, less distinctly
radiate, or the lacinize sometimes obsolete, varying in colour from
ochraceous to deep tawny-yellow, the soredia citrine or somewhat
tawny-yellow, less effuse than in the spegies. — Placodium
obliterans Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 7 (1874). Specimen not seen.

Nylander has suggested the varietal affinity of this plant. It

agrees with the species in the presence of soredia, a rather unusual
character in this genus,

Hab, On schistose rocks, Caithness.

Thallus ovbicular, entirely leprose.

11. Pl. xantholytum Nyl. Lich. Env, Paris, p. 46 (1896).—
Thallus orbicular, continuous, crenate at the circumference,
everywhere leprose, golden-yellow or greenish-yellow, white within
(K + rose-crimson). Apothecia and spermogones unknown.—

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® 205

Lecanora xantholyta Ny. in Flora Ixii. p. 361 (1879) ; Cromb., in
Grevillea vii. p. 112 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 366.
Exsicc. Johns. n. 407.

A leprose condition of Placodiwm. Nylander suggested affinity
with Pl. cirrochrowm, but Crombie (1. ¢c.) points out that it differs
from that species in being internally white.

Hab, On shady calcareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Local though plentiful where it occurs in S.W., Central and
N. England, N. Wales and the Central Highlands, Scotland.—B. M.
Sidmouth and Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devon; Bathampton Downs,
Somerset; View Edge, Stokesay, Shropshire; Great Orme’s Head.
Carnarvonshire; Silverdale, Lancashire: Scout Scar, Westmoreland ;
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

Thallus not effigurate, efjuse.

12. Pl. lobulatum A. L. Sni.—Thallus effuse, irregular, thin,
smooth, sub-areolate, or composed of minute contiguous slightly
convex lobules, occasionaliy with small lacinie at the circum-
ference, bright-yellow or orange-red (K + purplish). Apothecia
small, numerous, plane or convex, concolorous, the margin
entire ; spores ellipsoid, 10-14 » long, 5-6 p» thick.—Pl. murorum
var. lobulatum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 71 (1855); Mudd Man.
p- 132: Cromb. Lich Brit. p. 45; var. obliteratum Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 176 (1871); ed. 3, p. 161. Lichen obliteratus Pers. in
Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. p. 15 (1794)? Lecanora lobulata Sommertf.
Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 87 (1826); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45
& Monogr. i. p. 363.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 156; Johns. n. 72; Larb. Cesar. n. 74
& Lich. Hb. n. 295; Leight. n. 268.

A brightly coloured maritime species. which differs from P/.
murorun in the almost complete absence of peripheral radii. It may
occur in small or orbicular patches, but is more often irregular and
wide spreading. Persoon’s species, Lichen obliteratus, is of prior
date, but its identity is doubtful ; it was collected on calcareous rocks
and is not recorded as maritime.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Rather common
round the coasts of the British Isles——B. M. Jersey ; Guernsey:
Alderney; St. Maws, Cornwall; Isham, and Meadfoot, Torquay,
Devon; North Cliff, Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Southern Down.
Glamorganshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth; Great Orme’s Head, Car-
narvonshire; Anglesea; Douglas, Isle of Man; Arnbarrow, West-
moreland; St. Bees, Cumberland; Appin, Argyll; Portlethen, Kin-
cardineshire; Peterhead, Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Rossshire ;
Upper Lake, Killarney, Kerry ; Achill Island and Clare Island, Mayo;
Ardglass, Down.

13, Pl. miniatulum Oliv. Lich. Eur. p. 92 (1909).—Thallus
irregular, plane, thin, closely adnate, cracked-areolate, sparingly
radiate-stellate, deep tawny-vermilion-coloured (K + purplish).
Apothecia minute, concolorous, the thalline margin entire ;

206 CYCLOCARPINEX | PLACODIUM

spores small, broadly ellipsoid, 7-10 p long, 4-5 p thick.
Lecanora miniatula Nyl. in Flora ixvi. p. 98 (1883); Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 364.

The thallus forms a thin expansion following the inequalities of
the rock; the radiate lacinie are only scanty. Nylander has
suggested that it may only be a variety of P7. murorum var. pusillum,
but the apothecia and spores are smaller.

Hab. On quartzose rocks in a subalpine district.—B. M. Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

§ ii. Cattopisma A. L. Sm. Callopisma (as genus) De Not in
Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, x. p. 388 (1849) pro
parte ; Mudd Man. p. 154 pro parte.

Thallus entirely crustaceous; apothecia with a thalline
margin, sometimes disappearing ; spores polarilocular except in
P/. nivale, in which they are simply septate.

Thallus yellow or greenish-yellow (K + purple).

14. Pl. citrinum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 394 (1857).—Thallus
effuse, furfuraceous, granular-areolate, citrine- or greenish-yellow
(Kk + purplish). Apothecia orange-yellow, plane, sometimes
becoming convex, with the thin thalline margin disappearing ;
spores ellipsoid, often rather wide at the centre, 10-15 p long,
5-8 p thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 177 ; ed. 3, p. 163. Pl. murorum
var. citrinum Flot. in Uebers. Schles. Ges. Vat. Cult. 1849,
p. 119; Mudd Man. p. 132 {inel. var. steropeum ?); subsp. citrinum
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45 (1870). Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculis
et scutellis flavis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 136, t. 18, fig. 18 B. Lichen
candelarius Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 (1762) pro parte (? Linn.) ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 27 pro parte. citrinus Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 73 (1798) ; Engl. Bot. t. 1795 (three lower figs.).
Verrucaria citrina Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 198 (1795).
Parmelia murorum var. steropea Ach, Meth. Lich. p. 196 (1813)?
Leeanora citrina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 402 (1810) ; Hook. in Sm.
ingl. Fl. v. p. 192; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 138;
Cromb. Monogr. 1. p. 571.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 73; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 129; Leight. n. 86.

The furfuraceous thallus spreads extensively, covering mortar,
mosses, ete.; it is often sterile, though generally well fertile. The
colour varies from bright citrine-yellow to greenish or greenish-
yellow, the changes being due to light or shade conditions.

Hab. On mortar of walls, more rarely on rocks, trees, mosses, etc.,
chiefly about towns and villages in maritime and inland localities.—
Distr. General and mostly common throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Jersey; Alderney; Sark; Withiel, Cornwall; Torquay, Devon ;
near Taunton, Somerset; Bonchurch and St. Lawrence, I. of Wight ;
Rottingdean, Brighton and near Lewes, Sussex; Stansted Mount-
titchet and Beeleigh Abbey, Maldon, Essex; near Windsor, Berks ;
near Monmouth; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llanymynech, near

PLACODIUM | : PHYSIACEX 207
Oswestry and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Llanfairfechan, Carnar-
vonshire; Anglesea; Twycross, Leicestershire; Wimpole Park,
Cambridgeshire; Norwich, Norfolk; near Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Lamplough, Cumberland ;
Hexham, Northumberland; near Edinburgh ; Gourock, Rentrew-
shire ; Cupar, Fife; King’s Park, Stirling; Will's Braes, Forfarshire ;
Nigg, Kincardineshire ; near Aberdeen; Dunkerron, Kerry ; Clare
Island and Achill Sound, Mayo.

Form flavocitrinum A. L. Sm.—Thallus indeterminate,
minutely squamulose, thinnish, the squamules more or less
pulverulent.—Lecanora flavocitrina Nyl. in Flora Ixix. p. 461
(1886) & Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 372. Specimen not seen.

Determined by Bouly de Lesdain (Lich. Dunk. p. 130 (1919)) as a
‘form of Caloplaca citrina var. maritima, the squamulose character
being due to the attacks of acarine and molluses. He proved the

identity of his new plants with an original specimen from Staveley,
Westmoreland.

Hab. On schistose walls in an upland situation, Staveley near
Kendal, Westmoreland.

Form depauperatum A. L. Sm.—Thaillus effuse, the granules
minute, scattered. Apothecia small, otherwise as in the type.—
Lecanora citrina f. depauperata Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45
(1889) & Monogr. i. 372.

Euxsicc. Johns. n. 408 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 128.

A very poorly developed condition of the species.

Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime regions.—Distr. Rare in the
Channel Islands, N.E. and N.W. England and W. Ireland.—B. MW.
Alderney ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

15. Pl. phloginum A. L. Sm.—Thallus eftuse, thin, minutely
granular -leprose, in crowded areolate masses or sparsely
scattered, citrine or greenish-yellow (K + purplish). Apothecia
small, plane, becoming convex, golden-yellow at first, with a
scarcely perceptible thalline margin (K + crimson); spores
ellipsoid-oblong, 11-15 yp long, 5—9 p wide (usually about
10x 5p). Parmelia citrina var. phlogina Ach. Meth. Lich.
p- 180 (1803). Lecanora phlogina Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Cherb. v. p. 112 (1857); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. p. 178
(1871) & Monogr. i. p. 386 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. 223 ; ed. 3, p. 213

Exsicc. Johns. n. 75; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 57 & Cantab. n. 7.

Differs in habitat from Pl. cttrinwm, with which it might be easily
confused. The thallus is however less brightly coloured and less
luxuriant, and the apothecia smaller, with the thalline margin thin
and becoming excluded.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, generally ash or elm, rarely on
old wood in maritime or inland districts.—Distr. Rare in the Channel
Islands and throughout England.—B. M. St. Clement’s Bay, Jersey
Penzance, Cornwall; near “Hastings, Sussex; Windsor Great Park,

Berks; near Worcester; Pampisford and Great Wilbraham, Cam-
bridgeshire ; Alston, Cumberland.

208 CYCLOCARPINEE [PLACODIUM

Form luteum A. L. Sm.—Thallus very thin, pulverulent,
pale greenish-yellow or grey. Apothecia minute, orange-coloured. .
Lecidea epixantha var. lutea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 209 (1810).
Lecanora phlogina var. lutea Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 142 (1861) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 386.

Differing in the generally more reduced growth, which is probably
due to the substratum.

Hab. On vegetable detritus in maritime districts.—Distr. Rare in
S. England and 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—B. M. Luccombe
Cove, I. of Wight; Rottingdean, Sussex; Airds, Appin, Argyll.

16. Pl. incrustans A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, crustaceous,
thickish, areolate or reduced to scattered granules, pale- or
greenish-yellow (K + purplish). Apothecia plane or slightly
convex, orange-yellow, sometimes pruinose, the thalline margin
entire or becoming crenulate; spores ellipsoid, polarilocular,
&8-13(-18) p long, 4-8 p thick.—Lecanora incrustans Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 405 (1810); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45 (1889) &
Monogr. i. p. 372.

Sometimes regarded as a variety of Pl. mwrorum; the paraphyses
are branched above and often capitate, and their septation upwards
well-marked as in those of that species. The description is partly
taken from Bouly de Lesdain (Lich. Dunk. p. 133), who gives spore
length up to 18 p.

Hab. On schistose walls in a maritime district—B. M. Port-
lethen, Kincardineshire.

17. Pl. aurantiacum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 198 (1853).—
Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, or sometimes very thin, with a
spreading grey hypothallus not always visible, thinly mem-
branaceous, continuous or areolate, pale citrine, greyish- or
greenish-yellow (K + purplish). Apothecia small or moderate
in size, plane, with a thin entire or crenulate margin, becoming
convex and immarginate, deep orange or reddish; paraphyses
clavate, septate and branched upwards ; spores broadly ellipsoid,
varying in size and development of septum, 11—16 p» long, 6-9
thick.— Lichen flavorubescens Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 (1762)?;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15? L. aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 810 (1777) pro parte. LL. salicinus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ.
p. 82 (1794); Engl. Bot. t. 1305 (1804), Lecidea aurantiaca
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 69 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 476;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 129. Rinodina salicina 8. F. Gray
tom. cit. p. 456 (1821) (incl. var. microthelia). Lecanora
aurantiaca Hook, in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 186 (1833); Leight.
Lich. FL p. 217; ed. 3, p. 206 (incl. var. salicina) ; Cromb, Lich.
Brit. p. 46 & Monogr. i. p. 373. © Callopisma aurantiacum
Massal. Monogr. Lich. Blast. p. 70 (1853); Mudd Man. p. 137
(incl. var. salicinum).

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® 209

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 118; Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 37; Johns. n.
322; Leight. n. 212; Mudd n. 99.

A variable lichen in the form and colour of the thallus and in the
form of the spores. The apothecia are numerous and chiefly central.
Spermogones are frequent, especially in the absence of apothecia ;:
they occupy the tips of papille (Parmelia microthelia Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 176 (1803) ).. Hudson’s plant is somewhat doubtful, as it has
only a greenish leprose thallus. Lightfoot’s description refers to var.
jlavorufescens as well as to this plant, as he gives habitat ‘‘ some-
times upon rocks.”

Hab. On the trunks of trees, chiefly poplars, willows and ash, and
on old palings in maritime lowland and upland situations.— Distr.
General throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Guernsey; Cornwall;
near Plymouth and Ilsham Valley, Torquay, Devon; St. Helen’s and
Bembridge, I. of Wight; Buckhurst Park, Willingham, Eridge Park,
Frant and Woolstonbury, Sussex; Halstead, Kent; Stansted Mount-
fitchet Park, Mark’s Hall and Walthamstow, Essex; Windsor Great
Park, Berks; Malvern and near Crowle, Worcestershire ; Oswestry
and Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Garn, Denbighshire; Anglesea; Twy-
cross and Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; Ayton and Cleveland, York-
shire ; Levens, Westmoreland; Newton Riggs, Cumberland; Teesdale,
Durham ; Hexham and Wansbeck, Northumberland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Largs, Ayrshire ; near Edinburgh; near Inverary
and Connel Ferry, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Abergeldie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Clonmel, Tipperary ; Ballynegard, Limerick ;
near Belfast, Antrim.

Var. flavovirescens Hepp |. c.—Thallus effuse, thin, plane
and areolate, or in minute lobulate granules, greenish- or orange-
yellow (K + crimson). Apothecia generally rather small, plane,
with a thin thalline entire, rarely crenulate, margin, becoming
convex, the disc orange-yellow, the margin lighter coloured.—
L. flavovirescens Wulf. in Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Fr. p. 122 (1788).
L. erythrellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 43 (1798) ; Engl. Bot.
t. 1993. Lecanora erythrella Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 401 (1810);
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 186.
L. aurantiaca var. erythrella Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord.
sér. 3, 1. p. 322 (1856) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 217; ed. 3, p. 207; subsp. erythrella Ny]. ex Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 45 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 374. Rinodina
erythrella S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 456 (1821). Lecidea
erythrella Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 130 (1836). Callopisma
aurantiacum var. flavovirescens Massal. Monogr. Lich. Blast.
p. 70 (1853) ; Mudd Man. p. 137.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 20; Mudd n. 100; Johns. nos. 74,
102, 103.

Differing from the species in the habitat and generally in the more
brightly coloured thallus and smaller apothecia.

Hab. On rocks and old walls in maritime and inland localities.—
Distr. Fairly general throughout Great Britain, rare in Ireland.
—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Valley of Rocks, Lynton, Devon ;

5 | 32

ea

210 CYCLOCARPINEX [PLACODIUM

Hastings, Sussex; North Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire; Black
Mount, Abergavenny, Monmouthshire; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry and
Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire; Snowdon and Beddgelert, Carnarvon-
shire; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Brigsteer, Westmoreland ;
Alston and Egremont, Cumberland; Appin and Glen Orchy, Argyll;
Killin, Ben Lawers, Kinnoul Hill and Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Lundie Craigs, Forfarshire; Castleton of Braemar and Morrone,
Aberdeenshire ; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, Galway.

Var. inalpinum Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 42 (1860),.—
Thallus thin, pale-yellow or whitish. Apothecia reddish,
generally convex, otherwise as in the species.—Lecanora inalpina
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 388 (1810). ZL. aurantiaca var. inalpina
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218 pro
parte; ed. 3, p. 207 pro parte; var. rubescens Leight. ll. c. ;
subsp. erythrella var. inalpina Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45
(1889) & Monogr. i. p. 374 (incl. f. rubescens), Lecidea aurantiaca
var. rubescens Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 69 (1803). Callopisma
aurantiacum var. inalpinum Mudd Man. p. 137 (1861).

Heasicc. Johns. n. 101.

Distinguished by the thinner thallus and the deeply coloured
apothecia.

Hab. On schistose rocks in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in N.W.
England and the 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—,. M. Harris Moor,
Whitehaven, Cumberland; Glen Lochay and Ben Lawers, Scotland.

Subsp. irrubescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, scattered,
tawny-yellow. Apothecia minute, becoming convex and immar-
ginate, concolorous with the thallus—Lecidea erythrella var.
rubescens Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 185 (1833) (non Ach.),.
L. picta Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. 1. p. 130 (1836)? Lecanora
auruntiaca subsp. irrubescens Nyl. in Flora Ivii. p. 318 (1874);
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 60 & Monogr. i. p. 375.

The only British specimen (in Hb. Salwey) is similar to Anzi’s
specimen n. 135 in Lich. min. rar. Ital. on which Nylander based this
subspecies. The thallus consists of minute scattered red scales. The
specimen was wrongly named Lecidea picta Tayl. by Salwey (ef.
Placodiwm pyraceum f. pictum).

Hab. On schistose rocks. —/?. MW. Near Barmouth, Merioneth.

18. Pl. crenulatellum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin
unequal, cracked, at times almost obsolete, citrine-yellow
(K + purple). Apothecia moderate in size, plane, with a thick
proper margin, and finely crenulate thalline margin, concolorous
with the thallus (IK + purple); spores ellipsoid, 15-20 » long,
5-9 p thick.—Lecanora crenulatella Nyl. in Flora Ixix. p. 461
(1886) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45 (1889) & Monogr. i.
p. 375.

Exsice. Johns, n. 565.

PLACODIUM] PHYSIACE 211

Considered by Nylander as near to Pl. awrantiacwm var. flavo-
virescens, but differs in the form of the apothecium (zeorine). It was
originally collected at Arnside, Westmoreland, on quartzose rocks.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Dzstr. Rare in
N.W. England.—B. M. Cumberland (on limestone).

Thallus greyish-white (K + purple).

19. Pl. cerinum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 203 (1853).—Thallus
thin, scurfy or granular, greyish-white, a bluish-black hypothallus
sometimes visible (Kf + crimson). Apothecia numerous, often
crowded, moderate in size or rather large, up to 2 mm. across,
bright- or dull-yellow, with an entire persistent whitish thalline
margin (K + crimson) ; paraphyses slender, knobby and septate
and sometimes branched at the tips; spores generally small,
subglobose to ellipsoid, 8-16 p long, 5-9 p thick, polarilocular,
but the central tube indistinct.— Lichen cerinus Hedw. Laub-
Moose ii. p. 77, t. 21, B (1788); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. ii. p. 14
(1793); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 24; Engl. Bot. t.627. Patellaria
cerina var. cyanolepra DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 360 (1805). Leeanora
cerina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 390 (1810) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 190; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 136; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 147 & Monogr. i. 380 (incl. ff. cyanolepra & albiseda) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 220; ed. 3, p. 209 (incl. var. fusca & f. eyanolepra) ;
ff. cyanolepra & albiseda Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 144 (1861).
Rinodina cerina 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p.456 (1821). Callopisma
cerina De Not. in Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Torino ser. 2, x. p. 389
(1849); Mudd Man. p. 133; var. fuscum Massal. Sched. Crit.
Lich. p. 130 (1855).

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 60; Johns. n. 34; Larb. Lich. Hb.
nos. 21, 167; Leight. n. 83; Mudd n. 97.

A varied species as to the development of the thallus ; it is some-
times almost evanescent, though the apothecial margin always
persists. Occasionally the hypothallus is predominant (f. cyanolepra),
so that the thallus is represented by a blackish stain, rarely it is
almost white (f. albiseda), the apothecial margin also being white. A
number of varieties have been recognized depending on colour changes
in apothecia and thallus.

Hab, On the trunks of trees and on old palings, etc., in maritime,
inland and upland districts.—Distr. General and fairly common
throughout the British Isles —B. M. Jersey; Guernsey; Sark; Tre-
gawn, Withiel and Truro, Cornwall; Plymouth and Exeter, Devon ;
near Shanklin, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants; Hassocks Gate and
Lewes, Sussex; Maidstone, Kent; near Colchester, Ulting and
Widdington, Essex; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Oswestry
and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Anglesea; Cherry Hinton and
near Quy, Cambridgeshire; Bilsdale, Yorkshire; Derwent Water
and Gainford, Durham; Wansbeck, Northumberland; near Kendal,
Westmoreland ; Largs, Ayshire; Blair Drummond and Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; near Cork; Dunkerron and Killarney,
Kerry ; Adare, Limerick.

P 2

212 CYCLOCARPINE® [PLACODIUM

Var. stilicidiorum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 406 (1857).—
Thallus very thin, leprose, greyish-white; hypothallus not -
visible. Apothecia rather small, the disc greyish, or dark olive-
green and pruinose, the margin greyish-white, often flexuose. —
Lichen stilicidiorwm Hornem. in F]. Dan. t. 1063, fig. 2 (1792).
L. chloroleucus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1373 (1805). Lecanora
chloroleuca Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 160 (1814); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 48 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 190. ZL. cerina var. stilicidiorum
Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 112 (1857) ; Cromb,
Lich. Brit. p. 47 & Monogr. i. p. 381; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 22] ;
ed. 3, p. 210. Rinodina stilicidiorum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 456 (1821). Callopisma cerinum var. stilicidiorum Massal.
Monogr. Lich. Blast. p. 86 (1853) ; Mudd Man. p. 136.

Exsice. Johns. n. 107.

Differs from the species in the habitat, the leprose thallus, colour
of apothecia, etc.

Hab. Incrusting mosses on calcareous rocks in inland and upland
situations.—Dzistr. Somewhat common in Great Britain, not recorded
from Ireland.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon; Dovedale, Derbyshire ;
Egeglestone, Durham; Cunswick Scar, Westmoreland; near Stretton,
Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and
Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

Var. chlorinum Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 41 (1860),—
Thallus effuse, granular, areolate, dull dirty-green. Apothecia
dull-orange, the margin greyish-white.—Zeora cerina var. chlorina
Flot. in Uebers. Schles. Ges. Vat. Cult. p. 126 (1850). Callopisma
cerinum var. chlorinum Mudd Man. ’ 136 (1861). Lecanora
cerina var. chlorina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221 (1871); ed. 3, p. 210;
supsp. chlorina Lamy in Bull. Soe. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 505 ’(1878) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 & Monogr. i. p. 381.

Exsice. Johns. n, 192; Larb. Lich. Hb. n, 22.

Distinguished from the species by the thicker and darker thallus.

Hab. On shady rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Rare in N.
England and W. Ireland.—B. M. Newton, Cleveland; Levens Park,
Westmoreland ; Chollerford, Northumberland ; Lough Corrib, Galway.

Form cyanopolium A. L. Sm.—Thallus subleprose, thickish,
coarsely areolate, dull-grey or bluish-grey. Apothecia moderate
in size, the disc orange, the margin bluish-grey, flexuose, at
length excluded.—Lecanora cerina f. cyanopolia Nyl. in Not.
Sillsk. Faun, & Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. p. 128 (1866); Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 211; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 382.

Almost exactly similar to the variety, but with slight differences
in thallus and apothecia,

Hab. On wet stones in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in N.
England and W, Ireland.—B. M. Chollerford, Northumberland ;
between Lough Feagh and Lough Muck, Connemara, Galway.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEE 213

20. Pl. pyraceum Anzi Anal. Lich. p. 10 (1858),—Thallus
effuse, thin, granular-leprose or -areolate, greyish-white, with a
whitish hypothallus, often disappearing (Kf + reddish).
Apothecia numerous, generally very small, orange - yellow
(K + crimson), with a thalline margin, becoming plane, with
only the paler proper margin prominent ; paraphyses clavate,
sometimes branched and septate at the tips, the cells thick-
walled; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-16 p» long, 5-7 wp thick.
Parmelia cerina var. pyracea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 176 (1803).
Lecanora pyracea Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh.
n. ser. v. p. 129 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte &
Monogr. i. p. 383; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 221; ed. 3, p. 211
pro parte.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 108; Leight. n. 118; Mudd n. 101.

Allied to Pl. cerinum, but differs in the more scanty thallus and
smaller apothecia, which scarcely show a thalline margin. It is
constantly associated with other crustaceous species, and may seem
to have a thallus different from its own.

Hab. On rocks and stones, rarely (in our country) on trees in
maritime and upland regions.—Disty. Here and there throughout the
British Isles, probably often overlooked.—B. M. St. Merryn, Corn-
wall; near Bovey Tracey; near Ryde, I. of Wight; Hastings, the
South Downs and Beeding Downs, Sussex; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth ; near Newton, Ingleborough,
Langbraugh and near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Wark-on-Tyne
and Chollerford, Northumberland; Staveley near Kendal, Westmore-
land; Ballachulish, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; near Fort
William, Invernessshire; Ballynahinch, Connemara, Galway; West-
port, Mayo.

Form submersum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, dark, becoming
coarsely areolate, otherwise resembling the species.—Lecanora
pyracea f. submersa Nyl. in Flora Ixvui. p. 43 (1885) ; Cromb.
Monogr. 1. p. 384. Specimen not seen.

Hab. On stones in streams.—Distr. Found only in W. Ireland
(near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway).

Var. pyrithromum A. L. Sm.—Thallus paler, generally
obsolete. Apothecia more convex, deep-yellow or rusty-red ;
spores oblong or broadly ellipsoid, 10-13 p long, 4-10 » thick.—
Lecidea rupestris var. pyrithroma Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 206 (1810).
Lecanora pyracea t, pyrithroma Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii.
p. 367 (1866) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47; var. pyrithroma Cromb.
in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 384 (non Leight.).

Kasice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 335 & Lich. Cantab. n, 25.

Differs chiefly in the absence of thallus and in the shorter, some-
times broader spores. It is generally mixed up with other lichens
with the apothecia parasitic on their thallus.

Hab. On rocks, walls and flints in lowland and upland regions.—
Distr. Rare from E, and N. England, the Grampians and N.E.

214 CYCLOCARPINE [PLACODIUM

Scotland and W. Iveland.—B. M. Thetford Warren, Nerfolk; Kildale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig
Guie, Braemar and Park, Aberdeenshire ; ; Lough Inagh, Connemara,
Galway.

f. pictum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, greyish, evanescent.
Apothecia brightly yeliow-pruinose, with a thickish reflexed
proper margin.—Lecidea picta Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p. 130 Segge Lecanora pyracea var. pyrithroma Leight. aes
Fl. p. 22 (1871) (non Ach.) ; ed. 3, p. 212; f. picta Cromb.
Grevillea xvill. p. 46 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 384:

Exsice. Johns. n. 366; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 55.

Distinguished by the bright-yellow pruina of the apothecia, which,
however, tends to disappear in herbaria.

Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Distr. Rare in
N. Wales, the Scottish Grampians and in W. Iveland.—B. M. Garth
Road, Anglesea; Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Craig
Mt., Kerry ; Lettermore and Lough Inagh, Connemara, Galway.

Var. lacteum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, chalky-white.
Apothecia small, orange-red, becoming convex. — Callopisma
luteoalbum var. lacteum Massal. Sched. Crit. Lich. p. 133 (1855).
Lecanora pyracea var. lactea Stizenb. Lich. Helv. p. 98 (1882) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 384.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 402.

Distinguished by the whitish thallus. The apothecia are congre-
gate in small groups in our specimens.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Very rare
in N.E. and N.W. England.—B,. M. Hartlepool, Durham ; Egremont,
Cumberland.

Var. holocarpum <Anzi 1. ¢.—Thallus ‘scanty, greyish, or
obsolete. Apothecia crowded, orange-yellow; spores broadly
ellipsoid, 10-14 p long, 6—10 p thick.—Lichen holocarpus Ehrh.
Exsice. n. 284 (1793) nomen nudum; Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p. 73 (1798). Callopisma luteoalbum var. holocarpum Mudd Man.
p. 137 (1861) pro parte. Lecanora cerina subsp. holocarpa Ny).
Lich. Scand. p. 145 (1861); L. pyracea subsp. holocarpa Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 47 pro parte; var. holocarpa Leight. Lich, FI.
p. 222 (1871) pro parte ; ed. 3, p. 211 pro parte.

Exsice. Johns. n. 35; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 132.

Crombie and others hold that the grey thallus does not belong to
the lichen; the apothecia in that case would be saprophytic on “the
timber, ete., or on other lichens.

Hab, On old timber, rarely on rocks, generally in upland situa-
tions.— Distr. Rather rare in N, England and in the Highlands of
Scotland.—B. M. Near Cambridge; near Loftus (saxicolous) and near
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Morpeth and Chollerford, Northumber-
land; Achmore, Killin, Perthshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEX 215

21. Pl. chalybeum Naeg. ex Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 204
(1853).—Thallus thickish, spreading, or tending towards a
definite outline, closely adnate, deeply cracked-areolate, whitish-
or greyish-lead coloured, the outer areolations sometimes crenulate,
generally limited by a black hypothallus (K + pale-violet).
Apothecia small or moderate in size, immersed or adnate, plane,
the disc black, dull-brown when moist, naked (or pruinose ?), the
thalline margin, when visible, entire, whitish (K + slightly pale-
violet in section); paraphyses clavate, branched and septate
upwards, brown at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 11-15 yp long,
6-8 p thick, polarilocular.—Mudd Man. p. 134; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179; ed. 3, p. 165. Parmelia
chalybea Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 125 (1831). Lecanora chalybewea
Scher. Enum. p. 60 (1850); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46
(1889) & Monogr. i. p. 390.

Easicc. Cromb. n. 59; Johns. n. 314.

Easily recognized by the colour and by the regular deep areolation
of the limited thallus. There is only a very faint violet reaction in
the apothecium with potash, but spores and paraphyses are charac-
teristic of Placodiwi.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and hilly regions.—Distr.
Rare in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales‘and the Grampians, Scot-
land.—B. M. Babbicombe, Devon; Llanymynech Hill, Shropshire ;
Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Penhill, Yorkshire; Burnhope,
Weardale, Durham; Whitbarrow, Westmoreland ; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

22. Pl. variable Nyl. Lich.-Scand. p. 138 (1861).—Thallus
thinnish, determinate, limited by a black hypothallus, cracked-
areolate, dark- or brownish-grey (K + pale-violet). Apothecia
somewhat prominent, rather small, plane or convex, the disc
brown or blackish, generally densely bluish-grey pruinose, the
thalline margin prominent, entire, whitish; paraphyses sub-
clavate, septate upwards ; spores ellipsoid, 13-16 p long, 7-10 p
thick (epithecium K + pale-violet).—Cromb. in Journ. “Bot. viii.
p- 97 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 179; ed. 3, p. 165. Lichen
variabilis Pers, in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. P. 26 (1794). Lecanora
variabilis Ach, Lich. Univ. p. 369 (1810); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 391.

Closely allied to the preceding, of which it might be only a
variety. It differs in the darker ealour of the thallus, “the superficial
apothecia and the pruinose disc.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in hilly districts.x—Distr. Rather rare
in W. and Central England and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Bathampton
Downs, Somerset ; Ablington and Grove Lane, Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Buckingham; Ampthill, Bedfordshire; Llanymynech Hill
Shropshire ; Cunning Dale, Buxton, Derbyshire.

Var. ecrustaceum Nyl. tom. cit. p. 139.—Thallus immersed in
the rock, scarcely visible. Apothecia small, subinnate, the

216 CYCLOCARPINEE [PLACODIUM

thalline margin thin, disappearing, otherwise like the species.—

Pl. Agardhianum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 407 (1857) (non Ach.) ; -

Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 165. Lecanora variabilis var.
ecrustacea Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) &
Monogr. i. p. 391.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 151.

Owing to the scanty development of the superficial thallus the
apothecia are almost non-marginate. They are less covered with
pruina than in the species, and are sometimes semi-immersed.

Hab. On ealeareous rocks in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Rare in 8.W. and N.W. England and 8. Wales.—B. M.
Anstey’s Cove, Torquay; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Tenby,
Pembrokeshire ; Silverdale, Lancashire ; Lamplugh, Cumberland.

Thallus greyish-white (K—).

23. Pl. pheocarpellum A. L. Sm.— Thallus . effuse, thin,
greyish-white, often evanescent (K—). Apothecia small, plane,
with a thin proper margin, or convex, the dise brown or dark-
brown (K+ crimson becoming purple); paraphyses slender,
branched upwards and septate at the tips; spores ellipsoid,
14-18 p long, 6-11 p thick.—Lecanora pheocarpella Nyl. in
Flora Ixiii. p. 388 (1880) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 60 (1890)
& Monogr. i. p. 378. L. nigricans Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p- 45 (1889) (non Tuckerm.).

The colours of the apothecia distinguish this species from all
others. The epithecium is crowded with small cells budded off from
the paraphyses, and deeply suffused with brown lichen-acid, which
becomes crimson with potash. ‘

Hab. On the trunk of a tree in a mountainous region.—B. M.
Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. '

24, Pl. refellens A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, unequal, continuous
or furfuraceous, greyish (K—). Apothecia small, plane, pale-
reddish, with a thin thalline margin, somewhat pulverulent, at
length clisappearing (K—); paraphyses thickish, slightly clavate
and septate upwards ; spores distinctly polarilocular with central
canal, ellipsoid, 9-11 p» long, 5-7 p thick.—Lecanora refellens
Nyl. in Flora Ix. p. 458 (1877); Cromb. in Grevillea vi. p. 111
(1878) & Monogr. i. p. 389; Leight. Lich, Fl. ed. 3, p. 213.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 24.

An abnormal species lacking the presence of parietin both in
thallus and apothecia. It is possibly an impoverished development
of Pl. cerinum.

Hab, On the trunks of poplars.—B. M. Cleghan, Connemara,
Galway (the only locality).

25. Pl. erythrocarpum A. L. Sm.—Thallus subdeterminate,
crustaceous, thin, furfuraceous, granular and areolate or some-

;

es

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEA 217

times imperfectly lobed or crenate at the circumference, bluish-
grey or greyish-white (K—). Apothecia plane, round or
irregular in form, orange- or tawny-red (K + deep purple), the
thalline margin thickish, sometimes flexuose; spores broadly
ellipsoid, 12-16 » long, 8-9 » thick.—Lichen arenarius Pers. in
Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 27 (1794) (non Retz.) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fase. iv. p. 23, t. 12, fig. 2. L. exsiorufus Sm. Engl. Bot. n. 1040
(1802) (non Schrad.). Patellaria erythrocarpa Pers. in Ann.
Wett. Ges. ii. p. 12 (1810). Lecidea erythrocarpia Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 205 (1810). Lecanora teicholyta Ach. tom. cit. p. 425:
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 365.
L. rubricosa Ach. Syn. p. 162 (1814) pro parte. Lecanora
arenaria Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 (1870) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 233 ;
ed. 3, p. 212. Rinodina rubricosa 8. ¥. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 452
(1821). Callopisma arenarium Mudd Man. p. 138 (1861).
Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 96.

Distinguished by the thick furfuraceous thallus and by the
habitat. Often confused with Pl. cxsio-rufum, but differs, among
other characters, in the absence of thalline reaction with potash.

Hab. On sandstone rocks and walls, rarely on bricks in maritime
and inland districts.— Distr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands, S.E.
and W. England and in S. Wales.—B. M. Jersey; I. of Wight;
Shoreham, Fairlight near Hastings, Pulborough and Midhurst,
Sussex; near Hereford; near Monmouth; near Lyndstep, Pembroke-
shire; Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Strumpshaw, Norfolk; Wisbech
and Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire.

Thallus whitish ; reaction with potash various.

26. Pl. Lallavei Oliv. Lich. Eur. p. 99 (1909).—Thallus
determinate, thickish, smooth, tartareous, cracked-areolate,
chalky-white (K — ). Apothecia subinnate, with a thin thalline
margin, becoming immarginate, bright-rusty or blood-red (K +
dark crimson) ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 8-12 p long, 4—7 p thick.
—Lecidea Lallavei Clem. Ensayo, p. 295 (1807). Lecanora
Lallavei Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 112 (1857) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 & Monogr. i. p. 366; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 223; ed. 3, p. 212 pro parte.

Allied to the preceding species, but differs in the structure of the
thallus, innate apothecia and smaller spores.

Hab. On caleareous rocks and walls in maritime districts.— Distr.
Rare in S.W. and S. England and S.E. Ireland.—B. M. I. of Wight ;
Lower Glanmire Road, Cork.

27. Pl. albolutescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin and furtur-
aceous, or thickish and areolate, whitish, or evanescent (K — ).
Apothecia moderate in size or small, dark-orange, with a paler
prominent persistent proper margin (IX + crimson) ; paraphyses
branched and thickly septate towards the tips; spores broadly

218 CYCLOCARPINEE [PLACODIUM

ellipsoid, 15-18 » long, 7-10 p thick.—Lecanora albolutescens
Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 177 (1881); Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 22
(1881) & Monogr. 1. p. 379.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 129, 130 (as form ecrustacea).

The apothecia are sometimes large and irregular in form ; they are
sublecanorine, gonidia being present below the hypothecium. The
thallus also sometimes spreads upwards round the outside. The
spores vary in form, the polar loculi may be fairly small, or very
large, with the median septum correspondingly thin.

Hab. On granitic rocks in upland regions.—Distr. Very sparingly
in N. England.—B. M. Tyneside, Bywell, Northumberland ; Sealegill,
Cumberland.

28. Pl. nivale Tuckerm. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. 1. p. 176
(1882).—Thallus effuse, minutely granular, whitish or greyish
(KK + purplish). Apothecia small, adnate, at first plane with
entire proper margin, becoming convex, orange-coloured or
brownish (KK + crimson) ; paraphyses septate at the tips; spores
oblong-fusiform, simple, becoming septate, 24-38 p long, 5—7 pu
thick.—Zeora nivalis Koerb. in Denkschr. Schles. Ges. Vat.
Kult. p. 231, fig. 2 (1853). Lecanora nivalis Carroll in Journ.
Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 & Monogr. i.
p. 388; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226; ed. 3, p. 217. Lecanora fusco-
luteolina Mudd Man. p. 153 (1861).

Generally described as having a thin thalline margin, but that is
scarcely visible at any stage; in sections there is a strong band of
gonidia abutting on the lower part of the proper margin. In some of
the spores there is a distinct thickening of the median septum, which,
combined with the presence of parietin, places it in this genus. The
apothecia are numerous and crowded.

Hab, On decayed mosses on rocks and boulders in alpine localities.
—Distr. Sparingly among the S. Grampians, Scotland.— B. MW. Ben
Lawers and Ben Cruachan, Perthshire.

Thallus dark-coloured ; reaction with potash various.

29. Pl. hematites A. L. Sm.—Thallus subeffuse or deter-
minate, continuous and wrinkled, or areolate, dark-grey, with a
bluish hypothallus (K + crimson), Apothecia moderate or small,
the dise rusty-red, the thalline margin greyish-white, persistent ;
paraphyses slender, rarely branched and septate upwards ; spores
oblong- or broadly-ellipsoid, 12-18 » long, 6-11 yp thick.—
Lecanora hematites Chaub. in St. Amans Flor. Agen. p. 492
(1821); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 212. L. cerina subsp. heematites
Nyl. in Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 112 (1857); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 382.

Eesice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 56 & Cantab, n, 22.

Distinet not only in the colour of thallus and apothecia, but in the
habitat. The apothecia are generally crowded; the spore loculi are
very small.

PLACODIUM] PHYSIACEE 219

Hab. On smooth bark.— Distr. Rare in S.E. and W. England.—
Bb. M. Usham, Torquay; Cherry Hinton and Bottisham, Cambridge-
shire ; near Worcester.

30. Pl. cesiorufum A. L. Sm.—Thallus crustaceous, thickish,
cracked-areolate, light- or dark-grey (Kf + purplish). Apothecia
moderate in size, often crowded, becoming plane, rusty-red (K +
purple), the proper margin prominent, lighter-coloured, often
tflexuose and subcrenulate; paraphyses rather stout and the
hypothecium dense, with a layer of gonidia beneath ; spores
ellipsoid, 14-17 » long, 7-9 pw thick.—Lichen cesiorufus Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 45 (1798). Lecidea cesiorufa Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 71 (1803) ; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 478(?). Lecanora
cxesiorufa Ny]. in Flora Ixiii. p. 388 (1880); Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 378.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 323 (as var. grandis).

Somewhat similar to Pl. ferrugineun in appearance, but differing
in the structure of the hypothecium, which is of small-celled some-
what obscure plectenchyma and with an underlayer of gonidia. The
thallus is generally rather thick and dark-coloured.

Hab. On siliceous rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Distr.
Rare throughout the British Isles, perhaps not often identified.
B. M. La Moye, Jersey; Chateau Point, Sark; The Lizard, Corn-
wall; near Malvern, Worcestershire ; Chollerford, Northumberland ;
St. Bees and near Penrith, Cumberland; Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; Renwick, Kirkcudbrightshire ; near Edinburgh; I. of Lismore,
Argyll; Kilkee, Clare; Achill Island, Mayo.

31. Pl. fuscoatrum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, blackish,
cracked-areolate (K+ purple). Apothecia very small, dark rusty-
red, with a distinct entire thalline margin ; paraphyses slender,
branched, septate and capitate at the tips; spores ellipsoid,
12-15 » long, 6-9 p thick.—Biatora ferruginea var. fuscoatra
Bayrh. Uebers. p. 82 (1849). Lecanora ferruginea var. fuscoatra
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 220; ed. 3,
p. 209. L. fuscoatra Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p. 260 (1872); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 377.

A rare lichen, but well distinguished by the dark thallus and the
structure of the apotheciuin.

Hab. On schistose rocks—Distr. Rare in N.W. England, S.W.
Highlands and N.E. Scotland.—-B. M. North of Douglas, I. of Man;
Barcaldine, Argy)l.

32. Pl. concilians A. L. Sm.—Thallus subeffuse, thickish,
coarsely areolate, dark-grey or blackish (K —). Apothecia
moderate in size, with a thalline margin, becoming plane or
convex, and the margin disappearing, brownish black when dry,
dark rusty-red when moist (K + dark-purplish) ; paraphyses
branched and septate at the tips, forming a dense epithecium ;
spores ellipsoid, 12-17 yp long, 6—9 » thick.—Lecanora ferruginea

220 CYCLOCARPINE! | PLACODIUM

t. concilians Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 145 (1861); var. coneilians
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 97 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fil. .
p- 220; ed. 3, p. 209. Lecanora diphyodes Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873) (non Nyl.); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 213.
L. concilians Nyl. in Flora lxiii. p. 388 (1880) ; Cromb. Monogr.
i. p. 377.

Distinguished by the very dark thallus and apothecia. Gonidia
are abundant beneath the hypothecium and in the margin of the
apothecium.

Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime region.—B. M. Near Port-
lethen, Kincardineshire.

§$ iii. Brasrenta Stizenb. in St. Gall. Ber. Nat. Ges. iii.
p. 171 (1862) pro parte ; Blastenia Massal. in Flora xxxv. p. 573
(1852) (as genus).

Thallus crustaceous; apothecia without a thalline margin ;
spores polarilocular except in Pl. rupestre.

Thallus yellowish (K + purple).

33. Pl. ochraceum Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 44 (1860).—
Thallus determinate, thinly felted, continuous, ochraceous-yellow
(KK + crimson). Apothecia small, sessile, concave then plane,
tawny-saffron or orange-yellow, the proper (!) margin ochraceous,
thin, prominent ; spores variable, ellipsoid or elongate, 1-septate,
usually polarilocular, 12-15 p long, 5—7 p thick.—Lecidea ochracea
Scher. in Nat. Anz. 1818, p. 11. JL. icterica Tayl. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. vi. p. 150 (1847) fide Leighton. Callopisma ochraceum
Massal. Monogr. Lich. Blast. p. 89 (1853); Mudd Man. p. 138,
t. 2, fig. 43 (1861). Lecanora ochracea Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 46 (1870) & Monogr. i. p. 375; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 218;
ed. 3, p. 208.

The margin of the apothecium is practically without alge, so that
it is more biatorine than lecanorine. Apt to be confused with the
following species.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in maritime and inland districts.—
Distr. Rare in 8.W. England, $8. Wales, S.W. Highlands of Scotland
and possibly from $.W. Ireland.—B. M. Hope Cove, near Kings-
bridge, Devon; I. of Lismore, Argyll.

34. Pl. tetrastichum A. L. Sm.—Thallus subdeterminate,
thinly felted, continuous, rarely areolate, ochraceous-yellow or
yellowish-grey (IX + crimson). Apothecia small, sessile, concave
then plane, tawny-saffron or orange-yellow, the proper (?) margin
lighter in colour, prominent (IK + purplish) ; spores broadly ellipsoid
or oblong, 1-septate, polarilocular, the cell-contents massed in the.
polar loculi, and drawn out in a wide tube almost to the septum,
or broken up into four portions, 14—20 p long, 6-10 p thick.—
Lecanora tetrasticha Nyl. in Flora Ilvii. p. 307 (1874); Cromb.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® : 221

in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. 1. p. 389; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 224.

Closely allied to the preceding, of which it may only be a form,
but with larger, peculiarly developing spores. They are, however.
truly polarilocular, and careful examination has failed to establish the
4-celled condition. Considered by Nylander to be related to Lecanora
Brebissonti, a S. American plant.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in maritime and inland situations.—
Distr. Rare throughout England and 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M. Near Plymouth, Chudleigh, Ilsham and above Anstey’s Cove,
Devon; Cunning Dale, Buxton and near Bonsall, Derbyshire ;
Malham Tarn, Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland; I. of Lismore,
Argyll.

35. Pl. vitellinulum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, some-
times faintly areolate, yellowish (Kf-+ purplish). Apothecia very
small, numerous, orange-yellow (K + crimson), the proper margin
prominent or at length excluded ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, small,
9-12 p long, 4-6 p thick. —Lecanora vitellinula Nyl. in Flora xlvi.
p. 305 (1863); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) &
Monogr. i. p. 385.

Distinguished by the colour of the thallus and by the small spores.
The paraphyses are slender, but often two or more large cells are
separated off at the tips.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in maritime and hilly districts.—Distr.
Rather rare, but widely distributed throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Noirmont, Jersey; Sidmouth, Devon; Yatton, Somerset ;
Beethwaite, Westmoreland; Overend, Egremont, Cumberland; Lis-
more, Argyll; Carrigogunnel, Limerick.

Thallus greyish-white ; reaction with potash various.

36. Pl. ferrugineum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 400 (1857).—Thallus
effuse, very thin or thickish, and unequal or areolate, greyish or
whitish, sometimes evanescent (K + purplish). Apothecia small
or moderate in size, plane, becoming convex, bright rusty-red
(K + purple), the proper margin thin, rather lighter in colour,
prominent, sometimes flexuose ; paraphyses septate and branched
upwards, and capitate ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 11-16 yp long,
6-11 p thick.—Lichenoides leprosum, tuberculis fuscis et ferrugineis
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 126, t. 18, fig. 4 (1741) pro parte. Lichen
ferrugineus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 (1762); Engl. Bot. t. 1650.
L. vernalis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 805 pro parte. Lecanora
ferruginea Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 322 (1856) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 46 (corticolous) & Monogr. i. p. 376 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 219; ed. 3, p. 208 (corticolous). Callopisma
ferrugineum Mudd Man. p. 139 (1861).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 108; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 95.

The thallus is variable, but the species is well distinguished by the
persistent rusty-red colour of the apothecia. Occasionally the thallus

222 CYCLOCARPINE [ PLACODIUM

grows up around the apothecia, so that they almost appear to have
a thalline margin.

Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and inland districts.—
Distr. General in wooded districts of most parts of the British
Isles.—B. M. Guernsey ; Boconnoc, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Devon;
New Forest, Hants; Shanklin and near Ryde, I. of Wight; Hurst,
St. Leonard’s Forest, Lewes, Brighton, Shoreham, Newhaven, Hay-
wards Heath, Wakehurst and Denny, Sussex; Epping Forest,
Widdington, Langford, Stansted and Mountfitchet, Essex ; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Tre-
friw, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; Levens and Windermere, Westmoreland; Largs, Ayrshire ;
near Stirling; Finlarig, Kenmore and Aberfeldy, Perthshire ; Cork ;
Kenmare and Glenmore Lake, Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara.

Var. festivum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, continuous or areolate,
light- or dark-grey, often evanescent. Apothecia small, often
convex, the proper margin becoming flexuose and crenulate or
disappearing.—Lichen crenularius With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 405
(errore L. crenulatus, p. 22) pro parte. Lecidea czesio-rufa var.
festiva Ach, Syn. Lich. p. 44 (1814). Lecanora ferruginea var.
festiva Nyl. Lich, Scand. p. 143 (1861) ; var. erenularia & f. festiva
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 (1870); ff. saaieola, festiva Leight.
Lich. Fl. pp. 219, 220 (1871); ed. 3, pp. 208, 209. Callopisma
ferrugineum var. festivum Mudd Man. p. 139 (1861).

Easicc. Johns. nos. 104, 312; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 165; Leight.
n. 85; Mudd n. 102.

Differs chiefly in habitat from the species. The thallus gives very
little reaction with potash, and when dark-grey gives none at all.
The apothecia may be scattered or very crowded. Withering’s name
L. crenularius refers to a plant on trees as well as rocks.

Hab. On rocks, chiefly siliceous, in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Somewhat general throughout the —British Isles.—B. M.
Jersey; Alderney; Sark; St. Austell, St. Minver and near Penzance,
Cornwall; Kingsbridge and Torquay, Devon; Beeding, Sussex ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire ; Aberdoyvey,
Merioneth ; Holyhead Mt., Anglesea, Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire ;
Malvern, Worcestershire; near Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham; Chollerford, Northumberland ;
Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland; Barcaldine, Argyll; The
Trossachs, Perthshire ; Lundie Craigs and West Water, Forfarshire ;
Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Ballater, Aberdeenshire; near
Innisearra, Cork; Saltees, Wexford; Kilkee, Clare; Kylemore,
Galway; Clare Island and Achill, Mayo; Glenarm, Antrim.

Form ferruginascens A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, whitish, thin
or evanescent. Apothecia very small, plane and with a proper
margin, becoming convex, tawny-ferruginous (KK + purple); spores
as in the species.—Lecanora ferruginascens Nyl. in Bull. Soe.
Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 260 (1872): Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p. 45 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 377.

Easicc. Johns. n, 105.

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEX 223

Though made a species by Nylander, it is very closely related
to var. festivum. The spores of our specimens are very distinctly
polarilocular and measure about 15, long and 7u thick. As in the
variety the thallus gives little or no reaction with potash.

Hab. On schistose rocks in an upland situation.—Bb. M. Near
Kendal, Westmoreland.

37. Pl. cerinellum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, sordid-greyish,
scarcely visible (K + yellowish). Apothecia minute, subbiatorine,
bright-yellow (K + purplish); spores 8, 12 or 16 in the ascus,
ellipsoid, polarilocular, small, 9-12 p long, 5-6 p thick.—
Lecanora cerinella Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 370 (1866)
& in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 260 (1872); Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 382. Specimen
not seen.

Described by Nylander as resembling a minute Pl. cerinum, but
it differs in the number of spores inthe ascus. It has been frequently
recorded on the Continent.

On branches of trees in lowland districts.—Distr. E. England,
near Cambridge.

38. Pl. luteoalbum Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 202 (1853).—Thallus
effuse, thin, furfuraceous, greyish-white, sometimes evanescent
(K +). Apothecia generally numerous and crowded, small, at
first innate, then superficial and plane, with a thin paler proper
margin, becoming convex, deep orange-yellow (K + crimson) ;
hymenium rather narrow; paraphyses slender, septate and rather
swollen at the tips, sometimes distinctly capitate; spores ellipsoid,
small, the polar loculi very distinct, but the median septum thin,
9-11 p long, 4-5 p thick.—Lichen luteoalbus Turn. in Trans.
Linn. Soc. vii. p. 92, t. 8, fig. 3 (1804); Engl. Bot. +. 1426.
Patellaria ulmicola DC. Fl. Fr. i. p. 358 (1805). Lecidea
luteoalba Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 207 (1810); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 475; Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 40. L. ulmicola Borr. ex Hook.
in Sm. Engi. Fl. v. p. 185 (1833). Callopisma luteoalbum Massal.
Monogr. Lich. Blast. p. 80 (1853); Mudd Man. p. 136. Lecanora
pyracea var. ulmicola Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 222 (1871); ed. 3,
p- 211. JL. luteoalba Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv.
p. 398 (1878); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 385.

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 76; Cromb. n. 61; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 168
& Cantab. n. 19; Leight. n. 84; Mudd n. 98.

Often associated with Pl. pyracea, but differing in the deeper
colour of the apothecia and in the spore characters. Gonidia are
present in a broad band below the hypothecium, but not in the
margin.

Hab. On trees, chiefly elm, and on old wood.—Distr. Fairly
general throughout the British Isles—b. M. Near Ventnor and near
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Lewes, Glynde, Washington, Danny Park and
Woodmancote, Sussex ; Eynsford, Kent; near Mill Hill, Middlesex ;
Elstree, Herts; Stowe Park, Bucks; Windsor Great Park, Berks;
Epping Forest, Stansted Mountfitchet and Great Waltham, Essex ;

a | ae

224 CYCLOCARPINE [PLACODIUM

Bedfordshire ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near Worcester and
North Malvern, Worcestershire; Wimpole Park and Madingley, |
Cambridgeshire; Twycross, Leicestershire ; near Masham, Yorkshire ;
Levens Bridge, Westmoreland; Meldon Park, Wansbeck Valley,
Northumberland ; Doune Castle, Stirlingshire; Pitfour, Aberdeen-
shire; Rostellan, Cork ; Innisfallen, Killarney, Kerry ; Castle Connell,
Limerick.

Form rupestre A. L. Sm.—Thallus whitish, greyish or obsolete,
senerally in scattered granules. Apothecia minute, scattered or
crowded.—Lecidea ulmicola Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129
(1836). Lecanora cerina subsp. pyracea f. rupestris Nyl. Lich.
Seand. p. 145 (1861). ZL. luteoalba f. rupestris Cromb. Monogr.
i. p. 386 (1894).

Ezsice. Johns. n. 313; Leight. n. 213; Mudd n. 146.

The structure of the apothecium, spores, etc., is similar to that of
the species; it differs chiefly in the habitat which has influenced the
appearance of the thallus. It is synonymous with f. caleicola Arn.

Hab. On limestone, mortar or arenaceous stones mostly in
upland districts.—Distr. Rare in 8. and N. England and 8.W. Ireland.
—B. M. Newton Abbot, Devon; Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Bolam, Durham; Dunkerron, Kerry.

39. Pl. rupestre Branth & Rostr. in Bot. Tidskr, iii. p, 206
(1869).—Thallus thin, determinate, cracked-areolate, dirty-whitish
or -greyish (K —). Apothecia adnate, small or moderate in size,
plane or convex, not marginate, yellowish- or dull-red (K + purple) ;
paraphyses slender, swollen and septate at the tips, conglutinate ;
spores ellipsoid or ovoid, simple, 9-15 pw long, 5-8 p thick.—
Lichen rupestris Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. p. 363 (1772); Engl.
Bot. t. 2245. L. viridiflavescens Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii. p. 101,
t. 2, fig. 1 (1789). Verrucaria rufescens Hoffm. Pl. Lich. i. p. 80,
t. 17, fig. 1 (1790). Lecidea rupestris vary irrubata Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 206 (1810); var. viridiflavescens Mudd Man. p. 194
(1861). LZ. irrubata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 40 (1814); Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p, 128.
Lecanora calva var. irrubata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 47 (1870).
L. rupestris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190 (1871) (incl. f. rufescens and
f. viridiflavescens) ; ed. 3, p. 204. L. irrubata Nyl. ex Norrl.
in Medd. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. p. 22 (1876); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 387.

Exsicc. Johns, nos. 194, 268 (2), 410; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 100;
Leight. n. 119; Mudd n. 161.

Generally classified under Lecidea Sect. Biatora, on account of the
simple spores, but belongs to Placodium (Sect. Blastenia), not only
on account of the spermogones, which have septate sterigmata and
pleurogenous spermatia, but also the presence of parietin, the lichen
acid which is present only in lichens of this order. It can easily be
recognized and placed by the reaction with potash. The apothecia
becomes a darker red with age (f. »wfescens), and the spores have
generally thickened walls, though rarely any indication of central

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACEX 225

septation. Johnson’s Hrsicc. n. 268, seems to belong here, but our
specimen is imperfectly developed.

Hab. On calcareous rocks, mortar, sandstones, etc., in maritime
and inland localities—Distr. Not uncommon throughout Great
Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Anstey’s
Cove, Torquay and Cornworthy, Devon; Beachy Head, Duncton and
Beeding Downs, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Windsor Great Park,
Berks; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Norton, near Worcester ;
Llanymynech and Whitcliff Rocks, near Ludlow, Shropshire ;
Bilsdale and near Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Beamish, Durham ;
Leven’s Park, Westmoreland; Chollerford, Northumberland ; Appin,
Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Kirkland, Fife; Killarney, Kerry ;
Ben Bulben, Sligo; near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Mallaranny,
Achill Sound and Clare Island, Mayo.

Var. calvum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse or determinate,
thickish or immersed in the stone, whitish. Apothecia small
or moderate in size, subimmersed in the thallus or in the rock,
reddish-yellow (K + purple); paraphyses thickish.—Lichen calvus
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. ii. p. 18, t. 6, fig. 4 (1790); With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 14; Engl. Bot. t. 948. Lecidea rupestris Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 206 (1810); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 472; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 39 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 183; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 128; Mudd Man. p. 193. Lecanora calva Nyl.
Lich. Seand. p. 147 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.47. Lecanora
rupestris £. calva Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191; ed. 3, p. 203; Cromb.
in Grevillea xii. p. 58. Lecanora irrubata subsp. calva Lamy
in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx. p. 378 (1883); Cromb. Monogr.
1. p. 387.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 73 (drawing only) ; Johns. n. 195.

Differs from the species in the thallus, which is not areolate, and
in the apothecia immersed at the base and leaving pits in the rock
(foveolate). They are generally larger than in the species.

Hab. On calcareous rocks, rarely on flints in maritime and
mountainous districts.—Disty. More restricted than the species
though common where it occurs in Great Britain, not seen from
Ireland.—B. M. I. of Wight; Peasemarsh, near Lewes and Beeding
Downs, Sussex; Lydd Beach, Kent; Reigate, Surrey; Compton
Bishop, Somerset; Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire; Llangollen,
Denbighshire ; Anglesea; Egglestone, Durham ; Leven’s Park, West-
moreland; Bywell, Northumberland; King’s Park, Edinburgh;
Achosragan Hill, Appin and near Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Craig
Tulloch, Perthshire ; Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form incrustans A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, white, mostly
immersed in the rock. Apothecia small, plane or slightly convex,
immersed.—Patellaria incrustans DC, Fl. Fr. ii. p. 361 (1805).
Lecidea rupestris var. incrustans Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 184
(1833); Mudd Man. p. 194. Lecanora rupestris f. incrustans
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 191 (1871); ed. 3, p. 203. ZL. irrubata
subsp. calva f. incrustans Cromb. in Greyillea xviii. p. 46 (1889)
& Monogr. i. p. 388.

I.

Q

226 CYCLOCARPINEE | PLACODIUM

Differs from the variety only in the somewhat smaller apothecia,
which sometimes remain entirely immersed (foveolate), though other
fruits in the specimen become prominent.

Hab. On caleareous ro¢ks in maritime and inland regions.—
Distr. Rare in S.W. England, the Grampians and W. Scotland.—
B. M. Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Lismore, Argyll.

Subsp. Siebenhaarianum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thickish,
in small patches, cracked-areolate or of scattered granules.
Apothecia rather large, adnate, convex, at first orange-coloured
becoming dark-olive or blackish ; hypothecium yellowish-brown ;
spores as in the species.—Biatora Siebenhaariana Koerb. Syst.
Lich. Germ. p. 207 (1855). Lecanora irrubata subsp. Sieben-
haariana Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr.
i. p. 388.

An alpine lichen, distinguished by the dark apothecia. Th. Fries
(Lich. Scand. p. 425) says that the hypothecium is in young stages
violet-rose in colour, becoming more and more brown. I have been

unable to verify that on our specimens; the hypothecium is some
shade of yellow in the younger fruits.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks.—Distr. Rare in the S. Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Summits of Ben Lawers and Craig Calliach,
Perthshire.

Thallus blackish ; reaction with potash, crimson-purple or none.

40. Pl. atroflavum A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse or determinate,
blackish, very thin or with small raised smooth warts on a black
hypothallus (K — ). Apothecia small, plane, becoming convex,
shining, reddish-yellow, the proper margin rather lighter coloured
(KK + crimson); paraphyses slightly thicker and branched and
septate at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 9-11 long, 5-6 » thiek.—
Lecidea atroflava Turn. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ix. p. 142, t. 11,
fig. 2 (1808); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 185. Lichen atro-
flavus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2009 (1809). Lecanora scotoplaca Nyl.
in Flora lix. p. 232 (1876). L. ferruginea f. scotoplaca Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 209 (1879). LL. atroflava Nyl. ex Zwackh
Lich. Heidelb. p. 83 (1883) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 379.

Distinguished by the very dark thin smooth thallus, whieh is.
however sometimes obsolete. The apothecia are sometimes very
crowded, suggesting Pl. pyracewm var. holocarpum.

Hab. On siliceous rocks, usually exposed flints, mostly in mayri-
time regions.—Distr. Local and scarce in $S. and BE. England,
N. Wales and N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Ryde, I. of Wight; Beachy
Head and the Downs, Sussex; Lydd Beach, Kent; Barmouth,
Merioneth ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

41. Pl. Turnerianum A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin or thickish,
warted or areolate, dark-grey or blackish (Kf + purplish in thin

PLACODIUM | PHYSIACE® Apart
section). Apothecia small or moderate in size, with a proper
margin, flexuose in the larger apothecia, orange-reddish or brown,
the margin lighter in colour (K + crimson) ; paraphyses slender,
branched and septate at the tips; spores broadly ellipsoid,
11-16 » long, 7-10 p thick.—Lecidea Turneriana Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 206 (1810). Lecanora Turneriana Nyl. ex Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 379.
Eaxsice. Johns. n. 106 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number).

Allied to Pl. atroflavum, but with a thicker thallus; the spores
are sometimes almost globose, perhaps owing to compression in the
ascus.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts. —Distr. Rare in S. Wales,
N.W. England and W. Ireland.—B,. M. St. David’s, Pembrokeshire ;
Barrowmouth, Cumberland ; Killery Bay, Connemara, Galway.

48. CANDELARIELLA Miill.-Arg. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. ii.
App. i. p. 47 (1894). Lecanora subgen. Candelaria Nyl. in
Flora Ixiv. p. 454 (1881) pro parte; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 566.
(Pl. 48.) é

Thallus crustaceous, granular, sometimes lobed at the
circumference, yellow-coloured (K—). Algal cells Protococeus.
Apothecia sessile, yellow, with a thalline margin (K—); hypo-
thecium colourless ; paraphyses unbranched, occasionally septate,
and wider towards the apex; spores 8 or many in the ascus,
colourless, ellipsoid, simple or l-septate. Spermogones minute,
with septate forked or branched sterigmata and acrogerious
spermatia.

The yellow thallus characteristic of the species in this genus
contains no parietin, but though in that and in other respects
resembling Lecanora, there are undoubted affinities with the Physia-
ce, as the spores tend to become septate and, occasiqnally, polari-
locular. It has been suggested that this genus may form the base of
the polarilocular series. There is also affinity with the genus Cande-
laria (Parmeliace).

Thallus lobate at the circumference.

1. C. crenata A. L. Sm.-—Thallus orbicular, the lobes of the
circumference effigurate, short, divided and crenate, convex,
yellow (K—). Apothecia moderate in size, plane, citrine- or
livid yellow, the thalline margin granular-crenate ; spores many
in the ascus, ellipsoid-oblong, simple or obscurely septate, 9-15
long, 4-7 p thick.—Lichen murorum var. crenulatus Wahlenb. FI.
Lapp. p. 416 (1812) (non Dicks.). Lecanora crenata Nyl.in Not.
Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. p. 130 (1866); Leight. Lich.
FI. p. 180; ed. 3, p. 166; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 367.

Not unlike Placodiwm muwrorwm in the form of the thallus, but
differing in the absence of parietin and in the spore characters, A

Q 2

228 CYCLOCARPINEX: | CANDELARIELLA

specimen recorded from Anglesea has 8 spores in the ascus and
belongs to C. medians.

Hab. On rocks in a maritime district.— B. M. Portlethen, Kinear-
dineshire.

2. C. medians A. L. Sm.—Thallus orbicular, often irregular,
lobate at the circumference, the lobes rather flattened or narrow
and convex, the centre granular-areolate, orange- or citrine-
yellow, or greyish in the centre (K—). Apothecia rather small,
dull-brown or yellow, the thalline margin entire or crenulate ;
spores 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, occasionally 1-septate,
11-17 » long, 4-6 p thick.—Parmelia parietina var. granulata
Scher. Enum. p. 50 (1850). Placodium medians Nyl. in Bull. Soe.
Bot. Fr. ix. p. 262 (1862). Lecanora medians Nyl. in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xii. p. 367 (1866); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205; ed. 3,
p. 189; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 370.

Hasicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 59.

The lobes of the circumference resemble those of Placodiwm
murorum, but it is easily distinguished by the absence of reaction
with potash.

Hab. On calcareous rocks and walls in lowland and upland
districts.—Distr. Rare in Central and W. England.—B. M. Pimbury
Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Llanymynech Hill. Shropshire ;
Denny Abbey, Cambridgeshire ; Beaumaris, Anglesea.

Thallus granular.

3. C. vitellina Miill.-Arg. 1. c«—Thallus effuse, thickish,
granular, the granules small, roundish, crowded, divided into
areole, bright or dull orange-yellow (vitelline). Apothecia
sessile, plane, tawny- or dull-yellow, the thalline margin entire
or granular-crenulate ; spores many in the ascus (12-24-32),
ellipsoid-oblong, sometimes slightly curved, becoming 2-celled,
sometimes obscurely polarilocular, 8-15 p» long, 4-6 p thick.—
Lichen vitellinus Ehrh, Exs. n. 155 (1785); Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fase. iv. p. 23 (1801); Engl. Bot. t. 1792. Patellaria vitellina
Hofim. Pl. Lich. ii. p. 5, t. 26, fig. 2 (1794). Lecanora vitellina
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 403 (1810) (inel. var. corruscans) ; Hook. F.
Scot. ii. p. 49 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 192; Tayl. in Mackay Fl.
Hib. ii, p. 138; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 (incl. var. corruscans) &
Monogr. i. p. 368; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 180; ed. 3, p. 166 (incl.
var. corruscans).

Easice. Bohl. n. 78; Johns. n. 32; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 214,
297, 298. ;

The thallus forms a dense crust of fine granules divided into
areole by deep cracks. The thalline margin of the apothecia is often
granular-crenulate (var. corruscans). Crombie states that maritime
specimens give a brownish-red reaction with potash, the result
probably of being sprayed with sea-water.

CANDELARIELLA | PHYSIACE2 229

Hab. On rocks, walls and earth, also on trees and old palings.—
Distr.—General and common throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
Jersey; Guernsey; Sark; Launceston and St. Minver, Cornwall ;
Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Broomfield, Beeleigh and Walthamstow,
Essex; Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Ankerdine Hill and Malvern.
Worcestershire; Longmynd, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth;
Anglesea; Buxton, Derbyshire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Stocksfield and Swinhope, East Allendale, Northumberland; near
Kendal, Westmoreland ; Alston, Cumberland; Craigleith, near Edin-
burgh; Appin, Argyll; Killin, Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Will’s Braes, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincar-
dineshire; Bridge of Gairn, Ballater, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus,
Invernessshire ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

Var. aurella A. L. Sm.—Granules of the thallus scattered,
often almost disappearing. Apothecia minute, otherwise like
the species.—-Verrucaria aurella Hoffm. Fl. Deutschl. ii. p. 197
(1795). Lecanora vitellina var. aurella Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 404
(1810); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 & Monogr. i. p. 369; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 181; ed. 3, p. 167.

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 100.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, N. England and Highlands of

Seotland.—B. M. Sark; East Allendale, Northumberland; Appin.
Argyll; Killin, Perthshire.

Var. xanthostigma A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, more leprose
than in the species, sometimes very scanty. Apothecia minute.
—Lichen citrinus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1793 (1807) (non Ach.) fide
Crombie. Lecanora citrina var. xanthostigma Pers. ex. Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 403 (1810). LZ. vitellina subsp. xanthostigma Ny).
in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. p. 130 (1866) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 369. L. xanthostigma Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx.
p- 273 (1882).

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in wooded districts.—Distr. Only
recorded from S. and E. England.—B. M. Glynde, Sussex; Waltham.-
stow, Essex; near Bradford, Wilts ; Windsor Great Park, Berks.

4. C. epixantha A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, granulose,
scanty or almost disappearing, orange-yellow or greyish (K — ).
Apothecia numerous, small, with a thin pale-yellow subcrenulate
margin, plane, becoming convex; spores 8 in the ascus, oblong
or ellipsoid, simple, sometimes becoming septate and polarilocular,
12-21 p long, 5-7 p thick. —Lecidea epixantha Ach, Lich. Univ.
p- 208 (1810). Callopisma vitellinellum Mudd Man. p. 155
(1861). Lecanora epixantha Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxv.
p. 62 (1864); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 45 & Monogr. 1.
p. 370; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206; ed. 3, p. 213. JL. vitellina
var. epixantha Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 (1870) (incl. var.
octospora) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 181; ed. 3, p. 167.

The thallus is much more scanty than in C. vitellina and the
apothecia smaller with less prominent margins; but the species

230 CYCLOCARPINE [CANDELARIELLA

chietiy differs in the number of the spores with and their more pro-
nounced polarilocular character.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.—
Distr. Rare in S. England, Wales and S$. Ireland.—B. M. Hastings,
Sussex; Cheddar, Somerset; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Giant's
Stairs, Cork.

49, PHYSCIA Schreb. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. p. 768 (1791);
emend Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 60 (1860). Borrera Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 496 (1810) pro parte; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 434
pro parte; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 56 pro parte; Mudd Man.
p. 103. (PI. 49.)

Thallus rarely ascending and fruticose, more generally foliose
and horizontal, greyish, whitish or brown, attached by haptera
or by rhizoids. Structure various, radiate, subradiate or dorsi-
ventral. Apothecia discoid, sessile or shortly stalked, with a
thalline margin, the disc dark ; hypothecium colourless, brownish-
yellow or dark ; paraphyses septate, simple or branched near the
apices and tipped with brown; spores 8 in the ascus, dark-brown,
more or less distinctly polarilocular.

There is considerable variation in the thallus; a few species are
wholly surrounded by a cortex which is formed of hyphe parallel
with the long axis of the frond, termed jfibrows. This type of cortex
in some is confined to the upper surface, in others to the lower;
while in others again it is replaced by a cortex of plectenchyma.
Those species with a fibrous upper cortex have been placed by some
authors in a separate genus Anaptychia (Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ.
p. 49 (1855) ). The spores have nearly always a well-marked polarilo-
cular structure, but the apices of the spores rather than the septa are
the most thickened portions, and the cell-lumens are thus placed near

the median wall.
.

A, Cortex fibrous above or on both surfaces.
Thallus fruticose or partly ascending.

1. Ph. intricata Scher. Enum. p. 11 (1850). — Thallus
fruticose subascending (2 to 3 em. high), branched and tangled,
with rooting hyphwe, but generally becoming free from the
substratum at the base; fronds narrow, rather compressed and
channelled, pubescent and uneven, connected together by haptera,
the ultimate branchlets often shortly fimbriate, greyish-glaucous
(K—). Apothecia rare, lateral, sessile, rather small, convex,
with a thin entire grey margin; spores dark-brown, 18-26 p»
long, 11-15 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 37; Leight. Lich.
Fl, p. 144; ed. 3, p. 133. Lichenoides subhirsutum teres, scutellis
parvis nigris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 157, t. 21, f. 51 (1741).
Lichen intricatus Desf. Fl. Atl. ii. p. 420, t. 258, f. 3 (1800).
L. atlanticus Sm, Engl. Bot. t. 1715 (1807). Borrera atlantica
Ach, Lich, Univ. p. 502 (1810); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 435;

PHYSCIA} PHYSIACEX: 231
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 223. B. intricata Mudd Man.
p- 104 (1861).

Ezxsice. Cromb. n. 49, Mudd n. 76.

The only British species of the genus that has a radiate structure
and wholly fruticose habit. The cortex is composed of filaments
parallel with the long axis (fibrous); these hyphe send out short
branches on the surface which give the plant a soft pubescent appear-
ance. It somewhat resembles Ph. villosa, a southern lichen, but is
not hairy and differs in the apothecia.

Hab. On rocks, sand and trunks of old trees in maritime districts.
—Distr. Local in S. England.—B. M. Bracklesham near Selsey,
near Portfield and near Chichester and Barnham and cliffs near
Hastings, Sussex.

2. Ph. ciliaris DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 396 (1805).—Thallus
spreading, of elongate rather narrow branching imbricate
laciniz, subascending or generally decumbent, greenish-grey or
dark-coloured, the under surface pale, hollowed out, the margins
beset with long grey or partly brown fibrils or cilia which often
form haptera at the tips, attaching the frond to other parts of
the lichen and to the substratum (K—). Apothecia large,
stalked, the disc brownish-black, often bluish-grey-pruinose, the
margin prominent, entire or generally crenate, becoming pro-
liferous ; spores oblong, 30-50 p long, 18-24 p thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 144; ed. 3, p. 133 (inel.
ff. actinota and verrucosa). Lichenoides arboreum foliosum
cinereum, scutellis nigris, foliorum extremitatibus hispidis et pilosis
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 67 (1724). Lichenoides
hispidum majus et rigidius, scutellis nigris Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 150, t. 20, f. 45 (1741). Lichen ciliaris L. Sp. Pl. p. 1144
(1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 828 ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 55; Engl. Bot. t. 1352. Parmelia
ciliaris Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 255 (1803) (incl. var. actinota).
Borrera ciliaris Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 496 (1810) (incl. vars.
actinota and verrucosa); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 434 ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 222 ; Mudd Man.
p- 105.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 38; Cromb. n. 50; Dicks. Hort. Sice.
fase. vii. n. 24; Johns. nos. 90, 91; Larb. Cesar. n. 68 & Lich.
Hb. n. 125; Leight. n. 364; Mudd n. 77.

The thallus of the upper surface and slightly round the edge is
corticate, the cortex being composed of long parallel hyphe which
branch out from the margin at intervals to form the stout cilia; the
under surface is non-corticate. The colour varies with the habitat,
but is constantly greenish when moist and often whitish- or greyish-
pulverulent when dry. The apothecia are generally abundant; the
denticulations of the margin may grow out into short lacinix
(f. actinota). The spermogones are often very prominent (f. verru-
cosa); the spermatia are cylindrical, 4-5 » long, 1 p thick.

232 CYCLOCARPINE.E [PHYSCTIA

Hab. On trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks and elms in cultivated
districts.— Distr. General and plentiful in England, scarcer elsewhere
throughout the British Isles—b. M. Jersey; Sark; Guernsey ;
Elburton and Newton Bushell, Devon ; Winchester, Hants ; near Ryde,
[. of Wight; Hurstpierpoint, Danny and Glynde, Sussex; Tooting
Common and Dorking, Surrey; Hythe, Kent; Ulting, near Colchester
and Walthamstow, Essex; near Farringdon and Windsor, Berks;
near Swindon, Wilts; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross,
Leicestershire ; Overthorpe, Northamptonshire; Malvern and Broad-
was, Worcestershire ; Moor Park, Herefordshire; Clungunford,
Shropshire; Hopton, Cheshire; Anglesea; Suffolk; Scoulton Mere
and Norwich, Norfolk; near Ayton, Cleveland and Dalby, Yorkshire ;
Middleton, Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham and Wark, Northumber-
land; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Rosslyn Woods, Midlothian ;
Blackness, Linlithgowshire; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Foulis,
Baldovan, Auldbar and Melgund Castle, Forfarshire; Midmar Castle,
Aberdeenshire ; Oakpark near Carlow.

Form melanosticta Oliv. Exp. Syst. Lich. i. p. 175 (1897).
—Thallus frequently wide-spreading ; laciniz narrower, more
appressed, greenish- or dark-brown, with dark cilia. Apothecia
not pruinose.—Physcia ciliaris var. saxicola Nyl. in Mém. Soc.
Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 106 (1857) & Syn. Lich. i. p. 414 (1860) ;
Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. p. 254 (1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 38 & Monogr. i. p. 303; form saxicola Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 146 (1871); ed. 3, p. 134. Parmelia ciliaris var. melanosticta
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 255 (1803). Borrera ciliaris var. saxicola
Mudd Man. p. 105.

Distinguished by the colour of the thallus and by the habitat.
There are connecting stages with the species.

Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on sandy soil in maritime and
mountainous regions.—Distr. Local and scarce throughout the
British Isles.—B. M. Quenvais and St. Brelade’s, Jersey ; Withiel,
Cornwall; near Malvern, Worcestershire; “Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Holyhead, Anglesea; near Langbraugh, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Sybil Head, Kerry.

3. Ph. leucomela Mich. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 326 (1803),—
Thailus spreading, with narrow branching lacinie, tapering or
forked at the apex, white or greyish-white and smooth, the
margins beset with long slender frequently branching black cilia
which attach the plant to the substratum by coiling round grass,
moss, ete., or by haptera; beneath white, and furfuraceous
(K + yellow, CaCl + yellow). Apothecia (not seen in British
specimens) lateral, pedicellate, rather large, plane, bluish-grey-
pruinose, the margin denticulate or proliferous, the laciniate
outgrowths also sometimes black-ciliate; spores large, oblong-
ellipsoid, 35-60 p long, 18-25 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149; ed. 3, p. 138. Lichenoides angustifolium
planum, crinibus nigris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 156, t. 21, f. 50
(1741). Borrera leucomela Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 499 (1810) ;

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACEE 233

S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 434; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 223; Mudd Man. p. 104. Lichen leucomelas L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2,
p- 1613 (1763); Engl. Bot. t. 2548.

Exsicc. Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 2; Cromb. n. 150; Johns.
n. 402; Larb. Cesar. n. 69 ; Leight. n. 168.

Distinguished from Ph. ciliaris by the more straggling thinner
thallus and by the longer black cilia. The fronds are always dorsi-
ventral; the upper cortex is composed of hyphe parallel with the
long axis of the fronds, the under surface is non-corticate. It is a
continental plant which only reaches the Southern Coast.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grasses, rarely on
mossy trunks of trees in or near maritime districts.—Distr. S.
England and Channel Islands.—B. M. Quenvais, St. Brelade’s and
St. Owen’s Bay, Jersey; Sark; Alderney; Bryer and Trescoe
Islands, Scilly-; The Lizard and Kynance Cove, Cornwall; Dartmoor,
Bolt Head, Torquay and Babbicombe, Devon; Bathwick Down,
Somerset; Ballard Down, Swanage, Dorset; St. Leonards Forest.
Sussex; Ballycotton and Cape Clear Island, Cork.

Thallus horizontal.

4. Ph. fusca A. L. Sm.—Thallus suborbicular, flat, the lacinize
narrow, irregularly branched and imbricate, appressed, becoming
wider, digitate and more spreading at the circumference, with
the tips somewhat crenate, chestnut-brown ; beneath paler with
sparsely scattered greyish or blackish rhizine (K—). Apothecia
small to moderate in size, often numerous and crowded, the disc
blackish, the margin prominent, crenate ; spores oblong, brown,
30-44 pw long, 18—25 p thick.—Physcia aquila Nyl. in Act. Soc.
Linn. Bord. sér, 3, i. p. 309 (1856); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 &
Monogr. i. p. 310; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153; ed. 3, p. 142.
Lichenoides angustifolium fuscum, scutellis pullis Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 175, t. 24, f. 69 (1741). Lichen pullus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 825 (1777) (non Schreb.) ; Engl. Bot. t. 982. LD. fuscus Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 533 (1778). L. obscurus With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 28 (1796). LL. aquilus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 109
(1798). Parmelia aquila Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 201 (1803) ; 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 441; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 54 & in Sm.
Engl. Bot. v. p. 203 ; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 143.

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 111; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. v. n. 25: Jobns.
n. 29; Larb. Cesar. n. 23; Leight. n. 144.

A well-marked species both in form and colour. The branches at
the circumference sometimes grow out in a straggling manner or they
may be partly corroded (var. stippea Ach. 1. c.). The cortical
structure differs from that of the previous species in being irregularly
fibrous on both surfaces.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts, rarely on hills some distance
from the sea.—Distr. General and fairly common on most of the
rocky coasts of the British Isles; especially abundant in N.E.

234 CYCLOCARPINE [ PHYSCIA

Scotland. — B. M. Jersey; Guernsey; near Lawannick, Newlyn,
Penzance, Temple Moor, Stoneyford, Roche Rocks and Helminton,
Cornwall; Torquay, Bolt Head, Hay Tor, Dartmoor, near the Teign,
near Okehampton and Ilfracombe, Devon; Tilgate, Sussex; Stone-
henge, Wilts; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Tenby, Pembroke-
shire; Barmouth and Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Llanberis
and Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire ; Holyhead, Anglesea; Douglas Head,
Isle of Man; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; Holy Island, Northumber-
land; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; King’s Park and Turfin
Hill near Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Tilt, Perthshire ;
Montrose, Forfarshire ; Cove and Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near
Peterhead, Aberdeenshire; Ballycotton and Mizen Head, Cork;
Kenmare River, Kerry; Ardglass, Down.

5. Ph. speciosa Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 307
(1856).—Thallus laciniate-lobed, somewhat digitate, spreading,
the laciniz blunt and retuse at the apices or often with raised
apical soralia, occasionally whitish- or blackish-ciliate ; beneath
whitish to bluish-grey towards the base, adhering by stout whitish
or black rhizinv or by cilia (K+ yellow). .Apothecia rare, sessile,
moderate in size or rather large, brown, the margin incurved,
entire or sometimes crenate ; spores oblong, large, 25-36 p long,
12-19 pw thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 151; ed. 3, p. 138. Lichen speciosus Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iii.
p. 119, t. 7 (1789) ; Engl. Bot. t. 1979 (upper fig.). Parmelia
speciosa Ach, Meth. Lich. p. 198 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 442; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 201 ;
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. i. p. 149 pro parte. Borrera speciosa
Mudd Man. p. 107.

Distinguished by the apical soralia and ciliate margins. The
lobes may be closely crowded and imbricate or scattered, especially
if growing among mosses. Though apothecia are sometimes present
in continental specimens, they have not been found in Britain. The
cortex of both surfaces is composed of hyphe more or less parallel
with the long axis of the laciniz.

Hab. On mosses, rocks and trees, chiefly in maritime districts.—
Distr, Rather rare in the Channel Islands, 5. and W. England, W.
Scotland and S.W. and N. Ireland.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ; Alderney ;
Guernsey; The Lizard, Kynance Cove, Bodmin and Roughton,
Cornwall; Bolt Head, Valley of the Rocks and Lynton, Devon;
St. Leonards Forest, Sussex; Barmouth, Cwm Bychan and Llyn
Bodlyn, Merioneth; near Inverary, Appin, Barcaldine and Ballachu-
lish, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Perthshire; Cloghane, Dunkerron and
Killarney, Kerry.

Var. hypoleuca Nyl. Syn. i. p. 417 (1860).—Thallus appressed,
compact, the marginal cilia grey or black, beneath whitish, with
densely branching rhizine. Apothecia rather large, with thickly
laciniate-sorediate margins; spores rather larger than in the
species, fusiform.—-Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887). Lichen
speciosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1979 (lower fig.). Parmelia speciosa

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACEE 235

var. hypoleuca Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 211 wor: Tayl. 1. ¢. pro
parte.

An exotic variety, sometimes given non rank, which has
become naturalized in S.W. Ireland. The apothecia when present
are crowded and rather large.

Hab. On rocks in shady situations.—B. M. Dunkerron, Kerry.

B. Cortex fibrous on lower surface, plectenchymatous above.

6. Ph. pulverulenta Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p- 308 (1856).—Thallus suborbicular, of appressed somewhat
stellate contiguous multifid firm opaque lacini, obtuse and
incised-crenate, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, greenish when
moist, more or less white-pruinose ; beneath black, covered with
rather long stiff black rhizinze which bristle with short branchlets
(K —). Apothecia sessile, moderate in size or becoming large,
the disc brownish-black, greyish-pruinose or naked, the margin
taick, entire, sometimes crenate or scantily proliferous ; spores
large, 20-36 p long, 12-20 p thick.—-Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 38 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146; ed. 3, p. 135; £. panniformis Cromb. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 571 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 306;
f. deminuta Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 275 (1882) & Monogr. i.
p- 306. Muscus licheniformis viridis &e. Buddle Hort. Sice. i.
fol. 6, n. 10 in Herb. Sloane. Lichenoides arboreum, crusta foliosa
virescente &c. Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 74, n. 73 (1724).
Lichenoides glaucum orbiculare, segmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 177, t. 24, fig. 71 a, p (1741) pro parte.
Lichen pulverulentus Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. p. 128 (1771). Lichen
stellaris var. Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 (1762); With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 31. Parmelia pulverulenta Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 210 (1803);
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 443; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 201; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 141.
Borrera pulverulenta Mudd Man. p. 110 (1861).

Fxsicc. Bohl. n. 69; Johns. nos. 127, 404; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 10 & Lich. Cantab. n. 12; Leight. n. 49; Mudd n. 82.

Generally recognized by the white pruina on the thallus and
apothecia which is chiefly visible in the dry condition; the lacinix
are rather thick and of a dull green when moist. Both thallus and
apothecia are variable ; the lacinie are appressed and contiguous at
the circumference, but towards the centre are often imbricate with
minute proliferations mostly from the edges of the lobes. The allied
forms panniformis and deminuta have “small apothecia and small
lobes, crowded and imbricate in the former, rather sparsely scattered
in the latter, evidently growth conditions. The upper cortex is
indistinctly plectenchymatous and granulose, the lower is fibrous, of
dark-brown hyphe parallel with the long axis of the lobes.

Hab. On trunks and branches of trees and on palings, rarely on
stone walls, chiefly in cultivated lowland and upland districts.—
Distr. General and usually common throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Guernsey; near Withiel, Cornwall; near Torquay, Moreton

236 CYCLOCARPINEX [PHYSCIA

Hampstead and Wembury, Devon; Appuldurcombe, Shanklin and
near Ryde, I. of Wight; Glynde, Shoreham, Hurstpierpoint and ~
Lewes, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Ulting, Essex; Sapperton, near
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Milton, Oxfordshire; Moor Park, Here-
fordshire; Crowle, Worcestershire; Clungunford, Lyth Bank and
near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Bourn and Madingley, Cambridgeshire ;
Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ;
Twycross, Leicestershire ; Anglesea; Ayton and Cleveland, Yorkshire :
Brougham Castle and Kendal, Westmoreland; Middleton, Teesdale,
Durham; Creetown, Kirkcudbrightshire; Largs, Ayrshire; near
Edinburgh; Appin, Argyll; Killin and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole
Perthshire; Montrose, Strathmartin, Camperdown and Baldovan,
Forfarshire ; Cults and Abergeldie Castle, Aberdeenshire; Applecross,
tossshire; Carrigaloe and Aghada, Cork; Ballynegarde, Limerick ;
Dunkerron, Kerry; Westport, Mayo.

Form argyphea Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii.
p- 571 (1880).—Thallus and apothecia entirely white pruinose,
the laciniz rather dilated at the circumference ; margins of
apothecia sometimes crenulate.—Dill. 1. ¢. t. 71,p. Parmelia
pulverulenta var. argyphea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 474 (1810).

Exsicc, Johns. n, 405.

The abundant pruina gives a white velvety appearance to the
thallus.

Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland districts—Disir.
Rare in N. England (Johnson Fzsicc.), the central Grampians.

Scotland, and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Adare, Limerick.

Var. subpapillosa Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882).—
Thallus densely unequally papillate, greyish- or brownish-pruinose.
Apothecia pruinose with turgid subpapillate margins.

Hab. On trunks of trees.— Distr. Rare in E. and N.E. England.—
B. M. Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Bellingham, Northumberland.

Var. angustata Scher. Enum. p. 38 (#850).—Thallus lobes
narrow, sometimes rather spreading, brownish, scarcely pruinose,
beneath densely rhizinose. Apothecia small, with stoutish
margins, pruinose or naked.—Cromb. Lich. p. 38 ; f. angustata
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147 (1871); ed. 3, p. 135. Lichen
angustatus Hoffm. Enum. p. 77, t. 11, fig. 2 (1784). Borrera
pulverulenta var. angustata Mudd Man. p. 110 (1861).

The narrow discrete lacinie are in some specimens very long, in
others short and more crowded.

Hab. On the trunks of trees in upland distriets.—Distr. Rare in
S. and N. England, and in $.W. Secotland.—B. M. Wembury, Devon ;
Appuldurcombe, I. of Wight; Glynde and St. Leonards Forest,
Sussex; Kildale and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Wansbeck,
Northumberland ; Creetown, Kirkeudbrightshire.

Var, muscigena Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 420 (1860).—Thallus
very much flattened at the circumference, brownish, but white

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACEX 237

with the pruina. Apothecia rare, the margin crenate.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 2, p. 479; ed. 3, p. 136 (form); subsp. muscigena
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) & Monogr, i. p. 309.
Parmelia muscigena Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 472 (1810).

A very rare variety in this country, only one imperfect specimen
having been gathered. The habitat rather suggests that the form of
the laciniz may be due to the more moist conditions. The spores
are on the whole smaller than in the species, measuring 24-80 yp long,
11-15 p thick.

Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground.—B. M. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

Var. venusta Oliv. Exp. Syst. Lich. p. 179 (1897).—Thallus
of somewhat narrow incised lobes, brown- or brownish-grey,
slightly or not pruinose. Apothecia with proliferous margins.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39; f£. venusta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 147
(1871) (excl. Syn. Engl. Bot.); ed. 3, p. 136; subsp. venusta
Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. xxv. p. 383 (1878); Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 78 & Monogr. i. p. 308. Parmelia venusta
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 211, t. 8, fig. 5 (1803).

Differs chiefly in the less pruinose or naked thallus and in the
coronate apothecia. The latter character is sometimes absent, and
very occasionally is present in the species.

Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded situations.— Distr. Rare
in the northern districts of England and S.W. Scotland and Ireland.
—B. M. Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshive; Kenmore, Perthshire; near Fort William, Inverness-
shire; Carrigaloe, Cork; Ballynegarde, Limerick.

Form subvenusta Oliv. 1. c.—Similar to var. venusta but with
the thallus more distinctly pruinose.—Physcia pulverulenta vav.
laciniolata Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 358 (1872). Lichenoides
arboreum ... . scutellis limbo cinereo crispo cinctis Dill. in Ray Syn.
ed. 3, p. 75, n. 75 (1724). Lichen stellaris var. Lightf. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 824; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 534; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 31. L. pulverulentus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2063 (1809)
(non Schreb.).

Eaxsice. Johns. n. 250.

Similar to var. venusta but generally pruinose; as in the variety,
some of the apothecia have occasionally entire margins.

Hah, On the trunks of old trees in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Local and rare in England, Scotland and Iveland.—B. M.
Respring and Penzance, Cornwall; Henfield and Glynde, Sussex;
Kemble, Wilts; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Milton, Oxfordshire ;
Oswestry, Shropshire; near Cambridge; Levens, Westmoreland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Ravelrig, near Edinburgh; Fin-
larig, Killin, Perthshire.

7. Ph. grisea A. Zahibr. in Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus.
Wien xxvi. p. 177 (1912).—Thallus spreading, appressed and

238 CYCLOCARPINE® [PHYSCIA

adnate, wrinkled, laciniate, crenate at the circumference, greyish-
pruinose, greyish-white or light-brownish, densely sorediate on the
margins, especially towards the centre of the thallus; beneath
dark and rhizinose (K—). Apothecia small or moderate in
size, the margins becoming lacerate-sorediate ; spores 24-28 p
long, 15-18 p thick.—Ph. pulverulenta var. pityrea Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 146; ed. 3, p. 1553 subsp.
pityrea Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 383 (1878) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 & Monogr. i. p. 308. Lichenoides
glaucum orbiculare, seqmentis latiusculis, scutellis nigris Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 177, t. 24, fig. 71c (1741). Lichen griseus Lamarck
Encycl. Méth. iii. p. 480 (1789). L. pityreus Ach. Lich, Suee.
Prodr. p. 124 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2064. Parmelia pityrea
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 483 (1810); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 201. Borrera pulverulenta var. grisea Mudd Man. p. 111
(1861).

ae Cromb. n. 51 ; Johns. n. 128; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 48 ;
Leight. n. 370; Mudd n. 83.

Similar to Ph. pulverulenta in the pruinose thallus, but thinner in
texture, and along with the margins of the apothecia, densely sorediate.
The soredia, which at first line the margins of the lobes, sometimes
spread over almost the whole centre of the thallus.

Hab.—On the trunks of trees, rarely on old walls, in maritime,
lowland and upland districts.—Disty. General and common in
England, rarer in the Channel Islands and Scotland, not yet recorded
from Ireland.—B.M. Guernsey; Basingstoke and Lymington, Hants ;
Ryde and Appuldurcombe, I. of Wight; Shoreham, Glynde, Wake-
hurst Park and Wolstonbury, Sussex; Hythe, Kent; Edgware and
Harefield, Middlesex ; Epping Forest and Braxted Park, Essex; near
Elstree, Herts; near Cheltenham, near Cirencester and Bourton-on-
the-Water, Gloucestershire; Windsor, Berks; Milton, Oxfordshire ;
Malvern and near Kempsey, Worcestershire; Harboro’ Magna,
Warwickshire ; Ludlow Park, Shropshire; Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Appin,
Argyll; Blairdrummond near Stirling; Glen Ample, Perthshire ;
Drum near Aberdeen.

8. Ph. stellaris Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 307
(1856) (excel. vars. leptalea and tenella).—Thallus orbicular-
stellate, appressed, compact or sometimes imbricate in the centre,
the lobes at the circumference contiguous, somewhat convex,
more or less deeply incised and crenate, greyish or greyish-white,
generally darker towards the centre; beneath whitish, with grey
or dark-coloured much-branched rhizinee (K +"), Apothecia
rather small, sessile, the dise blackish, greyish-pruinose or naked,
the margin entire or crenulate; spores 16-24 p» long, 8-11 pu
thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) pro parte. Ph.
retrogressa Stirton in Trans. Glasg. Soc. Nat. p. 85 (1875);
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 138. Lichen stellaris L. Sp, PI.
p. 1144 (1753). Parmelia stellaris Ach, Lich, Univ. p. 476

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACE 239

(1810) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 55 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 201.
Borrera obscura var. chlorantha Mudd Mi an. p. 110 (non Ach.).
Exsicc. Mudd n. 81.

A variable plant, but distinguished by the absence of pruina on
the thallus and by the light-coloured under surface. The cortex of
the upper surface is somewhat obscurely plectenchymatous, with
-small cells; that of the lower is fibrous. The rhizin vary from
light grey to black; generally they are greyish or brownish.

Hab. On trees by roadsides, ete., in lowland and upland districts.
—Distr. Seen only from a few localities in N. England and the
Grampians, Scotland.—Bb. M. Near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Achmore, Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Monaltrie House,
Ballater and Countesswells, Aberdeenshire.

Var. aipolia Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 111 (1861).—Laciniz of
the circumference more plane than in the species, beneath
whitish or grey (K+yellow).—Physcia aipolia Nyl. in Flora liii.
p- 58 (1870) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vill. p. 97 (1870), in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 571 (1880) (incl. f. acrita) & Monogr. i.
p. 313. Ph. stellaris var. acrita Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 (1870).
Lichenoides cinereum, seqmentis argutis stellatis, scutellis nigris
| Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 176, t. 24, f. 70 a, B (1761). Lichen stellaris
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 448 (1762) (non L.) fide Crombie. L. aipolius
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 112 (1798).

Hesice. Croall. n.592.

Distinguisned from the species by the more flattened thallus,
which in age becomes wrinkled in the centre; but chiefly by the
reaction of the medulla with potash, which gives a faint-lemon yellow.

Hab. On trees, rarely on calcareous walls, in maritime and inland
districts.—Distv. Rather rare throughout the British Isles.—B. MW.
Penzance, Cornwall; Ilsham Valley, Torquay, and Linton, Devon;
Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Lewes, Sussex; Hafod, Cardiganshire ;
Dolgelly, Merioneth; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Appin, Argyll;
Killin and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Applecross, Rossshire ; Kylemore and Loch Inagh, Connemara,

Galway.
Form anthelina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 111 (1861).—Thallus

with narrower lacinize which are more apart, long, rather convex,
and with more developed black rhiziniz, beneath greyish-brown
(K +2"). Ph. aipolia var. anthelina Cromb. in Grevillea xv.
p. 78 (1887). Lichen anthelinus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 111
(1798).

This form is identical with Lichen ambiguus Ehrh. Pl. Crypt.
n. 207 (1785) nomen nudum, the name adopted by continental lichen-
ologists. ae as in species and varieties the margin of the apothecium
becomes crenulate with age. The reaction with potash allies it with
var. aipolia.

Hab, On trees in maritime and inland districts.— Distr. Rare in
S. England and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Isham Valley, Torquay, Devon ;
near Ryde, I. of Wight; Henfield, Sussex; Muckruss Demesne,
Killarney, Kerry.

240 CYCLOCARPINE [| PHYSCIA

Var. cercidia Th, Fr. Lich. Scand. i. p. 139 (1871).—Thallus
greyish-white, the laciniz short, contiguous, somewhat convex or

wrinkled, crowded and partly imbricate in the centre, broader ~

at the circumference. Apothecia mostly pruinose, sometimes
larger.—Physcia_ stellaris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 (1870) pro
parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151; ed. 3, p. 140. Ph. aipolia var.

cercidia Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 384 (1878) ;°

Cromb, in Grevillea xv, p. 78 (1887). Lichen stellaris Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 824 (1777) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 31 pro parte.
Parmelia aipolia var. cercidia Ach. Lich, Univ. p. 478 (1810).
P. stellaris Tay]. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 142 (1839) (2 Ach.).
Borrera stellaris Mudd Man. p. 109 (1861).

Easice. Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 7; Johns. n. 251; Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 161 & Lich. Cantab. n. 13; Leight. n. 6; Mudd n. 79.

A coarser plant than the species, resembling Ph. pulverulenta in
the irregular difform wrinkled growth. The short rhizine are
crowded, much branched and become darker in colour, The apothecia
are often numerous and crowded.

Hab. On old trees, rarely on calcareous walls, in cultivated districts.
—Distr. General and plentiful in most parts of the British Isles.—
B. M. Guernsey; Withiel and Penzance, Cornwall; near Ryde, I. of
Wight; Glynde, Fairlight near Hastings, and Henfield, Sussex;
Reigate, Surrey; Edgware, Middlesex; Elstree, Herts; Windsor.
3erks; Ulting, Essex; near Nailsworth, Gloucestershire; Pixham
and North Malvern, Worcestershire; Llandrindod, Radnorshire ;
Llanymynech, Clungunford and near Shrewsbury, Shropshire ; Aber-
dovey, Merioneth; Malew, I. of Man; Madingley Park, Cambridge-
shire; Twycross. Leicestershire; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
near Hexham, Northumberland; Kendal and Windermere, Westmore-
land; Alston, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; near
Melrose, Roxburghshire ; near Edinburgh; near Inverary and Appin,
Argyll; Blair Drummond, near Stirling; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire ;
Camperdown, Forfarshire ; Cults and Castletown of Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Fort William, Invernessshire; “Applecross, Rossshire ;
near Cork ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

9. Ph. melops Duf. ex Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 16 (1874),—
Thallus normally orbicular-stellate, appressed, more or less bluislhi-
grey with narrow contiguous convex lacinize ; beneath brownish
(K + yellow). Apothecia and spores as in Ph, stellaris.—Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885).

The thallus of our single specimen is of scattered almost isolated
branching lacinizw, and recalls var. aipolia f. anthelina of the pre-
ceding species, but differs from it in habitat. According to Nylander
(l.c.) it is a widely spread species in the mountainous districts of
Murope.

Hab. On a calcareous wall among mosses.—B. M. Appin, Argyll.
the only British locality.

10. Ph. hispida Tuckerm. Syn. N. Amer, Lich. i. p. 75
(1882).—Thallus spreading, formed of narrow branching hori-

a

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACEE 241

zontal or ascending straggling lacinix, beset with marginal grey
or brownish cilia, generally pale-grey, becoming darker, whitish
beneath, with few grey rhizine (K + Yewsb), Apothecia small
or moderate in size, the disc pruinose or naked, the margin
entire, sometimes becoming crenulate ; spores oblong, 15-23 py
long, 8-11 » thick.—Ph. stellaris var. tenella Nyl. in Mém. Soc.
Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 107 (1857) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151; ed. 3, p. 141; var. leptalea Nyl. Syn.
Lich. p. 425 (1860); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 & Monogr. i.
p- 311; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 151; ed. 3, p. 140; subsp. tenella
Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) & Monogr. i.
p. 312. Muscus parvus cinereus marginibus pilosis Buddle Hort.
Sice. il. fol. 6, n. 7 in Herb. Sloane. Lichenoides hispidum minus
et tenerrius, scutellis nigris Dill. Hist. Muse, p. 152, t. 20, f. 46
(1741). Lichen hispidus Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. p. 126 (1771).
L. tenellus Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. p. 394 (1772); With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 56; Engl. Bot. t. 1351. JL. ciliaris var. Lightf.
Wie Scot. ii. p. 828 (1777); Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 538.
L. leptaleus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 108 (1798). Parmelia
tenella Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 250 (1803); Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 147. Borrera tenella Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 498 (1810) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 434; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 56 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 222. B. hispida Mudd Man. p. 106 (1861)
(incl. var. tenella).

Exsicc. Bohl. 1. 20; Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 8; Cromb. n. 151;
Johns. n. 92; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 330; Leight. n. 174; Mudd °
n. 78.

Somewhat similar in habit and appearance to Ph. ciliaris, but of
slighter structure throughout. The two plants, Lichen tenellus
and L. leptaleus, now united under Ph. hispida, do not differ except
in the hooded tips, frequently sorediate, of the laciniz in subsp. tenella.
These are caused by a mite which eats away the cortex and stimulates
a formation of gonidial tissue (Bouly de Lesdain, Lich. Dunk. p. 68).
The upper cortex is plectenchymatous and densely granulose; the
lower cortex is fibrous with here and there rhizinw; the lacinie are
mainly attached by the cilia.

Hab. On trees, rarely on oid walls or boulders in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Common throughout the British Isles.—
B.M. La Moye, Jersey; Guernsey; Penzance, Withiel and St. Minver,
Cornwall; Bolt Head and Plymouth, Devon; Lymington, Hants;
Shanklin and Brading, I. of Wight; St. Leonards Forest, Wolstonbury,
Bolney and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Holmwood, Surrey; Ulting and
Walthamstow, Essex ; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Twycross and
Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Grimsbury Green, Northamptonshire ;
Malvern, Worcestershire; Llanymynech and Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Angle-
sea; Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk; Eaton and Earsham, Norfolk ;
Buxton, Matlock, Darley, Eyam and Cromford, Derbyshire; Ayton,
Stokesley and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Gainsford, Durham;
Holy Island, Northumberland; Croft Head, Westmoreland; near
Asby, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Swanston

E R

242 CYCLOCARPINEZE | PHYSCIA

Wood and near Edinburgh; Wormit Bay, Fife; Appin, Argyll; Ben
Lawers, Killin and Blair Drummond, Perthshire; Tealing, Auchter-
house and Montrose, Forfarshire ; Castleton of Braemar and Cults,
Aberdeenshire; Carrigaloe, Cork; Dromoreland, Clare; Cushlecka
and Dugort, Achill Island, Mayo.

Form exempta A. L. Sm.—Lacinie shorter and broader,
sometimes crowded and imbricate, sparingly and shortly ciliate.
—Physcia stellaris subsp. tenella f. exempta Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 313 (1894). Borrera tenella var. exemta Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 499 (1810). Parmelia tenella var. exempta Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 147 (1836).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 93.

Hab. On the trunks of trees and on palings.—Distr. Rare in
N. England and §8.W. Ireland, probably overlooked.—B. M. Wark-on-
Tyne, Northumberland; Ballynegarde, Limerick.

Form subobscura A. L. Sm.—Thallus rather darker and cilia
darker.—Ph. stellaris var. subobscura Nyl. in Bidr. Finl. Nat. iv.
p. 239 (1859) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) & Monogr
i. p. 311; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 141.

helen. att. Lich. Hb. (without a number).

The darker colour of thallus and cilia may possibly be due to the
exposed habitat of the form.

Hab. On rocks and wall-tops.— Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands,
N. England,- Highlands of Scotland and W. Ireland.—B. M. La Moye.
Jersey; Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole.
Perthshire ; Leenane, Galway.

11. Ph. astroidea Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér, 3,
i. p. 308 (1856).—Thallus irregularly orbicular, thin, closely
appressed, the lacini of the periphery narrow or rather broad,
crenate at the tips, the centre of the thallus granular, isidiose or
becoming wholly pulverulent-sorediose, glaucous- or whitish-grey ;
beneath “whitish, with numerous short slightly brownish rhizinw
(K + yellow, CaCl + yellow). Apothecia rare, small, the dise
brownish-black, naked or pruinose, the margin inflexed, becoming
crenulate ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 17-20 p long, 8-11 p thick.—
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 39; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 153; ed. 3, p. 139. Parmelia
astroidea Clem. Ensayo, p. 302 (1807). P. Clementi Turn. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 146, t. ou fig. 1 (1808). P. Clementiana
Ach, Lich. Univ. p. 483 (1810) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 439 ;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 147. P. columnaris Tayl. tom.
cit. p. 144 (1836). Lichen Clementi Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1779
(1807). Squamaria Clementi Hook. in Sm, Engl. Fl. p. 196
(1833). Borrera astroidea Mudd Man. p. 108, t. 2, fig. 32
(1861) (inel. var. Clementi)

Ezaicc, Leight. n. 324.

A southern species first discovered in Spain and rarely fruiting in
our country. The thallus is extremely variable, but generally dis-

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACE® 243

tinguished by the extensive soredial development, the whole centre
of the thallus frequently becoming leprose; occasionally it is more
isidiose (Parmelia columnaris). The upper cortex is plectenchymatous,
the lower is indistinctly fibrous, being formed of rather thick-walled
branching hyphé subparallel to the long axis of the lobes.

Hab. On the trunks of trees, often in orchards, and on tiled roofs
in maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Somewhat rare in the
Channel Islands, 5. and Central England, N. Wales, S. and W. Ireland,
not seen from Scotland.—B. M. Rozel-and St. Martin’s, Jersey ;
Guernsey; Penzance, Cornwall; near Plymouth, Devon; near South-
ampton, Hants; Ryde, I. of Wight; Brighton, Henfield, Sedlescombe,
Glynde, near Lewes and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; near Maidstone and
Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Saffron Walden and Epping Forest, Essex ;
West Haddon and Buckly Folly, Northamptonshire; Twycross,
Leicestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth; Carigaline near Cork; Dun-
kerron, Kerry; Tervoe, Limerick; Kylemore Lake, Connemara,
Galway.

Form elegans Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 317 (1894).—Thallus
glaucous-white, the lacinie long and narrow, branched and
spreading, frequently isidiose at the margins.— Var. elegans Ny].
ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 139 (1879).

Easicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 88.

Hab. On rocks in a maritime district—B. M. S. of Kylemore
Lake, Connemara, Galway (the only British locality).

12. Ph. cesia Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 308
(1856).— Thallus normally orbicular-stellate, closely adnate,
formed of narrow dividing radiating laciniz, convex, contiguous,
and spreading at the tips, light- or dark-grey, sprinkled with
round whitish-grey soralia; beneath pale, with brown rhizine
(K + yellow). Apothecia rare, chiefly central, rather small,
naked or pruinose, the margin prominent, entire or crenulate ;
spores oblong, 16-23 p long, 9-13 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 39. Ph. stellaris var. cesia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 152 (1871) ;
ed. 3, p. 141. Lichenoides cinereum, segmentis argutis stellatis,
scutellis nigris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 176, t. 24, fig. 70 0 (1741).
Lichen cesius Hoffm. Enum. Lich. p. 65, t. 12, fig. 1 (1784);
Engl. Bot. t. 1052. Lichen Psora Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii.
p. 17 (1793) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 26. Parmelia cexsia Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 197 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 443;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 147. Squamaria cesia Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 196 (1833). Borrera cesia Mudd Man.
p. 107 (1861).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 252; Leight. n. 323.

Distinguished by the stellate outline and by the presence of
soralia, though in some specimens one or other of these characters is
obscure. The lower cortex is fibrous formed of brownish irregularly
parallel hyph, with occasional cell formation.

Hab. On walls, roofs and boulders in lowland and upland districts.
—Distr. General though not common throughout the British Isles,

R 2

JD4A4 CYCLOCARPINEE [ PHYSCIA

—B. M. Guernsey; Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall; Por-
chester, Hants; Chestham and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Richmond
House, Surrey; Ulting and Walthamstow, Essex; near Oxford and
Calthorpe, Oxfordshire ; near Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Twy-
cross and Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Barmouth, Merioneth ; Buxton, Derbyshire; Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; near
Kendal, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Kirk-
field, Lanarkshire ; near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyll; Dunblane, Ben
Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Crathie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form teretiuscula Cromb. Monogr. 1. p. 318 (1894).—Lacinize
narrower and somewhat convex, less contiguous but crowded
and partly imbricate.—Parmelia czsia var. teretiuscula Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 479 (1810).

Distinguished only by the characters of the lacinix ; intermediate
states are not wanting. British specimens are sterile.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Collected

only in W. Englandiand §.W. Ireland.—B. M. Penzance, Cornwall ;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

13. Ph. eleina A. L. Sm.—Thallus rather small, thin,
orbicular, of narrow imbricate-stellate laciniz, multifid at the
circumference, dull greenish-grey, closely adhering to the sub-
stratum, frequently breaking up in the older parts and becoming
roughened or leprose or sorediate; beneath light-coloured or
brownish, attached by few delicate rhizine (K—). Apothecia
rather rare, small, the disc brownish-black, the margin entire,
prominent; spores ellipsoid, 14-21 » long, 8-10 yp thick, or
smaller.—Ph. adglutinata Nyl. in Flora xlv. p. 355 (1862);
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 & Monogr. i. p. 320; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 137. Ph. obscura var. adglutinata Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 149 (1871). Lichen elxinus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2158 (1810).
Lecanora adglutinata Floerke Deutsche Lich. iv. p, 7 (1819),
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 146. Parmelia eleina Wahlenb.
ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 46 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat.

Arr. i, p. 439. Squamaria eleina Hook. in Sm. Engl, Fl. v.

p. 197 (1833).
Exsice. Cromb. n. 152; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 49.

The thallus is extremely thin, and is closely agglutinate to the
support. The lower cortex is formed of a narrow band of hyphie
parallel to the long axis from which hyphe singly, or in rhizinose
strands, pass out and attach it to the bark. Crombie draws attention
to the unusual spermogones which are olive-brown with acicular
spermatia, about 18 » long, and searcely 1 p» thick.

Hab, On the trunks of trees, rarely on walls in maritime and
inland districts. —Distr. Probably not uncommon in England and
W. Ireland, rare injthe Channel Islands ; not recorded from Scotland.
—~B. M. Guernsey; Penzance, Cornwall; Lymington, Hants ;
Glynde, Hurstpierpoint and near Henfield, Sussex; Walthamstow,

ad

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACE% 245

Essex; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Gamlingay, Cambridge-
shire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Killaloe, Clare; near Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway.

Form sorediata A. L. Sm.—Lacinie broader, dilated at the
tips, closely appressed, the margins and centre almost entirely
leprose-sorediate, greyish-glaucous. Apothecia not seen. Ph.
adglutinata £. sorediata Nyl. ex Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 138
(1879) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 321.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 127.

Paler in colour than the species, and more entirely sorediate.

Hab. On walls and trees in upland districts——-Distr. Rare in
W. Ireland.—B. M. Letterfrack and Mweelan, Connemara, Galway.

C. Cortex plectenchymatous on both surfaces.

14. Ph. erosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 152 (1871).—Thallus
suborbicular, moderate in size, composed of mostly short crowded
imbricate laciniz, minutely crenate or notched, as if eroded at
the margins, light-grey, often ascending and powdery-sorediate,
beneath whitish-yellow, sparingly rhizinose (K + yellow, CaCl +
yellow). Apothecia rather small, dark-brown, pruinose or
naked, the margin subentire; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 14-20 yp
long, 7-10 p» thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. x. p. 358 (1872) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 139. Ph. cesia var. albinea Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 39 (1870) (non Ach.). Squamaria erosa Borr.
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2807 (1807). S. tribacita Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 194 (1833). Borrera cesia var. albinea Mudd
Man. p. 108, t. 2, fig. 31 (1861) (non Ach.).

Exsice. Larb. Cesar. n. 24 & Lich. Hb. n. 294; Leight. n. 266.

Closely allied to Ph. tribacia, but differing in the more delicate
texture and with fewer rhizine. In both species the cortex of the
lower surface, like the upper, is of small-celled indistinct plecten-
chyma.

Hab. On trees, walls and rocks in maritime and upland districts.
—Distr. Not general nor common throughout the British Islands.—
B. M. St. Mary’s, Scilly; Rozel, St. Ouen’s and La Moye, Jersey ;
Jerbourg and Moulin Huet, Guernsey; Penzance and Withiel,
Cornwall; Plymouth and Wembury, Devon; Porchester, Hants ;
Bexhill and Washington, Sussex; near Swindon, Wilts; Kingston,
Somerset; Malvern, Worcestershire; Nannau, Dolgelly, Barmouth
and Aberdovey, Merioneth; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; near
Staveley, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Bar-
caldine, Argyll ; Invermoriston, Invernessshire.

15. Ph. tribacia Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 307 (1874).—Thallus
moderate in size, irregularly orbicular, the lobes short, partly
imbricate, crenate at the edges, greyish-white, sprinkled with
small subglobose concolorous soralia which may coalesce into
sorediate pustules ; beneath brownish-white, with few concolorous
rhizine. Apothecia moderate in size, blackish, the thalline

246 CYCLOCARPINE | PHYSCIA

margin subentire or crenulate; spores oblong, 15-20 yw long,
8-11 p thick—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887). Ph.
tribacoides Nyl. 1. c.; Cromb. in Grevillea iii. p. 22 (1874) &
Monogr. i. p. 315; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed: 3, p. 140. Lecanora
tribacia Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 415 (1810). Psoroma tribaciwm
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 445 (1821). Borrera czxsia var.
tribacia Mudd Man. p. 107 (1861).

Ph. tribacoides is similar to Ph. tribacia except in the reaction
with potash ; both turn yellow in the cortex and soredia, but the
former gives a somewhat stronger colour in the medulla. Apothecia
are extremely rare; there are none present in any of our specimens ;
the description of spores, etc., is taken from Crombie (Monogr. i.
p. 315).

Hab. On trees in maritime districts.—Distr. Local and rare in the
Channel Islands and 8. England.—B. M. St. John’s and St. Martin’s,
Jersey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Lymington, Hants.

16. Ph. subdetersa Nyl. in Flora lxi. p. 344 (1878) (note).—
Thallus spreading, formed of rather wide appressed lobes, pale
greenish-brown, sparingly sorediate on the surface of the lobes,
the soredia and medulla yellowish (medulla K + slightly yellow) ;
beneath brown, rhizinose. Apothecia unknown.

Distinguished by the colour of the medulla and soredia. Upper
and lower cortices are plectenchymatous.

Hab, Among mosses on rocks in subalpine regions.—Distr. Very
rare in W. England and 8. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. North Hill,
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

17. Ph. orbicularis Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flechten
Tirol, etc. p. 165 (1902).—Thallus spreading, closely appressed,
cracked and almost crustaceous or laciniate, the lacinie narrow,
often overlapping, spreading in all dire¢tions, suberenate or
entire at the tips, dark- or greyish-brown ; beneath very black,
with crowded short simple or branched rhizine (K—, CaCl—).
Apothecia rather small, generally numerous, the disc blackish-
brown, the margin prominent, entire; spores ellipsoid-oblong,
15-25 p long, 8-12 p thick.—Ph. obscwra Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn,
Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 309 (1856). Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39 (inel.
var. chloantha, excl. var. ulothrix) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148 pro
parte, ed. 3, p. 136 pro parte (incl. var. chloantha). Lichen
orbicularis Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 88 (1771). Z. obseurus Ehrh,
Pl. Crypt n. 177 (1785) nomen nudum. — L, cyelostelis Ach, Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 113 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1942. Parmelia
cyclostelis Ach. Meth, Lich. p. 199 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr, i. p. 444 pro parte; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 202
pro parte. Borrera obscura Mudd Man. p. 109 (1861) pro parte.

Exsicce. Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 252 & Lich. Cantab. n, 14.

A dull-ecoloured plant with an orbicular or irregular outline,
frequently sprinkled with sorediate-like dots, which seem to be

PHYSCIA | PHYSIACEX 247

nibbled or abraded portions ; occasionally the rhizine grow horizon-
tally from the margins of the lacinie. The lower cortex is a rather
broad layer of very dark plectenchyma. Apothecia are fairly
frequent ; spermogones are still more numerous with spermatia,
3 » long, about 1 » thick. The variety (Parmelia chloantha Ach.
Syn. Lich. p. 217 (1814) ), distinguished by a lighter-coloured thallus,
does not occur in the British Isles.

Hab. On trunks of trees in inland districts.—Dist. Rare in
England and the S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. MW. Brockenhurst,
New Forest, Hants; Beeding, Sussex; near Ledbury, Herefordshire ;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Newmarket, Cambridgeshire; Penylan,
Denbighshire ; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire.

