; LIBRA** ' /•* J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA, 1896-1899 J. B. HATCHER IN CHARGE EDITED BV WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAEONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY VOLUME III, 2 ZOOLOGY PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE & DR. SPROESSER) 1905-11 Q lib P95" v.3 J. PIERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND REPORTS OF THE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY EXPEDITIONS TO PATAGONIA 1896-1899 VOLUME III, 2 ZOOLOGY IV. CATALOGUE OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF TROPICAL AND SOUTH TEMPERATE AMERICA By CARL H. EIGENMANN INDIANA UNIVERSITY V. NON- MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA BY H. A. PILSBRY ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA VI. CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA BY A. E. ORTMANN CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH VII. HlRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA BY J. PERCY MOORE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRINCETON, N. J. THE UNIVERSITY STUTTGART SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (E. NAGELE & DR. SPROESSER) 1905-11 LANCASTER PA PART IV. CATALOGUE OF THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF TROPICAL AND SOUTH TEMPERATE AMERICA. BY C. H. EIGENMANN, INDIANA UNIVERSITY. IN the following list are enumerated the orders, families, genera and species of fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the West Indies, South America, and Middle America south of a line joining the Rio Panuco on the east and the Rio Presidio near Mazatlan on the west. The list attempts to be complete to June, 1909.* Under each genus will be found the synonyms and the type of the genus, and the total range of its species. The range will be the sum of the distributions of the species enumerated, except in cases of genera having extralimital species. Under each species are given its synonyms and the geographical dis- tribution. Opposite each species, except in the case of the Characins and species dealt with in the Patagonian section of this work, will be given a refer- ence which will connect this work with the literature on the species. A catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America was published by Eigenmann and Eigenmann in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 1891, and a catalogue of the Middle American species in the same serial for 1892. Free use has been made of these catalogues. The task of bringing the work down to date has been greatly lessened by the following works of recent years : Jordan & Evermann, Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 47, Washington, 1896-1898. * The entire MS. was completed to 1906. Delay in publication has enabled me to bring the catalogue down to June, 1909. In consequence of bringing the catalogue down to 1909 some discrepancies between the preceding and following lists of species will be found. An especially large number of additions are made to the Characins and the fauna of Guiana. 375 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Pellegrin, Jacques, Contribution a 1'fetude anatomique et taxonomique des Poissons de la Famille des Cichlides. Paris, 1904. Meek, Seth E., The Fresh-water Fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian Museum Publications, No. 93, Chi- cago, 1904. Regan, C. Tate, A Monograph of the Fishes of the Family Loricarndae. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XVII, Oct., 1904, various revisions published in 1905, and "Pisces" in the Biologia Central i Americana, 1906-1908. Eigenmann, C. H., & Ward, David P., The Gymnotidae, Wash. Acad. Sci., VII, pp. 159-188, June, 1905. Eigenmann, C. H., The American Characidae, in MS. These papers, exclusive of the MS. monograph on the Characidae, are referred to under the name of the author and the page. Other papers are quoted by the author, year of publication and the -page. The full titles may readily be found in the bibliography at the end of the Catalogue. All fishes recorded from fresh water are enumerated. In tropical America many marine species enter fresh water. Some of these do not go far beyond the mouths of rivers, others ascend streams several thou- sand miles. Perhaps some of the marine species enumerated should have been excluded, probably others should have been added. The author will be very glad to be informed of any omissions or errors of any sort. In order to emphasize the Pacific slope fauna the species from this area are in heavy type. To readily distinguish the Amazonian species, these are preceded by an A. Class I. MARSIPOBRANCHII. Order HYPEROARTII. Family PETROMYZONID^E. LAMPETRA Gray. i. Geotria chilensis (Gray). -r a • ,-r T • Macr ophthalmia chilensis Plate. Type: Petromyzon flumattlis Linnaeus. Range : Brooks of America and Europe. Habitat : Streams of Chlh and Ar&en- i. Lampetra spadicea Bean, . . . .Meek, 2. Habitat: Rio Lerma Basin. EXOMEGAS Gill. GEOTRIA Gray. Type : Petromyzon macrostomus Bur- Velasia Gray. meister. Type: Geotria australis Gray. Range: From Buenos Aires south. Range: Southern South America and i. Exome gas macrostomus (Burmeister). Australia. Habitat : La Plata River. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 377 Exomegas macrostomus (Smitt). Habitat : Rio Gallegos. gallegensis CARAGOLA Gray. Mordacia Gray. Type: Caragola lapicida Gray. Range : Southern South America and Australia. Caragola mordax (Richardson). Caragola lapicida Gray ; Petromyzon anwandteri Philippi ; Petromyzon acutidens Philippi. Habitat: Chili and Tasmania. Class II. PISCES. Subclass SELACHII. Order ASTEROSPONDYLI. Suborder GALEI. Family GALEID^. CARCHARHINUS Blainville. Eulamia, Platypodon, Isogomphodon and Lamiopsis Gill. Type : Carcharhinus commersoni Blain- ville = Carcharias lamia Rafinesque. Range : All warm seas. I. Carcharhinus nicaraguensis Gill & Brans- ford, J. & E., 39. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua and its outlet. MUSTELUS Cuvier. Type : Squalus mustelus Linnaeus. Range : Warm and temperate seas. I. Mustelus canis (Mitchill), . .J. & E., 29. Habitat: La Plata. Order BATOIDEI. Suborder SARCURA. Family RAJA Linnaeus. Dipturus and Platopterus Rafinesque; Dasybatus Blainville ; Propterygia Otto ; L&viraja and Baits Bonaparte ; Uraptera Miiller & Henle; Mala- corhinus Garman. the Type: Raja batis Linnaeus. Range : Temperate seas, a few of species entering rivers. Raja microps Giinther, Shore Fishes, 12. Habitat: La Plata. Raja platana Giinther, Shore Fishes, II. Habitat: La Plata. Family NARCOBATID^E. NARCINE Henle. Range : Warm seas ; a single American Cyclonarce and Gionionarce Gill. species ; enters rivers. Type: Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers. I. Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers), J. & E., 78. 378 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Narcine corallina Carman; Narcine umbrosa Jordan ; Torpedo bancrojti Griffith; Narcine nigra Dumeril; Torpedo pictus Gronow. Habitat: Pensacola and Key West to Brazil, entering rivers. Suborder MASTICURA. Family MYLIOBATID^. MYLIOBATIS Dumeril. Holorhinus Gill. Type: Raja aquila Linnaeus. Range : Warm seas. I. Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus), Giinther, VIII, 489 Habitat: All warm seas; La Plata. Family DASYATID^. PARATRYGON Dumeril. Disceus Garman. Type: Trygon aiereba Cuvier. Range that of the single species, A I. Paratrygon strongylopterus (Schom- burgk), Gunther, VIII, 476. Trygon aiereba Dumeril; Trygon or- bicularis Gunther. Habitat: British Guiana; Amazons. POTAMOTRYGON Garman. Type : Pastinaca humboldtii Roulin. Range : Fresh waters of South America. I. Potamotrygon brachyurus (Gunther), Gunther 1880, 8. Habitat: La Plata. Aa. Potamotrygon humboldtii (Roulin). Trygon hystrix Miiller & Henle. f Trygon garrapa Schomburgk. Habitat: Rivers from the La Plata to the Orinoco; Paraguay, Rio Branco; Orinoco at Apure. 3. Potamotrygon d'orbignyi (Castelnau), Gunther, VIII, 484. Habitat: Orinoco. 1 Carman considers d'orbignyi and magdalena syn- onymous with humboldtii. A4. Potamotrygon reticulatus Gunther, as hystrix Gunther, VIII, 482. Habitat: Surinam; Santarem. 5. Potamotrygon magdalence1 (Steindach- ner), Steindachner, 1878, 56. Habitat : Rio Magdalena. A6. Potamotrygon motor o (Miiller & Henle), Gunther, VIII, 484. Trygon henlei Castelnau ; Trygon gar- rapa Schomburgk; Tccniura miilleri and henlei Castelnau. Habitat: Rio Cuyaba; Rio Branco. A 7. Potamotrygon dumerilii (Castelnau), Gunther, VIII, 484. Habitat: Araguay; Tocantins; Rio Crixas; Paraguay. ELLIPESURUS Schomburgk. Type: Ellipesurus spinicauda Schom- burgk. Range that of the single species. Ai. Ellipesurus spinicauda Schomburgk, Gunther, VIII, 472. Habitat: Rio Jurua; Rio Branco. EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 379 Subclass DIPNOI. Order DIPNEUMONA. Family LEPIDOSIRENID^E. LEPIDOSIREN Fitzinger. Al' Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, Giinther, III, 322. Amphibichthys Hogg. Lepidosiren assimilis Castelnau; Left- Type : Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger. dosiren articulata Ehlers. Range that of the single species. Habitat : Amazons to Paraguay. Subclass TELEOSTOMI. Order RHOMBOGANOIDEA. Family LEPISOSTEID^. LEPISOSTEUS Lacepede.1 Lepidosteus berlandi Girard; Atractos- Cylindrosteus, Atractosteus, Sarchirus teus lucius DumSril; Lepidosteus Rafinesque ; Lepidosteus Agassiz. viridis Giinther. Type : Lepisosteus gavialis Lacepede. Habitat : Cuba and Mexico from Tarn- Range: Panama and northward to Pico north. Cuba and the Atlantic slope of 2. Lepisosteus tropicus (Gill), Meek, 7. North America. Habitat : Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Rio I. Lepisosteus tristccchus (Bloch & Schnei- Usumacinta to Panama; Huamuchal. der) , Meek, 6. Superorder OSTARIOPHYSI. Order NEMATOGNATHI. Family ASPREDINIDyE. Subfamily BUNOCEPHALIISME. BUNOCEPHALICHTHYS Bleeker. Range: Amazons to Guiana. Type: Bunocephalus hypsiurus Kner. Al- Agmus scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eig- Range that of the single species. enmann). A i. Bunocephalichthys hypsiurus (Kner), Habitat: Jutahy. E. & E. 14. 2- Agmus lyriformis Eigenmann MS. Habitat : Rio Branco. Habitat : British Guiana. AGMUS Eigenmann MS. BUNOCEPHALUS Kner. Type : Bunocephalus scabriceps E. & E. Type : Platystacus verrucosus Bloch. 'Lepisosttusosseus. a north temperate species, reaches RanSC : Amazons ; Paraguay; Rio Tampico just within the tropics. Grande do 38o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: 'ZOOLOGY. I. Bunocephalus amaurus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: British Guiana. Aa. Bunocephalus verrucosus (Bloch), E. & E., 1 6. Habitat: Amazon, below the Madeira. 3. Bunocephalus dorice Boulenger, Boulenger, 1902. Habitat : Paraguay. 4. Bunocephalus ihcringii Boulenger, Boulenger, 1891, 235. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul and Paraguay. 5. Bunocephalus rugosus Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903, 498. Habitat : Paraguay. A6. Bunocephalus gronovii Bleeker, E. & E., 17. Habitat: Mouth of Rio Negro and De- marara. A7. Bunocephalus bicolor Steindachner, E. & E., 17. Habitat: Amazon and its tributaries from Cudajas to Huallaga. Subfamily PLATYSTACUS Bloch. Type : Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch ; Cotylephorus Swainson. Range: Surinam. A I. Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch, E. & E., 21. Silurus hexadactylus Lacepede; As- predo sexcirrhis Cuvier & Valencien- nes; Aspredo spectrum Gronow. Habitat : Surinam and Rio Para. 2. Platystacus nematophorus Bleeker, E. & E., 2*3. Habitat: Surinam. ASPREDO Bleeker. Type: Aspredo batrachus (Linnaeus). Range : Guiana to the Araguay. 'Vaillant has suggested that batrachus may be identical with sicuephorus, in which case the next species should go by the name of batrachus. A8. Bunocephalus melas Cope, E. & E., 1 8. Habitat : Peruvian Amazon. Ag. Bunocephalus knerii Steindachner, E. & E., 19. Habitat : Amazons and tributaries from Cudajas to the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. AID. Bunocephalus aleuropsis Cope, E. & E., 19. Habitat : Pebas, Ecuador. II. Bunocephalus chamaizelus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: British Guiana. DYSICHTHYS Cope. Type : Dysichthys coracoideus Cope. Range: Nauta; Paraguay. Ai. Dysichthys coracoideus Cope, E. & E., 20. Habitat : Nauta. 2. Dysichthys australis Eigenmann & Ward, E. & W., 1907, 1 13. Habitat : Paraguay. A i. Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus), E. & E., 23. Platystacus Iccvis Bloch; Aspredo ba- trachus (Linnaeus).1 Habitat: Guiana; Rio Para and Arary. 2. Aspredo sicuephorus Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, E. & E., 24. Habitat: French and British Guiana. CHAMAIGENES Eigenmann. Type: Aspredo filamentosus C. & V. Range that of the single species. I . Chamaigenes filamentosus ( Cuvier & Val- enciennes), E. & E., 24. Habitat : Guianas. ASPREDINICHTHYS Bleeker. Type: Aspredo tibicen Temmink. Range that of the single species EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 381 Ai. Aspredinichthys tibicen (Temmink), E. & E., 24. Habitat: Guiana; Curuca, Rio Muria. Family DIPLOMYSTID^. DIPLOMYSTE Dumeril. Type: Arius pappilosus Cuvier & Val- enciennes. Range that of the single species, i. Diplomyste pappilosus (Cuvier & Val- enciennes), E. & E., 26. Arius carcharias, villosus, squalus, mi- cropterus and synodon Philippi. Habitat : Chili and Rio Negro of Pata- gonia. Family SILURID^. Subfamily Ai PARADIPLOMYSTES Bleeker. Type : Pimelodus coruscans Lichten- stein. Range that of the single species. Paradiplomystes coruscans ( Lichten- stein) , E. & E., 30. Habitat: Brazil. GENIDENS Castelnau. Type : Genidens cuvieri Castelnau. Range that of the single species. Genidens genidens (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) , E. & E., 38. Genidens cuvieri and granulosus Castel- nau. ? Rhamdia laukidi Bleeker. Habitat: Rio de La Plata; Araguay. FELICHTHYS Swainson. Bremceps Swainson; Ailurichthys Baird & Girard ; Mystus Gronow. Type : Silurus bagre Linnaeus. Range : Tropical seas of America. Probably several species will be found entering streams. F. bagre and marinus are found in the market at Georgetown. 1 Many species of the Ariinae in addition to those enumerated are found at the mouths of rivers and un- doubtedly enter fresh water at times. I. Felichthys filamentosus Swainson, J. &E., 118. Galeichthys blochii Cuvier & Valen- ciennes; Silurus bagre Bloch non Linnaeus. Habitat: Atlantic side of tropical American seas; Lake Nicaragua. GALEICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes.1 Type: Galeichthys feliceps Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range : Pacific and temperate seas. i. Galeichthys aguadulce Meek, .Meek, 9. Habitat: Rio Papaloapam Basin. NETUMA Bleeker. Type: Arius nasutus Cuvier & Valen- ciennes. Range : Tropical seas, entering rivers. 1. Netuma upsulonophorus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann), E. & E., 73. Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul. 2. Netuma barbus (Lacepede), E. & E., 76. Pimelodus commersoni Lacepede; Ba- grus barbatus Quoy & Gaimard ; Pimelodus versicola Castelnau. 1 Galeichthys guatemalensis Giinther has been re- ported from Rio Lara, Darien. 382 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Habitat: La Plata and northward, en- tering rivers. AaiUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type : Pimeladus arius Buchanan. Range: Tropical seas, entering rivers. 1. Arius agassizi (Eigenmann & Eigen- mann), E. & E., 86. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 2. Arius multiradiatus Gunther, E. & £.,92. Habitat: Rios Bayano and Cianati, Panama. HEXANEMATICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Bagrus sundaicus Cuvier & Val- enciennes. Range : Tropical seas, a few of the spe- cies entering rivers. 1. Hexanematichthys assimilis (Gunther), E. &. E., 81. Habitat: Atlantic coast of Central America; Lake Yzabel, Guatemala; Rio Magdalena. 2. Hexanematichthys grandoculis (Stein- dachner), E. & E., 85. Habitat: Rio Doce. SCIADEICHTHYS Bleeker. ' Type: Bagrus emphysetus Miiller & Troschel. Range : Tropical seas, a few of the species entering rivers. Ai. Sciadeichthys albicans (Cuvier & Val- enciennes) , E. & E., 59. Habitat: Amazon and northward. Subfamily ICTALURIN^E. ICTALURUS Rafinesque.1 Range : Isthmus of Tehuantepec north- east throughout the Atlantic slope. I. Ictalurus meridionalis (Gunther), Meek, n. Habitat : Atlantic slope of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. AMEIURUS Rafinesque. Type: Pimelodus cupreus Rafinesque. Range: Lerma Basin and valley of Mexico northeast throughout the At- lantic slope of America. (HAUSTOR Jordan & Evermann.) (Type: Gadus lacustris Walbaum.) 1. Ameiurus australis Meek, . . . .Meek, 13. Habitat : Rio Panuco to Rio Blanco. 2. Ameiurus dugesi Bean, Meek, 15. Amiurus catus Pellegrin. Habitat : Lerma Basin. 3. Ameiurus mexicanus Meek, .Meek, 15. Habitat : Rio Panuco Basin. 4. Ameiurus pricei (Rutter), . . . .Meek, 16. Habitat: Mesquital Basin north in streams of the Sierra Madre. ISTLARIUS Jordan & Snyder. Type : Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder. Range that of its single species, i. Istlarius balsanus Jordan & Snyder, Meek, 17. Habitat : Balsas Basin, Mexico. Subfamily CALLOPHYSIN^E. CALLOPHYSUS Muller & Troschel. Type : Callophysus macropterus Muller 1 Iftalurus furcatus and punctatus of the Mississippi valley reach the Rio Panuco. & Troschel ; Pimelotropis Gill ; Pseu- docallophysus Bleeker. Range that of the single species. A i. Callophysus macropterus (Lichten- EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 383 stein), E. & E., 95. Pimelodus ctenodus Agassiz; Pimelo- dus insignis Schomburgk; Pimelo- Subfamily PIMELODINA Steindachner. Type: Pimelodina flampinnis Stein- dachner. Range : Lower Amazon. A i. Pimelodina flampinnis Steindachner, E. &E., 101. Habitat: Para. Aa. Pimelodina nasus Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, E. & E., 101. Habitat: Para. A3. Pimelodina gccldii Steindachner, St. igoSb. Habitat : Rio Purus. PINIRAMPUS Bleeker. Type : Pimelodus pirinampu Spix. Ai. Pinirampus pirinampu (Spix), E. & E., 104. ? Pimelodus barbancho Humboldt; Pinirampus typus Bleeker. Habitat : Paraguay ; Rio Tocantins to Venezuela. MEGALONEMA Eigenmann MS. Type: Megalonema platycephalum Ei- genmann. Range that of the single species. 1. Megalonema platycephalum Eigenmann. Habitat: Essequibo Basin. LUCIOPIMELODUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Perugia Eigenmann & Norris. Type : Pimelodus pati Valenciennes. Range : Rio de La Plata to Rio Branco. A I. Luciopimelodus pati (Valenciennes), E. & E., 106 Habitat: La Plata and Rio Branco. 2. Luciopimelodus platanus (Giinther), E. & E., 108. tropis lateralis Gill. Habitat : Amazons and northward. Habitat: La Plata; Paraguay. 3. Luciopimelodus agassisii Steindachner, E. & E., 183. Habitat : Amazons. ZUNGAROPSIS Steindachner. Type: Zungaropsis multimaculatus St. Range that of the single species. A i. Zungaropsis multimaculatus Steindach- ner, St. 19083. Habitat: Xingu. LOPHIOSILURUS Steindachner. Type : Lophiosilurus alexandri Stein- dachner. Range that of the single species, i. Lophiosilurus alexandri Steindachner, E. & E., no. Pseudopimelodus agassisii Steindach- ner. Habitat: Rio San Francisco. BATRACHOGLANIS Gill. Type : Pimelodus raninus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range : Rio de Janeiro to the Essequibo. i. Batrachoglanis parahybte Steindachner, E. & E., 1 10. Pseudopimelodus charus Steindachner, non Cuvier & Valenciennes. Habitat : Rio Parahyba to Rio Doce. Aa. Batrachoglanis raninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., III. Habitat: Rio Janeiro to Essequibo and Peru. 3. Batrachoglanis pulcher (Boulenger), E. & E., in. Habitat : Eastern Ecuador. 384 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. PSEUDOPIMELODUS Bleeker. Type: Pimelodus bufonius Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range : Rio de La Plata to Rio Magda- lena. A I. Pseudopimelodus bufotiius (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 112. Pimelodus charus Cuvier and Valen- ciennes. Habitat : Rio San Francisco to Magda- lena. 2. Pseudopimelodus cotioides Boulenger, Boulenger, 1891, 233. Habitat: Camaquam River; Paraguay River. A3. Pseudopimelodus acanthochira Eigen- mann & Eigenmann, . .E. & E., 114. Habitat : Amazons from Para to Taba- tinga. 4. Pseudopimelodus villosus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: British Guiana. 5. Pseudopimelodus albomarginatus Eigen- mann MS. Habitat : Potaro River, British Guiana. ZUNGARO Bleeker. Type: Pimelodus zungaro Humboldt. Range: La Plata and Upper Amazon. Al. Zungaro zungaro (Humboldt). Zungaro humboldtii Bleeker. Habitat: Maranon. 2. Zungaro mangurus (Valenciennes). Habitat: La Plata. BREVIGLANIS Eigenmann MS. Type : Breviglanis jrenata Eigenmann. Range: British Guiana. 1. Breviglanis jrenata Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Amatuk Cataract. 2. Breviglanis melas Eigenmann MS. Habitat: British Guiana. 3. Breviglanis phalacra Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Amatuk Cataract. LEPTOGLANIS Eigenmann MS. Type : Leptoglanis essequibensis Eigen- mann. Range that of the single species. I. Leptoglanis essequibensis Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Middle Essequibo River. MYOGLANIS Eigenmann MS. Type: Myoglanis potaroensis Eigen- mann. Range: Guiana and ? Uruguay. I. Myoglanis potaroensis Eigenmann MS. Habitat : Potaro River, British Guiana. A2. Myoglanis collettii (Steindachner),1 E. & E., 146. Habitat: Maldonado. CHASMOCEPHALUS Eigenmann MS. Type: Chasmocephalus longior Eigen- mann. Range : British Guiana. 1. Chasmocephalus longior Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Central British Guiana. 2. Chasmocephalus bre-vior Eigenmann MS. Habitat : Potaro River. % HEPTAPTERUS Bleeker. Type: Pimelodus mustelinus Valen- ciennes. Range : La Plata to Rio Grande do Sul. 1. Heptapterus mustelinus (Valenciennes), St., 1907, 486. Habitat: Santa Catharina and Rio Grande do Sul; Rio de La Plata. 2. Heptapterus eigenmanni Steindachner, E. & E., 144. H. mustelinus Eigenmann, non Valen- ciennes. Habitat :• Maldonado. 3. Heptapterus multiradiatus von Ihering, v. I., 1907, 20. Habitat: Alto da Serra, Sao Paulo. 1 1 am not sure of the generic position of this species. EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 385 ACENTRONICHTHYS Eigenmann & Eigen- mann. Type: Acentronichthys leptos Eigen- mann & Eigenmann. Range : Maldonado to Surinam. 1. Acentronichthys leptos Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 145. Habitat: Sao Matheos. 2. Acentronichthys surinamensis (Bleeker), E. & E., 146. Habitat : Surinam. IMPARFINIS Eigenmann & Norris. Type : Imparfinis piperattts Eigenmann & Norris. Rhamdio glanis v. Ihering. Range: South Eastern Brazil. 1. Imparfinis piper atus Eigenmann & Nor- ris, E. & N., 1900, 352. Habitat: Sao Paulo, Brazil. 2. Imparfinis frenatus (von Ihering), v. I., 1907, 16. Habitat: San Sebastiao. 3. Imparfinis transfasciatus (Ribeiro), R., 1908. Habitat: Rio Ribeira. NANNOGLANIS Boulenger. Type : N anno glanis jasciatus Boulen- ger. Range : Alto do Serra ; Ecuador. Ai. N anno glanis jasciatus Boulenger, E. & E., 147. Habitat: Ecuador. 2. N anno glanis bifasciatus Eigenmann & Norris, E. & N., 1900, 351. Habitat : Alto do Serra, southeastern Brazil. RHAMDIA Bleeker and RHAMDELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.1 Pteronotus Swainson ; Pimelonotus Gill ; Notoglanis Giinther. 1 The genera Rhamdia and Rhamdella (type eriarcha) are both valid, but since not all species have been ex- Type : Pimelodus quelen Quoy & Gai- mard. Range: La Plata to Mexico and west- ern Peru ; Para to Lake Titicaca. 1. Rhamdia velijer (Humboldt), E. & E., 117. Habitat : Magdalena river. 2. Rhamdia argentina (Humboldt), E. & E., 117. Habitat: Magdalena river, near Chil- loa. 3. f Rhamdia laukidi Bleeker. Habitat : Guiana. 4. Rhamdia grunniens (Humboldt), E. & E., 118. Habitat: Orinoco. 5. Rhamdia breviceps (Kner), E. & E., 121. Habitat: Marabitanos. 6. Rhamdia schomburgkii Bleeker, E. & E., 122. Habitat: Guiana; Brazil. A 7. Rhamdia bathyurus Cope, E. & E., 122. Habitat: Maranon. A8. Rhamdia obesa Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, E. & E., 122. Habitat: Teffe. Ag. Rhamdia sebcB (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), E. & E., 123. Pimelodus stegelichii and musculus Miiller & Troschel; Pimelodus holo- melas and mulleri Gunther. Habitat : Rio de Janeiro and Paraguay to Rio Magdalena and Tabatinga. Aio. Rhamdia seba kneri (Steindachner), E. & E., 126. Habitat: Upper Paraguay and north- ward. 1 1 . Rhamdia vilsoni Gill. Habitat : Trinidad. A 1 2. Rhamdia humilis (Gunther), E. & E., 126. Habitat: Maranon to Venezuela. amined in regard to their generic characters, they are here temporarily combined. 386 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. 13. Rhamdia cinerascens (Gunther), E. & E., 127. Habitat: Guayaquil; Esmeraldas; Rio Saule; Rio Peripa. A 14. Rhamdia pentlandi (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) E.&E., 127. Habitat: Peruvian Andes. A 1 5. Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard), E. & E., 127. Heterobranchus sextentaculaius Agas- siz; Pimelodus sellonis Miiller & Troschel; f Pimelodus bahianus Castelnau; Silurus sapipoca Nat- terer; Pimelodus ivuchereri Gun- ther; Pimelodus quelen cuprea Stein- dachner; Pimelodus cuyabce Stein- dachner. Habitat : Rio de La Plata to the Ama- zon and Guiana. A 1 6. Rhamdia parvani Boulenger, Boulenger, 1898, 7. Habitat: Rio Santiago; Rio Zamora and Rio Bamboiza. A 1 7. Rhamdia multiradiata (Kner), E. & E., 130. Pimelodus arckaima Schomburgk (part). Habitat: Amazons and tributaries and northward. 1 8. Rhamdia sapo (Valenciennes), E. & E., 130. Habitat: La Plata to Rio Grande do Sul. 19. Rhamdia hilarii (Cuvier and Valen- ciennes) E. & E., 131. Habitat: Rio San Francisco and its tributaries; Porto Alegre south to Rio de La Plata. 20. Rhamdia depressa Barbour & Cole, Regan, 1907-8, 131. Rhamdia boucardi Regan. Habitat: Yucatan. 21. Rhamdia wagneri (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 13. Pimelodus cinerascens Kner & Stein- dachner, non Gunther; Rhamdia bransfordi Gill. Habitat : Eastern and western slopes of Central America; Tabasco, Mexico. A22. Rhamdia longicauda (Boulenger), E. & E., 135- Habitat: Eastern Ecuador. A23- Rhamdia dorsalis (Gill), E. & E., 135. Habitat: Maranon. A24. Rhamdia poeyi Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, E. & E., 1 35. Habitat: Goyaz. A2S. Rhamdia tenella Eigenmann & Ei- genmann, E. & E., 136. Habitat: Cudajas. 26. Rhamdia brachypterus (Cope), Meek, 21. Habitat: Mountain streams of south- central Vera Cruz. 27. Rhamdia heter acanthus Regan, Regan, 1907-8, 134- Habitat : Costa Rica. 28. Rhamdia rogersi Regan, Regan, 1907-8, 136. Habitat: Costa Rica. 29. Rhamdia regani Meek, Meek, i9O7a, 144. Habitat: Costa Rica. (RHAMDELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann.1) (Type: Rhamdella eriarcha Eigen- mann & Eigenmann.) (Range: Rio Janeiro to Mexico; on both slopes of Central America and Mexico.) 30. Rhamdia foina (Miiller & Troschel), E. & E., 126. Habitat: Guiana. 31. Rhamdia microcephalus (Rheinhardt), E. & E., 138. Habitat: Rio das Velhas. A32. Rhamdia notata (Schomburgk), E. & E., 139. Habitat: Rio Branco. 1 1 am not sure of the genus of numbers 38-52. Some of these are probably Rhamdia. EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 387 33. Rhamdia eriarcha Eigenmann & Ei- genmann, E. & E., 139. Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul. 34. Rhamdia exudans (Jenyns), E. & E., 140. Habitat: f Rio de Janeiro. 35. Rhamdia ignobilis Steindachner, St. i9O7a, 484. Habitat : Rio Cubatao. 36. Rhamdia jenynsii (Giinther), E. & E., 140. Habitat: Rio de Janeiro to the Rio de La Plata. 37. Rhamdia gflli Starks, Starks, 1906, 767. Habitat: Rio Eten, Peru. 38. Rhamdia minuta (Liitken), E. & E., 142. Habitat: Rio de Janeiro; Macacos. 39. Rhamdia straminea Cope, 1893. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 40. Rhamdia parryi Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, Regan, 1907-8, 130. Habitat: Rio Zaneleneo near Tonala, Mexico. 41. Rhamdia petenensis (Giinther), Regan, 1907-8, 132. Habitat : Lake Peten and Chiapas, Mexico. 42. Rhamdia baronis miilleri (Troschel), Habitat : Pacific slope of Mexico. 43. Rhamdia guatemalensis (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 132. R. oaxacce Meek. Habitat : Huamuchal, Guatemala and Nicaragua. 44. Rhamdia salvini (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 135. Habitat : Rio San Geronimo, Guate- mala. 45. Rhamdia policaulus (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 136. Habitat : Rio San Geronimo, Guate- mala. 46. Rhamdia managuensis (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 133. Habitat: Lake Managua. 47. Rhamdia hypselurus (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 134. Habitat : Mexico. 48. Rhamdia motaguensis (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 130. Habitat : Rio Motagua. 49. Rhamdia laticauda (Heckel), Regan, 1907-8, 136. Habitat: Mexico. 50. Rhamdia nicaraguetisis (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 130. Habitat : Lake Nicaragua. 51. Rhamdia micro pterus (Gunther), Regan, 1907-8, 133. Habitat : Rio San Geronimo. 52. Rhamdia godmani (Gunther), Gunther, V, 124. f R. sacrificii Barbour & Cole. Habitat : Lower Vera Paz ; Mexico ; Rio Motagua. 53. Rhamdia sacrificii Barbour & Cole, B. & C, 1906, 156. Habitat: Yucatan. 54. Rhamdia barbata Meek, M., 1907, 106. Habitat : Managua and Rio San Fran- cisco, Nicaragua. 55. Rhamdia brachycephalus Regan, R., 1907-8, 135 Habitat: Guatemala. 56. Rhamdia underwoodi Regan, R., 1907-8, 135. Habitat : Costa Rica. TYPHLOBAGRUS Ribeiro. Type : Typhlobagrus kronei Ribeiro. Range that of the single species, i. Typhlobagrus kronei Ribeiro. Habitat : Caves of Santa Catharina. PHREATOBIUS Gceldi.1 Type: Phreaiobius cisternarum Gceldi. Range that of the single species. A i. Phrenatobius cisternarum Goeldi. 1 1 am not sure of the zoological position of this sub- terranean fish. 388 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Habitat: Subterranean waters of Marajo. PIMELODUS Lacepede. Pseudariodes Bleeker ; Pseudorhamdia Bleeker. Type : Silurus clarias Bloch. Range : Rio de La Plata to Panama. Ai. Pimelodus cyanostigma (Cope), E. & E., 164. Habitat: Pebas, Ecuador. 2. Pimelodus quadrimaculatus (Bloch), E. & E., 164. Habitat: America. A3. Pimelodus ornatus Kner, E. & E., 168. Habitat: Paraguay; Brazilian Ama- zons and northward. 4. Pimelodus albicans (Valenciennes), E. & E., 169. Habitat: Rio de La Plata to Matto G rosso. AS. Pimelodus pictus Steindachner, E. & E., 170. Habitat : Maranon to Hyaray. A6. Pimelodus clarias (Bloch), E. &E., 171. Pimelodus maculatus Lacepede; Pimelo- dus rigidus Spix; Pimelodus blochii Cuvier & Valenciennes; Pimelodtis arekaima Schomburgk; Mystus as- cita Gronow ; Pimelodus macronema Bleeker ; Pseudariodes pantherinus Liitken ; Pseudorhamdia piscatrix Cope; Piramutana macrospila Giin- ther. Habitat : Rio de La Plata to Panama. 7. Pimelodus valenciennis Kroyer, E. & E., 1 80. Pimelodus nigribarbis Boulenger. Habitat : Rio de La Plata to Paraguay and San Francisco. 8. Pimelodus grosskopfii Steindachner, E. & E., 1 80. Habitat : Magdalena Basin. Ap. Pimelodus altipinnis Steindachner, E. & E., 1 80. Habitat: Amazon and northward. Aio. Pimelodus fur (Reinhardt), E. & E., 182. Pimelodus maculatus Kner, non Valen- ciennes ; Pimelodus microstoma Steindachner. Habitat : Rio Paraguay ; Rio San Fran- cisco and Amazon. 1 1 . Pimelodus spegazzinii Perugia, Perugia, 1891, 32. Habitat: Rio Durango. 12. Pimelodus argenteus Perugia, Perugia, 1891, 31. Habitat : Rio de La Plata ; Rio Parana. GCELDIELLA Eigenmann & Norris. Type : Pimelodus eques Mtiller & Troschel. Range that of the single species. Ai. Gceldiella eques (Mtiller & Troschel), E. & E., 166. Habitat : Brazilian Amazons and north- ward. IHERINGICHTHYS Eigenmann & Norris. Type : Pimelodus labrosus Kroyer. Range : Rio de La Plata Basin. 1. Iheringichthys labrosus (Kroyer), E. & E., 1 80. Habitat: Rio de La Plata Basin. 2. Iheringichthys megalops Eigenmann & Ward, E. & W., 1907, 115. Habitat: Bahia Negra on the Para- guay. PIMELODELLA Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type : Pimelodus cristatus Miiller & Troschel. Range : La Plata to Panama and west- ern Ecuador. A I. Pimelodella cristata (Miiller & Tros- chel), E. & E., 150. Pimelodus agassizii Steindachner ; Pimelodus ophthalmicus Cope. Habitat: North of the Mucuri to Peru and Ecuador. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 389 As. Pimelodella wesselii (Steindachner), E. & E., 152. Habitat : Rio Puty to Cudajas and Es- sequibo. A3. Pimelodella gracilis (Valenciennes), E. & E., 153. Habitat: Rio de La Plata to the Ori- noco. 4. Pimelodella pectinifer Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 154. Habitat : Rio Parahyba. 5. Pimelodella modesta (Giinther), E. &E., 155. Habitat : Western Ecuador and eastern Panama. 6. Pimelodella elongata (Giinther), E. & E., 155. Habitat : Pacific slope of Ecuador. 7. Pimelodella grisea Regan, Regan, 1903. Habitat: Durango; Sapayo and Va- queria rivers, northwest Ecuador. A8. Pimelodella' lateristriga (Miiller & Troschel), E. & E., 156. Habitat: Atlantic slope, north of Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay. 9. Pimelodella hartii (Steindachner), E. & E., 158. Habitat : Rio Parahyba. AID. Pimelodella buckleyi (Boulenger), Boul., 1887, 275. Habitat : Canelos. 1 1. Pimelodella eigenmanni Boulenger, E. & E., 158. Pimelodella buckleyi Eigenmann & Eigenmann, non Boulenger. Habitat: Rio Parahyba and Macacos. 12. Pimelodella -vitiata (Kroyer), E. & E., 159. Habitat: Atlantic slope streams of Minas Geraes and Bahia. 13. Pimelodella tceniophora Regan, Regan, 1903, 625. Pimelodella lateristriga Boulenger, non Miiller & Troschel. Habitat: Paraguay River. 14. Pimelodella chagresi (Steindachner), E. & E., 160. Habitat: Rio Chagres and its tribu- taries. 15. Pimelodella brasiliensis (Steindachner), E. & E., 162. Habitat: Rio Parahyba. 1 6. Pimelodella mucosa Eigenmann & Ward, 1907* 1 14. Habitat: Paraguay. 17. Pimelodella yucensis Steindachner, Steind., 1902, 47. Habitat : Pacasmaya, north Peru. 1 8. Pimelodella meeki Eigenmann, Meek, 1905, 24. P. eigenmanni Meek, non Boulenger. Habitat : Sao Paulo. 19. Pimelodella me galops Eigenmann MS. Habitat : Central British Guiana. 20. Pimelodella macturkii Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Coastwise streams of British Guiana. BERGIARIA Eigenmann & Norris. Type : Pimelodus westermanni Rein- hardt. Bergiella> Eigenmann & Norris. (Preoc. ) Range : Rio San Francisco to La Plata. 1. Bergiaria westermanni (Reinhardt), E. & E., 1 80. Habitat : Rio das Velhas. 2. Bergiaria platana (Steindachner). Habitat: La Plata. CONORHYNCHOS Bleeker. Type : Pimelodus conirostris Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range: Porto Seguro and Rio San Francisco to Yucatan. I. Conorhynchos conirostris (Cuvier & Va- lenciennes) E. & E., 185. Habitat: Rio San Francisco Basin. A2. Conorhynchos glaber Steindachner, E. & E., 185. Habitat: Porto Seguro. 390 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. 3. Conorhynchos nelsoni Evermann & Goldsborough, Meek, 19. Habitat: Rio Usumacinta, Montecristo, Chiapas. BAGROPSIS Liitken. Type : Bagropsis reinhardti Liitken. Range that of the single species. I. Bagropsis reinhardti Liitken, E. & E., 1 86. Habitat: Rio das Velhas. PLATYNEMATICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Bagrus punctulatus Kner. Range: Amazons and tributaries. Al. Platyncmatichthys punctulatus (Kner), E. & E., 187. Bagrus nigripunctatus Kner. Habitat: Rio Guapore to Rio Branco. .\2. Platynematichthys araguaycnsis (Cast- elnau), E. & E., 187. Habitat: Araguay. PHRACTOCEPHALUS Agassiz. Type: Phractocephalns bicolor Agassiz. Range that of the single species. A I. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus (Bloch & Schneider), E. & E., 188. Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz. Habitat : Amazons and northward. SCIADES Miiller & Troschel. Leiarius, Sciadichthys Bleeker. Type : Bagrus pictus Miiller & Troschel. Range: Amazons and tributaries; Paraguay. ( SCIADES.) Al. Sciades pictus Miiller & Troschel, E. & E., 191. Arius longibarbis Castelnau. Habitat : Amazon ; Paraguay. (SciADEOlDES Eigenmann & Eigenmann.) (Type: Sciades marmoratus Gill.) A2. Sciades marmoratus Gill, E. & E., 192. Habitat: Maranon. NEMUROGLANIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type: Nemuroglanis lanceolatus Ei- genmann & Eigenmann. Al. Nemuroglanis lanceolatus E. & E., E. & E., 193. Habitat: Jutahy. BRACHYPLATYSTOMA Bleeker. Piramutana, Piratinga, and Malacoba- grus Bleeker. Type : Platystoma vaillanti Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range: Parahyba through Amazons. A i. Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Lich- tenstein, Steind., igoSc, 112. Piratinga 'pira-aiba Gceldi ; B. gceldii Eigenmann & Bean ; Platystoma mu- cosa Vaillant; Platystoma vcrnico- sum Boulenger. Habitat: Brazil; Para. A*2. Brachyplatystoma piramuta (Kner), E. & E., 186. Habitat : Amazon and its tributaries. A2. Brachyplatystoma •vaillanti (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 196. Platystoma affine Cuvier & Valencien- nes. Habitat: Eastern slopes north of Rio Parahyba. A3. Brachyplatystoma reticulatum (Kner), E. & E., 198. Bagrus goliath Kner in part (the two larger specimens mentioned). Habitat: Rio Tocantins; Amazon; Rio Madeira. A4. Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castel- nau) E. & E., 198. Bagrus goliath Kner (the type only). Habitat : Amazon and its tributaries. AS. Brachyplatystoma juruense Boulenger Boul., Trans. Zool. Soc., XIV, 421. Habitat : Rio Jurua. EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 391 6. Brachyplatystoma parnahybce Steindach- ner,1 St., igoSd, 126. Habitat : Parnahyba. A 7. Brachyplatystoma paraense Steindach- ner, St., 19090. Habitat: Para. T/ENIONEMA Eigenmann & Bean. Type : Tcenionema steeri E. & B. A i. Taniionema steeri Eigenmann & Bean. Habitat : Lower Amazon. A2. T&nioneina platynema (Boulenger), Boul., 1898, 477. Habitat: Para. DUOPALATINUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type : Platystoma emarginatum Cuvier & Valenciennes. I. Duopalatinus emarginatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 200. Habitat: Rio San Francisco Basin. A2. Duopalatinus gceldii Steindachner, St., 19080. Habitat : Rio Purus. PAULICEA von Ihering. Type : Paulicea jahu v. Ihering. Range: La Plata and Amazon Basins, i. Paulicea jahu v. Ihering. Ihering, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, 108. Habitat : Rio Tiete at Sao Paulo. A.2. Paulicea liltkeni (Steindachner), E. & E., 201. Habitat: Amazon. STEINDACHNERIA Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type : Steindachneria ainblyura Eigen- mann & Eigenmann. Range: Rios Doce, Jequitinhonha and Parahyba. I. Steindachneria ainblyura Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 203. Habitat: Rio Jequitinhonha. 1 Brachyplatystoma affine Steindachner, non Platy- stoma affine C. & V., igo8d, 128. 2. Steindachneria doceana Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 204. Habitat: Rio Doce. 3. Steindachneria parahybce Steindachner, E. & E., 204. Habitat : Rio Parahyba. HEMISORUBIM Bleeker. Type: Platystoma platyrhynchos Cu- vier & Valenciennes. Ai. Hemisorubim platyrhynchos (Cuvier & Valenciennes), . . . .E. & E., 206. Habitat: Orinoco; Amazons; Parana- hyba : Paraguay. PSEUDOPLATYSTOMA Bleeker. Hemiplatystoma Bleeker. Type : Silurus fasciatus Linnaeus. Range : La Plata to the Magdalena. Ai. Pseudoplatystoma jasciatum (Lin- naeus), E. & E., 209. Platystoma truncatum Agassiz ; Platy- stoma punctifer Castelnau. Habitat : Amazons to Rio Magdalena. A2. Pseudoplatystoma jasciatum nigricans Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 210. Habitat: Xingu. A3- Pseudoplatystoma jasciatum brevifile Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 210. Habitat : Goyaz. A4. Pseudoplatystoma jasciatum interme- dium Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 210. Habitat : Obidos ; Rio Puty. AS. Pseudoplatystoma jasciatum reticula- tum Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 211. Habitat : Rio Negro. A6. Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Cuvier & Valenciennes) E. & E., 211. Habitat: Amazon and northward. A/. Pseudoplatystoma coruscans Agassiz, E. & E., 211. 392 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Sorubim caparary Spix; Platystoma pardalis, orbignianum Valenciennes; Platystoma punctatum Cuvier & Valenciennes ; Platystoma forsch- hammeri Reinhardt Habitat : Rio de La Plata to Paraguay ; Rio San Francisco Basin. SORUBIM Spix. Type : Silurus lima Bloch & Schneider. Range that of the single species. Al. Sorubim lima (Bloch & Schneider), E. & E., 213. Sorubim infraocularis Spix; Platy- stoma luceri Weyenbergh. Habitat : Rio de La Plata ; Amazons to the Rio Magdalena. SORUBIMICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Sorubim jandia Spix. Range: Amazons and Orinoco. Subfamily PHYSOPYXIS Cope. Type : Physopyxis lyra Cope. Range that of the single species. A i. Physopyxis lyra Cope, . .E. & E., 220. Habitat: Ambyiacu River. DORAS Lacepede. Pterodoras, Platydoras Bleeker; Zatho- rax Cope. Type: Silurus costatus Linnaeus. Range: Rios Paraguay and Francisco to Rio Magdalena. (LlTHODORAS Bleeker.) (Type : Lithodoras lithogaster Bleeker. ) Ai. Doras dorsalis Cuvier & Valenciennes, E. & E., 225. Doras carinatus Valenciennes, non Silu- rus carinatus Linnaeus ; Doras papi- lionatus Filippi ; Doras lithogaster Heckel. Ai. Sorubimichthys planiceps (Agassiz), E. & E., 215 Sorubim piranaca Spix; Platystoma artedii Giinther; Sorubimichthys or- toni Gill. Habitat: Amazon and Orinoco Basins. A2. Sorubimichthys spatula (Agassiz), E. & E., 217. Sorubim jandia Spix. .Habitat: Amazon! A3- Sorubimichthys gigas (Giinther), • E. & E., 217. Habitat: Huallaga. PLATYSTOMATICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Platystoma sturio Kner. Range that of the single species. A I. Platystomatichthys sturio (Kner), E. & E.. 218. Habitat: Amazon Basin. Habitat: Para; Rio Negro and Cay- enne. ( DORAS Lacepede.) A2. Doras uranoscopus Eigenmann & Ei- genmann, E. & E., 228. Habitat: Lake Hyanuary. A3. Doras granulosus Valenciennes, E. & E., 229. Doras murica Natterer. Habitat : La Plata Basin ; Amazon. 4. Doras maculatus Valenciennes. Habitat : La Plata Basin. 5. Doras longispinis Steindachner, E. & E., 231. Habitat : Magdalena Basin. A6. Doras regani Steindachner, St., 1908. Habitat : Para. 7. Doras albomaculatus Peters, E. & E., 231. Habitat: Calabozo, Venezuela. 8. Doras helicophilus Giinther, E. & E., 231. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 393 Habitat: Surinam. 9. Doras dentatus Kner, . . . .E. & E., 231. Habitat: Surinam. 10. Doras nebulosus Eigenmann & Ken- nedy, 1903, 500. Habitat: Paraguay Basin. An. Doras costatus (Linnaeus), E. & E., 231. Habitat : Rio San Francisco and Para- guay north to Guiana. A 1 2. Doras armatulus Cuvier & Valencien- nes, E. & E., 234. Habitat : Paraguay and Rio Preto to Calabozo and Huallaga. Ai3. Doras hancockii Cuvier & Valencien- nes, E. & E., 234. Doras costatus Hancock, non Lin- naeus. Habitat : Rio Cupai. A 14. Doras brachiatus Cope, . . E. & E., 234. Habitat : Maranon. (ACANTHODORAS Bleeker.) (Type: Silurus cataphractas Linnaeus.) A 1 5. Doras cataphractus (Linnaeus), E. & E., 234. Cataphractus americanus Bloch & Schneider; Doras blochii Cuvier & Valenciennes; f Doras brunneus Schomburgk; Doras polyramma and poly gramma Heckel ; Callichthys asper Gronow. Habitat: Central Brazil; Guiana. A 1 6. Doras spinosissimus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 235. Habitat: Coary. 17. Doras marmoratus Reinhardt, E. & E., 237. Habitat: Rio San Francisco Basin. (AMBLYDORAS Bleeker.) (Type: Doras affinis Kner.) A 1 8. Doras affinis Kner, . . . . E. & E., 238. Doras truncatus Bleeker. Habitat : Rio Branco and Rio Guapore. A 1 9. Doras weddellii Castelnau, E. & E., 239. Doras grypus Cope. Habitat : Paraguay ; Amazons and trib- utaries, chiefly westward. (CENTROCHIR Agassiz.) (Type: Doras crocodili Humboldt.) 20. Doras crocodili Humboldt, E. & E., 241. Habitat : Rio Magdalena. (AGAMYXIS Cope.) (Type: Doras pectinifrotts Cope.) 21. Doras castaneo-ventris Schomburgk, E. & E., 241. Habitat : British Guiana. A22. Doras pectinifrons Cope, E. & E., 241. Habitat: Eastern Ecuador. A23. Doras flavopictus Steindachner, St., 19080. Habitat : Iquitos. (ASTRODORAS Bleeker.) (Type: Doras asterifrons Heckel.) A24. Doras asterifrons Heckel, E. & E., 241. Habitat : Amazons and tributaries. A25. Doras heckelii Kner, . .E. & E., 243. Habitat: Solimoens. A26. Doras monitor Cope, . .E. & E., 245. Habitat : Amazon. A27- Doras nauticus Cope, . .E. & E., 246. Habitat: Nauta. OXYDORAS Kner. Pseudodoras and Rhinodoras Bleeker. Type : Doras niger Valenciennes. Range: La Plata and Paraguay; Rio San Francisco; Amazons and Guia- nas. A I. Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes), E. & E., 247. Doras humboldti Agassiz; Corydoras edentatus Spix; Rhinodoras priono- 394 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZO6LOGY. mus Cope; Rhinodoras teffeanus Steindachner. Habitat: Amazons and northward; Rio San Francisco. 2. Oxydoras knerii Bleeker, . . E. & E., 249. Habitat: Cujaba to Asuncion on the Paraguay. 3. Oxydoras eigenmanni Boulenger, Boul, 1896, 28 Habitat : Paraguay Basin. 4. Oxydoras d'orbignyi Kroyer, E. & E., 249. Habitat: Rio de La Plata. AS. Oxydoras amazonum (Steindachner), E. & E., 250. Habitat: Teffe. HEMIDORAS Bleeker. Type : Doras stenopeltis Kner. Range : Rio Puty ; Rio Paraguay ; Ama- zons and Guiana. Al. Hemidoras trachyparia Boulenger, Boul. 1898, 423. Habitat: Rio Jurua. A2. Hemidoras nattereri Steindachner, E. & E., 253. Habitat: Solimoens. 3. Hemidoras paraguayensis Eigenmann & Ward, E., 1907^ 116. Habitat : Rio Paraguay. A4. Hemidoras bachi Boulenger, 1898, 423. Habitat: Rio Jurua. AS. Hemidoras brevis (Kner), E. & E., 254. Habitat : Solimoens and Maranon. A6. Hemidoras fimbriatus (Kner), E. & E., 255. Habitat: Rio Guapore. A7. Hemidoras punctatus (Kner), E. & E., 255. Habitat: Rio Guapore. A8. Hemidoras lipophthalmus (Kner), E. & E., 255. Habitat : Rio Capin and Rio Negro. Ag. Hemidoras stenopeltis (Kner), E. & E., 255. Habitat : Amazon and Solimoens. Aio. Hemidoras trimaculatus Boulenger, Boul., 1898, 422. Habitat: Rio Jurua. An. Hemidoras stubelii (Steindachner), E. & E., 257. Habitat: Huallaga. A 1 2. Hemidoras morei (Steindachner), E. & E., 257. Habitat: Rio Negro. A 1 3. Hemidoras elongatus Boulenger, 1898, 424. Habitat: Rio Jurua. A 1 4. Hemidoras humeralis (Kner), E. & E., 257. Habitat: Rio Negro. Al$. Hemidoras carinatus (Linnaeus), E. & E., 258. Doras oxyrhynchus Valenciennes. Habitat : Guianas ; Calderon. 1 6. Hemidoras microstomus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Essequibo River. (HASSAR Eigenmann & Eigenmann.) (Type : Oxydoras orestes Steindach- ner.) Range : Rio Puty and Amazons. 17. Hemidoras micropceus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Demarara. 1 8. Hemidoras notospilus Eigenmann MS. Habitat : Crab Falls, Essequibo River. 19. Hemidoras leporhinus Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Central British Guiana. A2O. Hemidoras orestes (Steindachner), E. & E., 258. Habitat: Xingu and Huytahy. 21. Hemidoras affinis (Steindachner), E. & E., 258. Habitat : Rio Puty. A22. Hemidoras wilderi Kindle, Kindle, 1894, 251. Habitat : Trocera on the Tocantins. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 395 LEPTODORAS Boulenger. Type: Oxydoras aclpenserinus Giin- ther. Range : Xeberos to Rio Jurua. Ai. Leptodoras acipenserinus (Giinther), E. & E., 255. Habitat: Xeberos. A2. Leptodoras juruensis Boulenger, Boul., 1898, 478. Habitat : Rio Jurua. 3. Leptodoras linnelli Eigenmann MS. Habitat : British Guiana. Subfamily AUCHENIPTERIN^E. ASTEROPHYSUS Kner. Type: Asterophysus batrachus Kner. Range that of the single species. A i. Asterophysus batrachus Kner, E. & E., 263. Habitat : Marabitanos. TRACHELYOPTERICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Trachelyopterus tceniatus Kner. Range that of the single species. A i. Trachelyopterichthys tceniatus (Kner), E. & E., 263. Habitat : Solimoens and tributaries. TRACHELYOPTERUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type : Trachelyopterus coriaceus Cu- vier & Valenciennes. Range : Amazons ; Cayenne. Ai. Trachelyopterus coriaceus Cuvier & Valenciennes, E. & E., 264. Habitat: Cayenne; Obidos; Porto do Moz ; Paraguay. A2. Trachelyopterus maculosus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 265. Habitat :• Porto do Moz. WERTHEIMERIA Steindachner. Type: Wertheimeria maculata Stein- dachner. Range that of the single species. I. Wertheimeria maculata Steindachner, E. & E., 265. Habitat: Jequitinhonha. CENTROMOCHLUS Kner. Type : Centromochlus me galops Kner. Range : Amazons and Guiana. i. Centromochlus oncinus (Schomburgk), E. & E., 266. Habitat: Rio Padauiri. A2. Centromochlus heckelii (Filippi), E. & E., 267. Centromochlus megalops Kner. Habitat: Amazons and tributaries. A3. Centromochlus Steindachner ii Gill, E. & E., 268. Habitat: Maranon. A4. Centromochlus intermedius Steindach- ner, E. & E., 269. Habitat : Amazon ; Solimoens and trib- utaries. AS. Centromochlus perugia Steindachner, E. & E., 270. Habitat: Canelos. A6. Centromochlus aulopygius Kner. . E. & E., 270. Habitat: Rio Guapore; Cudajas; Esse- quibo. GLANIDIUM Liitken. Type : Glanidium albescens Liitken. A i. Glanidium albescens Liitken, E. & E., 270. Habitat: Coast streams from Rio Janeiro to the Amazon. TRACHYCORYSTES Bleeker. Type : Trachycorystes typus Bleeker. Parauchenipterus Bleeker. Range : Amazons to Guiana and Mag- dalena. i. Trachycorystes glaber (Steindachner), E. & E., 275. Habitat: Demarara. 396 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. A2. Trachycorystes isacanthus (Cope), E. & E., 275. Habitat: Maranon. 3. Trachycorystes insignis (Steindachner), E. & E., 275. Habitat: Magdalena. 4. Trachycorystes obscurus (Giinther), E. & E., 275. Habitat: Essequibo. 5. Trachycorystes magdalence (Steindach- ner), E. & E., 275. Habitat: Magdalena. 6. Trachycorystes trachycorystes (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 276. Trachycorystes typus Bleeker. Habitat: Brazil. A 7. Trachycorystes ceratophysus (Kner), E. & E., 276. Habitat: Guapore; Rios Negro and Branco. A8. Trachycorystes porosus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 276. Habitat: Brazil. 9. Trachycorystes striatulus Steindachner, E. & E., 277. Habitat : Mouths of rivers draining eastern Minas Geraes; Paraguay. Aio. Trachycorystes brevibarbus (Cope), E. & E., 279. Habitat: Maranon. An. Trachycorystes galeatus (Linnaeus), E. & E., 279. Auchenipterus maculatus, immaculatus and punctatus Cuvier & Valencien- nes; Auchenipterus lacustris Lutken. Habitat: Rio Velhas to the Orinoco and Paraguay. 12. Trachycorystes robustus Giinther, E. &E., 281. Habitat: Demarara. A 1 3. Trachycorystes analis Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 281. Habitat: Arary f. AUCHENIPTERICHTHYS Bleeker. Type: Auchenipterus thoracatus Kner. Range : Amazons and tributaries. Al. A uchenipterichthys thoracatus (Kner), E. & E., 282. Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries. ( Coary ; Hyarary ; Guapore. ) A2. Auchenipterichthys longimanus (Gun- ther), E. & E., 284. Habitat: Southern tributaries of the Amazon. PSEUDAUCHENIPTERUS Bleeker. Type : Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch.) Felichthys Swainson. Range : Lower courses of rivers from Jequitinhonha to Guiana. 1. Pseudauchenipterus jequitinhonha (Steindachner), E. & E., 286. Habitat : Jequitinhonha. 2. Pseudauchenipterus flavescens Eigen- mann & Eigenmann, . .E. Si E., 288. Habitat: Rio San Francisco. A3. Pseudauchenipterus affinis (Steindach- ner) E. & E., 289. Habitat: Para; mouths of streams draining eastern Minas Geraes. A4. Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Bloch), E. & E., 290. Auchenipterus furcatus Cuvier & Va- lenciennes. Habitat: Bahia; Para; Guiana. 5- Pseudauchenipterus guppyi Regan, igo6c, 387. Habitat: Trinidad. 6. Pseudauchenipterus pasea Regan, igo6c, 387. Habitat : Trinidad. EPAPTERUS Cope. Type : Epapterus dispilurus Cope. Range that of the single species. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 397 I. Epapterus dispilurus Cope, E. & E., 293. Euanemus longipinnis Steindachner. Habitat : Upper Amazon. AUCHENIPTERUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type : Hypophthalmus nuchalis Spix. Euanemus Miiller & Troschel. Range: Paraguay to Surinam. Ai. Auchenipterus nuchalis (Spix), E. & E., 295. Auchenipterus dentattis Cuvier & Va- lenciennes ; Epapterus colymbetes Miiller & Troschel. Habitat: Amazons; Surinam. A2. Auchenipterus fordicei Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 207. Habitat : Coary. A3. Auchenipterus brachyurus (Cope), E. & E., 298. Habitat: Peru. 4. Auchenipterus nigripinnis (Boulenger), Boul., 1898, 280. Habitat: Paraguay. TETRANEMATICHTHYS Bleeker. Type: Ageneiosus quadrifilis Kner. Range that of the single species. A I . Tetranematichthys quadrifilis ( Kner) , E. & E., 298. Habitat: Rio Guapore. AGENEIOSUS Lacepede. Type : Ageneiosus armatus Lacepede. Ceratorhynchus Agassiz ; Hypophthal- mus Schomburgk; Davalla Bleeker; Ageniosus Gunther. Range: La Plata and its tributaries; Paranahyba northward to Guiana and westward to Peru. Ageneiosus inermis (Linnaeus), E. & E., 290. Habitat: Surinam. (AGENEIOSUS Lacepede.) A2. Ageneiosus bre-vis Steindachner, E. & E., 301. Habitat: Solimoens; Coary. 3. Ageneiosus atronasus Eigenmann & Ei- genmann E. & E., 302. Habitat: Brazil t 4. Ageneiosus valenciennesi Bleeker, E. & E., 304. Habitat : La Plata to Rio Puty. 5. Ageneiosus armatus Lacepede, E. & E., 305. Habitat: Surinam. A6. Ageneiosus ucayalensis Castelnau, E. & E., 306. Subfamily AGENEIOSIN^:. Habitat: Para; Ucayale. 7. Ageneiosus caucanus Steindachner, E. & E., 306. Habitat: Cauca. A8. Ageneiosus dentatus Kner, E. & E., 307. Ageneiosus pardalis Liitken. Habitat : Amazon ; Solimoens north to Guiana and Rio Magdalena. 9. Ageneiosus porphyreus Cope, E. & E., 309. Habitat: Surinam. AID. Ageneiosus daivalla (Schomburgk), E. & E., 309. Ageneiosus inermis Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, no n Bloch ; Ageneiosus sebce Gunther. Habitat: Amazon; Guiana. ( PSEUDAGENEIOSUS Bleeker. ) (Type: Ageneiosus brevifilis Cuvier & Valenciennes.) An. Ageneiosus bremfilis Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, E. & E., 309. Habitat: Amazons; Guiana; Upper Paraguay. 12. Ageneiosus axillaris Gunther, E. & E., 311. Habitat: Surinam. 398 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Family HYPOPHTHALMID^E. HELOGENES Gunther.1 N otophthalmus Hyrtl; Pseudohypoph- thalmus Bleeker. Type : Helogenes marmoratus Gunther. . Ai. Hypophthalmus edeniatus bpix, Range that of the single species. £ ~.. .. . ", - I. Heloeencs marmoratus Gunther, . , ..... „ „ „ Hypophthalmus marginatus, longifilis •*-*• ** •*-*•» 3^3" *« • A w « • ., and ^/>zjru Cuvier & Valenciennes; Habitat: Essequibo. , .... , . //. edentulus Castelnau ; //. jimbn- atus Kner ; //. perporosus Cope. HYPOPHTHALMUS Spix. Habitat : Amazons and tributaries, and Type: Hypophthalmus edentatus Spix. northward. Family PYGIDIID^. Subfamily CETOPSIN^:. HEMICETOPSIS Agassiz. PSEUDOCETOPSIS Bleeker. Type: Silurus candiru Spix. TyPe: Ceiopsis gobioides Kner. Range: A narrow area from Para to Range: Irisanga, Maranon. Ecuador I- P*eudocetopsis gobioides (Kner), Ai. Hemicetopsis candiru (Spix), E> & El' 322> E. & E., 319. Habitat: Irisanga. Habitat: Rio Cupai to Rio Huallaga. Aa' P^docetopsis ventralis (Gill), A2. Hemicetopsis plumbeus Steindachner, ' ' ^22' r? p T- Habitat: Maranon. r,. & H., 32°- Habitat: Canelos. 3- Pseudocet°Psis macroteronema (Bool- enger), ........ Boulenger, 1898, 8. Habitat: Rio Zamora, eastern Ecuador. CETOPSIS Agassiz. Type : Silurus ccecutiens Lichtenstein. CETOPSOGITON Eigenmann & Bean. Range that of the single species. Type : Cetopsis occidentalis Steindach- Ai. Cetopsis ccecutiens (Lichtenstein), ner. E. & E., 320. i. Cetopsogiton occidentalis (Steindach- Habitat: Amazon from Gurupa to Rio ner), .............. E. & E., 322. Cupai ; Orinoco ; Irisanga. Habitat : Guayaquil. Subfamily PYGIDIIN^E. NEMATOGENYS Girard. Habitat : Central Chili. Type : Trichomycterus inermis Guiche- not. PARIOLIUS Cope. Range that of the single species. Type : Pariolius armillatus Cope. Nematogenys inermis (Guichenot), Range that of the single species. E. & E., 323. A I. Pariolius armillatus Cope, Nematogenys nigricans and pallidus E. & E., 324. Philippi. Habitat: Ambyiacu. 1 This genus is a member of a new family. EIGENMANN I CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 399 HATCHERIA Eigenmann. Type : Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigen- mann. 1. Hatcheria patagoniensis Eigenmann. Habitat: Patagonia. 2. Hatcheria macrcci (Girard), E. & E., 328. Habitat : Uspullata. 3. Hatcheria maculata (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), E. & E., 329. Habitat: Western slopes of central Chili. 4. Hatcheria areolata (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), E. & E., 330. Habitat : Western slopes of central Chili. PYGIDIUM Meyen. Type : Pygidium fuscum Meyen. Range : Andes from Venezuela and Colombia to Patagonia; southeastern Brazil and central Argentina; Guianas. I. Pygidium minutum (Boulenger), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1891, 235. Habitat : San Lorenzo district, Rio Grande do Sul. A.2. Pygidium fuscum Meyen, E. & E., 325. Habitat: Peru. 3 • , Pygidium palleum ( Philippi ) , E. & E., 325. Habitat : Chili. 4. Pygidium marmoratum (Philippi), E. & E., 326. Habitat : Chili. 5. Pygidium tenue (Weyenbergh), E. & E., 326. Habitat: Sierra de Cordoba near Cruz- de-eje. 6. Pygidium corduvense (Weyenbergh), E. & E., 326. Habitat: Rio Primero, Argentina; Bo- livian Chaco. 7. Pygidium tigrinum (Philippi), E. & E., 326. Habitat: Chili. A8. Pygidium rivulatum (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) , E. & E., 330. Trichomycterus incce, gracilis, barbatula Cuvier & Valenciennes ; T. pentlandi, pictus Castlenau. Habitat: Titicaca; Ucayale and tribu- taries. 9. Pygidium brasiliense (Reinhardt),1 E. & E., 332. Habitat: Rio Grandetlo Sul to Rio San Francisco and Paraguay. 10. Pygidium poeyanum (Cope), E. & E., 326. Habitat : Western slopes of southern Peru. 11. Pygidium mcridce Regan, Regan, 1903. Habitat: Merida and Rio Albireggas near Merida, Venezuela. 12. Pygidium taenia (Kner), E. & E., 333. Habitat : Western slopes of Peruvian Andes; Rio Zamora; f French Guiana. 13. Pygidium laticeps (Kner), E. & E., 334. Habitat: Western slopes of Peruvian Andes. A 14. Pygidium oroya Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, E. & E., 334. Habitat: Oroya River. 15. Pygidium schmidti Berg, 1897. Habitat: Rio de Belen, Province of Catamarca, Argentina. J9- Pygidium spegaszinii Berg, ....1897. Habitat : Rio de Cachi, Province Salta, Argentina. 17- Pygidium riojanum Berg, l&97- Habitat: Cordillera de la Rioja, Ar- gentina. A 1 8. Pygidium punctatissimum (Castel- nau), E. & E., 334. Habitat: Araguay. A 1 9. Pygidium knerii (Steindachner), E. & E., 335- Habitat: Eastern slopes of Ecuador; Rio Zamora. 1 Add. Pygidium brasiliense itatiagrs Ribeiro, 1906, 15. 4oo PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Aao. Pygidium eigenmanni (Boulenger), Boll. Mus. Torino, XIII. Pygidium knerii Eigenmann & Eigen- mann, non Steindachner. Habitat : Cumbaca. A2I. Pygidium vittatum (Regan), Regan, 1903. Habitat: Marcapata Valley, Eastern Peru. A22. Pygidium dispar (Tschudi), E. & E., 335- Habitat : Eastern and western slopes of Ecuador. 23. Pygidium punctulatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 336. Habitat: Western slopes of Peruvian Andes. 24. Pygidium burmeisteri Berg 1895. Habitat: Mendoza, Argentina. 25. Pygidium goeldii (Boulenger), Boul., 1896. Habitat: Rio de Janeiro. 26. Pygidium retropinnis (Regan), Regan, 1903. Habitat: St. Augustine, Andes of Co- lombia, 5,000 feet. 27. Pygidium nigromaculatum (Boulen- ger), E. & E., 336. Habitat: Colombia. 28. Pygidium pardus (Cope), E. & E., 337. Habitat: Jequetepeque; Callao Bay. A 29. Pygidium immaculatum Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 337. Habitat: Juiz de Fora; Sao Matheos; Goyaz. A3O. Pygidium taczanowskii (Steindach- ner) E. & E., 338. Habitat: Rio de Huambo; Rio de Tor- tora. 31. Pygidium nigricans (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), E. & E., 338. Habitat : Santa Catharina. A32. Pygidium amazonicum (Steindach- ner), E. & E., 338. Habitat: Cudajas. 33. Pygidium borellii (Boulenger). Habitat : Bolivian Chaco ; Salta Argen- tina. 34. Pygidium quechuorum Steindachner, St., 1902, 49. Habitat : Arequiba, Peru. 35- Pygidium proops Ribeiro, Ribeiro, 1908. Habitat: Rio Ribeira. 36. Pygidium guianensis Eigenmann, E., 1909, ii. Habitat: Potaro River, British Guiana. 37. Pygidium barbouri Eigenmann MS. Habitat: Rio Beni. EREMOPHILUS Humboldt. Thricomycterus Humboldt ; Trachypoma Giebel. Type: Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt. Range that of the single species. I. Eremophilus mutisii Humboldt, E. & E., 274. Trachypoma marmoraium Giebel. Habitat: Bogota. TRIDENS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type: Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Range : Upper Amazons. Ai. Tridens melanops Eigenmann & Ei- genmann. Habitat: Ic.a. A2. Tridens brevis Eigenmann & Eigen- mann. Habitat: Tabatinga. PSEUDOSTEGOPHILUS Eigenmann & Eigen- mann. Type : Stegophilus nemurus Giinther. Range that of the single species. Ai. Pseudostegophilus nemurus (Giinther), E. & E., 341. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 401 HENONEMUS Eigenmann & Ward. Type : Stegophilus intermedius E. & E. Range: Rio de La Plata; Amazons. I. Henonemus maculatus (Steindachner), E. & E., 343. Habitat: Rio de La Plata. A2. Henonemus punctatus (Boulenger), E. & E., 343. Habitat : Eastern Ecuador. A3- Henonemus intermedius (Eigenmann & Eigenmann), . . . . E. & E., 343. Habitat: Goyaz. A4. Henonemus macrops (Steindachner), E. & E., 344. Habitat : Lake Manacapuru. HOMODI^TUS Eigenmann & Ward. Type : Homodicctus anisitsi Eigenmann & Ward. Range that of the single species. I. Homoditetus anisitsi Eigenmann & Ward, E., 1907^, 117. Habitat : Villa Rica, Paraguay. STEGOPHILUS Reinhardt. Type : Stegophilus insidiosus Rein- hardt. Range : Rio das Velhas ; Solimoens. i. Stegophilus insidiosus Reinhardt, E. & E., 344. Habitat: Rio das Velhas. A2. Stegophilus reinhardtii Steindachner, E. & E., 344- Habitat: Solimoens and tributaries. MIUROGLANIS Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type: Miuroglanis platycephalus Ei- genmann & Eigenmann. Range that of the single species. A I. Miuroglanis platycephalus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, E. & E., 346. Habitat : Jutahy. ACANTHOPOMA Liitken. Type: Acanthopoma annectens Liitken. Range that of the single species. I. Acanthopoma annectens Liitken, L., 1892. Habitat: Brazil. VANDELLIA Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type: Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valenciennes. Range: Solimoens and Maranon and tributaries. Ai. Vandellia cirrhosa Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, E. & E., 345. Habitat: Hyauary. A2. Vandellia plazaii Castelnau, E. & E., 345. Habitat : Ucayale ; Calderon ; Lake Hyanuary. PAREIODON Kner. Centrophorus Kner; Asteromycterus Gui- chenot. Type : Pareiodon microps Kner. Range that of the single species. A I. Pareiodon microps Kner, E. & E., 346. Trichomycterus pusillus Castelnau. Habitat : Amazon and tributaries. Family CALLICHTHYID^E. SCLEROMYSTAX Giinther. Habitat : Rio Janeiro. Type : Callichthys barbatus Quoy & .-, . , CALLICHTHYS Linnaeus. Gaimard. Range that of the single species. Type : Callichthys asper Quoy & Gai- i. Scleromystax barbatus (Quoy & Gai- mard. mard), E. & E., 451. Range: La Plata to Trinidad. 402 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Al. Callichthys callichthys Linnaeus,1 E. & E., 452. Callichthys tamoata Linnaeus; C. asper Quoy & Gaimard; Cataphractus de- pressus Swainson; Callichthys cce- latus Cuvier & Valenciennes; C. laviceps Cuvier & Valenciennes; C. loricatus Gronow ; C. kneri Gill ; C. affinis Giinther; C. hemiphractus Hensel. Habitat : La Plata to Trinidad. 2. Callichthys arcifer Hensel, E. & E., 455. Habitat: Rio de Janeiro. HOPLOSTERNUM Gill. Type : Callichthys l&vigatus Valencien- nes. , Range : La Plata to Trinidad. Al. Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock), E. & E., 456. Callichthys subulatus Cuvier & Valen- ciennes; C. lavigatus Valenciennes; C. albidus Cuvier & Valenciennes; Hoplosternum stewardii Gill. Habitat : La Plata to Trinidad. A2. Hoplosternum thoracatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes), E. & E., 458. Callichthys longifilis Cuvier & Valen- ciennes; C. personatus Ranzani; C. exaratus and pictus Miiller & Tro- schel; C. sulcatus Kner; C. chiquitos Castelnau. Habitat: Amazons and northward; Paraguay. A3. Hoplosternum melampterum (Cope). Hoplosternum pectoralis Boulenger. Habitat : Ambyiacu. DECAPOGON Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Type : Callichthys adspersus Steindach- ner. Range that of the single species. 1 Several varieties of this species may be recognizable. Regan considers kneri from Trinidad a distinct species. Al. Decapogon adspersum (Steindachner), E. & E., 461. Habitat : Porto do Moz ; Cudajas ; Ta- batinga. DIANEMA Cope. Type: Dianema longibarbis Cope. Range that of the single species. A I. Dianema longibarbis Cope, E. & E., 463. Habitat: Ambyiacu. CH^NOTHORAX Cope. Type : Chcenothorax bicarinatus Cope. Range : Maranon and tributary. I. Chanothorax taiosh (Castelnau), E. & E., 464- Habitat: ? A2. Chanothorax bicarinatus Cope, E. & E., 464. Habitat: Maranon. A3- Chcenothorax semiscutatus Cope, E. & E., 464. Habitat: Ambyiacu. BROCHIS Cope. Type: Brochis coeruleus Cope. Range : Maranon and tributaries. At. Brochis dipterus Cope, . .E. & E., 464. Habitat: Ambyiacu. A2. Brochis coeruleus Cope, . .E. & E., 464. Habitat : Ambyiacu. ASPIDORAS von Ihering. Type: Aspidoras rochai v. Ihering. Range that of the single species. I. Aspidoras rochai v. Ihering, v. I., 1907, 30. Habitat: Fortaleza, Ceara. CORYDORAS Lacepede. Hoplisoma Swainson; Hoplosoma Gill; Gasterodermis Cope. Type : Corydoras geoffroy Lacepede. EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 403 Range : La Plata to Guiana. Al. Corydoras elegans Steindachner, E. & E., 466. Habitat: Cudajas; Teffe. 