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OSTEN FELD, INSPECTOR AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN. PART I. PTERIDOPHYTA, GYMNOSPERMAE AND MONOCOTYLEDONES, BY & 5 0. GELERT AND C. H. OSTENFELD. | PUBLISHED BY THE CARLSBERG FUND. COPENHAGEN. DET NORDISKE FORLAG. BOGFORLAGET ERNST BOJESEN. 1902. FLORA ARCTICA CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, FOUND IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS, WITH THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THESE COUNTRIES, ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS FIGURES IN THE TEXT. EDITED BY Ch OSTENEE LD: INSPECTOR AT THE BOTANICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN PARE I. PTERIDOPHYTA, GYMNOSPERMAE AND MONOCOTYLEDONES, BY O. GELERT AND C. H. OSTENFELD. PUBLISHED BY THE CARLSBERG FUND. COPENHAGEN. DET NORDISKE- FORDAG: BOGFORLAGET ERNST BOJESEN,. 1902. PUBLISHED JUNE 28T# 1902. PRINTED BY H.H. THIELE. PRICE 5 SH. PREEAGE: N the year 1896 Prof. Warming invited the late Mr. O. Gelert to make I a revision of the flowering plants and ferns of the Arctic regions, as the many scattered lists and treatises, in which each author used his own nomenclature, made the study of them very trouble- some. The knowledge of the Arctic regions was, by that time, so far advanced, that, among the flowering plants and ferns, no considerable additions to the flora, with regard to still unknown species, might be expected. — On that account it would be appro- priate to collect all the scattered statements in one work, trying at the same time, if feasible, to revise the statements in such manner, that a flora of this kind might be a reliable proof of those species which were known in the Arctic territory, and of their distribution there. — The Copenhagen-University-Botanic-Museum was, on account. of its rich Arctic collections, especially from Greenland, well adapted to form the basis of a critical revision. To form an idea how great and extensive such a work might prove, Mr. Gelert made a revision of the genus Draba and other Cruciferae, the result of which was his treatise »Notes on Arctic Plants, I Thi Holmyilics, Hartz, Ici; El D: Suppl tabs29: Dioecious; female scales subacute, dark-brown; female spikelet more lax-flowered, cylindrical; utricles dark-brown, suberect, bi- convex, lanceolate-ovate; beak longer, smooth. 6, Redowskiana (C. A. Mey.). C. Redowskiana C. A. Mey., Mém. prés. 4 lAcad. de St. Petersb. par diy. say., 1831, p. 207, tab. IV; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 265; Meinshausen, 61 Cyperac. Russl. p. 304; Kunze, lc. p. 126, tab. XXXI, 2; C. dioica f. pa- rallela Scheutz, l.c. and C. davalliana, vy. pallida Christ apud Scheutz, 1. c. Dioecious or seldom monoecious; female spikelet lax-flowered ; female scales subacute, light- brown; utricles paler, horizon- tally curved, biconvex, lanceo- late-ovate; beak longer than in 7, smooth. a. Eur.: Kolguev. p. Am.: Arctic Coast, West Greenl. 60°—69° 16’ (), 81° 30’. y. Am.: East Greenl. 70°— 71°(). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), No- vaya Zemlya to 71° (!). 6. As.: Mouth of the Yenis- sei (!). Geogr. area: @, Iceland, Feerées, North and Central Eu- rope, Russia. ~, Northern North America, (?) East Siberia and Kamchatka. 7, Northern Scan- dinavia. 06, Siberia, Altai, Kam- chatka, Alaska (?). Subgenus B. EUCAREX Cotton, Flor. Paris. p.744. Spi- kelets mostly stalked; the sexes commonly not mixed; the up- per spikelets male, the lower female (sometimes with male flowers at the summit), rarely the upper spikelet or all the spikelets female with male flo- wers at the base. Stigmas 2 or 3. Sect. I. Melananthae Drejer, Symbolae Caric., 1844, p.9. Spi- kelets clavate, bracts not or very shortly sheathing, scales more or Fig. 30. Carex dioica L. @, typica, to the left hand (from less blackish; utricles compres- Lapland); £, gynocrates (Wormsk.), to the right (from sed. membranous nearly beak- West Greenland) (*/; nat. size); x, 7, parallela Liestad. sed, Se E “ =: (spec. origin.); xx, @, typica, fi D rk. less: stigmas 3. seldom 3). spec origim.); XX. ypica, rom enmark Subsect. 1. Atratae Kunth, l.c. p. 431. Spikelets erect or somewhat drooping; the terminal one female with male flowers at the base or wholly male, the others female; utricles dark-coloured or straminous; stigmas 3, seldom 2. 114. C. alpina Sw. Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p.72 and p. 241; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138 and p. 289; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p.346; Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 125; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 478; Fl. D. tab. 403; C. Vahlii Hook. FL bor. Am. II p. 216; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85. Ceespitose, culm rigid, erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous edges, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, 1,5—2,5 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; lower bract leafy, not sheathing; spikelets 3—4, ovoid-globose, densely aggregated, very short-stalked, terminal spikelet clavate, male at the base, the others female; scales blackish- brown, ovate, obtuse, shorter and narrower than the utricles; utricles ovate, plano-convex, somewhat spreading, pale or blackish-brown above, nerved and faintly papillose, with scabrous margins above and a short, two-toothed beak; stigmas 3. Am.: Arctic Coasts (!), Cumberland Gulf, Ellesmere Land at 78° 52’, ° West Greenl. 60°—72° 20’ (!), East Greenl. c. 70° 30’ (!). As.: Mouths of the Yenissei and Lena, Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Great Britain, North Europe, Central European Mountains, Ural, Siberia, Altai, Himalaya. 115. C. holostoma Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor., 1841, p. 447. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.139 and p. 289; FI. D. tab. 2428. Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, smooth, trigonous, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, 1—2 mm. broad; terminal spikelet small, few-flowered, linear, male, closely associated to the upper female spikelet; female spikelets 2, short-cylindrical, short-stalked ; the lower bract short, leafy; scales ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown, sometimes with paler midvein, shorter than the utricles; utricles ovate-globose, nerve-less, smooth, nearly beak-less and with entire orifice, pale or blackish-brown above; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl. 68° 25'—72° 20’ (!). Geogr. area: West Greenland. 116. C. stylosa C. A. Mey., Mém. prés. a l’Acad. Imp. de St. Petersb. par div. sav., 1831, p. 222, tab. XII. Rosenvy., Till. p. 723; C. nigritella Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 450; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.150 and p. 292; Fl. D. tab. 2369. Czespitose; culms erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous edges, a little longer than the leaves; leaves flat with scabrous margins; terminal spikelet well-developed, linear, male, light-brown; female spikelets 2—8, short-cylindrical, the lower one stalked and with a not sheathing leafy bract; scales blackish with paler midyein and margins, obtuse, a litthe shorter than the utricles; utricles ovate- 63 globose, biconvex or obtusely trigonous, faintly papillose, pale or blackish above; beak very short with entire orifice; style after flower- ing mostly exceeding the orifice and persistent; stigmas 3, seldom 2. fr NS fo { ( Fig. 31. Carex alpina Sw. 2/3 nat. size. Fig. 32. Carex holostoma Drej. */; nat. size. (Spee. from Iceland). (Spec. from West Greenland). Am.: Arctic America, West Greenl. 60°—62° (!), East Greenl. c. 60° (!). Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northwestern North America, Labrador, Arctic Scandinavia (according to C. B. Clarke). 117. C. podocarpa R. Br. in Richardson, Append., Franklin Voy. p. 36. 1823. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 224, tab. 224; Bailey, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club. I, 1889, p. 68; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56, 64 (?) Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 352; non Boeckeler in Linnzea, vol. 41 (1877) p.165, nec. Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. 22, 1886, p. 94, nec. Britton & Brown, Ill. Flora, I, p. 313, fig. 736. Loosely ceespitose; culms trigonous, a little scabrous above, about as long as the leaves; leaves flat, 2—4 mm. broad, lower leaves on the culms with broad and very short blade; bracts leafy, a little shorter than the culms, non-sheathing with auricled brown base; terminal spikelet male, oblong-oyoid, long-stalked; scales chestnut- brown, obtuse; female spikelets 2, ovoid or short-cylindrical, on long, capillary stalks, more or less drooping, scales dark-brown to blackish, obtuse (subacute) or acute, as long as the utricles; utricles ovate, nerve-less, pale or blackish above, with smooth margins, beak very short, entire or emarginate, terete; stigmas 3. Am.: Arctic America, Port Clarence (!). As.: Konyambay in Chuk- ches Land (!), St. Lawrence Island. Geogr. area: On both sides of the Bering Sea. Obs. I am following Kjellman l.c. in regarding the specimens collected by him at Port Clarence and Konyambay as the true C. podocarpa of R. Brown, and also Mr. C. B. Clarke to whom I sent a specimen from Konyambay, informs me that it »may be the fully developed states of C. podocarpa; he thinks it nearest allied to C. stylosa. It is also related to C. macrochaeta C. A. Mey., which just now is found at Nome City, Alaska (Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130); this has the female scales awned with a long mucro and larger, faintly nerved utricles; it has about the same geographical area. 118. C. atrata L. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. If p. 15; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 139; Roseny., Till. p. 720; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 124; Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. p. 478; Fl. D. tab. 158; C. nigra, Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216. Czespitose; culms trigonous with scabrous or smooth edges, 9 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; terminal spikelet male at the base; female spikelets 2—5, ovoid or elliptic; the lowest mostly rather long-stalked with a leafy, not sheathing bract: at least some of the spikelets drooping at maturity; scales broadly ovate, acute, blackish-red or blackish, as long as the utricles; utricles plano-convex or obtusely trigonous, ovate, with very short entire beak, scabrous on the margins aboye, faintly papillose, pale or seldom blackish above, nerve-less; stigmas 3. longer than the Jeaves; leaves flat, 5 Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic America (?), Lady Franklin Bay (?), West Greenl. 60°—62° (!), East Greenl. 60°—63° (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Chukches Land Geogr. area: Northern North America (as C. atratiformis Britton), Iceland, Fzerées, Great Britain, North Europe, Central European Moun- tains, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya. Fig. 33. Carex stylosa C. A. Mey. 2/3 nat. size. Fig. 34. Carex atrata L. °/g nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenl.). (Spec. from Iceland). Subsect.2. Buxbaumiae n. subsect. Loosely ceespitose with stolons; ter- minal spikelet female with male flowers at the base; scales awned; stigmas 3. 119. C. fusea All., Fl. Pedem. II p. 267, 1785, according to Bailey, Mem. Torrey. Bot. Club. I p. 63. C. Buxbaumii Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 163; Rosenv., Till. p. 721; Fl. D. tab. 1406. Flora Arctica. 5 66 Rhizome loosely czespitose with stolons; culms erect, trigonous with sharp and scabrous edges, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, narrow, scabrous on the margins; lower bract leafy, not sheathing, about as long as the culm; terminal spikelet clavate, male at the base; female spikelets 2—38, ovoid, short-stalked, erect; scales ovate, red- or dark-brown with green midvein, elongated into a scabrous awn, lon- ger than the utricles; utricles pale, broadly elliptic, obtusely trigonous, papillose, distinctly nerved, with a very short beak; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl.: Isaromiut, 61° 10’ (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, North and Central Europe, Ural, Siberia, Songoria, China, Kamchatka. 120. G. Gmelini Hook. & Arn., Bot. of Beechey Voy. 1882, p. 18, tab. 27. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 216; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 288; Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad., 22, 1886, p. 77 Rhizome loosely czespitose ih stolons; culms erect, trigonous with scabrous edges; leaves flat, scabrous on the margins; terminal spikelet clavate, male at the base; female spikelets 8—5, more or less aggregated, short-stalked; lower bract leafy, not sheathing; scales ovate, blackish-brown, elongated into a long hispid awn, longer than the utricles; utricles elliptic, smooth, faintly nerved, with short entire beak; stigmas 3. Am.: Kotzebue Sound. Geogr. area: Northwestern North America, East Siberia, Saghalin, Japan (common along the Northern Coasts of the Pacific Ocean). Subsect. 3. Limosae Tuckerm., l.c. p.12. Stoloniferous; female spike- lets drooping; terminal male; utricles mostly papillose; stigmas 3. 121. C. magellanica Lam., Dict. de Bot. III p. 385, 1789. C. limosa, var. irrigua We., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 162 C. irrigua Smith; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.307; Fl. D. Suppl. tab. 106. Stoloniferous; culms erect, slender, trigonous with sharp and above scabrous edges; ‘leaves flat, scabrous on the margins above, bright-green, 2—3 mm. broad; terminal spikelet male; female spi- kelets 2, dense-flowered, short, long-stalked; lower bract leafy, longer than the culm; scales brownish with paler midvein, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, longer and narrower than the utricles; utricles obtusely trigonous, flattened, broadly elliptic to circular, faintly many-nerved, with very short entire beak. Eur.: Samoyede Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Chile, Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, British Isles, North Europe, Central European Mountains, Siberia. 67 Fig. 35. Carex fusca All. Fig. 36. Carex Gmelini Hook. & Fig. 87. Carex magellanica Lam. */s nat. size. Arn. 2/3 nat. size. 2/, nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland). (Spec. from Alaska). (Spec. from Sweden). 122. C. rariflora (Wg.) Smith. Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p- 150 and p. 292; Roseny., Till. p.724; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p. 347; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 297; Trauty. Syll. Sib.. bor. orient. p. 538; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Kjellm., Sib. 5* 68 Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.125; FI. D. tab. 2432. Stoloniferous; culms erect, obtusely trigo- nous, smooth; leaves narrow, 1—2 mm. broad, flat, scabrous on the margins above, glaucous; terminal spikelet male, female spikelets 1—38, cylindrical, droo- ping, few- and _ lax- flowered; bracts bristle-like with very short, dark-brown sheaths, shor- ter than the culm; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, sometimes mu- cronate, blackish-brown with paler midvein, broader than the utricles; utricles obtusely trigo- nous, flattened, broadly elliptic, faintly nerved, nearly beak-less; stigmas 3. Am.: Schischmareff Bay, Port Clarence, Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl. 60°-—73° (!), East Greenl. 60°—63° (1), 65° 35’ (1), 70°—71° (1). Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 730 (Ns Waigats, Dolgoi Island, Habarowa, Samoyede Land. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei and Lena, Pittlekaj, Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Mountains of Seotland, Northern Scandinavia and Russia, Northern Siberia. 123. C. limosa L. Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184; Fl. D. tab. 646. Fig. 38. Carex rariflo- ra (Wg.) Sm. 2/3 nat. size. (Spec. from Stoloniferous; culms. erect, West Greenland). trigonous with sharp and scab- Fig. 39. Carex limosa L. 2/5 nat. size. (Spec. from Iceland). rous edges; leaves narrow, involute, glaucous, 0,5—1,0 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; terminal spikelet male; female spikelets 1—38, ovoid or elliptic, drooping at length; bracts bristle-like with very short, brown sheaths; scales broadly ovate, acute, brown with paler midvein, about as long and broad as the utricles; utricles obtusely trigonous, flattened, broadly ovate, faintly many-nerved with very short, entire beak; stigmas 3. 69 Eur.: Kolguev. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, British and Central Europe, Northern Siberia, Saghalin. Sect. II. Microrrhynchae Drejer, Symbolae Caric. p. 9. Bracts not sheathing; spikelets cylindrical, more or less dense-flowered; utricles smaller, plano-convex, nearly beak- less: stigmas 2. Subsect. 1. Caespitosae Fries, Summa Veget. p. 226. Culms czespitose, with leaf-less sheaths between the green leaves and the leaves from the foregoing year (Aphyllopo- dae); spikelets short-stalked, erect; leaves with revolute margins; marshes. 124. C. caespitosa L. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p.217; Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p.310; Fl. D. tab. 2547; var. typica Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566. Ceespitose without stolons; culms erect, trigonous with sharp, scabrous edges, as long as or longer than the leaves; sheaths red-brown, shining; _ leaf-less sheaths between the green leaves on the culms and the remainders of leaves from the foregoing year; leaves flat with revolute margins; terminal spikelet male; female spikelets 2—8, short-cylindrical, very short-stalked; bracts small, bristle-like, shorter than the culms; scales obtuse, blackish with red-brown midvein, a little shorter than the nerve-less utricles; stigmas 2. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Arctic shores. As.: Mouth of the Kolyma. Geogr. area: Northern North America, British Isles, North and Central Europe, Siberia to Kamchatka. Obs. We have seen no specimens from the Arctic regions and have mentioned the species on the authority of Hooker and Ledebour; but as we have seen specimens from the northern Bri- tish North America, we should think that it also is to be found in the Arctic regions. 125. C. stricta Good. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p.311; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184; Fl. D. tab, 2548. Ceespitose without stolons; culms stout, erect, trigonous with scabrous edges, longer than the leaves; sheaths straw-coloured with fibrillose margins; leaf- less sheaths as in the foregoing species; leaves flat with Isles, North Fig. 40. Carex caespitosa L. 2/3 mat. size. (Spec. from Denmark). 70 revolute margins; bracts shorter than the culms, bristle-like. Male spikelets 1—8, female spikelets 2 3, long-cylindrical, often with male flowers at the summit; scales obtuse, blackish, shorter than the nerved utricles; stigmas 2. Am.: Kotzebue Sound. Eur.: Kolguey. Geogr. area: Northern North America, British Isles, Central and Southern Scandinavia, Denmark, Central Europe. Obs. It is doubtfull whether this species is found in the Arctic regions; we have not seen specimens therefrom and suppose that the quoted statements are due to mistakes. Subsect. 2. Aquatiles Fries, 1. c. p. 229. Rhizome creeping, culms without leaf-less sheaths above the leaves from the foregoing year; leaves narrow with involute margins; sheaths without fibrillose margins; scales of the female spikelets not elongated; marshes. 126. C. aquatilis We. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 312; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 184; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 125; FL D. Suppl. tab. 33; f. typica Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 316. Culms stout and tall, trigonous with smooth, blunt edges; leaves very long, green, with involute margins, longer than the culms; lower bracts broad and long, leafy, longer than the culms, partly enclosing the spikelets; male spikelets 1—4, female spikelets 2—6, sessile or short-stalked, erect, dense-flowered, long-cylindrical; scales light- or darker-brown with pale midyein, obtuse, shorter than the nerye-less utricles; stigmas 2. Am.: Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Kolguev (!), Waigats (!), Habarowa, Samoyede Land. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Dickson Harbour, Actinia Bay, Preobrascheni Bay. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, Northern Russia (and Siberia’). var. stans (Drej.). C. stans Drej. Revis. crit. Car. bor. 1841, p. 458; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 147; Roseny., Till. p. 723; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; Cornell Party, Peary Voy: 1896, p. 422; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exped. p. 241; Fl. D. tab. 2477; C. aquatilis Berlin, Karly. f. Gronl. p. 71; Taylor, l.c. p. 85; C. aquatilis, var. epigejos, Lge. 1. c. p. 292; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 276, As. Beringss. p. 563, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p.316; Holm, Nov. Seml. Veget. p. 17; C. salina Holm, l.c. p.17, non Wg.; C. hyperborea Holm, l.c. p. 17, non Drejer; C. elytroides Lge. l.c., non Fries. In the Arctic regions C. aquatilis is commonly replaced by the var. stans which differs from the type as follow: culms lower 71 and more robust; leaves broader, flat, not involute; male spikelet 1, female spikelets 2—4, not so long cylindrical, but thicker; scales Fig. 41. Carex stricta Good. Fig. 42. Carex aquatilis Wg. Fig. 43. Carex aquatilis Wg., var. */, nat. size. My nat. size. ‘stans (Drej.). 2/3 nat. size. (Spec. from Denmark). (Spee. from Sweden). (Spee. from West Greenland). dark, red-brown to blackish with paler midvein, broader than, and as long as the utricles. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Southampton Island (!), Baffin Land, Grinnell 72 Land, West Greenl. c. 68°—72° (!), 74915’. Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 74° (1). As.: Yalmal, Irkaipij (!), Pittlekaj, Actinia Bay (!), Boganida-river (!), St. Lawrence Bay (!), Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern Seandinavia (probably circumpolar). 127. C. Goodenovii Gay. C. vulgaris Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 144, ex parte; Roseny., Till. p. 722, ex parte; Fl. D. tab. 2878; var. trivialis Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p.539; C. ceespitosa, var. vulgaris, Trautv. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, FL. rip. Kolym. p. 567; C. (turfosa, var.?) groenlandica Lge. 1. c. p. 144, ex parte. More or less loosely caespitose with stolons; culms. slender, trigonous with sharp and above scabrous edges; leaves glaucous, narrow, with involute margins; bracts leafy, the lowest as long as the culm; terminal spikelet male, female spikelets 2—4, short- cylindrical, sessile or short-stalked, erect, dense-flowered; scales ob- tuse, blackish, often with paler midvein, shorter than the faintly nerved utricles; stigmas 2. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—61° (!). As.: Mouths of the Lena and Kolyma, Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Chile, Magellan, Iceland, Ferées, Most parts of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia to Himalaya and Japan. C. Goodenovii Gay & rigida Good. C. caespitosa (?) var. elliptica Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 456; Fl. D. tab. 2845 (Vidi spec. orig.); C. (turfosa Fr. var.?) groenlandica Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 144, ex parte; C. groenlandica Roseny., Till. p.722, ex parte; C. hyperborea Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 461, ex parte. Intermediate between the parents. More slender than C. rigida and more robust than C. Goodenovii; leaves flat, not revolute nor involute on the margins, broader than in C. Goodenovii, narrower than in C. rigida; utricles nerve-less. When the two species are to be found together it is not rare to see the hybrid. We have seen specimens from Am.: West Greenl. c. 61° (!). As.: Konyamby (!), St. Lawrence Bay (!). Subsect. 3. Prolixae Fries, l.c. p.228. Rhizome more or less creeping; culms large, sheaths as in foregoing subsect.; leaves broader with revolute margins, scales of the female spikelets acute, dark-coloured; marshes. 128. C. gracilis Curt., Fl. Lond. 1877—87, p. 282. C. acuta L. ex parte; Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, Pl. Ross. arct. p.549; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.126; Fl. D. tab. 2247; var. ge- nuina Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 567. Loosely czespitose with stolons; culms tall, trigonous with sharp and scabrous edges; leaves broad with revolute margins; bracts 73 large, broad, the lowest at least as long as the culms; male spikelets 2—4; female spikelets 2—4, long-cylindrical, more or less stalked and often drooping at ma- turity; scales acute, black- ish with pale midvein, lon- ger than the faintly nerved g utricles; stigmas 2. y As.: Mouths of the Ye- nissei (!) and Kolyma, Chuk- ches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Most parts of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia. Subsect. 4. Salinae Fries, | l.c. p.230. Rhizome creeping; culms (in the Arctic species) short; sheaths as in foregoing subsect.; leaves rather broad, mostly flat, seldom with in- || volute margins; scales of the female spikelets acute and \\ often elongated or obtuse, \ | light-coloured; 3-nerved; sea- shores. 129. C. salina We. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 219; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 313; Feilden, Fl. of Kol- guev p. 184; f. nana Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 82, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 539; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p- 35; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Seml. p. 315; f. mutica Trauty. Syll. Sib. bor. orient. p.5939; f. subspathacea Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p.315; Kjellm., St. Law- rence-On p. 22, Vest-Eskim. Land p.57; C. subspathacea Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p- 452; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 140 and p. 289; Hartz, Fig. 44. Carex Goodenovii és rd fs Fig. 45. Carex gracilis Curt. Gay. %Js nat. size. (Spec. Nord6ést Gronl. p. 346; Du- 2/, nat. size. from West Greenland). sén, Ost-Gronl. p. 06. BS D: (Spec. from Denmark). 74 Fig. 46. Carex salina Wg., var. subspathacea (Wormsk.), nat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland). J Fig. 47. Carex salina Wg., transition Fig. 48. Carex salina, */; nat. size. to var. subspathacea(Wormsk.). */; nat. (Spec. from North Iceland). size. (Spee. from West Greenland). 75 tab. 1530; C. reducta Drej., l.c. p. 453; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 141; Fl. D. tab. 2977; C. Drejeriana f. cuspidata Roseny., Till. p. 722. In Arctic regions the forms of this very variable species are low; rhizome creeping; culms low, smooth; leaves flat or with invo- \ lute margins, as long as or longer than the _ culms; bracts leafy, the lowest mostly longer than the culm; male spikelets 1—2, female spikelets 1—4, erect, stalked, mostly lax-flo- wered and thin; scales light or darker brown with paler midvein, acute or obtuse, longer than the nerve-less utricles; stigmas 2. The most common form in Arctic re- gions is var. subspathacea (Wormsk.): only few em. high; leaves with inyolute margins; male spikelet 1, female spikelets 2, few- flowered (1—3-flowered); scales light-brown, obtuse, en- closing the utricles. But also taller forms with acute scales and many-flowered spikelets occur | (at least in the most southern part of Green- land) and such a form has L. K. Rosenvinge named C. Drejeriana, f. cuspidata. Common on the shores of the whole Arctic Oce- an. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Hudson Bay, West Greenl. \ | } 60°—70° ( (!), East Greenl. 60°--61°9 (!), 65°35’ (), 70°— 74° 40’ (). Eur.: Spitsbergen 1, Novaya Zemlya HWW to 74° (), Shores of the White Sea (!), Kolguev, Wai- FU gats, Habarowa (Fish.,in litt.). As.: Yalmal, Mouth of i the Lena, Preobrascheni Bay (!), St. Lawrence Island. I Geogr. area: Coasts of the Northern North America, Iceland, Fierées, Scotland, Scandinavia, Finland, Northern Russia and Siberia. Subsect. 5. Cryptocarpae Tuckerm., l.c. p.11. Rhizome creeping, without (or seldom with) leaf- less sheaths above the leaves from the foregoing WS year; leaves broad with revolute margins; scales of the female spikelets elongated; spikelets long- stalked and drooping; sea-shores and marshes. 130. C. Lyngbyei Hornem., Fl. D. tab. 1888 — (1827), (vidi spec. orig.). Fig. 49. Carex salina Wg. forma (C DEI ence Lge, f. cuspidata ’ ery ve ‘ % / , 7 99GB < Z Rosenv.). 7/; nat. size. (Spec. C. cryptocarpa C. A. Mey., |. c. p. 226, tab. 14 estan West Geeulanid. (1831); Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 143; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.57; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 313; C. filipendula Drej., Revis. crit. Car bor. p. 464; Fl. D. tab. 2371, 2372; C. capillipes Drej., l.c. p. 468 (vidi spec. orig.); Fl. D. tab. 2844. “76 Rhizome creeping; culms rather high, often robust, trigonous with sharp, but mostly smooth edges; leaves long and broad with revolute margins, green; bracts long and broad, as long as the culms; male spikelets 2 female spikelets 2—4, short cylindrical, long-stalked, mostly drooping; scales 3, yellow-brown; 3-nerved, acuminate with elongated mid- vein, spreading, light- or dark-brown with paler midvein, longer than the faintly nerved utricles; stigmas 2. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, West Greenl. 60°—61° (!). ‘Geogr. area: Nor- thern North America, Iceland, Feerées, Nor- way (rare), Kamchatka, Saghalin, Coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk. C. Lyngbyei Hornem. < rigida Good. C. haematolepis Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 462 (vidi spec. orig.); Fl. D. tab. 2370; non Auctt. scandinay. Tall and stout with strong stolons; leaves broad with revolute margins; male spike- lets 1—2; female spi- kelets 2—8, cylindrical, lax-flowered, stalked, but erect; scales large, blackish- brown, acute, enclosing the utricles; achenes not deve- loped. Intermediate between the parents. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (!). Geogr. area: Iceland (!). Fig. 51. Carex Lyngbyet Hornem. X rigida Good. (C. ha P - hematolepis Drej.). Subsect. 6. Rigidae Fries, l.c. p. 232. Rhizome cree- %/s nat. size. (Spec. 3 : . fe 9 from West Green- ping, culms low, sheaths as in subsect. 2; leaves broader dana) Fig. 50. Carex Lyngbyei Hornem. 2/; nat. size. (Spec. from Iceland.) il with revolute margins and without fibrillose margins; scales of the female spikelets not elongated; mountains and marshes. 131. C. rigida Good. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groen:. p.145 and p.291; Rosenv., Till. p.723; Hartz, Nordoést Gronl. p. 346; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 217; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.130; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 241; Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 422; Trauty. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zeml. p. 82; Blytt, Bidrag p.9; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p. 84; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 316; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 251, et f. longipes p. 276{; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 563; Fig. 52. Carex rigida Good. */, nat. size. (Spec. from Arctic Norway). Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566, Fl. Taim. faenog. p. 22, Pl. Sib. bor. p.131; Ekstam, Spitsb. p.69; Fl. D. tab. 159, 2479, 2480; f. inferalpina Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57; C. Bigelovii Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 419 and p. 422; C. saxatilis Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 309; Schmidt, FI. Jeniss. arct. p. 125; C. hyperborea Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 461 ex maxima parte; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 145 and p. 290; Rosenv., Till. p. 722; Hartz, Norddst Grénl. p. 346; Fl. D. tab. 2482; Trautv. FI. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39 (?); C.limula Lge. |. c. p. 292; C. groenlandica Lge. Le. p. 290; Rosenv., Till. p. 722, ex parte; C. Drejeriana Lge. |.c. p. 141 and p.190; C. Fyllae Holm in Lge. l.c p. 291; C. Warmingii Holm in Lge. l.c. p. 290; C. vulgaris Lge. l.c. p.144, ex parte; Rosenv., Till. p. 722, ex parte; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; C. stans Lge. l. c. p. 147, ex parte; Rosenv., Till. p. 723, ex parte. Low, with creeping stolons; culms robust, trigonous with mostly smooth edges, often curved, longer than the leaves; leayes broad 78 with revolute margins, often curved; bracts short, mostly shorter than the culms, only partly leafy; male spikelet 1; female spikelets 9 3, short-cylindrical, sessile or the lower short-stalked, erect; scales broad, obtuse, blackish, often with paler mid- vein; utricles nerve-less; stigmas 2. A very variable species; the typical form inhabits rather dry ground; in wet places the species becomes higher and more slender, the leaves longer and more erect and the female spike- lets longer and more lax-flowered: f. Bi- gelovii (Torr., 1824) Bail. = f. inferalpina Lestad., 1839; C. hyperborea Dre}. (vidi spec. orig.); C. Drejeriana Lge. (vidi spec. orig.); C.anguillata Dre}. (vidi spec. orig.). Common in the Arctic regions: Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Arctic Shores, Labrador (!), Big Island in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Grinnell Land, West Greenl.: 60°— 81° (!) Inglefield Gulf, East Greenl. 60° —§3°'(), 65°—35° (1), 70°—73° (), Buin Spitsbergen [very rare] (!), Kolguev (!), No- vaya Zemlya to 74° (!), Waigats (!), Haba- rowa, Samoyede Land. As.: Yalmal, Ac- tinia Bay, Mouths of the Yenissei, Boga- nida (!), Lena and Kolyma, Taimyr Penin- sula (!), New Siberian Islands, Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North Ame- rica, Rocky Mountains, Mountains of Chile, Iceland, Feerées, British Isles, Scandinavia, Central Europe, Northern Russia, Caucasus, Ural, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya. Sect. III. Dactylostachyae Drejer, Sym- bolae Caric., p.10. Spikelets rather short, lax-flowered and slender; bracts shea- thing or not; utricles mostly coriaceous, often papillose, scarcely inflated, trigonous, with a short and straight or curved beak; Fig. 538. Carex rigida Good., f. Bigelovii stigmas POWERS: (Torr.)’Bail. 2/; nat. size. J 5 (Specmscem) Westl Greenland): Subsect. 1. Bicolores Tuckerm., 1. ¢. p. 12. Small caespitose species with a beak-less, more or less round utricle; terminal spikelet female with male flowers at the base; stigmas 2. 79 132. C. rufina Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 446. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138; Fl. D. tab. 2481. Cespitose; culms low, trigonous with smooth edges, shorter than the leaves; leaves flat with involute margins, glaucous, at the summit scabrous; terminal spikelet male at the base, seldom also male at the summit or male throughout; female spikelets 2—4, densely-aggregated, ovoid-elliptic; bracts not sheathing, leafy, the lower longer than the culms; scales obtuse, red-brown, sometimes Fig. 54. Carex rufina Drej. °/; nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland). with paler midvein, as long as and broader than the utricles; utricles plano-convex or biconvex, ovate, with scabrous margins above, nervye-less, pale or red-brown above; beak very short entire; stigmas 2. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—67° (!), East Greenl. 60°—61° (1). Geogr. area: Arctic Sweden, Norway. 133. C. bicolor All. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 138; Abromeit, Grénl-Exped. p. 90; FI. D. tab. 2122. Ceespitose; culms slender, often curved, mostly longer than the leaves, trigonous with smooth or above scabrous edges; leaves flat, glaucous, ce. 2 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; terminal spi- kelet clavate with a few male flowers at the base; female spikelets 80 mostly 2, the lower sometimes remote from the upper, basal, long- stalked and with a leafy bract; scales obtuse, blackish-brown with Fig. 55. Carex bicolor All. */; nat. size. Fig. 56. Carex panicea L. ®/s nat. size. (Spec. from Arctic Norway). (Spec. from West Greenland). pale midyein, a little shorter and broader than the utricles; utricles elliptic, biconvex, white, nerve-less or very faintly nerved, papillose, nearly without beak; stigmas 2. Am.: West Greenl. 61°—69° (!) and 70° 30’. Geogr. area: Labrador, Iceland, Arctic and Alpine North Europe, Central European Mountains, Siberia (Olenek). $1 Subsect. 2. Paniceae Tuckerm., lc. p.15. Rhizome creeping; larger species with globose or rounded-trigonous, beaked utricle; beak short, entire, often curved; terminal spikelet male; stigmas 3. 