Var. ciliata Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flechten Tirol, etc.
p. 166 (1902).—Thallus similar to that of the species ; beneath
dark-rhizinose, the rhizinz frequently growing straight from the
margin of the lobes, like rigid cilia. Apothecia rather larger,
numerous, the under side frequently furnished with stiff grey or
dark cilia.—Physcia ulothriz Nyl. m Flora lviii. p. 360 (1875) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxii. p. 571 (1880) & Monogr. i.
p. 319. Ph. obscura var. ulothri« Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 39;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 149; ed. 3, p. 1387. Lichenoides viride,
segmentis angustis distortis, scutellis pullis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 178,
t. 24, fig. 72a (1741). Lichen ciliatus Hoffm. Enum. Lich.
p- 69, t. 14, fig. 1 (1784); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 16?
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 30. LD. stellaris var. 4 With. tom. cit.
p- 31 (1796). L. ulothrix Ach, Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 113 (1798).
L. virellus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1696 (1807) lower fig. Parmelia
ulothriz Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 200 (1803); Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 146. Borrera obscura var. ulothric Mudd Man.
p. 110 (1861).

Exsice. Johns. n. 210; Leight. n. 80.

Though given specific rank by Acharius, Crombie and others, this
lichen can only be considered a variety, as the ciliate character of the
lobes, due to the horizontal rhizine of the margin, is also a feature of
the species, though to a less marked extent, and the brush-like cilia
of the apothecia are not constant even in the same specimen. The
cortex of the under surface is like that of the species. The identity
of Lichen ciliatus with Physcia ulothrix was determined by Wainio
(Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 14 (1886) ).

Hab. On the trunks of trees, rarely on palings and walls in
maritime and upland districts.—Dist7. Rather uncommon through-
out Great Britain ana Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Torquay, Devon; Bolney, Brighton and Aldbourne, Sussex; Olting.
Essex ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Gopsall, Leicestershire; near
Worcester; Buxton, Derbyshire; Asbgill, Cumberland; New Gallo-
way, Kirkeudbrightshire; Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin and Glen
Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Carrigaloe, Cork.

Var. virella Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flechten Tirol, ete.
p. 166 (1902).—Thallus spreading, pale greyish-green, sometimes

248 CYCLOCARPINE® | PHYSCIA

dotted with small roundish soralia. Apothecia small or moderate
in size, rarely ciliate on the under side.—Physcia obscura var.
virella Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 148 (1871); ed. 3, p. 137. Ph. endo-
coceina Cromb. in Journ, Bot. x. p. 359 (1872) (non. Koerb.) ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 142. Ph. ulothrix var. rirella Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 320; Dill. 1. c.
fig. 72B. Lichen virellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 108 (1798);
Engl. Bot. t. 1696, two upper figs. Parmelia virella Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 201 (1803) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 202. Borrera
obscura var. virella Mudd Man. p. 110 (1861).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 126 & Lich. Cantab. n. 15;
Mudd n. 80.

Distinguished by the lighter colour, bright-green when wet, light-
brown when dry. Some of the specimens like those of the species
are dotted with small abraded or nibbled spots, others are abun-
dantly sorediate. The lobes are rhizinose-ciliate and occasionally
the apothecia. Both species and varieties, more especially var.
virella, are frequently associated with Xanthoria parietina, and are
thus liable to be suffused with parietin, which give a yellow tone of
colour to the whole thallus (Ph. endococcina Cromb.).

Hab. On trunks of old trees, rarely on walls in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Not uncommon in England, rarer in Wales,
Scotland and Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Ilsham,
Torquay, Devon; Ryde, I. of Wight; near Brighton, Henfield and
Dannv, Sussex; Epping Forest and Ulting, Essex; near Cirencester
and Honeybourne, Gloucestershire ; Broadwas and Norton, Worces-
tershire; Gogmagog Hills and near Newmarket, Cambridgeshire ;
Aberdovey, Merioneth ; Darley, Derbyshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin and Glen Fender,
Perthshire ; Killaloe, Cork ; Lyons near Dublin.

.18. Ph. lithotea Nyl. in Flora Ix. p. 354 (1877).—Thallus sub-
orbicular, composed of short plane subimbriecate multifid laciniz,
light- or generally dark-brown, beneath black, the rhizine black,
numerous, occasionally extending from the margins (K —,
CaCl — ). Apothecia rare “central, blackish ; spores as in the
preceding species or slightly smaller.” —Ph. obscura subsp. lithotea
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 78 (1887); var. chloantha f. lithotea
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 157 (1879). Parmelia cycloselis vay.
lithotea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 199 (1803).

Eexsiec. Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number).

Resembles the preceding species and varieties in the structure of
the tlrallus, the upper cortex being plectenchymatous, the lower also
of plectenchyma very deeply impregnated with a dark brown pigment.
The older specimens become roughly furfuraceous.

Hab, In depressions of rocks by the sea and by lakes and streams
in mountainous districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in N. England,
N. Wales. S. Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M, Near
Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Loch Tay, Perth-
shire ; Connemara, Galway.

RINODINA | PHYSIACEX 249

50. RINODINA S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 448 (1821) pro
minima parte; emend. Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 14 (1852) ;
Mudd Man. p. 142. Lecanora sect. Rinodina Ach. Lich, Univ.
p. 344 (1810) pro minore parte. (PI. 50.)

Thallus crustaceous, rarely squamulose, non-corticate except
in highly developed species. Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia
dark-coloured, generally with a prominent thalline margin :
paraphyses slender, broader, septate, brown and often shortly
branched at the tips; spores 8 in the ascus (rarely more)
l-septate, more or less distinctly polarilocular, brown.

The spores of this genus, as in Physcia, are nearly always
distinctly polarilocular with the cell-lumens rather near the median
wall. The thallus in most species is coloured some tinge of grey, in
others it becomes very dark. The genus is distinguished from Bwellia
by the thalline margin of the apothecium and also by the more or
less distinctly polarilocular spores. The same type of spores occurs
in Buellia discolor, B. interpolata, B. biloculata and B. polospora
(Brit. Lich. ii. p. 168). The first two species have a colourless
hypothecium, and are clearly allied to Rinodina; the two latter
having a dark hypothecium are more truly lecideine.

Thallus isidioid-squamulose.

1. R. isidioides Oliv. Lich. Eur. fase. 2, p. 186 (1909).—
Thallus effuse, consisting of somewhat coralloid isidia-like
processes, scattered or rarely united into a squamulose structure,
simple or sometimes divided unevenly, cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, whitish or pale greyish-green (IKK + yellowish, CaCl — ).
Apothecia small or moderate in size, plane, the disc blackish,
the thalline margin entire or crenulate-isidioid ; paraphyses
slightly clavate, septate and brown at the tips; spores fusiform-
ellipsoid, sometimes constricted in the middle, colourless then
dark-brown, large, 26-30 p long, 12-15 p thick.—Parmelia
isidioides Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2808 (1837). Lecanora
isidioides Ny]. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 115 (1857);
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 & Monogr. i. p. 402; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 224; ed. 3, p.214. Borrera isidioides Mudd Man. p. 106 (1861).

An endemic species well characterized by the peculiar thallus ; it
has recently been rediscovered in the New Forest by R. Paulson.
The structure of the minute “radiate” thallus is almost wholly
cellular with the gonidia massed towards the centre; there is no
definite cortex.

Hab. On mossy and naked trunks of trees in inland or upland
districts.—Distr. Rare in N. Wales and S$. England.—B. M. Cadnam,
New Forest, Hants ; Cwm Bychan and Dolymellynen, Merioneth.

Thallus crustaceous, grey or whitish.

On trees or wood.

2, R. polyspora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 126 (1860).—Thallus

very thin, smooth or granulate-verrucose, whitish or greyish

250 CYCLOCARPINE® | RINODINA

(K —, CaCl —). Apothecia minute, adnate, the dise brownish
or blackish, at first plane and then with a thin rather paler
margin, becoming convex and immarginate; paraphyses some-
what conglutinate, slightly thicker, knobbed and brown at the
tips, and often shortly branched and septate ; spores 12-24 in
the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 13-16 p
long, 5-8 p thick.—R. sophodes Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 14
(1852) (non Ach.); Mudd Man. p. 142. Lecanora polyspora
Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. n. ser. viii. p. 182
(1871); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 47 (1889) & Monogr. i.
p. 402. ak

Distinguished by the number of spores in the ascus. There is no
British specimen in the herbarium.

Hab. On smooth bark of trees in mountainous regions.—Distr.
Only very sparingly at Craig Calliach, Perthshire.

3. R. sophodes Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 125 (1860) (non
Massal.).—Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, often sub-
orbicular, rather thin, verrucose-areolate, grey or greyish-brown,
with a black hypothallus (K —). Apothecia small, usually
crowded in roundish patches, brownish-black, the thalline margin
entire, sometimes becoming crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 12—20 p
long, 6-8 (or -10) p thick.— Rinodina exigua var. horiza Mudd
Man. p. 143 (1861). Lichen sophodes Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p- 67 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1791. Lecanora sophodes Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 356 (1810); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 pro parte ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 188 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 49 pro parte & Monogr, i. p. 394; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 224;
ed. 3, p. 214 pro parte. Lecanora subfusca var. horiza Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 394 (1810)? :

Ezxsicc. Mudd n, 109.

The thallus, though mostly circumscribed by the black line of
the hypothallus, is sometimes effuse, and generally crowded with
apothecia. These owe the dark colour of the disc to the paraphyses,
which are brown over the tips; they are slightly wider and septate
upwards, sometimes ending in several short branchlets. The spores
have thickened walls, each cell with a restricted lumen, which shows
frequently a projection towards the median septum. Massalongo’s
species has asci 14~-20-spored, and evidently refers to R. polyspora.

Hab. On trunks of trees, especially ash, in wooded localities.

Distr. Local and rare in S.W. and N. England and S$. Wales.—
B. M. Near Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devon; near Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; near Cuckmere, Sussex; Kemble, Wilts; Llanymy-
nech, Shropshire; St. Donats, Glamorganshire; Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire.

Var. malangica Th. Fr. Lich, Seand. p. 200 (1871).—Thallus
effuse, coarsely areolate, furfuraceous on the surface, dark

greenish-olive or blackish.— Rinodina leprcsa subsp. malangica
Norm. in K. Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. v. p. 343 (1868). Lecanora

RINODINA | PHYSIACEX. 251
sophodes t. malangica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215 (1879); var.
malangica Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) & Monogr. i.
p. 394. Specimen not seen.

The B. M. specimen recorded as var. malangica is Buellia myrio-
carpa. It was collected by Leighton on Haughmond Hill, Shropshire.

Hab.—On trunks of trees.— Distr. Sparingly in W. England ?.

4, R. exigua 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 (1821).—Thallus
effuse, thin, membranaceous and continuous or areolate, often
granular and scattered, whitish or pale- to dark-grey, hypothallus
black, but rarely distinct (K—). Apothecia small, plane, the
disc blackish, with a thin thalline margin, entire or crenulate,
becoming convex with the margin excluded ; paraphyses narrowly
clavate, septate and brown at the tips; spores fusiform-ellipsoid,
11-18 » long, 6-8 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 142 pro parte (incl.
var. periclea). R. periclea S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 (1821)
pro parte. Lichen exiguus Ach. Lich, Suec. Prodr. p. 69 (1798) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 1849 pro parte. JL. pericleus Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 1850 (1808) (non Ach.). Lecanora periclea Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Bot. v. p. 187 (1833); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 133. L. ewigua Hook. in Sm. Engl. FIL. v. p. 187 (1833) pro
parte ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 395 pro parte. LL. sophodes var.
exigua Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 (1870); f. eaigua Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 224 (1871); ed. 3, p. 214.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 169, 262.

Not easily distinguished from I. sophodes, but the thallus is
usually more spreading and thinner, and the apothecia are smaller
and less persistently marginate ; the spores also are slightly smaller.

Hab. On trees, or more frequently on palings in maritime and
inland districts—Dist. Fairly common throughout the Channel
Islands and England, evidently rare in Scotland and Ireland.—B. M.
Noirmont, Jersey; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Hurstpierpoint.
Sussex; Epping Forest, Essex; near Bristol, Somerset; Weston,
Oxfordshire ; near Morda, Oswestry, Shropshire; near Worcester ;
Suffolk; Yarmouth, Norfolk ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

Var. lecideoides Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 203 (1871).—Thallus
grey, scanty or absent. Apothecia small, thin, plane, with a
greyish thalline margin becoming crenulate or disappearing :
spores oblong, 16-20 » long, 8-11 p thick.—Lecanora sophodes
var. lecideoides Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 149 (1861) ; f. lecideoides
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225 (1871); ed. 3, p. 215 pro parte.
L. exigqua var. lecideoides Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889)
& Monogr. i. p. 396.

Though with somewhat larger spores, resembles FR. exigua in the
habitat and in the subentire margin of the apothecium, which
generally becomes excluded.

Hab. On old palings in inland districts.—Dist. Rare in 8S. England
and Central Scotland.—B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Glen
Lochay, Killin, Perthshire.

bo
Or
bo

CYCLOCARPINEE [ RINODINA

>. R. roboris Arn. in Flora Ixiv. p. 197 (1881); Oliv. Exp.
Syst. Lich. p. 252 (1897).—-Thallus determinate or subeffuse,
thinnish, continuous and somewhat wrinkled or superficially
areolate or furfuraceous, whitish or greyish-white (K + yellow) ;
hypothallus black, visible only occasionally as a narrow black
line. Apothecia moderate in size or rather large, prominent,
thickly scattered, the dise blackish, the margin persistent,
becoming crenulate ; paraphyses septate, irregularly branched
and brown upwards; spores ellipsoid, 15-18 » long, 6—9 yp thick.
—Lecanora roboris Dut. ex Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb.
ii. p. 326 (1854); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) &
Monogr. i. p. 597. LL. sophodes var. roboris Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p. 149 (1861); f. roboris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 225 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 215.

Evsiec. Johns. n. 36; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 260

Distinguished by the more developed lighter-coloured thallus, by
the reaction with potash, and by the whitish-margined apothecia.

Hab, On trunks of trees with rugged bark, rarely on stems of
heather in maritime and inland localities.—Dzist. Rather common in
the British Isles except Scotland, where it has not yet been reported.
—B. M. East Coast of Jersey; D’Ixcart, Sark; Launceston and
Penzance, Cornwall; Ilsham, Torquay, Devon; New Forest, Hants ;
Tilgate and Danny, Sussex; Epping Forest, Langford, Maldon,
Danbury and Thorndon Hall, Brentford, Essex; Savernake Forest,
Wilts: Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; near Worcester; Charnwood
Forest, Leicestershire ; Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth ;
Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham; Felton Woods, North-
umberland; Leven’s Park, Westmoreland; Calder Abbey, Cumber--
land; Carrigaloe, near Cork; Doughruagh Mt., Connemara, Galway.

On rocks, slates, tiles, ete.

6. R. confragosa:Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 125 (1855).—
Thallus effuse, generally thickish, warted-areolate, the tubercles
sometimes rather sparse, greyish or dirty-white (K + yellow),
hypothallus black, often not visible. Apothecia moderate in size
or rather small, the disc blackish, the thalline margin prominent,
becoming crenulate ; paraphyses slender, septate and brown at
the tips, and slightly enlarged ; spores ellipsoid, 12-23 pw long,
7-13 p thick.—Parmelia confragosa Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl.
p. 33 (18035). Lecanora sophodes var. confragosa Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 49 ee L. confragosa Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Pee
Zot. Hr. xxv. 404 (1878) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 222;
Cromb. Mosoan: i, p. 397.

EBusice. Larb. Cesar, n. 28 & Lich. Hb. n. 301,

Nearly allied to R. roboris, but with a generally thicker, duller
thallus. The apothecia are numerous and prominent. The plant
from Fairlight, Hastings, determined by Larbalestier as Lecanora
mougeotioides (A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. p. 352), is identical with this
species, as shown by Larbalestier’s specimen lent by R. Paulson.

RINODINA | PHYSIACEE 255

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime and inland
localities.—Dzst. Rare throughout the British Isles —B. M. La
Coupe, Jersey ; The Lizard, Cornwall; near Hastings, Sussex ;
Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Crookhaven, Cork; Doughruagh
Mt., Kylemore and Dawros River, Connemara, Galway ; Ardglass,
Down.

7. R. atrocinerea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 125 (1855).
—Thallus effuse or determinate, thickish, whitish- or dark-
grey, generally of rounded smooth verruce, continuous and
crowded or scattered, with a black hypothallus (K + yellow,
CaCl + reddish). Apothecia at first minute and innate in the
verruce, becoming plane, at length convex, the dise dark-brown
or blackish, the thalline margin rather thin, entire, becoming
obliterated ; spores ellipsoid, 17-25 » long, 10-12 yp thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 144, t. 2, fig. 49. Lichen atrocinereus Dicks. PI.
Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 14, t. 9, fig. 2 (1793) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 19; Engl. Bot. t. 2096. Lecidea atrocinerea Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 174 (1833). Lecanora milvina Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 134 (1836) pro parte (non Wahl.). DL. atrocinerea
Nyl. in Flora liii. p. 38 (1870); Cromb. in Journ Bot. viii. p. 97
(1870) & Monogr. i. p. 398; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226; ed. 3,
p-. 216.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 146.

Differs from allied species in the reaction with CaCl; but the
light-coloured verruce on the black hypothallus also give a dis-
tinctive tessellated appearance to this plant. Crombie has given
spore sizes up to 30 » long and 16 » thick, but I have not been able
to verify these large measurements. Spermogones are not infrequent
with spermatia 7-9 p» long, 1-2 p thick.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Dist. Here and
there throughout the British Isles—B. M. Guernsey; near Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Crown Hill, Plympton, Devon; Lyth Hill,
Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Holyhead, Anglesea; Barcaldine,
Argyll; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; near Cork; Cliffs of Moher,
Clare ; Dunkerron and Carig Mt., Kerry. ;

8. R. subexigua Oliv. Lich. Eur. fase. 2, p. 181 (1909).—
Thallus effuse, smooth, cracked-areolate, pale-greyish or dull-
yellowish (K—). Apothecia minute, plane, the disc blackish,
the thalline margin thick, entire, persistent ; paraphyses slender,
sometimes branched, knobbed and brown at the tips; spores
ellipsoid, rather narrow at the ends, 12-18 yp long, 6-10 p thick.
—Lecanora subexigua Nyl. in Flora Ivii. p. 308 (1874) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea iii. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 396; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 220.

The thallus is somewhat thicker than in R. erigua. The spores
vary, but do not differ in size.

Hab. On granitic rocks in meritime districts-—Dist. Rare in S.W.
England and E. Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall.

254 CYCLOCARPINEE | RINODINA

9, R. demissa Arn. in Flora lv. p. 54 (1872).—Thallus thin,
effuse, granulate or leprose or almost wanting, brownish or dull-
grey, with a concolorous or darker hypothallus. Apothecia
numerous, crowded or scattered, minute, the dise blackish,
becoming convex and prominent, the thalline margin thin, entire,
persistent or disappearing ; paraphyses clavate, septate and brown
at the tips; spores oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes constricted in the
middle, 12-16 p long, 5-9 pw thick.—Lichen exiquus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 1849 (1808) pro parte (non Ach.). BR. metabolica vay.
demissa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 124 (1855). Lecanora
exigua £. demissa Stiz. in St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1881, p. 359;
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) & Monogr, i. p. 596.
L. sophodes var. levigata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49 (1870) (non
Ach.) ; f. laevigata Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 215 (1879) ; subsp.
levigata Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) (non Stiz.) &
Monogr. i. p. 395.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 196, 367; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 261; Mudd
n. 107.

Under this species have been grouped the specimens that were
regarded as saxicolous forms of Rt. exigua. It is distinct in habitat
and in the dark, sometimes very scant or absent thallus, also in the
more convex development of the apothecium.

Hab. On various rocks, sandstone, granitic, slate, ete., in
maritime and inland districts.—Dzst. Not uncommon throughout the
British Isles—B. M. Chateau Point, Jersey; Vale, Guernsey; ~
Lueccombe and Shanklin, I. of Wight; Henfield, Sussex; Ulting,
Essex; near Cirencester and Charfield, Gloucestershire ; Barmouth,
Merioneth; near Brandon, Suffolk; Aber-Ty-Glyn, N. Wales; near
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Port Soderick, I. of Man; St. Bees,
Cumberland; I. of Lismore, Argyll; Portlethen, Kineardineshire ;
Carrigaloe, Cork; Portmarnock, Dublin; Cleghan, Connemara,
Galway.

10. R. equata Oliv. Lich. Eur. fase. 2, p. 177 (1909).—
Thallus effuse, thin, smooth, greyish-white, often scarcely visible
or obsolete (Kf + yellow). Apothecia small, thinly marginate,
becoming convex, blackish or dark-brown, whitish within ;
spores broadly ellipsoid, 16-20 p long, 10-11 p thick ; hymenial
gelatine deep blue with iodine.—-Lecidea coniops var, equata Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 171 (1810). LZ. equata Nyl. ex Cromb, in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 149 (1874). Lecanora zequata Nyl. in Flora Ixvii.
p. 392 (1884) ; Cromb. Monogr, i, p. 401.

The above description is taken from Crombie. The only specimen
named L. equata in the herbarium of the British Museum agrees
outwardly with the description, but the apothecia are truly lecideine
into which no gonidia have entered, and with a dark-brown hypothe-
cium; the spores also are much smaller, about 12 » long and 5 p» thick.
It is a Buellia, similar to Buellia micraspis Anzi Exs. Lang. n. 197.
That species has been cited by Th. Fr. (Lich. Seand. p. 601) as
synonymous with B. saratilis; but the latter has a much more

RINODINA | PHYSIACEE, 255

developed thallus. It may however be a depauperate condition of
that species.

Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime and inland regions.

11. R. Bischoffii Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 75 (1859).—Thallus
thin, effuse, continuous and farinose or thinly areolate, greyish
or brownish, often indistinct (K —). Apothecia very small,
plane, with a thin entire thalline margin, becoming convex and
immarginate, dark-brown; paraphyses with clavate branched
septate and brown apices ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 15-20 » long,
7-12 » thick.—Psora Bischofii Hepp Flecht. Eur. n, 81 (1853).
Lecanora Bischofii Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 141 (1875) &
Monogr. i. p. 399 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220.

Distinguished by the minute plane apothecia and the thin scurfy
thallus.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in upland situations.—Distr. Rare in
W. England and the Central Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Rodmarton,
Gloucestershire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.

Var. immersa Koerb. |. c-—Thallus immersed in the rock,
visible as whitish spots. Apothecia immersed-foveolate, minute,
the brown thalline margin somewhat prominent, otherwise as in
the species.—Lecanora Bischoffii var. immersa Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 400; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 221. Lecidea alociza Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. p. 178
(1871) (non Massal.) pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 310 pro
parte. Lecidea alocizoides Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 325 (1879)
pro parte. Buellia alocizoides A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. p. 167
(1911) pro parte.

Confused with another minute lichen Buwellia alocizoides, as the
thalline margin is obscure and the spore-characters are not always
well marked.

Hab. On caleareous rocks and walls in maritime and upland
districts.— Distr. Rare in S.W. and N. England and in Wales.—
B. M. Torquay, Devon; Yatton and Weston-super-Mare, Somerset ;
Eglwyseg rocks, Denbighshire ; Buxton, Derbyshire.

12. R. subarenaria A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, smooth, con-
tinuous and somewhat uneven or of scattered minute areole ;
hypothallus blackish-brown, underlying the areole or bordering
the thallus. Apothecia minute, about 0°3--4 mm. in diameter,
adnate, plane or concave with a prominent proper margin,
the thalline margin not visible, but a gonidial layer present
below the colourless hypothecium ; paraphyses slender, clavate,
septate, brown and often branched at the tips; asci clavate ;
spores 8 in the ascus often undeveloped, broadly ellipsoid, polari-
locular, and sometimes swollen in the middle, the two loculi

ee
:

256 CYCLOCARPINE [RINODINA

near the centre and generally connected, large, mostly about
27 » long and 12 p» thick, but also 30 » long and 15 p thick.

Allied to Rinodina arenaria Fy. a northern or mountainous
continental species, but differing in the form of the spores and in
other characteristics. The spores are frequently shrivelled and of
small proportions, which may be due to inundation of the specimens,
but there is no indication that they were collected in or near water.

Hab. On hard rocks.— Distr. Rare in 8. and W. Ireland—B. M.
Near Cork; Lettermore, Connemara, Galway.

Thallus dark-grey or blackish.
On trees.

13. R. colobina Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 205 (1871).—Thallus
effuse, thin, pulverulent, grey or greyish-black (K + purplish).
Apothecia minute, plane, the dise blackish ; the thalline margin
thickish, entire, light-grey ; paraphyses slender, septate, slightly
thicker or capitate and bluish-brown at the tips (epithecium
K + deep violet); spores ellipsoid, sometimes slightly con-
stricted, 16-20 p long, 7-9 » thick.—Lecanora colobina Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 358 (1810); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273
(1882) & Monogr. i. p. 400.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 91.

Distinguished by the bluish epithecium and the unusual reactions
with potash. .

Hab. On the trunks of old trees.—B. WM. Entrance to Ickworth
Park, Suffolk (the only British locality).

On rocks, walls, ete.

14. R. teichophila Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. p. 276 (1900).—
Thallus subdeterminate, thickish or sométimes rather thin,
granular, deeply cracked-areolate, dark greenish-grey (K —
Apothecia numerous, rather small, plane, black, the thalline
margin thickish, mostly entire, not prominent, paler than the
thallus; spores ellipsoid, blunt at the ends, 18-27 yp long,
11-16 p thick.—R. erigua var. metabolica Mudd Man. p. 143
(1861) (non Ach.). Lecanora sophodes var. teichophila Nyl. in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 367 (1866) ; f. metabolica Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 225 (1871); ed. 3, p. 215. LL. tetchophila Nyl. ex
Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 405 (1878); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 399.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 235; Mudd n. 108.

Very variable but distinguished by the large thick spores, and
also by the dark deeply cracked thallus.

Hab.—On rocks and walls in maritime and upland situations.—
Distr. Widely distributed but rare in England, also found in the
Scottish Grampians and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Ulting, Essex;
Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Holly

RINODINA| PHYSIACE! 257

Bush Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire; near Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; St. Bees, Cumberland ; The Trossachs, Perthshire ; Connemara,
Galway.

15. R. milvina Th. Fries Lich. Arct. p. 124 (1860).—Thallus
effuse, thickish, granular- or warted-arelolate, unequal, brownish,
or dark-coloured (K—); hypothallus thin, black. Apothecia
rather small, plane, the dise brownish-black, the thalline margin
entire ; spores ellipsoid, 14-20 long, 7-12 » thick.—Parmelia
milvina Wahlenb. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 34 (1803).
Lecanora milvina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 358 (1810); Borr. Engl.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2662, fig. 1; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 187;
Mudd Man. p. 144; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 216 pro parte ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 398.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 25; Johns. n. 197.

Marked by the dark thallus and the small flat apothecia sometimes
obscurely margined.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Dzistr. Rare in
the Channel Islands, 8.W. and N.E. England, 8.W. Highlands and
N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Vale Castle, Guernsey; near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Barcaldine, Argyll; S. of Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire ;
Maam Turk Mts., Galway.

16. R. umbrinofusea Oliv. Lich. Eur. fase. 2, p. 187 (1909).—
Thallus determinate, thinly crustaceous, continuous or areolate,
purplish-brown or -black, with a radiating dendroid blackish
hypothallus (K —). Apothecia minute, plane, adnate, black,
the margin brownish, obscure ; paraphyses clavate, septate and
brown at the tips ; spores small, shortly ellipsoid, blunt, 10-11 »
long, 6—7 » thick.—Lecanora wmbrinofusca Nyl. in Flora Ixiii.
p. 389 (1880) ; Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 23 (1881) & Monogr. i.
p. 401.

In outward appearance very like a Lecidea species, but the
structure of the apothecium is wholly lecanorine. The spores only
occasionally show the characters associated with Rinodina. It forms
small dark spots on the white flint; it was considered by Nylander
to approach Lecanora griseo-fusca, a Finland plant.

Hab. On flints in an inland district.—B. M. Thetford Warren,
Norfolk, the only locality.

17. R. coniopta A. L. Sm.—Thallus thick, smooth, unequal,
deeply cracked-areolate, purplish-grey or dark-purple-brown
(K—, K(CaCl) + reddish). Apothecia moderate in size, at
first plane, with a thin thalline margin, the dise dark-brown,
becoming convex and immarginate, white within; paraphyses
thickish, slightly thickened, septate, knobby and brown at the
extreme tips, rarely shortly branched; spores ellipsoid, dark-
brown, 15-20 » long, 8-10 » thick.—Lecanora coniopta Nyl. in

is s

258 CYCLOCARPINEE [RINODINA

Flora lvi. p. 19 (1873) ; Cromb. in Grevillea i. p. 141 & Monogr. i.
p. 399; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 216.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 158.

Included by several systematists in Buellia, but the apothecium
is rather more lecanorine than lecideine in structure: there are
traces of the thallus enclosing the apothecium and the subhymenial
layer is very thick and colourless and contains a few scattered
gonidia; the spores are of the Rinodina type with contracted
contents, though that character seems also to occur in some Buellia
specimens. Generally compared with Buwellia coniops, but the
thallus more nearly resembles some states of Lecidea rivulosa.

Hab. On siliceous rocks in maritime districts.—Dvzstr. Here and
there on the coasts of the British Isles—B. M. Jersey; Alderney ;
Sark; St. Merryn and near Penzance, Cornwall; near Portlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Kinsale, Cork; Connemara, Galway.

On turf, ete.

18. R. Conradi Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 123 (1855).—
Thallus effuse, thin, granular-leprose or minutely warted, grey
or greyish-brown (K —). Apothecia small, plane, dark-brown,
the thalline margin entire or somewhat wrinkled ; paraphyses ~
conglutinate, slightly clavate, branched, septate and brown at
the tips ; spores ellipsoid-fusiform, 1-septate, but the two loculi fre-
quently constricted in the middle giving the appearance of septa-
tion, or their cell contents much broken up, dark-brown, large,
20-35 p long, 10-15 p thick.—Lecanora pyreniospora Nyl. in Vet.
Ak. Forh. 1860, p. 297, note? Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 49; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 230 ; ed. 3, p. 222. L. diplinthia Nyl. in Act. Soc.
Sci. Fenn. vii. p. 444 (1863)? Leight. Il. c.; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 401. ZL. Conradi Nyl. in Not. Siallsk. Faun. et Fl. Fenn.
Forh. xi. p. 182 (1871); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 400.

Exsicc. Larb. Cesar. n. 78 & Lich. Hb. nos. 263, 302.

Distinguished by the habitat and by the large and somewhat
peculiar spores. They have been described as 4-celled, but it is
merely that the lumen of each cell is constricted in the middle. Our
specimens of Lecanora diplinthia agree with the above; I have not
seen Nylander’s plant.

Hab. On decayed turf, on mossy ground, on excrements of sheep,
etc., in maritime and inland districts.—Distr. Rare in Channel
Islands, E. England and 8. Wales.—B. M. La Moye, Jersey ;
Eperquerie, Sark; Brandon Park, Suffolk; Thetford Warren, Norfolk.

Orper XII. LECANORACEA.

Thallus crustaceous or squamulose, variously coloured. Struc-
ture more or less stratose, corticate above or non-corticate,
attached by hyphe to the substratum. Algal cells Chlorophycez.
Apothecia superficial or at first immersed in the thallus, discoid,

LECANORA| LECANORACEE 259

normally with a prominent thalline margin; spores usually 8,
rarely many in the ascus, colourless, simple or variously septate.

Of world-wide distribution. Distinguished from the somewhat
parallel Order, Lecideacex, by the character of the apothecia, in the
development of which the thallus takes part, and forms a protective
margin round the disc.

Phialopsis (Lecanora rubra Ach.) belongs to Gyalecta, and the
species of Lecanora sect. Sarcogyne have been placed in Biatorella
(see Appendix). Psoroma is placed under Pannariacee (p. 89).

The following British genera are included in the Order :—

Spores simple.

Spores 8 or few in the ascus.................,.... 51. Leeanora.

Spores many in the ascus...........csceeeeseeeee 52. Acarospora-
Spores septate.

Spores elongate-ellipsoid, 1-2-septate.......... 53. Lecania.

Spores elongate-fusiform, 1-3-septate ......... 54. Iemadophilus

Spores elongate-acicular, pluri-septate ........ 55. Hematomma.

51. LECANORA Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 77 (1810) pro parte.
(Pl. 51.)

Thallus squamulose or variously crustaceous, rarely somewhat
minutely fruticose, mostly of stratose structure, the cortex of the
upper surface of decomposed hyphe, or wanting. Algal cells,
Protococcus. Apothecia generally superficial, sometimes immersed
at first ; spores usually 8 in the ascus, colourless, simple, mostly
ellipsoid. Spermogones with acrogenous or rarely pleurogenous
spermatia.

In the genus, as here understood, are included the species with
simple colourless spores, generally 8 in the ascus (up to 382 in
L. Sambuci). The sections Ochrolechia and Aspictilia are frequently
regarded as distinct genera, the former on account of differences in
paraphyses and spores, the latter because of the late development
of the thalline margin. The species are grouped in the following
sections :—

MSE STUDIOS Eich ass:o2 eden ons suee's be vesetencea feenet § i. SQUAMARIA.
Thallus crustaceous or indistinctly squamulose.
Apothecia superficial from the first.
Spores small or moderate in size (less

faa gin length) ........cedweseceseses § ii, EULECANORA.
Spores very large, with a thick epispore § iii. OcHROLECHIA.
Apothecia immersed at first ...........s.eeeeeeeeee § iv. ASPICILIA.

§ i. Squamaria DC. FI. France. ii. p. 374 (1805) pro parte (as
the genus Squammaria) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 192; Mudd
Man. p. 127; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 171 ;
ed. 3, p. 157. Lecanora subg. Squamaria Nyl. in Not. Siillsk.
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. v. p. 125 (1866); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p- 350. Squamaria subg. Placopsis Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv.
p- 376 (1861). Lecanora subg. Placopsis Cromb. Monogr. i-
p. 355 (1894).

s 2

260 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

Thallus squamulose, the squamules imbricate, or appressed
and more or less effigurate at the circumference. Apothecia
superficial ; spores moderate in size or rather small.

Thallus of imbricate squamules.

1. L. cartilaginea A. L. Sm. (non Ach.).—Thallus squamu-
lose, the squamules thickish, cartilaginous, imbricate or loosely
appressed to the substratum, roundly crenate, pale- or dark-
brown, corticate above, beneath non-corticate, dark-coloured,
attached by stoutish roughened hyphe (K—). Apothecia
moderate in size, concave or plane, becoming irregularly convex,
reddish-brown, the margin thinnish, almost entire, disappearing ;
paraphyses conglutinate, slender, septate and slightly widened
upwards, the epithecium of dark-brown granules; spores oblong-
ellipsoid, 11-15 p long, 4-6 pw thick.—L. crassa Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 413 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 51; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p- 351; var. melaloma Ach. tom. cit. p. 414; f. melaloma Cromb.
in Grevillea xviii. p. 44 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 352. Lichenoides
cartilagineum, scutellis fulvis planis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 179,
t. 24, fig. 74 (1741). Lichen cartilagineus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 815 (1777); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 29. IL. crassus Huds.
Fl]. Angl. ed. 2, p. 530 (1778); Engl. Bot. t. 1893. Squamaria
crassa DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 875 (1805) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 193; Mudd Man. p. 127; Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 171; ed. 3, p. 157. Psoroma crassum 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 444 (1821).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 2; Cromb. n. 157; Dicks. Hort. Sice. fase.
vi. n. 24; Larb. Cesar. n. 73 & Lich. Hb. n. 333; Leight. n. 5 ;
Mudd n. 91.

Not unlike Lecidea (Psora) lwrida, but distinguished when sterile
by the larger lighter-coloured squamules; they’vary from glaucous-
green to chestnut-brown, often white-edged, and occasionally white-
pruinose. The apothecia are abundant, scattered over the squamules.
The form melaloma differs only in the dark edges of the squamules.

Lightfoot’s name Lichen cartilagineus has priority, though
L. crassus has been almost universally adopted; it must not be
confused with Lichen cartilagineus Ach., which refers to the following
plant.

Hab. On the ground, spreading over mosses, etc., and on rocks,
chiefly calcareous, in maritime and inland districts. —Dzstr. General
and common throughout the British Isles, more especially in the
southern counties.—B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; Herm; Guernsey; St.
Merryn, Cornwall; Berry Head and Babbicombe, Devon; near Needles,
I. of Wight; Newhaven Cliffs, Bignor, and Hurstpierpoint, Sussex ;
Cleeve Hill and Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; Durdham Down, Leigh
Woods, and St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol, Gloucestershire ; Port Eynon,
Glamorganshire; near Tenby and Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire ;
Aberdovey, Merioneth ; Snowdon and Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-
shire; Llangollen, Denbighshire ; Puffin Island, Anglesea; Oswestry,
Shropshire; near Buxton and Dovedale, Derbyshire; Ulverston,

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 261

Lancashire; Ingleborough, Clapham, Yorks; Egglestone, Durham ;
Whitbarrow, Westmoreland; Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh; Black Isle
and Lismore, Appin, Argyll; Mornington, Meath; Killarney, Kerry.

2. L. Achariana A. L. Sm.—Thallus spreading or pulvinate,
the squamules rather narrow, or dilated and deeply crenate at the
circumference, somewhat shining, pale greenish-yellow ; beneath
whitish (K—). Apothecia numerous, concave, then rather large
and plane, and irregularly lobed, reddish-flesh-coloured, the
margin entire or crenulate ; spores oblong or ellipsoid, 11-16 p
long, 5-6 pw thick.—L. cartilaginea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 415
(1810) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 44 & Monogr. i. p. 553.
Lichen cartilagineus Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xvi. p. 133, t. 5,
fig. 4 (1795) (non Lightf.). Squamaria cartilaginea DC. FI.
France. li. p. 376 (1805); Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2802 ; Mudd
Man. p. 128; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172;
ed. 3, p. 158.

A rare British lichen, differing from LD. cartilaginea (Lightf.) in
the form of the squamules and in the colour. It is a northern plant.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland localities—B. M. Above
Barmouth, Merioneth. Reported by Leighton (1. ¢.) from Yorkshire.

Thallus appressed, radiate-effiqurate at the circumference.

3. L. lentigera Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 423 (1810).—Thallus
orbicular, of thickish closely appressed coherent squamules,
wrinkled and tuberculose over the surface, undulate, crenate and
effigurate at the circumference, whitish or very pale brownish-
green, subpruinose, white beneath (K —). Apothecia rather
small, crowded, the disc pale brown, concave then convex, the
thalline margin entire, thickish, becoming thinner ; paraphyses
slender, concrete, slightly clavate; spores ellipsoid, 9-12 » long,
about 5 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 61 (1882) & Monogr.
i. p. 352. Lichen lentigerus Web. Spicil. Fl. Geett. p. 192 (1778) ;
Relh. Fl. Cantab. p. 435 with fig.; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. i.
p- 11; Engl. Bot. t. 871; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 27. Squamaria
lentigera DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 376 (1805); Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI.
v. p. 195; Mudd Man. p. 128, t. 2, fig. 40; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 172; ed. 3, p. 157. Placodium lenti-
gerum S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 447.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 27.

Smaller, more appressed and lighter in colour than L. cartilaginea.

Hab. On cretaceous soil in maritime and inland places.—Dvstr.
Sparingly in §., E. and Central England.—B. M. I. of Wight; New-
haven, Sussex; Thetford Warren, Suffolk; Gogmagog Hills and
Newmarket Heath, Cambridge.

4, L. chrysoleuca Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 411 (1810).—Thallus
thickish, almost continuous, wrinkled and crenate-lobate at the

262 CYCLOCARPINEA: [LECANORA

circumference or of imbricate squamules, pale-yellowish straw-
coloured ; sometimes pruinose ; beneath pale towards the centre,
bluish-black towards the edges (K — ). Apothecia moderate in
size, the disc reddish-flesh-coloured, the margin thin, entire or
becoming crenate and flexuose; spores ellipsoid, 9-12 pw long,
4-6 p thick.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 352. Lichen chrysoleucus
Sm. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 82, t. 4, fig. 5 (1791). Squamaria
chrysoleuca Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 158.

Considered by Crombie as doubtfully British; it has not again
been collected at Ben Brecht. It occurs both in Scandinavia and
the Alps.

Hab. On granite and schistose rocks in alpine districts.—Distr.
Recorded by Leighton (1. c.) from Ben Brecht, Argyll.

5. L. pruinosa Chaub. in St. Am. Fl. Agen. p. 495 (1821).—
Thallus orbicular, continuous, effigurate at the circumference,
whitish and subfarinaceous, the outer squamules plicate and
crenate (CaCl + red). Apothecia small, the dise brownish and
grey-pruinose, the thalline margins prominent, entire or sub-
crenulate ; spores ellipsoid, 10-13 p long, 5—6 p thick.—L. pruini-
fera Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 368 (1866) note ; Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) & Monogr. 1. p. 355.

Differs from LD. lentigera in the farinaceous surface and in the
pruinose apothecia. The surface ‘ powder”’ is largely composed of
crystals of oxalate of lime.

Hab. On calcareous rocks.—B. M. Cleve Hill, Somersetshire (the
only British locality).

6. L. gelida Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 428 (1810).—Thallus
normally orbicular, up to 5 cm. or more in diameter, often some-
what irregular, closely appressed, cartilaginous, areolate in the
centre, sometimes with greenish soredia, efligurate at the circum-
ference, the radii narrow, branched, widening outwards and
crenate at the tips, dull-white to cinerous-grey (K + yellow,
CaCl + red), cephalodiiferous, the cephalodia forming small
brownish or flesh-coloured orbicular radiate patches scattered
over the thallus. Apothecia moderate in size, adnate, the disc
flesh-coloured, the margin thick, entire; paraphyses slender,
branched and septate at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 14-18 yp long,
6-8 p thick.—Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 50; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 140; Cromb. Monogr, i. p. 355. Lichen gelidus L.
Mant. p. 133 (1767); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 19; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 26; Engl. Bot. t. 699. Placodium gelidum
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 448 (1821). Squamaria gelida Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 195 (1833); Mudd Man. p. 129; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 176; ed. 3, p. 159 (inel.
f. dispersa).

LECANORA] LECANORACEE 263

Easicc. Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. vii. n. 25; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 50.

Owing to the presence of cephalodia placed in Sqwamaria subg.
Placopsis by Nylander in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv. p. 376 (1861). Lecanora
subg. Placopsis Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 355 (1894).

Often sterile, but well marked by the prominent cephalodia,
which contain Stigonema and Nostoc alge. A young stage with
scattered thalli and small cephalodia has been described as f. dispersa
Cromb. in Grevillea i. p. 171 (1873).

Hab. On siliceous rocks in maritime, upland and_ subalpine
districts.— Distr. In the rocky or hilly regions of England, Scotland
and Ireland.—B. M. St. Austell, Cornwall ; Cader Idris, Dolgelly and
Llyn Bodlyn, Merioneth ; Nant Ffrancon and Cwm Glyders, Carnar-
vonshire; Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham; near Kendal, West-
moreland; Knock Morton Screes, Cumberland, New Galloway.
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Loch Awe, Argyll ; Craig Calliach, Ben Chaluna,
Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Clova and Canlochan,
Forfarshire; Glen Cluny, Invercauld and Glen Caudlic, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus, Ben Nevis and Fort Augustus,
Invernessshire; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire; Dunkerron and
Connor Cliffs, Dingle, Kerry; Letterfrack and Recess, Connemara,
Galway ; Belclare and Clare Island, Mayo; Carnlough, Antrim.

7. L. muralis Scher. Enum. Lich. p. 66 (1850).—Thallus
normally orbicular, often wide-spreading, pale-brownish or
greenish-straw-coloured, appressed, imbricate or areolate-crus-
taceous in the centre, radiate-syuamulose at the circumference,
the squamules contiguous, narrow or rather broad, flat or
subplicate, crenate at the apices, sometimes white at the margins.
Apothecia up to 2 mm. in diameter, crowded, generally plane, the
dise yellowish-brown, the thalline margin thin, flexuous or
crenulate, rather light-coloured ; paraphyses irregular, slightly
thicker upwards, the epithecium a brownish grumous layer ;
spores ellipsoid, 9-16 » long, 4—7 » thick.—L. saxicola Acb. Lich.
Univ. p. 431 (1810) ; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 140; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 353 (incl. subsp. albomarginata) ; var. albomarginata
Nyl. ex. Norrl. in Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. viii. p. 181
(1871). Lichen muralis Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. p. 130 (1771),
fide Arn. in Flora Ixvii. p. 311 (1884) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. i.
p. 11; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 29. LL. saxicola Poll. Hist. Pl.
Pal. p. 225 (1777); Engl. Bot. t. 1695. Placodium saaxicolum
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 447 (1821). Squamaria sazicola
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 197 (1833) ; Mudd Man. p. 129 ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 173 ; ed. 3, p. 158
(incl, var. albomarginata) ; subsp. albomarginata Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xii. p. 147 (1874).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 55; Johns. n. 191; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 213
& Lich. Cantab. n. 24; Leight. n. 145; Mudd n. 92.

A variable plant, which may form very large patches, with the
centre often broken away; if sterile the lobes are crowded and
imbricate, when fertile the centre of the thallus may be entirely

264 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

covered by the apothecia which become irregular from pressure ;
sometimes the squamules are white-margined in part, or over the
whole thallus (subsp. albomarginata).

Hab. On rocks, boulders, walls, etc., rarely on oak palings in
maritime and inland districts.—Distr. General though not common
throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Fliquet Bay, Jersey; Vale
Castle, Guernsey; Sark; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Ryde, I. of
Wight; near Lewes and Midhurst, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; near
London, Middlesex; Chelmsford, Essex; Yarmouth, Norfolk; Bed-
fordshire; Ross, Herefordshire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ;
Bridge of Ludlow, Haughmond Hill, Oswestry and Caer Caradoc,
Shropshire; Twycross, Leicestershire; Dolgelly, Barmouth and
Cader Idris, Merioneth; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Anglesea; Cliff-
rigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham ;
near Kendal and Brougham Castle, Westmoreland; Wark and
Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Arthur’s Seat and Dalmahoy Hill, Edinburgh; Kyles of Bute ;
Burntisland, Fifeshire; near Connel Ferry, Argyll; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Kileully near
Cork; near Belfast, Antrim.

Var. diffracta Scher. 1. c.—Thallus almost entirely cartila-
ginous-areolate, greyish-green or generally dark-coloured.
Apothecia dark-reddish, with lighter thin disappearing margins.
—L. saxicola var. diffracta Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 44
(1889) & Monogr. i. p. 354. Lichen diffractus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 63 (1798). Squamaria saxicola var. diffracta Nyl.
Lich. Scand. p. 133 (1861) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 45; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 173; ed. 3, p. 159. Var. areolata Leight. ex Mudd
Man. p. 129 (1861).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 81; Mudd n, 93.

The squamulose character is generally obscure, though the plant
is occasionally lobate at the circumference.

Hab. On rocks in upland and subalpine situations.—Distr. Local
and scarce in England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. St.
Minver, Cornwall; Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

Var. versicolor Tuckerm. Syn. N. Amer. Lich. p. 185 (1882).
—Thallus generally reduced, light-coloured, white-suffused.
Apothecia with prominent white crenulate margins.—L. saxicola
var. versicolor Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 44 (1889) & Monogr.
i. p. 354 (incl. f. dispersa). Lichen versicolor Pers. in Ust. Ann.
Bot. vii. p. 24 (1794). Squamaria saxicola var. versicolor Nyl.
Lich. Scand. p. 133 (1861); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 174; ed. 3,
p- 159 (inel. var. albomarginata f, dispersa).

Ezxsice. Johns. nu. 311.

The thallus may be very reduced and the apothecia scattered or
united in pulvinate groups (f. dispersa). The powdery-white appear-
ance is most characteristic in the prominent thalline margins of the
apothecia.

LECANORA} LECANORACEE 265

Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in maritime and upland
regions.—Distr. Rather rare in W. England, Wales and Scotland.—
B. M. St. David’s, Pembrokeshire ; Chance’s Pitch, Malvern, Wor-
cestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-
shire ; I. of Lismore, Argyll ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

8. L. subimbricata A. L. Sm.—Thallus orbicular, closely
adnate, crustaceous-arevlate in the centre, effigurate at the
circumference, the outer radii contiguous, narrow and convex, or
slightly broadening out and becoming plane and crenate at the
tips, whitish or cinerous-grey (K + yellow, then red). Apothecia
numerous, rather small, innate, then plane, brown or dark-brown
when moist, almost black when dry, the thalline margin thin,
entire ; paraphyses slender, constricted-septate ; spores broadly
ellipsoid, 10-15 » long, 6-8°5 p thick.—L. circinata Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 425 (1810)? Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 49 & Monogr. i. p. 403; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 195 ; ed. 3,

. 179; subsp. subcircinata Cromb. in Grevillea xvii. p. 47
(1889). LL. subcircinata Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 18 (1873). Lichen
subimbricatus Relh. Fl. Cantab. p. 427, with fig. (1785). L. ear-
cinatus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 25 (1794?) ; Engl. Bot.
t. 1941. Placodium circinatum 8. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 448
(1821). Squamaria circinata Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 196
(1833) ; Mudd Man. p. 130.

In this species the paraphyses are septate and constricted,
appearing almost like rows of conidia. In this respect both
Continental and British species are alike, as is also L. circinatula.
According to Nylander there is a difference in the reaction to potash
between Continental and British specimens, the former failing to give
the red colouration. I have found that a Continental specimen turns
red, while some of our specimens remain yellow. Nylander did not
consider that the reaction in this case was a specific distinction. In
some specimens the apothecia and thallus have a reddish tinge
(Parmelia circinata var. myrrhina Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 124 (1831).
Lecanora circinata £. myrrhina Cromb. in Grevillea tom. cit. p. 47).
The colour is, however, accidental, being caused by suffusion of
peroxide of iron or by urine. Spermatia are recorded as 6-7 p long,
1 » thick. An old specimen from Clare Hall Bridge, Relhan’s
original locality, is in the herbarium of the British Museum.

Hab. On rocks and walls, often on bridges, in lowland and upland
districts.—Distr. Not common in the Channel Islands, England and
Wales, reported from S.W. Scotland, not seen from Ireland—B, M.
Guernsey ; near Staple Fitzpaine, Somerset; near Stroud, Gloucester-
shire; Hale’s End, Malvern and Pershore Bridge, Worcestershire ;
Oversley Bridge, Warwickshire; near Congerstone, Leicestershire ;
Conway Castle, Denbighshire; Barnard Castle, Egglestone, and
Teesdale, Durham; Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmoreland.

Var. circinatula A. L. Sm.—Similar to the species in form,
but rather darker and with smaller spores, 7 » long, 5 » thick.—
L. circinatula Nyl. in Flora lxvi. p. 100 (1883); Cromb. in
Grevillea xii. p. 89 (1884) & Monogr. i. p. 404.

266 CYCLOCARPINEZ [LECANORA

I have been unable to find spores in our specimens. The darker
colour may be due to more direct exposure. Spermatia are recorded
as 3°5-4°5 pw long, *5 p thick.

Hab. On fiints in a maritime district.—B. M. Beachy Head,
Sussex (the only locality).

9. L. melanaspis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 427 (1810).—Thallus
suborbicular, adnate, areolate-verrucose in the centre, the lobes
of the circumference branched, convex, cinerous-grey and
greyish-pruinose (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather small, plane,
dark-coloured, the thalline margin thickish, entire; spores
ellipsoid, 10-14 » long, 6-10 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish
then wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 201;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 403. L. alphoplaca var. melanaspis Stirt.
Scott. Nat. iv. p. 28 (1877). Parmelia melanaspis Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 196 (1803). Specimen not seen.

A rare lichen; it differs from L. alphoplaca, a Continental plant,
in the absence of any reaction with potash.

Hab. On rocks in a mountainous region. Recorded only from
Ben Brecht, Argyll.

10. L. exomila Stirton in Scott. Nat. v. p. 217 (1880).—
Thallus dull-cinereous or also blackish, squamulose-rugulose (if
proper?). Apothecia appressed dark-brown or brownish-black,
plane, up to 1 mm. across ; the margin prominent, crenate or in a
young state somewhat wrinkled, cerulescent or pale cerulescent ;
hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, not well discrete,
conglutinate at the brown apices; spores 8 in the ascus, colour-
less, ellipsoid, simple, often binucleate, 9-11 w long, 6°5-8 pw
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then tawny with iodine. Specimen
not seen.

Stirton is not sure if the thallus belongs to this ‘curious and
singular Lecanora,” as it grows associated with Bilimbia aromatica,
which has “‘ a thallus of a corresponding character. In every instance
the margin is truly cerulescent.”’

Hab. On rocks. Collected by Stirton at Glas Miel, Perthshire.

§ ii. Eutecanora Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 99 (1860), pro parte
{as subgenus); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 371, pro parte (as
subgenus).

Thallus variously crustaceous. Apothecia superficial ; spores
moderate in size or rather small.

For convenience of reference, this large section has been divided
into a series of groups marked either by thalline or apothecial
characters.

A. Subfusca group. — Thallus cinereous-grey or whitish
(K + yellowish or yellow). Apothecia moderate in size, the
dise reddish-brown, rarely pale brick-red, or brownish-black.

LECANORA] LECANORACE 267

Apothecia reddish-brown.

11. L. subfusca Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 393 (1810) pro parte (incl.
var. argentata).—Thallus thinnish, opaque, developed beneath
and above the bark, effuse or determinate, slightly wrinkled,
unequal or occasionally granular, whitish or ash-grey
(K + yellowish). Apothecia moderate in size, rarely up to
2 mm. across, scattered or crowded, rather prominent and attached
by a narrow base, rounded, the disc plane or generally convex,
brownish-red, the thalline margin rather thin, not prominent,
entire or sometimes slightly crenulate; paraphyses slender,
subdiscrete, more or less distinctly septate, straight or flexuose,
variously formed at the tips, sometimes slightly clavate or
swollen, and tinged with a bright-brown ‘colour or embedded in
a brown gelatinous epithecium ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 11-16
long, 7-9 » thick, but occasionally: larger ; hymenial gelatine
blue, the asci dark tawny-coloured, with iodine.—Hook. FI.
Scot. 11. p. 47 pro parte and in Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 189 pro parte ;
Mudd Man. p. 146 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 pro
parte (incl. f. argentata) & Monogr. i. p. 409; fig. 65; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 201; ed. 3, p. 185 (incl. f. argentata). Lichen
subfuscus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1142 (1753) pro parte.

Easicc. Johns. n. 110; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 217.

The species and varieties are distinguished by the thin thallus,
best seen towards the margin, as in time it may become piled up and
thickish towards the centre. The apothecia in the species have a
prominent disc, the margin is thin and normally entire, but occasion-
ally becomes crenulate. Spermogones in this and allied species are
black at the opening, with mostly curved spermatia about 16-20 or
~24 p long.

There is a group of ‘“‘ forms,” ‘‘ varieties,” or ‘“‘ species ”’ intimately
associated with Lecanora subfusca, and variously designated by
different workers, probably all of them included under Lichen sub-
fuscus L. A large series of these from different collections have been
examined by Hue (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1. p. 22), and the results
obtained by him have been verified on our British specimens. There
are differences among them in the development of the thallus and of
the apothecial margin, which are not sufticiently constant to be
specific. The microscopic characters are also variable to some extent,
but the differences there seem to be largely due to age. They include
the form of the tips of the paraphyses which are slender and flexuose
in all, and more or less conglutinate, but in some are slightly capitate
or clavate, in others of equal width throughout. In the latter case
they are colourless; the wider types are often brown, generally the
epithecium is a brown gelatinous layer and granulose or non-granulose.
Steiner (Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. lxi.) differentiated the typical
species as having capitate paraphyses, but that character appears,
though rarely, in several of the forms ; he also considered the inspersed
granulose condition as specific, but that character also is untrust-
worthy and seems to be a growth condition. The reaction with
iodine, which Nylander relied on to determine species, is practically
the same for them all: with a very dilute solution, the hymenium

268 CYCLOCARPINES [LECANORA

turns a delicate blue, in more concentrated solution, the asci generally
become vinous or tawny-red, and a violet tinge is frequently produced
in transition, or remains when the other tints have faded away,
depending evidently on the presence of small quantities of the vinous-
colouring substance.

In the absence of any true microscopic distinctions, the macro-
scopic characters have been accepted as of varietal importance.
Pharcidia epicymatia Wint. is frequently parasitic on the thallus of
this and of allied species.

Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old palings in maritime and

lowland districts.—Rare in E., 8. and W. England, though probably
overlooked.—B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Churchhill, near
Worcester ; near Cambridge; N. England.

Form muscicola Wheld. & Wils. Lich. Perth. p. 37 (1915).—
Thallus thin, grey (K + deep yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
moderate in size, concave or plane, shining, deep reddish or
blackish-brown, the thalline margin entire ; spores 12-14 p long,
7-8 p thick.

“This form is probably a state due to the peculiar habitat, which
is similar to that of L. epibryon. It differs from that, which is a

more alpine plant, in having a more dusky thallus, apothecia about
half the diameter, and shorter spores.”

Hab. Creeping over mosses (Tortula and Grimmia) on walls, near
Pitlochry, Perthshire.

Var. chlarona Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 158 (1814); Hue in Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. 1. p. 72 (1903).—Thallus thin, smoothish or some-
what wrinkled-unequal, or thinly granulate, whitish or greyish.
Apothecia rather small, plane or slightly convex, the disc generally
flesh-coloured or pale-brown, the thalline margin thicker and
more prominent than in the species, entire at first but soon
becoming crenulate and the receptacle more or less furrowed ;
spores rather smaller than the species 9-15 pw (rarely 17 yp) long,
5-9 p thick.—L. subfusca var. distans and var. glabrata Mudd
Man. pp. 146, 147 (1861) (non Ach.) ; f. chlarona Stizenb. in
Bot. Zeit. xxvi. p. 898 (1868) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203 ; ed. 3,
p. 188. LL. distincta var. chlarona Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 397 (1810).
L. albella £. chlarona Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870). L. rugosa
subsp. chlarona Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 107 (1883); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 413. L. chlarona Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890).
Lichen distans Pers. ex Ach. 1. c.

Ezasice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 257; Leight. n. 115; Mudd n.
112, 113 (pro parte).

In this variety the apothecia are rather small and scattered ; it
differs from the species in the planer lighter-coloured dise and the
more prominent margin, entire at first but soon crenulate. The
furrows of the receptacle are not easily seen and they also occur
occasionally in other varieties. Wheldon and Wilson (Journ. Linn.
Soc. xliii. p. 114 (1915)) have referred a specimen from Chatburn,

LECANORA] LECANORACER 269
S. Lancashire, to DL. chlarona var. lecideina Oliv. Syst. Lich. i.
p. 274 (1897), on account of its disappearing margin.

Hab. On smooth bark of trees, occasionally on palings.—Distr.
Fairly common throughout the British Isles —B. M. Withiel, Corn-
wall; near Torquay, Devon; near Ryde, I. of Wight; Eridge Park,
Henfield, Withyam, near Lewes, and Glynde, Sussex; Holmwood
and Shiere, Surrey; Wrotham, Kent; Epping Forest, Gosfield Hall
and White Colne, Essex; Hawkridge, Somerset; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Babraham, Cambridgeshire ;
Gopsall Park and Twycross, Leicestershire ; Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Cliffrigg and near Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Wastdale, Cumberland; near Glasgow;
Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Glen Cluny, Braemar
and Countesswells Wood, Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Inverness-
shire; Upper Lake, Killarney, Kerry; Mallaranny, Dugort and
Glandarry, Achill, Mayo.

Form geographica Hue in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1. p. 81 (1903).
—Thallus similar to that of var. chlarona, but limited and
dissected by black lines. Apothecia small, the margin at first
prominent, entire, then crenulate.—L. subfusca var. geographica
Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 6 (1852). L. chlarona var. geographica Nyl.
ex Cromb, in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890). L. rugosa subsp.
chlarona var. geographica Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 414 (1896).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 260; Mudd n. 113 pro parte.

Evidently only an accidental form of growth which occurs also
in other Lecanore. As noted by several observers, the black
‘‘ seographical’”’ lines are constantly, if not always, due to an
accompanying growth of Lecidea parasema, though they are occasion-
ally present without any apparent Leczdea thallus. In some specimens
of var. chlarona a dark margin is developed, but it seems to be
composed of brown hyphomycetous hyphe.

Hab. On somewhat smooth bark of trees.—Distr. Not common
throughout the British Isles —B. M. Ullacombe, near Bovey Tracey,
Devon; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; near
Gravesend, Kent; Bathampton and Hawkridge, Somerset; Desford,
Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Clitirigg, Cleveland, York-
shire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Airds, Appin, Argyll;
Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire.

Var. pinastre Scher. Enum. p. 74 (1850).—Thallus effuse
or subdeterminate, generally thin and _ subleprose, sometimes
rather thicker and finely warted-areolate, greyish-white. Apothe-
cia small, plane or convex, scattered or crowded, the dise reddish-
or dark-brown, the thalline margin rather prominent, at first
entire, becoming slightly crenulate ; paraphyses as in the species ;
spores broadly ellipsoid, 9-15 » long, generally 7-9 jw thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 146. L. rugosa subsp. chlarona f£. pinastre Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 413 (1894).

Differing from the species in the more developed margin of the
apothecia and in the generally smaller spores. From var. chlarona it
is separated by the almost constantly entire apothecial margin.

270 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

Hab. On firs and fir palings in upland regions.—Distr. Rather
rare in England, more frequent in Scotland.—B. M. Near Penzance,
Cornwall; near Leith Hill, Surrey; Buxton, Derbyshire; Ayton
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley, Westmoreland ; West Lomond
Hill, Fifeshire; Achmore, Killin, Ben Lawers, Blair Athole and
Blaeberry Hill, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells
Wood, near Aberdeen; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ; Applecross,
Rossshire.

Var. allophana Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 395 (1810); Hue in
Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1. p. 55 (1903).—Thallus thin, wrinkled-
unequal, or becoming thick and warted at the centre by new
growth layers, mostly effuse, sometimes limited, whitish or
greyish. Apothecia moderate in size, becoming rather large and
irregular in form, scattered or often becoming crowded against
each other, and then angular and difform, the dise brownish
red, becoming often very dark or almost black, the thalline
margin rather thicker than in the species, entire, then irregularly
crenulate or furrowed ; spores generally about 14-16 » long and
7-9 p thick, but varying from 6 » toll p» in width and 10-22 p in
length.—L. subfusca var. atrynea Mudd Man. p. 147 (1861) pro.
parte ; £. allophana Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870) ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 200; ed. 3, p. 185. LL. allophana Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 250:
(1872) note; Cromb. Monogr. i. p.411. Lichenoides crustacewm
et leprosum scutellis subfuscis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71,
n. 45 (1724) pro parte & Hist. Muse. p. 134, t. 18, fig. 16 (1741)
(fide Crombie). Lichen subfuscus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 444 (1762) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 2109.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 35; Johns. nos. 37 pro parte, 317 ; Larb.
Lich. Hb. nos. 58, 256 & Lich. Cantab. nos. 18, 21; Leight.
n. 116 pro parte.

Not unlike the previous variety in the early stages, but the thallus
becomes thicker towards the centre, the apothecia become large,
often densely crowded and lobed and darker in colour; the margin is
entire and prominent for some time, then irregularly crenate, and
pushed back by the turgid irregular disc. Occasionally only a few of
the larger apothecia are left on a thick verrucose thallus.

Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old palings.—Distr. Not
uncommon throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Lustleigh, Devon ;
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ; Shanklin and Brading, I. of Wight ;.
Mount Harry, near Lewes, Danny, Glynde and St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex; Ulting and Walthamstow, Essex; Windsor Great Park,.
Berks; Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire; Gopsall and Twy-
cross, Leicestershire; Broadwas and near Worcester; near Shrews-
bury, Shropshire; Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Cherry
Hinton, Stapleford and Over, Cambridgeshire; Bury St. Edmunds,
Suffolk; Lounsdale and Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Piercebridge,
Durham; Chollerford, Wark-on-Tyne and Wansbeck, Northumberland ;.
Cleator Moor, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;.
Inverary, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Camperdown Woods,
Forfarshire; Tullagreen, Cork; Castle Connel, Limerick; Achill.
Island, Mayo.

LECANORA| LECANORACEX 271

Form parisiensis Hue in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 1. p. 65 (1903).
—Thallus definitely limited, generally somewhat obicular, thin
towards the margin, thicker and verrucose towards the centre.
Apothecia as in the variety.—L. subfusca var. horiza Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 394 (1810)?; f. parisiensis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201
(1871) ; ed. 3, p. 185. L. parisiensis Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
xiii. p. 368 (1866) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. p. 178 (1871) &
Monogr. i. p. 412.

Ezxsicc. Leight. n. 116 pro parte.

The original description of L. parisiensis makes the determinate
thallus a distinguishing characteristic of this plant, which does not
otherwise differ from the variety. In both, the apothecia tend to
become large and turgid with age. The variety horiza Ach. is
generally classified under Rinodina sophodes.

Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and upland tracts.—Dvstr.
Not uncommon in England; rare in Ireland; not recorded for
Scotland.—B. M. Ilsham, Torquay and near Bovey Tracey, Devon;
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near Worcester; near Shrewsbury,
Shropshire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Cork.

12. L. fuscescens Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 552 (1872) note—
Thallus effuse, of thickly scattered minute greyish granules on a
thin blackish hypothallus (K + yellow). Apothecia small or
submoderate in size, adnate, plane, brown or blackish, the margin
thin, disappearing ; paraphyses subdiscrete, slightly widened and
brownish at the apices; spores globose-ellipsoid, small, 6-9 p
long, 4-7 p thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 141 (1875) &
Monogr. i. p. 423; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 201. Lecidea
fuscescens Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 161 (1826).

Along with the specimens from Morrone there is a second minute
lichen, Bilimbia Nitschkeana. The apothecia of both are penetrated
by the torulose brown hyphe of a fungus.

Hab. On trunks of birch in mountainous districts.—B. M. Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

13. L. rugosa Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 250 (1872) note.—Thallus
generally determinate, thickish up to the margin, wrinkled-
granulate or warted, unequal, whitish or grey (K + yellowish).
Apothecia scattered or crowded, moderate in size, somewhat
prominent, closed then open, the disc brown or reddish-brown
the thalline margin thick, crenulate, the receptacle furrowed and
wrinkled ; paraphyses slender, septate, scarcely thickened up-
wards, ending in a brown epithecium ; spores ellipsoid, generally
about 12-15 p long, 6-8 » thick, sometimes rather larger ;
hymenium blue with dilute iodine, the asci dirty wine-red in
stronger solutions.—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890) &
Monogr. i. p. 412. L. subfusea f. rugosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 160
(1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201,

272 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

ed. 3, p. 186. Lichen rugosus Pers. ex Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 394
(1810) (? Linn.).
Exsice. Johns. n. 37 pro parte, 111.

Frequently classified as a variety of L. swhfusca, and closely allied
to var. allophana, but the thick thallus and thalline margin are
distinctive, though the thallus varies somewhat with the condition of
the bark on which it grows. The apothecia are usually reddish-brown.
L. rugosum L. (Sp. Pl. p. 1140) and early British authors is doubtful ;
Linnzus gives a citation from Dillenius which Crombie has identified
with the fungus Dichena.

Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old palings.—Dvzstr. General
and fairly common throughout the British Isles —B.M. Ilsham,
Torquay, Devon; Glynde, Sussex; Ulting. Essex; near Cirencester,
Gloucestershire ; Gopsall, Leicestershire ; Hollybush Hill, Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Bakewell, Derbyshire ; Levens Park, Westmoreland ;
Calder Abbey and Alston, Cumberland; Chollerford, Northumber-
land; Pennycuik Glen, near Edinburgh; near Glasgow; Barcaldine,
Argyll; Blairdrummond, near Stirling; Killin, Perthshire ; Rostellan,
Cork; Old Dromore and Killarney, Kerry; Tervoe, near Limerick ;
Derryclare and Lough Inagh, Galway; Westport, Mayo.

14. L. epibryon Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 155 (1814).—Thallus
subdeterminate, granulose-concrescent or warted, white (K +
yellowish). Apothecia moderate in size, plane, scattered or
crowded, the disc brown or reddish-brown, the thalline margin
thin, entire, rarely flexuose or crenulate ; paraphyses slender,
indistinctly septate, rather broadly clavate and brown at the
tips ; spores 14-19 pw long, 6-11 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue,
the asci becoming wine-red, with iodine-—Cromb, in Grevillea
xvill. p. 68 & Monogr. i. p. 411. JL. subfusca var. epibryon
Mudd Man. p. 147 (1861); £. epibrya Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51
(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 203; ed. 3, p. 187. Lichen
hypnorum Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. iv. p. 233, t. 7, fig. 1 (1790) (non
Vahl in Fl. Dan. t. 956 (1787) & non Dicks.). ZL. epibryon Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prod. p. 79 (1798).

A northern or alpine plant, characterized by the white granulose
continuous thallus, by the constantly larger spores, and by the
character of the paraphyses.

Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in mountainous regions.
—B.M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

15. L. intumescens Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 143 (1855).
—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth or becoming wrinkled,
whitish (K + yellowish). Apothecia thickly scattered, pro-
minent, small or moderate in size, the dise light or dark reddish-
brown, plane or convex, sometimes slightly dull-pruinose or
becoming blackish, the thalline margin thick, inflexed, generally
entire, but sometimes flexuose and crenate, white; paraphyses
somewhat conglutinate, slender, septate, sometimes branched and
irregular towards the tips, colourless, the epithecium of brown

LECANORA| LECANORACEX 273

granules ; spores ellipsoid, 12-18 p long, 6-8 » thick ; hymenial
gelatine blue with iodine.-—Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 60 (1884)
& Monogr. i. p. 417. Lz. subfusca f. intumescens Stizenb. in Bot.
Zeit. xxvi. p. 893 (1868) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202 ; ed. 3, p. 186.
Lichen pallidus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. -19 (1790) (non
Schreb.). Parmelia intwmescens Rebent. Prodr. Fl. Neom. p. 301
(1804).
Exsice. Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. ix. n. 23; Johns. n. 318.

Distinguished chiefly by the tumid white margins of the apothecia,
when these are crenulate, they are somewhat like the fruits of
IL. rugosa. Spermogones have the spermatia up to 30 p long (fide
Crombie Monogr. i. p. 417).

Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded maritime and inland
districts —Distr. Rather rare in England and Scotland and S.W.
Ireland.—B. M. Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; Shiere, Surrey ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Rhiwgreidden,
Merioneth; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll;
Finlarig, Killin and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire; Tervoe, Limerick.

16. L. chlarotera Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 550 (1872) note.—
Thallus determinate or subdeterminate, thickish, finely warted-
granulate, sometimes cracked-areolate, whitish or greyish (K +
yellow). Apothecia moderate in size or rather large, the disc
generally plane or irregular, pale-reddish ; the thalline margin
thick, crenulate or flexuose; paraphyses slender, septate, with
long and often bent colourless tips, the epithecium granular,
brown ; spores ellipsoid or oblong, small, 9-11 » long, 7-9 p»
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 182 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 417.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 261.

The thickish pale warted thallus and the pale-reddish apothecia
distinguish this species from others of the swbfusca group. In the
British specimens the apothecia are rather large and irregular and
occasionally pruinose owing to the abjointed tips of the paraphyses.

Hab. On trees in upland districts—Distr. Rare in N.E. England,
W. Scotland and 8. Ireland.—B. M. Northumberland; Glen Creran,
Barcaldine, Argyll; Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway.

17. L. campestris B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. p. 162 (1910).—
Thallus often limited by a whitish hypothallus, continuously
warted-granulate or granular-areolate, whitish or cinereous-grey
(K + yellowish). Apothecia scattered or generally crowded,
especially towards the centre of the thallus, moderate in size,
plane, becoming somewhat convex, brown or reddish-brown when
wet, or darker when dry, the thalline margin thin, mostly entire
but sometimes more or less crenulate ; paraphyses more conglu-
tinate in old specimens, slender, distinctly branched and septate,
variously clavate and brown at the tips ; spores ellipsoid, 9-15 pu
long, 6-8 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine blue, the asci faintly wine-

I. ay

274 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

red, with iodine. L. subfusca Hook. F1. Scot. ii. p. 47 (saxicolous)
& in Sm. Eng]. Fl. v. p. 189 (saxicolous) ; var. campestris Scher.
Enum. p. 75 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 147; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 410 ; f. campestris Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870) ; f. argentata
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 201 (1871) pro parte (non Ach.); ed. 3,
p- 186 pro parte ; var. spodophzoides Cromb. in Grevillea i. p. 171
(1872). L. spodophzoides Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 250 (1872) note ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 410. Lichen punctatus Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fasc. ili. p. 15 (1793)? (? Scop. and others) Engl. Bot. t. 450?
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19.
Ezxsicc. Johns. nos. 77, 324; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 99.

Frequently classified as a saxicolous variety of Lecanora subfusca,
but differs in the thallus—partly, no doubt, due to the habitat—and
also in the paraphyses, which are more constantly clavate than in
that species, and brown at the tips. The figures and descriptions of
Lichen punctatus by authors previous to ‘‘ English Botany”’ are, in
the absence of specimens, too vague for identification. The ‘‘ English
Botany” specimen is doubtful, so the species name campestris has
heen retained (cf. L. Prevostii f. melanocarpa).

Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on the ground, from maritime to
upland districts. —Distr. General and common throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey ; The Vale, Guernsey; Withiel,
near Penzance and Wadebridge, Cornwall; Ilsham Walk, Torquay,
Devon; Shanklin, I. of Wight; Hastings, Sussex; Barnsley Park,
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Stormy Down, Glamorganshire; Llan-
dyssil, Cardiganshire; Greeba Mt., I. of Man; Malvern, Worcester-
shire ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; near Kendal and Helsington,
Westmoreland; Whitehaven and St. Bees, Cumberland ; Ravensworth
Fell and Egglestone, Durham; Chollerford, Northumberland ; Braid
Hills, Edinburgh, West Water, Fife; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll ;
Glen Almond, Glen Lyon and Glen Fender, Perthshire; Cove, Kin-
cardineshire; near Aberdeen ; Cork Harbour and Kinsale, Cork; near
Kilkee, Clare ; Ballynahinch, Dawros Bridge and Lettermore, Galway ;
Louisburgh and Achill Island, Mayo.

Apothecia brownish-black or black.

18. L. coilocarpa Nyl. ex Norrlin in Medd. Siillsk. Faun. & FI.
Fenn. i. p. 23 (1876).—Thallus subdeterminate, unequal, warted-
or granular-areolate, whitish or greyish (K + yellowish). Apo-
thecia small or occasionally up to 3 mm. across, the disc concave
then plane, brownish-black, the thalline margin entire, often
becoming flexuose or crenulate; paraphyses slender, septate
scarcely widened upwards, the epithecium dark- or sometimes
greenish-brown ; spores ellipsoid, 12-18 » long, 6-9 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine-—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p. 91 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 415. L. subfusea var. coilocarpa
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 393 (1810) ; var. lainea Th. Fr. Lich. Arct.
p. 105 (1860) ; Mudd Man. p. 147 ; f. lainea Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 51 (1870); £. eoilocarpa Stizenb. in Bot. Zeit. xxvi. p. 894
(1868); Cromb., 1. c.; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 202; ed. 3, p. 186.

LECANORA] LECANORACE 275
Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 59? Johns. n. 325; Larb. Cesar. n. 77 ;
Leight. n. 52; Mudd n. 111.

In the apothecia of this species there is nearly always a trace of
brown, more easily seen when they are moistened. The tips of the
paraphyses are also brown, though occasionally there is a trace of dull
olive-green, more apparent after treatment with potash. In this and
the following species the spermogones are frequently immersed in the
apices of thalline warts. The species was originally described as
corticolous, and on the Continent occurs both on trees and on rocks.
Our specimens are all saxicolous except f. pulicaris.

Hab. On rocks and walls (sometimes on trunks of trees) in mari-
time and upland districts.—Distr. Fairly common throughout the
British Isles—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Helmenton, Cornwall;
Meadfoot, Torquay, Devon; Ardingly Rocks, Sussex; Rusthall
Common, Kent; Malvern, Worcestershire; Trellick, Monmouthshire ;
Barmouth, Merioneth ; Cwm Ffynnon Llugy, Carnarvonshire ; Haugh-
mond Hill, Shropshire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Staveley, West-
moreland; Alston, Cumberland; Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh ;
Appin, Argyll; The Trossachs, Perthshire; Baldovan, Forfarshire ;
near Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Hill of Ardo, Aberdeenshire
Lambay Island, Dublin.

Form pulicaris Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890).—
Thallus very thin or obsolete, whitish. Apothecia numerous,
small, the disc black, plane, becoming convex, the thalline margin
thin, entire, becoming crenulate.-—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 416.
L. pulicaris Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 336 (1814). Patellaria pulicaris
Pers. in Ann. Wetter. Ges. ii. p. 13 (1810) fide Ach. 1. c.

The few British specimens are lignicolous and without a thallus.
The epithecium resembles that of the species in the dark brownish-
black colour, differing in this respect from LD. subfusca var. allophana
and from L. atrynea, with which it might be confused.

Hab. On old fir palings in upland districts.— Distr. Rare in the
Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Blair Athole, Perthshire; Crathie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

19. L. gangaleoides Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 354 (1872).—Thallus
subdeterminate, generally thick and coarsely warted-areolate,
greyish (K + yellow). Apothecia moderate in size, mostly
crowded, the disc plane, black, the thalline margin rather promi-
nent, sometimes inflexed, entire or becoming slightly furrowed
or crenulate, occasionally sometimes flexuose ; paraphyses slender,
septate, scarcely widened upwards though sometimes slightly
clavate and coloured at the tips, the epithecium dark- or greenish-
brown ; spores ellipsoid, 12-17 p long, 6-9 mw thick, or rather
larger ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 416; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 189. L. subfusca f. gangalea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 2027;
ed. 3, p. 187? (non Ach.) ; f. melacarpa Leight. op. cit. ed. 3,
p. 187. L. atrynea var. melacarpa Cromb, in Grevillea i. p. 171

T 2

276 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

(1873) (2 Nyl.) & Monogr. i. p. 415. L. plymatula Johns. Easice.
n. 368,

Exsicc. Johns. n. 198, 368 (as L. plymatula); Larb. Lich.
Hb. n. 19.

Very closely allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by
the thicker more warted thallus, and by the almost constantly black
apothecia, thus resembling L. atra; the latter is, however, easily
recognized by the violet colour of the hymenium. The paraphyses
are more constantly dark-greenish than in L. cotlocarpa.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime or mountainous regions.—
Distr. Rare in N. England, the Scottish Highlands and W. Ireland.
—B. M. Llandbedrog, Carnarvonshire; N. Derbyshire; Bearmoor,
Northumberland ; Wastdale, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire ; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire ; Letter Hill and Ballinakill, Connemara, Galway ;
Belclare near Westport and Clare Island, Mayo.

Subsp. schistina Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 429 (1872).—Thallus
determinate, smooth, wrinkled or areolate, glaucous-white. Apo-
thecia generally rather small, sometimes becoming large and
irregular, the disc plane then convex, black ; the thalline margin
thickish, incurved ; spores ellipsoid, 11-14 » long, 6-8 yp thick.
—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p..68 & Monogr. i. p. 416. TL.
schistina Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882).

Differs from the species in the less warted thallus. The para-
physes are sometimes stouter and the spores are also persistently
smaller.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—Distr.
Sparingly in the Scottish Highlands and in W. Ireland.—B. M.
Barcaldine, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Clare
Island and Achill Island, Mayo.

20. L. atra Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 344 (1810) (excl. vars.
confragosa and expansa).—Thallus determinate, thickish towards
the centre, granulate or of crowded irregular warts, clear grey
or greyish-white, with a thin blackish hypothallus (K + yellow).
Apothecia moderate in size (up to 2 mm. across or more), crowded,
the dise plane, black, the thalline margin prominent, persistent,
often flexuose, entire or becoming crenulate ; paraphyses coherent,
septate, violet in colour, the tips dark-brown, the whole hymenium
violet, appearing al most black in a thick section ; spores ellipsoid,
10-15 p long, 6-8 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.
—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47 '& in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 186; Tayl.
in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 133; Mudd Man. p- 145 pro ‘parte ;
Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 54 & Monogr. i. p. 450; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 194; ed. 3, p. 177. Lichenoides « crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis
nigricantibus majoribus et minoribus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71,
n. 43 (1724) pro parte & Hist. Muse. p. 133, t. 18, fig. 15a (1741).
Lichen ater Huds. Fl. Angl. i. p. 445 (1762) ;, Lightf. Fl. Scot.

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 277

itp. 513; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 18; Engl. Bot. t. 949.
Rinodina atra S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 (1821).
Easice. Johns. n. 119; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 16, 54.

Distinguished from other Lecanorz with a black dise by the
violet paraphyses which tend to become brown with age; the whole
hymenium is blackish in thick sections. The apothecia are generally
numerous and crowded. Spermogones are frequent with long slender
somewhat straight spermatia, 18-26 » long.

Hab. On rocks, walls and trees from maritime to subalpine regions.
—Distr. General and common throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
Sark; St. Minver, Cornwall; Isham Walk, Torquay, Devon; New
Forest, Hants; Hastings, Sussex; Lydd Beach, Kent; Reigate Hill,
Surrey; Langford, Essex; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; Woodfield,
Monmouthshire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Worcester and Malvern
Hills, Worcestershire ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; Aberdovey and Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Anglesea; Cheveley Park and near Newmarket, Cambridge-
shire; near Yarmouth, Suffolk; Staveley Head, Westmoreland; St.
Bees and Alston, Cumberland; near Glasgow; Barcaldine and Appin,
Argyll; West Water and near Balmerino, Fifeshire; Loch Tay, Craig
Tulloch and Kinnoul Hill, Perthshire ; Denfenella and near Portlethen,
Kineardineshire ; Hill of Ardo, Aberdeenshire; near Cork; Killaloe,
Clare ; Dawros, Connemara, Galway; Achill Island and Clare Island,
Mayo.

Var. grumosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 345 (1810).—Thallus more
finely granulose and cracked-areolate. Apothecia somewhat
sunk in the thallus, small.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 451. Lichen
grumosus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xiv. p. 36 (1795).

Exsicc. Johns. n, 139.

Differs from the species in the granulose thallus. Another variety
(var. swhbyssoidea) also with a granulose thallus has been recorded by
Stirton from Blair Athole, Perthshire, in Trans. Glasg. Nat. Hist.
Soc. p. 85 (1875). He describes it as having a blackish thallus,
effigurate at the circumference, with a white subbyssoid hypothallus.
Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 451) suggests that it may be a form of
L. gangaleoides.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Rare in 8. Wales, N.W. England and probably N.E. Scotland
(Cromb. 1. c.).—B. M. Woodfield, Monmouthshire ; Brougham Castle,
Westmoreland.

B. Hageni group.—Thallus thin or scanty, whitish or greyish
(K —). Apothecia small, the dise generally dull- or yellowish-
brown ; ascus 8- or poly-spored (LZ. Sambuc’).

Ascus 8-spored.
21. L. Hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 368 (1810).—Thallus

effuse, thin, minutely granular, cinereous-white, often scarcely
visible (K —). Apothecia mostly small (less than 1 mm. across),
often crowded, the dise plane or becoming turgid, pale to dark-
brown of a dull tinge, sometimes greyish-pruinose, the thalline

278 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

margin rather thin, entire or often crenulate and somewhat
prominent, or sometimes almost obliterated by the swollen disc ;
paraphyses slender or stoutish, irregularly septate and often
uneven, colourless, or slightly clavate and-brown at the tips, the
epithecium of brown granules; spores ellipsoid, 9-12 p long,
5-6 p thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208; ed. 3, p. 192; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 425. LD. albella var. Hageni Mudd Man. p. 168
(1861). LD. umbrina var. Hageni Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870).
Lichen Hageni Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 57 (1798).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 115; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 131, 219 &
Lich. Cantab. n. 20.

L. Hageni has been distinguished from L. wmbrina by Nylander
and others (Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 424) on account of the difference in
length of the spermatia: those of the former measuring up to 15 pn,
the latter 15-22 ». It is acharacter that is uncertain and difficult to
rely on, as spermogones are frequently absent. It differs from species
of the L. swbfusca group in the less developed thallus, in the smaller
apothecia and spores, the stouter paraphyses, the duller, more umber-
brown of the disc, and in the absence of reaction with potash.

Hab. On trees, or often on old palings, linoleum, etc., more rarely
on soil or stones.—Distr. Not uncommon throughout the British
Islands.—B. M. St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey; near Penzance; New Forest,
Hants; Ryde, I. of Wight; Lydd, Kent; Langford, Hadleigh and
Hockley, Essex; Windsor Great Park, Berks; Wellow near Bath,
Somerset ; Wimpole Park and Bottisham, Cambridgeshire; Brandon
and Mendelsham, Suffolk; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ashgill Side
and Ennerdale, Cumberland; Inverary, Argyll; Blair Athole and
Achmore, Killin, Perthshire; Castlemartyr, Cork; Ballynagarde,
Limerick.

Form Zostere A. L. Sm.—Thallus poorly developed, almost
wholly covered by the apothecia. Apothecia generally crowded,
rather small, sometimes becoming large and, irregular, the disc
dull-brown, the thalline margin white prominent, entire or sub-
crenulate ; paraphyses stoutish, irregularly septate, sometimes
bead-like towards the tips or irregularly clavate and brownish ;
spores as in the species; hymenial gelatine biue with iodine.—
L. subfusca var. Zosterze Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 158 (1814). LD. wumbrina
subsp. Zosterze Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 148 (1874) ; £. Zosteree
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 191 (1879). L. Zosterze Nyl. in Flora
lix. p. 577 (1876); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 425.

Crombie gives spore sizes rather larger than those of the species
(11-14 » x 6-7 »), but I have been unable to find spores so large in
our specimens. In a weak solution of iodine the hymenium remains
blue. Evidently a transition stage to the following variety.

Hab. On old plants of Zostera marina.—Distr. Rare in the
Channel Islands, 8.W. England and S8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Jersey;
Sark; Guernsey; Pentire and the Lizard, Cornwall; Kilkee, Clare.

Var. marina Th. Fr. Lich, Arct. p. 106 (1860); Lesd. Lich.
Dunk. p. 155 (1910).—Thallus scarcely visible. Apothecia rather

LECANORA | LECANORACEX 279

large, generally more than 1 mm. across, crowded and difform,
the disc deep purple-brown, with a white prominent persistent
margin becoming crenulate.—Lecanora sarcopsis var. marina
Wahlenb. ex Sommerf. Fl. Lapp. Suppl. p. 91 (1826).

Hab. On sea piles, etc.—B. M. Mersea Island, Essex (collected by
P. Thompson).

Var. Crombiei Johns. Exsicce. n. 263 (1897).—Thallus whitish-
cinerous, granular, deeply cracked-areolate. Apothecia small,
crowded, angular, the margin prominent, entire, becoming
crenulate.

Exsice. Johns. n. 263.

Hab. On a decorticate stump.—B. M. Near Bolam, Durham (the
only locality).

22. L. umbrina Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 10 (1852) pro
parte; Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. xiii. p. 369 (1866).—Thallus
effuse, thinnish, granulate, unequal, greyish or dark (K-—).
Apothevia generally umber- or dark-brown, not pruinose, small,
the thalline margin crenulate or entire, persistent ; paraphyses
slender, coherent, irregularly septate and slightly clavate or
capitate, the epithecium of brown granules; spores ellipsoid,
8-12 » long, 5-6 » thick.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. p. 255
(1867) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 pro parte & Monogr. i. p. 423 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207 pro parte; ed. 3, p. 191 pro parte;
f. subdistans Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 97 (1870).
L. Hageni f. calcigena Ny]. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 361
(1876) & Monogr. i. p. 426; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 192.
Lichen umbrinus Ehrh. Crypt. exs. n. 245 (1793) nomen nudum.

Exsice. Johns. n. 262 (as f. subdistans), 369; Larb. Lich.
Hb. (without a number).

Closely allied to L. Hageni, differing only in the somewhat stouter
more persistent apothecial margins and in the generally saxicolous
habitat. The thallus is sometimes very dark owing to the development
of dark-brown hypothallic filaments or to the presence of blue-green
alge.

Hab. On siliceous or calcareous rocks, rarely on the ground or on
palings.—Distr. Wide-spread but less common than the previous
species.—B. M. La Moye, Jersey; near Penzance, Cornwall; Banner-
down, Wilts; Aberdovey, Merioneth; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Wastdale and St. Bees, Cumberland; Ravensmouth, Durham; Bareal-
dine, Argyll; Bay of Nigg and Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Cliffs of
Moher, Clare; Killery Bay and Lettermore, Connemara, Galway.

23. L. crenulata Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 190 (1833) ;
Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Férh. 1866, p. 181.—
Thallus very thin, effuse, greyish-white, often scarcely visible
(K—). Apothecia small, scattered, the disc yellow- or dull-
brown, sometimes pruinose, the thalline margin prominent,
becoming deeply crenulate, white ; paraphyses coherent, thickish

280 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

or slender, septate, colourless, sometimes slightly clavate or
capitate at the tips, the epithecium of dense brown granules ;
spores ellipsoid, 10-16 » long, 5-7 p thick (generally about 12 p
long).—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 424. L. albella var. crenulata
Mudd Man. p. 148 (1861). JL. galactina var. disperso-areolata
Mudd tom. cit. p. 149. L. umbrina f. erenulata Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 51 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207; ed. 3, p. 191;
subsp. crenulata Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 59 (1883). Lichen
crenulatus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 14, t. 9, fig. 1 (1793) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 930 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17.

Easicc. Johns. n. 38; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 258.

A dainty species allied to L. Hagent, and recalling somewhat
L. galactina subsp. dispersa or L. subluta var. perspersa. The
spermatia have been recorded by Nylander (Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 424)
as 11-15 p long, °5 yp thick.

Hab. On calcareous or sandstone rocks.— Distr. Rare in 5.W. and
N. England, the Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Watcombe Bay, Devon; Alfrick, Worcestershire ; near Ayton, Carlton
Bank and Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham ;
Lamplugh, Cumberland; Egglestone, Durham; West Water, Fife-
shire; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Oughterarde, Galway.

24. L. conferta Nyl. in Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 3, vii. p. 313
(1867) note.—Thallus effuse, thin, scanty, granulate, greyish-
white or greenish-grey (K —). Apothecia rather small (*3-*8 mm.
across), plane, crowded in small groups and subangular from
pressure, pale brick-red, or darker, the thalline margin very thin,
sometimes crenulate, disappearing ; paraphyses slender, septate,
a little wider or sometimes shortly branched and irregular at
the tips, the epithecium brownish ; spores ellipsoid, 9-15 p long,
5-7 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine-—Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 427. L. umbrina
var. conferta Cromb. in Journ, Bot. viii. p. 97 (1870). L. Hageni
var. conferta Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208 (1871) note ; ed. 3, p. 192.
Patellaria conferta Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 654 (1830).

A rare species allied to L. Hageni or to L. crenulata. In the
solitary specimen in the herbarium the thallus has almost disappeared
and the reaction CaCl + saffron-yellow recorded by Hue (Journ. de
Bot. v. p. 258) is not. to be seen.

Hab, On granitic stones of a wall.—B. M. Woodside, near
Aberdeen (the only British locality).

25, L. Agardhiana Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 152 (1814); Nyl. Lich.
Seand. p. 138 (1861).—Thallus effuse, thin, continuous, smooth
or furfuraceous, greyish (K—). Apothecia minute, at first
innate, the dise brownish-black, the thalline margin thin, whitish,
entire soon obliterated, with the disc convex’ and sometimes
slightly pruinose (epithecium HNO, + rosaceous) ; paraphyses
thickish, umber-brown at the clavate apices; spores ellipsoid,

LECANORA | : LECANORACER 281

about 10-14 » long, 4-5 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i.
p. 426.

Allied to L. wmbrina, but the apothecia have a less prominent
thalline margin; they appear lecideine when mature.

Hab. On caleareous rocks.—B. M. Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-
shire (the only British record).

Ascus poly-spored.

26. L. Sambuci Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 168 (1861).—Thallus
effuse, very thin, minutely granulate or pulverulent, or scarcely
visible, whitish or greyish (K—or f+ yellowish). Apothecia
small, congregate or scattered, the disc pale- or reddish-brown,
the thalline margin thin, entire or crenulate, persistent ; para-
physes subdiscrete, septate, colourless, or brown and capitate at
the tips ; spores 12, 16 or 32 in the ascus, ellipsoid, 8-12 p long,
5-7 p thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Carroll in
Journ. Bot. iv. p. 23 (1866) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 & Monogr. i.
p. 443; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186; ed. 3, p. 171.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 417.

Distinguished from allied species by the poly-spored asci.

The small apothecia with white crenulate margins recall Lecanora
crenulata or L. Hageni. There is only a very faint yellow reaction
with potash—or none.

Hab. On trees, often poplars or old elders, rarely on wood.— Distr.
Very rare in N. England and W. Scotland.—B. M. Durham; Barceal-
dine, Argyll.

C. Pallida group.—Thallus whitish, yellowish, or more rarely
greyish (reactions various or none). Apothecia more or less
pruinose.

Thallus K + yellow.

27. L. pallida Scher. Enum. p. 78 (1850).—Thallus deter-
minate, thin, smooth or sometimes becoming thicker and granulate,
whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia scattered or crowded, moderate
or rather small, the dise plane or becoming slightly convex, pale
flesh-coloured, generally pruinose (CaCl—), the thalline margin
entire, prominent or sometimes excluded by the growth of the
disc ; paraphyses generally conglutinate, rather slender, some-
times flexuose, septate, not widened nor coloured at the tips, but
the epithecium brown, granulose ; spores ellipsoid, small, 10-12 »
long, 5-8 p thick, sometimes larger ; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—L. albella Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 369 (1810); Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 191; Mudd Man. p. 147 ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 51 pro parte & Monogr. i. p. 418 (incl. ff. peralbella and
subalbella) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 206 ; f. peralbella Nyl. ex
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 361 (1876); f. subalbella Hue in

282 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

Rev. Bot. vi. p. 161 (1887-8). L. subfusea f. albella Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 204 (1871). L. peralbella Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 365
(1872); Leight. op. cit. ed. 3, p. 206. L. subalbella Nyl. 1. c.
Lichen pallidus Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. p. 183 (1771). L. albellus
Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. p. 18 (1794); Engl. Bot. t. 2154.
L. rosellus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1651 (1806) (non Pers.). Rinodina
albella S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 453 (1821).
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 77 ; Mudd n. 113.

Distinguished by the whitish determinate thallus which forms
orbicular patches on somewhat smooth bark, and also by the light-
coloured pruinose apothecia. The spermogones are light-coloured
round the ostiole, thus differing from those of L. swbfusca, which are
dark-coloured (fide Hue Add. Nov. p. 84); the spermatia are 16-22 p
long.

Hab. On smooth bark of trees in wooded districts.— Distr. Rather
rare but widely distributed in the British Isles—B. M. Near Bovey
Tracey, Becky Falls, Devon; Netley Abbey and Lyndhurst, New
Forest, Hants; Bainbridge, I. of Wight; St. Leonard’s Forest,
Sussex; Savernake Forest, Wilts; Epping Forest, Hockley and
Hadleigh Woods, Essex; Hay Park, Herefordshire; Gopsall Wood,
Leicestershire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Barcaldine, Argyll ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Killaloe, Clare; Killery Bay and
Ballynahinch, Connemara, Galway.

28. L. carpinea Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv.
p. 23 (1886).—Thallus determinate, thin, smooth or becoming
unequally granulate towards the centre, greyish-white (K +
yellow). Apothecia small or moderate in size, scattered or more
often crowded and becoming angular, the disc pale- reddish- or
dark-brown and more or less whitish-pruinose, plane, then often
convex (CaCl + citrine-yellow), the thalline margin thin, generally
entire, sometimes crenulate or often excluded ; paraphyses some-
what conglutinate, slender, sometimes flexuose, septate, not
widened upwards nor coloured at the tips, but the epithecium
dark-brown and granulose; spores ellipsoid, generally rather
small, 9-16 p long, 6-7 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—L. angulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 364 (1810); Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 205; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 419 (excel. var.
chondrotypa). L. subfusca var. angulosa Mudd Man. p. 148
(1861); f. angulosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 204 (1871). ZL. albella
subsp. angulosa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870). Lichen carpineus
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753). ZL. angulosus Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips.
p. 136 (1771).

Ezxsice. Johns. nos. 133, 319, 4138 ; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 23;
Mudd nos, 114, 115.

Closely allied to the preceding species, differing, however, decisively
in the yellow reaction of the apothecial dise with chloride of lime, It
occurs usually in definite patches, with the apothecia crowded in the
centre. The reaction with iodine depends on the solution; under a
certain strength there is only a blue colour produced. This refers

LECANORA | LECANORACE 283

equally to f. subangulosa Johns. Exs. n. 413 (1810); the change to
wine-red is, however, much quicker in some specimens than in others.
The specimens recorded under L. angulosa var. chondrotypa Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 420 (1894) belong to L. pallida and not to L. chondrotypa
Ach. (Lich. Univ. p. 865 (1810) ).. Lichen glabratus Dicks., a herbarium
name, is quoted by Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 162) as synonymous
with L. chondrotypa. The spermogones are black above with
spermatia 14-18 p long.

Hab. On trunks of trees, rarely on old palings, in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Not uncommon throughout the British Isles.
—B.M. Ullacombe, Bovey Tracey, Devon; New Forest, Hants;
Shermanbury, near Lewes and near Hastings, Sussex; Holmwood,
Surrey; Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Epping Forest, Essex; near Ciren-
cester, Gloucestershire ; Nesscliff, Shropshire; Kempsey, Worcester-
shire; Bottisham, Cambridgeshire; between Staithes and Loftus,
Ayton, and near Easby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Catterleen, Cumber-
land; Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin, Perthshire; Castleconnell,
Limerick; near Belfast, Antrim.

29. L. sordida Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 115 (1860) (excl. vars.).
—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, continuous, then wrinkled or
cracked-areolate, rarely subfarinose, sometimes radiate at the
circumference, with a white hypothallus not often visible, whitish
or cinereous (K + yellow). Apothecia scattered or crowded,
small or large, innate or appressed, the disc plane, often becoming
convex, dull-reddish or -brownish, generally bluish-black-pruinose
(CaCl + yellow), the thalline margin thin, acute or often deeply
crenate and flexuose, or disappearing; paraphyses crowded,
slender, colourless, septate, especially towards the apex, the
epithecium granular, dull-olive-brown ; spores ellipsoid, 10-14 p
long, 6-7 p» thick.—L. glaucoma Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 362 (1810) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 189; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 185; Mudd Man. p. 153; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 50 & Monogr. i. p. 420 (incl. subsp. subradiosa Nyl. in
Flora lv. p. 549 (1872)); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 215 (incl.
f. cerulata? and f. cinereopruinosa); ed. 3, p. 204 (incl. ff.). Lichen
rupicola L. Mant. p. 132 (1767)? Lightf. Fl. Scot. i. p. 806%
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525? With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 13, t. 31,
fig. 2 (1796). LL. sordidus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 26
(1794). L. glaucoma Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 56 (1798):
Engl. Bot. t. 2156. Verrucaria glaucoma Hoffm. Fl. Deutschl.
ii. p. 172 (1795). Rinodina glaucoma 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. 1.
p. 453 (1821).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 112; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 259; Leight. n. 53 ;-
Mudd n. 122.

An extremely variable plant, both as regards thallus and apothecia,
but the pruinose character of the disc, combined with the reaction to
CaCl, is a sure test. The apothecial margin is generally entire but
may be deeply indented, with the dise flat or turgid. Spermogones
are frequent, and like black points in the thallus. Thallus and apothecia
are the hosts of various parasites, the latter of Arthonia varians.

284 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

Several names have been employed for this plant: Lichen rimosus
Oed. Fl. Dan. iii. t. 468, fig. 3 (1769) is altogether doubtful, though
adopted by Scherer (Enum. p. 71), and Dickson’s plant of that name
is Rhizocarpon calcarewm. Withering’s figure of L. rwpicola almost
certainly represents the plant, though the description is deficient and
the habitat ‘on calcareous rocks” is wrong; it is antedated by Lichen
sordidus Pers., which has been generally accepted by competent and
critical lichenologists, and of which the diagnosis and habitat accord
with this lichen. LL. glaucoma subsp. bicincta Nyl. var. lecideina
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 422 (1894) was recorded as L. swbcarnea var.
lecideina Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890), and belongs to that
species. It has a thinner, smoother thallus, gives a red reaction with
potash, and no dise reaction with CaCl. -L. glaucoma f. cerulata
Leight. seems also to be identical with that form.

Hab. On siliceous rocks, boulders and walls in maritime and
upland districts, chiefly mountainous.—Distr. General and common
probably throughout the British Isles—B. M. Jersey; Guernsey;
Sark; St. Minver and Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon; near
Folkestone, Kent; Charnwood Forest and Bardon Hill, Leicester-
shire; Malvern Hills, Worcestershire; Aberdovey and Barmouth,
Merioneth; Pwllheli, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Long Mynd and
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Ayton and Cliffrigg, Cleveland and
Ribbledale, Yorkshire; Middleton-in-Teesdale, Durham; Swinhope,
East Allendale, Northumberland; near Milnthorpe and Swindale,
Westmoreland; Catterleen, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire; Kyles of Bute; Barcaldine, Argyll; Killin, Perthshire ;
near Dundee, Forfarshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie
and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Kinsale, Cork; Lambay
Island and Howth, Dublin.

Form decussata A. L. Sm.—Thallus marked with black lines,
probably due to the presence of some other lichen.—L. glaucoma
f. decussata Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68 (1890) & Monogr. i.
p. 421.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland distri¢ts.— Distr. Sparingly
in the Channel Islands, N. England and E. Scotland.—B. M. Chateau

Point, Sark; Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland; near Dundee,
Forfarshire.

Form complanata A. L. Sm.—Thallus and apothecia in a
uniform plane. Apothecia innate.—L. glaucoma f£. complanata
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 205 (1879) ; Cromb. ll. ec.

Ezsice. Johns. n. 113.

Hab. On slate rocks in maritime districts.— Distr. Sparingly round
the coasts of Great Britain and S. Ireland.—B. M. Near Towyn,
Pembrokshire ; near Berwick-on-Tweed; Ballachulish, Argyll.

Form distans A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, rather smooth, cracked.
Apothecia few, scattered, rather small.—L. glaucoma f. distans
Johns. Exs. n. 414 (1910).

Hasice. Johns. n. 414.

Hab, On quartzose rocks and stones.—Distr., Rare in N. England.
—B. M. Whitehaven, Cumberland.

LECANORA | LECANORACEX 285

Var. Swartzii A. L. Sm.—Thallus thickish, deeply cracked-
areolate, somewhat radiating at the circumference. Apothecia
plane or convex, aggregate-conglomerate.—L. glaucoma var.
Swartzii Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 159 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 50 & Monogr. i. p. 421; Leight. Lich. FI. p. 216; ed. 3, p. 205.
Lichen Swartzii Ach. in K. Vet. Acad. Handl. xv. p. 185, t. 1,
fig. 2 (1794); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 23.

Not easily defined in the absence of satisfactory specimens. In the
single British specimen, the apothecia are deeply crenate, a character
that occurs in the species, and are often turgid and difform and with
deeply indented margins. They are much larger than those in the
figure by Acharius, which Crombie, however, says is not good.

Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts —B. M. Ben Cruachan,
Argyll.

Var. inflexa A. L. Sm.—Thallus deeply cracked-areolate.
Apothecia generally crowded into cushion-like tubercles, rather
large, the margin prominent, strongly crenate or flexuose, white.
—L. glaucoma var. infleca Johns. ex Cromb. ll. c.

Exsice. Johns. n. 114.

A well-marked plant, more or less connected with the preceding
variety, but the apothecia are more crowded into tuberculate masses,
and the thallus is more cinereous.

Hab. On quartzose rocks.—B. M. Alston, Cumberland (the only
locality).

30. L. cenisia Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 361 (1810).—Thallus of
warted granules contiguous or scattered, subglobose or forming
an areolate crust, whitish or greyish (K + yellow). Apothecia
often rather large, up to 2 mm. across, yellowish- or dull-brown
becoming darker, sometimes almost black, greyish-pruinose, the
thalline margin prominent, entire, then becoming flexuose and
crenulate ; paraphyses slender, crowded, often undulate, scarcely
widened upwards, septate near the tips and colourless, the
epithecium brown ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 12-19 » long, 8-10 p.
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—L. atrynea vay.
cenisia Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 409 (1878) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea xviil. p. 68 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 415.

Characterized by the warted granules of the thallus and by the
pruinose apothecia. The spores of the specimens examined measured
only rarely up to 17 p in length. The apothecium has been described
as zeorine, i.e., with a double margin, a character not easily demon-
strated in this lichen.

Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district.—B. M. Near
Portlethen, Kincardineshire (the only British record).

Var. atrynea Harm. Lich. Fr. v. p. 992 (1913).—Thallus
more compact than in the species, granular- or warted-areolate,
whitish or greyish (K + yellowish). Apothecia generally rather
small and scattered or often crowded, the dise brown and scarcely

286 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

pruinose, becoming very dark, the brown colour only visible when
moist, the thalline margin prominent, crenulate or subentire ;
paraphyses as in the species, the epithecium tending to become
darker and olivaceous-brown; spores as in the species.—L. sub-
fusca var. atrynea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 395 (1810); Mudd Man.
p. 147 pro parte; f. atrynea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 203; ed. 3, p. 187. LL. atrynea Nyl. in Flora lv.
p. 250 (1872) note ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 414.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 78.

Commoner than the species, and very closely allied in the specimens
with lighter-coloured apothecia. In our specimens they are, however,
less pruinose, and become very dark. The specimen from Craig
Tulloch recorded as L. atrynea var. melanocarpa (Cromb. Monogy. i.
p. 415) is, as far as can be judged from the single small gathering,
identical both in thallus and apothecia with L. gangaleoides. No
spores are present, but the paraphyses have the dark greenish tips of
that species.

Hab. On rocks, rarely on trees or wood, in maritime and inland
situations.— Distr. Rather rare in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.
Shanklin, I. of Wight; Barmouth, Merioneth; Eastham, Cheshire ;
Buxton, Derbyshire; Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Killin, Perthshire; Cove, Kincardineshire; Dinish Island,
Killarney, Kerry.

Thallus K + yellow, then red.

31. L. subearnea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 365 (1810).—Thallus
subdeterminate, with a white hypothallus, thin or thickish
smooth and cracked-areolate, or in torn-like fragments, yellowish
white (K + yellow, then deep red). Apothecia prominent,
scattered or crowded, moderate in size, the disc plane, becoming
convex, flesh-coloured, rarely brownish-red, more or less whitish-
or bluish-pruinose, the thalline margin thin, entire, undulate, or
rarely crenulate, then almost excluded ; paraphyses stoutish,
septate, irregularly bent and knobbed at the tips, the epithecium
gvanulose, dark-brown in section ; spores ellipsoid, small, 10-14 »
long, 5-8 p thick; hymenial gelatine violet-blue with iodine.—
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 216; ed. 3, p. 205 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 422.
L. glaucoma var. subearnea Mudd Man. p. 153 (1861); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 50. Lichen subcarneus Swartz ex Westr. in Vet.
Akad. Handl. 1791, p. 126. L. pallescens With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 21
(1796) pro parte. Lecidea subcarnea Hook. in Sm, Engl. FI. v.
p. 184 (1833).

Differs from the preceding in the flesh-coloured pruinose apothecia,
and from L. sordida in the lighter coloured thallus. As in L. pre-
postera, the reaction with potash is not constant. The thallus always
turns yellow, but the red reaction does not always follow very
decisively. The spermogones are black, with curved spermatia 20-25 p
long.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts—Distr. Rather
rare in the Channel Islands, N. England, the Grampians and N.E.

LECANORA| LECANORACEE 287

Scotland—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Alderney; Valley of Rocks,
Lynton, Devon; Barmouth, Merioneth; Keighley and Ayton, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

32. L. prepostera Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 19 (1873).—Thallus
whitish or pale yellowish, rather thick, crowdedly tuberculose
or smooth and cracked into small areole (K + yellow, then red).
Apothecia small or moderate in size, at first innate, often poorly
developed, the dise brown, becoming dull-blackish, generally
white-pruinose, the thalline margin thick, partly wrinkled or
crenulate ; paraphyses slender, septate, slightly coloured at the
tips, but the epithecium dark greenish-brown and granulose ;
spores rather small, ellipsoid, 9-14 » long, 5-6 p thick;
hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Cromb. in Grevillea i.
p. 141 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 418; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p- 173.

The reaction with potash gives a very distinctive character to this
species, though in some of the specimens it is not very pronounced.
The thick whitish thallus differentiates it from neighbouring species.
ee anes with straight or slightly curved spermatia about 16 u
ong.

Hab. On basaltic rocks.—Distr. Local and rare in the Channel
Islands.—B. M. Jerbourg, Guernsey ; Rozel, Jersey.

Thallus K —.

33. L. galactina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 424 (1810).—Thallus
suborbicular or spreading widely, crustaceous, areolate, the
granules when well developed crenulate and subsquamulose at
the circumference, whitish or straw-coloured (K —). Apothecia
crowded and often obscuring the thallus, rather small, plane, .
pale brownish-red, white pruinose or naked, the thalline margin
at first thickish, becoming thin, flexuose and crenulate ;
hymenium inspersed-granulose ; paraphyses slender, septate,
sometimes wider at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 9-15 yp long,
5-7 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Mudd Man.
p. 149 (excl. var. disperso-areolata) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 &
Monogr. i. p. 404; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 206; ed. 3, p. 189.
Lichenoides crustosum, orbiculare incanum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 135,
t. 18, fig. 17 B (1741). Parmelia galactina Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 190 (1803).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 236; Larb. Lich. Cantab. n. 26; Leight. n.
400; Mudd n. 116.

A very variable lichen in the grouping of the apothecia and in the
appearance of the thallus. The latter begins in small orbicular
patches, with the outer granules somewhat spreading and lobate, but
it soon spreads and becomes irregular and indeterminate, and is often
obscured by the numerous apothecia, which become angular from
pressure. It is one of the few lichens that persists in the immediate
neighbourhood of large towns.

288 CYCLOCARPINE® [LECANORA

Hab. On walls and rocks (chiefly calcareous), or rarely in crevices
of walls from maritime to upland districts—Distr. General and
common in most parts of the British Isles—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ;
Sark; Newlyn Cliff, Penzance and Withiel, Cornwall; Peasemarsh,
Hastings, Shoreham and Brighton, Sussex ; Holloway and Stanmore,
Middlesex ; Wickham Bishops and Ulting, Essex, Cleve Hill and
Bathampton Downs, Somersetshire ; Cirencester and Chalford, Glou-
cestershire; Great Malvern, Worcestershire; Shifnal and Oswestry,
Shropshire; Milton, Cambridgeshire; near Matlock, Derbyshire ;
Anglesea; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Rerrick, Kirkeudbright-
shire ; King’s Park, Stirling; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Invernessshire; Kyle-
more Lake, Connemara, Galway.

Form livida Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 207 (1871).—Thallus pale or
reddish-white, cracked-areolate, the areole scale-like. Apothecia
sometimes immersed in the thallus, otherwise as in the species.
—Leight. op. cit. ed. 3, p. 190. L. livida Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 375 (1810); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 407. LZ. galactina var.
livida Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 (1870).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 237.

A rare form, differing from the species in the somewhat more
developed thallus and immersed apothecia, the latter character occurs
sometimes in the species.

Hab. On calcareous walls in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in
N. England and W. Scotland.—B. M. N. England; Appin, Argyll.

Form verrucosa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190 (1879).—
Thallus in white dispersed convex verrucose pulvinuli. Apothecia
small, immersed, crowded.—Cromb., in Grevillea xviii. p. 67 &
Monogr. i. p. 405. LD. galactina var. deminuta Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) (non Stenh.).

Easicc. Johns. n. 109.

The form is connected with the continental var. deminuta, but
differs in the more scattered pulvinate habit.

Hab. On calcareous rocks.—Distr. Rare in Wales, N. England
and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Mumbles, near Swansea,
Glamorganshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Asby, West-
moreland; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. subluta Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 572 (1876).—Thallus
effuse, minutely granulose, whitish (K —). Apothecia small,
crowded, difform from pressure, pale yellowish-red, otherwise as
in the species.—L. subluta Nyl. tom. cit. p. 232; Cromb. in
Grevillea v. p. 106 (1877) & Monogr. i. p. 407 ; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 190.

In one of the specimens from Dawros River, Connemara, the
apothecia are larger and in pulvinate groups, and the thallus very
scanty, with a reaction K (CaCl) + reddish-orange.

Hab, On ealeareous rocks in upland situations.—Disty. Rare
among the Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland.—ZB. M. Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Recess and Dawros River, Connemara, Galway.

LECANORA| LECANORACE 289

Form perspersa Nyl. tom. cit. p. 572.—Thallus obsolete.
Apothecia smaller and scattered, otherwise as in the species.
L. subluta £. perspersa Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 106 (1877) &
Monogr. i. p. 407 ; var. perspersa Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 190
(1879).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 259.

Hab. On rocks in upland situations.—B. M. N. England; Dawros
River, Connemara, Galway.

Subsp. dispersa Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 68
(1890) & Monogr. i. p. 406.—Thallus scanty or entirely wanting.
Apothecia small, more or less scattered, the disc flesh-coloured to
dark-brown, the thalline margin white, entire or becoming
crenulate ; paraphyses and spores as in the species.—L. galactina
var. dispersa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 424 (1810) ; f. dispersa Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 206; ed. 3, p. 190. Lichen dispersus Pers. in Ust.
Ann. Bot. vii. p. 27 (1794).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 76.

Differs from the species in the general absence of thallus and in
the small well-formed apothecia, usually with an entire margin. The
apothecia may be widely and sparsely scattered or rather crowded.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and inland districts.—Dzstr.
Rather rare in Great Britain and Ireland.—Z. M. Ryde beach, I. of
Wight; Cirencester, Gloucestershire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
Hartlepool, Durham ; Bywell, Northumberland; Cunswick Sear,
Westmoreland ; Achosragan Hill, Argyll ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole
and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Cliffs of Moher, Clare; Delphi, Connemara, Galway.

Subsp. dissipata Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 368 (1866).
—Thallus in spots or spreading indefinitely, consisting chiefly of
a blackish stain-like hypothallus. Apothecia minute, the disc
dull-brown or blackish, or slightly whitish-pruinose, the thalline
margin whitish, subentire; spores rather smaller than in the
species, 8-12 w long, 4-6 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii.
p- 67 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 405.

Exsice. Johns. n. 315.

One of the few lichens of the London district, forming ink-like
stains, thallus and apothecia being further blackened by smoke.
Johnson's plant from Durham has a very distinct hypothallus like
that of the London lichens,

Hab. On calcareous rocks, stones, composite walls, ete.—Distr.
Rather rare in the more open London districts such as 8. Kensington,
etc., and N. England.—B. M. Notting Hill and Camden Town,
London; near Brusselton, Durham.

34. L. urbana Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195
(1885).—Thallus white, opaque, more or less pruinose or farinose,
of rather stout massed granules occasionally flattened and crenu-

is U

j
. .

290 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA
late (K—). Apothecia moderate in size, crowded or in pulvinate
groups, the disc brownish, white-pruinose, the thalline margin
prominent, entire or faintly crenulate; paraphyses stoutish,
septate, very slightly widened at the apex; spores ellipsoid,
11-14 p long, 5°7 p thick.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 406. LL. gal-
actina subsp. urbana Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xiii. p. 368 (1866).
Ezsice. Johns. n. 316.

Very closely allied to L. galactina, but with a thicker thallus and
with slight differences in the apothecia.

Hab. On mortar of old walls near towns in lowland districts.—
Distr. Rare in England and §. Ireland.—B. M. Lewes, Sussex;
Folkestone, Kent; Dorking, Surrey; Berwick-on-Tweed; near Cork.

35. L. Andrewii B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lxi. p. 82
(1914).—Thallus indistinct. Apothecia numerous, crowded, up
to 1 mm. across, dise pallid or dull-brown, plane, margin white,
thick, subentire or subcrenulate, persistent and flexuose
(CaCl f+ yellow, K(CaCl) + reddish - orange) ; epithecium
yellowish, granular ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses easily
separating, slender, simple, scarcely wider above, not septate ;
asci clavate; spores ellipsoid, 11-13 (15) pw long, 6 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.

The description has been taken from de Lesdain, but examination
of the co-type specimens shows that the apothecia are sometimes
pruinose; the paraphyses are swollen and sometimes divided at the
tips, thus differing slightly from those of L. galactina. Another
peculiar feature is the reaction, which, however, occurs in a specimen
of L. galactina var. subluta.

Hab. On siliceous rocks partly encrusted with lime.—B. M. Braid
Hills near Edinburgh (the only record ; collected by J. McAndrew).

D. Varia group.—Thallus greenish-grey (reactions various or
none). Apothecia greenish or dull greenish-brown.

36. L. varia Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 377 (incl. f. pleorytis)—Thallus
generally wide-spreading in a thinnish warted granular crust,
the small warts rather unequal, crowded or sparse or almost
absent, yellowish-green, straw-coloured or greenish-grey (K—).
Apothecia numerous and often crowded, obscuring the thallus,
generally about 1 mm. in diameter, becoming sometimes larger
and irregular in form, the disc dull yellowish-brown or -green,
sometimes darker and sometimes slightly pruinose, the thalline
margin thin, prominent, persistent, subentire, becoming flexuose
and angular; paraphyses slender, somewhat coherent, not dis-
tinctly septate, the apices slightly larger or irregular, the
epithecium of minute yellowish granules, dark-brown in thick
section ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 9-12 ym long, 5-7 yw thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Hook. in Sm, Engl. Fl. v.

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 291

p- 190; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137 pro parte; Mudd
Man. p. 149 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte
& Monogr. i. p. 430 (incl. f. pleorytis) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192 ;
ed. 3, p. 176 pro parte. Lichen varius Ehrh. Exs. n. 68 (1785)
nomen nudum; Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1666 (1807). Patellaria varia
Hoffm. Pl. Lich. i. p. 102 (1790); var. pleorytis Ach. Meth.
p. 178 (1833). Rinodina varia S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 452
1821).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 107 ; Johns. nos. 134, 135 ; Larb. Lich. Hb.
n. 215; Leight. n. 51.