2. Corydoras natter eri Steindachner, E. & E., 470. Habitat : Rio Janeiro to Rio Doce. 3. Corydoras juquiace v. Ihering, v. I., 1907, 37. Habitat : Rio Juquia, Pocp Grande, Sao Paulo. 4. Corydoras azneiis (Gill), . .E. & E., 471. Habitat: Trinidad. AS. Corydoras armatus (Giinther), E. & E., 471. Habitat : Maranon and tributaries. 6. Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns), E. &E., 471. Corydoras marmoratus Steindachner; Callichthys punctatus Cuvier & Va- lenciennes. Habitat: La Plata and tributaries. A7. Corydoras punctatus (Bloch), E. & E., 472. Corydoras geoffroy Lacepede; Cory- doras ambiacus Cope. Habitat : Guiana ; Solimoens ; Mara- non. 8. Corydoras eigenmanni v. Ihering, v. I., 1907, 34. Habitat : Cubatao and Raiz da Serra, Sao Paulo. 9. Corydoras trilineatus Cope, E. & E., 473. Corydoras agassizii Steindachner. Habitat: Ambyiacu. Aio. Corydoras acutus Cope, E. & E., 474. Habitat: Ambyiacu. 1 1 . Corydoras amphibelus Cope, E. & E., 474- Habitat : Ambyiacu. A 1 2. Corydoras hastatus Eigenmann & Ei- genmann, E. & E., 474. Habitat: Villa Bella. 13. Corydoras australis Eigenmann & Ward, E., 1907^, 123. Habitat : Paraguay. 14. Corydoras microps Eigenmann & Ken- nedy, 1903. Habitat: Paraguay. 15. Corydoras raimundi Steindachner, St., 1906, 84. Habitat: Parnahyba. 1 6. Corydoras aurofrenatus Eigenmann & Kennedy E. & K., 1903. Habitat: Paraguay. 1 7. Corydoras treitlii Steindachner, St., 1906. Habitat: Parnahyba. 18. Corydoras julii Steindachner, St., 1906. Habitat: Parahim and Parnahyba. OSTEOGASTER Cope. Type : Corydoras eques Steindachner. Range : Amazons. Al. Osteogaster eques (Steindachner), E. & E., 466. Habitat: Solimoens. 2. Osteogaster splendens (Castelnau), E. & E., 468. Habitat: Tocantins. Family LORICARIID^E.1 PLECOSTOMUS Gronow. Ai. Plecostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus), Type : Loricaria plecostomus Linnaeus. Regan, 205. Range: La Plata to western Ecuador Hypostomus guacari Lacepede; Lori- and Colombia. caria flora Shaw; Plecostomus bicir- 1 The Loricariidae, a family of South American Nematognathi, have recently been monographed by Regan (Transactions of the Zoological Society of Lon- don, vol. 17, pp. 191-326, 1904). The genera have been liberally lumped in this volume, and it is my opinion that for biological discussion, to show the natural 4o4 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. r/tosHS Gronow; Hypostomus robinii Gill; Plecostomus brasiliensis Bleek- er; Plecostomus semiitudus Eigen- mann & Eigenmann; Plecostomus boulengeri Eigenmann & Kennedy. Habitat: La Plata north to Trinidad; not in southeastern Brazil. 2. Plecostomus commersonii (Cuvier & Va- lenciennes), Regan, 206. relationships, and for the purpose of discussing the geo- graphical distribution, it will be better to recognize a larger number of genera. My estimate of the character of these can best be expressed by the following key, in which I have followed to a very large extent the phraseology of Regan, but in which are recognized a larger number of genera than are admitted by him. The list of species is accepted with but slight modifica- tions from Regan. SUBFAMILIES OF LORICARIID^E. a. Haemal spines all simple ; lower and fourth upper pharyngeals not toothed ; anterior rudimentary ray of ventral normally shaped, but internal and directed forwards, upper part of the body pro- tected by bony scutes. b. Lower transverse portion of clavicles and cora- coids not exposed; margin of snout naked or covered with small granular plates. PLECOSTOMIN/E. bb. Lower transverse portion of clavicles and cora- coids exposed ; margin of snout composed of more or less firm plates. HYPOPTOPOMATIN.*. CM. Haemal spines of the vertebrae above the anal fin bifid ; lower and fourth upper pharyngeals toothed. c. No anterior rudimentary ray of ventral ; caudal peduncle elongate and strongly depressed ; upper part of body with bony scutes. LORICARIIN^:. cc. Anterior rudimentary ray of ventral internal, plate-like; caudal peduncle cylindrical or compressed. d. Upper part of body with bony scutes; abdo- men with a large, regular, nearly square patch of small granular plates, naked at the sides and anteriorly and posteriorly. NEOPLECOSTOMIN^. PLECOSTOMIN.*. a. First scute of lower lateral series posterior to the temporal plate, with which the second is not in contact. *. Premaxillaries nearly equal in length to the den- taries, and with about the same number of teeth. Plecostomus spiniger Hensel ; Pleco- stomus limosus Eigenmann & Eigen- mann; f Plecostomus aspilogaster, Cope. Habitat: La Plata Basin, including Rio Grande do Sul; eastern Brazil. 3. Plecostomus punctatus (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) , Regan, 207. Hypostomus subcarinatus Castelnau ; c. Operculum and interoperculum little, and not independently movable. d. Snout granular to its margin. e. Adipose fin present. /. Operculum and interoperculum not margined with bristles. g. Body covered with plates. I. Plecostomus Gronow. gg. Body naked. 2. Lithogenes Eigenmann. ff. Operculum and interoperculum with well-developed marginal bristles. 3. Pogonopoma Regan. (Type, Plecostomus wertheimeri Steind.) ee. Adipose fin absent. h. Operculum and interoperculum with well-developed marginal bristles. 4. Canthopomus Eigenmann nov. hh. Operculum and interoperculum not margined with bristles. 5. Rhinelepis Spix. hhh. Adipose replaced by a low median crest. No externally visible oc- cipital crest. 6. Corymbophanes Eigenmann. dd. Snout with a naked margin. 7. Hemipsilichthys Eigenmann & Eigenmann. cc. Interoperculum more or less freely movable, usually spinate or bristly. i. Snout granular to its margin. /. Teeth numerous, bifid. k. Interoperculum usually armed with slender spines with hooked apices which can be everted and com- pletely retracted beneath the oper- culum. /. Sides of head without bristles. m. Last dorsal ray connected with the scute by an inconspicu- ous membrane at its base. n. Dorsal with I, 7 or I, 8 rays. 8. Hemiancistrus Bleeker. nn. Dorsal with I, 10 or I, 13 rays. 9. Pterygoplichthys Gill. mm. Last dorsal ray attached by EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 405 Plecostomus punctatus Giinther ; Ple- costomus officinis Steindachner; Ple- costomus commersoni, affinis and scabriceps Eigenmann & Eigenmann. Habitat: Southeastern Brazil. well developed membrane either to the 3 or 4 scales following it, or to the spine of the adipose fin. D. I, 7. 10. Parancistrus Bleeker. //. Sides of head with slender bristles. D. I, 7. Last dorsal ray attached to the scute fol- lowing it by an inconspicuous membrane at its base. n. Lastancistrus Regan. kk. Interoperculum armed with slender spines which cannot be com- pletely retracted beneath the operculum, or with permanently everted bristles, sides of head with bristles which are always longer in the male than in the female, and may be wanting in the latter ; last dorsal ray con- nected by a membrane with one or two scutes following it; ab- domen completely naked. o. D. I, 7 or I, 8. 12. Pseudancistrus Bleeker. oo. D. I, 9 or I, 10. 13. Delturus Eigenmann & Eigenmann. jj. Teeth few, spoon-shaped. p. Interoperculum without evertible spines. 14. Cochliodon Heckel. pp. Interoperculum with some slender, evertible spines. 15. Panaque Eigenmann. it. Snout with naked margin. q. Mouth wide, the length of mandibular , ramus nearly equal to the interorbital width ; naked margin of snout not very wide, without tentacles. 16. Chceiostomus Tschudi. qq. Mouth moderate or narrow, the length of mandibular ramus considerably less than the interorbital width. r. Snout with a broad, naked margin, without tentacles. 17. Xenocara Regan. (Type, the first species, X. latifrons Giinther.) rr. Snout with tentacles, the naked margin broad in males, narrow in females. 18. Ancistrus Kner. bb. Premaxillaries much shorter than the dentaries and with fewer teeth. s. Premaxillaries united ; body not greatly de- 4. Plecostomus spinosissimus Steindach- ner, Regan, 208. Habitat: Guayaquil, Pacific slope of Ecuador. pressed. 19. Pseudacanthicus Bleeker. is. Premaxillaries not united ; body much depressed. 20. Lithoxus Eigenmann. aa. First two scutes of the lower lateral series below the temporal plate and in contact with it above. 21. Acanthicus Spix. HYPOPTOPOMIN,*. a. Temporal plates imperforate. b. An adipose dorsal fin. 22. Hypoplopoma Giinther. bb. No adipose fin. 23. Oxyropsis Eigenmann & Eigenmann. aa. Temporal plates perforated like a sieve. c. Abdomen covered with three longitudinal series of plates. (/. An adipose dorsal fin. 24. Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann. dd. No. adipose dorsal fin. 25. Otocinclus Cope. cc. Abdomen naked or covered with numerous small plates, irregularly arranged. 26. Microlepidogaster Eigenmann & Eigenmann. LORICARIIN' Pellegrin, 181. Habitat: Mexico. (7- 40. Cichlasoma balteatum (Gill & Brans- Hf°rd)' Regan, 238. Habitat : Lake Nicaragua. 41. Cichlasoma nicaraguense (Giinther), Regan, 238. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua. 42. Cichlasoma alfari Meek, Meek, 19070, 148. Habitat : Costa Rica. (8. Astotheros Pellegrin.) (Type: Heros heterodontus Vaillant & Pellegrin.) 43- Cichlasoma robertsoni Regan, Regan, 239. Habitat: Stann Creek, British Hon- duras. 44- Cichlasoma longimanus (Giinther), Regan, 240. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua. 45- Cichlasoma macracanthus (Giin- *er>> Regan, 241. Habitat: Chiapam and Huamuchal. 46. Cichlasoma heterodontum Vaillant & J^elle^rin' Regan, 241. »tat : Isthmus of Tehuantepec. 47- Cichlasoma evermanni Meek, Meek, 214. Habitat: Tehuantepec and Nilt'epec, Mexico. 48. Cichlasoma altifrons (Kner & Stein- dachner), Regan, 242. Habitat: Pacific rivers of Chiriqui (western Veragua). 49- Cichlasoma lithrinus Regan, Regan, 1908^, 462. Habitat : Costa Rica. SO. Cichlasoma rostratum (Gill & Brans- ford>' Regan, 243. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua. 475 (9. Erythrichthys Meek.) Si- Cichlasoma margaritiferum (Gun „*">• Regan, 316. Habitat: Lake Peten; Rio Polochic, Le Mullin. 52. Cichlasoma citrinellum Gunther, Regan, 316. Heros lobochilus (part) Gunther; Heros basilaris Gill & Bransford. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua and Lake Managua. S3- Cichlasoma granadense Meek, Meek, 1907, 121. Habitat: Nicaragua. (ro. 54- Cichlasoma dorsatum Meek, Meek, 1907, 123. Habitat: Nicaragua. 55- Cichlasoma erythraum Gunther, Regan, 318. Habitat: Lake Managua. 56. Cichlasoma lobochilum Gunther, Regan, 318. Habitat: Lake Managua. 57- Cichlasoma labiatum Gunther, Regan, 319. Habitat: Lakes Managua and Nica- ragua. (n. Heros Heckel.) (Type: As restricted by Jordan & Gil- bert, Heros severus Heckel. ) As8. Cichlasoma severum (Heckel) Regan, 322. Heros spurius, coryphaus, modesius, efasciatus Heckel; Chromys appen- diculata and fasciata Castelnau ; Ua- rus centrarchoides Cope. Habitat: Amazons; Guiana; Parahyba. (12. Hoplarchus Kaup.) (Type: Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup). 476 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. . Cichlusoma psittacus Heckel, Regan, 323. Hoplarchus pentacanthus Kaup; Po- motis fasciatus Schomburgk. Habitat: Rios Negro and Orinoco. ( 1 3. Parapetenia Regan. ) (Type: Acara adspersa Giinther.) 60. Cichlasoma adspersum (Giinther), Regan, 324. Habitat: Barbadoes. 61. Cichlasoma tetracanthus (Cuvier & Va- lenciennes) , .......... Regan, 325. Chromis fusco-maculatus Guichenot. Habitat: Cuba. 62. Cichlasoma torralbasi Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1903, 230. Habitat: Almendares River, Cuba*. 63. Cichlasoma griseum Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1903, 232. Habitat: San Antonio de las Banos, Cuba. 64. Cichlasoma latum Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1903, 233. Habitat: San Juan River, Cuba. 65. Cichlasoma cinctum Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1903, 234. Habitat : Paso Real, Cuba. 66. Cichlasoma nigricans Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1903, 235. Habitat : Pinar del Rio. 67. Cichlasoma istlanum Jordan & Sny- der, ................. Regan, 326. Habitat : Basin of Rio Balsas. 68. Cichlasoma steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder) , ............. Regan, 444. Habitat : Basin of the Rio Panuco, Mexico. 69. Cichlasoma bartoni (Bean), Regan, 327. Habitat : Basin of the Rio Panuco, Mexico. 70. Cichlasoma beani Jordan, Regan 328. Habitat: Rio Presidio, near Mazatlan; Rosario; Sinaloa (northernmost or Pacific coast?). 71. Cichlasoma mento Vaillant & Pellegrin, Regan, 329. Habitat: Rio Negro, southern Mexico. 72. Cichlasoma festae Boulenger, Regan, 329. Habitat: Rio Durango; Rio Guayas, Ecuador. 73. Cichlasoma ornatum Regan, Regan, 331. Habitat: Rio Durango; St. Javier, northwest Ecuador. 74. Cichlasoma urophthalmus Giinther, Regan, 332. Heros troscheli Steindachner. Habitat: Yucatan; Belize; Lake Peten. 75. Cichlasoma trimaculatum Giinther, Regan, 333. Habitat: Chiapam and Huamuchal. 76. Cichlasoma salvini Giinther, Regan, 334. Heros triagramma Steindachner. Habitat: Lakes Peten, Santa Yzabal; Rio Mullins, Guatemala; Motzoron- go, Refugio, El Huele, Perez and Obispo, Mexico. 77. Cichlasoma mojarra Meek, . .Meek, 217. Habitat: San Geronimo and Miltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. 78. Cichlasoma multifasciatum Regan, Regan, 335. Heros friedrichsthalii (part) Giinther. Habitat: Guatemala; British Honduras. 79. Cichlasoma friederichsthali (Heckel), Miller, 1906. Heros motaguensis and managuensis Giinther.1 Habitat: Nicaragua; Honduras; Lake Peten. 80. Cichlasoma dovii Giinther, Regan, 338. Habitat: Lake Nicaragua. A8i. Cichlasoma spectabile Steindachner, Regan, 339. Habitat: Amazon. 82. Cichlasoma krausi Steindachner, Regan, 339. 1 Regan considers these species distinct. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. Chromis dentatus Guichenot MS. Habitat: Maracaibo and Cauca. 83. Cichlasoma punctatum Meek 1 Meek, 1909, 210. Habitat: Costa Rica. 84. Cichlasoma frontale Meek, Meek, 1909, 210. Habitat : Costa Rica. CRENICARA Steindachner. Type : Crenicara elegans Steindachner. Range that of the single species. Ai. Crenicara punctulata (Gunther), Pellegrin, 133. Lremcara elegans Steindachner. Habitat: Essequibo and Amazons. DICROSSUS Agassiz. Type: Dicrossus maculatus Steindach- ner. Range that of the single species. Ar. Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, Pellegrin, 134. Habitat : Amazons. BATRACHOPS Heckel. Boggiania Perugia. Type: Batrachops reticulatus Heckel. 1. Batrachops ocellatus Perugia, Regan, 1905, 154. Habitat : Upper Paraguay. 2. Batrachops semifasciatus Heckel, Regan, 1905, 155. Habitat: Paraguay to Montevideo. A3. Batrachops reticulatus Heckel, Regan, 1905, 155. Cremcichla elegans Steindachner. Habitat : Guianas to Amazon. A4. Batrachops punctulatus Regan, Regan, 1905, 156. Habitat: Essequibo and Amazon. AS. Batrachops cyanotus (Cope), Regan, 1905, 156. 1 1 am unable to give this and the next species their proper place. 477 Habitat: Upper Amazon. 6. Batrachops scottii Eigenmann, E., 19070, 455. Habitat: La Plata. CRENICICHLA Heckel. Type: Crenicichla vittata Heckel. Range : Guiana to La Plata. A I. Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, Regan, 1905, 158. Habitat: R,o Guapore; Paraguay to Buenos Aires; Rio Grande do Sul. A2. Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus), Regan, 1905, 159. Icarus rujescens Gronow; Cichla la- brina Agassiz; Cychla rutilans Schomburgk; Scarus pavoninus Gronow; Crenicichla frenata Gill; C. proteus Cope; C. argynnis Cope,' C. semidncta Steindachner ; C. albo- punctata Pellegrin; C. vaillanti Pel- legrin. Habitat: Trinidad to Amazons; Para- ^ guay Basin ; Rio Grande do Sul. A3. Crenicichla lucius Cope, Regan, 1905, 160. Crenicichla anthurus Cope. Habitat: Amazon of Ecuador. 4- Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, Regan, 1905, 161. Habitat: Orinoco. 5- Crenicichla lacustris Castelnau, Regan, 1905, 162. Crenicichla punctata Hensel; C. poly- sticta Hensel. Habitat: Southern and eastern Brazil, Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul. A6. Crenicichla macro phthalmus Heckel, Regan, 1905, 162. Habitat: Rio Negro. A;. Crenicichla ivallacii Regan, 1905, 162. Habitat : Rio Essequibo ; Rio Negro. A8. Crenicichla vittata Heckel, Regan, 1905, 163. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Habitat: Amazon; Paraguay; Eastern Brazil. A9. Crenicichla acutirostris Giinther, Regan, 1905, 164. Habitat: Rio Cupai. 10. Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, Regan, 1905, 164. Habitat: Surinam. 11. Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, Pellegrin, 1903, 347- Habitat: T A 1 2. Crenicichla strigata Pellegrin, Regan, 1905, 165. Crenicichla Johanna, var. mttata Giin- ther, non Heckel. Habitat: Amazon. A 1 3. Crenicichla lugwbris Heckel, Regan, 1905, 165. Crenicichla funebris Heckel. Habitat: Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela. 14. Crenicichla cincta Regan, Regan, 1905, 166. Crenicichla jasciata Pellegrin, non Schomburgk. Habitat: Marajo Island, Para. A 1 5. Crenicichla ornata Regan. Regan, 1905, 167. Crenicichla lenticulata Pellegrin, non Heckel. Habitat: Amazon; Guiana. A 1 6. Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel. Crenicichla adspersa Heckel. Habitat: Rio Negro; Rio Guapore. Ai7- Crenicichla Johanna Heckel. Cychla jasciata Schomburgk ; Creni- cichla obtusirostris Giinther. Habitat: Brazil; Guiana; Venezuela. RETROCULUS Eigenmann & Bray. Type : Retroculus boulengeri Eigen- mann & Bray. Range that of the single species. A I . Retroculus lapidifer ( Castelnau ) , Regan, 1906, 50. R. boulengeri E. & B. Habitat: Amazon. HETEROGRAMMA Regan. Mesops Giinther preoccupied. Type : Mesops tceniatus Giinther. Range : Amazons, Rio Puty and Para- guay. Ai. Hetero gramma agassizii (Steindach- ner), Pellegrin, 151. Habitat : Lower Solimoens, Amazon and Rio Puty. A2. Hetero gramma tceniatum (Giinther), Pellegrin, 151. f Geophagus amoenus Cope. Habitat: Amazons; Paraguay. 3. Heterogramma corumbce Eigenmann & Ward. Habitat: Paraguay. 4. Heterogramma trifasciatum Eigenmann & Kennedy, Pellegrin, 152. Habitat : Paraguay. 5. Heterogramma borellii Regan, Regan, 1906, 63. Habitat : Parahuaty. 6. Heterogramma steindachneri Regan, Regan, 19080, 370. Habitat: Georgetown. 7. Heterogramma pleurotccnia Regan, Regan, igoga, 270. Habitat: La Plata. GEOPHAGUS Heckel. Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy. Type : Sparus surinamensis Bloch. Range : Panama to La Plata. Ai. Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch), Pellegrin, 162. Geophagus megasema and altijrons Heckel; Chromis proxima Castelnau. Habitat: Amazons and northward. 2. Geophagus steindachneri Eigen- mann & Hildebrand. Geophagus brasiliensis Steindachner, Fischfauna des Cauca, etc., not brasi- liensis Quoy & Gaimard. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 479 Habitat: Magdalena Basin. 3. Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gai- mard), Pellegrin, 156. Chromis unipunctata and obscura Cas- telnau; Acara gymnopoma Giinther; Geophagus rhabdotus, bucephalus, labiatus, scymnophilus and pygmaus Hensel; Chromis gibbiceps Valen- ciennes. Habitat : Coastwise streams from Bahia to Rio de la Plata. 4. Geophagus balzanii Perugia, . . Pellegrin. G. duodecimspinosus Boulenger. Habitat : Paraguay Basin. 5. Geophagus australis Eigenmann, E., 19070, 454. Habitat: La Plata. 6. Geophagus brachyurus Cope, Pellegrin, 159. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 7. Geophagus cupido Heckel, Pellegrin, 153. Habitat: Amazons; Essequibo. 8. Geophagus gymnogenys Hensel, Pellegrin, 158. f Geophagus camurus Cope. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 9. Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, Pellegrin, 160. Geophagus jurupari Vaillant, non Heckel. Habitat : Colombia at Ibaqui ; Panama, near Candelaria. Aio. Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, Pellegrin, 160. Habitat: French Guiana. An. Geophagus d&mon Heckel, Pellegrin, 161. Habitat: Middle course of Amazon. A 1 2. Geophagus jurupari Heckel, Pellegrin, 159. Geophagus leucostictus Miiller & Tro- schel; Satanoperca macrolepis Giin- ther; Geophagus pappaterra Eigen- mann & Kennedy, non Heckel. Habitat: Guiana; Amazons; Paraguay. SATANOPERCA Giinther. Type : Geophagus acuticeps Heckel. Range : Guiana to Paraguay. 1. Satanoperca balzanii (Perugia), Pellegrin, 155. Habitat: Paraguay Basin. A2. Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel), Pellegrin, 155. Habitat : Amazon and Solimoens. A3. Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel), Pellegrin, 156. Habitat: Guapore and Guiana. BIOTCECUS Eigenmann & Kennedy. Type : Saraca opercularis Steindachner. Range that of the single species. Saraca Steindachner preoccupied. A I. Biotcecus opercularis (Steindachner), Pellegrin, 163. Habitat : Villa Bella ; Saraca. SYMPHYSODON Heckel. Type: Symphysodon discus Heckel. Range : Amazons. Ai. Symphysodon discus Heckel, Pellegrin, 214. Habitat: Amazons and tributaries. A2. Symphysodon discus ccquijasciatus Pel- legrin, Pellegrin, 214. Habitat : Santarem ; Teffe. PTEROPHYLLUM Heckel. Type : Platox scalaris Cuvier & Valen- ciennes. Range: Orinoco to Amazons. A I. Pterophyllum scalar e (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), Pellegrin, 215. Plataxoides dumerili Castelnau. Habitat : Amazons. 2. Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, Pellegrin, 2 1 6. Habitat: Orinoco. 480 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. OLIGOPLITES Gill. Type : Chorinemus occidentalis Gunther =Scomber saurus Bloch & Schneider. Range: Tropical seas of America; one species in fresh water. Family CARANGID^. i. Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) J. & E., 899. Habitat: Lake Yzabal to Lake Mara- caibo. Family GOBIID^. PHILYPNUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type: Platycephalus dormitator Bloch = Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede. Range : Both slopes of middle America. 1. Philypnus dormitor (Lacepede), J. & E., 2195. Platycephalus dormitator Bloch ; Ba- trachus guavina Bloch & Schneider; Eleotris longiceps Gunther; Eleotris dormitatrix Cuvier. Habitat : Eastern slope of Mexico, Cen- tral America (Lake Nicaragua) to Surinam ; entering salt water. 2. Philypnus maculatus (Gunther), J. & E., 2195. Philypnus lateralis Gill. Habitat : Pacific slope from Sonora to Panama and Ecuador; entering salt water. DORMITATOR Gill. Prochilus Cuvier. Type : Dormitator gundlachi Poey. Range that of the single species. A i. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch),1 J. & E., 2196. Eleotris mugiloides, sima and f gran- disquama Cuvier & Valenciennes; Eleotris latijrons Richardson ; Eleo- tris somnolentus Girard; Eleotris omocyaneus Poey ; Dormitator mi- crophthalmus Gill ; Dormitator gund- lachi Poey; Dormitator lineatus Gill. 1 The Atlantic and Pacific slope forms have at times been considered distinct. Habitat: Atlantic slope from South Carolina to Para; Pacific slope from Cape San Lucas to Panama; enter- ing fresh and salt water. GUAVINA Bleeker. Type: Eleotris guavina Cuvier & Va- lenciennes. Range : Cuba to Rio Grande do Sul. A i. Guavina guavina (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), J. & E., 2198. Habitat: Cuba to Rio 'Grande do Sul; entering rivers and salt water. A2. Guavina brasiliensis (Sauvage). (Prob- ably identical with guavina.) Habitat: Bahia. ELEOTRIS Bloch & Schneider. Type : Gobius pisonis Gmelin. Culms Bleeker. Range : Both slopes of middle America, West Indies, south to Rio de Janeiro. 1. Eleotris amblyopsis Cope, J. & E., 2199. Habitat: Surinam. 2. Eleotris pisonis (Gmelin), J. & E., 2200. Gobius amorea Walbaum ; Eleotris gy- rinus Cuvier & Valenciennes; Eleo- tris belizianus Sauvage. Habitat : Florida to southern Brazil. A3. Eleotris perniger (Cope), J. & E., 2201. Habitat : Jamaica to Rio de Janeiro. 4. Eleotris picta Kner & Steindachner, J. & E., 2201. Culius aquidens Jordan & Gilbert. Habitat: Pacific slope, Sonora to Ec- uador. EIGENMANN: CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 481 SlCYDlUM Cuvier & Valenciennes. Type : Gobius plumieri Bloch. Range: Fresh waters of the West In- dies and Central America to Ec- uador. 1. Sicydium plumieri (Bloch), J. & E., 2206. Sicydium siragus Poey. Habitat: Fresh waters of the West In- dies. 2. Sicydium pittieri Regan, Regan, 1907^, 260. Habitat: Panama to western Ecuador. 3. Sicyditim altum Meek, Meek, 1907^, 149. Habitat : Costa Rica to 600 meters. COTYLOPUS Guichenot. Sicya Jordan & Evermann; Oreogobius Boulenger. Type: Cotylopus acutipinnis Guichenot. Range: Mazatlan to Panama. 1. Cotylopus gymnogaster (Ogilvie- Grant), J. & E., 2207. Habitat : Streams about Mazatlan. 2. Cotylopus salvini (Ogilvie-Grant), J. & E., 2207. Oreogobius rosenbergii Boulenger. Habitat : Streams near Panama to Ec- uador. 3. Cotylopus punctatus Regan, Regan, 1905, 362. Sicydium multipunctatum Regan. Habitat : Tequesixtlan. EVORTHODUS Gill. Type : Evorthodus bremceps Gill. Range that of the single species. I. Evorthodus bremceps Gill, J. & E., 2208. Habitat : Fresh waters of Trinidad and Surinam. LOPHOGOBIUS Gill. Type : Gobius cristagalli Valenciennes = cyprinoides Pallas. Range that of the single species. I. Lophogobius cyprinoides (Pallas), J. & E., 2209. Gobius cristagalli Valenciennes. Habitat: Southern Florida; West In- dies. GOBIUS Linnaeus.1 Gobionellus Girard; Ctenogobius Gill. Type : Gobius niger Linnaeus. Range: Marine; in all warm seas. 1. Gobius soporator Cuvier & Valen- ciennes, J. & E., 2216. Gobius lineatus Jenyns; G. catalus Gi- rard ; G. brunneus, mapo and lacera- tus Poey ; G. andrei Sauvage ; G. carolinensis Gill ; Evorthodus catulus Jordan & Gilbert. Habitat: Both coasts, occasionally en- tering rivers. 2. Gobius fasciatus Gill, . . . . J. & E., 2222. Habitat: Trinidad. A3. Gobius badius Gill, . . . .J. & E., 2227. Gobius bosci Sauvage. Habitat: Mouth of Amazon. AWAOUS Steindachner. Chonophorus Poey. Type : Awaous ocularis, etc. Range : Both slopes of middle America, south to the Rio Doce and Ecuador. A i. Awaous flavus (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes), J. & E., 2235. Habitat: Mouths of rivers, Surinam to Rio Doce. 2. Awaous nelsoni Evermann, J. & E., 2235. Habitat: Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico. A3. Awaous taiasicus (Lichtenstein), J. & E., 2236. 1 It is very probable that other species of the genus Gobius enter rivers; parvus Meek, is recorded from Boca del Rio, Vera Cruz ; claytoni Meek from the same place, and microdon Gilbert from San Juan Lagoon, north of Rio Ahome, Mexico. 482 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Gobius banana and martinicus Cuvier & Valenciennes ; Chonophorus buccu- lc nt its Poey ; Rhinogobius contractus Poey ; Gobius dolichocephalus Cope ; Euctenogobius latus O'Shaughnessy. Habitat: West Indies; west slope, Lower California to Panama; east slope, Mexico to Rio Doce. 4. Awaous mexicanus (Giinther), J. & E., 2237. Habitat: Eastern slope of Mexico. 5. Awaous transandeanus Gunther, Giinther, III, 62. Gobius giintheri Regan. Habitat: Western Ecuador (to western Mexico?). GOBIOIDES Lacepede. Type : Gobioides broussonnetti Lace- pede. Range : Marine. Ai. Gobioides broussonnetti Lacepede. J. & E., 2263. Amblyopus brasiliensis and oblongus Bloch & Schneider; Gobioides bar- reto Poey; Amblyopus mexicanus O'Shaughnessy. Habitat: West Indies and mouths of Atlantic rivers from Florida to Rio de Janeiro. 2. Gobioides peruanus Steindachner, J. & E., 2264. Habitat: Peru and Ecuador, ascending rivers. Family BATRACHOIDIDyE. THALASSOPHRYNE Gunther. Type: Thallasophryne maculosa Gun- ther. Range : South America, entering rivers. A I. Thalassophryne amazonica Steindach- ner, Steindachner, 1876, 1 13. Habitat : Xingu ; mouth of the Rio Negro. A2. Thalassophryne nattereri Steindachner, Steindachner, 1876, 115. Habitat: Para. Family BLENNIID^E. CHASMODES Cuvier & Valenciennes. i. Chasmodes maculipinna Regan, Type: Blennius bosquianus Lacepede. Regan, 1903, 630. Range : Marine. Habitat: Rio Durango, northwest Ec- uador. Order HETEROSOMATA. Ai. Family PLEURONECTID^E. CITHARICHTHYS Bleeker. Type : Citharichthys cayennsis Bleeker = spilopterus Gunther. Range : Marine and fresh water. Citharichthys spilopterus Gunther, J. & E., 2685. Citharichthys guatemalensis Bleeker; Hemirhombus fuscus Poey; Citha- richthys cayennsis Bleeker. Habitat: New Orleans to Rio Janeiro, entering rivers (Rio das Velhas). Citharichthys gilberti Jenkins & Ever- mann, J. & E., 2686. Citharichthys sumichrasti Jordan & Goss ; Citharichthys spilopterus Gun- ther 1869, not of 1862. Habitat : Guaymas to Panama, entering rivers. EIGENMANN : CATALOGUE OF FRESH WATER FISHES. 483 Family SOLEID^. ACHIRUS Lacepede. Frinectes Rafinesque; Grammichthys, Monochirus Kaup ; Baiostoma Bean. Type : A chirus fasciatus Lacepede. Range : Marine and fresh water. 1. Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner), J. & E.t 2697. Habitat: Panama to Guayaquil, enter- ing rivers. 2. Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner), J. & E., 2698. Habitat : Pacific slope of Mexico, en- tering rivers. A3. Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus), J. & E., 2697. Monochir maculipinnis Agassiz. Habitat: Florida Keys and the West Indies to Uruguay ; all streams from Cayenne to La Plata; ascending the Amazon to Tabatinga. 4. Achirus fonsecensis (Giinther), J. & E., 2699. Habitat: Pacific coast of tropical America, entering rivers. 5. Achirus fischeri (Steindachner), J. & E., 2699. Habitat: Mamone River near Panama. 6. Achirus garmani Jordan, Jordan & Goss, 1899, 314. Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul. 7. Achirus fasciatus Lacepede, J. & E., 2700. Habitat : Atlantic coast, north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; ascending rivers. 8. Achirus jenynsii (Gunther), Giinther, IV, 476. Achirus lorentzi Weyenbergh. Habitat: La Plata to Paraguay. ACHIROPSIS Steindachner. Type: Achiropsis natter eri Steindach- ner. Range : Rio Negro to Goyaz. Ai. Achiropsis nattereri Steindachner, Steindachner, 1876, V, no. Habitat: Rio Negro. A2. Achiropsis asphyxiatus Jordan, Jordan & Goss, 1889, 318. Habitat : Goyaz. APIONICHTHYS Kaup. Soleoialpa Gunther. Type: Apionichthys dumerilii Kaup. Range : South America. Ai. Apionichthys unicolor (Gunther), Gunther, IV, 489. Apionichthys dumerilii Kaup; A. nebu- losus Peters. Habitat: Surinam; Amazon, near Obi- dos. SYMPHURUS Rafinesque. Bibronia Cocco; Plagusia Cuvier; Apho- ristia Kaup ; Glossichthys Gill ; Amonopleurops Gunther; Acedia Jordan. Type : Symphurus nigrescens Rafin- esque. Range: Marine. I. Symphurus plagusia Bloch & Schneider, Gunther, IV, 490. Achirus ornatus Lacepede; Plagusia tessellata Quoy & Gaimard ; Plagusia brasiliensis Agassiz. Habitat: La Plata. 484 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Order PLECTOGNATHI. Family TETRAODONTID^. COLOMESUS Gill. Batrachops Holland. Type: Tetrodon psittacus Bloch & Schneider. Range: Marine and fresh waters of tropical America. Ai. Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schnei- der), J. & E., 1740. Cherlichthys asellus Miiller & Troschel. Habitat: West Indies; Guiana to Maranon and Para. LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson. Physogaster and Gastrophysus Miiller; Promecocephalus Bibron ; Tetrodon Gill. Type : Tetrodon pennanti Yarrell = Te- trodon lagocephalus Linnaeus. Habitat : Chiefly .tropical seas. . Lagocephalus Iccvigatus (Linnaeus). Tetrodon curvus and mathematicus Mitchill ; Holocanthus melanothus Gronow; Tetrodon lineolatus Poey. Habitat : Cape Cod to Brazil, entering rivers; Para. SUMMARY. Number of Spe- cies in the En- Families, tire Area. Petromyzonidae 5 Galeidae 2 Rajidae 2 Narcobatidae I Myleobatidae I Dasyatidae 9 Lepidosirenidae I Lepisosteidae 2 Aspredinidae 22 Diplomystidae I Siluridae 300 Hypophthalmidae 2 Pygidiidae 66 Callichthyidae 34 Loricariidae 208 Cyclopidae 23 Catostomidae 5 Cyprinidae 21 Characidae 659 Gymnotidae 31 Electrophoridae i Synbranchidae I Anguillidae I Engraulidae 13 Clupeidae 5 Number of Spe- cies in the Am- azon Basin. 5 i 10 139 i 28 16 81 15 317 22 I I 7 3 Families. Dorosomidae 4 Elopidae 2 Osteoglossidae I Arapaimidae I Paeciliidae 160 Galaxiidse 7 Aplochitonidae 2 Belonidae 8 Mugilidae 1 1 Atherinidae 33 Polycentridse 3 Centropomidae 8 Serranidae 5 Haemulidae 8 Scisenidae 13 Percidse I Cichlidae 187 Carangidae I Gobiidae 27 Batrachoididae 2 Blenniidae I Pleuronectidae 2 Soleidae 12 Tetraodontidae . 2 Number of Spe- Number of Spe- cies in the En- cies in the Am- tire Area. azon Basin. I I 14 4 i Totals 1917 55 8 2 4 i 748 LIST OF PAPERS DEALING WITH THE FRESH WATER FISHES OF SOUTH AMERICA. Arranged according to the year of publication and alphabetically under each year. Marcgravus, Georgius. 1648 Historiae Rerum Naturalium Braziliae, iv. Piso, Gulielmus. 1658 Indiae Utriusque Re Naturali et Medica. Liber Tertius. Willoughby, Francis. 1686 De Historia Piscium. Artedi, Petrus. 1738 Ichthyologia sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus Scilicet: Bibliotheca Ichthyologica. Philo- sophia Ichthyologica. Genera Piscium. Synonymia Specierum. Descriptiones Specierum. Edidit Carolus Linnaeus. Linnaeus, Carolus. 1749-69 Amoenitates Academicae. 1754 Museum Adolphi Friderici, Stockholm, 1754. Gronovius, Laurentius Theodorus. J754-56 Museum Ichthyologicum. Linnaeus, C. 1758 Systema Naturae, ed. x. Seba, Albert. 1758 Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata Descriptio, vol. iii, 1758. Van der Lott, Fr. 1762 Kort Bericht van den Congeraal, afte Drilvisch. In Verhandl. Holl. Maatsch. Haarlem. Gronovius, L. Th. 1763, '64 '8 1 Zoophylacium Gronovianum. Linnaeus, C. ' 1766 Systema Naturae, ed. xii. Pallas, Petrus Simon. 1769 Spicilegia Zoologica, Petrop., 1769-'79. Bajon. 1774 Memoire sur un poisson a commotion electrique connu a Cayenne sous le nom d'Anguille tremblant. Garden, Alex. 1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv. Hunter, John. 1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv. Williamson, H. 1775 An account of the Gymnotus electricus. In Philos. Trans., Ixv. 485 486 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Bajon. 1777 Mem. pour servir a 1'histoire de Cayenne. Bloch, Marcus Elieser. 1785-95 Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Berlin, 1785-95. Bryant, W. ' 1786 An account of an electric Eel or the torpedo of Surinam. In Transactions American Philo- sophical Society, II. Flagg, Henry Collins. 1786 Observations on the numb fish or torporific Eel. In Transactions American Philosophical Society, II. Parra, Ant. 1787 Descripcion de diferentes Piezas de Historia Natural, etc. Havana. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. 1788 Linnaei Systema Naturae, ed. xii. Bonnaterre, M. 1'Abbe. 1788 Tableau Encyclopedique et methodique des Trois Regnes de la Nature. Ichthyologie. Guisan. 1797 Memoire sur le Gymnotus electricus. In Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom., 1797. I798-I8041 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons ; 5 vols., Paris. Lacepede, Bernard Germain. Bloch, M. E. 1801 Systema Ichthyologiae, ed. Schneider, Johann Gottlob. Fahlberg, Sam. 1801 Beskrifning ofver electriska Alen, I Gymnotus electricus. In Vedensk Ak. nya Handl., 1801. Shaw, George. 1803 General Zoology, vols. iv and v. London. Dumeril, Marie Constant. 1806 Zoologie Analytique ou Methode Naturelle de Classification des Animaux. Paris. Humboldt, Alexander von. 1806 Versuche iiber die electrischen Fische. 1811, 1833 Recueil d'Observations Zoologiques, vols. i and ii. Paris, 1811 and 1833. Cuvier, Georges. 1817 Le Regne Animal distribue d'apres son Organisation. Paris. Meckel, J. F. 1818 In Deutsch. Arch. Physiol., iv, 1818. Guisan. 1819 Comment, de Gymnoto electrico. Tubingen. Lichtenstein, K. M. H. 1820 Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso fiber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens. Abh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. 1820-21 and 1826. Knox, R. 1824 Observations on the general anatomy of the Gymnotus electricus. In Edinb. Journal Science 1824. 1 See also Lacepede, in Mem. Instil. Nat. Sc. Math. Phys., ii. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 487 Quoy et Gaimard, G. 1824 Voyage autour du Monde sur les corvettes de S. M. 1'Uranie et la Physicienne, sous le com- mandement de Freycinet. Zoologie. Poissons, 1824. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1828 Histoire Naturelles des Poissons, i, ii. Hancock, J. 1828 Notes on some species of fishes and reptiles, from Demarara. In Zoological Journal, iv, also in Isis, 1830. Agassiz, Louis. 1829 Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, qua? in itinere per lirasiliam collegit J. B. de Spix. 1829. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1829 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, iii and iv. Lichtenstein, K. M. H. 1829 In Wiedemann Zool. Mag., 1, part 3. Spix, J. B. 1829 See Agassiz, 1829. Bend. 1830 In Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc., i. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1830 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, v and vi. Lesson, R. P. 1830 Voyage autour du monde, " La Coquille," vol. ii. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1831 Histoire Naturelk des Poissons, vii and viii. Olfers, J. F. M. 1831 Die Gattung Torpedo. Berlin, 1831. Traill, T. S. 1832 Description of a Silurus known in Demarara by the name Gildbacke, more properly Geel- buik [S. Parkeri n. sp.]. In Mem. Wern. Soc., vi, 1832. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1833 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, ix. Griffith, R. 1834 The Animal Kingdom, vol. x, Class Pisces. London, 1834. Henle, J. 1834 Narcine, in Ann. Scienc. Natur* 2d ser., ii ff., 311-315. Quoy et Gaimard. 1834 Voyage de " 1'Astrolabe " sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie. Tome iii, Poissons, 1834. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1835 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, x. Meyen. 1835 Reise in Peru. Wiegmann, F. A. 1835 In Wiegmann's Archiv, 1835, ii, 268, redescribes Meyen's Pygidium fuscum. 488 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1836 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xi. Eydouz et Souleyet. 1836 Zoologie du voyage aut. du monde, exec. p. Vaillants. La corvette " La Bonite." Paris, 1836 and 1837. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1837 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xii. Fitzinger, L. J. 1837 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Isis, p. 379, 1837. Bradley, Thorn. 1838 Letter respecting the habits of the electric Eel in the Adelaide Gallery. In Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., ii. Van Der Hoeven, J. 1838 Over Lepidosiren paradoxa. In Tijds. Naturl. Geschied., iv. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1839 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xiii, xiv. Faraday, M. 1839 1° Philosophical Transactions, 1839. Natterer, J. 1839 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Ann. Wien. Mus., ii, p. 165. Swainson, W. 1839 On *he Natural History and Classification of Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles. The Cabinet Cyclopaedia, conducted by the Rev. Dionysius Lardner, 1838-'39. Bischoff, T. L. W. 1840 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Ann. Sc. Nat., xiv, pp. 116-159. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1840 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xv. Heckel, Jacob. 1840 Brasilianische Fluss-Fische. Annalen des Wiener Museums, ii. Ranzani, Ab. Cam. 1840 De novis speciebus Piscium., Dissert, i. Nov. Comm. Acad. Scient. Inst. Bonon., iv. Miiller, J., und Henle, J. 1841 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin. Schomburgk, Robert Hermann. 1841 The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana, part i. Naturalist's Library; Ichthyology, iii. Schonbein, Ch. Fr. 1841 Beobachtungen uber die electrischen Wirkungen des Zitteraales. Basel. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1842 Historic Naturelle des Poissons, xvi. Jenyns, L. 1842 The Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle — Fishes. London. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 489 Miiller, Johannes. 1842 Beobachtungen iiber die Schwimmblase der Fische mit Bezug auf einige neue Fisch Gattun- gen. Miiller Archiv, 1842, pp. 307-329. Ranzani, Ab. Cam. 1842 De nonnullis novis speciebus Piscium. Nuovi Annali Sci. Natur. Bologna, 1841, pp. 60-66; 367-370; 443-444. Valentin, G. 1842 Beitrage zur Anatomie des Zitter-Aales (Gymnotus electricus] . In Neue Denkschrift All- gem. Schweiz. Gesellsch., 1842. Schomburgk, Robert Hermann. 1843 The Natural History of the Fishes of Guiana, part ii. Naturalist's Library ; Ichthyology, v. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1844 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xvii. Miiller, Johannes, und Troschel, Franz Hermann. 1844 Synopsis generum et specierum familiae characinorum. In Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin. Richardson, John. 1844-7 Voy. Erebus and Terror. Fishes. Guichenot, A. 1845 Poissons, in Ramon de la Sagra, Histoire Naturelle de Cuba. Paris. Heckel, J. 1845 In Muller's Arch. Anat., p. 534, 1845. Hyrtl, Jos. 1845 Monograph, des Lepidosiren paradoxa, Abhandl. Bohm. Gesellsch.. iii, pp. 605-668. Miranda. 1845 Esperimenti instituti sul Gimnoto elettrico. Napoli. Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H. 1845 Horas Ichthyologies, i and ii. Tschudi, J. J. von. 1845 In Fauna Peruana. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1846 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xviii and xix. Owen, R. 1846 Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, part i, Fishes. London. Chiaje, Delia. 1847 Notizia su due Gimnoti elettrici dall' America recati vivi in Napolli. In Nuov. Ann. Sc, Nat. Bologn., viii. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1847 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xx. Valenciennes, A. 1847 In Humboldt Recueil d' Observations Zoologiques. 1847. 1847 In D'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale. Poissons. Cuvier, G., et Valenciennes, M. 1848 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, xxi and xxii. 490 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Gay, Cl. 1848 Historia fisica y politica de Chile, ii. Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H. 1848 Reisen in British- Guiana in den Jahren 1840-'44. Ausgefiihrt von Richard Schomburgk. Fische, vol. iii, pp. 618-644. Schultze, Max. 1848 Zur Kenntniss der electrischen Organe der Fische. Halle. Miiller, J., und Troschel, F. H. 1849 Horae Ichthyologicae, iii. Reinhardt, J. 1849 Nye sydamerikanske Ferskvandsfiske. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, Nos. 3-5. Smith, J. P. G. 1850 In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850. Gray, J. E. 1851 Description of a new form of lamprey from Australia with a synopsis of the family. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, pp. 235-241. Gray, J. E., and Gerrard. 1851 List of Chondropterygii in the Brit. Mus., London. Dumeril, A. 1852 Monogr. de la tribu des Torpediniens. Paris. Pacini. 1852 Sulla struttura del organ, elettrico del Gimnoto e di altri pesci elettrici, sulle condizione. elettromotrici di questi organi e loro comparazione a diverse pile elettrice. Firenze. Reinhardt, J. 1852 Om Svommeblaeren hos Familien Gymnotini. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Natur- historiske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1852. Kner, Rudolf. 1853 Die Panzerwelse des K. K. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinets zu Wien. Denkschr. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vi. 18533 Die Hypostomiden, Zweite Hauptgruppe der Familie der Panzerfische. Denkschr. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vii, 1853. Filippi, F. 1853 In Guer. Menev. Rev. Mag. Zool., 1853. Baird, Spencer F., and Girard, Charles. 1854 In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1854. Girard, C. 1854 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 198. Gronow, L. Th. 1854 Systema Ichthyologicum ; Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. Th. Gronow. London, Ed. Gray. Reinhardt, J. 1854 Notits om slaegten Pachyurus og de derlil horende Arter. (Loc. cit., 1849). EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 491 Wyman, Jeffries. 1854 Observations on the Development of Anableps Gronovii. Host. Journ. Nat Hist 1854 pp. 432-443. Castelnau, Frangois de. 1855 Animaux nouveaux ou rares recueillis pendant 1'expedition dans les parties de 1'Amerique du Sud. Poissons, 1855. Girard, C. 1855 The U. S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-52, vol. ii, Fishes, pp. 230-253, 1855. Kner, R. 1855 Ichthyologische Beitrage. Sitzb. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xvii, 1855, pp. 92-162. Bruehl, C. B. 1856 Osteologisches aus dem Pariser Pflanzengarten. Wien, 1856. Dumeril, Marie Constant. 1856 Ichthyologie Analytique, ou Essai d'une Classification Naturelle des Poissons a 1'Aide de Tableaux Synoptiques. Mem. Acad. Sci., France, Paris, 1856. Kaup, J. J. 1856 Uebersicht der Gymnotidae. In Wiegm. Arch., 1856. 18563 Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the British Museum, London, 1856-'58. Kner, R. 1857 Ichthyologische Beitrage, ii. Abtheilung. Sitzb. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xxvi, 1857 pp 373-448. Philippi, R. A. 1857 Ueber einige chilenische Fische und Vogel. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 23, i, p. 266. Bleeker, Pieter. 1858 Ichthyologiae Archipel. Indici Prodromus, i, Siluroidei. Gill, Theodore. 1858 Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of the Western portion of the Island of Trinidad, West Indies. Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vol. vi, 1858. Kner, R. 1858 Kritische Bemerkungen iiber Castelnau's Siluroiden. Wiegm. Arch., 1859. Reinhardt, J. 1858 Stegophilus insidiosus en ny Mallefisk fra Brasilien og dens Levemaade. (Loc. «'/.). Gill, T. 1859 Description of a new generic form of Gobiinae from the Amazon River. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, 1859. iSsga Description of a new South American type of Siluroids, allied to Callophysus. In Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1859, 196. Girard, Charles. 1859 Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. Fishes, 1859. Guenther, Albert. 1859 In Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 418. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the collection of the British Museum, i, 1859. 492 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. • Hyrtl, Jos. 1859 I" Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, xvi, 1859. Kner, R. 1859 Zur Familie der Characinen. iii. Folge der Ichthyologischen Beitrage. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xvii, 1859. Guenther, A. 1860 Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., ii. i86oa Third list of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860. i86ob On new Reptiles and Fishes from Mexico. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., June, 1860. Guichenot, Alph. 1860 Notice sur un nouveau poisson du genre des Trichomycteres (Astemomycterus pusilus). In Rev. et Mag. Hist. Nat., xii, 1860. Kaup, J. J. 1860 In Wiegm. Arch., 1860. Kner, R. 1860 Zur Familie der Characinen. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xviii, 1860. Gill, T. 1861 Description of a new species of the genus Anableps, Gronovius. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1861, p. 4. i86ia Revision of the genera of North America Sciaeninae. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1861, pp. 79-89. i86ib Synopsis of the genera of the subfamily of Pimelodinae. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 46-55. Guenther, A. 1861 Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., iii, 1861. Kcelreuter, J. T. 1861 Novi. Comment. Petrop., viii, 1761. Bleeker, P. 1862 Descriptions de quelque Especes nouvelles de Silures de Suriname. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, xiv, 1862. Guenther, A. 1862 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., iv, 1862. Bleeker, P. 1863 Conspectus Generum Doradinorum. Nederlandsch. Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde. Amster- dam, vol. i, 1863. i863a Systema Silurorum Revisum. Gill, T. 1863 Descriptive Enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the West Coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Capt. John M. Dow. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, pp. 162-174. Guenther, A. 1863 New species of Fish from Essequibo. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1863, December. Philippi, R. A. 1863 Nachrichten iiber ein Paar chilenische Fische. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 29, i. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 493 Steindachner, Franz. 1863 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens u. d. Cyprinodonten Mejicos. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1863. Bleeker, P. 1864 Description des Especes de Silures de Suriname Conservees aux Musees de Leide et d' Amsterdam. Canestrini, G. 1864 In Arch. Zool. Anat. e Fisiol., iii, 1864. Gill, T. 1864 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 151. Guenther, A. 1864 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., v, 1864. i864a On some new species of Central American Fishes. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864. 1864!) Report of a collection of Fishes from Guatemala. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864. Kner, R. 1864 Specielles Verzeichniss der wahrend der Reise der Novara gesammelten Fische. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlix. Kner, R., and Steindachner, F. 1864 Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fischen aus Central Amerika. Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., ii, Cl., vol. x, part 1. Steindachner, F. 1864 Ichthyologische Notizen. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlix, 1864. i864a Chromiden Mejicos und Central Amerikas. Denkschr., K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1864. Dumeril, Aug. i86s-'70 Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome i et ii. Paris, 1865-'70. Guenther, A. 1865 Description of New Species of Characinidae from the Upper Amazon. Ann. and Mag. Hist., xviii, 1865. Philippi, R. A. 1865 Ueber die chilenische Anguilla. Wiegmann's Arch. Naturg., Jg. 31, i, pp. 107-109. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1865, xvi. Bleeker, P. 1866 Descriptibn d'une Espece Inedite de Stolephorus de Surinam. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk, iii, 1866. Guenther, A. 1866 Catalogue of Fishes, etc., vi, 1866. i866a In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866. Philippi, R. A. 1866 Bemerkungen iiber die chilenischen Flussfische. In Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1866. Reinhardt, J. 1866 Om trende formentlig ubeskrevne Fisk af Chareciners eller Karpelaxenes Familie. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1866, pp. 49-68. Steindachner, Fr. 1866 Ichthyologische Notizen, iii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, liii. 494 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Cope, Edward Drinker. 1867 In Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xiii, 404, 1867. Steindachner, Fr. 1867 Ichthyologische Notizen, vi. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ivi. Agassiz, Prof., and Mrs. Louis. 1868 A Journey in Brazil. Boston, Ticknor & Fields. Bocourt, M. 1868 Note sur les Poissons de Genre Tetragonopterus, Mexique et Guatemala. Ann. Sci. Nat., ix. Burmeister, H. 1868 In Anal. Mus. Buenos Aires, PI. 5, 1868. • Guenther, A. 1868 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., vii. i868a Description of Fresh-water Fishes from Surinam and Brazil. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 229-247. i868b Fishes of Central America. London, 1868. Hensel, R. 1868 Fische. Wiegm. Arch., 1868, ii, pp. 356-375. Peters, M. 1868 Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien und Fische. Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1868, pp. 448-460. Steindachner, Fr. 1868 Ichthyologische Notizen, vii. Sitzb, K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1868. i868a Gymnotidas d. Naturaliencabinets zu Wien. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1868. Guenther, A. 1869 Description of Fishes from the Peruvian Amazon. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869. Steindachner, Fr. 1869 Ichthyologische Notizen, ix. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ix, 1869. Cope, E. D. 1870 Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Maranon. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, pp. 559-570. Gill, T. 1870 Fishes from the Maranon and Napo Rivers. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, pp. 92—96. Guenther, A. 1870 Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., viii, 1870. Hensel, R. 1870 Beitr. zur Kenntn. der Wirbelthiere Siidbrasiliens. Wiegm. Arch., 1870, pp. 50-91. Schilling. 1870 In Neue Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1870. Cope, E. D. 1871 Observations on the Systematic Relations of the Fishes. Proc. American Association Adv. Science, xx, 1871. Cunningham, R. 0. 1871 Notes on the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes, Mollusca and Crustacea obtained during H. M. S. "Nassau." Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxvii, 1871. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 495 Giebel, C. G. 1871 Zeitschrift fur die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, iii, 1871. Putnam, F. W. 1871 In American Naturalist, 1871, p. 395. Cope, E. D. 1872 On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1871, pp. 249-294; issued January and February, 1872. Gill, T. 1872 Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces, Marsipobranchii and Leptocardii; prepared for the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247. Guenther, A. 1872 On a New Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demarara. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872. Cope, E. D. 1874 In Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, pp. 132-137. Guenther, A. 1874 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, p. 454. Liitken, Chr. 1874 Ichthyographiske Bidrag. I. Nogle nye eller mindre fuldstaendigt kjendte Pandsermaller, isaer fra det nordlige Sydamerika; Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Foren- ing i Kjobenhavn, 1874. II. Nye eller mindre vel kjente Malleformer fra forskjellige Ver- densdele (loc. tit.). III. Nogle nye eller mindre fuldstaendigt kjente mellem-eller sydameri- kanska Karpeplax (loc. tit.). i874a Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis. Overs, over d. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1874, pp. 127-138. 1874!) Enumeratio piscium flumen Rio das Velhas et lacum Lagoa Santa qui rivulosque vicinos habi- tantium. L. c., pp. 139-143. Steindachner, Fr. 1874 Die Siisswasserfische des siidostlichen Brasiliens. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixix, 1874. Carman, S. 1875 Fishes and Reptiles, in Agassiz and Carman, Exploration of Lake Titicaca.' Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii, No. 11, 1875. Liitken, Chr. 1875 Velhas-Flodens Fiske. Et Bitrag til Brasiliens Ichthyologi. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5 Raekke, xii; 2, 1875, pp. 123-253, xxi. Steindachner, Fr. 1875 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Charicinen des Amazonen Stromes. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxii, 1875. i875a Ueber einige neue brasilienische Siluroiden aus der Gruppe der Doradien. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, 1875. i875b Die Susswasserfische des siidostlichen Brasiliens, ii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, 1875. 18750 Ichthyologische Beitrage, iv. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxii, 1875. l875d Beitrage zur Chromiden des Amazonen Stromes. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi, 1875. Gill, T. 1876 Notes on Fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by Dr. J. F. Bransford, U. S. N. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1876, p. 338. 49^ PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Rozier. 1876 In Journal de Physique, 1876. Steindachner, Fr. 1876 Ichthyologische Beitrage, v. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv, 1876. i876a Die Siisswasserfische des sudostlichen Brasiliens, iii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxiv, 1876. Cope, E. D. 1877 Synopsis of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata procured by Prof. James Orton during his explora- tion of Peru in 1876-'77. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, pp. 33-49. Carman, Samuel. 1877 On the Pelvis and External Sexual Organs of Selachians, etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xix, 1877, pp. 197-214. Gill, T., and Bransford, J. F. 1877 Synopsis of the Fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 175-191. Guenther, A. 1877 Report on Collections of Fishes in the British Museum. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1877. Peters, M. 1877 Ueber die von Herrn Dr. C. Sachs in Venezuela gesammelten Fische. Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1877, July 26. Weyenberg, H. 1877 Algunos Nuevos Pescados del Museo Nacional y Algunos Noticias Ictiologicas. Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas. Tomo iii, Entrega i, Buenos Aires, 1877. Cope, E. D. 1878 Synopsis of the Fishes of the Peruvian Amazon obtained by Professor Orton during his Expe- ditions of 1873 and 1877. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, pp. 673-701. Gill, T. 1878 Elopomorphus jordani. Forest and Stream, 1878, May 21. 18783 Elopomorphus jordani. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. v, vol. ii, 1878. Steindachner, Fr. 1878 Fischfauna des Magdalenen Stromes. Denkschr., K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvii, 1878. i878a Ichthyologische Beitrage, vi. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxvii, 1878. 1879 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Siidamerikas. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xli, 1879. 18793 Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-Arten aus den K. K. Zoologischen Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart, und Warschau. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xli, 1879. l879b Ichthyologische Beitrage, viii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxx, 1879. Guenther, A. 1880 Contribution to the knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Rio de la Plata. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1880. i88oa Report on the Shore Fishes, " Voy. H. M. S. Challenger," 1880. i88ob An Introduction to the Study of Fishes. Edinburgh, 1880. Sauvage, M. H. E. 1880 Description des Gobioides nouveaux ou peu connus de la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 497 Steindachner, Fr. 1880 Zur Fischfauna des Cauca and Fliisse bei Guayaquil. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, i-ii, 1880. Vaillant, L. 1880 In Bull Soc. Philom., 7, x, 1880. Steindachner, Fr. 1881, '8ia Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Fliissfische Sudamerikas, ii and iii. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xliii and xliv, 1881. l88ib Ichthyologische Beitrage, x. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxiii, 1881. Gill, T. 1882 Note on the Petromyzontids. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5, pp. 521-525. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. 1882 A Review of the Siluroid Fishes found on the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, with descriptions of three new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., ii, 1882, pp. 34-54. i882a List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by Prof. Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, pp. 620-632. Steindachner, Fr. 1882 Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Sudamerikas, iv. Denkschr. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xlvi, 1882. 18823 Ichthyologische Beitrage, xii. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxiv, 1882. i882b In Anz. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1882. Thominot, Alex. 1882 Sur un Saccodon d'espece nouvelle de 1'Equateur. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, vi, 1882. Swain, J. 1882 A Review of Swainson's Genera of Fishes. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1882, pp. 272-284. Gill, T. 1883 Synopsis of the Plectognath Fishes. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 411-427. Guenther, A. 1883 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., February, 1883. Jordan, D. S., and Gilbert, C. H. 1883 Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi. Grant, W. R. Ogilvie. 1884 A revision of the Fishes of the Genera Sicydium and Lentipes, with descriptions of five new species. Jordan, D. S. 1884 Note on /Elurichthys eydouxii and Porichthys porosissimus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 1884, pp. 40-41. 1885 A list of the Fishes known from the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, from the Tropic of Cancer to Panama. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, pp. 361-394. 1886 A Preliminary List of the Fishes of the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, pp. 554-608. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. 1886 A Review of the Gobiidae of North America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. ix, 1886, pp. 477-518. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZO$LOGY. Thominot, A. 1886 Sur quelques Poissons nouveaux appartenants a la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, x, 1886. Wright, R. Ramsey. 1886 On the Skull and Auditory Organ of the Siluroid Hypophthalmus. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, section iv, 1885, pp. 105-118, Plates viii-x. Boulenger, G. A. 1887 Description of new South American Characinoid Fishes. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix, 1887, pp. 172-174. 18873 An account of the Fishes collected by Mr. Buckley in East Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, pp. 274-283. Jordan, D. S. 1887 Note on Achirus lorentzi. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1887, pp. 389-391. Eigenmann, Carl H., and Eigenmann, Rosa Smith. 1888 A List of the American Species of Gobiidae and Callionymidas, with notes on the Specimens contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., vol. i, pp. 51-78. i888a Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi. (Loc. cit.), pp. 119-172, July 18, 1888. i888b American Nematognathi. American Naturalist, July, 1888. Steindachner, Fr. 1888 Ichthyologische Beitrage, xiv. Sitzb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xcvi, pp. 56-68, PI. i-iv, 1888. Jordan, D. S. 1888 List of Fishes collected by Alphonse Farrer about Mazatlan, with descriptions of two new species — Heros beani and Pczcilia butleri. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, pp. 329-334. i888a List of Fishes now in the U. S. National Museum, Collected in Nicaragua by Dr. Louis F. H. Birt. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xi, 1888, pp. 411-412. Woodward, A. Smith. 1888 Notes on some Vertebrate Fossils from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, Collected by Joseph Mawson, Esq., F. G. S. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Aug. Boulenger, G. A. 1889 Description of a new Snake and two new Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1889. Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S. 1889 Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi, ii. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), vol. ii, pp. 18-56, August 18. 1889. 18893 A revision of the Erythrininae. (Loc. cit.}, ii, pp. 100-116, PI. I, November 8, 1889. i889b A revision of the Edentulous Genera of the Curimatinae. Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. iv, No. 12, November, 1889. 18890 Descriptions of New Nematognathoid Fishes from Brazil. West American Scientist, No. 42. Jordan, D. S., and Eigenmann, C. H. 1889 A Review of the Sciaenidas of America and Europe. Ann. Rept. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1886, pp. 343-451, pi. i-iv. Jordan, D. C., and Goss^ D. K. 1889 A Review of Flounders and Soles (Pleuronectidae) of America and Europe. Ann. Rept. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1886, pp. 225-342, pi. i-viii. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 499 Woodward, A. Smith. 1889 Note on Bucklandium diluvii, Konig, a Siluroid Fish from the London Clay of Sheppey. Proc. Zool, Soc., 1889, pp. 208-210, pi. xxii. Bridge, T. W., and Haddon, A. C. 1890 Contributions to the Anatomy of Fishes, i. The air bladder and Webberian ossicles in the Siluridae. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. 46, No. 283, pp. 309-328. Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S. 1890 The Evolution of the Catfishes. Zoe, vol. i, No. i, March, 1890. iSgoa A Revision of the South American Nematognathi. Occasional Papers California Academy Sciences, vol. i, 1890. Garces, Modesto. 