134. C. panicea L. Fl. D. tab. 261; C. panicea, v. tumidula Leest., Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 149; Roseny., Till. p. 292; Fl. D. tab. 3048; C. phaeostachya Hook. FI. bor. Am. II p. 226, excl. Syn. C. subspathacea. Rhizome with stolons; culms erect; leaves flat, glau- cous, scabrous on the mar- gins; leaves on the culms somewhat shorter than those on the sterile shoots, sheath- ing, blades 5—10 cm. long; bracts sheathing, the sheath of the lower shorter than the blade; terminal spikelet male, erect, oblong; female spikelets mostly 2, erect, stalked, cylindrical, rather lax-flowered; scales broadly- ovate, obtuse or acuminate, dark-brown, shorter than LEE the utricles; utricles infla- 7 ted, obovoid-globose, faintly few-nerved, very finely papil- lose (only visible with the lens), tapering into a very short, rounded and smooth, somewhat oblique beak with entire or faintly emarginate orifice; stigmas 3. Fig. 57. Carex sparsiflora (Wg.) Steud. 2/; nat. size. Am.: West Greenl. 60°— (Spec. from Iceland). 61° 30’ (1). Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Ferées, Most parts of Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Turkistan, Altai, Kamchatka. 135. C. sparsiflora (Wg.) Steud. C. panicea 6, sparsiflora Wg. Fl. Lappon., 1812, p. 236; C. vaginata Tausch.; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 126, Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566; Schmidt, FI. Jeniss. arct. p. 124; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 562, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 57; Hook. Coll. of Arctic Pl. p. 123; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguey p.184; FI. D. Suppl. tab. 27; C. panicea, y. pelia, Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 178. Flora Arctica. 6 82 Rhizome with stolons; culms erect; leaves flat, bright-green: leaves on the culms much shorter than those on the sterile shoots, sheathing, blades only 1,5—38 cm. long, evenly passing into the bracts; blade of the bracts shorter than the sheaths; male spike- let 1; female spikelets mostly 2, narrow-cylindrical, lax- and rather few-flowered; the lower often remote; scales brownish with pale or greenish midvein, obtuse or subacute; utricles non-inflated, ovoid or ellipsoid, nerve-less, smooth (not papillose), tapering into a rather short, rounded, smooth, oblique beak with obliquely cut orifice; stigmas 3. Nearly allied to the foregoing species. Am.: Port Clarence. Eur.: Kolguev. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!), Lena and Kolyma. Geogr. area: Iceland, North Europe, Central European Mountains, East Siberia, Kamchatka. Sect. IV. Sphaeridiophorae Drejer, 1. c. p. 9. Terminal spikelet male, female spikelets short, ovate to globose, mostly aggregated, seldom one terminal spike ; utricles rounded, firm in texture, hairy ; beak short, often two-toothed; bracts not or shortly sheathing; stigmas 3. Subsect. 1. Filifoliae Tuckerm., l.c. p. 8. Spike terminal solitary, male at the summit or dioecious; ceespitose. 136. C. scirpoidea Michx. Macoun, Catalogue IV p.112; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App. C. p.7; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.132 and p. 287; Roseny., Till. p. 718; Hartz, Norddst Groénl. p. 345; Hook. Bot. App. to Parry’s 2 voyage p. 405; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.57, As. Beringss. p.568; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; C.Wormskioldiana FI. D. tab. 1528; C. podocarpa Kurtz, Fl. d. Tschuktschenh. Fig. 58. Carex scirpoidea p.479 (according to spec. in Herb. Engler), non R. Br. Michx. °/g nat. size. (Spec. Rion HastiGreeniand)s Loosely czespitose; culm trigonous with scab- rous edges; leaves flat, scabrous on the margins; dioecious; male spike dark-brown, scales oblong-ovate; female spike cylindrical; scales dark-brown with paler midvein, ciliate; utricles ovate, obtusely trigonous, hairy, with short two-toothed beak ; stigmas 3. Seldom a small, few-flowered spikelet is to be found at the base of the spike. 83 Am.: Port Clarence (!), Nome City, Arctic Sea-coast (!), Baffin Land, West Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ (!), Cap York, East Greenl. 65° 35’ (!), 70°— 71°(!). As.: Chukches Land (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, Arctic Norway (one spot: Saltdalen). Subsect. 2. Montanae Fries, Corp. Flor. Provincial. I, 1835, p. 188. Spikelets several, utricles rounded, often contracted above and below, mostly with two prominent ribs; czespitose, 137. C. pilulifera L. Trautv. Fl. rip. Kolym. p: 566; Fl. D. tab. 1048, 3050. Ceespitose, with straw-coloured old sheaths at the base; culms slender, ad- scending, trigonous with scabrous edges, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, keeled; one cylindrical sessile male spikelet; female spikelets 2—4, sessile, ovoid-globose; the lowest bract leafy, mostly shorter than the culms; scales broadly ovate, acute, brown with greenish midyein, as long as_ the utricles; utricles hairy, pale, broadly obo- vate to pyriform, with two ribs, abruptly tapering into a short, two-toothed beak; stigmas 3. As: Mouth of the Kolyma. Geogr. area: Iceland, Ferées, British Isles, North and Central Europe, East Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan. var. deflewa (Horn.) Drej., Revis. crit. Car. bor. p. 472. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.151 and p.293; FL. D. tab. 3051; C. deflexa Hornemann, Dansk Plantelzre, ed. 3, I, p. 938; Rosenv., Till. p. 724; Nye Bidrag p.71; C. varia Muhl., 6 mi- nor Boot in Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 223. In North America the type is sub- stituted by a variety separated from the Fig. 59. Carex pilulifera L. */; nat. size. (Spec. from Denmark). main species by following characters: culms mostly curved; old sheaths purplish; male spikelet small, few-flowered; female spike- 6% 84 lets few-flowered, the lowest stalked; the lowest bract mostly longer than the culms; scales shorter than the utricles; utricles greenish, obovate, more evenly tapering into the beak, stigmas 2 or 3. If transitory-forms between the type and the variety were not to be found — especially the specimens from Iceland and the Frées, which e.g. have purplish sheaths —, we should think it better to treat the variety as a distinct species. Am.: Arctic Coast, West Greenl. 60°—68° (!), East Greenl. 60°—61°. Geogr. area: Northern North America. 138. C. Brenneri Christ apud Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 178. Ceespitose with straw - coloured old sheaths at the base; culms slen- der, erect, smooth, longer than the rigid, glaucous leaves; male spikelet one, stalked, lanceolate; female spi- kelets 2—38, erect, short-cylindrical, lax-flowered, sometimes the lowest issuing from the base of the culm and then long-stalked, the others short- stalked; bracts pale-brownish, short, with a c. 1 cm. long sheath and bristle-like blade; scales obtuse, light- brown with greenish midvein, acute, shorter than the utricles; utricles hairy, oblong-obovate, obtusely tri- gonous, faintly nerved, with short two-toothed beak; stigmas 3. Fig. 60. Carex pilulifera L., var. deflexa (Horn.) ales 2 Drej. 2/, nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland), As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!). Geogr. area: Yenissei-district. 139. C. melanocarpa Cham. apud Trauty. Fl. Taimyr. p. 21. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 302; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 129; Schmidt, FI. Jeniss. arct. p.125; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p.562; Rothr., Fl. of Alaska p. 457. Loosely czespitose with stolons; culms slender, longer than the leaves; male spikelet 1, oblong; female spikelets 1—2, few-flowered, erect, globose; the upper close to the male spikelet, the lower a little remote, stalked, with a short-sheathing, short bract; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, blackish-brown with narrow, membranous, erose margins, faintly hairy on the dorsal side, shorter than the utricles; utricles obovate, biconvex, blackish-brown, faintly hairy; beak short with entire orifice; stigmas 3. 85 Fig. 61. Carex Brenneri Christ. 2/; nat. size. Fig. 62. Carex melanocarpa Cham. ®/s nat. size. (Spec. from the Yenissei-river). (Spec. from Siberia). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Taimyr Peninsula, Mouths of the Olenek and Jena, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island. Geogr. area: Northern Siberia. Sect. V. Lamprochlaenae Drejer, 1. c. p.10. Utricles smooth, firm in texture, mostly shining, with a short beak; spike solitary terminal with 86 male flowers at the summit, or several spikelets, the female ones short, ovate or globose, few-flowered, erect; stigmas 3. Subsect. Rupestres Tuckerm., l.c. p. 8. Utricles ovate, appressed to the rachis. 140. C. rupestris All. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 133 and p. 288; Rosenv., Nye Bidrag p.70; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p. 55; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. p.15; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 36; Ledeb. FI. Ross. IV p. 267; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Seml. p. 316; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.58; Fl. D. tab. 1401, 2433. Rhizome creeping; culms erect, trigonous with sharp and scab- rous edges, as long as the leaves; leaves flat, scabrous on the margins; old sheaths | persistent; one monoecious, oblong-cylindrical terminal spike; female scales obtuse, ovate, brown, broader and longer than the utricles; utricles lanceolate, obtusely trigonous, faintly nerved, dull, scabrous on the margins above and with a very short entire beak. Am.: Port Clarence, West Greenl. 