Characterized by the smooth rather hard granules, as distinguished
from the leprose thallus of i. farinaria which is more of a shade
lichen. The apothecia are numerous and may be much enlarged with
very irregular indented flexuose margins (f. pleorytis), a character that
appears in many of the apothecia. Spermatia thread-like, 12-22 »
long, 0°75 pu thick.

Hab. On old palings (rarely on trunks of trees, heather, etc.).—
Distr. General and common throughout the British Islands.—B. M.
Guernsey; Bovey Tracey, Devon; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants ;
Shermanbury, Hastings and St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Penshurst
Park, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; Finchley, Middlesex; Walthamstow,
Essex; Elstree, Hertfordshire; Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire; Yar-
mouth, Norfolk; Hay Park, Herefordshire; Battenhall, near Worcester ;
Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire ; Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leices-
tershire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth;
Ayton, Cleveland and Skipworth, Yorkshire; Wark-on-Tyne and
near Hexham, Northumberland ; Ben Lawers and Killin, Perthshire ;
Durris, Kincardineshire; Crathie and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ; Carrigaline, Cork; Killarney,
Kerry.

37. L. farinaria Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2727 (1832).—
Thallus effuse, thickish, pulverulent-leprose and generally cracked-
areolate or subleprose, pale yellowish-green (K + yellow).
Apothecia sparsely scattered, pale reddish, becoming brownish
or very dark when old, generally rather sunk in the thallus and
the margin pulverulent ; paraphyses somewhat coherent, sparingly
septate, irregular and sometimes divided at the tips; the epithe-
cium a mass of granules, brown in thick section ; spores ellipsoid,
10-16 p long, 4—5 w thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—
Cromb. in Grevillea vii. p. 142 (1879). ZL. eaxpallens var.
conizea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 374 (1810). LZ. varia var. coniziea
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193.
L. conizea Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 249 (1872); Cromb. in Trans.
Essex Field Club iv. p. 64 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 431. LD. sar-
copis subsp. homopis Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873) (non
Nyl.) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 174. L. lutescens Leight. tom.
cit. p. 184 (1879) pro parte. Rinodina conizea 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr, i. p. 454 (1821).

_ Easicc. Cromb. n. 163 ; Johns. n. 79 ; Leight. n. 378.
U 2

292 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

Close to the preceding species but differing in the thicker leprose
thallus and in the pulverulent margins of the apothecia. It is
frequently sterile, and in most of the specimens there is a yellow
reaction with potash, sometimes turning to reddish-brown. As far as
observed the spores are similar to those of L. varia, those of the latter
species are, however, on the whole, larger and better developed.

Hab. On old palings and bark of old trees.— Distr. Not uncommon
throughout England ; rarely recorded from Scotland and not yet for
Ireland, but probably overlooked.—B. M. Albourne, Sussex; Pens-
hurst, Kent; Finchley, Middlesex; Reigate, Surrey; Epping Forest,
Essex; Elstree, Herts; Stableford, Shropshire; Gopsall Park and
Twycross, Leicestershire ; Hevingham, Norfolk; Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Paddington near Manchester, Lancashire; Urpeth Valley, Durham ;
Asby, Cumberland ; Corstorphine Hill, Edinburgh.

Var. conizeoides A. L. Sm.—Thallus generally less pulveru-
lent than in the species. Apothecia with the margins often
crenulate and inflexed but scarcely pulverulent, otherwise as in
the species.—Lecanora conizeoides Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr. i. 431.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 39.

Akin to L. farinaria, though somewhat resembling L. varia in
the less leprose thallus which is sometimes sparingly developed.
The same yellow reaction with potash is present as in L. farinaria. -
The spores are variable but attain the same size as in the species.

Hab. On the bark of old trees (beeches and pines) in wooded
upland districts.—Distr. Only in a few localities of S., Central and
N. England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; near Buxton, Derbyshire ;
Egremont, Cumberland.

38. L. sublivescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thickish and
granular-areolate or sometimes smooth as ifrubbed down, sordid
yellowish-green (K + yellowish-brown). Apothecia moderate in
size, generally rather crowded when present, the disc dull-brown
becoming rather convex and turgid and darker in colour, the
thalline margin soon obliterated ; paraphyses stoutish, uneven,
irregularly septate, often branched, the epithecium of brown
granules ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 10-15 p long, 4-5 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—L. varia var. symmicta f.
livescens Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 50 (1869) & Lich.
Brit. p. 52. L. orosthea var. sublivescens Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 248
(1872) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 429.

More nearly allied to Lecanora farinaria var. conizxoides than to
L. orosthea. It differs from the former chiefly in the apothecial
characters.

Hab. On bark of old trees (beech) in wooded districts.—Distr.
Plentiful in a few localities in S. and E. England.—B. M. Near
Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Highbeech, Epping Forest, Essex ;
Windsor Great Park, Hants.

LECANORA| LECANORACEE 293

E. Symmicta group.—Thallus pale yellowish-grey, scanty
(reactions various, or none). Apothecia generally small, mostly
becoming turgid with the margin disappearing, pale, then becoming

dark,
Apothecial margin disappearing.

39. L. symmicta Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 340 (1814).—Thallus
effuse, thin, finely granulate or subleprose, pale yellowish-green
or whitish straw-coloured (K + yellow, CaCl + orange). Apothe-
cia small, rather scattered or crowded, the disc soon convex, pale
flesh-coloured, becoming darker or sometimes olivaceous, the
thalline margin thin, soon disappearing; paraphyses stoutish,
subdiscrete, septate, more or less widened and sometimes darker
at the tips, the epithecium of brown granules ; spores ellipsoid
or oblong, 8-14 p» long, 4-5 p» thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 183 (excl. var. aitema); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 433. L. varia
var. symmicta Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 379 (1810); Mudd Man.
p. 150; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 193 pro parte.

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 136, pro parte.

This species and the following, L. symmictera, are closely allied in
habit and structure, the chief difference is in the orange reaction of
the thallus with CaCl. Both species tend to occur in pale thin
patches, with the apothecia more or less crowded and appressed,
frequently turgid and irregular in outline; possibly they might be
regarded as growth conditions of one species.

Hab. On old palings and on fir trunks in maritime and inland
districts.— Distr. Rare in S. and W. England, N. Wales, W. Scotland
and §. Ireland.—B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Anglesea ;
Asby, Cumberland ; Appin, Argyll ; Great Island, Cork.

Var. sepincola Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 249 (1872).—Thallus
similar to that of the species. Apothecia becoming almost
blackish; spores larger, 10-17 w long, 4-5 » thick.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 183 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 434. LL. varia var.
sepincola Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 164 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 52; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193. Lecidea sxpincola Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 35 (1814).

Eesicc. Johns. n. 137.

Distinguished by the darker apothecia and the longer spores, and
thus resembling those of L. symmictera var. aitema. There is an

appearance of faint septation in some of the spores, and some are
biguttulate.

Hab. On old palings in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in N.
England and among the Grampians, Scotland.— B. M. Hart, Durham ;
Lamplugh, Cumberland; Killin, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

40. L. symmictera Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 249 (1872).—Thallus
effuse, finely granulate, sometimes subleprose or almost obsolete,

294 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

yellowish or greyish straw-coloured (K + slightly yellow,
CaCl —). Apothecia small or moderate in size, numerous, often
crowded, irregular and confluent, the disc convex, turgid, pale
flesh-coloured or becoming dark, the thalline margin excluded ;
paraphyses slender, conglutinate, septate, scarcely wider upwards,
the epithecium of brown granules ; spores oblong, 10-15 p long,
3-5 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then tawny, the tips of the
asci blue, with iodine-—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 183 (1873)
& Monogr. i. p. 434 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200.

Ezxsicc. Jobns. n. 415, 136 pro parte ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 130;
Mudd n. 117.

Included by most systematists under Lecanora, and here retained
in that genus, though in the absence of gonidia from the margin it
might seem to belong more to the biatorine Lecidee. There is
occasionally an appearance of a lighter-coloured margin, but that is
due to the darker deposit of granules on the epithecium. The reaction
with potash is sometimes scarcely perceptible.

Hab. On old palings and trunks of trees.—Dvzstr. General in Great
Britain ; not reported from Ireland.—B. M. Beauport and St. John’s,
Jersey ; near Penzance, Cornwall; near Bovey Tracey, Devon; New
Forest, Hants ; Henfield and Shermanbury, Sussex; Millhill, Middle-
sex; Langford, Essex; near Minety, Wilts; Mendlesham, Suffolk;
Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Thringstone, Leicestershire ; Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; Anglesea; Ballasalla, I. of Man; near Ayton, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Levens, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkceudbright-
shire; Blairdrummond near Stirling ; Finlarig, Killin and Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Louisburgh, Mayo.

Var. aitmea Ny]. in Flora lvi. p. 299 (1873).—Thallus
slightly more developed than in the species. Apothecia more
scattered, the disc blackish ; spores similar to the species or
rather Jarger.—Cromb. in Grevillea xvi. p. 69 (1889) &
Monogr. i. p. 435. rf varia var. aitema Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 163
(1861); Mudd Man. p. 150 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192; var. denigrata Mudd tom. cit. p. 151
( 1861) (non Fr.). DL. symmicta var. aitema Ny). in Flora lv.
p. 249 (187 oi Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 5, p. 183. LL. trabalis Nyl.
in Flora Ix. p. 458 (1877) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 435. Lecidea
aitema Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 178 (1810). i seepincola f. trabalis
si Syn. Lich. p. 35 (1814)?

Hasice. pall S n. 66; Johns. n. 370; Larb. Lich. Hb. n, 255 ;
Mudd n. 118.

Growing frequently in small patches; the apothecial dises are
dark-brown or blackish, owing to the dark-brown granules of the
epithecium.

Hab. On old palings or on stumps in oplactl districts.— Distr.
tather common in England and Scotland.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon ;
near Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; I. of Wight; near Millhill,
Middlesex ; near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire ; Battersby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Stanhope, Weardale, Durham; Alston, Cumberland;

LECANORA | LECANORACE: 295

Finlarig, Kenmore and Glen Lyon, Killin, and Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Crathie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemur-
chus, Invernessshire.

41. L. subintricata Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 265 (1871).—
Thallus very thin, finely granulose, pale-yellow or dull-greyish,
or obsolete (K —). Apothecia small, plane then convex, variable
in colour, yellowish, reddish-brown or dark-olive-brown, the
thalline margin thin, entire, soon excluded ; paraphyses crowded
and coherent, slender, branched, septate and scarcely wider
upwards; spores ellipsoid, small, 5-10 » long, 3-4 w thick.—
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873) (excl. £. obscurior) &
Monogr. i. p. 440; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p.177. LZ. varia var.
subintricata Nyl. in Flora li. p. 478 (1868).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 162.

Resembling L. intricata in the varying colour of the apothecia.
Nylander considered this species to be very near to L. symmicta vay.
sepincola, but with much smaller spores. Crombie gives as thalline
reaction Kf + yellowish. I have been unable to verify this, but the
thallus in the British specimens is very scanty. Crombie also gives
*‘ spermatia thinly acicular, slightly arcuate, 6-7 » long, °5 pw thick.”

Hab. On old palings in an upland district—B. M. Glen Fender,
Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only British record).

42. L. sarcopisioides A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin,
minutely granular, whitish-grey, often disappearing (K + yellow).
Apothecia minute, numerous, sometimes aggregate, at first plane,
becoming convex, reddish then dull-brown or blackish, sometimes
slightly pruinose, the margin thin, quickly excluded ; paraphyses

conglutinate, septate, capitate or scarcely widened upwards, often,

dark over the apex, the epithecium and hymenium coloured dark-
brown or blackish, often with a blue tinge ; spores oblong, 7-14 yu
long, 3-4 p thick.—Z. metaboloides Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 250
(1872) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882); in Grevillea
xviii. p. 69 (1890) (incl. £. obsewrior) & Monogr. i. p. 437. Biatora
sarcoptsioides Massal. Ric. Lich. p. 128 (1852). Lecidea minuta
var. sarcopisioides Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 69 (1870) ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 266 ; ed. 3, p. 264.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 200, 416.

A well-marked species, but easily mistaken for a Lecidea, as the
thalline margin is only visible at an early stage. It differs from
L. piniperda in the character of the thallus and in the colour of the
hymenium. The spores vary considerably, but are usually elongate in
our specimens as well as in those from Italy in our herbarium, though
os the spore length as only 6 » x 24 (FI. Ital. Crypt. iii.
if Nylander quoted as synonymous with his species (L. metaboloides)
the one published earlier by Massalongo as Biatora sarcopisioides,
and cites as typical Anzi Exs. Lich. rar. Venet. n. 61, a specimen
with a more evident thallus, probably due to the weathered wood on
which it grows. Another specimen, Anzi Exs. Minus rar. Ital. n. 175,

/

296 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

also cited by Nylander (Flora lv. p. 250), bears less outward re-
semblance, as the apothecia are larger, more turgid and more
persistently light-coloured, though internally it is the same.

At times the thallus is very dark (f. obscwrior), owing to the
presence of brown fungal hyphe or of blue-green alge.

Hab. On old palings and on decorticated stumps, rarely on stems
of gorse, in maritime and inland wooded regions.—B. M. Ennerdale
and Ravinglass, Eskdale, Cumberland; Achmore, Kenmore, Glen
FPalloch, Ben Lawers, Finlarig, Killin, Glen Fender and Pass of
Killiecrankie, Perthshire ; Glen Lochy, Invernessshire.

43. L. effusa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 386 (1810).—Thallus effuse,
granular or subleprose, yellowish-grey or dull-yellow, sometimes
almost evanescent (K + yellow). Apothecia numerous, rather
small, the dise plane, often becoming convex, brownish-red, the
thalline margin thin, becoming subpulverulent or crenulate,
sometimes excluded ; paraphyses conglutinate, slender, septate,
sometimes widened upwards and brown at the tips, the epithe-
cium of reddish-brown granules; spores small, ellipsoid, 8-12 p
long, 4-7 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Cromb.
in Grevillea vi. p. 21 (1877) & Monogr. i. p. 441. LL. varia var.
sarcopis Ach, tom. cit. p.378 ; Mudd Man. p. 150 ; var. apochreea
Ach. tom. cit. p. 379; subsp. sarcopis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52
(1870). L. sarcopis Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 177 (1814); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 187; ed. 3, p. 174; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 440.
Lichen effusus Pers. ex Hoffm. Deutschl. FI. ii. p. 174 (1795).
Parmelia sarcopis Wahl. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 40 (1803).
Rinodina effusa 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 451 (1821). R. apochraa
S. F. Gray tom. cit. p. 452? (? Ach.).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 161.

The apothecia are generally numerous and crowded, the dises are
somewhat similar in colour to those of the L. swbfusca group, but the
different thallus and habitat and the smaller apothecia of L. effusa at
once distinguish it. The two species, L. effusa and L. sarcopis,
differ only in the thallus, it being more developed in the latter,
evidently a growth condition, and not distinguishable even as a
variety.

Hab. On old palings, rarely on decorticated stumps of trees.—
Distr. Rather rare throughout the Channel Islands, England and
Scotland, not recorded from Ireland.—B. M. Beauport Bay, Jersey ;
near Penzance, Cornwall; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; near
Lewes, Sussex; Bradon Forest, Somerset; Norton and Kempsey,
Worcestershire ; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire ; near Ayton and near
Carlton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Levens, West-
moreland ; Killin and Glen Lyon, Perthshire ; Glen Dee and Crathie,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Morriston, Invernessshire.

Apothecial margin persistent.

44. L. piniperda Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p, 81 (1859).—Thallus

effuse, very thin, arachnoid-leprose, whitish or with a tinge of

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 297

yellow (Kf + yellowish). Apothecia minute, scattered or con-
gregate, the disc plane, becoming convex, flesh-coloured or
brownish, slightly pruinose, the thalline margin thin, entire or
subcrenulate, at first rather prominent ; paraphyses conglutinate,
septate, scarcely widened upwards, with a thin epithecium of
brown. granules ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 8-12 » long, 3—4 p thick.
—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 455 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 174.
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 160; Leight. n. 176.

Well characterized by the thin and generally arachnoid or finely-
felted thallus and by the minute dainty apothecia, generally about
*3 to ‘5 mm. in diameter. The pruinose character is difficult to see
in such minute objects except under a strong lens.

Hab. On trunks of fir trees, more rarely on old palings.—Dvstr.
Rare in the British Isles, probably overlooked.—B. M. Millhill and
Edgeware, Middlesex ; near Worcester ; Twyford, Shropshire ; Appin,
Argyll; near Loch Tummel, Perthshire ; Maam, Connemara, Galway.

Var. ochrostoma Koerb. 1. c.—Thallus similar to that of the
species or almost obsolete. Apothecia generally numerous,
becoming convex and the margin soon excluded, the disc more
or less yellowish or rusty-red, not pruinose.—Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 3, p. 174; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 436.

Differs from the species in the colour of the apothecia. In the
few British specimens the thallus has practically disappeared.

Hab. On old palings in wooded districts.—Distr. Rare in 8. and
W. England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Braydon Forest, Wilts.

Var. glaucella Koerb. 1. c—Thallus more evident, greyish-
white. Apothecia bluish-grey-pruinose, the white thalline margin
prominent, more persistent.—Subsp. glaucella Nyl. ex Cromb. in
Grevillea xix. p. 60 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 436.

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 264.

Distinguished by the somewhat more developed thallus and by the
darker pruinose apothecia.

Hab. On bark of pine trees.—Distr. Rather rare in N. and N.W.

England.—B. M. Bantsdale, Yorkshire ; Staveley, near Kendal, West-
moreland; Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland.

45. L. fugiens Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 289 (1873).—Thallus
effuse, thin, minutely granulate or obsolete, whitish-grey or -yellow
(K + yellow, CaCl + orange). Apothecia minute, scattered,
sessile, the disc dull-yellowish, the thalline margin whitish,
prominent, entire or sometimes crenulate ; paraphyses slender,
subdiscrete, septate, irregularly swollen and sometimes yellowish-
brown above ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 9-13 p long, 5—6 py. thick.
—Cromb. in Grevillea ii. p. 89 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 436 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184.

Evidently a very rare lichen. The thallus is scarcely evident
except in the specimen from Connemara. Nylander has regarded

298 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

it as allied to L. piniperda. The reactions agree with those of
L. symmicta, but are not always very pronounced. The spermogones
have spermatia arcuate, 12-16 p» long, 5 p» thick.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Rare in the Channel
Islands and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey ; Salrock, Connemara,
Galway.

Var. chloropheoides A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, minutely
granulate (K + yellow, K(CaCl) + orange-red). Apothecia more
numerous and slightly larger, otherwise similar to the species.—
L. chloropheoides Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 290 (1873); Cromb. in
Journ, Bot. xii. p. 148 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 442; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 184.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 98.

Thallus and apothecia are more abundant than in the species, from
which it differs in the reaction with CaCl, possibly due to the more
developed state.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—B. M. Vale Castle, Guernsey.

F. Sulphurea group.—Thallus variously yellow (reactions
various or none), Apothecia persistently light-coloured or
becoming dark,

46. L. expallens Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 374 (1810) (excel. var.
conizea).—Thallus effuse, thinnish, leprose-pulverulent, pale-
sulphur-yellow (K + yellow, CaCl + orange-red or brownish).
Apothecia few, small, subinnate, plane or slightly convex, pale-
yellow or flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thin, generally
excluded ; paraphyses coherent, stoutish, septate, the epithecium
of brownish-yellow granules; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 8-16 p»
long, 4-5 p thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199; ed. 3, p. 184;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 432. IL. varia var. ordsthea Mudd Man.
p- 150 (1861). Lichen orostheus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1549 (1806)
(non Ach.). Lepraria expallens Pers. ex Ach. 1. ¢. Lecidea
expallens Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 181 (1833) pro
parte ; Tayl. in Mackay FT. Hib. ii. p. 127.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 320; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 216.

Distinguished from the equally leprose L. farinaria by the thinner
paler thallus, which recalls that of Lecidea lucida. The reaction with
CaCl is not always very clear; often it is yellow changing to brownish.
The apothecia are scanty in the species, and the spores generally
rather small; in the variety they are better developed and up to 16 u
in length.

Hab, On trunks of trees (fir and oak) and on old palings in lowland
and upland districts.—Disty. Here and there throughout Fngland,
N. Wales, 8.W. and N.W. Ireland, not seen from Scotland.—B. M.
Near Bovey Tracey and near Newton Abbot, Devon; Glynde, Sussex ;
Coleshorne and Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Tetsworth,
Oxfordshire ; Ickworth, Suffolk ; Thetford, Norfolk ; Upton, Worcester-
shire; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Garn Dingle, Denbighshire; Anglesea;

LECANORA | LECANORACE! 299

Airyholme Wood and Ripon, Yorkshire; St. Bees, Cumberland ;
Ballynahinch, Connemara, Galway.

Var. lutescens Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 248 (1872).—Thallus more
granulate, scarcely pulverulent, and somewhat darker greenish-
yellow. Apothecia more numerous than in the species, some-
times pruinose, the margins at first prominent then excluded.
—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 432.
L. lutescens Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 668 (1830) ; Cromb. in Journ.
Bot. xi. p. 133 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 184 pro parte.
Lichen lutescens Hoffm. Enum. Lich. p. 3 (1784)? Patellaria
lutescens DC. Fl. France. ii. p. 354 (1805). Rinodina lutescens
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 453 (1821) pro parte.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 65; Johns. n. 116.

Bears the same relation to the species as var. contzceoides does to
L. farinaria. Both may be only growth forms. The apothecia are
generally numerous and crowded, in some places obscuring the thallus.
Thallus and apothecial margins are firmer than in the species.

Hab. On trunks of trees and old palings (chiefly fir) in maritime
and inland districts.—Dzistr. General in Great Britain; rare in the
Channel Islands and §S. Ireland.—B. M. Beaufort Bay, Jersey;
Roche, Cornwall; near Torquay and Totnes, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; Eartham, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Ulting, Essex; near Ludlow,
Herefordshire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw,
Carnarvonshire; near Kendal, Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumber-
Jand; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyll; Craig
Calliach and near Loch Tummel, Perthshire; near Forfar; Durris,
Kincardineshire; Countesswells near Aberdeen and Mar Forest,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire ; Applecross,
Rossshire; Glenbower Wood and Castlebernard Park, Cork.

Var. smaragdocarpa Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 248 (1872) note.—
Thallus as in the species. ‘ Apothecia bright emerald-green.”
—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 433.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number).

The apothecia on our solitary specimen are now very dark, and
the epithecium in section is a layer of brown granules; the paraphyses
are stout, uneven and branched, the spores measure about 12 » long
and 4 thick. It is reported from W. France on oak wood, and is
recorded from Lamlash, Arran, by Wheldon and Travis in Journ. Bot.
li. p. 251 (1913). ;

Hab. On a decorticated stump of oak.—B. M. Chiltern Hills,
Oxfordshire.

Subsp. inversa Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 361 (1879).—Thallus
nearly as in the species. Apothecia with a more prominent, sub-
entire margin ; spores not seen.—Cromb. ll. ec.

There is only one specimen in our herbarium, originally labelled
Lecanora albo-flavida Tayl. It is too scanty for examination.
Nylander thinks that if the spores were known it might be a new
species. The reactions agree with those of L. expallens.

Hab. On branches of furze.—B. M. Finnechy River, Kerry.

300 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

47. L. orosthea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 400 (1810).—Thallus
spreading or determinate, thin, faintly or coarsely cracked-areolate,
sometimes pulverulent, pale yellowish-coloured (K + yellowish-
brown, CaCl — ). Apothecia small, rather rare, soon immarginate
and convex or difform, coloured like the thallus or dull-blackish,
subpruinose ; paraphyses crowded, slender, septate, scarcely
thickened upwards, the epithecium colourless or sometimes
blackish-brown ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, 9-16 » long, 6-7 p thick,
but mostly rather small; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 199; ed. 3, p. 183; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 429. ZL. varia subsp. orosthea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 (1870).
Lichen orostheus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 38 (1798). Lecidea
orosthea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 72 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 470.

Scarcely distinguishable from the preceding species, except in the
smooth thinner rather lighter-coloured thallus. Crombie states that
it grows chiefly on the smooth sides of perpendicular rocks, is very
widely effuse, and generally sterile.

Hab. On siliceous rocks.—Dist7. Rare in the British Isles, possibly
often overlooked owing to the sterility of the thallus—B. M. Enner-
dale, Cumberland; West Water, Fife; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ;
Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; Cloghane, Kerry; Wicklow; Kylemore,
Connemara, Galway.

48. L. sulphurea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 599 (1810).—Thallus a
thickish smooth or sometimes granular crust, deeply cracked-
areolate, the areole even or tumid, determinate, but the hypo-
thallus indistinct, greenish-sulphur-coloured (K + yellowish-brown,
CaCl—). Apothecia numerous, up to 1°5 mm. across, at first
innate, becoming prominent, plane or convex, the disc olive- or
dull-black, more or less pruinose, the thalline margin scarcely
visible ; paraphyses coherent, septate, slightly wider ‘at the tips,
the epithecium minutely g granular, greenish-black ; spores ellipsoid,
10-15 p» long, 5-6 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.
—Mudd Man. p. 152; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 & Monogr. i.
p. 428; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 198 ; ed. 3, p. 182. Lichen sulphureus
Hoffm. Enum. p. 32, t. 4, fig. 1 (1784); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii.
p. 17; With. Arr. ed. 6. LV. Py. ees Engl. Bot. t. 1186 (upper
fig.). Lecidea sulphurea Wahlenb. Fl. “Lapp. p. 477 (1812) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 470; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 38 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 181; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 127.

Exsice. Bohl. n. 117 ; Johns. n. 238 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 69,
92; Leight. n. 114; Mudd n. 121.

Distinctive in the colour of the thallus and the practically unmar-
ginate dark apothecia; they are often crowded and become confluent.
The spermogones are punctiform, immersed, with spermatia 15-20 »
long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime, more rarely in mountainous
regions.— Distr, General and common in Great Britain and Ireland,

LECANORA] LECANORACE 301

rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Sark; St. Minver and Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon; Pulborough and Hastings,
Sussex; Walthamstow and near Maldon, Essex; Malvern Hill,
Worcestershire; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire ; Cheveley Park, Cambridge-
shire; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Barmouth and Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Anglesea; Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Staveley
near Kendal, Westmoreland; Egglestone, Durham ; Wansbeck, North-
umberland ; Rerrick, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Killarney, Kerry; Letter
Hill, Connemara, Galway; Lambay Island, Dublin.

49. L. epanora Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 377 (1810).—Thallus
effuse, thickish, of crowded or scattered verrucose or subsquamulose
granules, greenish-yellow, with citrine-yellow soredia, the hypo-
thallus blackish or obsolete (K—). Apothecia sessile, plane,
brownish-yellow, the thalline margin prominent, flexuose or sub-
crenulate ; paraphyses coherent, slender, septate, scarcely widened
at the tips, the epithecium brownish-yellow ; spores ellipsoid,
small, 8-11 » long, 5:7 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.— Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 & Monogr. i. p. 429; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 205 ; ed. 3, p. 189. LL. alboflavida Tay]. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 260 (1836) ; Mudd Man. p. 155. Lichen epanorus
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 39 (1798).

Ezxsice. Leight. n. 397.

Well distinguished by the yellow soredia which sometimes make
large patches seem as if pulverulent. The hypothallus is scarcely
visible in our specimens, which are also largely sterile.

Hab. On siliceous rocks and walls.— Distr. Local in N. Wales, the
Highlands, Scotland, and in S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Barmouth and
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Ballachulish, Argyll; Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

50. L. polytropa Scher. Enum. p. 81 (1850) pro parte (incl.
f. acrustacea).—Thallus effuse, rather thin, granulate- or cracked-
areolate or subsquamulose, or almost evanescent, pale sulphur-
coloured or greyish-green, a black hypothallus sometimes visible
(K + yellowish). Apothecia small or moderate in size, generally
less than 1 mm. across, closely adnate, at first plane, becoming
convex, yellowish or reddish-flesh-coloured, the thin entire
margin soon excluded; paraphyses rather slender, densely
crowded and subconglutinate, sometimes widened and septate
upwards, colourless, the epithecium a thin layer of brownish
granules ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 9-14 pw long, 5-6 » thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 151 (incl. var. aerustacea) ; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 197 (incl. f. dllusoria) ; ed. 3, p. 181 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 437.
L. varia var. illusoria Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 380 (1810); var.
polytropa Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 114 (1857) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 (incl. f. illusoria). Lichen polytropus
Ehbrh. Exs. n. 294 (1793) nomen nudum ; Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.

302 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

p. 72 (1798); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. iv. p. 22; Engl. Bot. t. 1264
(two lower figs.) (1804). Lecidea polytropa Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 72 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 475; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 185. L. Ehrhartiana var. polytropa Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 47 (1814) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 40.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 117, 265, 266; Leight. n. 179.

A species that varies considerably in the form of the thallus, which
may be thickish, warted or reduced to small scattered granules or
scales or almost absent (vars. acrustacea and illusoria). The apothecia
are generally numerous, and may be small, regularly round and
scattered, or much swollen and sometimes aggregate ; the forms that
follow represent extreme stages of condition that occur in the species.

Hab. On siliceous rocks, boulders and walls in maritime and
mountainous districts.—Distr. More or less general throughout
the British Isles—B. M. Rozel and La Moye, Jersey; near Pen-
zance, Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon; Dolgelly and Aberdovey,
Merioneth ; Lounsdale and Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Egglestone,
Durham; Ennerdale, Cumberland; Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and
Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Bennaboord
and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ;
Kinsale, Cork; Derryquin and near Lough Caragh, Dunkerron, Kerry ;
Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway; Mallaranny, Achill, Mayo.

Form subglobosa Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 438 (1894).—Thallus
effuse, generally rather thin, or obsolete. Apothecia numerous,
rather small, convex and almost subglobose, yellowish or brownish,
the margin excluded.—L. polytropa var. conglobata Mudd Man.
p. 152 (1861) (non Flot.) ; f. conglobata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197
(1871) (non Sommerf.) ; ed. 3, p. 180. L. varia var. polytropa
f. conglobata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 (1870).

Exsice. Johns. n. 118; Leight. n. 152 ; Mudd n. 120.

The same type of apothecium occurs in the species but not so
uniformly.

Hab. Similar to the species.—Dvzstr. Local in N. Wales, N. and
W. England and in the Scottish Highlands.—B. M. Dolgelly,
Merioneth ; Oswestry, Shropshire; Guisboro’ Moor and Ayton Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; Braith-
waite and Alston, Cumberland; Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form alpigena Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 197 (1871).—Thallus
cracked-areolate, pale-yellow, or scarcely visible. Apothecia
large, plane or turgid and convex, appressed and very irregular
the thalline margin thin, more or less prominent or excluded.—
Leight. op. cit. ed. 3, p. 181 ; Cromb. Monogr. i, 438. L. varia
var. alpigena Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 379 (1810).

Differing from the species in the large irregular apothecia, in our
specimens they measure up to 4 mm. across, with the thallus scarcely
visible.

Hab. On schistose rocks in alpine regions.—B. M. Ben Lawers,
Perthshire.

LECANORA] LECANORACE® 303

Form efflorescens Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 438 (1894).—Thallus
of minute scales on a dark hypothallus and sprinkled with pale-
yellowish round soralia. Apothecia small, somewhat convex and
usually immarginate.

Crombie suggests that this unusual form may be due to the
habitat. The hypothallus is formed of short-celled, very dark hyphe.

Hab. On shaded stones of a schistose wall.—B. M. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only record).

Var. stenotropa A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, of yellowish-
green granules. Apothecia rather small, convex, immarginate,
yellowish ; spores thinner than in the species, about 7-12 p long,
3-4 pw thick.—L. stenotropa Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 251 (1872);
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 440.

A Scandinavian lichen which differs from the species in the
slightly smaller thinner spores, otherwise not distinguishable.

Hab. On schistose stones of a wall, associated with Lecidea
leucophea.—B. M. Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only
British record).

51. L. intricata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 380 (1810).—Thallus
limited or effuse, thickish and cracked-areolate, or composed of
thin scales on a black hypothallus, whitish- or greenish-yellow or
-brown (K + yellowish). Apothecia numerous, mostly small,
adnate or semi-immersed, becoming convex, dull-flesh-coloured or
brownish becoming olive or blackish, the thalline margin disap-
pearing; paraphyses conglutinate, slender, rather wider and
septate at the tips, the epithecium bluish-black ; spores oblong-
ellipsoid, 9-15 pw long, 5-7 » thick.—Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p. 137 (incl. var. comminuta?) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 198; ed. 3,
p- 181. ZL. comminuta Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 160
(1847)? L. polytropa var. intricata Scher. Enum. p. 82 (1880) ;
Mudd Man. p. 152; var. alpigena Mudd Man. p. 152 (1861)
(non Ach.) ; subsp. intricata Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 251 (1872);
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 & Monogr. i. p. 439. Lichen
intricatus Schrad. Journ. Bot. v. p. 72 (1801) [Gottingen, 1802].
L. polytropus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1264 (two upper figs.) (1804)
(non Ach.).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 40; Leight. n. 153 ; Mudd n. 119.

Closely allied to the preceding species, of which it is sometimes
considered to be a variety or subspecies; it is distinguished by the
darker more evident hypothallus, the darker apothecia, and the
epithecium bluish-black in section. It is almost certain from the
descriptions that Taylor’s L. comminuta belongs to this species.

The hypothallus of both species and variety is formed of rather
stout hyphe with a bluish-black tinge of colour recalling the some-
what similar hypothallus of Placynthiwm nigrum.

Hab. On rocks, boulders and walls, rarely on old palings, in
maritime and mountainous districts.—Distr. Less frequent than the

304 CYCLOCARPINEA! [LECANORA

preceding in Wales, N. England, the Highlands of Scotland and
W. Ireland.—B. M. Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Llyn
Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire; Bodbury Ring, near Church Stretton,
Shropshire ; Ayton, Guisboro’, Kildale, Baysdale and Ingleby, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire ; Swinhope, Northumberland; Egglestone, Durham ;
Staveley, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland; Crianlarich, Ben
Lawers, Killin (corticolous) and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Invernessshire; Dunkerron, Kerry; Twelve Pins, Doughruagh Mts.
and Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

Var. leptacina Stizenb. Lich. Helv. p. 117 (1882).—Thallus
of crowded or scattered thin squamulose minutely crenulate
granules, smooth, greenish-straw-coloured on a black hypothallus
(K + yellowish). Apothecia numerous, moderate in size, the
disc plane, olive or blackish, sometimes yellowish-pruinose, the
thalline margin persistent, generally crenulate ; paraphyses and
spores similar to the species.—L. leptacina Sommerf. Suppl. Fl.
Lapp. p. 96 (1826). L. varia var. terrestris Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 52 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 193; subsp. leptacina
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 134 (1873); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 177. L. polytropa subsp. intricata var. leptacina Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 439.

Differing from the species in habitat and in the more brightly
coloured thallus, very distinct against the dark substratum.

Hab. On mosses (Grimmia and Andrea), upon boulders in alpine
regions.— Distr. Rare on the summits of some of the Scottish Gram-
pians.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben-na-boord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

52. L. frustulosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 405 (1810).—Thallus
of scattered or contiguous large or small rounded warts which
are seamed or cracked, especially at the edges, yellowish or
whitish on a black hypothallus (K + yellowish). Apothecia
small or large, the disc plane or rather convex, dark-brown or
generally black, the thalline margin entire or crenulate, generally
rather prominent, sometimes disappearing ; paraphyses coherent,
wider and brown upwards, the epithecium dark-brown ; spores
ellipsoid, 10-14 p long, 5—6 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 48 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 189 ;
Mudd Man. p. 145; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 52 & Monogr. i. p. 442 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196 ; ed. 3, p. 179. Lichen frustulosus Dicks.
Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 13, t. 8, fig. 10 (1793); With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 19; Engl. Bot. t. 2273. Rinodina frustulosa 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 451 (1821).

Exzsice. Cromb. n. 165? Johns. n. 80; Leight. n. 293.

An alpine or subalpine lichen, distinguished by the light-coloured
smooth polished verruce, which are finely seamed and cracked,
especially at the circumference, giving to the edge a crenulate appear-
ance. The reaction with potash is much less marked than in the

LECANORA | LECANORACEE® 305

preceding species, and the spores are smaller; these are present in
very few of our specimens, though the apothecia are fairly abundant.

Hab. On siliceous rocks in hilly regions.— Distr. Rare in N. England
and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Friar’s Crag, Keswick ;
summits of Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

- 53. L. argopholis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 346 (1810).-—Thallus
subdeterminate, thickish, granulate- or warted-areolate, the
granules contiguous, flattened or rounded, almost imbricate and
crenate at the circumference, yellowish or whitish (K + yellow).
Apothecia moderate in size, the disc plane or convex, brownish-
black, the thalline margin entire or crenate ; paraphyses coherent,
scarcely thickened and brown or greenish-black upwards ; spores
oblong-ellipsoid, 10-18 y long, 5-9 pw thick; hymenial gelatine
blue with iodine——Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 186; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 52 & Monogr. i. p. 441; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 196;
ed. 3, p. 180. Parmelia atra var. argopholis Ach. Meth. Lich.
Suppl. p. 32 (1803).
Hzsicc. Johns. n. 267.

Frequently classified as a variety of L. frustulosa, but differs in
the more contiguous rimose thallus, in the more pronounced reaction
with potash, the crowded apothecia and the larger spores. It differs
from L. gangaleoides in the colour and the somewhat scaly nature of
the thallus and in the less prominent verruce.

Hab. On rocks in hilly maritime or mountainous regions.— Distr,
Rather rare but widely distributed in Great Britain and Ireland.—
B. M. Cleve Hill, Somerset; near Crosfaen, Monmouth; Trefriw,
Llanberis, Glyder Vahr and Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire ; Gunner-
ton Craggs, Northumberland; Pugh Crag, Westmoreland; Bassen-
thwaite, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers,
Perthshire ; Letter Hill and Dawros River, Connemara, Galway.

G. Badia group.—Thallus dark-coloured (K —). Apothecia
dull-brown or black, generally small; spores generally rather
small.

54. L. badia Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 407 (1810).—Thallus wide-
spreading, thickish, granulate or warted-areolate, sometimes
almost subsquamulose, especially at the circumference, deep
chestnut- or olive-brown, hypothallus black (K —, CaCl —).
Apothecia generally numerous and crowded, small or moderate
in size, the disc plane or rarely convex, dull-brown or brownish-
black, the thalline margin persistent, entire or slightly crenulate,
often becoming flexuose, not very prominent ; paraphyses thickish,
coherent, septate, uneven, often branched, slightly wider at the
tips and deep-brown ; spores fusiform, 10-16 y long, 4—6 p thick.
—Mudd Man. p. 144, t. 2, fig. 50; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 &
Monogr. i. p. 451; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212; ed. 3, p. 198.
L. squamulosa Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 1389 (1836) pro.

I, 2

306 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

parte (non Sm. Engl. Bot.). Lichen badius Pers. in Ust. Ann.
Bot. vii. p. 27 (1794). Rinodina badia 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 450 (1821).

Exsicc. Johns. 120; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 334; Leight. n. 206 ;
Mudd n. 110.

Kasily recognized by the dark colour of the whole plant and by
the fusiform spores. The asci are generally thickened at the apices.
The spermogones are frequent, with pleurogenous spermatia, 7-10 p
long, 1 p thick. Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 452) remarks on the over-
looking of this plant by early lichenologists, but there is one specimen
from Teesdale in Sowerby’s herbarium as Parmelia squamulosa.

Hab. On rocks and boulders from maritime to alpine districts.—
Distr, General and common throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
Guernsey ; La Moye, Gorey and Noirmont, Jersey; near Penzance,
Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon; Charnwood Forest, Bardon Hill and
Thringstone, Leicestershire ; Long Mynd, Shropshire ; Barmouth and
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Llyn Geirionydd, Carnarvonshire; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Cantley Spout and Rose-
berry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Blacklotand Staveley
Head, Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire; Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Nigg and
Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Cairn Ture and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire ; Mount Leinster, Carlow ;
near Carnlough, Antrim.

Var. cinerascens Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 170 (1871).—Thallus
paler, brownish-grey, otherwise as in the species.—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 54 & Monogr. i. p. 452; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 213; ed. 3,
p. 198. ;

The difference in colour is very striking, and entitles the plant to
varietal rank, though it may be the result of shaded growth.

Hab. On shady schistose rocks and walls.—Distr. Local in Wales,
the Central Grampians and N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kineéardineshire.

Subsp. picea Nyl. in Flora li. p. 478 (1868).—Thallus and
apothecia black or blackish-brown ; spores generally smaller.—
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. vii. p. 108 (1869); Lich. Brit. p. 54 &
Monogr. i. p. 452; f. picea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214; ed. 3, p. 199.
Lichen piceus Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 22 (1801).

Characterized by the darker colour. Crombie states that the
spores are smaller and oblong, but they vary even in the same
apothecium from being minute and ellipsoid to the fusiform condition
and size of the species.

Hab. On quartzose rocks in hilly districts.—Distr. Rare in
N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. W. York-
shire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

55. L. austera Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 309 (1874).—Thallus
subdeterminate, unequally thickish, almost scaly, dark tawny-
brown, the hypothallus thin, black, scarcely evident (K —).

LECANORA| LECANORACEX 307

Apothecia rather large, flexuous and deeply crenate-indented,
sometimes proliferous with smaller apothecia growing on the
margins, the disc dark-brown, the margin thickish, crenulate ;
paraphyses discrete, septate and uneven, scarcely thickened
upwards ; spores globose-ellipsoid, up to 9 p» long, 7 p thick ;
tips of the asci blue, hymenium otherwise wine-red, with iodine.
—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 140 (1875) & Monogr. i. p. 453 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 199.

Considered by Crombie to be closely allied to L. badia, but differing
widely in apothecial and hymenial characters; as in that species,
there is a thick wall over the apex of the asci. Spermogones are
recorded as frequent, with spermatia 4-5 » long and scarcely 1 p thick.

Hab. On weathered quartzose stones.—B. M. Summit of Ben
Cruachan, Argyll (the only locality).

56. L. nitens Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 335 (1814); Nyl. in
Flora lii. p. 298 (1869).—Thallus spreading, thickish, cracked-
areolate, the areole of rounded granules or somewhat scaly, dull-
or dark-brown, the hypothallus black, little visible (K—).
Apothecia moderate in size, numerous and crowded, appressed,
the dise plane, brownish-black, the thalline margin thin, entire,
paler; paraphyses coherent, stoutish, uneven, septate, brown
upwards; spores oblong, 9-18 pw long, 2°5-4°5 pw long; the
thickened tips of the asci persistently blue with iodine.—Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 454. Patellaria
nitens Pers. in Ann. Wetter. Ges. ii. p. 12 (1810).

Resembles L. badia, but the thallus of our specimens is lighter in
colour and the spores are different, generally they are about 12 u long
and about 3 . thick; I have notseen any solongas18y. Sphinctrina
kylemoriensis grows on this lichen.

Hab. On schistose rocks.—Distr. Local, but plentiful in one of
the Channel Islands.—B. M. Chateau Point, Sark.

57. L. atriseda Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér, 3, i. p. 337
(1856) & Lich. Scand. p. 170.—Thallus of rounded contiguous or
scattered granules or warts, reddish- or dull-brown (K—).
Apothecia numerous, rather small, at first immersed in the
granules, gradually widening and becoming plane and appressed,
concolorous with the thallus, the margin thin, entire; paraphyses
coherent, rather slender, septate, scarcely wider upwards, or
slightly capitate, the epithecium brown ; spores ellipsoid, 8-12 pu
long, 5-7 » thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. p. 178 (1871) &
Monogr. i. p. 453. LD. badia var. atriseda Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 213 (1871); ed. 3, p. 188. Parmelia badia var. atriseda Fr.
Nov. Sched. Crit. 182/, p. 6 & Lich. Eur. p. 149.

This lichen is always associated with Rhizocarpon geographicum.
Malme (Bot. Centralbl. lxiv. p. 46 (1895) ) describes the association as
a case of ‘antagonistic symbiosis,” the Lecanora gradually invading
and destroying the Rhizocarpon tissues.

x 2

308 CYCLOCARPINEA [LECANORA

The apothecia may be so crowded as almost to obscure the thallus ;
the spermogones, which are sparingly present, are embedded in the
verruce and blackish at the ostioles, with spermatia 18-20 » long,
1 » thick.

An abnormal specimen was described by Sommerfelt (Suppl. Fl.
Lapp. p. 103 (1826)) as Lecanora nephea, but as it refers to a
‘* monstrosity” the name cannot be accepted.

Hab. On rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Rare in Wales,
N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Dolgelly, Merioneth ;
Ennerdale, Cumberland ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

58. L. torquata Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 338
(1856).—Thallus thickish, generally smooth, cracked-areolate,
brownish-mouse-grey (K—); hypothallus black, limiting the
thallus. Apothecia small, moderate in size or rather large,
brownish-black, the thalline margin paler ; paraphyses thickish,
discrete, sometimes branched, moniliform-septate, especially
upwards, clavate and brown at the tips; spores varying from
globose to ellipsoid when more mature, 5-10 p long, 3-5 p thick.
—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xii. p. 147 (1874) & Monogr. i. p. 454 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 200. Parmelia torquata Fr. Syst. Orb.
Veg. p. 284 (1825).

A somewhat rare lichen with a wide distribution in the Alps,
Pyrenees, etc. The thallus is not unlike that of Lecidea rimosa.
The apothecia in the Alderney specimens are more appressed, with
thinner sometimes flexuose and indented margins. The most charac-
teristic features are the well-developed paraphyses with the upper cell
or cells a clear rich brown colour. The spores are larger than the
recorded sizes (7 » long), and in our specimens are tinged brown,
possibly an effect of age.

Hab. On moist rocks.—B. M. Alderney (the only British locality).

59. L. poliophea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 398 (1810).—Thallus
subdeterminate, deeply cracked-areolate, the areole composed of
closely packed elongate roundish papille, greyish- or greenish-
brown (K —). Apothecia numerous, small, adnate to the tips of
the papille, the dise plane, dull-brown or blackish, the thalline
margin thin, crenulate or papillate ; paraphyses slender, septate,
the tips abruptly clavate, sometimes divided, dark-brown especially
over the apex ; spores ellipsoid, simple, small, 7-13 » long, 4-6 pw
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 & Monogr. i. p. 408 ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 214; ed. 3, p. 200. L. spodophea Ach. tom. cit. p. 385 ;
Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662, fig. 3 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 188. Parmelia poliophea Wahlenb. ex Ach. Meth. Lich.
Suppl. p. 38 (1803). P. spodophzea Wahlenb. tom. cit. p. 37.

Nasiec. Cromb. n. 62.

The papillate granules resemble those of Lecania aipospila, but
are more slender. In moist situations the thallus is greenish
(L. spodophea) ; in dryer conditions it is dark-coloured (L. poliophea),
and that is the more permanent state.

ey

LECANORA| LECANORACE 309

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr.
Local, though plentiful in the Channel Islands, 5.W. England and
N.E. Scotland.—B. M. Le Fret, Jersey; Tolpedin Penwith, and near
Penzance, Cornwall; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.

60. L. mammillifera Stirton in Trans. Glasgow Soc, Nat.
1875, p. 85.—Thallus minutely cracked-areolate, dark- or
brownish-grey, the areole plane (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
small, prominent, convex, black or brownish-black, internally
pale-greyish, the margin (thalline?) obtuse, at length depressed ;
paraphyses few, discrete, thickish, brownish at the clavate apices ;
hypothecium colourless ; spores ellipsoid, 8-10 » long, 7-8°5 py
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then tawny with iodine.—Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 201; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 428. Specimen
not seen.

Hab. On rocks in a mountainous district; collected by Stirton at
Ben-y-gloe, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

§ iii, Ocurotecnia Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 30 (1852)
(as genus).

Thallus crustaceous. Apothecia small or becoming very
large, generally with a thick prominent margin; paraphyses
long, slender, branched and intricate ; spores 2-8 in the ascus,
usually very large. Spermogones with acrogenous straight
spermatia.

This section is very frequently regarded as of generic importance
on account of the peculiar paraphyses and the very large spores.

61. L. tartarea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 371, t. 7, fig. 3 (1810)
(inel. var. grandinosa).—Thallus wide-spreading, thick, tartareous,
unequal and corrugate on the surface, of crowded granules or
warts, whitish or greyish (K + faintly yellow, CaCl + red).
Apothecia at first innate and closed, opening widely up to 1 cm.
across, the disc generally plane, often wrinkled, pale yellowish-
red (CaCl+reddish), the thalline margin thickish, entire or
corrugate ; paraphyses slender, colourless, loosely coherent, very
long, flexuous and branched ; spores ellipsoid-oblong, very large,
40-72 pw long, 20-40 yp» thick; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 49 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 191;
Tay]. in Mackay Fi. Hib. ii. p. 138; Mudd Man. p. 156, t. 2,
fig. 51; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 (incl. var. grandinosa) &
Monogr. i. p. 458; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 187; ed. 3, p. 175 (incl.
f. grandinosa). Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, acetabulis
majoribus luteis, limbis argenteis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 71,
n. 46 (1724) & Hist. Muse. p. 132, t. 18, fig. 13 (1741). Lichen
tartareus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753); Huds: Fl. Angl. p. 444;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 811; Engl. Bot. t. 156; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 23. Rinodina tartarea & R. grandinosa 8, F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 455 (1821).

310 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

Exsice. Bohl. n. 10; Croall n. 589; Cromb. n. 69; Johns.
n. 240; Leight. n. 128; Mudd n. 128.

A common lichen in upland districts which yields a purple dye
(cudbear). The thallus which spreads widely and is frequently sterile
is mostly rather thick and friable. The variety grandinosa Ach.,
with stoutish thalline warts, was founded on a specimen on gorse
stems from Teesdale; it does not differ from other corticolous speci-
mens. The apothecia when present are numerous and the dise is
sometimes proliferous; the entangled paraphyses make a deep epithe-
cial covering which is interspersed with granules. Specimens with a
smooth thallus and with contorted apothecia, sometimes in crowded -
tubercles, were collected by the late W. West in N. and W. Scotland.
They resemble strongly Pertusaria gyrocheila in thallus and in
apothecia. Spermogones are abundant, with minute oblong sper-
matia.

Hab. On rocks and old trunks of trees, rarely on the ground,
chiefly in hilly districts—Distr. General and abundant in Great
Britain and Ireland, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Alderney ;
Lamorna near Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head and Dartmoor, Devon ;
New Forest, Hants; near Sheffield, Sussex; Hemel Hempstead,
Herts; Clee Hill, Shropshire; Cader Idris and Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; Conway Falls, Denbighshire; Highceliff,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone and Teesdale, Durham; The
Cheviots, Northumberland ; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cum-
berland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ayrshire; Pentland
Hills and Dalmahoy Hill, near Edinburgh; Kilmun, Ben Cruachan
and Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Falloch, Finlarig, Craig Calliach, Ben
Lawers, Amulree, Craig Vinean and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Portlethen and Nigg, Kineardine-
shire; Crag Coinnoch, Glen Callater, Morrone and Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods, Glen Nevis, Ben
Nevis and I. of Harris, Invernessshire ; Forres, Nairnshire ; Applecross,
Rossshire; Lairg, Sutherland; Ronas Hill, near Lerwick, Shetland ;
Balta Sound, Unst; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway; Corraun
Mts. and Slievemore, Achill, Mayo. >

Var. gonatodes Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 372 (1810).—Thallus in
coralloid branches or elevations, or lobate-verrucose. Apothecia
rare ; spores 36-40 p long, 25-27 p thick (fide Nylander Lich.
Nov. Zeal. p. 145 (1888) ).—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70;
f. gonatodes Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 176 (1879) (excl. ll. cit.).
Lichen gonatodes Ach, Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 89 (1798).

An alpine or subarctic lichen, distinguished chiefly by the peculiar
thallus ; it is rather a growth form or an exaggerated state of the
following variety.

Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in alpine situations.—

B. M. Summits of Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (the only
British record).

Var. frigida Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 372 (1810).—Thallus effuse,
rather thin, granulate, papillate or coralloid. Apothecia smaller
than in the species (up to 4 mm. across), the thalline margin
sometimes proliferous.—Mudd Man. p. 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit.

LECANORA} LECANORACE 31]

p. 54; var. upsaliensis Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 191 (1833);
f. frigida Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188 (1871); ed. 3, p. 175;
f. microcarpa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 234 (1871); Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 70 (1890) ; Hook, FI. Scot. ii. p. 49 (as var. y.).
Lichen frigidus Swartz Meth. Muse. p. 36, t. 2, fig. 4 (1781) ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 22; Engl. Bot. t. 1879. L. wpsaliensis
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. i. p. 12, t. 2, fig. 7 (1785) (non Linn.) ;
Engl. Bot. t. 1634. Rinodina frigida 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p- 555 (1821).
Exsicc. Cromb. n. 70; Dicks. Dried Pl. n. 49.

An alpine variety with thinner granular or papillate thallus. A
state with minute apothecia occasionally occurs (f. microcarpa Th.
Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 284 (1871) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 458).

Hab. On mosses on the ground of moorlands or mountains.—
Distr. Local in E. England and N. Wales and Central Scotland ;
plentiful among the Grampians, not recorded from Ireland.—B. M.
Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Ayton Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Pentland Hills, near Edin-
burgh ; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Ben Vrackie and Blair
Athole, Perthshire; Katelaw and Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Morrone,
Ben Macdhui, Glen Dee and Invercauld Mts., Braemar, Aberdeen:
shire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

Subsp. subtartarea Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p. 276 (1872).—Thallus similar to the species but with sorediate
pustules or becoming wholly leprose. Apothecia rare, the margin
sometimes leprose.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) &
Monogr. i. p. 460. J. tartarea var. arborea Scher. Enum. p. 80
(1850)? Mudd Man. p. 156; subsp. pallescens f. leprosa Nyl. in
Not. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Foérh. v. p. 135 (1866) ; f. leprosa
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 175. Lichenoides tartarewm farinaceum,
seutellarum umbone fusco Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 132, t. 18, fig. 12
(1741). Patellaria tartarea var. arborea DC, FI. France. ii. p. 364
(1805) ?

Distinguished chiefly by the leprose thallus, a character not
alluded to either by De Candolle or by Scherer.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees and occasionally on rocks in
upland and subalpine regions.— Distr. Probably common, though not
often recorded.—B. M. Roughton, Cornwall; Becky Falls, Devon;
Bridge Rocks, Sussex; Lynn Gwernon, Merioneth ; Rosedale, York-
shire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Roslin, near Edinburgh ;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Ben Vrackie and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ronayne’s Island, Killarney,
Kerry ; Clonmel, Tipperary; Leenane, Connemara, Galway.

62. L. gemimpara Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 236 (1871).—
Thallus effuse, formed of scattered warts or papillae, which are
roundish or somewhat angular, becoming sorediate, greyish-white
(IX + yellowish-red ; soredia CaCl + reddish). Apothecia on the
apices of the papille up to 3 mm. across, the disc concave then

312 CYCLOCARPINEE | LECANORA

plane, purplish-black, the thalline margin thick, inflexed, crenate,
persistent ; paraphyses conglutinate, intricately branched, brown
at the apices; spores 2 in the ascus, ellipsoid, angular from
pressure, colourless, becoming dark-coloured, 22-44 yw long,
15-20 p» thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70 & Monogr. i.
p- 463, L. leprothelia Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 16 (1874) (a sterile
form); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882).

In the absence of fertile specimens it has not been possible to do
more than transcribe Th. Fries’s account of this plant. It is evidently
rare, both here and on the continent.

Hab. On decayed mosses on the ground in alpine places.—B. M.
Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only British record).

63. L. parella Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 370 (1810) (excl. vars.).—
Thallus wide-spreading, generally determinate, thickish or thin,
smooth and submembranaceous or deeply cracked-areolate, whitish
or greenish-grey, the hypothallus white (K —,CaCl—). Apothecia
small or moderate in size, the disc concave then plane or becoming
slightly convex, sometimes granular or wrinkled, pale flesh-red or
whitish, generally covered with a white pruina(K(CaCl) +reddish),
the thalline margin thick, prominent, entire or wrinkled-crenulate ;
paraphyses subdiscrete, slender, unequal, flexuose, simple or
branched, the tips budding off small cells (the pruina); spores |
4—8 (rarely 2) in the ascus, ellipsoid or somewhat globose, 45-88 p
long, 25-50 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 191; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 137; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 (incl. var. tumidula,
excl. vars. Turneri and upsaliensis) & Monogr. i. p. 461 (incl.
ff. crenularia and porinoides); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 188 pro parte ;
ed. 3, p. 201 pro parte. L. pallescens vars. parella and tumidula
Mudd Man. p. 155 (1861). Lichenoides leprosum tinctorium,
scutellis lapidium cancri figura Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 130, t. 18,
fig. 10 (1741). Lichen parellus L. Mant. p. 132 (1767); Lighté.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 814; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 530; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 17; Engl. Bot. t. 727 (as L. perellus). L. tumidulus
Pers. in Ust. Ann, Bot. xi. p. 18 (1794). Rinodina parella 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 453 (1821). Pertusaria incarnata Leight.
in Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, i. p. 241, t. 33, figs. 1-3 (1877) &
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 235 (cf. Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 534).

Easicc. Bohl. p. 60; Cromb. n. 166; Dicks. Hort Sice.
fasc. x. n. 23; Johns. nos. 140, 141, 142, 144; Larb. Cesar.
n. 75 & Lich. Hb. n. 300; Leight. n. 8; Mudd n. 125.

One of the dye-lichens known in early days as the Pérelle or Orseille
d'Auvergne. The variant spelling perellus instead of parellus reap-
pears in several of the authors cited. It is a very common lichen on
stone walls, etc., and grows well in a northern aspect. The apothecia
are generally abundant and are very variable in size; the thalline
margin is often very thick (var. twmidula) and prominent, though
sometimes almost level with the thallus; occasionally the dise is

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 313

almost entirely enclosed (f. porinoides Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 461
(1894) ). A dense white pruina is generally present, but the rose-
coloured disc is occasionally visible.

Hab. On rocks, walls, and trunks of trees, rarely on palings, from
maritime to mountainous regions.—Distr. General and common
throughout the British Isles—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Chateau
Point, Sark; Penzance and St. Issy, Cornwall; Ilfracombe and
Torquay, Devon; Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; Ryde, I. of Wight ;
Wolstonbury, Walmer, Ardingly Rocks, Peasemarsh and near Hastings,
Sussex; Greenwich Park and near Tunbridge Wells, Kent; Chelmer,
Ulting and Langford, Essex; near Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Barmouth,
Merioneth; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Nant Francon and Capel
Curig, Carnarvonshire; near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Hale’s End,
Malvern, Worcestershire; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Silverdale,
Lancashire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham;
Wastdale and St. Bees, Cumberland; Chollerford and Waansbeck
Valley, Northumberland; Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh; West Water,
Fife; Airds, Barcaldine, Lismore and Ballachulish, Argyll; Ben
Lawers, Aberfeldy and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Sidlaw
Hills and Baldovan, Forfarshire; Portlethen and Cove, Kincardine-
shire; Morrone, Glen Callater and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Brandon Mt.,
Kerry; Clare Island and Achill, Mayo.

Form nivea Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 462 (1894).—Thallus and
thalline margin of the apothecia soft, snowy-white ; otherwise as
in the species.

A transition form evidently between the species and var. Turneri.
It has only been collected once, but has probably been overlooked.

Hab. On the trunk of an old tree in an upland situation.—B. M.
Killaloe, Clare.

Var. Turneri Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 113
(1857).—Thallus more or less leprose-powdery, whitish or greenish-
white. Apothecia similar to the species but the thalline margin
leprose.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 & Monogr. i. p. 462 ; f. Turneri
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 190 (1871); ed. 3, p. 203. LZ. Turneri Ach.
Syn. Lich. p. 70 (1814); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Flv. p.191. LZ. palles-
cens var. Turneri Mudd Man. p. 155 (1861). Lichen Turneri Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 857 (1801). Rinodina Turneri 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 454 (1821).

Ezsicc. Leight. n. 237 ; Mudd n. 127.

A corticolous variety distinguished by the powdery sorediate surface
of the thallus. The margins of the apothecia, usually entire, are
occasionally furrowed, as also in the species (f. swherenata Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 70 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 462).

Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded regions.—Distr. Rather
rare throughout the British Isles —B. M. Ugbrooke Park, Chudleigh,
Devon; Carisbrook and Bembridge, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants ;
Hurstpierpoint, Chichester and Baleombe, Sussex; Holmwood, Surrey ;
Epping Forest and St. Osyth Park, Essex; Savernake Forest, Wilts ;

314 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

near Barmouth, Merioneth ; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eggle-
stone, Durham; Loch Creran, Barcaldine and Inverary, Argyll;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Old Deer Park, Castlemartyr,
Cork; Muckross, Killarney, Kerry.

64. L. pallescens Mudd Man. p. 155 (1861) (? Linn.); Nyl.
in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, 1. p. 68 (1868).—Thallus rather
thin and membranaceous or zonate at the circumference, becoming
sometimes thickish and wrinkled-granular, whitish or greyish,
bounded by a white hypothallus (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
small or moderate in size, the disc concave then plane or wrinkled,
faintly yellowish-pink, generally white pruinose (K(CaCl) +
reddish), the thalline margin prominent, entire (K(CaCl) +
reddish) ; paraphyses slender; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid,
up to 64 p» long, 18-34 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70
(1890) & )Monogr. i. p. 462; var. tumidula Mudd Man. l. e.
L. tartarea subsp. pallescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 (1870) pro
parte. LL. parella f. pallescens Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 189 (1871)
pro parte; ed. 3, p. 202 pro parte. Lichen pallescens L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1142 (1753).

Exsice. Johns. n. 143; Larb. Cesar. n. 76; Mudd n. 126.

Generally with a thinner thallus and smaller apothecia than
L. parella, from which it differs in the corticolous habitat, but chiefly
in the reaction of the apothecial margin.

Hab. On trunks of trees.—Distr. Rare throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Jersey; Launceston, Cornwall; near Lustleigh, Devon ;
New Forest, Hants; Shanklin, I. of Wight; near Hastings, Sussex ;
Barmouth, Merioneth; Trefriw, Carnarvonshire; near Easby, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Ben More, Perthshire.

65. L. upsaliensis Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl.
Fenn. Férh. xiii. p. 332 (1873).—Thallus effuse, continuous or of
scattered rounded smooth granules, greyish- or yellowish-white
(K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather small, the dise concave,
becoming plane, generally densely granular-pruinose, the thalline
margin thickish, entire; paraphyses slender; spores 4 to 8 in
the ascus, 55-58 pw long, 26-38 p thick.—Cromb, in Grevillea
xviii. p. 70 & Monogr. i. p. 463; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 192; ed. 3,
p. 176 (excl. Syn. Engl. Bot.). LZ. parella var. upsaliensis Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 (1821)? Cromb. Lich. Brit. p..54. Inehen
upsaliensis Iu. Sp. Pl. p. 1142 (1753); 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 454 (as the Upsal Rinodine) ?

Differs from L. parella in the habitat and in the character of the
thallus. It is possible that Hooker's and Gray’s citations may refer
to L. tartarea var. frigida.

Hab. Incrusting mosses on the ground in alpine situations.—
Distr. Very rare on the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Craig Calliach,
Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

LECANORA } LECANORACEX® 315

§ iv. Aspicin1a Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 36 (1852) (as
genus); Mudd Man. p. 161.—Thallus variously crustaceous.
Apothecia innate in the thallus then more or less emergent, the
thalline margin persistent or disappearing, the proper margin
often prominent ; hypothecium nearly always colourless ; para-
physes generally simple and densely septate ; spores ellipsoid,
large or small.

Aspicilia is frequently classified as a genus, as the early stages of
apothecial development differ from those of Lecanora, being more
akin to those of Lecidea, the thalline margin, which may be prominent
and persistent, growing up with and around the apothecium as a later
development. Lecanora Dicksonii and L. pelobotrya are retained for
convenience of reference, but they are more truly Lecidee.

There are two groups differing in the gonidia :—

Fis SNOASPICIEIA...36.0%<0.0see0c0s Algal cells Protococcacee.
ee A OWAGEIG: oo. sco dcpiciseoeeanes Algal cells Trentepohlia.

A. Euaspicilia—Algal cells Protococcus.
a. Thallus whitish or cinereous-grey, K + yellow then red.

66. L. cinerea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 99 (1826).—
Thallus effuse or determinate, cracked-areolate, brownish- or
whitish-grey (KK + yellow, then rusty red, CaCl—). Apothecia
rather small, at first immersed and concave, becoming sessile
and plane, the disc black, the thalline margin entire ; paraphyses
coherent, septate, generally divided in moniliform fashion near
the tips, the epithecium dark-brown ; spores ellipsoid, 8 or some-
times 6 in the ascus, 15-23 p» long, 8-14 p» thick; hymenial
gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 54 & Monogr. i. p. 466; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 195; ed. 3, p. 172
(incl. ff. rimoso-areolata, diffracto-areolata and verrucoso-areolata).
Lichen cinereus L. Mant. i. p. 132 (176)? Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p. 525% Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 32 (1798) ; Engl. Bot. t.1751. -
Ureeolaria cinerea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 143 (1803); S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 458; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 132. Aspicilia cinerea Keerb. Syst. Lich.
Germ. p. 164 (1855); Mudd Man. p. 162 pro parte.

Ezxsice. Johns. n. 270.

A very variable plant as regards growth stages both of the thallus
and the apothecia, so that the reaction with potash is of great value
in determining the different forms. The thallus spreads extensively
though generally limited. The apothecia are abundant. Crombie
has included as a growth stage Lecanora calcarea f. ochracea Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193 (1879); as it is based on Urceolaria cinerea
var. ochracea Scher. Spicil. Fl. Helv. p. 72 (1826) it evidently belongs
here, but the British Museum specimen of f. ochracea (Leight. exs.
n. 292) is L. flavida. Another specimen labelled Parmelia cinerea
var. atrocinerea (Leight exs. n. 205) is imperfect but evidently a
Lecidea. Another very small specimen from Jersey collected by

316 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

Larbalestier and labelled L. cerinea gives the same chemical reaction,
but the spores are much smaller. The citations from Linnzus and
Hudson are extremely doubtful. Aspicilia cinerea var. ocellata
Mudd I. ec. is probably identical with Buellia verruculosa (Monogy. ii.
p- 172). Spermogones are frequent with spermatia, 16-21 p» long,
and 1 » thick.

According to Hue (Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris sér. 5, ii. p. 35 (1910) }
the black hypothallus so frequently present belongs to some neigh-
bouring species.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Rather local but widely distributed throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Moulin Huet Bay and Vale Castle, Guernsey; La
Coupe, Jersey; Bray Hill, St. Minver and Lizard, Cornwall ; Lazonby,
Cumberland; Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merioneth; Snowdon,
Carnarvonshire, Teesdale, Durham; near Edinburgh; Barcaldine,
Argyll; Ben Lawers and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire ; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Wicklow; Lambay Island, Dublin.

Form lepidota Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173 (1879).—
Thallus brownish-grey, areolate, the areole convex and wrinkled.
Apothecia small, the thalline margins prominent, persistent.—
Lecanora cinerea var. lepidota Leight. in Grevillea iii. p, 116
(1875); Cromb. Monogr i. p. 467.

Differs in the form of the thallus which is more squamulose and
darker.

Hab. On maritime rocks and by lakes in mountainous districts.—
Distr. Reported only from the Channel Islands and N. Wales.—
B. M. Beaufort, Jersey; Llyn Dinas near Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire.

Subsp. epiglypta Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 4 (1881).—Thallus
similar to that of the species. Apothecia becoming rather large
and prominent, the disc corrugate with prominent lines.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 467.

Characterized by the peculiar apothecia whith have a somewhat
gyrose appearance. Hue has given it specific distinction (Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Paris sér. 5, ii. p. 7 (1910)). He found cephalodia within the
thallus and under the hymenium associated with Glwocapsa alge.

Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous districts.—Distr. Rare
in N. Wales and W. Scotland.—B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth ;
Barcaldine, Argyll.

Var. olivascens A. L. Sm. Thallus thinner than in the
species, smooth and somewhat shining, cracked-areolate. Apothecia
small, immersed or rather prominent, the paraphyses dark blue-
green at the tips, otherwise as in the species.

Differing from the species in the thinner more shining thallus
and in the blue-green tips of the paraphyses. The contents of the
spores in some cases are broken up and look like two large globules.
The differences may be due to habitat.

Hab, On siliceous rocks in a maritime locality.—B.M. Moidart,

Invernessshire (the only record), collected by Symers M. Maevicar,
Jan. 1914,

LECANORA| LECANORACEX: 317

67. L. intermutans Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 354 (1872).—Thallus
determinate, deeply cracked-areolate, whitish- or brownish-grey
(K+yellow then rusty-red, CaCl—). Apothecia immersed, the
dise concave, blackish, the thalline margin prominent, entire,
becoming inflexed; paraphyses_ slender, moniliform-septate
upwards ; spores usually 8 in the ascus, 23-34 pw long, 9-15 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red with iodine.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 164.

Differs from the preceding species in the larger spores and, accord-
ing to Nylander, in the smaller spermatia (7-9 » long, 1 » thick). In
the single specimen in the British Museum the spores measure about
20 » in length, and contain two large guttule. The species is recorded
from the Pyrenees and from N.W. France.

Hab. On schistose rocks in a maritime district—P. M. Near
Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

68. L. alpina Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 91 (1826).—
Thallus indeterminate, deeply cracked into rounded or angular
somewhat warted areole, grey or leaden-greyish on a black
hypothallus (K + yellow then red, CaCl —, medulla I + blue).
Apothecia numerous, immersed then superficial, the disc plane,
reddish or black, the thalline margin prominent; paraphyses
septate, clavate and brown at the tips, with a deep brown line
over the apex; spores ellipsoid, 9-13 pw long, 6-8 yp thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—Cromb. in Grevillea xix.
p. 57 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 468 (non Leight. in Grevillea i.
p. 125 (1873)). L. cinereo-rufescens Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55
(1870) (non Nyl.); Leight. Lich Fl. p. 211; ed. 3, p. 197 (non
Nyl. fide Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 468, note).

Differs from: L. cinerea in the much smaller spores and the blue
reaction of the medulla with iodine, a peculiarity shared by L. cinereo-
rufescens. Spermogones have spermatia 4-6 » long, and about 1 p
thick. L. Myrini Nyl. (Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 173) is not British.

Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.—B. M. Ben
Lawers, Perthshire (the only British record).

b. Thallus white or whitish-grey, K—.

69. L. calearea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 102 (1826).—
Thallus effuse or distinctly determinate, often wide-spreading,
smooth or farinose, continuous or cracked-areolate, chalky- or
greyish-white, sometimes greenish at the circumference (K—,
CaCl—). Apothecia generally crowded, immersed, small,
irregular in form, becoming plane, the disc black, whitish-
pruinose, the thalline margin entire or wrinkled ; paraphyses
loosely coherent, slender, septate, more or less moniliform at the
tips, the epithecium dark-brown ; spores ellipsoid or subglobose,
with a thick epispore, 18-30 p» long, 14—27 p» thick ; hymenial
gelatine blue with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 & Monogr. i.
p. 473; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 209; ed. 3, p. 192 (incl. f. conereta).

318 CYCLOCARPINEA [LECANORA

Lichen caleareus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1140 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 442; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 6 pro parte. LL. tessellatus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 533 (1798). L. multipunctus Sm. op. cit. t. 820
(1800). Urceolaria calcarea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 142 (1803) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 459; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fi. v.
p. 172; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132; var. concreta
Scher. Spicil. Lich. Helv. p. 73 (1826). U. tessellata Ach. 1. ¢. ;
S. F. Gray tom. cit. p. 460. Aspicilia calearea Kerb, Parerg.
Lich. p. 94 (1859); Mudd Man. p. 161, t. 3. fig. 55.

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 145, 146; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 166;
Leight. n. 13; Mudd n. 133.

Easily distinguished by the whitish thallus (except in var. Hoff-
mannt which is bluish-grey) and by the black apothecia at first
immersed, then often with prominent margins. The typical condition
of the plant with the areole contiguous and angular has been
described as var. concreta. Two figures in Engl. Bot. Lichen tessel-
latus and Lichen multipunctus evidently belong here. The former has
been doubtfully cited under Verrucaria viridula (Monogr. ii. p. 284).

The spermogones, according to Crombie, are frequent and dark
coloured, with spermatia 7-9 » long, about 1 p» thick.

Hab. On calcareous (rarely granitic) rocks and walls in maritime
and upland regions.— Distr. General and common in limestone dis-
tricts.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Plymouth and Torquay,
Devon; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Mid-Sussex Weald; Folke-
stone, Kent; Cuddeson, Oxfordshire; Burgh Castle, Suffolk; Malvern
Hills, Worcestershire ; Llanymynech, Shropshire ; Barmouth, Merion-
eth; Llangollen, Denbighshire; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon ;
Anglesea; Cunning Dale, near Buxton, Derbyshire ; Bilsdale, York-
shire; Egglestone, Durham; Levens, Westmoreland; Lismore and
Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Dunkerron and Killarney, Kerry; Maam,
Connemara, Galway; Clare Island and Castlebar, Mayo.

Var. contorta Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 629 (1860).—Thallus of
scattered or contiguous squamule-like areole which are rounded
or angular and crenulate, often raised in the centre, white or
greyish-white. Apothecia immersed in the areole, small, spores
ellipsoid or subglobose, somewhat smaller than in the species, up
to about 25 pw long, 17 p thick.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 474;
f. contorta Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 193 (1879). Verrucaria
contorta Hoffm. Pl. Lich, i. p. 97%, t. 22, figs. 3-4 (1790).
Urceolaria contorta DC. Fl. France. ii. p. 370 (1805); Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132. Aspicilia calearea var. contorta
Mudd Man. p. 162 (1861).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 147 ; Leight. n. 322.

Distinguished by the scattered and generally rounded thalline
areole. 7

Hab. On calcareous rocks chiefly in upland districts.—Distr.
Rather rare in Great Britain and [reland.—B. M. Near Kingskerswell,
Devon; Symond’s Yat, Herefordshire; near Malvern, Worcester-
shire; near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-

LECANORA| LECANORACE 319

shire ; Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Alston,
Cumberland; The Ochills, near Stirling; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; The O’Donoghue’s
Prison, Killarney, Kerry.

Form monstrosa Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) &
Monogr. i. p. 474.—Thallus of small scattered round areole,
somewhat convex and entire at the margins, white. Apothecia
minute, undeveloped.—L. calearea var. monstrosa Lamy in Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. xxx. p. 392 (1883).

A very neat form, of small button-like white areole on a dark back-
ground of gelatinous alg, etc. A central dark dot marks the position
of the apothecia. Crombie has suggested that it may be only a young
condition.

Hab. On calcareous stones of a wall.—B. M. Glen Fender, Blair
Athole, Perthshire (the only British locality).

Var. Hoffmanni Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 102 (1826).—
Thallus rather thick of squamule-like contiguous warts, or
thinnish and cracked-areolate, whitish- or cinerous-grey. Apo-
thecia generally prominent, the margin often crenulate ; spores
21-34 p long, 16-20 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 54 (excl.
syn.) & Monogr. i. p. 475 ; £. Hoffmanni Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 209 ;
ed. 3, p. 193. Lichen Hoffmanni Ach. Lich, Suec. Prodr. p. 31
(1798) ; Engl. Bot. t. 1940. Urceolaria Hoffmannit Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 145 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. 1. p. 459.

Exsicc. Johns. n. 148.

Near to the previous variety, but with more crowded, sometimes
continuous thallus. Not unlike Z. gibbosa in colour, but differing in
the form of the thalline warts.

Hab. On rocks and walls, mainly calcareous, in maritime and
upland districts.—Distr. Rare in Great Britain and W. Ireland.—
B. M. Beachy Head, Sussex ; Duffield, near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Chance’s Pitch, Malvern, Worcestershire; Buxton, Derby-
shire; near Roseberry, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Levens, Westmoreland ;
Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Glen Fender, Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Port-
lethen, Kincardineshire; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway.

70. L. pelobotrya Sommerf. Fl. Lapp. Suppl. p. 99 (1826).—
Thallus thickish, composed of large irregular crowded warts
rounded or plane, smooth, whitish (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
small or moderate in size, immersed or becoming superticial, the
dise brownish-black, the thalline margin inflexed ; hypothecium
brownish-black ; paraphyses long, sleuder, flexuose, septate and
dark-brown near the tips; spores 4-8 in the ascus, ellipsoid or
oblong-ellipsoid, 23-35 w long, 12-16 p thick; hymenial gelatine
blue with iodine —Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 469; Cvromb.
Monogr. i. p. 469. Urceolaria pelobutrion Wahlenb. ex Ach.
Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 31 (1803). Aspicilia pelubotrya Mudd
Man. p. 164 (1861). Lecidea pelobotrya Cromb. Lich. brit. p. 80
(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 298.

320 CYCLOCARPINE [LECANORA

Resembling Lecanora in the thalline margin, though frequently
placed in Lecidea on account of the dark hypothecium. Warted
seabrid pale-reddish cephalodia, containing Glwocapsa gonidia, are
abundant on some of the specimens, but are absent from those
growing in streams (f. r7vwlarts Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 470).

Hab. On mica-schistose rocks in alpine places.—Distr. Rare on
the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire.

c. Thallus grey, of prominent or isidia-like warts, K —.

71. L. verrucosa Laurer ex Sturm Deutschl. Fl. Krypt. ii.
28, p. 63, t. 21 (1835)—Thallus effuse, irregularly squamulose-
warted, sometimes slightly pulverulent, greyish-blue-white
(K — CaCl —). Apothecia immersed, then prominent on the
warts, small, the disc black with a narrow black rim surrounded
with a thickish thalline margin ; paraphyses coherent, slender,
flexuose, submoniliform-septate and dark-brown above; asci
large, with a thickish wall when mature, 8-spored ; spores large
and thick-walled, broadly ellipsoid, variable in size, up to about
62 pw long, and 30 » wide (often about 50 » x 30 p); hymenial
gelatine blue then quickly wine-red with iodine-—Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 58; in Grevillea i. p. 172 & Monogr. i. p. 475; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 214; ed. 3, p. 200. Ureeolaria verrucosa Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 339 (1810). Aspicilia verrucosa Koerb. Syst. Lich.
Germ. p. 167 (1855) ; Mudd Man. p. 164.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 73.

Well characterized by the large spores and by the habitat.

Hab. Incrusting mosses on rocks (chiefly calcareous), rarely on
the ground in upland and subalpine situations.—Distr. Rare in
N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Cunswick Sear,
Westmoreland; Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers _ Craig Tulloch, Blair
Athole, Perthshire.

72. L. poriniformis Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 353 (1865),—
Thallus effuse, thinnish, membranacous and continuous or thicker
and cracked, whitish-grey (K —). Apothecia small, embedded
in the thallus, then emerging in rounded prominent verruce
either singly or 3 to 4 in one verruca ; the dise rose-coloured or
whitish, the thalline margin thick, not prominent ; paraphyses
crowded, slender, septate and branched ; spores 6 to 8 in the
ascus, ellipsoid or ovoid, large, with a thinnish wall, 50-80 y long,
27-50 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then tawny-yellow with
iodine.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 23 (1866) ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 56; in Grevillea i. p. 172 & Monogr. i. p. 476; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 190; ed. 3, p. 203.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 74; Johns. n. 274.

An endemic species resembling a Pertwsaria when mature, but

differing in the early stages, the warts developing along with and as
part of the apothecia. These are scattered or crowded.

LECANORA| LECANORACEE 321

Hab. On siliceous rocks or walls, rarely incrusting mosses on
trunks of old firs in maritime and subalpine districts.—Dvistr. Rare
in N. England (Cumberland and Westmoreland), and among the
Grampians and N.E. Scotland.—B. M. N. England; Ben Lawers and
Craig Tulloch, Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire.

73. L. leucophyma Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 205 (1871).—
Thallus of contiguous or scattered smooth rounded or con-
torted warts or papille, pale- or pinkish-grey, pale-yellow within
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size, the disc brownish-
red or -black, the thalline margin prominent, entire, becoming
flexuose ; paraphyses slender ; spores broadly ellipsoid, thick-
walled, very large, 23-35 p long, up to 20 » thick.—Leight.
op. cit. ed. 3, p. 188; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 465.

Easily recognized by the papille of the thallus. The apothecia
are rare, the spores vary greatly in size ; as L. acceptanda Ny]. (near to
L. complanata Koerb.), it was described in Flora Ixii. p. 204 (1879)
with spores 23-27 4 x lly. The above measurements are from
Leighton’s specimen. Spermogones are present with minute spermatia
1°5 pw long, °5 p» thick.

Hab. On micaceous rocks in alpine situations.—Dvistr. Rare
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ben Lawers and Craig
Calliach, Perthshire.

d. Thallus grey or brownish-grey, warted or areolate, K—.

74. L. gibbosa Nyl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. Forh.
n.s. v. p. 137 (1866).—Thallus determinate, thick, deeply cracked,
the areole warted or “gibbous,” light- or dark-grey or dark
greenish-brown on a black hypothallus (K —,CaCl—). Apothecia
rather small, immersed and concave, becoming plane, the disc
brown then blackish, the thalline margin entire or slightly
crenulate, persistent; paraphyses coherent, long, subflexuose,
rarely branched, thickly septate, moniliform towards the tips,
which are generally brownish, or the epithecium dark-brown ;
spores 4-8 in the ascus, ellipsoid or subglobose, large, with a
distinct epispore, 21-38 p long, 12-24 » thick ; hymenial gelatine
blue, then quickly wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 55 pro parte & Monogr. i. p. 460 (excl. var. lusea). Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 210 (excl. ff. lacustris and punctata); ed. 3, p. 194
(incl. ff. vulgaris, porinoidea, squamata). LL. aspersa Borr. in
Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2728 (1832); Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 188. L. tuberculosa Hook. 1. ¢. (1833). Lichen gibbosus Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 30 (1798) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 20,
t. 6, fig. 5 (1790)? With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 20? L. fibrosus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 1732 (1807). L. tuberculosus Sm. tom. cit. t. 1733.
Urceolaria gibbosa Ach, Meth. Lich. p. 144 (1803); 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 458 (incl. var. fimbriata) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI.
v. p. 172. U. fimbriata Ach. tom. cit. p. 145. Rinodina tuber-
culosa S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 452 (1821). Zeora gibbosa fi.

a: ¥

322 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

portnoidea & squamata Flot. in Uebers. Schles. Ges. Vat. Cult.
1850, p. 128. Aspicilia gibbosa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 163
(1855) ; Mudd Man. p. 162.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 167; Johns. n. 271; Larb. Lich. Hb. n.
220; Leight. n. 175 pro parte.

A very variable plant, hence the many different growth forms ; it
is ‘‘fibrose’’ or fimbriate when growing on bare flints, with the
thalline areole scattered over the dark radiating hypothallus.
Occasionally these areole swell into rounded warts (L. tuberculosus),
or they may. in moist conditions, become sorediate (L. aspersa).
Specimens with crenulate apothecia have been classified as f. port-
noidea. All or some of these different forms may occur on the same
specimen. Spermogoues are frequent on young plants, with spermatia
7-10 p» long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On rocks and stones (chiefly flints) in maritime and hilly
districts.—Dvzstr. Local, though plentiful in $5.W. and N. England,
rare in Wales and Scotland.—B. M. Chesil Beach, Portland Island,
Dorset; Lyndhurst Moor, Hants; Ryde, I. of Wight; Lewes,
S$. Downs, St. Leonards, Beachy Head and West Dean, Sussex; Lydd
Beach, Kent; Hereford Beacon, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Crossfaen,
Monmouthshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth ; Caer Caradoc and Long-
mynd, Shropshire; Bury St. Edmund’s, Suffolk; Cleveland, York-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Cumberland; Appin, Argyll.

Var. zonata Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. vi. p. 168
(1881).—Thallus thin, cracked-areolate, determinate and zonate
at the circumference with concentric lines and limited by a black
hypothalline margin. Apothecia as in the species.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 471. Sagedia zonata
Ach. in Vet. Akad. Handl. 1809, p. 165 & Lich. Univ. p. 329
(1810).

A well-marked variety, evidently very rare. Crombie 1. ec. has
suggested that L. gibbosa var. squamata Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 276
(non Flot.) may probably be an early stage of this variety.

Hab. On siliceous stones in maritime and upland situations.—
Distr. Very rare in S.E. England.—B. M. Downs, Sussex; Lydd
Beach, Kent.

Subsp. depressa Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. nus.
v. p. 137 (1866) (inel. £. obscurata).—Thallus thickish, cracked-
areolate, dark-grey or blackish. Apothecia somewhat small,
immersed and thinly margined, then emergent, plane and im-
marginate ; paraphyses slender, moniliform-septate and dark-brown
at the tips; spores ellipsoid, with a distinct epispore, 16-24 p
long, 8-14 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue, the asci wine-red,
with iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55 & Monogr. i. p. 471;
f. depressa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 210 (1871) (excel. syn. Ach.) ;
ed. 3, p. 194 (excl. syn. Ach.).

Distinguished by the immersed immarginate apothecia. It has
been given specific rank by Hue (Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris 1910, p. 82)

J

LECANORA | LECANORACER 323

under the name Aspicilia obscurata, and with slightly smaller spore-
measurements than obtain in the British Museum specimen.

Hab. On a mica-schistose boulder in alpine situations.—Bb. M,
Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

75. L. exesiocinerea Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 69 (1873).—Thallus
thickish, unequally cracked-areolate, bluish-grey, whitish or rather
dark (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather small, immersed then
somewhat prominent, often confluent, the dise becoming plane,
blackish, the thalline margin entire or somewhat crenulate ;
paraphyses moniliform-septate and dark-brown above; spores
18-25 p long, 10-14 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then quickly
wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 194; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 472.

Exsice. Johns. n. 272; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 60; Leight. n. 204.

Distinguished chiefly by the somewhat suffused-like velvety thallus,
but otherwise scarcely differing from L. gibbosa, of which it might
possibly be a growth form. Crombie gives the ascus as 8-spored, but
occasionally there are fewer. Hue (Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 5, ii.
p- 29 (1910)) finds larger gonidia and larger cortical cells than in
LL. gibbosa.

Hab. On rocks mostly in mountainous districts.—Distr. Rather
rare throughout the British Isles.—b. M. Roughton and near Penzance,
Cornwall; Llandyssil, Cardiganshire; Longmynd, Shropshire; Mal-
vern Hills, Worcestershire; Lamplugh and Wastdale Lake-side,
Cumberland; Barcaldine, Argyll; King’s Park, Stirling; near Portle-
then, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Kilcully
near Cork; Kilkee, Clare; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway ;
Black Mt., Antrim.

Form obscurata Nyl. 1. c—Thallus dark- or olive-greyish.
Apothecia as in the species.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195;
Cromb. 1. ¢.

Ezxsice. Leight. n. 175 pro parte; Mudd n. 135.

Scearcely to be distinguished from the two preceding species, there
being transition forms in the colour of the thallus.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.—
Distr. Rare in the British Isles —B. M. Malvern Hills, Worcester-
shire; Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cliffrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Reston Sear, Staveley, Westmoreland; King’s Park, Stirling; Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

76. L. cinereorufescens Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.
Forh. n. ser. v. p. 137 (1866).—Thallus subdeterminate, cracked-
areolate, pale ash-grey on a black hypothallus (K —, CaCl —,
medulla I+ blue). Apothecia small or submoderate in size,
immersed then somewhat prominent, the disc concave then plane,
brownish or dark-red, the thalline margin entire ; paraphyses
septate, clavate and brown at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 12-24
long, 7-16 yp thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) &
Monogr. i. p. 468. Urceolaria cinereorufescens Ach. Lich. Univ.

)

Y “4

324 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

p- 677 (1810). Aspieilia cinerea var. cinereorufescens Mudd Man.
p- 163 (1861)?

Differs from L. cinerea in the colour of the apothecial dise, more
brightly red when moist, and in the absence of reaction with potash.
The species has not been recorded in our country, only the following
form.

Form diamarta Nyl. 1. c.—Thallus yellowish-red. Apothecia
similar to that of the species, but the thalline margin or the
contiguous thallus often somewhat crenate.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 55 & Monogr. i. p. 468; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 211; ed. 3,
p. 197. Urceolaria diamarta Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 151 (1803) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 458% Lichen diamartus Wahlenb. FI.
Lapp. p. 414 (1812). L. sinopicus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1776 (lower
magnified fig.) (1807) (non Wahlenb.).

The rusty colour of the thallus is due to the large quantity of iron
in the rocky substratum. The apothecia are abundant, but spermo-
gones are few, with spermatia 4-5 » long, 1 » thick (fide Crombie).

Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation.—B. M. Above
Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only British record).

77. L. recedens Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 361 (1879).—Thallus
determinate or effuse, mostly rather thick, deeply cracked-areolate,
ashy-grey (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia rather small, often crowded,
innate, the disc brownish-black, the thalline margin generally
prominent ; paraphyses long, thickly septate, almost moniliform
especially towards the tips, the epithecium dark-brown ; spores
broadly ellipsoid or subglobose, 10-12 » in diam. or 14 p long,
9 p thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine-——Cromb. in
Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 469. L. subcinerea
Nyl. in Flora lii. p. 82 (1869); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 140
(1875); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 197. Lecidea recedens Tayl.
in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 117 (1836).

Ezxsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 299.

Differs from L. cinerea in the form of the small spores and the
absence of reaction with iodine in the medulla. Larbalestier’s specimen
has a thinner thallus than the others, but the microscopic details are
identical.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland districts.—Distr. Very
rare in N. Wales, N. England, and §. and W. Ireland.—B. M. Bar-
mouth, Merioneth; Holwick Scar, Yorkshire; Dunkerron, Kerry;
Derryclare, Connemara, Galway.

78. L. decincta Nyl. in Flora lxv. p. 452 (1882).—Thallus
determinate, rather thick, smooth, cracked-areolate, the areole
often rounded, umber-grey on a black hypothallus (K—, CaCl—).
Apothecia rather small, semi-immersed then plane or convex,
black, the thalline margin thinnish, disappearing ; paraphyses

t

LECANORA | LECANORACER® 32!

~

discrete, stoutish (about 2 yp thick), sparsely branched and
septate, variously clavate or capitate at the tips and dark-brown,
the pigment descending often 15-20 »; spores ellipsoid, small,
10-14 y long, 6-8 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.
—Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 89 (1884) & Monogr. i. p. 480.

This species was placed by Nylander in a distinct section on
account of the form of sterigmata and spermatia. The spermogones
are very minute, the sterigmata are short tufted branches bearing at
the tips minute rod-like spermatia about 3 » long, 1, thick. It is
allied, according to Nylander, with L. intercincta, a Portuguese lichen.

Hab. On schistose rocks in a hilly locality—B. M. Red Screes,
Westmoreland (the only record).

e. Thallus dark in colour, K—.

-

(1872) note.—Thallus determinate, rather thin, and membrana-
ceous at the circumference, wrinkled, cracked-areolate and thicker
especially towards the centre, sometimes shining, olivaceous-grey,
hypothallus scarcely visible (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather
small, immersed, often irregular in form, the disc black ; para-
physes slender, long, subflexuose, moniliform towards the tips,
which are brown, or the epithecium dark-brown ; spores ellipsoid,
16-22 p long (rarely 24 y), 10-12 p (rarely 16 ») thick ; hymenial
gelatine blue then quickly wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) (excl. spec. from Lazonby).
L. gibbosa subsp. lusca Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57 (1891) ;
var. lusea Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. vi. p. 168
(1881) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 471.

Described sometimes as a variety of Aspicilia silvatica. It differs
from J. gibbosa in the thinner olivaceous thailus and smaller spores
and in the longer spermatia, given as 16-21 p» long, but this has not
been verifiable. The specimen from Lazonby belongs to L. cinerea.

79. L. lusca Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 288

Hab. On rocks in maritime and hilly regions.— Distr. Rare though
widely distributed in the Channel Islands and Great Britain.—B. M.
Chateau Point, Sark; Breiddon Hill, Montgomeryshire; Barmouth,
Merioneth; Battersby and Newton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ben Lawers
and Craig Calliach, Perthshire ; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire.

80. L. subdepressa Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p. 287 (1872).—Thallus rather thin, plane, irregularly cracked,
smooth or somewhat wrinkled, cinereous or dark-grey (K—,
CaCl —). Apothecia rather small, scattered, immersed then
emergent, the disc and margin black, the thalline margin
excluded ; paraphyses coherent, slender, often flexuose, septate,
dark-brown above ; spores ellipsoid, variable in size, 18-32 p long,
11-15 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine faintly blue then quickly wine-
red with iodine.—L. gibbosa subsp. subdepressa Lamy in Bull.
Soc. Bot, Fr. xxv. p. 420 (1878) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 57

326 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANORA

(1891) & Monogr. i. p.472. Urceolaria rufescens Tay]. in Mackay
F]. Hib, ii. p. 132 (1836) (non Turn.).

Differing from L. gibbosa in the appearance of thallus and
apothecia, which look as if washed smooth, and in the internal
structure. The paraphyses are more sparsely septate and have not
so constantly the bead-like appearance upwards. Hue (Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Paris, 1910, p. 34) has, however, described them as moniliform
and greenish-black above.

Spermogones have spermatia 9-15 p» long (or longer), *5 » thick.

Hab. On schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—Distr. Local
but plentiful where it occurs in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.
Cader Idris and Camlan Valley, near Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Snowdon,
Carnarvonshire ; Windermere, Westmoreland; Barcaldine, Argyll;
Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Cappamore, near Dunkerron, Kerry ; Maam Turk Mt.,
Connemara, Galway.

81. L. Bockii Th. Fr. in Bot. Not. p. 105 (1867).—Thallus
effuse, plane, cracked-areolate or of minute scattered warts,
sometimes with sorediate spots, olive-brown or brownish-grey, on
a thin black hypothallus (K(CaCl) + reddish). Apothecia small,
immersed or sessile, the disc black, irregular in outline, the
thalline margin entire ; paraphyses slender, septate, the epithe-
cium brown ; spores broadly ellipsoid, 16-21 p long, 8-11 p thick;
hymenial gelatine blue, the asci wine-red, with iodine.-—Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 464. Parmelia
Bockii Rodig ex Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. i. p. 285 (1825).

Evidently a very rare lichen. The apothecia are minute, semi-
immersed and often with a dot or fold on the disc. The British
specimens are poorly developed; the asci have a very thick tip and
the spores are smaller than the sizes given above (Th. Fr. Lich. Seand.
p- 170); they measure frequently about 12 » in length.

Crombie (l. c.) quotes as a synonym Lecanora sophodopsis Nyl.
(Flora lix. p. 233 (1876) & op. cit. p. 204 (1879) ), in the diagnosis of
which the spore sizes are given as 17-25 » long, 11-15 pw thick.

Hab. On a schistose wall in an upland district.—B. M. Near
Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland (the only British record).

82. L. complanatoides A. L.Sm.—Thallus rather thin, effuse,
cracked-areolate, the areole small (about +3 mm. in diameter),
smooth, sometimes subsquamulose, with a black hypothallus
brownish-yellow or -cinereous (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small,
immersed then plane, the margin scarcely visible, the dise dark-
brown ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses slender, coherent,
flexuose, septate, the cells about 8 p long, rarely branched below,
clavate and often shortly branched abov e, the tips dark-brown,
becoming green with potash ; asci clavate up to 68 yp long,
10-12 pw “wide, not thickened at the tips; spores 8 in the ascus,
ellipsoid, 10-14 » long, 4-6 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue
then tawny with iodine.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 205 (as Parmelia cinerea var. atrocinerea).

LECANORA | LECANORACEE 327

Nearly related to L. complanata Koerb., but differing in the more
compact crustaceous-areolate thallus and in the almost non-marginate
apothecia.

Hab. On siliceous rocks.—B. M. Lyth Hill, Shropshire.

83. L. superiuscula Nyl. in Flora lxii. p. 355 (1879).—
Thallus of small plane or slightly convex squamulose areolz,
contiguous or scattered, rounded or crenulate, brown or light
brownish-grey (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, more or less
immersed, blackish, the thalline margin thick and tumid ; spores
ellipsoid, 10-14 pw long, 5-8 p thick; paraphyses subdiscrete,
brownish at the apices.—Cromb. in Grevillea xiii. p. 112 (1880)
& Monogr. i. p. 464.

Considered by Crombie as similar to, if not identical with, L. com-
planata Koerb., a lichen from the Tyrol, but the thalline margin of
that species is thinner and crenulate. The spores are usually about
10 » x 6p, the larger size has not been verified.

Spermogones are plentiful with arcuate spermatia 18-25 » long,
6 » thick.

Hab. On a mica-schist rock in an alpine situation. B. M. Above
Loch-na-Gat, Ben Lawers, Perthshire (the only record).

84. L. morioides A. L. Sm.—Thallus determinate, thin,
composed of minute blackish- or reddish-grey areole on a black
hypothallus (K —CaCl—). Apothecia minute, immersed, solitary
in the areole, the disc black, the margin thin, scarcely prominent ;
paraphyses coherent, slender, septate, clavate at the dark coloured
bluish-black tips ; asci thickened at the tips; spores 7-9 yp long,
5 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine.—
Aspicilia morioides Blomb. ex Arn. Lich. exsice. n. 904 (1881) ;
Arn. in Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, xxxvi. p. 78 (1886); Hue
in Nouy. Arch. Mus. Paris, sér. 5, i1. p. 78 (1910).

Our single specimen in the Hugh Davies herbarium differs slightly
from the above as described by Hue, though too nearly alike to be
separated. The tips of the paraphyses are dark-brown, and the spores
—very rarely developed as Hue also points out—are larger and
somewhat oblong, they measure 7 x 3 » or up to 12x 4 yp. The
hymenial gelatine also remains persistently blue with iodine, It was
labelled Verrucaria maura by Davies. The plant has been collected
in Scandinavia, and in the Tyrol.

Hab. On siliceous rock.—B. M. N. Wales.

f, Thallus variously coloured, thin and mostly continuous.

85. L. levata Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 364 (1872) ; op. cit. Ixiv.
p-. 183 (1881).—Thallus determinate or effuse, thin, largely con-
tinuous, cracked in places, especially towards the centre, smooth,
shining, grey- or brown-olivaceous ; hypothallus black, often
limiting the thallus (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia minute, immersed,

328 CYCLOCARPINEA: [LECANORA

then becoming superficial, the disc concave, black, the thalline
margin rather prominent, entire or subcrenulate; paraphyses
slender, coherent, flexuose, septate, moniliform upwards, the
epithecium dark-brown ; spores ellipsoid, 15-24 » long, 9-16 p
thick; hymenial gelatine bluish, then quickly Wine-red with
iodine-—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 473. Sagedia levata Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 327, t. 6, fig. 5 (1810).
Ezxsicc. Johns. n, 273.

Evidently a rare lichen, though of wide distribution on the conti-
nent and N. America. According to Nylander (Lich. Fret. Behr.
p. 30, 1888) the spermatia measure 20-32 » long, *5 » thick. I have
been unable to find spermogones on our specimens.

Hab. On damp siliceous rocks in subalpine districts.—Dzéstr.
Rare in W. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Wastdale
Lake-side, Cumberland, Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

86. L. lacustris Th. Fr. in K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. vii. 2,
p. 24 (1867).—Thallus determinate or somewhat effuse, thin,
firm, smooth, irregularly and finely cracked-areolate or con-
tinuous, pale-reddish or -yellowish (K—CaCl—). Apothecia
small, persistently immersed, the disc pale rose-coloured or
brownish, the thalline margin tumid, often indistinct ; paraphyses
coherent, slender, flexuose, septate, slightly thicker and more
closely septate at the tips, the epithecium brownish- or yellowish-
granulose ; spores ellipsoid, usually 13-18 long, 6-9 » thick but
sometimes larger ; hymenial gelatine blue then quickly wine-red
with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195 (excel. f. punctata) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 58 (1891) (excl. var. cyrtaspis?) &
Monogr. i. p. 477. L. gibbosa subsp. lacustris Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 55 (1870) (excl. var. punctata); £. lacustris Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 210 (1871) pro parte. Lichen lacustris With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 21, t. 31, fig. 4 (1796). DL. Acharii Westr. ex Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 33 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1087. Urceolaria
Acharii Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 150 (1803) (exel. var. cyrtaspis) ;
S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 457; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 47 (inel.
var. cyrtaspis pro parte) & in Engl. Bot. v. p. 172 (inel. var.
cyrtaspis pro parte) ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 132.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 71 ; Johns. n. 275.

The thallus is normally pale ochraceous or whitish, but may be
rusty from infiltration of iron, as it grows on rocks subject to inunda-
tion. In some of our specimens the spores are larger than the sizes
given above, measuring up to 24x 12,y. There is considerable
doubt as to the position of the variety cyrtaspis, the description of
which in some cases agrees well with DL. lacustris, and Lichen
punctatus, cited as a synomym, is probably a form of L. Prevostii.

Hab. On rocks in streams in upland and subalpine districts.—
Distr. Local though plentiful where it occurs throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. Withiel, Cornwall; Tavy Cleave and Dartmoor, Devon ;
Lyndhurst Moor, New Forest, Hants; Nannau, Dolgelly and Bar-

LECANORA | LECANORACEX: 329

mouth, Merioneth; Beddgelert, Trefriw Falls and Carnedd Dafydd,
Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham; Appin and Glencoe, Argyll;
near the Trossachs, Glen Falloch and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Glen
Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Invermoriston, Invernessshivre ;
Ballaghbeama Gap, Dunkerron, and Connor Cliffs, Dingle, Kerry ;
Ballynakill and Lough Inagh, Connemara, Galway; Clare Island,
Mayo.

87. L. Dicksonii Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 255
(1867).—Thallus thin, plane and smooth, finely cracked-areolate,
rusty or yellowish-red, with a thin black hypothallus (K—-,
CaCl—). Apothecia small, innate, becoming superficial, the dise
concave, black, with a prominent black rim, the thalline margin
very indistinct as an outer reddish covering; hypothecium
dark-brown ; paraphyses coherent, slender, straight or flexuose,
septate, the epithecium bluish- or brownish-black ; spores ellip-
soid, 11-14 yp long, 6-8 p» thick; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55 & Monogr. i. p. 476: Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 211; ed. 3, p. 196. Lichen cxsius Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fase. ii. p. 19, t. 6, fig. 6 (1790)? (non Hoffm.). L. Dicksonii
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 76 (1798) ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 20.
L. Oederi With. op. cit. p. 11 (1796) pro parte (non Web.) ;
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1117. Lecidea Oederi Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp.
p-. 474 (1812) ; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 465; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 38 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 178; Tayl. in Mackay EY Hib: a.
pe lees ede melanopheea Fr. in Vet. Akad. Handl. 1822, p. 259 ;
Mudd Man. p. 206.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 72; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. ii. n. 24;
Johns. n. 149 ; Leight. n. 127.

Of doubtful systematic position, with perhaps more affinity with
Lecidea than with Lecanora. The apothecia take rise within the
thallus and gradually emerge; they are numerous and sometimes
confluent, so that the dise may appear to be lined or dotted. The
rusty colour is fairly constant, but, as in some other lichens, is generally
considered to be due to the infiltration of ferric hydrate, though, as
has been pointed out by Wheldon and Wilson (Lich. Perth. p. 42), the
species sometimes grows on white quartz where it exhibits the same
bright colour. Specimens from Kerguelen Land with a grey thallus
have been recorded by Crombie as Lecidea sincerula Nyl. (Linn. Soc.
Journ. Bot. xv. p. 190 (1877) ).. The species has been confused with
Rhizocarpon Oederi, but it differs in the prominent proper margin of
the apothecium as well as in spore characters.

Hab, On rocks and walls chiefly schistose, in upland or moun-
tainous regions.—Dzistrv. Not uncommon in hilly districts of the
British Isles.—B. M. Fingle Bridge, near Chagford, Devon; Bar-
mouth, Dolgelly and Rhiwgreidden, Merioneth; Bettws-y-Coed,
Denbighshire; Cwm Trefayn, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea ;
Wrekin Hill, Shropshire; Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland; Lam-
plugh and Ennerdale, Cumberland; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire; Glen Callater and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; Crogham (? Cloghane) and
Mangerton, Killarney, Kerry.

330 CYCLOCARPINEE: [LECANORA

Form atrata Cromb. Monogr i. p. 477 (1894).—Thallus
reduced to minute red portions here and there on the black
‘hypothallus. Apothecia minute.—Gyalecta atrata Ach. in Vet.
Akad. Handl. 1808, p. 229.

There are connecting links between the very reduced thallus of
this form and that of the species.

Hab. On quartzose rocks in an alpine locality —B. M. Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire {the only British record).

88. L. flavida Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 630 (1860).—Thallus
effuse, very thin, almost furfuraceous or thinly felted, scarcely
cracked, with a radiating dirty-whitish hypothallus, pale-
ochraceous or light-greyish (K —,CaCl—). Apothecia very minute,
immersed, the disc concave then plane, black, the thalline margin
thin, entire ; paraphyses coherent, slender, septate, submoniliform
upwards, the epithecium of brown granules; spores ellipsoid,
12-18 p» long (or slightly longer), 7-11 p thick; hymenial
gelatine blue with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 195;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 478. L. gibbosa f. lacustris Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 210 (1871) pro parte. Aspicilia ochracea Mudd Man.
p. 163 (1861) (non Scheer.).

Ezxsicc. Leight. n. 292 ; Mudd n. 136.

Hue (Nouy. Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, sér. 5, ii. p. 105) describes
the gonidia of this species as ‘‘chroolepoid.”” Some of them are
yellow, but they have not the large size of the Jonaspis group.

Hab. On rocks and stones in moist situations in hilly districts.—
Distr. Rare in N. England.—B. M. Cockshaw Bank and Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire.

89. L. fulvo-mellea A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, very thin,
smooth, in smaller or larger patches, comtiguous or scattered,
yellowish or tawny-honey-coloured (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
numerous, impressed in the thallus, minute, the dise about
*2 mm. wide, yellowish flesh-coloured, becoming slightly brown,
the thalline margin thickish, entire and rather prominent, often
circumscissed from the thallus ; paraphyses conglutinate, slender,
sometimes flexuose, septate, submoniliform, the epithecium
colourless or of yellowish-brown granules ; asci elongate-clavate,
about 40-50 p long, 12 p» thick, 8-spored; spores ellipsoid,
colourless, small, 8-12 » long, 4—5 p thick; hymenial gelatine
scarcely greenish-blue then wine-red with iodine.

The affinity of this lichen is with LD. Prevostii, or possibly with
L. epulotica, but the gonidia, though with a thickish somewhat
corrugate outer wall, are small on the whole, varying in form and size
up to 20 » long and 12-14 » thick. It was impossible to trace any
filamentous structure.

Hab. On siliceous rocks.—B. M. Ashburton, Devon (Herb. H. B.
Holl).

Soa

LECANORA | LECANORACEX: 331

90. L. Prevostii Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 288 (1871).—Thallus
effuse, thin, continuous, generally tartareous, greyish or whitish
or pale flesh-coloured (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, deeply
immersed, often irregular in outline, concave, the disc pale flesh-
coloured, the proper margin connivent, surrounded by and
distinct from the thalline margin ; paraphyses coherent, slender,
septate ; spores ellipsoid, 14—22 » long, 9-11 » thick ; hymenial
gelatine blue then quickly wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 198 ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 478. LL. epulotica var.
Prevostii Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 189 (1861); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 05; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212. Gyalecta Prevostii Fr. Lich.
Eur. p. 197 (1831). G. geoica Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 87, t. 15,
fig. 1 (1851) (non Wahlenb.). ;

Easily overlooked owing to the rather neutral colour of the thallus
and the inconspicuous apothecia, which are either immersed in pits
or more rarely level with the surface.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in hilly or mountainous districts.—
Distr. Rare in W. and N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M. Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Ease Gill, near Leek,
Lancashire; Levens, Westmoreland; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form melanocarpa Stizenb. Lich. Helv. p. 129 (1882).—
Apothecia becoming more prominent and darker, with the
thalline margin obliterated—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 479. L.
gibbosa subsp. lacustris var. punctata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55
(1870)? L. gibbosa f. punctata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 210 (1871)?
ed. 3, p. 196% Lichen punctatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 450 (1798) ?
(Dicks.?) Urceolaria Acharii var. cyriaspis Ach. Meth. Lich.
p- 151 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 172 pro parte.
U. cyrtaspis S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 458 (1821)? Aspieilia
epulotica var. punctata Mudd Man. p. 161 (1861). Hymenelia
Prevostii var. melanocarpa Krempelh. Fl. Bayer. p. 167 (1861)
nomen.

Searcely distinguishable from the species. Lichen punctatus,
figured and described in English Botany from a specimen collected at
Ludlow, scarcely accords with this variety, and Sowerby’s specimen
in Hb. Brit. Mus. is from Teesdale, and hardly differs from the species
(cf. L. campestris. p. 274). Specimens from Somerset (Bathampton
Downs) seem to be wholly Verrucaria integra Carroll.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in hilly or mountainous districts.—

Distr. Rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Teesdale, Durham; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire.

Var. affinis Nyl. ex. Stizenb. 1. c.—Thallus thin, somewhat
similar to that of the species or reddish-flesh-coloured. Apothecia
minute, becoming more prominent, the thalline margin per-
sistent ; spores similar to those of the species or more broadly
ellipsoid, 14-18 y» long, 9-13 p thick.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 479.

332 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANORA

Hymenelia affinis Massal. Geneac. Lich. p. 13 (1854) & Symm.
Lich. p. 25 (1855).

Distinguished by the very minute emergent apothecia.

Hab. On caleareous and associated rocks in subalpine regions.—
Distr. Rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Teesdale, Durham; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; The
Khoil, near Ballater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

B. Jonaspis. Algal cells Trentepohlia.
a. Thallus thin, light coloured, K—.
91. L. epulotica Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 55 (1870).—

Thallus subeffuse, tartareous, thin, continuous or faintly cracked,
whitish or pale-reddish (K —, CaCl—). Apothecia small, innate,
becoming somewhat superficial and circumcissed from the thallus,
pale flesh-coloured, the thalline margin thickish ; paraphyses
coherent, slender, multi-septate, almost moniliform ; spores
broadly ellipsoid, 18-20 pw long, 10-11 p thick, hymenial gelatine
bluish then wine-red with iodine.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 212 pro
parte; ed. 3, p. 197; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 479. Gyalecta
epulotica Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 151, t. 1, fig. 7 (1810). Aspierlia
epulotica Mudd Man. p. 161, t. 3, fig. 54 (1861).

Closely related to L. Prevostii, but differing in the gonidia, a
species of Trentepohlia, the filaments of which are mostly broken up
into separate cells of a greenish colour, but are easily recognized by
their large size, about 30 p» long and 20, thick. The British Museum
specimen of Johnson’s exs. n. 150 does not belong here.

Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in upland and subalpine
districts —Distr. Rare in N. Wales, N. England and the Grampians,
Scotland.— 2. M. Near Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; Mardale, West-
moreland; Teesdale, Durham; Craig Calliach and Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

92. L. chrysophana Nyl. ex Stizenb. Lich. Helv. p. 129
(1882-3).—Thallus effuse, thin, smoothish or faintly cracked-
areolate, dull or chestnut-reddish, becoming blackish-grey or
-green when dry (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, concave,
blackish, the thalline margin thin, disappearing; paraphyses
conglutinate, slender, septate, dark blue-green, moniliform and
clavate upwards; spores ellipsoid, about 9-12 p long, 5-7 pw
thick ; hymenial gelatine bluish then quickly wine-red with
iodine.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) and Monogr. i.
p. 480. Aspicilia chrysophana Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 159
(1855).

Like the previous species, distinguished by the very large gonidia
of the T'rentepohlia alga, measuring usually about 35 p by 23 p, but
recorded as larger. The blue-green colour of the epithecium is not
always present.

Hab, On siliceous rocks and stones in alpine situations.—Distr.
Rare on the higher Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Perth-
shire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

ACAROSPORA | LECANORACE 333

52. ACAROSPORA Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 27 (1852) ;
Mudd Man. p. 158. (PI. 52.)

Thallus mostly squamulose and thickish, areolate, corticate
above or non-corticate, attached to the substratum by hyphe.
Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia generally immersed then
plane, discoid, the thalline margin prominent or indistinct ; hypo-
thecium colourless ; paraphyses slender ; spores many in the ascus,
mostly very small, colourless, oblong or ellipsoid. Spermogones
with acrogenous elongate or almost globose spermatia.

Distinguished by the plurispored asci. The species (L. pruinosa,
LL. simples, ete.) classified under Sect. Sarcogyne Cromb. Monogy. i.
p. 487, are without gonidia in the apothecia, and are described as
species of the lecideine genus Biatorella (see Appendix).

1. A. squamulosa Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 213 (1871).—
Thallus squamulose, closely appressed, cracked-areolate, some-
times more continuous and the squamules rounded at the edge,
tawny or dark reddish-brown, white beneath (K —, CaCl —).
Apothecia small or moderate in size, sunk in the thallus then
emergent, the disc plane, dark reddish-brown, the thalline margin
entire ; paraphyses discrete, septate, slightly clavate and reddish-
brown at the tips; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 8-12 » long, 4-5 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—A. cervina var.
squamulosa Mudd Man. p. 158 (1861)? Lichen squamulosus
Schrad. Samml. Crypt. Gew. n. 153 & in Ust. Ann. Bot. xxii.
p. 84 (1797). IL. cervinus Pers. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 181
(1803). Lecanora squamulosa Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm.
sér. 2, vi. p. 280 (1872); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 pro parte;
ed. 3, p. 169 pro parte; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 482. LZ. cervina
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 (1870) pro parte.

Distinguished by the comparatively large spores and by the
appressed cracked thallus.

Hab. On calcareous rocks in mountainous districts.— Distr. Rather
rare in N. Wales, N.W. England and on the Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Dolgelly, Merioneth; near Staveley, Kendal, Westmoreland ;
Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Craig Guie and Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form albomarginata A. L. Sm.—Thalline squamules densely
white-pulverulent at the margins, giving a mosaic effect. Lecanora
squamulosa t. albomarginata Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 482 (1894).

Hab, On calcareous rocks in a subalpine district.—B. M. Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire (the only record).

2. A. Benedarensis Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc.
p.131 (1913).—Thallus globulose-squamulose, thick, the squamules
discrete or sometimes confluent, 1-7 mm. wide, about ‘5 to 1 mm.
thick, dark-brown, pale beneath (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
solitary or several in each squamule, at first completely immersed
and remaining innate, concave, concolorous with the thallus,

334 CYCLOCARPINEX [ACAROSPORA

reddish-brown when moist, the margin thick, entire, persistent ;
paraphyses slender, conglutinate, sparingly branched, yellow-
brown at the apices ; hypothecium sordid-grumous ; aseus clavate,
80-100 p» long, 15-20 p» thick, myriospored; spores minute,
3-4°5 p long, 1-2°5 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-
red with iodine. Spermogones numerous, with spermatia 2°5 p
long, 1-1°5 p thick.

Hab. On dry clayey soil on disintegrating fine shales in sheltered
sunny situations.—B. M. Earlscliff, Howth coast, Dublin.

3. A. glaucocarpa Kerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 57 (1859).—Thallus
of small thickish squamules, scattered or rarely subimbricate,
sometimes raised and crenate, yellowish- or dull-brown, white
beneath (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia moderate in size, the dise
becoming plane, reddish-brown, sometimes bluish-grey-pruinose,
the thalline margin thick, entire; paraphyses stoutish, coherent,
septate, narrowly clavate and yellowish-brown at the tips ; spores
ellipsoid, 3-5 pw long, 1°5-2°5 p thick; hymenial gelatine
persistently blue with iodine.—Lichen glaucocarpus Wahlenb. in
K. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1806, p. 143, t. 4, fig. 4. Lecanora glauco-
carpa Ach. op. cit. 1810, p. 151; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 &
Monogr. i. p. 481 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 182; ed. 3, p. 168.

Characterized by the form of the squamules. In our specimens,
asci and spores are sparingly present; the latter do not measure more
than 3-4 » in length.

Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous regions.
—Distr. Rare in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Craig-y-Rhiw, Oswestry, Shropshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Ben Lawers
and Craig Tulloch, Perthshire; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. depauperata Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. p. 232 (1900).—
Thallus almost obsolete. Apothecia varying in size, scattered or
crowded, naked or pruinose, the margin more or less prominent.
—A. cervina var. glaucocarpa f. depauperata Keerb. Syst. Lich.
Germ. p. 155 (1855). Lecanora glaucocarpa var. depauperata
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xi. p. 134 (1873) (incl. f. conferta) &
Monogr. i. p. 481 (inel. ff. pruinifera, denudata Cromb. in Grevillea
xix. p. 58 (1891) ).

Minute portions of the thallus are occasionally visible round the
apothecia, which, as in the species, may be pruinose or naked (ff. prwini-
fera and denudata). It is closely related, if not identical, with var.
conspersa Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 88 (1860), but the descriptions do not
entirely agree.

Hab. On calcareous and schistose rocks in mountainous regions.
—Disir. Sparingly in N. England and the Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Near Dent, Yorkshire ; Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Craig Guie and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

4. A. Lesdainii Harm. in litt.—Thallus thickish, with an
amorphous cortex, areolate-squamulose, or the squamules distinct,

ACAROSPORA | LECANORACE 335

aggregate, irregularly roundish or angular, flat or tumid, pale
fawn-coloured above and below (K + yellow then red). Apothecia
one or more immersed in the squamules, small or moderate in
size, the disc reddish, becoming darker, the thalline margin not
prominent; paraphyses rather slender, flexuose, dotted with
minute guttule, not widening upward, agglutinate and colourless
or brownish at the tips; asci large, broadly oblong or ellipsoid,
90-150 » long, 24-38 » wide; spores innumerable, cylindrical,
minutely guttulate at each end, 2—4 yp long, | » thick; hymenial
gelatine blue then wine-red, the hypothecium more persistently
blue, with iodine.