1890 Un Viaje a Venezuela. Bogota, Roldan and Zamago. Carman, S. 1890 ( 1 ) On the species of Chalcinus ; ( 2 ) on species of Gasteropelecus; (3) On species of Cyno- potamus; (4) On the species of Anostomus. Bulletin Essex Institute, vol. xxii, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1890. iSgoa Henochilus wheatlandii. (Loc. cit.), vol. xxii, No. 4. Boulenger, G. A. 1891 An account of the Siluroid Fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering and Herr Sebastian Wolff in the Province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. P. Z. S., 1891, pp. 231-235, pis. xxv, xxvi. Day, F. 1891 Whymper's Supp. App. to Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Ecuador. Eigenmann, C. H., and R. S. 1891 A Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of South America. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, pp. 1-81. Gill, Theodore. 1891 Note on the Aspredinidae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiii, pp. 347-352. 1891 Note on the genus Felichthys of Swainson. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xiii, pp. 353-354. Holmberg, Eduardo L. 1891 Sobre Algunos Peces Nuevos 6 Poco Conocidos de la Republica Argentina. Rev. Argent. Hist. Nat, i, 180-193. Perugia, A. 1891 Appunti sopra alcuni pesci sud-Americani conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturali di Geneva. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), x, pp. 605-657 Steindachner, Fr. 1891 Ueber einige Characinen-Arten aus Siidamerica. Anz. K. A. Wien, 1891, and Sb. K. A. Wien., C. 1, pp. 364-372. Vaillant, L. 1891 Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. vi. Poissons. Bean, T. H. 1892 Una nueva especie de Lampera. Nat. Mex. (2), ii, 1892, pp. 171-172, pi. viii. i8g2a Notes on the Fishes collected in Mexico by Professor Duges, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xv, 1892, pp. 283-287, pi. xliv. Boulenger, G. A. 1892 In Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), ix, 284-288. 5OO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 18928 On some new or little known Fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore during their recent expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), x, 9-12, Pis. I and II. Eigenmann, C. H. 1892 On the presence of an Operculum in the Aspredinidae, Am. Nat., xxvi, 1892, 71. Woolman, A. J. 1892 New Fishes from Chihuahua, Mexico. Am. Nat., xxvi, 1892, pp. 259-261. Ayers, H. 1893 On the Genera of the Dipnoi Dipneumones. Am. Nat., xxvii, 1893, pp. 319—332. Berg, C. 1893 Geotria macrostoma (Burm.) Berg, y. Thalassophryne montevidensis, Berg, dos Peces par- ticulares. Ann. Mus., Buenos Aires. Eigenmann, C. H. 1893 Catalogue of the Fresh-water Fishes of Central America and Southern Mexico. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, pp. 53-60. Ihering, H. von. 1893 Die Siisswasser Fische von Rio Grande do Sul. Rio Grande do Sul, 1893, pp. 1-36. Philippi, R. A. 1893 Abbildung und Beschreibung eininger chilenischer Fische. Leipzig, 1893, pp. 22, 6 pis. Baiern, Therese von. 1894 Vorlaufige Mittheilung uber einige neue Fischarten aus den Seen von Mexico. Anz. K. A. Wien, 1894, pp. 147-149. Boulenger, G. A. 1894 Les Perches des eaux douces du Chili. Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, iv, 1894, Mem., pp. 9-17. Cope, E. D. 1894 On three new Genera of Characinidae. Am. Nat., xlviii, 1894, 67. i894a On the Fishes Obtained by the Naturalist Expedition in Rio Grande do Sul. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., xxxiii. Ehlers, E. 1894 Ueber Lepidosiren paradoxa, Fitz., und articulata n. sp., aus Paraguay. Nachr. Ges. Gottin- gen, 1894, pp. 84-91. Eigenmann, C. H., and Bray, Wm. L. 1894 A revision of the American Cichlidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vii, 1894, pp. 607-624. Eigenmann, C. H. 1894 Notes on some South American Fishes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vii, 1894, pp. 625-637. Gill, T. 1894 Lepidosirenids and Bdellostomids. Am. Nat., xxviii, 1894, pp. 581-584. i894a A South American Lamprey. Science, xxiii, 1894, pp. 30. Lankester, E. R. 1894 The limbs of Lepidosiren paradoxa. Nature, xlix, 1894, pp. 555, figg. Quelch, J. J. 1894 In Bull. U. S. Fish Cojnm., xiii, 1894, 237-240. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 501 Ulrey, A. B. 1894 Preliminary descriptions of some new South American Characinidae. Am. Nat., xxviii, 1894, pp. 610-612. Berg, C. 1895 Sobre Peces de Agua Dulce, nuevos o poco conocidos de la Republica Argentina. Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires, iv, pp. 121-165. Boulenger, G. A. 1895 Descriptions of two new South American Characinoid Fishes. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xv, p. 449. 18953 Description of a new Characinoid Fish of the Genus Parodon. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xvi, p. 480. i895b Viaggio del Dottor Alfr. Borelli nella Rep. Argentine e nel Paraguay. XII, Poissons. Boll. Mus. Torino, x, No. 196. 18950 On a Collection of Fishes formed by Dr. C. Ternetz in Matto Grosso, Brazil, and Paraguay. Proc. Zool. Soc., 523-529. i895d Catalogue of the Fishes in the Brit. Mus. Second ed. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes, vol. i, London, 1895, xix, pp. 394, figg., 15 pis. Gill, T. 1895 Notes on Characinoid Fishes with ctenoid scales, with a description of a new Psectrogaster. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, pp. 199-203. 18953 The differential characters of Characinoid and Erythrinoid Fishes. L. c., pp. 205-209. 18950 Note on the genus Characinus. L. c., pp. 213-215. 18950 The nomenclature of the Fishes of the Characinoid genus Tetragonopterus. L. c., pp. 225-227. Kindle, E. M. 1895 The South American Catfishes belonging to Cornell University. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., viii, pp. 249-256. Lahille, Fernando. 1895 Lista de los Pescados de la Plata, durante el ano 1894, recogidos en los alrededores. Revista Mus. de la Plata, vi, pp. 265-278. Steindachner, Fr. 1895 Vorlaufige Mittheilung iiber einige neue Fischarten aus der ichthyologischen Sammlung des K. K. NaWrhistorischen Museums in Wien. Anz. K. K. Akad. Wien, 1895, pp. 180-183. Steindachner, Fr. and von Bayern, Therese. 1895 Ueber einige Fischarten Mexicos und die Seen in welchen sie vorkommen. Anz. K. K. Akad. Wien, 1895, pp. 165-166, and Denk. K. K. Akad. Wien, Ixii, pp. 517-530; pis. i-iii. Ulrey, A. B. 1895 South American Characinidae collected by Charles Frederic Hartt. Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., viii, pp. 258-300. Woolman, A. J. 1895 Report on a collection of Fishes from the rivers of Central and Northern Mexico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xiv, pp. 55-66, pi. ii. Alessandri, G. de. 1896 In Atti. Ace. Torin, xxxi, pp. 715-730, pi. 5O2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Boulenger, G. A. 1896 On a Collection of Fishes from Paraguay and Matto Grosso. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., XIV, pp. 25-39, Pis. iii-viii. 18963 List of the Fishes found at Colonia Alpina, 2600 feet. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xviii, p. 154. Gceldi, E. A. 1896 A Lepidosiren paradoxa descoberto na ilha de Marajo. Bol. Mus. Paraense, i, pp. 438-443 with map. Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. 1896 A check list of the Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates of North and Middle America. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1895, pp. 207-684. 1896 The Fishes of North and Middle America. Part 1. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pp. lx+1240. Steindachner, Fr. 1896 Ueber zwei neue Chirostoma Arten aus Chile. Ann. Mus. Wien, xi, pp. 231—232. Ameghino, Florentine. 1897 Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina. Transl. from Bol. Inst. Geografico Argentino, xvii, 1896, pp. 87-108 in Geol. Mag., Jan. 1897, pp. 4-20. Berg, Carlos. 1897 Contr. al Conoc. de los Peces Sudamericanos. Ann. Mus. Buenos Aires, v, pp. 263-302. Boulenger, G. A. 1897 On a collection of Fishes from the Island of Marajo, Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xix, pp. 294-299. 18973 Description of a new Gymnotine Fish of the genus Sternopygus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xix, p. 305. 18975 Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel Chaco boliviano e nella Republica Argentina, iii. Poissons. Boll. Mus. Torino, xii, No. 279. Eigenmann, C. H. 1897 Steindachneria. Am. Nat., xxxi, pp. 158-159. Gceldi, G. A. 1897 Lepidosiren paradoxa. Bol. Mus. Paraense, ii, pp. 247-250. Kerr, J. G. 1897 Account of his recent expedition to the Gran Chaco of Paraguay with the object of investi- gating the development of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 921-922. Perugia, Alberto. 1897 Di alcuni Pesci raccolti in Bolivia dal. Prof. Luigi Bolzan. Ann. Mus. Geneva (2), xviii, pp. 16-27. 18973 Di alcuni Pesci Racolti nelP Alto Paraguay dal Cav. Guido Boggiana, 1. c., 147-150. Plate, L. 1897 Bin neuer Cyclostom mil grossen, normal entwickelten Augen, Macrophthalmia chilensis, n. g., n. sp. Sb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1897, pp. 137-141. Quelch, J. J. 1897 The Electric Eel. Nature, Iv, 508. Vaillant, L. 1897 Contribution a 1'etude ichthyologique du Chagres. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897, pp. 220-223. „ EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 503 Woodward, A. Smith. 1897 Observations on Senor Ameghino's " Notes on the Geology and Palaeontology of Argentina." Geol. Mag., Jan., pp. 20-23. i897a On the fossil vertebrata of South America. Proc. Zool. Soc., March, pp. 311-313. Vaillant, L. 1897 La repartition des Siluroides dans 1'espace et dans le temps. Rev. Sci. (4), vii, pp. 685-689. Bean, T. H. 1898 Notes on Mexican Fishes obtained by Dr. Carl Lumholtz. Bull. Am. Mus., x, pp. 165-168. Bean, B. A. 1898 Notes on a collection of Fishes from Mexico, with description of a new species of Platypcecilus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxi, 1898, pp. 539-542. Boulenger, G. A. 1898 Description of two new Siluroid Fishes from Brazil. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 477-478. Exhibition of and remarks upon specimens of Vandellia cirrhosa C. and V. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, pp. 901-920. Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa, Poissons de 1'Equateur, Premiere Partie. Boll. Mus. Torino xiii, No. 329, 13, pp. 18980 List of the Fishes Collected by Cav. G. Boggiani in the Northern Chaco. Ann. Mus. Genova (2), xix pp. 126-127. iSgSd On a collection of Fishes from the Rio Jurua, Brazil. Trans. Zool. Soc., xiv, pp. 421^28. pis. xxxix-xlii. Goeldi, E. A. 1898 CTn the Lepidosiren of the Amazons; being notes on five speciments obtained between 1895- 1897, and remarks upon an example living in the Para Museum. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, xiv, pp. 413-420, pis. xxxvii, xxxviii. Abstract, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1897, p. 921. iSgSa Primeira contribuic.ao para o conhecimento dos Peixes do valle do Amazonas e das Guyanas. Estudos ichthyologicos dos annos 1894-1898. Bol. Mus. Para, ii, pp. 443-488, pi. 18980 Further notes on the Amazonian Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 852-857, figs. 1-3. Ihering, H. von. 1898 Contributions to the Herpetology of Sao Paulo. Proc. Philad., Acad. Nat. Sci., 1898, Ft. i, pp. 101-109. Kerr, J. G. 1898 Letter from Mr. R. J. Hunt on the dry season habits of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, pp. 41-44, figs. iSgSa Exhibition of specimens of Lepidosiren. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, p. 492. 1898!) List of Fishes inhabiting the range of swamps in which Lepidosiren paradoxa has been found. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1898, 492. Smitt, F. A. 1898 Poissons de 1'Expedition scientifique a la Terre Feu, i. Nototheniae. Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., Band 23, Afd., iv, No. 3, 37, pp. 3, pi. ii; 1. c., No. 5, 80 pp., 6 pis. Steindachner, F. 1898 Die Fische der Sammlung Plate; Fauna Chilensis. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., iv, pp. 281-337, pis. xv— xxi. Vaillant, L. 1898 Remarques sur les appendices de Bloch chez les Siluroides du genre Aspredo. C. R. Acad. Sci., cxxvi, pp. 544-545. 504 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 18983 Contribution k 1'etude de la faune ichthyologique de la Guyane. Notes Leyd. Mus., xx, pp. 1-20. Berg, C. 1899 Communicaciones Ictiologicas, i, ii, iii and iv. Com. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, pp. 9-13, 91-97, 165-174, 293-311. Boulenger, G. A. 1899 Description of a new Genus of Gobioid Fishes from the Andes of Ecuador. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), iv, pp. 125-126. 18993 Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa, Poissons de 1'Equateur. Deuxieme Partie, Boll. Mus. Torino, xiv, No. 335. 18990 Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nel Darien e regione vicine, Poissons de 1'Amerique central. Bull. Mus. Torino, xiv, No. 346, 4 pp. Dean, B. 1899 On a new Genus of Lamprey, Macr -ophthalmia chilensis. Science (2), ix, p. 740. Delfin, F. J. 1899 Catalogo de los Peces de Chile. Rev. Chilena, ii, iii. Ihering, H. von. 1899 Observa9oes sobre los peixes fosseis de Taubate. Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, pp. 71-75. Kerr, J. G. 1899 The external features in the development of Lepidosiren paradoxa, Fitz. Abstract Proc. R. Soc. London, Ixv, pp. 160-161, and Zool. Anz., xxii, pp. 292-294. Pellegrin, J. 1899 Note sur les Poissons recueillis par M. F. Geay dans 1'Apure et ses affluents. Bull. Mus. d' Hist. Nat. Paris, 1899, pp. 156-159. 18993 Poissons envoyes par M. Jacquot d' Anthony, vice-consul de France a Manaos (Bresil), Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 1899, pp. 405-406. Vaillant, L. 1899 Note preliminaire sur les collections ichthyologiques recueillies par M. Geay en 1897 et 1898 dans la Guyane Fra^aise et le conteste franco-bresilien. ' Bull. Mus. Paris, 1899, pp. 154- 156. Bayern, Princessin Therese von. 1900 Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber einige wahrend einer Reise nach Siidamerika 1898 gesammelte neue Fische. Anz. K. K. Akad. Wiss., pp. 206-208. Boulenger, G. A. 1900 Viaggio del Dr. A. Borelli nel Matto Grosso e nel Paraguay. Liste des Poissons recueillis a Urucum et a Carandasinho, pres de Corumba. Boll. Mus. Torino, xv, No. 370, 4 pp. 19003 Descriptions of two new Atherinoid Fishes from Mexico. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), v, pp. 54, 55. iQOob Description of three new Siluroid Fishes from Southern Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7),v, pp. 165, 166. Eigenmann, C. H., and Norris, A. A. 1900 Sobre Alguns Peixes de S. Paulo, Brazil. Revista do Museu Paulista, iv, 349-362. Gilbert, C. H. 1900 Results of the Branner Agassiz expedition to Brazil, iii. The Fishes. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., ii, pp. 161-184, pi. ix. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 505 Jordan, D. S., and Evermann, B. W. 1900 The Fishes of North and Middle America, iv. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pp. 3137- 3313, pis. 1— cccxcii. Vaillant, L. 1900 Contribution a 1'etude de la Faune ichthy ologique de la Guyane franchise et du contest^ fran- cobresilien. Arch. Mus. Paris (4), ii, pp. 123-135, pi. vii. Woodward, A. S. 1900 Consideragoes sobre algunos peixas Terciarios dos schistos de Taubate, Estado de S. Paulo, Brazil. Rev. Mus. Paulista, iii, pp. 63-70, pis. ii-iv. igooa On some Fish-remains from the Parana Formation, Argentine Republic. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), v. pp. 321-323, pi. i. Berg, C. 1901 Comunicaciones ictiologicas iv. Comun. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, pp. 293-311. igoia. Beitrag zu Dr. G. Hagmann's Acanthicus hystrix Spix, aus dem unteren Amazonas. Zool. Anz., xxiv, 586 Boulenger, G. A. 1901 On the Genera of Osteoglossidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), vii, pp. 514-515. Eigenmann, C. H., and Norris, A. A. 1901 Bergiaria. Comun. Mus. Buenos Aires, i, p. 272. Goeldi, E. A. 1901 A Paraiba, Gigantesco Siluroideo do Amazonas. Bol. Mus. Para, iii, pp. 181-194, 2 pis. Hagmann, G. 1901 Acanthicus hystrix Spix, aus dem unteren Amazonas. Zool. Anz., xxiv, pp. 173-175. Jordan, D. S. 1901 The Geographical Distribution of Fishes. Science (2), xiv, p. 936. Pellegrin, J. 1901 Les Poissons a gibbosite frontale. Bull. Soc. Philom. (9), iii, pp. 81-91, figs. Poche, F. 1901 Ueber das Vorkommen zweier amerikanischer Welsgattungen in Afrika. Zool. Anz., xxiv, pp. 569-571. Popta, Canna M. L. 1901 Tetragonopterus longipinnis, n. sp. Notes Leyden Mus., xxiii, pp. 85-90, fig. Sangiorgi, D. 1901 Nuove forme di Pesci fossili del Parana. Riv. ital. Pol., vii, pp. 62-68, pi. 1. Smitt, F. A. 1901 Poissons d'eau douce de la Patagonie. Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band. 26, Afd. iv, No. 13. Boulenger, G. A. 1902 Description of two new Fishes of the genus Loricaria from north-western Ecuador. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, pp. 69-71. 19023 Description of new Fishes and Reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ; ix, pp. 284-288. 19020 List of the Fishes, Batrachians and Reptiles collected by the late Mr. P. O. Simons in the Provinces of Mendoza and Cordova, Argentina. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), ix, pp. 336-339. 19020 Description of a new Cyprinodontid Fish from eastern Peru. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), x, pp. 153-154. 506 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Evermann, B. W., and Marsh, M. C. 1902 The Fishes of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xx, pp. 51-350, figs., pis. i-xlix. Evermann, B. W., and Goldborough, E. L. 1902 A report on Fishes collected in Mexico and Central America, with notes and descriptions of five new species. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xxi, pp. 137-159, figs. Kerr, J. G. 1902 On the male genito-urinary organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1901, ii, pp. 484—498, figs. pis. xxvii, xxviii. 19023 The Development of Lepidosiren paradoxa, pt. iii, Development of the skin and its deriva- tives. Quart. J. Micr. Sci., xlvi, pp. 417-459, figs., pis. xxv-xxix. Meek, S. E. 1902 A Contribution to the Ichthyology of Mexico. Field Mus. Zool., iii, pp. 63-128, pis. xiv- xxxi. Pellegrin, J. 1902 Cichlides du Bresil rapportes par M. Jobert. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1902, pp. 181-184. 19023 Cichlide nouveau de la Guyane franchise. Bull. MU.S. Paris, 1902, pp. 417-418. Plate, L. 1902 Studien iiber Cyclostomen, i. System. Revision der Petromyzonten der siidlichen Halb- kugel. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. v, pp. 651-673, pi. xix. 19023 Ueber Cyclostomen der sudlichen Halbkugel. Verh. V. Int. Zool. Congr., pp. 551-552. Ribeiro, S. de M. 1902 Oito Especies de Peixes do Rio Pomba. Soc. Nac. de Agricult. Rio de Janeiro. Vaillant, L., et Pellegrin, J. 1902 Cichlides nouveaux de 1'Amerique centrale. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1902, pp. 84-88. Boulenger, G. A. 1903 Description of a new Fish of the genus Arges from Venezuela. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xi, pp. 601-602. Delfin, F. T. 1903 Los Congrios de Chile. Revist. Chilena, vii, pp. 154-192, pi. xiii. 19033 Adicion al Catalogo de los Peces de Chile, con description de una nueva especie. L. c., pp. 220-225, figs. I903b Contribucion a la ictiologia Chilena. L. c., pp. 268-273, fig. Eigenmann, C. H. and Kennedy, C. H. 1903 On a Collection of Fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of Cichlids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1903, pp. 497-537. Eigenmann, C. H. 1903 New Genera of South American freshwater fishes and new names for old genera. Smiths. Misc. Collect., xlv, pp. 144-148. Fowler, H. W. 1903 Life colors of Pa? cilia limantouri, and description of a new Heros from Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 320-323. 19033 Descriptions of new, little known, and typical Atherinidae. L. c., pp. 727-742, pis. xli-xliv. 1903!) New and little known Mugilida and Sphyranida. L. c., pp. 743-752, figs., pis. xlv, xlvi. Gill, T. N. 1903 On some Fish genera of the first edition of Cuviers Regne Animal and Oken's names. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, pp. 965-967. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 507 19033 Note on the Fish genera named Macrodon. L. c., pp. 1015-1016. Kerr, J. G. 1903 The early development of muscles and motor nerves in Lepidosiren. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1902, pp. 655-657. Meek, S. E. 1903 Distribution of the freshwater Fishes of Mexico. Amer. Nat., xxxvii, pp. 771-784, figs. Pellegrin, J. 1903 Description de Cichlides nouveaux de la collection du Museum. Bull. Mus. Paris, 1903, pp. 120-125. Regan, C. T. 1903 Description of a new Fish of the genus Chaetostomus from Venezuela. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xi, p. 599. 19033 Descriptions of new South American Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. L. c., pp. 621-630. Schreiner, C., and Ribeiro A. de Miranda. 1903 A Colleccao de Peixes do Museu nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Arch. Mus. Rio. xii, pp. 1-41. Steindachner, Fr. 1903 Ueber einige neue Reptilien- und Fischarten des Hofmuseums in Wien. Sb. K. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cxii, pp. 15-22 pi. 19033 Die Fische der Sammlung Plate. Fauna Chilensis. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. vi, pp. 201-214. Vaillant, L., et Pellegrin, J. 1903 Note sur quelque Tetragonoptere de 1'Amerique centrale appartenant a la Collection du Museum. Bull. Mus. Paris, pp. 323-326. Dollo, L. 1904 Resultats du Voyage du S. Y. Belgica. Zool. Regan C. T. 1904 A monograph of the Fishes of the family Loricariidae. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., xii, pp. 191- 324, pis. ix-xxi. 19043 Description of new or little-known Fishes from Mexico and British Honduras. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xiii, pp. 255-259. Meek, S. E. 1904 The fresh-water Fishes of Mexico north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Field Columbian Museum Publication 93. Pellegrin, J. 1904 Contribution a 1'fitude anatomique, biologique et taxonomique des Poissons de la famille des Cichlides. Paris, 1904. Eigenmann, C. H. 1905 Divergence and Convergence in fishes. Biol. Bull., viii, 59-66, January. Evermann, B. W., and Kendall, W. C. 1905 An interesting species of Fish from the High Andes of Central Ecuador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii, pp. 91-106. Ihering, Rudolf von. 1905 Description of four new Loricariid Fishes of the genus Plecostomus from Brazil. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xv, Jan., 1905. 508 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Jordan, D. S. 1905 A Guide to the Study of Fishes, pp. i— x and 1-1223, ills. New York. Meek, S. E. 1905 Two new species of Fishes from Brazil. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii, pp. 241-242, Dec. 9, 1905. 19058 A Collection of Fishes from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. L. c., pp. 243-246, Dec. 9, 1905. Regan, C. T. 1905 Description of a new Loricariid Fish of the genus Xenocara from Venezuela. Novitates Zoo- logicae, vol. xii, Jan., 1905. 19053 Description de six Poissons Nouveaux. Rev. Suisse de Zool., xiii, pp. 389-393, pis. 5 and 6. I905b A Revision of the Fishes of the South-American Cichlid Genera Acara, Nannacara, Acarop- sis, and Astronotus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xv, pp. 329-347, April. 19050 Systematic arrangement of the Fishes of the Genus Arges. L. c., pp. 529-534, June, igosd Description of Acara subocularis, Cope. L. c., pp. 557-558, June. 19056 A Revision of the South American Cichlid genera Crenacara, Batrachops, and Crenicichla. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, 152-168, Aug. 1905! On Drawings of Fishes of the Rio Negro. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1905, 189-190, Aug. 10. l895g A Collection of Fishes made by Dr. H. Gadow in Southern Mexico. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. xvi, Sept., 1905. i895h A Revision of the Fishes of the American Cichlid genus Cichlosoma and of the allied genera. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xvi, pp. 60-77, July, 1905; pp. 225-243, August, 1905; pp. 316-340, September, 1905; pp. 433-445, October, 1905. Cole, Leon J., and Barbour, Thomas. 1906 Vertebrates from Yucatan. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, Pisces, 155-159, plates i and ii, November. Evermann, B. W., and Kendall, W. C. 1906 Notes on a collection of fishes from Argentina, South America, with descriptions of three new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxi, 67-108. Fowler, H. W. 1906 Further knowledge of some Heterognathous fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 293-351, June, 196; 431-483, October, 1906. Mclndoo, M. E. 1906 On some fishes of Western Cuba. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, 484-488, October. Regan, C. T. 1906 A Revision of the South-American genera Retroculus, Geophagus, Heterogramma, and Bio- toecus. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xvii, pp. 49-66, Jan., 1906. 19063 Notes on some Loricariid Fishes, with descriptions of two new species. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xvii, pp. 94-98, Jan., 1906. I9o6b A revision of the Fishes of the family Galaxiidae. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1905, vol. ii, pp. 363-384, plates x-xiii. Published April 5, 1906. 19060 On the fresh-water Fishes of the Island of Trinidad, based on the collection, notes and sketches made by Mr. Lechmere Guppy, Jn. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1906, i, 378-393, plates xxi-xxv. Ribeiro, A. de M. 1906 Vertebrados do Itatiaya. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro xiii. iQo6a Genus Megalobrycon, Giinther. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, xiii. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 509 Starks, Edwin Chapin. 1906 On a collection of Fishes made by P O. Simons in Ecuador and Peru. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxx, 761-800, plates Ixv-lxvi. Steindachner, F. 1906 Zwei neue Corydoras-Arten. Akad. Anzeiger, No. xxvii. Eigenmann, C. H., and Bean, B. A. 1907 An account of Amazon River fishes collected by J. R. Steere; with a note on Pimelodus clarias, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxi, 659-668. Eigenmann C. H. I907E On a collection of fishes from Buenos Aires. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., viii, 449-458, plates xxi— xxiii. I907b The Pceciliid fishes of Rio Grande do Sul and the La Plata Basin. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxii, 425-433, May 23. 19070 Fowler's " Heterognathous Fishes " with a note on the Stethaprioninae. Am. Nat., xli, 767- 772, Dec. Eigenmann, C. H., and Ogle, Fletcher. 1907 An annotated list of Characin Fishes in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Indiana University, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxiii, 1-36, Sept. 10. Eigenmann, C. H., assisted by Waldo Lee McAtee and David Perkins Ward. 1907 On further collections of Fishes from Paraguay. Ann. Carnegie Museum, iv, 110—157, plates xxxi-xlv. Ihering, R. von. 1907 Diversas especies novas de Peixes Nematognathas do Brazil. Notas Preliminares, i, 14-39. Meek, S. E. 1907 Synopsis of the fishes of the great lakes of Nicaragua. Publications Field Museum, Zoolog- ical series, vii, 97-132, July. I907a Notes on fresh-water fishes from Mexico and Central America. L. c., pp. 133-157. Miller, Newton. 1907 The fishes of the Motagua River, Guatemala. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxiii, 95-123. Pellegrin, Jacques, 1907 Les poissons des lacs des hauls plateaux de 1'Amerique du Sud. Miss. Scientif. G. de Crequi Montfort et E. Senechal de la Grange, 1-25, June, 1907. Regan, C. T. 1907 Diagnosis of new Central-American freshwater Fishes of the families Cyprinodontidae, and Mugilidae. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xix, pp. 64-66, January. Description of six new freshwater Fishes of Mexico and Central America. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, xix, 258-260, March. Description of two new Characinid Fishes from Argentina. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xix, 261 and 262, March. 1907-8 Pisces in Biologia Centrali Americana, 1907-8. Ribeiro, A. de M. 1907 Fauna Brasiliense, Peixes. Arch. Mus. Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, xiv, 35-129. !9<>7a Una novidade Ichthyologia. Kosmos iv, Jan. 510 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Steindachner, Fr. 1907 Uber eine neue Hemipsilicht/iys-Ait, Calmoni aus dem Flusse Cubatao im Staate S. Catharina, Brasilien und drei neue Characinen und eine neue kleine Corydoras-Ar\. a. d. Stromgebiete d. Parnahyba und San Francisco. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. vi, 82-85, February. 19073 Uber einige Fishcharten aus dem Flusse Cubatao im Staate Santa Catharina bei Theresopolis (Bras.). Sb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixvi, 475^92, Taf. i and ii. I907b Uber neue Arten von Siisswasserfischen a. d. Stromgebiete Parnahyba and iiber eine Abart von Loricaria lima Kner. a. d. Jurua. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. x, April. 19070 Uber eine neue Arges-A.rt aus den hohen Anden von Cayendelet. Arges theresla. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xii, Mai. I907d Uber eine dem Rio Xingu (Brasilien) vorkommende Mugil-Art. Mugil xinguensis. Akad. Anzeiger, xxvii, December. Bean, Barton A. 1908 On Ctenolucius Gill, a neglected genus of Characin fishes, with notes on the typical species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxxiii, 701-703, March 4. Eigenmann, C. H. 1908 Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of Tetragonopterid Characins. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., lii, pp. 93-106. Meek, S. E. 1908 The zoology of Lakes Amatitlan and Atitlan, Guatemala. Field Columbian Mus. Publ. 127. Pellegrin, J. 1908 Characinides americains nouveaux de la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Bull. Mus., pp. 342-347. , 19083 Les Poissons d'eau douce de la Guyane fran9aise. Revue coloniale. Regan, C. T. 1908 Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Hei era gramma from Demarara. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, i, April. igoSa Description of a new Fish of the Genus Galaxias from Chile. L. c. 19080 Descriptions of new Loricariid Fishes from South America. Proc. Zool. Soc., May, pp. 795-800, plates xlvii, xlix. iqoSc A collection of freshwater Fishes made by Mr. C. F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, ii, pp. 455-464. Ribeiro, A. de M. 1908 Peixes da Ribeira. Kosmos. Steindachner, Fr. 1908 Uber eine im Rio Jaragua bei Joinville im Staate S. Catharina (Brasilien) vorkommende noch unbeschriebene Pseudochalceus-Art, Ps. affinis, sowie iiber eine neue Characinengattung und Art, Joinvillea roses, von gleichem Fundorte. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. v, Februar. igoSa Uber drei neue Characinen und drei Siluroiden aus dem Stromgebiete des Amazonas inner- halb Brasilien. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. vi, Februar. 19080 Uber drei neue Arten von Siisswasser-fischen aus dem Amazonasgebiet. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. vii, Februar. 19080 Uber eine noch unbekannte art der Gattung Bergiella Eig. aus dem La Plata, etc. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. viii, Marz. Uber eine Brachyplatystoma-Pvct aus dem Rio Parnahyba und iiber eine dicht gefleckte und gestrichelte Varietal von Giton fasciatas aus den Gewassern von Santos. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. ix, Marz. EIGENMANN: PAPERS DEALING WITH FRESH WATER FISHES. 511 igoSe t)ber eine neue ffemiodus-Art aus dem Stromgebiete des Amazonas. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. x, Marz. iqoSf t)b'er zwei neue Siluroiden und zwei Curimatus-Arten, sowie iiber eine Varietal von Ancis- trus vittatus aus dem Amazonasgebiete innerhalb Brasiliens. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xi, April. iQoSg Ober zwei neue Fischarten aus dem Stromgebiete des Rio San Francisco. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xiii, Mai. igoSh Ober eine neue Metynnis-ATt. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xvii, Juli. 1908! Ober sechs neue Serrasalmo- und Myletes-Arten aus Siidamerica. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xviii, Juli. Durbin, Marion Lee. 1909 A new genus and twelve new species of Tetragonopterid Characins. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, pp. 55-72, August. Eigenmann, C. H. 1909 Some new genera and species of fishes from British Guiana. Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, pp. 4-54, August. Evermann, B. W., and Goldsborough, E. L. 1909 Notes on some fishes from the. Canal Zone. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, pp. 95-104. Evermann, B. W. and Radcliffe, Lewis. 1909 Notes on a Cyprinodont (Orestias agassizii) from Central Peru. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxii, pp. 165-170, July. Meek, S. E. 1909 New species of Fishes from Tropical America. Field Columbian Museum Publ. 132. Pellegrin, J. 1909 Characinides du Bresil rapportes par M. Jobert. Bull. Mus. Par., pp. 147-152. Regan, C. T. 1909 Descriptions of three new freshwater Fishes from South America. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, iii, February. 19093 Description of a new Cichlid Fish of the Genus Heterogramma from the La Plata. L. c., March. Steindachner, F. 1909 Ober eine neue Tetragonopterus-Art. aus dem Amazonasgebiet. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xi, Mai 6. ' 19093 Ober eine neue Bracfiyplatystoma-Art. aus der Umgebung von Para. Akad. Anzeiger, Nr. xii, Mai 13. PART V. NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA. This report deals with the non-marine mollusks of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia as far north as the thirty-ninth parallel, where the Rio Negro Valley forms a transition region, the Patagonian fauna giving place to the La Platan. The scope of the work has been extended to include some account of all the South American forms of certain little-known families, such as the Amnicolida and Sphceriidce, and all of the Chilinidcz occurring east of the Andes. Finally, the relationships of the South American molluscan fauna with the faunas of other continents are considered. The collections made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher and placed in my hands by Professor William B. Scott form the basis of this report. The material from the region along the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz and in the base of the Andes above its head is ample. Elsewhere but few mollusks were collected, and I have used material which I owe to the generosity of Dr. H. von Ihering, Director of the Museu Paulista, Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N., and others. i ZONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PATAGONIAN MOLLUSCA. An inspection of the data existing on Patagonian mollusks shows that several faunulas largely distinct in species occupy zones extending from the Atlantic to the Andes and succeeding one another from north to south. So far as aquatic animals are concerned, these zones are determined by the drainage systems, which are separated by poorly watered plains, and flow independently into the Atlantic. The aquatic mollusks known from these several zones are enumerated below. Chilina, Lymncea and Pisidium are the only genera of fresh-water mol- lusks which extend throughout Patagonia, the first two also in Tierra del 5 1 4 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Fuego. The Unionidce and Mutelidce, groups copiously represented in the La Plata, have their southern limit in the Rio Negro, each represented by one species ; Planorbis has two, Ancylus one species, the rest of the fauna being Patagonian. The Rio Negro fauna, including the region of Bahia Blanca, is transitional also in land mollusks, the genera Bulimulus, Odon- tostomus and Strophocheilus reaching their southern limit in the Sierra Ventana, near Bahia Blanca. In the humid region west of the Cor- dillera the faunal zones are deflected southward, the transition zone as marked by the southern limit of Unionidcz being in the neighborhood of Chiloe Island. That the transverse faunal zones of Patagonia run north- ward in the Andean region is shown by the occurrence on the upper Rio Chico of several Magellanic forms. I. LA PLATAN ZoNE.1 Includes the Plata and its tributaries in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, and rivers flowing into the Atlantic in the Brazilian states of Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Except in Chilinidce, only the genera of this fauna are mentioned below, the species being very numerous. Chilinidae: Chilina fluminea, C.f. microdon, C. globosa, C. rushii, C. parva, C. portillensis, C. tehuelcha mendozana. Physidae: Physa. Lymnaeidae: Lymncea, Planorbis. Ancylidae: Ancylus. Amnicolidae : Littoridina, Potamopyrgus, Potamolithus. Ampullariidas : Ampullaria, Asolene. Cyrenidae: Corbicula. Sphaeriidae: Musculium, Pisidium. Unionidae: Diplodon, Castalia, Castalina. Mutelidae : Anodontites, Leila, etc. II. PATAGONIAN ZONE. A. Rio Negro Fauna? (All of the known aquatic mollusks of this fauna and those following are enumerated.) 1 Probably the La Platan fauna is a subdivision of the Amazonian, chiefly characterized by the great development of Chilinidce and Amnicolidce. 2 Including also the Rio Colorado, and known solely by the works of d'Orbignyand Doering. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 515 Chilinidae : Chilina tehuelcha, C. pitelcha, C. parchappii. Lymnaeidae: Lymncea viator, Planorbis peregrinus, P. anatinus. Ancylidae : Ancylns concentricus bonariensis. Amnicolidas : Littoridina parchappii, L. australis. Sphaeriidae : Not reported, but doubtless present. Unionidae : Diplodon patagonicus. Mutelidae : Anodontites puelchana. B. Rio Chubitt Fauna. Unknown. C. Rio Santa Cruz Fauna}- Chilinidae: Chilina strebeli, C. smithi, C. fulgurata, C. f. oligoptyx, C. f. livida, C. f. andicola, C. f. hatcheri, C. campy laxis, C. monticola pilula, C. lebnmi, C. perrieri. Lymnaeidae : Lymncea viator, L. diaphana, L. d. inelegans, L. patagonica riochicoensis, L. andeana. Amnicolidae : Littoridina hatcheri, L. simplex, L. sublineata. Sphaeriidae : Musculium patagonictim, Pisidium magellanicum, P. pata- gonicum, P. observations. D. Magellanic, Fuegian and Falkland Faunas? Chilinidse : Chilina patagonica, C. amozna, C.fuegiensis, C. monticola, C. fttsca, C. nervosa, C. falklandica. Lymnaeidae : Lymncea diaphana, L. patagonica, L. pictonica, L. brunneo- flavida. Sphaeriidae: Pisidium magellanicum. These several faunas may be roughly compared with the life-zones of North America. The La Platan zone is equivalent to the Austral, the Rio Negro fauna to the Transition, and the remainder of the Patagonian zone to the Boreal zone of the northern continent. The distinctness of the Patagonian faunas A, C, D may be attributed to three main factors: (i) Climate, which imposes limits on the north or south distribution of species. (2) Absence of streams flowing north or south, and the consequent isolation of the river systems, favoring the evo- 1 Known only from the collections of Mr. J. B. Hatcher. 2 From the researches of Captain King, Dr. Coppinger, the U. S. Exploring Expedition, the French Expedition to Cape Horn, Dr. Michaelson and others. 516 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. lution of distinct species. (3) Ignorance of the Patagonian faunas be- tween the Rio Negro and the Rio Santa Cruz system, and along the base of the Andes, where Transition forms and intermingling of the species may occur. GASTROPODA. Family ENDODONTIDsE. Two genera of this family are known from Patagonia : Stephanoda and Radiodiscus. The relationships of these forms to genera of other regions are unknown, since we have as yet no knowledge of their soft anatomy. Endodontidcz were present in the North American Carboniferous, repre- sented by forms resembling the modern Gonyodiscus and Charopa in shell characters, and like their descendants, living in and upon decaying stumps. The family is now found all over the world, even on the most remote islands. RADIODISCUS Pilsbry. Radiodiscus Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 154, for R. millecostatus. Minrte, discoidal, openly umbilicate Patuloid snails, with the embryonic i^ whorls minutely engraved spirally, the rest of the shell densely radi- ally costulate. Aperture rotund-lunate, but slightly oblique, and as high as wide.. Type R. millecostatus Pils. & Ferr. In thfc Endodontidce, where small differences in the shell characterize extensive series of species, it seems desirable to recognize as of generic rank svjch readily definable groups as Radiodiscus. The Distribution of this genus is very wide, extending from Tierra del Fuego jo the mountain ranges of the southern boundary of Arizona, where it r.. -c€fs the Holarctic Gonyodiscus and the Nearctic Helicodiscus, both at their southern limits. At present, the known distribution of Radiodiscus is markedly discontinuous, one area extending from southern Arizona to central Mexico, the other from southern Brazil to Cape Horn ; yet it must remembered that the Andes and northern South America are un- searched for minute shells. We know very few so small as these (2 to 3 mm. diam.); and some of the species imperfectly described may turn out to belong to Radiodiscus. It is likely that the group is an Austral one, which has invaded Mexico from the south. Some Tasmanian snails have a great resemblance to Radiodiscus, in PILSBRY : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 5 1 7 size, form and sculpture — a resemblance possibly due to convergence, but perhaps indicating affinity. I have not been able to actually compare specimens. On account of their spirally sculptured embryonic shells Hedley has referred them to the subgenus Allodiscus of the genus Flam- mulina. * RADIODISCUS COPPINGERI (E. A. Smith). Helix (Patula] coppingeri Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, f. 14, 140. Patiila coppingeri Smith, Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 159. The shell is described as I X i^ mm., composed of yA whorls, the " umbilicus moderately small, equalling about one-sixth of the basal diameter." It was described from Tom Bay (Dr. Coppinger), found on a rotten tree. This is near Madre de Dios Island, on the west coast. Strebel reports specimens which he identified as coppingeri from the west coast of Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, and Navarin Island. While this form must stand near R. patagonicus, it appears distinct by the much smaller um- bilicus, if we may trust the published figures. I have not seen specimens. The apical sculpture has not been described. RADIODISCUS MAGELLANICUS (E. A. Smith). Helix (Patula] magellanica E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, figs. 15, i^a. This species, described from the same place as the preceding, will prob- ably prove to be a Radiodiscus, when the embryonic whorls are examined. RADIODISCUS PATAGONICUS (Suter). (Plate XLII, Figs, i, \a, i£.) Pyramidula patagonica Suter, Revista do Museu Paulista, IV, 1900, p. 334, pi. 3, f. 6, 6b. Stephanoda patagonica Suter, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 387, pi. 12, f. 9-11. The shell is openly umbilicate (the umbilicus about one-fourth the total diameter), of a uniform pale brown tint, discoidal, the spire convex but low, suture deeply impressed. Whorls about y/2 , convex, slowly increas- ing, the embryonic i}£ densely striate spirally, the rest radially costellate, 1 Cf. Flammuliua (Allodiscus) roblini Petterd, as figured by Hedley in Records of the Aus- tralian Museum, VII, 1909, p. 300. 518 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. the riblets about as wide as their intervals, about 25 in i mm. on the last half of the last whorl. Under the microscope some very minute striations may be seen upon the ribs, and in places an extremely minute and very faint spiral striation. The rotund-lunate aperture is slightly oblique. Alt. 0.9, diam. 1.7 mm. (50 miles above Sierra Oveja). " 1.2 " 1.8 mm. (Santa Cruz). Santa Cruz (v. Ihering, type locality). Near Mt. of Observation. On the Rio Chico 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, on a dry stone near the water. Spring near base of the Andes, 65 miles north of the Rio Chico, elevation 2400 ft. Banks of a small stream 10 miles from Ushe Lake (J. B. Hatcher). The above description and the figures are from a shell collected alive 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. The original description, in Portuguese, was based upon fossil specimens, which had lost the color and part of the finer sculpture. The original lot of patagoniciis was from Santa Cruz, on the coast, in a modern deposit. Part of the original lot is before me. They are a little larger than the living shell described, with the whorls slightly deeper ; yet in the series examined from all of the localities yet known, the very slight differences seem to intergrade. STEPHANODA Albers. This group comprises Patuloid species in which the embryonic whorl is typically smooth, but in some forms now referred here it is marked with radial striae, but no spirals. It differs from Amphidoxa (with which I formerly united it) by the more numerous, less rapidly widening whorls. Without a knowledge of the soft parts, the relationships of these South American snails to the Austral Charopa and Flammulinat and to the northern Patuliform genera, cannot be defined. The following species from southern Patagonia belong here : 5. lyrata (Gld.), summit of highest mountain near Orange Harbor, etc. (Helix lyrata Gld.). S. leptotera (Mab. et Rochebr.), Orange Bay (Patttla leptotera M. & R.). S. rigophila (Mab. et Rochebr.), Orange Bay (Patula r., M. & R.). S. michaelseni (Strebel), Magellan Strait to Navarin Island (Patula m., Strebel, 1907). PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 519 Family ZONITID^E. The small land snails originally described as Helix saxatilis Gld. and H. ordinaria Smith have all the external characters of the Hyalinia group of Zonitidce. H. saxatilis has pedal grooves and a mucous pore at the tail. Mabille and Rochebrune have proposed for it the generic term Payenia. What status this group will ultimately be given depends wholly upon the internal anatomy, of which we know nothing. It may possibly belong to the Endodontidce. PAYENIA SAXATILIS (Gld.), U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca, p. 42, pi. 3, f. 33. Orange Harbor, under dry stones. PAYENIA ORDINARIA (E. A. Smith), P. Z. S., 1881, p. 36, pi. 4, f. 16, i6a. Tom Bay, on the west coast, attached to the frond of a fern. Family LIMACIDA2. Except as introduced animals, Limacidce are unknown in South America. A species of Limax (probably the European Agriolimax Icevis or A. agrestis] has been reported from the Falkland Islands and from Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego (Strebel, Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen Slid Polar-Expedition, die Gastropoden, p. 7, 1908). Agriolimax teems under the name Agriolimax argentinus Strobel has attained a rather wide distribution in temperate South America. Doering reports it from the Rio Colorado, Rio Negro, and Sierra de C6rdoba. Family SUCCINEIDA1. SUCCINEA Drap. SUCCINEA PATAGONICA E. A. Smith. S. patagonica Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 37, pi. 4, f. 17, 17^; Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, 1905, p. 338. S. lebnmi Mabille et Rochebrune, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Moll., p. 14, pi. 6, f. 4#, \b. The shell is rather ventricose, greenish-yellow, with the first whorl light scarlet. Length 12.5 mm. Cockle Cove, shores of Trinidad Channel and Puerto Bueno (Dr. Coppinger) ; Rio McClelland (Capt. Crawshay). S. lebnmi seems to differ only in the smaller size of the type specimens, length 8-9 mm. - - a trivial distinction. It was taken at Punta Arenas and Orange Bay. 52O PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Two specimens, the largest 10 mm. long, were taken by Mr. Hatcher at Punta Arenas. SUCCINEA MAGELLANICA Gould. 5. magellanica Gld., U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 24, pi. 2, f. 22 ; Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 161, Taf. 8, f. 99; ?Doering, Informe Oficial Exped. Rio Negro, 1881, p. 62. The shell is ventricose, similar to the preceding, except that the apex is not red. Type locality Orange Bay, but reported from numerous localities between Punta Arenas and Navarin Island by Strebel (/. c.]. It has been recorded also from the region of Sierra Ventana, above Bahia Blanca, by Dr. Adolfo Doering, but there is a possibility that some similar form has been mistaken for S. magellanica. SUCCINEA ORDINARIA E. A. Smith. S. ordinaria Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, 1905, p. 338, fig. iv. A species with 3 to 3^ very convex whorls, length 10.25 mm., diam. 6, length of aperture 6 mm. It is " apparently very like S. lebruni Mabille, but without the sanguineous apex and rather more coarsely sculptured." I have not seen this species, which is probably closely related to S. magel- lanica. Admiralty Sound, Tierra del Fuego (Captain Crawshay). SUCCINEA MERIDIONALIS d'Orbigny. Succinea meridionalis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., pp. 711; Doering, Informe Oficial Exped. Rio Negro, 1881, p. 62 (var. cornea]. Sierra de la Ventana (d'Orbigny). Swamps in the pampa north of the Rio Negro (Doering, for var. cornea Doer.). SUCCINEA BURMEISTERI Doering. (Plate XLII, Figs. 2-6.) Succinea burmeisteri Doering, Malakozoologische Blatter fiir 1873, XXI, p. 59, Taf. 2, f. 15-19 (Rosario am Parana). "Gehause eiformig, zugespitzt, etwas bauchig, durchscheinend, gelb- lich-hornfarbig, stark und oft unregelmassig runzelig gestreift, wenig glanzend. y/2 ziemlich stark convexe und rasch an Weite zunehmende Umgange; der letzte etwas bauchig. Gewinde zugespitzt. Miindung gerundet-eiformig, der aussere Rand des ziemlich breiten, obwohl etwas undeutlichen Spindel-Umschlages mitdem Mundsaum zusammenhangend. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 521 "Longit. 12 mm. Lat. 7.3 mm. AperturaS mm. longa, 5^ mm. lata." Dr. Doering's description and figures apply fairly well to a Succinea of the S. avara group, which is abundant and widely distributed in the ter- ritory of Santa Cruz, collected at the following stations : Near Mt. of Observation (near the coast, south of Santa Cruz River). Near Pescadores, south side Santa Cruz River, 15 miles above mouth. Spring on Rio Chico, above mouth of Rio Chalia. Spring on Rio Chico, north side, near Sierra Ventana. Spring on Rio Chico, 7 miles above Sierra Ventana. Spring near Sierra Oveja. Springs on Rio Chico, 15, 40 and 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, and 25 and 15 miles below confluence of Rio Belgrano. Stream near mouth of the Rio Belgrano. Base of Andes, 40 miles north of Rio Chico, 2000 feet elevation. Base of Andes, 50 miles north of Rio Chico, 1750 feet elevation. Base of Andes, 65 miles north of Rio Chico, 2400 feet elevation. Pool near Arroyo Eke, near head of Spring Creek, elevation 1750 feet. Specimens from a spring 7 miles above the Sierra Ventana, "on horse dung near the water," are figured, PI. XLII, figs. 4, 5. 6. The color varies from honey-yellow to whitish-yellow, always with the first whorl of a deeper yellow shade. The suture is very deep and the whorls extremely convex. The specimens figured measure : Length 11, diam. 6 mm., length of aperture 6.5 mm.; whorls ii " 6.9 " " " 7.25 " " 12.3 " 6.9 " " " 7 " " It will be noted that, as compared with Doering's description, these shells have the aperture shorter. At all other stations the shells are smaller. Two figured from the Rio Chico 50 miles above Sierra Oveja (PI. XLII, figs. 2, 3) representative of this small form measure : Length 7.9, diam. 4.9 mm., length of aperture 5 mm.; whorls " 7.5 " 4 " " " 4 " " In a series of fossil individuals from the banks of a stream 10 miles from Ushe Lake (collected January 14, 1898), there is remarkable variation in contour, though most of the shells are much lengthened. 522 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. Length 11, diam. 6.1, length of aperture 6.3 mm.; whorls 9.8 " 5.5 " " 5 " " 8.8 " 6 . " " 5.3 " " Family LYMN^A Lamarck. Lymncea is more widely distributed than any other genus of freshwater mollusks, extending from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to Tasmania and Cape Horn, and in the Pacific reaching the Hawaiian group. The genus in its present limits is a synthetic group, which no doubt will ultimately be divided into several genera. There are very few species in tropical South America, where the genus seems to be of rare occurrence ; but in Patagonia the species are more numerous, individuals are abundant and generally distributed. South American Lymnaeas fall into three subgenera or sections of the genus. Section I is clearly an intrusive element from North America. Sec- tion II may possibly be of North American origin, but its relationships are unknown, as no specimens with the soft parts have been received. Section III is peculiar to Patagonia, and not closely related to any nor- thern forms. I. Section GALBA Schrank. The marginal teeth of the radula differ from the laterals by being more oblique, but are essentially tricitspid. The shell is small, compactly coiled, of very convex whorls, usually umbilicate, the columellar lip broadly revolute, not folded. The type is L. truncatula of Europe. South America species, L. viator, L. cousini. II. Section - ? Dentition unknown. The shell is lengthened, fragile, Sttccmea-shzped, of few whorls, the last large and elliptical. L. peregrina, L. andeana. III. Section PECTINIDENS n. sect. The marginal teeth are broad and short, the cusps split into a comb-like series of many narrow denticles. Type Lymn&a diaphana King. There are two groups of species. Group of L. diaphana. Moderately large, elongated forms, with very convex whorls and a narrow umbilical chink. Group of L. patagonica. Small forms, with very short spire (peculiarly liable to truncation) and few whorls, the last relatively very large and short, rimate or imperforate. L. patagonica, L. p. riochicoensis, L. pic- PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 523 tonica. It is possible that the presence of acid in the water, causing erosion of the shell, may also account for the stunted stature of these forms. DENTITION OF SOUTH AMERICAN LYMN/EAS. Dentition of L. viator d'Orb. — The radula examined was from one of the specimens taken on the Rio Chico near the Sierra Oveja. The central tooth is narrow and unicuspid as usual. There are three or four lateral teeth, having two long cusps. In the following transition teeth the inner cusp (entocone + mesocone) is long and bifid, ectocone simple. The FIG. i. Teeth of Lymncea viator d'Orb. Rio Chico, Patagonia. marginal teeth are very oblique, with three cusps, entocone, mesocone and ectocone. In some of the outer marginal teeth there may be one or two minute accessory cusps. The radula of L. viator agrees well with that of the European L. trun- catula as figured by Lehmann. It differs from typical Lymncea by retain- ing the primitive tricuspid type of teeth in the marginal series, with few small accessory cusps or none. Lymnaeas with this type of teeth have a continuous distribution from Patagonia to Alaska and in the Palaearctic region. Dentition of Lymncea diaphana King. — These are about 30, 7, i, 7, 30 teeth. The central tooth is wider than usual in Lymncea, unicuspid. The lateral teeth are bicuspid, the broad inner cusp becoming bifid on the transition teeth. The inner marginals have the mesocone and ento- FlG. 2. Teeth of Lymnaa diaphana King.r" Rio Chico, Patagonia. cone split into four to six small cusps, the ectocone remaining simple. Further out the marginals become transversely lengthened, their cusps lie 524 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. parallel to the long axis of the tooth, and are split into a comb-like series of denticles. The marginal teeth of L. diaphana differ from those of typical Lymncza by their prostrate position, the cusp of one tooth overlying the basal plate of the succeeding one in the same transverse row, and also by the comb- like cusps. In typical Lymncea (L. stagnalis, fig. 3) the cusp stands obliquely erect, its cutting edge transverse to the long axis of the tooth. 48 FIG. 4. Marginal teeth of Lymncea stagnalis L. (after Dybowski). Two outer lateral and two inner marginal teeth of Lymncea patagonica riochicoensis Pils. Lymncea patagonica riochicoensis (fig. 4, two outer lateral and two inner marginal teeth) has a radula closely resembling that of L. diaphana. There are ten lateral teeth. No Lymncea of the northern hemisphere, of which the teeth are known, has marginals like those of L. diaphana, but I have shown that some- what similar teeth exist in a Hawaiian species.1 1 Figures of Lymnseid teeth may be found in the following works, among others : Lehmann : Die lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der Umgegend Stettins und in Pommern, 1873, Taf. 15, 1 6. J. Hazay : Malak. Blatter, n. F., VII, Taf. I (Lymncea auricularia, ovata, peregra). W. Dybowski : Studien uber die Zahnplatten der Gattung Limnaea Lam., in Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes de Moscou, LX, 1884, pt. 2, pp. 256—262, pi. 5 (L. stagnalis var. vulgaris). The best figures of Lymncea teeth published. Also, Malak. Blatter, n. F., VIII, p. 124, Taf. 7 (Amphipeplea glutinosa). R. P. Whitfield : Description of Lymncea (Bulimnced) megasoma Say, in Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, I, 1882, p. 29, pi. 5. Fischer et Crosse : Mission Scientifique au Mexique, Mollusques, II, pi. 36 (L. auricularia). F. C. Baker : A revision of the Limna^as of northern Illinois, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., XI, 1901, pp. 1-24. H. A. Pilsbry : Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1903, p. 790 (L. hawaiiensis). PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 525 Section GALBA Schrank. LYMN^EA VIATOR d'Orbigny. (Plate XLVI, Fig. 8). Umnaus viator d'Orb., Magazin de Zoologie, 1835, p. 24; Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 340, pi. 43, figs. 1-3. A species of the group of L. truncatula. The shell is small and smoothish, composed of five very convex whorls, joined by a very deep suture ; the aperture is oval or nearly round, more than half the length of the shell. The axis is very distinctly umbilicate. Length 8, diam. 4 mm. d'Orbigny records this species from the banks of the Rio Negro, 41° S. lat, 7 or 8 leagues above the mouth, very abundant. This may be con- sidered the type locality. Afterwards he collected it also at Santiago, Chili, and at Callao and Lima, Peru, in irrigation ditches. The speci- mens from Peru, he notes, are constantly more elongate than those of Patagonia and Chili, with the whorls more deeply separated. Dr. W. H. Rush collected many specimens in a creek in the Prado, at Montevideo, Uruguay. These specimens, with others from Lima before me, do not seem separable from the Antillean L. ciibensis Pfr. (1840) by any character in the shells. Specimens from a pool on the bank of the Rio Chico, a mile west of the Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVI, fig. 8) are larger than those from Uruguay, the individual figured measuring length 10, diam. 5.1, length of aperture 5 mm., whorls 5^ . The spire is longer, and the umbilicus somewhat narrower. The columellar margin is broadly revolute and without fold or perceptible sinuosity. This form differs from that figured by d'Orbigny, and from the Montevideo shells examined, chiefly by having a longer spire and shorter aperture, the latter half as long as the shell ; by having more whorls, a smaller umbilicus, and by its somewhat greater size. Section PECTINIDENS n. sect. LYMN.CA DIAPHANA King. (Plate XLVI, Figs. 3, 7, 9). Lymncea diaphana King, Zoological Journal, V, p. 344, No. 43, 1830. Limncea diaphana King, Sowerby, Conchologia Iconica, XVIII, pi. 5, fig. 30, 1872. 526 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Limncsa diaphana King, Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, p. 163, Taf. 8, figs. looa-c, 1907. LtmH&afc&ntxt'M.abiilt, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (7), VIII, p. 44, 1883. Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, Mollusques, p. 19, 1889. Freshwater ponds in the neighborhood of Cape Gregory (Cabo San Gregorio) on the north side of the Straits of Magellan, just west of the 4oth meridian (King). Punta Arenas and Gente Grande, Lagune (Strebel). Punta Arenas (Mabille, for L. lebruni]. King's type measured about 17 X 7.5 mm. ; Strebel's shells were smaller, 10-13 mm- l°ng> and he seems to have entertained some doubt of their identity with King's. L. lebruni is described as 16 to 20 mm. long, and agrees well with L. diaphana in other respects. It may be noted that Mabille and Rochebrune do not mention L. diaphana, and evidently overlooked it. On the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz Mr. Hatcher collected numerous Lymnaeas of the L. diaphana type, some agreeing with the typical form from the Straits of Magellan, others divergent therefrom. In what I take to be typical L. diaphana, from a spring on the Rio Chico, 15 miles above the Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVI, figs. 3, 7, 9) the shell is thin, but moderately strong, narrowly rimate, rather long, the last whorl swollen, but much smaller than in L. d. inelegans, very evenly rounded, with sculpture of unequal growth-lines, but not malleated, and very glossy. The spire is long, slender and acuminate. The shortly ovate aperture is rather small ; columella very narrowly revolute, not adnate above, continuing free to the parietal wall above the axial crevice. The color is light brown, or, when the cuticle is worn off, pink, or pinkish white. Specimens measure : Fig. 3. Length 17, diam. 9.4, length of aperture 8.8 mm.; whorls " 9- " H " 7-25. " " 6.9 " " " 7. 6.3 mm.; whorls 4 (young shell). 21.2, diam. u, length of aperture 10.8 mm.; whorls 6. " i? " 9-8 " " 9.4 " " 17.8 " 10.4 " " 10 " " In a small stream, 5 miles above Sierra Oveja, the shells are nearly typical in shape, but small and thin. One measures, length 11.8, diam. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 527 6.7, aperture 6.7 mm.; whorls 5. One from near the Sierra Ventana is similar. In a pool near the Sierra Oveja the shells are similar, but darker colored, more olive. The apices are eroded. LYMN/EA DIAPHANA INELEGANS subsp. nov. (Plate XLVI, Figs, i, 2, 4-6). The shell is narrowly rimate, short and wide, the last whorl dispropor- tionately large, inflated, with sculpture of rather coarse growth-wrinkles and more or less malleation. The spire is small, shortly conic. Aper- ture very ample. Columella very indistinctly or not folded, narrow, nearly straight in the middle, its edge narrowly reflexed, expanding in the axial region. The specimens figured measure : Length 16, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 10.8 mm.; whorls 5. 16 " 9.3 " " 9.7 " " 4^. 16 " 10 " " 9.4 " " 5. " 15 " 10 " " 9.7 " " 4^. 15-3 " 9 " "9 " " 5- Spring on the Rio Chico, 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja (figs, i, 2, 4, 6). Small stream, 35 miles above Sierra Oveja (fig. 5). The specimens from the second locality mentioned are more regular in contour. Up to a length of 153^ to 16 mm. the surface shows no mallea- tion, and at that size the shells of this lot reach maturity. The lip expands slightly and a very thin, white, submarginal callus strengthens it. In one individual growth has proceeded beyond this stage, the part added being strongly .malleated. This shell (PI. XLVI, fig. 5) measures, length 17, diam. 10, length of aperture 9.8 mm.; whorls 5. In two of the four lots from "springs on the Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Oveja," there are some dwarf individuals. One measures; length 10, diam. 6, aperture 6.5 mm.; whorls 4%. In another lot, all the shells are similarly dwarfed. In the Rio Chico, 50 miles above Sierra Oveja, a similar dwarf shell was taken. In and near drying pools on a high divide near the base of the Andes, 50 miles north of the Rio Chico, elevation 2400 ft., the shells are very fragile, pale, dull buff, with strongly developed, low, wave-like costation 528 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. and more or less malleation. One measures, length 14, diam. 8, length of aperture 8.6 mm.; whorls 4^. Those from the Arroyo Eke, near the head of Spring Creek, are also small. In Swan Lake (about 50 miles north of the Rio Chico) the shells are very delicate, almost like tissue paper, but little malleated or (usually) without malleation, and of a pale olive color. Most of the examples con- form nearly to PI. XLVla, fig. 2, in shape, but I have also figured the most elongate (fig. i ) and the shortest (fig. 3) shells. Fig. 2 measures, length 19, diam. n, length of aperture 10.9 mm.; whorls 4^. Mr. Hatcher in his narrative has alluded to the abundance of shells in this lake (Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, I, p. 1 66). The lake basin is composed of igneous rocks dammed by a lava flow. To the absence of calcareous material, the tenuity of the shells is probably due. Lymncea brunneoflavida Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory (8), V, January, 1910, p. 110, pi. 4, fig. i, from the Falkland Islands, is described as wider, more opaque and darker than L. diaphana, alt. 14, diam. 8, aperture 8.75 mm. It evidently stands close to L. diaphana. LYMN^GA PATAGONICA Strebel. Limncea patagonica Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, p. 164, Taf. 8, figs. 103*7, b, 1907. Strebel's types are said to differ from the form he describes as L. diaphana by being browner, more of a chestnut-brown, the whorls in- crease more rapidly in width, the apex is commonly broken, with the breach closed by shell-material ; the columella stands more nearly vertical, and its reflection is somewhat wider, but leaves an umbilical crevice open. It measures as follows : Length 14.8, diam. 12.6, aperture 10.7x6.8 mm., 3^ whorls remaining. 