64° 11’—72° 45’ (!), East Greenl. 70°—74° 10’ (). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74°(!), Arctic Coast. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North Europe, The Alps, Siberia, Altai. 141. C. supina Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 158. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 151; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 347; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.57; Fl. D. tab. 2181; C. obesa All, var. minor Boot, Macoun, Catalogue [IV p. 163; C. glomerata Schkuhr, Riedgraser p. 79, tab. J, f 41; C. obtusata Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 565, non Liljeblad. Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, trigonous with sharp and scabrous edges; leaves narrow, c. 1 mm. broad, scabrous on the upper side and on the margins; one sessile male spikelet; female ones 2—3, sessile, few(3—5)-flowered, globose, densely aggrega- ted; bracts not sheathing, scale-like, brownish with white membra- nous margins, the lowest with bristle-like blade; scales broadly Fig. 63. Carex rupestris All. °/, nat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland). 87 ovate, acute, red-brown, with broad, while membranous margins, a little shorter than the utricles; utricles broadly ovate to globose, brownish, shining, tapering into a two-toothed beak; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—73° (!), East Greenl. 70°—71° (!), 73°10’. As.: Mouth of the Kolyma. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Central and East Europe, Caucasus, Songoria, Altai, Himalaya, East Siberia. Fig. 64. Carex supina Wg. 2/ nat. size. Fig. 65. Carex pedata Wg. /s nat. size. Spec. from West Greenland). (Spec. from East Greenland). Obs. We have not seen the specimens of C. obtusata which Trautvetter I. c. indicates from Kolyma, but we should think that they may be C. supina, as C. ob- tusata is not at all an Arctic species, and C. supina is known from East Siberia according to Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 392. 142. C. pedata Wg., FI. Lappon. p. 239, tab. 14. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 151; Hartz, Nordést Groénl. p. 347; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 292; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 391; FI. D. tab. 2431. Densely caespitose with numerous rigid shoots; culms smooth, short, about as long as or a little longer than the leaves; leaves nar- row, flat, with keel, trigonous above, scabrous on the margins; one 88 male spikelet, often with some solitary female flowers beneath; female spikelets 2—8, short-stalked, erect, lax- and few(2—6)-flowered; bracts seale-like with bristle-like blade, very shortly sheathing; scales obtuse, broadly ovate, brown with paler midyein and white membranous margins, much shorter and broader than the utricles; utricles broadly ovate, ovoid or obtusely trigonous with two ribs, mostly brown, tapering rather abruptly into a smooth, rounded beak with membranous margins in the orifice; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—73° (!), East Greenl. 70°—71° (!). As.: Mouths of the Yenissei and Lena, Chukehes Land. Geogr. area: Alaska, Iceland, Northern Scandinavia, Altai (?), East Siberia. Sect. VI. Frigidae Fries, Summa Veget. p.70. Spikelets slender, the upper ones sometimes male at the base and female at the summit; utricles tapering into a long beak with a hyaline, two-toothed apex and scabrous margins, often attenuated at the base; stigmas 3; bracts sheathing. 143. C. tristis M. Bieb., Fl. Taur. Caucas. II p. 615. Trautv. Fl. Taimyr. p. 21; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 294; C. frigida Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 127, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 538, non Allioni. Ceespitose; culms erect, obtusely trigonous, smooth; leaves flat, 2—8 mm. broad, shorter than the culms; bracts sheathing and with short, leafy blade; male spikelets 1—2, reddish brown; female spike- lets 2—3, oblong-ovoid, c. 1 mm. long, on capillary stalks, the lowest often remote and long-stalked; scales obtuse or acute, dark-red- brown with white, membranous margins, shorter than the utricles; utricles dark-red-brown or pale on the lower part, lanceolate-ovate, plano-convex or concayo-convex; beak rather long, scabrous, two- toothed with white, membranous margins on the inner side; stigmas 3. As.: Mouth of the Lena, Taimyr Peninsula, Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Caucasus, Siberia, Songoria, Altai, Dahuria. 144. C. misandra R. Br., Chloris Melvilliana, London, 1823, p. 25. Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Peary, Auxil. Exp. App: C. p.7; Eastwood, PI. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.139 and p. 289; Roseny., Nye Bidrag p. 71; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 346; Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.56; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 35; Trauty. Consp. Fl. Noy. Zeml. p. 81, Pl. Sib. bor. p. 124; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p.561, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 138; C. fuliginosa Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 224; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 241; Taylor, 1. c. p. 85; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; FI. D. tab. 2373; C. frigida 6, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 294. Densely czespitose; culms erect, obtusely trigonous, smooth; leaves flat, 2—3 mm. broad, much shorter than the culms; lower 89 bracts long-sheathing with small, bristle-like blades; upper bracts brownish; terminal spikelet male at the base, female at the summit, Fig. 66. Carex tristis M. Bieb. 2/; nat. size. Fig. 67. Carex misandra R. Br. 2/, nat. size. (Spec. from Siberia). (Spec. from East Greenland). stalked; female spikelets 3—4, ovoid, on capillary stalks, often drooping; scales obtuse, shorter than the utricles, reddish-brown with white, membranous margins; utricles lanceolate, reddish-brown, 90 obtusely trigonous with concave innerside, beak long, with scabrous margins, two-toothed with white membranous innerside of the teeth; stigmas 3. Am.: Port Clarence, Norton Sound, Nome City, Arctic Coast (!), Grinnel Land, Baffin Land, West Greenl. 67°—82° (!), East Greenl. 70°—74° 40’ (1). Fig. 68. Carex ustulata Wg. ?/3 nat. size. (Spec. from Lapland). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Dolgoi Island, Novaya Zemlya to 74° (), Waigats, Habarowa (!). As.: Irkaipi, Mouth of the Lena, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island. Geogr. area: Northern British North America, Mountains of Scandinavia, Siberia. 145. C. ustulata Wg., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl., 1803, p. 156, f. 58. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 224; Coll. of Arct. Pl. p.123; Abromeit, Grénl. Exp. p.91; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 56; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.125; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 561, Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; Fl. D. tab. 1590; C. ustu- lata, v. atrofusca Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39, PL. Sib. bor. p. 128. Czespitose; culms erect, trigonous with smooth or scabrous margins; leaves flat, 2—3 mim. broad, much shorter than the culms; lower bracts long- sheathing with small bristle-like blades; upper bracts blackish-brown; terminal spikelet stalked, male; female spikelets 2—8, broadly ovoid, on capillary stalks, drooping; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, blackish-brown, as long as the utricles; utricles ovate, nerve-less, tapering into a two-toothed beak with scabrous margins; stigmas 3. Am.: Port Clarence, Arctic Coast, Cambridge-Bay, West Greenl.: Karajak Fjord at 70° 25’ (!), East GreenL.: Hurry Inlet at c. 71° (). As: Mouth of the Yenissei, Chukehes Land (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, North Eu- rope, Central European Mountains, Songoria, Turkistan, Altai, Himalaya, East Siberia. Sect. VII. Hymenochlaenae Drejer, l.c. p.10. Spi- kelets slender and lax-flowered, more or less drooping; utricles smooth, somewhat inflated, shining, oblong, ta- pering into a long beak; bracts sheathing; stigmas 3. Subsect. Fleviles Tuckerm., l.c. p.13. Terminal spikelet male; utricles beaked, few-nerved or nerve-less; czespitose. 146. C. capillaris L. Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 148 and p. 292; Rosenv., Till. p.723; Hartz, Norddst Groénl. 91 p. 346: Dusén, Ost-Grénl. p.57; Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 128; Kjellm., As. Beringss. p.561; Fl. D. tab. 2374. Czspitose; culms slender, erect, longer than the leaves; leaves flat, 0,5—1 mm. broad: lowest bract long-sheathing and with leafy blade: terminal spikelet male, small, exceeded by the female ones; female spikelets 2—4, few (6—10}- and lax-flowered, drooping on capillary stalks; scales broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, shorter than the utricles, brownish with broad, white, membranous margins, 2 Fig. 69. Carex capillaris L. =/s nat. size. Fig. 70. Carex Oederi Ehrh. =/s nat. size. (Spec. from Iceland). (Spec. from West Greenland). deciduous; utricles lanceolate-ovate, obtusely trigonous or rounded with 3 ribs, tapering into a rather long beak with membranous margins; stigmas 3. Am.: Cumberland Gulf, West Greenl. 