Evidently near to A. glawcocarpa, but differing in certain characters
of thallus and apothecia. There is considerable variation in thalline
form; the specimen from Cumberland is flat and cracked, in the others
the squamules are alike tumid and generally roundish. The reaction
with potash in one of the Yorkshire specimens is not very distinct
and the paraphyses are slightly clavate or irregular and sometimes
branched, septate, or capitate. This may be only a growth form, as
the other characters are similar. The specimen was collected by
Mr. Hebden and named by Harmand in honour of his friend Dr. Bouly
de Lesdain, of Dunkirk. Owing to the war, Hebden has been unable
to secure Harmand’s own description.

Hab. On rocks in upland districts.—Dzistv. Somewhat rare in
N.and N.W. England.—B. M. Near Keighley, Yorkshire ; Buttermere,
Cumberland.

5. A. percenoides Jatta Syll. Lich. Ital. p. 251 (1900).—
Thallus thickish, warted-squamulose, the squamules rather small,
convex, scattered or imbricate, chestnut-brown, whitish-pruinose,
white beneath (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia minute, innate in the
areol, reddish- or dark-brown ; paraphyses stoutish, very slightly
clavate, brown and septate at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 3-6 p
long, 1°5-2 p thick.—A. cervina var. percena Mudd Man. p. 159
(1861)? Lecidea perczeena Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 29 (1814)? Lecanora
castanea £. perceenoides Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. x. p. 263 (1863).
L. percenoides Nyl. ex Wedd. op. cit. xvi. p. 202 (1869) ; Cromb.
in Grevillea xix. p. 58 (1891) & Monogr. 1. p, 482.

The squamules in the British specimens are white bordered; the
apothecia are badly developed. Mudd’s specimen of A. cervina var.
percena has been determined by Crombie as identical with this species.
It is impossible to be sure as the squamules are sterile.

Hab. On caleareous rocks in upland situations.—Dzistr. Rare in
ats and N.E. England.—B. M. Near Yatton, Somerset; Teesdale,

urham.

6. A. fuscata Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 215 (1871) pro parte.—
Thallus areolate-squamulose, the squamules crowded, angular and
irregularly crenate-lobate, dull- or tawny-brown, blackish beneath
(K(CaCl) + reddish). Apothecia minute, immersed, becoming
partly superficial, the disc reddish- or dark-brown, the thalline

336 CYCLOCARPINEX [ACAROSPORA

margin thin, flexuose ; paraphyses stoutish, subdiscrete, irregularly
septate and slightly larger at the tips ; spores cylindrical, minute,
3-4 p long, 1-1°5 p thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red
(more especially the asci) with iodine.—<A. cervina Massal. Ric.
Lich. Crost. p. 28 (1852); Mudd Man. p. 158 pro parte. Lichen
fuscatus Schrad. Spicil. Fl. Germ. p. 83 (1794). LD. squamulosus
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2011 (male) (1809) (non Schrad.). Psoroma
cervina 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 444 (1821) pro parte. Lecanora
squamulosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 50 (1821) & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p- 187 pro parte (non Schrad.). L. cervina Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 56 (1870) pro parte. L. fuscata Cromb. 1. c. pro parte &
Monogr. i. p. 483; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186 pro parte; ed. 3,
p- 171 pro parte.
Ezxsice. Johns. n. 276; Leight. n. 24; Mudd n. 131.

Differs from A. squamulosa in the smaller spores, and also in the
form of the squamules, which are often rather thin. The plant is
often sterile.

Hab. On rocks, boulders and walls from maritime to upland
situations.—Distr. Fairly common throughout Great Britain, rarer
in Ireland.—B. M. La Moye, Jersey; Alderney; Guernsey; near
Penzance, Cornwall; Morwell Rocks, Devon; Pulborough and near
Hastings, Sussex; Gorleston, Suffolk; Ankerdine Hill, Worcester-
shire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Buckstone, near Monmouth,
and Crossfaen, Monmouthshire; Barmouth, Dolgelly and Aberdovey,
Merioneth; Llyn Geironydd, Carnarvonshire; Oswestry and Haugh-
mond Hill, Shropshire; Ayton and Guisboro’ Moors, Cleveland, York-
shire; Egglestone, Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; Staveley,
Kendal, Westmoreland; King’s Park, Stirling; Ballachulish, Argyll ;
Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire ; The Stocket
near Aberdeen; Applecross, Rossshire; Dunkerron, Kerry.

7. A. peliscyphoides Oliv. Lich, Eur. fase. ii. p. 76 (1909).—
Thallus of crowded somewhat crenate squamules, cracked into
areole, pale tawny- or reddish-brown (K(CaCl) + reddish).
Apothecia becoming plane and rather large, the dise dark
reddish-brown and granular-papillate, the thalline margin dis-
appearing ; paraphyses coherent, flexuose, irregular, many-septate
at the tips; spores numerous, oblong-cylindrical, 3-6 yp long,
1-1°5 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red with iodine.
—Lecanora fuscata var. peliscyphoides Nyl. in Flora lv. p. 364
(1872); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 484. LL. peliscypha Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xi. p. 134 (1873) (non Nyl.) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 172 (according to the locality).

Differs from A. peliocypha in the chemical reaction similar to that
of A. fuscata, and in the larger apothecia.

Hab. On walls in a maritime district—B. M. Near Portlethen,
Kincardineshire (the only British record).

8. A. smaragdula Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 29 (1852)
(errore smeragdula).—Thallus cartilaginous, cracked-areolate, or

ACAROSPORA| LECANORACE: 337

ot squamules somewhat scattered and rounded, varying in colour
from yellowish- to reddish- or dark greenish-brown, dark beneath
(K—CaCl—). Apothecia sinall, immersed and concave, then
somewhat plane, solitary or several in each squamule ; the disc
dark-brown ; paraphyses rather stout, variously septate, scarcely
wider at the tips, the epithecium brown; spores minutely
ellipsoid, about 3-4 » long, 1 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue
then reddish-brown with iodine.—A. cervina vars. rufescens
smaragdula, privigna (non Ach.) Mudd Man. pp. 159, 160 (1861).
Endocarpon smaragdulum Wahlenb. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl.
p- 29 (1803); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 44 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p- 158; 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 499; Leight. Angioc. Lich.
p- 16, ty, 4, fig. 3 (incl. var. rufovirescens t. 4, fig. 4 & var.
rufescens). E. “rufovirescens Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p- 100
(1836). Lichen smaragdulus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1512 (1805).
Urceolaria rufescens Turn. ex Ach. Lich. Univ. 329 (1810) ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 173; Borr. in Engl. aes Suppl. n.
2657 (Lecidea rufescens in text). Lecanora rufescens Nyl. in
Flora lv. p. 364 (1872) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 484. L. smarag-
dula Nyl. 1. c.; Cromb. tom. cit. p. 486. L. fuscata var.
smaragdula Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56. L. squamulosa f. smarag-
dula Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184; ed. 3, p. 169.
Exsicce. Leight. n. 271 ; Mudd n. 132.

Resembles A. fuscata in the dark undersurface, but differs in the
more even thallus and in the absence of thalline reaction. Some-
times the apothecia become papillate. L. rufescens and L. smarag-
dula differ only in the scattered squamules of the latter.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and upland districts.—
Distr. Not common in maritime and hilly regions of the British
Isles.—B. M. Island of Guernsey; Redruth, Cornwall; Wickwar,
Gloucestershire; Beeleigh and Langford, Essex; Cader Idris, Dol-
gelly, and near Barmouth, Merioneth ; Gorleston, Suffolk ; Howden
Gill, Kildale Moor and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; near Hexham, Northumberland; near Kendal, Westmore-
land; Barcaldine and Appin, Argyll; King’s Park, Stirling; Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Derriquin, Sybil
Head and Dunkerron, Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway ; Clare
Island, Slieve More Mt., Achill island and Achill Sound, Mayo.

Var. sinopica Massal. |. c.—Thallus squamulose-areolate or
the small rounded squamules somewhat scattered, rusty-red.
Apothecia minute, the disc dark-brown.—4A. cervina var. sinopica
Mudd Man. p. 160 (1861). Endocarpon sinopicum Wahlenb. ex
Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 30 (1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 499; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 159. FE. smaragdulum var.
sinopicum Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 16, t. 5, fig. 1 (1851). Lichen
sinopicus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1776 (upper fig.) (1807). Lecanora
fuscata var. sinopica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 (1870). L.
squamulosa £. sinopica Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 184 (1871); ed. 3,

I. Zz

338 CYCLOCARPINEE [ACAROSPORA

p. 170. LZ. smaragdula f. sinopica Nyl. ex Norrlin in Not. Siallsk.
Faun. & FI. Fenn. xiii. p. 332 (1874) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 486.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 285.

Differs in the colour, which is due to the infiltration of ferric
oxide. The thalline squamules are generally contiguous.

Hab. On rocks and boulders, chiefly schistose, in mountainous
regions.— Distr. N. Wales and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Aber and Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire; Angle-
sea; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Killin, Ben Lawers and Ben

Vrackie, Perthshire; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen
Nevis, Invernessshire.

9. A. peliocypha Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 89 (1860).—
Thallus thickish, cracked-areolate, of crowded somewhat crenate
squamules, tawny-brown, somewhat shining, blackish beneath
(K(CaCl)—). Apothecia rather small, immersed then plane,
reddish-brown, the disc granular-papillate, the thalline margin
persistent, crenulate and flexuose ; paraphyses stoutish, irregular,
variously septate and clavate or ovoid at the tips; spores
numerous, oblong-cylindrical, 3-5 p long, 1-1°5 yp thick ;
hymenial gelatine bluish then quickly wine-red with iodine.—
Parmelia peliocypha Wablenb. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 40
(1803). Lecanora peliocypha Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & FI.
Fenn. Forh. n. ser. v. p. 182 (1866); Cromb. in Grevillea xix.
p. 58 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 483.

Distinguished by the contrast in colour between thallus and
apothecia and by the granular-papillate discs of the latter.

Hab. On granitic rocks in alpine situations ; recorded by Crombie
from Braeriach, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

10. A. rhagadiza Oliv. Lich. Eur. fase. ii. p. 80 (1909),.—
Thallus spreading, unequal, variously and deeply cracked, dark
olive-greyish, dark beneath (K—CaCl—) Apothecia small,
innate, concave or plane, reddish-flesh-coloured ; paraphyses
slender ; spores oblong, narrow, about 3°5 p long, 1 yp thick ;
hymenial gelatine tawny-wine-coloured with iodine.—Lecanora
rhagadiza Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 178 (1881) ; Cromb. in Grevillea
x. p. 23 (1881) & Monogr. i. p. 485.

Considered by Nylander as nearly related to ‘‘ Lecanora rufescens.””

It differs in the colour of the thallus and of the apothecial disc, which
may possibly be the effect of the damp habitat.

Hab, On moist sandstone rocks in a maritime locality.—B. M.
Whitehaven, Cumberland (the only record).

11. A. discreta Th. Fries Lich. Scand. p. 217 (1871).—
Thallus effuse, warted- or angular-areolate, the areole contiguous
or discrete, dark-brown, dark beneath (K—CaCl—). Apothecia
minute, impressed, somewhat angular, dark-brown, the thalline
margin obtuse or indistinct ; paraphyses stoutish or slender,
somewhat clavate and generally reddish-brown at the extreme

ACAROSPORA | LECANORACE 339

tips; spores oblong, 3-4 p long, | mw thick; hymenial gelatine
blue then wine-red with iodine.—Parmelia squamulosa var.
discreta Ach, Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 41 (1803). Parmelia discreta
Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 106 (1866). Lecanora admissa Ny.
in Flora |. p. 370 (1867) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 & Monogr. i.
p. 485; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185. LL. discreta Nyl. in Flora lv.
p. 364 (1872) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 171 ; Cromb. Monogr.
i. p. 485.
Ezsice. Johns. n. 151.

Distinguished by the dark, angularly areolate thallus. <A species
collected by Harriman at Teesdale, with scattered areolw, belongs to
A. smaragdula.

Hab. On exposed siliceous rocks in upland or mountainous
regions.— Dist. Rare in N. Wales, N. England and the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Y Fegle Fawr, near Barmouth, Merioneth ; Bywell,
Northumberland; summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire; summit of the
Khoil, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire.

12. A. Heppii Koerb. Parerg. p. 61 (1859).—Thallus effuse,
very thin, continuous or partly obsolete, dirty-yellowish (K —
CaCl—). Apothecia small, the dise dark reddish-brown, the
margin prominent, entire ; paraphyses coherent, slender, some-
times branched, septate, scarcely widened upwards, the epithe-
cium dark-brown ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 4—4°5 » long, 1-2 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—A. cervina var.
Heppii Mudd Man. p. 160 (1861). Myriospora Heppii Naeg.
ex Hepp Flecht. Eur. n. 57 (1853). Lecanora Heppii Nyl. in
Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. ns. v. p. 182 (1866) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 & Monogr. i. p. 487 ; Knowles in Soc.
Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc. xiv. p. 131 (1913). L. squamulosa f.
privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185 (1871) pro parte; f. Heppii
op. cit. ed. 3, p. 170 (1879).

Hasice. Leight. n. 196.

An inconspicuous plant, with the thallus often scarcely visible.
The apothecia are numerous, The spores in the specimens examined
(Hepp exs. n. 57 and others) are smaller than the sizes quoted from
Th. Fries; they measure about 2°5-3 p long, 1 p» thick.

Hab. On siliceous and calcareous rocks in maritime and inland
districts.— Distr. Rare in 8. and N. England, Wales and E. Ireland.
—B. M. Lyndhurst, New Forest, Hants; South Downs and Hastings,
Sussex; Bexley Hill, Kent; Great Ayton and Easby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Llandrindod, Radnorshire.

53. LECANIA Massal. Alc. Gen. p. 12 (1853) ; Mem, Lich.
p- 120 (1853); Mudd Man. p. 140 (1861) pro parte. (Pl. 53.)
Thallus squamulose, imbricate or lobed at the circumference
and corticate above, or variously crustaceous. Algal cells
Protococeus. Apothecia reddish-brown or blackish, marginate
when young, the margin often disappearing ; spores generally 8
Zz 2

' =o. eer

340 CYCLOCARPINEE {LECANIA

in the ascus (4-16 in L. syringea), colourless, more or less
elongate and rather narrow, |-3-septate. Spermogones with
pleurogenous or acrogenous arcuate or straight spermatia.

Lecania, as here understood, includes not only Lecania but
Placolecania A. Zahlbr., which has a more distinctly squamulose-
effigurate thallus and pleurogenous spermatia. The apothecia in
several of the species lose the thalline margin at an early stage, and
look like Biatorine.

Thallus more or less squamulose............ § i. PLACOLECANIA.
Thallus variously crustaceous................ § ii. HULECANIA.

§ i. PLaAcoLEecaANIA Stein. in 8S. B. Akad. Wiss. Wien. Math.-
Nat. Cl. evii. Abth. i. p. 106 (1898).—Thallus squainulose, the
squamules effigurate at the circumference, imbricate, or becoming
granular.

1. L. candicans A. Zahlbr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. lv. p. 61
(1905).—Thallus orbicular, adnate, squamulose, continuous or
lobed or cracked-areolate in the centre, plicate-lobate at the
circumference, glaucous- or greyish-white, often pruinose (K —).
Apothecia rather small, about 1 mm. across, the dise brownish-
black, more or less pruinose, the thalline margin entire, per-
sistent ; paraphyses slender, wider and brown at the tips ; spores
fusiform-ellipsoid, 1-septate, 7-14 p long, 4-7 p thick.—Lichen
candicans Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 15, t. 9, fig. 5 (1793) ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 17; Engl. Bot. t. 1778. L. epigeus
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 105 (1798) (non Pers.). Lecanora
epigea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 422 (1810) ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 50.
L. candicans Scher. Enum. p. 59 (1850); Cromb. in Grevillea
xviii. p. 46 & Monogr. i. p. 390. Placodium epigeum 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 446 (1821) (non Pers.).. Pl. candicans Dub.
Bot. Gall. p. 661 (1830); Mudd Man. p. 133; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 46; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 178; ed. 3, p. 164. Squamaria
candicans Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 195 (1833) pro parte.

Easicc. Johns. n. 411 ; Leight. n. 218.

Placed recently in the genus Placolecania by Zahlbruckner because
of the squamulose thallus ; it isa very well-marked lichen which could
only be confused with Buwellia canescens, from which, however, it can
be distinguished by the marginate apothecia and by the absence of
reaction with potash. The apothecia are generally abundant, but the
spores are rarely formed or are very imperfect.

Hab. On calcareous or cretaceous rocks in maritime and inland
districts.—Distr. Here and there in England; rare in N. Wales and
W. Scotland, not seen from Ireland.—Z. M. Portland Island and
Swanage, Dorset; near Beachy Head, Sussex; Weston-super-Mare,
Cleeve Hill and Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Malvern, Worcester-
shire; Buxton and near Cromford, Derbyshire; Llanymynech Hill,
Shropshire ; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Tees-
dale and Egglestone, Durham; Arnbarrow and Helsington, West-
moreland; near Shean Ferry, Argyll.

LECANTA | LECANORACEX 341

Var. Cesatii A. L. Sm.—Thallus densely white-pruinose, of
more crowded growth, with the outer Jobes narrower. Apothecia
pruinose, with a thick margin.—Ricasolia Cesatii Massal. Mem.
Lich. p. 47, t. 8, fig. 46 (1853). Placodium Cesatii Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 164 (1879). Lecanora candicans var. Cesatii Nyl.
ex Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 46 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 390.

Hab. Similar to the species.—B. M. Sherbourne, Gloucestershire
(the only British locality).

2. L. holophea A. L. Sm.—Thallus squamulose, subcontiguous
or imbricate, dull- or chestnut-brown, the squamules thickish,
rounded and crenate (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, adnate,
plane, with an entire margin, becoming convex and immarginate,
the disc dark-brown ; paraphyses very slender, septate, with a
brown subglobose or truncate head; spores oblong-fusiform,
12-18 p long, 4-5 p thick.—Parmelia holophea Mont. in Webb
& Berth. Hist. Nat. Canar. iii. 3, p. 113 (1840). Lecidea
sublurida Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 337 (1857)
(nomen nudum). Thalloidima sublurida Mudd Man. p. 172
(1861). Lecanora holophea Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. vin.
p. 755 (1861); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 23 (1866); Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 48 & Monogr. i. p. 392; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227 ;
ed. 3, p. 217.

Easicce. Leight. n. 380.

The thallus recalls that of Lecidea lurida, but it is easily dis-
tinguished by the apothecia. It is an Atlantic species that grows
from the Canaries as far north as the British Islands. Carroll says it
is not rare in crevices of rocks all round the Irish coasts. The spores
in the British specimens, as far as observed, are about 14 » long and
4yuthick. The spermogones have short septate sterigmata and straight
short spermatia.

Hab. On the ground in crevices of rocks and walls in maritime,
very rarely in inland, districts.—-Distv. The Channel Islands, 5. and
W. England and 8. and N.E. Ireland.—B. M. Moulin Huet Bay,
Guernsey; Saltash and near Penzance, Cornwall; Bradstone and
near \|Prawle Point, Devon; Pulborough, Sussex; near Bridgenorth,
Shropshire; Sybil Head, Kerry; Coast of Clare; Kylemore, Conne-
mara, Galway; Ardglass, Down.

Var. glaucospora A. L. Sm.—Thallus paler, of smaller
squamules, becoming whitish-leprose. _Apothecia with subentire
persistent margin, otherwise as in the species.—Lecanora holophxa
var. glaucospora Nyl. in Flora li. p. 164 (1868) ; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 48 & Monogr. i. p. 392; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227; ed. 3,
p. 218.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 79.

Differs very considerably in the aspect of the thallus which often
becomes granular or leprose, obscuring the squamules.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Sparingly in the
Channel Islands and 8. W. England.—B. M. Grosnez Common, Jersey;
Saint’s Bay, Guernsey; Alderney ; near Endellion, Cornwall.

. jae,”

542 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANIA

3. L. leucospeirea A. L. Sm.—Thallus of minute subcrenate
scattered or massed squamules, adnate, often somewhat granular,
white (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, plane, the disc brown,
the thalline margin entire; paraphyses slender, yellowish-brown
at the apices ; spores oblong or ovoid-oblong, 1-septate, 11-13 p
long, about 3°5 p thick.—Lecanora leucospeirea Nyl. in Flora li.
p. 473 (1868); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 48 & Monogr. i. p. 393 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 227; ed. 3, p. 218.

Hab. On gravelly soil in maritime districts ——Distr. Rare in the

Channel Islands and E. Ireland.—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Howth,
Dublin.

§ ii. EuLecanta Stizenb. in St. Gall. Ber. Nat. Ges. iii. p. 170
(1862).—Thallus crustaceous. Apothecia frequently becoming
immarginate.

Spores mostly 1-septate.
Thallus determinate or subdeterminate.

4, L. Ralfsii A. L.Sm.—Thallus subdeterminate, cartilaginous-
areolate or gibbous, smooth, leaden-grey or dark olive-green
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, rather prominent, the disc
plane, brownish or dark reddish-brown, the margin thin, dis-
appearing ; paraphyses subdiscrete, slender, septate, broader and
brown at the apices; spores large, oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes
slightly constricted at the septum, 18-23 p long, 6-9 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue then violet coloured with iodine.—
Lecidea Ralfsii Salw. in Ann. Penz. Nat. Hist. Soc. ii. p. 145
(1853). DL. Muddii Salw. ex Mudd Man. p. 179 (1861);
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 74 (1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 315.
Biatorina Muddii Mudd Man. p. 78 (1861). Lecanora Ralfsii
Cromb. in Grevillea ii. p. 13 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 393 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220 (excl. syn. LD. actza).

Eazsicc. Johns. n. 132 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 154.

Characterized by the dark-green thallus and large spores; it is fre-
quently associated with L. prosechotdes. Biatorina jejuna A. Li. Sm.
Monogr. ii. p. 114, with the synonyms Lecanora jejuna and
Lecidea subdiluta are perhaps identical with this lichen as stated by
Crombie (I. c.), but differ in the thinner thallus and light-coloured
biatorine apothecia.

Hab. On siliceous maritime rocks.—Distr. Rather rare round the
sritish coasts.—B.M. Jersey; St. Mary’s, Scilly; the Lizard and
near Penzance, Cornwall; Barrowmouth, Cumberland; Barcaldine,
Argyll; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Killery Bay, Connemara,
Galway.

5. L. actwa B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. p. 178 (1910).—Thallus
determinate, rather thick or thin, unequal, deeply cracked,
greyish-leaden coloured, bluish and thinly white fimbriate at
the circumference (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, somewhat

LECANIA | LECANORACEXE 543

prominent, blackish, becoming convex; paraphyses thickish,
septate, more or less coherent ; epithecium dark-bluish ; spores
ellipsoid or subfusiform, 12-14 » long, 4-5 » thick; hymenial
gelatine blue, the asci at length violet, with iodine.—Lecanora
actea Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 290 (1873); Cromb. in Grevillea ii.
p- 89 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 447 ; Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy.
Dubl. Soc. xiv. p. 130 (1913).

The specimens in the herbarium are too scanty to allow reexami-
nation. Bouly de Lesdain describes a var. violacea (1. ¢.) with violet
fimbriate hypothallus, smoky-brown epithecium, capitate paraphyses,
spores 9-15 uw long, 5-6 p» thick, and shorter spermatia, 12-16 p» long,
those of the species being 16-20 » long. De Lesdain considers that
spermatia may vary considerably within the species, and he also
suggests that L. actza, though seeming so different, may be a growth
form of L. erysibe.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.x—Distr. Rare in the Channel
Islands and E. Ireland.—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey.

6. L. spodopheiza A. L. Sm.—Thallus in small determinate
patches, areolate-warted, brownish, thinly white fimbriate at the
circumference (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia minute, the dise dark-
red, the margin stout, subentire ; paraphyses rather stout, subco-
herent, ‘septate, irregular and generally brown at the tips ; spores
oblong- or fusiform-ellipsoid, sometimes slightly curved, becoming
distinctly septate, 10-18 » long, 4-6 » thick.—Lecanora spodo-
pheiza Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 290 (1873) ; Cromb. in Grevillea ii.
p. 89 (1873) & Monogr. i. p. 447 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 220;
Knowles 1. c.

Differs from L. erysibe in the determinate thallus and in the
apothecia, but very closely related to some forms of that species.
The spermatia are 18-25 » long, °5 p» thick.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Dist7. Rare in the Channel
Islands and E. Ireland._-B. M. Mont Orgueil, Jersey.

7. L. aipospila Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 293 (1871).—Thallus
suborbicular or spreading irregularly, composed in the centre of
crowded angular or tuberculose papille, which are scattered and
are smaller or flattened out towards the edge, greyish- or very
dark-brown (K—), a dark hypothallus sometimes limiting the
thallus. Apothecia small, innate in the papille, dark-brown or
blackish, plane, becoming convex and immarginate ; paraphyses
widening upwards, thickly-septate, brown at the tips ; spores ellip-
soid, 9-14 p long, 4-6 p thick (or rather larger up to 16 p x 6»);
hymenial gelatine bluish then dark-violet with iodine.—L. erysibe
var. aipospila Mudd Man. p. 141 (1864). Parmelia aipospila
Wahlenb. ex Ach. Meth. Suppl. p. 36 (1802). Lecanora «aipos-
pila Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 385 (1810) ; Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2662,
fig. 2; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 187; Cromb. Lich. Brit.

344 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANIA

p- 49 & Monogr. i. p. 407; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 228; ed. 3,
p. 219.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 159.

A well-marked plant, closely allied to, if not identical with,
L. Rabenhorstii (Hepp) A. Zahlbr. It differs from L. erystbe in the
rugged thallus and in the position of the apothecia at the tips of the
papille. Some of the specimens are almost black, due, according to
Crombie, to a drier habitat. Spermogones occur near the edge of the
thallus, with arcuate spermatia 16-23 , long, 1 » thick.

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts. —Distr.
Plentiful in the Channel Islands, 5.W. and N.E. England, N.E.
Scotland and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Le Fret, Jersey; Jerbourg,
Guernsey; Tolpedn, Penwith, near Penzance, Land’s End, and near
the Lizard, Cornwall; Holy Island and Staples Island, Northumber-
land; Portlethen and Cove, Kincardineshire; near Peterhead, Aber-
deenshire ; Glandore, Cork; Shirky Island, Kerry.

Var. maritima A. L. Sm.—Thallus granular, the granules
more flattened than in the species, subcrenate at the circum-
ference, greyish, sometimes dark-coloured. Apothecia on the
granules, becoming immarginate.—Lecanora maritima Sommerf.
in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1823, p. 116. L. aipospila var. maritima
Nyl. Lich. Seand. p. 158 (1861) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. & Monogr. i.
p. 408; f. maritima Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 219.

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in maritime districts.— Distr.
Local and scarce in §.W. and W. England and N.W. Scotland.—

B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Douglas, Isle of Man; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire.

Thallus effuse, variously areolate or granulose.

8. L. albariella A. L. Sm.—Thallus jeffuse, thin, white-
farinose, or irregularly granular-areolate (K —, CaCl —). Apo-
thecia rather small, dark-coloured, becoming convex, with a thin
white farinose disappearing margin ; paraphyses discrete, septate,
slightly thicker and brown at the tips; spores ellipsoid, 8-12 u
long, 3-5 pw thick ; hymenial gelatine quickly becoming violet-
red with iodine.—Lecanora albariella Nyl. in Bot. Zeit. xix.
p. 338 (1861) note & in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxv. p. 63 (1864) ;
Jones in Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, 1864, p. 119; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 50; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 229; ed. 3, p. 219. L. erysibe
subsp. albariella Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 454 (1881); Cromb. in
Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (incl. var. lactea) & Monogr. i. p. 444.

Distinguished by the whitish cream-coloured thallus, more especi-
ally evident in the apothecial margins, and by the discrete paraphyses.

Hab. On caleareous (rarely arenaceous) rocks and mortar of
walls.—Disty. Rare in 8. England and in W. and N.E. Ireland.—
B. M. I. of Wight; near Eastbourne, Sussex; Clare Island, Mayo;
Glenarm, Antrim.

LECANIA | LECANORACEX 345

9. L. prosechoides Oliv. Exp. Syst. Lich. Fr. i. p. 311
(1897).—Thallus thin or thickish in places, unequally or warted-
areolate, whitish or dull-yellowish (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
rather small, plane, somewhat prominent, the disc brown,
becoming black, the thalline margin subentire, partly dis-
appearing; paraphyses somewhat concrete, thickish, septate,
enlarged and brown at the tips; spores ellipsoid, simple,
becoming 1-septate, 9-17 p long, 4—6 w thick.— Lecanora helicopis
f. dilutior Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 159 (1861); Carroll in Journ.
Bot. iv. p. 25 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50. DL. umbrina
subsp. prosechoides Nyl. ex Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 51 (1870) ;
f. prosechoides Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 208 (1871); ed. 3, p. 191.
L. prosechoides Ny. in Flora lv. p. 250 (1872) (inel. f. sublutior
op. cit. lxv. p. 456 (i882)); Cromb. in Grevillea i. p. 82 &
Monogr. i. p. 426 (incl. f. sublutior). L. prosecha Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 224 (1879) (non Ach.).

Kesicc. Cromb. n. 67; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 94.

A maritime plant, differing from L. erysibe in the stouter thallus
and in the generally thicker spores. In the British specimens they
measure usually about 8-12 » in length, the size given by Crombie.
The thallus may be determinate and the apothecia are frequently the
host of Arthonia varians. In some specimens the hymenium in the
upper part is bluish-green. Sometimes the apothecia are lighter in
colour (f. swblutior).

Hab. On schistose, rarely on cretaceous rocks or cement in mari-
time districts.—Distr. Fairly general round the coasts of the British
Isles—B. M. Noirmont, Jersey; Vale Bay, Guernsey; Penzance,
Cornwall; between Porlock and Lynton, Devon; Manorbeer, Tenby,
Pembrokeshire; Southerndown, Glamorganshire; The Mowddach
and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Pwlheli, Carnarvonshire; Port Soderick,
I. of Man; Barcaldine and Loch Creran, Argyll; Portlethen, Kin-
cardineshire; Unst, Shetland; Kilkee, Clare; Letterfrack, Conne-
mara, Galway; Ardglass, Down.

Var. melacarpoides Oliv. tom. cit. p. 312.—Thallus bluish-
white. Apothecia black or bluish-black.—Lecanora prosechoides
subsp. melacarpoides Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 7 (1881); var. mela-
carpoides Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl. Soc. xiv. p. 129
(1913). Specimen not seen.

Hab. On rocks by the shore. Collected on top of the sea-wall at
Sutton, Howth, Dublin, by M. C. Knowles.

Var eruginascens (errore xruginosa) Oliv. 1. c.—Thallus
leaden-white, limited by an eruginous dendritic hypothallus, also
visible between the areole —Lecanora prosechoides var. #ru-
ginascens Wedd, in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. xix. p. 273
(1875); Knowles l. ¢. (errore wruginosa). Specimen not seen.

Hab. On quartz rocks by the shore. Collected near Needles at
Howth, Dublin, by M. C. Knowles.

346 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANIA

10. L. spodomela A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, subleprose,
areolate, greyish, or greyish-brown (K —, CaCL —). Apothecia
small, the disc blackish, the thalline margin light-grey, sub-
crenulate ; paraphyses slender, brown and septate at the clavate
tips, surmounted by a blackish epithecium, spores ellipsoid,
11-16 » long, 6-7 » thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.—
Lecanora spodomela Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 572 (1876) and Ixix.
p. 101 (1886) ; Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 106 (1877) & Monogr. i.
p- 394; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, 221.

The thallus is obscured by a dark growth of blue-green alge ; but
apothecia are abundant and well developed. The paraphyses fre-
quently show a dark line over the tip like those of L. prosechoidiza.

Hab. On maritime sandstone rocks.—Distr. Rare in W. Ireland.—
B. M. Killery Bay and Kylemore Lake, Connemara, Galway.

11. L.atrynioides Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soe. xiv.
p. 130 (1913).—Thallus greyish, coarsely areolate, thin, effuse ;
hypothallus dark. Apothecia crowded and often angulose, *5 to
1 mm. in diameter, the disc dark reddish-brown, becoming
convex, margined when young, the margin thin, whitish, entire
or subcrenulate, subpersistent ; paraphyses subdiscrete, septate,
clavate and blackish-brown at the tips ; spores ellipsoid, occasion-
ally constricted at the septum, sometimes slightly curved,
10-14 » long, 4-6 p» thick; hymenial gelatine deep blue then
violet with iodine. Spermogones with slender arcuate spermatia
borne on the tips of simple sterigmata.

With a general resemblance to Lecanora atrynea (L. cenisia var.
atrynea) and growing in similar situations.

Hab. On schistose maritime rocks about high spring tide-level, at
Red Rocks, Howth, Dublin.

12. L. cesia A. L. Sm.—Thallus subdeterminate, thinnish,
tartareous, granulate and areolate-diffract, darkish czsious
(K + CaCl —); hypothallus white. Apothecia moderate in
size, depressed, plane or convex ; epithecium dark csio-pruinose,
the margin prominent, white-sorediate and _ flexuose-crenate ;
paraphyses slender, conglutinate, branched ; spores 8 in the ascus,
colourless, oblong-ellipsoid, 1-septate ; hymenial gelatine deep
blue with iodine.—Lecanora cxsia Johns. exs. n. 326 (1900).

Eaxsicc. Johns. n. 326,

A maritime species. Johnson was unable to find the spermogones.
There is only a small specimen, but it seems to show that the dark
colour of the thallus is due to blue-green alge. The gonidia are small,
about 7-8 » in diameter. The paraphyses are slender, very crowded
and undulate, entirely colourless, but the epithecium of dark granules.
The spores are usually about 15 » long and 5-6 p» thick, but vary in
length, 10 » to 17 » or rarely longer. The apothecia are rather small
but sometimes conglomerate, with farinose white margins.

Hab. On avenaceous rocks.—B. M. Hudshead near Berwick-on-
Tweed.

LECANIA| LECANORACEE 347

13. L. prosechoidiza A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, areolate,
blackish-grey (K —,CaCl —). Apothecia small, the dise blackish
or brownish-black, the thalline margin thin, disappearing ;
paraphyses stoutish, unequal, rather cohering, septate, swollen
at the tips and brown, with a dark-brown line over the top ;
spores ellipsoid, 9-14 » long, 46 » thick, simple then faintly
septate; hymenial gelatine blue then tawny with iodine.—
Lecanora prosechoidiza Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 3 (1881) ; Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 427.

Closely allied to L. prosechoides or to L. erysibe but with a much
darker thallus and apothecia. The spores are so frequently simple
that it might more truly be classified with Lecanora, but its affinity
is with Lecania. Spermogones are rare with spermatia 16-22 u long,
as) BK thick.

Hab. On schistose and caleareous rocks in maritime districts.—
Distr. Somewhat rare in W., N.E. and N. Scotland and E. Ireland.
—B.M. Barcaldine, Argyll; Bay of Nigg, near the Cove and Portle-
then, Kincardineshire; Forse, Caithness.

14. L. erysibe Mudd Man. p. 141, t. 2, tig. 47 (1861) pro
parte (incl. var. Rabenhorstii (non Hepp), excl. var. aipospila).—
Thallus crustaceous, effuse, cracked-areolate or granulose, dull
grey or greenish-olive or brown, sometimes very thin (K —).
Apothecia rather small, innate, with a slight margin, becoming
convex and immarginate, brown- or dull-red ; paraphyses coherent,
stoutish, septate, slightly enlarged upwards and brown at the
tips ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, becoming 1-septate, 10-15 p long
(varely 19 »), 3-5 w thick; hymenial gelatine blue with iodine.
Lichen erysibe Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 50 (1798). Lecanora
erysibe Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 114 (1857) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 & Monogr. i. p. 443 ; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 228; ed. 3, 218. L. phzoleucodes Nyl. in Flora lxii. p. 356
(1879) ; Cromb. in Grevillea viii. p. 112 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 445
(incl. subsp. proteiformis Nyl. in Flora lxiy. p. 538 (1881) ?%).

Ezxsiec. Johns. n. 371 (as Lecanora albariella) ; Mudd nos.
104, 105.

A very variable plant in the form of the thallus, which is mostly
granulate-areolate, and in the apothecia, which become prominent
and convex. Lecanora pheoleucodes has been included as not being
specifically distinct. Crombie has inadvertently given its spermatia
measurements (16-20 » long) for those of the spores; they measure
only up to 15 » in length. A specimen in Johnson’s Exs. named
L. albariella has also been included ; the spores are very long, up to
19 », and occasionally an additional septum is formed in one of the
cells. B. de Lesdain records several instances of equally long spores
(Lich. Dunk. pp. 174 and 175), and I have agreed with him in including
these long-spored specimens under L. erysibe, though possibly the
differences are specific. A form with a thin finely areolate thallus
growing on limestone has been described by Crombie as subsp. protez-
Jormis. It is evidently a poorly developed condition of the species.
Lecania proteiformis is synonymous with L. Rabenhorstii, and is

348 CYCLOCARPINEX [LECANIA

more nearly related to L. aipospila. L. Rabenhorstii (Hepp) B. de
Lesd. has not been found in Britain.

Hab. On rocks, very rarely on decorticated trees, in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Widely distributed throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. St. Aubin’s Fort, St. John’s, Rozel, Fliquet Bay, Noir-
mont and St. Brelade’s (lignicolows), Jersey; Sark; Guernsey; near
Penzance, Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; Luccombe, I. of Wight ;
Rottingdean Cliffs, Sussex; Ulting, Essex; Bathampton Downs,
Somerset; near Painswick and near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Goodwick Bay, Pembrokeshire; Abdon, Shropshire ; Norton, Worces-
tershire; Redear, near Ayton and Coatham, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
St. Bees, Cumberland; Lismore and Barcaldine, Argyll; Portlethen,
Kincardineshire ; Craig Guie, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Lower Glan-
mire Road, Cork; near Kilkee, Clare; Down.

Var. cinereofusca Mudd 1. c. t. 2, fig. 48.—Thallus effuse,
very thin, leprose, greyish-green when moist, greyish-brown when
dry. Apothecia minute, scattered, numerous, the dise plane,
dark-brown, slightly pruinose, at length convex; spores more
ellipsoid, indistinctly septate.—Lecanora erysibe f. cinereofusca
Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 69 (1890) & Monogr. i. p. 444.

Exsicc. Mudd n. 106.

Considered by Crombie to be only a form of the species, but the
very minute apothecia and indistinctly septate spores justify its
varietal position.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and inland districts.— Distr.
Sparingly in S.W. and N. England.—B. M. Hastings, Sussex; Crowle
near Worcester; near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

Var. sincerior B. de Lesd. Lich. Dunk. p. 176 (1910).—
Thallus whitish, granulate-areolate or of scattered granules.
Apothecia with a persistent thalline margin, the dise reddish-
brown.—Lecanora erysibe var. sincerior Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 577
(1876) ; Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 108 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 444 ;
f. sincerior Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 219.

Exsice. Johns. n. 138; Larb. Lich. Hb. without a number.

Differs from the species in the whiter colour of the thallus and the
persistently marginate apothecia. B.de Lesdain gives spore sizes as.
15-18 » long, 5-6 » thick. They are constantly 15 p long, 5 p thick
in the British specimens, and they are very distinctly septate.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime localities.—Distr. Rare in
the Channel Islands, S. and N. England, and N.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Vale Castle, Guernsey; Hastings, Sussex; near Torpoint, Devon ;.
North Tyne, Northumberland; St. Bees, Cumberland; Lettermore,
Connemara, Galway.

15. L. Hutchinsia A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, areolate,
somewhat furfuraceous, or almost disappearing, pale dull-brownish
(K —, CaCl —), Apothecia rather small, reddish- or yellowish-
brown, convex, the slight thalline margin disappearing at an
early stage; paraphyses subdiscrete, rather slender, septate,
slightly clavate upwards, colourless at the tips; spores oblong-

LECANIA| LECANORACE: 349

ellipsoid or fusiform, 10-12 yw long, 3-4 p thick; hymenial
gelatine blue or partly wine-red with iodine.—Lecanora Hutchinsia
Nyl. in Flora 1. p. 326 (1867); Carroll in Journ. Bot. v. p. 255
(1867); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 50 & Monogr. i. p. 445 (incl. var.
accessitans); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 226; ed. 3, p. 217. Lecidea
albocarnea Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 234 (1876) & op. cit. lxii. p. 361
(1879); Cromb. in Grevillea v. p. 26 (1876); Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 340 (incl. f. umbrosa). L. accessitans Nyl. op. cit. lix.
p. 306 (1876); Cromb. 1. c.; Leight. tom. cit. p. 260.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 164; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 71, 72, 224, 269.

Allied to L. erysibe, which it resembles in the appearance of the
thallus, but differing in the early disappearance of the apothecial
margin and in the more slender colourless paraphyses. It has not
been recorded on the Continent as a distinct species, but may have
been overlooked or included as a form of L. erysibe. LL. accessitans
differs only in the more scanty thallus, probably owing to the shady
habitat.

Hab. On schistose rocks and walls in maritime and inland districts.
—Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, §.W. England and W. Ireland.
—.M. Near Rozel, Jersey; Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey; St. John’s,
Devonport, Devon; near Penzance, Cornwall; Dawros, Renvyle,
Glendalough, Kylemore and Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway.

Form bellissima A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, subgranulate.
Apothecia usually in small groups, slightly pruinose.—Lecanora
erysibe £. bellissima Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 217 (1879) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 446; var. congregabilis Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 361
(1879) ; Cromb. in Grevillea viii. p. 114 (1880).

Hab. On shady walls in a maritime district.—B. M. Cleghan,
Connemara, Galway.

16. L. umbraticula A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, sub-
leprose, greenish (K —,CaCl —). Apothecia small, rather plane,
the margin disappearing, yellow ; paraphyses conglutinate, rather
slender, the epithecium colourless ; spores fusiform, at first simple,
becoming l-septate, 8-16 » long, 2-3 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine
blue then wine-red with iodine.—Lecanora umbraticula Nyl. in
Flora lxii. p. 205 (1879) ; Cromb. in Grevillea viii. p. 28 (1879)
& Monogr. i. p. 446.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number) as Lecidea
umbraticula.

Not unlike a “ Biatora,” but with gonidia below the hypothecium.
It is distinguished by the leprose thallus, the brightly coloured
apothecia and the narrowly fusiform spores.

Hab. On shady calcareous rocks in a maritime district.—B. M.
Achnanure Castle, Galway.

Spores 3-septate.

17. L. Nylanderiana Massal. Sched. Crit. Lich. Ital. p. 152
(1855),—Thallus effuse, granular, unequal, cracked-areolate, dull-

350 CYCLOCARPINEE [LECANIA

cinereous or whitish (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather small,
at first plane, with a thin whitish-grey margin, becoming convex
and immarginate, the disc brown or blackish, generally bluish-
white-pruinose ; paraphyses rather slender, coherent, septate,
wider upwards and colourless, but the epithecium suffused with
brown ; spores oblong or subfusiform, rarely curved, becoming
3-septate, 14-20 p long, 4-5 pw thick; hymenial gelatine blue
then wine-red with iodine.—L. cerulescens Mudd Man. p. 140,
t. 2, fig. 46 (1861) (incl. var. cxruleorubella). Lecanora athro-
carpa f. cerulescens Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 53 (1870); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 251; ed. 3, p. 223. L. Nylanderiana Ny). ex Norrl.
in Sillsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. i. p. 24 (1876) ; Cromb. Monogr, i.
p. 448 (incl. var. cwruleorubella).
Exsicc. Leight. n. 294; Mudd n. 103.

Distinguished by the broken granular thallus and the pruinose
apothecia.

Hab. On old walls in upland districts.—Dzstr. Local and scarce
in W. and N. England.—B. M. Preston, near Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; near Stokesley, near Marsk and near Ayton, Cleveland, York-
shire.

18. L. syringea Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 290 (1871).—Thallus
effuse, thinly furfuraceous or scarcely visible, greyish-white
(K —, CaCl—). Apothecia small, numerous, the dise plane,
brownish or brownish-black, naked or pruinose, becoming convex,
the thin entire thalline margin disappearing ; paraphyses coherent,
slender, sparsely septate, clavate and generally brown at the
tips; spores 4-16 in the ascus, ellipsoid, oblong or subfusiform
usually somewhat curved, 1—3-septate, 12-16 p long, 4—6 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue then wine-red or violet with iodine,—
L. fuscella Mudd Man. p. 140, t. 2, fig. 45 (1861) pro parte (non
Massal.). Parmelia Hageni var. syringea Ach) Meth. Lich. p. 163
(1803). P. pallida var. fuscella Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 397
(1839). Lecanora athroocarpa Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 (1870)
(? Duby) (incl. var. fuscella) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231 pro parte ;
ed. 3, p. 223 pro parte. LL. syringea Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
xxv. p. 415 (1878); Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70 (1890) &
Monogr. i. p. 448.

Exsicc. Johns. n, 269,

Apt to be mistaken for a species of Bilimbia, unless the thalline
margin is specially looked for, as at an early stage the apothecia
become convex. Jatta (Il. Ital. Crypt. Lich. p. 402) retains L. athroo-
carpa Massal. as a separate species with persistent apothecial margin
and smaller spores, and with it he associates L. fuscella Massal. as a
synonym, so that the name L. syringea is correct for the above lichen.

Hab. On trees, chiefly poplar and maple, in maritime and upland
districts. — Distr. Rather rare in S.W. and N. England.—JB. M, Ilsham,
near Torquay, Devon; near Brading, I. of Wight; Brockenhurst and
near Stoney Cross, New Forest, Hants; near The Beck, Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Stokesley, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham.

LECANIA | LECANORACEX SDL

Form metabolica A. L. Sm.—Thallus very thin. Apothecia
minute, convex, dark-brown or nearly black, the margin excluded.
—Lecanora metabolica Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 351 (1810). L. athroo-
carpa var. metabolica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 53 (1870); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 232; ed. 3, p. 224. LL. syringea £. metabolica Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 448 (1894).

Distinguished by the smaller more scattered and darker apothecia.

Hab. On trees, chiefly maple, in maritime districts.—Dvzstr. Very

rare in the Channel Islands and 8. England.—B. M. Trinity, Jersey ;
Brading, I. of Wight.

‘19. L. dubitans A. L. Sm—Thallus a thin grey effuse
rather irregular crust, sometimes almost obsolete (Kf+ yellowish,
CaCl—). Apothecia minute, the disc pale- or dark-brown, the
margin thin, soon evanescent ; paraphyses somewhat coherent,
irregularly widening, septate and brownish upwards; spores
oblong-fusiform or ellipsoid, usually curved, l-septate, 12-18 p»
long, 4-6 p thick.—Lecidea dubitans Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 207
(1861) fide Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 294. Lecanora athroocarpa
subsp. dimera Nyl. tom. cit. p. 169. L. dimera Nyl. ex Norrl.
in Medd. Sallsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. i. p. 24 (1876) incl. var.
dubitans ; Cromb. in Grevillea xviii. p. 70 (1890) & Monogr. i.
p- 449. L. Sambuci subsp. dimera Wheld. & Wils. Lich. Perth.
p. 40 (1915).

Distinct from the preceding in the form of the spores. Crombie
states that the epithecium gives a pale rose-coloured reaction with
potash. I have failed to obtain this.

Hab. On the smooth bark of trees in mountainous districts.—

Distr. Rare in the Scottish Highlands.—B. M. Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

20. L. curvescens A. L. Sm.—Thallus of minute scattered or
congregate grey roundish granules or minutely squamulose and
dark-brown. Apothecia moderate in size, rather prominent,
becoming expanded and thin and slightly convex, the disc dark
reddish-brown, the margin lighter coloured, disappearing ; para-
physes coherent, very slender,.more or less distinctly septate and
variously widened upwards, pale yellowish-brown in the mass ;
asci broadly clavate, 6—8-spored; spores obtusely fusiform,
slightly curved, 3-septate, 30-34 » long, 4-6 p thick.— Pannaria
curvescens Mudd Man. p. 125, t. 2, fig. 38 (1861). Lecanora
curvescens Nyl. ex Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 288 (1865)
emend. L. rhypariza f. curvescens Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. &
Fl. Fenn. Foérh. n. ser. v. p. 135 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 53 & Monogr. i. p. 450; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 214; ed. 3,
p. 199.

There is only one scanty specimen of this very rare lichen in the
herbarium of the British Museum, but an examination of it has
proved that the spores are distinctly 3-septate. The reaction with

352 CYCLOCARPINEE: [LECANIA

potash is given for Lecanora rhypariza as K + yellow, then blood-
red. There was only a yellow reaction in our specimen of DL. cwr-
vescens as tested now, but there is a deep red stain on one of the
apothecia, which was probably obtained when the specimen was
newly gathered.

Hab. Encrusting mosses (Andrea & Grimmia) in an alpine
situation.—_B. M. Summit of Ben Lawers, Perthshire; the only
record.

54. ICMADOPHILUS Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 26 (1852) ;
Mudd Man. p. 64. Bzomyces Pers. pro parte. (Pl. 54.)

Thallus crustaceous, not corticated. Algal cells Protococcus.
Apothecia sessile or almost stalked, with a thalline margin at
length disappearing; hypothecium colourless with gonidia partly
below ; paraphyses slender, simple, free ; spores fusiform, 2—4-
celled colourless. Spermogones globose, immersed, with septate
sparingly branched sterigmata, and cylindrical pleurogenous
spermatia, which are slightly thicker at each end.

The genus is frequently included in Beomyces, but the structure
and development of the apothecia are lecanorine.

I. ericetorum A. Zahlbr. in Wiss. Mittheil. Bosn.-Herceg. iii.
p. 605 (1895).—Thallus effuse, closely granular, greenish or
whitish (K + yellow). Apothecia moderate in size or somewhat
large, with a disappearing thalline margin, the disc soft, flesh-
coloured, smooth or slightly wrinkled (K + orange); asci
cylindrical, 6- or 8-spored; the spores fusiform, 1-—3-septate,
13-27 » long, 4-6 p» thick; hymenial gelatine blue, the asci
deep wine-red with iodine.—I. zruginosa Mudd Man. p. 64, t. 1,
fig. 13 (1861). Lichen ericetorum L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753);
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 372; var. B
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 809? L. xruginosus Scop. FI). Carniol. i.
p. 361 (1772). ZL. iemadophila Ehrh. Phytophyl. n. 40 (1780)
nomen nudum ; Hoffm. Enum. i. p. 34, t. 8, fig. 1 (1784) ; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 15. Lecidea icmadophila Ach. Meth. p. 58
(1803); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 473 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 39
& in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 184; Tayl.in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 129.
Beomyces xruginosus DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 343 (1805); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 113. B. iemadophilus Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn.
Bord. sér. 3, i. p. 281 (1856); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 54; ed. 3, p. 52.

Exsicc. Croall n. 587 ; Cromb. n. 118; Johns. n. 47; Larb.
Lich. Hb. n. 44; Leight. n. 209; Mudd n. 32.

Though the apothecium is sometimes not altogether sessile, there
is no true podetium as in the Cladoniacew. In shady localities it is
a beautiful green colour, but becomes yellowish in herbaria. The
spermogones are enclosed in thalline granules.

Hab. On moist turfy soil, on decayed Sphagna in bogs, and on
rotten trunks of trees in upland and subalpine districts.—Dzstr.

ICMADOPHILUS | LECANORACEAR 5353

Local though plentiful where it occurs in Great Britain and Ireland.
—B. M. Ardingly, Sussex; Tunbridge Wells, Kent ; Bagshot Heath,
Surrey; Island of Anglesea; Dent and Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Alston Moor, Cumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills and Swanston Hill,
near Edinburgh; Appin, Argyll; Blairdrummond near Stirling ; Glen
Falloch, Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers and Killin, Perthshire ; Sidlaw
Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater and Morrone, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Moidart, Rothiemurchus and Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire ; near Lairg, Sutherland ; Pass of Keimaneigh and Gouganebarra,
Cork ; Dunkerron and Killarney, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway; Slieve
More, Achill, Mayo.

55. HAMATOMMA Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 32 (1852) ;
Mudd Man. p. 157. (PI. 55.)

Thallus crustaceous, corticate on the upper surface or non-
corticate. Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia sessile or some-
times immersed ; paraphyses discrete, slender; spores 8 in the
ascus, narrowly elongate, straight, bent or sometimes partly
coiled, 3—many-septate, colourless. Spermogones with simple or
branched sterigmata and arcuate acrogenous spermatia.

1. H. ventosum Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 33 (1852),—
Thallus determinate, thick, firm, crowdedly and _ irregularly
warted, cracked-areolate, greenish-yellow or dark greenish-grey
(K + yellow). Apothecia sessile, small, moderate in size, or
rather large and often irregular (up to 3 mm. across), the disc
plane or convex, dark-crimson or blood-red (K + blue-purplish),
the thalline margin thin, often excluded ; paraphyses discrete,
stoutish, septate, scarcely widened upwards; spores irregularly
elongate-fusiform, somewhat curved or contorted, 3—7-septate,
40-55 » long, up to 5p thick; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Mudd Man. p. 157, t. 2, fig. 52. Lichenoides tartareum
lividum, scutellis rufis, margine ewili Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 133,
t. 18, fig. 14 (1741). Lichen ventosus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753) ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 806; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 527;
Engl. Bot. t. 906 ; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 16. L. gelidus Huds.
tom. cit. p. 528 (1778) (non Linn.). Lecanora ventosa Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 399 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 48 & in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 189; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 332; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 136 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 (incl. var. subfestiva)
& Monogr. i. p. 456 (incl. var. subfestiva) ; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 233; ed. 3, p. 225. Rinodina ventosa S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 451 (1821).

Ezsice. Bohl. n. 36; Croall n. 588; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fasc.
v.n. 23; Leight. n. 9; Mudd n. 29.

Distinguished from other species by the thicker non-leprose
thallus and by the generally darker apothecia, the deep colour of
which tinges the covering paper in herbaria. When very dark they
have been referred to var. lepadolemma (Parmelia ventosa var. lepa-

Ie 2A

354 CYCLOCARPINEE [H=MATOMMA

dolemma Ach. Meth. p. 167 (1803) ), and recorded by Wilkinson from
Merioneth in Journ. Bot. xxxviii. p. 184 (1900). The apothecia of
var. subfestiva are small and badly developed, but otherwise it is
similar to the species. Crombie records the spermogones as dark-
coloured, with septate sterigmata and short rod-like spermatia.

Hab. On exposed siliceous rocks and boulders in upland or alpine
situations.—Distr. Fairly common in upland districts of England
and Scotland, rare in Ireland.—B. M. Wistman’s Wood and Pew
Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; Epsom Downs, Surrey; Clee Hills, Shrop-
shire; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomeryshire; Cader Idris, Merioneth ;
Nant Francon, Penmaenmawr, Trefriw and Moel Siabod, Carnar-
vonshire; Dent and Kildale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Leck,
Lancashire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Gunnerton Crags, Northumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; North Berwick Law, Berwick-
shire ; Achosragan Hill and Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Ben
Vrackie and Birnam Hill, Perthshire; Katelaw and Clova, Forfar-
shire ; Lochnagar, Morrone and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire ;
Wicklow.

Form levigatum <A. L. Sm.—Thallus smooth, areolate-
cracked, yellowish straw-coloured. Apothecia small, depressed.—
Lecanora ventosa f, levigata Johns. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xix.
p- 60 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 457.

Hab. On rocks in an upland district—B. M. Bowness Knolft,
Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland (the only record).

2. H. coccineum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 153 (1855).—
Thallus effuse, tartareous-farinose, generally thinnish, whitish or
pale-sulphur-coloured, with a white hypothallus (K + yellow).
Apothecia scattered, at first innate, gradually emerging and
becoming sessile, small or rarely up to about 2 or 5 mm. across,
the disc plane or convex, crimson or reddish-brown (K + violet-
purple), the thalline margin thickish or imsignificant, more or
less crenulate, granular or pulverulent ; paraphyses coherent,
slender, sometimes branched, sparsely septate, slightly and
variously widened at the tips; spores elongate-fusiform, 3—7-
septate, 30-60 » long, 5-7 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine blue with
iodine.—Mudd Man. p. 157. Lichen coccineus Dicks, Pl. Crypt.
fasc. i. p. 8, t. 2, fig. 1 (1785); Engl. Bot. t. 223; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 16. L. hematomma Ehrh. Hannover Mag. 1786,
p. 285? Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. xi. p. 16 (1794) (inel. var.
porphyrius) ; Engl. Bot. t. 486. Lecidea saxetana Ach. in Vet.
Akad. Handl. 1808, p. 269. Lecanora hematomma Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 388 (1810) (incl. vars. coceinea and porphyria) ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 40 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 190; Grev. Fl. Edin.
p. 333 ; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 136; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 57 & Monogr. i. p. 454 (incl. var. sawetana); Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 252; ed. 3, p. 224. Rinodina hematomma & R. porphyria
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 457 (1821).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 120; Dicks. Hort. Sicc. fase. v. n. 24;

ee
ew

HEMATOMMA | LECANORACE® 355

Johns. n. 239; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 539; Leight. n. 214; Mudd
n. 130.

The spores according to Harmand (Lich. Fr. p. 1097) attain a
length of 70 », in our specimen they are generally about 40 p» long.
The brightly-coloured apothecia contrast strongly with the white
or yellowish thallus, which spreads widely on rocks and boulders.
On tree-trunks, where it occurs occasionally (in the New Forest,
Dorset and Suffolk), it is always sterile in our country. The recorded
forms or varieties seem to be simply growth stages. The spermo-
gones, according to Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 455), are minute and look
like young apothecia with which they are concolorous. I have been
unable to verify this.

The purple reaction of the hymenium with potash is due to the
presence of hymenorhodin (Zopf, Flechten Stoffe, p. 320) ; it belongs
to the same group of acid products as parietin.

Hab. On shaded perpendicular rocks and boulders, rarely on trees,
in maritime and upland districts.— Distr. Not uncommon throughout
the British Isles.—B. M. La Coupe and Rozel, Jersey; Guernsey ;
Brechou ; Alderney ; near Penzance, Cornwall; Ardingly and With-
yam, Sussex; Beeleigh Abbey, Essex; Stonehenge, Wilts; Malvern,
Worcestershire; Acton Burnell and Nesscliff Hill, Shropshire ;
Breiddon Hill, Montgomeryshire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Nant
Francon and Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire ; Battersby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; Harlaw Hill, Northumberland;
Cumberland; West Kilbride, Ayrshire; Roslin, near Edinburgh ;
Airds, Appin, Argyll; Bowling Bay, Dumbartonshire ; West Water,
Fife ; Blaeberry Hill near Perth, The Trossachs and Craig Calliach,
Perthshire ; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Will’s Braes, Forfarshire ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; near
Belfast, Antrim; Western Blasquet Island, Kerry.

3. H. elatinum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 153 (1855).—
Thallus effuse, thin, granular-furfuraceous, whitish or pale-
yellowish-white (K + yellow). Apothecia rather small, scattered,
the disc plane, then convex, light brownish-red, the thalline
margin thin, soon disappearing ; paraphyses subdiscrete, slender,
indistinctly septate, sometimes branched, slightly clavate, the
epithecium of brownish-yellow granules ; spores elongate-fusiform,
3—5-septate, usually curved, about 40-50 » long, 4-5 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine blue with iodine——Lecanora elatina Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 387 (1810); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 98
(1870) & Monogr. i. p. 455; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 231; ed. 3,
p- 223.

Differing from either of the preceding species in the much thinner
thallus, and in the absence of reaction with potash in the fruit. The
asci are thick-walled, the spores lie in a half spiral. Though
extremely rare in the British Islands it has a wide distribution, more
especially in Scandinavia.

Hab. On the bark of old hollies.—B. M. Derrycuintry, Killarney,
Kerry (the only British record).

356 CYCLOCARPINEE [PERTUSARIA

Orper XIV. PERTUSARIACEA.

Thallus crustaceous, effuse or determinate, attached by hyphz
to the substratum, corticate or non-corticate above. Algal cells
Protococcus. Apothecia, one or several, immersed in thalline
protuberances (verruce or warts), the discs often compound,
semi-enclosed, surrounded by a stout thalline margin ; paraphyses
mostly branched and intricate ; asci 1-8-spored ; spores colourless
or brownish, usually very large, oblong-ellipsoid, simple or
l-septate. Spermogones with simple or sparingly branched
sterigmata and acrogenous long spermatia.

The affinity of the order is with Lecanoracew, more especially
with the section Ochrolechia, which has been included in Pertusariaces
by some lichenologists. There are two British genera :-—

MPOTes HIVIDIS i desk iceeds .c cw eens-cneoe tee 56. Pertusaria.
Spores d-geptates. ics <i... .ccvaseanseeapneees 57. Varicellaria.

56. PERTUSARIA DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 319 (1805). Variolaria
Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 23 (1794) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 46
& in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 168; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 490;
Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 330; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 112;
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 51. Porina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 60
(1810); 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 495 ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 45;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 101. (Pl. 56.)

Thallus continuous or cracked-areolate, thick and unequally
warted and wrinkled, or thinner and smoothish, generally super-
ficial, rarely subcorticolous (hypophleodal), Apothecia one or
several immersed in the fertile protuberances (verruce or warts),
more rarely impressed in the thalline areole, the discs appearing
as minute. ostioles or broadening out into lecanorine form ; hypo-
thecium colourless ; paraphyses long, very slender ; spores 1-8
in the ascus, colourless or rarely blackish, simple, mostly very
large, with a thick epispore, generally the asci alone are coloured
deep blue with iodine.

The name Variolaria precedes that of Pertusaria, but it was
founded solely on a non-essential character—a sorediate thallus—and
is therefore set aside. By some of the older writers Variolaria was
classified along with somewhat indefinite genera, such as Spiloma.
Certain species of Variolaria recorded in the older British Floras are
now indeterminable in the absence of specimens. Such are Vario-
laria cinerea 8m. Engl. Bot. t. 2411 (1812) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p.170. V. torta Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 114 (1836). V. terri-
cola Tayl. tom. cit. p. 115 is less indefinite, as a specimen in the
Salwey herbarium labelled “ from Dr. Taylor” is a sterile thallus of
Baomyces roseus. There are several species of Variolaria recorded
by Turner and Borrer in “ Lichenographia Britannica,” such as
V. vitiligo, V. griseo-virens, ete., that are of doubtful determination.
It is noteworthy that though the above work was published in 1889

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE BD7T

it had been widely circulated for many years previously, and is quoted
as early as 1812 in Smith’s ‘‘English Botany” (see Variolaria
griseo-virens t. 2400).

The species of Pertusarta have been arranged according to the
prevailing number of spores in the ascus, it is not a constant
character.

A. Spores one in the ascus.
Thallus non-sorediate.

1. P. dactylina Nyl. in Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. vii. p. 447 (1863)
note 1.—Thallus thin, with crowded upright rounded stoutish
papille about 1 mm. in height, simple or rarely divided or
coalescent, whitish (K+ orange-yellow then red). Apothecia
rather rare, immersed in the apices of the papille, the disc
blackish, usually almost covered over ; spores one in the ascus,
125-230 y» long, 65-85 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 &
Monogr. i. p. 493; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 239; ed. 3, p. 230.
Lichen dactylinus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 89 (1798). L. oculatus
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1833 (1808) (non Dicks.). Rinodina oculata
S. .F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 449 (1821) (non Dicks.).

Distinguished by the stoutish dactyloid papille, and by the
reactions with potash.

Hab. On the ground or on decayed mosses in alpine regions.—
Dist. Confined to the summits of the Grampians, Scotland.—Bb. M.
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

2. P. Hutchinsie Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 30, t. 11, fig. 1 (1851).
—Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally wrinkled or warted, whitish
or cream-coloured (K—). Apothecia immersed in the verruce,
small or moderate in size, the disc well-exposed, depressed,
brownish-black and greyish-pruinose, the margin thicker, some-
what torn; spores one in the ascus, 80-165 yp long (or more),
40-55 p thick—Mudd Man. p. 277; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59
& Monogr. i. p. 493; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 243; ed. 3, p. 233.
Thelotrema Hutchinsie Borr. Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2652 (1830) ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 162; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p. 103; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 178.

An endemic Irish species somewhat resembling Lecanora verrucosa
though with larger thalline warts. Its nearest ally is Pertusaria
panyrga Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 308 (1871),.in which the thallus
tends to become papillate. Crombie’s spore length, 80-120 yp, is too
small, greater lengths have been observed more nearly approaching
the dimensions of P. panyrga (110-220 yp).

Hab. On the ground incrusting mosses and heaths.—B. M. Hills
near Bantry, Cork.

3. P. monogona Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi.
p. 289 (1872).—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, wrinkled,

358 CYCLOCARPINEA [PERTUSARIA

cracked-areolate and warted, greyish-white (K+yellow then
orange-red). Apothecia innate in the somewhat flattened warts,
the disc rather wide, uneven, brownish, white-pulverulent, the
thalline margin thick, entire or furrowed ; spores one in the
ascus, 150-235 p long, 78-80 pw thick——Cromb. in Grevillea xix.
p- 59 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 494.

Easily distinguished by the reaction with potash and by the single-
spored asci. P. dealbata, with which it has been compared, has
almost the same reaction (less intensely red), is more generally
isidiose and has a 2-spored ascus.

Hab. On schistose rocks.—2. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth (the
only British record).

Thallus more or less sorediate.

4. P. bryontha Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 178 (1861).—Thallus
effuse, rather thin and spreading, or often consisting of subglobose
fertile granules, which are sometimes sorediate, white or greyish-
white (K+yellowish, soredia CaCl+reddish). Apothecia at
first closed, then with a plane open disc up to 2 mm. across (in
Brit. specimen), fawn-coloured, then cinereous-black, the thalline
margin prominent, then almost excluded ; spores one in the
ascus, 120-230 p» long, 40-70 p thick, or sometimes smaller.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p- "58 & Monogr. i. p. 492 ; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 240; ed. 3, p. 230. P. macrospora Hepp Flecht, Eur, n. 424
(1857) ; Mudd Man. p. 277. Parmelia subfusca var. bryontha
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 167 (1803).

One of our rarest lichens. Reactions are sometimes given as
CaCl+ orange-red, but I have been unable to verify that on our
specimen.

Hab. On the ground encrusting mosses amd decayed plants, in
alpine places.—Dzstr. Local and scarce among the N. Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Cairngorm and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.

5. P. ophthalmiza Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 354 (1865).—Thallus
effuse, thin, smooth or granulate, unequally wrinkled, light-
cinereous-grey (K—, CaCl—). Fertile verruce small, scattered
or generally crowded, containing 1, rarely 2—3, apothecia, the disc
fairly open, blackish, the outer margin rugose or rarely subleprose ;
spores one in the ascus, 160-205 pw long, 80-100 » thick.—Carroll
in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 23 (1866); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 242 ; ed. 3,

p. 283; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 496. P. velata subsp. multipuncta
a ophthalmiza Nyl. “Lich. Scand. p. 180 (1861). P. globifera
subsp. ophthalmiza Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (1870).

Distinguished by the thinnish thallus and the small Lecanora-
like fertile verrucee. The spores in the Glen Falloch specimens,
evidently mature, measure only up to 175 p long, 55 » thick. Other-
wise they correspond with N ylander’s description.

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE 359

Hab. On the trunks of old pines in mountainous districts.—Dvst.
Rare in the Highlands, Scotland.—B. M. Glen Falloch and Black
Wood, Rannoch, Perthshire.

6. P. velata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 179 (1861).—Thallus
thinnish, determinate, smooth or unequally wrinkled, or some-
times cracked, with slight radiate folds towards the circumference,
greyish or white (K —, CaCl+rose-red). Fertile verruce crowded,
small, flat, sometimes sorediate at apices, the apothecia with open
disc somewhat flesh-coloured, but “veiled” by a white layer of
hyphe, mixed with oxalate of lime crystals, and surrounded
by a stoutish margin; spores one in the ascus, very large, 190-
310 p» long, 67-90 » thick (or smaller)—Mudd Man. p. 274,
t. 5, fig. 114; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 & Monogr. i. p. 497 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241; ed. 3, p. 232 pro parte. Parmelia
velata Turn. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. p. 143, t. 12, fig. 1 (1808).
Lichen velatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2062 (1809). Variolaria velata
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 319, t. 5, fig. 7 (1810); 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 490; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 170.

The small lecanorine apothecia, the reaction with calcium hypo-
chlorite, and the absence of definite soralia distinguish P. velata from
other monosporous species. It is a subtropical plant, and occurs in
Europe in the western regions. Lichen conspwrcatus Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 964 (1801), and other citations have been quoted by Leighton as
synonymous with P. velata. The small sterile fragments accompany-
ing Smith’s plate do not bear out the determination; but it is
impossible to identify them (see also note to n. 11, P. lactea).

Hab. On trees in wooded districts.—Dist. Rare in S. England,
N. Wales and S. Ireland.—B. M. Ivy Bridge, Devon; Lulworth,
Dorset ; Quarn Wood, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s
Forest, Sussex ; near Rusthall Common, Kent; Castlemartyr, Cork.

Form aspergilla Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891).—
Fertile verruce scattered, rather large, prominent and white-
sorediate (K—, CaCl + rose-red).—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 498.
Lichen aspergillus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 28 (1798)? Vario-
laria aspergilla Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 13 (1803)?; Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 2401 (1812); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 170; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 112; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 67.
V. communis var. aspergilla 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 491 (1821).

Differs from the species in the prominent, generally sparsely
scattered and densely sorediose verruce. It has been quoted by Hue
(Bull. Soc. Bot. xxxvii. p. 95) as synonymous with P. multipwncta,
and the continental plant which is saxicolous may possibly belong to
that species, but the British specimens give the same chemical
reaction as P. velata.

Hab. On trees and palings in inland situations.—Dzistr. Rare in
S. and Central England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s
Forest, Sussex ; Sevenoaks, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; Quantock Combes,
Somerset ; Hay Park, Herefordshire ; Ickworth, Suffolk.

560 CYCLOCARPINEE | PERTUSARIA

7. P/ globulifera Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.
p. 116 (1857).—Thallus suborbicular, thickish, somewhat mem-
branaceous and cartilaginous and with a zonate margin, generally
wrinkled and plicate, sometimes granular-isidioid, crowded with
large discoid soralia, greenish-grey (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia
enclosed in large corticate verruce, depressed, globular and
closed, then lacerate-dehiscent and white sorediate ; spores one
in the ascus (rarely two), 207-276 p long, 50-80 p thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 273 (excl. vars.); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59
(errore globifera) (excl. vars.) and Monogr. i. p. 495; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 243; ed. 3, p. 233. Lichenoides candidum et farina-
ceum, scutellis fere planis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 131, t. 18, fig. 11 B, ¢
(1741). Lichen discoideus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1714 (1807) (non
Pers.) & L. globuliferus t. 2008 (1809). Variolaria globulifera
Turn. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ix. p. 139, t. 10, fig. 2 (1808) ; 8S. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 490 ; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 330 ; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 169; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 59. V. dis-
coidea Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 269 (1833) (? Ach.) ; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 112? Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 61.
V. faginea Tay}. 1. c.? (non Linn.).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 96 ; Johns. n. 327 ; Mudd n. 263 pro parte.

Though normally determinate, the thallus may spread indefinitely.
Fertile verruce are rare, generally they take the form of densely
powdery-white soralia (f. discotdea Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59
(1891) & Monogr. i. p. 496). The spores examined are generally up to
220 » long, and frequently shorter than 207 ». The citations from
Taylor are doubtful. His V. faginea is not bitter to the taste, while
V. discoidea, according to him, is so.

Hab. On trunks of old trees in wooded districts.—Distr. General
and common throughout the British Isles—B. M. Boconnoe and
near Withiel, Cornwall ; Chudleigh, Beckey Falls and Bovey Tracey,
Devon; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Danny, Ardingly,
Crawley and Beeding Priory, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Shiere,
Surrey ; Ulting and Epping Forest, Essex; Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Broadwas and Malvern, Worcestershire; Yarmouth, Suffolk ;
Madingley, Cambridgeshire; Lambeth, S. Wales; Barimouth,
Merioneth; Anglesea; Craig-y-Rhiw and Haughmond Hill, Shrop-
shire; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall, Leicestershire; near Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Egglestone, Durham ; Helensburgh, Dumbar-
tonshire ; Inverary and by Loch Creran, Argyll; Craigforth, Stirling ;
Glen Lochay, Killin and Blaeberry Hill near Perth, Perthshire ; Den
of Mains, Forfarshire ; Murtle, near Aberdeen ; Loch Linnhe, Inver-
nessshire ; Castlemartyr and Macroom Demesne, Cork; Ashley Park,
near Galway; Louisburgh, Mayo.

8. P. faginea Leight. Lich. FI. p. 242 (1871); Wain.
in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. 14, p. 24 (1888).—
Thallus determinate, thickish or rather thin, wrinkled, granulate
and cracked, subzonate at the circumference, grey, thickly
covered with white soralia, bitter to the taste (K—, CaCl—).
Fertile verruce rather rare (K + yellowish, K(CaCl) + rose-

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEX o61

red or violet), apothecia small, solitary, with a wide white pulveru-
lent disc and thin margin, becoming immarginate ; spores one in
the ascus, up to 150 yu long, 40-50 p» thick.—Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 232. P. globulifera var. sorediata Mudd Man. p. 274
(1861) pro parte (non Fr.) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (1870)?
(non Fr.). P. amara Nyl. in Flora lvi. p. 22 (1873) ; Cromb. in
Grevillea xix. p. 59 & Monogr. i. p. 496. Lichenoides candidum
et farinaceum, scutellis fere planis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 131, t. 18,
fig. 11 c (1741). Lichen fagineus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753) ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443? Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 807% With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 4 pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 1713. Vuariolaria faginea
Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 24 (1794); Turn. & Borr. Lich.
Brit. p. 64; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 169. V. amara Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 324 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 46; Grev. Fl.
Edin. p. 330.
Exsice. Bohl. n. 26; Johns. n. 153.

Distinguished from allied monosporous species by the bitter taste
(hence the trivial name amara) and by the chemical reaction.
Crombie has given the spore sizes as 190-236 » long, 50-70 p thick.
The above much smaller measurements are from specimens in the
herbarium. The spore walls are rather thin when mature.

Mudd has quoted, as synonyms of his var. sorediata, the species
Variolaria griseovirens Turn. & Borr. ex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2400
(1812), a specimen of which is preserved with the drawing; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 54. It is a thin sterile thallus with small
yellowish-green soralia, and might be a form of Lecanora farinaria
Borr. Spiloma vitiligo (Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 10 (1803) & Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 2075 (1809)), quoted as synonymous with Variolaria vitiligo
Turn. & Borr. tom. cit. p. 53 (1839), the powdery bodies of which
are much darker, is equally indefinite.

Hab. On trunks of old trees, especially beech and elm in wooded
tracts.—Distr. General and fairly common, though not seen from the
Channel Islands.—B. M. Withiel and near Penzance, Cornwall;
Lydford, Devon ; Minety, Wilts; New Forest, Hants ; St. Leonard’s
Forest, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; Hainault Forest and near Gosfield,
Essex ; Buildwas, Shropshire ; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Anglesea ;
Gopsall and Rothery Temple, Leicestershire ; Chatsworth, Derby-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; Meldon Park, Northumberland; Winder-
mere, Westmoreland; Asby, Cumberland; near Glasgow, Lanark-
shire; Craigforth, Stirling; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Finlarig, Killin,
Perthshire ; Applecross, Rossshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

9. P. multipuncta Nyl. in Flora Ixii. p. 393 (1880).—
Thallus generally determinate, thinnish, indistinctly cracked- or
wrinkled-granulate, dotted with round flat white sorediate
verruce, whitish or greyish-white (Kf + yellow, then sometimes
red, CaCl—, I = dark-blue). Apothecia one or several in each
verruce, pale or brownish, with thinnish margin, the whole
surface white-powdery ; spores one in the ascus, thick-walled,
oblong, 106-140 p» long, 28-68 p thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 236
(errore P. multipunctata) ; ed. 3, p. 226; Cromb. Monogr. i.

362 CYCLOCARPINEX: [PERTUSARIA

p. 494. P. globulifera var. multipunctata Mudd Man. p. 274
(1861) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (errore P. globifera). P. sub-
lactea Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vi. p. 474 (1870) &
Lich. Fl. p. 245; ed. 3, p. 236 (saxicolous) fide Nyl. in Flora
Ixvi. p. 534 (1883). Variolaria multipuncta Turn, in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ix. p. 137, t. 10, fig. 1 (1808); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p.
490 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 170 (errore V. multipunctata) ;
Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 73. Lichen imultipunctus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 2061 (1809).
Huxsicc. Johns. n. 152 ; Mudd n. 262.

Readily identified by the neat white pustules and by the habitat
on trees, very rarely on rocks, and then to be distinguished from
P. lactea by the absence of reaction with calcium hypochlorite.
There is a faint yellow reaction with potash which passes at once to
reddish-brown or sometimes red, especially the medulla.

Hab. On trunks and branches of trees, rarely on schistose rocks,
in maritime and inland districts.— Distr. Fairly common in England
and Wales, less so in Scotland and Iveland.—B. M. Boconnoc, Corn-
wall; East Lynn, Devon; I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants; St.
Leonard’s Forest, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Cirencester, Gloucester-
shire; Barmouth and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Conway Falls,
Carnarvonshire; Brantsdale, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Asby,
Cumberland ; Barcaldine, Argyll; Castlebernard, Cork ; Cromaglown
and Tore Mt., Killarney, Kerry ; Kylemore Lake, Connemara, Galway ;
Powerscourt, Wicklow.

Form levigata Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 495 (1894).—Thallus
thin, almost continuous and scarcely wrinkled.—Variolaria
multipuncta var. levigata Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 170 (1833) & Lich. Brit. p. 73 (1839). V. constellata
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 (1836).

A thinner less developed thallus and apothecia than in the species,
possibly due to the habitat on smooth bark.

Hab. On smooth bark of young trees.—Dvistr. Found only in a
few localities in S. England and 8.W. Ireland.—B. M. Falmouth,
Cornwall; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Hants; Askew
Wood, Kerry.

Form fastigiata Cromb. ]. c.—Thallus of crowded coralloid
fertile verruce, fastigiate and sorediate at the apices.—P. fas-
tigiata Leight. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vi. p. 474 (1870)
& Lich. Fl. p. 245; ed. 3, p. 236. Isidium oculatum var. fastigi-
atum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 103 (1839), fide Leight. 1. c. ;
var. 8 Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 232. Variolaria polythecia
Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 (1836).

A well marked form. Dr. Taylor (1. c.) describes it as conspicuous
by the crowded and stalked apothecia placed in contact, like certain
basaltic columns.

Hab. On naked rocks and incrusting mosses in mountainous

regions.— Dist, Recorded only from §. and W. Ireland (Bantry, Cork ;
Connemara, Galway).—B. M, Dunkerron, Kerry.

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEX 363

10. P. reducta Stirton in Scott. Naturalist, iv. p. 28 (1877).
—Thallus thin, cracked-areolate, greyish or greyish-brown (K +
yellow, then deep red). Apothecia sessile, with open disc, 1 in
each thalline verruca, brown or reddish-brown, bluish-grey-
pruinose ; spores 1 in the ascus, 90-140 p long, 30-40 p thick.
—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 229; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 498.
Specimen not seen.

“Closely allied to P. multipwncta Turn., younger spores with
broadish epispore, mature ones with coarsely granular contents.”’
The only plant of this section, except P. dactylina, with the marked
reaction with potash. Wainio has recorded it from the Philippines
(Phil. Journ. Sci. viii. p. 104 (1913)), in a sterile condition.

Hab. On trees in the S.W. Highlands of Scotland (Ben Brecht,
Argyll).

11. P. lactea Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 539 (1881).—Thallus
determinate, somewhat radiate and Placodium-like at the cir-
cumference, generally smooth, continuous or cracked-areolate,
more or less dotted with soralia, light- or cinereous-grey or
whitish (K —, CaCl + red, K(CaCl) + deeper red). Apothecia
rare, small, solitary in the verruce, the disc white, subleprose,
the thalline margin irregular; spores 1 in the ascus, 180-205 pu
long, 65-70 p thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 274 (1882) &
Monogr. i. p. 498. P. lactescens var. lactea Mudd Man. p. 272
(1861). Lichen lacteus L. Mant. p. 132 (1767) ; Huds. Fl. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 526; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 5; Engl. Bot. t. 2410.
Variolaria lactea Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 24 (1794) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 492; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 46 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 170; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 330; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 62;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 242; ed. 3, p. 232 (as synonym of P. velata).
V. conspurcata Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 168 (1833)? & Lich. Brit. p. 57 (1839) ?

The thallus may spread very widely and varies in thickness ; it is
generally very light in colour, and may be easily distinguished from
other sorediate species by the saxicolous habitat and by the chemical
reaction. It is rarely fertile.. The spore sizes are those given by
Nylander. It is probable that Variolaria conspurcata Turn. & Borr.
is a synonym of P. lactea, but it is impossible to be quite sure.
Several specimens, labelled Variolaria conspurcata, on limestone or
mortar from Shropshire and Derbyshire, give the same chemical
reactions as P. lactea. They are sterile and indeterminable, but are
probably abnormal forms owing to the unusual habitat.

Hab. On granitic and schistose rocks in mountainous regions.—
Distr. Somewhat rare throughout the British Isles-—B. M. Chateau
Point, Sark ; Eridge, Sussex; Aberdovey and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth ;
Anglesea ; Craig-y-Rhiw, Shropshire? ; Matlock, Derbyshire?; near
Moffatt, Dumfriesshire; West Water, Forfarshire ; Ben Lawers and
Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Glen Ey,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Blackwater, Kerry.

564 CYCLOCARPINE [PERTUSARIA

12. P. melanochlora Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2,
vi. p. 289 (1872).—Thallus effuse (or determinate), tartareous,
thick, wrinkled and warted, subareolate, densely papillate, the
papill short, stout, rounded and sometimes sorediate at the apex,
greyish-white or greyish-smoke-coloured (K(CaCl) = violet-rose-
coloured). Apothecia small, several (2—5) in the sorediate papille ;
spores | in the aseus, 180-250 p long, 75-100 p» thick.—Cromb.
in Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 493. Isidium
melanochlorum DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 326 (1805).

The chemical reaction is distinct in Nylander’s specimen from the
Pyrenees; it is very slight in the one from Wales. The spores are
very thick-walled and taper downwards, perhaps a development stage,
and, so far as observed, measure from 45 » in width. The spermatia
(fide Nyl.) measure about 4-5 p» long, 1 p thick.

Hab. On quartzose and schistose rocks. — 6B. M. Barmouth,
Merioneth (the only British record).

B. Spores usually two in the ascus.
Thallus non-sorediate ; spores colourless.

13. P. pustulata Ny]. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, 1. p. 441
(1856) (? Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 30, t. 10, fig. 4 (1851) ).—
Thallus developed beneath or above the bark, determinate, thinnish,
smooth or finely granulate in parts, cream-coloured or greyish-
white (K + yellowish, K(CaCl) + slightly reddish). Apothecia
solitary or several in small convex scattered or congregate verrucer,
the ostioles punctiform and dark, then becoming lacerate and
exposing a small flesh-coloured open disc ; spores 2 in the ascus,
60-126 p long, 25-45 p thick.—Mudd Man. p. 275 pro parte ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 pro parte & Monogr. i. p. 504; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 244; ed. 3, p. 234 pro parte. \P. melaleuca Dub.
Bot. Gall. ii. p. 673 (1830); Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 29, t. 10,
fig. 4 & Lich. Fl. p. 240; ed. 3, p. 230; Mudd Man. p. 275;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 504. Porina pustulata Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 309 (1810). Lichen melaleucus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2461 (1813).
Thelotrema melaleucum Turn. & Borr. ex Sm. |. c. & Lich. Brit.
p. 183; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 161.

Characterized by the thin smoothish thallus and by the 2-spored
ascus. The reaction with potash is most easily seen in sections
under the microscope, with calcium hypochlorite added the thallus
is generally tinged reddish. There is no specific distinction between
P. pustulata and P. melaleuca; several British specimens classified
by Crombie and others as P. pustulata belong to P. communis or to
P. leioplaca. In a specimen from Dolgelly the verruce are whitish
on a grey thallus; it has been determined by Crombie as f. super-
pallens Nyl. (Flora Ixix. p. 466 (1886) ).

Hab. On trees in wooded districts.— Distr. Rather rare in the
southern and midland counties of England and in N. Wales.—B. M.
New Forest, Hants; tArdingly and St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ;

PERTUSABRIA | PERTUSARIACE 365

Shiere, Surrey ; Epping Forest, Hadleigh and Hockley Woods, Essex ;
Burnham Beeches, Bucks; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth.

14. P. pertusa Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Die Flecht. Tirol, p. 309
(1902).—Thallus determinate, warted-areolate or wrinkled, thick,
or sometimes flat and thinnish, especially towards the concentri-
cally marked margin, the fertile warts or verruce large and
prominent, irregularly sub-globose, generally crowded, though
sometimes thinly scattered, greyish or greenish-grey (K Pyclowish
CaCl —). Apothecia one or several in each verruca, punctiform,
the disc minute, slightly depressed, blackish ; epithecium K +
violet ; paraphyses slender; spores 2 in the ascus (sometimes
1 or 3 or 4), 130-205 p long, 45-80 » thick; hymenial gelatine
round the asci persistently blue with iodine.—P. communis DC.
Fl. Fr. ii. p. 320 (1805) (incl. f. rupestris) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 160; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 196 (incl. var.
rupestris) ; Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 27 & Lich. Fl. v. p. 238;
ed. 3, p. 229 (incl. f£. rupestris); Mudd Man. p. 275; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 58 & Monogr. i. p. 499 (incl. f. rupestris).
P. rupestris Scher. Enum. p. 227 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 272
(incl. var. areolata? (non Clem.)). Lichenoides verrucosum et
rugosum, cinereum, glabrum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 128, t. 18, fig. 9
(1741). Lichen pertusus L. Mant. p. 131 (1767); Lightf. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 802 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 525 ; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 15; Engl. Bot. t. 677. Porina pertusa Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 308 (1810) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 495; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 45; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 354; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii.
p. 102.

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 54; Johns. nos. 278, 279, 422 (Brit. Mus.
set as P. pustulata); Leight. n. 71 (Brit. Mus. set as P. fallaz) ;
Mudd nos. 259 (£. rupestris), 264.

One of the commonest British lichens, easily known by the
prominent verruce. The apothecia vary from one to many in each
verruca, the narrowed discs are generally dark coloured, but may be
whitish in shade conditions (f. lewcostoma Scher. Enum. p. 229
(1850) ) when there is also no reaction of the epithecium with K.
The reactions of both thallus and apothecia, the latter characteristic
of several other species, are sometimes rather faint. The thallus is
frequently the host of Sphinctrina turbinata. Form rupestris differs
only in habitat, it is rather uncommon.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, rarely on palings or on rocks in
lowland and upland regions.—Distr. General in the British Isles.—
B. M. Sark; Guernsey; Withiel, Cornwall; near Bovey Tracey and
Lustleigh, Devon; Appuldurcombe, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants ;
near Hastings, near Battle, St. Leonard’s Forest, Ardingly, Henfield
and Offham, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Shiere, Surrey; Hockley
Wood, Hatfield Peverel and Epping Forest, Essex ; near Buckingham ;
Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Broadwas and near Malvern, Worcester-
shire ; Twycross and Gopsall Park, Leicester ; Hafod, Cardiganshire ;
Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Buildwas, Shropshire; Bettws-
y-Coed, Denbighshire; near Conway, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea;

566 CYCLOCARPINEE [PERTUSARIA

Church Stretton and Llanford, Shropshire; Enville, Staffordshire ;
Great Glenham, Suffolk; Millersdale, Derbyshire ; Kildale and near
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham ; Windermere, West-
moreland; Calder Abbey, Northumberland; Gilgarron and near
Whitehaven, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Roslin
and Colinton Woods, Midlothian; near Glasgow; Barcaldine and
I. of Lismore, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Killin, Aberfoyle and Balthayock
Woods, Perthshire; Countesswells Woods, near Aberdeen and Craig
Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Invernessshire ;
Applecross, Rossshire; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry.

15. P. areolata Nyl. in Flora lxiv. p. 456 (1881).—Thallus
determinate, thickish, more or less densely papillate, cracked-
areolate, light- or darkish-grey (K + yellow). Apothecia with a
minute blackish disc ; epithecium K + violet; spores 2 in the
ascus (or sometimes more), 130-205 » long, 45-80 p» thick.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891). P. communis subsp.
areolata Nyl. ex Hue Add. Nov. Lich. Eur. p. 118 (1886) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 500. Thelotrema pertusum var. areolatum
Clem. Ensayo, p. 300 (1807).

Though classified as a subspecies of P. pertusa by Nylander and
others, there is a great difference in thalline characters, and in the
much brighter reaction with potash. The British specimens are
without apothecia; it has therefore been impossible to verify the
spore characters.

Hab. On siliceous rocks and walls in maritime districts.—Dis¢r.
Among the Grampians, Scotland, and W. Ireland.—B. M. Craig
Calliach and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire.

16. P. ceuthocarpa Turn. ex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2372 (1821)
note. — Thallus determinate, thickish, cracked-areolate and
warted, the areole convex, unequal, cream-coloured (K + yellow,
then deep-red). Apothecia in subglobose or irregularly con-
glomerate smooth verruce, deeply immersed, the discs puncti-
form, blackish ; spores 2 in the ascus, thick-walled, 150-175 uv
long, 40-60 » thick.—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 160; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 200; Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 28, t. 9, fig. 4
& Lich. Fl. p. 237 ; ed. 3, p. 228; Mudd Man. p. 271; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 58 & Monogr. i. p. 501. Lichen ceuthocarpus Sm.
Engl. Bot. t. 2372 (1812). Porina ceuthocarpa Tay]. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 102 (1836).

Ezsice. Leight. n, 284.

There are only a few British Pertusarie with the above strongly-
marked potash reaction, and among them P. cewthocarpa is dis-
tinguished by the thickish unequal thallus, by the large tumid fertile
verruce, and by the saxicolous habitat. On the continent if is
classified along with P. coccodes, which is corticolous, while Smith’s
plant is saxicolous. Fries, however, records P. cewthocarpa as saxi-
colous in Scandinavia and in Germany (Lich. Eur. p. 423).

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE 367

Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous districts.— Distr.
Rare throughout the British Isles, though fairly plentiful where it
occurs.—B. M. Jersey; Pentire, Kynance and Lamorna, Cornwall ;
Harlech, Barmouth, Aberdovey and near Dolgelly, Mericneth; Holy-
head, Anglesea; Airds, Appin, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ;
Lambay Island, Dublin.

Form microstictica Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 502.—Thallus
sprinkled with minute brownish papille.—Lichen microsticticus
Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2243 (1811). Isidium microsticticum Turn. &
Borr. ex Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66 (1821) & Lich. Brit. p. 94 ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 774; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fil. v.

. 231.
‘i Exsicc. Leight. nos. 280, 342.

Scarcely to be considered as a true form, as the same type of
small brown papille are occasionally present in P. concreta. When
they are abraded they leave a minute white dot on the thallus.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions.—Distr.
Rare in the Channel Islands, N. Wales and S.W. Ireland (fide
Crombie).—B. M. Barmouth, Merioneth.

Form variolosa Mudd Man. p. 271 (1861).—The thalline
verruce sterile, sorediate.—Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59 &
Monogr. i. p. 502.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 341.

The pulverulent verruce are crowded and are more regular, as
well as generally smaller, than in the species, but the affinity is easily
recognized by the reaction with potash.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Dist7v. Rare in N. Wales
and W. Ireland.—B. M. Dolgelly, Merioneth; Achill Island, Mayo.

17. P. concreta Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 117
(1857) & in Flora lix. p. 233 (1876).—Thallus determinate,
thickish, unequal or generally plane, cracked-areolate, whitish
(K + yellow, then red). Apothecia immersed in the areolz, the
dise punctiform then somewhat exposed, flesh-coloured to blackish ;
spores 2 in the ascus, 115-250 yp long, 60-80 » thick.—Cromb.
in Grevillea v. p. 25 (1876) & Monogr. 1. p. 505; Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 227.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 27.

Originally described from the Eastern Pyrenees, and considered by
Nylander to be the specific form of Isidiwm Westringwi. It differs
from P. ceuthocarpa in the absence of pronounced verruce, minute
papille are often present. Fertile specimens are very rare; in one
from Clare Island the spores were barely mature, but the largest
measured only 175 p x 55 p.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Dzstr. Local but somewhat
abundant in W. Ireland.—B. M. Letterfrack, Connemara, Galway ;
Clare Island, Achill Island and Mallaranny, Achill, Mayo.

»

368 CYCLOCARPINEZ [PERTUSARIA

Form Westringii Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 234 (1876).—Thallus
thin or thickish, determinate, cracked-areolate, more or less
densely papillate, the papille minute, then large, simple or
branched.—Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891) & Monogr. i.
p. 503. P. Westringii Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 236 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 227 pro minima parte (excl. syn. P. lactescens). Lichen
Westringii Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xv. p. 179, t. 6, fig. 1
(1794) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. iv. p. 20; Engl. Bot. t. 2204.
Isidium Westringit Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 138 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 412 (1821) (excl. syn. Lichen punctatus) ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 66 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 231; Turn. & Borr.
Lich. Brit. p. 92.

Generally a thin plane thallus covered with papille, but these
may coalesce into a somewhat warted condition when it approaches
P. ceuthocarpus in appearance. Leighton’s description seems to
refer largely to that species. It is a sterile form.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous districts.
—Distr. Rather rare throughout the British Isles—B. M. Guernsey ;
Jersey; near St. Austell and Penzance, Cornwall; Barmouth and
Aberdovey, Merioneth; Arkendale, Durham; Thornthwaite, near
Keswick, Cumberland; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig
Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway; Clare Island and Achill,
Mayo.

Thallus non-sorediate ; spores olivaceous or blackish.

18. P. lactescens Mudd Man. p. 272 (1861) (excl. var.
lactea).—Thallus thickish, smooth, unequal, becoming granulate
or cracked-areolate (K + yellow, then red). Fertile verruce
scattered, flat, contorted and difform, the apothecia innate in the
areole, with a somewhat open blackish disc; spores usually 2
(rarely 3-4), in the ascus, ellipsoid, becoming olivaceous or
blackish (K + violet), 90-130 w long, 45-85 p» thick.—Cromb,
Monogr. i. p. 504. P. spilomanthodes Nyl. in Flora Ixiv. p. 179
(1881) ; Cromb. in Grevillea x. p. 23 (1881).

Exsicc. Mudd n. 260.

A purely British species so far as is yet known. In some of the
specimens there are scattered sorediate or abraded small spots.
P. spilomanthodes was collected at Ennerdale, Cumberland, by the
Rev. W. Johnson.

Hak. On rocks and walls in upland districts.—Dzistr. Rare in
N. England.—B. M. Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ennerdale,
Cumberland.

19. P. urceolaria Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. p. 324
(1873) note.—Thallus rather thin, cracked-areolate, the surface
seabrid with short papille, whitish (K + yellow, then red),
Apothecia small, sunk in the areolz, the disc blackish, depressed-
urceolate, then becoming rather open, with a stoutish minutely

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE 369

papillate margin ; spores 1-4 in the ascus, olivaceous or blackish
(K + violet), 100-140 » long, 50-75 » thick.—Leight. Lich. FI.
ed. 3, p. 228 pro parte ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 505.

Ezxsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 28.

Occasionally confused with P. spilomantha, which, however, has a
single large spore in the ascus. It approaches very closely the
preceding species, the only real difference being in the papillose
thallus which may be simply a varietal distinction, but that can only
be determined by the discovery of further specimens.

Hab. On granitic stones of a wall in a maritime district.—B. M.
La Moye, Jersey (the only locality).

Thallus sorediate ; spores colourless.

20. P. coccodes Nyl.in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 116
(1857).—Thallus determinate or effuse, thin, following the in-
equalities of the bark, subfarinose or isidiose, areolate, occasion-
ally warted, whitish (K + yellow, then rusty-red). Apothecia
one or several in scattered or congregate small subglobose
verruce ; the discs minute, dark-coloured; spores 2 in the
ascus, 115-140 pw long, 40-60 » thick:—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 59 & Monogr. i. p. 502 (incl. f. bacillosa) ; form bacillosa Nyl.
ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 425 (1878). P. globuli-
fera var. coccodes Mudd Man. p. 274 (1861). Lichen coccodes
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 10 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1511.
Isidiwm coccodes Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 139 (1803); 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 412; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 230; Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 89 (incl. var. phymatodes). I. phymatodes
Ach. 1. c.?

Somewhat resembling the thallus of Lecanora parella var.
Turneri, but easily distinguished by the reaction with potash;
occasionally the papille are very luxuriant (f. bacillosa), and a
sorediate form (f. variolaria) is recorded by Harmand (Lich. Fr. v.
p. 1127 (1918) ). In some specimens there is a pale reddish colour in
parts (f. phymatodes). British plants are sterile.

Hab. On trunks of old trees in inland districts.—Dzistr. Rare from
8S. to N. England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Albourne, Sussex ;
Salperton, Gloucestershire; Hay Park, Herefordshire; near Quendon
and Hainault Forest, Essex; near Norwich, Norfolk; Baysdale,
Cleveland, Yorkshire.

21. P. dealbata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 59 (1870) (excl. syn.
P. lactescens).—Thallus effuse, occasionally with a definite margin,
of crowded unequal small granules or papille, generally rather
thick, finely or coarsely cracked-areolate, whitish or ash-grey
(K + yellow (then frequently red), CaCl —, medulla I + pale
blue). Fertile verruce prominent, subglobose, containing several
apothecia, white-pulverulent above; spores 2 in the ascus, very

I. 2B

370 CYCLOCARPINEX [PERTUSARIA

variable in size, 80-150 p long, 50-82 pw thick (or smaller).—
Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 59 & Monogr. i. p. 500; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 238; ed. 3, p. 228 pro parte. P. syncarpa Mudd Man.
p. 273 (1861) (incl. var. dealbata). Lichen dealbatus Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 29 (1798). Variolaria dealbata DC. Fl. Fr. ii.
p- 325 (1805); Engl. Bot. t. 2519. V. corallina Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 319 (1810); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 492; Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113. V. chlorothecia Tayl. tom. cit. p. 114
(1836). Isidiwm paradoxum Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl.
FI, v. p. 231 (1833) & Lich. Brit. p. 97. /
Exsicc. Johns. n. 328 ; Leight. n. 320 ; Mudd n. 261.

Distinguished by the generally papillate thallus and the scattered
pustular verruce, which are frequently several-aggregate. The
chemical reaction is very pronounced, and frequently the yellow
colour changes to orange or red. The thallus is occasionally the host
of Sclerococcum spherale Fr.

Hab. On rocks, boulders and walls in maritime and mountainous
regions.— Distr. Fairly common throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
Sark; St. Austell, Cornwall; Dartmoor Tors, Devon; Barmouth,
Aberdovey and Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Nant Gwynant, Carnarvon-
shire; Anglesea; Oswestry and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Kildale
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Cumberland ; Ochill
Hills, near Stirling; Lismore and Ben Cruachan, Argyll; The
Trossachs, Crianlarich, Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach and Ben Vrackie,
Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ; Glen Callater and
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Dunkerron and Finnehy River,
Kerry ; Dawros River, Connemara, Galway.

Form corallina Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 501 (1894).—Thallus
more densely papillate than in the species, with the papillz more ~
elongate, simple or branched.—Var. corallina Cromb. in Grevillea
xii. p. 59 (1883). P. syncarpa var. corallina Mudd Man. p. 273
(1861). Lichen corallinus L. Mant. p. 131 (1767); Lighté. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 808 ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 526; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 16; Engl. Bot. t. 1541. Isidium corallinum Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 138 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 412 ; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 669 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 231; Grev. Fl. Edin.
p. 346; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 100.

Differing from the species in the more definitely branched coralloid
papille, though connected with it by intermediate states. In our
county, and in France, it is recorded as always sterile, but Zahl-
bruckner has issued a specimen from Saxony (Krypt. exs. n. 256)
which bears apothecia.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland situations.—Distr. Local
and rare in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Maresfield Common,
Sussex; Pontneddfychan, Brecknockshire; Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Anglesea ; Malvern, Worcestershire; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, York-
shire; Egglestone, Durham; Alston, Cumberland; Ben-y-gloe,
Perthshire ; Sidlaw Hills and Baldovan Woods, Forfarshire; Oban,
Argyll; The Dargle River, Wicklow.

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE 371

C. Spores usually four in the ascus.
Thallus non-sorediate.

22. P. glomerata Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 66 (1823).—
Thallus effuse, thin, somewhat wrinkled, but consisting mostly of
small subglobose crowded and sometimes confluent fertile
verruce, white or faintly yellowish cream-coloured (K + yellow,
then blood-red, CaCl—). Apothecia usually solitary, with
punctiform or slightly open blackish discs; epithecium K +
violet ; spores generally 4 in the ascus (sometimes 2 or up to 7),
72-125 p long, 28-44 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 277; Carroll in
Journ. Bot. iii. p. 289 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 &
Monogr. i. p. 510; Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 73 note & Lich.
Fl. p. 237; ed. 3, p. 227. P. glomulifera Borr. ex Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 243 (1871); ed. 3, p. 234. Lichen glomeratus Schleich.
Pl. Crypt. Cent. iii. n. 77, in Schrad. Neu. Journ. Bot. i. 2,
p- 199 (1806) nomen nudum. Porina glomerata Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 310 (1810).

An alpine lichen, sufficiently’ distinguished from other ‘‘moss”’
species by the number of spores and by the reaction with potash.
The violet reaction of the epithecium is well marked, suggesting
affinity with P. Wulfeniw. It is described and figured without a
name in Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 30, t. xi. fig. 2 (1851).

Hab. Encrusting dead mosses in mountainous places.—Distr.
Rare in the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Craig Calliach and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire.

23. P. leioplaca Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 66 (1823).—
Thallus thin, developed above or within the outer periderm
layers, subdeterminate, smooth or with scattered unequal slight
wrinkles and cracks, white or yellowish-white (K — or f +
yellowish). Fertile verruce numerous, scattered, prominent,
smooth, the apothecia 1-5 in each verruca, with pale or dark
punctiform ostioles ; spores normally 4, uniseriate in the ascus,
sometimes varying in the same hymenium from 2 to 6 or even &,
ellipsoid, variable in size, 42-110 » long, 20-40 » thick.—Mudd
Man. p. 276; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 & Monogr. i. p. 509
(incl. var. hexaspora Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 182 (1861) ) ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 244; ed. 3, p. 234. P. communis var. leioplaca
Turn. & Borr. ex Scher. 1. c. & Lich. Brit. p. 197. Porina
leioplaca Ach. in K. Vet. Acad. Handl. xxx. p. 159 (1809) &
Lich. Univ. p. 309, t. 7, fig. 2 (1810) (excel. vars.).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 157 ; Leight. n. 230 ; Mudd nos. 265, 267.

Distinguished by the thin, partly hyphophleodal, thallus and by
the normally 4-spored ascus. Very rarely, there are 8 spores present,
which are then smaller (var. octospora Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 182 (1861 ;
Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Bot. li. p. 251) (1913) ). The reaction with
potash, according to Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 316), is less pro-

2B 2

372 CYCLOCARPINEZ: [PERTUSARIA

nounced in the lighter-coloured thalli. There is a doubtful specimen
recorded from La Moye, Jersey, which is only spermogoniferous.

Hab. On the trunks of trees from maritime to upland situations.
—Distr. Fairly common in most parts of the British Islands.—B. M.
La Moye, Jersey ? Withiel, Cornwall; Widdecombe, Lydford, Lust-
leigh and Torquay, Devon; Hinton Abbey, Somerset; New Forest,
Hants; Shanklin, I. of Wight; St. Leonard’s Forest, Lindfield,
Danny and Handcross, Sussex; Ightham, Kent; near Highbeach,
Epping Forest, Hockley and Hadleigh Woods and near Bocking,
Essex; near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Woodbury Hill and
Malvern, Worcestershire; Gopsall Park and Twycross, Leicester-
shire; near Oswestry and Nesscliff, Shropshire ; Gloddaeth, Carnar-
vonshire; Bettws-y-coed, Denbighshire; Anglesea; Newton Wood
and Sowerdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lamplugh, Cumberland ;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Calliach and Falls of Moness, Aberfeldy, Perth-
shire; Moor of Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire; Enniskean, Cork; Kenmore, M‘Carthy’s Island, Upper Lake
and Dinish, Killarney, Kerry ; Renvyle Wood, Connemara, Galway ;
Westport, Mayo.

24. P. xanthostoma Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 426 (1831).—Thallus
effuse, thin, smooth, white, the fertile verruce scattered, sub-
globose (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia 1 to 5 in each verruca, the
ostiole punctiform then opening to discoid form, pale yellowish
flesh-coloured ; spores up to 6 in the ascus, 55-75 p long, 30-40 p
thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 141 (1875) ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. ed. 3, p. 235. Porina wanthostoma Sommerf. in Vet. Acad.
Handl. 1823 [1824], p. 115.

The fertile verruce strongly resemble the apothecia of Lecanora
pormiformis or early stages of L. parella, but the plant can be
distinguished by differences in thallus, etc.

Hab. On old stems of heather, etc., in alpine and subalpine
localities.—Dzstr. Rare in the Grampians and Highlands of Scotland.
—B. M. Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Lairg, Sutherland-
shire.

Thallus sorediate.

25. P. lutescens Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 427
(1878).—Thallus subeffuse, thickish, unequal, warted or areolate,
the thallus generally covered with sorediate verruce, greenish-
yellow (K(CaCl) + orange-yellow). Apothecia rare, the disc
open, black, the margin tumid ; spores rarely 8 in the ascus
(usually 4-7), about 66 » long, 36 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea
xix. p. 59 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 507. P. fallax var. variolosa
Fries Lich. Eur. p. 425 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 276. Lichen
lutescens Hoffm. Enum. Lich. p. 3 (1784). Lepra lutescens
Hoffm. Pl. Lich. p. 100, t. 23, ff. 1, 2 (1790). Lepraria
lutescens Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1529 (1806). Isidiwm lutescens Turn.
& Borr, ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 320 (1833) & Lich. Brit.
p. 87.

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACE® O13

Somewhat similar to P. sulphwrea in colour, but differing in the
habitat and in the constantly furfuraceous thallus. All the specimens
available for examination are sterile, though fruiting forms have been
collected on the continent. The spore sizes are quoted from Harmand
(Lich, Fr. v. p. 1138). He gives the hymenial reaction as CaCl +
rose.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, chiefly oaks.—Distr. Rare in
S.W. and N. England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Hurstpierpoint,
Sussex; Ockham, Surrey, Epping Forest, Essex; Ickworth Park,
Suffolk ; Oswestry, Shropshire ; near Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

D. Spores usually eight in the ascus.
Thallus non-sorediate.

26. P. oculata Th..Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 307 (1871).—Thallus
effuse, mostly coralloid-papillate, the papille rather slender,
smooth, rounded at the tips, which are frequently occupied by
dark-coloured spermogones, white or greyish (K + yellow, then
reddish). Apothecia immersed in the apices of the papille, the
disc blackish, the thalline margin tumid, entire ; spores 8 in the
ascus, ellipsoid, 18-30 » long, 11-14 w thick.—Lichen oculatus
Dicks. Pl. Crypt. ii. p. 17, t. 6, fig. 5 (1790); With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 7. Isidiuwm oculatum Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 140 (1803) ;
Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 232 pro parte & Lich.
Brit. p. 105 (excl. vars.). Lecanora oculata Ach. Syn. Lich.
p. 148 (1814); Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 47 pro parte; Mudd Man.
p- 156; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 56 & Monogr. i. p. 465 (incl.
f. depressa) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 200; ed. 3, 173.

Frequently classified under Lecanora. It looks like a miniature
form of P. dactylina. It has been impossible, in the absence of
apothecia in all available specimens, to verify the details as to spores,
etc. Spermogones are more generally present.

Hab. On mosses on the ground, rarely on schistose rocks in alpine
localities.— Distr. Rare on the summits of the Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M. Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Cairngorm,
Cairntoul and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

27. P. carneopallida Anzi ex Nyl. in Flora li. p. 478 (1868).—
Thallus developed under the bark (hypophleodal) in spots, pale
yellowish (in dried specimens) (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia erum-
pent, small, not prominent, the disc flesh-coloured, covered at
first, plane, then somewhat convex and naked with an irregular
minutely sublobate margin ; spores 8 in the ascus, rather small,
ellipsoid, 18-32 long, 11-20 p» thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xii,
p- 60 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 507. Lichen cupularis With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 22 (1796) (non Ehrh.) pro parte (hab. on trees)
fide Crombie ll. c. Lecidea carneopallida Nyl. Bot. Not. 1853,
p. 183 & Lich. Scand. p. 196, t. 1, fig. 9.

A Scandinavian plant not unlike Gyalecta carneolutea; it has
only once been collected in Great Britain. It was first recorded by

74 CYCLOCARPINEX [PERTUSARIA

Sommerfelt in Fl. Lapp. Suppl. p. 85 (1826) as Lecidea carneolutea
(non Turn.) with the name Lecidea protuberans Sommerf. in litt. in
the.synonymy. The first of these names was based on error, the second
is a syonym which has been republished by Th. Fries in Lich. Arct.
p. 102 (1860) as Lecanora protuberans and in Lich. Scand. p. 305 as
Pertusaria protuberans. Nylander’s is the first authentic name.

Hab. On the bark of alders in mountainous regions; recorded by
Crombie from Appin, Argyll.

28. P. Wulfenii DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 320 (1805).—Thallus effuse
or determinate, thin and membranaceous or becoming thickish,
wrinkled or areolate-cracked, whitish- or yellowish-grey (K+
yellowish, K(CaCl) + orange-yellow). Fertile verrucee numerous,
sometimes confiuent, of irregular form, with one or several
apothecia, at first with punctiform ostioles, then enlarging to a
dark-coloured (more rarely flesh-coloured) disc, with an irregular
tumid crenate margin; epithecium K + violet; spores usually
8 in the ascus (sometimes fewer), 58-115 p long, 28-50 p thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 60 & Monogr. i. p. 505 (incl. var. glabrescens).
P. fallax Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 160 (1833); Leight.
Angioc. Lich. p. 29, t. 10, fig. 2 (1851) & Lich. Fl. p. 240 pro
parte; ed. 3, p. 231; Mudd Man. p. 276. Lichenoides verrucosum
et rugosum, cinereum, glabrum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 128, t. 18,
fig. 9 pro parte (1741). Lichen hymenius Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p. 80 (1798)? Engl. Bot. t. 1731. Thelotrema hymenium Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 133 (1803)? Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 185
pro parte. Verrucaria fallax Pers. ex Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 133
(1803)? nomen nudum. Porina fallax Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 110
(1814); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 102. P. hymenea
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 495 (1821).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 100 ; Johns. nos. 154, 166 (as var. diffracta) ;
Leight. n. 71 ; Mudd n. 266.

Similar to P. pertusa in habitat and in the peculiar reaction of
the epithecium with potash, but differing in the wide open disc, and
in the number of the spores; these vary considerably in size according
to the number in the ascus and to the stage of maturity; the sizes
recorded in British Floras are too small. The thallus varies from a
thin film with prominent verruce (var.*glabrescens Nyl. in Bull. Soc.
Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 290 (1872)), to a thick coarsely cracked-
areolate crust (var. diffracta Johns. exs. n. 156). There are numerous
intermediate stages, and they evidently depend on the type of bark
on which the plant grows. Though normally a corticolous species, it
may stray to other substrata; a specimen from a stone and mortar
wall, collected at Belclare, Mayo, is typical P. Wulfenii, and quite
distinct from var. rupicola (P, sulphurea), and with a more developed
thallus than form sparsilis. According to Th. Fries (Lich. Scand.
p. 317), Lichen hymenius Ach. more probably represents a form of
P. leioplaca, while the original Verrucaria fallax Pers. is synonymous
with P. pustulata (tom. cit. p. 313).

Hab. On trunks of trees in parks and woods (rarely saxicolous).
—Distr, General and fairly common in the wooded districts of the

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEE 375

British Isles.—B. M. Boconnoc and Withiel, Cornwall; near Totness
and Lustleigh, Devon; New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest,
Tilgate and Chanctonbury, Sussex; Penshurst, Kent; Epping and
Hainault Forests, Hadleigh Woods, Messing, Weald Hall and Mark’s
Hall, Essex; Sotterly, Ugley and Yarmouth, Suffolk; Batheaston,
Somerset; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Dolgelly and Aber-
dovey, Merioneth; Capel Curig and near Conway, Carnarvonshire ;
Trefriw, Denbighshire; Oswestry and Llanyblodwell, Shropshire ;
Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Calder
Abbey, Keswick and Greenbank, Whitehaven, Cumberland ; Bareal-
dine, Argyll; Aberfeldy, Craig Calliach and Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Durris, Kincardineshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Castlebernard Park, Cork; Dinish, Killarney, Kerry; Belclare, Mayo.

Form carnea Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 424 (1831).—Thallus as in the
species. Apothecial disc protruding, tumid and flesh-coloured.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 506.
Thelotrema hymenium var. carneum Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p- 185 (1839).

Probably only a growth condition, and perhaps due to extremely
moist conditions.

Hab. On trees.—Distr, Local and rare in 8. England.—2. M. New

Forest, Hants; Eridge Park, Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; Toy’s Hill,
Canterbury, Kent.

Form sparsilis Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 506 (1894).—Thallus
very scanty or obsolete, whitish, the fertile verruce scattered,
otherwise as in the species.—P. fallax f. sparsilis Nyl. ex Leight.
Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 232 (1879).

A peculiar growth condition, also probably depending, as has been
suggested, on the habitat.

Hab. On moist shady rocks.—B. M. Near Lough Inagh, Conne-
mara, Galway (the only British locality).

Var. rugosa Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 290
(1872); Johns. exs. n. 155.—Thallus thick, coarsely warted ;
otherwise as in the species.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 155.

Perhaps more a growth form than a variety. The thallus is very
thick and crowdedly warted; the apothecia are numerous. Inter-
mediate states are not wanting.

Hab. On old trees and rails.— 2. M. Cumberland (the only British
record).

29. P. inquinata Th. Fr. in Bot. Not. 1867, p. 108.—Thallus
rather thin, continuous or cracked-areolate, sometimes warted-
granulate, dark, or pale-grey (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia one or
several in more or less prominent warts, the discs rather open,
irregular, rounded or angular, with thin persistent paler margins
surrounding one or several confluent discs ; epithecium brownish
(K + dull purple or violet) ; spores 8 in the ascus, with thickish

376 CYCLOCARPINEE [PERTUSARIA

walls, 25-30 » long, 14-18 » thick.—Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 235; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 508. Lecanora coarctata var.
inquinata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 353 (1810).

Exsiec. Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number).

Easily distinguished by the several minute dark ostioles grouped
in a common prominent disc. Both species and form are not unlike
some forms of Lecanora (Aspicilia) cinerea.

Hab. On rocks in maritime and upland regions.—Distr. Scarce in
N.E. England, W. Scotland and W. Ireland.—B. M. Barcaldine,
Argyll; Lettermore, Connemara, Ireland.

Form nolens Harm. Lich. Fr. v. p. 1133 (1913).—Thallus
smooth, cracked-areolate. Apothecia one or more innate in the
areolx, depressed:; spores 30-42 » long, 15-22 » thick. P. nolens
Nyl. in Flora xlvii. p. 489 (1864) ; Carrollin Journ. Bot. iii. p. 289
(1865) ; Jones in Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin iv. p. 133 (1865) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 & Monogr. i. p. 508; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 245; ed. 3, p. 235.

Frequently regarded as synonymous with the species, but distinct
in the depressed apothecia and the somewhat large spores. The
epithecium gives the same reaction with potash.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Rare in W. and
N.E. Ireland.—Distr. Glenarm, Antrim; Lough Feagh, near Lough
Muck, Connemara, Galway.

Thallus sometimes sorediate.

30. P. sulphurea Scher. Enum. p. 228 (1850) ; emend Massal.
Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 187 (1852).—Thallus effuse, thin or often
rather thick, plane- or warted-areolate, sometimes scabrous-
sorediate, sulphur- or greenish-yellow coloured (K(CaCl) + orange,
or yellowish-red), Fertile verrucz i irregular, at first
with punctiform dark ostioles, the disc widening, with a tumid
crenate margin ; epithecium K + violet ; spores 8 in the ascus,
variable in size, 50-80 p long, 25-30 yp thick.—P. sulphurea var.
rupicola Scher. Enum. p. 229 (1850). P. fallax var. sulphurea
Mudd Man. p. 276 (1861); form swlphurea Leight. Lich. Fl.
ed. 2, p. 482; ed. 3, p. 231. P. Wulfenii var. rupicola Nyl. in
Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 290 (1872); Cromb. in
Grevillea xix. p. 59 (1891) & Monogr. i. p. 507. Endocarpon
sulphureum Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 100 (1836); Leight.
Angioc. Lich. p. 15, t. 3, fig. 4.

Frequently regarded as a variety of P. Wulfeni, but differing in
colour, habitat, in the presence of soredia and in the spores. The
sizes given of these have been measured from Scheerer’s specimen
(exs. n. 595). British specimens are mostly sterile and several of
them are dotted with small round lighter-coloured sorediose verruce,
well seen in Taylor’s specimen of Hndocarpon sulphwrewm from
Dunkerron. Though the latter represents the earliest trivial name,
Scherer’s later designation is a coincidence merely and was not based
on Taylor’s plant.

PERTUSARIA | PERTUSARIACEX ane

Hab. On rocks in maritime and mountainous regions.—Distr.
Rather rare in Wales, N. England, S.W. Highlands of Scotland and
S. and W. Ireland.—B. M. Dolgelly, Merioneth; Anglesea; Ingleby
Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Lismore, Argyll; The Trossachs, Perth-
shire ; Dunkerron, Kerry; Belclare and Corraun Mt., Achill, Mayo.

31. P. gyrocheila Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 354 (1865).—Thallus
effuse or determinate, unequally granulate, deeply cracked, grey
(K + yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia in prominent tubercles, simple
or becoming subgyrose, with the disc labyrinthine (glypholeceine) ;
spores 8 in the ascus, 68-70 w long, 36-50 » thick; hymenial
gelatine and asci bluish with iodine.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv.
p. 23 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 & Monogr. i. p. 509;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 241; ed 3, p. 232.