10.4, " 8.1, " 7.2x4.5 " 3 Puerto Bridges, in a fresh-water lake. LYMN/EA PATAGONICA RIOCHICOENSIS subsp. nov. (Plate XLVI, Figs. 10, n.) The shell resembles L. patagonica in shape, being short ovate ; the axis is imperf orate. It is pale honey-yellow or very pale yellowish-brown. In PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 529 an entire specimen (fig. 11) there are 3^ convex and rapidly enlarging whorls, the last inconspicuously marked with rather widely spaced, very low longitudinal wrinkles, and some weak malleation in places. The aperture appears to be less rounded than in L. patagonica. The parietal and axial callus is a mere transparent film (not distinct as shown in fig. 1 1 ), closely adnate throughout. The columella is white, solid and rounded, nearly straight, and without trace of a fold. The largest specimen (fig. 1 1 ) measures : Length 6.8, diam. 4.8, aperture 4.9x3.1 mm. Rio Chico, 25 miles below the confluence of the Rio Belgrano, in the river under stones, numerous specimens. Also in a pool near the Sierra Oveja, one characteristic individual. Most of the adult examples taken are very much eroded, the spire re- moved, and the last whorl deeply eaten in places, as though by acid. The parietal callus is thick, with the outer edge distinctly raised. The external erosion is compensated by thickening of the shell from the inside. Fig. 10 measures : Length 5, diam. 4, aperture 4.1 X 3 mm.; 2^ whorls. Although the perfect and the deeply eroded shells were in one lot when received, yet I have no doubt that they came from two sources, one of pure water, the other carrying CO2, doubtless from leaching through decaying organic matter. LYMN^EA PICTONICA Rochebrune et Mabille. Limncea pictonica R. et M., Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 21, 1889. A small, very fragile species, with exserted spire and truncate apex, 2 or 3 convex, rapidly increasing whorls remaining. There is a very narrow perforation. Length 6, diam. 3 mm. Picton Island, in the southeastern termination of the Beagle Channel. This species seems to be decidedly narrower than the preceding. It may be the southern terminal member of the series of short Lymnaeas represented in the Magellan district by L. patagonica and on the Rio Chico, 400 to 500 miles farther north, by L. p. riochicoensis. It is quite possible, however, that these several forms may prove to be independent shortened forms, each directly related to more normal forms. 530 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. SECTION UNDETERMINED. LYMN/EA ANDEANA sp. nov. (Plate XLVIa, Figs. 4, 4*.) The shell is acuminate-oblong, imperforate, very thin and fragile, pale yellowish-corneous, translucent. Surface dull, smooth to the eye except on the last part of the last whorl, where it is conspicuously malleated. Under the microscope the dullness is seen to be caused by extremely fine hair-lines, mainly longitudinal in direction, but forming a close mesh over the whole surface. There are also faint growth-lines and weak traces of spiral bands of vertical wrinkles. Whorls barely 4, the first convex, those following only weakly so. The last whorl has the form of a long ellipse. Aperture ovate. Parietal film scarcely perceptible. Columella slender, slightly concave, dilated above, the dilatation thin and adnate. Length 11.9, diam. 6.3 mm.; aperture 7.3 mm. long. Near the base of the Andes in drying pools on a high divide, 50 miles north .of the Rio Chico. This species is apparently related to L. peregrina Clessin of southern Brazil and Uruguay, but differs conspicuously by the very weak develop- ment of spiral sculpture, that species being even more copiously striate spirally than the North American L. columella. A few immature specimens of another thin, fragile species, probably related to L. andeana, were taken in small streams on the Rio Chico, 10 and 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja. PLANORBIS PEREGRINUS d'Orbigny. Planorbis peregrinus d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 348. Rio Negro, Bahia Blanca, etc. (d'Orbigny); lakes along the Rio Negro (Roca Exped.). PLANORBIS ANATINUS d'Orbigny. Planorbis anatinus d'Orb., t. c., p. 351 (Parana river, Prov. Entrerios, Argentina). Lakes along the Rio Negro (Roca Exped.). Family ANCYLID^.. ANCYLUS CONCENTRICUS BONARIENSIS Strobel. A. c. var. bonariensis Strobel, Materiali, etc., p. 51, pi. 2, f. 4 (around Buenos Aires). PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 531 A. c. bonceriensis Strobel, Doering, Informe Oficial de la Comision cien- tifica agregada al estado mayor general de la Expedition al Rio Negro, bajo las 6rdenes del General D. Julio A. Roca, Zoologia, p. 71, 1881. Rio Negro near the mouth of the Rio Neuquen (Roca Exped.). Family CHILINID^E Dall. Chilinida Dall, Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, IX, 1870, p. 357. CHILINA Gray. Chilina Gray, Specilegia Zoologica, p. 5, July i, 1828 (for Auricula fluc- tuosa Gray). Dombeia d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques, planche 43 (1843?). Duplicaria Rafinesque, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, No. V, 1833, p. 165 (for D. bonariensis Raf. = Chilina fluminea Maton). Pseitdochilina Dall, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, IX, 1870, p. 357 (for Pseudochilina limnceformis Dall). Acyrogonia Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn( VI, 1889, Mollusques, p. 25. The apex in Chilina differs from that of all Lymnaeid snails in the initial half whorl of the embryo, which is tilted up, as shown in fig. 5. Growth of the shell seems to be upward at first, the nucleus lying below the summit. At the end of the third whorl, in C. fulgurata and several other FIG. 5. Chilina fulgurata Pils. Young specimen 3.8 mm. long, composed of 3^ whorls. species, the color-pattern begins weakly. Previous to this the shell is uniform corneous-brown. The columellar fold is present at a very early stage, but my material does not show when it first appears. 532 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. The growth of the shell in Patagonian species is periodic, growth-arrest periods being marked by streaks interrupting the normal pattern. On resumption of growth, the zigzag pattern is sometimes replaced by irregu- lar streaks ; but in a later growth-period the original pattern may be resumed. The subgenus Pseudochilina was based upon a form shaped about like fig. 7 of Plate XLIII. The irregular or fibrous surface, which served to characterize the subgenus, seems to me to be wholly due to erosion, the cuticle or periostracum being lost from the unique type in the National Museum. In other characters the shell is a typical Cliilina. Acyrogonia of Mabille and Rochebrune is a Cliilina in which the colu- mellar plait is wanting. I have found this plait variable in development in some forms of Chilina from the Rio Chico. In C. fulgurata oligoptyx it approaches the condition described in Acyrogoma. DISTRIBUTION OF CHILINA. Chilina occupies the temperate and cold zones of South America from the Tropic of Capricorn to Cape Horn. No member of the group, either living or fossil, has been found outside of these limits.1 It is noteworthy that no trace of the group has been found in other Austral lands --Tas- mania and New Zealand having sufficiently similar climatic conditions to favor the survival of Chilinidce, if the family ever had a wider range in the Antarctic area. Within their area, the Chilinidtz are abundant snails in all suitable sta- tions, as Physidce are in the north. They swarm in springs, small streams, lakes, and in some places the margins of rivers. They are most abundant southward, becoming rarer and local toward the northern borders of their range. The species from west of the Andes are in all cases, so far as we know, distinct from those east of the divide. In the cold temperate and cold zones at least, the widely diverse physical features on opposite sides of the Andes would lead us to expect different snail faunas. ^Chilina olivula Repelin, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. de Marseille, VII, p. 69, of the Cenomanian of central France, has no columellar fold, and is clearly a Lymnaeid snail with no relations what- ever to Chilina. Chilina in Europe, like Partula, Polygyra, Glandina, etc., is one of those myths of European palaeontology which astonish and amuse the investigator using modern methods with Pulmonate snails. PILSBRY : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 533 The eastern fauna, with which alone we have now to deal,1 inhabits a comparatively arid region, poorly watered by roughly parallel streams flowing southeastward into the Atlantic. Each of the principal river systems has its own series of freshwater mollusks, in large part distinct specifically or racially from those of other rivers. The Chilinida> of the sev- eral drainages have been enumerated on pp. 514-5. CHILINA PATAGONICA Sowerby. Chilina patagonica Sowb., Conchologia Iconica, XIX, pi. 3, fig. 1 1 (bad), August 1874; E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1881, p. 845; Strebel, Zool. Jahrb., XXV, 1907, p. 166. Patagonia (Sowerby). Puerto Bridges, Picton Island and Puerto Montt (Strebel, various forms taken by Michaelson and Lau). Mr. Smith has given valuable information on this species in his paper of 1 88 1. Strebel includes in it some very diverse forms, the pertinence of which to patagonica seems open to doubt. The specimens figured by Strebel from Gente Grande Bay, under the name "Chilina fluviatilis Gray," are obviously not Chilina fluviatilis (Maton) of the La Plata drainage. What they are, remains uncertain. CHILINA AMCENA E. A. Smith. Chilina amcena E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1881, pp. 37, 846, pi. 4, f. 18, i8<7. " This species is remarkable for its fragility, the slenderness of its form and the vividness of the markings." Length 26, diam. u, aperture 14.5 mm. Tom Bay (Coppinger). CHILINA FUEGIENSIS E. A. Smith. Chilina fuegiensis E. A. Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, p. 339, fig. vii, September, 1905. A very slender species, length 24, diam. 10, aperture 13.5 mm., appar- ently related to the preceding. Rio Marazzi, Useless Bay, Tierra del Fuego. 1 Mr. E. A. Smith has published a catalogue of Chilina in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, to which the student is referred for information on the species of Chili. 534 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. CHILINA FUSCA Mabille. Chilina fusca Jules Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris (7), VIII, 1883, p. 45. Acyrogonia fusca Mabille et Rochebrune, Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, VI, 1889, p. 25. The shell is fragile, brownish-corneous, ornamented with a few brown spots ; columella white, somewhat twisted, a little thickened, but without a fold. Length 16 to 17, diameter 8 mm. Punta Arenas (Lebrun). This species is the type of the group Acyrogonia*- described as a new genus of Chilinida, with the following characters : " Shell thin but quite strong, the general shape acutely oval, spire projecting but not very slender ; colu- mella arcuate, twisted but little, without the columellar folds characteristic of Chilina, and descending to the base of the aperture." This group is known only by the original account. Neither of the two species has been figured. I do not think it generically distinct from Chilina. In some species of that genus the columellar fold is reduced to an incon- spicuous vestige. CHILINA NERVOSA (Mabille et Rochebrune). Acyrogonia nervosa Jules Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, VI, Mollusques, Pt. H., p. 26 (1889). A more compact, ventricose species than C. fusca, with the aperture wider, the columella thick, arcuate, impressed in the middle and without a fold. Length 16, diam. 10 mm. Punta Arenas, in pools (Lebrun). CHILINA FALKLANDICA Preston. Chilina falklandica Preston, Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8), V, January, 1910, p. in, pi. 4, fig. 2. Near C. amcena. Length 15, diam. 8, aperture 9.5 mm. Falkland Islands. CHILINA STREBELI sp. nov. (Plate XLIV, Figs. 24-28.) The shell is elliptical, with a short, conic and acute spire ; rather solid. Sculpture of rather coarse and unequal wrinkles along growth-lines and 1 Acyrogonia Jules Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, VI, Mollusques, p. 25, 1889. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 535 minute, indistinct spiral striae. The ground-color is rather bright yellow on the last whorl, copiously marked with purplish-brown zigzag streaks, each with 4 principal angles projecting forward, and more or less widened at the angles. On the latter part of the whorl the streaks dis- appear, leaving four bands of spots. The spire is dark blue, with dusky brown zigzag markings on the penultimate and next earlier whorls, those above being uniform purplish-brown or dull blue. Whorls between 5^ and 6, convex, regularly increasing, the last elliptical, widest in the middle. The aperture is nearly vertical, white, rich brown deep in the throat, showing the external markings as purplish-brown spot-bands. Columella rather broad, white, bearing a rather stout oblique fold above, a slight spirally entering prominence below it (in most examples scarcely showing in front view). Parietal callus thin, bearing a low, spirally entering fold at its lower third, usually hardly visible in a front view. Fig. 24. Length 25, diam. 14.2, length of aperture 18 mm. " 25. " 25.2 " 14.5 " " 18 " " 26. " 23.5 " 13.2 " " 16 " 24 " 13 " " 16 " Mount of Observation, 40 miles south of Santa Cruz River. This fine species was collected in some quantity. It is distinguished from Chilina puelcha d'Orb. by the presence of a parietal fold, among other peculiarities. No other species from south of the Rio de La Plata drain- age has this fold developed. In the young stages (figs. 27, 28) the color- streaks are less distinctly defined, fading at their edges,1 and the parietal fold is present only as a very thin whitish callus- CHILINA SMITHI sp. nov. (Plate XLIII, Figs. 1-4.) The shell is oblong-ovate, solid, minutely rimate, rather rudely sculp- tured, with wrinkles of growth and more or less distinct spiral lines ; always more or less deeply eroded in the adult stage. The color of the cuticle is olive, or in the newly-formed band behind the outer lip it is yellow. In adults a large part of the cuticle is wanting, exposing the calcareous layer beneath, which is blue and gray, or when deeply worn (as in figures 3 and 4), it is white. The spire is worn, whorls convex, the last one distinctly shouldered, compressed laterally, widest at the middle or below it. The 1 They are represented entirely too sharply defined in figures 27 and 28. 536 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. aperture is nearly vertical, very dark chestnut-colored within in adults, less dark in younger shells, fleshy-whitish near the lip-edge, which is thin and acute. The columella is not very wide, flat, white or flesh-tinted, more or less concave, and bears a rather small, very oblique fold above. Parietal callus very thin, transparent. Fig. i. Length 41, diam. 22, length of aperture 24 mm. " 2. " 30 " 15.3 " " 19 " " 3. " 39.5 " 20 " " 22 " " 4. " 31.2 " 19 " " 21.8 " 35.2 " 17.2 " " 21.6 " Springs on the Rio Chico, 15-25 miles above the Sierra Oveja. This is one of the largest species of the genus, remarkable for its solid, inornate shell, shouldered at the last whorl (a feature not very well shown in the figures), and very dark chestnut or purplish-chestnut interior. Typi- cally the spire is well produced, as in figs, i, 3, but the lot contains also shortened forms, such as fig. 4. The shouldered last whorl, solidity and color distinguish this species from C. parchappii d'Orb. It also attains a larger size. Named in honor of Mr. E. A. Smith, to whom we owe a very useful catalogue of the genus. Young shells up to 22 mm. long show faint traces of waved longitudinal brown streaks on the last whorl, but in older ones these disappear, though faintly indicated spot-bands may persist up to 30 mm. long in some examples. Figures 8, 9, 10 of Plate XLIII represent young shells 17.2, 1 6 and 14.5 mm. long respectively. At this stage there are 5^ to 6 whorls. The spire is acuminate and the apex perfect in some individuals. On a yellow ground there are chestnut streaks, which show three (figs. 8, 9) or four (fig. 10) forwardly projecting angles, with a row of spots just below the suture.1 CHILINA LEBRUNI Mabille. Chilina lebruni Jules Mabille, Bulletin Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 7 Serie, VIII, 1883, p. 45 ; Mabille et Rochebrune, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, VI, Zoologie, Pt. H., Mollusques, p. 22, 1889. An unfigured form, probably related to C. fulgurata. Length 10 to 13 mm., diam. 6 to 9 mm. Santa Cruz (Lebrun). 1 The pattern is not very well rendered in the drawings, and the outlines of the markings are too definite. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 537 CHILINA FULGURATA sp. nov. (Plates XLIII, Figs. 11-15 ; XLIIIa, Fig. 4.) The shell is imperforate, elliptical, with short, conic spire, thin. Fully grown shells are in large part dull gray from loss of the cuticle on the back, but what remains in front is dull pale yellowish, with numerous dusky brown, angular streaks (fig. 15). Younger shells (fig. 1 1, length 12 mm., and fig. 12, length 13.2 mm.) are densely marked with reddish-chest- nut, zigzag stripes on a whitish or in places yellow ground, the penultimate whorl with a blue ground. In an older stage (figs. 13, 14, length 16 mm.) the ground color on the back and spire is blue, but whitish at the base. The brown stripes have four forwardly projecting angles. The apices are more or less eroded in the type lot, but there are evidently not less than 5 whorls. The aperture shows the external marking on a ground more or less suffused with rich light chestnut in shells not fully adult, but in old shells the markings are not seen, and the throat becomes chestnut, fading to whitish near the lip. The columella is rather narrow, white, straight, or only slightly arcuate, and bears a small and rather thin, very oblique lamella above.1 Fig. 15. Length 19, diam. 10.7, length of aperture 12.9 mm. " 13-14. 16, " 8.9, " 10.9 " Small stream on the Rio Chico, 5 miles above the Sierra Oveja, type locality ; also northward to the foothills of the Andes, in various springs and streams. This species has the elaborate color-pattern of Chilina pttelclia d'Orbigny, but differs from that by its comparatively narrow contour. The dimensions of the type of C. puelcha are, length 20, diam. 15 mm. C. fulgtwata is probably related more closely to C. parchappii d'Orb., a more slender and lengthened species, deficient in color-ornamentation. The type of C. fulgurata is drawn in Plate XLIII, figs. 13, 14, and Plate XLIIItf, fig. 4. In springs twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja, a large, thin form of fulgtwata was found. The elaborate color-pattern persists through the period of maturity, but fails in the aged or gerontic stage. The sur- face has minute axial plicae and distinct spiral lines, giving it a decussate- 'This lamella, while correct as to outline in figures 13 and 15, is represented as more massive than it really is. 538 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. granular appearance, more or less developed in different examples. The columella is flat, vertical, nearly straight, with a small, compressed and acute fold above. PI. XLIII0, figs. 6, 6a, represent an"old shell deeply eroded in places. Length 18 (spire largely eroded), diam. n, length of aperture 13 mm. In this lot the cuticle persists over most of the surface. At 30 miles above the Sierra Oveja similar large shells were found in a spring. In even the largest, the color-pattern and sculpture persist to the lip-edge. PI. XLIIIa, fig. 7, represents an area immediately below the termination of the suture. The shell measures, length 20.7, diam. 11, length of aperture 13.4 mm. The apex is eroded. In a small running stream on the south side of the Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Oveja, two forms of Chilina were found : numerous small C. fulgitrata, the largest 10 to 11 mm. long, and probably not fully adult; and three examples of a very elongate form, one of them figured in PI. XLIV, fig. 23. In this shell the waved streaks appear only on the last half of the last whorl, being preceded by two bands of small spots. * The columella is Lymnseid. Sculpture as in the large decussate C. fulgitrata. Axis rimate. Length 17, diam. 8, length of aperture 10 mm. The sig- nificance of these examples is doubtful. Small specimens which seem to be C. fulgurata were taken in a spring on the south side of the Rio Chico, seven miles above the Sierra Ventana. i CHILINA FULGURATA OLIGOPTYX subsp. nov. (Plate XLIV, Figs. 18, i8a, 20-220.) The shell is oval, inflated, with short but acuminate spire of between 5 and 6 whorls. The cuticle is extremely thin and deciduous, but more or less usually remains on the face and behind the outer lip. It is corneous, or slightly yellowish (somewhat too yellow in figs. 20, 21, 22), with faint reddish-brown streaks. Where the epidermis is removed, the shell is ash colored, or livid purplish or fleshy, sometimes showing traces of the waved color-markings, the spire often dark purple (as in fig. 2,20]. The colu- mella is only moderately arched, and either has no fold (fig. 18) or a small fold may be seen above, in an oblique view, sometimes somewhat stronger than in fig. 22. The outer lip is somewhat thickened within, in adult shells. 1 The scattered dots shown in fig. 23 are ferrous deposits, foreign to the shell. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 539 Fig. 1 8. Length 15, diam. 8, length of aperture 10 mm. " 21, 22. " 12 " 7 " " 8.8 " " 22a. " 12.5 " 7 " "9 " 12 " 7.1 " " 8.6 13-5 " 7-3 " " 9 " 12.2 " 7.9 " " 9.5 " Spring on the north side of the Rio Chico near the Sierra Ventana. Types No. 88,686 A. N. S. P. Also taken in springs 20 and 25 miles below the Sierra Ventana. By its shorter form, weak or wanting columellar fold, and the less devel- oped color-pattern, this race differs from C. fulgurate. Some examples from 25 miles below the Sierra Ventana are more fully colored, resembling C. fulgurata in this respect ; and it may be said that dead shells which retain the cuticle also show the color-pattern more distinctly than living shells. CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA subsp. nov. (Plates XLIII, Figs. 5-7; XLIV, Figs. 16, 17, 19.) The spire is longer than \\\ fulgurata, acuminate, and consisting of fully 6l/2 whorls ; spiral striae distinct. In the adult stage the surface, where unworn, is livid purplish on the back, and color-streaks are wanting or very weak, though one to three faint spot-bands are generally retained. The eroded spots have the appearance of mould, the edges under a hand-lens, appearing fuzzy or fibrous. The columellar fold is usually well developed, though often appearing weak or blunt in a face view. The interior is dark purplish-brown. Fig. 5. Length 20.5, diam. 10.25, length of aperture 12.1 mm. " 6. " 20 " 10 " " 12 " 7. " 16 " 8 " " 9-81 " 23.8 " 12.9 " " 154 " Spring 15 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Types no. 88,662 A. N. S. P. The young stage down to 14 mm. long, is colored like fig. 7, but occa- sional specimens of larger size show some faint, waved color-streaks. Another lot which I refer to livida (PI. XLIV, figs. 16, 17, 19) was taken in a small stream 5 miles above the Sierra Oveja. The half grown stage (PI. XLIV, fig. 19) is elaborately zigzag-striped with reddish-brown 1 Immature. 540 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. on a buff ground. In older shells (figs. 16, 17) the pattern is very indistinct or lost by erosion-. Fig. 16. Length 21.8, diam. 10, length of aperture 12 mm. " 17. " 18 " 9 " " 10.9 " " 19. " 13.1 " 6.9 " " 8 " CHILINA FULGURATA ANDICOLA subsp. nov. (Plate XLIIIa, Figs. 5, 50.) A series of three quite young shells from under stones along a small running stream near the mouth of the Rio Belgrano, and a single shell, perhaps adult, from a spring 50 miles north of the Rio Chico, at an ele- vation of 1750 ft., indicate that a special race inhabits the Andean foot- hills, though the material at hand is hardly sufficient for its full charac- terization. The cuticle is rather bright yellow, with a full development of the fulgurata pattern in young shells. This pattern begins about the middle of the third whorl. In the larger shell (PI. XLIIItf, figs. 5, 5£ . Pampean formation, Lujan, Argentina. LITTORIDINA OCCIDENTALIS (Doering). Hydrobia occidentalis Doering, t. c., pp. 466, 471. 6x2.7 mm., whorls 6. San Luis, Mendoza, San Juan, Santiago, Argentina. LITTORIDINA MONTANA (Doering). Hydrobia montana Doering, t. c., pp. 467, 473. 4.5 x 2 mm., whorls 6. Sierras de Cordoba and S. Luis, Argentina. LITTORIDINA GLABRA (Tryon). Hydrobia glabra Tryon, American Jour- nal of Conchology, I, p. 222, pi. 22, f. 12. Bolivia. LITTORIDINA CUMINGII (d'Orbigny). Paludina cumingii d'Orb., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 30. Paludestrina cumingii d'Orb., Voy., p. 385, pi. 47, figs. 14-16. 6X2 mm., whorls 6. In fresh-water streams near Callao and at Valparaiso. LITTORIDINA ATACAMENSIS (Philippi). Paludina atacamensis Philippi, Reise durch die Wiiste Atacama, 1860, p. 185, Taf. 7, fig. 15. Length ii lines, whorls 5. Tilopozo, Chili, in about 23°, 20' S. lat. LITTORIDINA POPOENSIS (Bavay). Paludestrina popoensis Bavay, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1904, p. 154, fig. 5. Conic, 5x2.5-3.5 mm., with 6 to 7 rounded whorls. Lake Popo, Bolivia. LITTORIDINA CUZCOENSIS n. sp. (figs. 10, n). The shell is minutely perforate or rimate, thin, corneous-white, smooth and glossy. Spire straightly conic, whorls 6, moderately convex, the last evenly rounded. Aperture ovate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin and simple. Fig. 10. Length 4.9, diam. 2.5, length of aperture 1.8 mm. (typical). " ii. " 4.8 " 2.2 " " 1.6 " (slender phase). PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 561 Cuzco, Peru (H. von Ihering). This species evidently stands close to L. popoensis Bavay, of the saline Bolivian Lake Popo ; but the spire seems to be of a more turrite shape, FIG. 10. FIG. ii. the last whorl comparatively shorter in L. popoensis, which moreover belongs to a different drainage. Compared with L. culminea of Lake Titicaca, this species differs by the less attenuate spire and fewer whorls. L. cuzcoensis is not very closely related to the Titicaca species. LITTORIDINA NEVENI (Bavay). Pyrgula neveni Bavay, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1904, p. 155, fig. 6. Last three whorls strongly carinate. 5X3 mm. with 6^ whorls. Lake Titicaca. LITTORIDINA ANDICOLA (d'Orbigny). Paludina andicola d'Orb., t. c, p. 29. Pahidestrina andicola d'Orb., Voy., p. 385, pi. 47, fig. 13. Bavay, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1904, p. 153, fig. 2. 8X3 mm. with 8 flat whorls, the last acutely carinate. Lake Titicaca. Littoridina andicola, ecarinate form : Paludestrina culminea d'Orb., Voy., p. 386,, pi. 47, figs. 10-12. 6X3 mm., whorls 7, somewhat convex. Lake Titicaca. Some specimens of the L. culminea type, collected by A. Agassiz in Lake Titicaca, are subangular at the periphery, and therefore somewhat intermediate between L. culminea and L. andicola. Bavay has figured a series of shells showing the intergradation of these supposed species. LITTORIDINA GUADICHAUDII Souleyet, Voyage la Bonite, Zoologie, II, p. 565, pi. 31, figs. 31-33 (living animal, shell and operculum), pi. 32, figs. 9-19 (soft anatomy). 5X3 mm., 6 whorls. River of Guaya- quil, Ecuador. LITTORIDINA ECUADORIANA (Miller). Paludestrina ecuadonana Miller, 562 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Malak. Blatter, n. R, I, 1879, p. 153, Taf. 8, f. 3. 7X3-4 mm., whorls 6. Guayaquil River, Guayaquil, Ecuador. LITTORIDINA BOETZKESI (Miller). Pciludestrina boetzkesi Miller, t. c., p. 155, Taf. 8, fig. 4. 4.5 X 2.4 mm., whorls 6l/2 . S. Domingo and Guayaquil River, Ecuador. Cf. L. guadichaudii. LITTORIDINA (?) PEDRINA (Miller). Hydrobia pedrina Miller, t. c., p. 155, Taf. 6, f. 7. 3.5 X 1.5 to 4X 1.8 mm., 5^ to 5% whorls. Micro- scopically granulose. Rio Pedro in the Chillo valley, Ecuador. POTAMOPYRGUS Stimpson. Potamopyrgus Stimpson, American Journal of Conchology, I, 1865, p. 53; Researches upon the Hydrobiinae, Smiths. Misc. Coll. No. 201, p. 49. Monotypic ; type, Melania corolla Gld. Lyrodes Doering, Bol. Acad. Nac. Ciencias Cordoba, VII, 1884, p. 461. Type L. guaranitica. Pyrgophortis Ancey, Bulletin de la Societe Malocologique de France, V, 1888, p. 192. Type, Pyrgulopsis spinosa C. & P. Huttonia Johnson, Proc. Royal Society of Tasmania for 1890, p. 90 (1891). Type, Potamopyrgus corolla. Amnicolinae with rather slender, thin, rimate shells of ovate-conic or turrited contour, often armed with a row of spines on a delicate keel at the shoulder of the last whorl or two. They differ from other American genera in being viviparous. Besides the following species, P. coronatus Pfr. is known from Baran- quilla, Colombia, and Lake Valencia, Venezula. It has a wide range in Mexico and the West Indies. Professor von Martens has figured the shell, teeth and embryonic young. (Die Binnenmollusken Venezuelas, p. 208, Taf. 2, figs, POTAMOPYRGUS GUARANITICUS (Doering). Lyrodes guaranitica Doering, Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Cien- cias en C6rdoba (Republica Argentina), VII, 1884, pp. 461-463, fig. 2. Length 3.5, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 5^ , the last encircled by a slender keel at the shoulder, and several spiral striae on the base. Rio Barrancas, Corrientes. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 563 POTAMOPYRGUS SCOTTII Sp. nOV. (Plate XLLr, Figs. 10, II.) The shell is very minutely perforate, turrite, the length about double the greatest diameter and nearly three times the length of the aperture. The spire has straight outlines and an obtuse apex. Whorls 6l/2 , very convex, parted by a deep suture. The first two whorls are smooth; then fine, narrow, thread-like, spiral striae appear, 6 to 8 in number on the visible part of each whorl, one at the upper third sometimes being more promi- nent. There are also numerous ripples in an axial direction, on the last two whorls. The last whorl is well rounded and nearly smooth on the base. The aperture is ovate, peristome simple and thin, continuous, the columellar margin concave, narrowly reflexed. Fig. 10. Length 5, diam. 2.6, length of aperture 1.7 mm. " n. " 3.8 " 1.9 " " 1.4 " Buenos Aires. Types No. 10,153 A. N. S. P. This is a very much lengthened form, larger and longer than P. guara- niticus (Doer.), and differs in sculpture. It is closely related to P. peten- ingensis (Gld.) which, however, has a smooth surface. The specimens are bleached and apparently fossil, being filled with sandy mud. A minute embryonic shell was obtained from the matrix washed out of one of the specimens figured. This confirms the generic reference to some extent, as all Potamopyrgus species are viviparous. Named for Professor W. B. Scott, whose work has thrown a flood of light on Patagonian vertebrate palaeontology. POTAMOPYRGUS PETENINGENSIS (Gould). (Plate XLlc, Fig. 12.) Cingula peteningensis Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped., Mollusca, p. 130, pi. 9, figs. 152, a, b. Lagoa de Peteninga, near the entrance of Rio Janeiro harbor, in brackish water. The shell of this species resembles Paludestrina attenuata of the eastern United States by its extremely convex whorls parted by deep sutures. The type, from the Lagoa de Peteninga, was described as smooth, about 8.5 mm. long, 2.5 wide, with 6 whorls. One of the original lot is figured 564 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (fig. 12). It measures 5.4 mm. long, 2.4 wide, the aperture 1.8 mm. long, and is composed of 6y$ whorls. The apex is very obtuse. Another lot, received from G. von Frauenfeld, contains shells slightly more slender than that figured. In one of them I found two minute embryonic shells. IDIOPYRGUS gen. nov. The shell is perforate, solid, turrite, with long spire of very convex whorls ; aperture diagonal, oval, its plane sloping forward below, posterior end rounded, sinused ; a small sinus at junction of the outer lip with the basal margin. Lip slightly expanded, thickened within. Operculum paucispiral, with the nucleus at the lower fourth, near the columellar margin. Radula having the formula ^. 7. 9. 16. Type, /. souleyetianus. The snail for which this genus is proposed differs from all known species of Littoridina by its internally thickened, somewhat expanded and bisinu- ate peristome, the diagonal aperture, and by having fewer cusps on the upper reflection of the central teeth, as well as on the marginal teeth. The scoop-like shape of the outer marginal tooth is also rather peculiar. FIG. 12. Idiopyrgus souleyetianus, half row of teeth and an isolated marginal tooth. Idiopyrgus has some resemblance to the Dalmatian genus Lanzaia Brusina, and to the Mexican Pterides Pilsbry. In all of them the long axis of the aperture stands strongly diagonal to that of the shell, the posterior end of the aperture is rounded, effuse or sinused, the lip ex- pands more or less, and the whorls of the tapering spire are strongly convex. These apertural characters are so unusual in Amnicolidce, that I am disposed to view them as indications of real relationship between the three genera, rather than convergent structures in snails otherwise diverse. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 565 Unfortunately Lanzaia and Pterides are known by dead and bleached shells only, so that the relationship suggested remains hypothetical. It affords no safe basis for deductions concerning the antecedents of the three groups, each known from a single spot, and separated from its supposed relatives by thousands of miles. The genera are characterized as follows : Common characters: — Shell turrite, composed of very convex whorls; aperture strongly diagonal to the axis of the shell, oval, the posterior end rounded, spreading or sinused, the basal margin also retracted or effuse ; peristome continuous, more or less expanding, running forward below. a. Shell openly umbilicate, thin, sculptured -with sinuous longitudinal ribs and fine spiral stria, minute (2 to 3 mm. long, with 6 whorls) ; the aperture elliptical, lip broadly flaring. Dalmatia. Lanzaia Brusina. b. Shell rimate, thin, smooth, minute (2.5 to 3 mm. long, with 7 to 10 whorls) ; the aperture ovate ; lip sinused or spreading above, broadly retracted or spreading at the base. Mexico. Pterides Pilsbry. c. Shell perforate, solid, smooth, of about 7^ whorls; the aperture oval, small, the lip having a rounded sinus above and a smaller one at junction of outer and basal margins, which expand but little. Southeastern Brazil. Idiopyrgus Pilsbry. IDIOPYRGUS SOULEYETIANUS sp. nov. (Plate XLIc, Figs. 14, 140.) The shell is perforate, solid, turrited, greenish-yellow, opaque. The surface is smooth and glossy, growth-lines very faint. The spire tapers regularly to a small but obtuse apex. Whorls 7^ , all strongly convex, joined by deep sutures. The aperture is oval, oblique, the basal margin being advanced, the outer lip retracting upward. The peristome is con- tinuous, the outer lip expanded, somewhat thickened within. It has a rounded sinus just below the upper insertion, and a small sinus at the junc- tion of the outer and basal margins. The continuous columellar and parietal margins are arcuate, forming a raised ledge across the parietal wall. Length 5.3, diam. 2.1 mm., length of aperture with peristome 1.9 mm. Rio Doce, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Types No. 100,534, A. N. S. Phila., from No. 127 Museu Paulista. In old individuals the spire becomes more or less shortened by erosion of the early whorls. This form differs from the Littoridinas by its peculiar peristome. It is probably a straggler from the fauna of eastern Brazil, of which little is yet known. 566 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. POTAMOLITHUS Pilsbry. Paludestrina in part, d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques, p. 381. Lithoglyphus sp., of some authors. Potamolithus Pils., Nautilus, X, Nov., 1896, p. 80. Amnicolidae with the shell imperforate, solid, ovate or globose, smooth or 1-3 carinate, covered with a thick cuticle, which is usually green or olive ; aperture ovate or rounded, the peristome continuous ; columella concave, more or less heavily calloused. Operculum lodging some distance within the aperture, corneous, oval, reddish-brown, opaque, with a thinner, yellowish border along the basal, outer and upper margins. It is composed of about 2 whorls, the nucleus near the lower third, and nearer the columellar side. The outer face is slightly concave and rather strongly striate. Inner face is glossy except for a long dull scar of attachment near the columellar margin (P. rushii]. Penis simple, terminating in a small glans surrounded by a fleshy pre- putial ring. The radula has teeth of the form usual in Amnicolidce, central tooth with 2 to 4 basal cusps on each side, admedian tooth armed with 8 to 10, marginal teeth having many cusps, 17 to over 30. Type P. rushii Pilsbry. Distribution, La Plata drainage and faunally similar streams draining into the Atlantic in Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. FIG. 13. '"Pen. Head, showing tentacles and penis, and end of the penis of Potamolithus. (After von Ihering.) The soft anatomy is known from A. d'Orbigny's figures of living P. lapidttm and H. von Ihering's description and figures of a form from near the mouth of the Santa Maria River, of the Rio dos Sinos drainage, identi- PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 567 fied as P. lapidum} In this form "the penis is inserted nearly on the median line of the back of the neck (fig. 13). It was not found for a long time, because the number of females far exceeded the males among the animals examined. It is very broad at the base, provided with an obtuse hump and runs somewhat coiled towards the right side, where its summit lies near the base of the tentacle. It is perforated throughout by the vas deferens, and terminates in a slender conical point, which is encircled by a sort of prepuce." Dentition of Potamolithus. — I have examined the teeth of P. rushii and P. lapidmn super sulcatits. The former (fig. 1 4) has teeth with the formula 6-^. 10. 33. 40. The middle cusp of the central tooth is long but rather FIG. 14. Potamolithus rushii, A, the teeth of a half row, somewhat pressed backward, foreshortening the cusps, especially of the marginal teeth. B, central and cusp of the admedian teeth, in their nor- mal positions. narrow, and the side cusps are small. The cusps of the admedian tooth are of about equal width, but are longer in the middle, as shown in fig. 14, B. On the inner marginal tooth the cusps are extremely small and numerous, and on the outer they are still more numerous. In P. lapidmn supersulcatus from Fray Bentos on the Uruguay River (fig. 1 5) the formula is ^5. 8(4, 1,3.) 17. 1 8, or in another radula, the central tooth has the cusp-formula ^5. All of the teeth have much larger cusps than in P. ntshit, and on the admedian tooth the median cusp is much longer than its fellows.' All of the teeth have the same general shape as 1 Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., VII, 1885, pp. 96-99. 568 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. those of P. rushii, the difference in the figures being chiefly due to the side teeth being shown in their natural positions, while in P. rushii they are drawn from a frayed radula, as is usually done in allied genera. The teeth of a form from the Santa Maria River, a tributary of the Sinos, identified as P. lapidum (probably not that but an allied species) have been figured by Dr. H. von Ihering, as having two basal teeth on FIG. 15. Potamolithus lapidum supersulcatus, A, the teeth of a half-row in their normal positions. B, cen- tral and outer marginal teeth of another individual. each side. The figure is somewhat diagrammatic, but shows teeth re- sembling P. I. supersulcatus. The eggs are deposited in plano-convex chitinous capsules about .6 or .7 mm. in diameter, adhering to shells and probably stones. The embryonic shell is smooth, Naticoid or globular in probably all of the species. So far as I can see, it is quite continuous with the neanic stage. In all of the species studied, the earlier portion of the neanic stage is also Naticoid. In some forms this shape persists to maturity, but in others angles or carinae set in, their appearance dividing the period of youth into two or three substages ; so that a highly specialized form may pass suc- cessively through rounded, singly carinate, bicarinate, tricarinate, and finally varicose stages. The degrees to which these sculpture-conditions are accelerated and the stage finally reached, allow us to fix the relation- ships and evolutionary grade of the several forms with some degree of accuracy, in species where the young stages are accessible. These little river snails live on and under stones, at and below low- water mark, often in copious numbers. Up to this time, they have been collected at comparatively few places, yet the range of the genus probably PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 569 embraces the whole La Plata drainage, together with some rivers flowing directly into the Atlantic, but having their rise adjacent to or interposed between the head streams of the Uruguay and Parana Rivers. Many new forms doubtless remain to be found, since only an inconsiderable part of the waters of the Plata system have been explored for mollusks. To what extent the specific characters of the forms vary from place to place, we cannot say, since most of them are known from a single locality. P. lapidum, which has been assigned a wide range, seems to vary with locality, and probably several species will eventually be recognized in what is now considered lapiditm. Of most of the forms, many specimens have been studied, some of them by hundreds, and I have been astonished at the absence of intermediate or ambiguous individuals, such as one finds in the fresh-water Pleuroceratidce or Melaniidce. It is however well known to those who have studied large quantities of fresh-water snails, that the Amnicolidce are generally conservative ; the specific features are crystal- lized, while in the Melanians they are fluid. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHARACTERS OF POTAMOLITHUS. In the Amnicolidce, as in the Viviparidce, the prevalent genera almost everywhere are smooth-shelled forms with rounded or convex whorls. Such forms have prevailed since the first appearance of these families. In those Amnicolidce which are sculptured in the adult stage, the early (embryonic and early neanic) stages are smooth or nearly so. These facts apparently point to the conclusion that smooth, rounded shells are prim- itive and sculptured shells derivative in these families. Throughout Neocene time, carinate, varicose or otherwise strongly sculptured species or genera of these families have frequently appeared, but their distribution has been local and their duration brief. In some cases the genesis of these sculptured or distorted forms from smooth and normal types has been traced, as in the case of Viviparns hoerncsi of the Pliocene of southeastern Europe, and Viviparus altior and limnotlianma of the Floridian Pleistocene. At the present time, sculptured Viviparidce and Amnicolidce are comparatively rare and confined to small areas. Margarya in Lake Tali, Tulotoma in the Coosa River, Pyrgitlopsis in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Tryonia in a very restricted area in the Southwest, are familiar examples. To these may be added the group of carinate species of Potamolithus in the Uruguay River. In all of these 57° PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. cases, the distribution of the forms is very restricted, often to a single lake, or a few springs ; and in some cases, as Pyrgulopsis and Tryonia, we have evidence that the species had a wider range in the Pleistocene and are now apparently approaching extinction. The facts indicate that in Amnicolidce and Vimparida, shell-sculpture is a phylogerontic character, showing the approach of senility of the race ; strongly developed sculpture in a species signalizes its last incarnation. The considerations advanced above go to show that the present Pota- molithus fauna consists in large part of species which in an evolutionary sense are aged, are more or less distinctly gerontic or senile. Over 80 per cent, of the species have characteristics which indicate, as experience has shown, that they represent side lines of evolution, impotent to continue the phylum, or to give birth to new phyla. There remains also a small group of unspecialized species represented by P. lapidum of the Parana and its allies in southern Brazil. I have been unable to find a shred of evidence to connect the develop- ment of sculpture in these fresh-water snails with the concentration or increased alkaline content of waters they inhabit, as some conchologists have assumed. It is doubtful whether any such modified forms inhabit alkaline or saline waters, while it is positively known that most of them do not. Amnicolidce which live in brackish or sea water are not strongly sculptured, but as smooth as their congeners in fresh water. Examples of this are found in certain species of Paludestrina (P. minuta (Tott), P. acuta (Drap.), P. salsa Pils.) and Littoridina (L. australis (d'Orb.), etc.). It is extremely likely that these are forms of fresh-water origin, which have become adapted secondarily to more or less saline waters. Part of them live also in perfectly fresh water. INTERRELATIONS OF THE SPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS. The species now known belong to four collateral phyla, each compris- ing forms in several very diverse stages of specialization. The less dif- ferentiated species in each phylum retain in adults a globular or Naticoid shell without keels or angles, and in three of the groups have the lip simple and unspecialized. This type of shell is common to other genera of the subfamily. In all of the phyla some species have developed ortho- genetically a varix or crest at the lip ; the shape of the shell is profoundly altered by spiral keels in some species. These modifications are more or PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 571 less exactly parallel in the several series. I have attempted to express the above ideas graphically in the following diagram, in which the least evolved species of each group are placed below, while the carinate forms are placed above in each group. Outer lip not varicose. Lip varicose. rushii philippianus II - jacuhyensis intracallosus ribeirensis— ' conicus husrhii agapetus — chloris carinifer ^^^microthauma IV- quadratus paysanduanus tricostatus hidalgoi J peristomatus ? hatcheri lanidnm dinochilus bisinuatus filipponei sykesi gracilis simplex [In these diagrams the most primitive, Naticoid species of each group are below ; those modi- fied by the development of carinae above ; and the right-hand column contains derivative species having the outer lip varicose. The connecting lines indicate the chief affinities of the forms.] While the above diagrams are not intended for phylogenetic trees, all the species being contemporaneous, yet it is likely that the ancestral forms in groups II, III and IV did not differ materially from the least differ- entiated of the recent species. It is significant that the only form known to have a wide distribution, P. lapidum, is one of the least specialized of the genus. The evolution of carinae and varices in the several groups seems to have been homoplastic. It will be shown below that the keels are superposed 572 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. upon the Naticoid form much earlier in some species than in others ; and judging from these various degrees of acceleration, it would seem that the specialized species are of unequal antiquity. KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF POTAMOLITHUS. I. Columella wide, having a longitudinal furrow excavated in its face. Latter part of the suture not more rapidly descending ; outer lip strengthened by a strong varix. a. Last whorl dominated by a very strong peripheral keel. P. rushii. a1. Last whorl flattened peripherally, without carina. P. philippianus. a2. Last whorl rounded, conspicuously banded with green. P. iheringi. II. No longitudinal groove in the face of the columella. a. Outer lip well expanded or with a prominent varix ; not notched or sinuous. b. Periphery strongly keeled, the keel visible on part of the penultimate whorl. c. Three keels on the last whorl. P. microthauma. c1. Last whorl flattened above and below the peripheral keel. P. hidalgoi. <*. Last whorl globose, convex above and below the peripheral keel. P. peristomatus. b1. Periphery obtuse or rounded. c. Lip-varix very strong ; periphery hardly angular, base convex ; back with a spiral rib below the suture ; no columellar area. P. dinochihts. c1. Lip-varix narrow ; last whorl without keels, except that around the columellar area. /. orbignyi. a1. Outer lip simple or slightly contracted, without an external varix, the edge not sinuous. b. Last whorl sculptured with spiral keels or angles. c. With a single keel or angle at the basal periphery, none above it. d. High-trochiform, flattened above and below the strong carina, much higher than wide ; columella narrow. P. conicus. dl. Obliquely trochiform, convex above the peripheral angle, about as wide as high ; columella wide. P. buschii. c1. Trochiform, with a carina at the basal periphery and two contiguous keels on the back above. P. tricostatus. c*. Trochiform, with a strong carina at the median periphery, the slope above it flat, with a small carina at the upper third ; no distinct umbilical area. P. carinifer. c3. Stout keels at both periphery and shoulder, giving the last whorl a squarish contour ; umbilical area ample ; spire very short. P. quadratus. c4. Base and periphery rounded, a shallow sulcus or two low ridges on the back above. P. lapidnm supersulcatus. c6. Back of last whorl with two contiguous angles, the upper one stronger, base rounded, spire rather slender and high. P. hatcheri. b1. Last whorl rounded, without keels, angles or sulci. c. Shape approaching globular, the spire short or very short, conic. d. Columella narrow ; last whorl evenly rounded. e. Green or olivaceous; alt. 5, diam. 4 mm. P. lapidum, el. Yellow, alt. 3.3, diam. 3 mm. P. paranensis. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 573 e3. Three-banded with reddish ; alt. 4, diam. 3 mm. Parana River. P. petilianns. dl. Columella and especially the parietal wall thick, forming a blackish ledge ; spire very short. e. Last whorl swollen below the suture ; olivaceous, about 5x4 mm. P. paysanduamis. e1. Last whorl evenly rounded ; olive with black markings, alt. and diam. 7 mm. p. doeringi. d2. Columella wide, flat and white ; last whorl evenly rounded. e. Pale green, diameter nearly equal to the alt, 3 x 2.8 mm. P. agapctus. el. Pale green, higher than wide, alt. 3, diam. 2.5 mm. P. chloris. e2. Olivaceous, perforate, alt. 5.7, diam. 4.3 mm. P. catharina. e3. Reddish brown, alt. 3.5, diam. 3.4 mm. P. ribeirensis. e*. Naticoid, but with an obtuse prominence on the columella far within. P. intracallosus. d*. Last whorl noticeably flattened peripherally ; solid, brown, becoming green at the base and behind the lip ; 6 x 5.6 mm. P. jac uhyensis. c1. Acutely long-ovate in shape, smooth, the ovate aperture not much exceeding half the total length; 4.3 x 3 mm. P. simplex. a2. Outer lip sinuous, nicked or notched. b. Trochiform, the periphery very strongly carinate, aperture squarish, umbilical area large. P. filipponei. V. Shell nearly globular, the diameter about equal to the alt, smooth, swollen below the suture, lip with a sinus above. P. paysanduanus sinulabris. P. Shell globose-conic. c. Outer lip strongly expanded, with swollen, thickened and three-notched face. P. sykesi. cl. The outer lip thin, with deep subsutural and basal sinuses; 4.8 x 3.3 to 5 x 3.9 mm. P. bisinuatus. (?. Similar, but with the sinuses shallower, the upper one often inconspicuous. P. bisinuatus obsolctus. Jf. Shell acutely ovate-conic, about 4.3 x 2.7 mm., the outer lip thin, sinuated, especially ,at the base. P. gracilis. GROUP OF P. BISINUATUS. Smooth, globose-conic or ovate-conic species, with no trace of spiral angles or sulci, except in P. filipponei ; the outer lip usually sinuous. The spire is longer than in other groups of the genus. POTAMOLITHUS FILIPPONEI VOn Ihering. (Plate XLIrt, Figs. 8, 8a.) Potamolithus filipponei von Ihering, Nautilus, XXIV, June, 1910, p. 15. The shell is imperforate, pyramidal, olive colored, with a weak reddish- brown spiral band in the middle of the penultimate whorl. Surface 574 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. smoothish, weakly marked with lines of growth. Whorls 5, the first very minute and dark, following whorls strongly convex, the last whorl strongly carinate, concave above and below the carina, convex on the upper sur- face. The base is excavated or concave between the peripheral keel and a second prominent keel which bounds a large, funnel-shaped umbilical area. The aperture is very oblique. Peristome continuous, the outer lip .thin, unexpanded, having small rounded sinuses below the suture, below the peripheral angle, and at the base of the columella. The columella is narrow, very little thickened, straight, much longer than the short, thick parietal margin. Length 4.4, diam. 4 mm. Montevideo, Uruguay, type in the Museu Paulista, collected by Dr. Florentine Filippone. This species has some resemblance to P. hidalgoi, from which it differs by the entirely different shape of the aperture, the swelling between keel and suture, etc. The bisinuate outer lip, the texture and color-pattern of the shell, etc., show it to be a carinate member of the group of P. bisinu- atus. Described and figured from the type specimen. POTAMOLITHUS SYKESi Pilsbry. (Plate XLI, Figs. 1-20.) Potamolithus sykesi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, globose-conic, rather solid, yellowish olive, smooth and glossy, faintly marked with growth lines. The spire is conic, truncate at the summit in adult shells of the type lot, about 3^ moder- ately convex whorls remaining. The last whorl is evenly convex, smooth, and expands strongly at the lip. There is a narrow umbilical crescent. The aperture is very oblique and subcircular. The outer lip is strongly expanded, built forward and convex beyond the expansion, and then contracted, with three deep notches in its margin, one near the upper insertion, another median, the third wider and basal in position. The columella and parietal wall are moderately calloused, and the whole peristome is dusky or blackish. Length 4.9, diam. 3.9 mm. 4 " 3-5 " Uruguay River at Paysandu. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 575 Development. — The neanic stage in this species is like that of P. bisinuatus. The ephebic stage is described above. A single gerontic individual before me has built the median region of the outer lip forward, obliterating the median notch of the lip (PI. XLI, figs. 2, 20). This remarkable form is the most advanced of the bisinuatus phylum known. It resembles P. bisinuatus in contour, and neanic shells of the two species are distinguishable only by the bands of the latter, when these are developed. The ephebic stage differs widely by the strong expansion of the outer lip, its thickened and thrice notched face. What relation P. bisinuatus and P. sykesi bear towards P. petitianus (d'Orb.) of the Parana River is unknown, pending the discovery of the adult stage of the latter, the specimen described and figured by d'Orbigny being supposed to be immature. It is likely that petitianus will prove to be different from either of the other species. POTAMOLITHUS PETITIANUS (d'Orbigny). Paludestrina petitiana d'Orb., Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mol- lusques, p. 487, pi. 75, f. 19-21 (1839). Shell short, ovate-inflated, thin, smooth, not umbilicate ; spire short, eroded, with obtuse summit, composed of five convex, narrow whorls, parted by a suture which is not very deep. Aperture oval with simple margins. Color green, with three reddish bands, one on the convexity of the spire, the others at the suture and anterior. Alt. 4, diam. 3 mm. (d'Orbigny}. Parana River at San Pedro, Argentina, collector unknown. This may be the neanic stage of a species allied to P. bisinuatus ; but in this group of forms (bisinuatus and sykesi] the neanic stage shows no specific differentiation, the specific characters appearing only in the final stage of development. Until the adult form of P. petitianus is collected at the type locality, San Pedro on the Parana, no good purpose will be served by uniting either of the other species to petitianus as its hypotheti- cal adult. There remains also the possibility that P. petitianus is a per- manently undeveloped form, not passing beyond the neanic stage of the bisinuate species, and therefore falling more properly in the lapidnm group. Compare also P. paranensis, p. 589. 576 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS Pilsbiy. (Plate XLI, Figs. 6-7*.) Potamolithus bisimiatus Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, globose-conic, moderately solid, green or pale yellowish-green, sometimes one-colored, but usually begirt with three nar- row reddish-brown bands, one bordering the suture, another above the periphery, and on the penultimate whorl visible above the suture, and the third band below the periphery. The nearly smooth surface is weakly marked with lines of growth. The spire is conic and rather high, trun- cated at the summit in all adult shells seen, by the erosion of the early whorls, about y/2 remaining. These are strongly convex, the last one globose, without keels or angles of any kind, and with no expansion or varix behind the outer lip. There is a distinct and concave but quite small columellar area. The aperture is moderately oblique, round-ovate, white or brownish inside. Its posterior angle is more or less filled with a callous deposit. The peristome is edged with a black line. The thin outer lip has a deep rounded sinus near its posterior insertion, and there is a second sinus, wider and not so deep, at the base, the lip projecting as a broad truncated lobe between the two embayments. The columella is concave, narrowly calloused and the parietal callus is rather thick. Length 5, diam. 3.9, length of aperture 2.8 mm. " 4.8 " 3.3 " " 2.9 " Uruguay River at Paysandu. Types collected by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N., May 7, 1892. Development.--^^ shell is of the ordinary simple Naticoid shape throughout the neanic stage, differing from P. lapidimi only in having a longer spire. The peculiar Pleurotomoid sinuosities of the peristome have their origin and development wholly in the ephebic stage. In this respect, P. bisimiatus is like Pachycheilus dalli Pils., and differs widely from Gyrotoma and Pleurotoma, in which the anal notch appears very early. This species is related to P. sykesi, from which, however, it differs totally in characters of the ephebic stage. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 577 POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS OBSOLETUS Pilsbry. (Plate XLI, Figs. 3-5.) Potamolithus bisinuatus obsolettts Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is more slender than P. bisinuatus, acutely ovate-conic, green, without color bands. The outer and basal margins of the peristome have only shallow sinuses in place of the deep ones of P. bisinuatus ; the upper one is often hardly perceptible, and, when developed, is nearer the upper insertion of the lip than in bisinuatus. The inner margin of the peristome is less heavily calloused, and the columellar area is excessively narrow, hardly noticeable. The apices are perfect in the type lot, the shell con- sisting of 5^ whorls. Length 4.9, diam. 3.5 mm.; aperture 2.8 mm. long. 4.6 " 3.1 " Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay. Also Uruguay River, at Fray Bentos, Uruguay. A large series from the first locality shows this form to be constantly unlike P. bisinuatus. It has the characters of an immature stage of the latter. POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS Pilsbry. (Plate XLI, Figs. 8, 8a.) Potamolithus gracilis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, acutely ovate-conic, solid but not thick, olive- yellow, becoming reddish-brown on the spire, or dull green ; smooth and glossy. The spire is straightly conic, rather acute. Whorls 5^ , moderately convex, the last symmetrically rounded. The aperture is ovate, subvertical. The outer lip is not expanded, acute, the edge sinuous, being retracted slightly at the suture, a trifle sinuated in the middle, and having a distinct rounded sinus at the base. The columella is concave and narrow, the parietal callus thin. There is no differentiated umbilical area. Length 4.3, diam. 2.7, length of aperture 2.25 mm. Uruguay River atPaysandu. Types collected by W. H. Rush, U.S.N., July 1 8, 1892. This species is related to P. bisinuatus, but it is unlike that species in its narrower contour. A long series has been examined. The green speci- mens predominate. 578 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS VIRIDIS Pilsbry. (Plate XLI, Figs. 9, ga.) Potainolitlius gracilis viridis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 89, Dec., 1896. This form is similar to gracilis in contour, etc., but there is a deeper sinus near the upper termination of the lip, and the basal sinus is well developed. The color is green. The dark maculae shown in the figure are due to the dried soft parts. Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay. POTAMOLITHUS SIMPLEX sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX, Figs. 6, 6a.) The shell is acutely ovate-conic, thin, but rather solid, pale greenish- yellow ; the surface glossy, faintly marked with growth-lines. The spire is straightly conic, apex rather acute. Whorls 5^ , convex, the last evenly globose, not expanded at the lip. There is a distinct and rather wide flat axial area, bounded by a delicate keel. The suture is deep and descends briefly and rather abruptly close to the aperture. The aperture is oblique and acutely ovate. Peristome simple, thin, black-edged and continuous, its edge even, not in the least sinuous or notched. The columella is very narrow and concave. Length 4.3, diam. 3, length of aperture 2.25 mm. Uruguay River at Paysandu. The slender ovate contour and smooth surface ally this species to P. gracilis, but the total absence of any sinus or notch in the lip, the anterior descent of the suture and the well developed axial or umbilical area are features unlike P. gracilis. No young individuals have been identified, but they probably could not be distinguished from P. gracilis. P. simplex approaches Littoridina in contour, but the anteriorly descending suture and the axial crescentic area are unlike that genus. GROUP OF P. BUSCHII. POTAMOLITHUS AGAPETUS sp. nov. (Plate XL, Figs. 10, io«.) The shell is imperforate, globular-conic, of a rather light green color. The surface is smoothish, faintly marked with growth-lines. Spire short PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONLA. 579 and conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, convex, the last evenly rounded, without keels or angles, the suture shortly deflexed at the aperture. There is a moderate or narrow and usually rather conspicuous columellar area. The aperture is oblique, rather broadly ovate. The peristome is thick- ened within, the basal and outer margins are evenly and strongly arcuate, the outer becoming straightened near the upper angle of the aperture. The inner lip is heavily calloused ; columella rather wide and flattened. Length 3, diam. 2.8 mm. Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, province of Colonia, Uruguay. Types, 69,683, A. N. S. P. Development.- -The young of about three whorls and 2 mm. diameter are essentially similar to the adult stage in shape. The columella is somewhat wider in proportion. This is the smallest Potamolitkus now known. It has the globular shape of P. lapidum, but the wide columella of the neanic stage shows that P. agapetus is related to P. buschii. It differs from P. buschii by the evenly rounded shape of the last whorl, the diminutive size and clear green color, as well as by the total absence of a peripheral angle or keel ; but the young stages of P. buschii are not always readily distinguishable from im- mature P. agapetus. In some shells the aperture is smaller than in that figured, by reason of a greater descent of the last whorl immediately behind the lip. The columellar crescent varies from quite narrow, almost linear, to quite wide and concave. POTAMOLITHUS CHLORIS Sp. nOV. (Plate XLU, Figs. 8, 8«.) The shell is imperforate, rather solid, ovate conic, light green, the spire paler, summit corneous. The spire is straightly conic, apex minute, slightly obtuse. Whorls 4^ , convex, the last evenly rounded through- out, expanding near the aperture. The aperture is very oblique, shortly oval. The peristome is slightly expanded, obtuse. Columella and parietal wall heavily calloused, the former flattened, rather wide. Length 3, diam. 2.5 mm., length of aperture 1.8 mm. Salto das Cruzes, Rio Tiete, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Type, No. 103,046, A. N. S. P. from No. 106 Museu Paulista. Collected by Hase- mann, 1908. 