60°—74° 18’ (), East Green. 60°—63° (1), 65° 35’, 70°—71° (), 73°10’. As.: Mouth of the Lena, Chuk- ches Land. Geogr. area: Unalashka, Northern North America, Iceland, British Isles, North Europe, Central European Mountains, Siberia, Altai, Kamchatka. Sect. VIII. Spirostachyae Drejer, l.c. p.10. Spikelets ovate or oblong, sessile or the lowest long-stalked, dense-flowered; utricles membranous smooth, nerved, mostly yellowish, squarrose, with a two-toothed beak. 92 Subsect. Fulvellae Fries, Summa Veget., p. 70. Spikelets aggregated at the summit of the culm (sometimes the lowest long-stalked, issuing from the base of the culm), subtended by a long leafy bract; utricles long-beaked. 147. C. Oederi Ehrh. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 149; Fl. D. tab. 371. Cespitose; culms erect with smooth and blunt edges; leaves flat, shorter or longer than the culms; bracts long, leafy, spreading, not sheathing; male spikelet 1, oblong; female spikelets 2—3, ovoid-glo- bose, aggregated or sometimes the lowest long-stalked, issuing from the base of the culm; scales ovate, acute, yellowish-brown with greenish midvein, shorter than the utricles; utricles obovoid, nerved, inflated, yellow-green, spreading (but not reflexed), abruptly tapering into a long beak with two teeth, scabrous on the inner side; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl.: Igaliko c. 61° 2’ (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, North, West and Central Europe, Cau- casus, Songoria. Sect. IX. Physocarpae Drejer, l.c. p. 10. One or several linear male spikelets and several cylindrical female spikelets, more or less stalked rarely one solitary spike, male at the summit, female at the base; utricles mostly yellowish, more or less inflated, smooth, nerved, tapering into a long beak; stigmas 3. Subsect. 1. Pauciflorae Tuckerm., 1. c. p. 7. Spike solitary, few-flowered; utricles subulate, nearly non-inflated, first erect, but reflexed at maturity; scales deciduous; a rudiment of the axis at the base of the achene. Fig. 71. Carex microglochin Wg. gee lane 148. ©. microglochin Wg. (Spec. from West Greenland). Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 133; Abromeit, Gronl. Exp. p. 89; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 345; Fl. D. tab. 1402. Rhizome with stolons; culms erect, rigid, terete, smooth, longer than the leaves; leaves channelled or hemi-cylindrical; spike few- flowered; scales ovate, obtuse or subacute, deciduous, pale-brown, 93 shorter than the utricles; utricles subulate-lanceolate, at maturity reflexed, faintly nerved at the basal part; the subulate axis exceeds the utricles at maturity; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—70° 30’ (). East Greenl. 60° 10’, 70°—71° (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scandinavia, The Alps, Caucasus, Siberia, Altai, Hima- laya; var. fuegina Kikenth.: Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Subsect. 2. Tentaculatae Tuckerm., l.c. p.13. Several spikelets of which the upper ones are male, the lower ones female; utricles smooth and shi- ning, globose-inflated, squarrose at ma- turity, beak long and two-toothed with divergent teeth. 149. C. rostrata Stokes. C. ampullacea Good., Lge. Consp. FI. Groenl. p. 152; Rosenv., Till. p. 724; Fl. D. tab. 2248; C. vesicaria and 6 anandra Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 152 and p. 153, non Linné. Rhizome creeping; culms 25— 75 cm. high, erect, obtusely trigo- nous, smooth (seldom scabrous just below the spikelets); leaves glau- cous, 3—4 mm. broad, with invo- lute margins; bracts long, leafy, very short-sheathing; male spikelets 2—3, linear, female spikelets 1—3, cylindrical, stalked, erect (sometimes the lower ones a little drooping); scales acute, lanceolate, brownish; utricles inflated- globose, shining, straw-coloured, nerved, abruptly tapering into a long beak; beak smooth, terete. with divergent teeth; stigmas 3. Am.: West Greenl. 60°—61° (1). Geogr. area: North America (C. utriculata Boott), Iceland, Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Altai, Himalaya. Fig. 72. Carex rostrata Stokes. 4/2 nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland). 94 150. C. rotundata We., Kgl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1803, p. 153. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.152; Roseny., Till. p. 724; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV Fig. 78. Carex rotundata Wg. */s nat. size. (Spec. from West Greenland). p.301; Blytt, Bidrag p.19; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 125; Feilden, Noy. Zemlya p. 21; Meinshausen, Cyperac. Russl. p. 376; FI. D. tab. 1407, 3049; C. compacta Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Balff. Bay p. 85; Eastwood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; C.membranacea Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 220; C. vesicaria, y, Ledeb. l.c. p. 317; C. vesicaria, 7, alpigena and 6, brachystachys, Lge. lic. p:293 Rosenv., 1. ¢ p: 725, C.pulla Lge. J. c. p: 293, ex parte; Roseny., l.c. p.725, non Good.; C. membranopacta Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 419. In the Arctic regions C. rostrata is remplaced by this species. Culms 15—40 em. high, slender, mostly smooth, longer than the leaves; leaves glaucous, 1,5—3 mm. broad; lowest bract mostly a little longer than the culm; male spikelets 1—2, li- near; female spikelets 1—3 (mostly 2), nearly sessile, dense- flowered, ovoid or short-cylin- drical; scales acute or obtuse, ovate, blackish-brown and most- ly with white, membranous sum- mit; utricles ovoid, faintly ner- ved, shining, pale or usually dark at the upper part, with rather short, smooth, terete, two-toothed beak; stigmas 3, seldom 2. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Arctic Shores, Southampton Island (!), North Somerset (!), Big Island in Hudson Strait, West Greenl. 60°—72° (!). Eur.: Dolgoi exer SS Fig. 74. Carex pulla Wg. 2/, mat. size. (Spec. from Iceland). Island, Waigats, Habarowa, Samoyede Land, Kanin Peninsula. As.: Mouth of the Yenissei, Chukches Land, St. Lawrence Island. 95 Geogr. area: Northern North America (very variable: C. membrano- pacta, C.ambusta ete.), Northern Scandinavia, Russia and Siberia. 151. C. pulla Good. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 153 ex parte; Hartz, Nordést Gronl. p.347; Dusén, Ost-Groénl. p. 57; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 351; Trauty. Fl. rip. Kolym. p. 566, Consp. Fl. Noy. Zemlja p. 82; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 181; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 21; Fl. D. tab. 2850; f. laxa Trautv. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 130; f. tristigmatica Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 39; f. laxa and f. tristigmatica Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; f. pedunculata and f. tristig- matica Kjellm., As. Beringss. p. 560; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315. As C. rotundata is the Arctic substitute for C. rostrata, so C. pulla in these regions remplaces C. vesicaria L. Rhizome creeping; culms robust, 5—30 em. high, scabrous above; leaves green, 2—4 mm. broad, mostly flat or a little involute on the margins, rigid, mostly about as long as the culms; bracts small, shorter than the culms; male spikelet 1 (seldom 2), female spikelets 1—2 (seldom 3), ovoid or short-cylindrical; the lower with a capillary stalk and often drooping; scales broadly ovate, obtuse, blackish- brown; utricles blackish-brown, at least at the upper part, shining, ovoid, very faintly nerved, beak short, smooth, terete, two-toothed; stigmas 2, seldom 3. Am.: Port Clarence, West Greenl. [rare] 64°—70° (!), East Greenl. 70°—71° (), 72°30’. Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° (1), Waigats, Habarowa (!). As.: Arctic Coasts to Chukches Land. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Farées, Mountains of Scotland, Northern Scandinavia and Russia, Northern Siberia. Obs. Perhaps some of the statements from Asia (Kjellman and Trautvetter) belong to the foregoing species. XVI. GRAMINEAE Juss. (By O. GELERT). A. Spikelets in panicles. a. Spikelets with one terminal © flower and two lateral ¢ or sterile flowers (Phalarideae). anbateraletlowers sterile cron. piece eon) ainices 1. Anthoxanthum. (BimeLatenaliflowersuomctemee cach ae co ciiiy cite cuits i temas 2. Hierochloa. b. Spikelets one-flowered (without @ or sterile lateral flowers) (Agrostideae). a. Panicle contracted, dense, spike-like. i=, \Palecwithyawmer* beaks. ouneecache es eects eens Gee ss 3. Alopecurus. oy ealenvwithoutrawillwaee ae komicminstce chit acai 4. Phleum. 8. Panicle not spike-like. 1. Panicle narrow, short. Stigmas filiform with few short side-branches. Fruit at maturity loosely enclosed in the pales. .... . 5. Phippsia. 2. Panicle of various form. Stigmas plumose. Fruit adherent to the pales. § Flowers with long hairs from below the pale. . 6. Calamagrostis. §§ Flowers without long hairs. + Glumes shorter than the pales......... 7. Arctagrostis. tf Glumes longer than the pales............ 8. Agrostis. 96 c. Spikelets two- to many-flowered. a. Glumes about as long as or longer than the spikelet; pale with a bent awn from the back (Avene). 