The above description is taken from Nylander. Of the two
specimens in the British herbarium from rocks, Ben Lawers, deter-
mined as P. gyrocheila, one may be perhaps considered a co-type, as
it presumably forms part of the original collection; the other, also
from Ben Lawers, was collected by Crombie. The material is too
scanty to permit of exhaustive examination, but, as far as can be
judged, they are very weathered exposed forms of Lecanora tartarea
with exactly the same thalline reaction and the same size of spores
as in that species. A series of somewhat similar specimens collected
by the late W. West in Shetland and the Outer Hebrides were at
first determined as Pertusaria gyrocheila, but finally were proved to
be Lecanora tartarea, with transition stages from a normal open dise
to a gyrose apothecium.

57. VARICELLARIA Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v.
p. 117 (1857); Lich. Scand. p. 182. (PI. 57.)

Thallus thinly crustaceous, corticate. Apothecia in convex
verruce, deeply immersed ; paraphyses slender, branched, intricate ;
asci l-spored ; spores very large, ellipsoid, 1-septate, colourless.
Spermogones unknown.

According to Darbishire (Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xxii. p. 631 (1897) )
there is generally a cortex of plectenchyma about two cells thick both
above and below. Strong hyphe traverse the internal tissue, uniting

the two cortices, while from the lower cortex rhizine are produced,
which attach the thallus to the substratum.

1. V. microsticta Nyl. ll.c.—Thallus subdeterminate, unequal,
thin, smooth, sometimes isidiose or leprose, whitish (K —, CaCl —).
Apothecia usually solitary in the fertile verrucs, of which several
may be confluent, at first immersed then opening, the disc pale-
reddish or flesh-coloured, generally white-suffused from the breaking
down of the overlying tissues, the margins also suffused ; spores
very large, 225-350 w long, 95-115 w thick; hymenial gelatine
and asci deep-blue with iodine.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272
(1882) & Monogr. i. p. 511.

Sufficiently distinguished by the 2-celled enormous spore, the
largest known in lichens. When poorly developed it resembles

378 CYCLOCARPINEE: [ VARICELLARIA

Pertusaria. Th. Fries (Lich. Scand. p. 322) states that Pertwsaria
rhodocarpa Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 384 (1855) is identical from
an examination of Koerber’s plant; but the diagnosis does not corre-
spond, the spores being described as 1-celled, etc., so that Nylander’s
name must be retained.

Hab. On mosses on the ground in an alpine situation.—B. M.
Ben Avon, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Orper XV. THELOTREMACES.

Thallus crustaceous, thin or thickish, mostly non-corticate.

Algal cells Trentepohlia or Protococcus. Apothecia at first
immersed and closed, then more or less open, with a proper
margin generally well developed, and usually surrounded by a
converging thalline margin; paraphyses simple or branched ;
spores 1-8 in the ascus, elongate-septate, or muriform, rather
large, colourless or dark-coloured. Spermogones with acro-
genous short, or long and curved, spermatia.

The immersed apothecia of the order recall those of Pertusariacee,
though in the latter the proper margin is undeveloped; it is also
poorly represented in Phlyctis, while in Conotrema it is the thalline
margin that tends to disappear. The paraphyses are of the lecanorine
type. Conotrema is described in Monogr. ii. p. 1.

The British genera are as follows :—

Algal cells Trentepohlia.

Spores septate or muriform.............. 58. Thelotrema.
Algal cells Protococcus.

(Spores elongate, multi-septate (see

Monogr. iis0p.7 Li... sere se aeeure Conotrema).
Spores muriform, colourless ............. 59. Phlyctis.
Spores muriform, dark-coloured......... 60. Diploschistes.

58. THELOTREMA Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 130 (1803) ;
emend Lich. Univ. p. 312 (1810). (PI. 58.)

Thallus crustaceous, superficial or partly developed beneath
the bark, non-corticate, or with an amorphous cortex, attached
by hyphe. Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia at first
immersed, then emerging like small verruce, the disc half-
concealed or opening out, the inner proper margin persistent,
continued or wanting below the hypothecium, the outer thalline
margin prominent, overarching the disc; spores 1-8 in the
ascus, oblong or fusiform, usually colourless, septate or irregularly
muriform.

The genus is characterized by the erater-like apothecia and by
the septate or muriform spores. It is poorly represented in Europe,
nearly all the species belong to the warmer regions of the globe.

1. Th. lepadinum Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 132 (1803) & Lich.
Univ. p. 312, t. 6, fig. 1 (1810).—Thallus rather thin, smooth or

THELOTREMA | THELOTREMACEX 379

slightly wrinkled, somewhat shining, whitish or straw-coloured
(K + reddish, CaCl —). Apothecia moderate in size (1-2 mm.
across), numerous, prominent as a wart-like elevation, the disc
semi-enclosed, dark-brown or blackish, pruinose or naked, the
thalline margin thin, inflexed, even and sharp at the edge;
paraphyses massed, coherent, slender, slightly clavate and often
brown at the tips; spores 2—8 in the ascus, oblong-fusiform,
colourless, 35-70 » long, 11-16 » thick (or larger) ; septate and
partly muriform ; hymenial gelatine bluish with iodine.—Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 45 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 161; 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr, i, p. 494; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 330; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 102; Turn. & Borr. Lich, Brit. p. 180; Leight.
Angioc. Lich. p. 31, t. 12, fig. 1 & Lich. Fl..p. 247; ed. 3,
p- 238; Mudd Man. p. 278, t. 5, fig. 116; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 61 & Monogr. i. p. 513. Lichen lepadinus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 30 (1798). L. inclusus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 678 (1799).

Exsicc. Baxter's Stirp. Crypt. Ox. n. 20; Bohl. n. 29;
Johns. n. 158; Leight. n. 121; Mudd n. 268.

The apothecia are numerous and are very markedly crater-like.
The spore sizes given above are too small, as they measure not
unfrequently up to 95 or 100 uw long, 22 » thick; as in other instances,
the size is relative to the number of spores in the ascus, sometimes
they have a thick epispore.

Hab. On smooth bark of trees from maritime to upland districts.—
Distr. General and common in England, apparently rare in Scotland
and Ireland.—B. M. St. Breock, Cornwall; New Forest and South-
ampton Common, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, near Tunbridge
Wells and Ardingly, Sussex; Ightham, Kent; Ugley, Walthamstow,
near Ingatestone and Hockley Woods, Essex; Bagley Wood, Berks ;
Leigh Woods near Bristol, Gloucestershire ; Hollybush Hill, Malvern,
Worcestershire; Hafod, Cardiganshire; Haughmond Hill, Church
Stretton and Acton Burnell Hill, Shropshire ; Charnwood Forest and
Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Cwm Bychan and Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Calder Abbey,
Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Foot of Ben Lomond,
Dumbartonshire; Appin, Argyll; Glen Falloch and Loch Katrine,
Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Riverstone, Cork;
Killarney, Kerry ; Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. scutelliforme Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 313 (1810) & Syn.
Lich. p. 115 (1814).—Thallus rather thick, unequal and some-
times sorediose, light-coloured. Apothecia crowded, the disc
more open, and the thalline margin tumid and rugose.—Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 103 (1836); Cromb. in Grevillea xix.
p- 60 & Monogr. i. p. 514 (incl. f. rupestre) ; var. rupestre Turn.
& Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 180 (1839); Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 32,
t. 12, fig. 2; Mudd Man. p. 278; form rupestre Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 61 (1870) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 248; ed. 3, p. 238.

A well-marked variety in the extreme forms; the apothecia are
generally very crowded and offen in prominent groups, due apparently
to inequalities of the substratum.

380 CYCLOCARPINEE [THELOTREMA

Hab. On rugged bark of trees or on rocks in maritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Sparingly throughout the British Isles.—B. M.
New Forest, Hants; Nannau, Lyn Bodlyn and Cammlan Valley,
Merioneth ; Garn, Denbighshire ; Teesdale, Durham; Wark, North-
umberland ; Lismore, Argyll; Glenstale, Tipperary ; Kenmore Road
and Derrycuintry, Killarney, Kerry ; Kylemore and Doughruagh Mts.,
Connemara, Galway.

2. Th. subtile Tuckerm. in Americ. Journ. Sci. Art. xxv.
p. 426 (1858); Nyl. in Flora xlvii. p. 491 (1864) note.—Thallus
thin, generally determinate, smooth or somewhat felted, some-
times shining, cream-coloured or whitish (Kf + yellow, CaCl —).
Apothecia erumpent, small, the disc whitish, the proper margin
prominent, often white-pulverulent ; paraphyses slender, not
widened upwards, budding off small colourless cells at the tips ;
spores 8 in the ascus, narrowly elongate 9—12-septate, 40-50 p»
long, 8-10 » thick.—Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 289 (1865) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 & Monogr. i. p. 515 ; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 248 ; ed. 3, p. 239.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 169 ; Larb. Lich. Hb, n. 62.

An American species, the European representatives of which are
confined to our western shores. Nylander (I. c.) states that its
affinity is with Th. bicinctulwum, an Australasian species. The
specimen from Moidart was collected by the late Mr. W. West.

Hab. On smooth bark of trees in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in
Seotland and W. Iveland.—B. M. Moidart, Invernessshire; Tore Mt.,
Cromaglown and Lough Inchiquin, Kerry ; Lough Derryclare, Holy
Island and Lough Inagh, Connemara, Galway.

59. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg. Flecht. i. p. 527 (1825)
emend Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 390 (1855). (Pl. 59.)

Thallus crustaceous, continuous or cracked, or pulverulent,
developed above or beneath the bark. Algal cells Protococeus.
Apothecia immersed, then scarcely emerging, the proper margin
poorly developed, the outer thalline margin irregularly dehiscent
or indistinct ; paraphyses slender, mostly unbranched ; spores
1-8 in the ascus, elongate or ellipsoid, muriform, with a thin
epispore, colourless. Spermogones with simple sterigmata and
short slender straight spermatia.

Though placed by some lichenologists in Lecanoracer, the
immersed apothecia and muriform spores show the affinity with
Thelotremacer. In appearance'the species are not unlike Pertusarie.

1. Phil. agelea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 391 (1855).—
Thallus effuse or subdeterminate, thin, partly developed beneath
the bark, smooth or somewhat wrinkled, often pulverulent, white
or greyish-white (K + yellow, then red). Apothecia small, one
or several enclosed in rather flat pulverulent verruce, the disc
flesh-coloured then dark, the surrounding margin somewhat tumid
and torn; spores 2 (or 3-4) in the ascus, ellipsoid, muriform,

PHLYCTIS | THELOTREMACEX 381

with an apiculus at each end 35-80 yw long, 11-32 » thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 279, t. 5, fig. 118; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 &
Monogr. i. p. 512; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 246; ed. 3, p. 237.
Lichen agelzeus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 30 (1798) ; Engl. Bot.
t. 1730. Thelotrema agelea 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 494
(1821) pro parte. Variolaria agelea Turn. & Borr. ex Hook.
in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 171 (1833) & Lich. Brit. p. 78. V. con-
stellata Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 113 (1836) pro parte.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 282 ; Mudd n. 269.

The thallus is thin and often spreads widely over the bark.
Apothecia are generally numerous and become dark with age, though
for the most part covered over by the leprose thallus. This species
and the following have recently been reported from Perthshire by
Wheldon and Wilson (Journ. Bot. 1915, Suppl. p. 45).

Hab. On trunks of trees in maritime and inland situations.—
Distr. Fairly common throughout England, rare in S. Ireland and
Seotland.—B. M. Arton near Totnes and Ilsham Walk, Torquay,
Devon ; Carisbrooke, I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants ; near Lindfield,
Glynde and Henfield, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Penshurst, Kent ;
Epping Forest, Quendon, Rickling, Hadleigh Woods and Stansted
Mountfitchet, Essex; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Cirencester,
Gloucestershire; Forden, Montgomeryshire; Huglith, near Church
Stretton and Oswestry, Shropshire; Barmouth and Aberdovey,
Merioneth; Harboro’ Magna, Warwickshire; Airyholm Wood and
Hoggart’s Wood, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kitsboro’, Riverstone and
Castlebernard Park, Cork; Askew Wood and Dunkerron, Killarney,
Kerry.

2. Phi. argena Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 391 (1855).—
Thallus effuse, thin, smooth or wrinkled, pulverulent, silvery-
grey or cream-coloured (K + yellow then deep red). Apothecia
small, the disc blackish and pruinose ; spores | in the ascus,
oblong-ellipsoid, not apiculate, very large, 100-140 y» long,
27-50 p thick.—Mudd Man. p. 280 ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 61 &
Monogr. i. p. 513; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 246; ed. 3, p. 237
Lichen argenus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr p. 8 (1798) ; Engl. Bot.
t. 1923. Variolaria argena Turn. & Borr. ex Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 171 (1833) & Lich. Brit. p. 75.

Differs from the preceding in-the somewhat thinner more pul-
verulent thallus, and in the non-apiculate spores. Fruiting specimens
are not common. ;

Hab. On the trunks of old trees in upland districts.—Distr. Rather
rare in 8.W. and Central England.—B. M. Beckey Falls, Devon;
New Forest, Hants; Shiere and Haslemere, Surrey ; Ightham, Kent;
Epping Forest, Gosfield Hall and Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex;
Burnham Beeches, Bucks; Charnwood Forest and Gopsall Wood,
Leicestershire ; Broadwas and near Worcester ; Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Oswestry, Shropshire.

60. DIPLOSCHISTES Norm. in Nyt. Mag. Nat. Vidensk. vii.
p. 232 (1853). Urceolaria Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 141 (1803) pro
parte (non Willd.) ; 8. F. Gray. Nat. Arr. i. p. 457 pro parte;

382 CYCLOCARPINEE [DIPLOSCHISTES
Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 330 pro parte; Hook. in Sm. Eng. Fl. v.
p. 171 pro parte ; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 132 pro parte;
emend. Nyl. in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 180 (1855) ;
Mudd Man. p. 165; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234; ed. 3, p. 239;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 515. (Pl. 60.)

Thallus crustaceous, generally areolate, rarely obsolete, non-
corticate or with an imperfect cortex. Algal cells Protococcus.
Apothecia immersed-urceolate, with a well-developed proper
margin, and an outer persistent or disappearing thalline margin ;
paraphyses slender; spores 4-8 in the ascus, muriform, dark-
coloured. Spermogones with short cylindrical straight spermatia.

A small genus not unlike Thelotrema in the form of the apothecia,
but with different algal cells. The name Urceolaria was given by
Willdenow (ex Cothen. Disp. Veg. Meth. p. 10 (1790)) to a genus of
Rubiacez.

1. D. scruposus Norm. in Nyt. Mag. Nat. Vidensk. vii.
p. 232 (1853).—Thallus determinate or effuse, thickish, uneven,
granulate- or warted-areolate, deeply cracked, grey, greyish-
white or dark-grey (K + yellowish, CaCl + red, I = blue).
Apothecia moderate in size, crater-like, the disc blackish, more
or less pruinose, the proper margin greyish black, connivent, the
thalline margin thickish, sometimes wrinkled or crenulate and
overarching, or the disc widening, and the thalline margin thin,
entire at the edge; hypothecium black; paraphyses slender,
somewhat flexuose, brownish at the tips; spores ellipsoid,
5-septate, the middle cells longitudinally divided, colourless
then dark-brown, about 22-38 » long, 10-15 » thick ; hymenial
gelatine yellow with iodine.—Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum,
scutellis nigricantibus majoribus et minoribus Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 133, t. 18, fig. 15B (1741). Lichen scruposus Schreb. Spicil.
Fl. Lips. p. 133 (1771) ; Dicks. Pl. Cryptiefase. i. p. 11; Engl.
Bot. t. 266; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 19. Ureeolaria scruposa
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 147 (1803) (incl. var. plumbea) ; 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 459; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 331 ; Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 172; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 132; Mudd Man.
p- 165; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234; ed. 3, p. 239; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 516 (incl. f. plumbea). Lecanora scruposa Sommerf.
Fl. Lapp. Suppl. p. 100 (1826); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58.

Eazsice. Cromb. n. 75; Johns. n. 159; Larb. Cantab. n. 35 &
Lich. Hb. n. 136; Leight. nos. 54, 379; Mudd n. 137.

Easily distinguished by the characters both of the thallus and of
the apothecia. The former varies, but in general it is thick and
irregular; in some situations it is darker-coloured (f. plumbea). The
reaction of the medulla with iodine is frequently indistinct. Lichen
scruwposus has been erroneously credited to Linnzeus by Krempelhuber
and succeeding lichenologists. The name was first used by Schreber.

Hab. On rocks and walls, rarely on old wood or on calcareous
soil, from maritime to upland districts.—Dzstr. General and common
throughout the British Isles—B. M. Jersey; Guernsey; near

DIPLOSCHISTES | THELOTREMACEX 383

Penzance and near Padstow, Cornwall; near Shanklin, I. of Wight;
Shaston (Shaftesbury), Dorset; Barton Mills, Maresfield, West
Hoathly, Danny and Pulborough, Sussex; Walthamstow (?), Essex ;
Kew Gardens, Surrey (1798) ; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Wig-
more Church, Herefordshire ; near Worcester, Pershore and Malvern,
Worcestershire; Leamington, Warwickshire; Ampthill, Bedford-
shire; Gogmagog hill and Cheveley Park, Cambridgeshire ; Thetford
Warren and Livermore, Suffolk ; Charnwood Forest and Bardon Hill,
Leicestershire ; Oswestry, Newport, Grinshill, near Shrewsbury and
High Rock, Bridgenorth, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Bedd
Gelert and Nant Ffrancon, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Buxton,
Derbyshire; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham;
Roman Wall, Chesters, Northumberland ; Windermere and Staveley,
Westmoreland; Alston and SBassenthwaite, Cumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; King’s Park and Craiglockhart, Edin-
burgh; West Water, Fifeshire; near Dunkeld, Killin and Ben
Vrackie, Perthshire; Strathmartine and Den of Mains, Forfarshire :
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Fort William, Inverness-
shire; Kileully, Cork ; Loughcooter, Galway.

2. D. bryophilus Zahlbr. in Hedwigia xxxi. p.:34 (1892).—
Thallus effuse, rather thin and sometimes pulverulent or some-
times almost obsolete (CaCl+ red). Apothecia generally numerous,
prominent, the disc opening widely, black, whitish-pruinose, the
thalline margin often thin and entire or somewhat turgid, wrinkled
or crenulate ; spores, etc., as in D. seruposus. Lichen bryophilus
Ehrh. exs. n. 236 (1791) nomen nudum in Beitr. Naturk. vii.
p. 102 (1792) (cf. Arn. in Flora Ixiii. p. 554). Urceolaria
seruposa var. bryophila Scher. Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 75 (1826) ;
Mudd Man. p. 165; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58 ; f. bryophila Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 235 (1871); ed. 3, p. 240; subsp. bryophila Nyl. ex
Norrl. in Medd, Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. i. p. 27 (1876) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 517.

Easicc. Johns. n. 280; Larb. Lich. Hb. nos. 63, 221; Leight.
nos. 359, 360.

Generally regarded as a species, though possibly only a variety of
D, scruposus, and differing chiefly in the habitat and in the more
scanty thallus. The pulverulent condition has been recorded as
Urceolaria scruposa var. dealbata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 341 (1810).
Not unfrequently it spreads to Cladonia squamules, where its own
thallus often practically disappears, and the fruits which are freely
produced are semi-parasitic on the Cladonia. The base of the
apothecium is embedded in the host, the tissue of which is dis-
coloured and injured immediately below. This condition has been
recorded as Lecanora scruposa var. parasitica Sommerf. Fl. Lapp.
Suppl. p. 100 (1826) pro parte (fide Crombie) and as subsp. bryophila
f, ecrustacea Cromb. in Greyillea xix. p. 60 (1891).

Hab. Spreading over mosses, humus and Cladonia squamules in
maritime and upland regions.—Distr. Not uncommon in the British
Islands.—B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; St. Minver and Penzance, Corn-
wall; near Torquay and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Bathford Hill,
Somerset ; Wotton-under-Edge and Pembury Park, Cirencester, Glou-
cestershire ; Chelmsford and Epping Forest, Essex; Thetford Warren,
Norfolk; Dolgelly and Barmouth, Merioneth; High Rocks, Bridge-

384 CYCLOCARPINEX [ DIPLOSCHISTES

north, Shropshire; Matlock, Derbyshire; Langbaurgh, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; Lismore and Appin, Argyll; Glen
Lochay, Ben Lawers, Craig Tulloch and Blaeberry Hill, Perthshire ;
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Kileully, Cork; Killarney,
Kerry ; Glen Inagh, Connemara, Galway; Deer Park, Belfast, Antrim.

3. D. gypsaceus Zahlbr. in Hedwigia xxxi. p. 35 (1892).—
Thallus thick, soft, continuous or cracked, unequally wrinkled,
more or less pulverulent (K —, CaCl + red). Apothecia immersed
in the thallus, the dise blackish, white-pruinose, small and enclosed
or widening to about 2 mm. across, the thalline margin scarcely
perceptible or turgid ; hymenium dark-brown; paraphyses slender,
intricate, budding offsmall cells at the tips ; spores oblong-ellipsoid
up to 8-septate, irregularly muriform, 23-42 p, long, 9-17 p thick;
hymenial gelatine faintly bluish then yellowish with iodine.-—
Urceolaria scruposa var. albissima Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 147 (1803) ;
f. gypsacea Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 234; ed. 3, p. 239. U. gypsacea
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 338 (1810) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 60
(1891) & Monogr. i. p. 518.

Differs from D. seruposa in the whiter softer pulverulent thallus
and in the spore characters. As to the latter, all measurements taken
_ agree with the above sizes given by Harmand, though Crombie has

stated them to be up to 57 » long and 16-24 » thick. Crombie also
points out as a specific character that the medulla of the thallus does
not turn blue with iodine.

Hab. On calcareous and cretaceous rocks in maritime and upland
districts. Distr. Recorded from few localities in S. and Central
England, 8. Wales and W. Ireland; probably overlooked.—B. M.
The Downs, Lewes, Sussex; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; N. Derby-
shire; Aberdw Rocks, Brecknockshire ; Glencorbot, Connemara,
Galway.

4. D. actinostomus Zahlbr. in Hedwigia xxxi. p. 34 (1892).
—Thallus subdeterminate, thickish, rather Uniform and smooth,
cracked-areolate, the areole more or less convex, light-grey (K —,
CaCl + red, IF }),.). Apothecia minute, one or several immersed
in an areola, the disc punctiform, enclosed, then opening and
somewhat plane, blackish, whitish-grey-pruinose, the proper
margin finely striate, the thalline margin thickish, not prominent;
hypothecium narrow, brown; parapliyses slender, intricate ; spores
rather broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, 5—6-septate and muriform, up
to 35 w long, 16-20 » thick ; hymenial gelatine slightly tinged,
blue then yellow with iodine.—Urceolaria actinostoma Pers. ex
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 288 (1810); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xxiii.
p. 196 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 518.

The species is not represented in our Islands, but only the following
variety. The fruits in their enclosed stage are not unlike a Verrucaria,
and it was so named by Acharius (1. c.). The striate character of the
inner proper margin is mostly obscured by the overlying thalline
margin; it is evidently due to tufts of dark-brown hyphe which are
more or less apart, thus appearing as dark streaks.

DIPLOSCHISTES | THELOVREMACE 385

Var. cesioplumbea A. L. Sm.—Thallus greyish leaden-
coloured somewhat shining. Apothecia as in the species.—Urceo-
laria actinostoma var. cesio-plumbea Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn.
Norm. sér. 2, vi. p. 298 (1872) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 60
(1891) & Monogr. i. p. 518.

Hesicc. Johns. n, 160.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Sparingly in the
Channel Islands and N.W. England.—B. M. Chateau Point, Sark ;
St. Bees, Cumberland.

Orper XVsa. CHRYSOTHRICACEA.

Thallus byssoid, spongy, of branched loosely interwoven
hyphe, not corticate. Algal cells Protococcacee or Trentepohlia,
generally in groups lodged among the hyphe (partly homoio-
merous). Apothecia without a thalline margin, but with a
double proper margin; spores colourless, simple or septate.
Spermogones (seen only in one species), with simple sterigmata
and small spermatia.

The Order was inadvertently omitted from the synoptical list of
Cyclocarpinee (p. 26). It has been placed by Hue in a separate
family ‘“ Intertexte ’’ on account of the byssoid structure. It is not
truly homoiomerous as the alge are mostly congregated near the
surface, a medullary stratum lying between the gonidial zone and the
dark rhizoidal hyphe of the hypothallus. Only one genus is
represented in our country.

Thallus with algal cells, Protococcus ...... 61. Crocynia.

61. CROCYNIA Massal. in Atti Ist. Venet. Sci. Lett. ed
Art. ser. 3, v. p. 251 (1860). Leproloma Nyl. in Flora Ixvi.
p. 107 (1883) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 348. (Pl. 61.)

Thallus of felted intricate hyphe, spreading, noncorticate.
Algal cells Protocoecus or Trentepohlia. Apothecia sessile or
immersed, without a thalline margin, the disc red or blackish ;
paraphyses conglutinate, thickish, not branched ; spores 6-8 in
the ascus, simple or 1—3-septate.

There is only one sterile species recorded in our Islands, though a
number of species also sterile have been found in Northern France
and may have been overlooked here.

1. C. lanuginosa Hue in Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. Cherb. sér. 4,
xxxvul. p. 229 (1909).—Thallus orbicular or effuse, adnate-lobate
at the circumference, granular-pulverulent at the centre, white
or yellowish-white (K —): hypothallus dark-brown, tomentose.
Apothecia not known.—Lichen membranaceus Dicks. Pl. Crypt.
fasc. 2, p. 21, t. 6, fig. 1 (1790)? With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p, 612
DL. lanuginosus Ach, Lich, Suec. Prodr. p. 120 (1798). Parmelia
lanuginosa Ach, Meth, Lich. p. 207 (1803); Hook. FI. Scot. ii.

I, 2c

386 CYCLOCARPINEE [CROCYNIA

p. 53; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 439; Tayl. in Mackay FI.
Hib. ii. p. 148. Squamaria lanuginosa Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p- 196 (1833). Amphiloma lanuginosum Nyl. in Mém. Soc.
Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 110 (1857) ; Mudd Man. p. 126; Cromb.
Lich, Brit. p. 44; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 170; ed. 3, 156. Lepro-
loma lanuginosum Nyl. in Flora Ixvi. p. 107 (1883); Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 348.

Ezxsice. Johns. n. 234; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 332 ; Leight. n. 55.

The plant is always sterile, though Dickson and Acharius both
describe apothecia. It seems doubtful if Dickson were really dealing
with this species. In Acharius’ herbarium there are authentic speci-
mens, but according to Lénnroth (Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 79) they are
all sterile. The early records in our country are all described as
bearing apothecia, until Taylor, who says these bodies had not been
seen in Ireland.

Hab. On decaying mosses on shaded rocks or soil in maritime and
upland districts.—Dvzstr. General and fairly common throughout the
British Isles.—B. M. Rozel, Jersey; Guernsey; Roche Rock, Corn-
wall; Vixen Tor, Dartmoor and Lustleigh Cleeve, Devon; Eridge
Rocks and High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, Sussex; Longmynd Hill,
Haughmond Hill and Craigford, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Falcon
Clints, Durham; Kentmere, Westmoreland; Wastdale, Cumberland ;
Black Craig, New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond,
Dumbartonshire ; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; near Killin, Ben
Lawers, The Trossachs and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Canlochan,
Forfarshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis,
Invernessshire ; near Lairg, Sutherlandshire; Bonane, near Dunkerron,
Kerry.

Dh. .

APPENDIX.

Tue Orders, genera and species described below had already
been published by Crombie in his Monograph, Part 1, before the
preparation of Part 2, in which they should have rightly been
placed, was undertaken. The modern views of affinity accepted
by lichenological students have necessitated the classification
adopted. These Orders were left unnumbered in Part 2; but it
is now possible to indicate the numerical arrangement, not only
of those described here (marked by an asterisk), but of the
remaining Orders of Subseries III. Graphidinex, and of Series IT.
Pyrenocarpez, included in Part 2, to which references are
duly given.
The completed list is as follows :—

Subseries II. CYCLOCARPINEA—continued from p. 26.

Order *XVI. GyropHorace®, Part 2, p. 2; described in whole.
*X VII. Craponiaces, Part 2, p. 2; described in whole.
XVIII. CoENnogontaces#, Part 2, p. 2.

*XITX. Lecipeaces, Part 2, p. 4; described in part.

Subseries II]. GRAPHIDINEZ:.
(Tribe XIX. GrapuipeE!, Part 2, p. 200.)

Order *XX. Dririnacez, Part 2, p. 200; described in whole.
*XXT. RocceLLaces, Part 2, p. 200; described in whole,
XXII. Lecanactracea, Part 2, p. 201.

XXIII. Arrnoniaces, Part 2, p. 205.

XXIV. GraPHIDAced#, Part 2, p. 220.

XXV. CuiopecTonace®, Part 2, p. 258.

388 CYCLOCARPINE [GYROPHORA

Series II. PYRENOCARPINEZ.
(Tribe XX. PyrEnocarpEl, Part 2, p. 263.)

Order *X XVI. Pyrenrp1ace&, Part 2, p. 264; described in part.
» X®&XVIIT. Dermarocarpaces, Part 2, p. 266.
. “XXVIII. Verrucariace&, Part 2, p. 275; described in part.
» *XXIX. Pyrenvuraces, Part 2, p. 312; described in part.
XXX. THELOCARPACES, Part 2, p. 345.
a XXI. TrRYPETHELIACE, Part 2, p. 347.
» ®©XXII. Mycoporaces. Part 2, p. 348.

Orver XVI. GYROPHORACEZ.

Thallus foliose, monophyllous or polyphyllous, corticate on
both surfaces, attached by a central hold-fast or by rhizine.
Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia sessile or almost stalked,
with proper margin only (lecideine) ; the disc plane or furrowed
(gyrose) black; spores 1 to 8 in the ascus, colourless or dark-
brown, simple or muriform. Spermogones with septate sterig-
mata and pleurogenous short spermatia (in British genera).

The Order is now classed with Cladoniacese and Lecideacew on
account of the lecideine fruit.
There are two British genera :—

Apothecia usually with gyrose disc; spores mostly

simple, colourless.cs........\nesadsusmiohs sooceune once ea tam Gyrophora.
Apothecia with plane disc; spores large, muriform,
1150) 2) PEE MEERA Ors ocicuocchiuscetucosose. reer Umbilicaria

GYROPHORA Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 100 (1803). Unmbilicaria
Hoffm. ex Schreb. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. p. 768 (1791) pro parte ;
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 273 (1856) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40. (Pl. 62.)

Thallus monophyllous or polyphyllous, with plectenchymatous
cortex above and below, attached by a central or subcentral
hold-fast and naked below or rhizinose. Apothecial dise plane,
or furrowed more or less concentrically with alternate fertile
and sterile tissue ; hypothecium dark-coloured ; paraphyses sub-
discrete ; asci ellipsoid-cylindrical or broadly ellipsoid, 8-spored ;
spores one-celled (rarely septate), rather small, ellipsoid, colour-
less or becoming brownish.

Acharius substituted for the earlier comprehensive name Umbili-
caria that of Gyrophora, which he considered more descriptive and
more suitable. It is now restricted to those species generally with
gyrose fruits and colourless, mostly simple spores. The gyrose types of

GYROPHORA | GYROPHORACEE 389

fructification were termed “ trice”’ by Acharius (Meth. Lich. p. xvii.),
and after him by some British lichenologists.
The species are classified in two sections :—

Apothecial discs plane..................... i. AGYROPHORA.
Apothecial discs gyrose ................06+ ii. EUGYROPHORA.

$i. Acyropoora A. Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl Pflanzenf. i.
1*, p. 148 (1905). Unmbilicaria subg. Agyrophora Nyl. in
Flora Ixi. p. 247 (1878) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 323.

Apothecial discs plane ; spores simple, colourless.

1. @. leiocarpa Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. p. 194 (1824).—Thallus
moderate in size or rather large, monophyllous or deeply lobate-
polyphyllous, rigid, the surface finely cracked- or wrinkled-
areolate, brownish-black, or reddish-grey and sometimes pruinose
towards the centre both above and below, generally smoother or
more finely areolate below (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia rather
small, prominent, stalked, plane, the margins thin, more or less
irregular or crenulate; paraphyses coherent, the hymenium .
brown ; spores oblong or elongate-oblong, 12-17 p long, 4-6 p
thick.—G. atro-pruinosa Scher. in Meisner’s Naturwiss. Anz. i.
p- 8 (1817). Unmbilicaria leiocarpa DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 410 (1805).
U. atro-pruinosa Scher. ex Ser. Mus. Helv. Hist. Nat. p. 109,
pl. 12 (1821) pro parte; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. p. 273 (1882) &
Monogr. i. p. 323.

Often confused with Lichen anthracinus Wulf., a plant referred
by Acharius (Syn. Lich. p. 63) to Gyrophora glabra. The spore
descriptions are taken from Th. Fries (Lich, Scand. p. 166), as spores
are wanting in all the specimens examined, though apothecia are
cba ae these differ from those of other Gyrophore in the plane
ise.

Hab. On granitic boulders in exposed alpine situations.—Disir.
Rare in the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Summit of Cairntoul,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire. \

§ ii. Eucyropnora ‘A. Zahlbr, 1. c. Apothecial discs gyrose-
plicate.

The peculiar lines denoting alternate sterile and fertile tissue
in the apothecium are due, according to Lindau (Schwendener,
Bot. Untersuch. 1899, pp. 19-36), to the interrupted centrifugal
development of the ascigerous tissue: a central area of paraphyses
alone is first formed, then surrounded by a fertile ascus zone, and
the alternation of sterile and fertile areas is repeated as growth
proceeds in irregularly concentric lines.

Thallus with few or no rhizine or fibrils.

2. G. grisea Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 236 (1859).—
Thallus monophyllous, rather small (about 5 em. across), thin,

390 CYCLOCARPINEX [GYROPHORA

minutely papillate or areolate, light grey or brownish-mouse-
grey ; beneath darker, naked or scarcely rhizinose in the centre
(K—CaClz,.q). Apothecia rare, sessile, becoming convex and
immarginate, the disc gyrose-plicate; spores 11-18 p long,
8-10 » thick.—Mudd Man. p. 120; Cromb. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. xvii. p. 575 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 324 pro parte.
G. murina Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 110 (1803); Engl. Bot. t. 2486 ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. in Sm. Eng. FI. v. p. 218.
Lichenoides saxatile foliis minus divisis, cinereo-fuscis Dill. in Ray
Syn. ed. 3, p. 73, n. 66 (1724). Lichenoides coriaceum cinereum,
peltis atris compressis Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 219, t. 30, fig. 117
(1741) (excl. syn. Hb. Buddle). Lichen griseus Swartz ex Westr.
in K, Vet. Acad. Handl. xiv. p. 52 (1793). ZL. Dillenii With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 63 (1796) (excl. habitat St. Vincent’s Rocks).
ZL. murinus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 143 (1798). Umbilicaria
grisea Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 111 (1795); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 159; ed. 3, p. 147. U. varia var. grisea Leight. in Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 288 (1856).

A very rare plant in the British Islands ; many of the citations
are based on the mistaken identity by Dillenius of a plant from St.
Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. According to Crombie (ll.c.), however,
Dillenius certainly was dealing with this species, as the two specimens
in his herbarium are typical, though both of them, of continental
origin, were received from Celsius. The British specimen from St.
Vincent’s Rocks (Lichen petraeus cinereus Anglicus Buddle Hort.
Sicc. ii. fol. 36 in Hb. Sloane) has proved on examination to be Der-
matocarpon miniatum. Crombie and others had evidently accepted
Dillenius’ determination of the specimen without verification.
Lichen deustus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455 (1762) (non Linn.), though
quoted by Crombie as a synonym of the above, is also a misidenti-
fication.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Rare in the Channel
Islands and ? N. Wales.—B. M. Beaufort, Jersey; also a specimen
marked Glyder Vawr (?) N. Wales, and a second small scrap, evidently
collected by Hugh Davies (N. Wales).

3. G. proboscidea Ach. Meth. Lich, p. 105 (1803).—Thallus
small or moderate in size (generally about 5 cm. in width),
monophyllous, rather thin, lobed and crenate at the margins, the
upper surface tuberculate or irregularly wrinkled-reticulate,
blackish-brown, generally greyish-pruinose in the centre ; beneath
smooth, pale- or dark-greyish-brown (K — CaCl + ‘#dish) |
Apothecia becoming immarginate and gyrose-plicate ; spores
oblong-ellipsoid, 12-18 » long, 6-8 » thick.—Engl. Bot. t. 2484 ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 476 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 217; Mudd Man, p. 118; Cromb. Monogr. i.
p- 325. Lichen proboscideus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1150 (1753); Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 147 (1798). LZ. deustus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 861 (1777) (excl. syn.) (non Linn.) ; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 63.
Umbilicaria proboscidea DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 410 (1805) pro parte ;

GYROPHORA| GYROPHORACER 391

Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160; ed. 3, p. 147.
U. varia var. deusta Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
xviii. p. 289 (1856).

Exsicc. Croall n. 100.

Differs from other species of the genus in the wrinkled corrugate
upper surface, more marked towards the centre of the thallus, other
parts of the thallus being frequently almost smooth; the lower
surface is smooth and generally lighter in colour. The apothecia are
usually abundant.

Two of the specimens in the Linnean herbarium labelled Lichen
proboscideus belong to G. cylindrica, a third is typical G. proboscidea
(fide Wainio in Medd. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 7 (1888)). Linnzus’
description refers to the latter.

Hab. On rocks and stone walls in upland and subalpine regions.—
Distr. The mountainous regions of N. Wales, N. England, 8.W. and
the Grampians, Scotland, reported also from HE. and 8.W. Ireland.—
B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth ; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Cardigan-
shire; Teesdale, Durham; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben
Lawers and Ben More, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Craig
Coinnoch, Lochnagar, near Invereauld, Ben-naboord, Glen Callater,
Ben Macdhui and Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis,
Invernessshire. :

Form corrugata Mudd Man. p. 118 (1861) (incl. £. mesenteri-
formis (non Wulf.)).—Upper surface of thallus with deeply
marked reticulate ridges or corrugations, otherwise as in the
species.— Var. exasperata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 105 (1803);
f. ewasperata Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 326. G. deusta var. corrugata
and var. mesenteriformis (non Wulf.) Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 222 (1839). Lichen exasperatus Gunn. Fl. Norw. ii. p. 131
(1766) fide Th. Fr. (excl. Syn. Dill.). Uwmbilicaria corrtgata
Hoffm. Pl. Lich. p. 65, t. 43, figs. 4-7 (1794). U. varia var.
deusta ff. corrugata, mesenteriformis Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 2, xviii. pp. 290, 291 (1856). U. proboscidea var.
exasperata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 (1870); ff. corrugata and
mesenteriformis Leight. Lich. Fl. pp. 160, 161 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 148.

’
Connected with the species by intermediate stages; it represents
an extreme northern or alpine form.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine places.—B. M. Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form fimbriata Mudd Man. p. 118 (1861).—Thallus sparingly
fibrillose or rhizinose at the margin and occasionally on either
surface ; otherwise as in the species.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 326 ;
var, deplicans Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) & Monogr.
i. p. 326. G. deusta var. fimbriata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 222 (1839). Uwmbilicaria proboscidea var. deplicans Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 116 (1861); f. fimbriata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 160; ed. 3,
p. 147.

392 CYCLOCARPINE |GYROPHORA

As in the species, the rugosities vary from well-marked reticulations
to an areolate-pustular surface (var. deplicans). The marginal and
superficial fibres occur irregularly, and may be very scanty or fairly
abundant.

Hab. On rocks and stone walls in upland or alpine regions.—
Distr. Similar to species.—B6. M. Swinhope Fell, Durham; Ben
Lawers and Ben More, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Cairngorm,
Glen Callater, Ben-naboord and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

4, G. arctica Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 106, t. 2, fig. 6 (1803).—
Thallus monophyllous, reaching fairly large dimensions in arctic
regions, rather thick and coriaceous, slightly lobed, erenate and
reflexed at the margin, the upper surface with crowded granulate
wrinkles, sometimes rising to ridges, pale-grey to brownish or
blackish-brown, the centre lighter coloured and somewhat pruinose
when dry ; beneath almost smooth or finely granulate papillose,
paler in colour, blackish towards the centre (K —, CaCl + *eiish),
Apothecia numerous, becoming convex; spores 12-16 yp long,
6-8 » thick (or frequently smaller).—Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p. 225 (locality doubtful) ; Engl. Bot. t. 2485; 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 477; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 331. G. proboscidea var.
arctica Wahlenb. FI]. Lapp. p. 483 (1812); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 42 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 217. G. hyperborea var. arctica
Mudd Man. p. 117. Lichenoides atrwm, corii Persict instar
exasperatum Dill. Hist. Musc. p. 220, t. 30, fig. 119 (1741).
Umbilicaria varia var. arctica Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
sel, 2, xvili. p. 283 (1856). U. arctica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40
(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157; ed. 3, p. 145 pro parte.

A northern or alpine lichen near to G. hyperborea, rare in our
country. A specimen quoted by Turner and Borrer as collected in
Durham seems of doubtful determination. The slightly pruinose
character of the thallus may have suggested toDillenius its likeness
to the skin of a peach.

Hab. On rocks in alpine situations.—B. M. Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

5. G@. hyperborea Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 104 (1803).—Thallus
monophyllous, moderate in size (generally about 5 cm. across),
thin and tough, the surface pustulate-wrinkled and very unequal,
more or less lacerate at the margins, deep chestnut- to blackish-
brown ; beneath smooth or finely granulate-papillose, sublacunose,
brownish-black (K —, CaCl + reddish). Apothecia sessile,
appressed, irregular in form, elongate or triangular, becoming
rounded and convex; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 12-16 p long,
7-8 p thick.—Turn, & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 227; Mudd Man.
p. 117 (excl. var. arctica); Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 330. Lichen
ustulatus Ehrh. Exs. n. 296 (1793) nomen nudum, fide Wainio
in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 23 (1888). DL. hyper-
boreus Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xv. p. 89, t. 2, fig. 2 (1794).

GYROPHORA | GYROPHORACEX 393

L. pullus Wulf. ex Jacq. Mise. ii. p. 83, t. 9, fig. 3 (1781) (non
Schreb.) ; Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 23. DL. Jacquint With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 62 (1796)? (? Gmel.). Umbilicaria hyperborea
Hoffm. F). Deutschl. ii. p. 110 (1795); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 157; ed 3, p. 145. U. varia var. hyperborea
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 282 (1856).

Distinguished from G. proboscidea by the small crowded contorted
pustules of the upper surface, which do not form into reticulate ridges
as in that species. Gmelin (Linn. Syst. Veg. ii. p. 1874 (1796) )
describes his species Lichen Jacquini as smooth on both surfaces.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine situations.— Distr. Apparently
confined to the higher Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Clova, Forfarshire ;
Ben More, Perthshire; Lochnagar, Morrone and Ben-naboord, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

6. G. flocculosa Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 217 (1839).—
Thallus small or moderate in size, thin, the upper surface smooth
or partly flocculosely felted, in other parts beset with minute
isidia-like elevations or with squamules, the margins often lacerate
and reflexed, dull olive- or blackish-brown ; beneath smooth, sub-
concolorous, lacunose-pitted (K —, CaCl = ,,;). Apothecia very
rare, sessile ; spores oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes slightly
curved, 18-27 p» long, 7-9 w thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xy.
p. 79 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 333. G. deusta Ach. Meth. Lich.
p. 102 (1803) (non Linn.) ; Engl. Bot. t. 2483; 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 478; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p. 218; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 328. G. polyphylla var. flocculosa
Mudd Man. p. 116 (1861). Lichen flocculosus Wulf. in Jacq.
Coll. iii. p. 99, t. 1, fig. 2 (1789). Umbilicaria floceulosa Hoftm.
Fl. Deutschl. ii. p. 110 (1795) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 156; ed. 3, p. 144. U. varia var. floeculosa Leight.
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 280 (1856).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 219.

Distinguished by the dull frequently matted or squamulose surface
and by the lacune of the smooth under surface, with the absence of
fibrils or rhizine. The description of the spores is taken from
Nylander (Lich. Scand. p. 119); it has not been possible to verify the
details. Lichen deustus L. has been identified by Wainio (Medd. Soc.
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiv. p. 7 (1888)) as probably synonymous with
G. reticulata Th. Fr., which is not British.

Hab. On rocks and walls in upland and mountainous districts.—
Distr. Rather rare in Great Britain, not yet seen from Ireland.—B. M.
Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cader Idris and Cellfawr, near Barmouth,
Merioneth; Whitwick Rocks, Leicestershire; Egglestone, Durham ;
New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin and Ben
Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

7. G. polyphylla Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 217 (1833).—

Thallus thin, polyphyllous or generally monophyllous, but with

394 CYCLOCARPINEE [GYROPHORA

crowded deeply divided lobes, which are rounded or sometimes
lacerate, irregular in size, generally smooth, olive-reddish- or
blackish-brown; beneath smooth, blackish (K =, CaCl £.+ reddish).
Apothecia very rare, sessile, small, with few gyrose lines ; spores
13-18 p» long, 7-8 » thick.—Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 214
(incl. var. sulcata); Mudd Man. p. 116 (incl. f. lacera, excel. var.
flocculosa) ; Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 576 (1880) &
Monogr. i. p. 331. G. glabra var. polyphylla 8S. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 476 (1821); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41. Lichenoides
tenue pullum, foliis utrinque glabris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 225, t. 30,
fig. 129 (1741). Lichen polyphyllus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1150 (1753) ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 863; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 65; Engl. Bot. t. 1282. Umbilicaria polyphylla
Schrad. Spicil. p. 102 (1794); Carroll in Journ. Bot. iv. p. 22
(1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 (incl. var. lacera); Leight.
Lich. FI. p. 155; ed. 3, p. 143 (incl. ff. lacera, suleata). U. varia
var. polyphylla Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii.
p- 278 (1856) (incl. ff. sulcata, lacera).

Exsicc. Croall n. 392; Johns. n. 364; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 331 ;
Leight. n. 313; Mudd n. 87.

Distinguished by the smooth somewhat shining surface of the
thallus, which, from being monophyllous, divides and branches into
numerous overlapping irregular lobes with a polyphyllous appearance,
or several centres may be present in one plant; all gradations are
present, the extreme forms being described below; the outer lobes
may be torn (f. lacerata) and the outer epidermis is sometimes cracked,
exposing the inner darker layer (f. swleata). The colour reaction
with calcium chloride is rather uncertain.

Apothecia are so rare, both in home and foreign specimens, that
it has not been possible to verify details of spores, etc.

Hab. On rocks, boulders and walls in upland and mountainous
districts.—Distr. Fairly general in the hilly parts of Great Britain,
apparently rare in Ireland.—B. M. Near St. Olear, Cornwall; Dart-
moor, Devon; Cader Idris and Cellfawr near Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Carnedd Llewelyn and Cwm Trefayn, Snowdon, Carnarvonshire ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Ingleby and Battersby Moors,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; between Hyshope and Wasterly, Durham;
Kentmere, Westmoreland; near Wallington, Northumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire; Ben
Lawers, near Tummel Bridge and Craig-y-Barns, Dunkeld, Perthshire ;
Sidlaw Hills, Clova Mts. and Cortachy, Forfarshire; Glen Callater,
Morrone and Lochnagar, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Inver-
nessshire; Luggelaw, Wicklow (almost f. congregata).

Form glabra Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 332 (1894).—Thallus
rather large, monophyllous, lobate or laciniate at the margin.—
G. glabra Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 101 (1803); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 476; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 41. Lichen glaber Ach. in Vet.
Acad. Handl. xv. p. 31 (1794) & Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 144 (1798).
L. anthracinus Wulf. ex Jacq. Mise. ii. p. 84, t. 9, fig. 4 (1781)
{fide Ach.); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. iii. p. 19 (1793); With. Arr.

GYROPHORA | GYROPHORACER 395

ed. 3, iv. p. 63. Umbilicaria varia var. polyphylla f£. monophylla
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 278 (1856)?
U. polyphylla £. monophylla Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 155 (1871)? ed. 3,
p- 143; f. glabra Stizenb. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1876, p. 212.

Differs from the species in the persistently monophyllous thallus,
which is also somewhat stouter and firmer. Lichen anthracinus was
included by Acharius (Syn. Lich. p. 63) under his Gyrophora glabra,
with which the description agrees, and Dickson’s plant seems also to
be referable here.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland or mountainous districts.

—Distr. Collected only rarely in N. Scotland and E. Ireland.—B. M.
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Lough Bray, near Dublin.

Form congregata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 214 (1839),—
Thallus of small crowded lobes, clustered and curled, with the
margins erect or reflexed, entire or crenate-lacerate.—Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 332. Umbilicaria varia var. polyphylla £. congregata
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 279 (1856).
U. polyphylla £. congregata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 156 (1871); ed. 3,
p. 144.

Ezsicc. Leight. n. 65.

Distinguished by the small ascending closely packed lobes, which
may have separate hoid-fasts or may be parts of a single thallus. It
is connected with the species by intermediate stages.*

Hab. On rocks in upland districts.—Distr. Rare in W. and N.
England and E. Scotland.—B. M. Arcoll Hill, Caer Caradoc and The
vo Shropshire ; Howden Gill, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Kincardine-
shire.

Thallus with fibrils or rhizine.

8. G. cylindrica Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 107 (1803).—Thallus
moderate in size (generally about 5 cm. across), subcoriaceous,
mostly polyphyllous, sinuate-lobate, crenate or lacerate, greyish-
or black-fibrillose at the margins, the surface generally smooth,
dull, greyish-brown above and sometimes pruinose ; beneath often
lighter and sometimes mottled with black, sparingly fibrillose
and with one or more hold-fasts (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia
sessile becoming pedicellate, up to 2 mm. across, thinly margined ;
spores rather small, 10-14 pw long, 6-8 pw thick.—S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 & in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 218; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155; Mudd Man.
p. 119; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 327. G. proboscidea Turn. &
Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 219 (1839) (non Linn.). Lichenoides corneum
marginibus eleganter fimbriatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 218, t. 29,
fig. 116a (1741). Lichen cylindricus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1144 (1753)
(excl. Syn. Dill.); Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 148 (1798).
L. crinitus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 860 (1777). L. proboscideus
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 551 (1778) (non Linn.) ; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 65; Engl. Bot. t. 522 (two upper figs.). Umbilicaria

Lad

a00 CYCLOCARPINEE [GYROPHORS.

varia var. proboscidea Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
xviii. p. 291 (1856). U. cylindrica Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40
(1870) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 161; ed. 3, p. 148.

Exsice. Croall n. 196; Johns. n. 231; Leight. n. 95; Mudd
n. 88.

Well marked by the densely fimbriate margins of the lobes. The
fibrils are irregularly branched and vary in length and colour. The
lobes arise by branching outgrowths from the main frond or fronds,
and become crowded and overlapping. Apothecia and spermogones
are numerous.

Hab. On rocks and boulders from upland to alpine regions.—
Distr. Rather rare in the hilly or mountainous regions of W. England,
Wales and Ireland, more abundant in Scotland.—B. M. Dartmoor,
Devon; Rhewgreidden, Dolgelly, Cwm Bychan and Aran Mowddwy-
Merioneth; Cwm Trefayn and Glyder Vawr, Carnarvonshire; Cronkley
Searr, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Ennerdale, Cumberland; Ben
Lawers and near Aberfeldy, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; Ben-
naboord, Morrone and near Invercauld, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Mangerton and Brandon Mts., Kerry ;.
Convalla, Cork; Doughruagh Connemara, Galway; Slieve More Mts.,
Achill, Mayo.

Form denudata Mudd Man. p. 119 (1861).—Thallus lobes
almost destitute of fibrils—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 328. G. pro-
boscidea var. denudata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p, 219 (1839).
Umbilicaria varia var. proboscidea f. denudata Leight. in Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 293 (1856). U. cylindrica var.
denudata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 40 (1870); £. denudata Leight-
Lich. F]. p. 162 (1871); ed. 3, p. 149.

Though generally the lobes are almost naked, a few fibrils some-
what similar to those of the species are always present. The thallus
is probably affected by some growth conditions.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions.—Distr. Rare
in the mountainous districts of the British Islés.—B. M. Cader Idris,
Merioneth; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aber-
deenshire; Brandon Mt., Kerry.

Form exasperata Mudd Man. p. 119 (1861).—Thallus poly-
phyllous, the lobes crowded, complicate, often small, ascending
and crisp, somewhat rugose-uneven on the upper surface, smooth
below, the fibrils sparingly produced on the margins or lower
surface.—Var. tornata Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 157 (1871):
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 329. G. tornata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 222,
t. 2, fig. 13 (1810). G. proboscidea var. exasperata Turn, &
sorr. Lich. Brit. p. 219 (1839). Unmbilicaria var. proboscidea f.
exasperata Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 294
(1856). U. cylindrica f. exasperata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162
(1871); ed. 3, p. 149.

Eesiec. Johns. n. 94.

Not nulike the previous form but differing from it in the generally
smaller lobes and in the more or less uneven surface.

<GYROPHORA| GYROPHORACEE 397

Hab. On rocks and boulders in subalpine regions.—Distr. Rare
in N. England and among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Teesdale,
Durham; Cairn Ture, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. fimbriata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 224 (1810).—Lobes of
the thallus generally small, rounded and finely and densely
black-ciliate, occasionally a few fibrils rise on the under surface.
—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; f. fimbriata Cromb. Monogr. i.
p. 328 (1794). Lichen proboscideus var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 65 (1796). Unmbilicaria cylindrica var. fimbriata Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 40 (1870).

The lobes are more densely ciliate than in the species, and the
cilia are generally black, shorter and more slender, they sometimes
rise in little tufts on the surface of the thallus. Some of the
specimens approach very near to the species.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and subalpine regions.—
Distr. Coextensive with, though less common than, the species.—
B. M. Dartmoor, Devon; Teesdale, Durham; near Amulree and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Clova, Forfarshire; above Invercauld, Morrone
and Loch Phadrig, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Var. denticulata Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 107 (1803).—Lobes of
the thallus somewhat lacerate, coarsely fimbriate or denticulate,
the fibrils long, broad at the base, branched and tapering.—
Form denticulata Mudd Man. p. 119 (1861); Cromb. Monogr. i.
p- 327. G. proboscidea var. denticulata Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit.
p- 219 (1839). Lichenoides &c. Dill. 1. c. fig. 1168. Lichen
proboscideus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 522 (two lower figures) (1799)
(non Linn.). Umbilicaria varia var. proboscidea t. denticulata
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 293 (1856).
U. cylindrica f. denticulata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 162 (1871) ; ed. 3,
p. 149.

Crombie calls attention to the resemblance of the marginal fibrils
when seen enlarged to the proboscis of the elephant beetle. It is a
well-marked variety.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and mountainous regions.
—Distr. Rather rare in W. and N. England, Wales. the Scottish
Grampians and E. Ireland.—B. M. Llanberris, Snowdon and Carnedd
Llewelyn, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham; The Cheviots, North-
unberland ; Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar,
above Invercauld and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben
Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Slieve Donard, Wicklow.

Var. Delisei Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 158 (1871)—Thallus
stouter and firmer, fibrils similar to those of the species, less
abundant on the margins but generally numerous on the under
surface. Apothecia pedicellate, rather large, crowded.—Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882) & Monogr. i. p. 328. Umbilicaria
cylindrica var. Delisei Despr. ex Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 117 (1861).

Rather a dark coloured lichen; not to be confused with G. poly-
rrhiza, in which the rhizine cover the under surface, but are absent
from the margins. The apothecia are beautifully gyrose.

398 CYCLOCARPINEE [GYROPHORA

Hab. On rocks and boulders in alpine regions.—B. M. Mt. near
Strathyre, Perthshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben
Nevis, Invernessshire.

9. G. erosa Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 103 (1803).—Thallus mono- |
phyllous, thin, rigid when dry, wrinkled areolate, laciniate and
erose at the margins, olive-brown or biackish-brown; beneath
finely granulate-papillose in parts or smooth, and minutely sub-
fibrillose-scaly, pale-brown (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small,
plane, then somewhat convex; spores 8-12 p long, 4—7 p thick.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 79 (1887) & Monogr. i. p. 329.
Lichen erosus Web. Spicil. Fl. Goett. p. 259 (1778)? Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 145 (1798).

Exsicc, Croall n. 393.

Constantly confused with or included under the following species.
It is distinguished by the thin flat thallus with the lace-like margin,
the small seale-like fibrils of the under surface, and by the absence of
thalline reactions. The erosions in this and the following species
arise from the branching growth and subsequent anastomosis of
narrow lacinie. The open spaces thus left are gradually bridged
over by converging growth of the medulla from the margins; the
centre of the thallus is thus almost continuous in the lower parts of
the thallus though breaks persist in the gonidial and upper cortical
layers for some time.

Hab. On rocks in alpine regions.—Distr. Rare on the higher
Grampians.—B. M. Lochnagar and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

10. G. torrefacta Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 74 (1884).—
Thallus monophyllous, coriaceous, crumpled, the surface rough
with irregular granulations or wrinkles, generally somewhat
laciniate and erose at the margins, olive-brown or brownish-
black ; beneath pale-brownish, finely granulate-papillose in parts,
beset with perforations or often with fibrils or with trabecule
between the perforations (K — CaCl + ™*"), Apothecia as in
G. erosa.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 329. G. erosa var. torrida Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 104 (1803). G. erosa Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2066
(1809) (mon Ach.); 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 477; Hook. Fi.
Scot. il. p. 42 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 218; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 229 pro parte ;
Mudd Man. p. 117. Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peltis
atris verrucosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 118, t. 30, fig. 118 (1741).
Lichen torrefactus Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 862 (1777) ; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 62. Umbilicaria erosa Hoftm. Fl. Deutchl. ii. p. 111
(1795) pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 pro parte (intel. var.
torrida) Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 158; ed. 3, p. 145. JU. varia var.
erosa Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 284 (1856).

Exsice. Bohl. n. 19; Johns. n. 232.

The two plants G. erosa and G. torrefacta are easily distinguished,
especially by the lacunose trabeculate under surface of the latter
likened to shavings in Engl. Bot. 1. c., though it is doubtful if the

GYROPHORA | GYROPHORACE® 399

differences may not be due to some growth condition. In G. torre-
facta the gonidial zone up to the darker cells of the cortex becomes
a somewhat evanescent rose-red, on the application of calcium
chloride to the thallus sections, and is more marked in some speci-
mens than in others; with potash there is no colour réaction.
Occasionally the margins are lacerate (G. torrida f. subdividens Nyl.
ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 273 (1882)).—The lacune of the
lower surface evidently arise by the breaking down of the tissue and
not from anastomising lacinie as at the margin.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland to alpine regions.— Distr.
General and common in most of the upland or mountainous districts
of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Causand Beacon and Great
Mis Tor, Dartmoor and Walkhampton, Devon; Cader Idris and near
Barmouth, Merioneth; Carnedd Dafydd, Cwm Trefayn, Dywen and
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Swinhope Fell, Durham; The Cheviots
and West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Goatfell, Arran; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben More and
Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Katelaw and Clova, Forfarshire; Loch
Muick, Craig Coinnoch and Ben-naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Bennabad, Caithness; Killarney Mts.
and Mangerton, Kerry; Doughruagh Mts., Connemara, Galway ;
Curslieve, Croagh Patrick, and Slieve More and Malaranny, Achill,
Mayo.

11. G. polyrrhiza Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 41 (1859).—Thallus
monophyllous or very deeply and unequally lobed and sub-
polyphyllous, moderate in size or small, crenate and undulate at
the margins, more or less deeply reddish-brown, smooth and
somewhat shining above ; beneath very black, minutely papillate
and almost everywhere densely rhizinose, the rhizine shortly
and divaricately branched at the apex (K — CaCl + ™?**).
Apothecia orbicular or irregular, plane, then convex and finely
gyrose; spores small, 8-11 yu long, 4—5 w thick.—Mudd Man.
p. 119; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 333. G. pellita Ach. Meth. Lich.
p- 108 (1803) ; 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p- 42 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 219; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii.
p- 155; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 338. Lichenoides pullum
superne et glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum Dill. Hist. Musc.
p. 226, t. 30, fig. 130 (1741). Lichen polyrrhizos (errore poly-
rlizos) L. Sp. Pl. p. 1151 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 455;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii, p. 864; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 64.
L. velleus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454 (1762) (non Linn.). Lichen
pellitus Ach. in Vet. Acad. Handl. xv. p. 99 (1794); Engl. Bot.
t. 931. Unmbilicaria polyrrhizos Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 358 (1831) :
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 41 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 159; ed. 3, p. 146.

Ezxsicc. Croall n. 197; Johns. n. 233; Mudd n. 89.

Distinguished by the crowded pannose matted rhizine with apical
branching ; they curl round at the margin and burst through to the
upper surface where any break occurs in the thallus, as small black
tufts, the “‘ branching black warts” of English Botany. Apothecia
are very rare.

“len

400 CYCLOCARPINEE: | GYROPHORA

Gyrophora vellea found on high mountains has not been recorded
for Britain; Hudson’s specimen from Settle, Yorkshire, must have
been wrongly determined. Lichen velleus had been reported as

English by Linnzus, who mistook Dillenius’ specimen from New ~

Jersey as from a British locality (see Tuckerm. N. Amer. Lich. p. 88).

Hab. Saxicolous in upland and subalpine regions.—Distr. Rather
rare in the upland districts of England and Ireland, more plentiful
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Helminton, Cornwall;
Dartmoor, Devon; Cader Idris, Cwm Bychan and near Barmouth,
Merioneth ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham ;
The Cheviots, Northumberland ; Ennerdale, Cumberland; New Gallo-
way, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Dalmahoy Hill near Edinburgh ; Aberfeldy,
Pass of Leny, Amulree and Glenshee, Perthshire; Cortachy and
Clora, Forfarshire ; Lochnagar, Loch Phadrig, Glen Callater, Glen
Dee and Craig Coinnoch, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Rothie-
murchus, Ben Nevis and Ben Ferrog, Invernessshire; Applecross,
tossshire.

Form luxurians Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 159 (1871).—Thallus
much divided, the margins lobulate, laciniate and crisp.—Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 334. G. pellita var. luxurians Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 228 (1810). Uwmbilicaria polyrrhiza var. luxurians Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 41 (1870) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 147.

The crowded lobules tend to form cushion-like masses ; occasionally
there are only few rhizine. Apothecia have not been seen on this
form.

Hab. Saxicolous in upland or mountainous regions. — Distr.
Rare in 8.W. England and among the Grampians, Scotland—B. M.
Walkhampton and Sharpitor, Devon; near Killin, Ben Lawers and
near Tummel Bridge, Perthshire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire.

12. G. cirrosa Wain. in Medd. Soc. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. xiy.
p. 23 (1888).—Thallus monophyllous, rather thick and coriaceous,
smooth on the upper surface, and somewhat pruinose, irregularly
but not deeply lobate, cinereous- or brownish-grey ; beneath dark
in colour, or grey in parts, granulate and rhizinose, the rhizine
grey or dark-brown, branched or simple, with simple tips
(K—, CaCl +"), Apothecia sessile, up to 1°5 mm. in diam.,
becoming convex, generally with a papilla in the centre, and
gyrose-plicate or with irregular lines or asperities ; spores rather
large, about 17—27 p» long, 13-17 p» thick.—G. spodochroa Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 108; Wilson & Wheldon in Journ. Bot. xlvii.
pp. 431, 447 (1909); A. L. Sm. Part 2, p. 332. Umbilicaria
cirrosa Hoffm. Pl. Lich. p. 9, t. 2, figs. 3-4 (1790). Lichen
spodochrous Ehrh, exs. n. 316 (1798) nomen nudum ; Ach, Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 149 (1798).

Not unlike G. vellea, an alpine or northern lichen, but of rather
thinner texture and with larger spores which are often brownish.
The species was found by Martindale at Langdale, and was reported
in the ‘‘ Westmoreland Note Book and Natural History Record ”’ in

GYROPHORA | GYROPHORACEE 401

1889 fide Wilson & Wheldon ll. c. It was collected by Wilson &
Wheldon at the same locality in 1908.

Hab. Saxicolous in upland or mountainous regions.—B. M. Lang-
dale Pikes, Westmoreland.

UMBILICARIA Hoffm. ex Schreb. Gen. PI. ed. 8, i. p. 768
(1791). Subg. Lasallia Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 322 (1894).
Lasallia Mérat. Nouv. Fl. Paris i. p. 398 (1836). (Pl. 63.)

Thallus rather large, coriaceous attached by a single central
or subcentral holdfast, with plectenchymatous cortex above and
below, without rhizine. Apothecia sessile, discoid, the disc
mostly plane ; hypothecium dark-coloured ; paraphyses discrete ;
asci ellipsoid, 1—2-spored ; spores ellipsoid, dark-coloured, muri-
form, with a thin epipspore.

Hoffmann first used the name Umbilicaria in binomial combina-
tion in his Pl. Lich. i. p. 7, figs. 1-2 (1790). It was defined as a
genus by Schreber the following year. The species included by
Hoffman under Umbilicaria in Pl. Lich. and in Deutschl. FI. ii (1795),
are nearly all Gyrophore as now understood; but as Acharius at a
later date instituted the name Gyrophora for species with mostly
furrowed apothecia, the genus Umbilicaria is restricted to those with
plane fruits and, more definitely, to those with dark muriform spores.
The genera are closely allied, but are now well delimited.

1. U. pustulata Hoffm. Pl. Lich. ii. p. 13, t. 28, figs. 1-2
& t. 29, fig. 4 (1794).—Thallus normally orbicular, monophyllous,
rather thin, attaining a large size (up to 18 cm. across, or more),
becoming irregularly torn and lobed, crowded with pustulose
swellings with corresponding depressions (foveole) on the under
surface, pale-greyish or greyish-brown, with here and there
compact groups of branching dark-brown isidia, both surfaces
often densely pruinose and finely areolate, the lower surface
dark-brown (K—, CaCl F ,.aaisn). Apothecia moderate in size
or rather small, blackish, the disc plane or depressed, the proper
margin crenulate-rugose ; paraphyses discrete, septate, rather
wider and dark at the tips; spores one in the ascus, 28-70 y long,
18-34 p thick (or sometimes larger); hymenial gelatine bluish
then wine-red with iodine.-—Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 219;
Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, xviii. p. 294 (1856) &
Lich. Fl. p. 154; ed. 3, p. 143 ; Mudd Man. p. 115, t. 2, fig. 35.
Lichenoides pustulosum cinereum et veluti ambustum Dill. Muse.
p. 226, t. 30, fig. 131 a, B (1741). Lichen pustulatus L. Sp. Pl.
p- 1150 (1753) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 454; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 858; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 64; Engl. Bot. t. 1283.
Gyrophora pustulata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 226 (1810); S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 478 ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 42 ; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 155; Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 232; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 40.

Ezxsicc. Bohl. n. 125; Cromb. n. 52; Johns. n. 230; Larb.
Cesar. n, 25; Leight. n. 166.

I. 2 D

402 CYCLOCARPINEE [ UMBILICARIA

Easily known by the pustules, the development of which is due to
unequal intercalary growth. The thallus is greenish when moist.
Apothecia are rather rare in British specimens. It is chiefly a
mountainous or northern lichen.

”

Hab. On rocks and boulders, rarely on old walls, in maritime or
upland regions.— Distr. Not uncommon in rocky districts throughout
the British Isles.—B. M. La Moye and New Gorey, Jersey; Guernsey;
Helminton, Cornwall; Blackstone Rock, near Bovey Tracey, Hay
Tor and Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, and near the Teign, Devon; Malvern
Hills, Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Nesscliffe
Hill and Caer Caradoc, Shropshire; Cwm Bychan, Merioneth; Capel
Curig and Nant Gwynant, Carnarvonshire; Nepha, Westmoreland ;
Wastdale, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Loch
Corruisk, Skye; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Sandy Loch, near
Lerwick, Shetland; Mizzen Head and Glengariff, Cork; near
Dunkerron, Kerry.

Orper XVII. CLADONIACEA.

Thallus usually of twofold character: primary thallus
crustaceous or squamulose, often evanescent, corticate or non-
corticate, attached to the substratum by the hypothallus, by
rhizine or occasionally by a branching rhizoid ; secondary thallus
or podetium upright, varying from a short apothecial stalk to a
simple or branched usually tubular structure, corticate or non-
corticate, tapering to a point or opening out into a trumpet-
shaped scyphus. Algal cells Protococcus. Apothecia sessile on
the tips of the podetia or on the margin of the scyphus, rarely
on the primary thallus, immarginate ; paraphyses generally
unbranched ; spores simple or variously septate, colourless.
Spermogones closely associated with or replacing the apothecia,
with branching sterigmata and acrogenous spermatia.

*

The upright thallus, though mostly endogenous in origin, and
regarded sometimes as an apothecial stalk, has become by meta-
morphosis an organ of absorption and assimilation and functions as
a vegetative thallus.

The following British genera are included in the family :—

Podetia short, usually simple.
Podetia glabrous.

Thallus granular, spores 2—4-septate............ Beomyces.
Thallus a gelatinized crust, spores up to
LOO-BSPHATC, «0. 6.5600 cad ccnstiesensos emacs Gomphillus.
Podetia granular.
Thallus granular, spores simple ................. Pilophorus.

Podetia usually well developed.
Podetia with a solid stalk, minutely squamulose,
spores 4-pluriseptate..............stdsssnseveeneni Stereocaulon.
Podetia with a hollow stalk, spores simple......... Cladonia.

BEOMYCES|] CLADONIACEE 403

BHOMYCES Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 19 (1794) ; Nyl.
Syn. Lich. i. p. 175 (1860) (excl. B. iemadophilus). (Pl. 64.)

Horizontal or primary thallus crustaceous, granular, pulveru-
lent or squamulose. Podetia endogenous in origin, rising from
the inner tissue of the thalline granules, very short and with
or without gonidia. Apothecia terminal, immarginate, light-
coloured ; hypothecium pale; spores usually 8 in the ascus,
ellipsoid or fusiform, simple or septate, colourless. Spermogones
immersed in small tubercles, with septate sterigmata and
acrogenous spermatia.

The podetia are very short, and originate generally, as do those of
Cladonia, within the thallus. Usually they are naked, though in
some species they have a gonidial layer.

1. B. rufus DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 342 (1805).—Thallus effuse,
thinnish, furfuraceous, whitish or bluish-green (K + yellow).
Podetia short, subcompressed, whitish, sometimes with gonidia.
Apothecia small or moderate in size, plane or convex, reddish
or brownish flesh-coloured (K —); paraphyses often slightly
branched ; spores 6 to 8 in the ascus, oblong-ellipsoid, simple,
small, 6-12 » long, 3-4 w thick; hymenial gelatine not tinged
with iodine.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 413; Hook. FI. Scot. in.
p- 65 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 137; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 &
Monogr. i. p. 109; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 52; ed. 3, p. 50.
B. rupestris Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 19 (1794); Tayl. in
Mackay F). Hib. ii. 78; var. lignorwm Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 322
(1803). B. lignorum 8S, F. Gray 1. ¢. pro parte. B. byssoides
Scher. Enum. Lich. p. 183 (1850) ; Mudd Man. p. 63. Lichenoides
Jungiforme terrestre, capitulis fuscis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3,
p- 70, n. 39 (1724). Coralloides fungiforme saxatile. pallide
Jfuscum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 78, t. 14, fig. 4 (1741). Lichen rufus
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 (1762); With. Arr. ed. 3; iv. p. 14.
L. byssoides L. Mant. p. 133 (1767) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 809 ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 527; Engl. Bot. t. 373. L. fungiformis
Scop. Fl. Carniol. ed. 2, ii. p. 360 (1772); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 14.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 12; Johns. n. 46; Larb. Cesar. n. 6 &
Lich. Hb, n. 43; Leight. n. 178; Mudd n. 30.

Usually spreads extensively, and varies in thickness and colour
according to substratum and exposure. The apothecia are generally
numerous, scattered or crowded, the stalk occasionally branched, and
when dry wrinkled and furrowed.

Hab, On sandy and gravelly soil, occasionally on rocks and stones,
rarely on rotten wood in shady situations.—Distr. General and
eommon, chiefly in hilly and mountainous regions.—B. M. Rozel,
Jersey; Sark; Withiel and near Boconnoc, Cornwall; near South
Brent and Dartmoor, Devon; I. of Wight; New Forest, Hants;
Ardingly Rock and Tilgate, Sussex; Ightham Common, Kent; Leith
Hill and Hart Wood, Surrey; Hornsey Wood, Middlesex; Epping

Jen 2

404 CYCLOCARPINE® [BEOMYCES

Forest and Thorndon Hall, Essex ; Ampthill, Bedfordshire ; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Meriden, War-
wickshire; Welshpool, Montgomeryshire; Barmouth and Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Grayrigg Forest and Asby, Westmoreland; Keswick, Cumberland ;
Hexham, Northumberland ; Egglestone, Durham; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Leadhills, Lanarkshire; Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh; Ashburn, Gourock, Renfrewshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfar-
shire ; Kilblane, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers and Blair Athole,
Perthshire; Invermoriston, Invernessshire; Mangerton, Kerry ; Con-
nemara, Galway; Mallaranny, Achill, Mayo.

Var. subsquamulosus Nyl. in Flora lx. p. 463 (1877).—
Thallus usually orbicular, determinate, minutely squamulose more
especially at the circumference. Apothecia almost sessile, small,
solitary or conglomerate, dark-brown.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv.
p. 15 (1889) & Monogr. i. p. 110. B. lignorum 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 413 (1821) pro parte. B. rufus vars. sessilis and carneus
Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 177 (1860) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16. Var.
carneus Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53 ; ed. 3, p. 51 (incl. f. sessilis).

Exsice. Larb. Cesar. n. 7; Cromb. n. 116.

Not to be confused with B. carneus Floerke, a continental species,
with a more squamulose thallus, and the reaction K + yellow. then
saffron-red.

Hab. On sandy and peaty soil, rarely on rotten wood in maritime
and upland situations.—Dvistr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands,
in §., 5.W. and E. England, and among the Grampians, Scotland.—
B. M. Noirmont, Jersey; near Bodmin, Cornwall; Epping Forest,
Essex; Menstrie Glen, near Stirling; Glen Lochay, Schiehallion,
Blair Athole and Rannoch, Perthshire; Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Killarney, Kerry.

Var. Prostii Harm. Lich. Fr. iii. p. 217 (1907).—Thallus
granulose-warted, the warts often pulverulent. Apothecia large,
convex sessile, difform or 2—4-connate and forming a mass
reaching 3 mm. in diameter.—Bzomyces Prostii Duf. MS. in
Herb. fide Harm. Specimen not seen.

Recorded by Wheldon and Travis in Journ. Linn. Soc. xlviii.
p- 119 (1915), from Hey Slacks Clough, Boulsworth Hill, Lancashire,
May 1913.

2. B. roseus Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 19 (1794).—
Thallus granular-crustaceous, effuse or determinate, whitish
(K + yellow). Podetia rather short, terete, white. Apothecia
nearly globose, rose or pale-flesh-coloured (K + orange) ; spores
6 or 8 in the ascus, fusiform-oblong or fusiform, simple or some-
times obsoletely l-septate, narrow, 11—26 p long, 2°5-3 p thick ;
hymenial gelatine scarcely tinged, but the tips of the asci pale-
bluish with iodine.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 412; Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 65 & in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 137 ; Mudd Man. p. 63,
t. i. fig. 12; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 & Monogr. i. p. 111;

BOMYCES | CLADONIACEX 405

Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53; ed. 3, p. 51. Lichenoides fungiforme,
crusta leprosa candida, capitulis et pediculis incarnatis Dill. in
Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 70, n. 40 (1724). Coralloides fungiforme
carneum, basi leprosa Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 76, t. 14, fig. 1 (1741).
Lichen ericetorum Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 443 (1762) pro parte (non
Linn.) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. 809 (1777) (excel. var.) ; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 14. LZ. Bzomyces Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 374 (1797).
Variolaria terricola Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 115 (1836).

Eexsice. Carroll Lich. Hib. n. 9; Cromb. n. 117; Johns. n.
171; Leight. n. 355; Mudd n. 31.

Distinguished from B. rufus by the longer podetia and by the
colour of the apothecia. The thallus spreads extensively, and is often
sprinkled with globose white or rosy-white granules. The apothecia
are somewhat rare, but the rather large spermogones, which are
blackish above, are frequent; the spermatia are 5» long and ly
thick. Lichen ericetorum L. Sp. Pl. p. 1141 (1753) is B. wruginosus
(Iemadophila ericetorum, p. 352).

Hab. On bare gravelly or turfy soil on moorlands.— Distr. General
in hilly or mountainous regions.—B. M. St. Breock Down and Tre-
gawn, Cornwall; Uckfield, Lavington Common, Henfield Stone and
Tilgate, Sussex; Hurt Wood, Surrey; Toys Hill, near Sevenoaks,
Kent; Epping Forest, Essex; Wapley Hill, Herefordshire; Cader
Idris, Cwm Bychan, Barmouth and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Mont-
gomeryshire; Cleveland, Yorkshire; Cold Fell, Cumberland; The
Cheviots, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Leadhills, Lanarkshire; Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Sheriff-
moor, Stirlingshire; Glen Lochay, Ben More, Craig Tulloch and Ben
Lawers, Perthshire; Baldovan Woods and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ;
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; near
Clonmell, Tipperary.

3. B. placophyllus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 323, t. 7, fig. 4
(1803).—Thallus membranaceous, orbicular, squamulose, or partly
crustaceous, the squamules adnate, wrinkled or plicate and sub-
crenulate, glaucous-green or whitish (K + yellow). Podetia
short, compressed, colourless, often divided at the apex. Apo-
thecia rare, rather small, reddish or brownish-flesh-coloured
(K —) ; spores oblong-ellipsoid, simple, 10-15 » long, 2—4 y. thick ;
hymenial gelatine not tinged with iodine —Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 137; Mudd Man. p. 63; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 53; ed. 3, p. 51.

In general aspect resembling, when sterile, Physcia grisea, though
with a much thicker thallus.

Hab. On gravelly soil among heaths in moorland districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous regions of Great Britain.
—B.M. Corwen, Cader Idris and Barmouth, Merioneth; Mardale,
Westmoreland ; near Keswick and Calder Abbey, Cumberland; Tees-
dale, Durham; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Sidlaw Hills,
Forfarshire: Ben Lawers and Falls of Bruar, Perthshire; Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Ach-na-druim,
Rossshire.

406 CYCLOCARPINE [GOMPHILLUS

GOMPHILLUS Nyl. in Bot. Not. 1853, p. 165 & in Mém.
Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. iii. p. 186 (1855). (Pl. 65.)

Thallus effuse, of thick-walled agglutinate hyphe and sparsely
scattered gonidia, forming a thin gelatinized continuous crust.
Apothecia one or several borne at the tip of a short stalk or
podetium rising from the horizontal thallus, dark-coloured, of a
horn-like consistency ; paraphyses slender, simple ; spores 8 in
the ascus, filiform, pluriseptate ; spermogones with simple short
sterigmata, and minute acrogenous spermatia.

A monotypic genus nearly allied to Beomyces ; recorded also from
France and Italy.

1. G. calycioides Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3, i.
p. 392 (1857).—Thallus effuse, thin or obsolete, greyish or
greyish-green with a varnished appearance. Apothecia with
somewhat slender short furrowed stalks, subglobose, dark or
blackish ; hypothecium colourless; paraphyses slender, con-
glutinate, the epithecium inspersed with brown colouring sub-
stance ; asci cylindrical; spores 8 in the ascus, filiform up to
100-septate, 160-200 » or more long, about 2 » thick.—Carroll
in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 287 (1865); Cromb, Lich. Brit. p. 15 &
Monogr. i. p. 108 (incl. £. microcephalus) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 52
(incl. £. microcephalus Nyl. Syn. i. p. 175 (1860) ); ed. 3, p. 50.
Beomyces calycioides Del. ex Dub. Bot. Gall. p. 636 (1830).
B. microcephalus Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 78 (1836).

Exsice. Cromb. n. 115.

The form or variety microcephalus differs only in the specimens
bearing slightly smaller apothecia.

Hab. Incrusting decaying mosses on the ground, trees or boulders.
—Distr. Rare in N. Wales, W. Scotland and in 8.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Barmouth, Merioneth; Barcaldine, Argyll; Dinish, Tore Mt. ; Muck-
ross, Cromaglown and Dunkerron, Kerry; Letter Hill, Connemara,
Galway.

PILOPHORUS Th. Fr. Ster. Pil. Comm. p. 40 (1857).
Stereocaulon, sect. Pilophoron Tuckerm. Syn. Lich. New Engl.
p. 46 (1848). (PI. 66.)

Primary thallus crustaceous, granular or minutely squamulose,
non-corticate. Cephalodia present. Podetia developed from the
upward growth of the granules (not endogenous), rigid, cylindrical,
simple or sparingly branched, beset with granules, non-corticate,
tubular or solid with a central strand of compact parallel hyphe.
Apothecia terminal on the podetia, single or in groups, subglobose,
immarginate; hypothecium thick, dark-brown; paraphyses
thickish, dark at the apices; asci clavate, thickened at the
apices ; spores elongate-ellipsoid, simple. Spermogones terminal,
globose, with acrogenous rod-like straight or curved spermatia.

~

a

PILOPHORUS | CLADONIACE: 407

Resembling Sterocaulon in the non-endogenous development of
the podetium and in the presence of cephalodia, but differing in the
more persistent primary thallus and the darker apothecia.

1. P. cereolus Stiz. in Verh. St. Gall. Nat. Ges. 1875, p. 198.
—Thallus effuse, crustaceous, granular, sometimes cracked into
areole, greyish-white, sprinkled with rather flat finely granular
dark-olive cephalodia containing Stiqonema algze (K + yellowish).
Podetia short, erect, simple, greyish-white. Apothecia subglo-
bose, black; spores ellipsoid-fusiform, usually 16-20 y long,
5-8 p thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 15 (1886) & Monogr. i.
p- 114. P. fibula Th. Fr. Ster. Pil. Comm. p. 40 (1857) ; Leight.
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, iv. p. 201 (1869) and Lich. FI.
p. 76, ed. 3, p. 69; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 96 (1870).
P. strumaticus Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiii. p. 140 (1875)
& Monogr. i. p. 115. Lichen (Isidium) cereolus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 89 (1798). Sterocaulon cereolus Ach. Meth. p. 316, t. 7,
fig. 1 (1803); Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t. 2667 ; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 233; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 83.
St. fibulum Tuckerm. Syn. Lich. p. 46 (1848). St. condensatum
subsp. cereolinum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 (1870).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 383; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 5.

Not unlike Sterocaulon pileatwm, but easily distinguished by the
darker apothecia and by the more finely granular thallus. The spores
of P. cereolus attain a larger size than the measurements given by
Crombie (16-22 » x 4-5). Usually they reach about 17-20 p» in
length and 7 » in width; one abnormal spore measured 25 x 5 p.
In P. strwmaticum the normal size is the same, though rather thicker
spores up to 9 » thick have been observed. In one specimen of that
“species” the podetia are crowded and the apothecia confluent,
which may have given the appearance of a strumose, deformed base
in section. There is no other trace of it.

Hab. On moist shady rocks in upland and subalpine situations.
—Distr. Local and scarce in the mountainous parts of Great Britain
and Ireland.—B. M. Llyn Gwernon, Cader Idris and Dolgelly,
Merioneth; Glyder and Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvon; Egglestone,
Durham; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Achosragan Hill,
Appin and Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Glen Lyon, Killin
and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Sligachan, Skye and Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross, Ross-
shire; Dunkerron, Kerry ; Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

STEREOCAULON Schreb. Gen. Pl. ed. 8, ii. p. 768 (1791) ;
Nyl. Syn. i. p. 230 (1860). Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc.
Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 352 (1878) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 123. (Pl. 67.)

Primary thallus granular, or minutely squamulose, usually
soon evanescent. Podetia erect or decumbent developed from
the upward growth of the primary thallus (not endogenous) much
branched, solid in the centre, the exterior beset with minute
warts or variously formed squamules which are more or less
corticate. Cephalodia present usually on the podetia and con-

408 CYCLOCARPINEZ! [ STEREOCAULON

taining Nostoc or Stigonema. Apothecia terminal or lateral,
usually dark-brown, immarginate (rarely with a thalline margin) ; :
hypothecium colourless ; : paraphyses slender, discrete ; asci cylin-
drical, 6—8-spored ; spores elongate 4-pluri- septate, colourless.
Spermogones with filiform or cylindrical straight or bent
acrogenous spermatia.

Along with Pilophorus differing from Cladonia in the origin of the
podetium, but similar in the twofold character of the thallus and for
that reason retained in the Cladoniacez.

Primary thallus persistent.

1. St. condensatum Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. ii. p. 130 (1795).—
Primary thallus persistent, of coarse rounded granules sometimes
flattened out into crenate squamules, glaucous or greyish-white.
Cephalodia dark-greyish, verrucose, intermixed with the thallus,
containing Stigonema. Podetia short or almost none, at first
slightly tomentose then glabrous, the podetial squamules often
confluent, similar to those of the primary thallus. Apothecia
moderate in size, terminal, plane, becoming convex, dark-reddish-
brown; spores 3-7-septate, fusiform-cylindrical, 20-36 pw long,
1°5-2°5 » thick—Mudd Man. p. 66; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17
& Monogr. i. p. 121; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 79 ; ed. 3, p. 71.

Exsicc. Leight. n. 295 ; Mudd n. 33.

The primary thallus usually spreads extensively, forming a granular
crust; the podetia are often scarcely developed, and the apothecia
may be developed on the basal granules.

Hab. On the ground and on turf-covered walls in maritime and
hilly regions.—Dzstr. General and common in the hilly regions of the
British Isles, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Near Mildenhall,
Suffolk; near Buxton, Derbyshire; Battersby and Baysdale Moors,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Housesteads, Northumber-
land; Doune, near Stirling; Auchterhouse, Forfarshire; Aberfeldy,
Perthshire; Portlethen, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

Var. condyloideum Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 66 (1861).—Podetia
rather more developed and branched, especially near the apex.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 & Monogr. i. p. 122 (as form); Leight,
Lich. Fl. p. 80; ed. 3, p. 72. S. condyloideum Ach, Meth. Lich.
p. 51 (1803) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 233.

Hab. On turf-covered walls in upland districts.—Distr. Local and
scarce among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Ben Lawers, Aber-
feldy, Killin and Glen Fender, Perthshire.

2. St. pileatum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 582 (1810).—Primary
thallus persistent, effuse, formed of rather rounded granules
which tend to become squamulose or coralloid. Cephalodia
dark-coloured, in flattened tubercules, not frequent, containing
Stigonema. Podetia short, erect, glabrous, simple or rarely
branched ; the podetial squamules minute. Apothecia terminal,

STEREOCAULON | CLADONIACE® 409

cap-shaped (pileate), plane then convex, brown or reddish-brown ;
spores 3-septate, narrowly ellipsoid, obtuse at the ends, 18-30 p
long, 4—5 p thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 15 (1886) &
Monogr. i. p. 122. St. cereolus Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. t.
2667 (1830) deser. pro parte; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 233
pro parte. St. cereolinum Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 14 (1855) ;
Mudd Man. p. 67. St. condensatum var. cereolinum Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 17 pro parte; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 79; ed. 3, p. 72.

Ezsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 6

Closely allied to the preceding but differs in the larger podetia
and in the coralline structure of the basal squamules. Th. Fries
(Lich. Scand. p. 52) describes the cephalodia as occurring towards the
base of the podetia. In British specimens they occur on the thallus
as in the previous species.

Hab. On rocks in subalpine districts.—Distr. Rare and local in
N. Wales, N. England, S.W. Scotland, the W. Highlands and
N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Cader Idris and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Wast-
dale, Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Cruachan,
Argyll; Glen Ogle and Glen Lochay, Perthshire ; Connemara, Galway.

3. St. nanum Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 315 (1803).—Primary
thallus effuse, granular, powdery, the granules small whitish or
bluish-green. Podetia crowded, slender, rather short, obsoletely
arachnoid, simple or sparingly fastigiately branched towards the
apices (K—). Apothecia and spermogones unknown —S. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 411; Mudd Man. p. 67; Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 17 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 80; ed. 3, p. 73. Lichen nanus
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 206 (1798). Leprocaulon nanum Nyl.
ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 352 (1878); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 15 (1836) & Monogr. i. p. 123.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 284.

Frequently placed in a separate genus Leprocaulon on account
of the leprarioid structure; it agrees with Stereocaulon in the two-
fold thallus and in the squamulose podetia. Th. Fries (Monogr.
Ster. & Pil. p. 65 (1858) ) describes cephalodia as “‘ conglomerate, plane,
smooth, black”; there are none present on the British specimens.

Hab. In crevices of rocks and walls in maritime and mountainous
districts—Distr. Local, though plentiful where it occurs, throughout
the British Islands.—B. M. Boulay Bay, Jersey; Guernsey ; Lamorna
and Helmen Tor, Cornwall; Loddiswell, Cawsand Bay, near Kings-
bridge and Totnes, Devon; near Alfrick, Knightswick and Worcester
Beacon, Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ; Oswestry and Llanymynech,
Shropshire; Bettws-y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Teesdale, Durham;
Balmerino and Westwater, Fife; Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Den of
Balthayock and Reeky Linn, Forfarshire; Falls of Lui, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire ; Learmont, Derry.

Primary thallus evanescent.

4, §t. coralloides Fr. Sched. Crit. iv. p. 24 (1824).—Podetia
cespitose, erect, branched, the axis glabrous, the podetial

410 CYCLOCARPINEE [STEREOCAULON

squamules coralline, digitately branched or subfibrillose, greyish
(K + yellow). Cephalodia on the podetia, somewhat spherical,

opaque, verrucose and minutely granular on the surface, greyish, -

containing Stigonema. Apothecia mostly terminal, moderate in
size, globose, brown or dark-reddish; spores 3- (rarely 5-7)
septate, fusiform-cylindrical, 22-40 » long, 2°5-5 p thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 16 & Monogr. i. p. 117 ; Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 77; ed. 3, p. 69. St. paschale Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 315 (1803) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 411; Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 66 & in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 233; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 83;
Mudd Man. p. 65 (incl. var. corallinum, t. 1, fig. 14); Cromb.,
Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro parte ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 77 pro parte.
Lichen paschalis Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 460 (1762) pro parte (non L.) ;
Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 886 pro parte; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44
pro parte; Engl. Bot. t. 282.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 14; Croall n. 595; Cromb. n. 119; Jobns.
n. 210; Leight. n. 148.

Distinguished by the coralloid processes into which the podetial
squamules are divided, and by the united bases of the podetia.

Hab. On rocks, boulders and old walls in upland and subalpine
districts.— Distr. General and common in the hilly districts of Great
Britain, rare in Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance, between Arthur’s
bed and Wring Cheese and near Helminton, Cornwall; Okehampton,
Devon; Abdon Burf and near Oswestry, Shropshire ; Cader Idris and
Dolgelly, Merioneth; Pen-y-Gwryd, Carnarvonshire; Black Edge,
Buxton, Derbyshire; near Staveley, Kendal and Ambleside, West-
moreland ; Wastdale, Cumberland; Teesdale, Durham; New Gallo-
way, Kirkcudbrightshire; Leadhills, Lanarkshire; Inverary and
Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Sidlaw
Hills, Balgay Wood, Glen Isla and Strathmartine, Perthshire; Craig
Nich, Glen Callater and Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near
Forres, Elginshire ; Ben Nevis and Lochaber, Invernessshire ; Hills
of Apple Cross, Rossshire; Killarney, Kerry; Connemara, Galway ;
Slieve More, Achill, Mayo. -

5. St. Delisei Bory ex Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 619 (1830).—
Podetia small, loosely cxespitose, branched, the main axis thinly
tomentose or naked; podetial squamules minute, crenate or
digitately divided, grouped near the apices, whitish and becoming
sorediate (IKK + °°"), Apothecia unknown.—Cromb. in Journ,
Bot. xxiii. p. 195 (1885) & Monogr. i. p. 117.

Known only from W. France and N. Scotland. The granules at

the tips of the podetia are whitish and almost entirely sorediate.
Cephalodia are very rare, and similar to those of St. coralloides.

Hab. Among mosses or granitic boulders in Central Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Near Loch Eagle, Rannoch Moor, Perthshire.

6. St. evolutum Grewe ex Th. Fr. in Bot. Not. (1865) p. 181.—
Podetia small or moderate in size, caspitose, frequently and
intricately branched, especially towards the apices, glabrous ;

STEREOCAULON | CLADONIACEX 411

podetial squamules crowded, swollen and branched, greyish
glaucous or whitish. Cephalodia rather scarce, somewhat
spherical, minutely granular on the surface, greyish, containing
Stigonema. Apothecia terminal, at first thinly margined and
plane, becoming convex and difform and often splitting, pale or
dark-brown ; spores oblong-eilipsoid, obtuse, constantly 3-septate,
18-28 yp long, 5-7 p» thick.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 359
(1876) & Monogr. i. p. 118; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 72.

Exsice. Cromb. n. 120.

Intermediate between St. coralloides and St. paschale. The
podetia are subdecumbent, the squamules stouter more branched and
less distinctly palmate than in S. paschale, but not coralloid.

Hab. On rocks and walls in maritime and hilly regions.— Distr.
General and common in W. and N. England, N. Wales, among the
Grampians, Scotland and W. Ireland.—B. M. Hay Tor, Widdicombe,
Wistmain’s Wood and near Buckland on the moor, Devonshire;
Plynlimmon, Cardiganshire; Cader Idris, Llyn Bodlyn, Dolgelly,
near Barmouth and Garth, Merioneth ; Beddgelert, Carnarvonshire ;
Teesdale, Durham; near Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin,
Argyll; Crianlarich, Ben Lawers and near Loch Eagle, Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Ben Avon, Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire ;
near Forres, Elginshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Cahir and Black-
water Bridge, Kerry ; Connemara, Galway.

7. St. paschale Fr. Stirp. Femsj. p. 35 (1825).—Podetia
moderately high (about 3 to 9 cm.), crowded or dispersed, erect
or spreading, much branched, the axis slightly compressed,
tomentose, becoming nearly glabrous ; podetial squamules palmate
or crenate, greyish white or whitish. Cephalodia warted, con-
taining Stigonema. Apothecia terminal or subterminal, plane
or convex, brown or dark-brown ; spores usually 3- sometimes
5—9-septate, fusiform-cylindrical, 18—40 p» long, 3°5-4°5 pv thick.—
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 pro parte ; in Grevillea xv. p. 15 (1886)
& Monogr. i. p. 118; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 77; ed. 3, p. 70 pro
parte. Lichen paschalis L. Sp. Pl. p. 1153 (1753) pro parte.

A plant of northern or cold regions and very rare in this country.
Tt has frequently been confused with St. coralloides, but differs in
the form of the podetial squamules, which are smaller and are never
- coralloid.

Hab. Among mosses on rocks and on the ground in alpine
regions.— Distr. Rare in the northern regions of Scotland.—b. M.
Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Morven, Caithness.

8. St. denudatum Flerke Deutsch. Lich. iv. p. 13 (1819).—
Podetia small or moderate in size, up to 5 em. in height, attached
below, nearly erect and branched above, attenuate and rarely
sorediate at the apices, the axis glabrous ; podetial squamules
whitish, subpeltate, at first somewhat globose then flattened and
depressed in the centre, with a crenulate margin, sometimes
discoid and crowded, often fewer towards the tips. Cephalodia

412 CYCLOCARPINEX [ STEREOCAULON

warted, olive-brown, somewhat shining, containing Stigonema.
Apothecia very rare, small, lateral, plane or somewhat convex,
brownish ; spores elongate-fusiform, 3—7-septate, 26-46 p long,
3-4 p thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 & Monogr. i. 120; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 78; ed. 3, p. 71. S. paschale var. denudatum Mudd
Man. p. 66 (1861). Lichenoides non tubulosum, cinereum ramosum
totum crustaceum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 66, n. 11 (1724)
(specimen in Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 2, n. 7, in Herb. Sloane).
Coralloides crispum et botryforme alpinum Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 114, t. 17, fig. 33 (1741).

Ezxsicc. Croall n. 499 ; Johns. n. 211; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 244.

Easily distinguished from other British species by the subpeltate
squamules and by the thin squamulose podetia near the tips. When
larger and more robust it is f. validwm Jaur. (ex Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 205
(1831); Cromb. Monogr. i. p.120). Squamules and podetia are rarely
somewhat sorediate (f. capitatwm Flot. ex Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ.
p- 13 (1855) ; Cromb. 1. c.).

Hab. On rocks and boulders in upland and alpine situations.—

Distr. General and frequent in the more mountainous districts of
Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Cawsand Beacon, Sharpitor Rock
and Mis Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; near Dolgelly and Cader Idris,
Merioneth; Capel Curig, Pen-y-Gwryd, Moel Siabod, Llyn Idwal and
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Anglesea; Mynydd-y-Myfyr, Shropshire ;
Falim Clints and Cronkley Scar, Teesdale, Durham; Staveley Head,
Westmoreland; Ennerdale, Cumberland; near Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Ledi, Ben Lawers and
Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills and Clova, Forfarshire ;
Glen Candlic, Craig Coinnoch, Cairn Drochit and Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Hills of Apple-
cross, Rossshire; Lairg, Sutherland; Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore,
Connemara, Galway.

Var. pulvinatum Th. Fr. Ster. & Pil. Comm. p. 27 (1857).—
Podetia densely czspitose, short, fastigiately and intricately
branched, forming cushion-like growths, the squamules turgid,
crowded.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xx. p. 272 (1882) & Monogr. i.
p- 121. St. botryosum Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 581; Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 233. St. paschale var. pulvinatum Scher. Lich.
Helv. Spicil. p. 274 (1833); var. botryosum Mudd Man. p. 66
(1861). St. tomentosum var. botryosum Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17
(1870); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 78; ed. 3, p. 71.

Easice. Johns. n. 212; Leight. n. 387.

Differs from the species in the short congested podetia and the
somewhat confluent podetial squamules.

Hab. On rocks and boulders in mountainous regions.—Disér.
Rather local in N. England, N. Wales, among the Scottish Grampians
and in S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Cader Idris, Merioneth; Llyn Howel
and Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Castleton, Derbyshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Ben Lawers, Craig Calliach and near Loch Eagle, Rannoch,
Perthshire; Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis,
Invernessshire ; Connor Cliffs, Kerry.

-

STEREOCAULON | * CLADONIACE® 413

9. St. tomentosum Fr. Sched. Critt. iii. p. 20 (1824) pro
parte ; Th. Fr. Ster. Pil. Comm. p. 29 (1857).—Podetia solitary
or loosely czspitose, ascending or spreading, 3-9 cm. high,
branched above, the axis densely tomentose ; podetial squamules
palmate-digitate, crowded above, scarcely any below, whitish or
greyish-green. Cephalodia minute, greyish or bluish-green, con-
taining Nostoc. Apothecia small, terminal and lateral, concave,
becoming subglobose, brown or dark-brown; spores elongate-
fusiform, 3- rarely 5—7-septate, 22-37 p long, 2-3 p thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 65; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 17 & Monogr. i. p. 119 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 78; ed. 3, p. 70.

Ezxsice. Dicks. Hort. Sicc. n. 24 (as Lichen paschalis).

Distinguished from the preceding by the tomentum on the podetia,
though that disappears somewhat with age. Apothecia are rather
rare in British specimens; spermogones are more frequent, with
spermatia 5-6 » long, 1 p thick.

Hab. Among gravel in stony places in maritime and subalpine
districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in §8.W. and N. England and in
the hilly regions of Scotland—B. M. Near Tavistock, Devon;
Helvellyn, Cumberland; Sands of Barrie and Clova Mts., Forfarshire ;
Ben-naboord, Glen Dee, Glen Lui Beg, Braemar and Ben Macdhui,
Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis and Glen Feshie, Invernessshire.

10. St. alpinum Laur. ex Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 204 (1831).—
Podetia rather short, branched and densely congested, adherent
to the substratum, the axis thinly tomentose ; podetial squamules
above of conglomerate turgid granules almost obscuring the
branches, more sparse below and subpalmate. Ceplialodia bluish-
green, containing Nostoc. Apothecia few, usually terminal and
dilated, plane, becoming convex, dark-red or brownish-black ;
spores 3- rarely 5—7-septate, 22-37 pw long, 2-3 w thick.—Cromb.
in Grevillea xv. p. 15 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 119. St. tomentosum
var. alpinum Th, Fr. Ster. Pil. Comm. p. 30 (1857); Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 17; Leight. Lich. Fl, p. 78; ed. 3, p. 71. St. paschale
var. alpinum Mudd Man. p. 66 (1861).

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 7.

Distinguished from the preceding by character of the more erect
congested podetia and the crowded turgid squamules.

Hab. On the ground and on boulders in subalpine districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce among the Scottish Grampians and W. Ireland.
—B.M. Ben Vrackie, Perthshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

CLADONIA Hill Hist. Pl. p. 91 (1751) pro parte; Hoffm.
Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 114 (1795). Seyphophorum Necker Elem. Bot.
ili, p. 350 (1790). Cenomyce Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 105 (1810);
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 61 (1821). Helopodium, Schasmaria and
Scyphophora 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. pp. 416, 417 (1821). Seypho-
phorus Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 236 (1833). (PI. 68.)

Primary thallus crustaceous, squamulose or subfoliaceous,

414 CYCLOCARPINEE ¢ [CLADONIA

sometimes evanescent; secondary thallus or podetia upright,
simple or branched, tapering to a point or widening to form a
shallow cup or scyphus, more or less corticate, pulverulent or

beset with squamules, tubular and sometimes perforate at the —

axils or in the scyphi. Apothecia terminal, at first somewhat
plane or even marginate, becoming convex ; spores 8 in the ascus,
oblong, simple, colourless. Spermogones usually terminal on the
podetia, with cylindrical straight or curved acrogenous spermatia.

Characterized by the well-developed tubular podetia. There are
three subgenera represented in the British Isles :—

Primary thallus crustaceous or squamulose soon

evanescent; podetia mostly ascyphous........... i, CLADINA.
Primary thallus crustaceous, persistent; podetia

SHCY PROMS. 2. 0.ésslavs eed. selene ease ede ee ii. PYCNOTHELIA.
Primary thallus squamulose, usually persistent ;

podetia scyphous or ascyphous..................24. iii. CENOMYCE.

Subgenus i. Crapina Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72 (1871). Cladina
Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. Forh. n.s. v. p. 110 (1866) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 173.—Basal thallus granular or minutely
squamulose, soon disappearing ; podetia perishing at the base,
with long continued apical growth and without podetial
squamules.

The species of Cladina were considered to have no primary thallus,
and though that has been disproved by careful observations for most
of the species, the basal granules or squamules disappear very soon.

The limits of Nylander’s genus have been followed. Wainio and some ~

others have excluded Cladonia uncialis and C. amaurocrea, etc.
(placing them under the subgenus Cenomyce).

Podetia ascyphous, slender, cylindrical.

1. C. rangiferina Web. in Wiggers Pxim. Fl. Hols. p. 90
(1780) pro parte.—Primary thallus of contiguous or scattered
minute greyish granules soon disappearing ; podetia rising from
the granules or from fragments of older podetia dying at the
base but with continued apical growth, usually about 5 to 12 em.
long, but shorter or sometimes very much longer, usually tomen-
tose and somewhat scabrid, cylindrical, rather slender, the main
axis usually about 1°5 mm, thick, with many short branches, often
dilated and perforate at the axils, the branchlets short, spreading
or subdeflexed and subsecund, the apices nodding when sterile,
erect and subcorymbose when fertile, greenish-grey or whitish
(XK + yellow, CaCl —), Apothecia small, rare; spores oblong-
fusiform, 10-15 p long, 3°5 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 415; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 235; Mudd Man. p. 58
(excl. vars.) & Brit. Clad. p. 24 (incl. £. major, p. 25, excl. other
forms). Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie
candicans Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 66, n. 14 (1724). Coral-

CLADONIA] CLADONIACEX: 415

loides montanum fruticuli specie, ubique candicans Dill. Hist. Muse.
p._107, t. 16, fig. 29 a—p (1741). Lichen rangiferinus L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1153 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (excl. var. 8); Light.
PY Seot. ii. p. 877 (excl. vars.); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 41;
Engl. Bot. t. 173. Cenomyce rangiferina Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 277
(1814) (incl. f. gigantea); Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 65; Tayl. in
Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 79. Cladina rangiferina Nyl. in Not.
Sallsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn, Forh. n. s. v. p. 110 (1866); Leight.
in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xvii. p. 418 (1866) & Lich. FI.
p-. 74; ed. 3, p. 67; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 174
(incl. f. gigantea Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 358 (1878)).
Exsicc. Croall n. 400.

This species is the well-known ‘ Rein-deer Moss,” and is distin-
guished from the following chiefly by the larger size and by the yellow
reaction with potash. It grows in dense groups and sometimes in
northern countries to a great height (14 ft.). Usually it is tomentose
and often covered with scurfy dots, or it is quite smooth and in older
specimens tends to become greyish-brown. The apothecia are rare,
but the spermogones are more frequent.

’

Hab. On the ground, usually in boggy places, mostly on high
moorlands.—Distr. Not general nor common in Great Britain; not
seen from Ireland.—B. M. Trevello Carne, near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Charwood Forest, Leicestershire; Delamere Forest, Cheshire;
Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; The Cheviots, Northumberland; Glen
Lochay and Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Clova Mts., Forfarshire; Craig
Coinnoch and Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus
Forest and Glen Nevis, Invernessshire.

2. C. sylvatica Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 114 (1795).—
Primary thallus of contiguous or dispersed yellowish-green
granules, soon evanescent ; podetia branched, dying at the base
but with continued apical growth, mostly about 5 cm. in length
and slender, but attaining to 20 cm. and the main axis stoutish,
about 1-5 mm. thick, cylindrical, somewhat tomentose and scabrid,
greenish - white, or pale-straw-coloured, the branches short,
spreading or deflexed, often dilated and perforate at the axils,
the ultimate branchlets short, subsecund, nodding when sterile,
erect and subcorymbose when fertile, greenish-grey or pale-straw-
coloured (K —, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia and spores as
in the preceding species.—C. rangiferina var. sylvatica Scher.
Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 38 (1823), Mudd Man. p. 59 & ff. tenuis,
lappacea, sylvatica and grandis Brit. Clad. p. 25 (1865); var.
tenuis Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 164 (1828) & var. silvatica f. grandis
tom. cit. p. 169. OC. impexa Harm. Lich. Fr. p. 232 (1907);
A. L. Sm. Monogr. ii. p. 351 (1911). C. ciliata Stirt. in Scot.
Nat. n. s. il. p. 308 (1888). Coralloides fruticuli species candicans
corniculis rufescentibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 110, t. 16, fig. 508
(1741). Cladina sylvatica Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.
Forh. n. s. v. p. 110 (1866); Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist;
ser. 3, xviii. p. 418 (1866) & Lich. Fl. p. 72 (incl. f. sabrosa).

416 ; CYCLOCARPINEE [CLADONIA

ed. 3, p. 66; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 175 (inel.
f. tenuis and var. grandis).

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 6; Johns. nos. 54, 55, 182, 300; Larb. Lich. |
Hb. nos. 242, 243 & Lich. Cantab. n. 4; Leight. n. 57; Mudd
nos. 19, 20 & Clad. nos. 57, 58, 60.

One of our commonest British Lichens ; it differs little from the
preceding species except in the absence of colour reaction with potash
and in the generally smaller lighter-coloured and less tomentose
podetia. Forms fenwis and grandis represent the somewhat more
extreme developments. Jn f. lappacea the podetia are more crowded
and branched. Cladonia impexa is whitish and almost translucent in
appearance, but otherwise like the species; the translucent character
appears occasionally both in this species and in the preceding. It
is more than probable that Lichen rangiferinus of the older writers
refers to this, the much commoner species.

Hab. On the ground in forests and moorlands.—Distr. General
and common in Great Britain and Ireland, rare in the Channel
Islands.—B. M. Tregawn, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon; New Forest,
Hants; Shanklin Downs, I. of Wight; Aldrington, Tilgate, Lavington
and Crowborough, Sussex; Wimbledon, Surrey; Farnham Royal
Common, Bucks; Epping Forest, Essex; Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire; Wyre Forest and Malvern, Worcestershire ; Haughmond Hill,
Shropshire; Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Thetford
Warren, Suffolk; North Wootton Common, Norfolk; Ayton and
Kildale Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland ;
Alston, Cumberland; The Cheviots and West Allen Carrs, Northum-
berland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Pentland Hills, near
Edinburgh; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers, Kinnoul Hill and
Moncreiffe Hill. near Perth, Glen Lochay and Rannoch Moor, Perth-
shire; Sidlaw Hills, Rossie Moor and Baldovan, Forfarshire; Mar
Forest and Ben-naboord, Braemar and Countess Wells Wood, Aber-
deenshire ; Rothiemurchus and Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Lairg,
Sutherlandshire; Applecross, Rossshire; Kilminster Moor, Caithness;
Arklow, Wicklow; Connemara, Galway; Mallaranny, Slieve More
Mt., Achil Island and Clare Island, Mayo; Kirkcubbin, Down.

Form lacerata Wain. Mon. Clad. i. p. 29 (1887).—Podetia
rather long and stoutish, very shortly branched, perforate or
lacerate at the axils.—Cenomyce sylvatica var. lacerata Del. in
Duby Bot. Gall. ii. p. 621 (1830). Cladina sylvatica f. lacerata
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 115 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 176.

Hab. In moist sandy places and on moorlands in maritime and
inland districts.—Distr. Scarce in the Channel Islands and in Great
Britain. —B. M. Quenvais, Jersey; near Bodmin, Cornwall; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Rannoch Moor, Perthshire.

Var. portentosa Wain. Mon. Clad. i. p. 32 (1887).—Podetia
stout and rather inflated, difform, tomentose, scabrid, sometimes
translucent, shortly branched, denticulate-crispate at the apices
and sometimes also at the axils.—Corallina montana varietas
elegans Buddle Hort. Sicc. ii. fol. i. n. 3, in Herb. Sloane.
Cenomyce portentosa Duf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. p. 69 (1821).
Cladina sylvatica f. portentosa Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEX 417

ser. 3, xvill. p. 419 (1866) & Lich. Fl. p. 73; ed. 3, p. 67;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 176.

Fairly constant in appearance, though probably an abnormal
growth form due to excessive moisture. It is rarely fertile.

Hab. In moist places on moorlands.— Distr. Rare in S.W. and
Central England, $. Scotland.—B. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall ;
Hampstead, London (18th century); Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Moor of Rannoch, Perth-
shire; Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

3. C. alpestris Rabenh. Clad. Eur. p. 11, fide Bausch in
Verh. Nat. Ver. Carlsruhe, iv. p. 17 (1869).—Podetia somewhat
soft, with apical dense radiately spreading cymose branches
forming a thyrsus, the main axis stoutish, that of the branches
and branchlets rather slender, tips upright, usually light-straw-
coloured (K —, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia rare in Great
Britain, minute, solitary or aggregate, brown or reddish-brown ;
spores fusiform or oblong, 10-14 pw long, 3-3°5 yp thick.—C. ran-
giferina var. alpestris Mudd Man. p. 59 (1861) & f. alpestris
Brit. Clad. p. 25 (1865). Coralloides montanum fruticuli specie,
ubique candicans Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 107, t. 16, fig. 298, F.
Lichen rangiferinus alpestris Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1153 (1753). L.
alpestris Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (1762); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 877. Cladina sylvatica var. alpestris Nyl. in Not. Siillsk.
Faun. & FI. Fenn. n. s. v. p. 176 (1866); Leight. in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 419 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22
& Monogr. i. p. 177; £. alpestris Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 73; ed. 3,

. 66.
Eaxsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 85.

So well-marked and constant in the form of the branching that it
is now held to rank as a species. It is rarely fertile in the British
Isles. The spermogones contain a rose-red colouring substance.

Hab. In moist places in woods and moorlands in upland and sub-
alpine regions.—Dvstr. Rare in England and Ireland; more frequent
among the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Rhewgreidden, Merioneth ;
Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen and Ben-
naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ;
Ballytore, Kildare ; Kylemore and Roundstone, Galway.

Form pumila A. L. Sm.—Podetia shorter, very much branched,
forming somewhat dense cushions, rather fragile-——Cenomyce
rangiferina var. pumila Ach. Lich, Univ. p. 566 (1810). C. ran-
giferina £. lappacea Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 162 (1828); Mudd
Brit. Clad. p. 25. Cladina sylvatica ft. pumila Leight. Lich. FI.
p- 73 (1871); ed. 3, p. 67; var. alpestris f. pumila Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 22 (1870) & Monogr. i. p. 177.

Exsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 59.

Hab. In dry bare places or heaths, and on turf walls in upland
districts.— Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain, not seen from
Treland.—B. M. Broadwater Forest, Sussex; Leith Hill, Surrey;

i 2 E

-)s a. ss

418 CYCLOCARPINEE | CLADONIA

Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth ; Burton
Head, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Appin, Argyll; Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

Form spumosa Norrl. ex Wain. Mon. Clad. i. p. 46 (1887).
—Podetia shorter, more straggling and irregularly branched, the
main branches soft and tomentose, whitish or greyish.

Without the dense apical branching of the species, but agreeing in
the presence of red colouring substance in the spermogones.

Collected by the late W. West; determined by T. Hebden.—
B. M. Roundstone, Galway.

Podetia ascyphous, tubular.

4. C. uncialis Web. in Wigg. Prim. FI. Hols. p. 90 (1780).—
Primary thallus of minute squamules, straw-coloured above,
white beneath, scattered or aggregate, soon disappearing ;
podetia rising from the margin of the squamules or more
frequently from the base of older members, increasing indefinitely
at the apex, dying off below, usually about 5 em. in height, but
varying from 2 cm. upwards and about 2 mm. thick less or
more, subcylindrical, shortly and dichotomously branched, more
or less perforated and often dilated at the axils, corticate and
continuous, areolate and verruculose, the apices erect, subulate or
denticulate when sterile, radiately divided when fertile, greenish-
straw-coloured (K —, K(CaCl) + yellowish). Apothecia small,
pale or brown; spores oblong-fusiform, 8-12 pw long, 3°5 p thick.
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 415; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p- 234; Mudd Man. p. 59 (incl. f. humilior); £. humilior Fr.
Lich. Eur. p. 244 (1831). C. stellata Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic.
p. 42 (1823) pro parte; Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 26 (inel. ff uncialis
and depressa). CU. amaurocrea f. dicrea Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 27
(1865)? Lichenoides tubulosum cauliculis mollioribus et crassiori-
bus, minus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p.%67, n. 21 (1724) (in
Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 1, n. 4 in Hb. Sloane). Coralloides
perforatum minus, molle et tenue Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 99, t. 16,
fig. 22 a, c, p, and fig. 27a (1741). Lichen uncialis L. Sp. Pl.
p. 1153 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 459; Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii.
p. 880; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44; Engl. Bot. t. 174. Beeomyces
uncialis var. dicreus Ach. Meth. Lich, p. 353 (18035). Cenomyce
uncialis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 558 (1810) (incl. var. bolacina) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 79.
Cladina wncialis Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n. s. v.
p. 111 (1866); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 178;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74; ed. 3, p. 67.

Exsicc. Bohl. nos. 15, 31; Croall n. 596 ; Johns. n. 56.

The podetia vary from smooth to being areolate-rough in high
altitudes or in exposed situations. The forms recorded below are
more nearly growth conditions, though the extreme stages are
widely separated. The apex of the podetium is often minutely

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 419

furcate-spinose or with several short points, but there are no true
seyphi. It is usually sterile.

Hab. On the ground among mosses (frequent in boggy places) on
moorlands and mountains.— Distr. General and common throughout
the British Isles.--B. M. St. Mary, Scilly Isles; near Respring,
Cornwall; Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon; Tilgate, Sussex; near Tun-
bridge Wells, Kent; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Hartlebury
Common, Worcestershire ; Barmouth and Rhewgreidden, Merioneth ;
Snowdon and Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; Ingleby Park and Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumberland ; Kirkhope Law, Swinhope
Fell and The Cheviots, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Craig Calliach and
Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Rossie Moor and Clova,
Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen; Glen Callater and Ben
Maecdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; near Rothiemurchus and Ben
Nevis, Invernessshire; Hills of Applecross, Rossshire; Coachford
near Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore, Galway; Erris, Glandarry
Mt., Slieve More Mt. and Mallaranny, Mayo.

Form holacina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 58 (1861).— Podetia
short, slender, usually very much and intricately branched.—
€. stellata £. gracilis Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 26 (1865). Cenomyce
uncialis var. bolacina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 559 (1810). Cladina
uncialis var. bolacina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 (1870) & f. bolacina
Monogr. i. p. 178 (1894).

Easice. Johns. n. 301; Leight. n. 58; Mudd n. 17 & Clad.
nm. 61.

The extreme examples are very slender, but there is a gradual
transition to forms that more nearly approach the species. Generally
the growth is more compact and pulvinate. It represents a form of
the species in very dry situations as f. elatvor represents the growth
in more 1noist localities.

Hab. In dry places among mosses or moorlands in upland districts.
—Distr. Chietly in N. England, N. Wales, among the Scottish
Grampians and in W. Ireland.—B. M. Hay Tor, Dartmoor, Devon ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire ; Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Farndale,
Guisboro’ and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Rannoch, Perth-
shire ; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Corraun Mt., Mayo.