58o PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. This snail has the texture, color and size of P. agapetus, from which it differs by the longer, Amnicola-\k& shape and the small aperture. There is no differentiated umbilical area. POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.). (Plates XL, Figs. 11-14; XLI£, Fig. 3.) Lithoglyphus buschii Dunker, Frauenfeld, Zoologische Miscellen, V, in Verhandlungen der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 1865, XV, p. 530, Taf. n, first two figures. The shell is obliquely trochiform, being flattened below, semiglobose above ; moderately solid ; green or olive-green with irregular buff flecks or zigzag streaks, and usually a dusky-brown band midway between the periphery and suture. Surface with faint growth-lines and indistinct spiral striae. Spire very short, the apex usually reddish. Whorls 4^ , convex, the first one or two usually eroded in adult shells. The last whorl is carinate, strongly angular, or with a rounded angle at the basal periphery, very convex above the keel, and usually having a low ridge on the back a short distance below the suture ; there is also, sometimes, a second obtuse ridge below the upper one (fig. 13), much as in P. lapidum super- sulcatus. Base flattened, but slightly convex. There is a well developed concave columellar area bounded by an acute ridge. The aperture is very oblique, ovate, the outer lip without a varix, but built downward somewhat near and at the upper angle, contracting the aperture. The columellar and parietal margins are heavily calloused ; columella rather wide, concave and flattened. Length 4.7, diam. 4.6 mm. " 4-3 " 4 Mouth of the Arroyo San Juan, where it empties into the La Plata, Province of Colonia, Uruguay (type locality); San Gabriel's Island in the La Plata, near Colonia, in the same Province, and Fray Bentos on the Uruguay River (Wm. H. Rush). Development. — At the end of the second whorl the periphery begins to be weakly angular, the shell being about 2 mm. in diameter. Before that stage the shape is globose-depressed, with a rounded periphery. At the end of the third whorl the angle is strong. The columella is very broad, PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 581 its face concave, throughout the neanic stage. Figs, n, na represent a young shell 3.3 mm. in diameter. P. bnschii is related to P. agapetus, but it attains a larger size, and dif- fers in the coloration and angular periphery ; yet there are some imma- ture specimens in the lot from San Gabriel's Island, which approach very near to P. agapetus. It differs from P. lapidum and P. tricostatus by its wide columella at all stages of growth. It is a very abundant snail at San Gabriel's Island, on the northern shore of the Rio de La Plata. The figures on Plate XL represent the least angular forms of the species from San Gabriel's Island. The type was a carinate shell, such as that represented in Plate XLI£, fig. 3, from Fray Bentos, on the Uru- guay River. The ridge below the suture on the back is usually incon- spicuous. Most of the specimens from San Gabriel's Island are similar to those figured on Plate XL, or somewhat more angular, but less so than shells from the mainland. They also have the ridges or sulcus on the back more strongly developed in some examples. POTAMOLITHUS CONICUS (Brot). (Plate XL, Figs. 8, 9, ga.) Lithoglyplms conictis Brot, Journal de Conchyliologie, XV, 1867, p. 69, pi. i, fig. 5 (Uruguay River in the Province of Entrerios). The shell is high-trochiform, rather straightly conic, solid, green or brownish-olive, variegated with pale green or yellow zigzag streaks. The smoothish surface is rather glossy, with the usual fine growth-lines. The conic spire is longer than in related species, and often eroded at the apex. Whorls nearly 4^ , convex. The last whorl slopes steeply and with little convexity to the carinate periphery, which is basal in position. On the back there is sometimes a very weak ridge below the suture and parallel to it, but this is usually wanting. The base is flat, and there is a rather wide crescentic, concave columellar area defined by a sharp angle. There is no varix at the lip. The aperture is very oblique, symmetrically ovate, in fully adult shells is contracted somewhat, being filled in above ; with a continuous, black-edged peristome. The columella is concave and narrow. Length 4.7, diam. 3.7 mm. 3-9 " 3-3 " 582 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Uruguay River at Paysandu, Uruguay, under stones at extreme low water. Development. — The youngest shells at hand lack about one whorl of completion. At this stage the shape is practically that of adults, except that there is no columellar crescent and the columella is wide and flat. The weak subsutural ridge, when developed at all, appears on the back of the last whorl only. The most fully developed shells therefore have the characters of the four-whorled stage in P. tricostatus, while most shells, wanting the upper keel, are like tricostatus at the three-whorled stage. P. conicus differs from P. tricostatus by its smaller size, more highly conic shape, and the less developed sculpture of the last whorl. It is more closely related to P. buschii, both having the columella wide during the neanic stage ; but in the adult stage P. buschii is depressed and P. conicus elevated in shape. The color in life is probably always more or less green. The rich brown tint of those figured may be due to change in alcohol, though I am not sure that this is the case, as the shells were dry when they came into my possession. A lot of P. buschii which had been in alcohol have changed to brown, while all of those dried fresh are green. POTAMOLITHUS ORBIGNYI Pilsbry. (Plate XL, Figs. 1-5.) PotantoKtkus orbignyi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, globose, solid and strong. Uniform olive colored, or with brown bands below the suture and in the middle of the last whorl, on an olive or green ground. Surface smoothish, with faint growth-lines and fine, very indistinct spiral striae. The spire is very short and conic. Whorls nearly ^y2 , strongly convex, the later third of the last whorl descending more rapidly. The last whorl is squarish, obtusely biangular, being shouldered above, flattened in the middle, and more or less angular at the basal periphery. The ample crescentic columellar area is concave and bounded by an angle. The lip is strengthened by a narrow varix, which is blackish and bevelled to the lip-edge. The aperture is very oblique, and rounded-ovate. The outer lip is thickened within, the inner lip heavily calloused. The columella is broad and flattened. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 583 Length 5, diam. 4.8 mm. " 4-5 " 4-5 " Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,696, A. N. S. P. In the typical form of the species the flattening of the last whorl is nearly vertical below the shoulder. In other examples (PI. XL, figs. 2, 3) the flattened surface slopes steeply, and the periphery is somewhat more angular, though still rounded off. Young shells (PI. XL, figs. 4, 40) with y/2 whorls, having a diameter of 2.5 mm., have a distinct flattening above the periphery, though less marked than in adults. This was not seen by my artist, who drew the peripheral region of fig. 4 much too regularly rounded. Fig. 5 represents a slightly larger shell, diam. 2.8 mm., the basal aspect drawn to show the very broad, flat, columellar callus. In contour it resembles fig. 2. P. orbignyi is somewhat related to P. dinochihis, but differs in the lower varix, absence of a spiral ridge below the suture, the larger columellar area, broader columella, etc. It is similar to P. philippianus in shape, but lacks the columellar furrow of that species. POTAMOLITHUS JACUHYENSIS Pilsbry. (Plate XXXIX, Figs. 3, 3*.) Potamolithus jacuhyensis Pilsbry, Nautilus, XII, p. 113, Feb., 1899. The shell is globose, solid and strong, smoothish, with the usual slight growth lines and scarcely visible spirals ; covered with a strong, rich brown cuticle, becoming more reddish towards the apex, and dark green below the last turn of the suture, behind the lip, and at the base. Spire short and conic. Whorls 4^ , those of the spire convex, the last very obtusely biangular, being flattened peripherally, subangular at the shoulder, flat- tened and sloping above it, and tapering basally. There is in some specimens a well-developed flattened columellar crescent, but in other individuals it is reduced and inconspicuous. The aperture is large and somewhat spreading, moderately oblique and irregularly semicircular. The outer lip is sharp, with a dark line at the edge, not expanded, and not in the slightest degree varicose or contracted. The inner lip is heavily calloused. Length 6, diam. 5.6 mm. Jacuhy River, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Types, 61,820, A. N. S. P., collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. 584 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. No immature stages are represented in the series before me. The species belongs to the more primitive or youthful group, by its simplicity of form, the absence of varices, and the want of contraction at the mouth. It is not closely related to any of the La Plata drainage forms, but has some resemblance to P. lapidum, from which it differs by the obtusely biangular shape, the much larger aperture, and the heavily calloused columella, which allies it to species of the Uruguay system, and those following. POTAMOLITHUS INTRACALLOSUS Sp. nOV. (Plate XLU, Figs. 9, ga.) The shell is imperforate, solid, globose with short, conic spire, olive- green, blackish in the axial region. Surface very lightly marked with growth lines. Whorls 45^ , convex, the last strongly convex below the suture and at the periphery, which is below the middle, somewhat flattened above the periphery ; base convex ; an acute keel divides off a crescentic umbilical area. The suture descends slightly near the aperture. The aperture is ample, oblique, very shortly oval. The peristome is black- edged, not expanded. The continuous columellar and parietal margins are very heavily calloused, the columella broad and flattened. In oblique view in the aperture, a broadly rounded prominence is seen in the middle of the columella. Length 3.7, diam. 3.5 mm., length of aperture 2.7 mm. Hiririea, Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Type, No. 103,047, A. N. S. P., from No. 2037 °f tne Museu Paulista. H. von Ihering. This small species of the P. buschii group is notable for its very broad columella, with an internal node or rounded prominence. This last feature differentiates it from P. ribeirensis, which closely resembles intra- callosus in shape. POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS sp. nov. (Plate XLU, Figs. 6, 7.) The shell is imperforate, rather solid, globose, red-brown, with a faint olivaceous tint near the outer lip ; sculpture of indistinct growth-lines only. Spire short, conic. Whorls y/2 , convex, the last globose, most convex at the periphery and just below the suture, the intervening surface somewhat flattened in some examples, but strongly convex in others. The periphery is very indistinctly subangular in front, but in fully adult I-ILSHRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF IVU/V.OMA. 585 shells this is often scarcely noticeable. The base tapers and is not very - vex. The suture descends very slightly in front. There is an extremely narrow umbilical area. The aperture is oblique and ample, angular above. The outer lip is thin and acute, and forms a half-circle. The columclla is very heavily calloused, its face flat or excavated, with a longitudinal depression. Parietal callus heavy within, thin and adnatc at the edge. Length 3.5, diam. 3.4 mm.; length of aperture 2.7 mm. Rio Ribeira, Yporanga, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Types collected by R. von Ihering, 1908. This form resembles P. lapidum (d'Orb.; in shape, but differs by very broad columella and diminutive size. It is rather closely related to P. buschii, though differing by the rounded periphery, which even in im- mature shells shows the hardly noticeable trace of an angle. /'. iulracal- losus is an allied species. A series of eight shells from Hiririea, Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo, collected dead, but not bleached, has been submitted by Dr. von Ihering. The cuticle is olive-green or clear green. The shape is about as in w ensis. In several shells there is a very narrow umbilical area, defined by a raised line. In the youngest shells, diam. 2 mm., the columella is very wide, as in ribeirensis, but in the largest shells, length 5.2, diam. 4.2 mm., it is quite noticeably narrower In one shell of this lot (Plate XLI/5, fig. 4) there is a wide, lunate, concave umbilical area,, defined by an acute black keel, the columella being wide, as in P. ribeirensis. It measures, length 4.2, diam. 4 mm. Further material is needed to show the status of this form, which for the present may be considered a race of P. ribeirensis. POTAMOLITHUS CATHARINE Sp. nOV. The shell is perforate, acutely ovate, solid but strong, covered with an olive-green cuticle. The spire is conk, its lateral outlines straight, the apex small, bat somewhat obtuse, entire in adult sheik. Whorls 5 #, evenly convex, parted by an impressed suture, which descends very briefly at die aperture. The last whorl is strongly convex throughout ; near the aper- ture it dilates a little. The aperture is slightly oblique, ovate, fleshy- gray within, blue-white near the lip. The outer lip is thin and black at the edge, and with the basal lip forms a half-circle ; in profile its edge is even. The cohundla is heavily calloused, the callus extending across the parietal wall, where it is less thickened There is a distinct 586 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. perforation and a feebly differentiated axial or columellar area, linear in the adult stage, but becoming wider in old shells. Length 5.7, diam. 4.3, length of aperture 3.8 mm. Colony of Hammonia, State of Santa Catharina, Brazil. Types, No. 103,048, A. N. S. Phila., from No. 163 of the Museu Paulista. This is a much more robust species than P. simplex. It differs from P. lapidum by the produced spire and heavier columella. It is unlike all (Fig. 16.) FIG. 1 6. Potamolithus Catharines. described forms in having a distinct umbilical perforation. The apex is perfect in all of the shells received, although the oldest of them has the last whorl deeply eroded. GROUP OF P. LAPIDUM. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM (d'Orbigny). Paludina lapidum d'Orbigny, Magazin de Zoologie, p. 29 (1835). Paludestrina lapidum d'Orbigny, Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., Mol- lusques, p. 382, pi. 47, f. 4-9. Hydrobia lapidiim Strobel, Materiali per una Malacostatica di terra e di acqua dolce dell' Argentinia Meridionale, 1874, p. 59, with var. dunkeri, t. c., p. 59, pi. 2, f. 5. ? Hydrobia lapidum d'Orb., E. von Martens, Malakozoologische Blatter, XV, 1868, p. 192 (Guahyba River at Porto Alegre ; near Roders- berg; in the forest region and Cima da Serra at the Estancia of Christian Horn, on the plateau, 3-4000 ft. elevation; collected by Dr. Hensel). ? Lithoglyphus lapidum d'Orb., von Ihering, Malakozoologische Blatter (neue Folge), VII, 1885, pp. 96-99, figs. 1-3 (dentition, head and PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 587 penis of specimens from the Santa Maria River, near its confluence with the Rio dos Sinos). ? Lithoglyplms lapidum d'Orb., Clessin, Malak. Blatter, n. F., X, p. 170 (Guahyba debris ; Santa Maria River). "Shell inflated-conic, short, thick, smooth, spire conic, acute at the summit ; whorls 5, convex, the last whorl usually depressed, all being parted by a deep suture. Aperture round, ample, with thick borders, not reflexed. The columella is calloused. Color uniform green. Operculum corneous, flexible, spiral. "Alt. 5, diam. 4 mm. "This species is closely related to the preceding (P. peristomatus] by its short shape ; it differs constantly by wanting a carina, and by the non- reflexed peristome " (d'Orbigny). "P. lapidum inhabits the whole course of the Parana and La Plata, from well above Corrientes to Buenos Aires, or from 27° to 34° S. lat; on stones, clinging in great numbers to the under side, at extreme low water. It moves quite actively" (d'Orbigny). The typical form of P. lapidum, figured by d'Orbigny, has an evenly rounded last whorl, though his phrase, " le dernier [tour] est souvent comme deprime," indicates that the Parana shells are frequently com- pressed around the upper part of the last whorl. Mr. E. R. Sykes, who kindly examined the types of the species for me, states that one specimen is so characterized. The aperture is ample, the lip not in the least con- tracted and not thickened, the columella only moderately thickened. The variety dunkeri of Strobel, from the Rio de La Plata at Olivos, near Buenos Aires, seems to differ from P. lapidum only by its small size ; length 4, diam. 3.5 mm., with 4 whorls. It was described from a single individual,' and probably has no racial significance. I have not seen typical P. lapidum from the Uruguay River. In the State of Sao Paulo P. lapidum has been reported by several authors from streams flowing into the Atlantic, as quoted in the references above, which I am unable to control ; but I doubt whether the true P. lapidum is found in those waters. A form of P. lapidum having the spire rather longer than d'Orbigny's type figures is drawn in figs. 4, 5, 50 of Plate XXXIX. It is from the Uruguay River, exact locality not noted. At Paysandu, Uruguay a race occurs differing somewhat from typical 588 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. P. hpidnm (Plate XLU, fig. 5). The shell is solid, globose, with conic spire longer than in P. laphlnm, though the apex is eroded in all speci- mens seen. Aperture smaller than in Inpidnm, somewhat contracted by an internal thickening and contraction of the lip above. Columella narrow. A very narrow umbilical area is defined by an angle, which runs very close to the columellar lip. This race may be called var. elatior. Length 4.5, diam. 3.5 mm. The long spire separates this form at once from P.paysanduanus, which moreover differs in the shape of the last whorl. In old examples the aperture is more contracted than in that figured, and the spire is more worn. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS Pilsbry. (Plates XXXIX, Figs. 7, ja • XLla, Fig. 7.) Potamolithns lapidnm snpcrsnlcatns, Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 88, Dec., 1896. The shell is like P. Inpidinn in its globular shape. It is dark green, usually with pale, irregular zigzag markings, sometimes confined to the spire, and there is usually an indistinct brownish band above the pe- riphery. On the last whorl an obtuse ridge revolves not far below the suture, most prominent on the back ; this is followed by a concavity, below which there may be a second obtuse angle. The base is quite full and rounded. The suture descends suddenly to the aperture, which is therefore a little contracted, oblique and ovate. The peristome is acute, dark-edged, continuous, without trace of a varix. The columella is narrow and concave, and the parietal wall is only moderately thickened. \Yhorls 4K • Length 5.3, diam. 4.7 mm. " 4-3 " 4 " Rio de La Plata, at San Gabriel's Island, near Colonia, Uruguay. Also Uruguay River at Fray Bentos, and Paysandu, Uruguay. Development. - - The spiral ridges appear only on the last whorl, and usually only on its last half. Up to that time the whorls are rounded and the shape Naticoid. At all stages of growth the columella is quite narrow. PotomoKtkus I. supersttlcatus is quite closely related to P. tricostatus (Brot), from which it differs chiefly by the weaker spiral ridges, which are only one or two in number, not three, as in P. tricostatus. These ridges are not only less emphatic in supersulcatus, but they do not appear so PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 589 early in the development of the individual. The narrow columella is similar in the two species. The specimens from Fray Bentos and Paysandu (where only a few were taken), have no second angle below the upper spiral ridge on the back. It is a very abundant snail at San Gabriel's Island. Specimens preserved in alcohol become brown when dried ; and this is also true of most, prob- ably all, of the dark green species. The figures by von Iterson, on Plate XXXIX, represent a very dark green specimen. They are not so characteristic as that on Plate XLla, which shows the back of an example with the color-pattern fully developed. POTAMOLITHUS PARANENSIS Sp. nOV. (Plate XLI£, Figs. 10, 11.) The shell is globose, with conic spire, olive-yellowish, smooth except for fine growth-lines and very fine, indistinct spiral striae. Whorls strongly convex, the last swollen below the suture, in its latter part flattened below the swelling, rounded at the periphery and base. The aperture is very oblique, ovate, outer lip thin and sharp. Columella moderately calloused. Fig. 11. Alt. 3.3, diam. 3 mm.; 3 whorls remaining, the apex eroded. " 10. " 2.4, " 2.3 " 4 whorls, the apex perfect. Rio Parana at Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay, collected byA.de W. Bertoni, No. 103,049, A. N. S. Phila., from No. 189, coll. Museu Paulista. From the sharpness of the outer lip, I am disposed to think that none of the specimens is fully mature, though the largest one must be nearly so, as it is eroded like an old shell. It differs from P. lapidum by the longer spire, small size and pale color. There are two specimens in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, three in that of the Museu Paulista. POTAMOLITHUS DOERINGI sp. nov. The shell is subglobular with a short conic spire, solid and strong, olive-colored, more or less streaked or mottled with black. The surface is dull, lightly marked with fine lines of growth and extremely weak, coarse spirals ; 3^ whorls of the spire remain, the apex being eroded in adult shells. The whorls are strongly convex, parted by a deep suture, which descends briefly at the aperture. The last whorl is convex through- 590 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. out. Aperture quite oblique, large, white within. Peristome black, a little contracted, more so above, black. Columella and parietal wall 'g- 'i 7-) 4- FIG. 17. Potamolithus doeringi. moderately calloused, the edge black, continuous. There is a concave, crescent-shaped umbilical area defined by an angular ridge. Length 7, diam. 7 mm.; length of aperture with peristome 5.7 mm. Salto do Yguassu, Province of Missiones, Argentina, collected by Dr. H. von Ihering, June, 1910. This is a larger species "than P. lapidum (d'Orb.), with the last whorl decidedly more dilated, the aperture more oblique, and a crescentic umbili- cal area developed. When collected, the shells were heavily coated with black ferrous material and most of them bear egg-capsules on the shell. POTAMOLITHUS PAYSANDUANUS von Ihering. (Plate XLIa, Figs, i, ia.) Potamolithus paysanduamis \. Ihering, Nautilus, XXIV, 1910, p. 15, with forms sinulabris and impressus. The shell is imperforate, solid, subglobular, olive-colored, smooth except for weak growth-lines, shining. The spire is very low, conic, the apical whorls eroded in all the individuals seen ; three whorls remaining are strongly convex. The last whorl is swollen below the suture, then some- what flattened, rounded at the periphery and base. The suture descends abruptly to the aperture in fully adult shells. The aperture is somewhat oblique, ovate. The peristome is black, with obtuse, flat edge ; the outer and basal margins are narrow ; the upper part of the outer lip and the upper angle are wide, and the columellar and parietal margins are very wide and flat, black, contracting the aperture. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 591 Length 4.8, diam. 3.9 mm. Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Florentine Filippone. Types, No. 103,070, A. N. S. P. This form differs from P. lapidum by its contracted aperture, the inner and upper margins of the peristome being heavily thickened within, the thickening covered with a blackish cuticle. In P. lapidum the aperture is ample, with no such heavy thickening. In the stage immediately pre- ceding maturity the columella has a moderate white callus within, and the parietal callus is quite thin. The type specimen is figured. Six others I have seen show no significant variation. With these specimens two other forms were sent which seem to be phases or varieties of the same species, but not intergrading in the mate- rial examined. Whether they occurred in the same or in separate colonies is not known. Form SINULABRIS (Plate XLI«, figs. 2, 3). The shell differs from typical P. paysanduanus by having a low rounded ridge behind the outer lip, which is black, contracted, and has a rounded sinus above. The basal lip is narrow and a little retracted. The columellar and parietal margins are not so broad as in paysanduanus. There is an excavated umbilical area, but it is generally not distinctly defined by an angle. The shape is other- wise as in P. paysanduanus. Length 4.5, diam. 4.9 mm. "4 "4 Form IMPRESSUS (PI. XLI«, figs. 4, 40). The shell resembles typical Paysanduanus as far as the middle of the last whorl, after which it has an impressed, concave zone a short distance below the suture, and usually a sinus in the upper part of the lip. The outer lip is thin and sharp, with no external varix or swelling. The shell, under the cuticle, is light yellow. Length 5, diam. 4.8 mm. Up to the time of reaching the size of adult P. paysanduanus, this form grows normally. After that, instead of forming a contracted aperture, it adds a half whorl, which is distorted by a superior concave zone and finally terminates with a thin outer lip. The specimens were sent with typical paysanduanus. 592 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. POTAMOLITHUS QUADRATUS Pilsbry & von Ihering, sp. nov. (Plate XLIa, Figs. 6, 6a.) The shell is solid, imperforate, light olivaceous-brown, lightly marked with growth-lines, shining. The spire is very short, y/2 whorls remain- ing, the apex being eroded. The penultimate whorl has a strong angle at its upper third, is flat and horizontal above the angle, flat and sloping below it. The last whorl is bicarinate, the peripheral and shoulder carinae being about equally strong, giving it a square appearance. The base tapers to a rather high ridge, which bounds a wide, excavated, umbilical area. The peripheral angle becomes obsolete just behind the outer lip, and it is visible only on the last whorl. The aperture is very oblique, ovate, white within. Peristome a little contracted, its face flat and thick- ened within, at and above the periphery and in the upper angle ; below the periphery it is thin and a little retracted. The columella and parietal wall are moderately calloused, a groove in the face running parallel to their outer margin. Length 3.9, diam. 4 mm. Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Fl. Filippone. This snail differs from P. carinifer in the shape of the last whorl, the much stronger upper keel (which is developed earlier) and in having a large umbilical area. It lacks the median keel and variegated colora- tion of P. tricostatus. A young shell 2.4 mm. diam. consists of 2^ whorls, the first 15^ are rounded ; the keel at the shoulder then begins, rapidly becoming strong. The columella is very wide, its face excavated. POTAMOLITHUS CARINIFER sp. nov. (Plate XLItf, Figs. 5, 50.) The shell is imperforate, trochiform, solid, blackish-brown in old individuals, the shell of a brick-red tint below the cuticle. Surface lightly marked with growth-lines. The spire is very short, conoidal. Whorls about 4, the earlier ones convex. The first half of the penultimate whorl is convex ; then a small carina gradually arises a short distance below the suture, the surface flat and sloping below it ; a little later a strongly projecting keel appears just above the lower suture, being uncovered by the descent of the last whorl. The last whorl has a strongly projecting PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 593 peripheral keel and a small keel near the suture, the surface flat between the keels. The base is a little convex. The umbilical area is slightly excavated, but not bounded by a ridge or keel. The suture descends slowly in its last third of a whorl, and then rapidly at the aperture. The aperture is very oblique, shortly ovate, flesh-tinted inside. Peristome blunt, not expanded. Columella concave, rather narrow, its face slightly grooved. Parietal wall rather heavy-calloused. Length 4.2, diam. 4.1 mm. Paysandu, Uruguay. Dr. Florentine Filippone. This species closely resembles P. microthauma, from which it differs by the entire absence of a varix behind the outer lip ; the coloration is also different, but the type is probably abnormally dark, being an old shell which has lost part of the cuticle. POTAMOLITHUS TRICOSTATUS (Brot). (Plate XL, Figs. 6, 6a, 66, 7.) Lithoglyphus tricostatus Brot, Journal de Conchyl., XV, 1867, p. 68, pi. i, fig. 4 (Uruguay River, Province of Entrerios). The shell is trochiform, solid and strong ; olive-colored, profusely marked with irregular or zigzag buff spots. The surface is glossy when clean, with the usual weak growth-lines and minute spiral striae. Spire short, convexly conoidal. Whorls 4^ , the first three convex. A ridge then gradually appears below the suture, increasing to a strong carina on the back of the last whorl. The last whorl has also a thick, strong keel defining the base, and a short keel, chiefly dorsal, above the middle of the slightly convex surface between the two keels. The base is flattened, but a little convex ; a small columellar area is usually distinctly differentiated. The last whorl expands slightly at its termination, and then contracts. The aperture is very oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish-white within. The peristome is continuous, black-edged. The columella is narrow and con- cave ; and, with the parietal wall, is moderately calloused. Length 5, diam. 5 mm. " 5-3 " 4-8 " 4-7 " 3-9 " Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Development. --The youngest shells seen have nearly 4 whorls. The 594 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. upper and lower keels are already strongly developed near the lip, but there is no trace of the intermediate keel, which in adults is less than one whorl long. The two keels present are very weak at the beginning of the fourth whorl, the basal one stronger there than the upper, so that apparently at 2^ whorls the form must be Naticoid, like P. lapidum. The next stage, at about 3 whorls, would have a basal angle only, like P. bitsc/iii. The columella is narrow, as in P. lapidum, throughout the neanic stage. The ephebic stage is marked by a slight expansion, forming a narrow and low varix. Fully adult shells are markedly gerontic by reason of the strong post-variceal contraction. The figures of this species given by Brot are unsatisfactory from being too small properly to show its characters. The median keel is shown too low in position. The original locality was indefinite, but comprised an area including the river in the neighborhood of Paysandu. Three speci- mens of the original lot, received from Dr. Brot, agree with those col- lected by Dr. Rush at Paysandu. POTAMOLITHUS HATCHERI Sp. nOV. (Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 6, 6a.) The shell is imperforate, turbinate, solid and strong, pale yellowish- green, becoming darker and narrowly streaked with dark green on the later half of the last whorl ; on the penultimate whorl the color changes to rich reddish-brown, becoming darker towards the summit. Surface glossy, with faint growth-lines and fine, indistinct spiral striae. Spire conic, high and rather slender, the apex lost in the type, a pit in its place. Three whorls remain, the first two of them evenly convex. The last fourth of the penultimate whorl is very obscurely biangular, the lower angle more dis- tinct than the other. These angles are more pronounced on the face of the last whorl, and on its later half the upper angle rises into a strong keel, the surface above it concave ; at the same time, the lower angle loses in prominence, and is quite lost behind the lip. An extremely weak spiral ridge is developed on the back below the suture. The base is rounded. The last third of a volution of the suture descends more rapidly. There is no trace of a varix at the lip. The aperture is quite oblique, as wide as high, almost circular, but slightly angular above. The lip is obtuse, thick- ened within, with a continuous blackish marginal line. The columella is PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 595 very concave, and not wider than the outer lip, and is bounded outside by a linear, hardly noticeable columellar area. Length 5.5, diam. 4.9 mm. Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Type, No. 90,218, A. N. S. P. This species is based upon a single specimen, quite adult and to all appearance perfectly normal, yet so unlike other known species that its rela- tionships are doubtful. The prominent characters of P. hatcheri are the elevated and tapering spire and the approximation of the two angles of the last whorl, the upper one finally dominating, while the lower becomes obso- lete on the last half of the last whorl. The absence of a lip-varix and of a noticeable columellar area, as well as the rather narrow columella, are features like the P. lapidum group. The young shell, up to the middle of the penultimate whorl, must be ovate, without angles ; but in the absence of immature specimens, not much can be said of the development of the species. It is named to honor Mr. J. B. Hatcher. POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pilsbry. (Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 5, 7, /a, 76, 8.) Potamolithus dinochihis Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896. The shell is globosely trochoidal, imperforate, very solid and thick ; green, profusely marked with irregular, zigzag buff streaks. The surface is smoothish, with the usual faint growth-lines and indistinct fine spiral striae. The spire is conic, rather high when preserved entire (fig. 8), but worn to a blunt summit in all adult shells seen. There are 4^ whorls, but only 2^ to 3 remain in adults. The earlier whorls are rounded, but at the beginning of the last a small ridge arises a short distance below the suture. The last whorl is somewhat flattened and slopes steeply to the basal periphery, which is full and narrowly rounded or subangular. The ridge below the suture is narrow, but well developed on the back. The columellar area is ill-defined and very narrow. The lip is strengthened by a varix, which above the periphery is very high, massive and recurved, but becomes weak at the base. The aperture is very oblique, contracted, irregularly rounded, with the margins built out beyond the varix, con- tinuous around the mouth, thick and obtuse. The columella is strongly concave, and moderately calloused, not more than the lip generally. Length 4.9, diam. 5.2 mm. " 4-5 " 5 " 596 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,695, A. N. S. P. Development. — The series at hand contains no young shells, one only (PI. 38, fig. 8) has not yet formed the post-variceal contraction. It ap- pears however that, until the last whorl is reached, the shell has the primi- tive Naticoid shape. The last whorl represents morphologically the second neanic substage of such accelerated forms as P. microthaiona. The strong post-variceal contraction and heavy thickening of the inner margin of the peristome declare that the last stage is distinctly gerontic. P. diiioc/ti/its differs conspicuously from P. microtliaiima, Jiidalgoi and peristoinatns by the absence of a peripheral keel, and from P. orbiguyi by the shape of the last whorl and the ill-developed columellar area. It has perhaps more in common with the P. lapidinn group, especially in the coloration and the persistence of the Naticoid form to the beginning of the last whorl ; but the very high, massive lip-varix of P. dinocJiilus is a fea- ture unlike any of the lapiihoii group. POTAMOLITHUS PERiSTOMATUS (d'Orbigny). PahuKna peristomata^ d'Orbigny, Magazin de Zoologie, p. 29, 1835. Palitdcstrina pcristomata, d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 382, pi. 47, f. 1-3. "The shell is short, trochoidal, thick, smooth, carinate in front, the carina projecting. Spire conic, short, obtuse at the summit, composed of 5 convex whorls, of which the last is keeled in front, the carina forming a border above the suture between the other whorls. Aperture round, much expanded, with thick, reflexed borders; the columella wide and flat. Operculum corneous, spiral. Color uniform greenish, paler in front of the mouth. "Alt. 5, diam. 5 mm." (d'Orbigny). Pardua River, above its confluence with the Paraguay River, at the villages of Itaty and Iribucua, Province of Corrientes, Argentina, at extreme low water, under stones where the current is strong; living in numerous families (d'Orbigny). In general shape this species resembles P. bnscliii and P. conicns, but it differs from both by the well-expanded peristome. It is known by the original lot only. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 597 POTAMOLITHUS HIDALGOI Pilsbry. (Plate XXXIX, Figs, i, la, ib.) Potamolithus hidalgoi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, trochoidal, with flattened base and conic spire ; moderately solid. The type specimen is dull reddish-brown, somewhat olive-tinted at the base, and olivaceous blackish on the lip-varix ; but some immature shells of the original lot are dull olive-colored, darker on the keel. The surface is slightly marked with growth-lines. The spire is conic. There are 4^ whorls, the first 2^ convex; then a keel appears, immediately above and filling the suture. The last two-thirds of the hist whorl descends slowly, the peripheral keel projecting above the suture. The last whorl is flat and slopes steeply above the peripheral keel, and is slightly convex below it. A very narrowly crescentic columellar area is defined by an inconspicuous, but acute angle. The outer lip is strength- ened by a moderately strong varix, not continued below the termination of the peripheral keel. The aperture is extremely oblique, rounded-ovate, angular above and indistinctly so outwardly, at the termination of the keel. The columella is arcuate and moderately calloused. Length 5.2, diam. 5 mm. Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,687, A. N. S. P. A very weak ridge below and near the suture may be seen in two immature shells of the type-lot, but this is not developed in the others. The early neanic substage is Naticoid, like the corresponding age in P. microthauma. The rest of the neanic stage is the equivalent of substage 2 in P. microthauma. The deep descent of the last whorl gives a markedly gerontic character to the adult stage. P. hidalgoi is therefore less evolved sculpturally in wanting the third neanic substage, senile characteristics supervening earlier. The species is named in honor of Dr. J. G. Hidalgo of Madrid, author of a beautiful work on the mollusks of the Spanish Commission to South America, among many other important labors. POTAMOLITHUS MICROTHAUMA Pilsbry. (Plate XXXVIII, Figs. 2, 2a, 2/>, 3.) Potamolithus microthauma Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, biconic, very solid and strong. The last whorl is olive-green, rather profusely marked with irregular buff maculae, which 598 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. are sometimes absent on the base. The lip-varix is bright green. On the penultimate whorl the ground-color changes to purple-brown and the markings disappear, the earlier whorls being uniform dark purple-brown. The surface shows delicate growth-striae and a very minute, almost effaced spiral striation. The spire is conic, with straight outlines, the apex entire and obtuse, though small. Whorls 5, the early ones convex, the first 2^. being rounded, without trace of keels. A peripheral keel then begins, strong from the beginning, and projecting flange-like above the suture. The last whorl descends slowly from about its last third and much more rapidly near the aperture. The peripheral keel projects very strongly and is slightly undulating ; and a small keel arises below the suture, becomes stronger on the back, then gradually decreases. On the base, midway between the periphery and center, a low keel revolves, the area within it being nearly flat. There is a very narrow crescentic columellar area. The outer lip is strengthened by a very high and massive varix, which is recurved above, with a rib on its face running to the lip-edge, and below passes into the basal keel. The aperture is very oblique, ovate ; the outer lip thin at the edge. The columella is narrowly calloused and regularly concave. Length 5.5, diam. 6 mm. 4.6 " 4.7 " Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay, under stones at low water, Types, No. 60,689, A- N- S. P. Development. - - The neanic stage is sharply divided into (1) A lapidum substage, in which the shell is rounded, without keels, comprising the first 2^ whorls. (2) Acarinate substage, initiated by the almost abrupt rise of the periph- eral carina. From a half whorl to a whorl this is the only keel developed. This stage corresponds to the adult P. hidalgoi, and is of brief duration. (3) The basal and the subsutural carinas begin, weak at first, becoming stronger near the end of the substage. The ephebic stage is announced by the expansion to form the varix, which, however, is not terminal, the whorl continuing and contracting beyond it, thus assuming gerontic characteristics. P. microtlianma is related to P. hidalgoi and P. peristomatus, but it is a much more evolved form than either, structures added in the second PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 599 and third neanic substages of microthauma being superposed upon the adult structure of P. hidalgoi. GROUP OF P. IHERINGI. POTAMOLITHUS RUSHII Pilsbiy. (Plate XXXVIII, Figs, i, \a, \b, 4.) PotamolitJms rttshii Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 89, Dec., 1896. The shell is imperforate, wider than high, biconvex, very solid and strong ; light green, the last half of the last whorl dusky green, the keels rather bright green ; the early whorls being dark reddish-brown. The surface is somewhat glossy, with faint, fine growth-lines and barely per- ceptible spiral lines. The spire is convex, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, but the first is eroded, leaving a pit, in all the adult shells seen. The whorls are convex, with seam-like sutures. In the latter part of the pe- nultimate whorl the peripheral keel is usually visible at the suture. The last whorl has a very strong peripheral keel, the surface being concave above and below it. Above the concavity the upper surface is convex, the convexity rising into a hump on the back, then disappearing, the last fourth of the whorl being flat. The base has a thick and prominent keel, defining a concave yellowish columellar area. The outer lip has a high, narrow varix at the edge. The aperture is very oblique, short-ovate, nearly circular, with a continuous, black-edged margin. The oblique columella is very broad, with a gutter or concavity near to and parallel with the inner margin. Length 4.3, diam. 6.3 mm. " 5-i " 6.3 " Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,686, A. N. S. P. Development. - -The youngest specimens seen have three whorls and a diameter of 3 mm. They have the depressed contour of adults and are strongly carinate peripherally, but the carina is distinctly weaker in front of the mouth, apparently indicating that it begins when the shell has nearly two whorls and a diameter of about a millimeter. At the 3 mm. stage the columella is very broad, semicircular, with a deep excavation and rod-like inner border (PI. XXXVIII; fig. 4). Very late in the neanic stage the basal keel appears, the shell then being about 5 mm. in diameter ; the columellar area being very narrow, at first linear. The rib or convexity 6OO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. of the upper surface is also of late appearance, these structures belonging to the third neanic substage, the second, or unicarinate, substage thus occupying the greater part of the neanic stage. The discontinuation of the upper ridge or hump initiates the ephebic substage. The marginal varix and the absence of any tendency of the last whorl to descend or loosen its coil anteriorly, show that this species is at its acme. It has none of the stigmata of senility which are so manifest in P. micro- t/Huiina, P. hidalgoi, etc. There is some variation in the degree of depression of the whole shell, the amplitude of the columellar area and in the prominence of the hump on the back, which is sometimes almost suppressed. The size also varies, one specimen before me with the varix nearly complete measuring only 5 mm. in diameter. The relationship between P. ntshii and P. iheringi is exceedingly interesting. The two species are similar in general color-scheme, in the varix, absence of more rapid descent of the suture towards the mouth, etc., but are totally diverse in contour, the one being carinate, the other smooth and Naticoid. Yet it is significant that while P. iheringi has no trace of a peripheral keel, the green band occupies the same position as that coloring the keel in P. rushii. POTAMOLITHUS IHERINGI Pilsbry. (Plate XXXIX, Figs. 2, 2*.) Potamolithus iheringi Pilsbry, Nautilus, X, p. 87, Dec., 1896. The imperforate or rimate shell is globular-conic, very solid and strong, pale olive-yellow, with a sharply defined, bright green band bordering the suture below and another immediately above the periphery, visible as a narrow border on the penultimate whorl above the suture; the columellar area being also dull green. Very faint growth-lines and an almost effaced spiral striation are visible under the lens. The spire is low conoidal, the suture clearly incised but not impressed. Whorls 4^ , the first half whorl usually lost in adult shells ; the rest are slightly convex, the last whorl being globular, at first regularly rounded, but its last third descends slowly, and is perceptibly flattened obliquely in the peripheral region, being more full and convex below. The base is convex, but there is a concave cres- centic columellar area defined by an inconspicuous angle. The outer lip is strengthened by a moderately strong varix, bevelled to the lip-edge, PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 60 1 and weak at the base. The aperture is quite oblique, ovate, subangular above. The outer lip is thick within. The columellar margin is some- what straightened, the columella very wide, flattened and excavated, a rather deep furrow running parallel with and near to the inner edge. Length 5, diam. 4.9 mm. 4.9 " 4.6 " Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 69,698, A. N. S. P. Development. — The youngest individuals seen have y/2 whorls, with a length of 2.3 and diam. of 2.8 mm. They are therefore more depressed than the adult stage, and have both green bands well developed. The subsutural green band begins at the end of the second or beginning of the third whorl. The axis is wholly imperforate. The columella is very broad, half-round, with the excavation in its face deeper than in adults. At no stage are there any traces of carinse or protuberances. I have seen a long series of this species. The characters described above are very uniform, and it is readily known by the Naticoid shape, grooved columella and green bands. Named in honor of Dr. H. von Ihering. POTAMOLITHUS PHILIPPIANUS Sp. nOV. (Plate XLI£, Figs, i, i«, 2.) The shell is globose, solid and strong, light greenish yellow, with a narrow dark green border below the suture, the apex pinkish. The surface is nearly smooth, showing faint growth-lines and fine, very indistinct spiral striae. Spire low, conic, the apex minute, entire. Whorls 4^ , convex, the last not more rapidly descending, distinctly flattened periph- erally, shouldered above the flattened zone, very obtusely subangular below it, the base convex, with a rather wide, concave and crescentic columellar area, the lower portion of which is bounded by an angle. The outer lip is strengthened by a moderately high varix near the margin, much lower at the base, and continuous with the angle bounding the columellar area. The aperture is very oblique and semicircular, the outer margin being deeply arcuate, the inner somewhat straightened. The columella is rather broad, with a shallow furrow on its face ; and the outer edge is somewhat elevated near the insertion, leaving, in the type specimen, a shallow crevice behind it, not visible in younger shells. Length 5.7, diam. 5.7 mm. 602 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. ZOOLOGY. Uruguay River, at Paysandu, Uruguay. Types, No. 103,050, A. N. S. P. Development.— The smallest specimens seen measure 3 mm. diam., 2 8 high The peripheral flattening is already weakly perceptible, is no trace of a basal angle or columellar area, but the columella is very wide, almost semicircular, with a deep excavation in its face, bounding the columellar area is developed very late, appearing only . the last whorl. , This species is described from four specimens, none of them pe completely mature. The shell figured is almost mature, but lacks the post-variceal contraction of the lip, which would probably be acquired. Two of the shells have a peripheral brown band, fading out at the edges, and one has a second fainter band on the outer part of the base. Compared with P. iheringi, this species differs by its somewhat biangular shape, the lower varix and the coloration. P. paysanduanus differs more radically by its columella. LITHOCOCCUS gen. nov. Shell globose, thick, sculptured with strongly developed spiral ribs, the upper ones spinose ; composed of 4 to 5 convex whorls. Operculum cor- neous, subcircular, composed of 3 or 4 whorls, the nucleus near the cen- ter. Dentition Amnicoloid ; central tooth with 5 to 7 denticles on the cusp and 3 basal denticles on each side. Inner lateral tooth with 13-14, next with about 16 denticles. Type L. multicarinatus. This genus differs from the Lithoglyphince and Potamolithiis by the operculum. The penis has not been examined. LITHOCOCCUS MULTICARINATUS (Miller). Lithoglyphus multicarinatus Miller, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., I, p. 157, Taf. 15, f. 4- Ri° Cayapas, Ecuador, abundant on rocks. PELECYPODA. Family SPHsERIID^Z Dall. The family Sphceriida is represented in South America by four genera : Spkcerium, Musculium, Eupera and Pisidinm. Doubtless the last two genera will prove to be generally distributed and numerous in forms, Eupera in tropical, Pisidium in temperate and cold regions ; but up to this time only a few have been described. The list of species described from PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 603 south of the Equator, compiled in the course of work on Patagonian forms, is here given for the convenience of those who have occasion to study the group. LIST OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPH^ERIUM ^EQUATORIALE Clessin, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., I, 1879, p. 176, Taf. ii, figs. 4-6. Rio Pedro, Val de Chillo, Ecuador. Length 9, alt. 6, diam. 3.5 mm. Referred by Clessin to the group Corneola. MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (d'Orbigny). See below. MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. See below. EUPERA BAHIENSIS (Spix), Testacea Brasil., 1827, p. 32, pi. 25, figs. 5, 6. Sphcerinni bahiense Spix, Prime, Monograph of American Corbi- culidae, 1865, p. 53, fig. 52. Bahia, Brazil. EUPERA MODIOLIFORMIS (Anton). Sphcerium modioliforme Anton, Prime, Monograph American Corbiculidae, 1865, p. 54. Pisidiiim moquini- anum Bgt., 1855. Pisiditim diaphanum Hald., 1841. Venezuela, Brazil. EUPERA TUMIDA (Clessin). Limosina tumida Clessin, Syst. Conchylien Cabinet, Cycladeen, p. 246, pi. 46, figs. 5-8. Bahia, Brazil. PISIDIUM MAGELLANICUM (Dall). Corneocyclas magellanicus Ball, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 43, October, 1908, p. 411. Magellan Straits, in 61 fathoms ; Rio Chico to base of the Andes. PISIDIUM OBSERVATIONS Pils. See below. PISIDIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. See below. PISIDIUM STERKIANUM Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, P- 29!> pi. 6, figs. 1-4. Montevideo, Uruguay. Length 6, alt. 5, diam. 3.8 mm. PISIDIUM DORBIGNYI Clessin, Conchylien Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz, 2te Aufl., Cycladeen, 1879?, p. 62 (new name for Cyclas pulchella d'Orbigny, Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 568, pi. 83, f. 8-10, not of Jenyns). Maldonado, Uruguay. Length 3 mm. PISIDIUM VILE Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 292, pi. 6, figs. 17-20. 604 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. Montevideo, Uruguay. Length 2.6, alt. 2.4, diam. 2 mm. Near the following species, but shorter. PISIDIUM GLOBULUS Clessin, Malakozoologische Blatter, n. F., X, 1888, P- 173. Taguara, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Length 3, alt. 2.5, diam. 2 mm. PISIDIUM CHILIENSE (d'Orbigny). Cyclas chiliensis d'Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 568, pi. 83, figs. 11-13. Concepcion, Chili. Length 5 mm. PISIDIUM FORBESII (Philippi). Cyclas forbesii Phil., Malakozoologische Blatter, XVI, 1869, p. 41. Pfeiffer, Novitates Conchologicae, III, p. 489, pi. 105, figs. 15-17. Bolivia alta (Forbes) ; Lake Titicaca (Raimondi). Length 7.5, alt. 6.5, diam. 4 mm. PISIDIUM BOLIVIENSE Sturany, Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen Malako- zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1900, pp. 56, 57, Taf. i, figs. 1-7. Bolivia, at Machacamac, between Chililaya and La Paz (Countess von Bayern). Length 7.8, alt. 6.4, diam. 3.6 mm. " 6-7 " 5-5 " 3-2 " " 5-7 " 4-7 " 2.7 " Near P. forbesii, but lower, more oval, with less projecting beak. PISIDIUM LAURICOCH^; (Philippi). Cyclas lauricochce Phil., Malak. Blatter, XVI, 1869, p. 41. Pfeiffer, Novitates Conchologicse, III, p. 489, pi. 105, figs. 12-14. Lake Lauricocha, at head of the Maranon River. Length 7, alt. 6, diam. 4 mm. PISIDIUM WOLFII Clessin. P. ivolfii Clessin in Miller, Malak. Blatter, n. F., I, 1879, p. 178, Taf. ii, figs. 7-9. Clessin, Conchylien Cabinet, Cycladeen, p. 268. Rio Pedro, Val de Chillo, Ecuador. Length 5, alt. 4, diam. 2.5 mm. Very inequilateral. PISIDIUM DAVISI (Bartsch). Corneocyclas damsi Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXIII, 1908, p. 68 1. Chanchan River, Ecuador. Length 5, alt. 4, diam. 2.7 mm. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 605 MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Sp. HOV. (Plates XLVIa, Fig. 8 ; XLVII, Figs. 1-7.) The shell is thin, nearly equilateral, pale straw-yellow, glossy, finely striate. The beaks are low and broad, the embryonic stage marked off by a contraction or gutter. Anterior end almost symmetrically rounded; pos- terior end slightly flattened or sub truncate. Hinge-line arched. Cardinal teeth very minute, double in the right, single in the left valve. Lateral teeth very short, triangular, single in the left, double in the right valve. Figs. 6, 6a. Length 8, alt. 6.6, diam. 4.3 mm. 35 miles above Sierra Oveja. " 4,5 " 8.8 " 6.8 " 4.5 " 25 " " " " " Q "72 " ^ " ^O " " " " Springs and small streams along the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz, from 15 to 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Types from 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja (PI. XLVItf, fig. 8). This species is closely related to Musculium argentinum (d'Orbigny), but constantly differs from that by having the posterior end less abruptly truncated, and the beaks flatter, not so full. Figs. 2, 3, 5 are not very good. Figs. 6, 6a and 7 show the shape better. Fig. i well shows the teeth as seen in a partly open shell. Eight lots are before me, from as many springs and streams, at distances of 15, 25, 30, 35 and 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja. The examples from farther up are the largest and are remarkably well developed in every way (PI. XLVItf, fig. 8). MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (d'Orbigny). (Plate XLVI0, Figs. 6, 7, ^a.} Cyclas argentina d'Orbigny, Mag. deZool., 1835, p. 44; Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Mollusques, p. 568, pi. 83, figs. 5-7 (Montevideo). Sphcerium argentinum d'Orb., Strobel, Mat. Malacostat. Argent, p. 77. Not Pisidi^^m argentinum Clessin, Conchyl. Cab., p. 63, fig. 2a. D'Orbigny's figures of this species are very unsatisfactory. Clessin has, I believe, entirely misunderstood them. His Pisidium argentinum may pos- sibly be P. sterkiamim Pils. For the purpose of affording a basis for com- parison with Argentine and Patagonian species, I figure two topotypes, an adult and a half-grown shell, collected by Dr. W. H. Rush, U.S.N., from a creek in the Prado, Montevideo. 606 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The shell is fragile, olive-gray when full-grown, the young ones grayish, with a yellow zone at the basal edge. The ends are more abrupt than in M. patagonicnm, and the beaks fuller. The teeth are decidedly more delicate and compressed than in M. patagonicum. PI. XLVIrt, fig. 7, ja. Length 9, alt. 7.8, diam. 5 mm. " XLVIrt, " 6. " 5.3 " 4.2 " 2.9 " (immature). Strobel reports this species from San Carlos, Province of Mendoza, Bahia Blanca and Carmen de los Patagones. He gives the measurements, length 9, alt. 7.5, diam. 6 mm., for an example from the last named locality. From the Rio Camaguan, Rio Grande do Sul, Dr. von Ihering sent a single specimen similar to M. argentinum, except in being shorter and more globose; length 7.9, alt. 7, diam. 5.2 mm. If such proportions characterize a race in that river, it will probably be considered as speci- fically distinct. PlSIDIUM MAGELLANICUM (Dall). (Plate XLVII, Figs. 12-16.) Corneocyclas magellanica Dall, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Vol. 43, October, 1908, p. 411. "Shell small, whitish, with an olivaceous smooth periostracum, low, wide beaks and polished surface, with faint concentric indications of three or four resting stages ; form inequilateral, anterior end shorter, bluntly subtruncate ; base evenly rounded ; posterior end slightly attenuated and rounded ; external sculpture of faint incremental lines, chiefly obsolete between resting stages ; interior smooth, white ; hinge of right valve with a single feeble horizontal tooth directly under the beak, and two well- developed lateral teeth rather distant from the beak, the posterior lateral stronger. Length of shell 3.5, of posterior end of shell 1.8 ; height 2.5 ; diameter (of both valves) 2 mm." (Dall). Magellan Straits in 61 fathoms, "Albatross" Station 2778. "A single right valve, evidently washed into the sea from some stream" (Dall). Springs on the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, fifteen (PI. XLVII, figs. 15, 1 6) and twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja ; Rio Blanco, at base of the Andes ; springs near base of the Andes, 65 miles north of the Rio Chico, 2400 ft. elevation (PI. XLVII, figs. 12-14). Dr. Dall, who kindly compared specimens from the last locality men- tioned above with the type of P. magellanicum, states that they agree almost exactly and, in his judgment, are the same species. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 607 In the fresh specimens from 65 miles north of the Rio Chico the right valve has below the beak a horizontal arcuate tooth, with a straight oblique tooth above it nearer the anterior (short) end. The laterals appear to be smooth. The left valve has a rather long slender tooth, lower and angulated in the middle, the anterior ramus stouter and longer than the posterior. The lateral teeth arise under the visible part of the umbones (while in P. patagonicmn they arise beyond it). They are high and tri- angular in profile (fig. 16). The shells are light olive externally, with FIG. 1 8. P. magellanicum, 65 miles above Rio Chico. Interior of right and left valves. several darker concentric streaks. The largest shells measure, length 4.9, alt. 4, diam. 2.7 mm. Specimen from a spring 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja are similar, except that the lower cardinal tooth of the right valve is stouter. One opened contained eleven young ones about 1.6 mm. long, almost filling the cavity. The teeth are practically identical in specimens from six lots examined. PlSIDIUM PATAGONICUM Sp. HOV. (Plate XLVII, Figs. 8-10.) The shell is pale buff, glossy, very finely striate, with low, wide, smooth and glossy beaks ; strongly inequilateral, the anterior end very short and rounded, base evenly convex, posterior end narrow and somewhat pro- duced. Interior white. Cardinal teeth are excessively weak and low, nearly effaced. There is a very low, horizontal, rudimentary tooth in the 6o8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. right valve, a low short one in the left, with the scarcely discernible trace of another anterior to it. These teeth, especially the anterior one, are too distinctly defined in fig. 10. Lateral teeth very short and moderately strong, distant from the beaks. Length 4.9, alt. 4.3, diam. 3 mm. Springs on the Rio Chico, fifteen miles (type loc.) and thirty miles above the Sierra Oveja ; twenty-five miles below the Rio Belgrano ; and in the Arroyo Eke, near the head waters of Spring Creek, 2400 ft. elevation. This clam differs from P. magellanicum by the shorter anterior end, short lateral teeth remote from the cardinals, the anterior laterals standing at an angle approaching 100° with the posterior laterals, on account of the curva- ture of the anterior margin. In P. magellanicum the angle of divergence of the teeth is decidedly greater, and they are longer. The cardinal teeth are almost obsolete in P. patagonicum, not projecting above the level of the hinge. In the type lot, as well as in all the specimens from springs recorded above, the surface is straw-yellow and the striation fine and even, without periodic lines indicating growth-arrest. In specimens from small streams in the same region the shell attains a greater size, up to length 6.9, alt. 5.8 mm., and is marked externally with several darker concentric streaks, indicating periods of growth-arrest ; the color is generally paler. This form, which may be called van zonifer, is figured on Plate XLVI«, fig. 9. It is from small streams on the Rio Chico fifteen and twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja. PlSIDIUM OBSERVATIONS Sp. nOV. (Text fig. 19.) The shell is inequilateral, the beaks low and wide, anterior end very short, broadly rounded, posterior end narrow, rounded. Surface glossy, olive, drab or yellowish, marked with several impressed and darker rest- ing periods. Interior bluish-white. Cardinal teeth : in the right valve there are two narrow teeth, parallel, oblique and contiguous. In the left valve there is one nearly straight horizontal tooth, lower and thinner near the middle. The lateral teeth are rather long and not remote from the beaks, single in the right, double in the left valve. The interlocking sur- faces of these teeth are more or less granulous. Length 4.8, alt. 4, diam. 3 mm.; sometimes larger, length 5.1 mm. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 609 Near the Mount of Observation (below the mouth of Santa Cruz River). This species is chiefly distinguished by its cardinal teeth, which differ constantly from those of the other Patagonian Pisidia. FIG. 19. Pisidium observations. Interior oi right and left valves. Family MUTELIDA1. Genus ANODONTITES Bruguiere. Anodontites Brug., Journ. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, I, 1792, p. 131 (for A. cris- patus Brug.). Patularia Swainson, Malacology, 1840, pp. 287, 381 (for P. ovata Swains. = trapesialis Lam. and P. rotundatus Swains. = ? Anodonta wood- land Lea). Glabaris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, p. 197 (for Anodonta exotica Lam.). Glabaris Simpson, Synopsis of the Naiades, p. 916. Patularia Dall, Nautilus, XX, 1906, p. 39 (type/*, ovata Swains, implied). ANODONTITES PUELCHANUS (d'Orbigny). Anodonta puekhana d'Orb., Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 40 ; Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., Moll., p. 620, pi. 79, figs. 7-9. Doering, Informe Oficial de la Comision Cientificade la Expeditional Rio Negro (Patagonia), 1881, Zoologia, p. 74. 