1, Ralespbidentateru acim aie omecietc Cenc an- enone 9. Trisetum. 2. Pales erose-dentate or entire. § Glumes much longer than the flowers ........ 10. Vahlodea. §§ Glumes about as long as the flowers...........% 11. Aira. 6. Glumes shorter than the spikelets (except Dupontia); pale without awn or with an awn at the apex (Festucee). 1. Glumes longer than the spikelet.............. 13. Dupontia. 2. Glumes shorter than the spikelet. § Pale one- to three-veined. ‘Te banicledspixecItlkxemnimencacte euch shan etch eens metnane 14. Koeleria. + Panicleispreading, pyramidal... .... 1. 04 « 15. Catabrosa. S§ Pale three- to many-veined. + Palet with two sete on each side...... 16. Pleuropogon. +t Palet without sete. * Veins on the pale nearly parallel. Pale rounded on the back. / Glumes nearly as long as the lower flower. Pale with Beobscure: Veins ss ave ce tietpsdedens «vere 17. Arctophila. // Glumes shorter than the lower flower, Pale with 5—7 evidentiveinsiue -aonctans ere imme acnee 19. Glyceria. ** Veins on the pale converging. / Pale rounded on the back. .....5.... 20. Festuca. // Pale compressed, keeled on the back. op Paleswithout awiiemacmemeactel he aetna 18. Poa. oolsPale rawned! "29 acy eer eey | cre eke 21. Schedonorus. B. Spikelets in two rows, forming one-sided spikes in a one-sided spike-like or MARLOW spaniclen(GHlOnidede) unr cec semen etme nee Monnet otiene 12. Beckmannia. C. Inflorescense spike-like (Hordeae). a. Spikelets in two rows on one side of the rachis......... 22. Nardus. b. Spikelets solitary or 2—3 together, on opposite sides of the rachis. ay Spikelets solitaryarteus) sacncach-e- ee nes eps Sas een oo AQ RODY RUM = B Spikelets two or morevat each mode -..........-.. 24. Elymus. 1. ANTHOXANTHUM L. 152. A. odoratum L. Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 157; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 408. Culm erect. Panicle spike-like, ovate-lanceolate, dense or inter- rupted below. Lower glume half as long as the upper one. Spike- lets with two sterile flowers below, with ciliate pales, the lower with a geniculate awn about as long as the upper glume, the upper with a short straight awn; the third, uppermost flower fertile; anthers two. Plant with smell of Coumarin. Am.: West Greenl. 60° 43’—61° (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land. Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland, Ferées, Europe, North Africa, Caucasus, Northern Asia. Fig. 75. Hierochloa alpina (Liljebl.) R. & S. Fig. 76. Hierochloa pauciflora R. Br. 3/, nat. size. %/, mat. size. (Spec. from East Greenland). (Spec. from Novaya Zemlya). 2. HIEROCHLOA Gmel. 153. H. alpina (Liljebl.) R. &S. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 408; Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p. 143; Flora Arctica. 7 98 J. Hook. Fox Exp. p.85; Macoun, Catalogue IV p.187; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p.157; Peary, Aux. Exped. App. C. p.7; Hartz, Nordést Grénl. p. 348; Nath., Spetsb. Karlv. p. 34; Trautv. Consp. Fl. Nov. Zemlja, p. 85; Th. Holm, Nov. Zeml. Veget. p. 21; Feilden, Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Kjellm, Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 560, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56, St. Law- rence-On p. 22; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p.315; Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 40, Pl. Sib. bor. p.140, Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 543, Fl. rip. Kolym. p.571; Savastana alpina, Cornell Party, Peary Voy. 1896, p. 418 and p. 422; Eastwood, PI. coll. at Nome City, p. 130; Holeus alpinus Sw., Fl. D. tab. 1508. Leaves of the sterile shoots narrow. Panicle contracted, c. 3 cm. long. Spikelets 3-flowered, pales of the two lower (staminate) flowers ciliate, awned. Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Arctic Sea- shores and Islands (!), Big Island in Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Elles- mere Land 78°56’, West Greenl. 61°—78° (!), East Greenl. 61°10’ and 70°—74° 32’ (!). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), Novaya Zemlya to 74° 25’ (!), Wai- gats (!), Samoyede Land at Jugor Schar. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei, Lena and Kolyma, Chukches Land (!). Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Northern Scandi- navia, Russia, Caucasus, Northern Asia. 154. H. pauciflora R. Br. Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p.85; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 407; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanero- gamfl. p. 275, As. Beringss. p. 560, St. Lawrence-6n p. 21, Vest-Eskim. Land p. 56; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Semlja p.315; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p. 128; Trautv. Syll. Pl. Sib. bor. orient. p. 543; H. racemosa Trin. Plant very slender. Panicle one-sided, c. 2 cm. long, with only 8 spikelets, pales of the staminate flowers ciliate, mucronate. Am.: St. Lawrence Island (!}, Port Clarence, Arctic Islands (!), Baffin Land at Cumberland Gulf. Eur.: Novaya Zemlya to 73° (!), Waigats (1), Samoyede Land. As.: Arctic Coast (!), Mouth of the Yenissei (!), Taimyr Peninsula 73° 45’, Chukches Land. : Geogr. area: Northern Siberia. 155. H. odorata (L. p. pt.) Wg. H. borealis (Schrad.) R. & S., Hook. Fl. bor. Am. II p. 234; Kjellm., Vest-Eskim. Land p.56; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 188; Trautv. FI. rip. Kolym. p. 571; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. p. 407; Holcus borealis Schrad. Fl. Germ., Holeus odoratus L. ex parte, Fl. D. t. 963. Leaves of the sterile shoots flat, broader than the culm. Pa- nicle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal, c. 3—5 cm. long, pales of the 3 staminate flowers ciliate, mucronate. Am.: Kotzebue Sound, Port Clarence (!). Eur.: Samoyede Land. As.: Mouths of the Yenissei (!) and Kolyma. Geogr. area: Northern North America, Iceland, Scotland, North and Central Europe, Caucasus, Northern Asia. 99 3. ALOPECURUS L. 156. A. pratensis L. Fl. D. tab. 1985; A. ruthenicus Weinm., Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 463 p. pt.; Trautv. Ross. Arct. Pl. p. 550; Scheutz, Pl. vase. Jeniss. p. 193; A. pratensis y. ruthenicus Trin. Spec. Gram. Icon. I tab. 45; A. pratensis f. alpestris Wg., Kjellm. & Lundstr., Nov. Seml. p. 315. Culm erect, smooth. Panicle cylindrical. Glumes connected below, acute, ciliate on the back; pale as long as the glumes, with a geniculate awn attached below its middle. Fi The typical form has _ been found introduced in West Greenl. GORA): The Arctic form, A. ruthe- nicus Weinm., is 15—30 cm. high, with short leaves and inflated upper sheaths, the panicle short, ovate-oblong and dark-coloured, the glumes somewhat diverging at the apex. Eur.: Samoyede Land (!), No- vaya Zemlya to 74°, Waigats (!). As.: Mouth of the Yenissei (!). Geogr. area: North America (introduced), Iceland (introduced), Europe, North Africa (introduced), Northern Asia; yv. ruthenicus: North- ern Scandinavia, Russia, Caucasus, Siberia. 157. A. alpinus Sm. Fl. D. tab. 1565; Hook. FI. bor. Am. II p. 234; Taylor, Pl. coll. at Davis Str. and Baff. Bay p. 85; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. IV p. 461; Hart, Brit. Pol. Exp. p- 141 and p- 303; Fig. 77. Alopecurus alpinus Sm. 4/4 nat. size. Macoun, Catalogue IV p. 188; East- (Spec. from East Greenland). wood, Pl. coll. at Nome City, p.130; Lge. Consp. Fl. Groenl. p. 156; Greely, Lady Frankl. Bay Exp. II p. 15; Nath., Spetsb. Karly. p. 34; Andersson, Kénig Karls Land p. 557; Feilden, Fl. of Kolguev p. 184, Nov. Zemlya p. 22; Blytt, Bidrag p. 8; Kjellm., Sib. Nordk. Fanerogamfl. p. 275; Kjellm. & Lundstr., Noy. Semlja p. 315; Schmidt, Fl. Jeniss. arct. p.129; Trauty. Pl. Sib. bor. p. 144, Syll. Sib. bor. orient. p. 545, Fl. rip. Kolym. p.572; Alopecurus brevistachya M. B., Th 100 Ledeb. lc. p.462; A. alpinus y. brachystachya Trauty. Fl. Terr. Tschuktsch. p. 40; A. ovatus Horn., Fl. D. tab. 1565. Culm smooth, ascending, stoloniferous. Panicle ovate; glumes connected below, acute, densely hairy; pale as long as the glumes, with a short awn, which sometimes does not exceed the spikelet (f. mutica Sommerfelt). Am.: St. Lawrence Island, Kotzebue Sound, Nome City, Point Barrow, Arctic Sea-shores and Islands (!), Hudson Strait, Baffin Land, Ellesmere Land, Grinnell Land 81° 44’, 83° 4’ (2), West Greenl. 61° 53’— 81° 40’ (), East Greenl. 70°—75° (1). Eur.: Spitsbergen (!), King Charles Islands, Franz Josef Archipelago (!), Kolguevy, Novaya Zemlya to 74° 25’, Waigats, Habarowa. 69° 30‘« read »69° 15‘«, p. 48. For »C. eryptocarpa (130)« read »C. Lyngbyei (130). - - Under Capituligerae, for »solitary or more« read »solitary, or severalc. p. 49. Under Foetidae for »more spikelets« read »several spikelets«. p. 59. Under Astrostachyae, line 2 from bottom, for »more spikelets« read »several spikeletsc. p. 61. Line 14, add »Habarowa (!)«. p. 62. Under C. holostoma, after »>Geogr. areac add »Arctic Norwayc. Postscriptum. According to a letter from Rev. G. Kikenthal Mr. C. B. Clarke has now examined the type of Carea podocarpa of R. Brown and he de- clares it to be C. rariflora Sm. The species which I have treated as C. podocarpa (p. 63) is now named C. machrochaeta C. A. Mey., var. Tolmiei (Boot) Kikenthal. 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