Form elatior Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 244 (1831) (ancl. £. turgescens).
—Podetia elongate, stout, sparingly branched, the branches
subfastigiate, subulate, furcate or spreading-dentate at the apices,
usually sterile—Mudd Man. p. 59 (incl. f. turgescens); var.
adunca 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 415 (1821) ; var. turgida Scheer.
Lich. Helv. Spicil. p. 43 (1823); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 285 (1833). C. stellata var. adunca Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ.
p. 37 (1855); Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 27 (incl. f. turgescens).
Lichenoides tubulosum, caliculis mollioribus et crassiortbus, majus
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 20 (1724). Coralloides
perforatum majus, molle et crassum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 98, t. 16,
fig. 21 (1741). Coralloides imperforatum corniculis brevissimis
erispis Dill. tom. cit. p. 100, t. 16, fig. 24. Lichen uncialis

4B 2

420 CYCLOCARPINEZE ; [CLADONIA

var. 8. Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 880 (1777) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2,
p- 555; var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 44 (1796). Beeomyces
aduncus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 353 (1803). Cenomyce uncialis
var. obtusata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 559 (1810); var. adunea Hook.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64 (1821). Cladina uncialis ff. turgescens and
adunca Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 75 (1871); ed. 3, p. 68 (inel. f.
obtusata) ; f. adunca Cromb, in Grevillea xi. p. 115 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 179 (inel. ff. turgescens and obtusata).
Exsicc. Johns. n. 217 ; Mudd n. 21 & Clad. n. 62.

The podetia are sometimes very long (up to 4 inches) and stouter
than in the species. In some instances they are short and swollen,
with a deformed appearance (f. twrgescens), or distorted and obtuse at
the apices (f. obtusata); these forms are intimately connected with
f. elatior.

Hab. On the ground in damp places or on turf-walls (f. éwrgescens)
in upland moorlands and hilly regions.— Distr. Probably general in
Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Near Penzance and Withiel,
Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon; Aldershot, Hants; Cwm Bychan,
Merioneth; Battersby and Ayton Moors, Cleveland, Yorkshire; The
Cheviots and Swinhope Fell, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirk
cudbrightshire; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Ben Cruachan,
Argyll; Craig Calliach and Ben Lawers, Perthshire ; Clova Mts. and
Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Hill of Ardo, near Aberdeen, Glen Candlic
and Ben Macdhui, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire ; Kilminster Moss, Caithness; Doneraile Mts., Cork ; Achavanagh,
Wicklow ; Kylemore, Galway.

Podetia occasionally scyphiferous.

5. C. amaurocrea Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 34 (1823).—
Primary thallus soon evanescent ; podetia elongate, slender or
stoutish, variously branched, rarely perforate at the axils,
smooth, the branches tapering or furcate, or becoming scyphi-
ferous, the scyphi dentate-cristate or spinulose at the margins,
often proliferous, straw-coloured or whitish+straw-coloured (K —,
K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia rather small, brown or pale-
reddish-brown ; spores oblong, 9-12 p long, 3°5 mu thick.—Mudd
Brit. Clad. p. 27 (inel. £. myriocrzea) ; var. myriocreea Floerk. Clad.
Comm. p. 124 (1828). Capitularia amaurocrea Floerk. in Web.
& Mohr Beitr. Naturk. ii. p. 334 (1810). Cladina amaurocreea
Nyl. in Not. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. p. 111 (1866) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 22 & Monogr. i. p. 180; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 74 ;
ed. 3, p. 67.

Exsice. Larb. Lich. Hb. (without a number) ; Mudd Clad.
n. 63.

Closely allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the occurrence
of seyphi-bearing podetia mixed with the subulate podetia. The
seyphi are cristate, and resemble somewhat the blunt end of a
podetium growing out on all sides.

Hab. On the ground in moist places amongst heaths in upland
and sub-alpine regions.—Dist7, Rare in N. England, among the

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEE 421

Grampians, Scotland, and in W. Ireland..—B. M. Guisboro’ Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Rannoch Moor, Perthshire ; Ben-naboord and
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; near Kylemore, Galway.

6. C. destricta Nyl. ex Wain. Mon. Clad. i. p. 252 (1887).—
Podetia rather short, from 3 to 6 cm. in height, greyish-green or
occasionally straw- coloured, corticate-areolate and rather warted,
repeatedly branched, usually decumbent or of straggling growth,
ascyphous, or with scyphi when very well developed, the tapering
branches lighter-coloured at the tips. Apothecia not seen ; sper-
mogones blackish._—C. amaurocreea £. destricta Nyl. Lich. Scand.
p. 59 (1861) ; f. depressa Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 28 (1865). Cladina
amaurocrea subsp. destricta Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Sallsk. Faun.
& Fl. Fenn. Forh. xii. p. 321 (1875) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv.
p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 180.

Exsicc. Mudd n. 18; Clad. n. 64.

Often regarded as a subspecies, or even a form of the preceding,
but distinguished by the more slender warted entangled podetia and
by the presence of dextrictinic acid, which gives a reddish tinge to the
paper enclosing the lichen. According to Crombie (Monogr. i. p. 181)
it often constitutes along with Lycopodium Selago, the scanty
vegetation of granitic and schistose detritus.

Hab. On bare moorlands and mountains from upland to alpine
regions.— Distr. Rare in N. Wales, N. England and §. Scotland,
more abundant among the Grampians.—B. M. Guisboro’ and Baysdale
Moors, Yorkshire ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Craig Calliach
and ‘Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Morrone
and Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire.

Subgenus ii. Pyonornenia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55 (1871),
Cenomyce Sect. Pycnothelia Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 571 (1810).
Pycnothelia Duf. in Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. viii. p. 45 (1821) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 424 (1821) ; Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v.
p- 241; Cromb. Monogr. i. 124.—Primary thallus crustaceous,
persistent ; podetia short, like papillee.

7. C. papillaria Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. u. p. 117 (1795).—
Thallus crustaceous, granular, forming a crust, whitish or pale-
yellowish-green ; podetia very short, papilla-like, clavate-cylin-
drical, inflated, very fragile, glabrous, simple or rarely divided,
white or glaucous-green (K + yellowish, CaCl—). Apothecia
rare, small, terminal, solitary or aggregate, at first somewhat
plane and marginate, becoming convex, brown or reddish-brown,
spores ellipsoid, 9-14 p long, 4°5 thick. Spermogones frequent,
usually terminal, conical, with slightly arcuate spores acute at
the ends.—Mudd Man. p. 59 & Brit. Clad. p. 34. Coralloides
minimum fragile, madrepore instar nascens Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 107, t. 16, fig. 28 (1741). Lichen papillaria Ehrh. Phyt.
n. 100 (1780); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. i. p. 13 (1785); With.

422 CYCLOCARPINEE [CLADONIA

Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45; Engl. Bot. t. 907. Pycnothelia papillaria
Duf. in Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. viii. p. 46 (1821); 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 424 (1821); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 241; Cromb. -
Lich. Brit. p. 18 & Monogr. i. p. 124; Leight. Lich. Fl. p 55 ;
ed. 3, p. 52. Cenomyce papillaria Ach. Lich. Uniy. p. 571
(1810); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 121; Croall n. 602; Leight. n. 208;
Mudd n. 22 & Clad. n. 80.

The crustaceous, persistent thallus distinguishes this species from
other Cladoniz ; the hollow, thin walled podetia somewhat suggest a
minute C. wncialis, they are usually scattered, though sometimes
crowded.

Hab. On the ground in dry exposed places.—Dist. General, but
not common, mostly in the hilly and mountainous tracts of Great
Britain and Ireland—B. M. St. Breock and Cardinham, Cornwall ;
Dorset; Bournemouth, Hants; Ardingly Rocks and Broadwater
Forest, Sussex ; Llandrindod Hill, Radnorshire; Baysdale and Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; New Galloway, Kirk-
cudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Rannoch, Perth-
shire; Clova, Forfar ; Ben-naboord, Morrone and above Loch Callater,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross,
Rossshire ; near Lairg, Sutherland; Doneraile Mts., Cork; Kilkee,
Clare; Killarney, Kerry ; Glendarry Mt., Corraun Mt., Cushlecka Mt.,
and Slieve More Mt., Achill, Mayo.

Var. molariformis Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 50 (1861).—Podetia
stouter, longer, and branched towards the apices, the branches
subfastigiate.—Subsp. molariformis Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 117
(1795). Pyenothelia papillaria var. molariformis Cromb. Lich.
Brit. p. 18 (1870) ; form molariformis Cromb. in Grevillea xi.
p. 111 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 125.

A robust luxuriant variety with the podetia crowded and branched,
and the horizontal thallus but little visible. Apothecia have not been
found on our specimens and spermogones are rare.

Hab. On the ground among rocks, plentiful where it occurs.—
B. M. Ardingly Rocks, Sussex.

Var. apoda Nyl. in Flora, xlviii. p. 211 (1878), note.-—Thallus
thinly crustaceous, white or whitish ; podetia small, or scarcely
formed. Apothecia sessile, small, often aggregate, immarginate,
rusty-red or ochraceous ; spores fusiform-oblong, 7-10 yp long,
4. thick. Pyenothelia apoda Nyl. in Flora, 1xi, p. 24 (1878) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea, vii. p. 97 (1879) & Monogr. i. p. 125;
Leight, Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 544. Specimen not seen.

Described as differing in the reduced podetia, instances of which

are also sparingly met with on the species. Nylander records that
the spermogones commonly occur in the hymenium.

Hab. On the ground in a maritime distriet in N.W. Ireland
(Kylemore, Galway).

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 423

Subgenus iii. Cenomyce Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 64 (1871).
Cenomyce Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 105 (1810); Hook. FI. Scot. ii.
p- 61; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 342 ; Tayl.in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 79.
—Primary thallus squamulose or foliaceous, usually persistent ;
podetia mostly well-developed, scyphous or ascyphous. Apothecia
pale- or dark-brown, or red-coloured.

The Cladonie of the subgenus Cenomyce are found mostly on
undisturbed mossy earth or on sandy soil on the ground or on rocks.
A few species grow by preference on old stumps or trunks of trees, as,
for instance, C. parasitica and C. macilenta. The species spread
widely, and are often intermingled. In certain conditions the
superficial granules or cortical areole of the podetia grow out into
squamules somewhat similar to those of the primary thallus, and
thus many species have a squamulose variety or form.

In the following synopsis ‘large’ squamules are from 1 to 3 cm.
in length, with less width; ‘‘medium’”’-sized are about 1 cm. long
or less; and ‘‘ small,” about 2to5 mm. The podetia when short are
a few mm. in length, medium-sized 2 to 3 cm., and elongate or tall
more than 3 cm.

The species are arranged in two series according to the colours of
the apothecia :—

Apothecia: brown" v.. 3 cn. kere. se. 00s A. PHmocaRPES.
Apothecian red ss. cscs ssoecs sees vee eos B. Coccirser&.

Series A. PoHmocarPe®. Apothecia brown-coloured.
I. Podetia without perforations at tips or axils, mostly scyphiferous.
1. Podetia not or only partly corticate.

Basal squamules large, sometimes almost foliaceous.

8. C. foliacea Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 363 (1787) emend. Wain.
Clad. Univ. p. 384 (1894).—Squamules of primary thallus
crowded rather large and rigid at the base, almost palmately
divided, crenate and somewhat turned up at the tips, frequently
blackish fibrillose at the margins, pale- or yellowish-green above,
beneath yellowish or white ; podetia arising from the upper
surface of the lacinie, often several from one frond, usually
rather short, simple, opening gradually to form irregular shallow
scyphi, or sometimes ascyphous (Kf + yellowish, K(CaCl) +
deeper yellow). Apothecia terminal or marginal on the scyphi,
convex, moderate in size, reddish-brown ; spores oblong, 8-14 pu
long, 2-4 p thick.—C. alcicornis Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 23
(1828). Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 & Monogr. i. p. 127 ; f. graciles-
cens Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 111 (1883); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p- 59; ed. 3, p. 56. CC. endivizfolia var. alicornis Mudd Man.
p- 52 (1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 3. C. firma f. gracilescens Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 128 (1894). Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et
pyxidulis exiguis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 70, n. 38 (1724).
Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartilaginosus Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 87, t. 14, fig. 124 (1741). Lichen foliaceus Huds,

he ee One

424 CYCLOCARPINE [CLADONIA

Fl. Angl. p. 457 (1762); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 35. LL. alei-
cornis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 872 (1777) pro parte ; Engl. Bot.

t. 1392. Cenomyce alcicornis Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 250 (1814); .

Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 343. Seyphophora
alcicornis S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 418 (1821); Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 238.

Exsicc. Larb. Lich. Cesar. n. 56 & Lich. Cantab. n. 1
Leight. n. 15; Mudd Clad. n, 1.

Distinguished by the large yellowish-green congested squamules
and by the black rhizinose fibrille which are present though not
abundant on any part of the plant possibly in response to contact.
The spermogones are frequently sessile on the squamules. A rare
plant with slender lobes (f. gracilescens), found only once in S. Wales,
has been referred by Wainio (Monogr. Clad. ii. p. 393) to the species
as a sport or growth form.

Hab. In dry sandy places amongst mosses and heaths in maritime
and inland districts.—Distr. Rather uncommon throughout Great
Britain and the Channel Islands, rare in S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Quen-
vais, Jersey; Sark; L’Ancresse Bay, Guernsey; I. of Wight; Scilly

Islands; Withiel, Cornwall; near Torquay, Devon; the Downs and’

near Brighton, Sussex; Romney Marsh, Lydd and West Wickham,
Kent; Epping Forest, Essex; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Lydstep,
Pembrokeshire (f. gvacilescens); Malvern Hills, Worcestershire ;
Aldgrove and Thetford Warren, Suffolk; Hunstanton, Norfolk; near
Great Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ;
Lismore, Argyll; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire ; Findhorn, Elginshire ;
Glengariff, Cork.

Var. firma Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. ii. p. 400 (1894).—
Thalline squamules large, laciniate, crowded and_ suberect,
crenate especially at the apices and occasionally fibrillose, pale-

or yellowish-green above, pale-yellowish or whitish or rarely rose- .

coloured and white-suffused beneath; podetia small, seyphiferous.
Apothecia more or less confluent, brown/+-Cladonia alcicornis
var. firma Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 191 (1860). C. firma Nyl. in Bot
Zeit. xix. p. 352 (1861) pro parte ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 128
(excl. f. gracilescens).

Easice. Cromb. n. 122; Larb. Cesar. n. 57.

Differs from the species in the more crowded upright growth o
the less divided lacinie.

Hab. On sandy soil and on the ground among rocks in maritime
districts.—Distr. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands -and
S. England—B. M. Noirmont Warren and Quenvais, Jersey ;
Jerbourg, Le Gouffre and Icart Point, Guernsey; Chateau Point,

Sark; Start Point, Devon; Brighton Downs and Newhaven, Sussex;
Lydd, Kent.

Var. endiviefolia Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 295 (1833).—
Thallus lobes large and rigid, divided into long rather broad

lacini generally crenulate at the apices, not fibrillose, usually
yellowish beneath ; podetia small, simple, rather rare. Apothecia

CLADONIA| CLADONIACEX 425

and spores as in the species.—C. endiviefolia Fr. Lich. Eur.
p- 212 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 52 & Brit. Clad. p. 2; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 18 & Monogr. i. p. 127; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 55;
ed. 3, p. 53. Lichen Endivifolius Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fasc. iii. p. 17
(1793); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 60;.Engl. Bot. t. 2361.
Cenomyce endivizefolia Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 250 (1814) ; Hook. FI.
Scot. p. 62. Scyphophora endiviefolia S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 418; Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 238.

Exsicc. Dicks. Hort. Sice. ix. n. 24.

Differs from the species in the very large spreading laciniw, which
are turned up in dry weather, and in the absence of fibrille.

Hab. On dry sandy (usually calcareous) soil among mosses and
short grasses chiefly in maritime districts.—Distr. Local and scarce
in a few Joealities in N.E.and 8S. England.—_B. M. Newhaven, Sussex ;
Banstead Downs, Surrey; Hemsby, near Yarmouth, Suffolk ; Ayton
Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

9. C. strepsilis Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. ii. p. 403 (1894).—
Primary thallus of large or small squamules, somewhat linear
and sinuous, rather fragile, glaucous- or olivaceous-green above,
beneath white or yellowish; podetia rising from or near the
apices of the squamules, short, corticate, areolate, ascyphous,
much branched above (K + yellowish, CaCl + bright-green).
Apothecia small, crowded on the tips of the podetial branches.
—(. degenerans subsp. coralloidea Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 54 (1861) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 45 & Monogr. i. p. 148. C. coralloidea
Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 5 (1865) (non Th. Fr.). C. furcata subsp.
coralloidea Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883). Beaomyces
strepsilis Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. p. 52 (1803). Cenomyce
coralloidea Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 528 (1810).

Ezxsicce. Mudd Clad. n. 4.

The cortex of the podetia is almost continuous, but uneven from
the somewhat turgid areole. The coralloid appearance is due to the
crowded apothecia.

Hab. On the ground on wet heaths in mountainous districts.—
Distr. Rare in N. England and 8S. Grampians, Scotland.—b. M.
Baysdale Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

Basal squamules medium-sized or small, thickish.

10. C. pyxidata Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. p. 121 (1795) pro
parte; Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. p. 21 (1826).—Primary thallus
squamulose, the squamules rather small, firm, thickish, variously
incised or crenate, glaucous-green or greyish, whitish beneath ;
podetia mostly rather short, wine-glass to funnel-shaped, gradually
widening upwards to a rather broad scyphus, continuously corticate
or coarsely granular, the granules frequently growing out in
small squamules, the scyphi sometimes proliferous, rarely squamu-
lose at the margins (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size,

426 CYCLOCARPINEE [| CLADONTA

brown or reddish-brown sometimes coalescing; spores oblong,
8-14 w long, 3-4°5 pw thick—Mudd Man. pp. 53-54 pro parte
(incl. ff. simplex, marginalis, and var. neglecta) & Brit. Clad.
pp. 7-8 pro parte (incl. ff. neglecta, simplex, staphylea, syntheta
and lophyra); Crombs Lich. Brit. p. 18 pro parte (incl. var.
symphicarpa) & in Grevillea xi. p. 111 (1883) (inel. f. lophyra and
var. symphicarpa) & Monogr. i. p. 129 (incl. f. lophyra) ; Leight.
Lich. FI. p. 60; ed. 3, p. 56 pro parte (excel. vars., incl. f. costata) ;
subsp. simplex and marginalis Hoffm. Deutschl. FI. ii. pp. 121-3
(1795); var. costata Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 66 (1828). Lichenoides
tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 68, n. 28
(1724) pro parte. Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 79, t. 14, figs. 6c and 1-m (1741). Lichen
pyxidatus Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1151 (1753) pro parte ; Huds. Fl. Angl.
p. 456 ; Lightf. FI). Scot. ii. p. 869 pro parte ; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 36 (excl. var. 2); Engl. Bot. t. 1393. L. simplea Roth
Tent. Fl. Germ. p. 510 (1788)? LL. symphicarpus Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 198 (1798). Seyphophorus pyxidatus DC. Fi.
Fr. ii. p. 339 (1805) (excl. vars.) ; S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 419 ;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 238. Beaomyces pyxidatus var. staphy-
leus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 339 (1803). B. fimbriatus var. synthetus
Ach. tom. cit. 342. Capitularia neglecta Floerk. ex Web. & Mohr
Beitr. Nat. ii. p. 306 (1810). Cenomyce pyxidata Ach. Lich.
Univ. p. 534 (1810) pro parte (incl. var. lophyra, p. 535) ; Hook.
Fl. Scot. p. 62; Grev. Fl. Edin. p. 343. C. coccifera Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 (1836) pro parte.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 32; Johns. nos. 10, 215, 214; Leight. n. 407 ;
Mudd Clad. n. 6.

Distinguished by the rather short podetia which gradually widen
out into a broad scyphus up to 1 cm. wide, and also by the coarse
granules with which usually it is covered, especially on the inside
of the scyphus. It is an extremely variable species with many
forms and varieties, which are to be regarded rather as growth forms
since more than one may be represented on the same specimen.
Among those forms that have been observed in our country f. simplex
has very broad coarsely granular scyphi bearing only pyenidia ;
f. neglecta and f. symphicarpa have confluent apothecia, but the
former has short granulate-verrucose podetia, these being smoother
in f. symplicarpa; the apothecia are pedicellate and podetia long
in f. staphylea; in f. syntheta the margins of the scyphi are pro-
liferous, in f. lophyra they are fringed with small squamules, while
in f. costata the podetium is decorticate and bare.

Hab. On the ground, old walls, rocks and about the roots of trees.
—Distr. General and common throughout Great Britain, rare in the
Channel Islands.—B. M. Guernsey; St. Breock, St. Breward and
near Bodmin, Cornwall; Becky Falls and Dartmoor, Devon; New
Forest, Hants; St. Leonards, Hassocks and Wolstonbury, Sussex ;
Putney, Surrey ; Hanwell and Hampstead Heath, Middlesex; Epping
Forest, Essex; Shropshire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Buxton,
Derbyshire; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Carnedd Dafydd,
Carnarvonshire; Golfa, N. Wales; Kildale Moor and Ayton, Cleve-

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEX 427

land, Yorkshire ; Alston and Bassenthwaite Lake, Cumberland ; Appin,
Argyll; Killin, Blair Athole and Kenmore, Perthshire; Durris, Kin-
cardineshire; Countesswells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemay House, Banffshire; near Fort William, Invernessshire :
Lairg, Sutherland; Slieve More Mt., Achill Island, Achill Sound and
Clare Island, Mayo.

Form epiphylla Scher. Enum. p. 191 (1850).—Basal squamules.
present; podetia extremely reduced or wanting. Apothecia
conglomerate, subsessile on the squamules.—Mudd Man. p. 53;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 130; var. epiphylla Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 18 (1870) ; var. chlorophxa f. epiphylla Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 9
(1865). Lichen epiphyllus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 185 (1798).

A curious and rare form of doubtful affinity. The apothecia are
more or less sessile on the basal thallus. In the specimen collected
by Mudd in Yorkshire the apothecia are scarcely visible.

Hab. On the ground in inland places.—Distr. Rare in E. and N.
England, not recently found.—B. M. Epping Forest, Essex; Ayton,
Cleveland, Yorkshire (doubtful).

Var. pocillum Fr. Summ. Veg. p. 110 (1846).—Basal
squamules deeply crenate, firm, often closely appressed, greyish
or usually greyish-tawny ; podetia very short, closely granulate.
verrucose.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 & Monogr. i. p. 130;
f. pocillum Mudd Man. p. 53 (1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 7. Beeomyces
pocillum Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 356, t. 8, fig. 6 (1803).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 286.

The basal thallus is occasionally orbicular and partly crustaceous.
Apothecia are rare.

Hab. On bare soil on banks and heaths maritime and inland.—
Disir. Seen only from a few localities in the Channel Islands,
England and Scotland, but probably common.—B. M. The Vale,
Guernsey ; near Bodmin, Cornwall; Bathampton Downs, Somerset ;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Redcar
and near Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Killin and Rannoch, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countess-
wells and Castleton of Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inver-
nessshire.

Var. chlorophea Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 70 (1828).—Basal
squamules rather small, often pulverulent at the margins ; podetia
rather long, mostly granular below and becoming pulverulent
upwards, greenish or sulphur-coloured, the scyphi usually narrow
and often slightly contracted at the margin, sometimes proliferous.
—Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 8 (incl. ff. simplex, vulgaris, varia and
infuscata); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60; ed. 3, p. 57. Cenomyce
chlorophzeea Floerk. ex Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. (Lapp. p. 180 (1826)).

Exsicc. Johns. n. 48; Larb, Lich. Hb. n. 206 & Lich. Cantab.
n. 2: Leight. n. 399; Mudd Clad. nos. 7-10.

Differs from the species in the general breaking down of the
sranules to a sorediose powder on the upper part of the podetium.

428 CYCLOCARPINE [CLADONIA

It might easily be confused with C. jimbriata, but the latter is
pulverulent throughout.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on old walls.—Distr. .

General and common in Great Britain, rare in the Channel Islands,
reported from Ireland.—B. M. Guernsey; near Penzance and near
Withiel, Cornwall; near Hunter Tor, Lustleigh Cleeve, Dartmoor,
Devon; Chislehurst, Kent; Leith Hill, Surrey; Epping Forest,
Essex; Hale End, Malvern, Worcestershire ; Shrewsbury, Shropshire ;
Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Mildenhall, Suffolk ; Wootton
Common, Norfolk; Ayton, Newton and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Morpeth, Northumberland ; Egremont, Cumberland ; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Pentland Hills, Edinburgh ; Appin, Argyll; near
Tummel Bridge, Rannoch and Blair Athole, Perthshire; Durris, Kin-
eardineshire ; Countesswells, Aberdeenshire; Loche Linnhe, Inver-
nessshire ; Lairg, Sutherland.

Form lepidophora Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 75 (1828).—Podetia
densely covered with minute crowded crenate squamules,
glaucous grey.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 111 (1883) & Monogr.
i. p. 131; C. fimbriata var. chlorophza £. phyllophora Koerb, Syst.
Lich. Germ. p. 25 (1855); Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 9.

Somewhat resembling C. sqwamosa, but the younger podetia are
granular-farinose like those of var. chlorophea. Probably a growth
form due to excessive moisture.

Hab. On old brick walls and thatched roofs in lowland districts. —
Distr. Seen only from Central and W. England, N. Wales and N.E.
Seotland.—B. M. Lechlade, Oxfordshire; Conway, Carnarvonshire ;
Kinnordy, Forfarshire ; Cults, near Aberdeen.

Form tuberculosa Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 9 (1865) (? Hoffm.).—
Podetia and scyphi more or less studded with short, often spermo-
goniferous, projections.

Ezxsice. Mudd Clad. n. 11.

A very unusual form: the podetial stalks@look as if dotted with
nails. Mudd refers to Coemans’ Clad. Belg. Exs. n. 40, which I have
not been able to see.

Hab. In pastures.—B. M. Black Banks, Ayton, Cleveland.

Form myriocarpa Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 111 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 131.—Podetia rather short, the seyphi with
numerous narrow prolifications tipped with small solitary or
aggregate apothecia.—Cladonia pyxidata var. fimbriata £. myrio-
carpa Coem. Clad. Belg. n. 53 (1863) fide Cromb. ; Mudd Brit.
Clad. p. 10.

Exsicc. Larb. Cesar. n. 58,

Distinguished by the prolifications of the seyphi in form like
apothecial stalks.

Hab, Ou the ground and on wall tops in maritime and inland

situations.—Distv. Local and scarce in the Channel Islands, W.
England and in 8. and N. Scotland.—B. M. St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey ;

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE 429:

Ogleworth Park, Gloucestershire; Malvern and Bewdley, Worcester-
shire; Castle Douglas, Kirkeudbrightshire; Achmore, Killin, Perth-
shire ; Glen Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

11. C. fimbriata Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 222 (1831).— Basal
squamules rather small, greyish-green, white beneath, sometimes
evanescent ; podetia varying in length from 3 mm. upwards,
decorticate and finely pulverulent, very rarely corticate and
sometimes with minute squamules near the base, scyphiferous,
the scyphi widening somewhat abruptly, erect and rather regular
in form, crenate or denticulate or proliferous at the margins.
(K — or faintly yellow, CaCl —). Apothevia moderate in size,
sometimes coalescing, brown or reddish-brown ; spores fusiform
or oblong, 8-14 p» long, 3-4°5 pw thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19
& Monogr. i. p. 134. C. pyxidata var. denticulata Floerk. Clad.
Comm. p. 55, var. costata, p. 66, and var. pterygota, p. 69 (1828).
C. pyxidata var. fimbriata Mudd Man. p. 53 (1861) (incl. ff. proli-
fera, denticulata and carpophora) & Brit. Clad. p. 9 (incl. ff. carpo-
phora, prolifera, costata, denticulata and pterygota) ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 61; ed. 3, p. 57 (incl. f. costata). Lichenoides tubulosum
proliferum, marginibus serratis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 30:
(1724). Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 79, t. 14, fig. 6 a, B (1741) & Cor. scyphiforme gracile marginibus
serratis, p. 84, t. 14, fig. 8. Lichen fimbriatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1152
(1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 456; Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1. p. 870;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 57; Engl. Bot. t. 2438; var. prolifer
Retz. Fl. Scand. p. 232 (1779). Capitularia carpophora Floerk.
in Berl. Mag. ii. p. 147 (1808). Cenomyce fimbriata Ach. Syn.
Lich. p. 254 (1814); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 62; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Sceyphophorus fimbriatus 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i. p. 419 (1821) (incl. var. prolifera); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v.
p. 239.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 24; Johns. nos. 11 and 172; Leight. n. 325 ;
Mudd n. 8 & Clad. nos. 15, 17, 18.

Differs from the preceding in the more abruptly widening scyphi,
and from other Cladoniz in the finely furfuracous covering of the
podetia distinctive of all the varieties and forms which rarely become
sparsely squamulose. It is a very variable species, hence the nuinber
of growth forms that have been recorded. Sometimes the podetia are
denudate (f. costata), or more than once proliferous (f. prolifera). If
the scyphi are more'denticulate than fimbriate it is f. denticulata, and
when squamules are formed on the margin it is the somewhat rare
f. pterygota. The apothecia are rare and usually sessile, but if they
are borne on stalk-like projections it is f. carpophora.

Hab. On the ground, roots of trees, and among mosses on old
walls in maritime, lowland and upland districts.— Distr. General and
common throughout the British Isles—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon;
Sherborne and New Forest, Hants; Hassocks, Sussex; Tunbridge
Wells and near Thong, Kent ; Dorking, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex ;
Tadmarton Heath, Oxfordshire; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Barmouth,

430 CYCLOCARPINEA [ CLADONIA

Merioneth; Aber, Carnarvonshire; Over, Cheshire; Newmarket
Heath, Cambridgeshire; Ayton and Bilsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Windermere. Westmoreland; Hale, Cumberland; Wark-on-Tyne,
Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Royal Botanic -
Gardens and Braid Hills, Edinburgh; Barcaldine, Appin, Argyll;
Killin and Glen Lochay, Blair Athole, Perthshire; Baldovan Woods,
Forfarshire ; Countesswells Woods, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus,
Invernessshire; Lairg, Sutherland; Kylemore, Galway.

Var. simplex Wainio Monogr. Clad. Univ. ii. p. 256 (1894).
——Podetia short or somewhat elongate, finely pulverulent, whitish
or greenish-grey, the stalks slender, cylindrical, the scyphi rather
narrow, the margins entire or slightly crenulate or denticulate,
not proliferous.— Var. tubzeformis Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 (1810)
& Monogr. i. p. 136 (incl. £. macra) ; var. conista and f. exigua
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 (1883) & Monogr. i. pp. 155, 136.
C. pyxidata subsp. exilis and tubeformis Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 1.
pp. 121, 122 (1795); var. fimbriata ff. tubeeformis and macra
Mudd Man. p. 54 (1861) & ff. macra, conista, tubeformis and
megaphyllina Brit. Clad. pp. 9, 10 (1865) ; f. tubeformis Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 62; ed. 3, p. 58. Coralloides scyphis humilibus, intus
fuscis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 86, t. 14, fig. 11 (1741). Lichen fili-
formis Huds. FI. Angl. p. 456 (1762)? var. 2 With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 39 (1796). L. pywidatus var. simplex Weis Pl. Crypt. Fl.
Gotting. p. 84 (1770). L. pywidatus var. exiquus Huds. FI. Angl.
ed. 2, p. 552 (1778). Capitularia pywidata var. macra Floerk. in
Web. & Mohr Beitr. Nat. ii. p. 290 (1810). Cenomyce fimbriata
var. conista Ach. Syn. p. 257 (1814). Seyphophora conista 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 421 (1821) (inel. var. ewilis).

Exsice. Johns. n. 290; Leight. n. 377; Mudd n. 7 & Clad.
nos. 12, 13, 14.

In this variety the basal squamules are well developed; the podetia
(large in f. megaphyllina) are usually uniform in size and smaller; the
seyphi are narrower, with the margin entire or only slightly crenate ;
they are small and slender (f. macra) and occasionally reddish-brown
in the hollow of the cup (f. ewigwa). Apothecia are rare.

Hab. Similar to that of the species.—Distr. Not infrequent
throughout Great Britain, evidently rare in Ireland.—B. M. Lanivet
and St. Breward, near Bodmin, Cornwall; near Bovey Tracey, Devon ;
New Forest, Hants; Epping Forest, Essex; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire; near Worcester; Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Barmouth
and Aberdovey, Merioneth; near Silverdale, Lancashire; Easby and
Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Eastgate, Weardale, Durham; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Killin, Glen
Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire; Castlemartyr, Cork; Clare Island
and Achill Island, Mayo.

Subsp. fibula Nyl. ex Norrl. in Medd. Siillsk. Faun. & FI.
Fenn. i. p. 12 (1876).—Podetia elongate, slender, subcylindrical,
simple, with narrow seyphi or ascyphous, white-pulverulent.
Apothecia small, brown, usually aggregate.—Cromb. in Grevillea
xi. p. 112 & Monogr. i. p. 137 (inel. £. abortiva). C. pyaidata

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEE 431

var. cornuta f. fibula Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 15 (1865) ; var. fimbriata
f. abortiva Mudd tom. cit. p. 11. Lichen fibula Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 194 (1798). Capitularia pyxidata var. longipes f. abortiva
Floerk. in Web. & Mohr Beitr. Nat. ii. p. 294 (1810). Seypho-
phora fimbriata vars. abortiva and fibularia 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr.
i, p. 420 (1821).

Easicc. Johns. n. 173.

Distinguished from the species by the elongate podetia scarcely
widening to form the secyphi and mixed with ascyphous branches. In
f. abortiva the scyphi when formed are subcrenate or lacerate and the
podetia are generally slightly stouter.

Hab. On decaying stumps and on the ground among mosses in
wooded districts.—Distr. Rather rare in S.W. England, S. Scotland
and the 8. and 8.W. Highlands.—B. M. Hunter Tor, Dartmoor,
Devon; Lounsdale, Ayton and Broughton Bank, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Moffat, Dumfriesshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll.

Form nemoxyna A. L. Sm.—Podetia slender, elongate,
scyphiferous, the scyphi narrow, irregularly radiate or the podetia
with variously long subulate branches. Apothecia not seen.
Var. subcornuta f. nemoxyna Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xi.
p- 112 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 138. C. pyaxidata var. cornuta
ft. nemvayna Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 13 (1865). Coralloides scyphi-
forme cornutum Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 92, t. 15, fig. 16 B, p, B (1741).
Bzeomyces radiatus var. nemoxynus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 342 (1803).
Scyphophora fimbriata var. nemoxyna S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 420 (1821).

Differs from subsp. fibula in the slender straggling branches. It
has been made a species by Zopf (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. xxvi.
p- 110 (1908) ) on account of the colourless nemoxyniec acid which he
extracted from it.

Hab. On the ground among heaths in upland districts.—Distr.
Rare in E. and N. England and S. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M.
Epping Forest, Essex; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Killin,
Perthshire.

Var. radiata Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 (1883) & Monogr. i.
p. 139—Podetia elongate, subulate at the tips or usually scyphi-
ferous, the scyphi narrow and radiate from the margins.—
C. fimbriata var. radiata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 (1870).
C. pyxidata var. fimbriata ft. radiata Mudd Man. p. 53 (1861) ;
f. cornuto-radiata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 62; ed. 3, p. 58; var.
cornuta {. radiata Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 13 (1865). Muscus
lichiniformis corniculis &c. Buddle Hort. Sicc. ii. fol. 3, n. 4, in
Herk. Sloane. Coralloides scyphiforme cornutum Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 92, t. 15, figs. 16 c, F, G@ (1740). Lichen radiatus Schreb.
Spic. Fl. Lips. p. 122 (1771) ; With. Arr, ed. 3, iv. p. 38; Engl.
Bot. t. 1835. L. pyxidatus var. p. Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 555
(1778). Cenomyce radiata Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 547 (1810) ;

ove
432 CYCLOCARPINEE [ CLADONIA

Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. Seyphophora fimbriata var.
radiata 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 420 (1821).

Ezxsice. Bohl. n. 47; Johns. n. 175; Leight. n. 376; Mudd
Clad. nos. 22, 24. :

Differs from the subspecies in the more or less elongate radiating
branches arising from the margins of the scyphi and in these being
occasionally somewhat expanded. Spermogones only are present on
the British specimens.

Hab. On the ground in upland districts.— Distr. Probably general
in the hilly regions of Great Britain and Ireland, though as yet
recorded from comparatively few localities—B. M. St. Breock,
Cornwall; Hampstead, London (18th century); Essex; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; Barmouth, Merioneth; Moel-y-golfa, Montgomery-
shire ; Westerdale, Kildale, Broughton Bank and Roseberry, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire; Glen Lochay and
Rannoch, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ; Countesswells, Aber-
deenshire; Aghalee bog, Lough Neagh, Londonderry; Killarney,
Kerry.

Var. subcornuta Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112
(1883) & Monogr. i. p. 138 (incl. f. tortwosa).—Podetia usually
slender, more or less elongate, ascyphous, simple or branched,
horn-like, tapering upwards, almost entirely decorticate and finely
furfuraceous, sometimes sparsely squamulose towards the base.—
C. pyzidata var. cornuta Fluerk. Clad. Comm. p. 59 (inel. £. den-
droides, p. 60) (1828); Mudd Clad. p. 12 pro parte (inel. ff. vulgaris,
antilopea, tortuosa, clavarioidea, subulata, isidiosa, dendroides,
intricata and fastigiata) ; var. fimbriata ff. cornuta and dendroides
Mudd Man. p. 53 (1861). Muscus lichiniformis corniculis &c.
Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 3, n. 5, in Herb. Sloane. Coralloides via
ramosum, scyphus obscuris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 90, t. 15, fig. 14 p, &
(1741). Lichen subulatus L. Sp. Plant. p. 1153 (1753) pro parte
(secund. Herb. Linn. fide Wainio). JL. cornutus var. 6. Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876 (1777); Engl. Bot. t, 1836. Seyphophora
jimbriata vars. cornuta and abortiva 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 420
(1821). Cenomyce antilopea Del. ex DC. Bot. Gall. p. 626
(1830)? ©. cornuta var. tortuosa Del. tom. cit. p. 628% C. isidiosa
Del. I. .

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 48; Croall n. 598; Johns. n. 174; Mudd
Clad. nos. 19, 20, 21.

Though in some instances approaching very near to the subsp.
jibula, distinguished by the constantly ascyphous condition of the
podetia. The various forms recorded by Mudd represent growth
phases. In three of these the podetia are more or less squamulose
below :—f. tortwosa, unbranched and stout, the tips curved and
subulate ; f. isidiosa (error. insidiosa), with the tips blunt and dentate,
and f. antilopea, which is branched above with the branches curved.
The remaining forms are naked or furfuraceous :—f. clavarioidea,
rather long and inflated upwards, but the apex attenuated; f. swbwlata,
short and subulate; f. dendroides, long and variously branched above ;
f. intricata, with branches curved and entangled, and f. fastigiate,

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEX 433

with short fastigiate branches towards the tips. Wainio has adopted
the Linnean name and records the above as C. fimbriata var. subulata
(Clad. Univ. ii. p. 282 (1894) ); the varietal name cornwta is confused
with C. cornuta.

Hab. On the ground among rfosses in upland districts.— Distr.
General but not common in Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Tilgate
and West Grinstead, Sussex; Hampstead, London (18th century) ;
Epping Forest, Essex ; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Lounsdale,
Kildale, Ayton and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham ; Hale, Cumberland; Leadhills, Lanarkshire ; Killin, Perth-
shire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
near Cork; Blaris Bridge, Belfast, Antrim; Kylemore, Connemara,
Galway ; Achill Island, Mayo.

Basal squamules minute and scattered.

12. C. leptophylla Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 19 (1828).—
Basal squamules small, rather scattered, round, entire or slightly
crenate, pale-greenish; podetia rather rare, short, slender,
glabrous, sometimes bifid, decorticate or partly corticate, ascyphous
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia turgid on the tips of the podetia,
brown ; spores 10-12 » long, 3-3°5 » thick.—Cromb. in Gre-
villea xi. p. 111 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 131. C. squamosa var.
leptophylla Scher. Enum. p. 199 (1850); Mudd Man. p. 57.
C. cariosa var. leptophylla Coem. Clad. Belg. n. 22 (1863) ex
Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 6 (1865). C. pyzidata subsp. leptophylla
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 18 (1870) ; var. leptophylla Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 61 (1871); ed. 3, p. 57. Lichen microphyllus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 1782 (1807) (non Ach.). Helopodium leptophyllum 8. F.
Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 416 (1821). Scyphophorus microphyllus
Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 237 (1833).

Distinguished by the neat rounded squamules and the short
ascyphous podetia, which are often ribbed or split, especially when
dry, thus resembling C. cariosa.

Hab. In moist places among heaths in wooded inland tracts.—
Distr. Rare in 8. England and 8.W. Scotland.—B. M. Sussex; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire.

2. Podetia sometimes imperfectly corticate in parts ;
squamules medium-sized.

13. C. ochrochlora Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 75 (1828).—
Primary thallus of laciniately divided greenish squamules, white
beneath ; podetia rather short or moderate in size, rarely up
to 4 cm. in height, cylindrical, corticate and smooth below,
greenish-grey, becoming whitish-pulverulent above, obtuse and
truncate at the apices, or with narrow scyphi, dentate-radiate at
the margins (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, sometimes con-
fluent, pale-brown; spores fusiform or oblong, 8-15 yw long,
3-4 p thick (fide Wainio)—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 &
Monogr. i. p. 142. ©. carneola Mudd Man. p. 56 (1861) (non

1, 2F

‘ oa
- “tan
:
ry
oan

434 CYCLOCARPINE | CLADONIA

Fr.). C. fimbriata var. carneo-pallida Nyl. Syn. i. p. 195 (1860) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 & Monogr. i. p. 137. C. pyxidata
var. carneopallida and var. ochrochlora Mudd Brit. Clad. pp. 11,
14 (1865) (incl. forms). C. gracilis var. ochrochlora Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 63 (1871) ; ed. 3, p. 59. *Capitularia pyxidata vax. carneo-
pallida Floerk. in Web. & Mohr Beitr. Nat. ii. p. 304 (1810).
Cenomyces fimbriata var. carneopallida Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 258
(1814) pro parte.

Ezsicc. Johns. n. 291 (var. phyllostrota) ; Mudd Clad. nos.
25, 26.

Considered by Wainio (Clad. Univ. ii. p. 319) as a variety of
C. fimbriata. It resembles the subsp. fibula in the form of the
podetia and also C. gracilis in being partly corticate. Here also
squamules are occasionally formed on the podetia (var. phyllostrota
Floerk. tom. cit. p. 79; Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 15). Several forms
recorded by Floerke (tom. cit. pp. 77 and 78) and cited by Mudd (tom.
cit. pp. 14 and 15) as occurring in this country are: f. trwneata with
the podetia dilated above and truncate; f. odontota with the seyphi,
dentate at the margins; and f. paraphyonema with long podetia and
proliferous scyphi. Mudd records two others, f. abortiva with some-
what deformed podetia and f. ramosa glabrous and branched above.

Hab. On decaying trunks and turfy soil.— Distr. Local and scarce
throughout England.—B. M. Near Bodmin, Cornwall; Becky Falls,
Devon; Amberley, Sussex; Snaresbrook, Epping Forest, Essex;
Malvern, Worcestershire ; Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Windermere, Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland; New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Katrine, Perthshire ;
S. of Fort William, Invernessshire.

Form ceratodes Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 77 (1828). Podetia
short, rather swollen below, tapering upwards to subulate tips.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 & Monogr. i. p. 142. C. pyaidata
var. ochrochlora £. ceratodes Mudd Brit. Clad. p, 14 (1865).

Ezxsicc. Johns. n. 292 ; Mudd Clad. n. 23.

Differs from the species in the ascyphous subulate podetia which
are rarely branched, but sometimes squamulose.

Hab. On decaying trunks and turfy ground in shady localities.—
Distr. Apparently local and rare in S8.W. and N. England, and
among the Central Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Near Bodmin, Corn-
wall, Becky Falls, Devon; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Cum-
berland; Rannoch, Perthshire; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire.

14. C. pityrea Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. p. 21 (1826).—Primary
thallus squamulose, often evanescent; the squamules small,
rather thin, greyish-green, white beneath ; podetia with thin
walls, rather short, corticate or entirely decorticate and granular-
sorediate or with a few squamules, greyish-white, the scyphi
narrow, irregularly formed, fimbriate and often proliferous at
the margins (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather small, subpedi-
cellate or sessile, on the edges of the scyphi or terminal on the
branches, pale- or dark-brown ; paraphyses scarcely thickened at

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 435

the tips.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 & Monogr. i. p. 132.
C. pyxidata var. pityrea Nyl. ex Le Jolis in Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat.
Cherb. vi. p. 241 (1858); Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 15 (inel. ff.
seyphifera, fascicularis, fimbriatula and phyllophora); Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 60 ; ed. 3, p. 57 (incl. var. decorticata) ; var. symphi-
carpa Cromb. (non Ach.). & subsp. pityrea Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 18 (1870). ©. squamosa var. decorticata Mudd Man. p. 56
(1861) (? Scher.). OC. Lamarkii Ny). in Flora lviii. p. 447 (1875) ;
Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 133 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 54. Coralloides parum ramosum,
tuberculis fuscis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 97, t. 15, fig. 20 (1741).
Capitularia pityrea Floerk. in Mag. Naturf. Fr. Berlin ii. p. 135
(1808). Cenomyces pityrea f. decorticata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 254
(1814).

Ezxsicc. Johns. nos. 287, 289 (f£. denudata) ; Larb. Cesar n. 8 ;
Mudd Clad. n. 16 pro parte, 27-29 and 38.

A variable species with somewhat naked whitish podetia, it is not
unlike a small form of C. sqwamosa in general habit, but frequently
seyphiferous. The podetia are usually narrow and more furfuraceous
than those of C. pyxidata and more granular than C. fimbriata. The
apothecia are small and sessile, or subpedicellate and large. Johnson’s
specimen, f. denudata, includes podetia very similar to those of
C. pityrea with others that are sparsely squamulose. There is no
specific difference between the two species C. pityrea and C. Lamarkii
except a slight reaction with potash recorded for the latter. The
respective forms hololepis and Isignyt are also alike in being more
squamulose than the species.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and on dead stumps of trees.—
Distr. Local and scarce throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Noir-
mont, Jersey ; Helmentor and Bodmin, Cornwall; Dartmoor, Devon ;
New Forest, Hants; Chiddingly Wood and Tunbridge Wells, Sussex ;
Lounsdale, near Roseberry, Ayton Moor and Black Banks, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Weardale, Durham; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Appin, Argyll; Rannoch, Perthshire; near Ballater, Aberdeenshire ;
Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire ; Kylemore, Galway.

Form hololepis Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 133.—Podetia short, squamulose-furfuraceous, the
squamules fragile and more or less pulverulent.—Var. hololepis
Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 83 (1828). C. pywidata var. pityrea ff.
hololepis and d@Insignyi Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 16 (1865) (non exs.
n. 33). C. Lamarkii f. Isignyi Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 447 (1875) ;
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 134. Cenomyce Isignyi Del. ex Nyl. 1. ¢.

Eesicc. Johns. n. 288; Larb. Lich. Hb. without a number.

Hab. On the ground among heaths or mosses in maritime and
upland regions.—Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands, N. England
and the Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Grisnez Common, Jersey;
Turner’s Hill, Sussex; Eastgate, Weardale, Durham; near Falls of
Tummel and Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Barcaldine, Argyll.

15. C. acuminata Norrl. in Medd. Siillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn.
i, p. 12 (1876).—-Primary thallus of thickish squamules, some-
2F2

436 CYCLOCARPINEX [CLADONIA

times large but usually small, greenish-grey above, white beneath ;
podetia slender, elongate, rather cylindrical, simple or branched,
ascyphous, irregularly branched, acuminate at the apices, decorti-
cate and granular-furfuraceous ; greyish-white (K + yellowish, ©
CaCl —). Apothecia terminal, small, brown ; spores fusiform or
ovoid, 10-16 p» long, 3-4 » thick.—Cromb. in Greyvillea xi. p. 112
& Monogr. i. p. 133. Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebri-
oribus Dili. Hist. Muse. p. 104, t. 16, fig. 27 & (1741). Cenomyce
pityrea £. acuminata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 256 (1814). C. pyxidata
var. pityrea £. acuminata Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 15 (1865).

Near to C. pityrea, but distinct in the constantly pointed branches.

Hab. On the ground among mosses in subalpine districts.— Distr.
Local and scarce among the Grampians, Scotland, and in N.W. Ireland
(Galway).—B. M. Head of Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

3. Podetia partly or entirely corticate, often ascyphous.
Basal squamules rather large.

16. C. degenerans Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. p. 273 (1827).—
Primary thallus rather scanty, the squamules small, crenate at
the margins, glaucous-green above, white beneath; podetia
moderate in size, smooth at first then warted, uneven, and tomen-
tose between the scattered corticate areole, rarely squamulose,
whitish or pale-greenish, becoming black, especially at the base
and then punctate (maculate) with the light-coloured areole
scyphiferous, the scyphi often radiate or proliferous at the
margins (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia rather large, brown ; para-
physes clavate at the tips; spores 10-11] p long, 3°5 p thick.—
Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 17 (incl. ff. haplotea and euphorea) ; Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 19 (incl. var. haplotea) & Monogr. i. p. 146 (inel.
ff. haplotea and granulifera) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 64; ed. 3, p. 59 ;
ff. haplotea and euphorea Floerk. Clad. Conim. pp. 42, 43 (1828) ;
f. granulifera Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 115 (1883). C. gracilis
var. degenerans Mudd Man. p. 55 (1861) (inel. ff. haplotea and
euphorea). Capitularia degenerans Floerk. in Web. & Mohr
Beitr. Nat. ii. p. 308 (1810). Cenomyce gonorega f. aplotea Ach.
Syn. Lich. p. 258 (1814).

The distinguishing though sometimes obscure character of this
and the following species is the blackening of the subcortial layer of
the podetium, especially at the base, while the scattered particles
of the cortex remain unchanged. Inf. granulifera the cortical areole
are swollen and partly squamulose, giving the podetium a coarsely
granular appearance. Forms haplotea and euphorea represent states
when the scyphi are more or less proliferous or cristate at the margins.

Hab. On the ground in alpine and subalpine regions.—Distr.
Rather rare among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Pass of Leny,
Perthshire ; Ben-naboord, Upper Glen Dee and Cairngorm, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACES 437

Var. anomea Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 (1870, & Monogr. i.
p. 147.—Podetia short, slender, usually more or less thickly
beset with squamules; scyphi usually radiately divided. Apo-
thecia sessile or pedicellate, dark-brown.—Form anomza Floerk.
Clad. Comm. p. 43 (1828) ; Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 18 ; Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 64; ed. 3, p. 60; ff phyllophora and phyllocephala Koerb.
Syst. Lich. Germ. p 20 (1855); Mudd l.c.; f£. pleolepidia Nyl.
Lich. Scand. p. 54 (1861) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p- 147. C. gracilis
var. degenerans ff. anomza and phyllophora Mudd Man. p. 55
(1861). Lichen phyllophorus Ehrh. Pl. Crypt. n. 287 (1793) (fide
Wainio Clad. Univ. ii. p. 151 (1894)). LZ. anomxus Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 1867 (1808). Patellaria fusca var. degenerans f. phi yllo-
cephalum Wallr. Saulch.-Flecht. p. 130 (1829). Cenomyce anomza
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 (1821). Seyphophorus anomzus Hook.
in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 238 (1833).

Exsice. Mudd Clad. n. 32 (as C. pywxidata var. pityrea
f. squwamulosa).

Distinguished by the squamulose character, and not to be confused
with C. sqgwamosa, in which the podetia and squamules are somewhat
furfuraceous and the scyphi perforated. The blackening of the podetia
is not constant. Form pleolepidea, with small ascyphous squamulose
podetia, dark-coloured and white-punctate, is evidently a growth form
of the variety, though it has been referred by Wainio to C. squamosa
(Clad. Univ. ii. p. 137).

Hab. On the ground in heaths, and on rotten wood.— Distr. Some-
what scarce in 8.W. and N. England, in S. and Central Scotland and
among the Grampians.—B. M. Near Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Dart-
moor, Devon; Malvern, Worcestershire; Burton Head, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh; Sidlaw Hills, Forfar-
shire; Glen Quoich, Glen Callater and Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.

Subsp. trachyna Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & FI.
Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 319 (1873).—Podetia slender, cylindrical,
usually smooth, greyish-white, areolate and tomentose in the
interstices, proliferous at the margins of the denticulate radiate
scyphi, forming several tiers of short podetia. Apothecia minute,
brown.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 & Monogr. i. p. 147;
f. trachyna Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 44 (1828); Mudd Brit. Clad.
p. 18. Beeomyces trachynus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 348 (1803).

The blackening at the base of the podetia is scarcely evident, but
the corticate areole with the tomentose interstices show the aflinity
with the species.

Hab. On heathy ground amongst moss in upland regions.—Distr.

Rare among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Cairntoul and Ben-
naboord, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Form subfurcata Nyl. ex Norrl. tom. cit. p. 320.—Podetia
elongate, ascyphous, branched, fastigiate, the areol giving a
granular unequal surface, brownish. Apothecia not seen.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 148.

438 CYCLOCARPINEX [CLADONTA

The granular-like areole mark the difference between this form
and C. furcata to which it bears a strong resemblance.

Hab. On moist peaty ground in subalpine tracts——B. M. Upper
Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

17. C. lepidota Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & FI. Fenn. Foérh.
n. ser. v. p. 176 (1866) (non Ach.).—Primary thallus of large,
crenate squamules, pale-glaucous above, areole more or less beset
with large squamules at the blackened pale-spotted base, the
scyphi narrow, irregular, difform or cristate (K + yellow, CaCl —).
Apothecia small, conglomerate brown; spores fusiform-oblong,
9-15 p long, 3-4 p» thick.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 19.

Distinguished by the large squamules. The species has’ been
recorded by Wainio (Clad. Univ. ii. p. 159 (1894) ) as C. gracilescens.
He includes Cenomyce gonorega f{. lepidota Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 259
(1814) as a form of C. degenerans (tom. cit. p. 153). The species has
not been recorded in the British Isles, only the following form.

Form hypophylla Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 148.—Basal squamules rather large, crowded,
greyish-white or greenish-grey, white beneath, rising from a
stalk-like base which is often black, with scattered white spots ;
podetia short or long, more or less squamose, ascyphous but
often irregularly branching, and foliaceous, the edges studded
with brown ovoid or subglobose pyenidia.—C. degenerans f.
hypophylla Nyi. Lich. Scand. p. 54 (1861); Mudd Brit. Clad.
p. 18.

Ezxsicc. Mudd n. 9 pro parte & Clad. n. 39.

A véry peculiar form, the podetia having the appearance of
enlarged squamules. It approaches very near to some growth forms
of C. cervicornis. Mudd's C. cervicornis f. prodiga belongs possibly
to this form (Brit. Clad. p. 4).

Hab. On the ground among rocks in uplanddistricts.—Distr. Not
uncommon where it occurs in §. and N. England and Wales, 8.
Scotland and among the Grampians.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon ;
Llanwrtydd Wells, Brecknockshire; Plinlimmon, Cardiganshire ;
Dolgelly, Rhewgreidden and Maes-y-garnedd, Merioneth; Carnedd
Dafydd and Bettws- -y-Coed, Carnarvonshire; Battersby, Ingleby and
Ayton Moors, Clev eland, Yorkshire ; Ennerdale, Cumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ; Dennyat, near Stirling; Craig Calliach,
Perthshire; Lion’s Face and Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Slieve More, Achill Island, Mayo.

C. cervicornis Scher. Enum. p. 195 (1850) pro parte.—
renee thallus of large crowded squamules variously multifid
ascending, firm, crenate, dark olive- or glaucous-green above,
whitish or brownish-black beneath ; podetia short, corticate,
smooth or uneven, scyphiferous, the sey phi simple or irregularly
proliferous from the margins, more rarely from the centre of the
scyphus, sometimes squamulose (K + indistinctly yellowish or —,
CaCl. —). Apothecia small, reddish or blackish-brown; spores

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEE 439

oblong-fusiform, 7-16 yw long, 3 m thick.—Mudd Brit. Clad.
p. 4 (incl. f. prodiga? excl. var. verticillata) ; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 57; ed. 3, p. 54; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 144; f. stipata Nyl. in
Flora lix. p. 239 (1876); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360
(1876); Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 55. C. gracilis var. cervicornis
Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 297 (1833) pro parte; Mudd Man.
p- 54; var. sobolifera and subsp. cervicornis Cromb,. Lich. Brit.
p- 19 (1871). C. verticillata var. sobolifera Leight. in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 411 (1866) & Lich. Fl. p. 64; ed. 3,
p. 59. C. sobolifera Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ser. 2, vi.
p. 282 (1872); Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883) & Monogr. i.
p. 144. Lichenoides pyxidatum marginibus eleganter foliatis Dill.
in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 33 (1724). Coralloides scyphiforme,
marginibus radiatis et foliatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 85, t. 14,
figs. 9 a, B and foliis alcicornibus cartilaginosis p. 87, t. 14,
fig. 12 B (1741). Lichen cervicornis Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr.
p. 184 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2574. Cenomyce cervicornis Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 531 (1810) (inel. var. prodiga) ; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81. C. cladomorpha var. sobolifera Del. in Duby
Bot. Gall. p. 631 (1830). Scyphophorus cervicornis 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 418 (1821); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 238.

Easicc. Croall n. 597; Johns. n. 12; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 322;
Leight. n. 14; Mudd n. 9 pro parte & Clad. n. 2.

Agrees with the following in the occasional central branching of
the podetia, which are however shorter and more irregular in form
and sometimes squamulose (f. prodiga). It differs in the more highly
developed primary thallus; the squamules vary in size and form and
are sometimes very long and narrow (f. stipata). It is so frequently
sterile that the more fertile condition in which the basal thallus is

less pronounced has been sometimes considered a separate species
(C. sobolifera).

Hab. On the ground and on mossy boulders and rocks in maritime
and upland districts.—Distv. General in hilly and mountainous
regions, rare in the Channel Islands.—B. M. Grosnez and Quenvais,
Jersey; Pleinmont, Guernsey; St. Breock, Helminton, Withiel,
Penzance and near Wadebridge, Cornwall; Dartmoor and Bolt Head,
Devonshire; Bathampton, Somerset; Malvern, Worcestershire; Rhew-
greidden, Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Llanberis, Cardigan-
shire ; near Capel Curig, Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea; Buxton, Derby-
shire; Ayton and Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale,
Durham; Windermere, Westmoreland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire ; Moffat. Dumfriesshire ; Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh ;
Barcaldine ard Appin, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Ben Ledi, The Trossachs,
Rannoch and Craig Calliach, Perthshire; Ben-naboord, Braemar and

_Countesswells, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Apple-
cross, Rossshire; Lairg, Sutherland; Ballyedmond, Cork; Killarney
and Carig Mt., Kerry; Kylemore, Galway; Achill and Clare Islands,
Mayo.

19. C. verticillata Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 26 (1828).—
Primary thallus somewhat scanty, the squamules rather narrow

4

440 CYCLOCARPINEE | CLADONIA

crenate, dark-olive or greyish-green ; podetia corticate, smooth,
glaucous- or brownish-green, scyphiferous, the scyphi regular,

7”

denticulate at the margins, repeatedly proliferous from the centre _

of the cups. Apothecia moderate, brown or reddish, spores
oblong or rarely ovoid-oblong, 7-16 p long, 2-3 y thick. —Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 63; ed. 3, p. 59 ; Cromb. ‘Monogr. i. p: TAS:
pyxidata subsp. verticillata Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 122 (1795).
C. gracilis var. verticillata Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 219 (1831) pro parte;
Mudd Man. p. 54. Subsp. verticillata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19
(1870). ©. cervicornis var. verticillata Flot. in Uebers, Schles.
Ges. 1805, p. 105 ; Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 5. Lichenoides tubulosum
pywidatum proliferum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 29 (1724).
Coralloides scyphiforme, tuberculis fuscis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 79,
t. 14, fig. 6p-n (1741). Lichen pyxidatus var. L. Sp. Pl. p. TisL,
n. 59 (1753) ; Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 551; With. Arr. ed. 3,
iv. p. 36. Scyphophora verticillata S. F. Grey ‘Nat. Arr. i. p. 418
(1821).
Exsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 3.

Easily recognized by the frequent central proliferations forming
up to five tiers of podetia. British forms are rarely fertile.

Hab. On mossy rocks and boulders in maritime and inland
districts.—Distr. Local and scarce throughout the British Isles.—
B. M. Noirmont, Jersey, St. Breock, Cornwall; Broadwater Forest,
Tunbridge Wells and Maresfield Common, Surrey; near Shirley,
Surrey; Delamere Forest, Cheshire ; Ayton Moor and Baysdale and
Farndale, Yorkshire; Glen Lochay, Killin, Perthshire; Moor of
Morrone, Braemar, Aberdeenshire. :

Form laciniolata Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p: 112
(1883).—Primary squamules elongate and narrow ; podetia with
the scyphi squamulose at the margins ; probably @ due to excessive
moisture.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 143.

Hab. On exposed rocks in moist places,— Distr. Found only

sparingly in 8.W. England and the 8.W. Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M. Carn Galva, Penzance, Cornwall; Barcaldine, Argyll.

Basil squamules small, scanty, scattered.

20. C. gracilis Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 363 (1787). — Primary
thallus scanty, the squamules rather small, olive-green or brownish
above, whitish beneath, often. evanescent ; ” podetia usually
numerous and crowded, elongate, slender, entirely corticate and
smooth, simple or br anched, scyphiferous or tapering to a point,
the scyphi narrow or rarely dilated, forming a rather deep cup
which is denticulate or proliferous at the margins, pale-greyish
or -greenish or sometimes brown (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia on
the tips of the denticulations, rarely sessile on ascyphous
podetia, brown or reddish ; spores oblong, 9-12 p long, 3-4 p
thick.—Schér, Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 32 (18: 33) (incl. vars, chordalis
and abortiva); Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 18 (1855) (inel. var.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE 44]

vulgaris ff. ceratostelis and proboscidea) ; Mudd Man. p. 54 (incl.
f. chordalis) & Brit. Clad. p. 16 (incl. ff. ceratostelis, proboscidea,
abortiva and chordalis) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 (incl. f. chordalis)
& Monogr. i. p. 139 (incl. subsp. gracillima); Leight. Lich. Fl.
p. 62; ed. 3, p. 58 (inel. vars. chordalis and abortiva). Corallina
montana tubulosa &c. Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. i. nos. 10 & 12, in
Herb. Sloane. Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereum elatius, ramulis
pyzidatim desinentibus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 69, n. 32 (1724).
Coralloides scyphiforme serratum elatius, caulibus gracilibus glabris
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 88, t. 14, fig. 13 c, p (1741). Lichen gracilis
L. Sp. Pl. p. 1152 (1753); Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457; Lightf. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 873; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 37; Engl. Bot. t. 1284.
Capitularia gracilis £. chordalis Floerk. in Web. & Mohr Beitr.
Nat. ii. p. 324 (1810). Cenomyce eemocyna Ach. Lich. Univ.
p- 549 (1810) (inel. var. gracilis). C. gracilis Hook. Fl. Scot. it.
p. 63 (1821); Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 82. Scyphophora
eemocyna (incl. var. gracilis) S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 421
1821).

\ Exsicc. Johns. n. 49 ; Larb. Hb. n. 207 & Lich. Cantab. n. 3;
Leight. n. 296; Mudd nos. 10, 11 ; Clad. nos. 34-37.

Many varieties and forms of this lichen have been recorded ; chief
among them var. chordalis with proliferous scyphi, recognized by
Floerke (1. ¢.) as probably a growth form and here included with the
species; f. abortwa, a rather rare form, has the slender podetia
terminated and occasionally distorted by the apothecia; f. ceratostelis
is wholly ascyphous and sterile, a state of the podetia continually
_ associated with those bearing scyphi. A very slender form, issued by

Norrlin as subsp. gracillima (Hb. Lich. Fenn. ix. n. 424 (1882);
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 112 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 141) has been
determined by Wainio (Monogr. Clad. Univ. iii. p. 251 (1898)) as a
modification or growth form with much branched podetia.

As a rule the podetia of C. gracilis grow in crowded and often
quite extensive clumps; they are more or less slender and elegant in

form, about 5-10 cm. long; they tend to become blackish and to die
off at the base.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks.— Distr. General
and common in most parts of Great Britain and Ireland; rare in
the Channel Islands.—B. M. Guernsey ; Sark; near Penzance, Corn-
wall; Dartmoor, Devon; Ardingly Rocks, Sussex; Lydd, Kent; High
Down near Godalming, Surrey ; Hampstead, London (18th century) ;
Wokingham Heath, Berks; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire ;
Worcester Beacon ; Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth ; Llanddona,
Anglesea; Hazelbeech, Northamptonshire; Epping Forrest, Essex;
Thetford Warren, Suffolk; Wootton Common, Norfolk; Chesterfield,
Derbyshire; Ingleby Park, Ayton Moor and Highcliffe, Cleveland
and Farndale, Yorkshire; Egglestone, Durham; The Cheviots,
Northumberland ; Lamplugh, Cumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire; Manor Head, Peebleshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen
Lochay, Glen Ample, Blair Athole and Rannoch, Perthshire ; Sidlaw
Hill, Kinnordy and Kirriemuir, Forfarshire; Durris, Kincardineshire ;
Glen Dee, Braemar and Countesswell’s Wood, Aberdeenshire ; Rothie-
murchus and Glen Nevis, Invernessshire ; Cawdor Wood, Nairnshire ;

*)
re
y Wine

442 CYCLOCARPINEE [CLADONIA

Forres, Elginshire ; Applecross, Rossshire; near Cork; Tore Mt. and
Killarney, Kerry ; Ballynasereen Mts., Tyrone.

Form spinulifera Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 140 (1894).—Podetia —
slender, dark-brown, somewhat wrinkled, the stalks beset with
short spinules ; scyphi with the margins spinulose.

Hab. On moors.—B. M. Near Newton Abbot, Devon.

Var. hybrida Scher. Lich. Helv. Spice. p. 32 (1823).—
Podetia more or less elongate, robust, sparingly branched, usually
scyphiferous, the scyphi narrow or dilated, simple or proliferous
at the margins. Apothecia rare-—Mudd Man. p. 55 (?inel.
f. simplex) & Brit. Clad. p. 17 (incl. var. maecroceras) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 141; var. macroceras Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 38
(1828). ©. hybrida Hoffm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 119 (1798).
C. gracilis £. elongata Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 (1870). Coral-
loides scyphiforme ete. Dill. tom. cit. fig. 13 a, B. Lichen
elongatus Jacq. Misc. ii. p. 368, t. 2, fig. 1 (1781). Capitularia
gracilis var. macroceras Floerk. in Web. & Mohr Beitr. Nat. ii.
p- 330 (1810) (inel. f. elongata).

A robust plant, with the podetia usually scyphiferous. There is
no sufficient reason for dividing the variety, as Wainio has done, into
var. delatata and var. elongata, and var. hybrida is the oldest varietal
name.

Hab. On mossy rocks and among mosses on the ground in high or
mountainous districts.—Dzistr. In upland regions of N. England and
Scotland.—B. M. Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Sidlaw Hills,
Forfarshire ; Killin, Perthshire.

Var. aspera Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 40 (1828).—Podetia
rather slender, mostly ascyphous, more or less squamulose, the
squamules crenate at the margin.—Form aspera Cromb. in
Grevillea p. 112 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 141, Capitularia gracilis
var. aspera Floerk. in Web. & Mohr Beitr. fi. p. 333 (1810).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 402.

Differs from the species in the presence of squamules on the
podetia.

Hab. On the ground in inland situations.—Distr. Local and scarce
in Central and N. England.—B. M. Charnwood Forest, Leicester-
shire ; Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmore-
land.

21. C. cornuta Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 225 (1831).—Primary
thallus of scattered squamules or none, the squamules small,
lobate-crenate ; podetia elongate, corticate and smooth below,
pulverulent towards the apices, tapering to a point or sometimes
with narrow scyphi (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, brown ;
spores oblong, 9-12 p» long, 3-4 yp thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p. 19 & Monogr. i. p. 141. Lichen cornutus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1152
(1753).

CLADONIA] CLADONIACER 443

Distinguished by the scanty squamules and by the semi-corticate
podetia, which are 5 to 10 cm. high. Apothecia and spermogones are
very rare in British specimens.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground, on heather, and in woods in
upland tracts.— Distr. Rather rare in N. England and the Grampians,
Scotland.—B. M. Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Sheriffmuir,
Stirlingshire; Rannoch and Killiecrankie, Perthshire; Ballochbuie
Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire.

Form clavulus Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 225 (1831).—Podetia short,
turgid, curved, granular-furfuraceous, corticate in small areas or
near the base, without scyphi.mCromb. Monogr. i. p. 142.

Hardly to be distinguished from ‘ cornute” forms of C. fimbriata
except by the corticate areas. It is evidently a sterile form.

Hab. On turf walls in upland districts.—Distr. Local and scarce

among the Central and N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

: 4. Podetia fissured or latticed.

22. C. macrophylla Stenh. in Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad. Foérh.
1865, p. 231.—Primary thallus of rather large squamules,
glaucous-green above, whitish beneath, crenate at the margins ;
podetia moderate in size, cylindrical, rough with small squamulose
outgrowths from the areole of the cortex, ascyphous or with
narrow scyphi, becoming fissured (K + yellowish, CaCl —).
Apothecia often rather large and confluent, brown; spores
8-11 » long, 3°5 » thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1885)
& Monogr. i. p. 145. C. ventricosa var. macrophylla Scheer. Lich.
Helv. Spice. p. 316 (1833).

Approaches C. cariosa in the splitting of the podetia. It has been
confounded with a continental species, C. decorticata, from which it
differs in the character both of squamules and podetia.

Hab. On earth-covered boulders and ledges of rocks in wooded
mountainous regions.— Distr. Rare among the Grampians, Scotland.
—B. M. Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire (recorded
also from Craig Calliach, Perthshire).

23. C. cariosa Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv. p. 272 (1827).—
Squamules of primary thallus usually small (rarely large),
rounded and crenate, scattered or crowded, greyish-glaucous,
white beneath ; podetia rather short to medium length, simple
or branched, smooth and partly denudate then granular, white
or greyish-glaucous, becoming latticed and open as if carious, the
scyphi when present dividing into subfastigiate branches (K +
yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia turgid, overtopping the branches,
brown ; spores 9-13 p long, 4-5 w thick.—Engl. Bot. Suppl. t.
2761; Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 6; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 19 &
Monogr. i. p. 134; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 57; ed. 3, p. 565.
C. gracilis var. degenerans f. cariosa Mudd Man. p. 55 (1861).

444 CYCLOCARPINEE [CLADONIA |
Coralloides fungiforme fuscum, basi foliacea Dill. Hist. Muse.
p- 77, t. 14, fig. 2 (1741). Lichen cariosus Ach. Lich. Sueec.
Prodr. p. 198 (1798), Cenomyce cariosa Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 567 -
(1810); Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80.

Ezxsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 5; Johns. n. 243? (possibly C. de-
generans).

Distinguished by the cancellate podetia and by the reaction. The
basal squamules are mostly very small, not unlike those of C. lepto-
phylla.

Hab. On clayey and sandy soil in maritime and inland wooded
districts.—Distr. Apparently local and scarce in 8. W. and N. England,
W. Highlands of Scotland and S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Vale of Eccles-
bourne, Sussex; Horsemonden, Kent; Wyre Forest and Bewdley,
Worcestershire ; Ayton, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Barcaldine, Argyll;
Loch Katrine, Perthshire ; Lochaber, Invernessshire.

Il. Podetia with perforations at the axils of branches,
at tips or in scyphi.

1. Podetia corticate, smooth, mostly ascyphous.
Basal squamules rather large or medium-sized.

24. C. turgida Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 124 (1795).—
Primary thallus of rather large laciniate lobate squamules, entire
or crenate at the margins, glaucous-green or whitish above,
white beneath, sometimes few or evanescent; podetia one or
more rising from the surface of the squamules, elongate, turgid
or subcylindrical, sometimes sparsely squamulose, ascyphous or
obsoletely scyphiferous, dentate-radiate at the margins, generally
perforate at the tips, in the scyphi, or in the axils, smoothly
corticate, glaucous or pale-green (Kf + yellowish, CaCl —).
Apothecia rather small, brownish-red or pale ; spores oblong or
rarely fusiform-oblong, 8-18 pw long, 3-4 » thick.—Cromb. Lich,
Brit. p. 20 & Monogr. i. p. 149; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56; ed. 3,
p- 54. Lichen turgidus Ehrh. Pl. Crypt. n. 297 (1793) nomen

nudum.

Hab. On the ground among heather in subalpine regions.—B. M.
Head of Glen Quoich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

25. C. crispata Flot. in Nees v. Esenb. in Wendt Therm.
Warmb. Breslau, p. 93 (1840).— Primary thallus of rather large
or small squamules, deeply crenate or sublaciniate, ascending,
glaucous or brownish above, white below, sometimes evanescent ;
podetia moderately long, often scyphiferous, rather turgid, pale-
greyish or brownish, sometimes with squamules, corticate and
smooth or with discontinuous areola, usually repeatedly branched,
the apices and axils pervious, with the apertures cristate at the
margins (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, brown or reddish.—
Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 20 & Monogr. i. p. 154; Leight. Lich. Fl.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEX 445

p. 65; ed. 3, p. 61. C. furcata var. crispata Floerk. Clad.
Comm. p. 148 (1828); Mudd Man. p. 57 & Brit. Clad. p. 22.
Coralloides perforatum minus, molle et tenue Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 99, t. 16, fig. 22B (1741). Beomyces turbinatus var, crispatus
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 341 (1803).

Exsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 45.

The denticulate-cristate margins of the scyphi and of the openings
both at the axils and tips of the podetia distinguish this species from
all others. The spermogones contain red colouring substance.

Hab. On the ground among mosses in moorland districts.—Distr.
Local and rare in N. England and among the Scottish Grampians.—-
B. M. Kildare Moor and Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Ben-y-gloe,

Perthshire; Ben-naboord and Upper Glen Dee, Braemar, Aberdeen-
shire.

Var. infundibulifera Wain. Clad. Univ. i. p. 382 (1887).—
Podetia smooth, rather slender, repeatedly branched, open at the
axils but not cristate, scyphiferous, the scyphi dentate-cristate
at the margins. Subsp. furcatiformis Cromb. in Grevillea xi.
p- 113 (1883) (non Nyl.) & Monogr. p. 155. C. ceranoides f.
infundibulifera Scher, Enum. p. 197 (1850).

Exsicc. Mudd n. 12.

Distinguished as in the species by the denticulate processes on
the margin of the scyphi, though they are absent at the axils.
Nylander’s subsp. furcatiformis is, according to Wainio (tom. cit.
p- 253), a form of C. amawrocrea.

Hab. On the ground among mosses in upland districts —B. M.
Ingleby Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

Var. cetrarieformis Wain. Clad. Univ. i. p. 392 (1887).—
Podetia scyphiferous or scarcely dilated above but always pervious,
the scyphi shortly dentate-radiate, rather darker in colour.—
Cenomyce gracilis f. cetrarieformis Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. p. 625
(1830). Coralloides scyphiforme serratum elatius, caulibus graci-
libus glabris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 88, t. 14, fig. 13 5 (1741).

Referred by Wainio (Il. c.) to this variety; the scyphi are less
distinctly cristate than in the previous variety. A small specimen
from the Dillenian herbarium is preserved in the British Museum.
It has not again been collected in the British Isles.

Hab. In sterile shady places.— 2. M. Mt. Stiperstones, Shropshire.

Basal squamules small, soon evanescent.

26. C. furcata Schrad. Spic. Fl. Germ. p. 107 (1794).—
Primary thallus of small crenate laciniate squamules, usually
obsolete ; podetia in tufts, elongate, rather slender, subcylin-
drical, corticate, smooth or somewhat uneven, sometimes sparsely
sorediose or with a few squamules especially towards the base,
often with longitudinal fissures, glaucous-white or brownish-
green, branched, usually perforate at the axils, the branches
somewhat erect, dichotomous or subradiate and corymbose,

~

446 CYCLOCARPINEE [| CLADONIA

attenuate-subulate, and spreading-furcate at the apices (K —,
CaCl —). Apothecia small, subglobose, brown ; spores 10-13 p
long, 3-4 » thick.—S. F Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 414; Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 236 (incl. var. subulata) ; Mudd Man. p. 57
(incl. var. racemosa f. erecta, and var. subulata, excl. var. cris-
pata) & Brit. Clad. p. 21 (incl. var. subulata, with ff. cymosa,
truncata (non Floerk.) and ewilis); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20
(incl. vars. corymbosa and tenwissima) & Monogr. i. p. 149 (inel.
f. ewilis and var. corymbosa) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65; ed. 3, p. 60 ;
ff. subulata, tenuissima, and eymosa Floerk. Clad. Comm. pp. 143,
144 (1828). C. subulata Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols. p. 90 (1780);
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. p. 414. C. racemosa Hoffm. Deutschl.
Fl. ii. p. 114 (1795). C. arborea Stirton in Scott. Nat. ix.
p. 121 (1885)? Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, minus crustacewm
minusque ramosum Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 17 (1724).
Coralloides corniculis longioribus et rarioribus Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 102, fig. 26 (1741) & Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et
crebrioribus tom. cit. p. 104, t. 16, fig. 2747, B pro parte, oc.
Lichen furcatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (1762) pro parte & L. subu-
latus, p. 459 (non L.); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 881; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 42. Cenomyce allotropa var. corymbosa Ach. sch.
Univ. p. 556 (1810). C. fureata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 276 (1814)
(incl. var. subulata) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tayl. in Mackay
Fl. Hib. i. p. 80.

Easicc. Bohl. n. 23 ; Leight. n. 401 ; Mudd n. 16 pro parte
& Clad. nos. 46, 50, 51, 53.

Distinguished by the smooth corticate podetia and the furcate
tips; differing from C. gracilis in the absence of seyphi. The variety
known either as corymbosa, racemosa or subulata appears to be only
a growth form of the species occurring more frequently in higher
latitudes; it is rather stouter and less distinctly furcate. Hudson’s
Lichen furcatus refers partly to this species and in a minor degree to
the squamulose var. pinnata. A small gather dark erect form
(f, evilis) grows in upland districts. On chalky soil the podetia are
almost white (f. epermena Ach.).

Three forms have been distinguished by Stirton (Scott. Nat. ix.
p. 121 (1885)) under the names of diffissa, contexta and commizta.
It is impossible to deal with them in the absence of specimens.
Another specimen with larger apothecia has been described by the
same writer subsp. dispansa (Scott. Nat. n. s. ili. p. 808 (1888) ).

Hab. On the ground on moorlands, and on turf-walls in wooded
upland districts. —Distr. Probably general and common throughout
Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M. Temple Moor, Withiel and near
Penzance, Cornwall; near Torquay, Becky Falls, near Widdicombe
and Bovey Tracey, Devon; Winchfield, Hants; Beeding, Sussex ;
Greenhithe, Kent; near Shiere, Surrey; Epping Forest and Galley-
wood, Essex; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Barmouth, Dolgelly
and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Snowdon, Carnarvonshire; Malvern,
Worcestershire ; near Ayton, Kildale, Guisboro’ and Cliffrigg, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westinoreland; The Cheviots, Nor-
thumberland; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; West Water

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEH 447

Fife ; Baldovan, Sidlaw Hflls and Clova, Forfarshire, Appin, Argyll;
Killin and Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Glen Dee and
Glen Callater, Braemar, Hill of Fare and Countesswells, Aberdeen-
shire; near Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Castle Connel, Limerick;
Malaranny and Clare Island, Mayo.

Var. spinosa Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii.
p. 413 (1866) (? Hook.).—Podetia rigid, glabrous, decumbent,
and often entangled, slender or stoutish, the branches curved
and flexuose, here and there spinulose. Apothecia small, dark-
brown.—Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65; ed. 3, p. 60 pro parte ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 151; C. furcata var. pungens f. spinulosa Mudd
Brit. Clad. p. 24 (1865)? Coralloides sparsum caulibus tortuosis
et spinosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 101, t. 16, fig. 25 (1741). Lichen
spinosus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 459 (1762); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 882; With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45.

Distinguished by the rather lax irregularly branched and curved
podetia, and by the presence of the short erect or recurved spines. It
is often very dark in colour.

Hab. On the ground in moorlands and on turf-walls in upland
districts —Distr. Fairly common throughout Great Britain and
Treland.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon; Lavington Common and Downs,
Sussex; Epping Forest, Essex; Bardon Hill, Leicestershire; Aber-
dovey, Merioneth ; Anglesea; Newmarket Heath, Cambridge ; Ingleby
Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Harris Moor, Cumberland; The Cheviots,
Northumberland ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perthshire; Baldovan
and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Glen Muick and near Inverary,
Braemar and Countesswells, Aberdeenshire ; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire ; Seymourhill Bog, near Belfast, Antrim.

Var. palamea Nyl. ex Zwackh Lich. Heidelb. p. 12 (1883).
—Podetia stoutish, curved, nodulose-rugose or smooth, usually
somewhat dilated and branched at the apices.—C. furcata var.
spadicea Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 146 (1828); var. subulata
f. spadicea Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 23 (1865); subsp. racemosa
f. palamea Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 91 (1884) & Monogr. i.

. 152. Bezomyces spinosus var. palamzeus Ach. Meth. Lich.
p- 359 (1803).

Eaxsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 52.

Not unlike var. spinosa but generally darker in colour and destitute
of spines. The cortex is subcontinuous and the areole are swollen.

Hab. On the ground in upland localities.—Distr. Very rare in
S.W. and N. England.—B. M. Brighton Downs, Sussex; near Shiere,
Surrey; Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Guisboro’ Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire,

Var. pinnata Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. i. p. 332 (1887).— .
Podetia more or less thickly beset with squamules, elongate,
stoutish, often fissured, the branches erect, furcate at the apices,
perforate or closed at the axils. Apothecia minute, brown.—
CO. furcata var. racemosa ff. regalis and polyphylla Floerk. Clad.

448 CYCLOCARPINE [CLADONIA

Comm. pp. 154, 155 (1828); Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 22; var.
subulata f. truncata Mudd tom. cit. p. 23; var. racemosa Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 20 (1870) (non Floerke) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 65;

ed. 3, p. 60; subsp. racemosa Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun.’

& Fl. Fenn. Férh. n. ser. x. p. 320 (1873); Cromb. in Grevillea
xi. p. 113 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 151. Lichenoides tubulosum
cinereum, ramosius et crustacewm Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67,
n. 18 (1724). Coralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebrioribus
Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 104, t. 16, fig. 27 B (1741) pro parte.
Lichen furcatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (1762) pro parte; Lightf.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 881% With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45. Cenomyce
racemosa Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64 (1821) (non Ach.). C. racemosa
var. pinnata Floerk. in Schleich. Cat. Omn. Pl. p. 47 (1821)
fide Wainio (Clad. Univ. i. p. 334).

Exsicc. Mudd Clad. nos. 47, 48.

Distinguished by the stoutish podetia which are sparsely squamu-
lose throughout their entire length with fairly large squamules.

Hab. On the ground in moorlands, usually on damp peaty soil
in upland districts.-—Distr. Local and scarce in Great Britain and
S.W. Ireland.—B. M. Becky Falls, Devon; Malvern, Worcestershire ;
Aberdovey, Dolgelly and Rhewgreidden, Merioneth; Guisboro’ Moor
and Ingleby Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkeud-
brightshire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perth-
shire; Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Inverness-
shire; Killarney, Kerry.

Var. recurva Hofim. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 115 (1795).—Podetia
slender, erect or curved, often denuded of cortex especially
upwards, scabrid and more or less beset with minute squamules,
the branches divergent, often recurved and furcate at the apices.
—Mudd Brit. Clad. p, 22 (inel. f. thyrsoidea) ; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 65; ed. 3, p. 60; var. adspersa Floerk. Deutschl. Lich. x.
p. 14 (1821); Leight. tom. cit. p. 61; vag. racemosa f. surrectea
Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 154 (1828) ; f. recurva Mudd Man. p. 58
(1861); var. spinosa Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. p. 236 (1833) (mon
Huds.) e descript.; Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 80 e descript. ;
subsp. racemosa ft. recurva Cromb., in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883)
& Monogr. i. p. 152. ©. racemosa S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 414
(1821) pro parte. C. scabriuscula Nyl. in Flora lviii. p. 447
(1875); Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i.
p- 156; Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 61. C. adspersa Cromb. in
Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876). ©. squamosa subsp. adspersa
Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114 (1883) & Monogr. i.
p. 158. Lichenoides tubuloswm virescens, ramosius et foliosum,
summitatibus arcuatis Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67, n. 19 (1724).
Ooralloides corniculis brevioribus et crebrioribus Dill. Hist. Muse.
p. 104, t. 16, f. 27 p (1741). Lichen furcatus var. B. Lightf. Fl.
Scot. ii. p. 882 (1777); var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 45.
Oenomyce furcata var. adspersa Floerk. Deutschl. Lich. x. p. 14

"7

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 449

(1827). ©. scabriuseula Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall. ii. p. 623
(1830).
Ezsice. Johns. n. 50; Mudd Clad. n. 49 (dark-brown form).

In some respects this variety is a transition between C. furcata
and C. squamosa; it is characterized by the podetia being generally
seabrid and beset with minute squamules and by being frequently
decorticate, recurved or of somewhat tangled growth. The branches
vary from very slender to rather stoutish. The reaction for C. scabriu-
scula is given as K + yellowish; but there is frequently in C. furcata
sp. & var. a slight yellowish reaction which quickly turns to fuscescent.
(See Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii. p. 413 (1866).)

Hab. On moorlands, mossy rocks and old turf-walls in maritime
and upland districts.—Dzstr. Rather rare in the Channel Islands,
England, Scotland and Ireland.—b. M. Noirmont, Jersey; near
Penzance, Cornwall; Shanklin Downs, I. of Wight; Bolt Head,
Torquay, Becky Falls and Dartmoor, Devon ; Hassocks Gate and Hay-
mond’s Heath, Sussex; Epping Forest, Essex; Charnwood Forest,
Leicestershire; Ennerdale Lake, Cumberland; Farndale Moor, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Barcaldine,
Argyll; Rannoch, Perthshire ; near Kincardine ; Glen Muick, Braemar
and Countesswells, Aberdeenshire; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire;
Kylemore, Galway.

27. C. rangiformis Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. 1. p. 114 (1795).—
Primary thallus of rather small crenate squamules, soon evanes-
cent ; podetia slender, erect, much branched, repeatedly dicho-
tomous, rarely sorediose, smooth, but the cortex areolate, greyish-
or sometimes brownish-white, the branches intricate, spreading,
furcate and gradually attenuate at the apices which are often
reddish-brown, closed or sometimes perforate at the axils;
ascyphous (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brownish ;
spores 10-13 » long, 3-4 p thick.—C. pungens Floerk. Clad.
Comm. p. 156 (1828); S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 415 ; Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 235; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56; ed. 3, p. 53;
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 & Monogr. i. p. 153 (inel. f. nivea) ;
f. nivea Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 35 (1855); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 45. C. furcata var. pungens Mudd Man. p. 58
& Brit. Clad. p. 23 (incl. f. tenella); Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20.
Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum, fruticuli specie candicans,
corniculis rufescentibus Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, p. 67,n. 15 (1724).
Coralloides fruticuli specie candicans, corniculis rufescentibus Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 110, t. 16, fig. 30.4 (1741). Lichen pungens Ach.
Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 202(1798) ; Engl. Fl. t. 2444. L. rangiferinus
var. 8 Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (1762) ; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 879
(fide Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 153); var. 2, With. Arr. ed. 3, iv.
p. 42. Beomyces pungens var. niveus Ach. Meth, p. 354 (1803).

Ezxsicc. Cromb. n. 123; Leight. n. 16; Mudd n. 16 pro parte
& Clad. nos. 54, 55.

Easily confused with C. furcata an the one hand and C. sylvatica
on the other. From the former it differs in the habit of growth, due
¢ 26

450 CYCLOCARPINE [CLADONTA

to the dichotomous branching forming densely congested somewhat
thyrsoid tufts, in the lighter colour and in the distinctly yellow
reaction with potash. From C. sylvatica it is distinguished by the
erect tips and other characters. The apothecia are generally rare, -
though sometimes abundant and conglomerate.

Hab. On the ground among mosses and short grass in maritime
and inland situations.— Distr. Common in most parts of the British
Isles.—B. M. Island of Sark; near Penzance and St. Mervyn, Corn-
wall; Dartmoor, Devonshire; Isle of Wight; Shoreham, Sussex;
Lydd, Kent; Esher, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex; Bretch, Oxford-
shire; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Haughmond Hill, Shropshire; Delamere Forest, Cheshire; Dovedale
and Buxton, Derbyshire ; Ingleby Park, Ayton and Cliffrig, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland, St. Bees, Cumberland ;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Countesswells Wood, Aberdeenshire ; Warrens-
court and Macroon, Cork; Clare Island and Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. foliosa Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. i. p. 366 (1887).—
Podetia erect or decumbent, slender, more or less sprinkled with
squamules, rarely fertile, otherwise similar to the species.—
C. furcata var. pungens f. foliosa Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 54.
C. pungens f. foliosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 56; ed. 3, p. 54 pro
parte; Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 113 & Monogr. i. p. 154.
Corallina fusca foliosa Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 1, n. 6, in Herb.
Sloane. Coralloides fruticuli specie candicans, corniculis rufescen-
tibus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 110, t. 16, fig. 30, c, p (1741). Cenomyce
rangiformis var. foliosa Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. viii. p. 15 (1821).

Exsice. Johns. n. 13 ; Leight. n. 874 ; Mudd Clad. n. 56.

Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Dzstr. Somewhat local
in England and Ireland.—B. M. Basingstoke, Hants; Shiere, Surrey ;
Lydd, Kent; Hampstead, London (18th century); near Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire ; Cumberland; Tuam, Galway.

Var. muricata Arn. in Flora lxvii. p. 88 (1884).—Podetia
somewhat stout, the cortex often uneven from the turgid areolzx,
obtuse, or shortly furcate at the apices, rather sparingly
squamulose towards the base.—C. pungens subsp. muricata Cromb.
in Grevillea xi. p. 113 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 154. Lichenoides
tubulosum magis ramosum maxime dijforme Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3,
p. 68, n. 23 (1724) (spec. in Buddle Hort. Sice. ii. fol. 2, n. 3,
in Herb. Sloane). Coralloides crassius subincanum, calicibus
dentatus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 95, t. 15, fig. 18, B (1741) (deformed
state). Cenomyce muricata Del. in Dub. Bot, Gall. ii. p. 622 (1830).

Easice. Leight. n. 369.

A robust variety, less branched than the species and occasionally
difform. Not to be confused with C. furcata var. pinnata, from
which it may be distinguished by the reaction (K + yellow).

Hab. On the ground in upland situations.—Distr. Rather rare in
S. Central and W. England.— 4. M. Basingstoke, Hants; Downs and ©
near Amberley, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey; Tetbury, Gloucestershire ;
Bathampton Downs, Somerset; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire.

CLADONIA] CLADONIACE 451

2. Podetia mostly decorticate, usually scyphiferous and generally
pervious.

Basal squamules small, often evanescent.

28. C. cenotea Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 35 (1823).—
Primary thallus of a few usually small lobate-crenate squamules,
or evanescent ; podetia of medium height, subcylindrical or
irregularly turgescent, scyphiferous, repeatedly proliferous, the
axils and scyphi pervious, whitish or greyish pulverulent
throughout or partly corticate, and sometimes minutely squamu-
lose at the base (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia small, brown or
pale; spores 2-8 p long, 2°5-3°5 mw thick. — Cromb. in
Grevillea xi. p. 113 & Monogr. i. p. 155. Bzeomyces cenoteus
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 347 (1805).

The pulverulent podetia recall C. fimbriata, but it differs from
that species in the pervious scyphi and axils; the repeated rather
dainty proliferations of the scyphus give a branched appearance.

Hab. On putrid stumps of trees and on the ground in wooded
upland situations.—Dzistr. Local and scarce in N. England and
among the Grampians, Scotland, in the old Caledonian Forest.—
B. M. High Force, Yorkshire; Black Wood of Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Ballochbuie Forest, Ballater, Aberdeenshire.

Var. glauca Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, xviii.
p. 414 (1866).—Podetia rather long, somewhat glaucous, rarely
forming scyphi, the tips of the branches prolonged in subulate
proliferations.—Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 45 & Monogr. i. p. 155.
C. glauca Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 140 (1828).

Wainio has included as a growth form C. pywxidata var. fastigiata
Floerke (tom. cit. p. 62), a form recorded by Mudd under C. pyxidata
var. cornuta f. fastigiata (Brit. Clad. p. 13 (1965)) as ‘ podetia
elongated, simple, the apex branched; branches short, attenuated,
fastigiate,’’ and he suggests that here also should be placed C. squamosa
var. polychomia f. ferulacea Floerk. (tom. cit. p. 137), quoted by Mudd
as C. squamosa var. ventricosa, f. ferulacea (tom. cit. p. 20).

Hab. On decaying stumps among mosses in mountainous districts.
—Distr. Rare in N. Wales and (fide Crombie) in 5.W. Highlands of
Scotland.—B. M. Rhewgreidden, Merioneth.

29. C. squamosa Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 125 (1795),—
Primary thallus of short crenate somewhat wedge-shaped squa-
mules, greyish-white or pale above, white beneath, sometimes
evanescent ; podetia subcylindrical, usually scyphiferous, branched
or proliferous, the scyphi and axils pervious, granulose and decor-
ticate or unequaily warted, areolate-corticate, more or less covered
with small squamules, the apices sometimes furcate or cristate
when fertile (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia small, pale- or reddish-
brown; spores 8-14 yp long, 3-4 pw thick.—Mudd Man. p. 56

(incl. var. ventricosa and f. attenuata) & Brit. Clad. p. 19 (incl.
262

452 CYCLOCARPINE® [ CLADONIA

var. ventricosa and ff. asperella, ferulacea? and polychonia) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20 (excl. subsp. cxspitica) & Monogr. i.
p. 156 (inel. f. ventricosa) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66; ed. 3, p. 61
pro parte; var. asperella Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 132 (1828); ~
var. attenuata Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 231 (1831) (non Hoffm.); var.
ventricosa Fr. 1. c. (non Huds.). C. speciosa Cromb. in Grevillea
xi. p. 114 (1883). C. asperella Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 159 (1894)
(incl. f. polychonia). Bzeomyces sparassus (incl. var. ventricosus)
Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 347 (1803). Lachen sparassus Sm. Engl. Bot.
t. 2362 (1811). Cenomyce sparassa Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 273 (1814) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 64; Tay]. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80.
Schasmaria sparassa 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. 1. p. 416 (1821).

Ezasice. Cromb. n, 124; Johns. nos. 176 and 293; Larb.
Cesar. n. 10 pro parte; Mudd n. 13 & Clad. nos. 31, 40 (pro
parte), 41, 42.

Distinguished chiefly by the generally decorticate squamulose
podetia, which vary in size from 1 to about 5 cm. in height. Though
usually naked between the squamules, they are sometimes covered
with a warted brown cortex spotted with white, like injured places.
The podetia are sometimes stout and swollen, especially at the axils
(f. ventricosa), or they may be narrow and almost without squamules ~
(ff. attenwata, asperella and polychonia). The scyphi, when formed,
are pervious and ragged-looking with the unequal proliferations.
Stirton records a specimen, evidently of C. sguamosa, as C. confertula
n. sp. in which he obtained a greenish-blue and ultimately a yellowish
reaction with CaCl (Scott. Nat. n. s. iii. p. 308 (1888) ).

Hab. Among mosses on the ground and on rocks in wooded,
maritime and inland regions.—Dvistv. General and usually common
where it occurs, chiefly in the hilly regions of the British Isles.—B. M.
Noirmont Bay, Jersey; St. Breock, Cornwall; Bovey Tracey and near
Becky Falls, Devon; Eridge, Sussex; Epping Forest, Essex; Charn-
wood Forest, Leicestershire; Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth ;
Conway Falls, Carnarvonshire; Kildale Moor, Baysdale, Stogdale,
Westerdale, Broughton, Guisboro’ and Ingleby Park, Cleveland, York-
shire; Windermere, Westmoreland ; Juniper Pell, Teesdale, Durham ;
West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; New Galloway, Kirkeudbright-
shire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Bracklin Bridge, Glen Lochay, Rannoch
and Loch Tay, Perthshire; Durris, Kincardineshire; Craig Cluny,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothiemurchus Woods and Loch Linnhe,
Invernessshire ; Doneraile Mts., Cork; Killarney, Kerry; Kylemore,
Galway; Achill Island, Mayo; Black Mountain, near Belfast, Antrim.

Subsp. denticollis Hoffm. Deutsehl. Fl. ii. p. 125 (1795).—
Squamules of primary thallus and of podetia small or rather
large and deeply laciniate-crenate or hooded, the podetia usually
rather short, seyphiferous, mostly decorticate.—C. squamosa var.
asperella f. multibrachiata Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 133 (1828) ;
var. microphylla Scher. Enum, p. 198 (1850) (inel. ff. simpliciuscula
and prolifera) ; Mudd Man. p. 56 ; var. ventricosa ff. multibrachiata
and cymosa Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 20 (1865) ; form eucullata Cromb.
in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i. p. 157. C. ventri-
cosa var. microphylla Scher. Lich. Helv. Spice. p. 316 (1833).

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE 453

C. crispata f. ventricosa Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. p. 560
(1880). Coralloides scyphiforme, foliis alcicorniformibus cartila-
ginosis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 87, t. 14, fig. 12, p (1741). Cor. pul-
chrum, geniculis acetabuliformibus crispifoliosis Dill. tom. cit.
p- 100, t. 16, fig. 23. Cenomyce cucullata Del. in Dub. Bot. Gall.
li. p. 626 (1830). C. crispata var. ventricosa Del. in Dub. Bot.
Gall. p. 627 (1830) fide Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. i. p. 439 (1887).
Exsicc. Mudd n. 14 & Clad. nos. 30, 33 and 40 pro parte.

Perhaps more of a variety or form than a subspecies. It is
frequently much branched above, but distinguished chiefly by the
deeply and elegantly divided squamules, which tend to become hooded
at the apices. Wainio has associated with the above C. Lamarkw
f. Istgnyz Nyl., included here under C. pityrea f. hololepis.

Hab. On mossy boulders and decaying trunks of trees in wooded
districts.— Distr. Rare in W. and N. England, N. Wales, S. and W.
Scotland and N.W. Ireland.—B. M. Withiel, Cornwall; Balcombe,
Sussex; Aberdovey and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Ingleby and near
Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Tongland, Kirkcudbrightshire; Appin
and Barcaldine, Argyll; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire; Leenane, near
Kylemore, Galway.

30. C. subsquamosa Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xvii. p. 560 (1880) & Monogr. i. p. 158.—Primary thallus of
small crenate squamules, pale or greyish-green above, white below ;
podetia usually rather short, branched, with or without scyphi,
with axils and scyphi pervious, squamulose below, almost decor-
ticate, granular upwards, furcate or radiate-cristate, the branches
subcorymbose at the apices (K + yellow, then crimson, CaCl —).
Apothecia small, solitary or aggregate, reddish-brown ; spores
oblong or fusiform-oblong, 8—12 » long, 2° 5-3 pw thick.—C. delicata
var. subsquamosa Nyl. ex Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,
xviil. p. 407 (1866) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 20; Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 59; ed. 3, p. 55.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 16; Johns. n. 177; Larb. Cesar. n. 10 pro
parte; Leight. n. 405; Mudd n. 14.

Differs from the preceding chiefly in the reaction with potash, a
swift vivid yellow changing after an interval to a dullish crimson. It
is like C. sqwamosa, a very variable plant, no two specimens being
exactly alike. A number of forms characterized by some peculiarity
of growth have been published by J. Stirton (Scott. Nat. ix. p. 119
(1885) ). These are ff. delatata, swblactea, defleca and compressula.
which I have not seen, and ff. furfurosa, phyclina, cristata and
sptlota, specimens of which have been loaned by J. M‘Andrew.

Hab. On decaying stumps of trees and on mossy soil in maritime
ard inland districts. —Distr. Widely distributed, though not common,
throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Noirmont Bay, Jersey; near
Penzance, Cornwall; Bolt Head, Devon; Shanklin, I. of Wight;
Eridge rocks, Sussex ; Ightham Common, Kent; Hay Coppice, Here-
fordshire; Barmouth, Merioneth; Kildale and Ingleby, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Alston, Cumberland; Bellingham Woods, Northumber-

454 CYCLOCARPINE® [ CLADONIA

land; New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Appin, Argyll; Rannoch,
Perthshire; Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire ; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire ;
Kelly’s Glen, near Dublin; Killarney, Kerry ; Leenane, Connemara,
Galway.

Form tumida Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 159.—Podetia turgid ventricose, the axils and
apices dilated, infundibuliform.

Hab. On moist shady rocks among mosses in upland tracts.—
Distr. Local and searce in S. England, N. Wales, 8. Scotland and in
the S.W. Highlands.—B. M. High Rocks, near Tunbridge Wells,
Kent; Dolgelly, Merioneth; New Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire ;
Barcaldine, Argyll.

Basal squamules small, persistent crowded.

31. C. cespiticia Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 8 (1828).—Primary
thallus persistent, the squamules mostly crowded, rather small,
irregular, somewhat laciniately divided or crenate, sometimes
ascending, pale-green above, white beneath ; podetia very short,
naked, cylindrical, ascyphous, simple or divided (K —, CaCl —).
Apothecia conglomerate, sometimes apparently sessile on the
leaflets, flesh-coloured or reddish ; spores oblong, 8-16 p long,
3-4 p thick.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 14 & Monogr, i. p. 159.
C. squamosa var. ceespititia Nyl. in Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. sér. 3,
i. p. 284 (1856); Mudd Man. p. 57 & Brit. Clad. p. 21 ; subsp.
cespiticia Nyl. Syn. Lich. p. 210 (1860); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 20. C. pyaidata var. cxspiticia Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 60; ed. 3,
p. 57. Baomyces cespiticius Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. vii. p. 155
(1794). Lichen cespititivs Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 1796 (1807).
Scyphophora cespiticia 8. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 417 (1821);
Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 236.

Exsicc. Bohl. n. 72; Larb. Cesar. n.9; Leight. n. 368 ;
Mudd Clad. n. 44.

Approaches C. squamosa in the decorticate character of the very
short podetium. No scyphi are formed, and it is either pervious or
closed at the apex and surmounted by the conglomerate apothecia.
At times these are almost sessile on the basal squamules, which gives
it the appearance of a Beomyces.

Hab, Among mosses on the trunks of trees, on ricks or thatched
roofs, or on the ground in maritime and inland tracts.—Distr. General
and common throughout Great Britain, rare in Ireland and the
Channel Islands.—B. M. Belcroute Bay, Jersey; Guernsey; St.
Breward, Cornwall; on the Dart and near Becky Falls, Devon;
New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Eridge and Tilgate,
Sussex; Oaksey, Wilts; Barmouth, Merioneth; Ludlow and Stable-
ford, Shropshire; Malvern, Worcestershire; near Matlock, Derby-
shire; Beaumaris, Anglesea; Cliflrigg, Cleveland, Yorkshire; New
Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Appin, Argyll; Rannoch, Perthshire ;
Countesswells Wood, near Aberdeen; Loch Linnhe, Invernessshire ;
Dunscombe Wood, Cork; Killarney, Kerry.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 455

32. C. parasitica Hoflm. Deutsch]. Fl. ii. p. 127 (1795).—
Primary thallus of small narrowly erose-laciniate crowded
squamules, sorediose at the margins and on the under surface, or
becoming almost entirely a mass of soredia, greenish-white or
brownish-grey above ; podetia short, slender, somewhat thickened
upwards, simple or irregularly branched, and splitting or entire
at axils and tips, ascyphous, non-corticate, furfuraceous, usually
squamulose (K + yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia small, usually
conglomerate, brown or pale; spores oblong-fusiform, 10-15 p
long, 3°5-4 » thick.—C. delicata Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 7
(1828) ; Cromb. Lich, Brit. p. 20 (excl. var.) & Monogr. i. p. 160 ;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 58; ed. 3, p. 55 (excl. var.). C. squamosa
var. delicata Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 231 (1831); Mudd Man. p. 56 &
Brit. Clad. p. 21. Lichen parasiticus Hoffm. Enum. p. 39, t. 8,
fig. 4 (1784). L. delicatus Ehrh. Crypt. Exs. n. 247 (1793) ;
Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. p. 199 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2052.
Cenomyce delicata Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 274 (1814); Tayl. in
Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 80. Helopodium delicatum 8. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 416 (1821). Scyphophorus parasiticus Hook. in
Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 237 (1833).

Exsicc. Leight. n. 382; Mudd n. 15 & Clad. n. 43.

Agrees with C. swbsquwamosa in the chemical reaction with potash,
but is distinguished by the crowded sorediose basal squamules. In
favourable situations it spreads extensively, and is generally fertile.

Hab. On rotten rails and stumps of trees, rarely on turfy soil in
inland districts.—Dzistr. Somewhat scarce throughout England, rare
in S. Scotland and S. and W. Highlands.—B. M. Lyndhurst and
Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants; St. Leonard’s Forest, Sussex ;
Chelsfield, Kent; Thorndon Hall, Essex; Bagot’s Park, Stafford-
shire; Aymestry, Herefordshire ; Crown East Wood, near Worcester ;
Llandrindod, Radnorshire; Easby Wood and Kildale, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; Wastdale, Cumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcudbright-
shire; Barcaldine, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Perthshire.

B. Coccitrer&. Apothecia red-coloured.
1. Podetia scyphiferous.
Basal squamules large.

33. C. luteoalba Wils. & Wheld. in Trans. Liverp. Bot. Soc. i.
p. 7 (1909).—Primary squamules rather large (up to 1 cm. long),
irregularly crenate, incurved when dry, yellowish-green, becoming
darker above, pale sulphureous and pulverulent beneath (Kf +
yellow, CaCl—). Podetia rarely developed, very short, 3—5 mm.
high, cylindrical, rising from the surface of the leaflets, seyphi-
ferous, the scyphi narrow. Apothecia scarlet, minute, discrete
on the margins.—Journ. Bot. xlvii. p. 324 (1909); A. L. Sm.
Monogr. ui. p. 351.

456 CYCLOCARPINE © [ CLADONIA

Distinguished by the yellow colour of the under side of the basal
squamules which takes on a*deep orange tint on the application of
potash if followed by calcium chloride.

Hab. On old mosses in high altitudes.—. M. Graygarth Fell,
Lancashire (without podetia). .

34. C. digitata Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 124 (1795)? Scheer.
p. 22 (1823).—Primary squamules rather large, roundly lobed or
crenate, pale-green above, beneath usually whitish and pulveru-
lent ; podetia subcylindrical, rarely branched, unequally corticate
at the base, white or yellow, pulverulent above, scyphiferous,
the scyphi rather narrow with the margin incurved, irregularly
divided and proliferous (K + yellow, CaCl—). Apothecia
small and scattered or confluent; spores 9-11 p long, 3°5-4 pw
thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 & Monogr. i. p. 166 (inel.
f. brachytes); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 68; ed. 3, p. 63 (excl. var.
macilenta); f. brachytes Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 61 (1861).
C. deformis f. digitato-radiata Scher. Enum. p. 188 (1850).
C. coccifera vars. digitata and digitato-radiata Mudd Man. p. 61
(1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 31. Coralloides crassius subincanum,
calicibus dentatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 95, t. 15, fig. 18 a (not
typical). Lichen digitatus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1152 (1753). LL. difformis
Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 458 (1762). L. deformis Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii.
p. 876 (non L.); With. Arr. ed. 3,iv. p.38. Bzomyces bacillaris
f. brachytes Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 329 (1803). Scyphophora digitata
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 422 (1821).

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 215, 216 and 295; Mudd Clad. n. 76
(young stage).

Somewhat like C. deformis, but sufficiently distinguished by the
digitate branching, the more slender podetia (except in f. monstrosa),
the incurved scyphi, and the pronounced yellow reaction with potash.

In f. brachytes the podetia are slender with the basal squamules well
developed. :

Hab. On decaying trunks of trees among mosses in somewhat
upland districts.—Dzstr. Local and rather scarce in the more hilly
regions of the British Isles——B. M. 8. Devon; Rhewgreidden and
Barmouth, Merioneth; Malvern, Worcestershire; Kildale Moor,
Ingleby Park and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Windermere,
Westmoreland; Wastdale and Ashgill, Cumberland; Fenton Hill,
Northumberland; Barcaldine, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Perthshire ;
Mar Forest and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Rothie-
murchus Woods, Invernessshire, Achill Island, Mayo.

Form monstrosa Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 61 (1861).—Podetia
stout, irregularly ventricose, granular-pulverulent, sometimes
squamulose, the scyphi difform and divided or proliferous,
narrower than the podetium.—Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114
(1883) & Monogr. i. p. 167 (incl. f. cerucha) ; f. cerucha Nyl. 1. c.
C. coccifera var. macilenta f. monstrosa Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 33
(1865). Cenomyce digitata vars. cerucha and monstrosa Ach. Syn.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE 457

p. 268 (1814). Scyphophora digitata var. monstrosa 8S. F. Gray
Nat. Arr. i. p. 422 (1821).
Exsicc. Johns. n. 296; Mudd Clad. n. 69.

A turgid form of the species, rarely found fertile.

Hab. On decaying trunks of trees in wooded mountainous districts.
—Distr. Local and scarce in N. England, 8. Scotland and the
Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Battersby, Cleveland, Yorkshire ;
Windermere, Westmoreland; Ashgill Woods, Cumberland; New
Galloway, Kirkcudbrightshire; Ben Lawers, Perthshire; Craig
Coinnoch and Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire.

Basal squamules moderate in size.

35. C. deformis Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 120 (1795).—
Squamules of primary thallus moderate in size or rather
large, crenate or lobate, ascending or adpressed, pale-green
above, whitish beneath ; podetia elongate (up to about 3 inches
long) turgid, simple, without squamules, or rarely with minute
squamules towards the base, partly corticate or sulphur-
yellow-pulverulent, opening to a thin-walled scyphus which is
regular or difform, crenate-dentate at the margins or irregularly
proliferous (Kf + yellowish, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia
separate or aggregate ; spores 8-10 » long, 3—4 » thick.—Cromb.
Lich. Brit. p. 21 & Monogr. i. p. 165 (incl. ff. gonecha and
pulvinata) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 68; ed. 3, p. 63; £. gonecha
Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 222 (1860) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114 ;
f. pulvinata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 60 (1861); Cromb. in
Grevillea xv. p. 46. ©. coccifera var. deformis Scher. Lich.
Helv. Spic. p. 283 (1833) ; Mudd Man. p. 61 (inel. ff. tubeformis
and subulata) & Brit. Clad. p. 30 (excl. f. pleurota). C. deformis
f. subulata Scher. Enum. p. 188 (1850). C. ecrenulata var.
tubeeformis Koerb. Syn. Lich. Germ. p. 30 (1855) (fide Mudd).
Lichen deformis L. Sp. Pl. p. 1152 (1753) pro parte; Engl. Bot.
t. 1394 (non Huds.). Cenomyce pulvinata Ach. Lich. Univ.
p. 544 (1810). C. deformis Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 268 (1814) ;
Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63. Scyphophora deformis 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 422 (1821); Hook. in Sm. Engl. Bot. v. p. 240.

Exsice. Bohl. n. 39 ; Croall n. 200; Johns. nos. 14 and 294 ;
Leight. n. 275; Mudd n. 25 and Clad. n. 68.

Easily distinguished by the rather large, yellow-coloured podetia ;
sometimes they are bent at the tips, more or less fissured and partly
corticate. In f. gonecha the scyphi are somewhat more irregular,
and in f. pulvinata the squamules and podetia are crowded together.
The apothecia are rare in British specimens.

Hab. On the ground among heaths in wooded upland districts.—
Distr. Not very general nor common in W. and N. England, more
frequent in the Scottish Highlands, not seen from Ireland.—B. M.
Hay Coppice, Herefordshire; Guisboro’ Moor and Lounsdale, Cleve-
land, Yorkshire; Windermere, Westmoreland; Alston, Cumberland ;

458 CYCLOCARPINE [CLADONIA

Egglestone, Durham; Appin, Argyll; Craig Calliach, Rannoch and
Craig-y-Barns, Dunkeld, Perthshire; Ballochbuie Forest; Linn of
Dee, Ben-naboord and Loch Phadrich, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ;
Rothiemurchus Woods and Ben Ferrag, near Loch Ericht, Inverness- ~
shire ; near Forres, Elginshire.

36. C. coccifera Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 361 (1787).—Primary
thallus of medium-sized or rather large firm squamules, lobate
or deeply cut, greyish-green ; podetia rather short, rarely divided,
coarsely granular, the granules dispersed and sometimes sorediose
or united into a verrucose cortex, occasionally squamulose
opening to a wide often irregular scyphus which is sometimes
proliferous from the margin, rarely from the centre (Kf + yellow
or —, K(CaCl) + yellow). Apothecia pedicellate or usually
sessile and often confluent; spores oblong or oblong-ellipsoid,
9-11 p long, 3-4 pw thick (Kf + yellow, K(CaCl) + yellow).—.
Mudd Man. p. 60, t. 1, fig. 11 (incl. var. cornucopioides and
f. extensa, excl. other vars, and forms) and Brit. Clad. p. 28
(incl. ff. cornucopioides, extensa, innovata, asotea and phyllocoma)
(excl. other vars. and forms); Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 116 &
Monogr. i. p. 161 (incl. ff. asotea and cornucopioides) ; £. innovata
and var. phyllocoma Floerk. Clad. Comm. pp. 93, 94 (1828) ;
f. cornucopioides Br. & Rostr. Lich. Dan. p. 42 (1869). C. cornu-
copioides Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 236 (1831) ; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21;
Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 66; ed. 3, p. 62 (incl. ff. extensa and phyllo-
phora). Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis ameene coccineis
Dill. in Ray Syn. ed. 3, n. 35, p. 69 (1724). Coralloides seyphi-
forme, iuberculis coccineis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 82, t. 14, fig. 7 a-m
(1741). Lichen cocciferus L. Sp. Pl. p. 1151 (1753) pro parte ;
Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 553; Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 866; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 39; Engl. Bot. t. 2051. lL. cornucopioides
Huds. F]. Angl. p. 456 (1762) (non Linn. fide Wainio Mon. —
Clad. i. p. 154) pro parte ; Lightf. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 868 pro parte ;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 40 pro parte. Bzaomyces cocciferus vars.
extensa and asotea Ach. Meth. p. 332 (1803). Cenomyce coccifera
Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 537 (1810); Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 (inel.
var. cornucopioides) ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 81 pro
parte. Scyphophora coccifera S. F. Gray Nat. Arr, i. p. 423
(1821) & S. asotea (incl. f. cornucopioides) 1. c. Seyphophorus
cocciferus Hook. in Sm. Engl. oe v. p. 240 (1833) pro parte.

Easicc. Baxt. n. 69 ; Bohl. 40; Johns. nos. 51, 178, 179
and 180; Leight. nos. 375 and 404: Mudd n, 23 & Clad. nos. 65,
66 and 67 pro parte.

A variable species with podetia somewhat like those of C. pyxidata.
The more squamulose podetia have been placed in f. cornucopioides
by some lichenologists. If the squamules are much developed on the
seyphus it is f. phyllocoma; when proliferous from the centre of the
cup it is f. asotea; in f. ewtensa the podetia are elongate; none of

these forms seem to be constant, and the characters pass from one
to the other.

CLADONIA] CLADONIACE 459

Hab. On the ground on moorlands and on turf walls from maritime
to subalpine districts.—Distr. General and fairly common throughout
the British Isles —B. M. Le Gouffre, Guernsey; St. Breward and
near Wadebridge, Cornwall; Hay Tor and Goodamoor, Devon ;
Shanklin, Isle of Wight; Epping Forest, Essex; Shotover Hill,
Berks; Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Wrekin Hill and Stiper-
stones, Shropshire ; Worcester Beacon ; Gower, Pembrokeshire ; Cwm
Bychan, Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Capel Curig, Carnar-
vonshire ; Towthorpe Moor, Battersby Moor, Ayton Moor, Baysdale
and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Alston, Cumberland; Teesdale,
Durham; The Cheviots, Northumberland ; New Galloway, Kirkcud-
brightshire ; Ben Lomond, Dumbartonshire; Appin, Argyll; Glen
Lochay, near Tummel Bridge, and Rannoch Moor, Perthshire; Clova
Mts. and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Countesswells and Scotstown
Moor, near Aberdeen, Glen Clunie, Glen Callater and Ben-naboord,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Doneraile Mts., Cork ; Side Devis,
near Belfast, Antrim; Kylemore, Galway; Achill, Mayo.

Var. incrassata Laur. in Sturm Deutschl. Fl. 1. Heft. 28—
29, p. 83 (1835).—Primary thallus minutely squamulose ; podetia
very short, verrucose-granulate, somewhat clavate, simple or
sometimes divided above; scyphi absent or rarely developed.
Apothecia small, crowded.—Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 92 (1884)
& Monogr. i. p. 162. OC. incrassata Floerk. Clad. Comm. p. 21
(1828). CC. coccifera £. epiphylla Cromb. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xvii. p. 557 (1880). C. macilenta £. deminuta Cromb. in Grevillea
xi. p. 115 (1883).

Included in C. coccifera on account of the granular podetia which
very rarely become sorediose. The podetia are never more than
1-5 cm. in height, and the apothecia are numerous and confluent.

Hab. On peaty soil and decaying stumps of trees in mountainous
districts.— Distr. Rare in S.W. and Central Highlands of Scotland.—
B. M. Barcaldine, Argyll; Rannoch, Perthshire.

Subsp. pleurota Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 163.—Podetia granular-sorediose or granular-
corticate below and sorediose-pulverulent above, yellowish-white
or pale-greenish ; scyphi rather dilated, usually entire and rarely
proliferous at the margins. Apothecia rare, solitary, subpedi-
cellate.—C. coccifera var. cornucopioides f. pleurota Mudd Man.
p. 60 (1861) & var. deformis f. pleurota Brit. Clad. p. 30 (1865).
C. cornucopioides subsp. pleurota Cromb. Lich. Brit. p.21 (1870) ;
f. pleurota Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 67; ed. 3, p. 62. Capitularia
pleurota Floerk. in Berl. Mag. ii. p. 218 (1808). Seyphophora
pleurota 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 424 (1821); Hook. in Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 240 (1833) pro parte.

Ezsice. Croall n, 600.

This subspecies bears somewhat the same relation to the species
as does var. chlorophwa to C. pyxidata. From a study of the Lichen

acids Zopf has considered it a distinct species more allied to C. deformis
(Ber. Deutschl. Bot. Ges. xxvi. p. 109 (1908) ).