6lO PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Rio Negro: Marsh of San Xavier (d'Orbigny); 12 leagues from Chichi- nal (Roca Exped.). Genus DIPLODON Spix. DIPLODON PATAGONICUS (d'Orbigny). Unio patagonica d'Orb., Voyage dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 610, pi. 70, figs. 1-4. Rio Negro. DIPLODON FRENZELLII (Ihering). Uniofrenzelliiv. Iher., Archivfiir Naturgeschichte, 1893, p. 3, pi. 4, fig. 12. Rio Negro. It may be well here to correct the nomenclature of an allied genus of the La Plata and Amazon basins, formerly known as Castalia Lam., 1819. This name was believed to be preoccupied by Savigny, in Vermes, and Tetraplodon Spix, 1827, has been substituted for it. The late Professor Eduard von Martens wrote to me under date of 18 Oct., 1893, as follows : " Concerning Castalia, the date of Savigny 's genus of Annelids is given as 1817 in Agassiz's ' Nomenclator,' it is true, but I am not sure that this is correct. I find Savigny's genus first in his Sys- tem of Annelids, which is said to have been published in 1820, whereas Castalia Lamarck was published in 1819, vol. V, part I, of Lamarck's first edition [of the Animaux sans Vertebres\. " P. S. I have consulted in these days the original edition of L. Agas- siz's Nomenclator and I find concerning Castalia the note : " ' Castalia Sav., Syst. annelid., 1817. Savigny Systeme des Annelides, presente a 1'Acad. des Sci. en 1817, public en 1826.' "It is true that there is also an edition of the same work, in folio, which makes part of the large ' Description de 1'Egypte,' and to which in Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica, vol. I, p. 581, the date 1820 is given. By general consense the date of publication and not the date of finishing a manuscript and presenting it to a learned body is accepted as fixing the priority. I come to the conclusion that Castalia Lam., 1819 can stand for the shell, and Castalia Sav. among the Annelids is to be changed." PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 611 II. NOTES UPON THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGIN OF THE NON-MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOUTH AMERICA.1 In the following synopsis I have limited myself to a brief consideration of data derived solely from mollusks. This course is not due to any underestimation of the value of other groups in biogeographic work ; but rather because conclusions drawn from a group known to me at first hand have a certain value which would not attach to borrowed data. The classification used herein is that of the Manual of Conchology so far as the groups have been considered in that work.2 It must constantly be borne in mind by those comparing the distribu- tion of non-marine mollusks with that of vertebrate groups, that not only has evolution proceeded more slowly in the former, but migrations have been slower. Thus, when a Pliocene communication was established between North and South America, there was a rapid and extensive invasion of both areas by mammals ; but the molluscan invasion was very much slower and never extended nearly so far. Land and fresh-water mollusks are restrained by conditions which affect mammals and birds far less, such as areas with little forest, unsuitable or very scanty rock on the surface, or short river systems, not well connected. Any inquiry into the antecedents of a fauna leads to the question of where its component groups had their rise. The rarity of land and fresh- water shells as fossils, and the great antiquity of the family groups, renders this question very intricate. The origin of many groups is still quite un- known ; yet most of the larger families of land-snails, and a few of the fresh-water groups may be traced back with considerable certainty, if not to definite centers, at least to extensive areas of evolution. The several origins of air-breathing gastropods from marine groups — from the Opisthobranch stock, the Rhipidoglossa and the Taenioglossa *For bibliography see H. von Ihering, Archhelenis und Archinotis, Leipzig, 1907. A. Ort- mann, Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, IV. T. Arldt, Die Entwicklung der Kon- tinente, Leipzig, 1907; bibliography on pp. 622-631. 2 The family groups of land snails almost all differ widely in contents and limits from those of Fischer's Manuel and other systematic works ; a fact of first importance in dealing with the distribution of the groups, and the relationships of faunas. 6l2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. — reach far back in Palaeozoic time. We have no data bearing upon either the time or place of these events. I. We have first to do with a fauna composed mainly of the Orthure- throus land-snails1 — forms which are structurally but a step removed from the aquatic pulmonates, and now forming an insignificant element in conti- nental faunas, though still dominant in the islands of the central Pacific. The families Valloniida, Eirida;, PnpilUdce, Partnlidce, Femssacida, slmastridcc, Achatincllidcs and Tornatellimdcc are remnants of this fauna, which was doubtless once nearly or quite world wide, and probably attained- its acme in Palaeozoic time. The Heterurethra (Succineida, etc.) doubt- less existed in this early fauna, as well as the Aulacopoda (Endodoiitidcc are known from the Carboniferous), and the Helicinidce. Of the fresh- water forms probably represented in this fauna, we may mention the ancestral stock of fresh-water pearly mussels, the Cyrcuacca, the ancestral Melanopsidce and Melaniidcr, and the Lyuiuccida. With the rise of the Sigmurethrous snails, the land-snails of this primitive fauna declined in all continental areas. One of the most remarkable features of the South American fauna is the extreme scarcity of these primitive Orthurethrous land-snails. This group is represented only by a few Pupillidcc and Ferussacidce, probably derived from Middle America in the Tertiary, and closely related to Antil- lean and Mexican species. The origin and early differentiation of the Sigmurethrous land-snails is unknown. At the time of their appearance as fossils, in the late Cretaceous and Eocene, the modern families were already more or less clearly blocked out, so far as they are represented by known fossils. From the evidence at hand, derived from the distribution of the groups in the recent fauna, and as Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils, it appears that the evolution of these families had proceeded during Mesozoic time in two chief areas, for which we may use terms proposed in another connection by Dr. Theodore Gill. II. Ccenogceic or northern fauna, occupying old land areas in North America, Asia and Europe, — what is now the Holarctic and part of the Oriental realm, with part of the Neotropical (the Antillean-Central Amer- ican continent). Leading families evolved on this area or areas follow;2 "See Manual of Conchology, XX, Introduction. 1 The groups of low type continued or derived from the preceding fauna are not included. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 613 those which appear to have radiated from the Antillean Continent are indicated by the letter A. Unionidce, Megaspiridce, Pleuroceratidce, Urocoptidce A, Viviparidce, Testacellidce, Diplommatinidce, Zonitidce, * Cyclostomatidce A, Limacidce, Proserpinidce A, Arionidce, Lymnceince, Philomycidce, Helicidce, Oleacinidce A. Clausiliidce, III. Eogceic or Southern fauna, which occupied chiefly the Gondwana continent, including a large part of South America, tropical and south Africa, and stretching in a great arch, possibly at no time perfect, to penin- sular India and Australia. Here were evolved the families : Mutelidce. Achatinidce. Etheriidce. Aperidce. Ampullariidce. Rhytididce. Chilinidce. Streptaxidce. Acavidce. Circinariidce. Strop hoc heilidce. Veronicellidce. Bulimtilidce. The South American fauna is largely made up of groups of typically Eogaeic or Southern origin, but there are also northern forms, derived from Middle America (" Antillia"), and a few groups of ancient and unknown origin. These several elements are as follows. I. PRIMITIVE GROUP. Families of very Ancient and Unknown Origin and World-wide Distribu- tion, and Isolated Autochthonotis Families of Eogceic Origin. Circinariidce. Northern South America and temperate North America. Bulimulidce. Autochthonous ; formerly spread to Australasia and now invading North America. Strophocheilidce. Autochthonous. Endodontidce. World-wide, on all continents and islands. 1 Primitive Zonitida were probably evolved at a very early time, but the group attained its main development in the Casnogaeic faunas. 614 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Succineidce. World-wide, on all continents and islands. CJiilinidce. Autochthonous. Amnicolidce. On all continents. The ancestral stocks of these families probably formed the earliest fauna of non-marine mollusks in South America. Some of the families are known, in other regions, to have been established in Palaeozoic times ; and it is likely that as early as that they were already found in South America. All of them are sharply isolated groups. The Circinariidce seem to have remote affinity to Rkytidida and Strep- taxidce — both of which evolved in the southern hemisphere of the Old World. In North America this family is probably intrusive, being repre- sented by a single genus also found in South America. The Strophocheilidce have relations — though not close — with a series of genera (Acamdce) now found in south Africa, Madagascar, the Sey- chelles, Ceylon, Moluccas, Australia and Tasmania. The radiation of this scattered group from the Palaeozoic Gondwana continent of Neumayr seems a reasonable, in fact the only tenable, hypothesis. The Bitlimulidcz have descended from the Holopod stock, probably also of Gondwana Land, since we have no evidence of any other ancestry. Endodontidce and Succineidce are world-wide groups, even on the most remote islands. Their early presence in South America is therefore likely. The Chilinidce represent an isolated branch of the primitive Basomma- tophora. No scrap of evidence has been brought to light to show that they ever existed elsewhere than in South America ; and at present we have every reason to believe that there they invaded fresh water from the sea. The Pectinidens group of Lymnceidce and the Ancylida are evidently traceable to some very early radiation. Adequate data upon the soft anatomy and relationships of the forms of the southern hemisphere do not now exist. II. THE ARCHHELENIC GROUP. Families which for the Greater Part are Represented in the Tropical African Fauna by afar Greater Diversity of Forms than in the South American. The hypothesis of an Africo-Brazilian continent of Palaeozoic and Meso- zoic times, first sketched out on purely palaeontological grounds, and ably PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 615 advocated by Dr. von Ihering from the evidence of the fresh-water fauna, is essential to any rational explanation of the distribution of land and fresh-water mollusks. The following South American groups are common to the tropical African radiation center. Terrestrial groups are marked with an asterisk (*). * Sir eptax idee (fig. 21). * Achatinidce (fig. 20). * Veronicellida. Planorbince (South American Planorbis and Plesiophysa close to African Planorbis and Isidord]. Ampullariidce (genera with corneous opercula, fig. 22). Melaniidce (nearest to African forms). Mutelidce (fig. 23). Etheriidce (fig. 24). Sphceriidce, of the genus Eupera. Such of these groups as are represented in the West Indies and sub- tropical North America, have evidently, from their distribution, relation- ships and the greatly diminished number of genera and species, been derived from South America, rather than from some common source, such as Archhelenis. None of them are present as Mesozoic or Tertiary fossils in North America,1 and nearly all of them are likewise absent from European deposits. There is a good deal of evidence that most of the above groups arose in the eastern hemisphere and migrated westward, and little evidence or none that any of them moved in the opposite direction. The Streptaxidce, Achatinidce, Ampullariidce, Melaniidce and Mutelidce are far more diversified in Africa than in South America. It seems that several Gondwana subfamilies were not present in the fauna of Archhelenis, or at least did not extend so far west as to reach South America, though they must date back at least as far as some other subfamilies which are represented both in South America and Africa. The primitive stock of fresh-water mussels seems to have early split into two phyla : the one, Mutelidce, evolving in the south, on the Gondwana- Archhelenis continent, the other, Unionidce, in the north, in North America 1 The Planorbince are found on all continents, but those of South America are obviously most closely related to the African forms. 6i6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. and Asia. The occurrence of both families in the same waters is evidently due to migrations, which ensued after the families had become differ- entiated. The Mittelidce attain their northernmost point in the Panuco River, in northeastern Mexico, where the family is represented by one species of the South American genus Anodontites. Simpson and Germain refer a few African forms to the South American genus Diplodon, and Germain has called attention to the similarity of the African Pseudavicula to the South American Prisodon or Hyria. If the resemblance of the shells proves to be supported by the soft anatomy, then this family at least will be evidence of an eastward migration in Archhelenis. At present the evidence is insufficient. The possibility of convergence in shell-form must be taken into account. Most if not all African Unionidce, like the African Cyclostomatidce, Zonitidce, etc., are clearly of Oriental derivation. These are northern Caenogaeic families which have invaded Africa during the Tertiary. The maps following illustrate the distribution of part of the Archhelenic groups. FIG. 20. Distribution of the land-snail family Achatinidce. The numerals represent the number of genera in each area. The autochthonous families, together with the Archhelenic group, make up the mollusk fauna of the Brazilian plateau ; but the more isolated and peculiar, presumably older, genera have outlying forms in the Guiana- Colombian center, indicating a former unity of the northern and southern PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 617 massifs. This connection of the Brazilian and Guiana-Colombian areas must have persisted long after the Archhelenic period, for distinctively FIG. 21. Distribution of the land-snail family Streptaxida. FIG. 22. Distribution of fresh-water snails of the family Ampullariida?, havingthe operculum wholly corneous. American genera had been differentiated. It was interrupted prior to the union with the Antillean-Mexican continent, since the genera of that area 6i8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. FIG. 23. Distribution of the bivalve family Mutelida. FIG. 24. Distribution of the bivalve family Etheriidce. I, MuUeria ; 2, Bartlettia ; 3, Etheria ; 4, mulleria. PILSBRY : NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 619 did not gain access to the eastern Brazilian plateau. If the conclusion that the Amazon valley was a Cretaceous bay or strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific be well-founded, then the common dispersion center of this old fauna may have been in land now lost under the Atlantic. The facts FIG. 25. Distribution of Tomigerus, Anostoma and Auris, three old genera common to the Brazilian and Guiana-Colombian centers (probably all are more widely distributed inland). FIG. 26. FIG. 27. so Distribution of Odonlostomus. Distribution of (i) Macrodontes, (2) Anctus, (3) Hyperaulax and Bonnanius. of molluscan distribution favor the view that in Archhelenic times the Amazon valley formed a gulf opening westward, wherein Cretaceous deposits were laid down ; eastern Brazil north to Guiana bounding this gulf on the east, until the depression of the Atlantic basin marked the close of Mesozoic 620 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. time. Such a hypothesis finds support in the presence of genera of the old Brazilian type on the island of Fernando Noronha. Numerous very peculiar land-shell genera, such as those tabulated in fig. 25, have a dis- tribution not readily explicable on any other hypothesis ; while in still other cases, allied but generically distinct groups are similarly distributed. It may be noted that Bates has remarked that the Para insect fauna is essentially Guianian.1 Figs. 26, 27 show the distribution of several old land-snail genera of the Brazilian center. Fig. 25 that of several genera common to the Brazilian and Guianian centers. That the Amazonian valley ever formed an upper Cretaceous strait connecting the south Atlantic and Pacific, as claimed by Dr. Ortmann,2 seems rather improbable. The Guiana-Colombian elevation has been a secondary radiation center for a number of genera of autochthonous South American families, chiefly the Bulimulidce. The arboreal groups Oxystyla and Corona have spread south of the Amazon into eastern Brazil (fig. 28), while numerous other genera from this center are restricted to the north and west as in fig. 29. The Guiana-Colombian area also served as a secondary center for Antillean and Mexican groups, entering by way of the Caribbean elevation and that in the Panamic region. These groups have spread southward as in figs. 30-34- A hypothesis has been advanced by Dr. Ortmann3 that Archhelenis of the Lower Cretaceous was succeeded in the Upper Cretaceous by a land bridge from tropical Africa to an area covering Guiana, the Caribbean Sea and the Mexico-Antillean region (the so-called Mesozonia), separated from the Brazilian island. By this hypothesis, Antillia should be as rich in African or Archhelenic types as Brazil, and in fact should show a closer resemblance to the African fauna due to the later connection. This is 1 Naturalist on the Amazons, I, p. 109. 1 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XLI, p. 381, and in later articles. Dr. Ortmann's palaeogeographic maps incline strongly towards what Fiske would call the " wet theory." It is not likely that all beds reported as Upper Cretaceous were below the sea at any one time. To map an Upper Cre- taceous epicontinental sea to include all the exposures of a formation which included so long a period of time is not warranted by our present slight knowledge of the stages of the South American Cretaceous. 5 The Geographic Distribution of Freshwater Decapods and its Bearing upon Ancient Geography. Proc. American Philosophical Society, 1902, pp. 380, 381. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 621 exactly contrary to the actual facts of molluscan distribution. All African or Archhelenic forms which exist in the Antilles are unequivocally of the South American type, and certainly indicate that there was no later migration or communication from Africa in the north. There seems little evidence FIG. 28. FIG. 29. ao Distribution o f Orthaliriniz. Oxystyla spreads throughout the black area except in the Antilles. Number of genera in each district indicated by numerals. Distribution of Plekocheilus, a genus of Guiana-Colombian origin, spreading south- ward in the late Tertiary. for the Upper Cretaceous "Mesozonia," mapped by Dr. Ortmann, and there are very strong reasons for holding that no such land existed. Dr. von Ihering1 holds that the subsidence of the Brazil-Ethiopian continent began in the north during the Cretaceous. ^rchhelenis und Archinotis, p. 337. 622 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS! ZOOLOGY. III. Middle American (Mexico-Antillean) Forms, of Later Date in South America than the Archhelenic Group, in Some Cases Generically Differentiated from their Northern Ancestors, but more often Belonging to the Same Genera ; Therefore Doubtless Traceable to both Earlier and Later Migrations Southward. Helicidce1 (figs. 31, 32). Physida. Urocoptida (fig. 33). Cyclophoridce (fig. 34). Oleacinidce (fig. 30). Cyclostomatidce. Pupillidce. Proserpinidce. Feriissacidce. Helicinida. Lymnceidce (of the Galba group). These intrusive forms from middle America are characteristic of the Guiana-Andean region, though a few have attained a wider distribution. Streams of migration from and to the Antilles are indicated by the way of 1 The belogonous and epiphallogonous Helicida of South America are clearly of northern origin. Whether such extremely peculiar genera as Solaropsis, Psadara and Macrocyclis also belong in the same category, seems somewhat uncertain, although such competent malacologists as von Ihering and Fritz Wiegmann place these genera in the Epiphallogona. The heavy, large Helices of the Eocene of southern Europe, such as Deutellocaracolus, Pro- thelidomus, Galactocheilus and Fridolinia, may perhaps belong to the group Epiphallogona of my arrangement, rather than to the Helicinae where I formerly placed them ; yet if so, I think the supposed relationship to West Indian forms is not especially close. Like the American and European species of Adelopoma, the Epiphallogona probably reached both Europe and America from eastern Asia, and from opposite directions. Dr. von Ihering (Verhandlungen k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, LIX, 1909, pp. 420-428) has recently referred the belogonous Helices (Epiphragmophora) of Argen- tina and southern Brazil to the European genus Helicigona (Campyliza auct.) ; but I do not believe that this classification can be sustained. So far as I know, the South American Epiphrag- mophoras have the spermathecal duct very short, whereas Helicigona, like all other European Belogona, has a very long duct, bearing a long diverticulum, which is bound by a membrane to the oviduct. These are important differences, quite sufficient to show that Epiphragmophora is not at all closely related to Helicigona, aside from the different shape of the mucous glands, and their removal in Epiphragmophora from the vagina, upon which they are invariably inserted in all European Belogonous Helicida;. By its short spermatheca, Epiphragmophora differs strongly from all other known belogonous Helicida. In other features it stands nearer to Antillean and North American forms than to European. My former treatment of the genus was too inclusive. I would now restrict Epiphrag- mophora to forms having the spermatheca short, removing all of the Mexican and North Amer- ican species (which have a long spermathecal duct) from the genus. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 623 the Caribbean Islands on the east, and on the west the region of the Isthmus of Panama, where the interchange of forms has continued to the present time. That the middle American elements are far younger in South America than the Archhelenic, is shown by their close relationships to Antillean and Mexican forms, very few special genera having evolved. In FIG. 30. Distribution of the Oleacinidce. The dotted area stands for the genus Euglandina only, which also occupies Mexico and Central America. Vertical shading in Europe for Tertiary, black for recent species of Poiretia. most of the families only one or very few genera have invaded South America out of a large number in the parent lands. Moreover, it is notable that they have not extended far south in the east, where the Amazon valley has proved a barrier to land-snails. Their distribution has been along the Andes, spreading eastward in Bolivia and southern Brazil. Figures 30 to 34 illustrate the distribution of middle American groups of land-snails incursive in South America. 624 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. In molluscan distribution, there is strong evidence against the view of Ortmann (1902, p. 347) that the northern margin of South America formed part of the Antillean continent. Schuchert's representation of the Caribbean Sea as an old permanent basin seems preferable ; but his repre- sentation of the total submergence of the Antilles in the Middle Cretaceous FIG. 31. Distribution of Helicida of the group Belogona Euadenia (one species extends westward to eastern Europe). and again in the Upper Oligocene1 cannot, I think, be sustained. The rich Oligocene beds of Jamaica (Bowden) and Santo Domingo, carrying a marine fauna of littoral type, occur at very low levels ; and no deposits actually known to be Oligocene are found on the higher mountains, which I believe were islands in both Cretaceous and Oligocene times. The primary region of radiation of the middle American families named above is a subject too large for adequate discussion in this place. So much is clear : the fauna contains three groups of diverse genesis. The 'Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XX,'_P1. 95, 97, 1910. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 625 autochthonous group, such as Oleacimdce, Urocoptidce, Cerionidcc, Sagdinte Cyclostomatidce, Helicinidce, contains many phylogerontic lines, signalized by shells with more or less detached or uncoiled later whorls, sculptured embryonic whorls, highly developed, often spinose sculpture, complicated internal armature, and the like. These first families of Antillia, now in their old age, are related to the families of the northern or Caenogaeic area of land-mollusk evolution. Some of them, and the ancestors of all, doubtless had a much wider range in Mesozoic times. A few, such as the Oleacin- FIG. 32. FIG. 33. FJG. 34. aa Distribution of Epiphal- logonous Helices in America (exclusive of Solaropsis and Macrocyclis). Distribution of Urocop- tidae. Shaded area Encalo- diinceand Holospirina ; black area Urocoptince. Distribution of Cyclo- phorida in America. idee and Cyclostomatidce, were abundantly developed in Europe as late as the Miocene, or even linger in a few forms in the recent fauna. These European forms cannot, in my opinion, be looked upon as ancestral to the Antillean, but rather as parallel descendants of a common stock derived from the north, where the old Scandinavian and North American land areas were, at least from time to time, united. A second element of the Mid-American lands consists of groups derived from the Chinese or east-Asiatic center. Prominent members are the dart-bearing and the Epiphallogonous Helicidcs, the Cyclophondcs, Dip- 626 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. lomniatimda (Adelopoma), Clausiliida>> etc. These forms never have the old-age stigmata of the preceding group. They are developed in won- derful abundance and virility. Being known in characteristic genera of American type (Pleurodonte, Cepolis] in the Floridian Oligocene island, the advent of the group in middle America must have been much earlier. It could hardly have been later than the beginning of the Eocene, and prob- ably was not later than the Upper Cretaceous.1 Finally, we have as the latest faunal element in the Antillean-Mexican area, a series of South . American forms — Achatinidce, Bulimulidce, Ampullariidce, Melaniidce, Mutelidce and some North American forms, Unionidce, Pupillidce, Zomtidce, Polygyrince, etc. These are, with very few exceptions, unchanged generically, and some are specifically identical with existing South or North American forms. It is very evident that such Archhelenic forms as exist in the Antilles and Mexico were not derived directly from the Archhelenic area; they migrated in the later Tertiary and Pleistocene from the Guiana-Colombian center. Antillia has not been an evolution center for fresh-water mollusks or fishes, evidently because it has never been a very large area, and has been an unstable one, at one time in form of a continent, again an archipelago, hence without river systems of great extent or duration, such as are essen- tial to the evolution of a fresh-water fauna. There is absolutely nothing in the distribution of mollusks suggesting that either South or North America was at any time connected with the supposed South Pacific continent, or the Hawaiian group. Even Juan Fernandez has a land-snail fauna of Pacific and not South American type. The Hawaiian and Polynesian connections with America mapped by Arldt (1907) seem quite impossible. 1 The American Clausiliida are thought by Professor Boettger to be related to the European Miocene and recent Pyrenean group Laminifera, but they seem to me even closer to the genus Garnieria, of the Indo-Chinese center. The Helicinida may have arisen in Middle America from an aquatic rhipidoglossate stock, but the very wide distribution of the group in Polynesia and eastern Asia suggests that it is a very old one, which probably appeared among the first land- snails. The Belogonous Helices still exist in high latitudes on both sides of the Pacific, being known from Sitka on the American and the Kuril Islands on the Asiatic side. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 627 ARCHIPLATA AS AN EVOLUTION-CENTER. Wallace in 1876' showed that the South American fauna is divisible into two subregions which he called the Tropical or Brazilian and the South Temperate or Chilian. He calls attention to the affinities of the Chilian diurnal Lepidoptera and the Carabidae to North Temperate forms. 2 Dr. H. von Ihering in numerous papers 3 has recognized the two subregions of Wallace as distinct evolution centers. He concludes that these centers, Archiplata (that is, Patagonia, southern Brazil, Chili and western Peru) and Archibrazil, were long isolated from one another by an arm of the sea. As primitive elements of the Archiplatan fauna he mentions the fresh-water crab sEglea, the genus Parastacus, and the mollusks Diplodon and Chilina. Negative characteristics are found in the absence of the dominant Ama- zonian genera of mussels and Ampullariidcz (which seem to have invaded the La Plata drainage area comparatively lately, probably in the Pliocene) to which many groups of land-snails might be added. The geology of the regions involved is so imperfectly known that we have no positive data for or against the hypothesis that an arm of the Cretaceous sea extended across the continent, as von Ihering claims. This is a question only to be settled by geological exploration of the region, which may perhaps show a Cretaceous transgression similar to that which involved eastern Mexico and the region northward in the middle Cretaceous. Yet the fact remains that, so far asmolluscan groups are concerned, there is but little evidence of such an isolation of the Archiplatan area. The barriers to migration imposed by climate have not been taken into account. The Ampullariidce are snails that have never, in any region, been able to extend beyond a subtropical climate. TheCft*/*V*M&£ (fig. 36) are apparently, like the large Lymnaeas in North America, snails which cannot exist in a sub- tropical or even a warm temperate environment, however favorable maybe the conditions of migration. It is instructive, in this connection, to com- pare the Lymnseid faunas of Minnesota and Arkansas, which show great 1 Geographical Distribution of Animals, II, frontispiece and Chapter XIV. 2 Dr. Scharff has suggested an explanation of this peculiarity (American Naturalist, Septem- ber, 1909, p. 5 1 3), but his hypothesis explains only a few facts. It would involve us in problems more intricate than those which it solves. Possibly the systematic relations of the insects in question have not been rightly estimated. 3 The more important of these articles have been reprinted in his " Archhelenis und Archi- notis," Leipzig, 1907. 628 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. diversity, although favorably situated for migration. l Another group which is widely distributed in the Archiplatan area, though not confined to it, is the Amnicolid genus Littoridina (fig. 35). The absence of Amnicolidae in the Amazon system is probably apparent rather than real, since prac- tically no collecting of small or minute mollusks of any kind has been done in that vast area. It is likely that Amnicolidae will be found there FIG. 35. FIG. 36. Known distribution of Littoridina, a genus Known distribution of Chilinidae, a family of fresh-water snails. of fresh-water snails. in abundance. Diplodon, another genus which Dr. von Ihering considers Archiplatan, is found almost all over the continent, and cannot fairly becl aimed as of Archiplatan origin. It no doubt arose from the same Brazilian (and ultimately Archhelenic) stock as Hyria, etc.; but like Unio in the northern hemisphere, it is a hardy stock not highly evolved in its phylum, hence probably old. Compare in this connection the Unionid and Pleuroceratid fauna of Alabama with that of Georgia and the Caro- linas. In these adjacent areas, which have been continuous land since very early times, we have as much difference in the fresh-water faunas as has been shown to exist between Archibrazil and Archiplata. Rich faunas of fresh-water mussels and gastropods are rarely found in regions like 1 At Davenport, Iowa, I have found Lymncea stagnate on logs rafted down the river from Minnesota, but the species has not been able to gain a place in this fauna there or farther south ; nor have many of the other northern Lymnsidae, which must yearly be brought down on drift wood during the spring floods. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 629 southern South America, drained by numerous short, independent rivers, owing to the difficulty of migration and the relative impermanence of the individual streams. The presence of peculiar and strongly individualized land snails of Brazilian type (Scalarinella, Plagiodontes, etc.) in the Sierras of western Argentina and the now isolated Sierra Ventana, shows that long ago the Brazilian fauna extended at least as far south as Bahia Blanca, where a fragment has persisted, isolated since the Pliocene at least.1 Taking into consideration the climate, the rarity of large forest areas, the aridity of large tracts, and the short, unconnected rivers, we are not inclined to give much weight to Dr. von Ihering's contention that many Brazilian groups are wanting in " Archiplata." So far as mollusks are concerned, that area has very slight claims to rank as an evolution center. I regard the Chilian and Patagonian fauna as an impoverished and slightly modified extension of the fauna of the old Brazilian continent. The evi- dence for an Archiplatan center may be stronger in the case of Crustacea, Oligochseta, plants and insects ; but I prefer to leave the discussion of these groups to those having first-hand knowledge of them. Connected with the Archiplata hypothesis is that of Antarctica, which may here be examined briefly. AUSTRAL ELEMENTS IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN FAUNA. The Austral or Antarctic relationships of the South American fauna have been somewhat fully discussed in other volumes of this series, and a map illustrating the Antarctic continent and its hypothetical former ex- tensions may be* found in volume IV. I have to deal here with the evi- dence afforded by the non-marine mollusks, which, taken by itself, leads to the following conclusions : ( i ) There is no evidence that Antarctica was ever an evolution or radiation center for non-marine mollusks, though there is some evidence showing that it served as a highway for migration. (2) There is some evidence of migration from South America to Austral- asia, but at present no evidence of a counter movement to South America. (3) Nothing in the distribution of mollusks would lead to the hypothesis 1 Dr. Ortmann agrees with von Ihering in isolating a Chilian and southern Patagonian land mass of Cretaceous age, but he views it as an extension of Antarctica. The difference is rather one of names than of things. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1902, pp. 379, 381. 630 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. that South Africa has ever been connected with Antarctica and thereby indirectly with southern South America. Non-marine mollusks having an Antarctic distribution belong to three families. The evidence in each case is briefly as follows : i. The Bulimulidce, land snails of South American origin, of which one genus (Bothriembriott] is found in Tasmania and southwestern Australia, another (Placostylus] in New Zealand, New Caledonia, the islands of Melanesia and as far east as Fiji. Both of these genera are distinct from South American forms, but they are undoubtedly related to the more generalized of the South American genera. FIG. 37. 00 Distribution of the land snail family Bulimulidse. The number of genera in each area is indi- cated by figures. The presence of Bulimulidce in Australia and Melanesia proves that the part of South America connecting with Antarctica was, or had been, connected with the old Brazilian evolution center. 2. The Amnicolidce, a family of fresh-water snails, has one genus, Potamopyrgus, in New Zealand, Tasmania and South America. Another South American genus, Potamolithus, has its nearest ally in the genus Petterdiana of Tasmania and Australia. Both of these genera are exclu- sively fresh-water groups. See pp. 548-550 of this report. PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 631 3. The Naiades or fresh-water mussels found in all of the continents, are represented in Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand only by species which have been referred to the genus Diplodon. This genus is widely distributed in South America, especially southward. It is a relatively primitive genus and probably arose in South America, which, from the number of autochthonous genera, was evidently an old evolution center of Naiades. Diplodon is unknown in the northern continents. Whether the relationship with South American forms claimed for the Australia- New Zealand group is well-founded, remains to be confirmed by careful comparison of the soft anatomy. The family Endodontidce, and Gtindlachia of the Ancylidce, have been considered "Antarctic" groups, but on evidence of slight value. The Endodontidce are an ancient group, world-wide in distribution. No close relationship has been shown to exist between the South American and the Australian genera. The former are unknown anatomically, and the relations of Australian and New Zealand forms, so far as positively made out, are with the groups of Polynesia and Micronesia ( Charofia, Thauma- todon, etc.). Certain Tasmanian species may prove to belong to the American genus Radiodiscus Pils. See p. 516. Gundlachia is found in Australasia, South America, the Antilles, Mexico, temperate North America and also the Miocene of central Europe. This wide distribution suggests that the genus may have reached the southern lands from the north. In the United States it has been found in Cali- fornia, Illinois, Ohio, New York, etc., but only at remote intervals and in very narrowly restricted areas. It is likely that it will turn up sooner or later in the Oriental region and Africa. I hesitate to claim Gundlachia as an inhabitant ,of Antarctica. Pond snails of the family Lymnceidce also occur in all the Austral lands, but South American forms do not seem especially related to Austral- asian. While Endodontidce, Gundlachia and Lymncea may have inhabited Antarctica, no data upon them now in our possession goes far towards proving that they did. I can find no evidence to support Hedley's contention that the Macro- ogona (Accmidce] of Tasmania and Australia, and the Rhytidida of the same regions, New Zealand, New Caledonia, etc., are " of Antarctic origin." These groups must have attained their distribution from South Africa to 1 Hedley, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1899, pp. 396, 398. 632 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Australia by way of the Gondwana continent, leaving isolated genera by the way in Madagascar, the Seychelles, Ceylon and the Moluccas. To this Paleozoic and early Mesozoic land the South African Endodontida, Peripatus, etc, may also belong. The evidence for an isthmus connecting South Africa and Antarctica, as sketched by Forbes, Ortmann and some other palaeographers, seems unsubstantial. Nothing in the distribution of non-marine mollusks lends it support. FIG. 38. 0 Showing sources of the South and Middle American mollusk faunas. Early Mesozoic and earlier migrations in heavy lines, late Mesozoic lighter lines, Tertiary and later migrations m do lines. The rather large size of the fresh-water mussels and Bulimttlida pre- cludes the idea of their distribution as adult organisms except by actual land connection. Some embryonic Unionida are probably carried by water birds, but we do not know that this is the case with Diplodon; moreover only short distances can be so traversed, since unionid embryos are known to die quickly out of water. It is hardly conceivable that Bulimulid eggs, which are smooth and not viscid, should be so carried. The same is true PILSBRY: NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF PATAGONIA. 633 of the egg-capsules of AmnicoKda. It would be absurd to suppose that they could ever be spread by aquatic birds. Such evidence as we have favors the view that the connection of South America with Antarctica was transitory, hence taken advantage of by but few genera of mollusks, all belonging to families richly developed in the South American center. So far as non-marine mollusks show, the migra- tion from South America of a few species belonging to three families will account for all the common elements in the austral lands of the two hemispheres. The strong generic differentiation of all the common austral groups, with the exception of Potamopyrgits and probably Diplo- don, indicates that the connection was of considerable antiquity, probably, as Dr. Ortmann holds, not later than Eocene. Summary.- -The South American molluscan fauna is traceable to two sources : an ancient southern continent lying across the south Atlantic and enduring from at least Palaeozoic to near the end of Cretaceous time, and to Miocene and Pliocene to recent connections with the middle American area. Antarctica was not an evolution center for mollusks, but there is strong evidence that a few groups passed by the Antarctic route to Australasia. " Archiplata," owing to its physical diversity from the Brazilian and Colombian areas, has became a Tertiary evolution center for a few groups of Brazilian origin. Middle America (Antilles + Central America and part of Mexico) has the characteristics of an old evolution center of the northern faunal group, its primitive fauna coming from the north, and now showing phylo- gerontic features ; a later (probably late Cretaceous) element was derived from the East Asiatic fauna. Both elements contributed, during the last half of the Tertiary, to the South American fauna, and received immi- grants in return. The " Nearctic Realm," so far as the genesis of its faunas is concerned, is composite. PART VI. CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. BY A. E. ORTMANN, CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the report on the recent Crus- tacea collected in Patagonia by Mr. J. B. Hatcher. The collection is a small one, and contains, of marine forms, only such as are more or less well known, adding, however, for some of them new localities on the eastern coast of Patagonia, a region that scarcely has been properly investigated. The most valuable part of the collection consists of freshwater Crus- taceans found by Mr. Hatcher in the interior of southern Patagonia : among them are several very important new and rare species. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, ARNOLD E. ORTMANN, Pn.D DR. W. B. SCOTT, PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY. INTRODUCTION. The collections of Crustaceans made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher in southern Patagonia are partly marine, partly freshwater. The following are locali- ties from which marine forms have been secured : they are all close to the shore, in shallow water, and are situated — with the exception of the first — on the eastern coast of Patagonia. 1. Punta Arenas, Straits of Magellan. 2. Gallegos, at the mouth of the Gallegos River, South Patagonia. 3. Cape Fairweather, entrance of Gallegos Bay, northern side. 635 636 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 4. Mount of Observation, about 50 miles southwest of Santa Cruz. 5. Mouth of Santa Cruz River, situated at about 50° S. 6. San Julian, about 50 miles northeast of Santa Cruz. Freshwater material has been collected at numerous localities in the interior. This has been numbered by Mr. Hatcher according to stations, and the character and description of each station is given in the text under each species. All these stations are situated in the region of the Rio Chico (northern tributary of the Santa Cruz River), from near the ocean up to the foothills of the Cordilleras, in 47-50° S. The localities Sierra Oveja and Sierra Ventana are on the Rio Chico. Arroyo Gio is in the foothills of the Cordilleras.1 The highest altitude at which specimens were obtained is at about 2,000 feet. LIST OF SPECIES REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTION. CIRRIPEDIA. 1. Lepas anatifera L. 2. Elminius kingi Gr. 3. Balanus Iceuis Brug. COPEPODA. 4. Psetidoboeckella longicauda (Dad.). 5. Pseudoboeckella entzi (Dad.). BRANCHIOPODA. 6. Herpetocypris obliqiia Dad. 7. Eucypris sarsi Dad. 8. Daphnia hastata Sars. 9. Lepidurns hatcheri sp. nov. 10. Branchinecta granulosa Dad. ISOPODA. 1 1 . lais pubescens ( Dan. ) . 12. Edotia tuber culata (Gu£r.). 13. Rocinela australis Sch. & Mein. 14. Exosphceroma gigas (Leach). 15. Exospharoma lanceolatum (Wh.). 1 6. Cymodocea darwini Cunn. 1 7. Dynamene eatoni Mrs. 1 8. Cassidina emarginata M.-E. 'See Hatcher, J. B., Rep. Princeton Exped. Patagonia, vol. i, Narrative and Geography, map. i: ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 637 19. Serolis paradox a (Fabr.). AMPHIPODA. 20. Hyalella patagonica sp. nov. DECAPODA. 2 1 . Lithodes antarctica Jacq. 22. Pamlomis gramilosa (Jacq.). 23. Munida subrngosa Dan. 24. M^lnida gregaria (Fabr.). 25. Rurypodius latreillei Gu6r. 26. Halicarcinus planatus (Fabr.). 27. Hypopeltawim spinosulum (Wh.). Further, there are a few marine Amphipoda, and some wood-lice in the collection, but the material is too scanty to justify an attempt at identification. Order CIRRIPEDIA. Family LEPADID^E Darwin. LEPAS Linnaeus. LEPAS ANATIFERA Linnaeus. 1851 L. a., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Lep., p. 73, pi. i, f. i. 1897 L. a., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 244. Locality. — Mouth of Santa Cruz River, two small colonies of young individuals upon fragments of kelp. Distribution. — Almost cosmopolitan. Family BALANIDsE Darwin. ELMINIUS Leach. ELMINIUS KINGI J. E. Gray. 1854 E. k., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Bal., p. 348, pi. u, f. 6. 1897 E. k., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 256. Locality. — Punta Arenas, i specimen. Distribiition. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Chiloe ; Chili. Shallow water. 638 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. BALANUS da Costa. BALANUS L/EVIS Bruguiere. 1854 B. I., Darwin, Mon. Cirr. Bal., p. 227, pi. 4, f. 2. 1897 B. /., Weltner in: Arch. f. Naturg., v. i, p. 263. Locality. — Punta Arenas, numerous specimens. Distribution. — Tierra del Fuego and Straits of Magellan ; Chili ; Peru ; California. On the Atlantic coast of South America northward to Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil. 0-20 fathoms. Remarks. — All our specimens represent the typical variety of this species. Order COPEPODA. Family CENTROPAGID^E Giesbrecht. PSEUDOBOECKELLA Mrazek. The original genus Boeckella of Guerne and Richard (1889, p. 151), created for the preoccupied Boeckia of Thomson (1883) was divided by Mrazek (1901) and von Daday (1902) into several genera. Of course, Mrazek's names have the priority. Unfortunately both divisions do not completely agree, and the names chosen by either author are apt to give origin to confusion. Generally, we may say that Pseudoboeckella of Mrazek corresponds to Boeckella of v. Daday, and vice versa, although Mrazek puts B. bergi Rich, into a separate genus (Boeckellopsis], while it is included in v. Daday's Pseudoboeckella; and although B. brevicauda Brad., which is included in v. Daday's Boeckella, forms the genus Para- boeckella of Mrazek. The two species mentioned here have been described by v. Daday under Boeckella (sens, strict.), and seem to belong to Pseudoboeckella of Mrazek. PSEUDOBOECKELLA LONGICAUDA (Daday). 1901 Boeckella /., v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 24, p. 346. 19022?. /., v. Daday, ibid., v. 25, p. 243, pi. 6, f. 10-14, 16. Localities. — Stat. 2 2 J1 about 25 $ Stat. 6 2 $ Stat. 34 i 9 ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 639 Distribution. — Swamp near Amenkelt, lower Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia (about 50° S., 69° W.). Remarks. — Our specimens agree perfectly with v. Daday's description. PSEUDOBOECKELLA ENTZi (Daday). 1901 Boeckella e., v. Daday in: Term. Fuz., v. 24, p. 345. 1902 B. e., v. Daday, ibid., v. 25, p. 239, pi. 6, f. 3-9. Localities. — Stat. 4. Pool, drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ven- tana. 6 J1 13 $ Stat. 26 5 tf 5 9 Distribution. — Known from swamps and pools of several localities in the region near the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia (about 50° S., 68-69° W.). Order BRANCHIOPODA. Suborder OSTRACODA. Family CYPRID&. HERPETOCYPRIS Brady. HERPETOCYPRIS OBLIQUA Daday. 1902 H. o.t v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 296, textf. a, b, pi. 15, f.8-i3. Localities. — Stat. 2 27 spec. Stat. 6 about 10 empty shells. Stat. 34 3 spec. Stat. 53 24 spec. Distribution. — Swamps near Amenkelt, lower Santa Cruz River, Pata- gonia. EUCYPRIS Vavra. EUCYPRIS SARSI Daday. 1902 E. s., v. Daday in : Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 294, textf. a-c, pi. 15, f. 1-7. Locality. — Stat. 4 Pool, drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ventana, Rio Chico. 1 4 specimens. Distribtition. — Swamp near Amenkelt, lower Santa Cruz River, Pata- gonia (about 50° S., 69° W.). 640 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. Remarks. — As v. Daday states, only young individuals possess the peculiar sculpture of the shell by longitudinal ridges represented in the figures i and 2 on v. Daday's plate 15. Suborder CLADOCERA. Family DAPHNID^E Dana. DAPHNIA O. F. Mueller. DAPHNIA HASTATA Sars. 1896 D. pulex var. hastata Richard in: Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. ser. 8, v. 2, p. 246, pi. 24, f. 1 6, pi. 25, f. 12, 1 8. 1902 D. hastata v. Daday in: Term. Fiiz., v. 25, p. 279, pi. 11, f. n, 12. Localities. — Stat. 4 Pool drying up, 10 miles above Sierra Ventana. 40-50 specimens, all 9. Stat. 26 a few 9- Distribution. — D. pulex var. hastata is found, according to Richard, in Europe (Austria, Russia, Norway). The Patagonian form has been re- corded by v. Daday from Misionaros on the lower Santa Cruz River (49° 59 S., 68° 33' W.). Remarks. — Our specimens correspond to the Patagonian form de- scribed under this name by v. Daday. As v. Daday himself admits, this is not exactly the same form as that described by Richard as D. pulex var. hastata. Suborder PHYLLOPODA. Family APODID& Burmeister. LEPIDURUS Leach. LEPIDURUS HATCHERI sp. nov. (Plate XLVIII, Figs. 10 and 16.) Locality. -- First water hole north of basalt ridge, 50 miles from Rio Chico. 1,950 feet. 26 Febr., 1899. — 2 9- (Foothills of Cordilleras, about 47-48° S.) Description. — Scutum large, suboval, emarginate behind, covering about two thirds of the body. Of the abdomen, 9 or 10 segments (including telson) are uncovered. Eyes elliptic, closely approaching one another in ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 641 front, diverging behind. First cervical furrow almost straight, second one strongly curved backward in the middle, and slightly shallower in the middle, but distinct. Median keel indistinct anteriorly, very distinct pos- teriorly. Lateral margins smooth, only near the posterior corners, for a short distance, very finely crenulated. Posterior emargination with small, somewhat irregular spinules, the median one (end of median keel) the largest. Supra-antennal keel slightly sinuate, apparently smooth, but under the lens there are fine and minute granulations. Flagella of first pair of feet short, unequal, slightly depressing the margins of the scutum. Free abdominal segments spinulose, about 6-8 spinules on upper side ; these are larger, straight, and arranged somewhat irregu- larly ; those of the ventral side are smaller, numerous. Telson (fig. id] on upper side, near base of cercopoda, on either side with a small, spinulose tubercle. Caudal flap elongate, over twice as long as wide at the base, with parallel margins, sublanceolate at the end and rounded ; distal half of margin spinulose, with the strongest spinule at the end. Upper surface with a median, longitudinal keel bearing four strong spinules. Cercopoda almost as long as the rest of the body, thickly covered with bristles. Color deep green, lower parts pale greenish, mandibles brownish. Size : Length of body 40 and 46 mm. Total length of larger indi- vidual (including cercopoda), 77 mm. Remarks. — At first there seemed to be no doubt to me that our speci- mens ought to be referred to L. patagonicus Berg (1900), which comes from near the same region (Territ. of Chubut), but a careful comparison of our specimens with Berg's description reveals the following dis- crepancies : 1. Of the abdomen, only 10 segments are exposed in our species, while in L. patagonicus 15-16 are seen. Thus the abdomen of the latter appears to be longer. 2. In L. patagonicus the eyes are said to be suboval, and not to approach one another anteriorly, while in our species they are elliptic and distinctly convergent in front. 3. The lamina caudalis, in L. patagonicus, is one third longer than broad ; in our species it is distinctly more than twice as long as broad. This is the most striking difference. Through the kindness of Mr. A. J. 642 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Pendola of the museum in Buenos Aires, I possess sketches of the caudal flap of Berg's species, which show that it is only very slightly longer than broad. 4. There seems to be more of a ferrugineous color on the lower side of the body in L. patagonicus. 5. The size of L. patagonicus is smaller, body 30-35 mm., and includ- ing cercopoda, 43-46 mm., while our species, without cercopoda, reaches 46 mm. Berg describes a male, while our specimens are females, but I hardly believe that the above differences are due to sex, since it is characteristic in this family that J1 and 9 hardly differ, except for the smaller size of the cJ1, and the larger caudal flap of the J1- While the first character would apply to this case, the second does not, the caudal flap being much larger in our 9. On the other hand, the longer abdomen in the tf would agree with the same condition found in the lished in 1852. The two young individuals from Cape Fairweather correspond closely to L. verrucosa of Dana (1852, p. 428, pi. 26, f. 16). Both have the length of the carapace, 27 mm. The specimens from Punta Arenas are all larger, and most of them seem to be adult ; the smallest, a soft shell female, is 61 mm. long (carapace only), and this one is intermediate in sculpture between the young and adult specimens ; the tubercles of the surface are more crowded than in the latter, but a little more distant from each other than in the former. The same is true of the granulations of these tubercles, they being less developed than in P. verrucosa, but more strongly than in the adult individuals. Length of adult males : 92, 101, 107 mm.; of an adult female: 72 mm. This leaves no doubt as to the identity of P. granulosa and verrucosa, the former being only the young stage of the latter, as already Bouvier (1896) maintained. ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 659 Family GALATHEID^E Dana. MUNIDA Leach. MUNIDA SUBRUGOSA Dana. 1888 M. s. Henderson in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 27, p. 124 1891 M. s. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p 36 pi 2 f. 2 Localities. — Puntz Arenas, i tf i 9 (ad.); San Julian, 29jun Distribution. — Falkland Islands; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel- m ; along the Atlantic coast of Patagonia northward to off Monte Video • on the western coast northward to Messier Channel and Chiloe. This species is also found in New Zealand, Auckland and Campbell Islands. A variety (var. australiensis Henderson, 1888, p. 125 pi i* f. 3) is found in Bass Strait, Australia. Range in depth: southern localities 0-125 kth.; off Monte Video- ooo fath. Remarks. - -The specific differences of this species have been set forth best by A. Milne-Edwards, and I have been able to verify them in our material. Henderson's M. subrugosa is the true M. subrugosa, although he also gives, among the synonyms, Grimothea gregaria (with a ?) : he states expressly (p. 125) that no specimens representing the latter form were taken by the Challenger, and, further, he doubts the correctness of the identification of these two species. MUNIDA GREGARIA (Fabricius). 1891 M.g. A. Milne-Edwards in: Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 32, pi. 2, f. i. 1902 M. g. Benedict in : Proc. U. S. Mus., v. 26, p. 308, fig. 45, 46.' Locality. — Punta Arenas, i $ ad. Distribution.— Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan, t is doubtful whether this species is also found in New Zealand, since has been confounded by some authors with M. subrugosa. A form ied to this is mentioned by Filhol (1885, p. 426) from Cook Strait, New Zealand : he distinguishes it well from M. subrugosa, but says that is also not quite identical with " Grimothea gregaria" and proposes the name of Grimothea novce-zelandice for it. See also Benedict, 1. c. Remarks.- -Length of body of our specimen : 54 mm. (about as long 660 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. as Milne-Edwards' adult male). It agrees well with the description in every respect, but the spinules of the upper part of the carapace are less distinct, although present. The latter character seems to be not very important, since a variety of M. subrngosa (var. austmliensis] also pos- sesses a larger number of spinules on the carapace than the typical subrugosa. Family MAJID^. Alcock. EURYPODIUS Guerin-Meneville. EURYPODIUS LATREILLEI Gu£rin-Meneville. 1891 E. I. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 10. Localities. — Punta Arenas, i $ ad. 15 J1 jun., i 9 ad. 4 9jun.; Mount of Observation (near Santa Cruz) i J1 ad. 2 9 jun.; Mouth of Santa Cruz River, 2 $ i 9 (all jun.); San Julian, i 9 jun. Distribution. — Falkland Islands; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel- lan ; northward, on the western coast, to Chili and Peru, and on the east- ern coast to the Gulf San Matias (Rathbun, Pr. U. S. Mus., v. 21, 1898, p. 571). 0-70 fath. Remarks. — Our series corresponds exactly to the account given of this species by A. Milne-Edwards, showing the identical differences of the characters in the different sexes and ages. Family HYMENOSOMID^E Stimpson. HALICARCINUS White. HALICARCINUS PLANATUS (Fabricius). 1852 H. p. Dana, U. S. Expl. Exp., v. 13, p. 385, pi. 24, f. 7. 1852 H. pubescens Dana, ibid., p. 386, pi. 24, f. 8. 1886 H. plan. Miers in : Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 17, p. 281. 1891 H. pi. A. Milne-Edwards in : Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 27. 1900 H. pi. Stebbing in : Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 524, pi. 36, B. Localities. — Punta Arenas, 6 J1 ad. and half grown, 3 J1 jun., 10 9 ; Mount of Observation, i 9 ; Mouth of Santa Cruz River, 149; San Julian i cf jun., 7 9. Distribution. — Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magel- lan. It has been found, on the east coast of Patagonia, at Cape Virgin ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 66 1 (entrance of Straits [of Magellan), and at Cape Blanco (47-48° S.) ; on the western coast it seems to extend to Chili. This species has been recorded from New Zealand, Auckland Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Marion and Prince Edwards Islands. Range in depth : 0-150 fath. On the Australian coast it is represented by the very closely allied species : H. ovatus Stps. (see Stebbing, 1. c.). Remarks. — The young J1 from San Julian, and the three young J1 from Punta Arenas, of the lengths: 2.5-3-3.5-4 mm., agree completely with Dana's H. pubescens, which is said to be one tenth of an inch long (= 2-3 mm.) : the form of the carapace is more rounded (less transverse than in H. planatus], the walking legs (and sometimes the carapace) are slightly pubes- cent, and the sides of the male abdomen are parallel, with the exception of the last joint. A young J\ 6 mm. long has the typical form of the male abdomen of H. planatus, but the form of the carapace is less transverse. The pubescence is not present. Larger males (from 10 mm. upward) acquire by degrees the greatly swollen chelipeds. Our largest male has the following measurements: Length 13 mm., width 16 mm. Family ATELECYCLID& Ortmann. HYPOPELTARIUM Miers. HYPOPELTARIUM SPINOSULUM (White). 1886 Hypopeltarium spinosulum Miers in: Rep. Voy. Challenger, v. 17, p. 211. 1891 Pelterion spinulosum (sic) A. Milne-Edwards in: Miss. Cap Horn, v. 6, p. 17. 1900 Peltarion spinosulum Stebbing in : Pr. Zool. Soc., p. 519. Locality. — Punta Arenas, 3 tf, 17 9, i9Jun. Distribution. - - Falkland Islands ; Tierra del Fuego ; Straits of Magellan ; Chiloe ; Chili ; Valparaiso ; Gulf San Matias, Argentina. 0-45 fath. Remarks. — The specific name spinosulum was used by White in 1843, spinulosum by the same author in 1847 5 tne latter form was accepted by all subsequent writers except Miers (1886) and Stebbing (1900). The generic name Peltarion Jacquinot is correctly to be transcribed as Peltarium, and this is preoccupied; it has, therefore, to give way to Hypopeltarium Miers. 662 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. A. Milne-Edwards describes the rostrum of this species as bifid with two lateral teeth : in most of our individuals, however, it is three-spined, the median spine being entire ; only in rare cases there is a slight emar- gination or notch at its distal extremity. ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS. Among the marine forms collected by Mr. Hatcher, four groups are distinguishable according to their geographical range : 1 . Cosmopolitan. Lepas anatifera L. 2. West American (California to Patagonia). Balanus Icevis Brug. (also in the Atlantic, northward to south- ern Brazil). 3. Antarctic types. 1. lais pubescens (Dan.), also: S. Georgia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Kerguelen. 2. Exosphczroma gigas (Leach), also : New Zealand, Auck- land, Australia, Kerguelen. 3. Cymodocea darwini Cunn., also : Kerguelen. 4. Dynamene eatoni Mrs., also: Kerguelen. 5. Cassidina emarginata M.-E., also : S. Georgia, Kerguelen. 6. Munida subrttgosa Dan., also : New Zealand, Auckland, Campbell, Australia. 7. Halicarcinus planatus (F .}, also : New Zealand, Auckland, Kerguelen, Marion, Prince Edward. 4. Local types, restricted to so called Magellanian province. 1 . Rlminius kingi Gr. 2. Edotia tuberculata Gu£r. 3. Rocinela australiensis Sch. & Mein. 4. Exosphceroma lanceolatum (Wh.). 5. Serolis paradox a (F.). 6. Lithodes antarctica Jacqu. 7. Paralomis granulosa (Jacqu.). 8. Munida gregaria (F.). 9. Eurypodius latreillei Guer. 10. Hypopeltarium spinosulum (Wh.). ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 663 We see at once that, while the prevailing features of the southern Patagonian marine fauna are made up chiefly by peculiar species, another large part of the fauna shows unmistakable affinities to other Antarctic countries. Looking more closely upon the peculiar types (group 4), we are able to state the following particulars with regard to their relationship to other parts of the world. The genera Elminius, Edotia, and Eurypodius do not find any closer relations elsewhere. Exosphceroma and Serolis are distinctly Antarctic types, while the affinities oiRocinela and Munida are more or less cosmopoli- tan. There remain only the two Lithodidce and Hypopeltarium. The Litho- didce apparently are to be classed with those forms which possess a kind of bipolar distribution, but where the two polar areas are connected along the western coast of America. This has been called by the present writer "meridional distribution,"1 and such cases are not considered to belong to "bipolarity" in the original sense. Hypopeltarium, which is represented in European waters by Atelecychis, might be taken for a case of bipolarity, if it were not for the fact that a species of this genus lately has been discovered in the West Indian region.2 This renders it impossible to regard this case (of Hypopeltarium and Atelecyclus] as one of bipolarity. Examining the Antarctic types (group 3), we find that none of them can be regarded as a representative of any characteristic Arctic form, although among the five isopods the generic affinities need further investi- gation. This much is known, that all five of them are hardly represented in any part outside of the Antarctic regions. The same is true of Halicar- cinus, while Munida, as has been stated above, is cosmopolitan. Thus, among the forms discussed here, the bulk is to be regarded as peculiar to this region, representing a local Magellanian fauna. A large part of this fauna exhibits characteristic Antarctic affinities, pointing to a former closer connection of the different parts (South America, New Zea- land, Australia, Kerguelen, etc.). The remaining small number represent either immigrants from the north, along the western coast of America, or more or less cosmopolitan types. The Magellanian fauna, according to this material — and this is no doubt a fair representation of the more abundant forms of it — is descended 1See Ortmann in Zool. Jahrb. Syst., v. 9, 1896, p. 584, and Bronns Klass. and Ordn. d. Thierreichs, v. 5, Crust., 1900, p. 1279; see also Bouvier, 1896. *H. dextrum Rathbun in: Bull. Labor. Univ. Iowa, 1898, p. 277 (from Yucatan). 664 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. from a general Antarctic fauna, which has developed some peculiar local types ; a few elements of it (Elminius, Edotia, Eurypodius] seem to be altogether peculiar to these parts, while a few others belong to different sources ; some immigrated from the north, and others are cosmopolitan forms, the original home of which cannot be traced. No indications of bipolarity are found, that is to say, 'in no case are the affinities of any of these Antarctic forms to Arctic forms closer than to any other region of the earth. This points distinctly to the former existence of an Antarctic fauna peculiar to the shores of the supposed old Antarctic continent, of which fauna the Magellanian is a slightly modified offshoot, blended with a few types of different, presumably northern, origin and the view is supported that the Antarctic fauna, in its origin, is totally different from the Arctic.1 With regard to the fresh-water fauna we may make the following remarks. Most of the species recorded here belong to the class of those small fresh-water organisms, for which exceptional means of dispersal (passive transport by wind, water-fowl, etc.) are admissible, and even observed, so that a more or less cosmopolitan distribution is not astonishing. Although most of the species (except Daphnia hastata] are peculiar to Patagonia, the genera are universally distributed. A very remarkable exception to this is presented by the Copepod genus Pseudobczckella. The distribution of this and the allied genera (Boeckella, Bceckellopsis, Parabwckelld] is almost exclusively restricted to the Antarc- tic countries (only in S. America the range extends into Brazil). I give here a synopsis of the known localities, following Mrazek's (1901) classi- fication. The genus Backella (typ.) Mraz. contains three species from Australia and New Zealand (B. triarticulata (Thorns), minuta Sars, robusta Sars). To these we have possibly to add : B. gracilipes Dad., gracilis (Dad.) and pygmcza Dad., from Patagonia and Chili.2 Pseudobceckella Mraz. contains the following species : brasiliensis (Lubb.), Patagonia and Brazil; poppei Mraz., S. Georgia and S. Patagonia; longi- cauda (Dad.) and entzi (Dad.) both from Patagonia ; and probably also : dubia (Dad.) and sihestrii (Dad.) from Patagonia. 