460 CYCLOCARPINE [| CLADONIA

Hab, On the ground among mosses in shady places.— Distr. Rather
rave throughout the British Isles.—B.M. St. Breward and near Wade-
bridge, Cornwall; Tilgate, Amberley and Ardingly, Sussex; Hindhead
and Blackwater, Surrey ; Ayton Moor, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Rannoch,
Perthshire ; Glen Muich, Aberdeenshire; Ben Ferrag by Loch Ericht,
Invernessshire ; Killarney, Kerry.

37. C. bellidiflora Scher. Lich. Helv. Spic. p. 21 (1823).—
Primary thallus squamules moderate in size, rather firm, variously
crenate or laciniate, often ascending, straw-coloured above, white
beneath ; podetia generally rather long, subsimple, cylindrical or
somewhat ventricose, corticate and squamulose, scyphiferous or
partly ascyphous, the scyphi narrow, sometimes imperfectly
developed and divided, rarely proliferous (K —, CaCl —). Apo-
thecia rather large, usually numerous and often conglomerate ;
spores 9-11 w long, about 3°5 » thick.—Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21
(incl. ff polycephala and gracilenta) & Monogr. i. p. 163 (incl.
f. gracilenta) ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 72; ed. 3, p. 65; ff. ventricosa,
polycephala and gracilenta Floerk. Clad. Comm. pp. 97, 99 (1828) ;
ff. subuliformis and syncephala Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 29
(1855). C. coccifera var. bellidiflora Mudd Man. p. 60 (1861) &
Brit. Clad. p. 29 (incl. ff. subuliformis, gracilenta, ventricosa, synce-
phala and polycephala). C. vestita Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 3, xix. p. 117 (1867) & Lich. Fl. p. 67; ed. 3, p. 62
pro parte. Coralloides vix ramosum, scyphis obscuris Dill. Hist.
Muse. p. 90, t. 15, fig. 14 F (1740) & Cor. scyphiforme, ossis femoris
facie tom. cit. p. 91, t. 15, fig. 15. Lichen cornutus var. Lighté.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 876 (1777). L. bellidiflorus Ach. Lich. Suec.
Prodr. p. 194 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 1894. Cenomyce coccocephala
var. vestita pro parte and var. gracilenta Ach. Lich. Univ.
pp. 541, 542 (1810). C. bellidiflora Ach. Syn. Lich. p. 270
(1814) (incl. vars. ventricosa and polycephala) ; Hook. Fl. Scot. ii.
p- 64; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib. ii. p. 82. Scyphophora bellidi-
flora 8S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 424 (1821); Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 240.

Easice. Croall. n. 601.

Essentially an upland lichen, it is one of the most beautiful species
of Cladonia, with rather tall simple podetia and brilliantly coloured
massive apothecia that generally close up the scyphus. It differs
from the preceding in being corticate and more squamulose and in

the narrower scyphi. The more slender forms have been designated
as f. gracilenta.

Hab. On peaty soil chiefly in mountainous regions.—Dist7. Rather
scarce in the hilly districts of Great Britain and Ireland.—B. M.
Hustyn Down, Cornwall; Diffwys, near Barmouth, Merioneth ;
Carnedd Dafydd, Carnarvonshire; Killhope Law and The Cheviots,
Northumberland; Ben Cruachan, Argyll; Ben Lawers and Rannoch,
Perthshire; near Loch Phadrich in Glen Callater, on Ben-naboord
and on Cairngorm, Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Ben Nevis, Inverness-
shire; Croghaun Mt., Achill Island, Mayo.

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE 461

Var. Hookeri Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 221 (1860).—Podetia
glabrous, unequally corticate, without squamules or only very few
developed. Apothecia numerous, brightly coloured.—Cromb. in
Grevillea xi. p. 114 & Monogr. i. p. 164. C. Hookeri Tuck. in
Proc. Amer. Acad. i. p. 247 (1847).

Hab. On the ground in subalpine moorlands.—Distr. Very rare

among the N. Grampians, Scotland.—B. M. Glen Candlic, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

38. C. flabelliformis Wain. Mon. Clad. Univ. i. p. 113 (1887).
—Primary squamules rather large or small, irregularly multifid
and incised-crenate, pale-green or -olive above, white below or
yellow towards the base ; podetia of moderate length, somewhat
widening upwards to the rather narrow scyphus, rarely ascyphous,
often squamulose below, granular-pulverulent upwards, sometimes
branched, the scyphus fringed by an irregular corona of prolifera-
tions of varying length (K + orange-yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia
small, discrete, or conglomerate and blocking up the scyphi;
spores oblong-fusiform, 9—11 » long.—C. polydactyla Floerk. Clad.
Comm. p. 108 (1828). C. coccifera var. macilenta f. corymbiformis
Mudd Man. p. 62 (1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 32 (incl. ff. tubeformis,
corymbiformis and f. phyllophora, p. 33). C. digitata var. macilenta
f. polydactyla Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70; ed. 3, p. 64 & f. coronata,
p- 65. C. macilenta var. coronata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p, 62 (1861) ;
Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 46 (1866) & Monogr. i. p. 169 (incl.
f. ventricosa, excl. f. carcata). Coralloides cornucopioides incanum,
scyphis cristatis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 94, t. 15, fig. 17 a, B, c (1741).
Lichen digitatus Huds. Fl. Angl. p. 457 (1762) (non Linn. fide
Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 166); Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 874; With.
Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 39. LD. ventricosus Huds. 1. ¢.? Lightf. tom. cit.
p. 875? With. tom. cit. p. 38? L. pyxidatus var. digitatus Huds.
Fl. Angl. ed. 2, p. 554 (1778). Capitularia flabelliformis Floerk.
in Berl. Mag. ii. p. 216 (1808) fide Wainio 1. c. Bexomyces
digitatus var. coronatus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 333 (1803). Cenomyce
digitata Hook. FI. Scot. ii. p. 63 (1821) (non Ach.). Scyphophorus
digitatus Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 240 (1833) pro parte.

Easicc. Bohl. nos. 7, 8; Johns. nos. 15, 299 ; Leight. nos.
274 pro parte, 297 in some specimens; Mudd nos. 27, 28 &
Clad. nos. 72 pro parte, 76, 79.

Sometimes described as a variety of C. macilenta, with which it is
closely connected, and with which it agrees in the white-pulverulent
podetia and the reaction with potash; but distinguished by distinctly
coronate scyphi. It is generally well-fruited. Lichen ventricosus
doubtfully represents a form of this or of other species.

Hab. Among mosses on the ground, on boulders and about the
roots of old trees.—Distr. General among the more hilly districts of
the British Isles—B.M. Near Bodmin, Cornwall; Ivy Bridge and
near Totnes, Devon; New Forest, Hants; Epping Forest, Essex;
Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire; Malvern, Worcestershire; Bar-
mouth, Dolgelly and Aberdovey, Merioneth; Westerdale, Lounsdale,

462 CYCLOCARPINEEX: [CLADONIA

Ingleby and Kildale, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Ashgill, Cumberland;
Windermere, Westmoreland ; Wark, Northumberland, New Galloway,
Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Lochay, Falls of Bruar
and Loch Rannoch, Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeen- -
shire; Loch Linnhe and Rothiemurchus Woods, Invernessshire ;
Killarney, Kerry; Connemara, Galway; Slieve More Mt., Achill
Island, Mayo; Devis Mt., Antrim. :

Var. polydactyla Wain. tom. cit. p. 119.—Primary thallus
persistent or evanescent; podetia repeatedly proliferous from
the margins of the scyphi, the proliferations scyphiferous or
more rarely cornute.—C. coccifera var. macilenta f. polydactyla
Mudd Man. p. 62 (1861) & Brit. Clad. p. 32. Cenomyce poly-
dactyla Floerk. Deutsch. Lich. x. p. 13 (1815). °

Ezxsicc. Mudd n. 26 pro parte & Clad. nos. 75, 77, 78.

Differing from the species in the more elongate scyphiferous
proliferations. Possibly only a growth form, as there are many
transition stages between the species and the variety.

Hab. Among mosses on the trunks of trees, ete.—Distr. Rather
rare in §8.W. England, N. Wales and N. England.—B. M. Black
‘Down and Treborough, Somerset; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Bilsdale,
Baysdale and Ingleby, Cleveland, Yorkshire.

2. Podetia ascyphous.
K + yellow.
39. C. macilenta Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 126 (1795),—

Primary squamules rather small, laciniate, lobate or crenate,
glaucous-greenish above, white beneath; podetia cylindrical,
slender, simple or divided at the apices, ascyphous or frequently
torming at the apex an imperfect scyphus, everywhere whitish-
pulverulent (K + yellow, CaCl —). Apothecia small, terminal,
solitary or confluent ; spores oblong or fusiform-oblong, 8-15 p
long, 3-4 » thick.—Cromb. Brit. p. 21@& Monogr. i. p. 167
(excl. var. coronata). C. digitata subsp. macilenta Th. Fr. Lich.
Scand. p. 68 (1871); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 69; ed. 3, p. 63.
C. coccifera var. macilenta Mudd Man. p. 61 (1861) (inel. £. fili-
formis, p. 62) & Brit. Clad. p. 31 (incl, ff. filiformis and syncephala).
Coralloides scyphis gracilibus tubiformibus, Pedicularis folio Dill.
Hist. Muse. p. 85, t. 14, fig. 10 B (1740) & Coralloides vix ramosum,
scyphis obscuris, p. 90, t. 15, fig. 14a. Lichen tubiformis Lighté.
Fl. Scot. ii. p. 871 (1777) pro parte? L. filiformis With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 38 (1796) (non Huds. and non Relh.); Ach. Lich.
Suec. Prodr. p. 193 (1798); Engl. Bot. t. 2028. Cenomyce fili-
formis Hook. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 63 (1821) ; Tayl. in Mackay Fl. Hib.
ii. p. 82 pro parte. Sycphophora bacillaris 8. F. Gray Nat.
Arr. i. p. 422 (1821) pro parte. 8S. filiformis Hook. in Sm. Engl.
Fl. v. p. 239 (1833) pro parte.

Exsice. Johns: n. 297; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 283; Mudd nos.
26 pro parte, 29 & Clad. n. 75 (in some specimens).

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 463

Distinguished chiefly by the rather small squamules, the slender
white-pulverulent podetia and the yellow reaction with potash. The
podetia taper towards a blunt tip, which at times approaches very
near to the scyphus formation of C. flabelliformis. The apothecia
are rarely well-developed.

Hab. Among mosses on old trunks of trees and on the ground in
wooded districts.—Distr. General and not uncommon in most parts
of the British Isles —b. M. Jersey; Lustleigh and Bovey Tracey,
Devon; New Forest, Hants; Epping Forest, Essex; Bradgate Park,
Leicestershire ; Cromford Moor, near Matlock, Derbyshire; Ayton
and Ingleby, Cleveland, and Buckalan, Yorkshire; Windermere,
Westmoreland; Ashgill, Cumberland; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling ;
Barcaldine, Argyll; Craig Calliach and Craig-y-Barns, near Dunkeld,
Perthshire; Craig Cluny, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus
Woods, Invernessshire.

Form clavata Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 114 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 168.—Podetia thickish, subventricose, unbranched,
narrowing and cornute upwards, granular-pulverulent, sometimes
minutely squamulose close to the base.—C. digitata subsp.
macilenta f. clavata Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70 (1871) ; ed. 3, p. 64.
Coralloides vix ramosum scyphis obscuris Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 90,
t. 15, fig. 14 B, c (1741). Lichen cornutus var. B Lightf. F.
Scot. ii. p. 876 (1777). Beomyces deformis var. clavatus Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 334 (1803)?

Fixsicc. Johns. n. 53 ; Leight. n. 403.

Retained under C. macilenta rather than C. bacillaris, because of
the yellow reaction with potash of all the specimens. It is merely a
stouter subventricose form of the species. Apothecia are rare.

Hab. On the ground among mosses on heaths and on the dead
stumps of trees in wooded upland districts.—Distr. New Forest,
Hants; Long Mynd, Shropshire ; Craig Calliach and Rannoch, Perth-

shire; Mar Forest, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Inver-
nessshire.

Form scolecina Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 62 (1861) (inel. f. styra-
cella).—Primary squamules crowded or scattered, rather thin,
often more or less granular-sorediose when growing on wood ;
podetia small, tapering upwards, white- or greyish-pulverulent.
Apothecia rare, minute, solitary or 2—3-aggregate-—Cromb. in
Grevillea xi. p. 114 (1883) incl. f. styracella & Monogr. i.
pp. 168 and 169; var. scolecina Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 (1870).
C. coccifera var. macilenta f. subulata Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 32
(1865). Bezomyces scolecinus Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 324 t. 7, fig. 2
(1803). B. bacillaris var. styracellus Ach. tom. cit. p. 330.

Ezxsicc. Johns. nos. 52 and 244; Leight. n. 297 (in some
specimens) ; Mudd Clad. n. 74.

A small form of the species approaching f. clavata on the one
hand and var. vstreata on the other, the specimens on wood being
particularly liable to soredial formation as in var. ostreata.

Hab. On mossy trunks of old trees or on decaying wood.—Distr.
Somewhat rare throughout the British Isles.—B. M. Withiel, Corn-

464 _ CYCLOCARPINEX [CLADONIA

wall; Bovey Tracey, Devon ; New Forest, Hants ; Chichester, Sussex;
Walthamstow, Essex; Gopsall Park, Leicestershire; Nesscliff, Shrop-
shire ; Lounsdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire ; Whitehaven and Egremont,
Cumberland ; Barcaldine, Argyll ; Loch Tummel, Perthshire ; Rothie- -
murchus Woods, Invernessshire, Tore Mt., Killarney, Kerry.

Var. scabrosa Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 92 (1884) (incl. f.
incrassata) & Monogr. i. 169 (incl. f. intwmescens)—Primary
thallus of crowded granular squamules, greyish or glaucous,
white beneath; podetia short or medium-sized, simple or
variously divided, ascyphous, but blunt at the tips, covered with
minute squamules or rough with granules. Apothecia small,
. sometimes confluent.—Form scabrosa Cromb. in Grevillea xi.
p. 115 (1883) ; var. scabrosa f. intumeseens Cromb. in Grevillea
v. p. 46 (1886). Cladonia coccifera var. macilenta £. scabrosa
Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 32 (1865).

Exsicc. Johns. nos. 181 and 298; Mudd Clad. n. 73.

Somewhat similar to f. scolecina in the slighter forms, and
gradually approaching to the more squamulose stouter condition
(f£. entumescens).

Hab. On decaying stumps and on turf-walls in wooded districts.—
Distr. Local and scarce in S.W. and N. England, N. Wales and
Treland, frequent among the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Near
Bodmin, Cornwall; Ardingly, Sussex; near Gravesend, Kent; Mal-
vern, Worcestershire; Dolgelly, Merioneth; Bridel Gill, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; Ashgill, Cumberland; Wark-on-Tyne, Northumberland ;
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire ; Barcaldine, Argyll; Glen Lochay
and Rannoch, Perthshire; near Inverey and Morrone, Braemar,

Aberdeenshire ; Rothiemurchus, Invernessshire; Glandarry and
Dugort Road, Achill Island, Mayo.

Var. ostreata Nyl. Syn. Lich. i. p. 225 (1860).—Primary
squamules crowded, ascending or subimbricate, usually rather
sorediose on the margins and under surface; podetia short,
stoutish, densely sorediose, obtuse at the apices. Apothecia
minute, very rare.—Cromb. in Grevillea®xi. p. 115 (1883) &
Monogr. i. p. 17. Cladonia digitata subsp. macilenta f. ostreati-
formis Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 70 (1871) ; ed. 3, p. 64.

Exsiec. Leight. n. 371.

The basal squamules are somewhat like those of Lecidia ostreata,
but larger, and with a different reaction with potash. Leighton has
suggested that Lichen rubiformis Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2112 (1810)
might be the same as this variety, but though the squamules bear
some resemblance, the red ‘ fruits’’ are rather those of some parasitic
fungus. Hooker refers to it doubtfully as Psora? rubiformis (Sm.
Engl. Fl. v. p. 193), and Mudd has recorded it as Cladonia coccifera
var. macilenta f. rubiformis (Man. p. 62). :

Hab. On old mossy stumps of trees.—Distr. Found sparingly here
and there throughout England.—B. M. New Forest, Hants; Epping
Forest, Essex ; Wrekin Hill, Shropshire.

40. C. bacillaris Nyl. in Not. Sillsk. Faun. & Fl. Fenn. n.s.
v. p. 179 (1866).—Basal squamules rather small, crenate or

CLADONIA | CLADONIACEX: 465

laciniate, glaucous or whitish above, white beneath ; podetia
slender, subcylindrical, simple or shortly divided above, subulate
or rather blunt at the apices, greyish-white, granular-pulverulent
{(K —, CaCl—). Apothecia small, sometimes confluent.—
Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 115 (1883) & Monogr. i. p. 171.
C. Floerkeana var. bacillaris Leight. in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 3, xviii. p. 417 (1866) pro parte & Lich. Fl. p. 71; ed. 3,
p- 65 pro parte; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21. C. coccifera var.
macilenta £. clavata Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 32 (1865). Coralloides
ramulosum, tuberculis coccineis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 96, t. 15,
fig. 19¢ (1741). Bzomyces bacillaris Ach. Meth. p. 329 (1803)
pro minore parte. Scyphophora bacillaris 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i.
p. 422 (1821) pro parte.
Exsice. Johns. 0. 245; Mudd Clad. n. 70.

Distinguished from the preceding species by the absence of
reaction with potash. The British specimens are rarely fertile.

Hab. On the ground or on turf-walls in inland situations.—Distr.
Rare in §. and N. England, the Scottish Grampians and N.W.
Ireland.—B. M. Wadebridge, Cornwall; Ayton Moor, Cleveland,
Yorkshire ; West Allen Carrs, Northumberland; Appin, Argyll ;
Glen Lochay and Rannoch, Perthshire; hills at Nigg, Kincardine-
shire.

Form pityropoda Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xi. p. 115
(1883). Podetia stoutish, rugose or minutely and crowdedly
squamulose.—Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 172.

Hab. On the ground and on turf-walls in upland districts.— Distr.
Rare among the Scottish Grampians and in N.W. Ireland.—B. M.
Rannoch, Perthshire: Appin, Argyll; Colin Glen, Antrim ; Conne-
mara, Galway.

Var. subcoronata Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xii. p. 92
(1884) & Monogr. i. p. 172.—Podetia rather stoutish, very
granulose or squamulose, simple or digitately branched towards
the apices. —C. coccifera var. macilenta f. obtusa Mudd Man. p. 62
(1861) & £. polycephala Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 32 (1865) pro parte.
C. macilenta var. filiformis f. polycephala Flot. ex Koerb. Syst.
Lich. Germ. p. 32 (1855). Coralloides ramulosum, tuberculis
coccineis Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 96, t. 15, fig. 19 a, B (1741).

Exsicc. Mudd Clad. n. 72 pro parte.

Approaches var. carcata of the following species, but still more
closely allied to C. bacillaris in the longer and more finely pulverulent
podetia. The British specimens are well fertile.

Hab. On the ground in upland moorlands.— Distr. Rather rare in
S.W. and N. England, the S. Grampians, Scotland, and N.W. Ireland.
—B. M. St. Breward, Cornwall; near Hunter Tor, Dartmoor, Devon;
Sullington Heath and Ardingly, Sussex; Kildale Moor and Ingleby
Park, Cleveland, Yorkshire; Glen Lochay, Perthshire; Connemara,
Galway.

ie 2H

466 CYCLOCARPINEA [CLADONIA

41. C. Floerkeana Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. p. 18 (1826).—
Primary thallus of small scattered squamules, laciniate or crenate,
greenish-white above, white beneath, often scarcely visible ;

podetia short, cylindrical, slender, corticate entirely or in parts, —

only rarely sorediose, greyish-white or -green or brownish, often
blackish at the base ; mostly ascyphous, but rather wider at
the obtuse apex, or frequently shortly divided or branched
(K—, CaCl—). Apothecia moderate in size, usually conglomerate
and bulging over the tips of the podetia; spores 8-10 p» long,
3 p thick.—Cromb.. Lich. Brit. p. 21 pro parte & Monogr. i.
p- 172; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 71; ed. 3, p. 65 pro parte.
C. coccifera var. Floerkeana Mudd Man. p. 61 (1861) & Brit.
Clad. p. 33 pro parte. Lichen digitatus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2439
(1812) (non Huds.).
Exsicc. Bohl. n. 80; Johns. n. 246; Mudd n. 24.

Differs from C. bacillaris in the shorter slender corticate rough
podetia, rather like some of C. pityrea, and in the abundant apothecia.
Not unfrequently the podetia become roughly sorediose.

Hab. On peaty ground in upland moorlands.— Distr. Rather rare
in the typically corticate condition in S. and N. England and among
the Scottish Grampians.—B. M. Dartmoor, Devon; Ayton Moor,
Cleveland, Yorkshire; Teesdale, Durham; Achosragan Hill, Argyll ;
Craig Calliach, Perthshire, Ben-naboord and Glen Callater, Braemar,
Aberdeenshire.

Var. carcata Wainio Clad. Univ. i. p. 80 (1887).—Podetia
short or medium-sized, multifid above, more or less verrucose-
squamulose and often becoming sorediose.—Form trachypoda
Nyl. ex Cromb. in Journ. Bot. xiv. p. 360 (1876) & Monogr. i.
p. 173. @. macilenta var. carcata Nyl. Lich. Scand. p. 62 (1861) ;
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 21 & f. carcata Monogr. i. p. 171;
C. coccifera var. macilenta f£. carcata Mudd Brit. Clad. p. 32
(1865). C. digitata subsp. macilenta f. carcata Leight. Lich. FI.
p. 70 (1871); ed. 3, p. 64 pro parte. Cenomyce carcata Ach.
Lich. Univ. p. 568 (1810) ?

Exsicc. Croall n. 599; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 84; Leight. n. 56 ;
Mudd Clad. nos. 67 pro parte and 71.

Searcely distinguished from the species except by the squamules,
which are usually rather scattered on the podetia; the squamules or
verruce may become sorediose-pulverulent, and the apex is often
multifid as in the species. Cenomyce carcata Ach. is of doubtful
position, the description seems to refer more closely to C. bacillaris.

Hab. On peaty soil on the ground or on boulders in upland
regions. — Distr. Not unfrequent throughout Great Britain and
Ireland.—B. M. Ardingly Rocks, Sussex; Tunbridge Wells, Kent ;
Esher Common and Leith Hill, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex;
Bardon Hill, Leicestershire ; Arcoll Hill, Shropshire; Rhewgreidden,
Merioneth ; Battersby Bank and Baysdale, Cleveland, Yorkshire;
New Galloway, Kirkeudbrightshire; Sheriffmuir, near Stirling;

ee ee eee

ee

CLADONIA | CLADONIACE® 467

Achosragan Hill, Appin, Argyll; Craig Tulloch and Rannoch, Perth-
shire; Canlochan Glen, Clova, and Sidlaw Hills, Forfarshire; Cairnma
Earn, Kincardineshire; Ben-naboord, Hill of Fare and Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire; Glen Nevis, Invernessshire; Applecross,
Rossshire ; Lairg, Sutherlandshire ; Doneraile Mts., Cork; Killarney,
Kerry; near Kylemore, Connemara, Galway.

Orver XIX. LECIDEACEA. (Part 2, p. 2.)

GYALECTA Ach. (Part 2, p. 4.)
2. G. cupularis Scher. (Part 2, p. 5.)

Var. marmorea Boist. Nouv. Fl. Lich. Fr. pt. 2, p. 178 (1902).
-—Distinguished from the species by the entire margin and by
the habitat.—W. G. Travis, Lanc. Nat. iii. p. 82 (1910).

Recorded by W. G. Travis on decayed moss. The condition of the
margin seems, however, to be merely a growth phase that occurs in
plants on limestone as well as in those on mosses.

Hab. On mosses or mortar of an old limestone wall at Downham,
Lancashire.

4a. Gyalecta rubra Massal. Ric. Lich. Crost. p. 146 (1852).—
Thallus effuse, thin, powdery or granulose, whitish, the hypo-
thallus whitish, scarcely visible (K —). Apothecia moderate in
size (rarely up to 1:5 mm. across), at first closed then open and
concave, the disc rosy-red or reddish flesh-coloured, sometimes
slightly pruinose, the outer margin prominent, persistent, crenu-
late ; paraphyses stoutish, septate, clavate and red at the tips ;
spores oblong-ellipsoid, 3-septate, 15-23 yp long, 5-8 p thick.—
Mudd Man. p. 166, t. 3, fig. 58. Patellaria rubra Hoffm. Pl.
Lich. i. p. 81, t. 17, fig. 2 (1790). Parmelia rubra Ach. Meth.
Lich. p. 170 (1803) ; Leight. Angioc. Lich. p. 86, t. 14, fig. 1.
Lecanora rubra Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 389 (1810); Hook. FI.
Scot. ii. p. 49 & in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 190; Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 58 & Monogr. i. p. 457; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 230; ed. 3,
p. 222. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2218 (1810). Rinodina
rubra 8. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 457 (1821). Phialopsis rubra
Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. i170 (1855) ; Mudd Man. p. 165.

Exsicc. Cromb. n. 168; Leight. n. 236; Mudd n. 138.

Forming a thin widely effuse scurf on the substratum of bark or”
moss. The apothecia are numerous and prominent and well marked
‘by the white crenulate margin and the rose-red disc.

Though classified by various lichenologists under Lecanora, the
structure of the thallus (with Trentepohlia gonidia), and of the
apothecia, agree with the Gyalectz. The species should be inserted
after G. geoica. (Part 2, p. 7.)

Hab. On old trunks of trees—oaks or elms, and on mosses on
walls, &¢.—Dzstr. Local or rare in §., W. and N. England and in the
Scottish Highlands.—B. M. Beeding Priory, Sussex; Wigmore

2H 2

=
ane
‘

168 CYCLOCARPINEE [GYALECTA

Castle, Herefordshire; Craig-y-Rhiw, near Oswestry, Shropshire ;
near Rievaulx, Bilsdale and Greta Bridge, Yorkshire; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire.

‘‘Phialopsis livida Mudd Man. p. 166 (1861).—Thallus effuse,
thinnish, subtartareous, granulose-verrucose, becoming somewhat
leprose, white. Apothecia small, not numerous, scattered, sessile,
the disc dull- or bluish-black, slightly concave then plane, the
margin thickish, smooth, polished, white ; hypothecium dark-red,
grumous ; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid-oblong, irregularly
4-celled.” Specimen not seen.

Mudd has stated that “‘ this species somewhat resembles Lecanora
(Aspicilia) verrucosa in its mode of expansion and outward appear-
ance. It may be known by the colour of its hypothecium, stout
paraphyses and by the internal organization of its spores.” In the
absence of specimens it is advisable to leave it where Mudd placed it—
next to ‘‘ Phialopsis rubra’’—until the plant has been again collected.

Hab. On the trunks of old trees, Killarney, Kerry.

LECIDEA Ach. (Part 2, p. 10.)

Species overlooked, or issued since the publication of Part 2.

*L. prostratula Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 218 (1880).—
‘Thallus pale or pale-grey, thin, squamulose, the squamules
:adpressed, plane, scattered or contiguous with occasionally crenu-
late margins, on a black hypothallus (K —, CaCl + reddish).
Apothecia black, sessile, about -6 mm. wide, plane, marginate,
becoming convex and almost immarginate ; hypothecium brownish-
black ; paraphyses somewhat irregular, medium-sized, distinct,
conglutinate at the black clavate apices ; spores colourless, ellip-
soid, simple, 9-12 » long, 5-6 » thick ; hymenial gelatine slightly
bluish then wine-red with iodine.

From the squamulose thallus, the species should be placed near
to L. Friesii (Part 2, p. 14).

Hab. On rocks, Craig Var, Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire.

L. hypocyanea Stirt. 1. c.-—Thallus pallid or pallid cinereous,
rugulose, squamulose-congested. Apothecia brown or brownish-
black, small ("2-4 mm. wide), convex, immarginate, aggregate
or congested (12-30 glomerulate) ; hypothecium red, the sub-
hymenial stratum thickish, bluish or intensely blue ; paraphyses
not discrete, conglutinate at the apices, not clavate nor inspersed ;
spores 8 in saccate asci, ellipsoid, simple, 9-12 » long, 6—7 » thick.

Possibly akin to L. endocyanea Stirt. (Part 2, p. 17). Stirton
states that the blue colour is lacking here and there, and that nitric
acid applied gives at first a violaceous tint which ultimately vanishes.

Hab. On soil at the foot of Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

™ Stirton’s specimens have recently been sent for examination to
the British Museum, where a set will be preserved. A revision of
the species will be published in due course.

LECIDEA] LECIDEACEZ 469

23. L. coarctata Nyl. (Part 2, p. 22.)

Instead of thallus CaCl+deep-red insert :—-CaCl — or + red-
dish ; and after spores ellipsoid add :—when young often tinged
with pale rose-colour and with large oil globules, 14—26 pw long,
7-12 p» thick.

L. humigena Tay]. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. p. 150 (1847).—
Substratum of the thallus cuticular, gelatinous, whitish with
scattered minute roundish brown verruce ; gemme (gonidia ?)
granular, crowded, minute, oblong, subangular. Apothecia
greenish, hemispherical, subpellucid, pale-brown, immarginate,.
the dise seabrid.

Probably near to or synonymous with DL. vernalis (Part 2, p. 33)..
though Taylor says it can scarcely be confounded with that species.

Hab. On wet clay banks; Dunkerron, Kerry.

L. filamentosa Stirt. 1. c—Thallus whitish or pallid, rugulose,.
sometimes dispersed-areolate. Apothecia small (*2—‘4 mm. wide),
brownish-black, plane, acutely marginate, becoming convex and.
scarcely marginate ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses slender,
irregular, not well discrete, with sordid-brownish apices ; spores.
8 in the ascus, colourless, simple, oblong or oblong-ellipsoid, 11—
16 » long, 5-6 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue then yellow with
iodine.

Might be allied to L. albohyalina Nyl. in Sect. Biatora (Part 2,
p. 39).

Hab. On fallen or worked wood near Killin, Perthshire.

1124. L. petrosa Arn. in Flora li. p. 36 (1868).—Thallus
thinly crustaceous, whitish or bluish-white, sometimes finely
cracked-areolate or almost obsolete. Apothecia sessile or adnate,
solitary or two or three together, at first plane, with a prominent
margin, brownish-black ; hypothecium black; paraphyses stoutish,
conglutinate, the hymenium faintly blue-green or ceerulescent,
the epithecium dark, purplish-, bluish- or greenish-brown ; spores.
ellipsoid, large, 16-30 » long, 9-13 » thick; hymenial gelatine
blue with iodine.

Distinguished by the ceruleous blue colour in the hymenium and
by the large spores. A variety albo-suffusa (L. eyaniza Nyl. in
Flora lv. p. 359 (1872) ) has been recorded by Th. Fries (Lich. Scand.
p. 512) with pruinose apothecia.

We are indebted for the discovery and determination of this
interesting species to Mr. T. Hebden.

Hab. On calcareous rocks.—B. M. Malham, Yorkshire.

L. mersata Stirt. 1. c—Thallus pallid or pallid-glaucous,
sometimes reddish-ferruginous, thin, almost continuous, smooth,
here and there rimulose-areolate (K—, CaCl—). Apothecia

470 CYCLOCARPINEX | LECIDEA

adnate, black, large, plane, narrowly. marginate, becoming
convex and almost immarginate, within cerulescent, especially
upwards ; hypothecium thick, brownish-black ; paraphyses dis-
crete, filiform, 2°5-3 p thick, the apices mostly blue, scarcely
clavate ; spores colourless, simple, ellipsoid or often fusiform-
ellipsoid, 22-36 » long, 8-11 p» thick ; hymenial gelatine intensely
blue, the asci yellowish, with iodine.

Evidently closely allied to if not identical with Lecidea petrosa
Arn. ; but considered by Stirton as ‘near to L. cyanothalma Nyl.
(Flora lv. p. 358 (1872) ), which scarcely differs from L. contigua Fr.”
(Part 2, p. 67).

Hab. On submerged rocks in Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.

116. L. albocerulescens Ach. (Part 2, p. 69.)

Var. smaragdula Knowles in litt.—Thallus continuous or
dispersed, glaucous-white or white, with white hypothallus.
Apothecia with slender, subcoherent paraphyses, clear-green or
greenish-blue at the tips.

Differs from the species in the white hypothallus and chiefly in
the clear green colour of the epithecium in section. These differences
may possibly be due to the submerged habitat.

Hab. On coarse granite rocks, completely submerged except in
summer —B. M. Shores of Lough Nahanaghan (1377 ft.), Wicklow.
Collected by M. C. Knowles, Sept. 1914.

129a. L. instratula Nyl. in Flora Ixi. p. 242 (1878).—
Thallus dark-grey, thin, smooth, plane, minutely cracked-areolate,
with a black hypothallus. Apothecia minute, black, innate and
immarginate ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses distinct, but
very coherent, the epithecium blackish-green; asci swollen ;
spores ellipsoid, 9-12 » long, 4-5 w thick.—B. de Lesd. in Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. liv. p. 444 (1907); Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i.
p. 152 (1912). Specimen not seen. .

Evidently nearly allied to DL. plana (Part 1, p. 76). The deserip-
tion is taken from Nylander and from B. de Lesdain.

Hab. On granitic rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Canister Cairns,
Caithness.

L. recensa Stirt. tom. cit. p. 219.—Thallus white or whitish, —

convex-areolate (areole contiguous or dispersed). Apothecia
sessile, black, plane, with a black margin (margin mostly
undulate), small, often aggregate ; spores 8 in the ascus, colour-
less, simple, oblong, curved or arcuate, 10-14 y» long, 3°5-4°5 p
thick ; hypothecium colourless ; paraphyses sometimes irregular,
thickish, with clavate brown tips; hymenial gelatine bluish
with iodine.

Stirton suggests that the above may be a form of L. rivulosa
{Part 2, p. 87).

Hab. On rocks, Craig Var, Perthshire.

‘ J
EE ——

—s ——_ ©

LECIDEA| LECIDEACE: 471

L. amphiplecta Stirt. 1. e—Similar to L. furvella Ny].
(Part 2, p. 94), but with a colourless hypothecium, the paraphyses
concrete and as if reticulate and the epithecium thick, con-
glutinate, brownish-black.

With potash the paraphyses become more distinct, as irregular,
disjointed or nearly moniliform threads.

Hab. On rocks, Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

L. daswa Stirt. 1. c—Thallus brown or brownish-black,
loosely adherent, soft, granulate-furfuraceous or isidioid, diffract-
areolate almost as in L. furvella Nyl., but sometimes thinner and
more scattered. Apothecia brownish-black or black, small
(-2--3 mm. wide) concave, acutely marginate, becoming plane,
with the margin depressed ; within reddish-brown ; hypothecium
dark or reddish-brown ; paraphyses irregular, not distinct, the
apices concolorous, not clavate ; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless,
spherical, simple, 3°5-4°5 » in diameter ; hymenial gelatine un-
changed with iodine.

Considered by Stirton as akin to L. antiloga Stirt. (Part 2, p. 100).

Hab. On fallen wood, near Ben Lawers, Perthshire.

L. sanguinaria Ach. (Part 2, p. 105.)

Subsp. subsanguinaria Stirt. tom. cit. p. 218.—Similar to
the species, but the thallus within continuously or here and there
reddish (K—, CaCl—). Spores occasionally 2 in the ascus,
70-120 p» long, 32-54 p thick.

Hab. Corticolous, near Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire.

BIATORELLA De Not. (Part 2, p. 107.)

§i. Eupratoretta Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 397 (1874).—
Thallus evident or indistinct. Apothecia mostly soft and rather
pale within (biatorine).

at

To include spp. 1-6 and also 44 B. campestris Th. Fr. (Part 2,
p- 358).

§ ii. Sarcoayne Th. Fr. tom. cit. p. 405. Sarcogyne Flot. in
Bot. Zeit. viii. p. 382 (1850).—Thallus superficial or immersed.
Apothecia more or less carbonaceous, with prominent proper
margins.

The following species of Biatorella were classified by Crombie
under Lecanora (Monogr. i. p. 487). They are transferred to the
lecideine genus because of the absence of gonidia in the apothecium.
They are numbered in succession to the Biatorellx in Part 2.

Thallus evident.

7. Biatorella pruinosa Mudd Man. p. 191, t. 3, fig. 74
(1861) (inel. var. regularis)—Thallus thin, effuse, furfuraceous ;

472 CYCLOCARPINEE [BIATORELLA

greenish when wet, greyish-white when dry (K —, CaCl —).
Apothecia small or moderate in size, appressed, plane, reddish-
black when moist, black, often bluish-grey-pruinose when dry,
sometimes with a thin pseudo-margin; hypothecium pale ;
paraphyses slender, coherent, thickly septate, scarcely widened
and brown towards the apices; spores many in the ascus,
minutely ellipsoid or oblong, 3-5 p» long, about 2 pw thick ;
hymenial gelatine bluish then tawny with iodine.—Lichen
pruinosus Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2244 (1811) (non Ach.). Lecidea
pruinosa Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 179 (1833) pro parte;
Tayl. in Mackay FI. Hib. ii. p. 125 pro parte. Lecanora pruinosa
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 (1870) & Monogr. i. p. 487, fig. 68.
L. glaucocarpa f. pruinosa Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 183 (1871) ; ed. 3,
. 168.

. Ezsicc. Johns. n. 420; Leight. n. 300; Mudd n. 160.

Distinguished from allied species by the habitat and by the
frequently pruinose disc of the apothecium. The thallus is some-
times immersed and scarcely visible.

Hooker (in Sm. Engl. Fl. 1. c.) has quoted as a synonym Lichen
pruinatus Dicks. (errore L. pruinosus), published in Pl. Crypt.
fase. iii. p. 15, t. 9, fig. 4 (1793). According to the description, that
species has a ferruginous thallus and may possibly be a form of
Lecidea confluens.

Hab. On calcareous rocks and mortar of walls from maritime to
upland regions.—Distr. General and common in the British Isles.—
4. M. Near Penzance, Cornwall; Shanklin, I. of Wight; Lewes and
Malling, Sussex; Shiere, Surrey ; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; near
Hereford; Harboro’ Magna and Polesworth, Warwickshire; near
Malvern and Whittington, Worcestershire ; near Corwen, Merioneth ;
near Shrewsbury, Shropshire; Ingleton and Bilsdale, Cleveland,
Yorkshire; near Gainford, Durham; Leven’s Park and Staveley,
Westmoreland ; Appin, Argyll; King’s Park, Stirling; Craig Tulloch,
Blair Athole, Perthshire ; near Aberdeen; Dunkathal, Cork; White

Park Bay, Antrim. .

Form nuda A. L. Sm.—Thallus little visible or entirely
immersed. Apothecia reddish-brown, epruinose. — Lecanora
pruinosa £. nuda Nyl. ex Lamy in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. p. 423
(1878) ; Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 58 (1891) & Monogr. i.
p. 488.

Lamy found this form abundant on the granitic stones of old
buildings, and remarks on the regular well-opened epruinose apothecia.
[t is often difficult to distinguish it from the species.

Hab. On rocks chiefly calcareous, rarely siliceous and on mortar
of walls in upland regions.— Distr. Widely distributed but rather rare
in the British Isles.—B. M. Near Bovey Tracey, Devon; Egerton,
Kent; Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; Malvern, Worcestershire ; Appin,
Argyll; Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole, Perthshire ;
Applecross, Rossshire.

Var. albocincta A. L. Sm.—Thallus immersed. Apothecia
thinly pruinose or naked, with a white pruinose pseudo-

— a Se

-.

“

2

BIATORELLA | LECIDEACEE 473
e
margin.—Lecanora pruinosa var. albocincta Cromb. Monogr.

i. p. 488 (1894).

Hab. On the mortar of a wall in an upland district.—B. M.
Mathon, Malvern Hills, Worcestershire (the only record).

8. B. hypophea A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally
granulate, greyish- or dull yellowish-green (K—). Apothecia
rather small, plane, dark-red or blackish, the proper margin
unequal or subcrenulate, becoming excluded ; hypothecium pale
or brownish ; paraphyses rather stout, thickly septate, variously
widened at the yellowish-brown apices; spores many, oblong,
5-6 » long, 1°5 » thick; hymenial gelatine bluish then wine-red
or tawny with iodine.—Lecanora hypophza Nyl. in Flora lui. p.
34 (1870) ; Cromb. in Journ. Bot. viii. p. 97 (1870) & Monogr. 1.
p. 489 ; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 186 ; ed. 3, p. 172.

Differs from B. privigna, with which it is closely allied, in the
presence of the superficial thallus and in the somewhat different
spores; the paraphyses are exactly alike.

Hab. On granitic stones of a wall.—B. M. Old Machar Cathedral,
Aberdeen (the only record).

9. B. flava A. L. Sm. ex Johns. in Naturalist 1917, p. 88.—
Thallus effuse, thickish, unequally granulate-cracked or scattered
and furfuraceous, dull ochraceous-brown (K—). Apothecia
rather small (about *5 mm. in diam.), sessile or subinnate, some-
times circumscissed, plane or rarely convex, dark reddish-brown
or black, the thalline margin indistinct or disappearing ; hypo-
thecium and hymenium colourless ; paraphyses slender, conglu-
tinate above, flexuose, sparsely septate except near the tips
which are slightly clavate and bright-brown; spores many,
minute, oblong-ellipsoid, about 3 p long, 1-2 » thick; hymenial
gelatine persistently blue with iodine.—Lecanora privigna var.
Hava Johns. in litt.

The thallus is not unlike that of B. hypophxa, but in the internal
structure it differs from that species as also from B. privigna.

Hab. On limestone in a quarry.—B. M. Near the Church, Forest,
Teesdale, Durham.

Thallus not evident.

10. B. clavus Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 409 (1874).—Thallus
very reduced, occasionally a few granules only visible below the
apothecia. Apothecia large, often aggregate, attached at a
central point, sometimes several connate in a common attach-
ment, concave then plane, dark-reddish or almost black, with a
prominent proper margin which is persistent and crenulate ;
hypothecium thin, blackish-brown; paraphyses conglutinate,
stoutish, septate, scarcely widened at the tips, the epithecium
dark-brown ; spores many, oblong-ellipsoid 4-5 p long, about
2 » thick ; hymenial gelatine deep blue with iodine.—Patellaria

474 CYCLOCARPINE [BIATORELLA

clavus DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 348 (1805). Lecidea eucarpa Nyl. in
Bot. Not. 1853, p. 163. Lecanora eucarpa Stizenb. Lich. Helv.
p- 134 (1881-2); Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 58 (1891) &
Monogr. i. p. 488. IL. glaucocarpa f. eucarpa Leight. Lich.
Fl. p. 183 (1871); ed. 3, p. 168. Cathisinia concinna Stirt. in
Scott. Nat. iii. p. 307 (1888).

Distinguished by the large apothecia with rugose margins.

Hab. On granitic rocks in maritime districts or by inland waters.
—Distr. Rare in the Channel Islands and in Scilly, and among the

Scottish Grampians.—B. M. West Coast of Guernsey; St. Mary’s,
Scilly ; Loch Rannoch, Perthshire.

ll. B. privigna A. L. Sm.—Thallus indistinct or obsolete.
Apothecia moderate in size, generally congregate, rounded or
angular from pressure, the disc plane, reddish when moist,
blackish when dry, brick-red under the outer black crust, the
margin prominent, persistent, generally entire; hypothecium
pale-coloured ; paraphyses slender, conglutinate, thickly septate,
reddish-brown upwards ; spores many, minutely ellipsoid, 3-4 p
long, 1°5 » thick; hymenial gelatine blue then dull-greenish or
tawny with iodine.—Lichen simplex Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 2152 (two
right hand figs.) (1810) (non Dav.). Lecidea privigna Ach.
Meth. Lich. p. 49 (1803); Hook. in Sm. Engl. FI. v. p. 184.
Endocarpon smaragdulum var. privigna Leight. Angioc. Lich.
p- 16 (1851). Lecanora fuscata var. privigna Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 56 (1810). L. squamulosa f. privigna Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185 ;
ed.3, p. 170. L. privigna Nyl. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. sér. 2,
vi. p. 288 (1872) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 489.

Easice. Johns. n. 277 ; Larb. Lich. Hb. n. 254.

Distinguished from B. clavus especially by the smaller apothecia
and by the pale colour of the hypothecium.

Hab. On arenaceous and granitic rocks inwmaritime and upland
districts.—Distr. Rare but widely distributed in the British Isles.—
B. M. Alderney; St. Brelade’s, Jersey; Shanklin, I. of Wight; Bywell,

Northumberland; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Woodside, near
Aberdeen.

12. B. simplex Br. & Rostr. Lich. Dan. p. 115 (1869).—
Thallus deeply immersed. Apothecia minute, concave or plane,
variously corrugate, black, the margin prominent, flexuose and
irregularly crenate ; paraphyses very slender, flexuose, sometimes
branched and septate, slightly clavate and brown at the tips ;
spores many in the ascus, minute, ellipsoid, 5-4 w long, 1-2 p
thick ; hymenial gelatine blue then quickly wine-red with iodine.
—Lichen simplex Dav. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. p. 283, t. 28,
fig. 2 (1794); With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p.5; Engl. Bot. t. 2152
(two left-hand figs.). L. simplex Hook. in Sm. Engl. FIL. v. p. 179
(1833); Tayl. in Mackay F). Hib. ii. p. 124. Rinodina privigna
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 450 (1821). Acarospora cervina var.

a aes ee oS re ee a

BIATORELLA | LECIDEACE® 475

simplex Mudd Man. p. 160 (1861). Lecanora simplex Nyl. ex
Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 57 (1870) & Monogr. i. p. 490 (incl. f.
herpes) (1894). L. squamulosa f. simplex Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 185;
ed. 3, p. 170.

Exsice. Johns. nos. 418, 419; Larb. Lich. Hb. without a
number ; Leight. nos. 272, 273.

The thallus is only rarely visible as a thin scurf; it is, however,
present within the substratum. The species in this and other respects
is nearly allied to B. pruinosa, though the apothecia are smaller and
more irregular in form; a form with extremely wrinkled apothecia
has been classified as Opegrapha Persoonit var. strepsodina Ach. (Lich.
Univ. p. 247); if angulose and gyrose-plicate it is Lecanora simplex
f. complicata Cromb. in Grevillea xix. p. 58 (1891).

Hab. On rocks chiefly schistose and calcareous in maritime and
mountainous regions.— Distr. Not uncommon throughout the British
Isles.—B. M. La Moye, Jersey ; Chateau Point, Sark ; Tintagel, Withiel
and Penzance, Cornwall; Buckfastleigh, Ashburton and Ilfracombe,
Devon; Aberdovey, Barmouth and Dolgelly, Merioneth; Bangor,
Carnarvonshire ; Anglesea; north of Douglas, Isle of Man; Hexham
and Bywell, Northumberland; Barcaldine, Ballachulish and Glencoe,
Argyll; Craig Calliach, Ben Lawers and Craig Tulloch, Blair Athole,
Perthshire; Bay of Nigg, Kincardineshire; Craig Guie and Morrone,
Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Dunkerron, Kerry; Glencorbot, Connemara,
Galway.

BILIMBIA De Not. (Part 2, p. 133.)

B. ilyophora Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii. Suppl. p. 63
(1915).—Thallus black, sometimes gelatinous, thin. Apothecia
black, small (-2—-4 mm. wide), convex, immarginate, at length
hemispherical, rugulose, within entirely violaceous as in Lecanora
atra (K + bluish-green) ; hypothecium concolorous ; paraphyses
not distinct, sometimes irregular ; spores 8 in the ascus, colour-
less, acute at one end, sometimes curved, 1—3-septate, 14-20 pu
long, 4-5 p» thick; hymenial gelatine dirty-blue with iodine.—
Lecidea ilyophora Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 220 (1880).

Considered by Stirton to be allied to Bilimbia. (Lecidea) melena
Arnold, and from the description might be the same plant.

Hab. On dead wood, Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire.

BACIDIA De Not. (Part 2, p. 149.)

8a. B. latebricola Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
xliti. p. 127 (1915).—Thallus greenish-yellow, granular-leprose,
effuse (K —, CaCl —). Apothecia minute, rare, at first flesh-
coloured, then livid, and blackish when old; epithecium colour-
less ; hypothecium almost colourless ; hymenium colourless and
not at first blue with iodine; asci cylindrical-clavate, 35-45 p
long ; paraphyses clavate ; spores narrowly linear-clavate, mostly
obtuse at one end, narrowing at the other, variously curved,

476 CYCLOCARPINEZ [BACIDIA

rarely straight, very slender, with 5 to 11 thin septa, 26-43 p
long, 1-2 » thick.

Near to B. effusa and B. herbarum, but differing in the characters
of thallus and apothecia; with the latter and with B. arceutina var.
hypnexa it agrees in habitat, though it differs in the colour of the
thallus and in other particulars.

Hab. Creeping over decayed mosses and thin dry humus on sand-
dunes or on broken sandy banks overhung by herbage.—Distr. Rare
in W. England (Lancashire) and N. Wales (Anglesea).—B. M. Formby,
Lancashire.

17. B. arceutina Branth & Rostr. (Part 2, p. 157.)
Form deminuta Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 353 (1874).—Apo-

thecia small ; plane or concave and marginate.—Lecidea arceutina
f. deminuta Stirt. Scott. Nat. v. p. 220 (1880).

Stirton notes that the spores are 45-60 » long, 1-1°5 » thick, and
scarcely septate.

Form brevispora Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
xliii. p. 127 (1915).—Differs from the species in the shorter more
strongly curved spores; they measure 25-38 yp long, 1*2-2°5
thick, and are usually obscurely 7-septate.

Hab. Incrusting decayed mosses on sand-dunes.— Distr. W. England
(Lancashire).

17a. B. salicicola Wheld. & Trav. tom. cit. p. 128.—Thallus
scanty or evanescent. Apothecia rather small, varying from red
to black, soon immarginate ; hypothecium colourless ; epithecium
brown; spores cylindrical or fusiform, often attenuate at one
end, generally curved, 29-35 p long, 2-3°5 p thick; hymenial
gelatine blue then slowly wine-red with iodine.

Differing from B. arceutina in the shorter stouter spores and
sinaller apothecia, from B. Beckhausii in the often fusiform spores and
other characters.

Hab. On dead twigs and exposed underground stems of Salir

repens on the coastal sand-hills.—Distv. Not uncommon on dunes in
W. England.—-B. M. Formby, Lancashire.

178. B. epiphylla Wheld. & Trav. 1. ¢.—Thallus almost
evanescent, consisting of a few granules, green when fresh,
cinereous when dry. Apothecia very minute, black, sessile,
plane then convex, soon immarginate, colourless within ; epithe-
cium pale-brown; paraphyses clavate, mostly colourless at the
tips, slightly coherent ; hypothecium pale yellowish-brown ; asci
narrow, 47 » long; spores slender, acicular, often curved at one
end, multiseptate, 33-45 p Jong, 1-2 p» thick.

Considered by the authors to be akin to B. arcewtina, but distinct

in the smaller apothecia, the absence of a red tinge, shorter spores
and peculiar habitat.

|
‘
d
;
-
;

i i a tt

BACIDIA | LECIDEACE® 477

Hab. On fallen leaves of Salix repens on sand-dunes.— Distr. Rare
in W. England (Ainsdale, Lancashire).

21. B. muscorum Mudd. (Part 2, p. 159.)

Var. atriseda Wheld. & Trav. tom. cit. p. 129.—Thallus
effuse, granulose, the granules bright-green when moist, cinereous
when dry, scattered over a black hypothallus. Apothecia solitary
or aggregate, at first pale-tawny, becoming black, with a thin
margin soon disappearing, at length convex and difform ; epithe-
cium blackish ; hymenium brownish ; hypothecium reddish-brown ;
spores straight or slightly curved, acute at one, or both poles
sometimes with an appendage, 30-39 pu long, 2—3 yp thick.

Forming patches which appear blackish owing to the black hypo-
thallus, it differs from the species in colour and habitat. (The
appendages suggest germination of the spores.)

Hab. On decaying mosses and thin moist humus on bare low Salix
repens dunes associated with Cladonia pyxidata.

BUELLIA De Not. (Part 2, p. 165.)

Page 168. Under B. biloculata A. L. Sm. add :—synonym
Lecanora biloculata Nyl. in Flora Ixi. p. 248 (1878); Cromb.
Monogr, i. p. 383.

RHIZOCARPON Ramond. (Part 2, p. 187.)

3a. Rh. lotum Stizenb. ex Bausch Flecht. Baden, p. 152
(1869).—Thallus effuse, thin, pulverulent, pale ochraceous or
cinereous-grey. Apothecia minute, scattered or congregate, black,
with a persistent margin; hypothecium reddish-brown ; para-
physes coherent, the epithecium blackish-brown ; spores halonate,
sparsely rauriform, colourless then pale-brown, 18-22 yp long,
8-10 p» thick.—B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. li. p. 517
(1906) ; Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. p. 153 (1912).

Near to Rh. alboatrwm (Part 2, p. 188).

Hab.—On granitic rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Houstry, Dun-
beath, Caithness.

Orper XX. DIRINACEZS. (Part 2, p. 200.)

Thallus crustaceous, attached by hyph, corticate on the
upper surface, the cortex of closely packed upright hyphal
branches disposed at right angles to the surface (fastigiate).
Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elon-
gate, with proper and thalline margins ; hypothecium and disc
dark-coloured ; spores elongate, septate. Spermogones with
simple sterigmata and acicular bent acrogenous spermatia.

478 GRAPHIDINEA: [DIRINA

A small family represented in the British Isles by a single genus
and species. It is classified under Graphidinez on account both of
thalline and apothecial characters, and is nearly allied to Roccellacex,
as was pointed out by Crombie in Monogr. i. p. 491 (1894).

Spores fusiform, 3-septate, colourless............ Dirina.

DIRINA Fr. Syst, Orb. Veg. p. 244 (1825). (Pl. 69.)

Thallus crustaceous, continuous or cracked. Apothecia
discoid or somewhat irregular or elongate, subimmersed in the
areole or superficial, with a distinct thalline margin; hypo-
thecium thickish, black ; spores 8 in the ascus, elongate-fusiform,
4—8-septate, colourless.

A maritime genus of few species but of wide distribution in warm
or subtropical regions.

1. D. repanda Nyl. in Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. v. p. 116
(1857).—Thallus determinate and subefligurate, thick, continuous
or areolate, generally unequal and coarsely warted-granulate,
greyish-white with a soft farinose surface and a white hypo-
thallus (Kf + yellow, CaCl + rose-red). Apothecia moderate in
size (up to 2 mm, across), at first closed then plane, black,
covered generally with a white pruina, the thalline margin
thick, obtuse, more or less inflexed ; hypothecium thick, black ;
paraphyses simple, slightly widened or irregular upwards ; spores
fusiform, often slightly bent, 3-septate, generally about 22 pw long,
5 p thick, but sometimes smaller or larger ; hymenial gelatine
wine-red with iodine.—Cromb. in Journ. Bot. ix. p. 178 (1871)
& Monogr. i. p. 491, fig. 69; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 235; ed. 3,
p- 226. Parmelia repanda Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 177 (1831).

Exsice. Johns. n. 421.

A Mediterranean plant chiefly. The apothecia are often crowded
and become difform, with the margin flexuose, Spermogones are
abundant.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Rare in the Channel
Islands, 8.W. England and N. Wales.—b. M. La Coupe and Rozel,

Jersey; Portland Island, Dorset; Great Orme’s Head, Carnarvon-
shire.

Orver XXI. ROCCELLACEA. (Part 2, p. 200.)

Thallus mostly fruticose, of strap-shaped or rounded branching
fronds, attached to the substratum by a basal sheath, corticate,
with a central medulla generally of loosely interwoven hyphe.
Algal cells Trentepohlia. Apothecia discoid or somewhat elon-
gate, usually with proper and thalline margins ; spores 8 in the
ascus, colourless or rarely brownish, elongate, septate. Spermo-
gones with simple or sparingly branched sterigmata and straight
or curved acrogenous spermatia,

~

ROCCELLA | ROCCELLACE 479

With the exception of Roccella, the genera of Roccellacee contain
few species. All of them inhabit mainly the sea-coasts of warm
countries. There is only one genus represented in Europe.

Thallus cylindrical or strap-shaped, branched...... Roccella.

ROCCELLA DC. Fi. Fr. ii. p. 334 (1805). (PI. 70.)

Thallus fruticose of simple or branching fronds, greenish- or
bluish-grey, mostly sorediate ; cortex of closely packed hyphal
branches disposed at right angles to the surface (fastigiate) ;
medullary hyphze more or less parallel with the long axis;
gonidia in a zone within the cortex. Apothecia lateral on the
fronds, mostly discoid, with a proper margin, and with or
without a thalline margin ; hypothecium thick, black ; paraphyses
branched ; spores elongate-oblong or fusiform, mostly 3-septate,
colourless.

The species of Roccella have a wide distribution, but only two are
found as far north as the British Isles. They yield in more or less
abundance a purple dye, the orseille or orchil of commerce.
R. tinctoria, which is not British, is the best known and was one
of the earliest recorded lichens. :

1. R. fucoides Wain. in Welw. Cat. Afric. Plants, ii. 2, p. 433
(1901).—Thallus of densely czspitose thickly and repeatedly
branched fronds, rounded or slightly compressed, rather short
(generally about 3-5 cm. high), more or less sorediate, basal
sheath small, light bluish-grey (outer cortex CaCl + orange-red,
inner tissue and soredia —, medulla I + blue). Apothecia small,
somewhat prominent, black, without a thalline margin ; para-
physes uneven, rather wider, branched and dark at the tips ;
spores oblong-fusiform, 3-septate, 12-16 p long (or longer),
3—4 p thick.—h. phycopsis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 440 (1810) ;
S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 426; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 22 &
Monogr. i. p. 182, fig. 37; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 81; ed. 3, p. 74.
R. tinctoria Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 221 (1833) (non DC.) ;
Mudd Man. p. 75 (incl. var. phycopsis); Leight. ll. c. Lichen
fucoides Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. ii. p. 22 (1790) & L. Roccella
op. cit. fase. iii. p. 19 (1793) (non Linn.); Engl. Bot. t. 211;
With. Arr. ed. 3, iv. p. 42 (1796).

Exsicce. Cromb. n. 14; Larb. Cesar. n. 11 & Lich. Hb.
n. 122; Mudd n. 48.

A rather stunted-looking bushy plant, abundantly sorediate and
very rarely fertile. Spermogones are occasionally present, with
spermatia 13-16 » long, 1 » thick. By earlier lichenologists it was
confused with Lichen Roccella L. Sp. Pl. p. 1154, the well-known dye
lichen, Roccella tinctoria DC. FI. Fr. ii. p. 354 (1805). The figure in
English Botany was drawn from a specimen collected on Portland
Tsland.

Hab. On rocks, rarely on walls, in maritime localities.—Distr.
Uncommon on the southern coasts of the British Isles, very rare in

480 GRAPHIDINE [ROCCELLA

the Clyde area, Scotland.—B. M. St. Brelade’s Bay, La Moye and
Noirmont, Jersey; Petit-Pot Bay, Guernsey; Sark; St. Mary’s,
Scilly Islands; The Lizard, Tintagel Castle, Lamorna, Pentire and
St. Minver, Cornwall; Kingswear, Bolt Head, Ilfracombe, Lynmouth
and Lynton, Devon; Portland Island, Dorset; Bembridge and
Godshill Church, I. of Wight; Millport, Cumbrae Island, Firth of
Clyde.

Form tenuior A. L. Sm.—Thallus of longer slender fronds
much branched at the apices.—R. phycopsis f. tenuior Nyl. ex
Leight. Lich. Fl. ed. 3, p. 74 (1879) ; Cromb. Monogr. i. p. 183.
R. fuciformis (errore) f. tenuior Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 47
(1886).

Differs in the long slender fronds, almost 10 em. high. Leighton,
who first published this form, ascribed it to Larbalestier, by whom it
was collected, but on the herbarium specimen Larbalestier has
written f. tenwior Nylander, to whom it had evidently. been sub-
mitted. .

Hab. On rocks in a maritime situation —B. M. La Moye, Jersey.

2. R. fuciformis DC. Fl. Fr. ii. p. 335 (1805).—Thallus of
compressed short or long fronds narrow or wide, irregularly
branched, frequently proliferate and more or less sorediate at
the margins, the soredia solitary or in dense masses, glaucous-
white or -brownish (CaCl surface and medulla —, soredia + rose-
red, medulla I+blue). Apothecia not uncommon, discoid, promi-
nent, rather small, scattered or crowded, the disc black, at first
pruinose, the thalline margin irregular in outline, at length
almost excluded ; paraphyses stoutish with brown tips, the whole
hymenium deep brown in thick section ; spores oblong-fusiform,
20-30 p long, 4-6 p thick.—S. F. Gray Nat. Arr. i. p. 426;
Hook. in Sm. Engl. Fl. v. p. 222; Mudd Man. p. 76, t. 1,
fig. 18; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 23 & Monogr. i. p. 183; Leight.
Lich. Fl. p. 82; ed. 3, p. 74. Lichenotdesyfuciforme tinctorium,
corniculis longioribus et acutioribus Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 168,
tt. 22, 23, fig. 6la—-p (1741). Lichen fuciformis L. Sp. Pi.
p- 1147 (1753); Dicks. Pl. Crypt. fase. iii. p. 17; With. Arr.
ed. 3, iv. p. 51; Engl. Bot. t. 728.

Exsicc. Cromb. nos. 15, 125; Larb. Cesar. n. 12 & Lich. Hb.
n. 123; Leight. n. 171.

Generally found growing with the previous species, but very
distinct in form and attaining a much larger size up to 6 inches in
length, with the ribbon-like fronds from less than a line to nearly
half an inch in width. Only the soredia in this species are stained
with chloride of lime, the outer cortex and medulla are unaffected.

Hab. On rocks in maritime districts.—Distr. Local though fairly
plentiful on the southern coasts; rare in §8.W. and W. Ireland.—
B, M. St. Ouen’s Bay, St. Brelade’s Bay and St. Martin's, Jersey ;
Guernsey; St. Mary’s, Scilly Islands; Logan Rocks, near Land’s
End, Tintagel, The Lizard, Penzance and Lamorna Cove, Cornwall ;
Bolt Head, Lynton and Ilfracombe, Devon.

ARTHONIA| ARTHONIACEE 481

Orpver XXIII. ARTHONIACEA, (Part 2, p. 205.)

Arthonia Lilliei B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. lvii.
(1910).—Thallus blackish, leprose, very slight. Apothecia black,
minute, about 0°1-0°2 mm. in diam., round, persistently plane ;
hypothecium colourless; hymenium colourless or pale-brown ;
paraphyses closely coherent, the apices free and capitate, the
epithecium olivaceous; asci ventricose; spores 8 in the ascus,
colourless, oblong or ellipsoid, 1-septate, scarcely constricted and
the loculi equal, 10-12 » long, 4-5 p thick; hymenial gelatine
wine-red with iodine.—Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. p. 153 (1912).
Specimen not seen.

Somewhat difficult to place in the lack of information as to the
gonidia; it seems to agree with § Lecideopsis (Part 2, p. 217) rather
than with § Euarthonia (p. 211).

Hab. On siliceous rocks. Collected by D. Lillie at Achastle,
Caithness.

Orper XXVI. PYRENIDIACEZ. (Part 2, p. 264.)

PYRENIDIUM Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 210 (1865) ; Cromb.
Monogr. i. p. 81 (1894); Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36 (1871). (Pl. 71.)

Thallus minutely fruticose, rising from a crustaceous base,
with a distinct plectenchymatous cortex. Algal cells Nostoc.
Perithecia innate opening by a pore; spores oblong-ellipsoid,
brownish, septate.

A most interesting and unique lichen, being the only example of
fruticose growth among the blue-green Pyrenocarpei. Crombie has
suggested that the fruits may be parasitic fungi; unfortunately the
specimens in the herbarium of the British Museum seem to be sterile.
There is no record of any recent collection of the plant.

1. P. actinellum Nyl. 1. c.—Thallus adnate and crustaceous
at the base, or sward-like with upright or semi-prostrate branching
fronds which are somewhat nodulose, but generally cylindrical,
dark olive-brown in colour ; cortex very distinct, one cell thick ;
gonidia in short chains or in groups scattered through the
medulla. Perithecia ‘‘ minute, scarcely prominent, almost entirely
innate, the pyrenium entirely black”; spores 4 in the ascus
(as figured), ‘‘3-septate, brownish, 20-24 yw long, 8-9 p thick.”—
Carroll in Journ. Bot. iii. p. 286 (1865); Cromb. Lich. Brit.
p- 10 & Monogr. i. p. 81; Leight. Lich. Fl. p. 36 ; ed. 3, p. 37.

Hab. On cretaceous and calcareous pebbles in moist maritime
and upland districts.—Disti. Rare in S. and S.W. England.—B. M. .
Anstey’s Cove, Torquay, Devon; near Brighton, Sussex; Bexley Hill,
Kent; Shiere, Surrey.

‘ 21

482 PYRENOCARPEE [PYRENOCOCCUS

PYRENOCOCCUS Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii. Suppl.
p- 69 (1915).

Thallus none. Perithecia simple, coloured, subimmersed in

the tissues of a host-plant containing Cyanophycex, opening by
a pore ; spores 8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, septate, fuscous.

Considered by the above authors as allied to Obryzwm but differing
in the shape and colour of the spores. It has been based on
Endococcus exoriens Stirt., but the description suggests rather a
parasitic fungus belonging to the genus Melanomma.

P. exoriens Wheld. & Wils. 1. c.—Thallus none. Perithecia
in the thallus of Pannariz, semi-immersed, small, fuscous to
fuscous-black ; paraphyses none; spores ellipsoid, brown, 3—sep-
tate, 9-11 yw long, 6 p» thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red with
iodine.— Endococcus exoriens Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 220 (1880).
Specimen not seen.

Hab. Parasitic on the thallus of Pannariz, probably P. brunnea

(P. pezizoides Leight.), Craig Var near Kinloch-Rannoch, Perthshire,
the only record.

Orper XXVIII. VERRUCARIACEA. (Part 2, p. 275.)
VERRUCARIA Pers. (Part 2, p. 276.)

3A. V. Lorrain-Smithie Knowles in Sci. Proc. Roy. Dubl.
Soc. xiv. p. 138 (1913).—Thallus blackish-green, gelatinous,
thin, continuous or sometimes almost evanescent. Perithecia
excessively minute, about 120-180 » in diam., scattered, hemi-
spherical, shining, opening by a minute pore 15-20 » in diam.,
dimidiate ; ascus elliptical, 20-25 w long, 10-12 » wide; spores 8
in the ascus, simple, rod-like, oblong-elongate or slightly curved,
15-18 p long, 2—4 p thick.

Characterized by the minute prominent perithecia.

Hab. On limestone rock, below neap-range or more abundant near

low-water mark.—B. M. Balscadden Bay, Howth, Dublin. (M. C.
Knowles, Sept. & Dec., 1913.)

4. V. striatula Wahlenb. f. continua Knowles tom. cit. p. 137.
—Thallus more continuous than in the species, sometimes radiate,
with scattered small dots and ridges.

Hab. On maritime rocks in more sheltered situations than the

species.—B. M. Needles, Howth, Dublin. (M. C. Knowles, July,
1910.)

THELIDIUM Massal. (Part 2, p. 297.)

2a. Th. explicatum Wheld. & Wils. in Journ, Bot. liii. Suppl.
p. 70 (1915).—Thallus pale or pale-grey, thin, often dispersed.
Perithecia black, prominent, *2—'35 mm. wide, entire; para-

THELIDIUM | VERRUCARIACEER 483

physes wanting ; spores 4-8 in the ascus, colourless, ellipsoid or
oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes larger at one end (gibbosulz), 1-sep-
tate, 24-34 w long, 10-13 » thick; hymenial gelatine wine-red
with iodine.— Verrucaria explicata Stirt. in Scott. Nat. v. p. 220
(1880). Specimen not seen.

Stirton suggests that this species may be identical with V. swbrv-
mulata Nyl., a Pyrensan species.

Hab. On schistose rocks at the summit of Ben Lawers.

4a, Th. terrestre Wats. in Journ. Bot. lv. p. 107, fig. B (1917).
—Thallus thin, effuse, crustaceous or leprose, green or darker.
Perithecia minute, black, scattered, semi-immersed, at length
more or less sessile, dimidiate; outer wall dark-brown, inner
pale-brown, the minute ostiole not depressed ; hymenium without
algal cells ; ostiolar filaments few or none ; paraphyses disappearing
or absent ; asci clavate ; spores 8 in the ascus, colourless or greyish,
granular, ellipsoid, one end usually narrower, 1-septate, lightly
constricted in the middle, 16—28 p» long, 7-11 » thick.

Closely allied to Th. Nylandert. Watson considers it to be near
Th. Zwackhiit Hepp, a saxicolous species, the spores of which are
1-3-septate.

Hab. On soil of hedge-bank among mosses.— B. M. Cheddon
Fitzpaine, Somerset.

POLYBLASTIA Massal. (Part 2, p. 300.)

10a. P. mortensis Wats. in Journ. Bot. lv. p. 108, fig. A
(1917).—Thallus thin, crustaceous, minutely granulose, etfuse,
continuous, greyish or greenish-grey or olivaceous, sometimes
darker or evanescent, not gelatinous when moist. Perithecia
small or moderate, semi-immersed with the upper third emergent,
convex, shining ; wall black at the base, thin and brown ; ostiole
slightly depressed ; hymenium without algal cells ; ostiolar fila-
ments few or none; asci clavate, somewhat inflated ; paraphyses
few or none, mucilaginous; hymenial gelatine wine-red with
iodine ; spores oblong, 8 in the ascus, colourless, becoming brownish,
muralilocular, with 7-14 transver se rows of small cells, 40-50
long, 16-20 p thick.

Hab. On soil-cap of walls or on mortar, often on decaying mosses
such as Tortula mwralis near the sea.—B. M. Morte, Devon (December,
1913).

164. P. addubitans Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii. Suppl.
p. 71 (1915).—Thallus whitish, very scanty. Perithecia black,
large, *8-1'4 mm. wide, prominent, round or often oblong, the
peridium black, dimidiate ; paraphyses long, crowded, granular-
inspersed, tubular and filled with interrupted masses of proto-
plasm ; spores 4-8 in the ascus, ellipsoid, colourless then brown,
3—5-septate, with irregular longitudinal septa ; hymenial gelatine

212

484 PYRENOCARPE® [| POLYBLASTIA

not tinged with iodine.—Verrucaria addubitans Stirt. in Scott.
Nat. v. p. 220 (1880).

On decorticated wood near Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire.

MICROGLANA Koerb. (Part 2, p. 308.)

3A. M. nuda Wheld. & Trav. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xliii. p. 132
(1915).—Thallus obsolete or reduced to a few cinereous granules
at the base of the perithecia. Perithecia minute, black, super-
ficial, dimidiate, with a distinct somewhat depressed ostiole ;
paraphyses subpersistent, visible until the spores are fully formed,
branched, slender ; asci subcylindrical; spores 8 in the ascus,
irregularly arranged in the ascus, 2—3-septate and after a time
sparingly and irregularly septate longitudinally, colourless or
pale-greenish, oblong-ellipsoid, obtuse at both ends, the separate
cells unequal, 16-20 y» long, 6-7°5 » thick. Specimen not seen.

Hab. On half-buried gritstone pebbles in glacial drift on the banks
of the Ribble at Chatburn (March, 1913).

3s. M. breadalbanensis Wheld. & Wils. in Journ. Bot. liii.
Suppl. p. 71 (1915).—Thallus pale citrine-yellow, smooth, broken
into scattered or more contiguous subangular fragments, each
bearing one or rarely two perithecia. Perithecia small, sub-
globose, slightly immersed at the base, black; peridium black,
thick above, thinner towards the base where it forms a thin
brown line; ostiole poriform, slightly protuberant but hardly
papilleform ; spores 6-8 in the ascus irregularly biseriate, colour-
less, ellipsoid-oblong, obtuse at one or both ends, 6—7-septate
with 1-3 longitudinal septa, 18-20 » long, 10 » thick. Specimen
not seen.

Hab. On mica-schist rocks, growing amongst Lecidea contiqgua in
larger or smaller patches. Collected by A. Wilson at Ben Cruichben,
near Killin, Perthshire, June, 1913.

Orper XXIX. PYRENULACEA, (Part 2, p. 312.)
ACROCORDIA Massal. (Part 2, p. 313.)

4a. A. monensis Wheld. in Lance. Nat. viii. p. 196, Pl. 3
(1915).—Thallus greyish-white, thin, tartareous, pulverulent, or
nearly obsolete when it consists of a few granules round the base
of the perithecia. Perithecia black, nearly globose, very small,
prominent, slightly immersed at the base or sessile, smooth,
scattered ; ostiole poriform ; peridium entire, black, brown inter-
nally ; paraphyses numerous, slender, lax, distant; asci cylin-
drical, elongate, 99-120 » long; spores uniseriate or partly
biseriate, fusiform-ellipsoid, colourless, 1-septate, constricted at

ACROCORDIA| PYRENULACEX 485

the septum, rather large, 20-33 » long, 6-10 » thick. Specimen
not seen.

Considered by Wheldon to be allied to A. Salweii, but distinct in
the small perithecia and the large spores; these may have one cell
rather larger than the other.

Hab. On mortar mixed with many fine quartz particles, on a wall
in Glen Maye, I. of Man, June, 1914. Collected by J. W. Hartley and
J. A. Wheldon.

ARTHOPYRENIA Massal. (Part 2, p. 315.)

Page 323. For Arthopyrenia arenicola A. L. Sm., read—
A. argilospila A. L. Sm., and add to synonymy :—Verrucaria
argilospila Nyl. in Flora lvii. p. 15 (1874). Magmopsis argilospila
Nyl. ex Cromb. in Grevillea xv. p. 10 (1886) & Monogr. i. p. 30.

An examination of the specimens placed in Magmopsis and from
the same locality as ‘A. arenicola”’ leaves no doubt as to their
identity. There is on the thallus the overgrowth of the blue-green
alg, in the fruits the entire perithecial wall with the minute pore at
the apex, and the arthopyrenial characters of paraphyses, asci and
spores. In more developed fruits I have found spores measuring up
to 26 » in length, and on one spore a third septum was formed near
the base. Otherwise they are as described.

Magmopsis was placed by Nylander under the Tribe Pyrenidei
(Flora lviii. p. 103 (1875) ).

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECEIVED AFTER THE
APPENDIX HAD BEEN PRINTED

(Part 2, p. 7.)

5a. Gyalecta derivata A. L. Sm.—Thallus effuse, thin, finely
furfuraceous, greyish or greenish. Apothecia small, urceolate,
the disc pale-reddish, the margin whitish, thick, entire or broken
here and there; hypothecium colourless; spores 8 in the ascus,
7-12-septate and sparingly muriform, 27-30 yp long, 5-6 p thick.
—Lecidea derivata Nyl. in Flora xlviii. p. 603 (1865).

Nearly related to G. trwncigena, but differing in character of the
spores.

Hab. On tree trunks.—B. M. Navan, Meath. Collected by
M. C. Knowles, August, 1915.

(Part 2, p. 297, after Verrucaria.)

Sarcopyrenia Nyl. in Maine & Loire Mém. Soc. Acad. iv.
p. 69 (1858).—Thallus crustaceous. Algal cells Protococus.

486 ADDITIONAL SPECIES

Perithecia simple, scattered, with a black peridium, opening by
an ostiole; periphyses slender; paraphyses disappearing ; asci
elongate-clavate, soon disappearing, 8-spored ; spores one-celled,
colourless, cylindrical-vermiform, slightly flexuose or twisted in
the middle, the ends clavately thickened.

Sarcopyrenia gibba Nyl.—a, Plant on rock, with peri-
thecia. b, Vertical section of perithecium. c, Ascus.
d, Spores.

A monotypic genus recorded first from Constantine in Algiers, then
from Switzerland, and from 8.W. Germany. It is distinguished by
the long vermiform spores. We are indebted to Rev. W. Johnson for
this interesting lichen collected by him in November, 1880 ; it escaped
recognition until recently, and was sent to the British Museum for
determination in December, 1917. In the system of classification
adopted it should follow Verrucaria.

8. gibba Nyl. 1. c.—Thallus effuse, thin, yellowish-grey, mostly
obsolete or immersed in the rock. Perithecia black, scattered or
congregate, *5jmm. in diam. or less, hemispherical, with a minute
papillate ostiole, or depressed and Lecidea-like, the outer peridium
thickish, dimidiate but incurved at the base, the inner wall
dark-brown ; asci cylindrical fusiform, about 70 p long, 10 p» thick,
8-spored ; spores 30-40 pw long, 3-3°5 p thick.—Verrucaria gibba
Nyl. in Cherb. Mém. Soe. Sci. Nat. ii. p. 342 (1854).

In the specimen on sandstone from St. Bees the thallus is
extremely scanty, Johnson, however, finds that it is ‘‘ reddish or
whitish-brown, thin, furfuraceous, occasionally cracked-areolate and
mostly evanescent; hypothallus white or whitish.’’ The spores seem
to be almost flat at the centre where they are generally half-twisted
over.

Hab.—On arenaceous rocks.—B. M. St. Bees, Cumberland.

a

an | 2 ye es, *

oP kode Lag

PART I., ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

Page 9. Chenotheca melanophea Zwackh, inseri—

Var. flavocitrina Paulson in Journ. Bot. lv. p. 195 (1917).—
Thallus granular, effuse, varying in colour from cinereous-grey to
deep-yellow. Apothecia numerous, similar in structure to those
of the species.

This lichen was found spreading widely on oak and ash trees and
also on dead ivy stems where it showed as a deep-yellow film. The
whole colouring was in places deep enough to suggest var. ferruginea,
but the apothecia have longer stalks than in that variety and the
habitat ‘‘on trees”’ is different. The reaction with potash, as in the
species, is purplish-red due to the presence of salazinic acid, and the
woody tissues in contact with the lichen take the stain the most
deeply. The hyphe are generally unaffected.

Hab. On bark of trees.—B. M. Bricket Wood, near St. Albans,
Herts. Collected by R. Paulson, May, 1917.

Page 23. For Spherophorus globosus A. L. Sm., read 8. globosus
Wain. Exp. Antarct. Belge, Lich. p. 35 (1903).

Page 26.
After Order XV., insert XVA. CHRYSOTHRICACEA.

Page 35. Under Ephebe lanata, Hab., add rarely on trees.
(Note supplied by W. Watson, Taunton.)

Page 42. Add 4. Psorotichia lugubris Dalle Torre & Sarnth.
Flecht. Tirol. p. 592 (1902). Lecidea lsgubris Sommerf.

Part 2, p. 16:
This species was doubtfully included under Lecidea. The late

Mr. W. West, to whom a specimen was submitted, determined the
gonidia as Gloeocapsa alge.

Page 47. After Physma chalazanum, insert—

2a. Ph. chalazanellum A. L.Sm. Similar to Ph. chalazanum
but with smaller thallus and apothecia, the latter -2 mm. in
diam. and spores 12-19 p» long, 6-10 pw thick.—Collema chalaza-
nellum Nyl. in Flora lix. p. 231 (1876) ; Wats. in Journ, Bot. lv.
p- 109 (1917).

Hab. On limestone wall near Taunton, Somerset.

488 ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

Page 67. Insert—

3A. Leptogium andegavense Hy Hssai sur les Lich. d’Anjou,
p. 28 (1893) fide Harm. Lich. Fr. 1, p. 106 (1905).—Thallus
lobate, turgid, sometimes obscured by the crowded apothecia.
Apothecia scarcely 1 mm. in diam. ; hypothecium of stratified
plectenchyma, the cells more crowded -in the upper layers ;
spores 25 » long or more, often narrower at one end, 4-5 septate,
with a few longitudinal septa.—Collemodium andegavense Wats.
in Journ. Bot. lv. p. 110 (1917). Specimen not seen.

Similar to L. turgidum but less plicated and with the appearance
of a small Collema pulposwm.

Hab. On limestone walls near Taunton.

Page 74. Under Leptogium sinuatum, delete 3-septate.

Page 104. Under Solorina saccata, after spores reddish-brown,
add with warted epispore.

Page 118. Under Candelaria concolor Evxsicc., add Larb. Lich.
Cantab. n. 16.

Page 157. Under Cetraria islandica Hwsicc., add Johns. n. 441
(Teesdale, Durham).

Page 223. Insert—

36a. Placodium Pollinii A. L. Sm.—Thallus thin, white then
greyish, smooth, continuous or indistinctly cracked-areolate, with a
darker hypothallus. Apothecia rather large, scattered or crowded,
plane, becoming convex, at first brick-red with a brown tinge
becoming blackish ; hypothecium dingy-ochraceous ; paraphyses
slender, septate, slightly thicker at the tips; spores fusiform-
ellipsoid, 15-16 p long, 8-9 pw thick.—Blastenia Pollinii Massal.
in Flora xxxv. p. 575 (1852). Lecanora Pollinii Massee in
Grevillea xxi. p. 60, figs. 1-8 and 5 (1882).

The thallus evidently gives no reaction with potash (Hepp
Exs. n. 402). The apothecia have a distinct proper margin; the
spores vary greatly in size from 9 » long upwards, and from 5 p thick.

Hab. On the bark of trees.—Specimen from Yorkshire in the
Leighton Herbarium, Kew.

Page 233. Physcia fusca A. L. Sm., insert—

Var. cesio-pruinosa A. L. Sm. Differs from the species in
the bluish tinge of some of the lobes, chiefly towards the centre.
—Ph. aquila var. cesio-pruinosa B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. lvii. p. 31 (1910); Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. 1, p. 149 (1912).
Specimen not seen.

Noted by Lamy (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxv. p. 383 (1878)) as a growth
form or appearance only. Found by D. Lillie at E. Clyth, Caithness.

a ee

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA 489

Page 244. Insert—

124. Physcia cxesitia Hue Add. Nov. Lich. Eur. p. 319
(1888).—Ph. cesia subsp. cxsitia Nyl. ex Norrl. in Not. Siallsk.
Faun. & Fl. Fenn. Forh. xiii. p. 326 (1873).

Differs from Ph. cxsia in the thalline reaction (K + Ye),

Originally described only from Lapland, it has been reported by
Hue (1. ¢.) as occurring in Scotland.

Pages 259 and 352. For ICMADOPHILUS, read ICMADO-
PHILA.

Page 291. For Lecanora farinaria Borr., read L. conizea Nyl.
(as the name of the species).

Page 311. For Lecanora gemimpara, read L. geminipara.

Page 319. Insert—

69a. Lecanora Lilliei Lillie in Scott. Bot. Rev. i. p. 151
(1912).—Thallus crustaceous, tartareous, cracked-areolate, white,
yellow within (K—,CaCl—). Apothecia minute, black, rounded-
difform or elongate, immersed in the areole; hypothecium
colourless; paraphyses gelatinous-concrete, the epithecium
olivaceous ; asci narrowly clavate; spores 4-6 in the ascus,
ellipsoid, 13-15 p long, 5-6 » thick; hymenial gelatine deep
blue with iodine.—Aspicilia Lilliei B. de Lesd. in Bull. Soc.
Bot. liii. p. 515 (1906).

Considered by de Lesdain as very similar to Lecanora calcarea,
but differing in the yellow colour internally and in the smaller spores.

Page 389. Insert—

la. Gyrophora stipitata Branth in Meddel. Gr¢gnl. iii. p 491
(1887).—Thallus dark greyish-brown or sometimes paler, firm,
crowdedly corrugate-tuberculose or rugose ; beneath paler grey,
subsmooth, on a short dark-brown stalk, 10-15 mm. high,
almost the whole lower surface densely covered with pale-grey
fibrils. _Apothecia with a plane disc; spores 8 in the ascus,
colourless, ellipsoid, 10-13 p» long, 8-9 » thick. Lillie in Scott.
Bot. Rev. i. p. 50 (1912).—Umbilicaria stipitata Nyl. Lich.
Scand. p. 289 (1861) & in Flora xlviii. p. 604 (1865) note.
Specimen not seen.

Recently this plant has been published by Zahlbruckner (Ann.
K. K. Nat. Hofm. xxvi. p. 170 (1912)) as a variety of G. rugifera Hue
(Lich. Exot. p. 117 (1892)), a species placed under the section with
gyrose discs, but Nylander notes that the irregularities are due to
aggregation of apothecia (Syn. Lich. ii. p. 14 (1885)).

Recorded by D. Lillie from Ben-na-bad, Caithness.

INDEX

The genera of lichens have undergone so many changes at the
hands of systematists of divergent views, that the specific name
has come to be recognized as the best clue to the plants. In
preparing the Index, the aim has been to facilitate the tracing of
any name that has been used; specific names, along with those
of orders and genera, &c., are listed ; varietal and well-established
form-names are also included unless specific synonyms are recorded
by which they can easily be identified : redundant entries are thus
avoided as far as possible. Synonyms are indicated by italics.

ACAROSPORA Massal. 259, 333 eruginosa A. L. Sm. (Chenotheca) 8
accessitams Nyl. (Lecanora) 349 @ruginosa Mudd (Iemadophila) 352
acetabulum Neck. (Lichen) 142 @ruginosum Sm. (Caliciwm) 8
acetabulum Dub. (Parmelia) 142 @ruginosum 8. F. Gray (Phacotrum) 8
Acharii Westr. (Lichen) 328 eruginosus DC. (Baomyces) 352
Acharwi Ach. (Urceolaria) 328 @ruginosus Scop. (Lichen) 352
aciculare Fr. (Calicium) 7 affims Hook. (Squamaria) 85
acicularis Zwackh (Chenotheca) 6 affinis Dicks. (Lichen) 85

acicularis Sm. (Lichen) 6 afinis Massal. (Hymenelia) 332
ACOLIUM S.F.Gray 20 Agardhiana Ach. (Lecanora) 280
ACROCORDIA Massal. 484 | Agardhianwm Hepp (Placodiwm) 215
acteea B. de Lesd. (Lecania) 342 | ageleea Koerb. (Phlyctis) 380

acteaa Nyl. (Lecanora) 3438 agelea S. F. Gray (Thelotrema) 381

actinellum Nyl. (Pyrenidium) 481 agelea Turn. & Borr. (Variolar.) 381
actinostoma Pers. (Urceolaria) 384 ageleus Ach. (Lichen) 381
actinostomus Zahlbr. (Diploschistes) | aggregatuwm Nyl. (Collema) 63

384 _ aggregatus Th. Fr. (Synechobl.) 63
aculeata Fr. (Cetraria) 158, 186 | AGYROPHORA A. Zahlbr. 389
aculeata Ach. (Cornicularia) 159 _ aipolia Nyl. (Physica) 239
aculeatus Schreb. (Lichen) 159 | aipolius Ach. (Lichen) 239
acuminata Norrl. (Cladonia) 435 aipospila Ach. (Lecanora) 343
addubitans Wheld. & Wils. (Poly- | aipospila Th. Fr. (Lecania) 343

blastia) 483 aipospila Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 343

addubitans Stirt. (Verrucaria) 484 aitema Ach. (Lecidea) 294
adglutinata Floerk. (Lecanora) 244 | albariella A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 344

adgiutinata Nyl. (Physcia) 244 albariella Nyl. (Lecanora) 344, 347
admissa Nyl, (Lecanora) 339 albella Ach. (Lecanora) 281
adspersa Cromb. (Cladonia) 448 albella S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 282
@quata Nyl. (Lecanora) 254 albellus Pers. (Lichen) 282

@quata Nyl. (Lecidea) 254 albocarnea Nyl. (Lecidea) 349
equata Oliv. (Rinodina) 254 | albocincta A. L. Sm. (Biatorella var.)

eeruginascens Oliv. (Lecaniavar.) 345 | 472

INDEX 49}
alboccerulescens Ach. (Lecidea) 470 | aphthosa Willd. (Peltigera) 98
alboflavida Tayl. (Lecanora) 299,301 | aphthosa Ach. (Peltidea) 98

albolutescens Nyl. (Lecanora) 218
albolutescens A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
217
ALECTORIA Ach. 182
alewrites Ach. (Lichen) 151
aleurites Ach. (Parmelia) 151
alewrites Cromb. (Parmeliopsis) 151
aleurites Nyl. (Parmeliopsis) 136
alcicorms Ach. (Cenomyce) 424
alcicornis Floerk. (Cladonia) 423
aleicornis 8. F.Gray (Scyphoph.) 424
aleicormis Lightf. (Lichen) 424
allophana Nyl. (Lecanora) 270
alociza Cromb. (Lecidea) 255
alocizoides A. Li. Sm. (Buellia) 255
alocizoides Leight. (Lecidea) 255
alpestris Rabenh. (Cladonia) 417
alphoplaca (Lecanora) 266
alpicola Th. Fr. (Parmelia) 121
alpigena Leight. (Lecanora var.) 302
alpina Sommerf. (Lecanora) 317
alpinum Laur. (Stereocaulon) 413
amara Nyl. (Pertusaria) 361
amara Ach. (Variolaria) 361
amaurocrea Floerk. (Capitularia) 420
amaurocrea Nyl. (Cladina) 420
amaurocrea Scher. (Cladonia) 420
ambigua Ach. (Parmelia) 135
ambigua Nyl. (Parmeliopsis) 135
ambiguus Ehrh. (Lichen) 239
ambiguus Wulf. (Lichen) 135
amphineum Ach. (Collema) 71
amphineum Nyl. (Leptogium) 71
amphiplecta Stirt. (Lecidea) 471
amplissima De Not. (Ricasolia) 114
amplissimus Scop. (Lichen) 113
ampullaceus Iu. (Lichen) 149
andegavense Wats. (Collemodiwm) 488
andegavense Hy (Leptogium) 488
Andrewii B. de Lesd. (Lecanora) 290
anglica Nyl. (Sphinctrina) 4
angulosus Schreb. (Lichen) 282
angustatus Hofim. (Lichen) 236
anomea Hook. (Cenomyce) 436
anomeus Sm. (Lichen) 436
anomeus Hook. (Scyphophorus) 487
anthelinus Ach. (Lichen) 239
anthracinus Wulf. (Lichen) 394
antilopea Del. (Cenomyce) 432
Apothecia xiv

| astroidea Mudd (Borrera)
| astroidea Clem. (Parmelia)
| astroidea Nyl. (Physcia)

aphthosus Li. (Lichen) 98
apochrea 8. F. Gray (Rinodina)
apoda Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 422
aquila Ach. (Parmelia) 233
aquila Nyl. (Physcia) 233
aquilus Ach. (Lichen) 233
arborea Stirt. (Cladonia) 446
arceutina Branth & Rostr. (Bacidia)
476
Archilichenes x
arctica Ach. (Gyrophora) 392
arctica Cromb. (Umbilicaria) 392
arenaria Cromb. (Lecanora) 217
arenaria Fr. (Rinodina) 256
arenarium Nyl. (Calicium) 12
arenarium Mudd (Callopisma) 217
arenarium Hampe (Cypheliwm) 12
arenarvus Pers. (Lichen) 217
arenicola A. Li. Sm. (Arthopyrenia) 485
areolata Nyl. (Pertusaria) 366
areolatus Koerb. (Porocyphus) 27
argena Koerb. (Phlyctis) 381
argena Turn. & Borr. (Variolaria) 381
argenus Ach. (Lichen) 381
argilospila A. L. Sm. (Arthopyrenia)
485
argilospila Nyl. (Magmopsis) 27, 485
argilospila Nyl. (Verrucaria) 485
argopholis Ach. (Lecanora) 305
argyphea Cromb. (Physcia var.) 236
armorica Nyl. (Ramalina) 173
Arnoldi Wedd. (Lecanora) 202
Arnoldiana Nyl. (Collemopsis) 64
Arnoldiana A. Zahlbr. (Lemmopsis)
64
ARTHOPYRENIA Massal.
ARTHONIACES 387, 481
articulata Hoffm. (Usnea) 181
articulatus L. (Lichen) 182

296

485

articulatus Sm. (Lichen) 181
asperella Cromb. (Cladonia) 452
asperellum Nyl. (Pterygiwm) 45

aspergilla Ach. (Variolaria) 359
aspergillus Ach. (Lichen) 359
aspera Floerk. (Cladonia var.)
aspersa Borr. (Lecanora) 34
ASPICILIA Massal. 315

442

242
242
242

492

ater Huds. (Lichen) 276
athrocarpa Cromb. (Lecanora) 350
atlantica Ach. (Borrera) 230
atlanticus Sm. (Lichen) 230
atra Ach. (Lecanora) 276, 475
atra S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 77
atriseda Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia var.)
477
atriseda Nyl. (Lecanora) 307
atrocinerea Nyl. (Lecanora) 253
atrocinerea Hook. (Lecidea) 253
atrocinerea Koerb. (Rinodina) 253
atrocinereus Dicks. (Lichen) 253
atroflava Nyl. (Lecanora) 226
atroflava Turn. (Lecidea) 226
atroflavum A. L.Sm. (Placodium) 226
atroflavus Sm. (Lichen) 226
atropruinosa Scher. (Gyrophora) 389
atropruinosa Scher. (Umbilicaria) 389
atrovirens Dillw. (Conferva) 35
atrovirens 8. F. Gray (Girardia)
atrovirens Ag. (Stigonema) 35
atrynea Nyl. (Lecanora) 286, 346
atrynoides Knowles (Lecania) 346
atrata Ach. (Gyalecta) 330
aurata Ach. (Sticta) 111

35

aurantiaca Hook. (Lecanora) 208
aurantiaca Ach, (Lecidea) 208
aurantiacum Massal. (Callopisma) 208
aurantiacum Hepp (Placodium) 208
aurantiacus Lightf. (Lichen) 208
aurantius Pers. (Lichen) 199
auratus Sm. (Lichen) 112

aurella A. L. Sm. (Verrucaria) 229
aureola Ach. (Parmelia) 193
auriculatum (Collema) 58

austera Nyl. (Lecanora) 306

BACIDIA De Not. 475
bacillaris Ach. (Be@omyces) 465
bacillaris Nyl. (Cladonia) 464
bacillaris 8. F. Gray (Scyphoph.)
badia Ach. (Lecanora) 305, 307
badia S$. F. Gray (Rinodina) 306
badius Pers. (Lichen) 306
BASOMYCHS Pers. 402, 403
Baomyces Sm. (Lichen) 405
baliolum Ach. (Caliciwm) 14
barbata Web. (Usnea) 180
barbatus Li. (Lichen) 181
Beckhausii Koerb. (Bacidia) 476

465 |

INDEX

bellidiflora Ach. (Cenomyce) 460
bellidiflora Scher. (Cladonia) 460
bellidiflora 8S. F. Gray (Seyphophora)
460
bellidiflorus Ach. (Lichen) 460
Benedarensis Knowles (Acarospera)
333
BIATORELLA De Not. 333, 471
biatorinuwm Nyl. (Collema) 66
biatorinum Nyl. (Collemodiwm) 66
biatorinum Leight. (Leptogium) 66
bicolor Nyl. (Alectoria) 185
bicolor Ach. (Cormecularia) 186
bicolor Ehrh. (Lichen) 186
BILIMBIA De Not. 475
biloculata A. L. Sm. (Buellia) 477
biloculata Nyl. (Lecanora) 477
Bischoffii Cromb. (Lecanora) 255
Bischoffii Hepp (Psora) 255
Bischoffii Koerb. (Rinodina) 255
bispora Nyl. (Solorina) 105
BLASTENIA Stizenb. 197, 220
Bockii Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 326
Bockii Rodig. (Parmelia) 326
BORRERA Ach. 190, 230
Borreri Turn. (Lichen) 134
Borreri Turn. (Parmelia) 134
breadalbanensis Wheld. & Wils.
(Microglena) 484
Brebissonii Nyl. (Lecanora) 221
brevilobata Nyl. (Lecanora) 199
breviuscula A. L. Sm. (Ramalina
subsp.) 174
brunnea Ach, (Lecanora) 86
brunnea Massal. (Pannaria) 86, 482
brunneola Miill.-Arg. (Chenotheca) 8
brunneolum Ach, (Calicium) 8
brunneum §. F. Gray (Psoroma) 86
brumneus Swartz (Lichen) 86
bryontha Nyl. (Pertusaria) 353
bryophilus Zahlbr. (Diploschistes) 383

| bryophilus Ehrh. (Lichen) 383

BUELLIA De Not. 4/7

Burgessii Ach. (Collema) 80
Burgessii Mont. (Leptogium) 79
Burgessii Light£. (Lichen) 80
Burgessii S. F. Gray (Mallotium) 80
byssacea Nyl. (Stenocybe) 20
byssaceum Fr. (Caliciwm) 20
byssoides Scheer. (Ba@omyces) 403
byssoides Carring. (Hphebe) 30
byssoides Li. (Lichen) 403

INDEX

ceruleo-badius Schleich. (Lichen) 85

c@sia Mudd (Borrera) 243

cesia A. L. Sm. (Lecania)

cesia Johns. (Lecanora)

cesia Ach. (Parmelia) 243

cesia Nyl. (Physcia) 243, 489

c@ésia Hook. (Squamaria) 243

cesiocinerea Nyl. (Lecanora) 323

cesioplumbea A. L. Sm. (Diploschistes
var.) 385

cxsiorufa Nyl. (Lecanora) 219

cesiorufa Ach. (Lecidea) 219

cesiorufum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
219

c@siorufus Ach. (Lichen) 219

cesiorufus Sm. (Lichen) 219

cesitia Hue (Physcia) 488

cesius Hofim. (Lichen) 243

cesius Dicks. (Lichen) 329

cespiticia Floerk. (Cladonia) 455

346
346

cespiticia 8. F. Gray (Scyphop.) 456
cespiticius Pers. (Beomyces) 454

cespititius Sm. (Lichen) 454
cespitosum DC. (Spherophorus) 25
cespitosus Roth (Lichen) 25
calcarea Koerb. (Aspicilia) 318
calcarea Sommerf. (Lecanora)
calearea Ach. (Urceolaria) 318
calcareum Th. Fr.(Rhizocarpon) 284
calcareus L. (Lichen) 318
calcariformis Nyl. (Ramalina var.) 167
calicaris L. (Lichen) 165
calicaris Huds. (Lichen) 168
calicaris Hoffm. (Lobaria) 165
calicaris Fr. (Ramalina) 165
CALICIACEZ 2
CALICIUM Pers. 4, 12
CALLOPISMA De Not. 196, 206
callopisma Ach. (Lecanora) 198
callopismum Mér, (Placodium)
201
calva Nyl. (Lecanora) 225
calvus Dicks. (Lichen) 225
calycioides Del. (B@omyces) 406
calycioides Nyl. (Gomphillus) 406
campestris Th. Fr. (Biatorella) 471

318

198,

CANDELARIA Massal. 117, 227
candelaria Ach. (Lecanora) 117
candelaria Nyl. (Physcia) 117
candelaria Hook. (Squamaria) 118
CANDELARIELLA Miill-Arg. 227

| candicans Scheer. (Lecanora)

| candicans Dub. (Placodiwm)

| canina Ach. (Peltidea)

| capillaris Cromb. (Alectoria)

| cariosus Ach. (Lichen)

493

candelarium S. F. Gray (Psoroma) 118
candelarius L. (Lichen) 117
candelarius Sm. (Lichen) 195
candelarius Huds. (Lichen) 206
candelarius Lightf. (Lichen var.) 198
candicans A. Zahlbr. (Lecania) 340
340
340

340
candicans Hook. (Squamaria) 340
canescens De Not. (Buellia) 340
91
canina Willd. (Peltigera)
caninus Li, (Lichen) 91
cantherellum Ach. (Caliciwm)

candicans Dicks. (Lichen)

90

12

cantherellum 8. F. Gray (Phacotrum)

12
| caperata Ach. (Parmelia) 127
caperatus Li. (Lichen) 127

185
capitata Nyl. (Ramalina) 176
capitatus Ach. (Lichen) 10
capitellatwm Ach. (Caliciwm) 10
capitellatum S. F. Gray (Strongyl.) 10
carcata Ach. (Cenomyce) 466
cariosa Ach. (Cenomyce) 446

cariosa Spreng. (Cladonia) 443

464

carneola Mudd (Cladonia) 433
carneolutea Boist. (Gyalecta) 373
carneolutea Sommerf. (Lecidea) 374
carneo-pallida Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 434
carneopallida Nyl. (Lecidea) 373

carneopallida Anzi (Pertusaria) 373
carnosa Hook. (Lecanora) 88
carnosa Koerb. (Massalongia) 88

| carnosa Leight. (Pannaria) 88

carnosus Dicks. (Lichen) 88
carpathica (Ramalina) 175
carpinea Wain. (Lecanora)

carpineus Li. (Lichen) 282

282

_ carpophora Floerk. (Capitularia) 429

carporhizans Tayl. (Parmelia) 130

_ cartilaginea A.L.Sm.(Lecanora) 260
| cartilaginea Ach. (Lecanora) 261

| cartilaginea DC. (Squamaria) 261
campestris B. de Lesd. (Lecanora) 273 |

| CENOMYCE Th. Fr.

cartilagineus Lightf. (Lichen) 260
cartilagineus Ach. (Lichen) 261
CATHISINIA Stirton 474
cenisia Ach. (Lecanora) 285
CENOMYCE Ach. 418

414, 423

494 INDEX

cenotea Scher. (Cladonia) 451
cenoteus Ach. (Baomyces) 451
centrifugum Nyl. (Pterygium) 45
centrifugus Huds. (Lichen) 140
Cephalodia xiii
CERANIA §S. F. Gray 188
ceraniscum Nyl. (Collema) 49
ceranoides Mudd (Collema) 50
ceranoides Borr. (Collema) 57
ceratea Cromb. (Evernia f.) 164
ceratvna Ach. (Usnea) 180
cercidia Th. Fr. (Physcia var.) 240
cereolinum Koerb, (Sterocaulon) 409
cereolus Ach. (Lichen) 407
cereolus Stiz. (Pilophorus) 407
cereolus Ach. (Stereocaulon) 407
cereolus Borr. (Stereocaulon) 409
cerina De Not. (Callopisma) 211
cerina Ach, (Lecanora) 211
cerina 8. F, Gray (Rinodina) 211
cerinea Larb. (Lecanora) 316
cerinella Nyl. (Lecanora) 223
cerinellum A. L. Sm. (Placodium) 223
cerinum Hepp (Placodium) 211, 213
cervicormis Ach. (Cenomyce) 439
cervicornis Scher. (Cladonia) 438
cervicornis Ach. (Lichen) 439
cervicorms §. F'. Gray (Scyphoph.) 439
cervina Massal. (Acarospora) 336
cervina Cromb., (Lecanora) 333, 336
cervina 8. F. Gray (Psoroma) 336
cervinus Pers. (Lichen) 333
Cesatii Leight. (Placodiwm) 341
Cesatii Massal. (Ricasolia) 341
CETRARIA Ach. 117, 148
cetrarieformis Wain. (Cladonia var.)
445
cetrarioides Del. (Parmelia) 129
cetrata Ach. (Parmelia) 136
ceuthocarpa Turn. (Pertusaria) 366
ceuthocarpa Tayl. (Porina) 366
ceuthocarpus Sm. (Lichen) 366
CHASNOTHECA Th. Fr. 4
chalazanellum Nyl. (Collema) 487
chalazanellum A. L. Sm. (Physma)
487
chalazanodes Nyl. (Collema) 47
chalazanodes A. L. Sm. (Physma) 47
chalazanwm Ach. (Collema) 47, 487
chalazanum Arn, (Physma) 47
chalybea Scher, (Lecanora) 215
chalybea Fr. (Parmelia) 215

chalybeum Naeg. (Placodium) 215
chalybeiformis 8. F. Gray (Alectoria)
188
chalybeiformis Li. (Lichen) 188
cheilea Mudd (Massalongia) 82
cheilea Nyl. (Pannaria) 82
cheileum Ach, (Collema) 52
cheileus Ach. (Lichen) 52
CHIODECTONACEZ! 387
chlarona Cromb. (Lecanora) 268
chlarotera Nyl. (Lecanora) 273
chlorantha Ach. (Parmelia) 247
chlorellum Turn. & Borr. (Caliciwm) 6
chlorellum Koerb. (Cypheliwm) 7
chlorinum Anzi (Placodium var.) 212
chloroleuca Ach, (Lecanora) 212
chloroleucus Sm. (Lichen) 212
chloromelum Mudd (Leptogium) 178
chlorophea Floerk, (Cenomyce) 427
chloropheoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 298
CHLOROPHYCEZ! viii x
chlorophylla Wain. (Cetraria) 153
chlorophyllus Humb. (Lichen) 153
chlorothecia Tayl. (Variolaria) 370
chondrotypa Ach. (Lecanora) 283
chrysocephala Th. Fr. (Chenotheca)
5, 13
chrysocephalum Ach. (Calicium) 5
chrysocephalum De Not. (Cypheliwm)
5

chrysocephalum 8. F. Gray (Phaco-
trum) 5

chrysocephalus Turn. (Lichen) 5

chrysoleuca Ach. (Lecanora) 261

chrysoleuca Leight. (Squamaria) 262

chrysoleucus Sm. (Lichen) 262

chrysophana Koerb. (Aspicilia) 332

chrysophana Nyl. (Lecanora) 332

chrysophthalma DC, (Physcia) 192

chrysophthalma Ach. (Borrera) 192

chrysophthalmus Li. (Lichen) 192

chrysophthalmus Th. Fr. (Teloschis-
tes) 192

CHRYSOTHRICACEA! 385, 487

ciliaris Ach. (Borrera) 231

ciliaris L, (Lichen) 231

ciliaris Ach. (Parmelia) 231

ciliaris DO, (Physcia) 231

ciliata Stirt. (Cladonia) 415

ciliata Scher. (Parmelia var.) 126

ciliata Dalla Torre & Sarnth, (Physcia
var.) 247

eS a ee ee

— .

INDEX

ciliata Tayl. (Sticta) 108
ciliatus Hoffm. (Lichen) 247
cincinnata Th. Fr. (Alectoria var.) 183
cinerascens Nyl. (Lecanora var.) 306
cinerea Koerb. (Aspicilia) 315
cinerea Sommerf. (Lecanora)
325, 376
cinerea Ach. (Urceolaria) 315
cinerea Sm. (Variolaria) 356
cinereofusca Mudd (Lecania var.) 348
cinereo-rufescens Cromb. (Lecanora)
317
cinereorufescens Nyl. (Lecanora) 323
cinereorufescens Ach. (Urceolaria) 323
cinereum Pers. (Caliciwm) 7
eimereus Li. (Lichen) 815
circinata Ach. (Lecanora) 265
circinata Hook. (Squamaria) 265
circinatula Nyl. (Lecanora) 265
circinatum S. F. Gray (Placodiwm)
265
circinatus Pers, (Lichen) 265
cirrochroa Ach. (Lecanora) 204
cirrochroum Hepp (Placodium)
cirrosa Wain. (Gyrophora) 400
cirrosa Hofim. (Umbilicaria) 400
citrina Leight. (Coniocybe) 13
citrina Ach. (Lecanora) 206
citrina Hofim. (Verrucaria) 206
citrinum Hepp (Placodium)
206, 207
citrinus Ach. (Lichen) 206
citrinus Sm. (Lichen) 229
CLADINA Leight. 414
CLADONIA Hill 402, 413
CLADONIACEZE 26, 387, 402
CLADOPHORA x
Classification xxi
clavata Cromb. (Cladonia f.) 463
clavellum Turn. & Borr. (Caliciwm) 15
clavellus Ach. (Lichen) 16
clavilucare Ach. (Calicvum) 16
claviculare S. F. Gray (Phacotiwm) 16
clavus Th. Fr. (Biatorella) 473
clavus DC. (Patellaria) 476
Clementi Sm. (Lichen) 242
Clementi Turn. (Parmelia) 242
Clementi Hook. (Squamaria) 242
Clementiana Ach. (Parmelia) 242
coarctata Nyl. (Lecidea) 469
coccifera Tayl. (Cenomyce) 426
coccifera Ach. (Cenomyce) 458

315,

204

199,

495

coccifera Willd. (Cladonia) 458
coccifera S. F. Gray (Scyphophora) 458
coceiferus Li. (Lichen) 458
coceiferus Hook. (Scyphophirus) 458
coccineum Koerb. (Hematomma) 354
coccineus Dicks. (Lichen) 354
COCCOCARPIA Nyl. 81
coccodes Ach. (Isidiwm) 369
coccodes Ach. (Lichen) 369
coccodes Nyl. (Pertusaria) 369
cochleatus Dicks. (Lichen) 8
CaiNOGONIACEZ 26, 387
cerulescens Mudd (Lecania) 350
coilocarpa Nyl. (Lecanora) 274
COLLEMA Wigg. 46, 48
COLLEMACEZ 26, 46
COLLEMODIUM Nyl. 65
COLLEMOPSIS Nyl. 41
collinus Ach. (Lichen) 97
colobina Ach. (Lecanora) 256
colobina Th. Fr. (Rinodina) 256
columnaris Tayl. (Parmelia) 242
comnunuta Tayl. (Lecanora) 303
communis DC. (Pertusaria) 365
comosa Stirt. (Usnea) 180
compacta A. L. Sm. (Thermutis) 28
compactum Nyl. (Gonionema) 29
compactus Leight. (Sirosiphon) 28
complanata Koerb. (Lecanora) 327
complanatoides A. L. Sm. (Lecanora)
326
complicatus Mudd (Synech.) 60
compressus Ach. (Spherophorus) 23
concentrica Cromb. (Parmelia var.)
139
concilians A. L.Sm.(Placodium) 219
concilians Nyl. (Lecanora) 220
concinna Stirt. (Cathisinia) 474
concinnum Flot. (Collema) 51
concolor Wain. (Candelaria) 117,199,
488
concolor Dicks. (Lichen) 117, 195
concreta Nyl. (Pertusaria) 366
condensatum Hoffm. (Stereocaulon)
408
condyloidewm Ach. (Stereocaulon) 408
conferta Nyl. (Lecanora) 280
conferta Dub. (Patellaria) 280
confertula Stirt. (Cladonia) 452
confertum Nyl. (Collema) 48
confertum A. L. Sm. (Physma) 48
confinis Ach. (Lichen) 44

496

confinis Ag. (Lichina) 44
confluens Ach. (Lecidea) 472
confragosa Ny}. (Lecanora) 252
confragosa Ach. (Parmelia) 252
confragosa Koerb. (Rinodina) 252
conglomeratum Hoffm. (Collema) 61
CONIOCARPINEZ 1
CONIOCYBE Ach. 10
coniopta Nyl. (Lecanora) 257
coniopta A. L. Sm. (Rinodina) 257
conista 8. F. Gray (Scyphophorus) 430
conizea Nyl. (Lecanora) 291, 489
conizea §. F. Gray (Rinodina) 291
conizeoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 292
conoplea Ach. (Parmelia) 85
CONOTREMA Tuck. 378
Conradi Ny). (Lecanora) 258
Conradi Koerb. (Rinodina) 258
conspersa Ach. (Parmelia) 139
conspersus Ehrh, (Lichen) 140
conspurcata Turn. & Borr. (Vario-
laria) 363
constellata Tayl. (Variolaria) 362, 381
constrictula Stirt. (Usnea) 178, 182
contigua Fr. (Lecidea) 470, 484
contorta Hepp (Lecanora var.) 318
contorta DC. (Urceolaria) 318
contorta Hofim. (Verrucaria) 318
Corallina fusca foliosa Buddle 450
Corallina montana, etc. Buddle 416
corallina Ach. (Variolaria) 370
corallinoides A. Zahlbr. (Parmeliella)
81
corallinoides Hofim. (Stereocaulon) 81
corallinum Ach. (Isidiwm) 370
corallinus L. (Lichen) 370
coralloidea Ach. (Cenomyce) 425
coralloidea Mudd (Cladomia) 425
coralloides Pers. (Spherophorus) 24
coralloides Fr. (Stereocaulon) 409, 411
Coralloides alpinum Dill. 23
Coralloides alpinum etc. Dill. 25
Coralloides cornic. etc. Dill. 124
Coralloides cornic. brev. etc.
436, 446, 448
Coralloides cornic. long. rar. Dill. 446
Coralloides cornucop. inc. etc. Dill. 461
Coralloides crass. subine. etc. Dill.
450, 456
Coralloides crisp. botryf. etc. Dill. 412
Coralloides cupressiforme, etc. Dill. 24
Coralloides frut.. . candic. Dill. 414

Dill.

| Coralloides frutic. . .

INDEX

- cornice. ruf.
Dill. 415, 449, 450

Coralloides frut. spec. etc. Dill. 159,
160

Coralloides fungif. arb. etc. Dill. 13,15

Coralloides fungi. carn. ete. Dill. 405

Coralloides fungif. fusc. bas. fol. Dill.
444

Coralloides fungif. sax. Dill. 403

Coralloides imperforatum, etc. Dill.
419

Coralloides min. frag. ete. Dill. 421

Coralloides montanum frutic. ete. Dill.
417

Coralloides parum ram. tuberc. fuse.
Dill. 435

Coralloides perf. minus, ete. Dill.
418, 419, 445

Coralloides pulchr. genic. etc. Dill. 453

Coralloides ramulosum, etc. Dill. 465

Corailoides scyphif. corn. Dill. 431

Coralloides scyphif. fol. alcic, etc.

Dill. 423, 453

Coralloides scyphif. grac. Dill. 429

Coralloides scyphif. ossis fem. ete.
Dill. .460

Coralloides scyphif. margin. rad. ete.
Dill. 439

Coralloides scyphif. serr. elat. ete.
Dill. 441, 442, 445

Coralloides scyphif. tub. cocc. Dill. 458

Coralloides scyphif. twberc. fusc. Dill.
440

Coralloides scyphif. tub. fuse.
426, 429

Coralloides scyphis gracil. etc.
462

Coralloides scyphis humil. etc. Dill.
430

Coralloides sparsum caul. tort.
Dill. 447

Coralloides tenuiss. nigr. etc. Dill. 124

Coralloides . . veluti siliquosum
Dill. 173

Coralloides via ram. scyph. obse. Dill.
431, 460, 462

coronata Borr. (Lecidea) 86

coronata Hofim. (Verrucaria) 87

corniculata A. L.Sm.(Parmelia) 124

corniculatus Lightf. (Lichen) 124

cornucopioides Huds. (Lichen) 458

cornuta Fr. (Cladonia) 442

Dill.

Dill.

spin.

INDEX

cornuta Koerb. (Usnea) 179
cornutus Li. (Lichen) 442
cornutus Lightf. (Lichen var.) 460,
463
corrugata Ach. (Parmelia) 142
corrugata Hoffm. (Umbilicaria)
corrugatus Sm. (Lichen) 142
crassa Ach. (Lecanora) 260
crassa Ny]. (Ramalina var.) 173
crassa DC, (Squamaria) 260
crassum S, F. Gray (Psoroma)
crassus Huds. (Lichen) 260
crenata A. L. Sm. (Candelariella) 227
crenata Nyl. (Lecanora) 227
crenulata Hook. (Lecanora) 279, 281
crenulatella Nyl. (Lecanora) 210
crenulatellum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
210
crenulatus Dicks. (Lichen) 280
cretaceum Hook. (Collema) 72
cretaceum S. F. Gray (Enchyliwm) 72
cretaceum Nyl. (Leptogium) 72
cretaceus Sm. (Lichen) 72
crispa Lamy (Cetraria) 158
crispa S. F. Gray (Peltidea) 93
crispata Flot. (Cladonia) 444
crispum 8. F, Gray (Enchylium) 53
crispum Ach. (Collema) 56
crispus Ach. (Lichen) 57
crispus Sm. (Lichen) 50
cristatum Hofim. (Collema) 55
cristatus Huds. (Lichen) 52
crocata Ach. (Sticta) 110
crocata Nyl. (Stictina) 110
crocatus L. (Lichen) 110
crocea Ach. (Solorina) 103
croceus L. (Lichen) 103
CROCYNIA Massal. 385
cucullata Del. (Cenomyce) 453
cucullata Ach. (Cetraria) 155
cucullatum Nyl. (Platysma) 156
cucullatus Bell. (Lichen) 156
cupularis Scher. (Gyalecta) 467
cupularis With. (Lichen) 373
Curnowii Cromb. (Ramalina) 175
curtiusculum Nyl. (Calictwm) 16
curtum Turn. & Borr. (Calicium) 16
curtum 8. F. Gray (Phacotrum) 17
curvescens A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 351
curvescens Nyl. (Lecanora) 351
curvescens Mudd (Pannaria) 351
cuspidata Nyl. (Ramalina) 173
I,

391

260

| CYPHELIUM Ach.