'See Ortmann in Proc. Americ. Philosoph. Soc., v. 41, 1902, p. 399, footnotes. 2Daday in Term. Fiiz., v. 25, 1902, p. 444. ORTMANN: CRUSTACEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 665 Bceckellopsis Mraz. possesses only the species B. bergi (Rich.) from Buenos Aires and S. Patagonia. Parabceckella Mraz. is made up of P. brevicaudata (Brad.) from Kergue- len and Punta Arenas. This distribution is so remarkable, including only S. America, S. Georgia, Kerguelen, Australia and New Zealand, that this group of genera, which are no doubt closely related to one another, clearly is to be classed with those freshwater and land animals that point to a former connection of these regions.1 Under the same head comes also Lepidurus hatcheri Ortm., of which we have demonstrated above, that it is most closely allied to L. angasi Baird of South Australia. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Baird, W. 1850, 1852 Description of several new species of Entomostraca (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1850, and Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, v. 10, 1852). 1866 Description of two new species of Phyllopodous Crustaceans (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866). Bate, C. Sp. 1862 Catalogue of the specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the collection of the British Museum, 1862. Beddard, F. E. 1884 Report on the Isopoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger. Part I (The Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zool., v. 11, 1884). Do. Part 2 (ibid., v. 17, 1886). Benedict, J. E. 1902 Description of a new genus and forty-six new species of Crustaceans of the family Galatheidae, with a list of the known marine species (Proc. U. S. Mus., v. 26, 1902). Berg, C. 1900 Datos sobre algunos crustaceos nuevos para la fauna argentina (Communic. Mus. Buenos Aires, v. I, No. 7, 1900). Bouvier, E.-L. 1896 Sur la classification des Lithodin6s et sur leur distribution dans les oceans (Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ser. 8, v. I, 1896). BradyKr. S. 1886 Notes on freshwater Entomostraca from South Australia (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1886). Cunningham, R. O. 1871 Notes on the Reptiles, Amphibia, Fishes, Mollusca, and Crustacea obtained during the voyage of H. M. S. Nassau (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, v. 27, 1871). 'Ortmann in Proc. Americ. Philos. Soc., v. 41, 1902, p. 335 ff. 666 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZO6LOGY. Daday, E. von. 1901 Diagnoses praecursoriae Copepodorum novorum e Patagonia (Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, v. 24, 1901). 1902 Microscopische Suesswasserthiere aus Patagonia (Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, v. 25, 1902), Dana, J. D. 1852 Crustacea in U. S. Exploring Expedition, v. 13, part i, 1852. Darwin, C. 1851, 1854 A Monograph on the sub-class Cirripedia. Lepadidae, 1851. — Balanidae and Ver- rucidae, 1854. Dollfus, A. 1891 Crustac6s Isopodes in Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, v. 6, Zool., 1891. Faxon, W. 1876 Crustacea (Exploration of Lake Titicaca) (Bull. Mus. Harvard, v. 3, 1876). Filhol, H. 1885 Catalogue des Crustaces de la Nouvelle Zelande, des iles Auckland and Campbell in Mission de Tile Campbell (Passage du Venus sur le Soleil), v. 3, part 2, 1885. Giesbrecht, W. & Schmeil, O. 1898 Copepoda Gymnoplea, in: Das Tierreich., 6 Lief, 1898. 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Smith, S. I. 1874 The Crustacea of the freshwaters of the United States (U. S. Comm. Fish & Fisher. Rep. for 1872 and 73, part 2, 1874). 1874 Report on the Amphipod Crustaceans (Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. Terr, for 1873, 1874). Stebbing, T. R. R. 1899 Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other sources (Trans. Linn. Soc. London Zool., ser. 2, v. 7, 1899). 1900 On some Crustaceans from the Falkland Islands collected by Mr. Rupert Vallentin (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1900). Studer, Th. 1884 Isopoden gesammelt waehrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin a. d. J. 1883, 1884). Tate, R. 1879 Description of a new species of Phyllopodous Crustacean (Trans. Proc. Philosoph. Soc. Adelaide, S. Austral., for 1873-9, J879). Thomson, G. M. 1879 On the New Zealand Entomostraca (Trans. Proc. New Zealand Instit. for 1878, 1879). Weltner, W. 1897 Verzeichnis der bisher beschriebenen recenten Cirripedienarten (Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1897, v. i, Heft 3). White, A. 1843 Descriptions of apparently new species and varieties of Insects and other Annulosa, principally from the collection in the British Museum (Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. I, v. 12, 1843). Wierzejski, A. 1892 In Bull, intern. Acad. Sci. Cracovie. Compt. rend., 1892. Wrzesniowski, A. 1879 Vorlaeufige Mitteilungen ueber einige Amphipoden (Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, 1879). PART VII. HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. BY J. PERCY MOORE, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. N'OTHING whatever was known of the fresh-water leech fauna of the extreme southern end of South America — of the entire region south of Valdivia on the Pacific coast and of Montevideo on the Atlantic side — until the publication in 1890 of Blanchard's account of the leeches collected by Dr. Michaelsen on the Hamburg Expedition to the Straits of Magellan. In this paper the following species were de- scribed from Tierra del Fuego and Punta Arenas on the Straits of Magel- lan, all having been collected at no great distance from the coast in ponds, lakes and swamps : Semiscolex variabilis Blanchard, Glossiphonia (Helob- della] chilensis Blanchard, Glossiphonia (Helobdella] michaelseni Blan- chard, and Glossiphonia (Helobdella] scutifera Blanchard. The material described in the present paper was collected inland along the base of the mountains at elevations as high as 2,500 ft., and particularly from the numerous springs and streams which feed the Rio Chico — a region from which no leeches have hitherto been described. As regards the number of species the collection is small, comprising but six, belong- ing to only two families. But several of these are represented by a great many examples. Three of the four species recorded by Blanchard from southern Patagonia are represented ; and two new species are included, both of which possess functional nuchal glands, which in Glossiphonia duplicata are greatly developed. So far as appears in the present very incomplete state of our knowledge of the fresh-water leeches of this region, the most striking feature of the fauna is the predominance of small glos- siphonids of the group designated by Blanchard Helobdella. Including G. stagnalis, which has been found as far south as Valdivia, this fauna includes most of the known species with functional nuchal glands. 669 670 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. SEMISCOLEX. SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS R. Blanchard. (Plates XLIX, Figs. 1-9; L, Fig. 12.) Except for the narrower prostomium and smaller mouth, the general aspect is similar to Hcemopis, a resemblance which is especially striking in the case of a quite small individual. The larger specimens are some- what flattened posteriorly and rather sharply constricted at the region of the sexual pores, anterior to which the body is narrower and nearly terete. The arrangement of the eyes is shown in figures i and 7. The relative position of the pigment cups and the direction of the axes of the eyes are sufficiently obvious. The pigment cups of the first three pairs are larger and more conspicuous than the others. No sensillse are discernible. Sixteen pairs of quite conspicuous nephridial ducts, appearing as short tubes which pass obliquely backward through the integuments, open close to the posterior margin of annulus b2 of every somite from IX to XXIV. The anus is a conspicuous opening with lobed margins as in H&mopis. Like Blanchard's types all three of the specimens studied by me have the male genital orifice situated in the middle of XII bi. In the mature examples it is a rather prominent four-rayed opening, slightly elevated on a broad, low papilla, to support which the annulus is lengthened mesially. In all three of Blanchard's specimens the position of the female pore dif- fered, ranging from XII a2lb$ to XII 66, being separated from the male pore, therefore, by two and one half, three and one half and four annuli respectively. The intermediate condition was exhibited by an example from Punta Arenas, Patagonia, and to this the three here described are exactly similar. The female pore in all is a minute opening in a depressed area situated at XII b^lbd. Annulation.--Tht details of annulation of the best preserved mature example are exhibited in Plate XLIX, figs. 2, 3, 5-8, and of the young example in figure 4. Somites I, II, III and IV are separated by no distinct furrows, though slight wrinkles may be caused to appear on the median part of the head between the eyes by bending this region upward. These furrows, together with the position of the closely crowded anterior three pairs of eyes, show that the first three somites are uniannulate. Somite IV is apparently so also, or else aj is very obscurely distinct, for, although the distance MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 671 between the third and fourth pairs of eyes is somewhat greater than that separating any of the preceding pairs, no distinct intervening annulus can be detected. V is biannulate; the two annuli — (ai + a2] and aj — are of about equal length. The pigment cups of the fourth pair of eyes are at about the middle of the anterior annulus and placed on the antero-internal face of the sensory cells. The furrow (ai -\-a2]la^ is incomplete in the small specimen and the pigment cups of the eyes reach into IV, an appearance due in part to contraction and in part to the position of the head when drawn. VI is also biannulate. On the dorsal surface a faint furrow (aila2] is present, extending about as far as the eyes in the larger example, but detectable under the compound microscope for the entire width of the head of the smaller one. The pigment cups of the fifth pair of eyes, which cover the anterior face of the sensory cells, lie directly beneath this incipient furrow. The second annulus (aj) is quite distinct all around, making the somite biannulate ventrally as well as dorsally. VII is triannulate ; aj is distinctly longer than ai or a2 which are obviously more closely associated, the furrow aila2 being less distinct than a2/aj, especially on the ventral surface. VIII is quadriannulate. Of the four annuli ai is just appreciably longer than a2 and shows a faint dorsal furrow, bi\b2 ; b$ and b6 are distinctly shorter than ai and 0,2, and the furrow b$\b6 is a trifle less deep than the others. There are sixteen distinctly quinqueannulate somites, IX to XXIV in- clusive. In IX the relative lengths of the annuli are represented by the formula bi = 62 < b$ = 66 < a2 ; IX bi and b2 = VIII b$ and b6. By about XI the formula becomes bi= b2 = b^ — &6 bi = b2 > b$ = b6. XXV is quadriannulate, bi and b2 being smaller than a2, which is again slightly smaller than aj. Across the latter, traces of the furrow bjlbd may be detected. Following XXV are two small rings between which the anus is placed. Although there are no visible sensillae to authenticate the determination, these are interpreted as XXVI and XXVII respectively. 672 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. The small specimen shows immaturity not alone in the condition of the reproductive organs, but in the external annulation. Throughout the middle region of the body the secondary annuli into which ar and aj are divided are imperfectly separated. This is expressed not so much in their relative size, which is scarcely appreciably less than in the mature specimen, but very obviously in the relative shallowness of the furrows bilb2 and bjlbd as compared with bzla2 or az/fy. Figure 4 is a careful camera drawing of the ventral surface of this specimen when mounted in glycerine, in which medium the ganglia can be seen quite clearly and are also represented in the figure. -Generally the ganglia lie principally within a2 throughout the quinqueannulate region. The suboesophageal complex is in VI and VII and the supraoesophageal chiefly in VI. On the dorsal surface the furrow a2lb$ is distinctly deeper than b2la2, result- ing in the natural division of the five annuli into two groups of three and two respectively. Alimentary Canal. — The upper lip (prostomium) is somewhat wrinkled below, but lacks any definite and distinct median sulcus. The mouth is small in the preserved specimens, scarcely larger than in a nephelid in the larger, but relatively larger in the smaller one. Jaws are absent, though the median dorsal one is probably represented by a small rounded tubercle occupying the corresponding position and surrounded by a shallow trench, immediately laterad to which is a pair of broad, low, longitudinal muscle columns, and again beyond these a similar pair of narrower ones, but no trace of lateral jaws. Muscles and gland ducts enter the dorsal tubercle, but there are no teeth. A low, narrow fold passes between the buccal chamber and pharynx dorsally, but fades out ventrally. The pharynx (Plate XLIX, fig. 9) is capacious and extends to the region of the genital pores in the middle of XII. Its inner surface is thrown into slightly marked longitudinal muscular ridges. These begin anteriorly as a dorsal pair and a median ventral one, alternating with three much narrower ones. Each of the larger set almost immediately divides into several, so that for the greater length of the pharynx ten or twelve ridges are recognizable. None of these is strongly marked and the internal surface of the pharynx is nearly smooth and regular, but shows a slight tendency toward a triangular section. A stomach of very simple character extends from XIII into XIX, where it passes, without any very sharp demarkation, into the intestine. Seven MOORE: HIRUDINEA OF SOUTHERN PATAGONIA. 673 valves, which correspond in position to the preganglionic muscular sheets, divide it into as many slight sacculations, the posterior ends of the last of which are produced into a pair of quite rudimentary caeca, of such small size and so closely embracing the intestine that they were entirely overlooked upon the first examination. They scarcely extend beyond the limits of the neural annulus of XIX. The intestine is somewhat distended with food, to which, in contrast to the emptiness of the stomach, the somewhat greater diameter of the former is probably due. Its walls are excessively thin and delicate and somewhat regularly, but slightly, sacculated for the anterior half. It reaches to XXIV, beyond which a short rectum extends to the anus. That this species is not a habitual blood-sucker, but, like our common Hcemopis marmoratus, subsists chiefly on small invertebrate animals and the organic contents of mud, is shown by the contents of the intestine and stomach, which consist of remains of tubificid worms, rhabdoccele planarians and diatoms. Reproductive Organs. — The reproductive organs (Plate L, fig. 12), while approaching in character most closely those of H 7a> 7 &• POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pils. Three views of the type (fig. 5 represents the same specimen) . . . 595 Fig. 8. POTAMOLITHUS DINOCHILUS Pils. Neanic stage. . . 596 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS '. 8 la 6a 7a 2b 7b POTAIYK PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX. PAGE Figs, i, la, 16. POTAMOLITHUS HIDALGO: Pils. Three views of type . . 597 Figs. 2, 20. POTAMOLITHUS IHERINGI Pils. Two views of type . . 600 Figs. 3, 30. POTAMOLITHUS JACUHYENSIS Pils. Two views of type . . 583 Fig. 4. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM (d'Orb.). Neanic stage. Uruguay R. 587 Figs. 5, 50. " " " Adult " " 587 Figs. 6, 6a. POTAMOLITHUS SIMPLEX Pils. Two views of type . . . 578 Figs. 7, 7«. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS Pils. Front and pro- file views 588 (VOL. in) ' PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL. (VOL. in) PAGE Figs, i, 2, 2a. POTAMOLITHUS ORBiGNYi Pils. Cotypes, adult stage . 582 Fig. 3. " " " Small individual ap- proaching the adult stage . . . 582 Figs. 4, 40, 5. " " " Neanic stages . . 582 Figs. 6, 6a, 6d. POTAMOLITHUS TRICOSTATUS (Brot). Threfe views of adult stage . 593 Fig. 7. " " " Gerontic individ- ual . . . 593 Figs. 8, 9, 90. POTAMOLITHUS CONICUS (Brot). Adult stage. . . 581 Figs. 10, loa. POTAMOLITHUS AGAPETUS Pils. Two views of the type . 578 Figs, ii, i la. POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.). Two views, neanic stage. 580 Figs. 12, 120, 13, 14. " " " Adult individuals. . 580 10 12 12a 11 13 14 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI. PAGE Figs, i, la, \b. POTAMOLITHUS SYKESI Pils. Three views of type. . . 574 Figs. 2, 2a. " " " Gerontic individual . . . 574 Figs. 3, 4, 5. POTAMOLITHUS BISINUATUS OBSOLETUS Pils. Cotypes . . 577 Figs. 6, 6a. " " Pils. Two views of type . . 576 Figs. 7, 70. " Two views of a gerontic individual. . . . 576 Figs. 8, 8a. POTAMOLITHUS GRACILIS " Two views of the type. . 577 Figs. 9, ga. " VIRIDIS Pils. Two views of the type. 578 (VOL. in) ' 1» lb 6a 8a 9a PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.A. PAGE Figs, i, i a. POTAMOLITHUS PA YSANDUANUS Iher. Front and profile views of the type 590 Figs. 2, 3. " " SINULABRIS Iher. Type and a larger specimen. . . . 591 Figs. 4, 40. " " IMPRESSUS Iher. Front and profile views of the type . . . 591 Fig3- 5« Sa- POTAMOLITHUS CARINIFER Pils. Front and back views of the type. 592 Figs. 6, 6a. POTAMOLITHUS QUADRATUS " " " profile " " " 592 Fig. 7. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM SUPERSULCATUS. Back view " " 588 Figs. 8, 8«. POTAMOLITHUS FILIPONEI Iher. Profile and front views of the type 573 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III PLATEXLI.A Helen Winchester del et pinxl Cockayne. Boston. POTAMOLITHUa A EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.B. (VOL. in) PAGE Figs, i, i a, \b. POTAMOLITHUS PHILIPPIANUS Pils. Front and back views of the type . . . 60 1 Fig. 2. POTAMOLITHUS BUSCHII (Ffld.) 580 Fig. 3. POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS (?) 584 Fig. 4. POTAMOLITHUS LAPIDUM ELATIOR . . . . . . 588 Figs. 5, 6. POTAMOLITHUS RIBEIRENSIS Pils 584 Figs. 7, 70. POTAMOLITHUS CHLORIS . . . . . . . 579 Figs. 8, Sa. POTAMOLITHUS INTRACALLOSUS. . . . . . . 584 Figs. 9, 10. POTAMOLITHUS PARANENSIS 589 PATAGONTAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III PLATE XLI. B 10 v Helen Winchester del et pinxl Cockayne. Boston POTAMOLITHUa PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.C. PAGE FigS. I, 2. LlTTORIDINA CHARRUANA (d'Orb.) 558 Figs. 3, 4, 8. LITTORIDINA AUSTRALIS (d'Orb-). Montevideo . . . 557 Figs. 5, 6, 7. " " " Bahia Blanca ... 557 Fig. 9. LITTORIDINA BERTONIANA Pils. Face of type. . . . 559 FigS. IO, II. POTAMOPYRGUS SCOTTI " " tWO COtypCS . . 563 Fig. 12. POTAMOPYRGUS PETININGENSIS (Gld.). Topotype from the orig- inal lot 563 Fig. 13. LITTORIDINA PICIUM (d'Orb.) ....... 558 Figs. 14, 140. IDIOPYRGUS SOULEYETIANUS Pils. Profile and face of the type. 565 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.IIJ PLATE XLI. c v , I' 1 j W i in Helen Winchester del et pinxt Cockayne. Boston LITTORIDINA POTAMOPYRGLJS iDIOPYRGUS PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII. PAGE Figs, i, la, 16. RADIODISCUS PATAGONICUS (Suter). On the Rio Chico, 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja . . . . 517 Figs. 2, 3. SUCCINEA BURMEISTERI Doering. Rio Chico, 50 miles above the Sierra Oveja . 520 Figs. 4-6. " " Doering. Seven miles above the Sierra Ventana . . 520 F'gs- 7> 7a> 8. LlTTORIDINA HATCHERI PHs. 553 Figs. 9, 10. LITTORIDINA SIMPLEX Pils. Cotypes . . . . 555 Figs, ii, na, 12, 13. LITTORIDINA HATCHERI Pils. 40 miles above Sierra Oveja 555 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III. PLATE XLJI \l 12 10 13 •erson del Wernert Wir: RADIODISCUS, SUCCINEA & PALUDESTRINA PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII. PAGE Figs, i, ta, ib, 2, 3, 4. CHILINA SMITHI Pils. Cotypes 535 Figs. 5, 6, 7. CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA Pils. Cotypes. . . 539 Figs. 8, 9, 10. CHILINA SMITHI Pils. Immature specimens . . 536 Figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. CHILINA FULGURATA Pils. Cotypes .... 537 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL. in. PLATE XLIII CHILINA PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.A. Figs, i, la, 2, 2a. CHILINA CAMPYLAXIS Pils. Cotypes . Figs- 3. 3«- Fig. 4. Figs. 5, 5«. Figs. 6, 6a. Fig. 7. CHILINA HATCHERI " CHILINA FULGURATA " CHILINA ANDICOLA " CHILINA FULGURATA " Type Profile of type Front and profile views of the type . Form from 25 miles above the Sierra Oveja. Sculpture of last whorl below the suture, specimen from 30 miles above the Sierra Oveja. .... PACK 541 540 537 540 538 538 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL in PLATE XL in. A i\ 2a Helen Winchester del et pinxl 7 3a Cockayne. Boston CHILINA. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV. FACE Figs. 1 6, 17, 19. CHILINA FULGURATA LIVIDA Pils. Five miles above the Sierra Oveja . . 539 Figs. 18, i8a, 20, 21, 22, 22a. " FULGURATA OLIGOPTYX Pils. Cotypes. 538 Fig. 23. " FULGURATA Pils. (?) Twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja. . . 538 Figs. 24, 240, 24^, 25, 26. CHILINA STREBELI Pils. Cotypes . . . 534 Figs. 27, 28. " " . ... 534 Figs. 29, 30, 300. CHILINA PILULA Pils. Cotypes. . . . 542 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III. PLATE XLIV. L6 CHILINA PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV. PAGE Figs. 31, 32, 33, 34. CHILINA RUSHII Pils. Cotypes 547 Figs. 35-39. CHILINA FLUMINEA (Maton), San Gabriel's Island, opposite Colonia, Uruguay. . . . 544 Figs. 40-44. " FLUMINEA MICRODON Pils. CotypCS. . . 545 Fig. 45. CHILINA GLOBOSA Ffld. La Plata . . . . 546 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III. PLATE XLV 31 35 40 ' 4-3 32 33 M 38 42 44 pin*. CHILINA PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI. PAGE Figs, i, 2, 4, 6. LYMN^EA DIAPHANA INELEGANS n. subsp. Spring on the Rio Chico, 25 miles above Sierra Oveja . 527 Figs. 3, 7, 9. " " King. Spring on the Rio Chico, fifteen miles above the Sierra Oveja . . 525 Fig. 5. " " INELEGANS. Stream 35 miles above .the Sierra Oveja 527 Fig. 8. LYMN^EA VIATOR d'Orbigny. Pool on the bank of the Rio Chico de la Santa Cruz, a mile west of the Sierra Oveja . 525 Figs. 10, ii. LYMN/EA PATAGONICA RIOCHICOENSIS n. subsp. Rio Chico, 25 miles below the confluence of the R. Belgrano . 528 (VOL in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III. PLATE XLVI. F.v. Iterson del Werner > Winter, Frankfort 1'UAGONiAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.A. LYMN^EA DIAPHANA INELEGANS Pils. Form from Swan Lake LYMN/EA ANDEANA Pils. Type. Near base of the Andes LITTORIDINA SUBLINEATA Pils. Type .... Figs. 6, 7, ;«. MUSCULIUM ARGENTINUM (Orb.) Montevideo. Fig. 8. MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM Pils. Type .... Fig. 9. PlSIDIUM PAT AGON K I'M /CONIFER Pils. Type. . Figs, i, 2, 3. Figs. 4, 40. 5' 5a- PAGE 528 530 556 605 6O4 608 (VOL in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III PLATE XLVI.A Helen Winchester del et pinxt Cockayne. B L. LlTTORIDINA. MUSCULIUM, PlSIDIUM. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII PAGE Figs, i, 2, 3, 4, 5. MUSCULIUM PATAGONICUM n. sp. Rio Chico, twenty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja 604 Figs. 6, 6a, 7. " " Rio Chico, thirty-five miles above the Sierra Oveja . . . 604 Figs. 8, 9. to. PISIDIUM PATAGONICUM n. sp. Spring on the Rio Chico, fifteen miles above the Sierra Oveja . . 607 Figs. 11,12, 13, 14. PISIDIUM MAGELLANICUM Dall. Sixty-five miles north of the Rio Chico, in a spring near the base of the Andes . . . 606 Figs. 15, 1 6. " " Dall. Spring on the Rio Chico, fifteen miles above the Sierra Oveja ... . 606 (VOL. HI) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III PLATE XLVII F.v Her MUSCULIUM & PlSIDIUM. PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII. PAGE Fig. i. LEPIDURUS HATCHERI sp. nov. ........ 640 i, a. Dorsal view of entire animal, nat. size ..... 640 i, b. Dorsal view of last abdominal segment and caudal flap, f- . 641 Fig. 2. BRANCHINECTA GRANULOSA Daday 644 Front view of head of male with claspers, about -^ . . 644 Fig. 3. HYALELLA PATAGONICA sp. nov. ....... 650 3, a. Maxilliped of male, about ^ 65 1 3, b. First gnathopod of male, about -^ . . . . . 651 3, c. First gnathopod of female, about ±p- 652 3, d. Second gnathopod of male, about -^ . . . . . 652 3, e. Second gnathopod of female, about ^f- .... 652 3, /. First peraeopod of male, about f 652 3,^-. Fifth peraeopod of male, about T 652 3, h. Upper view of telson, and second and third uropods, about \5. 652 (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL. in. 3b I1' .7' ••on del. CRUSTACEA PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS I ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX. PAGE Fig. i. SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS : Dorsal view of one of the larger specimens, XT ... • 6?o Fig. 2. " " Dorsal view of twelve anterior somites, same specimen, X T5- Fig. 3. " " Ventral view of same, X ¥• Figs. 2 and 3 are somewhat diagrammatic Fig. 4. " " Ventral view of anterior thirteen somites of a young example, accurately drawn to show the relative development of the annuli and position of the ganglia, X •*ja- Fig. 5. " " Dorsal view of posterior end of specimen shown in Fig. i , X T5- • Fig. 6. " " Ventral view of same, X T5- • Fig. 7. " " Lateral aspect of anterior end of same, X^- Fig. 8. " " Lateral aspect of posterior end of same, Xnr- Fig. 9. " A somewhat diagrammatic outline, showing the chief peculiarities of the alimentary canal, X about -f- 672 Fig. 10. GLOSSIPHONIA DUPLICATA : Reproductive organs dissected and viewed from above ; surface texture of testes shown on left side, X ^ • • 678 Fig. ii. GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX: General features of alimentary canal, dorsal view, X^ 68 1 LETTERING : a, anus ; at, atrium (penis sheath or prostate cornua) ; de, ductus ejaculatorius ; ep, epididymis ; gan, ganglion, the neuromere indicated by a Roman numeral ; gc, gastric caeca ; ga, glandula albuginea ; tc, intestinal caeca ; m, mouth ; n, nephropore ; ode, common oviduct ; ov, ovary ; ph, pharynx ; phg, pharyngeal glands ; pg, prostate glands ; t, testes, the serial number of which is indicated by a numeral ; va, vagina ; vd, vas deferens. The somites are numbered with the usual Roman characters, the annuli with their symbols. (VOL. in) AGONIAN EXPEDITIONS VOL.III. bEM.it; • PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS'. ZOOLOGY. EXPLANATION OF PLATE L. PAGE Fig. 1 2. SEMISCOLEX VARIABILIS : Dorsal aspect of reproductive organs in situ, the vagina only being slightly dis- placed to the right. From a dissection of specimen shown in Fig. i. The posi- tion of the vasa efferentia is somewhat doubtful, as they could not be distinguished with certainty from the folds of the vas deferens, X ¥ 673 Fig. 13. GLOSSIPHONIA MICH^ELSENI : Alimentary canal, X ¥ • • 685 Fig. 14. " " Reproductive organs from above ; testes and left ovary omitted, X ^ • Fig. 15. GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX: Reproductive organs, from above. In this specimen the two sperm ducts are crossed and the one displaced to the left in reality belongs to the right side. The ovaries are also crossed. Testes of right side omitted, X 3f • • • 6$4 Fig. 1 6. GLOSSIPHONIA DUPLICATA : General character of alimentary canal, dorsal view, X *£• • • • 679 Fig. 17. " Dorsal view of anterior twelve somites, showing color-pattern as exhibited by a heavily marked example, but the longitudinal stripes are somewhat too prominent, X ^ • . . . 676 Fig. 18. " " Ventral view of same, X^ • • • 675 Fig. 19. " " Dorsal view of posterior end of same (type) specimen, X ^r • • • 677 Fig. 20. " " Ventral view of same, X ^r • Fig. 21. " " Lateral view of posterior end of same, x¥ Fig. 22. " Lateral view of anterior end of same, X ¥ . 676 Fig. 23. GLOSSIPHONIA SIMPLEX : Dorsal aspect of anterior end, X nr • • 682 Fig. 24. " " Dorsal aspect of posterior end, X^ . 683 Sensillse are shown on somite XXIV LETTERING : As in Plate XLIX. (VOL. in) PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS .V.VI7/ ERRATA. N. B. — Errors in the technical names of Fishes in Part III, pp. 225-374, are entered in the index as synonyms. Page 2, line 2 2, for Port Desire, read Santa Cruz. Page 2, line 25, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano. Page 2, line 27, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano. Page 3, line 8, for Rio Belgrade, read Rio Belgrano. Page 4, line 36, for Hydrnrgus, read Hydntrga. Page 10, line 31, for Creagoccros, read Creagroceros. Page 32, line 30, /i?r Viscache, read Viscacha. Page 38, line 7, for CTENOMYS ROBUSTUS Allen, read CTENOMYS OSGOODI Allen. (See Postscript, p. 191.) Page 63, line 2, for Maldonaldo, read Maldonado. Page 85, line 14, for Matchie, read Matschie. Page 85, line 16, for 0. micropus, read 0. microtis, Page 85, line 28, for Mirounga leoninus, read M. leonina. Page 90, line 34, for Juan Fernandes, read Juan Fernandez. Page 94, line 14, for Rhinophora, read Rhinophoca. Page 97, line 19, for Mas-a-Fuero, read Mas-a-Fuera. Page 100, line 9, for Aukland, read Auckland. Page 105, line i, for Aukland, read Auckland. Page 1 14, line 7, for Freizer, read Frazier. Page 1 20, line 24, for Gysophoca, read Gypsophoca. Page 131, line 26, for Orctocephalus, read Arctocephalus. Page 133, line 2, for Mas-a-Fuero, read Mas-a-Fuera. Page 143, line 10, for Galictis vittata, read Grison vittatus. Page 144, line 6, for Thiosomus, read Thiosmus. Page 159, line 1 6, for incensce, read incense. Page 184, line 6, for Callages, read Gal legos. Page 319, line 20; for Guaina, read Guainia. Page 373, line 8, for Rio REBEIRO, read Rio RIBEIRA. Page 373, line 10, for Rebeiro, read Ribeira. Page 373, lines 10, 21, 23, 24, 32, for Rebeira, read Ribeiro. Page 373, line 28, for f, read *. Page 373, lines 35, 36, for Trichomycterus, read Pygidium. Page 374, line I, for Trichomycterus, read Pygidium. Page 374, lines I, 7, 8, IO, 14, 17, 21, 22, for Rebeira, read Ribeiro. Page 374, line 26, for Rebeira, read Ribeira. Page 374, line 28, for autocthon, read autochthon. Page 384, col. i, line 34, for BREVIGLANIS, read BRACHYGLANIS. Page 384, col. i, lines 35, 37, 39, 41, for Breviglanis, read Brachyglanis. Page 384, col. 2, line 17, for CHASMOCEPHALUS, read CHASMOCRANUS. 689 690 ERRATA Page 384, col. 2, lines 18, 21, 23, for Chasmocephalus read Chasmocranus. Page 399, col. I, line 39, for corduvense, read cordovense. Page 400, col. 2, line 9, for giiianensis, read guianense. Page 404, col. i, line 8, for comtnersonii, read commersoni. Page 405, col. 2, line 11, for HYPOPTOPOMIN^E, read HYPOPTOPOMATIN.E. Page 408, col. I, line i, for N. duseni, read H. duseni Ribeiro. Page 413, col. i, line 37, for Loricaria dura Linnaeus, read Loricaria dura Bleeker. Page 416, col. 2, line 14, for Farlovuella oca, read F. acus. Page 417, col. i, line 22, for Cyclopium longifile, read C. longifilis. Page 421, col. i, line 23, for Curimatus spiluropis, read C. spiluropsis. Page 424, col. i , line 34, for Prochilodus hartii, read P. harttii. Page 434, col. 2, line 42, for Piabina argentcus, read P. argentea. Page 443, col. i, line 4, for Myletus, read Myletes. Page 45 7, col. 2, line 21, for Labias, read Lebias. Page 465, col. i, line 28, Chirostoma ocotlane, read C. ocotlance. Page 467, col. i, line 15, for Pristopoma, read Pnstipoma. Page 468, col. i, line 4, for Johnius crouvina, ready, corvinus. Page 468, col. 2, line 10, for Pachyunts sc ho mburgki, read P. schomburgkii. Page 479, col. 2, line 31, for Platox, read Platax. Page 484, col. i, line 22, for Myleobatidae, read Myliobatidae. Page 484, col. 2, line 22, for Paeciliidae, read Pcecilliidse. Page 573, lines 22, 36, for P. filipponei, read P. felipponei. Page 573, lines 38, 40, for POTAMOLITHUS FILIPPONEI, read P. FELIPPONEI. Page 574, line 13, for Filippone, read Felippone. Page 579, under POTAMOLITHUS CHLORis,/5, 3", 315, 36o, 362, 371, 372, 562 Colombian area, 633 Colomesus, 484 Colomesus psittacus, 326, 484 Colonia, 545, 558, 577, 578, 579, 580, 588 Colorado, 176, 177, 178, 643, 644, 653 River, 303, 333 basin of, 312 Colossoma, 335, 444 bidens, 444 hemiarium, 444 mitrei, 350, 444 nigripinnis, 444 oculus, 444 orbignyanum, 444 orbignyanus, 350 Columbia River basin, 313 Commander Ids., 123 Comoro Ids., 363 Concepcion, 604 Conception Bay, 305 Conejos, 27 Conepatus, 4, 143 castaneus, 144, 145 chinga, 143 humboldti, 143, 144 leuconotus, 143 nasutus, var. chilensis, 144 var. humboldti, 144 Coneys, 29 Conorhynchos, 389 conirostris, 331, 389 glaber, 337, 389 nelsoni, 390 Cook, Capt., 115 Strait, 659 Coosa River, 569 Cope, E. D., 151, 259, 494, 495, 496, 500 Copeina, 428 argyrops, 428 guttata, 428 nattereri, 428 Copepoda, 636, 638, 664 Coppinger, R. W., 151, 515, 517, 519, 533 "Coquille" voyage of, 113, 117 Corbicula, 514 Corbiculidae, 603 Cordilleras, 2, 13, 14, 20, 21, 26, 35, 39, 40, 41, 47, 48, 54, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79, 712 INDEX. 83, 84, 147, 160, 161, 164, 173, 173, 260, «93, 294, 3". 317. 318, 353, 370, 371. 5»4. 636, 640, 650, 653, 686 Cordoba, province of, 30, 41, 57, 360, 552 Cormorants, 149 Corneocyclas davisi, 604 magellanica, 606 magellanicus, 603 Corneola, 603 Gorilla, 307 Corona, 620 Corrientes, province of, 562, 587, 596 Corriken Aike, 90, 213, 214 Corumba, 339 Corvina biloba, 468 grunniens, 468 monacantha, 468 Corydoras, 402 acutus, 403 aeneus, 327, 403 agassizii, 403 ambiacus, 403 amphibelus, 403 armatus, 403 aurofrenatus, 342, 403 australe, 342 australis, 403 edentatus, 393 eigenmanni, 403 elegans, 403 eques, 403 geoffroy, 402, 403 hastatus, 403 julii, 403 juquiae, 403 marmoratus, 403 microps, 342, 403 nattereri, 337, 403 paleatus, 342, 348, 403 punctatus, 322, 403 punclatus, 403 raimundi, 403 treitlii, 403 trilineatus, 403 Corymbophanes, 404 Corynopoma, 438 Corynopoma riisei, 438 veedonii, 438 Coscinoxyron, 440 culter, 440 Costa Rica, 71 Cotylephorus, 380 Cotylopus, 363, 364, 481 acutipinnis, 481 gymnogaster, 481 punctatus, 481 salvini, 481 Coues, E., 62, 66, 67 Cougars, 177 Cox, 96 J- C., 549 Coy Inlet, 54, 75 Crab, 149 Crabs, fresh-water, 294, 627 Crawshay, Capt., 519, 520 Creagoceros, 10 Creagroceros chilensis, 12 Creagrutus, 258, 308, 361, 435 affinis, 435 argenteus, 332 distribution of, *359 melanzonus, 435 mulleri, 314, 316, 435 nasutus, 435 peruanus, 314, 435 Creatochanes, 257, 435 affinis, 324, 435 caudomaculatus, 435 gracilis, 435 melanurus, 324, 345, 435 Crenicara, 477 elegans, 477 punctulata, 326, 477 Crenicichla, 477 acutirostris, 478 adspersa, 347, 478 albopunctata, 477 anthurus, 477 argynnis, 477 cincta, 478 elegans, 477 fasciata, 478 INDEX. 713 Crenicichla frenata, 477 funebris, 478 geayi, 477 Johanna, 326, 478 j. vittata, 478 lacustris, 339, 374, 477 lenticulata, 326, 478 lenticulata, 478 lepidota, 347, 477 lucius, 477 lugubris, 326, 478 macrophthalmus, 477 marmorata, 477 multispinosa, 326, 478 obtusirostris, 478 orinocensis, 469 ornata, 478 polysticta, 477 Proteus, 477 punctata, 477 saxatilis, 326, 328, 347, 477 semicincta, 477 strigata, 478 vaillanti, 477 vittata, 326, 347, 477 wallacii, 326, 477 Crenuchinae, 254, 430 Crenuchus, 430 spilurus, 324, 430 Cretaceous period, 612, 619, 620, 621, 624, 626, 627, 629, 632, 633 Cricetinae, North American, 44 Cromeria, 271 Crosse, C. H., 524 Crozet Ids., 97, 98, 122 Crustacea, 86, 293, 629, 635 Antarctic, 662 cosmopolitan, 662 fresh-water, 664 Magellanian, 662 marine, 635 Titicacan, 307 West- American, 662 Ctenobrycon, 435 alleni, 435 hauxwellianus, 324, 344, 435 Ctenobrycon multifasciatus, 435 spilurus, 435 Ctenodactylidae, 34 Ctenodactylus, 33, 34 Ctenogobius, 481 Ctenolucius, 446 Ctenomys, 4, 03, 84, 33, 34, 37, 40 bergi, 41 boliviensis, 40 brasiliensis, 34 colburni, 5, 43 fueginus, 35, 37 magellanica, 24, 40, 42 magellanicus, 34, 37, 38, 40 mendocina, 43 neglectus, 35, 36, 37 osgoodi, 191 pundti, 41 robustus, 5, 38, 40, 41, 44, 191 sericeus, 5, 40, 43, 44 Cuba, 279, 354, 363 Cudajao, 248 Culius, 480 cequidens, 480 Cumaceen, 646 Cunningham, R., 19, 494, 651 Curico, 285, 288 Curimatella, 335, 420 alburna, 420 a. australis, 420 a. caudimaculata, 421 a. lineata, 421 alburnus, 323, 343 a. australe, 343 lepidurus, 332, 420 meyeri, 420 serpae, 420 xinguensis, 421 Curimatinae, 253, 420 Curimatopsis, 420 macrolepis, 420 microlepis, 420 Curimatus, 361, 421 abramoides, 422 acutidens, 426 albula, 421 INDEX. Curimatus albulus, 431 altamazonicits, 422 amazonum, 423 argenteus, 327, 421 asper, 422 aureus, 422 bimaculatus, 343, 421 b. sialis, 421 b. trachystethus, 421 boulengeri, 313, 422 brevipes, 422 conspersus, 421 copei, 422 cyprinoides, 323, 422 cyprinoides, 420, 422 distribution of, *356 dobula, 421 dorsalis, 421 elegans, 338,421 e. bahiensis, 338, 421 e. nitens, 343, 421 e. Paraguay ensis, 421 essequibensis, 323, 422 falcatus, 422 gilberti, 332, 338, 343, 349, 374, 421 g. brevipinnis, 349, 421 gilli, 343, 421 giintheri, 421 gunlheri, 422 hypostomus, 422 isognathus, 422 knerii, 323, 422 leuciscus, 422 1. boliviae, 422 leucostictus, 428 macrops, 422 magdalenae, 313, 316, 421 microcephalus, 323, 421 mivartii, 316, 422 nagelii, 421 nagelii, 338 nasus, 343, 421 nigrotaenia, 343, 421 nitens, 421 notatus, 421 ocellatus, 422 Curimatus platana, 349 platanus, 422 plumbeus, 421 pristigaster , 420 rutiloides, 343, 422 schomburgkii, 323, 422 simulatus, 422 spiluropis, 421 spilurus, 323, 343, 421 troschelii, 313, 421 vittatus, 422 voga, 421 Curirmatus spiluropsis, 349 Cuttle-fish, 149 Cuvier F., 51, 52, 86, 91, 94, 104, 113, 118, 120, 121, 127 G., 103, 112, 118, 121, 127, 486 & Valenciennes, M., 319, 487, 488, 489 Cuyaba, 318, 339 Cuzco, 561 Cychla fasciata, 478 fiavo-maculata, 469 nigro-maculata, 469 rubro-ocellata, 470 rutilans, 477 trifasciata, 469 Cychlasoma, 471 Cycladeen, 603, 604 Cyclas argentina, 605 chiliensis, 604 forbesii, 604 lauricochcB, 604 pulchella, 603 Cyclonarce, 377 Cyclophoridae, 622, 625 distribution of, *625 Cyclopidae, 416, 484 Cyclopium, 305, 308, 312, 360, 371, 416 boulengeri, 417 brachycephalus, 417 brachycephalus, 417 chotse, 417 cyclopium, 417 cyclopium, 416 distribution of, *359 eigenmanni, 416 INDEX. 715 Cyclopium eigenmanni, 417 festae, 417 fissidens, 417 guntheri, 417 heterodon, 417 homodon, 417 humboldtii, 416, 417 longifile, 417 marmoratum, 417 orientale, 417 peruanum, 417 prenadilla, 417 prenadilla, 417 retrospina, 417 sabalo, 417 simonsii, 417 taczanowski, 417 theresiae, 417 vaillanti, 417 whymperi, 416 whymperi, 417 Cyclostoma, 231 Cyclostomata, 231 Cyclostomatidae, 613, 616, 622, 625 Cylindrosteus, 379 Cymodocea, 649 darwini, 636, 649, 662 Cymotheidae, 646 Cynodon, 444 gibbus, 444 Cynodontichthys, 453 tenuis, 301, 453 Cynodontinae, 256, 444 Cynolebias, 455 bellottii, 350, 455 elongatus, 350, 455 maculatus, 350, 455 porosus, 455 robustus, 350, 455 Cynopotamus, 335, 444 argenteus, 350 biserialis, 445 gulo, 445 humeralis, 325, 346, 350, 445 kneri, 346 knerii, 350 Cynopolamus magdalenee, 316, 346 molossus, 445 Cyphocharax, 421 Cypridae, 639 Cyprinidae, 238, 297, 418, 484 Cyprinodon, 456 amazonus, 456 bovinus, 456 dearborn! , 456 elegans, 456 eximius, 298, 456 gibbosus, 456 latifasciatus, 300, 456 martae, 456 variegatus, 456 Cyprinus cephalus, 448 cylindricus, 448 leuciscus, 419 Cyrenacea, 612 Cyrenidae, 514 Cyrtocharax, 444 Cystophora, 94 angustirostris, 97 cristata, 93, 94 falklandica, 96, 97 kerguelensis, 96, 97 leonina, 96 proboscidea, 95, 97 Cystophora, 94 £)ADAY, E. VON, 638, 639, 640, 645, 664 Dajaus, 463 monticola, 463 Dall, W. H., 606 Dalliidae, 228 Dalmatia, 564, 565 Dampier, W., 115, 137 Dana, J. D., 649, 658, 661 Daphnia, 640 hastata, 636, 640, 664 pulex, var. hastata, 640 Daphnidae, 640 Darien, Gulf of, 311 Isthmus of, 309, 310 Darwin, C., 3, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 29, 33, 45, 716 INDEX. 52, 54- 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 72, 75, 149, 153, 185, 186, 211 Darwin Channel, 150 Dasicyon, 153 Dasyatidae, 378, 484 Dasybatus, 377 Dasypoda, 6 Dasypodidae, 7 Dasyprocta patachonica, 28 patagonium, 28 Dasyproctidae, 4 Dasypterus, 190 ega, 190, 191 e. argentinus, 191 villosissimus, 191 Dasypus, 6 ciliatus, 5, ^ (Euphractus) minutus, 7 hybridus, 6 minutus, ^ patagonicus, 5, 7 (Tatusia) minutus, 8 Dasypus, 7 Davalla, 397 Day, F., 499 Dean, B., 504 Decapoda, 637, 657 Decapods, fresh-water, 620 Decapogon, 402 adspersum, 402 Deer, 4, 10, n Chilian, 2, 15 Guamul, 14 Patagonian, 10, 22 Virginia, 15 Delfin, F. J., 504, 506 Delalande, 121 Delturus, 335, 405, 409 angulicauda, 337 parahybae, 337, 409 Derby, O., 295 Dermatocheir, 437 catablepta, 437 Dermopteri, 231 Desmarest, A. G. ,32, 33, 97, 104, 1 12, 1 13, 1 15, 185 Desolation Id., 130 Deutellocaracolus, 622 Deuterodon, 256, 335, 431 angulicauda, 337 depressirostris, 431 iguape, 338, 374, 431 nasutus, 431 parahybae, 338, 431 pedri, 338, 431 pinnatus, 431 potaroensis, 431 rosce, 338, 374 Dianema, 402 longibarbis, 402 Diapoma, 438 speculiferum, 438 speculiferus, 350 Diapominae, 254, 438 Diatoms, 673 Dicrossus, 477 maculatus, 477 Didelphis, 26 Diluvial time, 372 Dionda, 418 amara, 419 couchi, 419 fluviatilis, 419 melanops, 419 Diplodon, 514, 610, 616, 627, 628, 631, 632, 633 frenzellii, 610 patagonicus, 515, 610 Diplolaemus bibronii, 212, 221, 223 darwini, 222 darwinii, 212, 221, 222 darwinii, 221, 222 Diplolepis, 467 Diplommatinidae, 613, 625 Diplomystax, 242 papillosus, 242 Diplomyste, 227, 229, 239, 240, 242, 381 papillosus, 242, 291, 292, 381 Diplomystes, 242 papillosus, 242 Diplomystidae, 240, 241, 381, 484 Dipneumona, 379 INDEX. 717 Dipneustes, 369 Dipnoi, 379 Dipturus, 377 Dipus maximus, 31, 32 Disceus, 378 Distichodontinse, 253 Dobson, G. E., 187 Doering, A., 514, 519, 520, 521, 548, 552 Dog, crab-eating, 153 Falkland Id., 153 Magellanic, 153 wild, 159 Dolichotis, 23, 28 magellanica, 28 m. centricola, 30 patachonica, 28 patagonica, 28 salinicola, 30 Dollfuss, A., 647, 648, 649, 650 Dollo, L., 507 Dombeia, 531 Doradinse, 240, 241, 392 Doras, 335, 392 affinis, 321, 393 albomaculatus, 321, 392 armatulus, 321, 393 asterifrons, 393 blochii, 393 brachiatus, 393 brunneus, 393 carinatus, 392 castaneo-ventris, 321, 393 cataphractus, 321, 393 costatus, 321, 331, 341, 393 costatus, 393 crocodili, 393 dentatus, 321, 393 dorsalis, 321, 392 flavopictus, 393 granulosus, 341, 348, 392 grypus, 393 hancockii, 393 heckelii, 393 helicophilus, 321, 392 humboldti, 393 lithogaster, 392 Doras longipinnis, 315 longispinis, 392 maculatus, 341, 392 marmoratus, 331, 393 monitor, 393 murica, 392 nauticus, 393 nebulosus, 341,393 niger, 393 oxyrhynchus , 394 papilionatus, 392 pectinifrons, 393 poly gramma, 393 polyramma, 393 regani, 392 spinosissimus, 393 stenopeltis, 394 truncatus, 393 uranoscopus, 392 weddellii, 341, 393 Doria, 188 Dormitator, 480 gundlachi, 480 lineatus, 480 macula ta, 299 maculatus, 302, 328, 480 microphthalmus, 480 Dorosoma, 452 anale, 301, 452 chavesi, 452 exile, 298, 301, 452 notatum, 452 petenense, 452 Dorosomidae, 452, 484 Doryhamphus lineatus, 328 Dromedarius, 18 Dum6ril, A., 490, 493 M. C., 486, 491 Duopalatinus, 391 emarginatus, 331, 391 gceldii, 391 Duplicaria, 531 bonariensis, 531, 545 Durbin, M. L., 511 Durnford, H., 27, 52, 55, 57, 76, 187 Dusicyon, 153 7i8 INDEX. Dusky Bay, 104 Dybowski, W., 524 Dynamene, 649 eatoni, 636, 649, 662 Dysichthys, 335, 380 australe, 340 australis, 380 coracoideus, 380 PAST ASIATIC CENTER, 625 Falkland Id., 45 Eastern Hemisphere, 615 Echimyidae, 34 Echimys, 33 Ecrobia, 553 Ecuador, 58, 266, 270, 294, 305, 307, 311, 312, 315. 335, 353, 36o, 361, 371, 548, 552, 561, 562, 602, 603, 604 Edentata, 6 Edotia, 646, 663, 664 tuberculata, 636, 646, 662 Edotiidae, 646 Eel, gymnotid, 355, 357 synbranchid, 354 Ehlers, E., 500 Eigenmann, C., 225, 319, 330, 347, 375, 376, 448, 497, 498, 499, 500, 502, 504, 505, 506,507,509,510,511 & Bean, B. A., 509 & Bray, W. L., 500 & Eigenmann, R. S., 847, 319, 375, 498, 499 & Kennedy, C. H., 506 & McAtee, W. L., & Ward, D. P., 509 & Morris, A. A., 347, 504, 505 & Ogle, F., 509 & Ward, D. P., 376, 448 Eigenmannia, 335, 361, 449 axillaris, 449 distribution of, *355 humboldtii, 314, 316, 449 microps, 325, 449 troscheli, 449 virescens, 325, 333, 346, 350, 449 Eigenmannina, 420 melanopogon, 420 Eigenmannina orinocensis, 420 Electrophoridae, 362, 369, 450, 484 Electrophorus, 450 electricus, 325, 450 Eleotris, 480 amblyopsis, 480 belizianus, 480 dormitatrix, 480 grandisquama, 480 guavina, 480 gyrinus, 480 latifrons, 480 longiceps, 480 mugiloides, 480 omocyaneus, 480 perniger, 480 picta, 480 pictus, 299 pisonis, 480 sima, 480 somnolentus, 480 E16phant marin, 102 Eligmodon, 50 Eligmodontia, 4, 5, 44, 50, 56, 57, 58 elegans, 51, 54 gracilipes, 54 griseoflava, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57 g. centralis, 57 g. domorum, 57 lepida, 82 morgani, 5, 50, 53 typus, 50, 51, 53, 54 Elliot, D. G., 182 Ellipesurus, 378 spinicauda, 321, 378 Elminius, 637, 663, 664 kingi, 636, 637, 662 Elopidae, 453, 484 Elopomorphus, 420 jordani, 420 orinocensis, 323 Endodontidae, 516, 519, 612, 613, 614, 631, 632 Engelmann, 610 Engraulidae, 451, 484 Engraulis dentex, 452 grossidens, 452 INDEX. 719 Engraulis Janeiro, 452 macrolepidotus, 451 Enidae, 612 Entrerios, province of, 530 Eobrycon, 336 Eocene epoch, 295, 612, 622, 626, 633 Epapterus, 396 colymbetes, 397 dispilurus, 396, 397 Epicyrtus, 444 exodon, 446 gibbosus, 445 macrolepis, 444 microlepis, 445 Epiphallogona, 622 Epiphragmophora, 622 Equus, II bisulcus, 10, II, 12 "Erebus & Terror," H. M. S., 89, 90, 92, 93, 119 Eremophilus, 245, 248, 371, 400 mutisii, 308, 400 Erioryzomys, 46 Erosion by rodents, 24, 25 Erythricthys, 475 Erythrinidee, 252 Erythrininae, 256, 447 Erythrinus, 448 brasiliensis, 447 brevicauda, 448 cinereus, 448 erythrinus, 323, 338, 448 gronovii, 448 kessleri, 448 longipinnis, 323, 448 macrodon, 447 microcephalus , 447 salmoneus, 448 trahira, 447 unitaniatus, 448 vitiatus, 448 Eslopsarum, 464 Eslopsarum, 280 jordani, 280 Esocidae, 228 Esox longirostris, 462 Esox malabaricus, 447 ovinus, 456 Espino, 653 Espirito Santo, state of, 565 Essequibo, 361 Etheostoma, 468 flabellare, 468 micropterus, 468 ppttsii, 300, 352, 353, 468 Etheria, distribution of, 618 Etheriidse, 613, 615 distribution of, *6l8 Euanemus, 397 longipinnis, 397 Eucalodiinae, distribution of, *625 Eucervaria, 166 Euctenogobius latus, 482 Eucynopotamus, 445 gulo, 445 httmeralis, 445 knerii, 445 magdalense, 445 Eucypris, 639 sarsi, 636, 639 Euglandina, distribution of, *623 Eulamus affinis, 221 Eulamia, 377 Eumetopias, 99, 100, 104, 122 jubata, 114 Euneomys, 4, 5, 44, 62, 66 chinchilloides, 67, 69 petersoni, 5, 67, 68 Eunothocyon, 152, 155 parvidens, 152 sladeni, 152 urostictus, 152 Euotaria, 120, 126 latirostris, 126, 128, 129 nigrescens, 126 Eupera, 602, 615 bahiensis, 603 modioliformis, 603 tumida, 603 Eiiphractus, ^ minutus, 8 Europe, 294, 364, 365, 368, 522, 523, 532, 549, 720 INDEX. 552, 553, 569, 612, 615, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 631, 640, 643, 663, 686, 687 Eurypodius, 660, 663, 664 latreillei, 637, 660, 662 Evarra, 419 eigenmanni, 419 tlahuacensis, 419 Eventognathi, 252 Evermann, B. W., 502, 508, 511 & Goldsborough, E. L., 506, 511 & Kendall, W. C., 416, 507, 508 & Marsh, M. C., 506 &Radcliffe, L., 511 Evermannella, 445 Evermannolus, 445 biserialis, 446 Evorthodus, 481 breviceps, 328, 481 catulus, 481 Exodon, 446 paradoxus, 325, 446 Exomegas, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 376 gattegensis, 292 macrostomus, 234, 235, 236, 292, 348, 376 m. gallegensis, 235, 236, 377 Exosphaeroma, 646, 663 gigas, 636, 646, 647, 648, 649, 662 gigas, 647 lanceolatum, 636, 646, 647, 662 Expedition, Belgian Antarctic, 93 French, see Mission Hamburg, 669, 687 Plankton, 646 Roca, 515, 610 Ross's Antarctic, 93 Swedish Antarctic, 214, 519 U. S. Exploring, 515 Eyra, 167 Eydoux & Souleyet, 488 PAHLBERG, s., 486 Falcula, 419 chapalae, 304, 419 Falkland Ids., 85, 88, 97, 98, 104, 109, no, III, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 153, 228, 272, 273, 275, 276, 278, 509, 519, 528, 534, 637, 646, 647, 649, 650, 658, 659, 660, 661 Falkner, J., 27 Falls of Madeira, 328 Para, 320 Parana, 339, 352 San Francisco, 330 Tapajos, 328 Tocantins, 328 Xingu, 328 Faninj J., 178 Faraday, M., 488 Farallon Ids., 139 Farionella, 277, 462 gayii, 278, 291, 462 Farlowella, 405, 416 aca, 416 amazonum, 416 carinata, 416 gladiolus, 416 gladius, 416 gracilis, 416 kneri, 416 oxyrhynchus, 416 Fauna, Archamazonian, 294 Archiplatan, 627 Brazilian, 629 Chilian, 629 Crustacean, Antarctic, 663, 664 Arctic, 663, 664 cosmopolitan, 662 fresh-water, 664 Lake Titicaca, 307 Magellanian, 663, 664 marine, 662 Patagonian, 663, 664 West-American, 662 Fishes, African, 294, 363, 369 Amazonian, 329, 333, 339, 351, 353, 371, 376, 484 Andean, 296 Archiguianian, 305 Archiplatan, 369 Atlantic slope, 312, 352, 353, 360, 362, 363 Brazilian, 230, 294, 296, 307 INDEX. 721, Fauna, Fishes, Caribbean, 293 Central American, 310, 353 Chilian, 295 Colorado River, 333 East Brazilian, 309, 329, 373 Ecuadorian, 293, 353 Guianian, 319, 320, 329, 371, 375 Mexican, 296, 305, 353 lowland, 371 plateau, 371 Neotropical, 239 North American, 296, 297, 310, 363 Pacific slope, 309, 352, 361, 362, 363, 370, 371, 376 Paraguayan, 351 Patagonian, 296, 352, 369 Peruvian, 353 South American, 296, 305, 309, 310, 363, 369, 627 South Chilian, 352 Southeastern Brazilian, 328, 339, 351, 352 Transition, 296 Trinidad, 327, 371 tropical, 297 tropical American, 227, 229, 247, 290, 293. 363. 369 fresh-water, 293, 295, 614, 626 African, 294 Amazonian, 327 autochthonous, 327 Brazilian, 294 Chilian, 295 Cretaceous, 295 West Indian, 327 Mammalia, Patagonian, 294 South American, 7 Mollusca, African, 614 Amazonian, 514 Archhelenic, 614, 622 Caenogseic, 612, 616 Caribbean, 295 Ecuadorian, 293 Eogseic, 613 Falkland, 515 Fuegian, 515 Fauna, Mollusca, La Platan, 513, 514 Magellanic, 5/5, 529 Mexico-Antillean, 622 Middle American, 622, 624, Northern, 613 Patagonian, 513, 629 primitive, 612, 613 Rio Negro, 514 Santa Cruz, 515 Pleuroceratid, 625 South American, 611, 632, 633 Southern, 613 Faunas, fresh -water mussel, 628 gastropod, 628 Lymnaeid, 627 Unionid, 628 Faxon, W., 651, 653, 654, 655, 657 Felichthys, 381 bagre, 381 filamentosus, 381 marinus, 381 Felichthys, 396 Felidae, 4, 164 Felids, Patagonian, 165 Felis, 165, 166, 167, 178, 179, 180, 183 catus, 166, 167 colocola, 179 concolor, 164, 167, 168, 172, 174, 178 c. pearsoni, 169, 170, 174, 178 c. puma, 167, 168, 172, 173 eyra, 167, 180 geoffroyi, 179, 180, 182, 183 guigna, 180, 182, 183 jaguarondi, 180 jubata, 166 leopardus, 167, 179 lynx, 166 macroura, 179, 180 melanurus, 179 milis, 179 moormensis, 167 olympus, 178 onca, 164, 166, 167, 173 (Oncifelis) geoffroyi, 180 (Oncoides) geoffroyi, 180 pajero, 184 .722 INDEX. Fclis pajeros, 167, 180, 183, 185 p. concina, 183, 184, 185 pardalis, 179, 180 pardinoides, 180 passerum, 183 pearsoni, 174 planiceps, 1 66 />«ma, 167, 168, 169 p. patagonica, 168, 178 p. pearsoni, 169, 174 tigrina, 179, 180 uncia, 167 (Uncia) puma, 167 vtVemna, 179 tw#fi, 179 yagouarondi, 167 Felton, H. S., 187 Ferae, 85 Fernando Noronha, 620 Ferrusacidae, 612, 622 Fiji Ids., 549, 630 Filhol, H., 659 Filippi F., 490 Filippone, F., 574, 591, 592, 593 Fischer, G., 103 Fischer, P., 611; & Crosse, 524 Fishes, Atlantic coast, 353 Brazilian, 307 cyprinid, 295 fresh-water, 226, 227, 294, 295, 318, 626 distribution of S. A., 248 Mississippi valley, 297 Pacific coast, 353 Panama Bay, 353 Patagonian, 225, 247 Rio Amazon, 329, 333, 339, 351, 353, 371, 376, 484 Balsas, 300 Geronimo, 302 Grande (del Norte), 290, 897, 333, 352 doSul, 351, 352 de La Plata, 229, 347, 351, 352 Lerma, 333 Magdalena, 371 Mezquital, 300, 352 Fishes, Rio Motagua, 371 Panuco, 230, 298 Papaloapam, 297, 301 Paraguay (basin) 339, 340, 371 Parana, 347, 352 Presidio, 294 Ribeira, 373 San Francisco, 352, 371, 372 Verde, 302 Yaqui, 352 South American, 299 Tertiary, 370 Titicacan, 372 Fiske, 620 Fitzinger, L. J., 488 Fitzroy, Capt., 89, 90, 91 Fitzroya, 457 lineata, 457 pyrogramma, 457 Flagg, H. C., 486 Flammulina, 517, 518 (Allodiscus) roblini, 517 Florida, 45, 569, 653, 654 Floridian Oligocene island, 626 Flower, W. H., 97, 112 & Lydekker, R., 89 Fluminicola, 549 Fluviopupa, 549 pupoidea, 549 Forbes, 602, 632, 674 Forster, J. R., 102, 103, 104, 114, 115, 117 Fossils, fishes, 336, 340 land-mammals, 340 land-snails, Cretaceous, 612 Mesozoic, 615 Tertiary, 612, 615 marine invertebrates, 293 sharks' teeth, 340 Fowler, H. W., 280, 506, 508 Fowlerina, 441 orbicutaris, 324, 338, 441 paraguayensis, 345, 441 Fox, 159, 160, 162 Azara, 153 Cordillera, 164 gray, 2, 159, 161 INDEX. 723 Fox, pampa, 160, 163, 164 Foxes, 160, 161 Aguara, 154 gray, of Patagonia, 158 South American, 158 France, 93, 532, 552 Frauenfeld, G. von, 546, 564 Fray Bentos, 547, 567, 577, 580, 581, 588, 589 Frazier, A. F., 115 Fretins, 273 Freycinet, L., 102 Fridolinia, 622 Fuegians, 149 Fundulus, 307, 363, 364, 368, 453 balzanii, 346, 454 cubensis, 454 extensus, 453 guatemalensis, 314, 453 heteroclitus, 298 labialis, 454 mudfish, 453 oaxacaR, 453 oxacce, 302 pachycephalus, 454 paraguayensis, 346, 454 punctatus, 453 vinctus, 453 Furcifer, 10 andinus, 12 chilensis, 13 huamel, 12 QADUS LACUSTRIS, 382 Gaimard, G., 487 Galactocheilus, 622 Galapagos Ids., 100, 109, 112, 116, 123, 124, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 141 Galatheidae, 659 Galaxies, 271 Galaxias, 228, 229, 271, 462 alpinus, 273, 291, 292, 462 alpinus, 275, 276 attenuatus, 271, 272, 274, 462 bollansi, 272 bullocki, 462 coppingeri, 276, 292, 462 Galaxias delfini, 276, 292, 462 gracillimus, 273, 274, 275 grandis, 276, 292, 462 maculatus, 27J, 274, 275, 291, 292, 462 maculatus, 274 minutus, 275, 292, 462 platei, 273, 274, 276, 292, 462 punctatus, 275, 292, 462 smittii, 462 titcombi, 276, 292, 462 truttaceus, 271, 462 Galaxidce, 271 Galaxiidse, 227, 228, 271, 272, 462, 484 distribution of, *3&4 Galba, 522, 525, 622 Galecynus, 152 latidens, 152 lemur, 152 Galei, 377 Galeichthys, 381 aguadulce, 301, 381 blochii, 381 feliceps, 381 guatemalensis, 381 Galeidae, 377, 484 Golem, 147 Galeus vulgaris, 348 Galictis, 147 vittata, 143 Gallegos, 235, 283, 635, 646 Bay, 635 Gambusia, 456 affinis, 298, 457 annectens, 456 bonita, 301, 457 episcopi, 456 fasciata, 302, 457 gracilis, 300, 457 gracilis, 457, 458 infans, 304, 457 modes to, 459 nicaraguensis, 457 plumbea, 459 punctata, 456 puncticulata, 456 rhabdophora, 457 724 INDEX. Gambusia senilis, 457 speciosa, 457 terrabensis, 457 tridentiger, 457 Garces, M., 499 Garden, A., 485 Carman, S. H., 378, 455, 495, 496, 499 Garmanina, 425 Garnieria, 626 Garnot, see Lesson Gasterodermis, 402 Gasteropelicina?, 255, 439 Gasteropelecus, 335, 361, 439 distribution of, *357 fasciatus, 439 maculatus, 314 securis, 439 stettatus, 439 sternicla, 324, 439 strigatus, 439 Gasterotomus, 422 latior, 422 Gastrophysus, 484 Gastropoda, 516 air-breathing, 6ll fresh -water, 628 Gastropterus, 279, 362, 370, 464 archseus, 308, 464 beardsleei, 464 Gay, C., 49, 490 & Gervais, 1 1 Genidens, 381 cuvieri, 381 genidens, 337, 348, 381 granulosus, 381 Gente Grande, 526 Bay, 533 Geoff roy, 190 Geomyidae, 26, 34, 41 Geophagus, 478 acuticeps, 479 altifrons, 478 amcenus, 478 australis, 479 badiipinnis, 469 balzanii, 347, 479 Geophagus brachyurus, 351, 479 brasiliensis, 339, 351, 374, 471, 478, 479 brasiliensis, 478 bucephalus, 479 camopiensis, 326, 479 camurus, 479 crassilabris, 317, 479 cupido, 326, 479 daemon, 479 duodecimspinosus, 479 ejurupari, 347 gymogenys, 339, 351, 472, 479 jurupari, 326, 479 jurupari, 479 labiatus, 479 leucostictus, 479 megasema, 478 (mesops) thayeri, 472 pappaterra, 479 pygmaus, 479 rhabdotus, 479 scymnophilus, 479 steindachneri, 317, 478 surinamensis, 326, 471, 478 Georgia, 628 Geotria, 229, 230, 232, 234, 236, 376 australis, 232, 233, 234, 235, 291, 376 chilensis, 232, 233, 292, 376 macrostoma gallegensis, 292 stenostomus, 233 Germain, L., 616 Gerrard, see Gray, J. E. Gervais, P., n, 146, 148, 182 Gestro, R.,226, 286 Giebel.C. G.,495 Gila conspersa, 419 modesta, 419 nigrescens, 419 Gilbert, C. H., 353, 497, 504 Gilbertella, 445 Gilbertollus, 445 alatus, 445 Gilbertolus alatus, 445 Gill, T., 89, 90, 104, 137, 141, 228, 234, 236, 411, 450, 470, 471, 491, 492, 494, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 501, 506, 612 INDEX. 725 Gill, T., & Bransford, J. F., 496 Gionionarce, 377 Girard, C., 248, 282, 490, 491 Girardinichthys, 455 innominatus, 455 Girardinus, 458 caucanus, 316, 458 caudimaculatus, 351 caudomaculatus, 346, 458 creolus, 458 denticulatus, 458 garmani, 458 iheringii, 458 januarius, 350, 458 metallicus, 458 Giton, 335, 450 fasciatus, 325, 450 Glabaris, 609 Glacial epoch, 372 Glandina, 532 Glanidium, 395 albescens, 331, 337, 374, 395 Glaridichthys, 457 falcatus, 458 latidens, 457 torralbasi, 458 uninotatus, 457 Glaridon, 457 latidens, 457 Glires, 23 Gloger, C., 94 Glossichthys, 483 Glossiphonia duplicata, 669, 675, 680, 681 683, 684, 685 elongata, 685 (Helobdella) chilensis, 669 (H.) michaelseni, 669, 681, 682 (H.) scutifera, 669, 675, 682, 683 lineata, 679, 681, 682, 684 michaelseni, 680, 682, 685 nepheloides, 685 scutifera, 680, 682, 683 simplex, 681, 685 stagnalis, 669, 677, 679, 685, 687 Glossiphonise, 685 Glossiphonids, 669 Gmelin, J. F., 486 Gobies, 297 Gobiidae, 327, 480, 484 Gobioides, 482 barreto, 482 brousonnettii, 482 peruanus, 314, 482 Gobiomorus dormitor, 480 Gobionellus, 481 Gobius, 481 amorea, 480 andrei, 481 badius, 481 banana, 482 bosci, 481 brunneus, 481 carolinensis, 481 catulus, 481 claytoni, 481 cristagalli, 481 cyprinoides, 481 dolichocephalus , 482 fasciatus, 328, 481 giintheri, 482 laceratus, 481 lineatus, 481 mapo, 481 martinicus, 482 microdon, 481 niger, 481 parvus, 481 pisonis, 480 plumieri, 481 soporator, 481 Goeldi, E. A., 502, 503, 505 Goeldie, Dr., 130 Goeldiella, 388 eques, 321, 388 Goldsborough, E. L., see Evermann Gondwana-Archhelenis continent, 615 Gondwana continent, 613, 614, 615, 632 Goniobasis comalensis fontinalis, 543 Gonyodiscus, 516 Goode, G. B., 99 Goodea, 300, 458 atripinnis, 298, 304, 458, 459 726 INDEX. Goodea alripinnis, 459 calientis, 459 luitpoldi, 304, 459 toweri, 298, 459 whitei, 300, 458 Goss, D. K., 498 Graham Land, 88 Grammichthys, 483 Grand Chaco, 143 Grandi Id., 19, 20 Grant, W. R. O., 497 Graodus, 419 nigrotaniatus, 419 Gray, J. E., 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 128, 129, 143, 144, 153, 155. 158, 159. 166. 179, 182, 490 & Gerrard, 490 Great Barrier, 91 Greenshields, 173 Grevy Id., 149 Griffith, R., 487 Grimothea gregaria, 659 nova-zelandicE, 659 Grison, 143, 147 Gronovius, L. T., 485 Gronow, L. T., 490 Guadelupe Id., 100, 122, 124, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139. HO. Hi. 142, 143 Guahyba, 546 Guajui, 307 Guamul, 2, II Patagonian, 14 Peruvian, 14 Guanaco, 2, 4, 10, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 159, 164, 172 Guanaco, 19 Guarico, 653 Guatemala, 252, 361 Guatzbu, 546, 558 Guavina, 480 brasiliensis, 480 guavina, 351, 480 Guemul, n, 371 Guenther, A., 233, 234, 236, 237, 241, 261, 309, 3io, 319, 351, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497 Guerne, J. de, 638 Guiana, 153, 248, 293, 318, 320, 321, 327, 329, 36o, 363, 370, 372, 619, 620 -Andean region, 622 British, 319 -Colombian center, 616, 617, 619, 620, 621, 626 French, 319, 360 Guianian center, 620 Guichenot, A., 489, 492 Guisan, 486 Gundlachia, 631 Guyaquil, 372, 562 Bay of, 312 Gymnocharicininae, 254, 425 Gymnocharacinus, 229, 253, 425 bergii, 253, 292, 425 Gymnocorymbus, 437 ternetzi, 344, 437 thayeri, 437 Gymnonoti, 252 Gymnotidse, 230, 238, 330, 333, 369, 376, 448, 450, 484 Gymnotids, 226 Gymnotus, 335, 450 (Equilabiatus, 314, 316 albifrons, 448 albus, 450 brachyurus, 450 carapo, 310, 325, 328, 346, 450 c. pantherinus, 450 campus, 333, 350, 450 electricus, 450 fasciatus, 450 longirostris, 449 putaol, 450 rostratus, 449 Gypsophoca, 120 Gyrotoma, 576 p^ABROTHRIX, 70, 81 Haddon, A. C., see Bridge Hajmopis, 670, 673, 674 marmoratus, 673 Hsemulidae, 467, 484 Hagmann, G., 505 INDEX. 727 Halarctus, 120 Halicarcinus, 660, 663 ovatus, 66 1 planatus, 637, 660, 662 pubescens, 660, 661 Halliday's ranch, 54, 75 Hamilton, R., 91, 92, 117, 118, 129 Hammonia, 586 Hancock, J., 487 Hansen, H. J., 646 Haplochilus harti, 328 Haplochiton, 277, 462 t&niatus, 278 zebra, 278 HaplochitonidcB, 277, 365 (see Aplochitonidse) distribution of, *365 Haplomi, 227, 270, 453 Hardy Peninsula, 72, 73, 273 Hare, 28, 29, 30 Harttia, 335, 403, 415 brevirostris, 415 kronei, 373, 415 loricariiformis, 337, 415 platystoma, 323, 415 Harvard University, 244 Hassar, 394 Hasemann, 579 Hatcher, J. B., 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 30, 40, 42, 90, 130, 148, 150, 159, 160, 162, 170, 171, 172, 177, 181, 185, eii, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 233, 234, 244, 250, 275, 277, 280, 283, 285, 287, 513, 515, 518, 520, 526, 528, 548, 552, 595, 635, 636, 648, 650, 662, 680 Hatcheria, 227, 230, 245, 248, 399 areolata, 248, 257, 291, 399 macraei, 248, 399 maculata, 248, 249, 291, 399 patagoniensis, 248, 250, 399 Haustor, 382 Hauville, M., 86 Hawaiian Ids., 522, 626 Hay, O. P., 152 Hazay, J., 524 Heard Id., 97, 98 Heckel, J., 470, 471, 488, 489 Hedley, C., 517, 630 Helenis, 294, 370 Heleobia, 550 Helices, Belogonous, 622, 626 distribution of Epiphallogonous, *625 Eocene of Europe, 622 Helicidae, 613, 622 Belogonous, 622, 626 dart-bearing, 625 distribution of Belogona Euadenia, * Epiphallogonous, 622, 625 Helicigona, 622 Helicinae, 622 Helicinidae, 612, 622, 625, 626 Heligmodontia, 50 Helicodiscus, 516 Helix lyrata, 518 ordinaria, 519 (Patularia) coppingeri, 517 (P.) magellanica, 517 saxatilis, 519 Heller, E., 109, 123, 134 Helobdella, 669, 685 Helogenes, 398 marmoratus, 322, 398 Hemiancistrus, 360, 361, 404, 408 annectens, 313, 408 aspidolepis, 313, 408 bovallii, 408 brachyurus, 408 distribution of, *357 longipinnis, 409 medians, 322, 408 megacephalus, 322, 408 oligospilus, 408 pictus, 408 platycephalus, 408 scaphirhynchus, 408 schomburgki, 408 schomburgkii, 322 trinitatis, 327 vittatus, 342, 408 Hemibrycon, 257, 358, 361, 432 distribution of, *358 guppii, 432 728 INDEX. Hemibrycon guppyi, 327 huambonicus, 432 ipanguianus, 432 jelskii, 432 polyodon, 313, 432 taeniurus, 327, 432 Hemicetopsis, 245, 398 candiru, 398 plumbeus, 398 Hemiclepsis tesselata, 686 Hemidoras, 394 affinis, 394 bachi, 394 brevis, 394 carinatus, 394 elongatus, 394 fimbriatus, 394 humeralis, 394 leporhinus, 394 lipophthalmus, 394 micropaeus, 394 microstomus, 394 morei, 394 nattereri, 394 notospilus, 394 orestes, 394 paraguayensis, 341, 394 punctatus, 394 stenopeltis, 394 stiibelii, 394 trachyparia, 394 trimaculatus, 394 wilder! , 394 Hemigrammus, 257, 335, 435 analis, 436 anisitsi, 344 belotti, 324 boulengeri, 436 callistrus, 344 cceruleus, 436 compressus, 301, 436 cupreus, 436 cylindricus, 436 elegans, 436 erythrozonus, 436 gracilis, 332, 344 Hemigrammus hyanuary, 436 iota, 436 kennedyi, 344, 435 laevis, 436 liitkeni, 344, 436 lunatus, 436 matei, 436 micropterus, 323, 436 microstomus, 436 nanus, 332, 435 ocellifer, 436 orthus, 436 riddlei, 323 rod way i, 436 santse, 332 schmardae, 436 tridens, 344, 436 ulreyi, 344, 435 unilineatus, 323, 327, 435, 436 Hemiloricaria, 413 Hemiodinae, 423 Hemiodon acipenserinus, 415 depressus, 415 Hemiodontichthys, 335, 405, 415 acipenserinus, 342, 415 Hemiodontinae, 253 Hemiodus, 335, 362, 423 argenteus, 423 crenidens, 423 fowleri, 423 goeldii, 423 gracilis, 332, 423 immaculatus, 323, 423 longiceps, 423 microcephalus, 423 microlepis, 343, 423 quadrimaculatus, 423 semitaeniatus, 323, 343, 423 unimaculatus, 323, 343, 423 Hemipsilichthys, 335, 404, 407 calmoni, 373, 407 cameroni, 408 gobio, 337, 407 Hemiplatystoma, 391 Hemirhombus fuscus, 482 Hemisorubim, 391 INDEX. 