497

cyaniza Nyl. (Lecidea) 469
CYCLOCARPINEZ 1,25
cyclostelis Ach. (Lichen) 246
cyclostelis Ach. (Parmelia) 246
cylindrica Ach. (Gyrophora) 391,395
cylindrica Cromb. (Umbilicaria) 391
cylindricus Li. (Lichen) 395

4, 20
CYPHELIUM Mudd 4
Cyphelle xiv

cyrtaspis Ach. (Lecanora)
CYSTOCOCCUS x

328

dactylina Nyl. (Pertusaria) 357, 363,
373
dactylinus Ach. (Lichen)
damecornis Ach. (Sticta)
dasa Stirt. (Lecidea) 471
dasypoga Stiz. (Usnea) 181
dealbata Cromb. (Pertusaria) 358, 369
dealbata DC. (Variolaria) 370
dealbatus Ach. (Lichen) 370
debile Turn. & Borr. (Calicium). 17
debile S. F. Gray (Strongyliwm) 18
decincta Nyl. (Lecanora) 324
decipiens Arn. (Physcia) 203
decipiens Leight. (Placodium)
deformis Ach. (Cenomyce) 457
deformis Hofim. (Cladonia) 457, 459
deformis Lightf. (Lichen) 456
deformis L. (Lichen) 457
deformis S. F. Gray (Scyphophora) 457
degenerans Floerk. (Capitularia) 436
degenerans Spreng. (Cladonia) 436
delicata Ach. (Cenomyce) 455
delicata Floerk. (Cladonia) 455
delicatula Nyl. (Pannularia) 32
delicatula A. L. Sm. (Placynthium) 32
delicatum S. F. Gray (Helopodiwm) 455
delicatus Ehrh. (Lichen) 455
Delisei Th. Fr. (Cetraria) 158
Delisei Th. Fr. (Gyrophora var.) 397
Delisei Leight. (Parmelia) 146
Delisei Nyl. (Parmelia) 146
Delisei Bory (Stereocaulon)
demissa Arn. (Rinodina) 254
dendriscum Nyl. (Leptogidium) 30
dendriscum Nyl. (Leptogiwm) 30
dendritica Pers. (Parmelia) 145
denticulata Ach. (Gyrophora var.) 397
denudatum Floerk. (Stereocaulon)
411
2K

357
111

203

410

498

depressa Nyl. (Lecanora subsp.) 322
derivata A. L. Sm. (Gyalecta) 485
dermatinum Ach, (Collema) 58
dermatinum Leight. (Leptogium) 58
DERMATOCARPACEZ 388
destricta Nyl. (Cladonia) 421
determinata A, L. Sm. (Massalongia
var.) 89
deusta Ach. (Gyrophora) 393
deustus Lightf. (Lichen) 390
deustus L. (Lichen) 393
diamarta Ach. (Urceolaria) 324
diamartus Wahlenb. (Lichen) 324
diatrypa Ach. (Parmelia) 122
diatrypa 8. F. Gray (Physcia)
diatrypus Ach. (Lichen) 122
Dicksonii Nyl. (Lecanora) 329
Dicksonu Ach. (Lichen) 329
difformis Huds. (Lichen) 456
diffractum Nyl. (Collema) 42
diffractum Krempelh. (Leptogium) 72
diffractus Ach. (Lichen) 264
diffundens Nyl. (Collemopsis)
diffundens Sydow (Psorotichia)
diffundens Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 42
diffusa A. L. Sm. (Cetraria) 186,151
diffusa Mudd (Parmelia) 135
diffusa 8. F. Gray (Parmelia)
diffusum Nyl. (Platysma) 151
diffusus Dicks. (Lichen) 151
digitata Hook. (Cenomyce) 461
digitata Hoffm, (Cladonia) 456
digitata S. F. Gray (Scyphophora) 456
digitatus L. (Lichen) 456
digitatus Huds. (Lichen) 461
digitatus Hook. (Scyphophorus)
dilacerata Hofim. (Lobaria) 169
dilacerata Wain. (Ramalina) 169
Dillenni With. (Lichen) 390
dimera Nyl. (Lecanora) 351
diphyodes Cromb. (Lecanora) 220
diplinthia Ny. (Lecanora) 258
diploellum Nyl. (Calicium) 18
DIPLOSCHISTES Norm. 878, 381
DIRINA Fr. 478
DIRINACEZi 386, 477
discoidea Hook. (Variolaria)
discoideus Sm. (Lichen) 360
discreta Th. Fr. (Acarospora) 338

122

42
42

151

461

360

discreta Ny). (Lecanora) 339
discreta Fr. (Parmelia) 339
dispersa Nyl. (Lecanora) 289

INDEX

dispersus Pers. (Lichen) 289
dissecta Nyl. (Parmelia) 137
disseminatum (Calicium) 18
dissidens Nyl. (Lecanora) 200
dissidens Nyl. (Placodium) 200
dissipata Nyl. (Lecanora) 289
distans Pers. (Lichen) 268,
Distribution xix

divergens Nyl. (Alectoria) 186
diwergens Ach. (Cornicularia) 186
dubia Scher. (Parmelia) 134
dubitans A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 351
dubitans Nyl. (Lecidea) 351
dubius Wulf. (Lichen) 134
Dufourii Del. (Sticta) 108
Dufourii Nyl. (Stictina) 108

ecmocyna Ach. (Cenomyce) 441

ecmocyna S. F. Gray (Scyphophora)
441

Ecology xix

Economic uses xx

ecrustaceum Nyl. (Placodium var.)
215

ectanea Oliv. (Xanthoria var.) 194

effusa Arn. (Basidia) 476

effusa Ach. (Lecanora) 296

effusa 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 296

effusus Pers. (Lichen) 296

eleimna Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 244

eleina A. L. Sm. (Physcia) 244

eleina Hook. (Squamaria) 244

eleinus Sm. (Lichen) 244

elassosporum Nyl. (Caliciwm) 9

elatina Ach. (Lecanora) 355

elatinum Koerb. (Hematomma) 355

elegans Ach. (Graphis) 20

elegans Ach. (Lecanora) 200

elegans Link (Lichen) 200

elegans Sm. (Lichen) 200, 202

elegans DC. (Placodium) 200

elegans Hook (Squamaria) 200

elegans Deak. (Sticta) 108

elongatus Jacq. (Lichen) 442

encausta Ach. (Parmelia) 121

encaustus Sm. (Luichen) 121, 122

Enchyliwm 8. F. Gray 48

endiviefolia Ach, (Cenomyce) 425

endiwiefolia Fr. (Cladonia) 425

endiviefolia 8.1K. Gray (Scyphophora)
425

endivifolius Dicks. (Lichen) 425

INDEX

endochlora Leight. (Parmelia) 139

epanora Ach. (Lecanora) 301

epanorus Ach. (Lichen) 301

EPHEBE Fr. 34

EPHEBACEZ 26, 27

EPHEBEIA Nyl. 35

epibryon Ach. (Lecanora) 272

epibryon Ach. (Lichen) 272

epigea Ach. (Lecanora) 340

epigeum S. F. Gray (Placodiwm) 340

epigeus Ach. (Lichen) 340

epiglypta Nyl. (Lecanora subsp.) 316

epiphylla Wheld. & Tray. (Bacidia)
476

epiphyllus Ach. (Lichen) 427

epixantha A. L. Sm. (Candelariella)
229

epizantha Nyl. (Lecanora) 229

epixantha Ach. (Lecidea)

epulotica Mudd (Aspicilia) 332

epulotica Ach. (Gyalecta) 332

epulotica Nyl. (Lecanora) 330, 332

ericetorum A. Zahlbr. (Iemadophila)
352, 405

ericetorum Li. (Lichen) 352, 405

ericetorum Huds. (Lichen) 405

erosa Ach. (Gyrophora) 398

erosa Sma. (Gyrophora) 398

erosa Leight. (Physcia) 245

erosa Borr. (Squamaria) 245

erosa Hoffm. (Umbilicaria) 398

erosus Web. (Lichen) 398

erratica Linds. (Parmelia var.) 139

erumpens Tayl. (Peltidea) 92

erysibe Mudd (Lecania) 347

erysibe Nyl. (Lecanora) 347

erysibe Ach. (Lichen) 347

erythrella Ach. (Lecanora) 209

erythrella Tayl. (Lecidea) 209

erythrella S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 209

erythrellus Ach. (Lichen) 209

erythrocarpa Ach. (Lecidea) 217

erythrocarpa Pers. (Patellaria) 217

erythrocarpum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
216

escharoides Sm. (Lichen) 82

EUASPICILIA 315

EUBIATORELLA Th. Fr.

eucarpa Stizenb. (Lecanora)

eucarpa Nyl. (Lecidea) 474

EUGYROPHORA A. Zahlbr. 3889

EULECANIA Stizenb. 340, 342

471
474

499

EULECANORA Th. Fr. 266
EUOPSIS Nyl. 37
EUPARMELIA Nyl. 123
EUPELTIGERA Hue 91
EUPLACODIUM Stizenb.
EUSTICTA Wain. 111
euspora Nyl. (Stenocybe) 19
ewsporum Nyl. (Caliciwm) 19
eusporum Cromb. (Caliciwm) 20
eusporum Mudd (Stenocybe) 19
EVERNIA Ach. 161
evernioides Nyl. (Ramalina) 172
evolutum Grewe (Stereocaulon) 410
exasperata Mudd (Gyrophora f.) 396
exasperata Carroll (Parmelia) 143
exasperatwm Ach. (Collema) 143
exasperatus Gann. (Lichen) 3891
Excretory products xix
exigua Hook. (Lecanora) 251
exigua S. F. Gray (Rinodina)
253, 254
exiguus Ach. (Lichen) 251
exiguus Sm. (Lichen) 254
exilis Lightf. (Lichen) 35
exomila Stirt. (Lecanora) 266
exortens Stirt. (Endococcus) 482
exoriens Wheld. & Wils. (Pyreno-
coceus) 482

197

251,

expallens Ach. (Lecanora) 298
expallens Borr. (Lecidea) 298
expallens Pers. (Lepraria) 298

explicata Stirt. (Verrucaria) 483
explicatum Wheld. & Wils. (Theli-

dium) 482
faginea Leight. (Pertusaria) 360
faginea Tayl. (Variolaria) 360

faginea Pers. (Variolaria) 361
fahlunense Nyl. (Platysma)* 154.
fahlunensis Scher. (Cetraria) 154
fahlunensis Lightf. (Lichen) 154
fahlunensis L. (Lichen) 155
fallax Web. (Lichen) 150
fallax Hook. (Pertusaria)
fallax Ach. (Porina) 374
fallax Pers. (Verrucaria) 874
farinacea Ach. (Ramalina) 170
farinaceus L. (Lichen) 170
farinaria Borr. (Lecanora)
361, 489
fascicularé Ach. (Collema) 61
fasciculare S. F. Gray (Enchylium) 61
2K 2

365, 374

291, 298,

500

fascicularis L. (Lichen) 61
fascicularis A. L. Sm. (Synech.) 61
fastigiata Leight. (Pertusaria) 362
fastigiata Ach. (Ramalina) 168
Jastigiatus Sm. (Lichen) 165
fastigiatus Pers. (Lichen) 168
ferruginascens Nyl. (Lecanora)
ferruginea Ny. (Lecanora) 221
ferrugineum Sm. (Calicium) 9
ferrugineum Mudd (Callopisma) 221
JSerrugineum S. F. Gray (Phacotiwm) 9
ferrugineum Hepp (Placodium) 219,
221
ferrugineus Huds. (Lichen) 221
festivum A. L. Sm. (Placodium var.)
222
fibrosus Sm. (Lichen) 321
fibula Nyl. (Cladonia subsp.) 430, 432
fibula Ach. (Lichen) 481
fibula Th. Fr. (Pilophoron) 407
fibulum Tuckerm. (Stereocaulon) 407
filamentosa Stirt. (Lecidea) 469
filiforme A. L. Sm. (Pterygium) 45
filiformis Hook. (Cenomyce) 462
filiformis Huds. (Lichen) 430
filiformis With. (Lichen) 462
filiformis Garov. (Parmelia) 45
filiformis Hook. (Scyphophora)
fimbriata Ach. (Cenomyce) 429
fimbriata Fr. (Cladonia) 429, 434
fimbriata Ach. (Gyrophora var.)
fimbriata Tayl. (Sticta) 108
fimbriatum Hoftm. (Collema) 76
fimbriatus L. (Lichen) 429
fimbriatus S.F.Gray (Scyphoph.) 429
firma Nyl. (Cladonia) 424
flabelliformis Floerk. (Capitularia)
461
flabelliformis Wain. (Cladonia) 461
flaccidum Ach. (Collema) 63
flaccidum 8. F. Gray (Lathagrium) 63
flaccidus Koerb. (Synech.) 63
flava A. L. Sm. (Biatorella) 473
flavescens Huds. (Lichen) 199, 201
flavescens A. L.Sm.(Placodium) 199
flavicans Ach. (Borrera) 191
flavicans Swartz (Lichen) 191
flavicans With. (Lichen) 200
flavicans Ach. (Parmelia) 191
flavicans DO. (Physcia) 191
flavicans Norm. (Telochistes) 191
flavida Hepp (Lecanora) 315, 330

222

462

397

INDEX

flavocitrina Nyl. (Lecanora) 207:
flavorubescens Huds. (Lichen) 208
flavovirescens Wulf. (Lichen) 209
flocculosa Turn. & Borr. (Gyrophora)
393
flocculosa Hoffm. (Umbilicaria) 393
flocculosus Wulf. (Lichen) 393
florida Web. (Usnea) 177
floridus L. (Lichen) 178
fluwiale 8. F. Gray (Enchyliwm) 69
Jluviatile Ach. (Collema) 68
fluviatile Nyl. (Collemodium) 69
fluviatile Cromb, (Leptogium) 68
fluviatilis Huds. (Lichen) 68
foliacea Willd. (Cladonia) 423
foliaceus Huds. (Lichen) 423
foliosa Wain. (Cladonia var.) 450
Fosteri Borr. (Parmelia) 138
fragile Tayl. (Collema) 67
fragile Nyl. (Collemodium) 67
fragile Nyl. (Leptogium) 67
fragilis Sm. (Lichen) 23
fragilis L. (Lichen) 25
fragilis Pers. (Spherophorus) 24
fragrans Ach. (Collema) 66
fragrans Tayl. (Collema) 72
fragrans §. F. Gray (Enchyliwm) 66
fragrans Cromb. (Leptogium) 65
fragrans Mudd (Leptogiwm) 72
fragrans Sm. (Lichen) 66
fraxinea Ach. (Ramalina) 166
fraxineus L. (Lichen) 167
frigida 8S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 311
frigidus Swartz (Lichen) 311
frustulosa Ach. (Lecanora) 304
frustulosa 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 304
frustulosus Dicks. (Lichen) 304
fuciformis L. (Lichen) 480
fuciformis DC. (Roccella) 480
fucoides Dicks. (Lichen) 479
fucoides Wain. (Roccella) 479
fugiens Nyl. (Lecanora) 297
fulgens Ach. (Lecanora) 198
fulgens Swartz. (Lichen) 198
fulgens S. F. Gray (Placodium) 197
fulgens Hook. (Squamaria) 198
fuliginosa Nyl. (Parmelia) 146
fuliginosa (Pyrenopsis) 39
fuliginosa Ach. (Sticta) 107
fuliginosa Nyl. (Stictina) 107
fuliginosus Dicks. (Lichen) 107
fulvo-mellea A. L. Sm. (Lecanora) 330

~

INDEX 501

fulous L. (Mucor) 11

fungiformis Scop. (Lichen) 403
furcata Ach. (Cenomyce) 446
furcata Schrad. (Cladonia) 445, 449
furcatus Huds. (Lichen) 446, 448
Furcatus Lightf. (Lichen var.) 448
furfuracea Ach. (Borrera) 163
furfuracea Ach. (Coniocybe) 10, 13
furfuracea Mann (Evernia) 163
furfuracea Ach. (Parmelia) 163
furfuracea With. (Trichia) 10
furfuracewm Pers. (Caliciwm) 10
furfuraceus Tayl. (Beomyces) 10
furfuraceus L. (Lichen) 163
furfuraceus L. (Mucor) 10
furfurea Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 39
furfurella Nyl. (Collemopsis)
furfurella Boist. (Psorotichia)
furfurellum Nyl. (Collema) 42
furfureum Nyl. (Collema) 39
furvella Nyl. (Lecidea) 471
furvum Ach. (Collema) 59

42
41

furvum §. F. Gray (Lathagriwm) 59
furvus Ach. (Lichen) 59
fusca A. L. Sm. (Physcia) 233, 488

fuscata Th. Fr. (Acarospora) 335
fuscata Cromb. (Lecanora) 336, 337
fuscatula Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 38
fuscatus Schrad. (Lichen) 336
fuscella Mudd (Lecania) 350
fuscescens Nyl. (Lecanora) 271
fuscescens Sommerf. (Lecidea) 271
fuscoatra Nyl. (Lecanora) 219
fuscoatrum A. L.Sm. (Placodium) 219
fuscoluteolina Mudd (Lecanora) 218
fuscus Huds. (Lichen) 233

galactina Ach. (Lecanora) 287,

galactina Ach. (Parmelia) 287

gangaleoides Ny]. (Lecanora)
277, 286, 305

gelasinatus With. (Lichen) 3

gelida Ach. (Lecanora) 262

gelida Hook. (Squamaria) 262

geidum 8. F. Gray (Placodiwm) 262

gelidus Li. (Lichen) 262

gelidus Huds. (Lichen) 353

geminipara Th, Fr. (Lecanora) 311,
489

geniculata Hook. & Tayl. (Ramalina)
167

275,

geographica Hue (Lecanora var.) 269
geographicum DC. (Rhizocarp.) 307
geowca Leight. (Gyalecta) 331
gibba Nyl. (Sarcopyrenia) 486
gibbosa Koerb, (Aspicilia) 322
gibbosa Nyl. (Lecanora) 321
gibbosa Ach. (Urceolaria) 321
gibbosa Flot. (Zeora) 321
gibbosus Ach. (Lichen) 321
GIRARDIA S. F. Gray 34
glaber Ach. (Lichen) 394
glabra Ach. (Gyrophora)
glabratus Dicks. (Lichen)
glauca Ach, (Cetraria) 148
glauca Leight. (Cladonia var.) 451
glaucescens Hoffm. (Collema) 49
glaucocarpa Koerb. (Acarospora) 334
glaucocarpa Ach. (Lecanora) 334
glaucocarpus Wahlenb. (Lichen) 334
glaucoma Ach. (Lecanora) 283
glaucoma Ach. (Lichen) 283
glaucoma 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 283
glaucoma Hofim. (Verrucaria) 283
glaucella Koerb. (Lecanora var.) 297
glaucum Nyl. (Platysma) 149
glaucus L. (Lichen) 149
Glebulentwm Nyl. (Collemodiwm) 69
glebulentum Nyl. (Leptogium) 69
globiferus L. (Lichen) 24 *
globosus Huds. (Lichen) 24
globosus A. L.Sm. (Spherophorus) 23
globosus Wain. (Spherophorus) 487
globulifera Nyl. (Pertusaria) 360
globulifera Turn. (Variolaria) 360
GLOEOCAPSA x
glomerata Scher. (Pertusaria) 371
glomerata Ach. (Porina) 371
glomeratus Schleich. (Lichen) 371
glomulifera Ach. (Parmelia) 114
glomulifera Borr. (Pertusaria) 371
glomulifera Nyl. (Ricasolia) 114
glomulifera Del. (Sticta) 114 :
glomuliferus Lightf. (Lichen) 113
globuliferus Sm, (Lichen) 360
GOMPHILLUS Nyl. 402, 406
gonatodes Ach. (Lichen) 310
gonionema Nyl. 28
gracilescens Wain. (Cladonia)
gracilis Hook. (Cenomyce) 441
gracilis Willd. (Cladonia) 434, 440,
446
gracilis L, (Lichen)

394
283

438

441

502

granatina Nyl. (Euopsis) 37
granatina Sommerf. (Lecanora)
granatina Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 37
grandinosa S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 309
granosum Scher. (Collema) 57
granosus Scop. (Collema) 58
granulatum Hook. (Collema) 59
granulatus Huds. (Lichen) 56, 58
granulatus Sm. (Lichen) 59
granuliferum Nyl. (Collema) 56
granulosa Wedd. (Lecanora) 203
granulosum Mill.-Arg. (Amphiloma)
203
granulosum Hepp (Placodium) 203
grisea Turn. & Borr. (Gyrophora) 389
grisea A. Zahlbr. (Physcia) 237, 405
grisea Hofim. (Umbilicaria) 390
griseo-virens Turn. & Borr. (Vario-
laria) 356, 361
griseus Lamarck (Lichen) 238
griseus Schwartz (Lichen) 390
GRAPHIDACEZ 386
GRAPHIDINEZ 1
grumosus Pers. (Lichen) 217
grumulifera (Pyrenopsis) 38
GYALECTA Ach. 467
GYMNOCARPEZ 1
gypsacea Ach. (Urceolaria) 384
gypsaceus Zahlbr. (Diploschistes) 384
gyrocheila Nyl. (Pertusaria) 310, 377
GYROPHORA Ach. 388, 401
GYROPHORACEZ 26, 387, 388
gyrosus Ach. (Lichen) 55

37

hemalea Nyl. (Euopsis) 37
hemalea Stirt. (Pyrenopsis) 87
hemaleum Sommerf. (Collema) 37
hematites Chaub. (Lecanora) 218
hematites A. L. Sm. (Placodium) 218
hematomma Ach. (Lecanora) 354
hematomma Ehrh. (Lichen) 354
Hematomma Massal. 259, 353
hematommas. F. Gray (Rinodina) 356
hematopis Th. Fr. (Pyrenopsis) 38
Hageni Ach. (Lecanora) 277
Hageni Ach, (Lichen) 278, 281
HELOPODIUM §.F. Gray 4138
hemiphaum Nyl. (Caliciwm £.) 14
hemiphodiwm Nyl. (Calicium var.) 14
hepatizon Wain. (Cetraria) 154
hepatizon Lightf. (Lichen) 154
Heppianum Miill.-Arg.(Amphil.) 199

INDEX

Heppii Koerb. (Acarospora) 339
Hepp Nyl. (Lecanora) 339
Heppii Naeg. (Myriospora) 339
herbacea Ach. (Parmelia) 114
herbacea De Not. (Ricasolia) 114
herbacea S. F'. Gray (Sticta) .114
herbaceus Huds. (Lichen) 114
herbarum Arn. (Bacidia) 476
hiascens Th. Fr. (Cetraria) 158
hibernicum Nyl. (Nephr. var.) 103
Hildenbrandii Garoy. (Collema) 179
Hildenbrandu Nyl. (Leptogium) 79
hirta Hofim. (Usnea) 178
hirtus L. (Lichen) 179
hispida Mudd (Borrera) 241
hispida Cromb. (Cetraria var.) 159
hispida Tuckerm. (Physcia) 240
hispidula Ach. (Cormicularia) 36
hispidula Nyl. (Ephebeia) 36
hispidulum §. ¥. Gray (Phacotrum) 6
hispidus Lightf. (Lichen) 159
hispidus Schreb., (Lichen) 241
Hoffmanni Sommerf. (Lecanora var.)
319
Hoffmann Ach. (Lichen) 319
Hoffmanni Ach. (Urceolaria) 319
holocarpus Ehrh. (Lichen) 214
hololepis Cromb. (Cladonia f.) 435,
453
holophza A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 341
holophea Nyl. (Lecanora) 341
holophea Mont. (Parmelia) 341
homeeopsis Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 38
Hookert Tuek. (Cladonia) 461
Hookeri Hook. (Lecanora) 87
Hookeri Borr. (Lichen) 87
Hookeri Nyl. (Pannaria) 87
horizontalis Li. (Lichen) 97
horizontalis Ach. (Peltidea) 97
horizontalis Hoffm. (Peltigera) 97
horrescens Tayl.(Parmelia) 133, 151
humigena Tayl. (Lecidea) 469
humosum Nyl. (Leptogium) 70
Hutchinsia A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 348
Hutchinsia Nyl. (Lecanora) 349
Hutchinsie Leight. (Pertusaria) 357
Hutchinsi@ Borr. (Thelotrema) 357
hyalinella Nyl. (Coniocybe) 12
hybrida Hoffm. (Cladonia) 442
hydrochara Ach, (Parmelia) 68

| hymenia 8. F. Gray (Porina) 374

hymenina Ach. (Peltidea) 96

INDEX

hymenium Ach. (Thelotrema) 374
hymenius Ach. (Lichen) 374
hyperborea Ach. (Gyrophora) 392
hyperborea Hofim. (Umbilicaria) 393
hyperboreus Ach. (Lichen) 392
hyperellum Ach. (Calicium) 13
hyperellum S. F. Gray (Phacotrum) 13
hyperellus Ach. (Lichen) 13
hypergenum Nyl. (Collema) 55
hyperopta Ach. (Parmelia) 136, 151
hypneza A. L. Sm. (Bacidia var.) 476
hypnorum Ach. (Lecanora) 90
hypnorum Dicks. (Lichen) 90
hypnorum Wulf. (Lichen) 272
hypnorum Koerb. (Pannaria) 90
hypnorum S. F. Gray (Psoroma) 89
hypnorum Hook. (Squamaria) 90
hypocyanea Stirt. (Lecidea) 468
HYPOGYMNIA Nyl. 118
hypomela Cromb. (Lobaria var.) 116
hypophea A. L. Sm. (Biatorella) 473

ICMADOPHILA Massal.
489
icmadophila Ach. (Lecidea) 352
icmadoplila Ehrh. (Lichen) 352
icmadophilus Nyl. (Baomy.) 352, 403
icterica Tayl. (Lecidea) 220
ilyophora Wheld. & Wils. (Bilimbia)
475
ilyophora Stirt. (Lecidea) 475
impexa Harm. (Cladomia) 415
implexa Nyl. (Alectoria) 185
implexa Hofim. (Usnea) 185, 188
imalpina Ach. (Lecanora) 210
incarnata Leight. (Pertusaria) 312
inclusus Sm. (Lichen) 379
imcrassata Nyl. (Ramalina var.)
incrustams Ach. (Lecanora) 208
incrustansA.L.Sm.(Placodium) -208
incurva Fr. (Parmelia) 141
incurvus Sm. (Lichen) 128
imcurvus Pers. (Lichen) 142
infundibulifera Wain. (Cladonia var.)
465
inquinans Trey. (Cyphelium) 21
inquinans Sm, (Lichen) 21
inquinata Th. Fr. (Pertusaria) 375
instratula Nyl. (Lecidea) 470
intermedia Nyl. (Ramalina) 171
intermutans Nyl. (Lecanora) 317
intestiniformis Ach. (Usnea var.) 182

259, 352,

173

intexta Stirt. (Usnea) 178

intricata Mudd (Borrera) 231
intricata Ach. (Lecanora) 303
intricata Arn. (Omphalaria) 40
intricata Scher. (Physcia) 230
intricata Nyl. (Synalissa) 40
imtricatum Nyl. (Nematonostoc) 40
imtricatus Desf. (Lichen) 230
intricatus Schrad. (Lichen) 303
intumescens Koerb. (Lecanora) 272
intumescens Rebent. (Parmelia) 273

| inversa Nyl. (Lecanora subsp.) 299

irrubata Nyl. (Lecanora) 224
wrrubata Ach. (Lecidea) 224
irrubescens A. L. Sm. (Placodium
subsp.) 210
Isidia xiii
isidioides Mudd (Borrera) 249
isidioides Nyl. (Collema) 49
isidioides Nyl. (Lecanora) 249
isidioides Borr. (Parmelia) 249
isidioides Oliv. (Rinodina) 249
isidiosa Del. (Cenomyce) 432
Isignyt Del. (Cenomyce) 435
islandica Ach. (Cetraria) 156, 488
islandica Mudd (Cornicularia) 157
islandicus L. (Lichen) 157

jacobeifolius Schrank (Lichen) 54
Jacquint With. (Lichen) 393
JONASPIS 332

jubata Ach. (Alectoria) 186
jubatus L. (Lichen) 187
juniperina Ach. (Cetraria) 152
juniperinum Nyl. (Platysma) 152
juniperinus L, (Lichen) 152
juniperinus Huds. (Lichen) 193

kenmorense A. L.Sm. (Pterygium) 45

kenmorensis Nyl. (Lichiniza) 46

kenmorensis Holl. (Synalissa) 46

kylmoriense Larb. (Calictum) 4

kylmoriensis Cromb. (Sphinctrina)
4, 307

labrosa Ach. (Parmelia var.) 119
lacer Sm. (Lichen) 15

lacerum Ach. (Collema) 175

lacerum S. F. Gray (Leptogium) 75
lacerus Liljeb. (Lichen) 75

504

laciniata Wain. (Lobaria) 113
laciniatus Huds. (Lichen) 113
lacintosa Nyl. (Lecanora) 118
lactea Nyl. (Pertusaria) 363
lactea Pers. (Variolaria) 363
lacteus L. (Lichen) 363
lactescens Mudd (Pertusaria) 368
lacteum A. L. Sm. (Placodium var.)
214
lacunosa Ach. (Cetraria) 150
lacunosum Nyl. (Platysma) 150
lacustris Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 328
lacustris With. (Lichen) 328
leta S. F. Gray (Borrera) 191
letevirens Lightf. (Lichen) 114
letevirens A. Zahlbr. (Lobaria) 114
letevirens Leight. (Ricasolia) 115
letevirens Nyl. (Parmelia var.) 147
levata Nyl. (Lecanora) 327
levata Ach. (Sagedia) 328
levigata Ach. (Parmelia) 137
levigatum Ach. (Nephroma) 101
levigatum Nyl. (Nephromium) 101
levigatus Sm. (Lichen) 137
Lallavei Nyl. (Lecanora) 217
Lallavei Clem. (Lecidea) 217
Lallavei Oliv. (Placodium) 217
Lamarkii Nyl. (Cladonia) 435
lanata Leight. (Alectoria) 123
lanata Ach, (Cornicularia) 123
lanata Wain. (Ephebe) 35, 487
lanata Wallr. (Parmelia) 123
lanatus L. (Lichen) 35
lanatus Huds. (Lichen) 186
lanestris Ach. (Alectoria var.) 187
lanuginosa Hue (Crocynia) 385
lanuginosa Ach. (Parmelia) 385
lanuginosa Hook. (Squamaria) 386
lanuginosum Nyl. (Amphiloma) 386
lanuginosum Nyl. (Leproloma) 386
lanuginosus Ach. (Lichen) 385
LASALLIA Mérat 401
LATHAGRIUM §S.F.Gray 59
latebricola Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia)
475
Lawreri Ny). (Coliema) 60
Laureri Flot. (Synech.) 60
LECANACTACEZ 387
lecanopsoides Nyl. (Collemopsis) 28, 42
lecanopsoides Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 42
LECANIA Massal. 259, 339
LECANORA Ach. 259

INDEX

LECANORACEZ 26, 258
LECIDEA Ach. 468
LECIDEACEZ 26, 387, 467
lecidioides Th. Fr. (Rinodina var.) 251 —
leiocarpa Steudel (Gyrophora) 389
leiocarpa DC. (Umbilicaria) 389
leioplaca Scher. (Pertusaria) 371
letoplaca Ach. (Pcrina) 371
LEMMOPSIS A. Zahlbr. 64
LEMPHOLEMMA Koerb. 46
lenticulare Ach. (Caliciwm) 16
lentigera Ach. (Lecanora) 261
lentigera DC. (Squamaria) 261
lentigerum S. F. Gray (Placodiwm) 261
lentigerus Web. (Lichen) 261
lepadinum (Thelotrema) 20
lepadinum Ach. (Thelotrema) 378
lepadinus Ach. (Lichen) 379
lepidophora Cromb. (Peltigera f.) 94
lepidiota Dalla Torre & Sarnth. (Par-
meliella) 83
lepidicta Stiz. (Pannularia) 83
lepidota Nyl. (Cladonia) 438
LEPROCAULON Nyl. 407
leprothelia Nyl. (Lecanora) 312
leptacina Sommerf. (Lecanora) 304
leptaleus Ach. (Lichen) 241
LEPIOGIDIUM Nyl. 30
leptogiella Nyl. (Collemopsis) 65
leptogiella A. L. Sm. (Lemmopsis) 65
LEPTOGIUM §. F. Gray 65
leptophylla Floerk. (Cladonia) 433,
444
leptophyllumS. F. Gray (Helop.) 433
leptophyllus Sm. (Lichen) 433
Lesdainii Harm. (Acarospora) 334
leucolepsis Wahlenb. (Lichen) 87
leucolepsis Nyl. (Pannaria) 87
lewcolepsis Hook. (Squamaria) 87
leucomela Ach. (Borrera) 232
leucomela Mich. (Physcia) 232
leucomelas L. (Lichen) 233
leucophlebia Nyl. (Peltigera var.) 99
leucophyma Leight. (Lecanora) 321
leucospeirea A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 342
leucospeirea Ny]. (Lecanora) 342
Lichen atro-ceruleus, laciniatus, etc.
Hall 75
Lichen perpusillus mgricans, etc.
Buddle 52
Lichen petr. cin, Angl. Buddle 390
lichenodeum Nyl, (Collema) 33

INDEX

lichenodeum Nyl. (Schizoma) 33

Lichenoides acetabulis, etc. Dill. 142

Lichenoides angust., ... crin. mgr.
etc. Dill 232

Lichenoides arb. cin.-vir.
114

Lichenoides arboreum... col.
Dill. 162

Lichenoides arbor., crust. fol. vir. ete.
Dill. 235 ¢

Lichenoides arborewm fol. cin. ete.
Dill. 231

etc. Dill.

cand.

Lichenoides arb. fol. . . . scabrum
Dill. 112

Lichenoides arboreum ramosum, etc.
Dill. 165, 166

Lichenoides arbor. ... scut. limb. cin.
ete. Dill. 237

Lichenoides atrum, cor.
Dill. 392

Lichenoides cand. et farin. etc. Dill.
360, 361

Lichenoides caperatum, etc. Dill. 127

Lichenoides cartilaginewm, etc. Dill.
260 ;

Lichenoides cartilag. tub. pyx. exig.
Dill. 423

Lichenoides ceratophyllwm, etc. Dill.
119

Lichenoides cinereum polyd. Dill. 96

Lichenoides ciner. seg. arg. stell. etc.
Dill. 239, 243

Lichenoides cor. cin... . pelt. atr. ete.
Dill. 390

Lichenoides coralliforme, etc.
165, 166, 168

Lichenoides corneum margin .. .

Pers. eic.

Dill.

jimbr. Dill. 396, 397
Lichenoides cormic. ... segm. ang.
Dill. 163

Lichenoides cornutuwm amarum, ete.

Dill. 163

Lichenoides cornutum bronch. etc.
Dill. 168

Lichenoides cornutum... subt. in-
can. Dill. 162

Lichenovdes crusta .. . cinereo-glauca,
etc. Dill. 132°

Lichenoides crusta .. . flavescens Dill.
193

Lichenoides crusta foliosa, etc. Dill.
127

505

Lichenoides crust, ... limb. argent.
Dill. 309

Lichenoides crust.orb. incan. Dill. 287

Lichenoides crust. orb. scut. flav. Dill.
199, 201, 206

Lichenoides crusta, .
143

Lichenoides crust. et lepr. etc. Dill. 382

Lichenoides crust... . scut. migric.
etc. Dill. 276

Lichenoides crust... .scut. swbf, Dill.
270

LInchenoides digitatum
Dill Oi 92

Lichenoides digitatum rufescens, etc.
Dill. 93

Lichenoides digit. . .
tatum Dill. 98

Lichenoides Endiv. fol. crisp. etc. Dill.
149

Lichenoides foliis pilosis, etc. Dill. 52

Lichenoides fucif. tinct. etc. Dill. 480

Lichenoides fuliginosum, etc. Dill. 107

Lichenoides fuligin. et pulver. ete.
Dill. 109

Lichenoides fungi. crusta lepr. ete.
Dill. 405

Lichenoides fungi. terr. etc. Dill. 403

Lichenoides fuscum, peltis, etc. Dill.
101

Lichenoides gelatinosum atro-virens,
etc. Dill. 52

Lichenoides gelatinosum .. .
latwm, etc. Dill. 58

Lichenoides gelatinosum . . . fol.
angustior. Dill. 68

Lichenoides gelatinosum . . . fol. crist.
Dill. 50, 52

Lichenoides gelatinosum fol. imb. ete.
Dill. 52

Lichenoides gelatinosum fol.
tuniform. Dill. 59

Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, etc.
Dill. 54

Lichenoides gelatinosum . .
swum Dill. 68

Lichenoides gelatin. lobis,etc. Dill. 59

Lichenoides gelatinosum .. . nigri-
cans Dill. 62

Lichenoides gelatin. opunti. Dill. 68

. . pullum Dill.

... fol. sim.

» VeTT. «. « « NO-

auricu-

. grano-

| Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum,

etc. Dill. 63

506

Lichenoides gel... . purpur, Dill. 77

Lichenoides glaucum ... lac. crin.
Dill. 136

Lichenoides glaucum orb., seg. lat. ete.
Dill.* 235, 238

Lichenoides glaucum periatum, etc.
Dill. 126, 134

Lichenoides granosum subglaucum,
ete. Dill. 83

Inchenoides hispidum maj. rigid. etc.
Dill. 231

Lichenoides hispidum. .
Dill. 241

Lichenoides imbr. virid. etc. Dill. 140

Lichenoides lacunosum, etc. Dill. 111

Lichenoides lacun. Endiv. crisp. fac.
Dill. 156

Lichenoides lacun. lacer. etc.
171, 172

Lichenoides lacun., velut tubulosa
Dill. 156

Lichenoides letevirens, etc. Dill.

Lichenoides lepros .
Dill. 312

Lichenoides lepr. tuber. fuse. ferr.
Dill. 221

Lichenoides lichenis facie, etc. Dill.
104

Lichenoides longifoliwm, ete.
166, 167

Lichenoides membr. ... Fallop. emul.
Dill. 150

Lichenoides membr. pell. etc. Dill. 96

Lichenoides non tubul. cin. etc. Dill.
412

Lichenoides non tubul. ramos. etc.
Dill. 24

Lichenoides non. tubul. ramos. frut.
etc. Dill. 159

Lichenoides non tubul. ramulis, ete.
Dill. 23

Lichenoides olivaceum, etc. Dill. 128

Lichenoides oliv. . . . scut. lev. Dill.
143, 147

Lichenoides oliv.. .
143

Lichenoides parvum virescens, etc.
Dill. 99

Lichenoides pellucidum . .
Dill. 177

Lichenoides pellucidum, fol. crisp.
Dill. 75, 76

. scut, nigr.

Dill.

114
. cancrt figura

Dill.

. scut. verr. Dill.

. cornic.

+ a
: hac
¥

Lichenoides pelt. arb. etc. Dill. 115
Lichenoides peltatum ... fol. div.

INDEX

Dill. 91 é
Lichenoides peltatum . . . rufescens
Dill. 93

Lichenoides polyschides, ete. Dill. 108

Lichenoides pulm. retic. etc. Dill. 115

Lichenoides pulm.. . . subluteus, ete.
Dill. 192

Lichenoides pulm. villos, ete. Dill. 112

Lichenoides pullwm superne, etc. Dill.
399

Lichenoides pustulosum, etc. Dill. 401

Lichenoides pyx. cvn. elat. Dill. 441

Iichenoides pyx. margin. etc. Dill. 439

Lichenoides rig. Eryng. fol. ref. Dill.
157, 158

Lichenoides rugosum durum, etc. Dill.
398

Lichenoides saxat. fol. min. ete. Dill.
390

Lichenoides saxatile fuscwm, etc. Dill.
101

Lichenoides sawatile . . . migrescens
Dill. 62

Inchenoides sax. .
144

Lichenoides saxatile tenue, etc. Dill. 75

Lichenoides saxat., vesiculas proferens
Dill. 149

Lichenoides seg. angust. etc. Dill. 170

Lichenoides seg. argut. etc, Dill. 169

Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis ...
planis Dill. 95, 97

Lichenoides subgl. cumat. ete. Dill.
113

Lichenoides subhirsutum teres, ete.
Dill. 230

Lichenoides subtus crocewm, etc. Dill. -
103

Lichenoides tart. ... scutellis rufis, etc. .
Dill. 353

Lichenoides tart. . .
Dill. 311

Lichenoides tenue et molle, etc. Dill. 83

Lichenoides tenue fol. depress. Dill. 74

Lichenoides tenue . . . fol. surrect.
Dill. 76

Lichenoides tenue pullum, etc. Dill.
394

Lichenoides tenuissimum, etc. Dill.
76

.. pil. pur. Dill.

. umbone fusco

INDEX

Lichenoides tenwiss. scut. exig. min.
Dill. 200

Lichenoides tinct., fol. min. crisp. Dill. |

154

Lichenoides tinct. glabr. vesic. Dill.
149

Lichenoides tub. caulic. . . . majus
Dill. 419

Lichenoides tub. caulic.... minus |
Dill. 418

Lichenoides tub. cin. ram. crust. Dill. |

448

Lichenoides tub. magis. ramos. Dill. |

450
Lichenoides tub. prolif. Dill. 429
Lichenoides tub. pyz. cin. Dill. 426
Lichenoides tub. pyx. prolif. Dill. 440
oo tub. pyx. tuberc. cocc. Dill.
4

Lichenoides tubul. ramos. etc. Dill.
414

Lichenoides tub. ramos. Dill. 449

Lichenoides tub. viresc. Dill. 448

Lichenoides verr. et rug. etc. Dill.
365, 374

Lichenoides viride .. . scut. pull. Dill.
247

Lichenoides vulg. cinereo-glaucum, etc.
Dill. 132, 133

Lichenoides vulg.... fol. scut. lut.
Dill. 193

LICHINA Ag. 21

LICHINACEZ 26, 43

LICHINIZANyl. 44

lignorum S. F. Gray (Beomyces) 403,
404

Lilliei B. de Lesd. (Aspicilia) 489

Lilliei Lillie (Lecanora) 489

limbata Sommerf. (Lecanora) 105

limbata Mudd (Peltigera var.) 93

limbata Ach. (Sticta) 109

limbata Nyl. (Stictina) 109

limbatus Sm. (Lichen) 109

limosum Ach, (Collema) 49

linearis Tayl. (Lecanora) 204

lismorense Cromb. (Pterygium) 45

lithotea Nyl. (Physcia) 248

livida Ach. (Lecanora) 288

livida Mudd (Phialopsis) 468

LOBARIA Schreb. 112

LOBARINA Nyl. 112

lobulata Flérk. (Lecanora) 195

lobulata Sommerf. (Lecanora) 205

507

lobulatum A.L.Sm.(Placodium) 205
_ lotum Stizenb. (Rhizocarpon) 477
lopheum Cromb. (Leptogiwm) T7
lophyra Nyl. (Peltigera var.) 97
Lorrain-Smithie Knowles (Verru-
caria) 482
lugubris Sommerf. (Lecidea) 487
| lugubris Dalla Torre & Sarnth (Psoro-
tichia) 487
| lurida Ach. (Lecidea) 260
lurida Ach. (Lecidea) 341
| lusca Nyl. (Lecanora) 325
lusitanicum Scher. (Nephroma) 102

lusitanicum Nyl. (Nephromium) 102

luteoalba Wils. & Wheld. (Cladonia)

| 455

luteoalba Nyl. (Lecanora) 223
luteoalba Ach. (Lecidea) 223

| luteoalbum Massal. (Callopisma)
luteoalbum Hepp (Placodium)
luteoalbus Turn. (Lichen) 223
lutescens Turn. & Borr. (Isidiwm) 372
lutescens Leight. (Lecanora) 291
lutescens Dub. (Lecanora) 299

223
223

| lutescens Hoffm. (Lepra) 372

lutescens Sm. (Lepraria) 372
lutescens Hoffm. (Lichen) 299, 872
lutescens DC. (Patellaria) 299
lutescens Lamy (Pertusaria) 372
lutescens S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 299
lychnea Nyl. (Physcia) 196
lychnea Th. Fr. (Xanthoria) 195

macilenta Hoffm. (Cladonia) 462
macrophylla Stenh. (Cladonia) 443
macrophylla Borr. (Sticta) 111
macrospora Hepp (Pertusaria) 358
MAGMOPSIS Nyl. 485

major Nyl. (Stenocybe) 19

malacea Ach. (Peltidea) 94
malacea Fr. (Peltigera) 94
malangica Th. Fr. (Rinodina var.) 250
MALLOTIUM S. F. Gray 65
mamumillifera Stirt. (Lecanora) 309
marginale Hook. (Collema) 54

marginale S. F. Gray (Enchylium) 54
marginalis Huds. (Lichen) 54
marginatus Bernh, (Lichen) 52
marina Th. Fr. (Lecanora var.) 278
maritima Sommerf. (Lecanora) 344
maritimum Tayl. (Collema) 47
marmorea Boist. (Gyalecta var.) 467

508

Martindalei Cromb. (Ephebeia) 36
MASSALONGIA Koerb. 88
McMiliana Stirt. (Parmelia) 139
medians A. L. Sm. (Candelariella) 228
medians Nyl. (Lecanora) 228
medians Nyl. (Placodium) 228
meizolobum Nyl. (Collema f.) 56
melacarpoides Oliv. (Lecania var.) 345
melena Arn. (Bilimbia) 475
melenum Ach. (Collema) 54
melaleuca Dub. (Pertusaria) 364
melaleucum Turn. & Borr. (Thelo-
trema) 3864
melaleucus Sm. (Lichen) 364
melanaspis Ach. (Lecanora) 266
melanaspis Ach. (Parmelia) 266
melanocarpus Swartz (Lichen) 23
melanocarpus Scher. (Spheroph.) 23
melanochlora Nyl. (Pertusaria) 364
melanochlorum DC, (Isidiwm) 364
melanophea Zwackh (Chenotheca)
9, 487
melanophea Fr. (Lecidea) 329
melanopheum Ach. (Calicium) 9
melanophewm Mudd (Cypheliwm) 9
melantera A. L. Sm. (Parmeliella) 84
melantera Cromb. (Pannularia) 84
melantera Stirt. (Pannaria) 84
melops Duf. (Physcia) 240
MENEGAZZIA A. Zahlbr. 122
mersata Stirt. (Lecidea) 469
metabolica Ach. (Lecanora) 351
metaboloides Nyl. (Lecanora) 295
micraspis Anzi (Buellia) 254
microcephala Nyl. (Sphinctrina) 3
microcephala Koerb. (Sphinctrina) 4
microcephalum Tul, (Calicium) 3
microcephalum Ach, (Calicitwm) 4
microcephalum S. F. Gray (Phaco-
trum) 4
microcephalus Tayl. (Ba@omyces)
microcephalus Sm. (Lichen) 4
microloba Nyl. (Peltigera var.) 94
microphylla Hook. (Lecidea) 81
microphylla Miill.-Arg. (Parmeliella)
82
microphylla Massal. (Pannaria) 82
microphylla Stiz. (Pannularia) 82
microphyllum Ach, (Collema) 66

406

microphyllum Ny. (Collemodium) 66 |

microphyllum 8. F, Gray (Enchyliwm)
66

INDEX

microphyllwm Leight. (Leptogiwm) 65
microphyllum Hook. (Placodiwm) 81
microphyllus Sm. (Lichen) 81
microphyllus Swartz (Lichen) 82
microphyllus Hook. (Scyphophorus)
433
microscopicum Nyl. (Leptogium) 73
microthelia Ach. (Parmelia) 209
microsticta Nyl. (Varicellaria) 377
microsticticum Turn, & Borr. (Isi-
divwm) 367
microsticticus Sm. (Lichen) 367
milvina Ach. (Lecanora) 257
milvina Tayl. (Lecanora) 253
milvina Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 257
milvina Th. Fr. (Rinodina) 257
miniata Hook. (Squamaria) 202
miniatula Nyl. (Lecanora) 206
miniatulum Oliv. (Placodium) 205
miniatum Th. Fr. (Dermatocarpon)
390
miniatum Leight. (Placodium) 202
miniatus Hofim. (Lichen) 202
minor Hook. (Lichina var.) 44
minuscula Leight. (Alectoria var.) 35
minuscula Nyl. (Ramalina) 169
minutellum Ach. (Caliciwm) 18
minutissimum Floerke (Collema) 72
minutissimum Fr. (Leptogium) 72
molariformis Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 422
mollis Stirt. (Usnea) 179
monensis Wheld. (Acrocordia) 484
monocarpum Duf. (Collema) 53
monogona Nyl. (Pertusaria) 357
monstrosa Nyl. (Cladonia) 456
Mooreii Hepp (Leptogiwm) 30
morioides Blomb. (Aspicilia) 3827
morioides A. L. Sm. (Lecanora) 327
mortensis Wats. (Polyblastia) 483
Mougeotii Scher. (Parmelia) 128,135
Muddii Mudd (Biatorina) 342
Muddii Salw. (Lecidea) 342
multifida A. L. Sm, (Parmelia) 141
multifidum Scheer. (Collema) 53,
multifidus Scop. (Lichen) 54
multifidus Dicks. (Lichen) 142
multipartitum Sm, (Collema) 61
multipartitus Mudd (Synech.) 60
multipuncta Nyl. (Pertusaria) 359,
361, 363
multipuncta Turn. (Variolaria) 862
multipunctus Sm, (Lichen) 362

INDEX

muralis Scher. (Lecanora) 263
muralis Schreb. (Lichen) 263
muricata Del. (Cenomyce) 450
murina Ach. (Gyrophora) 390
marinus Ach. (Lichen) 390
murorum Ach, (Lecanora) 201
murorum Sm. (Lichen) 198
murorum Hofim. (Lichen) 201
murorum DC. (Placodium) 199, 201,
203, 227, 228
muscicola Ach. (Collema) 29
muscicola Swartz (Lichen) 29
muscicolum Fr. (Leptogium) 29
muscicolum §. F. Gray (Polychid.) 29
muscigena Ach. (Parmelia) 237
muscorum Mudd (Bacidia) 477
muscorum Tayl. (Lecanora) 88
muscorum Del. (Pannaria) 88
muscorum Schleich. (Peltigera var.) 98
muscorum S. F. Gray (Psoroma) 88
muscorum Hook. (Squamaria) 88
Muscus arboreus aureus, etc. Dill. 191
Muscus arb. cum orbic. Dill. 178
Muscus arboreus nodosus Dill. 182
muscus arb.: Usn. Officin. Dill. 180
Muscus aureus tenuissimsus Dill. 191
Muscus caule rigido, etc. Dill. 188
Muscus corall.. . . fenicul. Dill. 187
Muscus coralloides lane, etc. Dill. 186
Muscus crusta, etc. Buddle 194
Muscus licheniformis, etc. Buddle 235

Muscus lichin. cornic. etc. Buddle
431, 432

Muscus licheniformis . . . nigricans
Buddle 62

Muscus parvus ... pilosis Buddle 241
MYCOPORACE4 388
myriococcwm Ach. (Collema) 47
myriococcus Ach. (Lichen) 47
MYXOPHYCEZ v\ iii,x

nanum Nyl. (Leprocaulon) 409
nanum Ach. (Stereocaulon) 409
nanus Ach. (Lichen) 409
nebulosa Nyl. (Pannaria) 87
nebulosa Hofim. (Patellaria) 87
neglecta Floerk. (Capitularia) 426
nemoxyna Nyl. (Cladonia f.) 431
nephea Sommerf. (Lecanora) 308

NEPHROMIUM Nyl. 100
niger Huds. (Lichen) 31
nigra Nyl. (Pannaria) 31

nigra Stiz. (Pannularia) 31
nigrescens Ach. (Collema) 62
nigrescens S. F'. Gray (Lathagriwm) 62

nigrescens Huds. (Lichen) 62
nigrescens Anzi (Synech.) 62
nigricans Nyl. (Alectoria) 185

nigricans Cromb. (Lecanora) 216
nigrum Ach. (Collema) 31
| nigrum Massal. (Lecotheciwm) 31

| nigrum §. F. Gray (Placynthium) 31,

303
nitens Ach. (Lecanora)
nitens Pers. (Patellaria)
nitida Stirt. (Usnea) 180
nivale Tuckerm. (Placodium)
nivale Nyl. (Platysma) 156
nivalis Ach. (Cetraria) 156
nivalis Carroll (Lecanora)
mivalis Li. (Lichen) 156
nivalis Koerb. (Zeora) 218
nolens Nyl. (Pertusaria) 376
NOSTOC x
Notarisii Tul. (Acoliwm) 22
Notarisii Zahlbr. (Cyphelium) 22
nuda A. L. Sm. (Biatorella f.) 472
nuda Wheld. & Tray. (Microglena)
484
Nutrition xvili
Nylanderi Krempelh. (Thelidium) 483
Nylanderiana Massal. (Lecania) 349
Nylanderiana Nyl. (Lecanora) 349

307
307

218

218

204
202

obliterans Nyl. (Placodium)
obliterascens Nyl. (Lecanora)
obliteratus Pers. (Lichen) 205
oblongans Nyl. (Collemopsis) 64
oblongans A. L.Sm.(Lemmopsis) 64
obscura Mudd (Borrera) 246
obscura Nyl. (Physcia) 246

obscurus With. (Lichen) 233
obscurus Ehrh. (Lichen) 246
ochracea Mudd (Aspicilia) 330
ochracea Nyl. (Lecanora) 220

ochracea Scher. (Lecidea) 220
ochraceum Massal. (Callopisma) 220
ochraceum Anzi (Placodium) 220

ochrochlora Floerk. (Cladonia) 433
OCHROLECHIA Massal. 309, 356
ochroleuca Nyl. (Alectoria) 183
ochroleuca Ach. (Cornicularia)

ochroleucus EKhrh. (Lichen) 183
ochrostoma Koerb. (Lecanora var.) 297

183

510

oculata Ach. (Lecanora) 373
oculata Th. Fr. (Pertusaria) 373
oculata S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 357
oculatum Ach. (Isidiwm) 373
oculatus Sm. (Lichen) 357
oculatus Dicks, (Lichen) 373
odontella Ach. (Cetraria) 160
odontellus Ach. (Lichen) 160
Oederi Wahlenb. (Lecidea) 329
olivacea Ach. (Parmelia) 142
olivacea S. F. Gray (Parmelia) 148
olivacea Fr. (Parmelia) 147
olivascens A. L.. Sm. (Lecanora var.)
316
olivaceus With. (Lichen var.) 128
olivaceus Li, (Lichen) 143
olivaceus Huds. (Lichen)
olivetorum Nyl. (Parmelia)
omphalodes Li. (Lichen) 144
omphalodes Ach. (Parmelia)
ophthalmiza Nyl. (Pertusaria)
orbicularis Neck. (Lichen) 246
orbicularis Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
(Physcia) 246
orosthea Ach. (Lecanora)
orosthea Ach. (Lecidea)
orostheus Sm. (Lichen) 298
orostheus Ach. (Lichen) 300
ostreata Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 464
ostreata Scher. (Lecidea) 464

143, 146
129

144
308

292, 300
300

palamza Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 447
pallescens Mudd (Lecanora) 314
pallescens With. (Lichen) 286
pallescens Li. (Lichen) 314

pallida Fr. (Coniocybe) 11

pallida Scher. (Lecanora) 281, 283
pallidum Pers. (Caliciwm) 11
pallidus Dicks. (Lichen) 273
pallidus Schreb. (Lichen) 282
palmatum Ach. (Collema) 77
palmatum Mont. (Leptogium) 177
palmatum 8. F. Gray (Scyteniwm) 77
palmatus Huds. (Lichen) 77
PALMELLA x

PANNARIA Del. 80, 84
PANNARIA Mudd 81
PANNARIACE 26, 80
pannariellum Nyl. (Pterygium) 45
panniforme Cromb. (Nephr. f.) 103
PANNULARIA Nyl. 30, 81
papillaria Ach, (Cenomyce) 422

a

é La stood As
; *

-

INDEX

papillaria Hoffm, (Cladonia) 421
papillaria Bhrh. (Lichen) 421
papillaria Duf. (Pycnothelia) 42
paradoxum Turn, & Borr. (Isidiwm)
370
paradoxum Bornet (Spilonema) 33
parasitica Hoffm. (Cladonia) 455
parasiticus Hofim. (Lichen) 455
parasiticus Hook. (Scyphophorus) 455
parella Ach. (Lecanora) 312
parella S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 312
parellus Li. (Lichen) 312
parietina Th. Fr. (Xanthoria) 192
parietina Ach. (Parmelia) 193
parietina De Not. (Physcia) 193
parietinum Ach. (Calicium) 18
parietinus L. (Lichen) 193
parile Ach. (Nephroma) 101
parile Nyl. (Nephromium var.) 101
parilis Ach. (Lichen) 101
parisiensis Nyl. (Lecanora) 271
PARMELIA Ach. 117, 118
PARMELIACEZ 26,117
PARMELIELLA Miill.-Arg. 80, 81
paschale Ach, (Stereocaulon) 410
paschale Fr. (Stereocaulon) 410
paschalis Huds. (Lichen) 410
paschalis L, (Lichen) 411, 413
peliocypha Th. Fr. (Acarospora) 338
peliocypha Nyl. (Lecanora) 338
peliocypha Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 338
peliscypha Cromb. (Lecanora) 336
peliscyphoides Oliv. (Acarospora) 336
pellita Ach. (Gyrophora) 399
pellitus Ach. (Lichen) 399
pelobotrion Wahlenb. (Urceolaria) 319
pelobotrya Mudd (Aspicilia) 319
pelobotrya Sommerf. (Lecanora) 319
pelobotrya Cromb. (Lecidea) 319
PELTIDEA Ach. 90, 98
PELTIGERA Willd. 90, 91
PELTIGERACEA! 26, 90
perceenoides Jatta (Acarospora) 335
percenoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 335
percenoides Ach, (Lecidea) 835
perellus Sm, (Lichen) 312
perforata Hook. (Parmelia) 126
perforata 8. F. Gray (Parmelia) 136
perforatus Sm. (Lichen) 182, 136
periclea S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 261
Perithecia xiv
perlata Ach, (Parmelia) 125

INDEX

perlatus Huds. (Lichen) 126
peronellum Ach. (Caliciwm)
petrosa Arn. (Lecidea) 469
pertusa Scher. (Parmelia) 122
pertusa Dalla Torre & Sarnth. (Per-
tusaria) 365
pertusa Ach. (Porina) 365
PERTUSARIA DC. 356
PERTUSARIACEZ 26, 356
pertusus Schrank (Lichen) 122
pertusus Li. (Lichen) 365
pezizoides Borr. (Lecanora) 87, 482
pezizoides Web. (Lichen) 86, 87
pezizoides Leight. (Pannaria) 86
pheocarpella Hyl. (Lecanora) 216
pheocarpellum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
216
pheocephala Th. Fr. (Chenotheca) 6
pheocephalum Turn, & Borr. (Cali-
cium) 6
pheocephalum Koerb. (Cyphelium) 6
pheocephalus Turn. (Lichen) 6
phzoleucodes Nyl. (Lecanora) 347
phlogina Nyl. (Lecanora) 207
phloginum A. L. Sm. (Placodium) 207
PHLYCTIS Wallr. 378, 380
PHYCOLICHENES x
phycopsis Ach. (Roccella) 479
phylliscella Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 39
phyllophorus Ehrh. (Lichen) 487
Phylogeny xxi
phymatodes Ach. (Isidiwm) 369
PHYSCIA Schreb. 190, 192, 230
PHYSIACEZ 26, 189
PHYSMA Massal. 46
physodes Li. (Lichen) 119, 120
physodes Ach. (Parmelia) 118
physodes S. F. Gray (Physcia)
piceus Dicks. (Lichen) 306
pichneum Ach. (Collema var.) 78
picta Tayl. (Lecidea) 209, 214
pileatum Ach. (Stereocaulon) 407, 408
PILOPHORON Tuckerm. 406
PILOPHORUS Th. Fr. 402, 406
pilosella Hue (Parmelia) 132
pinastre Scher. (Lecanora var.) 269
pinastri S. F. Gray (Cetraria) 152
pinastri Scop. (Lichen) 152
pinastri Nyl. (Platsyma) 152
piniperda Koerb. (Lecanora) 296, 298

ual

119

pinnata Wain. (Cladonia var.) 447,450 |

pityrea Floerk, (Capitularia) 435

511

pityrea Fr. (Cladonia) 434

| pityrea Ach. (Parmelia) 238

pityreus Ach, (Lichen) 238
placodiellum Nyl. (Leptogiwm) 72
PLACODIUM DC. 196
PLACOLECANIA Stein. 340
placophyllus Ach. (Beomyces)
PLACOPSIS Nyl. 259, 263
PLACYNTHIUM §. F.Gray 30
platyphylla Ach. (Parmelia var.) 120
PLATSYMANyl. 148
pleurocarpa Ach. (Lobaria var.)
PLEUROCOCCUS x :
pleurota Floerk. (Capitularia) 459
pleurota Cromb. (Cladonia subsp.) 459
pleurota 8. F. Gray (Scyphophora) °459
plicata Web. (Usnea) 179
plicatile Sm. (Collema) 68
plicatile Nyl. (Collemodiwm) 68
plicatile 8. F. Gray (Enchyliwm)
plicatile Nyl. (Leptogium) 67
plicatus L. (Lichen) 180
plumbea Nyl. (Coccocarpia) 83
plumbea Ach. (Parmelia) 83
plumbea Wain. (Parmeliella)
plumbea Del, (Pannaria) 83
plumbeum Hook. (Placodiwm)
plumbeus Lightf. (Lichen) 83
plymatula Johns. (Lecanora) 276
pocillum Ach. (B@omyces) 427
poliophza Ach. (Lecanora) 308
poliophea Wahlenb. (Parmelia)
pollinaria Ach. (Ramalina) 171

405

115

68

83

83

308

| pollinarius Sm. (Lichen) 172

pollinarvus Westr. (Lichen)
Polimiert Del. (Collema) 74
Pollut Massal, (Blastenia) 488
Pollinii Massee (Lecanora) 488
Pollinii A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
polyanthes Bernh. (Lichen) 47
polyanthes Arn. (Physma) 47
POLYBLASTIA Massal. 483
polycarpa Nyl. (Physcia) 195
polycarpa Oliv. (Xanthoria) 196
polycarpon Koerb. (Collema) 60

171

488

| polycarpum S. F. Gray (Psoroma) 195

polycarpus Ehrh. (Lichen) 195
polycarpus Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
(Synech.) 60
POLYCHIDIUM S. F. Gray
polydactyla Floerk. (Cenomyce)
polydactyla Floerk. (Cladonia)

27, 29
462
461

512

polydactyla Ach. (Peltidea) 96
polydactyla Hoffm, (Peltigera) 95
polydactylon Neck. (Lichen) 96
polymorpha Ach, (Ramalina) 176
polymorpha Tayl. (Ramalina) 174
polymorphus Ach. (Lichen) 176
polyphylla Hook. (Gyrophora) 393
polyphylla Schrad. (Umbilicaria) 394
polyphyllus L. (Lichen) 394

polyrrhiza Koerb. (Gyrophora) 397,
399

polyrrhizos Li. (Lichen) 399

polyrrhizos Fr. (Umbilicaria) 399

polyschiza Lett. (Cetraria) 155

polyschizum Nyl. (Platysma) 155°

polyspora Nyl. (Lecanora) 250
polyspora Th. Fr. (Rinodina) 249
polythecia Tayl. (Variolaria) 362
polytropa Scher, (Lecanora) 301
polytropa Ach, (Lecidea) 302
polytropus Ehrh. (Lichen) 301
polytropus Sm. (Lichen) 303
populneui de Brond. (Calicium) 18
populinus Ehrh. (Lichen) 168
PORINA Ach. 356
poriniformis Nyl. (Lecanora)
POROCYPHUS Koerb. 27
porphyria 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 354
portentosa Duf. (Cenomyce) 416
portentosa Wain. (Cladoniavar.) 416
prepostera Nyl. (Lecanora) 286
pretexta Nyl. (Peltigera var.) 93
Prevostii Fr. (Gyalecta) 331

320

Prevostii Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 328,
331, 332

privigna A. L. Sm. (Biatorella) 474

privigna Nyl. (Lecanora) 474

privigna Ach. (Lecidea) 474

privigna 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 474

proboscidea Ach. (Gyrophora) 390

proboscideus L. (Lichen) 390
proboscidea Tayl. (Parmelia) 132
proboscidea DC. (Umbilicaria) 390
proboscideus Huds. (Lichen) 395
proboscideus Sm. (Lichen) 397
prolixa Carroll (Parmelia) 145
prosecha Leight. (Lecanora) 345
prosechoides Oliy. (Lecania) 345
prosechoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 345
prosechoidiza Nyl. (Lecanora) 347
prosechoidiza A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 347
Prostii Duf. (Ba@omyces) 404

INDEX

prostratula Stirt. (Lecidea) 468
PROTOCOCCUS x
protuberans Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 374
protuberans Sommerf. (Lecidea) 374
protuberans Th. Fr. (Pertusaria) 374
pruimatus Dicks. (Lichen) 472
pruinosa Mudd (Biatorella) 471,475
pruimosa Cromb. (Lecanora) 472
pruimosa Hook. (Lecidea) 472
pruimosus Sm. (Lichen) 472
prunastri Ach. (Evernia) 161
prunastri Li. (Lichen) 162
Pseudo-cyphelle xiv
Psora Dicks. (Lichen) 243
psorellum Nyl. (Collema) 69
PSOROMA S. F. Gray 80, 89
PSOROTICHIA Massal. 36, 41
psotina Leight. (Pannaria) 32
PTERYGIUM Nyl. 43, 44
pubescens Ach. (Cormecularia) 35
pubescens Nyl. (Ephebe) 35
pubescens Li. (Lichen) 35, 123, 124
pubescens Wain. (Parmelia) 35, 123
pulicaris Ach. (Lichen) 275
pulicaris Pers. (Patellaria) 275
pulius Lightf. (Lichen) 233
pullus Wulf. (Lichen) 393
pulmonacea Ach. (Parmelia) 115
pulmonacea Ach. (Sticta) 115
pulmonaria Hofim. (Lobaria) 115
pulmonaria Hook. (Sticta) 115
pulmonarius L. (Lichen) 115
pulposulum Nyl. (Collema) 51
pulposum Ach. (Collema) 50, 488
pulposus Bernh. (Lichen) 50
pulverulenta Mudd (Borrera) 235
pulverulenta Ach. (Parmelia) 235
pulverulenta Nyl. (Physcia) 235
pulverulentus Schreb. (Lichen) 235
pulverulentus Sm. (Lichen) 257
pulvinata Ach. (Cenomyce) 457
pulvinata Wain. (Euopsis) 37
pulvinata Scher. (Lecidea) 37
pulvinatum Hoftm. (Collema) 76
pulvinatum Th. Fr. (Stereocaulon
var.) 412
pumila 8. F. Gray (Lichina) 44
pumilus Huds. (Fucus) 43
punctatus Dicks. (Lichen) 274
punctatus Dicks. (Lichen) 328, 331
pungens Floerk. (Cladonia) 449
pungens Ach. (Lichen) 449

INDEX 51S

pusilla Massal. (Physcia) 202
pusillum Floerke (Calicium)
pusillum Nyl. (Leptogium)

ily
70

pusillum Flag. (Placodium var.) 202 |
| rangiferina Nyl. (Cladina)

pustulata Ach. (Gyrophora) 401

pustulata Nyl. (Pertusaria) 364, 365, |
| rangiferinus L. (Lichen)

374
pustulata Ach. (Porina) 364
pustulata Hoffm. (Umbilicaria)
pustulatus L. (Lichen) 401
Pycnidia xvii
PYCNOTHELIA Leight. 414, 421
pygmea Bory (Borrera) 196
pygma Ag. (Lichina) 43
pygmeus Lightf. (Fucus) 43
pyracea Nyl. (Lecanora) 213
pyraceum Anzi(Placodium) 213, 223
PYRENIDIACE 388, 481
PYRENIDIUM Nyl. 481
pyreniospora Nyl. (Lecanora)
PYRENOCARPEZ 1
PYRENOCARPINE 388
PYRENOCOCCUS Wheld. & Wils.
482
PYRENOPSIDACEZ 26, 36
PYRENOPSIS Nyl. 36, 38
pyrenopsoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 42
pyrenopsoides Forss.(Psorotichia) 42
PYRENULACEZ 388, 484
pyrithromum A. L. Sm. (Placodium
var.) 213
pyxidata Ach. (Cenomyce) 426
pyxidata Hoffm, (Cladonia) 425, 458,
477
pyxidatus Li. (Lichen var.) 440
pyxidatus L. (Lichen) 426
pyxidatus DC. (Scyphophorus) 426

401

258

quercinum Pers, (Calicium) 15

Rabenhorstii B. de Lesd. (Lecania)

347
racemosa Hook. (Cenomyce) 448
racemosa Hofim. (Cladonia) 446
racemosa S. F,. Gray (Cladonia)
radiata Ach. (Cenomyce) 431
radiatus Huds. (Lichen) 124
radiatus Schreb. (Lichen) 431
Ralfsii A. L. Sm. (Lecania) 342
Ralfsii Cromb. (Lecanora) 342
Ralfsii Salw. (Lecidea) 342
RAMALINA Ach. 161, 164

Lie

448

| ramulosum Hofim. (Collema)

rameum Cromb. (Nephromium) 100
ramulosa Fr. (Synalissa) 40, 50

40
rangiferina Ach. (Cenomyce) 415
415
rangiferina Web. (Cladonia) 414
415

| rangiferinus alpestris L. (Lichen) 417

| rangiformis Hoffm, (Cladonia)

rangiferinus Huds. (Lichen var.) 449
449

_ recedens Nyl. (Lecanora) 324

recedens Tayl. (Lecidea) 324
recensa Stirt. (Lecidea) 470
recurva Hoffm. (Cladonia var.)
recurva Ach. (Parmelia) 141

448

_ reddenda Stirt. (Parmelia) 134

| reducta Stirt. (Pertusaria)

363

| refellens Nyl. (Lecanora) 216

| repanda Nyl. (Dirina)

refellens A. L. Sm.(Placodium) 216
Reindeer Moss 415

478

repanda Fr. (Parmelia) 478
resupinata Ach. (Nephroma) 100

_ resupinatum Dalle Torre & Sarnth.

(Nephromium) 100
resupinatus Li. (Lichen) 100
resupinatus Huds. (Lichen)
resupinatus Sm. (Lichen)

101
102

_ reticulata Th. Fr. (Gyrophora) 393

| roscidum Floerke (Calicium)

reticulata Tayl. (Parmelia) 136
reticulatus Wulf. (Lichen) 124
retinens Nyl. (Calicium) 19
retrogressa Stirton (Physcia) 238
revertens Nyl. (Spilonema) 34
revoluta Floerk. (Parmelia) 138
rhagadiza Oliv. (Acarospora) 338
rhagadiza Nyl. (Lecanora) 338
RHIZOCARPON Ramond 477
rhodocarpa Koerb. (Pertusaria) 378
rhyparodes Nyl. (Leptogium) 69
RICASOLIA De Not. 112, 113
rimosus Oed. (Lichen) 284
RINODINA S. F. Gray 190, 249
rivulare Ach. (Collema) 69
RIVULARIA x

roboris Duf. (Lecanora) 252
roboris Arn. (Rinodina) 252
ROCCELLA DC. 479

Roccella Dicks. (Lichen) 479

| Roccella L. (Lichen) 479

ROCCELLACEZ 387, 478
13
2

514

rosellus Sm. (Lichen) 282
roseus Pers. (Beeomyces) 404
yubicunda Stirt. (Usnea) 178
vubiformis Sm. (Lichen) 464
yubiginea Ach, (Usnea var.) 177
rubiginosa Ach. (Parmelia) 85
rubiginosa Del. (Pannaria) 85
yubiginosus Thumb. (Lichen) 85
rubra Massal. (Gyalecta) 467
rubra Ach. (Lecanora) 467
vubra Ach. (Parmelia) 467
yubra Hoffm. (Patellaria) 467
yubra Koerb. (Phialopsis) 467
rubra S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 467
yubricosa Ach. (Lecanora) 217
rubricosa S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 217
vufescens Neck. (Lichen) 93
rufescens Ach. (Peltidea) 98
rufescens Hoffm. (Peltigera) 93
vufescens Turn. (Urceolaria) 337
vufescens Hofim. (Verrucaria) 224
rufovirescens Tayl. (Endocarpon) 337
rufus DC. (Beomyces) 403, 405
rufus Huds. (Lichen) 403
rugifera Hue (Gyrophora) 489
yuginosum Duf. (Collema) 78
ruginosum Nyl. (Leptogium) 78
rugosa Nyl. (Lecanora) 271
rugosa Tayl. (Parmelia) 138
rugosus Pers. (Lichen) 272
rupestre Branth & Rostr. (Placodium)
224
rupestris Pers. (B@omyces) 403
rupestris Leight. (Lecanora) 224
rupestris Ach. (Lecidea) 225
rupestris Scop. (Lichen) 224
rupestris Swartz (Lichen) 63
rupestris Scher. (Pertusaria) 365
rupestris A. L. Sm. (Synech.) 63
rupicola L. (Lichen) 283, 284

saccata Ach. (Solorina) 104, 488
saccatus L. (Lichen) 104
s@pincola Ach. (Lecidea) 293
sepincolum Nyl. (Platysma) 153
salicicola Wheld. & Trav. (Bacidia)
476
salicina 3. F. Gray (Rinodina) 208
salicinus Schrad. (Lichen) 208
Salweii A. L. Sm. (Acrocordia)
Sambuci Nyl. (Lecanora) 281
sanguinaria Ach. (Lecidea) 471

485

INDEX

SARCOGYNE Th. Fr. 471
sarcopis Ach. (Lecanora) 296
sarcopis Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 296
sarcopisioides Massal. (Biatora) 295
sarcopisioides A. L. Sm. (Lecanora
295
sarmentosa Ach, (Alectoria) 184
sarmentosus Sm. (Lichen) 183
saturninum Ach, (Collema) 79
saturninum Nyl. (Leptogium) 79
saturninum §. F. Gray (Mallotiwm) 79
saturninus Dicks. (Lichen) 19
saxatilis L. (Lichen) 182
saxatilis Ach. (Parmelia) 132
saxetana Ach. (Lecidea) 354
saxicola Ach. (Lecanora) 263
saxicola Hook. (Squamaria) 263
saxicolum 8. F. Gray (Placodiwm) 263°
saxicolus Poll. (Lichen) 263
scaber Huds. (Lichen) 35, 123
scabrata Nyl. (Usnea) 180
scabriuscula Del. (Cenomyce) 449
scabriuscula Nyl. (Cladonia) 448
scabrosa Cromb, (Cladonia var.) 464
scabrosa Th. Fr. (Peltigera) 95
scabrosa Ach. (Usnea var.) 177
Schereri Cromb. (Collemopsis) 41
Schereri Massal. (Pannaria) 41
Schereri Arn. (Psorotichia) 41
Schereri Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 41
SCHASMARIA 8. F. Gray 413
SCHIZOMA Nyl. 27, 32
Schraderi Ach. (Collema) 173
Schraderi Nyl. (Collemodiuwm) 173
Schraderi Nyl. (Leptogium) 73
Schraderi Bernh. (Lichen) 173
Schraderi S. F. Gray (Polychid.) 73
scolecinus Ach. (B@omyces) 463
scopulare Oliv. (Placodium) 203
scopularis Nyl. (Lecanora) 203
scopulorum Retz. (Lichen) 173
scopulorum Ach. (Ramalina) 173
scortea Ach. (Parmelia) 131
scorteus Ach. (Lichen) 131
scoticum Nyl. (Spilonema) 34
scotinum Fr. (Leptogium) 75
scotinus Ach. (Lichen) 75
scotoplaca Nyl. (Lecanora) 226
scrobiculata DO. (Lobaria) 112
scrobiculata Nyl. (Lobarina) 118
scrobiculata Ach, (Sticta) 118
scrobiculata Nyl. (Stictina) 118

INDEX

scrobiculatus Scop. (Lichen) 112
scruposa Sommerf. (Lecanora) 382
scruposa Ach. (Urceolaria) 382
scruposus Norm. (Diploschistes) 382
scruposus Schreb. (Lichen) 382
scutata Ach. (Peltidea) 95
scutata Koerb. (Peltigera) 94
scutatus Dicks. (Lichen) 95
scutelliforme Ach. (Thelotrema var.)
379
SCYPHOPHORUM Neck. 413
SCYTENIUM S. F. Gray 65
SCYTONEMA x
sepincola Ach. (Cetraria) 153
* sepincola Dicks. (Lichen) 153
sepincola Ehrh. (Lichen) 153
septata Leight. (Sphinctrina) 19
septata Rehm (Stenocybe) 19
septatum Leight. (Caliciwm) 20
sessile Pers. (Caliciwm) 3, 22
Siebenhaariana Koerb.(Biatora) 226
siliquosa A. L. Sm. (Ramalina) 172
siliquosus Huds. (Lichen) 173
simplex Wain. (Cladonia var.) 430
simplex Nyl. (Lecanora) 475
simplex Hook. (Lecidea) 474
simplex Roth (Lichen) 426
simplex Day. (Lichen) 474
simplex Sm. (Lichen) 474
sincerior B. de Lesd. (Lecania var.)
348
sinopicum Wahlenb. (Endocarpon) 337
simopicus Sm. (Lichen) 324, 337
sinuatum Hofim. (Collema) 74
sinuatum 8. F. Gray (Lathagriwm) 74
sinuatum Massal.(Leptogium) 74,488
sinuatus Huds. (Lichen) 74
sinuosa Ach. (Parmelia) 141
sinuosus Sm. (Lichen) 141
smaragdocarpa Nyl. (Lecanora var.)
299
smaragdula Massal. (Acaros.) 336, 339
smaragdula Nyl. (Lecanora) 337
smaragdula Knowles (Lecidea var.)
470
smaragdulum Wahlenb. (Hndocarpon)
337
smaragdulus Sm. (Lichen) 337
SOLORINA Ach. 90, 103
sophodes Ach. (Lecanora) 250
sophodes Ach. (Lichen) 250
sophodes Th. Fr. (Rinodina) 250

515
sordida Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 283
sordidus Pers. (Lichen) 283
Soredia xiii
sorediata Th. Fr. (Parmelia) 148
spadicea Ach. (Cornicularia) 159
sparassa Ach. (Cenomyce) 452
sparassaS. F. Gray (Schasmaria) 452
sparassus Ach. (Be@omyces) 452
sparassus Sm. (Lichen) 452
speciosa Mudd (Borrera) 234
speciosa Cromb. (Cladonia) 452
speciosa Ach. (Parmelia) 234
speciosa Nyl. (Physcia) 234
speciosus Sm. (Lichen) 234
speciosus Wulf. (Lichen) 234
Spermogones xvii
spherocephalum Wahlenb. (Calic.) 14
spherocephalum S. F. Gray (Phaco-
trum) 165
spherocephalus Web. (Lichen) 15
spherocephalus Li. (Mucor) 15
SPHHROPHORACEZ! 2, 22
SPHA#ROPHORON Ach. 22
SPHAZSROPHORUS Pers. 22
sphincterica Sowerb. (Spheria) 3
SPHINCTRINA Fr. 2
sptlomanthodes Nyl. (Pertusaria) 368
SPILONEMA Bornet 33
spinosus Huds. (Lichen) 447
spodochroa Ach. (Gyrophora) 400
spodochrous Ehrh. (Lichen) 400
spodomela A. L. Sm. (Leeanora) 346
spodomela Nyl. (Lecanora) 346
spodopheea Ach. (Lecanora) 308
spodophea Wahlenb. (Parmelia) 308
spodopheiza A. L.Sm.(Lecania) 343
spodopheiza Nyl. (Lecanora) 343
spodopheoides Nyl. (Lecanora) 274
spongiosa Carroll (Solorina) 105
spongiosum Ach. (Collema) 105
spongiosum S. F. Gray (Polychid.) 105
spongiosus Sm. (Lichen) 105
spuria Hook. (Peltidea) 92
spuria DC. (Peltigera) 92
spurius Ach. (Lichen) 92
SQUAMARIA DC. 259
squamosa Hofim. (Cladonia)
449, 451, 454
squamulosa Th. Fr. (Acarospora) 333
squamulosa Tayl. (Lecanora) 305
squamulosa Nyl. (Lecanora) 333
squamulosa Hook. (Lecanora) 336

437,

516

squamulosus Schrad. (Lichen) 333
squamulosus Sm. (Lichen) 336
stellaris Mudd (Borrera) 240
stellaris Huds. (Lichen) 235, 239
stellaris L. (Lichen) 238
stellaris Lightf. (Lichen)
stellaris Ach. (Parmelia)
stellaris Tayl. (Parmelia) 240
stellaris Nyl. (Physcia) 238

stellaris Cromb. (Physcia) 240
stellata Scher. (Cladonia) 418
stemoneum Ach. (Caliciwm var.) 8
STENOCYBE Nyl. 19

stenophylla Ach. (Parmelia var.) 140
stenotropa Nyl. (Lecanora) 303

240
238

STEREOCAULON Schreb. 402,407 |

STICTA Schreb. 106
STICTACEZ 26, 106

Stictarum (Celidium) 116

Stictina Nyl. 106

stictoceros Sm. (Lichen) 163
stigonella Fr. (Trachylia) 22
stigonellum S. F. Gray (Acoliwm) 38
stigonellum Mudd (Acoliwm) 22
stigonellum Ach. (Caliciwm) 3, 22
stigonellum Zahlbr. (Cyphelium) 22
STIGONEMA x

stilicidiorwm Hornem. (Lichen) 212

stilicidiorum S. F. Gray (Rinodina)

212
stipitata Branth (Gyrophora) 489
stipitata Nyl. (Umbilicaria) 489
strepsilis Ach. (B@omyces) 425
strepsilis Wain. (Cladonia) 425
strepsilis Ach. (Ramalina var.) 176
striatula Wahlenb. (Verrucaria) 482
STRONGYLIUM S.F.Gray 4
strumaticus Nyl. (Pilophorus) 407
stygia Ach. (Parmelia) 125
stygia (Parmelia) 145
stygiwm Del. (Collema)
stygius L. (Lichen) 125
styracella Cromb., (Cladonia f.) 463
subalbella Nyl. (Lecanora) 282
subarenaria A. L.Sm.(Rinodina) 255
subareolata Nyl. (Pyrenopsis) 39
subaurifera Nyl. (Parmelia) 128
subeana Nyl. (Alectoria subsp.)
subcarnea Ach, (Lecanora) 286
subcarnea Hook, (Lecidea) 286
subcarneus Swartz (Lichen) 286
subcinerea Nyl. (Lecanora) 324

60

187

INDEX

| subcircinata Nyl. (Lecanora) 265

subcornata Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 465
subcornuta Nyl. (Cladonia var.) 432
subdepressa Nyl. (Lecanora) 325 —

| subdetersa Nyl. (Physcia) 246

subexigua Nyl. (Lecanora) 253
subexigua Oliv. (Rinodina) 253
subfarinacea Nyl. (Ramalina) 175
subfloridana Stirt. (Usnea) 178
subfusea Ach. (Lecanora) 267
subfuscus Huds. (Lichen) 270
subfuscus Li. (Lichen) 267
subimbricata A.L.Sm. (Lecanora) 265
subimbricatus Relh. (Lichen) 265
subintricata Th. Fr. (Lecanora) 295
sublactea Leight. (Pertusaria) 362
sublurida Nyl. (Lecidea) 341
sublurida Mudd (Thalloidima) 341
sublurida Stirt. (Usnea) 178
subluta Nyl. (Lecanora) 288
sublivescens A. LL, Sm, (Lecanora) 292
subobscura A. L. Sm. (Physcia subsp.)
242
subpectinata Stirt. (Usnea) 178
subplicatile Nyl. (Collema) 55
subrimulata Nyl. (Verrucaria) 483
subsanguinaria (Lecidea subsp.) 471
subsquamosa Nyl.j(Cladonia) 453, 455
subsquamulosus Ny]l. (Beeomyces var.)
404
subtartarea Nyl. (Lecan. subsp.) 311
subtile Pers, (Calictum) 18
subtile Ach. (Collema) 71
subtile Nyl. (Leptogium) 71
subtile S. F. Gray (Polychidiwm) 11
subtile Tuck, (Thelotrema) 380
subtilis Schrad. (Lichen) 71
subtomentellum Nyl. (Nephr. var.)
101
subulata Wigg. (Cladonia) 446
subulatus Li. (Lichen) 432
subulatus Huds, (Lichen) 446
sulcata Tayl. (Parmelia) 133
sulphurea Nyl. (Coniocybe) 11
sulphurea Ach. (Lecanora) 300
sulphurea Wahlenb. (Lecidea) 300
sulphurea Scheer, (Pertus.) 373, 376
sulphurella Fr. (Coniocybe f.) 11
sulphurewm Tayl. (Endocarpon) 376
sulphureus Retz. (Lichen) 11
sulphureus Hoffm. (Lichen) 300
Swartzti Ach. (Lichen) 285

INDEX

sylwatica Nyl. (Cladina) 415
sylvatica Hoffm. (Cladonia) 415, 449
sylvatica Ach. (Sticta) 107
sylvatica Nyl. Stictina) 108
sylvaticus Huds. (Lichen) 108
Symbiosis xviii

symmicta Ach. (Lecanora) 293, 298
symmictera Nyl. (Lecanora) 293
sympagea Nyl. (Lecanora var.) 199
sympageus Ach. (Lichen) 199
symphorea Nyl. (Synalissa) 40
symphorewm DC. (Collema) 60
SYNALISSA Fr. 40

synalissum Ach. (Collema) 40
syncarpa Mudd (Pertusaria) 369
SYNECHOBLASTUS Trey. 46, 59
syringea Th. Fr. (Lecania) 340, 350
syringea Lamy (Lecanora) 350

tartarea Ach. (Lecanora) 309, 377
tartarea 8S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 309
tartareus L. (Lichen) 309
tasmanica (Pyrenopsis) 39
tauricus Wulf. (Lichen) 189
tegularis Nyl. (Lecanora subsp.) 202
teguiaris Khrh. (Lichen) 202
teichophila Nyl. (Lecanora) 256
teichophila Jatta (Rinodina) 256
TELOSCHISTES Norm. 190
tenax Sm. (Collema) 51
tenax S. F. Gray (Enchyliwm) 51
tenax Swartz (Lichen) 51
tenella Ach. (Borrera) 241
tenella Ach. (Parmelia) 241
tenellus Scop. (Lichen) 241
tenuissimum Ach. (Collema) 70
tenuissimum Koerb. (Leptogium) 70
tenuisimum 8. F. Gray (Polychid.) 70
tenuissimus Dicks. (Lichen) 70
terebrata Hoffm. (Lobaria) 122
terrestre Wats. (Thelidium) 483
terricola Tayl. (Variolaria) 356, 405
terrulentum Nyl. (Collema) 48
tesselatus Sm. (Lichen) 318
tetrasporum Th, Fr. (Leptogiwm) 0
tetrasticha Nyl. (Lecanora) 220
tetrastichum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
220
THAMNOLIA Ach. 188
THELIDIUM Massal. 482
THELOCARPACEAL 388
THELOTREMA Ach. 378

d17

THELOTREMACE4 26, 378
THERMOUTIS Fr. 28
Thouarsvi Del. (Sticta) 110
thrausta Ach. (Alectoria) 184
thrausta Nyl. (Ramalina) 184
tigillare S. F. Gray (Acolium) 21
tigillare Turn. & Borr. (Caliciwm)
21
tigillare Ach. (Cyphelium) 20
tigillaris Ach. (Lichen) 21
tigillaris Fr. (Trachylia) 21
tiliacea Ach. (Parmelia) 130
tiliaceus Hoffm. (Lichen) 130
tinctoria DC. (Roccella) 479
tinctoria Hook. (Roccella) 479
tomentosa Hoffm. (Peltigera) 100
tomentosum Nyl. (Nephromiwm) 100
tomentosum Fr. (Stereocaulon) 413
tomentosus Swartz (Lichen) 100
tornata Ach. (Gyrophora) 396
torquata Nyl. (Lecanora) 308
torquata Fr. (Parmelia) 308
torrefacta Cromb. (Gyrophora) 398
torrefactus Lightf. (Lichen). 398
trabalis Nyl. (Lecanora) 294
trabinella A. L. Sm. (Cheenotheca) 6
trabinellum S. F. Gray (Phacotrum) 6
trabinellus Sm, (Lichen) 6
trachelinum Ach. (Calicium) 14
TRACHYLIA Fr. 20
trachyna Nyl. (Cladonia subsp.)
trachynus Ach. (Beomyces) 437
trachyopum Tayl. (Collema) 31, 41
trajecta Nyl. (Stenocybe) 19
trajectum Nyl. (Caliciwm) 19
Tremella Roth (Lichen) 75
tremelloides Ach. (Collema) 78
tremelloides S. F. Gray (Leptogium)
78
tremelloides Lightf. (Lichen) 75
tremelloides Linn. fil. (Lichen) 178
TRENTEPOHLIA x
tribacia Ach. (Lecanora) 246
tribacia Nyl. (Physcia) 245
tribacia Hook. (Sqguamaria) 245
tribacium S. F. Gray (Psoroma)
tribacoides Nyl. (Physcia) 246
trichiale Ach. (Calicitum) 7
trichiale de Not. (Cyphelium) 7
trichialis Th. Fr. (Chenotheca) 7
triptophylla Nyl. (Pannaria) 81
triptophylla Stiz. (Pannularia) 81

437

246

518

triptophyllum S. F. Gray (Lepidoma)
81
triseptata Nyl. (Pannularia)
triste Koerb. (Calicitum) 18
triste Nyl. (Platysma) 124
tristis Hoffm. (Cornicularia) 124
tristis Web. (Lichen) 124
TRYPETHELIACEZ 388
tubeformis Cromb. (Cladonia var.)
430
tubzformis Massal. (Sphinctrina) 3
tuberculosa Hook. (Lecanora) 321
tuberculosa 8. F. Gray (Rinodina) 321
tuberculosus Sm. (Lichen) 321
tubiformis Lightf. (Lichen) 462
tubulosa Mudd (Parmelia var.) 120
tumescens Tayl. (Parmelia var.) 86
tuneformis Ach, (Lichen) 59
turbinata Fr. (Sphinctrina) 3, 365
turbinatum Pers. (Caliciwm) 3

32

turgida Hoffm. (Cladonia) 444
turgidum Ach. (Collema) 67
turgidum Nyl. (Collemodium) 67
turgidum S.F. Gray (Enchyliwm) 67
turgidum Cromb. (Leptogium) 66,
488
turgidus Bhrh. (Lichen) 444
Turnert Ach. (Lecanora) 313
Turneri Sm, (Lichen) 313
Turneri S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 313
Turneriana Nyl. (Lecanora) 227
Turneriana Ach. (Lecidea) 227
Turnerianum A. L. Sm. (Placodium)
226
tympanella Fr. (Trachylia) 21
tympanellum 8. F. Gray (Acolwwm) 21
tympanellum Ach, (Calicium) 21

Ulmi Sm. (Lichen) 467
ulmicola Borr. (Lecidea) 223
ulmicola DC. (Patellaria) 223
ulophyllum Nyl. (Platysma) 153
wlothrix Ach. (Lichen) 247

ulothrix Ach. (Parmelia) 247
ulothrix Nyl. (Physcia) 247
UMBILICARIA Hoffm. 388, 401
umbraticula A. L,Sm. (Lecania) 349
umbraticula Nyl. (Lecanora) 349
umbrina Massal.(Lecanora) 279, 281
wumbrinofusca Nyl. (Lecanora) 257
umbrinofusca Oliv. (Rinodina) 257
wmbrinus Ehrh. (Lichen) 279

INDEX

uncialis Ach. (Cenomyce) 418
uncialis Nyl. (Cladina) 418
uncialis Web. (Cladonia) 418, 422
uncialis L, (Lichen) 418, 419
upsaliensis Nyl. (Lecanora) 314
upsaliensis Dicks. (Lichen) 311
upsaliensis L, (Lichen) 314
urbana Nyl. (Lecanora) 289
URCEOLARIA Ach. 381
urceolaria Nyl. (Pertusaria) 368
USNEA Dill.

Usnea barbata, loris, etc. Dill. 181
Usnea cespitosa ewilis, etc. Dill. 123
Usnea capillacea citrina, ete. Dill. 191
Usnea capill. et nod. Dill. 182
Usnea lane migra, etc. Dill. 186
Usnea loris longis, etc. Dill. 184
Usnea jubata nigricans Dill. 187
Usnea rigida horsum, etc. Dill. 188
Usnea vulgaris loris, etc. Dill. 180
Usnea vulgatissima, etc. Dill. 178,179
USNEACE4 26, 161

ustulatus Ehrh. (Lichen) 392

varia Ach. (Lecanora) 290
varia Hoftm. (Patellaria) 291
varia S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 291
variabile Nyl. (Placodium) 215
variabilis Ach. (Lecanora) 215
variabilis Pers. (Lichen) 215
varians Nyl. (Arthonia) 283
VARICELLARIA 356, 377
varius Ehrh. (Lichen) 291
velata Turn. (Parmelia) 359
velata Nyl. (Pertusaria) 359
velata Ach. (Variolaria) 359
vellea Ach. (Gyrophora) 400
velleus Huds. (Lichen) 399, 400
velutina Th. Fr. (Thermutis) 28
velutinum Nyl. (Gonionema) 28

| velutinum 8. F. Gray (Polycht.) 28

velutinus Ach. (Lichen) 28

_ venosa Ach. (Peltidea) 99

venosa Hofim. (Peltigera) 99
venosus Li. (Lichen) 99

ventosa Ach. (Lecanora) 353

ventosa S. F. Gray (Rinodina) 353
ventosum Massal.(Hamatomma) 353
ventosus L. (Lichen) 353
ventricosus Huds. (Lichen) 461
venusta Ach. (Parmelia) 237
vermicularis Ach. (Cenomyce) 189

INDEX

vermicularis S. F. Gray (Cerania) 189
vermicularis DC. (Cladonia) 189
vermicularis Swartz (Lichen) 189
vermicularis Scher. (Thamnolia) 189
vernalis Ach. (Lecidea) 469

vernalis Lightf. (Lichen) 221
VERRUCARIA Pers. 482
VERRUCARIACEZ 388, 482

verrucosa Koerb. (Aspicila) 320
verrucosa Laur. (Lecanora) 320, 468
verrucosa Ach. (Urceolaria) 320

verrucosus Huds. (Lichen) 113
verruculosa Mudd (Buellia) 316
versicolor Pers. (Lichen) 264
verticillata Floerk. (Cladonia) 439 |
verticillata S. F. Gray (Scypho.) 440 |
vespertilio Light£. (Lichen) 62
vestita Leight. (Cladonia) 460
villosa Linds. (Physcia var.) 192
virella Ach. (Parmelia) 248
virellus Ach. (Lichen) 248
virescens Huds. (Clathrus) 10
viride Pers. (Caliciwm) 14
viridiflavescens Wulf. (Lichen)
viridula Ach. (Verrucaria) 318
vitellina Miill.-Arg. (Candelariella)
228
vitellina Ach. (Lecanora) 228

224

_ xantholyta Nyl. (Lecanora)

519

vitellina Hofim. (Patellaria) 228
vitellinellum Mudd (Callopisma) 229
vitellinula Nyl. (Lecanora) 221

vitellinulum A, L. Sm. (Placodium)

221
vitellinus Ehrh. (Lichen) 228
vitiligo Ach. (Spiloma) 361

vitiligo Turn. & Borr. (Variolaria)
356, 361

vittata Nyl. (Parmelia) 121
vulgaris Thwaites (Synalissa) 40
vulpinus Huds. (Lichen) 191

| Westringii Ach. (Lichen) 368

| Westringw Leight. (Pertusaria) 368

Westringw Ach. (Isidiwm) 368

Wulfenii DC. (Pertusaria) 3874, 376

205
xantholytum Nyl. (Placodium)
canthomyela Nyl. (Parmelia)
XANTHORIA Th. Fr. 192
zanthostigma Cromb, (Lecanora) 229
xanthostoma Fr. (Pertusaria) 372
xcanthostoma Sommerf. (Porina) 372
cylonellum Ach. (Caliciwm) 15

zonata Ach. (Sagedia) 322
Zostere Nyl. (Lecanora) 278
Zwackhii Hepp (Thelidium)

204
139

483

INDEX OF PLATES

Beomyces roseus Pers. 64

Calicium quercinum Pers. 4
Candelaria concolor Wain. 37

Candelariella vitellina Mill.-Arg. 48 |

Cerania vermicularis S. F. Gray 44
Cetraria glauca Ach. 39
Chenotheca trabinella A.L. Sm. 2
Cladonia coccifera Willd. 68
Collema granuliferum Nyl. 24
Coniocybe furfuracea Ach. 3
Crocynia gossypina Nyl. 61
Crocynia lanuginosa Hue 61
Cyphelium inquinans Trev. 6

Diploschistes scruposus Norm, 60

Dirina repanda Nyl. 69
Ephebe lanata Wain. 15
Ephebeia hispidula Nyl. 16
EKuopsis pulvinata Wain. 17

Eyernia prunastri Ach. 40

Gomphillus calycioides Nyl. 65
Gyrophora proboscidea Ach. 62

Hematomma coccineum Koerb. 55
Icmadophila ericetorum A. Zahlbr. 54

Lecania syringea Th. Fr. 53
Lecanora varia Ach. 51
Lemmopsis Arnoldiana A. Zahlbr.

Leptogidium dendriscum Nyl. 11

26

| Pannaria rubiginosa Del.

29

Peltigera canina Willd. 32

- Pertusaria pertusa Dalla Torre &

Sarnth. 56
Phlyctis agelea Koerb. 59
Physcia stellaris var. aipolia Nyl. 49

_ Physma polyanthes Arn. 23

Pilophorus cereolus Stizenb. 66
Placodium murorum DC. 47
Placynthium nigrum S. F. Gray 12
Polychidium muscicolum §, F. Gray
10
Porocyphus areolatus Koerb. 8
Psoroma hypnorum §. F, Gray 31
Psorotichia Schereri Arn. 20
Pterygium lismorense Cromb. 22

Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. 71
Pyrenopsis phylliscella Nyl. 18
Ramalina fraxinea Ach, 41
Rinodina roboris Arn. 50
Roccella fuciformis DC. 70
Schizoma lichenodeum Nyl. 13

Solorina crocea Ach. 34
Spherophorus globosus Wain. 7
Sphinctrina turbinata Fr. 1
Spilonema paradoxum Born. 14

| Stenocybe septata Rehm 5

Leptogium sinuatum var. scotinum |

Koerb, 27
Lichina pygmea Ag. 21
Lobaria pulmonaria Hoffm. 36

Massalongia carnosa Koerb. 30

Stereocaulon coralloides Fr. 67

Sticta fuliginosa Ach. 35

| Synalissa ramulosa Fr. 19

Synechoblastus nigrescens Anzi 25
Teloschistes flavicans Norm. 45
Thelotrema lepadinum Ach. 58
Thermutis velutina Th. Fr. 9

Umbilicaria pustulata Hoffm. 63
Usnea florida Web. 42

Nephromium lusitanicum Nyl. 33
| Varicellaria microsticta Nyl. 57
Parmelia caperata Ach. 38
Parmeliella plumbea Wain. 28 Xanthoria parietina Th, Fr. 46
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E. 1, AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 1.

PLaTeE 1

SPHINCTRINA TURBINATA Fr.

a. Plant on Pertusaria communis. b. Apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium an¢
spermogone. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores. f. Spermatia.

PLATE 2

oe

x 1000

CHAENOTHECA TRABINELLA A. L. Sm.
a. Plant on wood. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of apothecium.
d, Ascus and parapbysis. e. Spores.

7 | ;

i fa)
‘

at!
ors
:
\

Plate 3

@ @

;
x 1500 Vey

|

j

CONIOCYBE FURFURACKA Ach.

a. Plant on dead branch. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus, apothecium
and spermogone. d. Ascus and paraphysis. ¢. Ascospores.
f. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLate 4

CALICIUM QUERCINUM Pers.

a. Plant on old paling. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus, apothecium
and spermogone. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores.
f. Sterigmata and spermatia.

7 Sa
~ od

Plate 5

}
ae i . |
haere | AN '

Pion | fos} \ | |
Aen Tied eb HL
CAR Yq \\\\ |
pes yy, J \ Hi I
4 " ry \\iI |
e rH \\Ii |
y | \)
f /\ ie

STENOCYBE SEPTATA Rehm.

a, Plant on bark. 6. Portion of plant. c. Section of apothecium.
d. Ascus and paraphysis. e, Ascospores.

*)

CYPHELIUM INQUINANS Trev.

a. Plant on old wood. 0. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium.
d, Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores. /. Section of empty spermogone.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLATE 7

SPHAEROPHORUS GLOBOSUS A. L. Sm.

a, Plant. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus
and paraphysis. e. Ascospores. f. Vertical section of spermogone.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLate 8

%Ee
@

PT Tres

. &
2

e owes

eo

a0

~
.

=

oh wes

hy

é

:

; pen;

= /

POROCYPHUS AREOLATUS Koerb.

a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant.

c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecia.

f. Vertical section of spermogone.

e. Spores.

d. Ascus and paraphysis.

THERMUTIS VELUTINA Th. Fr.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Plant with apothecia. d. Portion of thallus.
e. Vertical section of apothecium. f. Ascus and paraphyses. g. Vertical
section of spermogone. h. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLate 10

a
H } yi .
eit } } } / L
5 VaNaye i sf accede Lj
~ arihirl tA
ae kak See

<j .
«1% 445
~ a q

‘ ~~

feud Pet tA “ e
WarrLArs. We

POLYCHIDIUM MUSCICOLUM S&S. F. Gray.
c. Transverse section of thallus.

f. Spores.

a. Plant among mosses. 0, Portion of plant.
d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis.

PEATE 11

d r

yl Gi
Ci

LEPTOGIDIUM DENDRISCUM Nyl.

a. Plant on moss. 06. Portion of plant. c. Branching filament. d. Thallus in vertical
section. ¢. Thallus in transverse section.

PLaTe 12

PLACYNTHIUM NIGRUM S. F. Gray.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Section of thellus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

PLate 13

SCHIZOMA LICHENODEUM Nyl.

a. Plant-on the ground. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of lobe and of spermogone.
d, Section of thallus. e. Spermatia.

- * 5

AS x 150 hip

SPILONEMA PARADOXUM Born.

a. Plant on rock, 6. Portion of plant. c. Portion of alga. d. Portion of thallus.
e. Vertical section of apothecium. Jf. Ascus and paraphyses. g. Section
of spermogone. h. Sterigmata and spermatia,

PLATE 15

EPHEBE LANATA Wain.
a. Piant on rock, 6 andc. Portion of plant. d. Portion of thallus. ¢. Vertical

section of apothecium. f. Ascus with spores.

g. Vertical section of

spermogone. h. Sterigmata and spermatia.

ttre

PLATE 16

EPHEBEIA HISPIDULA Nyl.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Thallus in vertical section. d. Fertile
thallus. e. Vertical section of apothecium. /f. Ascus and paraphysis.
g. Vertical section of spermogone. h. Sterigmata and spermatia,

PLATE 17

ae Je v4
€. mem Re Tir ar ad Ay Oy
#2 tt} 10) ANG OIG TERE A

EUOPSIS PULVINATA Wain.

a. Plant on rock. 0b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /f. Sterigmata and spermatia,

“
’

Plate 18

PYRENOPSIS PHYLLISCELLA Ny).

a. Plant on boulder.

d, Vertical

e. Asci

c. Section of thallus.

b. Portion of plant.

with spores and paraphyses.

section of thallus, with apothecium and spermogone.

“a
- 2g
} «

} 3%)

ead fT; tal 4°

2
a)

PLaTe 19

SYNALISSA RAMULOSA Fr.
a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical section of
branch with apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. f. Spores. g. Vertical
section of spermogone. h. Sterigmata and spermatia

PLate 20

PSOROTICHIA SCHAERERI Arn.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus, apothecium
and spermogone. d. Section of thallus. e. Ascus and paraphysis.
f. Spore. g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLATE 21

ae

‘

ip ‘a
iy, ph to bi
1. fe | Sy Whee

ii Nie

AN yy MB

} %
ce
’

= as
Va29s srs

/
Ng Yee oa
hi

ad

Vat |
Se
»

a
\

“2

LICHINA PYGMAEA Ag.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Section of fertile
branch with apothecium and spermogone. e. Ascus with spores and
paraphysis. f. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLaTe 22

/|
et! =x 1500

PTERYGIUM LISMORENSE Cromb,

a. Plant on rock. 6, Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. e. Ascus. f. Spores.

PLate 23

aX Pt

"ale

“

AES

x 1500 f ;

PHYSMA POLYANTHES Am.

a. Whole plant. 0. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Section of thallus
with apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /f. Ascospores.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

, | hihi. :

PLaTe 24

‘./ >>
Say

fis. ? at nN
2 a
* . ‘ f
So
ae | it
L ae
. Y
.

COLLEMA GRANULIFERUM Nyl.

a. Whole plant. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical section of
apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. jf. Ascospores.

PLATE 25

x 400

x 500

SYNECHOBLASTUS NIGRESCENS Anzi.

a, Plant. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d.. Vertical section
of thallus and apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. jf. Ascospores.

u y
« . an 7
a . ‘
vi
‘
1 -
-
i .
‘
t '
1 ,
/
.
.

PLATE 26

LEMMOPSIS ARNOLDIANA A. Zahlbr.

a, Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus, apothecium and spermogone. e. Ascus
and paraphysis. jf. Ascospores.

Pirate 27

LEPTOGIUM SINUATUM VAR. SCOTINUM Koerb.

a. Plant among moss. 5b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecia. ¢. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Ascospores.

ae
Me
*
*
2
>
£ |
=
‘
~~
: =
’
qa
>.
J
“¢

PLATE 28

rr GE hace r A i
)N ces HH WAY games §
' | ‘ .
. Sey Mer Me lene 4 i gery I
yes i. ears Ty yh Poy > VS fad |
~ tipi)

pee wet Sr

x 500

PARMELIELLA PLUMBEA Wain.

a. Plant. b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. ff. Ascospores.

Plate 29

g x 1000 \ = ins
i » f f <x
Sf X 1000 }
<< ) ’
e _ =<
— ae ——=. ae
x 500
« 500
PANNARIA RUBIGINOSA Del.
a. Plant.

b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium.

e. Ascus and paraphyses. /f. Ascospores.
g. Sterigma and spermatia.

PLate 30

eee SS Ena |

ends ee
OE is ee

Bs al
<I ae sate Re be TI
eee VRE Ma is er a

x 575 x 420

MASSALONGIA CARNOSA Koerb.

@ Plant among moss. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. jf. Ascospore.

7 pe ee Cleon! af
‘ 7 te
, \
z ' \
- .
‘ .
*
i
'
‘
.
1
*

Plates

x 1150

PSOROMA HYPNORUM S. F. Gray.

a. Plant. b. Portion of plant. ¢. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium. e, Ascus and paraphysis. /f. Ascospore,

PLate 82

PELTIGERA CANINA Willd.

a. Portion of plant. b. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of
apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores.

Plate 83

ae Seed X
eee ‘ : a \ e V4
wee (OURAN
me Se. wien

x 30 | /

iI f fa {
\ He a ad =;
é Pe /
~—atl / y } |
‘ ff, y —4 IY
| 7 . } - LA |
“1G “7 TI
d | \ Sr | =F
- j Ji
! ‘ ii T~ 1
~ Se ~y = ,
— << a =
x 1000 @@ae*.e
a Ate
) 2 7 HU wf
=~ 2&4 G°*
| as eee f ae
OG nen

NEPHROMIUM LUSITANICUM Nyl.

a. Portion of plant. b. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of

apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores.

Plate 34

ae ee
Oe ee a 2a %,
» “ea, e.e6°.
@e7 < 3
@ @.
& >
r re
@
oe
“© «@, a
eo
2e
rd

| y, \ < *~ i
9 x 500 » FS

SOLORINA CROCEA Ach.

b. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of
apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphyses. e. Ascospores,

a. Portion of plant.

7 + aa
5 i
, '
,
\ : ; .
i
;
7
‘
‘ . *?
7
;
;
:
;
'
.
i
;
=
.
- ‘
° =
= red
a) - a, id

PLate 35

{ : /, BD
Im MO
. pra ” .

dy

—_ Vv
y yn

- ’ /
welt ie y |
ee NL Wa ree AE
Mme (ara
oF WMEPY PY
. \

SV

Re ah Ny Re ea ct DY Mana
y as \ yatta ; a) 4 Et NG

} | { / x 1000
a

x 500

STICTA FULIGINOSA Ach.
a, Plant. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of
apothecium and thallus. e. Ascus and paraphyses. f. Spores.

Prate 36

a fo
DOG
00, o ahs

LOBARIA PULMONARIA Hoftm.

a. Part of plant. 0. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of apothecium.
d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Ascospores. f. Vertical section of
spermogone. g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

a . mt a

x 600

CANDELARIA CONCOLOR Wain.

a. Plant. b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium and thallus. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /f. Spores.

f

PLaTeE 38

PARMELIA CAPERATA Ach.

a. Plant. 6. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of apothecium and thallus,
d, Ascus and paraphysis. e: Spores. f. Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLATE 89

ery os , : ae Z

, =

- +f 2 j ey +
iv Sede poh hy
AN, ASB Does ey ab ye
+ give CoS POs
Fh ot SS.

\ |

\\ “a } \

\ | Se / } Me
d x 1000 400 ee

CETRARIA GLAUCA Ach,

a. Plant. 0. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of apothecium,
d, Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores. f. Spermogone.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia,

PLATE 40

x1000 d

EVERNIA PRUNASTRI Ach.

a. Plant. b. Section of thallus. c. Vertical section of apothecium.
d, Ascus and paraphyses. e. Spores.

PLaTe 41

qn
sha
Aa

: 4
=e ser Stive i ie thes Pre.

teas, .*

A se c «x 30

| | hse ee
| \ | Wy a 400 , : , , ¥f, : °
\ 7
x 1000 ’ ¥ 1500 a ee

RAMALINA FRAXINEA Ach.

a. Portion of plant. 6. Transverse section of thallus. c. Vertical section of
apothecium and thallus. d, Ascus and paraphysis.
e. Spores. f, Sterigmata and spermatia.

PLATE 42

Age
bag ee

p44)

é °

r~

/

|
2

te ate
vA TA

USNEA FLORIDA Web.

a. Plant on branch. b. Transverse section of thallus.

c. Vertical section of thallus.

f. Spores.

e. Ascus and paraphysis.

d, Vertical section of apothecium.

PLaTe 43

ae =:

bee ae roe ihe!
yes

ate

iy

age

ey
LAN
th
i

a

=

ay

\\

d

Ii
inet
x 1500 —~

/

\ } |

|
y |

{ }
/ \ }
er N
' }
} /
/ j
| /

f
/
/

|

f |
lc

|

|

x 1000

ALECTORIA JUBATA Ach.

b. Portion of plant.
section of apothecium.

d. Vertical

c. Transverse section of thallus.
e. Ascus and paraphysis.

a. Plant.

f. Spores.

~

Ss
Sm
Se ah See
Nig WANN eon 23

SPN
hy BS

Bs
eS

“

a
*lihte*
‘

CERANIA VERMICULARIS S. F. Gray.

d. Vertical section of spermogone.

. Plant on ground. 6. Transverse section of thallus. c. Vertical section of thallus.

e. Sterigmata, jf. Spermatia.

”

PLate 45

yg
sae 4
,_— a> ‘
TASTE pF es “Boe »
tS
2 Tas ty ¥ a
> “AG mee

Myra
y} Wi) hil

wt
Ra / ee
“A “eaten te TTY =)
AW ATLA | Mian win j 7G ipes
CC

s
S :

TELOSCHISTES FLAVICANS Norm.

a. Plant. 6. Portion of plant. c. Longitudinal section of frond. d. Transverse
e. Vertical section of apothecium. f. Ascus

g. Spore.

section of frond.
and paraphyses.

PLate 46

O00 06

}

00000000
00000

J

0090000 0
j a 0 oss

“i\—
Py
Sd i
<>
\ He =
OO Ee )
0 cf POV Y OC 4
WOO OVO YN GO00T VOC

x 800

x 700 <s
XANTHORIA PARIETINA Th. Fr.
a. Portion of plant. 6. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of apothecium.
d. Ascus snd paraphyses. e. Spores. f. Vertical section of spermogone.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

Plate 47

PLACODIUM MURORUM DC.

a. Plant on stone. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

PLaTe 48

CANDELARIELLA VITELLINA Miill.—Arg.

a Plant on bark. b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
‘section of apothecium ee. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

4,

Piate 49

x 750

PHYSCIA STELLARIS Nyl. var. AIPOLIA Nyl.

a. Plant on bark. 0. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

PLaTe 50

RINODINA ROBORIS Arn.

a. Plant on bark. 06. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

PLate 51

Aas 4
‘ ate. ae
a St eG Sh

a,

x 1000

LECANORA VARIA Ach.

a. Plant on paling. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium, e. Ascus and paraphysis. J. Spores.

PLaTe 52

x 500

ACAROSPORA SQUAMULOSA Th. Fr.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of squamule. d. Vertical
section of squamule and apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

PLATE 53

LECANIA SYRINGEA Th. Fr.

a, Piant on bark. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores,

f |
:
| oh |
a e
/
ita
1
Li
| iN H

x 1150

Pate 54

ee 7 6: 2HO@
¥9 oes ex &
OY) Fag" 0,., ter )
09 DOG
One Sees ae

; da (i) 4s
wi OWT) ‘St
oa 20 , OS®

the Jo dh & } .f »-
At “3 aoe

+ Ces
Ds
\ ~~
<"E
Sz >
G
cy

i Oe 8AV
OA’
Ne

ICMADOPHILA ERICETORUM A, Zablbr.

a. Plant on soil.

b. Portion of plant.
section of thallus and apothecium.

c. Vertical section of thallus.
e. Ascus and paraphyses. f. Spores.

d. Vertical

aad

Prate 55

x 800

HASMATOMMA COCCINEUM Koerb.

a. Plant on rock. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus, d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. e¢. Ascus and paraphyses. f. Spores,

PERTUSARIA PERTUSA Dalla Torre and Sarnth.

a, Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses. f. Spore.

Plate 57

x 350 ae x 500

VARICELLARIA MICROSTIOCTA Ny).

a. Plant on mossy soil. 6. Portion of plant. c. Vertieal section of thallus.
d. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. v. Ascus
with spore and paraphyses.

‘ PLate 58

==> aa . CD wa ear ona geo
: SN

———
‘ >

/ fae d x 50
| (P42
| felted
io = _
| GS \\2 !\
| /S\ea\9 <
(\6 te “
} Nay =
| id x OD)
If ~ uF)
| Bate | Ke
| \8 aN — af
a} oy,
\y \ De 600

\ x 450 x 480

THELOTREMA LEPADINUM Acb.

a. Plant on bark. 0. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical

section of thallus and apothecium. ¢. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spore

vv

Pirate 59

x 350

PHLYOTIS AGELAA Koerb.

a. Plant on bark. 6b. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /f. Spore.

uy

Plate 60

DIPLOSCHISTES SCRUPOSUS Norm.

6. Portion of plant.

section of thallus and apotbecium.

d. Vertical

J. Spores.

c. Vertical section of thallus.
e. Ascus and paraphysis.

a. Plant on stone.

Plate 61

~

x 1200

BE x 35

CROCYNIA Massal.

A—C. lanuginosa Hue. a. Plant on moss. b. Vertical section of sterile thallus.

B—C. gossyyina Ny). (subtropical). a. Plant on moss. b. Vertical section of thallus.
ce. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. d. Asci. e. Spores.

PLate 62

+. era 7 e@abece®
Fr ally abe" Wie ates,” 15 Os” Oot GAPE LS ekg
oe tice to Tae os

\ /

\
/

\\\

\\ \/ /
\\\ J
\\\ x 800
\\ / F

e
GYROPHORA PROBOSCIDEA Ach,
a, Plant from rock. 6. Portion of plant and apothecia, c. Vertical section of thallus.

d, Vertical section of thallus, apothecium and spermogone. e. Ascus and
paraphyses. f. Spores. g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

Plate 63

UMBILICARIA PUSTULATA Hoffm.

a. Plant from rock, b. Vertical section of thallus. c. Vertical section of thallus
aud apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphyses. ¢. Spore.
f. Sterigmata and spermatia.

“~

Plate 64

Oe,
A,
se 7 ‘

LT} ry

/ *: fee

oF ae /

, ty = j

an

\ > it Sed g

|= = /x 300

i ;

|

| | d
—_ =

BAXOMYCES ROSEUS Pers,

a. Plant on soil. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus, d. Section of
apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

Pirate 65

\
x 500 0
i) e
GOMPHILLUS CALYCIOIDES Ny).

a. Plant on moss, 06. Portion of plant. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphyses, /. Spore.
g. Sterigmata and spermatia.

Plate 66

S f c x 400
e
Ber r-
wr \ | 3 |
J me = |
eo aay
d \a] i
400 x 1000

é
PILOPHORUS CEREOLUS Stizenb.

a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant. c. Section of thallus. d. Vertical section
of apothecium. ¢, Ascus and paraphysis. jf. Spores.

PLaTE 67

x 800

STEREOCAULON CORALLOIDES Fr.

a. Frond of plant. 6. Portion of plant. c. Section of outer portion of upright
thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus
and paraphysis. jf. Spores.

7 i by nae
; af ifs - LY
vo 2 "
. )

PLate 68

~ >) x 1800

CLADONIA COCCIFERA Willd.

a. Plant with squamules and scyphi. 6. Apex of scyphus. c. Vertical section of
thallus, d. Vertical section of apothecium. e. Ascus and
paraphyses. f. Spores.

PLate 69

DIRINA REPANDA Nyl.
c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical
section of thallus and apothecium. ¢. Ascus and paraphysis. f. Spores.

a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of plant.

Plate 70

—f vm vA _ oe

LS ed PO]
we SEAS,
IL

x 500

ROCCELLA FUCIFORMIS DC.

a. Plant from rock. 6. Portion of plant with apothecia. c. Transverse
section of frond. d. Vertical section of apothecium.
e. Ascus and paraphysis. jf. Spore.

Plate 71

%

>>

“_ %
~

e2? >

7 ©
ae Ht e@ |

PYRENIDIUM ACTINELLUM Nyl.

a. Plants on rock. b. Plant group. c. Portion of plant. d. Surface of frond.
e. Transverse section of frond. f. Vertical section of perithecia.
g. Ascus. h. Spores. (f. g. h. after Crombie.)

f ye het a"
igh tae

ike kie es cee

4 <, te ~* “ "— ~_—
: A , eh «> —_ J ~
i zs . b. ss 5 a
: 4, ie <
+ = “vs
4 . 7 ‘
, iy

\

€ Wrevew 2OAW ener.

~

Author pene 4
\ {

Title -......:

iy ve. 4 Gao ~ Or... ORS “AA

University of Toronto
Library

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