729 Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, 321, 391 platyrhynchus, 341 Henderson, J. R., 659 Henle,J.,487,488 Henochilus, 257, 335, 430 wheatlandi, 338, 430 Henonema, 246 Henonemus, 401 intermedius, 401 macrops, 401 maculatus, 348, 401 punctatus, 401 Hensel, R., 109, 176, 494, 546, 547 Henshaw, S., 226 Heptapterus, 384 eigenmanni, 384 multiradiatus, 384 mustelinus, 321, 340, 348, 374, 384 mustelinus, 384 Herichthys, 470 bocourti, 470 cyanoguttatum, 297, 299 cyanoguttatus, 470 geddesi, 470 Heros, 475 acaroides, 473 basilaris, 475 centrarchus, 473 coryphcBus, 475 efascialus, 475 festivus, 473 friederichsthalii, 476 gibbiceps, 474 goeldii, 473 helleri, 472 heterodontus , 475 insignis, 473 jenynsii, 473 lobochilus, 475 mactdipinnis , 472 managuensis , 476 melanopogon, 474 modestus, 475 montezuma, 474 motaguensis, 476 multispinosus, 469 niger, 473 £arma, 475 severus, 475 spurius, 475 temporatus, 470 triagramma, 476 troscheli, 476 Herotilapia, 469 multispinosa, 469 Herpailurus, 167, 180 Herpetocypris, 639 obliqua, 636, <5jp Hesperomys, 46, 49, 50, 58, 70, 80, 81, 82 (Acodon) michaelseni, So, 85 (Calomys) canescens, 73 (C.) coppingeri, 48 (C.) magellanicus, 47 (C.) xanthopygus, 58 elegans, 51,52 griseoflavus, 56 (Habrothorix) xanthorhinus, 83 (Habrothrix) longipilis, 76, 78 .) micropus, 60 .) xanthorhinus, 71, 73, 83 lutescens, 49 megalonyx, 70, 78 (Notiomys) edwardsii, 80, 8 1 (Oryzomys) longicaudatus, 47 philippii, 49 (Phyllotis) xanthopygus, 58 Heterandria, 459 cubensis, 459 lutzi, 301,302, 459 minor, 459 nobilis, 457 pleurospilus, 459 presidionis, 459 Heterobranchus sextentaculatus, 386 Heterognathi, 252 Heterognathus, 280, 464 humboldtianum, 280 Heterogramma, 478 agassizii, 478 borellii, 347, 478 corumbae, 347, 478 pleurotoenia, 478 73° INDEX. Heterogramma steindachneri, 478 tamiatum, 478 trifasciatum, 347, 478 Heteromyidae, 34 Heterosomata, 482 Heterurethra, 612 Hexanematichthys, 382 assimilis, 382 grandoculis, 382 Hidalgo, J. G., 597 Himalaya Mts., 182 Hippocamelus, 10 antisicnsis, 14 bisulcus, //, 12 dutnus, 10, II, 12 Hiririea, 584, 585 Hirudinea, 669 Hirudineen, 687 Hirudinidae, distichodont, 674 Hirudo, 674 Hisonotus, 412 Icevior, 413 kptochilus, 413 Histiotis, 187 velatus, 1 86, 187 Hoeven, J. van der, 488 Hollandichthys, 257, 335, 432 multifasciatus, 338, 374, 432 Holmberg, E. L., 499 Holobrycon, 431 pesu, 431 Holocanthus melanothus, 484 Holochilus, 44 Holopoda, 614 Holoprion, 429 agassizii, 429 maxillaris, 429 Holopristis, 257, 435 riddlei, 437 Holorhinus, 378 Holoshesthes, 335, 429 pequeira, 344 pequira, 429 Holospirinae, distribution of, *625 Home, E., 88, 91 Homodaatus anistisi, 341 Homodiaetus, 246, 401 anisitsi, 401 Honduras, 653 Hood Id., 132, 133 Hoplarchus, 475 pentacanthus, 475, 476 Hoplerythrinus, 448 salvus, 332, 448 unitaeniatus, 323, 327, 338, 343, 349, 448 Hoplias, 361, 447 distribution of, *355 lacerdae, 374, 448 malabaricus, 316, 323, 327, 332, 338, 343, 349, 447 m. microphthalmus, 448 microlepis, 313, 447 Hoplisoma, 402 Hoplosoma, 402 Hoplosternum, 335, 402 littorale, 322, 327, 343, 348, 402 melampterum, 402 pectoralis, 343, 402 stewardii, 402 thoracatum, 315, 322, 327, 402 Howell, A. H., 144 Huamela, 10 leucotis, 10, 12, 13 Hudson, W. H., 19, 22, 33 Huemul, II, 164 Humboldt, A. von, 133, 248, 317, 486 Hunt, Capt., 142 Hunter, J., 485 Huron, 143 Hutton, F. W., 272 Huttonia, 562 Hyaena, 151 Hyale dybowskii, 653 jelskii, 653 lubomirskii, 653 Hyalella, 650, 653 dentata, 653, 654, 655, 657 d. gracilirostris, 655 d. inermis, 651, 652, 655 dybowskii, 656 inermis, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657 jelskii, 655 INDEX. 731 Hyalella longistilus, 655, 657 lubomirskii, 656 meinerti, 653, 657 patagonica, 637, 650 warmingi, 653, 657 Hyalinia, 519 Hybognathus, 418 civilis, 419 episcopa, 419 episcopus, 300, 352, 419 melanops, 419 nuchalis, 418 punctifer, 419 rasconis, 298, 419 serenus, 419 Hybopsis, 303, 419 altus, 304, 419 gracilis, 419 Hybrid, lizard, 223 of Mus rattus & M. alexandrinus, 45 Hydargira, 453 Hydrobia, 550, 552 ameghini, 560 (Amnicola) ernesti, 548 glabra, 560 kiisteri, 560 k. cordillera, 560 lapidum, 586 /. dunkeri, 586, 587 montana, 560 occidentalis , 560 parchappii, 560 pedrina, 562 petterdi, 549 Hydrobiidce, 548 Hydrobiina:, 548, 553 Hydrocyninae, 256, 446 Hydrocyoninae, 255 Hydrocynus, 446 cuvieri, 325, 446 longipinnis, 446 lucius, 446 maculatus, 446 ocellatus, 325, 446 Hydrocyon brevidens, 446 falcatus, 447 Hydrocyon hepsetus, 447 scomberoides, 444 Hydrolycus, 444 copei, 444 pectoralis, 444 scomberoides, 325, 444 Hydrurga, 86 leptonyx, 85, 86 Hydrurgus, 4 Hymenosomidae, 660 Hyperaulax, distribution of, *6l9 Hyperoartia, 231 Hyperoartii, 231, 376 Hyphessobrycon, 436 anisitsi, 436 bellottii, 436 bentosi, 436 callistus, 436 compressus, 437 copelandi, 436 eos, 437 gracilis, 436 heterorhabdus, 437 inconstans, 437 liitkeni, 437 melanzonatus, 436 milleri, 436 minimus, 436 minor, 436 panamensis, 436 riddle! , 436 robustulus, 437 rosaceus, 436 santse, 437 serpse, 436 stictus, 437 stramineus, 436 Hypopeltarium, 66 1, 663 dextrum, 663 spinosulum, 637, 661, 662 Hypophthalmidae, 241, 244, 362, 369, 398, 484 Hypophthalmus, 398 edentatus, 322, 341, 398 edentulus, 398 fimbriatus, 398 longifilis, 398 732 INDEX. Hypothalmus marginalus, 398 nufhalts, 397 pcrporosus, 398 spixii, 398 Hypopkthalmus, 397 Hypopomus, 449 artedi. 325, 449 brevirostris, 316, 346, 449 Hypoptopoma, 335, 405, 412 bilobatum, 412 gulare, 412 joberti, 412 steindachneri, 412 thoracatum, 412 Hypoptopomatinae, 404 Hypoplopomina, 405 Hypostomatina, 241 Hypostomus asperatus, 407 aurantiacus, 409 barbatus, 409 calamita, 409 carinalus, 412 cirrhosus, 411 cochliodon, 409 duadecimalis, 408 erinaceus, 410, 411 guacari, 403 gnttatus, 409 itacua, 408 nigricans, 409 nudiceps, 410 pantherinus, 406 pardalis, 408 plecostomus, 406 robinii, 404 serratus, 412 squalium, 406 subcarinatus , 404 vicinus, 409 Hyria, 616, 628 Hyrtl, J., 489, 492 Hystricodon, 446 Hystricomorphs, 34 JAIS, 645 pubescens, 636, , 662 Ictalurinae, 382 Ictalurus, 382 albidus, 239 furcatus, 298, 382 meridionalis, 382 punctatus, 298, 382 Ichthyoborinae, 255 Icticyon, 151 Idiopyrgus, 548, 549, 56? souleyetianus, *564, Iguanodectes, 430 tenuis, 430 Iguanodectinse, 254, 430 Iguape, 334, 557, 558 Ihering, H. von, 293, 295, 329, 336, 347, 500, 503- 504, 513, 5i8, 546, 548- 551, 552, 553, 557, 558, 561, 566, 568, 583, 584, 585, 590, 601, 606, 611, 615, 621, 622, 627, 628, 629, 644 R. von, 507, 509, 585 Iheringichthys, 388 labrosus, 341, 348, 388 megalops, 341, 388 lies Decres, 102 Malouines, 88, 127 (see Falkland Ids.) Ilha Comprida, 557 Ilisha, 452 abnormis, 452 altamazonica, 452 bahiensis, 452 flavipinnis, 325, 350, 452 furthi, 452 panamensis, 452 Illinois, 631 Ilyodon, 455 paraguayensis, 346, 455 Imparfinis, 385 frenatus, 385 piperatus, 348, 385 transfasciatus, 385 Incense bush, 159, 212, 221 India, 179, 363, 368, 613 Indiana University, 225, 375 Indians, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 36, 146, 147, 161, 311 Channel, 150 "Codiak," 139 INDEX. 733 Indians, Tehuelche, 21,22, 30 Indo-China, 549 -Chinese center, 626 Insects, 86, 627, 629 coleopterous, 94 Interoceanic channel, 353, 361, 362, 363 Intrusive fishes, N. American, 230, 297, 300, 302, 310 S. American, 300, 302 Iowa, 628 University of, 663 Iribucua, 596 Irisanga, 347, 360 Ischnosoma, 453 Isidora, 615 Isle Eugene, 102 Isogomphodon, 377 Isopoda, 636, 645, 663 Isopoden, 646 Isospondyli, 451 Istlarius, 300, 382 balsanus, 300, 352, 382 Itata, 291 Itaty, 596 Iterson, F. von, 589 JACKAL, 153 •' Jacquinot, V., 658 & Pucheran, J., 92, 93 Jaguar, 164, 173 Jaguar group, 166 Jaguarius, 167 Jalapa, 46 Jamaica, Oligocene beds of, 624 Jameson, Prof., 91, 92 Janiridae, 645 Japan, 100 Jardine, W., 91, 118, 129 Jarvis Id., 132, 134 Jenyns, L., 488 Jenynsia, 457 lineata, 350 Jobertina, 428 interrupta, 428 John Day beds, 151, 152 Johnius amazonicus, 468 Johnius crouvina, 468 Joinvillea, 431 rosce, 431 Jordan, D. S., 131, 142, 272, 336, 497, 498, 502, 505, 508 & Eigenmann, C. H., 497, 498 & Evermann, B. W., 375, 502, 505 & Gilbert, C. H., 497 & Goss, D. K., 498 Joturus, 464 pichardi, 464 stipes, 463 Juan Fernandez, 90, 96, 97, no, 122, 123, 132, 133, 134 land-snails of, 626 Juiz de Fora, 329 Juli, 306 Juliaca, 306 Jullienia, 549 Jupiter Inlet, 45 |£AUP, J. J., 491, 492 Kendall, W. C., see Evermann Kennedy, C. H., see Eigenmann Kerguelen Ids., 97, 98, 122, 646, 647, 649, 650, 66 1, 662, 663, 665 Kerodon, 23, 24, 25, 27 australis, 25 kingii, 25 Kerr, J. G., 502, 503, 504, 506, 507 Killik Aike, 283 Kinberg, 674 Kincaid, T., 687 Kindle, E. M., 501 King, Capt., 36, 72, 515, 526 Kner, R., 347, 411, 49<>, 49*. 492 & Steindachner, F., 493 Kneriidse, 228 Knox, R., 486 Koelreuter, J. T., 492 Kronichthys, 335, 407 subteres, 373, 408 Kurile Ids., 122, 626 T A PAZ, 604 La Plata, 546 734 INDEX. La Plata district, 994 States, 546 Labidesthes, 279 Labrus punctatus, 471, 473 LacepMe, B. G., 486 Lacma, 17 Lacunopsis, 549 Ladrone Ids., 112 Laemolyta, 425 tseniata, 425 Laxriraja, 377 Lagidium, 30 Lago Llanquihi, 233 Lagoa de Peteninga, 563 Santa, 653, 657 Lagocephalus, 484 laevigatus, 484 Lagostomus, 31 Irichodactylus, 31, 32 viscacha, 32 Laguna de Espino, 653, 657 Lahille, F., 164, 187, 351, 501 Lahilliella, 425 nasuta, 425 nasuius, 343 Lake Arapa, 306 Argentine, 161, 164, 173 Aullagas, 307 Buenos Aires, 2, 3, 10, 15, 43, 75, 146, 161, 163, 164, 212, 213, 215, 217 Lauricochae, 604 Llanquihi, 260, 280 Managua, 310 Maracaibo, 311 Musters, 30 Nicaragua, 310 Peten, 261, 310 Popo, 560, 561 Pueyrredon, 170, 213, 281 Pyramid, 569 Swan, 2, 3, 8, 26, 43, 54, 59, 61, 63, 75, 77, 146, 528 Tali, 569 Tertiary, 336 Titicaca, 297, 305, 306, 307, 360, 362,372, 373, 561, 604, 653, 655, 657 Lake Titicaca, basin of, 297, 305 Traful, 251, 277 Ushe, 518, 521 Valencia, 548, 662 Viedma, 10, 171 Lakes, salt, 212, 213, 222 Lalande, ifii Lama, 17 glama huanacus, 18 guanaco, 19 guanacus, 19 huanachus, 1 8 huanacus, 18 Lamarck, J. B., 610 Laminifera, 626 Lamiopsis, 377 Lampa, 306 Lampetra, 306, 376 spadicea, 303, 376 Lampredini, 231 Land-bridge, Africa to S. A., 294, 319, 363, 368, 369, 370, 620 Europe to Centr. America, 294 Lankester, E. R., 500 Lanzaia, 564, 565 Lasiancistrus, 405, 409, 411 guacharote, 409 heteracanthus, 409 mystacinus, 409 pictus, 409 Lasiurus, 188, 190, 191 borealis, 189, 190, 191 b. bonariensis, 188, 191 cinereus, 189, 190, 191 ega, 190 villosissimus, 191 Lataste, F., 187, 188 Latreille, P. A., 94 Lau, 533 Lebias ellipsoidea, 456 multidentatus, 457 rhomboidalis, 456 Lebiasina, 360, 362, 439 bimaculata, 313, 439 Lebiasininae, 255, 439 Lebrun, 82, 534, 536, 542 INDEX. 735 Lecompte, A. A., 88 Leeches, fresh-water, 669 Lehmann, R., 523, 524 Leiarius, 390 Leila, 514 Lenox Id., 20, 130 Leo, 167 brunneus, 183, 185 marinus, 102, 105, in, 114, 116 Leopardus, 167, 178, 179, 183 ellioti, 179 griseus, 179 horsfieldi, 179 pictus, 179 Lepadidae, 637 Lepas, 637 anatifera, 636, 637, 662 Lepidoptera, 627 Lepidosiren, 379 articulate, , 379 assimilis, 379 paradoxa, 379 Lepidosirenidae, 333, 362, 366, 370, 379, 484 distribution of, *366 Lepidosteus, 379 berlandi, 379 viridis, 379 Lepidurus, 640 angasi, 642, 643, 644, 665 apus, 643 bilobatus, 642, 643 compressus, 643 couesi, 643 glacialis, 642 hatcheri, 636, 640, 665 kirki, 643 lubbocki, 643 macrurus, 643 packardi, 643 patagonicus, 641, 642 viridis, 643 viridulus, 643 Lepipterus, 468 Lepisosteidae, 379, 484 Lepisosteus, 297, 310, 379 gavialis, 379 Lepisosteus osseus, 298, 379 tristcechus, 298, 379 tropicus, 379 Leporidae, 4 Leporellinae, 427 Leporellus, 335, 427 vittatus, 316, 332, 427 Leporinus, 347, 426 affinis, 323, 344, 349, 426 affinis, 426 agassizii, 426 bahiensis, 338, 426 bimaculatus, 338, 426 conirostris, 338, 344, 426 copelandi, 338, 349, 426 elongatus, 426 eques, 316, 344, 426 fasciatus, 323, 344, 427 frederici, 323, 332, 338, 426 friderici, 343, 349, 426 holostistus, 427 hypselonotus, 323, 344, 426 leschenaulii, 313 UschenauUii, 426 macrolepidotus, 338, 426 maculatus, 323, 427 maculifrons, 427 marcgravii, 426 margaritaceus, 323, 427 megalepis, 323, 338, 426 megalepis, 426 melanopleura, 338, 426 mormyrops, 338, 426 mulleri, 323, 426 mulleri, 435 multifasciatus, 427 muyscarum, 426 muyscarus, 316 nattereri, 426 nigrotaeniatus, 323, 426 novemfascialus, 426, 427 obtusidens, 316, 343, 349, 426 pachyurus, 426 pictus, 427 reinhardti, 332, 426 semivittatus, 426 736 INDEX. Leporinus silvestrii, 426 solarii, 349, 426 steindachneri, 388, 426 striatus, 316, 323, 343, 426 t.i-niatus, 332, 426 trifasciatus, 344, 426 rittatus, 427 Leptagoniates, 441 steindachneri, 441 Leptodoras, 395 acipenserinus, 395 juruensis, 395 linnelli, 395 Leptoglanis, 384 essequibensis, 384 Leptonychotes, 4, 89 weddellii, 85, 89 Leptonyx, 89 leopardinus, 90 wedddli, 90 weddellii, 89, 90 Lepus chilensis, 30, 31, 32 viscacia, 32 Lesson, R. P., 86, 91, 92, 113, 114, 115, 127, 189, 487 & Garnot, 113, 117, 189 Lethestole, 279, 465 Lethestole, 280 estor, 280 Leubold, K. von, 182 Leuckart, K. G. R., II Leuciscus, 419 niger, 419 nigrescens, 300, 352, 419 purpureus, 419 lincella, 418 Leucocyon, 151 Lichtenstein, K. M., 143, 486, 487 Liebre, 30 Lilljeborg, W., 644, 645 Lima, 525 Limacidae, 519, 613 Limax, 519 Limia cubensis, 459 formosa, 459, 460 matamorensis, 460 Limia pceciloides, 460 Limnaea diaphana, 525, 526 lebruni, 526 patagonica, 528 pictonica, 529 Limruzus parchappii, 544 viator, 525 Limnurgus, 455 variegatus, 455 Limosina tumida, 603 Linnaeus, C., 102, in, 114, 151, 450, 485 Linx, 1 66 Liolaemus, 214 bibroni, 220 bibronii, 212, 218, 220 fitzingeri, 220 fitzingerii, 212, 218, 220 hatcheri, 211, 212, 217, 218 kingi, 219 kingii, 212, 213, 217, 218, 219 lineomaculatus, 211, 212, 2/7, 218, 219 magellanicus, 214, 217, 218, 224 melanops, 221, 224 (Saccodeira) proximus, 224 Lion marin, 105, 107, no Lion, North American, 172 Patagonian, 171, 172 gray, 172 red, 172 Liposarcus altipinnis, 408 jeanesianus, 408 scrophus, 408 varius, 408 Lithococcus, 548, 549, 602 multicarinatus, 602 Lithodes, 657 antarctica, 637, 657, 662 Lithodidae, 657, 663 Lithodoras, 392 lithogaster, 392 Lithogenes, 404 Lithoglyphinae, 549, 550, 602 Lithoglyphus, 549, 602 buschii, 580 conicus, 581 lapidum, 586, 587 INDEX. 737 Lithoglyphus multicarinatus, 602 tricostatus, 602 Lithoglyphus, 566 Lithoxus, 405, 412 lithoides, 412 Littoridina, 514, 548, 549, 550, 559, 564, 565, 570, 578, 628 ameghini, 560 andicola, 561 atacamensis, 560 australis, 515, 551, 557, 558, 570 bertoniana, 559 boetzkesi, 562 charruana, 551, 558 culminea, 561 cumingii, 560 cuzcoensis, 560, *56i dentition of, *55I distribution of, *628 ecuadoriana, 561 glabra, 558, 560 guadichaudii, *55O, 551, 552, 561, 562 hatcheri, 515, *55i, 553, 556 isabelleana, 559 kuesteri, 554, 560 k. cordillerae, 554 montana, 560 neveni, 561 occidentalis, 560 parchappii, 515, 559 picium, 551, 558 pedrina, 559, 562 popoensis, 560, 561 simplex, 515, *ssi, 555, 556 sublineata, 515, 556 Littoridinse, 552, 559 Litlorinella, 553 acuta, 553 Littorinida, 550 Lizards, 213, 214, 215 Llama, 18, 22 Llave, plains of, 306 Lobodon, 4, 92 carcinophaga, 85, 92 carcinophagus, 93 Lobos Id., 109, 120, 129 Lobotes ocellatus, 470 Lomis verrucosa, 658 Lonnberg, 450 Loncheres, 33 Long Island Sound, 93 Lophiosilurus, 383 alexandri, 383 Lophogobius, 481 cyprinoides, 481 Loricaria, 360, 405, 413, 414 acuta, 337, 414 amazonica, 414 anus, 342, 349, 373, 414 apeltogaster, 342, 415 aurea, 416 bransfordi, 415 brunnea, 322, 415 cadese, 349, 413 caracasensis, 415 carinata, 342, 415 castanea, 414 catamarcensis, 342, 413 cataphracta, 323, 342, 413, 415 cirrhosa, 415 cubataoensis, 373, 414 distribution of, *355 dura, 413, 415 evansii, 414 filamentosa, 316, 322, 413 filamentosa, 415 flora, 403 grisea, 414 henselii, 373, 414 jaraguensis, 414 jubata, 313, 413 konopickyi, 337, 413 labialis, 342, 414 laeviuscula, 414 lamina, 415 lamina, 415 lanceolata, 413 lata, 415 laticeps, 342, 415 latirostris, 349, 373, 414 lima, 337, 373- 4*3, 4H 1. microlepidota, 414 738 INDEX. Loricaria lima, 414 macrodon, 342, 415 macromystax, 415 macrops, 349, 414 maculata, 322, 342, 414 magdalenae, 316, 413 melanoptera, 410 microdon, 414 microlepidogaster, 349, 414 nigricauda, 337, 413 nudirostris, 414 nudiventris, 332, 414 parahemiodon, 414 parnahybae, 415 parva, 342, 413 paulina, 414 phoxocephala, 342, 413 piracicabae, 415 platycephala, 342, 415 platyura, 323,415 plecostomus, 403 punctata, 414 ro strata, 416 setifer, 415 simillima, 415 spixii.337,349,414 steinbachi, 414 steindachneri, 332, 337, 413 steward, 414 strigilata, 349, 414 stiibettii, 414 submarginata, 414 teffeana, 413 typus, 322, 342, 414 uracantha, 313, 413 valenciennesi, 414 variegata, 313,415 vetula, 349, 415 Loricariichthys, 414 Loricariidae, 241, 369, 376, 403, 404, 484 Loricariinae, 404, 405 Lott, F. van der, 485 Loup marin, 95, 96, 97, no Luciocharax, 361, 446 distribution of, *358 hujeta,446 Luciocharax insculptus, 314, 316, 446 Luciopimelodus, 335, 383 agassizii, 383 pati.321,348,383 platanus, 340, 348, 383 Lujan, 560 Lutken, C. F., 330, 495 Liltkenia insignis, 441 Lund, P. L., 152, 155 Lupulus, 151 Lupus, 151 Lutra, 4, 143, 148 brachydactyla, 149 californica, 149 chilensis, 148 felina, 148, 151 felina, 150, 151 latifrons, 150 paraguensis, 150 paranensis, 148, 750 peruviensis, 149 platensis, 150 solitaria, 150 Lycalopex, 153, 154, 155 azara, 155 magellanicus , 155 velulus, 154 Lycengraulis, 452 batesii, 452 grossidens, 325, 452 Lydekker, R., II, 14, 89, 295 (see Flower) Lymnaea, 513, 5*4,522, 627 andeana, 515, 522,530 auricularia, 524 brunneo-flavida, 515, 528 (Bulimnaea) megasoma, 524 columella, 530 cousini, 522 cubensis, 525 diaphana, 515, 522, *523, 524, 525, 528 d. inelegans, 515, 526, 527 hawaiiensis, 524 patagonica, 515, 522, 528, 529 p. riochichoensis, 515, 522, *524, 528, 529 peregrina, 522, 530 pictonica, 515, 522, 529 INDEX. 739 Lymnaea stagnalis, *524, 628 truncatula, 522, 523, 525 viator, 515, 522, '523,525 Lymnaeas, 627 South American, 522 Lymnaeidae, 514, 515, 522, 612, 614, 622, 628, 631 Lymnaeinse, 613 Lynceus, 166 Lynchailurus, 180, 183 pajeros crucina, 182, 183 Lynchus, 166 Lyncodon, 4, 147 patagonicus, 143, 147 Lyncus, 166 Lynx, 1 66 borealis, 166 canadensis, 166 pardinus, 166 ruffus, 166 Lynxes, 166 Lyrodes, 562 guaranitica, 562 jy[ABILLE,J.)526 and Rochebrune, A. de, 519, 526, 532 McAtee, W. L., see Eigenmann MaCartney, 96 Machacamac, 604 Mclndoo, M. E., see Eigenmann Macrocephalus, 466 Macrocyclis, 622, 625 Macrodon, 447 aimara, 447 auritus, 447 ferox, 448 guavina, 447 intermedius, 448 patana, 447 teres, 447 Macrodontes, distribution of, *6ig Macrogona, 631 Macrophthalmia, 232 chilensis, 233, 292, 376 Macropteri, 411 Macrorhine, 94 Macrorhinus, 94 byronii, 106 leoninus, 95 proboscideus, 96 Macrorhyna, 94 Macrouri, 149 Madagascar, 364, 614, 632 Madrede Diosld.,517 Magellan, Territory of, I Majidee, 660 Malacobagrus, 390 Malacopterygii, 228 Malacorhinus, 377 Maldonado, 45, 63, 76, 130, 150, 603 Mammalia, I Mammals, 295 African, 295 Eocene, 294, 295 migrations of , 611 placental, 294, 295 Pliocene, 340 Manacapuru, 360 Manaos, 290, 309, 312, 314, 319, 549 Manaro, 549 Mara, 28 magellanica, 28 patagonica, 28 Marcgravius, G., 485 Margarya, 569 Mar gay, 179 Mariana Ids., 112, 118 Marion Id., 66 1, 662 Markiana, 257, 438 geayi, 438 nigripinnis, 350, 438 Marputius, 143, 144 chilensis, 144 Marsh, M.C.,so6 Marsh of San Xavier, 610 Marsipobranchiates, 231 Marsipobranchii, 237, 376 Marsupials, 4 Martens, E. von, 546, 548, 562, 610 Mas-a-Fuera, 97, 122, 123, 133, 134 Massachusetts, 685 Masticura, 378 740 INDEX. Mate Negra bushes, 220 Maton, W. G., 545 Matschie, P., n, 14, 80 Matthew, W. D., 151, 152 Matto Grosso, 152, 154 Mauritius, 363 Mayer Basin, 15, 17, 40 Mazatna bisulca, 12 Mazatlan, 299, 375 Meek, S. E., 280, 297, 300, 303, 352, 376, 458. 506,507,509, 510, 5" Megalobrycon, 258, 430 cephalus, 430 Megalonema, 383 platycephalum, 383 Megalops atlanticus, 453 elongatus, 453 thrissoides, 453 Megaspiridae, 613 Melanesia, 630 Melanesian Plateau, 549 Melania corolla, 562 dubiosa, 557 Melaniidse, 569, 612, 615, 626 Melaniris, 465 balsamis, 301, 465 Melanomys, 46 Melanopsidae, 612 Membras, 464 Mendez, 329 Mendoza, province of, 77, 79, 182, 187, 544, 552, 554, 56o> 606, 651 Menidia, 227, 279, 280, 465 guatemalensis, 465 hatcheri, 280, 281, 465 laticlava, 280, 281, 282, 291, 465 lisa, 301, 465 maulcana, 280, 292, 465 menidia, 280 patagoniensis, 280 sallei, 465 Mephitis amazonica, 143 chilensis, 143 patagonica, 144 Merganser australis, 272 Meridional distribution, 663 Merriam, C. H., 2, 5, 79, 100, 124, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 169, 171, 176, 177, 178 Mesites, 271, 462 alpinus, 291 attenuates, 274, 291, 462 gracillimus, 273, 274, 275, 292, 462 maculatus, 275, 291 Mesonauta, 473 festivus, 347 Mesops, 478 t&niatus, 478 Mesozoic era, 294, 295, 612, 614, 615, 619, 625, 632 Mesozonia, 620, 621 Messier Channel, 659 Metachirus, 5 Metynnis, 335, 443 goeldii, 443 hypsauchen, 324, 345, 443 lippincottianus, 443 luna, 443 maculatus, 324, 350, 443 mola, 345, 443 unimaculata, 443 Mexico, 45, 46, 100, 135, 137, 138, 143, 230, 238, 240, 241, 261, 270, 279, 280, 296, 297, 352, 360, 367, 371, 376, 516, 548, 562, 564, 565, 616, 622, 623, 626, 627, 631, 633, 653 -Antillean region, 620 coastal plain of, 302, 303 plateau of, 229, 300, 302, 303 Valley of, 303 Meyen, 487 Mice, 24 Michaelsen, Dr., 669 Michaelson, 515, 533 Micralestes, 258 Microcharax, 428 lateralis, 428 Microdus, 424 labyrinthicus, 424 Microlepidogaster, 405, 413 lophophanes, 337, 413 nigricauda, 349, 413 perforatus, 349, 413 INDEX. 741 Micronesia, 631 Micropogon trifilis, 468 Microtinae, 44 Microtus, 70 Middle America, 226, 302, 310, 363, 375, 612, 613, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 632, 633 Miers, E. J., 661 Miller, K., 548 N., 309, 509 W. C. S., 109 Milne-Edwards, A., 47, 48, 68, 73, 78, 81, 145, 146, 149, 659, 660, 662 Minas, 363, 371 Geraes, 153, 360, 363, 653 Minomus platyrhynchus, 418 Minnesota, 627, 628 Miocene epoch, 7, 151, 152, 625, 626, 631, 633 Miranda, 489 Mirounga, 4, 94 angustirostris, 138 elephantine,, 96 leonina, 95, III leoninus, 85 patagonica, 96 proboscidea, 95 Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, 4, 48, 68, 73, 515 Missiones, province of, 590 Mississippi basin, 312, 318 Valley, 297 Miuroglanis, 246, 401 platycephalus, 401 Mivart, St. G., 152, 153, 155, 158, 162 Mocha Id., 90 Mcenkhausia, 257, 437 agassizii, 345 atahualpiana, 437 australis, 437 barbouri, 437 browni, 438 ceros, 438 chrysargyrea, 437 chrysargyreus, 324 collettii, 438 comma, 437 copei, 438 Mcenkhausia costse, 332 cotinho, 438 dichrourus, 345, 438 d. intermedia, 438 doceana, 437 doceanus, 338 grandisquamis, 324, 437 jamesi, 437 justae, 437 latissima, 437 lepidurus, 324, 345, 438 1. gracillima, 438 1. icae, 438 1. lata, 438 megalops, 438 melogramma, 437 oligolepis, 324, 437 ovalis, 324, 437 shideleri, 438 steindachneri, 437 xinguensis, 438 Molienesia fasciata, 459 latipinna, 298 Molina,]. I., 10, II, 14, 31, in, 114, 133, 182, 183 Mollienesia, 460 jonesi, 460 latipinna, 460 petenensis, 460 Mollusca, 293 Antarctic, 630 fresh-water, 522, 6ll, 626 land, 611 Mexican, 612, 620 migrations of, 611 non- marine, of Patagonia, 513 Molucca Ids., 614, 632 Montana, 419 Monkeys, 4 Monochir maculipinnis, 483 Monochirus, 483 Monocirrhus, 466 polyacanthus, 466 Montana, 643 Montana di Naucho, 653 Monteith Bay, 84 742 INDEX. Montevideo, 283, 317, 525. 557. 559, 574. 604, 605, 659, 669 Bay of, 559 Moore, J. P., 669 Moquin-Tandon, 553 Mordatia, 236, 377 acutidens, 237 lapicida, 237 mordax, 236 Morrell, Capt., 138 Mortimer, 96 Morunga, 94 ekphantina, 95 proboscidea, 95 Mount Frias, 161 of Observation, 2, 75, 518, 521, 535, 556, 609, 636, 660 Moxostoma, 303, 418 austrinum, 300, 303, 418 Mrazek, A., 638, 664 Mugil, 463 brasiliensis, 328, 463 cephalus, 302, 463 curema, 463 petrosus, 463 platanus, 351, 463 trichodon, 328 xinguensis, 463 Mugilidae, 279, 363, 365, 463, 484 Mugilina?, 463 Miiller, J., 113, 115, 450, 490 & Henle, J., 488 & Troschel, F. H., 319, 489, 490 Miilleria, distribution of,* 618 Munida, 659, 663 gregaria, 637, 659, 662 subrugosa, 637, 659, 660, 662 s. australiensis, 659, 660 Muramo, lumbricus, 451 Muridae, 3, 4, 5, 23, 44, 46, 82 American groove- toothed, 62 New World, 50 Murie, J., 109, 117, 119 Mus, 44, 50, 57, 58 (Abrothrix) longipilus, 70 alexandrinus, 45 603, Mus bimaculatus, 50 canescens, 72, 73 decumanus, 45 elegans, 51, 54 gracilipes, 54 griseoflavus, 56 laniger, 31 magellanicus, 47 micropus, 60 musculus, 45, 55, 57 m. jalapae, 46 norvegicus, 45 (Oxymycterus) nasutus, 82 pachy cephalus, 61 palustris, 46 552, (Phyllotis) darwinii, 58 (P.) griseoflava, 55 (P.) xanthopygus, 58 rattus, 44, 57 xanthopygus, 58 xanthorhinus, 71, 72, 73 Musculium, 514, 602 argentinum, 603, (foj patagonicum, 515, 603, 604, doj, 606 Museo Civico, Genoa, 226 Museu Paulista, 513, 559, 565, 574, 579, 584, 586, 589 Museum, American, of Nat. Hist., I, 3, 13, 35, 152, 175, 184 Berlin, 115, 116 British, I, 3, 6, 59, 61, 72, 73, 75, 77, 88, 90, 112, 115, 116, 119, 143, 159, 179, 214, 226, 270 Buenos Aires, 93, 642 Carnegie, Pittsburgh, 635 Comparative Zoology, 108, 116, 226, 244, 247, 249, 250, 251 Edinburgh, Royal, 91, 117 Science & Art, 91 University, 129 Field Columbian, 376 Hunterian, 112 La Plata, 93 Leverian, 29, in Royal College of Surgeons, 112, 118 Royal Society, 127 INDEX. 743 Museum, U.S. National, 1,2,35, 108,116, 130, 136, 145, 169, 211, 218, 226, 375, 532 Victoria, B. C., 178 Vienna, 226 Museums, London, 115 Paris, 115, 121 Mussels, Amazonian, 627 fresh-water, 294, 295, 612, 628, 631, 632 Mustela barbara, 147 brasiliensis, 147 felina, 148 lutra, 148 (Lutra) chilensis, 148 (Putorius) brasiliensis, 147 guiqui, 147 Mustelidse, 4, 143, 151 Mustelus, 377 canis, 377 Mutelidse, 514, 515, 609, 613, 615, 616, 626 distribution of, *6i8 Mylesinus, 442 macropterus, 443 schomburgkii, 442 Myletes, 258 albiscopus, 444 auriventris, 444 brachypomus, 443 divaricatus, 443 doidyxodon, 443 filosus, 443 hypsauchen, 443 lippincottianus, 443 oculus, 444 pacu, 443 palometa, 443 Myletus oligocanthus, 443 Myleus, 335, 443 altipinnis, 332, 443 asterias, 325, 345, 443 discoideus, 325, 443 ellipticus, 324, 443 knerii, 324, 443 levis, 345, 443 micans, 332, 443 orbicularis, 444 orinocensis, 444 Myleus parma, 443 rhomboidalis, 325, 443 rubripinnis, 325, 443 schomburgkii, 324, 443 setiger, 324, 443 tiete, 350, 443 torquatus, 324, 443 Mylinse, 255, 333, 347, 442 Myliobatidae, 378, 484 Myliobatis, 378 aquila, 348, 378 Myloplus, 443 Mylosoma, i\/\<\ albiscopus, 444 aureum, 444 Mylossoma, 335 albiscopus, 345 aureus, 325, 345, 350 Myoglanis, 384 collettii, 384 potaroensis, 384 Myomorphs, 34 Myotis, 186 chiloensis, 186 Myrmecophagidse, 6 Mystus, 381 ascita, 388 Myzontes, 231 TMAIADES, 631 Nannacara, 470 anomala, 326, 470 Nannoglanis, 385 bifasciatus, 348, 385 fasciatus, 385 Nannognathus, 427 Nannostomatinae, 254, 427 Nannostomus, 335, 427 anomalus, 427 beckfordii, 323, 427 lateralis, 343, 349, 428 marginatus, 427 minimus, 427 simplex, 427 Narborough, J., 29 Narcine, 377 744 INDEX. Narcine brasiliensis, 377 coraUina, 377 nigra, 378 umbrosa, 378 Narcobatidae, 377, 484 Nassau-Siegen, Prince John of, 154 Natterer, J., 339, 347. 4»8 Navarin Id., 517, 518, 520 Navidad beds, 293 N. digneti, 463 N6boux, Dr., 119 Nectomys, 23, 24 Neetroplus, 469 carpintis, 470 nematopus, 469, 470 nicaraguensis, 470 Nehring, A., 36, 37, 128, 130 Neiva, 315 Nelson, Capt., 142 E. W., 139 Nematestiidae, 353 Nematogenys, 227, 229, 245, 246, 398 inermis, 246, 398 nigricans, 246, 247, 398 pdUidus, 246, 247, 398 Nematognathi, 238, 239, 247, 309, 379, 403 South American, 403 Nematognaths, 225 Nematopoma, 438 searlesii, 438 Nemuroglanis, 390 lanceolatus, 390 Neocene time, 569 Neochanna, 228, 271 Neolebiinje, 252 Neoplecostominae, 404, 405 Neoplecostomus, 405, 416 granosus, 323, 337, 416 Neotoma, 44, 50 Neotroplus carpintis, 299 Nephelid, 674 Netuma, 381 barbus, 348, 381 upsulonophorus, 348, 381 Neumayr, M., 614 Nevada, 569 New Caledonia, 630, 631 England, 45 Georgia, 88 Jersey, 685 South Wales, 228, 549 Year's Id., 130 York, 631, 653 Zealand, 88, 97, 104, 122, 228, 229, 232, 233, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 363, 532, 548, 630, 631, 643, 646, 647, 659, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665 Nile, 230 White, 271 Nilsson, S., 94, 112 Noctifelis, 180 Nordenskiold, O., 214, 217 Norris, A. A., see Eigenmann North America, 34, 44, 100, 228, 279, 297, 303, 312, 352, 353, 363, 365, 368, 522, 530, 548, 549. 553, 554, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 622, 625, 626, 627, 631, 643, 686 Carolina, 93 Northern Hemisphere, 101, 252, 524, 628 Norway, 640 Nothocyon, 151, 152 Notiomys, 4, 44, 80, 85, 94 edwardsii, 81 Notoglanis, 385 Notophthalmus, 398 Nototropis, 419 Notropis, 300, 303, 419 atherinoides, 419 aztecus, 419 boucardi, 300, 419 calientis, 304, 419 forlonensis, 298, 419 ornatus, 300, 352, 419 Nutria felina, 148 QCELOT, 167 Octodon, 33 Octodontidae, 4, 23, 33 Octodontinoe, 33 Odontesthes perugiae, 464 Odontostilbe, 335, 429 fugitiva, 429 INDEX. 745 Odontostilbe microcephala, 429 paraguayensis, 344, 429 pulcher, 327, 429 trementinae, 344, 429 Odontostomus, 514 distribution of, *6i9 Ogle, F.( 509 Ogmorhinus, 86 carcinophagus, 92 leptonyx, 87 Ogmorhynus leptonyx, 87 Ohio, 631 Oken, L., 5, 31, 32, 185 Old World, 44, 614 Oleacinidae, 613, 622, 625 distribution of, *625 Olfers, J. F., 487 Oligocene epoch, 624, 626 Oligochaeta, 629 Oligoplites, 480 palometa, 480 Oligoryzomys, 46 Oligosargus, 447 argenteus, 447 Olivos, 587 Ommatophoca rossii, 85 Onca, 167 Oncifelis, 179, 180 Oncoides, 178 geoffroyi, 1 80 pardalis, 182 Ontario, molossina, 107 Onychomus, 44 Onychomys, 44, 81 Ophiocephalops, 448 Ophisternon, 450 Opisthobranch stock, 611 Orange Bay, 48, 68, 149, 518, 519, 520 Harbor, 518, 519 Orbigny, A. d', 146, 148, 182, 514, 520, 525, 544, 548, 552, 553, 557, 558, 566, 575, 587, 596, 605, 610, Orcella, 419 Orchestia, 307 Orchestiidae, 650, 653 Orctocephalus galapagoensis, 131 Oregon, 152 Oreogobius, 481 rosenbergii, 308, 481 Orestias, 305, 307, 308, 370, 372, 373, 461 agassizii, 461 albus, 461 bairdii, 461 cuvieri, 461 elegans, 461 frontosus, 461 humboldti, 461 incae, 461 jussiei, 461 jussieui, 461 luteus, 461 luteus, 461 miilleri, 461 mtilleri, 461 neveni, 461 olivaceus, 461 ortoni, 461 owenii, 461 owenii, 461 pentlandi, 461 pentlandi, 461 tirapatae, 461 tschudii, 461 Orestiasiformes, 461 Orestiasini, 461 Orthalicinae, distribution of, *62i Orthurethra, 612 Ortmann, A. E., 293, 611, 620, 621, 624, 629, 632, 633, 635, 663, 664, 665 Orycterogale, 143 Oryzomys, 4, 44, 46, 69, 81 cherriei, 46 coppingeri, 48 magellanicus, 47 monochromes, 46 navus, 46 phaeopus, 46 Osborn, H. F., 294 Osgood, W. H., 191 Ostariophysi, 238, 239, 379 Ostariophysiae, 309 Osteogaster, 403 746 INDEX. Osteogaster eques, 403 splendens, 403 Osteoglossidae, 333, 362, 366, 453, 484 distribution of, *366 Osteoglossum, 453 arowana, 453 bicirrhosum, 453 bicirrosum, 325 minus, 453 vandellii, 453 Ostracoda, 639 Otaria, 4, 91, 99, 100, 101, 103, in, 112, 114, 118,122,133 albicollis, 102 (Arctocepkalus) cinerea, 120 (Arctophoca) argentata, 131, 134 (A.)falklandica, 125 (A.) nigrescens, 126 (A.)philippii, 120,131 argentata, 131 aurita, 131, 133 australis, 124 brachydactyla, 126, 128, 134 byronia, 5, 101, 105, 107, 122 chilensis, 107, 113 cinerea, 102, 120 falklandica, 125 flavescens, 106, in, 112 forsteri, 120 /wtoa, 108, 113 godeffroyi, 108, 113, 119 guerin, 107 hauvillii, 125, 127 hookeri, 107, 117 jubata, 96, 103, in jubata, loi, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 112, 113,114,117,118,119 leonina, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, in, 114, 119 leucostoma, 131, 134 minor, 108, 113 molossina, 107, 113, 117, nigrescens, 126 pernettyi, 107, 113 philippii, 131, 133 platyrhincus, 113 Otaria pusilla, 103 pygmaa, 108, 113 rtt/a, 108, 113 shawii, 125, 127 stelleri, 114 tt//oi macula t us, 301 , 456 bimaculatus, 456 b. tantalus, 456 jonesi, 456 paudradiatus, 456 rcticulatus, 456 Pterengraulis, 451 atherinoides, 325, 451 Pterides, 564, 565 Pterodiscus, 439 laevis, 439 Pterodoras, 392 Pterolebias, 455 longipinnis, 455 Pteronotus, 385 Pterophyllum, 479 alturn, 326, 479 scalare, 479 Pterygoplichthys, 404, 408, 409 anisitsi, 342, 408, 409 barbatus, 322 depressus, 322 etentaculatum, 322, 331 etentaculatus, 408 gibbiceps, 408 gigas, 342, 409 guentheri, 322 juvens, 342, 429 lituratus, 331,408 multiradiatus, 322, 342, 408 punctatus, 409 undecimalis, 316, 408 Pucheran, see Jacquinot Puerto Bertoni, 559, 589 Bridges, 528, 533 Bueno, 519,651,653 Ensenada, 93 Gallegos, 214,217 Montt, 237, 259, 260, 275, 278, 533 Puchero, 339 Puget Sound, 178 Pulmonates, aquatic, 612 Puma, 22, 163, 167, 174 Puma concolor, 170 hippolestes, 176, 177, 178 patagonica, 178 Pearson, 176, 177 pearsoni, 170,174, 178 puma, 170, 177 p. patagonica, 167 Rocky Mt., 178 silver-grey, 173 Puma, 183 Pumamarca, 653 Pumas, 167 North American, 177 Puno Bay, 306 Punta Arenas, 2, 35, 44, 48, 65, 71, 72, 75, 80, 215, 276, 277, 280, 519, 520, 526, 533, 534, 542, 543, 635, 637, 638, 646, 647, 648, 650, 651, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 665, 669, 670 Pupillidse, 612, 622, 626 Putnam, F. W., 495 Putois du Chili, 147 Putorius, 143 Pygidiidae, 241, 244, 369, 398, 484 Pygidiinae, 245, 398 Pygidium, 227, 229, 230, 245, 247, 305, 307, 308, 312, 314, 315, 360, 362, 371, 399 amazonicum, 400 areolatum, 251 barbouri, 400 borelli, 348 borellii, 341, 400 brasiliensis, 331, 337, 341, 348 brasiliense, 399 b. itatiagae, 399 burmeisteri, 400 cordovensis, 341 cordovense, 399 dispar, 308, 400 distribution of, *359 eigenmanni, 308, 400 fuscum, 247, 399 goeldii, 400 guianensis, 400 immaculatum, 400 knerii, 308, 399 knerii, 400 INDEX. 759 Pygidium laticeps, 308, 399 macrcei, 249 maculatum, 249, 308 marmoratum, 399 meridae, 308, 399 minutum, 399 minutus, 348 nigricans, 400 nigromaculatum, 400 oroyse, 399 palleum, 399 pardus, 312, 400 poeyanum, 308, 399 proops, 400 punctatissimum, 399 punctulatum, 312, 400 quechuorum, 308, 400 retropinnis, 400 riojanum, 399 rivulatum, 308, 399 schmidti, 399 schmidtii, 348 spegazinii, 348, 399 taczanowskii, 308, 400 taenia, 308, 322, 399 tenue, 399 tigrinum, 399 vittatum, 400 Pygocentrus, 335, 442 altus, 442 bidorsalis, 442 bilineatus, 442 calmoni, 442 dulcis, 442' melanurus, 442 nattereri, 324, 345, 350, 442 niger, 324, 442 nigricans, 442 notatus, 442 piraya, 324, 332, 345, 442 scapularis, 324, 442 striolatus, 442 ternetzi, 442 Pygopristis, 335, 441 denticulatus, 324, 441 fumarius, 441 Pygopristis serrulatus, 345, 441 Pyramidula patagonica, 517 Pyrgophorus, 562 Pyrgula neveni, 561 Pyrgulopsis, 569, 570 spinosa, 562 Pyrrhulina, 335, 428 argyrops, 428 australe, 343 australis, 428 brevis, 343, 428 filamentosa, 323, 428 laeta, 428 maxima, 428 melanostoma, 428 semifasciata, 428 semifasciata, 428 Pyrrhulininae, 256, 428 QUEENSLAND, 228, 277 ^ Quelch, J. J., 500, 502 Quel£-Cura, 221 Quilichao, 315 Quoy, J. R., 487 & Gaimard, P., 113, 487 BABBITS, B7 Radcliffe, L., 511 Radiodiscus, 516, 631 coppingeri, 517 magellanicus, 517 millecostatus, 516 patagonicus, 517 Rafinesquiellus, 468 Raimondi, 604 Raja, 377 aquila, 378 bads, 377 microps, 348, 377 ' platana, 348, 377 Rajidze, 377, 484 Ranfurly, Earl of, 272 Ranzani, A. C., 488, 489 Raphiodon vulpinus, 346 Rat, 57 black, 44 y6o INDEX. Rat, brown, 45 long- tailed, 52 roof, 45 wharf, 45 white-bellied, 45 Rathbun, R., 226, 660, 663 Rats, 83 spiny, 23, 33, 34 Realm, see Region Regan, C. T., 2*26, 261, 273, 309, 319, 376, 402, 403, 404, 406, 411, 416, 456, 469, 471, 472, 473. 476, 507, 508, 509, 5io, 511 Reganella, 405, 415 depressa, 415 Reganina, 444 Region, /Ethiopian, 294 Andean, 297, 305, 312 Archhelenic, 295 Brazilian, 229, 297, 309 Holarctic, 295, 516, 549, 612 Mexican, 297, 303 Nearctic, 516, 633 Neotropical, 239, 240, 612 Oriental, 548, 612, 631 Palaearctic, 523 Patagonian, 228, 229, 247, 252, 259, 260, 297, 336 Transition, 297, 352 Regions, ichthyogeographical, 296 Reinhardt, J., 490, 491, 493 Reithrodon, 4, 44, 58, 62, 66, 67, 69 alstoni, 62 chinchilloides , 62, 66, 67 cuniculoides, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 c. obscurus, 5, 64 (Euneomys) chinchilloides, 67 hatched, 5, 65 pictus, 58 typicus, 62, 63 Reithrodontomys, 44, 62 Rengger, J. R., 150, 189, 190, 191 Reptiles, an Reptilia, §17 Retroculus, 478 boulengeri, 478 lapidifer, 478 Reunion Id., 364 Rhamdella, 334, 385, 386 eriarcha, 348, 386 exsudans, 337 ignobilis, 374 jenynsii, 337, 348 microcephala, 331 minuta, 331, 337 notata, 321 straminea, 348 Rhamdia, 307, 334, 360, 385 argentina, 385 barbata, 387 baronis miilleri, 387 bathyurus, 385 boucardi, 386 brachycephalus, 387 brachyptera, 301 brachypterus, 386 bransfordi, 386 breviceps, 385 cinerascens, 312, 386 depressa, 386 distribution of, *354 dorsalis, 386 eriarcha, 387 exudans, 387 foina, 321, 386 gilli, 387 godmani, 387 grunniens, 385 guatemalensis, 387 heteracanthus, 386 hilarii, 331, 348, 386 humilis, 385 hypelurus, 387 ignobilis, 387 jenynsii, 387 laukidi, 321, 385 laukidi, 381 laticauda, 387 longicauda, 387 managuensis, 387 microcephalus, 386 micropterus, 387 minuta, 337, 387 INDEX. 761 Rhamdia motaguensis, 387 multiradiata, 386 multiradiatus, 321 nicaraguensis, 387 notata, 386 oaxacce, 301, 387 obesa, 385 parryi, 387 parvani, 386 pentlandi, 308, 386 petenensis, 387 poeyi, 386 policaulus, 387 quelen, 337, 340, 348, 386 regani, 386 rogersi, 386 sacrificii, 387 salvini, 387 sapo, 348, 386 schomburgkii, 321, 385 sebae, 315, 321, 337, 374, 385 s. kneri, 327, 340, 385 straminea, 387 tenella, 386 underwoodi, 387 velifer, 385 vilsoni, 385 wagneri, 312, 386 Khamdioglanis, 385 transfasciatus, 374 Rhamphichthys, 449 Uochii, 449 elegans, 449 lineatus, 449 marmoratus, 325, 346, 350, 449 mirabilis, 449 miilleri, 449 pantherinus, 449 reinhardtii, 346, 449 rostratus, 325, 449 schneideri, 449 schomburgkii, 449 Rhaphiodon, 444 vulpinus, 325, 350, 444 Rhea, 21,22 Rheitrodon, 62 Rhencus, 467 Rhinelepis, 404, 407 acanlhicus, 412 agassizii, 407 aspera, 331, 407 genibarbis, 407 microps, 407 parahybae, 337, 407 strigosa, 407 Rhineloricaria, 413 Rhinodoras, 393 priononomus, 393 teffeanus, 394 Rhinogobius contractus, 482 Rhinophoca, 94 Rhinophora, 94 Rhipidoglossa, 611 Rhipidoglossate stock, 626 Rhipidomys, 44 Rhithrodon, 62 Rhodeoides vaillanti, 453 Rhomboganoidea, 379 Rhoniscus, 467 Rhytididae, 613, 614, 631 Rhytiodus, 425 argenteo-fuscus, 425 microlepis, 425 Ribeiro, S. de M., 373, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510 Richard, J., 638, 640 Richardson, J., 489 Rincon de Boca, 20 Rio Aguapehy, 317 Alegre, 317 Alto da Serra, 329 Amazon, 230, 240, 248, 259, 293, 309, 311, 314, 315, 317, 3i8, 319, 320, 327, 328, 329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 339. 35i. 36i, 362, 370, 371. 372, 548, 620, 628 basin of, 330, 334, 340, 347, 610 valley, 293, 295, 340, 353, 370, 371, 619, 620, 623 Apini, 319 Araguary, 319 Araguay, 318, 328 Arrasuahy, 329 762 Rio Atabapo, 319 Atrato, 311, 361 valley of, 311, 371 Balsas, 300, 303 Barrancas, 562 Belgrano, 2, 3, 24, 27, 42, 170, 277, 521, 529, 540, 541, 554, 608 Berbice, 319 Blanco, 250, 554, 606, 68 1, 684, 686 Branco, 317, 3^9, 320 Cachi, 57 Cachipur, 319 Camaguan, 606 Canelos., 361 Caroni, 319 Cassiquiare, 317, 318, 319 Cauca, 311, 315 Caura, 319, 320 Cayenne, 319 Chagres, 309, 312, 360, 361 Chalia, 8, 521, 554, 555, 556 Chauchan, 604 Chepo, 310 Chia, 311 Chico de Santa Cruz, 2, 8, 13, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 170, 213, 219, 277, 513, 514, 5i8, 521, 523, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 543, 551, 554, 556, 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 636, 639, 640, 644, 650, 669, 675, 680, 681, 684, 686, 687 Chubut, 51, 57, 187 Cipo, 330 Colorado, 165, 290, 514, 519, 545 Comajo, 251 Contas, 329 Corentine, 319 Coy, 2, 20, 59, 60, 64, 74, 77, 158, 169, 174, 175 Coyle, 214 Cubatao, 373, 558 Cuyaba, 318 Cuyuni, 319 Daule, 311 INDEX. Rio Demerara, 319 Desaguaderos, 307 Deseado, 30 Doce, 328, 329, 565 Dulce, 150 Esmeralda, 311 Essequibo, 319 Estivado, 318 Fenix, 161, 163, 164 Gallegos, 2, 22, 54, 75, 145, 146, 157, 158, 182, 184, 185, 187, 235, 236, 283, 635 Geronimo, 302 Grande [Brazil], 372 [Texas], 230, 297, 299, 333, 352 basin of, 297, 300, 302, 363 [Tierra del Fuego], 214 de Minas, 339 de Santiago, 300, 303 do Sul, 254, 336, 339, 352 State of, 128, 130, 351, 514, 546, 547, 557, 558, 566, 583, 604, 606, 638, 644 Guiana, 319 Guapore, 317, 339 Guayaquil, 361, 551, 561, 562 Guayas, 311 Huallaga, 311, 361 Iguape, 329 Itabapuana, 329 Itata, 290 Jacuhy, 546, 583 Janeiro, 329 city of, 130, 230, 329, 334, 351, 563 State of, 552, 653 Jauru, 317 Jequetepec, 311 Jequitinhonha, 328, 329 Jundiahe, 329 Jurua, 360 La Plata, 76, 86, 93, 109, 120, 130, 150, 230, 233, 235, 240, 241, 244, 252, 259, 263, 294, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 328, 330, 334, 336, 339, 340, 351, 360, 361, 362, 372, 513, 514, 533, 535, 545, 548, 552, 556, 558, INDEX. 763 566, 569, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 584, 587, 588, 610 Rio de La Plata, basin of, 240, 259, 318, 327, 330, 334. 335, 336, 533, 610 district, 294, 627 -Paraguay valley, 295 valley of, 371 Las Minas, 215 Lerma, 300, 333 basin of, 296, 303 Limay, 251 Macahe, 329 McClelland, 519 Madeira, 317, 328, 339 Magdalena, 259, 309, 311, 312, 315, 334, 335, 36o, 361 basin of, 315, 317 Mamoni, 310 Mana, 319 Mapocho, 249, 251 Maranon, 311, 312, 604 Marazzi, 533 Maroni, 319 Maullin, 233, 260 Mazaruni, 319 Mezquital, 299, 300, 352 Motagua, 310, 361, 371 basin of, 309 Mucury, 329 Muriahe, 329 Napo, 361 Negro, 6, 26, 30, 33, 56, 60, 148, 165, 182, 186, 188, 225, 227, 229, 230, 260, 261, ,270, 285, 290, 294, 317, 319, 372, 513, 5H, 5i6, 519, 520, 525, 530, 531, 544,610 basin of, 296 valley of, 516 Neuquen, 288, 290, 531 Orinoco, 317, 318, 319, 327, 362, 548 valley of, 371 Oyapoc, 319 Pampa, 329 Panuco, 230, 296, 298, 300, 303, 353, 375, 616 basin of, 298 Rio Papaloapam, 301, 302 Paraguassu, 329 Paraguay, 150, 230, 317, 318, 319, 339, 347, 351, 36i, 362, 596 basin of, 339, 340, 347 Parahyba, 230, 298, 328, 329, 330, 333, 336, 372, 373 valley of, 336 Parana, 150, 182, 230, 317, 328, 339, 340, 347, 351, 352, 361, 530, 569, 570, 575, 587, 589 basin of, 329 Pardo, 329 Pardua, 596 Patia Mira, 311, 312 Paute, 312 Pedro, 562, 602, 603 Piabanha, 329 Pirahy, 329 Presidio, 299, 375 Preto, 329, 330 Quenda, 329 Ribeira, 373, 558, 584, 585 Rimac, 311 Ruben, 236 Rupununi, 319 Salado, 151, 560 Salsa, 329 San Antonio, 329 San Francisco, 259, 309, 320, 328, 329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 34<>, 355, 360, 361, 362 basin of, 329, 330, 333, 336 plateau of, 339 San Juan, 310, 311, 312, 361 del Rio, 296, 303 San Matheos, 329 Santa, 311 Santa Cruz, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 90, 91, no, 148, 181, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 227, 229, 285, 290, 311, 516, 521, 535, 552, 556, 609, 636, 637, 639, 644, 646, 647, 649, 650, 660 Santa Maria, 566, 568 Santos, 329 Sinos, 566, 587 764 INDEX. Rio Surinam, 319 Tacutu, 319 Tapajos, 318, 328, 339 Tiet6, 329, 330, 372, 579 Tombador, 318 Traful, 276, 277 Tramanduhy, 130 Trombetas, 319 Tucuma, 182 Tumbey, 311 Turbio, 236 Ucayale, 311 Uruguay, 339, 547, 567. 569, 574- 576, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 583- 584- 587, 588, 593- 595- 596, 597, 598, 599, 601, 602 Usumacinta, 310 das Velhas, 330, 361 Ventuari, 319 Verde, 320 Xingu, 328 Yaqui, 299, 352 Yari, 319 Rissoids, South American, 552 Rithrodon, 62 Rivulus, 454 atratus, 454 brasiliensis, 454 breviceps, 455 cylindraceus, 454 elegans, 316, 454 flabellicauda, 454 frenatus, 455 geayi, 325 godmani, 454 holmiae, 455 isthmensis, 454 lanceolatus, 455 micropus, 325, 454 obscurus, 325, 454 ocellatus, 454 ornatus, 454 poeyi, 454 punctatus, 346, 454 stagnatus, 455 tenuis, 455 Rivulus urophthalmus, 325, 454 waimacui, 455 Robertson Bay, 91 Rochebrune, A. T. de, see Mabille Rocinela, 646, 663 australiensis, 662 australis, 636, 646 Rodents, 2, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25 North American, 26 Roeboides, 335, 445 affinis, 325, 445 bicornis, 445 bonariensis, 346, 350, 445 dayii, 445 francisci, 445 guatemalensis, 445 microlepis, 325, 346, 445 microlepis, 445 myersii, 445 prognathus, 346, 445 rubrivertex, 445 xenodon, 332, 445 Rodersberg, 547 Rcestes, 335, 445 alatus, 445 molossus, 346, 445 Rogenia, 452 "Romanch," 149 Rookeries, sea-lion, no Roosevelt, T., 178 Ross's Sea, 91 Rozier, 496 Rudd ranch, 75 Ruminants, 4 Rush, W. H., 513, 525, 545, 547, 548, 557, 576, 577, 580, 594, 605 Russia, 640, 643 Ryder, J. A., 239 CACALIUS, 151 Saccodon, 360, 362, 423 craniocephalum, 313, 423 wagneri, 313, 423 Sacramento River, basin of, 312 Sagdinae, 625 St. Ambrose Id., 133 INDEX. 765 St. Barbara Id., 139 Clement Id., 139 Felix Id., 133 Mary's Id., 133 Miguel Id., 139 Paul Id. ,97, 102, 122 Paul d' Amsterdam, 96 Pierre, 96 Rosa Id., 139 Salientia,2i4 Salinas, 212,217 Salminus, 335, 446 affinis, 316,446 brevidens, 332, 346, 350, 446 brevidens, 446 cuvieri, 446 hilarii, 325, 332, 350, 446 maxillosus, 350, 446 orbignyanus, 446 Salmo anostomus, 425 argentinus, 440 cyprinoides , 421 edentulus, 421, 422 falcatus, 447 fasciatus, 426 gasteropelecus, 439 gibbosus, 444 melanurus, 435 rhombeus, 442 unimaculatus, 423 Salmonoids, 228 Salto das Cruzes, 579 Gran, de Guaira, 339 do Yguassu, 590 San Antonio, Peru, 653 Augustin, 315 Benito Id., 138, 139, 140 Carlos, 544, 606 ed Aguanda, 560 Diego, 141, 142 Domingo, Ecuador, 562 Fernando, 187 Francisco, 142 Gabriel Id., 545, 558, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581,588,589 Ignacio de Peruchue, 188 San Isidro, 85, 93 Juan, 560 Julian, 64, 173, 636, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 659, 660, 661 Lorenzo Id., 133 Luis, 560 Mathias, Gulf of, 660, 661 Pedro, 575 Rafael, 77, 79 Xavier, 544 Sandwich Ids., 130 Sandy Point, see Punta Arenas Sangiorgi, D., 505 Santa Barbara Id., 138 Catherina, State of, 109, 373, 586 Clara, 329 Cruz, 4, 35, 44, 60, 64, 65, 72, 73, 75, 82, 145, 146, 173, 174, 175, 178, 185, 186, 188, 213, 217, 329, 518, 536, 542, 636, 648, 660 beds, 6, 7 Territory of, 1, 218, 521, 554 region, 72 Rosa, 306 Santiago, 560 de Chile, 168, 169, 177, 187, 225, 229, 230, 242, 243, 259, 285, 305, 525 Santo Domingo, Oligocene of, 624 Santos, 309, 558 Sao Leopoldo, 557 Paulo, 168, 347, 514, 557, 558, 566, 584, 585, 587 State of, 336, 514, 579 Saraca, 479 operculensis, 479 Sarchirus, 379 Sarcodacinae, 256 Sarcura, 377 Satanoperca, 479 acuticeps, 479 balzanii, 479 macrolepis, 479 pappaterra, 326, 347, 479 Sauria, 217 Sauvage, M. H., 496 Savigny, 610 766 Scalarinella, 629 Scammon, Capt., 139. Scandinavia, 625 Scapteromys, 81 Scarus pavoninus, 477 rvfescens, 477 Scharff, R. F., 627 Schilling, 494 Schinz, H. R., 5. 3i Schizodon, 34?! 425 borelli, 425 borellii, 343 dissimilis, 425 elongatus, 425 fasciatus, 323, 343, 425 isognathus, 343, 425 knerii, 425 nasutus, 425 platae, 425 Sagittarius, 425 Uzniatus, 425 vittatus, 425 Schizodontopsis, 425 Schlosser, M., 294 Schomburghk, R., 320, 488, 489 Schonbein,C.F.,488 Schreber, J. von, 102, IIO, III, 114, 116 Schreiner, C., & Ribeiro, A. de M., 507 Schuchert,C.,624 Schultze, M., 490 Sciadeichthys, 382 albicans, 382 Sciades, 390 marmoratus, 390 pictus, 341, 390 Sciadichthys, 390 Sciadoides, 390 Scieena adusta, 468 bimaculata, 471, 473 magdalena, 468 punctata, 470, 471 rubella, 468 squamosissima, 467 undecimalis, 466 Sciaenidae, 365, 467, 484 Scissor, 256, 431 INDEX. Scissor macrocephalus, 323, 431 Sciuridae, 4 Sclater, P. L., 14, 53, 88, 117, 182 Scleromystax, 401 barbatus, 337, 4OJ Scleropages, 453 Scomber saurus, 480 Scopelidse, 228 Scott, A. W., 128 W. B., 5, 6, 108, 513, 563 Sea-bear, 102, 114 Steller's, 120, 123 Sea-bears, 102, 103, no, 114, 115 southern, 108 Sea-elephant, 85, 94, 96, 97, 102, IJI> n3> 114, 115, 139, 140 Californian, 96, 97, 138 southern hemisphere, 97 Sea Gull Bay, 149 Sea-horses, 139 Sea-leopard, 88, 89, 90, 139 Sea-lion, 102, 105, 107, no, ill, 113, "4. 118, 119 Anson's, 96, no Auckland Id., 105 Californian, 105, 138 Falkland Id., 104, no, 113, 114, "6 Forster's 105, 114 Hooker's, 117 "islands Falckland," 86, 88, 118 northern, 102, 109, ill, 114, "5. Il6 Patagonian, 104 Pernetty's, 107, 114, 115 southern, 5, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, ill, 114, 115, "6, 118, 119 Steller's, 101, 104, 114, 118 Tinian Id., 106, 112 Sea-lions, 102, 103, no, 112, 114, 115, 117 Sea-lyon, 95 Sea-otter, 139 Sea-wolves, no Seal, 95 crab-eating, 85, 93 crested, 93 eared, 106, 115, 116, 133 INDEX. 767 Seal, fur, III, 114, 120, 121, 129, 130, 133, 138, 139, HO Alaska, 138 Arbitration, -133, 137, 138, 141 Cape of Good Hope, 104, 121 Falkland Id., 120, 123, 124, 127, 129 Galapagos, 123, 134, 138 Guadelupe Id., 136, 137, 141, 142, 143 Lobos Id. 142 New Zealand, 102, 103 northern, 103, 116, 127, 131, 137, 140 southern, 103, 121, 123 hair, 90, 133, 139 harbor, 93 hooded, 94 leopard, 85 leopardine, 90, 91, 92 New Georgia, 87, 88 Ross's, 85 Weddell's, 85, 90, 91 Sealeina, 443 Seals, 102, 119, 138, 149 eared, 99, 101, 102, 103, 116, 122, 128 earless, 85, 101 fur, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 122, 130, 134, 138, 139 herds of, 122, 123, 149 North Pacific, 99, 142 northern, 103, 123, 129 South American, 123, 126 southern, 99, 121, 122, 127 hair, 122 Seba, A., 485 Secondary period, 239 Selachii, 377 Selenaspis herzbergii, 327 Semiscolex, 670, 673, 674 grandis, 674 terrestris, 674 variabilis, 669, 670 Semitapicis, 422 laticeps, 422 latior, 323 planirostris, 422 Serolidae, 650 Serolis, 650, 663 paradoxa, 637, 650, 662 schythei, 650 Serra da Bocaina, 336 do Espinhaco, 329 da Mantiqueira, 329, 336 Mar, 339 Tuila, 329 Serrano, Lieut., 37 Serranidae, 283, 336, 365, 467, 484 Serrasalmo, 335, 442 aesopus, 442 aureus, 442 brandtii, 442 denticulatus , 441 elongatus, 442 gibbus, 442 gymogenys, 324, 345, 442 humeralis, 345, 442 humeralis, 442 immaculatus, 442 iridopsis, 442 iridopsis, 442 irritans, 442 maculatus, 442 marginatus, 324, 332, 345, 350, 442 mento, 442 nigricans, 442 paraensis, 442 paranha, 442 piraya, 442 punctatus, 441 rhombeus, 324, 345, 442 spilopleura, 324, 345, 442 Serrasalmoninae, 230, 255, 330, 333, 347, 441 Severtzow, N., 166, 180 Seychelles, 614, 632 Shaw, G., in, 153, 486 Sheep, Rocky Mt., 21 Siberia, 228 Sicily, 643 Sicya, 481 Sicydium, 481 altum, 481 multipunctatum, 481 y68 INDEX. Sicydium pittieri, 481 plumieri, 481 siragus, 481 Sierra de C6rdoba, 519, 560 Madre, 299 de Mendoza, 560 Oveja, 518, 521, 523, 525, 526, 527, 529, 530, 536, 537. 538, 539, 540, 554, 555, 556, 605, 606, 607, 608, 636, 644, 675, 680, 68 1, 684, 686, 687 de San Luis, 560 Ventana [Argentina], 514, 520, 544, 629 [Patagonia], 521, 527, 538, 539, 543, 554- 556, 636, 639, 640, 644, 684, 686 Sierras, Argentine, 552, 629 Sievers, 311 Sigmodon, 44, 69 Sigmodontina?, 50 Sigmomys, 62 Sigmurethra, 612 Signalosa, 452 atchafalaya, 452, 453 mexicana, 298, 301, 452 Silurida;, 240, 241, 366, 368, 369, 370, 381, 484 African, 368 branchicolce, 244 opisthopterce, 244 South American, 368 Silurinae, 239 Siluroidei trichomycleriformes, 244 Silurus bagre, 381 candiru, 398 carinalus, 392 cataphractus, 393 chilensis, 242 claries, 388 ceecutiens, 398 coslatus, 392 fasciatus, 391 hexadactylus, 380 lima, 392 sapipoca, 386 Simon, E., 642, 643 Simpson, C. T., 616 Siphostoma starksi, 299 Sisson, 141 Sitka, 626 Skiffia, 459 bilineata, 304, 459 lermse, 304, 459 multipunctata, 304, 459 variegata, 304, 459 Skunk, 143, 146 Brazilian, 143 Chilian, 143 Skunks, bare-nosed, 143 Central American, 144 Mexican, 143 South American, 144 Sloths, 6 Smith, E. A., 533, 536 Hamilton, 152, 153, 154 J. P. G., 490 S. J-, 653, 654 Smith's ranch, 174, 175 Smitt, F. A., 234, 236, 273, 277, 280, 503, 505 Smyth Channel, 651, 653 Snails, Amnicoloid, 553 Bolivian land, 294 Brazilian land, 629 families of, 611 land, 519, 623 Lymnaeid, 531, 532 Middle American, 623 Orthurethrous, 611 Patuloid, 516, 518 Pond, 631 Pulmonate, 532 river, 548 Sigmurethrous, 612 South American, 518 Tasmanian, 516 Socorro Id., 139 Solaropsis, 622, 625 Soleidae, 483, 484 Soleotalpa, 483 Sorubim, 335, 392 caparary, 392 infraocularis , 392 jandia, 392 lima, 315, 321, 341, 348, 392 INDEX. 769 Sorubim prianaca, 392 Sorubimichthys, 392 gigas, 392 ortoni, 392 planiceps, 321, 392 spatula, 392 Souleyet, — , 488, 550, 551, 552 South America, i, 6, 34, 44, 45, 100, 101, no, 112, 113, 115, 130, 143, 153, 154, 180, 186, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 232, 233, 238, 248, 252, 260, 270, 271, 272, 279, 284, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 302, 303, 3i8, 319, 339, 340, 353, 363, 364, 365, 368, 369, 370, 375, 519, 522, 532, 548, 552, 559, 602, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 655, 657, 663, 664, 665, 669, 686 Atlantic coast of, 339, 638, 659, 662, 669 coast of, 109, no, in cold, 532 non-marine Mollusca of, 6n Pacific coast of, 97, 100, 119, 122, 132, 669 temperate, 519, 532 tropical, 364, 369, 370, 522 South American center, 633 South Georgia, 97, 98, no, 122, 123, 130, 646, 650, 662, 664, 665 Orkneys, 91 Pacific continent, 626 Sea, 363 Shetlands, 91, 98, no, 123, 129, 130 Temperate subregion, 627 "Southern Cross," H. M. S., 88, 89, 91, 93, no Southern Seas, 96, 100, 116 Hemisphere, 85 Sowerby, G. B., 533 Sparoma, 646 Spalacopus, 33 Sparks, 353 Sparus surinamensis, 478 Speothos, 151 venaticus, 151 Sphaeriidae, 513, 514, 515, 602, 615 Sphseriidje, South American, 603 Sphaerium, 602 argentinum, 605 bahiense, 603 equatoriale, 603 modioliforme, 603 Spharoma calcarea, 647, 648 gigas, var. lanceolata, 647 lanceolatum, 646 Sphaeromidae, 646 Sphyrcenocharax, 447 Spring Creek, 521, 528, 541, 608 Spix, J. B. von, 487 Sgualus mustelus, 377 Squamata, 217 Squirrels, 23 Stanley Harbour, 88 Starks, E. C., 509 Staten Land, 97, 130, 149 Steatogenys, 449 elegans, 449 Stebbing, T. R. R., 647, 648, 649, 653, 658, 661 Stegophilinse, 241, 245 Stegophilus, 246, 335, 401 insidiosus, 331, 401 intermedius, 401 nemurus, 400 reinhardtii, 401 Steindachner, F., 226, 263, 270, 280, 282, 315, 330, 373, 413, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, SGI, 502, 503, 507, 509, 5io, 5" & Bayern, Th. von, 501 Steindachneria, 335, 391 amblyura, 337, 391 doceana, 337, 391 parahybae, 337, 391 Steindachnerina, 421 Steinmann, G., 372 Stejneger, L., 211 Steller, G. W., 102, 103, 104, ill, 114, 116, 121, 127 Stenorhincus, 86 leptonyx, 87 Stenorhinque, 86, 91 770 INDEX. Stenorhynchotes, 86 Stenorhynchus, 86, 91 carcinophagus, 92 leptonyx, 92 serridens, 92, 93 weddellii, 89 Stenorhyncus weddellii, 89 Stenotatus, 6 Stephanoda, 516, 518 leptotera, 518 lyrata, 518 michaelseni, 518 patagonica, 517 rigophila, 518 Stenarchella, 448 balacnops, 448 schotti, 448 Stenarchogiton, 448 nattereri, 448 sachsi, 325, 448 Sternarchorhamphus, 449 macrostomus, 449 mulleri, 449 tamandua, 449 Sternarchorhynchus, 449 curvirostris, 449 mormyrus, 449 mulleri, 449 oxyrhynchus, 325, 449 Sternarchus, 448 albifrons, 325, 346, 350, 448 bonapartii, 448 brasiliensis, 333, 448 lacepedii, 448 macrolepis, 448 maximilliani, 448 mulleri, 449 nattereri, 448 oxyrhynchus, 449 schotti, 448 Sternopygidae, 347 Sternopygus, 361,450 aequilabiatus, 450 x. nigriceps, 450 distribution of, *357 humboldtii, 449 Sternopygus Umbatus, 449 lineatus, 449, 450 macrurus,- 333. 346, 450 marcgravii, 450 microstomus, 449 obtusirostris, 450 tumifrons, 449, 450 virescens, 450 Stethaprion, 441 chryseum, 441 erythrops, 441 Stethaprioninae, 255, 441 Stevardia, 438 albipinnis, 438 Stevardiinae, 255, 438 Stewardia albipinnis, 328 Stichanodon, 441 insignis, 441 Stichanodontinae, 441 Stimpson, W., 553 Stimpsonia, 553 Stolephorus, 451 brevirostris, 451 clupeoides, 325, 350, 451 januarius, 451 manjuba, 451 nattereri, 451 olidus, 346, 350, 451 peruanus, 451 poeyi, 3H- 451 spinifer, 325, 451 surinamensis, 451 tapirulus, 451 vaillanti, 451 Stomatopoden, 646 Stomias variegatus, 275 Strait, Cretaceous in Amazon valley, 619, 620 of Le Maire, 130 Straits of Magellan, 22, 26, 27, 35, 36, 38, 68, 71, 84, 85, 109, in, 122, 123, 130, 132, 143, 148, 149, 151, 159, 186, 188, 212, 214, 215, 217, 280, 518, 526, 529, 541, 603, 606, 635, 638, 646, 647, 650, 651, 653, 655, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 669, 68 1 Streams, Atlantic, 373 Pacific, 362 INDEX. 771 Strebel, H., 517, 519, 520, 526, 528, 533, 542 Streptaxidae, 613, 614, 615 distribution of, *6i7 Strobel, P., 548, 552, 587, 606 Strophocheilidae, 613, 614 Strophocheilus, 514 Studer, T., 646 Sturisoma, 335, 360, 405, 416 barbata, 342 barbatum, 416 distribution of,* 357 frenata, 313 frenatum, 416 giintheri, 416 lyra, 416 panamensis, 313 panamense, 316, 416 robusta, 342 robustum, 416 Stygogenes, 416 humboldtii, 417 Subregion, Brazilian, or Tropical, 627 Chilian, or South Temperate, 627 Succinea, 519, 522 avara, 521 burmeisteri, 520 lebruni, 519, 520 magellanica, 520 meridionalis, 520 m. cornea, 520 ordinaria, 520 patagonica, 519 Succineidae, 519, 612, 614 Sudis, 453 gigas, 453 pirarucu, 453 Surinam, 319 Swain, J., 497 Swainson, W., 470, 471, 488 Sykes, E. R., 587 Symbranchus, 333 marmoratus, 310, 314, 328 Symphurus, 483 nigrescens, 483 plagusia, 351, 483 Symphysodon, 479 Symphysodon discus, 479 d. rcquifasciatus, 479 Synbranchia, 450 Synbranchidse, 450, 484 distribution of, *365 Synbranchus, 333, 361, 363, 450 distribution of, *354 doringii, 451 fuliginosus, 451 hieronymi, 451 immaculatus, 450 marmoratus, 316, 325, 339, 346, 350, 450 tigrinus, 451 transversalis, 451 vittatus, 451 Synentognathi, 462 ^ABATINGA, 314, 333 Tachisurinae, 240, 241, 368 Tachisurus laticeps, 327 Tadpoles, 212, 215, 216 Taenioglossa, 611 Taanionema, 391 platynema, 391 steeri, 391 Taniura henlei, 378 mulleri, 378 Taguara, 604 Tapacari, 57 Tarapaca, province of, 191 Tarpon, 453 atlanticus, 453 Tasmania, 122, 228, 233, 237, 271, 272, 274, 275. 522, 532, 548, 549. 614, 630, 631, 643, 646, 662 Tate, R., 643 & Brady, G. S., 643 Tatou pichiy, ^ Tatu, 6 hybridus, 6 Tatusia hybrida, 8, 9 minuta, ^ Taubate, 329, 330, 336, 339 Tayra, 147 barbara, 143 772 INDEX. Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 296, 297, 301, 309, 310, 363, 376 Tcleostomi, 379 Temnocephala, 294 Tenison-Woods, J. E., 549 Ternetz, 339 Terns, 149 Tertiary period, 225, 239, 294, 295, 318, 336, 340, 368, 369, 370, 372. 612, 615, 616, 621, 623, 626, 632, 633 Testacellidse, 613 Tetrabranchus, 450 Tetragonopterinze, 252, '253, 255, 256, 309, 430 Tetragonopterus, 256, 257, 336, 438 emeus, 270 agassizii, 437 alosa, 433 anomalus, 438 argenteus, 324, 344, 438 artedii, 438 bahiensis, 433 bartlettii, 432 belizianus, 433 branckii, 432 brevimanus, 433, 434 caudimaculatus, 432 chalceus, 324, 349, 438 cobanensis, 433 compressus, 441 copei, 433 cuvieri, 433 fasciatus, 269, 434 finilimus, 433 fulgens, 434 gibbicervix, 435 gibbosus, 338, 438 gronovii, 432 hauxwellianus, 435 huberi, 438 humilis, 433 interrupta, 437 jacuhiensis, 432 jenynsii, 433 jequitinhonha, 270 latus, 443 Tetragonopterus lineatus, 437 linnai, 432 longipinnis, 441 mexicanus, 300 microphthalmus, 434 microstoma, 270, 432, 433 moorii, 435 multifasciatus, 432 nigripinnis, 438 nitidens, 434 oaxacanensis, 433 obscurus, 432 oerstedii, 433 orbignianus, 432 orientalis, 432 ortoni, 438 panamensis, 433 pectinatus, 431 petenensis, 261, 434 pliodus, 434 rufipes, 438 rutilus, 261, 269, 433 5ona, 438 scabripinnis, 270 schomburgkii, 438 it'mtts, 434 streetsi, 434 t&niatus, 269 we/tto, 433 xinguensis, 437 Tetragonopterus, 336 Tetranematichthys, 397 quadrifilis, 397 Tetraodontidae, 365, 484 Tetraplodon, 610 Tetrodon, 484 curvus, 484 lagocephalus, 484 lineolatus, 484 mathematicus, 484 pennanti, 484 psittacus, 484 Texas, 548 Thalassophryne, 482 amazonica, 482 maculosa, 482 INDEX. 773 Thalassophryne nattereii, 482 Thaumatodon, 631 Thayeria, 437 obliqua, 437 Thcraps, 474 irregularis, 474 Theromyzon palleus, 686 Thiosmus, 143, 144 Thiosomus, 144 Thomas, O., 3, 6, II, 18, 27, 31, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57- 62, 70, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 143, 144, 151, 152, 153, 178, 185, 189, 190, 191 Thominot, A., 497, 498 Thomson, G. M., 638 Thoracocharax, 361, 439 distribution of, *357 maculatus, 440 pectorosus, 440 stellatus, 324, 345, 439 Thorichthys, 302, 472, 473 affinis, 472 aureus, 472 callolepis, 472 ellioti, 302, 472 helleri, 302 Thos, 151 Thous, 153 mesomelas, 154 Thous, 153, 155 Thricomycterus, 248, 400 macrai, 248 maculatus, 249, 251 Thry corny cterus, 247, 248 Thunberg, K. P., 104, 121 Thyrina, 465 crystallina, 279, 465 evermanni, 465 guatemalensis, 465 meeki, 465 sardina, 465 Thysanocara, 411 Tiahuanaco, 307 Tierradel Fuego, I, 3, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 35, 37, 46, 48, 63, 67, 69, 72, 93, 97, no, 130, 149, 150, 162, 174, 187, 214, 217, 272, 273, 276, 278, 302, 513, 516, 517, 519, 520, 533, 637, 638, 646, 647, 649, 650, 658, 659, 660, 661, 669 Tigris, 167 Tilapia nilotica, 471 Tilopozo, 560 Timana, 315 Tinian Id., 112, 118 Tiogoma pulchella, 419 pulchra, 419 Titcomb, J. W., 277 Tocantins, 328, 329 Tolypeutes, 6 Tom Bay, 48, 517, 519, 533 Tomba Point, 51 Tometes, 443 trilobatus, 443 Tomeurus, 461 gracilis, 461 Tomigerus, distribution of, *6i9 Tomocichla, 470 underwoodi, 470 Tornatellinidae, 612 Torpedo bancrofti, 378 brasiliensis, 377 pictus, 378 Tortoise, 138 Townsend, C. H., 35, 124, 131, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142 Toxus, 458 riddlei, 458 Tracheliopterus coriaceus, 341 Trachelyopterichthys, 395 taeniatus, 395 Trachelyopterus, 395 coriaceus, 322, 395 maculosus, 395 taniatus, 395 Trachycorystes, 395 analis, 396 brevibarbus, 396 ceratophysus, 322, 396 galeatus, 322, 331, 341, 396 glaber, 322, 395 insignis, 315, 396 isacanthus, 396 774 INDEX. Trachycorystes magdalenae, 315, 396 obscurus, 322, 396 paseae, 327 porosus, 396 robustus, 322, 396 striatulus, 337, 341, 396 trachycorystes, 396 typus, 395, 396 Trachypoma, 400 marmoratum, 400 Traill, T. S., 487 Tres Marias Ids., 137, 138 Trichomycterida, 244 Trichomycterus, 247, 248 areolatus, 251, 291 barbatula, 399 brasiliensis, 373 dispar, 373 gracilis, 399 inca, 399 inermis, 246, 291, 398 maculatus, 249, 291 nigricans, 247 pentlandi, 399 pictus, 399 prodps, 374 pusillus, 401 Trichophocaceae, 100 Tridens, 245, 400 brevis, 400 melanops, 400 Trifarcius riverendi, 456 Trinectes, 483 Trinidad, 45, 263, 311, 327, 354, 355, 356, 358, 36i Channel, 519, 658 Triportheus, 440 flavus, 440 Tristan d'Acunha, 97 Triurobrycon, 430 Trocheta, 674 Troschel, F. H., 450, see also Miiller, J. Trygon aiereba, 378 garrapa, 378 henlei, 378 hystrix, 378 Trygon orbicularis, 378 Tryon, G., 549 Tryonia, 569, 570 Tschudi, J. J. von, 113, 117, 133, 489 Tuco-Tuco, 24, 34, 42 Tulotoma, 569 Turbo minutus, 553 Turin, University of, 687 Turner, W., 109, 129, 130 Turtle, 138 Tylomys, 44 Tylosurus, 462 acus, 462 almeida, 325, 462 amazonicus, 346, 462 cantraini, 462 fluviatilis, 314, 462 marinus, 301, 462 microps, 325, 462 scapularis, 462 Typhlobagrus, 335, 387 kronei, 374, 387 {JARU, 469 amphiacanthoides, 326, 469 imperialis, 469 obscurum, 469 Uarus cenlrarchoides, 475 Ulrey, A. B., 501 Uncia, 167 Uncia, 167 Unger, F., 294 Ungulata, 10 Unibranchapterura, 450 grisea, 451 lineata, 451 Unio, 294, 628 frenzellii, 610 patagonica, 610 Unionidae, 293, 514, 515, 613, 615, 616, 626, 628, 632 United States, 45, 46, 143, 230, 252, 260, 279, 297, 36i, 563. 631, 653, 654, 655, 657, 687 Uraptera, 377 Urocoptidae, 613, 622, 625 distribution of, *625 INDEX. 775 Urocoptinse, distribution of, *625 Ursus marinus, 104, 120, 121, 123, 127 Uruguay, 129, 153, 293, 295, 514, 525, 530, 545, 547- 558, 574, 577, 578, 580, 582, 583, 587, 588, 591, 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 601, 602, 603, 604 Useless Bay, 533 Ushuaia, 517, 519 Uspullatuo, 249 Utah, 643, 653 ^/"AILLANT, L., 319, 380, 497, 499, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507 & Pellegrin, J., 506 Val de Chillo, 603, 604 Valdivia, 183, 187, 669 Valenciennes, A., 248, 351, 489 M., see Cuvier, G. Valentin, G., 489 Vallentin, R., 272 Valloniidae, 612 Valparaiso, 227, 242, 282, 283, 285, 291, 296, 560, 66 1 Vancouver Id., 178 Vandellia, 246, 401 cirrhosa, 401 plazaii, 322, 401 Vastres, 453 agassizii, 453 arapaima, 453 cuvieri, 453 mapa, 453 Velasia, 232, 234, 276 chilensis, 233, 235, 292 Venezuela, 153, 293, 305, 327, 360, 548, 562, 603, 653 "Venus," cruise of, 119 Vera Cruz, 143, 653 Veragua, 309 Vermes, 610 Veronicellidae, 613, 615 Verrill, A. E., 674 Vespertilio, 187 blossevillii, 188 bonariensis, 188, 189 capucinus, 188 Vespertilio chiloensis, 186 magellanicus, 187 velatus, 187 villosissimus, 188, 189, 190, 191 Vespertilionidae, 186 Vesperugo magellanicus, 188 velatus, 187 Vesperus magellanicus, 187 velatus, 187 Victoria Land, 88, 91 Vicuna, 18, 22 Viscaccia, 5, 23, 30 americana, 31, 32 chilensis, 5, 32 maxima, 5, 32 Viscacha, 5, 30 Argentine, 5, 31, 33 Viscacia, 30, 31 Viverra vittata, 147 Viviparidse, 569, 570, 613 Viviparus altior, 569 hoernesi, 569 limnothauma, 569 Vizcache, 31, 32, 33 Argentine, 32 Vizcacia, 31 maxima, 32 pamparum, 32 viscacia, 32 viscacica, 32 Voles, 44, 50 Valuta fluminea, 544, 545 flmiatilis, 544, 545 Volute-shell, 149 Vulpes, 151 griseus, 155 magellanicus, 154, 161 Vulpicanis, 151 , J., 94 Waiteina, 444 Wallace, A. R., 627 Ward, D. P., see Eigenmann Waring, 173 Washington, State of , 116, 141 Waterhouse, G., 3, 26, 33, 35, 36, 37, 51, 52, 776 INDEX. 55. 56, 58. 59. 60. 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73.75.150,153.184,185,187 Water- Vole, 48 Weasels, 143, 148 Weddell, Capt., 91, 92, 115, 129 Wentworth, Capt., 142 Wertheimeria, 335, 395 maculata, 337, 395 West Indian region, 663 Indies, 297, 363, 367, 375, 548, 562, 615, 622 Weyenberg, H., 496 Whales, 119 White, A., 646, 647, 648, 649, 661 Whitfield, R. P., 524 Wiegmann, F. A., 487, 622 Wierzejski, A., 651 Williamson, H., 485 Willoughby, 485 Wilson, E. A., 89, 90, 93 Wolf, T., 548 Wolf, Antarctic, 153 Cordillera, 16*3, 164 Magellan, 161 maned, 152 Wollaston, 149 Wolves, 1 60 Wood-lice, 637 Woodward, A. S., 336, 340, 498, 499, 503, 505 Woolman, A. J., 500, 501 Worms, tubificid, 673 Wortmann, J. L., 151, 152 Wright, R. R., 498 Wrzesniowski, A., 653, 655, 657 Wyman,J.,49i XEBEROS, 360 Xenatherina, 465 lisa, 465 Xendaphus, 10, n bisukus, 12 huamel, 10 leucotis, 12, 13 Xcnendum, 458 calienle, 459 xaliscone, 459 Xenocara, 405, 410 brevispinnis, 373 gymnorhynchus, 322, 342, 410 latifrons, 405, 410 Xenomycterus gobio, 407 Xenorhynchichthys, 463 stipes, 464 Xiphophorus, 460 bimaculatus, 456 brevis, 461 guentheri, 461 heckelii, 457 helleri, 301, 310, 460, 461 helleri, 461 jalapse, 461 montezumse, 299, 461 obscurus minor, 457 strigatus, 461 Xiphorhamphus, 447 anomahis, 447 ferox, 447 hepsetus, 447 Xiphorhynchus, 447 Xiphostoma, 446 cuvieri, 446 lateristriga, 446 oseryi, 446 ttedo, 446 Xystrosus, 418 popoche,4i8 , 585 Yucatan, 261,363 Yunguyo, isthmus of, 307 Yuriria, 419 ROSEUS, 224 Zaedyus, 6, 7 ciliatus, 5, 7 cilliatus, 7 minutus, 8 Zalophus, 99, 100, 104, 122, 132, 141 californianus, 117, 138, 139 Zathorax, 392 Zibethailurus, 179 Zimmermann, 127 INDEX. 777 Zone, Austral, 515 Boreal, 515 cold, 532 cold temperate, 532 La Platan, 514, 515 Patagonian, 514, 515 Transition, 515 Zones, life, North American, 515 Zonitidae, 519, 613, 616, 626 Zoogoneticus, 304, 454 cuitzenoensis, 454 cuitzeaensis, 304 diazi, 304, 454 Zoogoneticus du ii, 304, 454 maculatus, 304, 454 miniatus, 454 pachycephalus, 454 robustus, 454 Zungaro, 384 humboldtii, 384 mangurus, 384 zungaro, 384 Zungaropsis, 383 multimaculatus, 383 Zygodontomys, 46 INDiNG LIST SEP 15 1933 Q 115 P85 1903 v.3 pt.2 Princeton University Sxpeditiona to Patagonia Reports FVScASci. 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